M.A Part II Sociology : Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Development

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gÌ-4 : nona H«$_m§H$ SOE 031
{~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg
(Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and Development)
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
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(e¡j{UH$ df© 2014-15 nmgyZ)
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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2015
E_. E. ^mJ 2 (gÌ 4 : {~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg) H$[aVm
gd© hŠH$ ñdmYrZ. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo ZŠH$c H$aVm òUma
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ISBN- 978-81-8486-662-9
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{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)
Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.
(ii)
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
n
_m. S>m°. S>r. ~r. qeXo
gëcmJma g{_Vr n
àmMm`© S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rc
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Hw$cJwê$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>Vao
àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm
A{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
åh¡gya {dÚmnrR>, åh¡gya
àm. S>m°. Ama. ~r. nmQ>rc
àm. nr. àH$me
à^mar g§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmcò d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$,
B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr
S>m°. ìhr. EZ. qeXo
àm. (S>m°.) gr_m òdco
à^mar Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
JrV-JmoqdX, âc°Q> Z§. 2,
1139 gmB©Šg EŠñQ>|eZ,
H$moëhmnya-416001
lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o
narjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
lr. E. ~r. Mm¡Jwco
S>m°. A{Zc Jdir
à^mar {dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
A{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
H°$. S>m°. EZ. nr. gmoZOo (gXñ` g{Md)
à«^mar g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Aä`mg_§S>i : g_mOemñÌ n
AÜ`j - àm. (S>m°.) Ama. ~r. nmQ>rc
n
{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ d _mZìèmñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
l
S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð kmZy gH$Q>o
gm¡. _§JcVmB© am_M§Ð OJVmn _{hcm _hm{dÚmc`, C§~«O,
Vm. H$amS>, {O. gmVmam
(iii)
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya
{~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
gÌ-3
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
coIZ gh^mJ
àm. gm¡. em_cm aKwZmW _mZo
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam
1
àm. AmZ§X cú_U JmS>rdÈ>
XodM§X H$m°coO, AOw©ZZJa, Vm. H$mJc, {O. H$moëhmnya
2
àm. àH$me OJVmn
ghH$ma _hfu e§H$aamd _mo{hVo-nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, a{h_Vnya, {O. gmVmam
3
àm. S>m°. E_. Eg. qeXo
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam
4
n
g§nmXH
n
àm. S>m°. E_. Eg. qeXo
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam
(iv)
àñVmdZm
E_. E. ^mJ-2, gÌ 4 gmR>r "{~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg' `m EopÀN>H$ nonaMr {ZdS>
H$aUmè`m gd© {dÚmÏ`mªMo _r _Z…nyd©H$ ñdmJV H$aVmo.
""{~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg'' `m nona_Üò Mma KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m_Üò
àm_w»`mZo {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U ^maVmVrc EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm, àH$ën Am{U H$m`©H«$_ ì`dñWmnZ
Am{W©H$ ómoV Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm, {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {dH$mgmVrc ^y{_H$m `m KQ>H$m§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho.
eodQ>r _r gd©àW_ _m. Hw$cJwê$ S>m°. S>r. ~r. qeXo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$moëhmnya, Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmMo
à^mar g§MmcH$ H°$ßQ>Z S>m°. EZ. nr. gmoZOo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR> g_mOemñÌ {d^mJà_wI d Aä`mg_§S>imMo
AÜ`j S>m°. amO|Ð nmQ>rc, Aä`mg _§S>imMo gXñ` S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð gH$Q>o, hm nona nyU© H$aUmao BVa ghH$mar
àmÜ`mnH$ Am{U Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmVrc gd© àemgH$s` godH$m§Mo _mocmMo ghH$m`© {_imco. darc gdmªZm
Ë`m§À`m ghH$m`m©~Ôc YÝ`dmX.
n
g§nmXH
n
àm. S>m°. E_. Eg. qeXo
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam
(v)
{~Ja gaH$mar g§ñWm Am{U {dH$mg
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$
H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
1.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U ^maVmVrc EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm
2.
àH$ën Am{U H$m`©H«$_ ì`dñWmnZ
20
3.
Am{W©H$ ómoV Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm
38
4.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {dH$mgmVrc ^y{_H$m
51
(vii)
1
n
{dÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm
àËòH$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV C{ÔîQ>m§Zr hmoB©c. C{ÔîQ>o {XemXe©H$ Am{U nwT>rc
~m~r ñnîQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Üò H$m` {Xcoco Amho.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho.
3. {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hmoÊ`mMr
Anojm Amho.
ñd`§ _yë`_mnZmgmR>r àíZ {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV
Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `mo½` {XeoZo hmoB©c. Vw_Mr CÎmao
{chÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§ AÜ``Z gm{hË`m_Üò {Xcocr CÎmao nmhm. hr Vw_Mr
CÎmao (qH$dm ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>o _yë`_mnZmgmR>r nmR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr
`mo½` {XeoZo Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎmao "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool)
åhUyZ Cn`wŠV R>aVrc.
{à` {dÚmWu,
ho ñd`§AÜ``Z gm{hË` `m nonagmR>r EH$ nyaH$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhUyZ
Amho. Ago gy{MV H$aÊ`mV òVo H$s, {dÚmÏ`mªZr 2014-15 nmgyZ V`ma
Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿZ Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaÀ`m gImoc Aä`mgmgmR>r
g§X^©nwñVHo$ d BVa gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.
(viii)
KQ>H$ : 1
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U ^maVmVrb EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm
(Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Voluntary
Organizations in India)
AZwH$« _{UH$m :
1.0
C{ÔîQ>ço
1.1
àñVmdZm
1.2
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n, g§H$ënZm Am{U ì`m»`m
1.4
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm d bmoH$m§À`m g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm
1.4.1 g_wXm` g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm
1.5
^maVmVrb EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmT>
1.6
gmam§e
1.7
gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.8
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg,
1.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mg _XV hmoBb
© .
2.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr g§H$ënZm d bmoH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVm òBb
© .
3.
g_wXm` g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVm òBb
© .
4.
^maVmVrb EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr E¡{Vhm{gH$ dmT> H$er hmoV Jobr ho g_OmdyZ KoVm òBb
© .
1
1.1 àñVmdZm :
A{bH$S>À`m H$mim_Üò ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm `m ZmJar g_mOmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zë`m AmhoV.
g§nUy © g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdV AmhoV. `m g§KQ>Zm bmoH$m{^_wI
{H«$`m H$ê$Z H$moUmbmhr bm^mMr qH$dm Zâ`mMr Anojm Z ~miJVm g_mOm_Üò AmO _moR>çm à_mUm_Üò
H$m`©aV AmhoV. emgZmMr _XV Z KoVm qH$dm H$_rV H$_r _XV KoD$Z {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm
H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. emgZmH$Sy>Z Xwb{© jV am{hboë`m qH$dm Imoi~§ Zy am{hboë`m H$m_mda ñd`§gdo r
g§KQ>Zm àm_w»`mZo Amnbo bj H|${ÐV H$aVmV åhUyZM AmO OJâm_Üò ñd`§gdo r H$m`m©bm _hÎdmMo
ñWmZ àmá Pmbo Amho.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
àñVwV KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>ZM
o o (ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm) ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm,
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm, bmoH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm, g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm d ^maVmVrb EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr E¡{Vhm{gH$ dmT>
H$er hmoV Jobr ho Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
1.3 {~Ja emgH$s` g§KZm§Mo ñdê$n, g§H$ënZm Am{U ì`m»`m :
(Nature, Concept and Definitions of NGOs)
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§À`m ñdê$nm_Üò {d{dYVm {XgyZ òV.o {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {d{dYVm
hr nwT>rb _wÚm§dê$Z ñnï> hmoV.o g§KQ>Zm§Mm AmH$ma (Size), gXñ`Vm (Membership), {ZYr ómoV
(Funding Sources), {d{dY amOH$s` njm§er ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo Agbobo g§~Y§ (Relationship
with Political Parties), g§KQ>ZM
o o VÎdkmZ (Philosophy), g§KQ>ZM
o r Üòò (Goals), Am{U
H$m`©H$« _ (Programmes) `m_Üò gd© ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§_Üò {d{dYVm {XgyZ òV.o àËòH$ ñd`§gdo r
g§KQ>ZM
o m AmH$ma, gXñ` g§»`m, {ZYr {_i{dÊ`mMo _mJ©, VÎdkmZ, Üòò d H$m`©H$« _ am~{dÊ`mÀ`m
nÕVr `m_Üò {d{dYVm {XgyZ òV.o
AZoH$ {dMmd§Vm§Zr {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. è Am{U MVwdX} r (1983)
`m§Zr VrZ àH$mao {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho Ë`m_Üò (1) Q>Šo Zmo _°Z{o O[aAb
(Techno-Managerial), (2) gwYmaUmdmXr (Reformist), (3) OhmbdmXr (Radical) `m g§KQ>Zm§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2
{hado (1995) `m§Zr (1) H$ë`mUdmXr g§KQ>Zm (`m_Üò Amamo½` Am{U {ejU joÌm_Üò H$m_
H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm) (2) {dH$mg g§KQ>Zm (3) gj_rH$aU joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm Ago {~Ja
emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
H$moQ>Z© (1990) `m§Zr {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§À`m dJuH$aUm_Üò (1) nwZd© gZ Am{U H$ë`mUH$mar
g§KQ>Zm Am{U g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
B©{b`Q> (1987) `m§Zr {dH$mg (Development), M°[aQ>r (Charity) Am{U gj_rH$aU
(Empowerment) g§KQ>Zm Ago dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
S>m.° S>r. EZ. YZmJao `m§Zr ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo (1) Social Welfarism,
Nationalism, (3) Socialist Orientation `m VrZ àH$mam_Üò dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
(2) Radical
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm `m Zm|XUrH¥$V d AZmoXZm|UrH¥$V AgVmV. Á`m g§KQ>Zm H$m`Xoera[aË`m n§OrH¥$V
Pmboë`m AgVmV Ë`m§Zm boIr KQ>Zm AgVo. `m g§KQ>Zm§À`m H$m_H$mOmMo {Z`_ {ZpíMV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr
H$m`©H$m[aUr AgVo d Ë`m_YyZ nXm{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> à{H«$`m {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo VgoM Aem Zm|XUrH¥$V
g§KQ>Zm§Zm {ZYr XoÊ`mg nmÌ _mZbo OmVo VgoM emgZ Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmg§ñWm Aem Zm|XUrH¥$V
g§KQ>Zm _mÝ`Vm XoV.o
Xwgè`m ~mOybm _mÌ Ag§»` g§KQ>Zm, JQ> ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda _moR>çm à_mUmV H$m_ H$arV
AgVmV. `m g§KQ>Zm, JQ>mM
§ r H$m`Xoera[aË`m Zm|XUr Pmbobr ZgVo. Ë`m§Mr boIr KQ>Zm ZgVo na§Vw `m
g§KQ>Zm CËñ\y$V©nUo g_mO{hVmgmR>r H$m_ H$arV AgVmV ^yH$§ n, A{Vd¥ï>r, XwîH$mi, nmUr Q>M
§ mB©, amoJamB©
`m Z¡gJuH$ AmnÎmrdoir VgoM AnKmV, X§Jb, Ominmoi, `wÕOÝ` n[apñWVr `m _mZd{Z{_©V A[aï>md§ i
o r
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm {ZYr ZgVmZm, H$moUVrhr {ZpíMV {Xem ZgVmZm `m g§KQ>Zm d JQ> CËñ\y$V©nUo H$m_
H$arV AgVmV.
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm Am{U gm_m{OH$ Midir :
gm_m{OH$ Midir Am{U ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm, JQ> `m§À`m_Üò EH$ àH$maMm AÝ`moÝ` g§~Y§
AgVmo. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda EImXm àíZ KoD$Z EH$ ñd`§gdo r JQ> V`ma hmoUo Am{U Ë`m JQ>mZo Z§Va
OZOmJ¥VrMo ì`mnH$ A{^`mZ åhUyZ ì`mnH$ nmVirda Midi {dH${gV H$aUo Va H$Yr CËñ\y$© VnUo bmoH$
g§K{Q>V hmoVmV. H$mhr _mJÊ`m§gmR>r, AÝ`m`mÀ`m àVrH$mamgmR>r, Owb_mMm {ZfoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aem
Midir_Üò Oo ZoVË¥ d V`ma hmoVo Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr AZoH$ ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm, JQ> Cô hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§À`m gÚpñWVrMm {dMma gm_m{OH$-amOH$s` MiditMm g§X^m©VM Amnë`mbm H$amdm
bmJVmo.
3
AmO Aem ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm Am{U Midir ZmJar g_mOmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ ~Zë`m AmhoV.
ZmJar g_mOmÀ`m H$m`m©_Üò ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdV AmhoV. øm g§KQ>Zm bmoH$m{^_wI
amhÿZ H$moUË`mhr bm^mMr qH$dm Zâ`mMr Anojm Z ~miJVm H$m`©aV AgVmV. g_mOm_Üò ñd`§emgZ,
AZwemgZ nmiÊ`mda, emgZmMr H$_rV H$_r _XV KoD$Z {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda ñd`§gdo r JQ>mM
§ m Am{U
g§ñWm§Mm â AgVmo. amÁ`g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Xwb{© jV am{hboë`m qH$dm Imoi~§ Zy am{hboë`m H$m_mda ñd`§gdo r
g§KQ>Zm àmYmÝ`mZo Amnbo bj H|${ÐV H$aVmV. åhUyZM {d{dY XoemVrb amÁ`g§ñWm d gaH$mao VgoM XmoZ
qH$dm A{YH$ Xoem_Üò nañna gh`moJmZo {dH$mg KS>dZy AmUUmè`m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>Zm, {dÎmr` g§ñWm
XoIrb ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo ñWmZ d Ë`m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AmO _mÝ` H$arV AmhoV. X¡{ZH$ gm_m{OH$
ì`dhmam§_Üò Aem g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§Mo ñWmZ AQ>i Amho Ago _mZbo OmV Amho.
ñd`§gdo r JQ> dmT>Ê`mMr H$maUo :
à{gÕ g_mOemók S>m.° S>r. EZ. YZmJao `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ""g§H$ënZm§Mo {díd Am{U gm_m{OH$
dmñVd'' `m nwñVH$m_Üò Ama. Ho$. lrdmñVd, AemoH$ amO Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghH$mar g§emoYH$m§Zr ^maVmVrb
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n, àH$ma Ë`m§Zm {_iUmam {ZYr Am{U Ë`m§Mr {dH$mg H$m`m©Vrb ^y{_H$m `m
{df`mda gmXa Ho$boë`m Ahdmbm_Üò gmXa Ho$boë`m ñd`§gdo r JQ> Am{U g§ñWm§À`m g§»`mdmT>rMr
H$maU{__m§gm H$aVmZm nwT>rb Mma _hÎdmÀ`m A[aï>mM
§ m C„oI Ho$bm Amho. Vr A[aï>o nwT>rbà_mUo 1)
emgZà{UV {dH$mg H$m`©H$« _ am~{dÊ`mè`m ZmoH$aemhrMo Anè :
amÁèmgZ Ooìhm OZH$ë`mUmÀ`m `moOZm, {dH$mgJ§Jm Ooìhm d§{MV bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohM{dÊ`mV
VgoM Xm[aÐ` {Z_yb
© Z d amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr_Üò dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m à`ËZm§_Üò H$_r nS>Vo qH$dm emgZmg
`m_Üò Anè òVo Ë`mdoir amÁèmgZ `§ÌUoIao rO n`m©` åhUyZ ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm Cä`m amhVmV.
2)
OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>Vo d AW©ì`dñWoVrb _§Xr :
1970 À`m XeH$mZ§Va OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>Vo Am{U EH§$Xa AW©ì`dñWoV O~aXñV _§XrMr bmQ>
Ambr Ë`m_wio {dH$mgà{H«$òbm Iar Iri ~gbr. `m H$mimV amÁ`g§ñWm Am{U emgZmMr BÀN>m
AgyZhr OZH$ë`mU `moOZm§gmR>r Amdí`H$Voà_mUo {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV amÁ`g§ñWm Anèr
R>abr. n[aUm_r ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm, JQ> H$m`©aV Pmë`m Am{U g_mOmVrb Xw~b
© KQ>H$ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AmeoZo
nmhÿ bmJbo.
3)
n`m©daUmMo A[aï> :
AZoH$ n`m©daUdmÚm§Zr n`m©`r {dH$mgmMr Am{U {deof åhUOo emídV {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm
à^mdrnUo _m§S>br Voìhm n`m©daUmVrb A[aï> ho XoIrb ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§À`m g§»òV dmT> hmoÊ`mMo EH$
_hÎdmMo H$maU Amho.
4
4)
^m§S>dbemhr {dMmaàdmhmMr gaer d g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUrMr {nN>ohmQ>
1990 À`m XeH$mV gmopìhEQ> g§KamÁ`mMo {dKQ>Z Pmbo, erV`wÕ g§nïw >mV Ambo Am{U OmJ{VH$
nmVirda A_o[aH$s g§KamÁ`mMo amOH$s` dM©ñd {Z{d©H$manUo {gÕ Pmbo. Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dbemhr
{dMmaàdmhmMr gaer Am{U g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUrMr {nN>ho mQ> `m KS>m_moS>rVyZ EH$ Zdo d¡Mm[aH$ A[aï>
{Z_m©U Pmbo.
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo àH$ma :
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Zgw ma {d{dY àH$ma nmS>bo OmVmV. Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo
{dH$mgm{^_wI H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm, OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm, à^mdr ZoË`mÀ`m N>mòV dmT>Umè`m
g§KQ>Zm, gm_m{OH$ H$m`© H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm, ór _wº$sÀ`m joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm Ago àm_w»`mZo
nmM àH$ma nS>VmV Ë`mMo {ddoMZ nwT>rbà_mUo :
1)
{dH$mgm{^_wI H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm :
H$mhr g§KQ>Zm {dH$mgm{^_wI H$m_ H$aUmè`m AgVmV. Ë`m J«m_nmVirda H$m_ H$aUmè`m AgmoV
qH$dm eham_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m AgmoV, àíZ nmÊ`mMm, añË`mÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mMm, Amamo½` qH$dm {ejU
àgmamMm, amoOJmarMm Agob. JaOy ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm àíZm§Mr _m{hVr XoU,o Ë`m§Mo à~moYZ
H$aUo, à{ejU XoUo Am{U àË`j H¥$VrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {gÕ H$aUo, `m ñdê$nmMr ^y{_H$m {dH$mgmË_H$ H$m_
H$aUmè`m ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm KoVmV.
2)
OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm :
H$mhr g§KQ>Zm \$º$ _m{hVr XoU,o OZOmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdUo Am{U BVa JQ>me
§ r g§nH©$,
g_Ýd` gmYZo EdT>M
o H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. n`m©daU joÌm_Üò Ago H$m_ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ ñd`§gdo r
g§KQ>Zm AmhoV.
3)
à^mdr ZoË`mÀ`m N>mòV dmT>Umè`m g§KQ>Zm :
~hþVm§er ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm `m EImÚm à^mdr ZoË`mÀ`m N>mòV dmT>V AgVmV. H¡$. {dbmgamd
gmiwI
§ o `m§Mr nmUr n§Mm`V Am{U lr. AÊUm hOma|Mm amioJU{gÕr òWrb èñdr Pmbobm J«m_{dH$mgmMm
~hþM{M©V à`moJ hr `mMr CXmhaUo XoVm òVrb.
4)
gm_m{OH$ H$m`© H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm :
H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m gm_m{OH$ joÌm_Üò H$m`© H$arV AgVmV. CXm. Amamo½`mÀ`m ~m~VrV AmZ§XdZ
(damoS>m) òWo ~m~m Am_Q>o `m§Mo H¥$ð>amo½`mda CnMma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo `mo½` nwZd©gZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ AË`§V
Mm§Jbo Amho.
5
5)
ór _wº$sÀ`m joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm :
ór _wº$sÀ`m joÌmV AmO AZoH$ ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV AmhoV. ór AmYma H|$Ð, Zmar g_Vm
_§M qH$dm OZdmXr _{hbm AmKmS>r Aem AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. `mn¡H$s H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m _hmË_m \w$bo,
S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$a `m§À`m {dMmamVyZ àoaUm KoD$Z H$m_ H$aUmè`m AmhoV Va H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m OmV,
dJ© Am{U qbJ^md `m VrZhr KQ>H$m§Mm EH${ÌVnUo {dMma H$ê$Z órdmXmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mda â XoVmV.
H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m _mŠg©dmXr {dMmamZo ào[aV Va H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m g_mOdmXmÀ`m AmYmao Amnbr d¡Mm[aH$
_m§S>Ur H$aVmV.
1.4 EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm Am{U bmoH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm
(The concept of Voluntary Organizations and People's Organizations)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm åhUOo bmoH$m§Zr EH${ÌV òD$Z V`ma Ho$bobm Agm g_yh H$s, Omo EopÀN>H$nUo
qH$dm gaH$mar _XVr{edm` JaOy bmoH$m§Zm _XV H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r gmYZm§Mr CnbãYVm
H$aVmo. EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m ì`{º$JV ñdê$nmV qH$dm ì`º$sÀ`m g_yhmZo ì`º$s¨À`m qH$dm g_wXm`mÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m g§KQ>Zm ImgH$ê$Z g_mOmVrb Xwb{© jV KQ>H$m§H$S>o A{YH$ bj XoVmV.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m EopÀN>H$ {H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
(Voluntary organizations means a group of people working together voluntary
to help the needy persons with their available needs and resources. Voluntary
organizations are initiated by individuals or groups of individuals voluntary for
development. Particularly for the disadvantaged sections of society. Voluntary
organizations is organized for voluntary action.)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>ZM
o r ì`m»`m (Definition of Voluntary Organizations)
David L. Sills - According to the David L. Sills, "Voluntary organization is a group
of persons organized on the basis of voluntary membership without state control for
the furtherance of some common interest of its members."
S>ìo hrS> Eg. {gëg² `m§À`m _Vo, ""g_mO gXñ`m§À`m g_mZ hoVy nyVV} go mR>r amÁ`mÀ`m {Z_§ÌUm{edm`
qH$dm _XVr{edm` EopÀN>H$ gXñ`ËdmÀ`m AmYmao V`ma Pmbobm bmoH$m§Mm EopÀN>H$ g_yh åhUOo EopÀN>H$
g§KQ>Zm hmo`.''
6
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n (Natures of Voluntary Ogrnaizations)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n ho AmnUmg nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm òBb
© .
1)
bmoH$m§Mm g_yh (A group of people)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m bmoH$m§Mm g_yh AgVmV.
2)
Img CÔoe (Specific
Purpose)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm Img Agm CÔoe AgVmo H$s Á`mÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m {hVmgmR>r H$m_
H$aVmV.
3)
{d{dY joÌm_Üò H$m_ (Work
in multiple field)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zm
AgUmè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM {d{dY g_wXm`m§À`m H$ë`mUH$mar {dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m {d{dY
joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aVmV.
4)
Zm|XUrH¥$V qH$dm AZm|XUrH¥$V g§KQ>Zm
(May be registered, may not be registered)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m Zm|XUrH¥$V AgVmV Va H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m AZm|XUrH¥$V AgVmV.
5)
g_mO H$ë`mUmMo H$m`©H$« _ am~{dÊ`mda â
(Their programmes are based on social welfare)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m àm_w»`mZo g_mO H$ë`mUmMo H$m`©H$« _ am~{dÊ`mda â XoVmV.
6)
XmZ XoUmè`m g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Zm {ZYr àmá hmoVmo
(Voluntary organizations receive funds from donor agencies)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Zm Amnbo g_mO H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$m`©H$« _ am~{dÊ`mgmR>r XmZ XoUmè`m g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z
{ZYr àmá hmoVmo.
7)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm ñdV:gmR>r `moOZm V`ma H$aVmV
(They make plans and programmes by their own)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m ñdV:gmR>rMo {Z`moOZ VgoM g_mO H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`©H$« _m§Mo {Z`moOZ ñdV:
H$aVmV.
7
8)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m AZm¡nMm[aH$ AgVmV
(Voluntary organizations are non-formal)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m AZm¡nMm[aH$[aË`m Amnbo H$m_ H$arV AgVmV.
9)
gXñ`m§À`m ghH$m`m©da `m g§KQ>Zm H$m_ H$aVmV
(Having cooperation among the members)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m Amnë`m g§KQ>ZÀo `m gXñ`m§À`m ghH$m`m©da Adb§~Zy AgVmV d `m g§KQ>Zm
gXñ`m§À`m ghH$m`m©daM g_mO{hVmon`moJr H$m`©H$« _ am~{dV AgVmV.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Voluntary Organizations)
1)
gXñ`Ëd nyUV© : EopÀN>H$ AgVo
(Membership of voluntary organizations are purely voluntary)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo gXñ`Ëd ho nyUV© : EopÀN>H$ AgVo. `m g§KQ>Zm§Mo gXñ`Ëd pñdH$maÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo ~§YZ ZgVo.
2)
bmoH$m§À`m JaOm§Zg
w ma `m g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U hmoVmV
(Voluntary
interest)
organizations are formed through the initiative of persons
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m bmoH$m§Zm {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g_ñ`m VgoM JaOm§Zgw ma {Z_m©U hmoVmV d Ë`mZwgma
Ë`m H$m`©aV AgVmV.
3)
Z\$m {_i{dUo ho `m g§KQ>Zm§Mm CÔoe ZgVmo
(Voluntary organizations are neither formed nor run for profit making)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r V`ma hmoV ZmhrV. Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Ë`m
g_mO{hVmMo CnH«$_ am~{dV ZmhrV.
4)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo {Z`_ ho Vo ñdV: V`ma H$aVmV
(Voluntary organizations are governed by their own set of rules)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m Amnë`m g§KQ>Zgo mR>rMo {Z`_ ho ñdV: V`ma H$aVmV.
8
5)
bmoH$m§À`m AJXr Odi `m g§KQ>Zm AgVmV
(They are more closer to people)
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r H$m_ H$arV AgboZo Ë`m§Mm àË`j g§nH©$ hm
bmoH$m§~amo~a {Z_m©U hmoVmo Ë`m_wio Ë`m bmoH$m§À`m AJXr Odi AgVmV.
1.4.1 : g_wXm` g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm (Concept of community based organization)
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m gm_mÝ`nUo gd©Ì "Community Based Organization" `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIë`m OmVmV. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m àm_w»`mZo ZmJar g_mOmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmV. Z\$m qH$dm \$m`Xm
{_i{dUo ho `m g§KQ>Zm§Mo C{Ôï> ZgVo. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m gd©gmYmaUnUo EH$m ñWm{ZH$ g_wXm`mgmR>r H$m_
H$aVmZm {XgyZ òVmV. `m g§KQ>Zm g_wXm`mÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r VgoM g_wXm`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m
H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. `m g§KQ>Zm Amnbo H$m_ ho ñdÀN>Zo o H$aVmV VgoM gm_m{OH$
H$m`m©gmR>r bmJUmam {ZYr hm Ë`m ñdV: Jmoim H$aVmV.
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mr aMZm d H$m`} hr {^Þ {^Þ AgVmV. ^maVm_Üò d OJmVrb gd© g_wXm`
g§KQ>Zm§Mr H$m`} d C{ÔîQ>ço hr {^Þ AmhoV. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m Ë`m Ë`m g_wXm`mVrb g_ñ`m§Zgw ma H$m_
H$aVmV VgoM Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo à`ËZ H$aVmV. åhUyZM g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mr aMZm d
H$m`} hr {^Þ AgVmV. Á`m àXoemVrb g_wXm`mgmR>r Ë`m H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Mr aMZm d H$m`}
R>abobr AgVmV. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§nH¡ $s H$mhr g§KQ>Zm§Mr {b{IV KQ>Zm AgVo d Ë`m g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m
{b{IV KQ>ZZo gw ma H$m_ H$aVmV. {b{IV KQ>Zm AgUmè`m g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mr EH$ H$m`©H$m[aUr AgVo. hr
H$m`©H$m[aUr H${_Q>r `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo. H$mhr g§KQ>Zm§Mr H$m`©H$m[aUr hr bhmZ Va H$mhtMr
H$m`©H$m[aUr _moR>r AgVo. `m g§KQ>Zm Am¡nMm[aH$nUo Amnbo H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. Va XwgarH$S>o H$mhr
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {b{IV KQ>Zm ZgVo. `m g§KQ>Zm g_wXm`m_Üò {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g_ñ`m§Zgw ma {Z_m©U
hmoD$Z Ë`mda H$m_ H$aVmV. `m g§KQ>Zm Amnbo H$m_ ho AZm¡nMm[aH$[aË`m H$arV AgVmV.
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mm CX` hm {dH$gZerb Xoem_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m
g§KQ>Zm§Zm "Bottom-up-Organizations" Ago g§~mo{Ybo OmVo. `m g§KQ>Zm àm_w»`mZo g_wXm`mVrb
bmoH$m§À`m ñWm{ZH$ JaOm H$moUË`m AmhoV ho AmoiIyZ Ë`m nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©aV AgVmV. g_wXm`
g§KQ>Zm `m Amamo½`, {ejU, bmoH$m§Mm d¡`{º$H$ {dH$mg d g§nU
y © g_wXm`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$m`©aV
AmhoV. `m g§KQ>Zm g_wXm`mÀ`m emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r PQ>V AgVmV. bmoH$m§Zm emídV {ejU, Amamo½`
{_imdo åhUyZ Ë`m à`ËZ H$aVmV. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mr CXmhaUo åhUyZ OJâ Šb~, emioVrb g_yh,
MM©_Yrb g_yh, Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm, `wdH$m§À`m g§KQ>Zm `m à{gÕ AmhoV.
9
{dH$gZerb amï´>m_§ Üò g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m àm_w»`mZo EM.Am`.ìhr., ES>g² À`m OmmUrd OmJ¥Vrda
â XoVmV. VgoM g_wXm`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mZdr h¸$m§gmR>r, Amamo½` H|$Ðo, _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmda â XoVmZm
{XgyZ òVmV. `m~amo~aM nmUr d ñdÀN>VÀo `m gw{dYm§gmR>r d bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ àíZm§da àm_w»`mZo â
XoVmZm {XgyZ òVmV. ^maVm_Üò npíM>_ ~§Jmb_Yrb H$mhr g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m Am{Xdmgr g_wXm`mÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r H$m_ H$arV AmhoV.
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Zm {_iUmam {ZYr hm XmZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV _moR>çm à_mUmV CnbãY hmoVmo VgoM
emgH$s` nmVirda XoIrb `m g§KQ>Zm§Zm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm OmVmo. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§nH¡ $s H$mhr
g§KQ>Zm `m emgH$s` _XVr{edm` H$m_ H$aVmV `m g§KQ>Zm§Zm {ZYr hm d¡`{º$H$ XmZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV VgoM
{d{dY g§ñWm§Zr {Xboë`m XoUJrÀ`m ñdê$nmV àmá hmoVmo.
1.5 ^maVmVrb ñd`§gdo r / EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr E¡{Vhm{gH$ dmT>
(Historical Growth of Voluntary Organisations in India)
^maVmVrb ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§À`m ñd`§gdo r H$m`m©Mm B{Vhmg hm OwZm Amho. qhXy Y_m©_Üò XmZ
XoÊ`mg AË`§V _hÎdmMo Ym{_©H$ H$m`© _mZbo Jobo Amho. _moj àmárgmR>r qhXy Y_m©_Üò XmZ XoUo ho _hÎdmMo
_mZbo OmVo. ^maVm_Üò lr_§V ì`º$s øm Amnë`m Am`wî`mÀ`m eodQ>r AmnUmg _moj {_imdm `m CÔoemZo
_moR>çm à_mUmV g_mOmVrb JaOy ì`º$s¨Zm XmZ Y_© H$arV AgV Ë`m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm
_XV H$aV AgV.
^maVm_Üò ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m (Voluntary Action) `m {d{dY ê$nm_Üò Ho$ë`m OmV Agë`mMo
{XgyZ òV.o CXmhaUmW© AMmZH$ CX²^dbobr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr (XwîH$mi, nya, ^wH$§ n) `mdoir g_mOmVrb
AZoH$ bmoH$ ho Z¡gJuH$ AmnÎmr_wio ~mYm nmoMboë`m bmoH$m§gmR>r ñd`§gdo r d¥ÎmrZo H$m_ H$arV AgV Ë`m§Zm
{d{dY àH$maMr _XV {Xbr OmV Ago. gwadmVrg ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mm CJ_ hm OJâm_Üò gd©Ì gmaImM
Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm `m àË`jnUo bmoH$m§Zm _XV nmohM{dÊ`mÀ`m
H$m`m©_Üò JwV§ boë`m hmoË`m. Jar~ bmoH$m§gmR>r AÞ, Amamo½` godm, {Zdmg ì`dñWm `m H$m`m©_Üò AZoH$
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm nydu H$m_ H$arV hmoË`m. ^maVmVrb ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m `m _mZdVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ _moR>çm
à_mUmV Ho$ë`m OmV AgV. 16 ì`m d 17 ì`m eVH$m_Üò amOm d lr_§V ì`º$s `m g_mOmVrb JaOy
ì`º$s¨À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV XmZ Y_© H$arV AgV VgoM BVa bmoH$m§Zm XmZ Y_©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ào[aV H$arV AgV.
10
19 ì`m eVH$mVrb ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Mr H¥$Vr (Voluntary Action in 19th Century)
19 ì`m eVH$m_Üò ñd`§gdo r àoaUoZo XmZ _moR>çm à_mUmV {Xbo OmV hmoV.o ho XmZ Ym{_©H$
{H«$`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Xbo OmV Ago `m H$mimV ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_wXm` d eoOma Y_© `mÛmao
àoaUm {_iV Ago. IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m ì`dñWogmR>r {d{har ImoXUo, nmÊ`mMo Q>H± $
V`ma H$aUo, J[a~ d JaOyg§ mR>r AÞmMr ì`dñWm H$aUo, XyYmMr ì`dñWm H$aUo B. AZoH$ {H«$`m `m
ñd`§gdo r CÔoemZo Ho$ë`m OmV hmoË`m. `m H$mim_Üò bmoH$m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Ë`m§Zm Aml` {_iÊ`mgmR>r
Y_©emim _moR>çm à_mUmda ñWmnZ Pmë`m. g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Zr g_mOmVrb Jar~ d JaOyg§ mR>r _mo\$V AÞ
{_iÊ`mMr ì`dñWm VgoM Ë`m§À`m {ejUmÀ`m gw{dYm d amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br OmV Ago. `m
H$mim_Üò g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm `m ñd`§gdo r H$m`m©gmR>r bmJUmam {ZYr hm ñdV: C^m H$arV AgV d Ë`mVyZ
XdmImZo, emim d AZmWmb`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb JaOyZ§ m Ë`mMm bm^ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
à`ËZ H$arV AgV. ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m d godm^mdr d¥Îmr bmoH$m§_Üò dmT>{dÊ`m_Üò ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm
_mobmMm dmQ>m Amho.
g_mOgwYmaH$ d ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§À`m H¥$Vr (Reformers
and Voluntary Action)
19 ì`m eVH$m_Üò ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m àm_w»`mZo VrZ _mJmªZr Ho$ë`m OmV hmoË`m. Ë`m_Üò
(1) Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm, (2) gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm Am{U (4) ñd`§gdo r H$m_ `m VrZ _mJmªZr àm_w»`mZo
ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m Ho$br OmV hmoVr. 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb g_mO gwYmaH$mZr Amnbo bj d g§nU
y © eº$s hr
g_mOmVrb dmB©Q> àWm, na§nam, Mmbr[aVr Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r IM© Ho$br. g_mOmVrb OmVr àWm Zï>
H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo.
^maVr` g_mO gwYmaH$m§Zr ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m§À`m AmYmao g_mO H$ë`mUmgmR>r AË`§V _mobmMo
`moJXmZ {Xbo. ^maVmVrb à_wI g_mOgwYmaH$m§_Üò amOm am__mohZ am°`, _hfu XodÐ| ZmW Q>mJmoa, ñdm_r
X`mZ§X gañdVr, gB©X Ah_X ImZ, B©ídaM§X {dÚmgmJa, Ho$edM§Ð goZ, am_H¥$îU na_h§g, ñdm_r
{ddoH$mZ§X, _hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo, amZS>,o _hfu H$d} Am{U {dÇ>b am_Or {e§Xo `mgma»`m g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr
ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m H$ê$Z g_mO gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo.
amOm am_ _mohZ am°` `m§Zr 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r ^maVmV gd©àW_ Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$
gwYmaUoMm nm`m KmVbm. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm {Z_m©Vm `m Cnm{YZo Ë`m§Zm Jm¡a{dbo OmVo. ^maVmVrb
Y_©gYw maUoMo d g_mOgwYmaUoMo Vo AmX²àd©VH$ hmoV. amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr B.g. 1815 _Üò AmIrb
gôMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. B.g. 1818 nmgyZ Ë`m§Zr gVrÀ`m A{Zï>> d A_mZwf àWo{dê$Õ àMmamMr OmoaXma
AmKmS>r C^mabr. gVrMr Mmb Y_m©{damoYr Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ Y_©JW§« mMm AmYma KoD$Z à{VnmXZ
Ho$bo hr àWm H$m`ÚmZo ~§X H$amdr åhUyZ B§JO
« gaH$maMo _Z di{dÊ`mMm à`ËZhr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. 1828
11
_Üò Ë`m§Zr ~«måhmo g_mOmMr g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g§KQ>ZÀo `m ñWmnZonmgyZ `mMr àoaUm KoD$Z Y_©
gwYmaUoÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r AZoH$ ^maVr` {dMmad§V nwT>o Ambo. amOmam_ _mohZ am°` `m§Zr g_mOgwYmaUoÀ`m
joÌmV AË`§V _mobmMo H$m`© Ho$bo. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrbm ^maVr` g_mOmV AZoH$ A{Zï>> àWm,
na§nam ê$T>r hmoË`m. Amnë`m g_mOmMr AYmoJVr Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>r `m Mm{b[aVr, àWm na§nam§Mo CƒmQ>Z
Pmbo nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoV.o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr `m àWm, Mm{b[aVr, ê$T>r {dê$Õ àMmamMr OmoaXma _mohr_
CKS>br. gVrgmaIr Ñï> àWm ~§X nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Iyn à`ËZ Ho$bo. `m{edm` ~mb{ddmh, ~mb hË`m,
Ho$ednZ, ~hþnËZrËd `mgma»`m àWmZm§hr Ë`m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb ór`m§da hmoUmè`m
AÝ`m`m{dê$Õ Ë`m§Zr AmdmO CR>{dbm. Ë`m§Zr {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmMo g_W©Z H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb {dYdm§Zm
Ý`m` {_imdm `mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§À`m g_mOgwYmaUoÀ`m H$m`m©Mr _w»` àoaUm
Ë`m§Mr _mZdVmdmXr Ñï>r hrM hmoVr åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm "_mZdVmdmXr g_mOgwYmaH$' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Mo {ejU joÌmVrb H$m`©hr A{Ve` _mobmMo Amho. Ë`m§À`m à`ËZm§_i
w M
o
H$bH$Ë`mV qhXy H$m°bOo Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ^maVr`m§Zm B§JO« r {ejU Úmdo Agm Ë`m§Zr AmJ«h Yabm Am{U
Ë`mH$[aVm gaH$ma Xa~mar à`ËZ Ho$bo. ^maVr`m§Zr OwÝ`m {dÚm d Y_©JW§« `m§À`m AÜ``ZmVM Jwa\w$Qy>Z Z
nS>Vm J{UV d ^m¡{VH$ emóo `m§Mo {ejU ¿`mdo, Ago Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo hmoV.o
_hfu XodÐ| ZmW Q>mJmoa ho amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§À`mZ§VaMo ~«måhmo g_mOmMo _hÎdmMo ZoVo hmoV.o amOm
am__mohZ am°` `m§À`m níMmV ~«måhr g_mOmMo H$m`© nwT>o Mmb{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§Zr nma nmS>br.
XodÐ| ZmW Q>mJmoa ho ZmpñVH$ hmoV.o B©ída EH$M AgyZ Vmo gd©eº$s_mZ Amho. B©ídambm {à` AgUmao H$m`©
H$ê$Z Am{U Ë`mÀ`mda ào_ H$ê$Z Ë`mMr CnmgZm H$aVm òVo Ago Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo hmoV.o Ë`m§Mm _yVunyOb
o m
{damoY hmoVm VgoM VrW©`mÌm d BVa Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S> BË`mXr Jmoï>tZmhr Ë`m§Zr Amnbm {damoY Xe©{dbm
hmoVm. B§JO
« r {ejUmÀ`m àgmam_wio Amnë`m {R>H$mUr ~wÕrdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ {dH${gV hmoV AgVmZm AmnU
AS>mUr bmoH$m§à_mUo XJS> qH$dm bmH$S>mÀ`m VwH$S>çmg Xod _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr nyOm H$aUo _yIn© UmMo Amho Ago
Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
~«måhmo g_mOmZo Y_m©Mm {dMma Z H$aVm g§nUy © _mZdOmVrgmR>r H$m`© H$amdo, Aer amOm am__mohZ
am°` `m§Mr Anojm hmoVr. na§Vw XodÐ| ZmW Q>mJmoa `m§Zr _mÌ ~«måhmo g_mOmZo qhXy Y{_©`m§daM Amnbo bj H|$ÐrV
H$aÊ`mÀ`m JaOoda â {Xbm. Ë`m§Zr doX{dMma nm`m^yV _mZyZ qhXy Y_m©V gwYmaUm KS>dZy AmUÊ`mÀ`m
H$m`m©bm Ë`m§Zr àmYmÝ` {Xbo hmoV.o ~«måhmo g_mOmÀ`m VËdkmZmdarb {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm à^md H$_r H$aÊ`mMo
jo` XodÐ| ZmW Q>mJmoa `m§Zr {Xbo OmVo.
ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr `m§Mo ^maVmVrb Y_©gYw maUoÀ`m MidirV _mobmMo `moJXmZ Amho. Ë`m§Zr
Y_©gYw maUoÀ`m H$m`m©Mr àoaUm ~«måhmo g_mOmH$Sy>Z KoVbr VgoM Ë`mÀ`m AZoH$ emIm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m nwT>o
Ë`m§Zr Amnbm doJim g§àXm` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Zr _w~§ B© òWo 10 E{àb 1875 amoOr
12
Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr qhXy Y_m©Vrb OmVr ì`mdñWm, Cƒ-ZrM, ôX^md, _yVunyOm VgoM
g_mOmVrb A{Zð> àWm d na§nam `mda Ë`m§Zr H$S>H$ Q>rH$m Ho$br. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Zr {dYdm{ddmh,
Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh, ór{ejU `m Jmoï>tMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm.
qhXy Y_m©Vrb {dH¥$Vr d Xmof Xya H$ê$Z Ë`mg ewÕ ñdê$n àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ ñdm_r X`mZ§X
gañdVtZr Ho$bm. `m à`ËZmg g§K{Q>V ñdê$n AmUÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZoM Ë`m§Zr Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. Amnbo {dMma bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr "gm`mW© àH$me' ZmdmMm J«W§ hr {b{hbm.
Ho$edM§Ð goZ ho ~«måhmo g_mOmÀ`m à_wI ZoË`m§nH¡ $s EH$ hmoV. g_mOgwYmaUoMo H$Å>a nwañH$V}
åhUyZ Vo AmoiIbo OmVmV. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV g_mOgwYmaUoMr Midi J{V_mZ ~Z{dÊ`mV Ë`m§Zr
_hÎdmMm dmQ>m CMbbm hmoVm. ~«måhmo g_mOmbm bmoH${à`Vm {_idyZ XoÊ`mVhr Ë`m§Zr _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m
~Omdbr hmoVr. Ho$edM§Ð goZ `m§Zr g_mOgwYmaUoMr _mohr_ _moR>çm CËgmhmZo Mmby R>do br. Ë`m§Zr
g_mOmVrb {ó`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmamdr Agm AmJ«h Yabm Ë`m Ñï>rZo ~mb{ddmh, ~hþnËZrËd `mgma»`m
àWm§Zm {damoY Ho$bm VgoM {dYdm {ddmh, Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh, ór{ejU `m§Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. {ó`m§À`m
{ejUmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. g_mOmVrb `m A{Zï> àWm§da H$m`ÚmZo ~§Xr Kmbmdr
`mgmR>rhr Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo hmoV.o
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§XmZr B.g. 1896 _Üò "am_H¥$îU {_eZ'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Amnbo Jwê$ am_H¥$îU
na_h§g `m§Mm g§Xe
o gd©Ì nmohM{dUo, g_mOmVrb Cno{jV KQ>H$m§Mr godm H$aUo Am{U g_mOgwYmaUoÀ`m
H$m`m©bm MmbZm XoUo ho `m g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmnZo_mJrb à_wI CÔoe hmoV.o OJmVrb gd©M Y_© gË` AgyZ Vo
EH$mM Üò`màV OmÊ`mMo doJdoJio _mJ© AmhoV. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Zr OJmV {R>H${R>H$mUr am_H¥$îU
{_eZÀ`m emIm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§Zr X{bV d {nS>rV dJm©À`m CÕmambm àmYmÝ` {Xbo hmoV.o Á`m bmoH$m§Zm
nmoQ>â AÞ {_iV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm Y_© gm§JUo hm {Zìdi _yIn© Um hmo`, Ago Ë`m§Zr åh§Q>bo Amho. åhUyZM
Ë`m§Zr am_H¥$îU {_eZÀ`m dVrZo g_mOgodM
o o d«V A§{JH$mabo hmoV.o X{bVm§Mr d {nS>rVm§Mr godm hr Ë`m§À`m
Ñï>rZo Ho$di ^yVX`m ZìhVr, Va Vmo n{dÌ Aem Ym{_©H$ H$m`m©Mm EH$ Amdí`H$ ^mJ hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m `m
Ñï>r_wiM
o am_H¥$îU {_eZÀ`m dVrZo Ë`m§Zr {R>H${R>H$mUr AZmWml_, ê$½Umbò, dgVrJ¥ho `m§Mr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. XwîH$mi, _hmnya, amoJamB© `mgma»`m Z¡gJuH$ AmnÎmrÀ`m H$mimV g§H$Q>Jñ« Vm§Zm _XVrMm hmV
XoÊ`mVhr am_H¥$îU {_eZZo nwT>mH$ma KoVbm.
_hmamï´>mVrb ~hþOZ g_mOmMo Am{U nXX{bV OZVoMo CÕmaH$V} åhUyZ _hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo
`m§Mo Zoh_rM ñ_aU Ho$bo OmVo. _hmË_m \w$ë`m§À`m H$mimV ^maVr` g_mOmVrb {ó`m§Mr pñWVr A{Ve`
dmB©Q> hmoVr. g_mOmZo {ó`m§Zm gd© àH$maMo h¸$ ZmH$mabo hmoV.o {ó`m§Zm {ejU {_imë`mIoarO Ë`m§Mm
CÕma hmoUma Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ór {ejUmMo H$m`© àW_ hmVr KoVbo. B.g. 1848 _Üò _hmË_m \w$ë`m§Zr
nwÊ`mV _wbtMr n{hbr emim gwê$ Ho$br. 1851 _Üò Ë`m§Zr Xwgar _wbtÀ`mgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$br.
13
\w$ë`m§Zr {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z B.g. 1864 _Üò nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo ~mJoV nwZ{d©dmh KS>dZy
AmUbm. Añn¥í`m§Zm CƒdJu`m§H$Sy>Z dmB©Q> dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV hmoVr. Añn¥í`m§darb AÝ`m` Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm àW_ {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo `mMr OmUrd _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zm Pmbr, åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejU
XoÊ`mMo H$m`© hmVr KoVbo. B.g. 1852 _Üò Ë`m§Zr nwÊ`m_Üò Añn¥í`m§À`m _wbm§gmR>r XmoZ emim
CKS>ë`m. 1853 gmbr Ë`m§Zr _hma, _m§J B. bmoH$m§g {dÚm {eH${dÊ`mH$arVm _§S>ir `m ZmdmMr EH$
g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo Añn¥í`m§gmR>r H$mhr emim Mmb{dÊ`mV Amë`m. Añn¥í`m§Mr
gm_m{OH$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mV OmJ¥Vr KS>dZy AmUUo Amdí`H$ Amho, hr Jmoï> _hmË_m
\w$ë`m§Zr AmoiIbr d Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§_YrbM H$mhr _§S>itZm hmVmer Yê$Z Ë`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ
Mmb{dbo. Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§_Üò {ejUmMr JmoS>r CËnÞ Ho$br. CÝhmù`mV Añn¥í`m§Mo nmÊ`m{dZm A{Ve`
hmb hmoV AgV Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr 1868 _Üò Amnë`m KamVrb nmÊ`mMm hm¡X Añn¥í`m§gmR>r Iwbm Ho$bm.
~«måhUm§Zr Y_©JW§« {Z_m©U H$ê$Z g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m gd© joÌm§V Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo.
Ë`m§Zr gd© gmo`r gdbVr AmnUmH$S>o KoVë`m Am{U ewÐm§Zm H$m`_Mo Jwbm_ ~Z{dbo. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb
OmVrôXmMo _wi ~«måhUm§À`m ñdmWu Y_m©YVoV Am{U Ah§H$mamV Amho. ~«måhUr dM©ñdm_YyZM g_mOmV
namH$moQ>rMr {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Ago _V \w$ë`m§Zr _m§S>b.o gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm, AÝ`m` d emofU `m§da
AmYmaboë`m àM{bV g_mOì`dñWoV ~Xb KS>dZy AmUmd`mMm Agob Va ewÐ d H${Zð> dJmªZr g§K{Q>V
hmoD$Z ~«måhUr dM©ñdm {dê$Õ g§Kf© Ho$br nm{hOo Ago _hmË_m \w$ë`m§Zr åh§Q>bo Amho. `m àH$maMm g§Kf©
Oa H$amd`mMm Agob Va ~hþOZ g_mOmMr ñdV:Mr g§KQ>Zm hdr. hr JaO AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Zr 24 gßQ>~| a
1873 amoOr nwÊ`mV "gËèmoYH$ g_mO'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
WmoS>Š`mV, _hmË_m \w$ë`m§Zr Amnbo g§nU
y © Am`wî` nXX{bV OZVoÀ`m d ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m
CÕmamgmR>r IM© Ho$bo. _hmamï´>mV ór-{ejUmMr _whVÿ _© To > amodUmam g_mOgwYmaH$, Añn¥í`m§À`m _wbm§gmR>r
emim CKSy>Z Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMo XadmOo Iwbo H$aUmam n{hbm X{bV CÕmaH$, eoVH$è`m§M>r Xw:Io doerda
Q>mJ§ Umam n{hbm eoVH$atMm H¡$dmar, ewÐ d ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m doXZm§Zm dmMm \$moS>Umam ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb
n{hbm ZoVm Aem AZoH$ {deofUm§Zr Ë`m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm OmVmo.
^maVmV {ó`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r Á`m _hmnwê$fm§Zr Amnbo Cô Am`wî` IMu KmVbo Aem _hmnwê$fm§nH¡ $s
_hfu Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ho EH$ hmoV. Ë`m§Zr {dYdm {ddmhmMm àgma Ho$bm d Ë`m§Zr ñdV: EH$m {dYdoer
{ddmh H$ê$Z g_mOmnwT>o EH$ AmXe© KmbyZ {Xbm. B.g. 1899 _Üò Ë`m§Zr "AZmW ~m{bH$ml_' ZmdmMr
g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br 1907 _Üò qhJUo òWo "_{hbm {dÚmb`mMr' ñWmnZm Ho$br. {ó`m§gmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì
{dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ H$amdo Aer Ë`m§Zr BÀN>m hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Zr B.g. 1916 _Üò _{hbm {dÚmnrR>mMr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. B.g. 1920 _Üò eoR> {dÇ>bXmg R>mH$agr `m§Zr Amnë`m _mVmolr lr_Vr ZmWr~mB© Xm_moXa
R>mH$agr `m§À`m ñ_aUmW© 15 bmI ê$n`m§Mr XoUJr `m {dÚmnrR>mbm {Xbr. nwT>o `m {dÚmnrR>mMo lr_Vr
14
"ZmWr~mB© Xm_moXa R>mH$agr _{hbm {dÚmnrR>' (S.N.D.T.) ê$nm§Va Pmbo. AmO `m {dÚmnrR>mVyZ hOmamo
{ó`m Cƒ {ejUmMm bm^ KoV AmhoV.
{~«Q>re H$mbI§S>
^maVm_Üò ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm d gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrb H$m`© ho {~«Q>re emgZmÀ`m H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ
_moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Pmbo. ^maVmVrb n{hbr ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm Friend-in-Need Society _Ðmg hr
hmo`. ^maVr` ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>ZÀo `m B{VhmgmVrb AË`§V _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm åhUOo 1860 gmbr Pmbobm
Societies Regulation Act hmo`. ^maVmVrb ñd`§gd
o r g§KQ>Zm§À`m dmT>r_Üò VgoM ñd`§gdo r {H«$`m§_Üò
{¼íMZ {_eZè`m§Mr ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hÎdnyU© _mZbr OmVo. ^maVm_Üò {deofV: X{jUo_Üò ^maVr`
{¼íMZ {_eZarO d nmíMmË` {¼íMZ {_eZarOZr {ejU g§ñWm d XdmImÝ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr _moR>çm
à_mUmV H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb d§{MV, Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Zm _XV Ho$br. VgoM {ejU, Amamo½`, g_mOH$ë`mU,
AZmW _wb,o An§J ì`º$s, AmOmar ì`º$s `m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r XoIrb AZoH$ ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U
Pmë`m. àËòH$ OmVrZo Amnë`m OmVrVrb bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoD$Z Amnë`m OmVrVrb bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>rMo {d{dY CnH«$_ am~{dbo.
20 ì`m eVH$m_Üò _hmË_m J§mYrZr gwê$ Ho$boë`m ñdmV§Í` MidirMo `moJXmZ ho ñd`§gdo r
{H«$ò_Üò AË`§V _mobmMo Amho. Jm§YrOtÀ`m ZoVË¥ dmImbr AZoH$ ñd`§gdo H$ V`ma Pmbo d Ë`m§Zr AË`§V
_hÎdnyU© H$m`© Ho$bo. ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§À`m {dH$mgm_Üò Jm§YrOtMo `moJXmZ _hÎdnyU© _mZbo OmVo. _hmË_m
Jm§YrOtZr gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb gd© ñVamVrb bmoH$m§Zm gÎmoMm bm^ {_idyZ {Xbm.
Jm§YrOtZr nwT>rb _hÎdmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Ë`m_Üò (1) h[aOZ godH$ g§K, (2) J«m_ CÚmoJ
g§K, (3) qhXyñWmZr Vmbr_ g§K, (4) gd© godm g§K `m g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao ñd`§gdo r [H«$`m
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. h[aOZ godH$ g§KmV\}$ g_mOmVrb Añn¥í`m§gmR>r _mobmMo H$m`© Ho$bo. J«m_ CÚmoJ
g§KmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò bhmZ bhmZ CÚmoJm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm
amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm. gd© godm g§KmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Jm§YrOtZr g_mOmVrb gd© ñVamVrb
bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>rMo à`ËZ Ho$bo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mbI§S>mVrb ñd`§godr {H«$`m
(Voluntary Action during Post-Independence Perod)
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmV d g§aMZoV
~Xb Pmbm. `m H$mim_Üò ñd`§gdo H$m§Zr doJdoJù`m {df`m§Zm hmVr KoD$Z g_mO H$m`© Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va
^maVmZo H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr g§H$ënZm pñdH$mabr. emgH$s` nmVirda {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$ë`mUH$mar
15
`moOZm `m H$mimV AmIë`m Joë`m. `m H$mimV ñdm`Îm g§ñWm§Zm ñd`§gdo r H$m_H$mO H$aÊ`mgmR>r ào[aV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g|Q>´ b dob\o$Aa ~moS>© d B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ gmoeb dob\o$Aa `m g§KQ>ZÛo mao `mgmR>r
àoaUm XoÊ`mV Ambr. _hmË_m Jm§YrOr, {¼íMZ {_eZarO, am_H¥$îU {_eZ `m§Zr Á`m g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m
Ë`m g§ñWm§Zr Amnbo H$m`© nwT>o Omo_mZo gwê$ R>do bo.
^maVm_Üò AZoH$ ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmë`m Ë`m_Üò B§{S>`Z aoS> H«$m°g gmogm`Q>r, `§J _oÝg²
{¼íMZ Agmo{gEeZ, `§J dw_Zo {¼íMZ Agmo{gEeZ, h[aOZ godH$ g§K, H$ñVwa~m Jm§Yr Z°eZb
_o_mo[a`b Q´>ñQ>, B§S>r`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ gmoeb dob\o$Aa, B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ MmB©ëS> dob\o$Aa, `wW
hmoñQ>b
o Agmo{gEeZ d Agmo{gEeZ Am°\$ gmoeb hoëW `mgma»`m AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm ñd`§gdo r H$m`m©_Üò
_mobmMm dmQ>m Amho.
1.6 gmam§e
àñVwV àH$aUm_Üò AmnU gd©àW_ {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr g§H$ënZm, ñdê$n Aä`mgbo.
Ë`mZ§Va EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm Aä`mgbr VgoM g_wXm` g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm Aä`mgbr Ë`mZ§Va
AmnU ^maVmVrb EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mr dmT> H$er hmoV Jobr ho g{dñVanUo AmnU `m àH$aUm_Üò
Aä`mgbo Amho.
1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U ^maVmVrb EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo H$m`© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m
^mJm_Üò AgUmè`m ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zgo ôQ> XoD$Z Ë`m g§KQ>ZM
o r H$m`©àUmbr g_OyZ KoU.o
A)
[aH$må`m OmJm âm.
1.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m ............ Mm g_yh AgVmV.
2.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm `m ................... g§KQ>Zm AgVmV.
3.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm ............ AgVmV.
4.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo gXñ`Ëd ho .............. AgVo.
5.
^maVm_Üò gd©àW_ Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoMm nm`m .......... Ë`m§Zr KmVbm.
6.
~«måhmo g_mOmMr g§KQ>Zm ........... `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$br.
7.
~«måhmo g_mOmMr ñWmnZm ............ gmbr Pmbr.
16
8.
Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm ......... gmbr Pmbr.
9.
am_H¥$îU {_eZMr ñWmnZm .......... gmbr Pmbr.
10.
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr _wbtMr n{hbr emim .............. gmbr gwê$ Ho$br.
11.
^maVmVrb n{hbr ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm ...... hr hmo`.
~)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1.
EZ. Or. Amo. Mo nyU© ê$n {bhm.
2.
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Zm gm_mÝ`nUo gd©Ì H$moUË`m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmVo.
3.
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Mm CX` hm H$moR>o Pmbm.
4.
g_wXm` g§KQ>Zm§Zm H$m` g§~mo{Ybo OmVo.
5.
Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br.
6.
^maVr` ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>ZÀo `m B{VhmgmVrb AË`§V _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm H$moUVr.
7.
~r. Q>r. bmdUr `m§À`m nwñVH$mMo Zmd {bhm.
H$)
{Q>nm {bhm.
1.
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mo àH$ma.
2.
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm.
S>)
XrKm}Var àíZ.
1.
ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm åhUOo H$m` gm§JZy ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
2.
EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm åhUOo H$m` gm§JZy EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.
3.
g_wXm` g§KQ>ZM
o r g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
4.
^maVmVrb ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm§Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmT> ñnï> H$am.
17
gamdmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A)
[aH$må`m OmJm âm.
1.
bmoH$m§Mm
2.
Zm|XUrH¥$V qH$dm AZm|XUrH¥$V
3.
AZm¡nMm[aH$
4.
nyUV© : EopÀN>H$
5.
amOm am__mohZ am°`
6.
amOm am__mohZ am°`
7.
1828
8.
1875
9.
1896
10.
1848
11.
Friend-in-Need-Society
~)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1.
Non-Governmental Organization
2.
Community Based Organization
3.
{dH$gZerb Xoem§_Üò
4.
Bottom-up-Organizations
5.
ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
6.
1860 gmbr Pmbobm Societies Regulation Act
7.
NGOs in Development
18
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.
S>m.° S>r. EZ. YZmJao - g§H$ënZm§Mo {díd Am{U gm_m{OH$ dmñVd.
2.
S. N. Pawar, J. B. Ambekar and D. Shrikant - NGOs and Development, The
Indian Scenario.
3.
R. Sooryamoorthy and K. D. Gangarde - NGOs in India, A Cross Sectional
Study.
4.
B. T. Lawani - NGOs in Development.
aaa
19
KQ>H$ : 2
àH$ën Am{U H$m`©H«$_ ì`dñWmnZ
(Projects and Programmes Management)
AZwH$« _{UH$m :
2.1
àñVmdZm
2.2
C{ÔîQ>ço
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1 àH$ën ì`dñWmnUmMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm
2.3.2 àH$ën àñVmdmMr V`mar
2.3.3 àH$ën d H$m`©H$« _mMr A§_b~OmdUr
2.3.4 àH$ën {ZarjU, n`©dj
o U Am{U _wë`_mnZ
2.4
2.5
ñd§ÀÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
2.6
gmam§e
2.7
ñd§` AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.8
gamdmgmR>r àíZ
2.9
qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
2.10 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
20
2.1 àñVmdZm
gd©gmYmaUnUo "àH$ën' `m g§kb
o m \$ma _moR>m AW© Amho. àH$ën åhUOo doJdoJù`m H¥$VtMm
g§M AgVmo CXm. EImÚm KamMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aUo åhUOo àH$ën hmo`. nU KamÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r ~è`mM
Jmoï>r A§V^yV© AgVmV Vo åhUOo nm`m ImoXUo, nm`m âUr, ^tVr ~m§YUo, N>ßna ~m§YUo, XadmOo d
{IS>Š`m ~gdUo BË`mXr. Aem àH$mao KamMo ~m§YH$m_ H$aUo åhUOo ~è`mM H¥$VtMm g§M AgVmo. àH$ën
nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r åhUOo, _mUgo, gmYZo, doi d n¡gm àH$ën H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYZo
_`m©{XV Agm`bm hdrV. àH$ën åhUOo Ago g§KQ>Z H$s Oo C{Ôï> nyVuÀ`m {XeoZo OmV AgVo.
àH$ënmÀ`m g§X^m©V ^mî` H$aVmZm h°[agZ Ago åhUVmV. àH$ën åhUOo {Z`{_VVoMm ^mJ Amho,
Ë`mgmo~VM Vmo nwÝhm nwÝhm Ho$bm OmUmam Amho åhUOoM EImXr Jmoï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo `mo½` ì`dñWmnZ
Agë`mg Ë`m_Üò MyH$m hmoV ZmhrV d àH$ën nyU© hmoÊ`mÀ`m {Xeobm JVr {_iVo. àH$ënmÀ`m g§X^m©V,
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ g§ñWm (`w.Eg.E.) `m§Mo Ago _V Amho H$s, àH$ën hr EH$ ì`dñWm Amho H$s
Á`m_Üò doJdoJù`m {d^mJm§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo ho gd© {d^mJ àH$ën `mo½` {Xboë`m doi_o Üò nyU©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gVV à`ËZerb AgVmV. àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m g§X^m©V ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m {dídH$mofm_Üò
(Encyclopedia of Management) Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho H$s, "àH$ën hm EH$ g§KQ>rV KQ>H$
Amho H$s Oo Üò` nyVuÀ`m {XeoZo OmV AgVo. ì`dñWmnZm_Üò `m gd© Jmoï>r nma nmS>V AgVmZm
àH$ënmÀ`m àñVmdmMr V`mar `mo½` nÕVrZo H$aUo JaOoMo Amho, EImÚm àH$ënmÀ`m àñVmdmMr V`mar
CÎm_[aË`m Ho$br Agob Va Vmo àñVmd ghOmghOr _mÝ` hmoV AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV àñVmd åhUOo
àH$ënmgmR>r Am{W©H$ ghH$m`m©Mr _mJUr hmo`. EImÚm àH$ënmMm àñVmd \$º$ _mÝ` hmoUo åhUOo è
Zìho Va Ë`m àH$ënmMr `mo½` àH$mao A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho, BVŠ`m Jmoï>tMr nyVu
Pmë`mZ§Va nyU© Pmboë`m àH$ënmMo _wë`_mnZ, nmhmUr, Ë`mMr XoIaoI B. JmoîQ>r _hÎdmÀ`m _mZë`m
OmVmV. `m gd© ~m~tMr nmhmUr `m àH$aUm_Üò Ho$br OmUma Amho.
2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço (Objectives)
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm
1.
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo H$m` g_Oob.
2.
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm g_Oob.
3.
àH$ënmÀ`m àñVmdmMr V`mar H$er AgoV Vo g_Oob.
4.
àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$er Ho$br OmVo Vo g_Oob.
21
5.
àH$ënmda gVV bj R>do Uo, Ë`mMr nmhUr H$aUo d Ë`mMo _wë`_mnZ H$aUo `m gd© ~m~r
g_OVrb.
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter)
AmYw{ZH$ `wJm_Üò àËòH$ joÌm_Üò AgUmar Üòò d Vr nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r AgUmao ì`dñWmnZ
AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo. àH$ën Am{U H$m`©H$« _ ì`dñWmnZm_Üò Ë`mMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm, àH$ënmgmR>r
àñVmd V`ma H$ê$Z AW©ghmæ` {_idUo d C{Ôï>mÀ§ `m {XeoZo OmV AgVmZm àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr
`mo½` nÕVrZo H$aUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo AgVo, hmVr KoVbobm àH$ën nyU© H$aUo åhUOo A§Vr_ H$m`© Zìho Va
Ë`mMr gVV XoI^mb H$aUo, Ë`mMo `mo½` _wë`_mnZ H$aUo. `m ~m~r gwÕm AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. `m
gd© Jmoï>tMr _m§S>Ur `m KQ>H$m_Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
2.3.1 àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm
(Nature and Concept of Project Management)
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm nmhV AgVmZm EH$ Jmoï> bjmV òVo Vr åhUOo
"àH$ën' `m g§kb
o m \$ma _moR>m AW© Amho. AZoH$ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H¥$VtMm g§M àH$ën AgVmo. CXm.
EImXo Ka ~ZdUo, EImXr _moQ>ma ~ZdUo, AmUIrZ H$moUVrhr dñVy Oa ~Zdm`Mr Agob Va `m_Üò
ì`dñWmnZ bmdUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho, ì`dñWmnZ H$m _hÎdmMo Amho H$maU Üò` nyVuÀ`m {XeoZo
H$_r doiVo nmohmoMm`Mo Agob Va ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho, `m_Üò doi, n¡gm Am{U `mo½`
_Zwî`~i AË`§V _hÎdmMo _mZbo Jobo Amho `m _Üò EImXr Jmoï> _hÎdmMr Zmhr Va,gd© ~m~r AË`§V
_hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. H$maU àH$ën åhUOo AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m H¥$VtMm g§M Amho. "àH$ën åhUOo gd© Jmoï>rMo
ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr EH$ H$bm Amho Am{U `m_Üò emór` aMZmË_H$ JmoîQ>tÀ`m nÕVrMm dmna H$aUo
_hÎdmMo Amho' àH$ën hr g§H$ënZm H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m n[al_mMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr OmD$
eH$Vo. _J Vmo àH$ën VmËnwaVm ñdê$nmMm gwÕm qH$dm Ë`mMr gwê$dmV d Ë`mMm eodQ> XoIrb Agy
eH$Vmo. àH$ën Agm Agmdm H$s Ë`m àH$ënmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m§hrVar {deof {Z_m©U ìhm`bm hdo _J
Vr EImXr dñVy Agob, godm Agob d ho gd© àJVrÀ`m {XeoZo nwT>o Om`bm hdo. ì`m»ò_Üò Z_yX
Ho$ë`m à_mUo àËòH$ H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe àH$ënm_Üò hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. {d{eï> C{Ôï> g_moa R>do Zy Vo nyU©
H$aÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo Ho$bo OmUmao à`ËZ åhUOo àH$ën hmo`. àH$ën Ago H$m§hrVar A{ÛVr` dñVy, godm
qH$dm CËnÎmr H$aV AgVo. da Z_wX Ho$ë`mà_mUo àËòH$ H$m_mMm g_mdoe
o àH$ënm_Üò Ho$bm OmD$ eH$V
Zmhr. EH§$XarVM da Z_yX Ho$boë`m àH$ënmÀ`m ì`m»òdê$Z EImÚmbm àH$ën åhUOo H$m` H$iob.
22
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ åhUOo Agm {d^mJ H$s {OWo àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmÀ`m gd© Jmoï>r H|${ÐV
AgVmV. àH$ënmÀ`m àJVrMr _m{hVr A{YH$mè`mbm nwa{dë`m_wio àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ godm gwairV
MmbVo.
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$mè`mMr (PMO) ^y${_H$m åhUOo àH$ën ho Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm VS>rg
OmVrb `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoUo d Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r àH$ënmÀ`m ~m~VrV OmJ¥V
H$aUo åhUOo àH$ënmÀ`m ~m~VrV Am{W©H$ _wÔm \$ma _hÎdmMm Amho. VgoM àH$ënmÀ`m g§X^m©V EH$
_hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$mar hm {~bm§À`m d BVa àH$ënm§er g§~Y§ rV Jmoï>rda
~moQ> R>Do $ eH$Vmo åhUOoM Ë`mbm àH$ën ì`dñWmnZm_Üò gd©M A{YH$ma AgVmV. Aem àH$mao àH$ën
ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$mè`mMo H$V©ì` ho Ë`mÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr òUmè`m àH$ënm§Mo XoIaoI H$aUo d
Ë`m§À`mgmR>r EO§Q>mgmaIo H$m_ H$aUo. AbrH$S>À`m àdmhm_Üò àH$ënmÀ`m èñdrVogmR>r `mo½` Ñï>r
AgUmè`m à{V{ZYrMr JaO Amho Am{U à{V{ZYrËd _w»` _m{hVr A{YH$mè`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Agm`bm
hdo, gmo~VM Vm§{ÌH$ à{V{Z{YËd Agm`bm hdo.
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$mè`mZo Aem Jmoï>rMr ImÌr H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo H$s, àH$ënmMr gd©
C{ÔîQ>ço àH$ënm_Üò H$m`©aV Agboë`m gd© ì`qº$À`m gh^mJm{edm` àmá H$aVm òD$ eH$V ZmhrV
Am{U `mgmR>r àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ A{YH$mè`mZo gdm}Vmonar à`ËZ H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. àH$ënm_Üò
gh^mJr AgUmè`m gd© gXñ`m§Mr ZH$mamË_H$Vm Xya H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m_Üò gH$mamË_H$ ^mdZm V`ma H$aUo
d àH$ën nyVuÀ`m {XeoZo nwT>o OmÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm ~ZdUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m gd© Jmoï>r {dMmamV
KoVë`mg Ago OmUdVo H$s àH$ën A{YH$mar hm EH$ CÎm_ ZoVË¥ d H$aUmam Agm`bm hdm.
AbrH$S>À`m àdmhm_Üò _mZd{Z{_©V àH$ën hr H$m§hr Zdr g§H$ënZm Zmhr, nU ZdrZ
g§H$ënZm V`ma H$ê$Z àH$ën am~dUo hr Jmoï> A{YH$mè`m§gmR>r \$ma AmìhmZmË_H$ Amho, H$maU dmT>Vr
ñnYm©, ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ, Zdo Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU, Am{W©H$VoMm VmU `m gd© ~m~r {dMmamV KoVë`mg CÎm_
àH$mao H$m¡eë`nydH© $ H$m_ H$aUo åhUOo àH$ën nyU© èñdr H$aÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb AgVo.
gd© àH$ënm_Üò EH$ g_mZ d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo, Vo åhUOo H$ënZm_YyZ nwT>o òUmar Jmoï> Am{U
H¥$Vr `m ZdrZ ñdê$nmMo à`ËZ AgVmV. gVV CnpñWV AgUmao YmoŠ`mMo KQ>H$ d A{ZpíMV gmYZo hr
àH$ën èñdrVo_Üò AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmV. Aem Jmoï>r_wio \$ma JwV§ mJwV§ rMo d AmYw{ZH$ àH$ën
èñdrnUo nyU© hmoVrb `mMr e§H$m {Z_m©U hmoV.o àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmMm CÔoe hm AgVmo H$s, àH$ën
am~dV AgVmZm {Z_m©U hmoUmao AS>Wio Am{U YmoH$o `m§Mo ^m{H$V H$aUo Am{U Vo AS>Wio d YmoH$o
{Z_m©U hmoD$ ZòV `mgmR>r `mo½` {Z`moOZ ì`dñWmnZ, H¥$VtMo {Z`§ÌU `m gd© Jmoï>r àH$ën èñdrnUo
nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r _XV H$aV AgVmV. àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmMo è åhUOo Á`m C{Ôï> nyVugmR>r {Z_m©U
Ho$bo Amho Vo C{Ôï> bdH$amV bdH$a JmR>U.o àH$ënm_Üò g_m{dï>> AgUmar gmYZo Am{U {H«$`m `mÀ`m
23
dmnamMo {Z`moOZ d {Z`§ÌU ghm{OH$M hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ àH$ën ì`dñWmnH$mZo ho g_OyZ
KoUo JaOoMo Amho H$s, doJdoJio gh^mJr bmoH$ H$emnÕVrZo àH$ën hmVmiVmV d Ë`m§À`m H$m¡eë`mMo
H$m¡VHw $ H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m H$m_mÀ`m nÕVr g_ñ`m `m gd© Jmoï>r OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
2.2.2 àH$ën àñVmdmMr V`mar (Preparation
of Project Proposal)
àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Am{W©H$ ghH$m`m©Mr _mJUr H$aUo åhUOo àñVmd AgVmo.
àH$ën àñVmd AZoH$ ~møaoIm {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmo Ogo H$s, àH$ënm{df`rMo {Z`moOZ, àH$ënmÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r CÔoembm AZwgê$Z A{YH$ _m{hVr àmá H$ê$Z XoU,o Á`mÛmao ì`dñWm H$aUo Am{U
`mo½` _mJ© àmá hmoVmo. Imbrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo àH$ën àñVmd V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ R>ê$ eH$VmV.
àH$ën àñVmd åhUOo doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobr
g§nU
y © dU©Z _mbm hmo`.
♦
g§emoYZ H$ënZm§Mr VH©$ewÕVm nwadUo.
♦
H$ënZoMo _hÎd ñnï> H$aUo.
♦
nmR>r_mJrb H¥$Vrer H$ënZm§À`m g§~Y§ Xe©dUo.
♦
àñVm{nV àH$ënmgmR>r {H«$`mH$ënm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUo.
àH$ën à{H«$òÀ`m AmamIS>çm_Üò XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo, ho XmoÝhrhr gma»`m nÕVrZo
_hÎdmMo AgVmV Am{U CÎm_ àH$mao àñVmd V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AVr _hÎdmMo AgVmV Vo åhUOo ♦
àH$ën {Z`moOZ (àH$ën KQ>H$m§Mr ñdÀN> _m§SU>r)
♦
àñVmdmMo {bImU ({Z`moOZmMo ê$nm§Va àH$ënmÀ`m XñVEodOm_Üò H$aUo)
àH$ën àñVmd
1)
CÔoemÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àñVmd
àñVmd V`ma H$aV AgVmZm n{hbr nmàr åhUOo g_ñ`m H$m` Amho ho {ZpíMV Ho$bo nm{hOo
Am{U Ë`mZwgma EH$ H$ƒm AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z hr g_ñ`m H$er gmoS>dbr OmD$ eH$Vo `mMm {dMma
H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. hmM CÔoe H$mbm§VamZo H$ënZo_Üò ê$nm§VarV hmoD$ eH$Vmo, H$s {OWo {d{eï>>
àënmMm àñVmd V`ma Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
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àñVmd V`ma H$aV AgVmZm VH©$ewÕ Mm¡H$Q> H$ënZm§Mr aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` nÕVrZo _XV
H$ê$ eH$Vo, Ë`mÀ`m hr nwT>o hr VH©$ewÕ Mm¡H$Q> àñVmdmMm CÔoe ñnï> _m§S>y eH$Vo. Ë`mMo \$m`Xo H$m`
AmhoV Vo XmIdy eH$Vo, Ë`mMr gmYZo, {H«$`mH$ën, {H$_§V Am{U nÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Z[ajU d
_wë`_mnZ `m Jmoï>r àH$ën àñVmdmÀ`m V`margmR>r _wbmYma AgVmV.
Hw$dVrÀ`m {ZYr n`m©`m§Mr AmoiI
AË`§V _hÎdmMr Jmoï> åhUOo {ZYr {_idÊ`mgmR>r H$moUH$moUVo _mJ© CnbãY AmhoV `mMm emoY
KoU.o CXm. emgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, A§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`© g§ñWm, A§Vaamï´>r` {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm Am{U
ImOJr g§ñWm B.
àH$ën àñVmd g§K V`ma H$aUo
àH$ënmMo ZoVË¥ d H$aUmar ì`º$s àñVmd H$em nÕVrZo H$m`©j_ V`ma H$aVm òBb
© `mMr I§V
AgUmar Agm`bm hdr Am{U _JM àñVmd nwT>o KoD$Z OmUo gmono hmoV.o à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmar ì`º$s nwT>o
OmD$Z nyUn© Uo àñVmdmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r O~m~Xma AgVo. hr O~m~Xma ì`º$s {ZYr {_idyZ XoUmè`m
g§ñWm§er g§^mfU H$ê$Z `mo½` àH$mao {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z KoD$Z Ë`mMr nwT>rb dmQ>Mmb gH$mamË_H$
nÕVrZo nwT>o ZoÊ`mMr ½dmhr hr O~m~Xma ì`º$s XoD$ eH$Vo. ZoVË¥ d H$aUmar ì`º$s g§Km_Üò g_m{dï>
AgUmè`m àËòH$ ì`{º$bm g_mZ _hÎd XoUmar AgUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. KS>Umè`m Am{U {gÕ hmoUmè`m
àËòH$ Jmoï>r gdmªZm gy{MV H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ A{YH$ AgUmar ì`º$s g§Km_Üò AgUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo. {dÎm {d^mJmÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo A§XmOnÌH$ g§H$brV Ho$ë`mg g_OyZ KoÊ`mg gmYo gmono
hmoD$ eH$Vo.
àH$ën àñVmdmMo àñVm{dV ñdê$n (Proposal
Format for Project Proposal)
àñVmdmMo nyU© ñdê$n V`ma AgÊ`mMo {d^mJ Imbrb à_mUo.
1)
erf©H$ nmZ (Title
Page)
VrZ qH$dm Mma nmZmnojm A{YH$ erf©H$ nmZo àñVmdm_Üò Agm`bm hdo. {ef©H$ nmZmda
àH$ënmMo {ef©H$ Agm`bm hdo, Ë`m_Üò Á`m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àH$ën am~dbm OmUma Amho Ë`mMo
Zmd, g§`ºw $ g§ñWoMo Zmd, VmarI, {R>H$mU, XoUJr XmamMo Zmd, H$moUmH$Sy>Z àñVmd _§Oaw H$aÊ`mV
Ambobm Amho B. Jmoï>r AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
25
2)
àH$ënmMo {ef©H$ (Project
Title)
àH$ënmMo {ef©H$ H$_r eãXm_Üò Ho$bobo Agmdo. OoUHo $ê$Z {ef©H$m_YyZ AW©~moY hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. AVr bm§~ AgUmao {ef©H$ dmMH$m§Zm JmoY| imV Q>mH$Umao d AW©~moY Z hmoUmao AgVo.
_moOŠ`m eãXm_Üò V`ma Ho$bobo {ef©H$ ho AmVrb _VrVmW© OmUyZ KoÊ`mg ghO gmono AgVo.
3)
gmam§e (Executive Summary / Abstract)
~è`mM doir AZoH$ dmMH$m§Zm g§nU
y © àH$ën àñVmd dmMUo doiA
o ^mdr AeŠ` AgVo, åhUyZ
H$_r doiVo g_OyZ KoÊ`m`mo½` àH$ënmMm àñVmd H$_r eãXm_Üò gmam§e ê$nmZo _m§S>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
gmam§e _Üò g_ñòMo gyÌU, àH$ënmMr C{ÔîQ>ç,o àH$ën Am_§bmV AmUUmè`m g§ñWm, àH$ënmMr _w»`
H$m`} Am{U g§^mì` àH$ënmMm EHy$U AW©gH§ $ën Agm`bm hdm. N>mQo >çm àH$ënmMm àñVmd hm Xhm
Amoirnojm A{YH$ Agmdm Am{U _moR>çm àH$ënmMm àñVmd hm OmñV H$ê$Z XmoZ nmZm BVH$m Agmdm.
4)
g§X^© (Context)
àH$ënmMm g§X^© hm ^mJ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` nmíd©^_y r ñnï> H$aVmo H$s O|ìhm
`m àH$ënmMr gwê$dmV Pmbobr AgVo. `m_Üò àH$ënmMr AmIUr Á`m {R>H$mUmhÿZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobr
Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUMr gd© _m{hVr {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
5)
àH$ën g_W©Z (Project
Information)
àH$ënmgmR>rMm `w{º$dmX àH$ën g_W©ZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwa{dbm OmD$ eH$Vmo. Aem Jmoï>r_wio
hm {d^mJ Mma à^mJm_Üò {d^mJbm Jobm Amho.
A)
g_ñ`m {dYmZ (Problem
Statement)
g_ñ`m {dYmZ {d{eï>> Aem g_ñòMo dU©Z H$aVo H$s {OWo àH$ënmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmoS>dbo
OmD$ eH$Vo Am{U `mbmM H«$_nÕVrZo g_ñ`m EH$ KQ>Zm _mZbr OmVo. nwT>o OmD$Z àH$ën àñVmd Ago
emoY KoVmo H$s EImXr KQ>Zm g_mOmgmR>r g_ñ`m H$m ~Zbr Amho, Ë`m nmR>r_mJMr H$maUo emoYÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM EImÚm bj JQ>mda (target group) ZH$mamË_H$ Jmoï>r H$em n[aUm_ H$aVmV
ho nmhmUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.
~)
JaOm§Mo àmYmÝ` (Priority
of needs)
bj g_whmÀ`m (Target group) JaOm Á`m ZH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nm_Üò {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV,
Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `mdo, `m ZH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmVrb {ZU©` bj g_whmn`ªV
H$em nÕVrZo nmohmoMë`m `mMo ñnï>rH$aU ìhm`bm hdo.
26
H$)
àñVm{dV Ñ{ï>H$moU (The
Proposal Approach)
g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r àH$ën àñVmdm_Üò Á`m ŠbwßË`m (strategy) dmnaÊ`mV Amë`m
AmhoV Ë`m§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV `mdo Am{U Ë`m ŠbwßË`m nwT>o nyUË© dmÀ`m {XeoZo OmÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMr Amho
ho Z_wX H$amdo.
A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmar g§ñWm (Implementing
Organization)
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Vwåhmbm Vw_À`m g§ñWoÀ`m j_Vm§Mo dU©Z H$aVm òBb
© Ë`m gmo~VM
nmR>r_mJrb H$m_mMm Ahdmb _m§S>Vm qH$dm dU©Z H$aVm òBb
© . Amnbr g§ñWm EImXm àH$ën
g_mOmH$[aVm am~dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wº$ H$gm Amho, BVam§nj
o m AmnU H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~r_Üò gag AmhmoV,
H$moUH$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m gw{dYm AmnU OZVogmR>r qH$dm g_whmgmR>r XoD$ eH$Vmo. Á`m BVa g§ñWm
Amnë`m gmo~V H$m_ H$ê$ BpÀN>VmV Ë`m§Mr XoIrb R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$am d Ë`m§Mr
j_Vm XoIrb Z_wX H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ _hÎdmMm R>ab
o .
B)
àH$ënmMm CÔoe (Project
Aims)
EImXm àH$ën am~dV AgVmZm Ë`mMr C{ÔîQ>ço R>iH$ nÕVrZo _m§S>Uo _hÎdmMo AgVo. àH$ën
am~dV AgVmZm Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m g_ñ`m H$moUË`m AmhoV d Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r Amnbm àH$ën
H$gm _hÎdmMm Amho ho nQ>dZy XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mgmo~VM A{YH$ H$mbmdYrgmR>r àH$ënmMo _hÎd
nQ>dZy Úmdo d `m àH$ënmMo Cn^moº$o AmhoV Ë`m§Zm `m àH$ënmMm Cn^moJ H$gm H$amd`mMm d Ë`mVyZ
Cn^moJË`m§Mo H$ë`mU H$go gmYUma Amho `mMo {díbofU àH$ën àñVmdm_Üò AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
6)
bj g_yh (Target
Group)
bj g_wh åhUOo H$m` Ë`mMr ì`m»`m ñnï> H$am d Ë`m bj g_whmbm àH$ënmnmgyZ H$go d
H$moUË`m àH$maMo \$m`Xo {_iUma AmhoV `mMr _m§S>Ur H$am. àH$ënmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àñVmdm_Üò bj
g_whmMr g§»`m, Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U àË`jmV AgUmao Cn^moº$o `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aUo Amdí`H$
Amho.
7)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUr (Project
Implementation)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m AmamIS>çm_Üò H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m H$m`m©Mr d gmYZm§Mr _m§S>Ur d
dU©Z eŠ` VodT>çm à_mUmV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$moU, Hw$R>o H$aUma Amho
Ë`mMo {dh§JmdbmoH$Z (overview) _m§S>Uo _hÎdmMo Amho. A§_b~OmdUrMm AmamIS>m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Z_Üò
{d^mJbm Omdm EH$ åhUOo H¥$Vr AmamIS>m d Xwgam åhUOo gmYZ AmamIS>m (activity plan and
resource plan) H¥$Vr AmamIS>çm_Üò àH$ënmÀ`m {Z`mo{OV H$m_mMr _m§S>Ur d ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mV
27
`mdo. àH$ënmMm H$mbmdYr ñnï>nUo àñVmdm_Üò Z_yX H$amdm d Vmo nwU© _m{hVrgh gwê$dmVr nmgyZ
eodQ>n`ªV H$moUË`m nÕVrZo am~dbm OmUma Amho `mMr _m§S>Ur H$amdr. gmYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ àH$ën am~dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmYZm§Mr _m{hVr Úmdr. àH$ën am~dÊ`mgmR>r
bmJUmar gmYZo d Ë`m§À`m qH$_VrMm g_mdoe AmamIS>çm_Üò H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
8)
A§XmOnÌH$ (Budget)
A§XmOnÌH$m_Üò g§ñWoMo Ano{jV CËnÞ d R>am{dH$ H$mim_Yrb IM© H«$_dmar nÕVrZo gmam§e
ê$nmV _m§S>Ê`mV `mdm.
9)
{ZarjU d _yë`_mnZ (Monitoring
and Evaluation)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrMr gyMZm A§{V_ {ZU©`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mZ§VaM {ZarjUmMm _wbmYma
V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mdm, àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ g§K Hw$R>o d H$em àH$mao Amnbo H$m`©H$« _ am~dUma Amho
OoUHo $ê$Z àH$ën {dH$mgmgmR>r `m gd© ~m~r àH$ën àñVmdm_Üò Z_yX H$amì`mV VgoM `m_Üò
àH$ënmÀ`m {ZarjU d _wë`_mnZmgmR>r H$moUVr nÕV d _yë`_mnZ H$moU H$aUma Amho `m Jmoï>r àH$fm©Zo
Z_yX H$amì`mV.
10)
Ahdmb gmXa H$aUo (Reporting)
àH$ënmÀ`m àñVmdm_Üò H$m_mÀ`m JVrMo ñdê$n d Am{W©H$ Ahdmb `m§Mo doimnÌH$ V`ma
H$aÊ`mV `mdo. Oar hr H$V©ìò ghmæ` H$aUmè`m g§ñWoH$Sy>Z R>a{dÊ`mV Ambobr Agbr Var àH$ën
AhdmbmMr doJdoJù`m Amd¥Îmr _Üò OwiUr H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
11)
ì`dñWmnZ Am{U d¡`{º$H$ (Management
and Personnel)
àH$ën àñVmdm_Üò gmam§e ê$nmV àH$ën dU©Z d Ë`m_Üò g_m{dï>> AgUmè`m àËòH$mMr
^y{_H$m Am{U àH$ënm_Üò AgUmè`m ì`{º$_Üò g§nH©$ `§ÌUm (Communication Mechanism)
H$em àH$mao ApñVËdmV Amho `m gd© ~m~r Z_yX H$ê$Z A{YH$ _m{hVr A§{V_ ^mJmV n[a{eï>mÀ`m
ñdê$nm_Üò OmoS>Ê`mV `mdo.
2.3.3 àH$ën d H$m`©H«$_ A§_b~OmdUr
(Implementation of Programme and Projects)
A§_b~OmdUrMm AW© H$m_mÀ`m {Z`moOZm_Üò AmIÊ`mV Amboë`m Jmoï>r nma nmS>Uo hmo`.
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUr hm EH$ _wbmYma AgVmo H$s {OWo Ñï>r> Am{U {Z`moOZ `m§Mo ê$nm§Va dmñVdm_Üò
hmoV AgVo. EImÚm àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo Vgo JwV§ mJwV§ rMo AgVo, Ë`m_wio doJdoJù`m
28
H$m_m_Yrb g_Ýd`, {d{dY g§ñWmË_H$ ì`dñWmnZ d doJdoJù`m doim§Mo {Z`moOZ Amdí`H$ _mZbo
OmVo. A_§b~OmdUr H$aV AgVmZm H$m_mMo ñdê$n aMZmË_H$ Agm`bm hdo. g_mOCn`moJr àH$ënmMr
A§_b~OmdUr H$aV AgVmZm doJdoJio _wÔo _m§S>bo OmVmV. CXm. gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg, Amamo½`, n`m©daU
g§Vb
w Z, g§ñWmË_H$ VmH$X / ~i, `m§{ÌH$ A§_b~OmdUr, godM
o r CnbãYVm Am{U j_VoMr C^maUr
BË`mXr àH$ënmMo ñdê$n d Ë`mMr ì`már A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m H$mimV {dMmamV KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
àH$ën àñVmdm_Üò Z_yX Ho$boë`m AmamIS>çmÀ`m {dMma Ho$ë`mg A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_Üò
WmoS>çm ñdê$nmV ~Xb hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$ AgVo.
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m Q>ßß`mVrb C{ÔîQ>ço
(Objectives
of the Implementation Phase)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m Q>ßß`mVrb C{ÔîQ>ço Imbrb à_mUo ♦
H¥$Vr AmamIS>m H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo.
♦
ñnï> d {ZpíMV ~Xb Am{U gwYmaUm H$aUo.
♦
ZdrZ n[aga, ZdrZ g§ñWm Am{U ZdrZ gmYZo àËòH$ n¡by _Üò emídV AmhoV `mMr ImÌr
H$aUo.
♦
Am{W©H$ ~m~tÀ`m g§X^m©V nmaXeunUm amIUo.
♦
J[a~m§gmR>rMo \$m`Xo g_mOmVrb Cƒ dJm©H$Sy>Z Cn^moJbo OmUma ZmhrV ho gw{ZpíMV H$aUo.
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r _hÎdmMr gwê$dmV åhUOo H$m_mMo {Z`moOZ `mo½` nÕVrZo AgUo
hmo`, `m_Üò gd© KQ>H$ g_m{dï> AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Vm§{ÌH$, {~Ja Vm§{ÌH$, Jmoï>rMr _mJUr `mo½`
nÕVrZo H$aÊ`mV `mdo VgoM Am{W©H$ d g§»`mË_H$ Mm¡H$Q>r àH$ënmbm AZwgê$Z AgUmè`m ñWm{ZH$
nmVirdarb Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$ê$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV. àH$ën A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmè`m g§KmZo
Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AgUmè`m gH$mamË_H$ d ZH$mamË_H$ Jmoï>r d g§Yr `m gd© ~m~r Xe©dmì`mV. àH$ënmVrb
g§KmH$So AgUmar VmH$X d H$_VaVm `m XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo åhUOo àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr
n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m H$aUo hmo` A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r _hÎdmMr JaO åhUOo Am{W©H$, ^m¡{VH$ d _mZdr
gmYZo nyUn© Uo CnbãY AgUo.
H$m_mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr AJmoXa ¿`md`mMr XjVm Imbrb à_mUo ♦
H$m_mMo doimnÌH$ H$aUo d g§^dZr` AS>Wù`m§Mr Jmoï>r AmoiIUo.
29
♦
g§Km_Üò g_m{dï> AgUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m g§nH$m©V amhUo d gdmªZm AmnAmnbr H$m_o d
O~m~Xmè`m `mMr OmUrd Pmbo Agë`mMr ImÌr H$aUo.
♦
àH$ën à{H«$òMm g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mgmR>r àH$ën ì`dñWmnZ gmYZm§Mm nwadR>m H$aUo.
gm_m{OH$ àH$ënm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr (Implementation
of Social Projects)
darb ^mJmV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo gm_m{OH$ àH$ën gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. g_mOmVrb bj
KQ>H$ (Target Group) H|$ÐrV H$ê$Z àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br OmVo. Ago àH$ën _w»`Ëdo
dV©ZmVrb ~Xb H$aUo, j_Vm ~bdmZ H$aUo `m Jmoï>r OZOmJ¥VtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d à{ejUmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ am~dë`m OmVmV Aem àH$maMo àH$ën \$ma _moR>m ^mJ ì`mnVmV H$s Á`m§_Üò ~è`mM
H¥$VtMm g§M AgVmo. àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMo è ho ì`dñWmnZmMo S>mdnoM d g_Ýa`mMr
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo `mo½` nÕVrZo _m§S>Ê`mda Adb§~Zy AgVo. àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUrV AgVmZm Ë`mMr
C{ÔîQ>ço Ë`mMo n[aUm_, H$moUH$moUVr H$m_o {dH$grV Ho$br OmUma AmhoV, VgoM CnbãY Am{W©H$ A§XmO
_m§S>Ê`mV `mdm. àH$ënmMo C{Ôï> JmR>Ê`mgmR>r àËòH$ ì`{º$bm Ë`mMr H$V©ìò nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r XoU,o
{d^mJ qH$dm g§ñWm `m§Mm XoIrb `m_Üò g_mdoe AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb bmoH$
OoUHo $ê$Z ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm ~mobUmao `m§Zm àH$ënm_Üò g_mdoe H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg àmYmÝ` Úmdo, H$maU
A§_b~OmdUr H$aV AgVmZm ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm d g§ñH¥$VrMr _m{hVr KoD$Z n[aUm_H$maH$ nUo A§_b~OmdUr
H$aUo `mo½` R>aVo. àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMr gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mnydu Am{W©H$ gmYZo CnbãY AgUo
Amdí`H$ Amho, OoUo H$ê$Z g§Km_Üò g_m{dï>> AgUmè`m gXñ`m§Zm H$m_mMr gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r d
bmJUmam IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` hmoBb
© d H$m_ {Z`mo{OV doi_o Üò nwT>o ZoVm òBb
© . A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m
gwê$dmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`m_Üò g§MmbH$, g§MmbH$ _§S>i, g§ñWoMo gd© KQ>H$ CnpñWV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho
OoUHo $ê$Z ñWm{ZH$ à{V{ZYr, ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$ àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r ghH$m`© H$aVrb d hm
àH$ën nyUË© dmg ZoÊ`mg _XV hmoBb
© .
`mo½` àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r H$m_mMr ê$anofm d Am{W©H$ Ahdmb gwì`dñWrV V`ma
H$aÊ`mV `mdoV. `m ~m~tMr A§_b~OmdUrMr gwê$dmV Pmë`mnmgyZ Zm|Xr AgUo JaOoMo Amho.
A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Ho$bobo IM© H$em nÕVrMo Amho ho nmhÿZ darb IMm©Mr ânmB© H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV `mdr.
A§_b~OmdUrMr gmYr aMZm AgUo _hÎdmMo Amho OoUHo $ê$Z BVam§Zm XoIrb ghOmghOr dmMyZ
g_OmdyZ KoUo gmoBM
© o hmoBb
© `m_Üò _w»`Ëdo gmYo Vºo$ Am{U qH$_VrMm Ahdmb XoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` gmMm,
jo{Ì` {ZdS>, _wbmIV, H$m`©emim, ~¡R>H$ Ahdmb BË`mXr Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe AgVmo. Á`m joÌr`
n[agam_Üò àH$ën am~dbm OmUma Amho Ë`m {R>H$mUr {Z`§ÌU R>do Ê`mgmR>r `§ÌUm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV
`mdr. {ZU©` KoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ògmR>r bmJUmè`m `§ÌUoMr `mo½` nÕVrZo aMZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr `m_Üò
30
O~m~Xma ì`{º$Mm g_mdoe AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho, `m_Üò g_mdoe AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho, `m_Üò
H$m`©àUmbrMr gmIir nwT>rb à_mUo Agmdr.
joÌmda (field) H$m_ H$aUmao H$m_Jma - H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr - H$m_ g§H$w b à{V{ZYr
(Package leader) àH$ën ì`dñWmnH$ - àH$ën g_Ýd`H$ - _w»` g{_Vr Aem àH$mao ApñVËdmV
AgUmar H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUMr loUr aMZm H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUmVrb qH$dm ñdê$nmVrb ~Xb d gyMZm
XoBb
© VgoM Cn`wº$ gmYZm§À`m dmnamgmR>r nadmZJr XoBb
© . g§nH$m©Mr doJdoJir gmYZo, H$m_Jmam§gmR>r d
ì`dñWmnZ g§KmgmR>r Iwbr R>do Ê`mV `mdrV. CXm. XwaÜdZr, ^«_UÜdZr, g§JUH$ B. H$m_mÀ`m ~m~VrV
nyUn© Uo ZmoH$aemhr VËdmda AmYm[aV H$m_ H$aÊ`mnojm H$m_Jmam§Mm WmoS>rer _moH$irH$ d H$m_m_Üò
WmoS>rer gwQ> XoÊ`mV `mdr, AÝ`Wm AVr {eñV H$m_m_Üò AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vo. `m {edm`
àËòH$ _{hÝ`mg H$m_Jmam§Mr ~¡R>H$ ~mobmdyZ H$m_mMm Ahdmb d boIm OmoIm gmXa H$ê$Z ¿`mdo
OoUHo $ê$Z EH$_oH$m§Mo H$m_mMo AZw^d d {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m AS>MUr g_OmdyZ KoD$Z Ë`mda _mV H$aUo
gmono hmoBb
© d bdH$amV bdH$a àH$ënmMo è JmR>Vm òBb
© .
2.3.4 àH$ën {ZarjU, n`©dojU Am{U _yë`_mnZ
(Monitoring,
A)
Supervision and Evaluation)
{ZarjU (Monitoring)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUr_Üò XaamoOÀ`m qH$dm {Z`_rV MmbUmè`m H$m_mMo {ZarjU H$aUo \$ma
_hÎdmMo AgVo. {ZarjU hr àH$ënmVrb X¡Z{§ XZ H$m_mMr _m{hVr EH$Ì H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hmo`. àH$ën
{Z`§ÌH$mZo XaamoO MmbUmè`m H$m_mda {Z`§ÌU R>do Zy H$m_ H$em nÕVrZo nwT>o OmV Amho `mMr _m{hVr hoVy
nwañna R>do Uo JaOoMo AgVo. VgoM {ZarjH$mZo àH$ënm_Yrb H$m_mMm Ahdmb Oo A§_b~OmdUr H$aUma
AmhoV d Oo Cn^moº$o AmhoV Ë`mZm doimodi
o r nwadUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. doimodi
o r Ahdmb XmIb H$aUo
åhUOo g§H$brV Pmboë`m _m{hVrZwgma àH$ën nwT>o nyU© H$aÊ`mg d Ë`m_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mg _XV
hmoV.o
{ZarjUmMm hoVy (Purpose
of Monitoring)
àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr_Üò d {Z`moOZm_Üò {ZarjU hm \$ma _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.
{Z[ajU åhUOo gVVMo bj R>do Uo. EImXr JmS>r ê$imdê$Z `mo½` nÕVrZo YmdVo H$s Zmhr `mda bj
H|$ÐrV H$aUo OoUHo $ê$Z JmS>rMr {Xem MwH$Uma Zmhr, Am{U _J Amnë`mbm ImÌr hmoVo H$s AmnU `mo½`
_mJm©Zo OmV AmhmoV.
31
{ZarjUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Or _m{hVr nwa{dbr OmVo Vr àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r AË`§V
Cn`wº$ AgVo, Vr Imbrb à_mUo,
1.
g_wXm` d g_wXm`mÀ`m n[apñWVrMo {díbofU.
2.
àH$ënmVrb g_m{dï> H$ƒm _mbmMm qH$dm dñVyM
§ m `mo½` dmna Pmë`mMo R>adUo.
3.
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrVrb AS>Wio emoYUo d Ë`mda Cnm` gwM{dUo.
4.
àH$ënm_Yrb gd© H$m`} `mo½` bmoH$m§À`m gh^mJmZo `mo½` doiVo nyU© hmoV AmhoV H$s Zmhr `mMr
ImÌr H$aUo.
5.
EH$m àH$ënmÀ`m AZw^dmMo YS>o Xwgè`m àH$ënm§_Üò dmnaUo.
6.
àH$ën Á`m nÕVrZo {Z`mo{OV Ho$bm Amho Vmo Cn`mo{OV qH$dm (appropriate) `mo½` _mJm©Zo
g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r H$m`m©pÝdV Amho H$s Zmhr ho R>adUo.
{ZarjU åhUOo EH$ àH$mao _moO_mn hmo` `mMm CÔoe ^mJYmaH$m§Zm àH$ënm~ÔbÀ`m KS>m_moS>r,
àH$ënmMr àJVr d doJir H$m`} H$em nÕVrZo Mmby AmhoV `mMr _m{hVr nwadUo. {ZarjUmÀ`m
H$mbmdYr_Üò àH$ënmÀ`m KS>Umè`m àËòH$ H¥$Vr_Üò g_m{dï> hmoD$Z Ë`m nyUË© dmg ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aUo d {ZarjU ho ì`dñWmnZmMo gmYZ Amho.
~)
n`©dojU (Supervision)
n`©dj
o U hm godm nwa{dUmao d g§ñWm `m§À`mVrb _hÎdmMm ì`{º$JV Xwdm Amho. n`©dj
o U hr
nañna {H«$`m KS>dZy AmUUmar à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`m_Üò g§ñWoMr Üòò d C{ÔîQ>ço EH$Ì H$m_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$idbr OmVmV. godm nwa{dUmè`m§À`m _XVrZo àËòH$mZo Ë`m§Mr O~m~Xmar AmoiIUo,
Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§À`m_Üò gwYmaUm KS>dZy AmUUo Am{U Ë`m§Zm ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYZm§Mr OwidmOwid
H$aUo àH$ënmÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$m`ÚmMo AgVo. AmYmamË_H$ n`©dj
o U àH$ënmVrb bmoH$m§Zm gj_ ~ZÊ`mg
_XV H$aVo. n`©dj
o UmÀ`m à{H«$ò_Üò g§ñWogmo~VMr ~m§{YbH$s Am{U g_mYmZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo.
n`©dj
o U H$aÊ`mgmR>r n`©dj
o UmH$S>o Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m Jmoï>r Imbrb à_mUo 1)
ì`dgm`mMo / ZmoH$arMo g§nU
y © {díbofU.
2)
ì`dgm` H¥$Vr_Üò AmIÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$m¡eëò.
3)
{H«$`m/à{H«$`m j_Vm gwYmaÊ`mMo {Z`moOZ.
4)
bm^m§e d A{^àm`gmR>r ì`dñWm.
32
5)
`mo½` gmYZo.
6)
g_wXm`mgmo~V ~m§{YbH$s.
n`©dojH$ ~ZÊ`mgmR>rMo {ZH$f$
à^mdr n`©dj
o H$ ~ZdÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao {ZH$f Imbrb à_mUo 1)
g§^mfU H$aUo, EoH$Uo d {ZarjU H$aUo.
2)
_mJ©Xe©Z d {eH$dUo.
3)
AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg àoaUm XoU.o
4)
A§VJ©V g_ñ`m d g§Kf© `m§Mr hmVmiUr H$aUo.
5)
`mo½` gmYZm§Mr àmár H$aUo.
6)
`mo½` à{ejU am~dUo.
7)
O~m~Xmè`m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUo.
8)
{ZarjU Ho$boë`m Jmoï>tMm nwadR>m H$aUo.
9)
g„m_gbV H$aUo.
10)
Üòò {ZíMrV H$aUo.
11)
JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dUo.
12)
{ZarjU d _yë`_mnZ H$aUo B.
_yë`_mnZ (Evaluation)
_wë`_mnZ hr EH$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, n`m©daUr` Am{U àH$ënmdarb Am{W©H$ n[aUm_m§Mo
_wë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMo nÕVremó Amho. àH$ënmer g§~Y§ rV AgUmao gd© n[aUm_ `m§Mr _m{hVr KoUo d
Ë`mZwgma Am{W©H$ ~m~tMm AmYma KoD$Z Ë`mMo _wë`_mnZ H$aUo. _wë`_mnZ hr àH$ënmMr gwì`dpñWV
d hoVnw aw ñna _wë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Amho. `m_Üò Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1)
gd©gmYmaU aMZm
2)
A§_b~OmdUr
3)
j_Vm
33
4)
à^m{dnUm
5)
n[aUm_
6)
{Q>H$md
_wë`_mnUmMr à{H«$`m EImÚm am~dboë`m àH$ënm_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m gH$mamË_H$ Jmoï>tMo
_yë`m§H$Z H$aVo.
_yë`_mnZmMr VËdo (Norms
of Evaluation)
E{àb 2005 _Üò g§`ºw $ amï´>gK§ mZo _wë`_mnZmMr H$m§hr VËdo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m AmhoV. OoUHo $ê$Z
àH$ën èñdr am~dÊ`mgmR>r d _wë`_mnUm_Üò EH$g§KVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r \$m`ÚmMo Amho Vo
Imbrb à_mUo ♦
hoVny aw ñH$aVm (Intentionality)
♦
{Z:njnmVrnUm (Impartiality)
♦
ñdV§ÌVm (Independence)
♦
JwUdÎmm (Quality)
♦
bm`H$ (Competence)
àH$ënmMo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oa darb gd© VËdo (Norms) AgVrb Va _wë`_mnZmMo
H$m_ èñdr hmoVo d àH$ënmbm EH$m doJù`m gH$mamË_H$ C§Mrda ZoUo eŠ` hmoVo Am{U è g§nmXZ
H$aUo gmono hmoV.o hr da Z_yX Ho$bobr VËdo _wë`_mnZ à{H«$ò_Yrb JwUdÎmm d VmH$X {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mMo
H$m`© H$aVo.
àH$ën _wë`_mnZm_Üò Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ hm _hÎdmMm _mZbm Jobm Amho. àH$ën, àH$ënmMr
A§_b~OmdUr, àH$ënmMo n`©dj
o U, àH$ënmMo _wë`_mnZ `m gd© Jmoï>r g_mOmgmR>r d g_mO hm EH$
H|$Ðq~Xy _mUyZ `m gd©Jmoï>tMm d àH$ënmMm \$m`Xm am~dë`m OmUmè`m g_whmgmR>r H$gm hmoBb
© ho nmhUo
_hÎdmMo Amho nU ho gd© H$aV AgVmZm Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m{edm` H$m`m©Mr gr_m nma H$aUo eŠ` hmoV
Zmhr. àH$ën am~dV AgVmZm Ë`m àH$ënmMm òUmam IM© {H$Vr AgUma, {ZYr H$gm C^m H$am`Mm Vmo
IM© H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV H$am`Mm `m gd© Jmoï>tMm A§XmO _wë`_mnZmÀ`m à{H«$ò{edm` KmbVm òV Zmhr.
EImÚm àH$ënmbm òUmam A§XmZo IM© _yë`_mnZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m§S>Vm òVmo. _wë`_mnZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
àH$ënmVrb H$m`©aMZoV {dH$mg d ~Xb H$aUo eŠ` hmoV.o _yë`_mnZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àH$ën
A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm Á`m MyH$m KSy>Z Amë`m AmhoV Ë`m§À`m_Üò gm_m{OH$, n`m©daUr` d
A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m _wÚmZwgma àH$ënmer g§~Y§ rV AgUmè`m Jmoï>t_Üò gwYmaUm KS>dZy AmUUo eŠ` hmoV.o
34
`m H$maUmgmR>rM Am{W©H$ _wë`_mnZmMr MMm© BVa Jmoï>rnojm A{YH$ ñdê$nmV H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
gm_m{OH$ d n`m©daUr` {díbofU `mVyZ àH$ënmMm n[aUm_ g_mOmVrb doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§da H$gm
Pmbm Amho ho _m§S>Uo eŠ` hmoV.o CXm. gm_m{OH$ g_wh, ~oamoOJmar, àm§{VH$ {dH$mg (regional
development) VgoM àH$ënmMm n[aUm_ Z¡g{J©H$ Jmoï>rda H$gm Pmbm `mMo XoIrb _wë`_mnZ H$aUo
_hÎdmMo AgVo. CXm. n`m©daU, àXyfU, Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmñVy BË`mXrda H$gm hmoVmo ho nmhUo _hÎdmMo
AgVo. VgoM _wë`_mnZm_wio `m KS>Umè`m qH$dm n[aUm_ Pmboë`m Jmoï>r H$em gmoS>dmì`m `mMo XoIrb
_mJ©Xe©Z hmoV.o
àH$ën _yë`_mnZmMm hoVy (Purpose
of Project Evaluation)
àH$ën _yë`_mnZmMo doJdoJio hoVy åhUOoM godM
o r JwUdÎmm gwYmaUo, n¡emÀ`m _yë`mMr ImÌr
d àH$ënmgmR>r àmYmÝ`mZo {Xbobr H$m_o nyU© H$aUo `m gd© Jmoï>r àmá H$aUo Imbrb aMZmË_H$ Jmoï>r_wio
eŠ` hmoV.o
♦
àH$ënmMr C{ÔîQ>ço ñdÀN>nUo _m§S>Uo qH$dm ñnï> H$aUo d Vr C{ÔîQ>ço nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r `mo½`
{Xem {_idUo.
♦
àH$ënmMm g§~Y§ emgZmÀ`m C{Ôï>mgmo~V OmoS>U.o
♦
Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, n`m©daUr` Am{U A§XmOnÌH$mVrb ñnï>rH$aU _w»` `§ÌUon`ªV nmohMdUo.
♦
àH$ënmMo g_mOmgmR>r hmoUmao \$m`Xo d amÁèmgZmda Am{W©H$ n[aUm_ H$gm hmoVmo `mMo
ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo.
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ`m`ZmgmR>r àíZ
1)
àH$ën åhUOo H$m` ?
2)
àH$ën am~dÊ`m_Üò _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ H$moU AgVmo ?
3)
àH$ën am~dVmZm nm{hbr OmUmar n{hbr Jmoï> H$moUVr ?
4)
àH$ën àmYmÝ`mZo H$moUmgmR>r am~dbm OmVmo ?
5)
{ZarjU d _wë`_mnZ H$emMo H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho ?
6)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUr_Yrb _hÎdmMr nmàr H$moUVr ?
35
2.6 gmam§e (Conclusion)
àH$ën Am{U H$m`©H$« _ ì`dñWmnZmbm AmYw{ZH$ H$mim_Üò \$ma _hÎd òD$ bmJbo Amho,
H$maU EImXr Jmoï> aMZmË_H$ nUo nma nmS>md`mMr Agob Va Ë`mMo Am`moOZ d ì`dñWmnZ `mo½`
nÕVrZo H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. àH$ënmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aV AgVmZm Omo bj g_wh Amho (Target
Group) Ë`m bj g_whmMm gdmªJrU {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho, A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm àH$ën
A{YH$mè`mMr ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hÎdmMr AgVo, Vmo Amnë`m VËdmer d H$m`m©er ~m§Yrb AgUo àH$ën
nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo AgVo. `m gd© ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z àH$ën nyUV© go mR>r Ë`mMr `mo½` _m§S>Ur
àñVmdZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo, àñVmd nmR>dV AgVmZm gd© ~m~tMm gdm©Z_w Vo {dMma
H$ê$Z Vmo nmR>dÊ`mV `mdm, àH$ën nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r àñVmdm_Üò àmYmÝ` H«$_ Úmdm OoUHo $ê$Z àñVmd
doirM _§Oay hmoBb
© d nwT>rb C{Ôï> JmR>Uo gmono hmoBb
© . àH$ënmMo g_W©Z H$aVmZm JaOm§Mo àmYmÝ`,
Ñï>rH$moU, A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmar g§ñWm, nyUn© Uo àH$ënmMm CÔoe, Ë`m_Üò AgUmam bj g_wh
(target group) `m gd© ~m~tMr Zm|X R>do Zy am~dUo d àñVmdZm_Üò Z_yX H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUrMr C{ÔîQ>ço àH$ën _mÝ`VogmR>r _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. àH$ënmMr
A§_b~OmdUr H$aV AgVmZm àH$ënmMo {ZarjU, n`©dj
o U Am{U _wë`_mnZ `m AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m
Jmoï>r AmhoV H$maU `m ~m~rZ§Va àH$ënmMo è Anè Adb§~Zy AgVo.
2.7 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1)
àH$ën åhUOo AZoH$ H$m_m§Mm g§M hmo`.
2)
àH$ën am~dÊ`m_Üò àH$ën A{YH$mar hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo.
3)
àH$ën àmYmÝ`_mJo bj g_whmgmR>r (Target Group) am~dbm OmVmo.
4)
àH$ën am~dVmZm nm{hbr OmUmar n{hbr Jmoï> åhUOo g_ñ`m.
5)
{ZarjU d _wë`_mnZ àH$ënmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrMo H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
6)
àH$ën A§_b~OmdUr_Yrb _hÎdmMr nmàr åhUOo AmamIS>m hmo`.
36
2.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1)
àH$ën ì`dñWmnZmMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am ?
2)
àH$ën àñVmdmMo àñVm{dV ñdê$n ñnï> H$am ?
3)
àH$ën {ZarjU, n`©dj
o U Am{U _wë`_mnZ ñnï> H$am ?
2.9 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
1)
OdiÀ`m EImÚm gm_m{OH$ àH$ënmbm ôQ> Úm Am{U Ë`m {R>H$mUr àH$ën am~dÊ`mgmR>r
MmbUmè`m Jmoï>rMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Vw_Mr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdm.
2)
àH$ënm_Üò g_m{dï>> AgUmao A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§À`m _wbmIVr KoD$Z Ë`mMr _m{hVr
{bhÿZ H$mT>m. Ÿ
2.10 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nyñVHo$
1)
Maylor Hwnvey, 1999 : Project Management, Mac Millan India Ltd., New Delhi.
2)
Gray C.F., 2000 : Project Management, Mac Graw Hill Higher Education Boston.
aaa
37
KQ>H$ : 3
Am{W©H$ ómoV Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm
(Financial Sources and Funding Organization)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.1
àñVmdZm
3.2
C{ÔîQ>ço
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.4
{ZYrÀ`m ómoVm§Mr JaO Am{U g§H$ënZm
3.5
emgH$s` g§ñWmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ ómoV
3.6
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm d ñdm`Îm g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_iUmao Am{W©H$ ómoV
3.7
Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWm
3.8
naXoer {ZYr Am{U FCRA À`m VaVyXr
3.9
gmam§e
3.10 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
3.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction)
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m H$m`Xoera à{H«$òÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m AgVmV. Á`m§Mo
{Z`_ Am{U {Z`_Zo emgH$s` nmVirê$Z Ho$bo OmVo. àm§V{Zhm` `m g§ñWm§À`m Zm|XUrMo {Z`_ doJdoJio
Agy eH$VmV. `m g§ñWmZm {d{dY _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZYr pñdH$maÊ`mMr nadmZJr Amho. Aem ñdê$nmMm {ZYr
pñdH$maVmZm Ë`m§Zm emgH$s` {Z`_ d {Z`_mdbr bmJy AgVo Ë`mM~amo~a `m gd© à{H«$òMr Vmio~X§ Ë`m§Zm
_m§S>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
38
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm doJdoJio H$m`©H$« _ d CnH«$_ am~dV AgVmV Vo am~{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm
Am{W©H$ nmR>~i Amdí`H$ AgVo. ho Am{W©H$ ómoV amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda VgoM emgH$s`
nmVirda H$go CnbãY hmoVmV Ë`mMr _m{hVr AmnU `m àH$aUm_Üò H$aUma AmhmoV.
n`m©daU hr g_ñ`m ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdaMr Z amhVm hr OmJ{VH$ g_ñ`m ~Zbobr Amho. åhUyZ `m
g_ñòH$S>o Jm§^r`m©Zo nmhrbo nmhrOo. n`m©daU g_ñ`m§_Üò d¥jVmoS>, dUdm, nmUr àXyfU, hdm àXyfU,
O{_ZrMr Ywn, nmÊ`mMr H$_VaVm, {d{dY gmWrMo amoJ `m gma»`m J§^ra g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV.
`m g_ñ`m§daVr _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgH$s` nmVirdaVr à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoVM nU Ho$di emgH$s` à`ËZ
Anwao nS>ë`m_wio ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Mm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmdaVr gh^mJ n`m©daU g§ajUm_Üò {Z_m©U Pmbm
AgyZ `m AemgH$s` ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm n`m©daU g§ajUm_Üò ImarMm hmV CMbV Amho. nU ho H$m_ H$aV
AgVmZm Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m{edm` Ë`mMr n[anyVu hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço (Objectives)
1.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWmZm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m {ZYr g§H$bZ `m g§H$ënZoMr _m{hVr d _hÎd
g_OyZ òBb
© .
2.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao {d{dY àH$maMo Am{W©H$ ómoV g_OyZ KoU.o
3.
emgH$s` g§ñWm H$Sy>Z {_iUmao Am{W©H$ ghH$m`© AZwXmZ.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.
_mZdr Xw:I, X¡Ý` d Xm[aÐ` Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm gmVË`mZo à`ËZerb AmhoV.
Vo H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm bmJUmam Am{W©H$ {ZYr hm Vo AZoH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ C^m H$aV
AgVmV. Cno{jV dJm©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r bmJUmam {ZYr `m g§ñWm emgZmH$Sy>Z, ImOJr
H§$nÝ`mH$Sy>Z _moR>çm CÚmoJnVrH$Sy>Z, ì`º$sJV nmVirda d ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§À`m _XVrda C^m
H$aV AgVmV.
2.
ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm ho AZwXmZ H$m§hr doim g§ñWm§VJ© V nmVirda C^m H$aV AgVmV. Va H$m§hrdoim
BVa {ZYr XoUJrê$nmZo BVa g§ñWmH$Sy>Z C^m H$aVmV. {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm àH$ën am~{dÊ`mgmR>r
darb g§ñWm§À`m ~amo~aM emgH$s` g§ñWmXo{Ib AW© ghmæ` H$aVmV.
3.
{dH$gZ{eb Xoem§_Üò emgZ hm {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm {d{dY g_mOmon`moJr àH$ën
am~{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV emgH$s` AZwXmZmdaM Adb§~Zy ahmdo bmJVo. 1990-1995
39
Z§Va _mÌ `m Xoemm§_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda H$m`©aV AgUmè`m {d{dY g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
g_mOmon`moJr àH$ën am~{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV AW©ghmæ` nwa{dbo OmD$ bmJbo Amho.
4.
"n`m©daU' hr g_ñ`m {Xdg|{Xdg J§^ra hmoV AgyZ Oa Ë`mda Cnm` emoYbo Zmhr Va _mZdr
OrdZmV J§^ra ñdê$nmÀ`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVrb. gÚpñWVrV Oa Cnm``moOZm Ho$ë`m Zmhr Va
^mdr{nT>r AmnUmbm _m\$ H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. `mgmR>r emgH$s` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z AWdm ñdV: hm
{ZYr C^mê$Z n`m©daU g§ajU H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho.
3.4 {ZYrÀ`m ómoVmMr JaO Am{U g§H$ënZm
(Concept and Need of Financial Resources)
n`m©daU ho g_ñ`m ^{dî`H$mimV J§^ra ñdê$n YmaU H$aUma AgyZ gd© _mZd OmVrMm
ApñVËdmMm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoUo ma Amho. åhUyZ H$mimMr nmdbo doirM AmoiIyZ n`m©daU g§ajU d g§dY©Z
Ho$bo nm{hOo. n`m©daU g_ñò_Üò d¥jmamonZ, d¥j g§dY©Z, ObómoÌm§Mo g§dY©Z, nmUr AmS>dm nmUr {Oadm
_mo{h_ àmUr g§ajU d g§dY©Z, ßbmpñQ>H$Mm dmna Q>miUo, O§JbVmoS> Wm§~dUo, gm¡aD$Om©Mm dmna H$aUo,
O{_ZrMr Yyn Wm§~dUo, agm`Z _wº$ eoVr, `m Jmoï>tMm Adb§~ Ho$bm nm{hOo.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _hmË_m Jm§Yr g_mO {dH$mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m `moOZm am~dë`m. h[aOZ
godH$ g§K, òQ>mdm àH$ën, JwaJmd à`moJ Aem àH$ënmVyZ g_mOmMm {dH$mg KS>dZy AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ
_hmË_m Jm§YrZr Ho$bo. bmoH$ gh^mJmVyZ J«m_rU {dH$mg hr g§H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr am~dbr. AmO ñd`§gdo r
g§ñWmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mO {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV am~dbr OmV Amho.
^maV gaH$maZo 1991 Z§Va ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm ñdrH$mabr.
`m à{H«$ò_Üò emgZmZo H$mbmZwê$n Amnë`m O~m~Xmè`m H$_r H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br d {~Ja emgH$s`
g§ñWm§Zm Amnë`m H$m_m_Üò gh`moJr H$ê$Z KoVbo. `m à{H«$ò_i
w o g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am_bmV
òUmao {d{dY àH$ënm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoD$ bmJbr. `m
H$mbmdYr_Üò Xoeâm_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mo Omio \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV {dUbo
Job.o Cno{jV g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmnmgyZ Vo Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZmn`ªV Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm _mZdmÀ`m
_yb^yV JaOmnmgyZ Vo Ë`m§À`m {d{dYm§Jr {dH$mgmn`ªV KodZy OmÊ`mMo H$m_ `m {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm H$ê$
bmJë`m.
Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrV gmnS>bëo `m§Mr _wbm§Mr {ejU, AmnÎmrJ«ñVm§Mo nwZd©gZ, em[aarH$ d _mZ{gH$
{dH$bm§J g_mO KQ>H$m§Mo {dH$mg d nwZd©gZ, J«m_rU `wdH$m§Mr amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r à{ejU qH$dm Ë`m§Zm
{dÎmr` AW©ghmæ` Agmo `m gd© CnH«$_m§gmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. hm {ZYr C^m
H$aUo, Ë`mMm `mo½` {d{Z`moJ H$aUo ho {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho.
40
naXoem_Yrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm bmoH$mon`moJr H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ _mÜ`_o CnbãY
AmhoV. ~hþVHo $doim `m H$m_mgmR>r bmJUmam {ZYr hm Ë`m g§ñWm§Mm bm^mWu g_yh CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV
AgVmo. ^maVm_Üò _mÌ Aer g§H$ënZm AOyZ ê$Obobr Zmhr åhUyZ {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWmZm Amnbo
AZoH$ bmoH$mon`moJr CnH«$_ am~{dVmZm Am{W©H$ MUMUrbm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. hr Am{W©H$ MUMU Xya
H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g§ñWm§Zm doJdoJù`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _XV H$aUmè`m g§ñWm, ì`º$sda AW©ghmæ`mgmR>r Adb§~Zy
amhmdo bmJVo. AmOKS>rbm ^maVm_Üò {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm Ë`m§À`m {d{dY CnH«$_m_Üò Am{W©H$ ghmæ`
H$aUmè`m KQ>H$ åhUyZ emgZmÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJmda Adb§~Zy amhmdo bmJVo.
^maVm_Üò {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr {d^mJUr T>m~o i_mZmZo XmoZ JQ>mV H$aVm òBb
© .
1.
EH$ JQ> hm nwUV© : emgH$s` {ZYrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Amnbo g_mOmon`moJr àH$ën am~dV AgVmo.
2.
Xwgam JQ> hm _mÌ Amnbo g_mOmon`moJr àH$ën am~{dÊ`mgmmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda H$m`©aV
AgUmè`m ~hþamï´>r` Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§À`m ghH$m`m©VZy Amnbo àH$ën am~{dV
AgVmo.
^maVm_Üò H$m`©aV AgUmè`m {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m Imbrb VrZ àH$maÀ`m ómoVmVyZ
AmnUmbm Amdí`H$ AgUmam {ZYr C^m H$aV AgVmV.
1)
Funding
({ZYr) :
^maVm_Üò H$m§hr à_wI Y_m©Xm` XoUJr XoUmè`m g§ñWm H$m`©aV AmhoV Á`m {~Ja emgH$s`
g§ñWmZm Ë`m§Mo {d{dY CnH«$_ am~{dÊ`mgmR>r àH$ën{Zhm` {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. ~hþVHo $doim hm
{ZYr bmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r {Xbobm AgVmo.
2)
{ZYr g§H$bZ (Fund
Generation)
:
H$m§hr {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m Amnë`m eoVrÀ`m CËnÞmVyZ, eoVrnyaH$ ì`dgm`mVyZ, CXm. XyY
g§H$bZ H|$Ð qH$dm à{ejU H$m`©H$« _mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, H$m`©emim§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ qH$dm ~±H$ R>do rÀ`m
ì`mOmVyZ Amnbo CnH«$_ am~{dÊ`mgmR>r {ZYr C^m H$aV AgVmV. hm g§ñWm§VJ©V AgUmam {ZYr AgVmo.
3)
{ZYr C^maUo (Fund
Raising)
:
`m dJ©dmarVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm, XmZeya ì`º$s¨Zm Amnë`m
CnH«$_m§Mr _m{hVr XodZy Ë`m§À`mmH$Sy>Z AW©ghmæ`mMr Anojm H$aVmV. H$m§hr {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m
doJdoJù`m _mo{h_m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$m§_Üò OmUrd OmJ¥Vr H$ê$Z {ZYr C^m H$aVmV.
41
3.5 emgH$s` g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ ómoV
(Financial Sources from the Government Organization)
emgH$s` g§ñWmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ {ZYr C^mê$Z emgH$s` nmVirda ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm qH$dm
AemgH$s` g§ñWm `m§Mo ghH$m`© KoD$Z Zd g_mO C^maUrMo d {dH$mgmMo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$m§Mm
gh^mJ dmT>dUo d Or H$m_o emgH$s` nmVirda eŠ` ZmhrV Vr bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>dZy Vr nyU© H$aUo d
bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jë`m OrdZ_ZmMm XOm© àmá H$ê$Z XoU.o ho H$m_ {_iUmè`m emgH$s` AZwXmZmVyZ Ho$bo OmVo.
Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m{edm` g_mO C^maUrM H$m_ eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ emgH$s` AW©gmø d bmoH$m§Mm
gh^mJ/l_XmZ `m_wio Z{dZ H$m_mMr C^maUr hmoV AgVo.
~hþVHo $ ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm `m _mZdVmdmXr X¥ï>rH$moZ R>do Zy M gm_m{OH$ H$m`© H$aV AgVmV. {H$Vrhr
CXmÎm hoVZy o ào[aV hmodZy H$m_ H$amd`mMo R>a{dbo Varhr C{Ôð>nVy ugmR>r `m g§ñWm§Zr Am{W©H$ JaO {Z_m©U
hmoV.o ^maVmÀ`m ~m~VrV H|$Ð d amÁ` emgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV bmoH$mon`moJr H$m`© H$aUmè`m
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbm OmVmo. hm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVmZm {~Ja
emgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm emgZmÀ`m Ë`m Ë`m {d^mJmZo KmbyZ {Xboë`m {Z`_ d {Z`_mdbrMo nmbZ H$aUo
~§YZH$maH$ AgVo. emgH$s` nmVirdê$Z AW©ghmæ` H$aUmè`m H$m§hr _§Ìmb`mVrb {d{dY {d^mJbobr
Zmdo Imbrb à_mUo 1.
gm§ñH¥${VH$ _§Ìmb`mÀ`m `moOZm
2.
_{hbm d ~mb{dH$mg _§Ìmb`mÀ`m `moOZm
3.
Am{Xdmgr {d^mJmÀ`m `moOZm
4.
`wdH$ H$ë`mU Am{U {H«$S>m {d^mJmÀ`m `moOZm
5.
Aëng§»`m§H$ {d^mJmÀ`m `moOZm
6.
H$m_Jma _§Ìmb`mÀ`m `moOZm
7.
{dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ {d^mJmÀ`m `moOZm
8.
H¥$fr {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm
9.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm
10.
D$Om© {d^mJmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm.
42
3.6 {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm d ñdm`Îm g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_iUmao Am{W©H$
ómoV
(Funding Sources from the NGOs and Autonomous Bodies)
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm `m doJdoJù`m _Ü`_mVyZ {ZYr g§H$bZ H$aV AgVmV H$m§hr g§ñWm `m
g§ñWmVJ©V AgUmè`m gmYZ gm_wJr« Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZYr g§H$bZ H$aV AgVmV, Va H$m§hr g§ñWm `m
~{hñW gmYZ gm_wJr« Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZYr g§H$bZ H$aV AgVmV. 1991 Z§Va ^maVm~mhoê$Z hr {ZYr
g§H$bZmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbobr Amho.
A)
g§ñWm A§VJ©V ómoV
H$mhr AemgH$s` g§ñWm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo emgH$s` AWdm {dÎmr` g§ñWmH$Sy>Z \§$S> Z KoVm
ñdV:À`m Am{W©H$ ómoVmVyZ g_mO Cn`moJr H$m_o H$aV AgVmV. CXm. g^mgXm§H$Sy>Z Xa_hm dJ©Ur,
H$m_mda lÕm AgUmè`m Aml`XmË`m H$Sy>Z XoUJr VgoM g§ñWoMm O_m Pmbobm \§$S> Ë`m \§$S>mÀ`m H$m`_
R>do rda {_iUmao ì`mO VgoM g§ñWoZr g_mO Cn`moJr Ho$bobo H$m_ nmhÿZ Cñ\y$V©nUo {Xbobo XoU½`m BVa
g_mO Cn`moJr g§ñWmH$Sy>Z {_imboë`m XoU½`m VgoM g_mOmVrb _moR>_moR>çm Y_m©Xm` g§ñWm qH$dm
g§ñWoÀ`m ñWmda O§J_ _mb_ÎmoÀ`m CËnmXZmVyZ òUmar a¸$_ g_mO Cn`moJr H$m`m©gmR>r dmnabr OmVo.
WmoS>Š`mV `m g§ñWm Xwgè`mÀ`m _XVrda Adb§~ Z ahmVm ñdV:M _XV {ZYr V`ma H$aV AgVmV.
~)
1.
g^mgXm§Mr dJ©Ur
2.
Aml` XmË`mH$Sy>Z dJ©Ur
3.
R>do r darb ì`mOmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
4.
ì`º$sJV d gm_m{OH$ XoU½`m
5.
Y_m©Xm` g§ñWmH$Sy>Z
6.
g§ñWm§ A§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m _mbmÀ`m {dH«$sVyZ
g§ñWm ~{hJ©V ómoV
{d{dY emgH$s` `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r AZwXmZ {Xbo OmVo. Ë`m AZwXmZmVyZ g_mO Cn`moJmgmR>r
N>mQo >-o N>mQo >o àH$ën Cô Ho$bo OmVmV. H$mhr doib
o m g§ñWm ñ_anrH$m d Om{hamVr XoD$Z Am{W©H$ CËnÞ {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVo. VgoM g_mOmVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm g_mO Cn`moJr H$m`m©gmR>r H$mhr {ZYr
_XV åhUyZ XoV AgVmV.
1.
{d{dY emgH$s` AZwXm{ZV àH$ënm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ {ZYrMr C^maUr Ho$br
OmVo.
43
H$)
2.
ñ_a{UH$m, Om{hamVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mÛmao Am{W©H$ {ZYrMr CnbãYVm.
3.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_yhm§H$Sy>Z XoU½`m.
4.
dñVyê$nmV {_imboë`m XoU½`m.
^maVm ~mhoarb ómoV
1.
Non Resident Indians (NRI)
- A{Zdmgr ^maVr`.
2.
Am§Vaamï´>r` XoUJr XoUmè`m ñdm`Îm g§ñWm - `wZrgo\$ (UNICEF), `w.EZ.S>r.nr.
(UNDP), H«$m` (CRY) BË`mXr.
_mZdr H$ë`mUmgmR>r d Cno{jV dJm©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AZoH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZYr g§H$bZ H$aVm
òVmo d AOyZhr _moR>çm à_mUmV ì`º$sJV nmVirnmgyZ amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda bmoH$ Aem
bmoH$mon`moJr àH$ënmbm bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z Mm§Jbm à{VgmX {_iy eH$Vmo ho H$aV AgVmZm {~Ja emgH$s`
g§ñWm d ñdm`Îm g§ñWm§Zr Xo{Ib Amnbo H$m`© àm_m{UH$nUo d H$V©ì`Xj nÕVrZo H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.
3.7 Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWm (International Funding Organization)
Cno{jV d Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r g_mOmVrb _moR>çm à_mUmV Am§Vaamï´>r` à{Vð>mZo,
bmoH$m§Zr EH$Ì òdZy ñWmnZ Ho$bobr gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>mZo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWmZr ñWmnZ Ho$bbr à{Vð>mZo
H$m`©aV AmhoV. g_mOmVrb aMZmË_H$ ~XbmgmR>r H$m`© H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZYrMr
H$YrM H$_VaVm nS>V Zmhr.
Aem ñdê$nmMr H$m`©aV Agboë`m H$m§hr à{Vð>mZm§Mr Zm§do Z_yX Ho$bobr Amho. `m g§ñWm ñdV:
V`ma Ho$boë`m {Z`_, {Z`_mdbrà_mUo d _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmZwgma AW©ghmæ` nwa{dVmV.
A)
Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda H$m`©aV AgUmar H$m§hr à_wI à{Vð>mZo Imbrb à_mUo
1.
{gbrH$m°Z ìh°br H$å`w{ZQ>r \$mD§$S>e
o Z
2.
The David and Lucile Packrd Foundation (CA)
3.
The Robert Wood Johason Foundation (NJ)
4.
Bill and Nelinda Gates Foundation (WA)
5.
The Ford Foundation (NY)
44
6.
Astrazeaeca Foundation (DE)
7.
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation (CA)
8.
Glarco Smith Kline Potieat Access Progress Foundation (NC)
9.
Lilly Endowment Inc. (IN)
10.
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation (NY)
~)
gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>mZo (Community
Foundation)
1.
California community Foundation
2.
Greater Koasas City Community Foundation
3.
The New York Community Trust
4.
The Chicago Community Trust
5.
The Columbo Foundation and Atlitiaved Organization
6.
Foundation for the Carolinas
7.
The San Francisco Foundation
8.
The Coasecceaity Foundation National Capital Region
9.
Tuloa Community Foundation
H$)
Am¡Úmo{JH$ J¥ho (Corporate
Houses)
1.
The Bank of America Charitable Foundation
2.
Sanofi Aveatis Potient Assistance Foundation
3.
Wat Mart Foundation
4.
The Wachovia Foundation’
5.
Citi Foundation
6.
GE Foundation
7.
The GP Morgan Chase Foundation
8.
Exxonmobil Foundation
45
9.
Well Fargo Foundation
10. Johnson and Johnson Companies Contribution Fund
3.8 naXoer {ZYr Am{U E\$.gr.Ama.E. À`m VaVyXr
(Foreign Funds and FCRA Provisions)
E\$.gr.Ama.E. A§VJ©V Á`m g§ñWm§Zm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMm Agob Ë`m§Zm E\$.gr.Ama.E.
H$m`Úm§Vrb Amnë`m g§ñWm§Mr Zm|XUr H$aUo An[ahm`© AgVo. E\$.gr.Ama.E. Zm|XUrgmR>r ñd`§gdo r
g§ñWm§Zm Ë`m§Mo Zm|XUrH¥$V XñVEodO Am{U Am{W©H$ Vmio~X§ mMo {hemo~ gmXa H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.
gm_m{OH$ CnH«$_m§gmR>r CnbãY Pmbobm naH$s` {ZYr hm E\²$.gr.Ama.E. H$m`Úm§VJ©V {Z`§ÌUmV R>do bm
OmVmo. Ago Agbo Var H$m§hr Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVir dê$Z {_imboë`m XoU½`m§Zm gyQ> XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
Aem XoU½`m§À`m ñdrH¥$VrgmR>r \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV H$mJX nÌm§Mr XodmU-KodmU H$aUo \$ma JaOoMo ZgVo.
H|${Ð` J¥h _§Ìmb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m H$m`ÚmMo {Z`§ÌU Am{U {Z`_Z Ho$bo OmVo. H|${Ð` J¥h _§Ìmb`mÀ`m
nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr ñd`§gdo r g§ñWobm naH$s` {ZYr ñdrH$maVm òV Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUr_wio Á`m g§ñWm naH$s` {ZYr ñdrH$maVmV Ë`m§Zm O~m~XmarZo d H$miOrnwdH© $ ì`dhma
H$amdm bmJVmo. amOH$s` à{H«$ò nmgyZ VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dmXJ«ñV _wÚmn`ªV `m g§ñWm§Zr ñdV:bm
A{bá R>do Uo JaOoMo AgVo.
E\$.gr.Ama.E. À`m H$m`Úm§VJ©V Xoem§VJ©V òUmè`m naXoer {ZYrMo {Z`_Z Am{U {ZJ«mZr Ho$br
OmVo. Aem ñdê$nmV Pmbobm naH$s` {ZYr hm bmoH$mon`moJr H$m_mgmR>rM dmnabm OmVmo H$s Zmhr ho
Vnmgbo OmVo.
3.10 _yë`_mnZ (Conclusion)
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Zr bmoH$ H$ë`mUmñVd V`ma Ho$boë`m
àH$ënmgmR>r {ZYr H$moR>y Z d H$gm {_idm`Mm `mMr _m{hVr hmoV.o ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Zm ì`º$sJV nmVirdê$Z
emgH$s` nmVirdê$Z, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWmH$Sy>Z VgoM {d{dY Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb g§ñWm d à{Vð>mZ§ mH$Sy>Z
{ZYr CnbãY hmoVmo. Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdê$Z CnbãY hmoUmè`m {ZYrMo {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r E\$.gr.Ama.E2010 hm H$m`Xm ~hþ_ëw ` _XV H$aVmo.
n`m©daU hr g_ñ`m J§^ra AgyZ doirM Ë`mda Cnm``moOZm Ho$br Zmhr Va _mZdmÀ`m ApñVËdmg
YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoBb
© . åhUyZ H$mimMr J§^ra nmdbo AmoiIyZ _mZdmZo {ZgJm©Mo Oo Aì`mhVnUo Zme gwê$
46
Ho$bo Amho Vmo Wm§~dbm nm{hOo d Ë`mgmR>r g_mOm_Üò OZOmJ¥VMo r Amdí`H$Vm Amho. emim, _hm{dÚmbò,
{díd{dÚmb`m_Üò `m g_ñòMr Vrd«Vm bjmV KoD$Z emgZmZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m AmXoemZwgma
g~admb H${_Q>rZo hm {df` emim, _hm{dÚmb`mV hm {df` gº$sMm Ho$bobm {XgyZ òVmo. Zì`m {nT>r_Üò
n`m©daU g§~Y§ r Jm§^r`© {Z_m©U Pmbo AgyZ n`m©daU àXyfU H$_r H$ê$Z gOrd d {Z{O©d g¥ï>rda hmoUmao
n[aUm_ Wm§~{dVm òVrb. g¥ï>rÀ`m qH$dm OJmMm Zme hmoÊ`mnmgyZ dmM{dVm òBb
© . n`m©daU àXyfUmMr
doirM XIb KoVbr Zmhr Va _mZdr g_mOmbm J§^ra n[aUm_m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJob. n`m©daUmMr g_ñ`m
J§^ra ñdê$n YmmaU H$ê$Z _mZd g_mOmMr àM§S> hmZr hmoD$ eHo$b. åhUyZ Zì`m {nT>rV n`m©daU
g§ajUmg§~Y§ r OZOmJaU H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Ho$di emgZmbm ho eŠ` ZgyZ gd© g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mm
gh^mJ Amdí`H$ Amho. VaM ^mdr {nT>r AmnUmbm _m\$ H$ê$ eHo$b. bmoH$m§À`m gh^mJmZoM AmnU
n`m©daUr` g§H$Q> AmnU Xya H$ê$ eH$Vmo. åhUyZM g_mOm_Üò Joë`m XmoZ XeH$mV ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Mo Omio
{Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJbo Amho.
3.11 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Broad
)
Questions
A)
g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1.
ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Zm XoUJrMr JaO H$m AgVo ? h¡ ñnï> H$am.
2.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm d ñdm`Îm g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_iUmao Am{W©H$ ómoV ñnï> H$am.
3.
Am§Vaamï´>r` XoUJr XoUmè`m g§ñWm ñnï> H$am.
3.
E\$.gr.Ama.E. H$m`ÚmMm CÔoe H$m` Amho Vo ñnï> H$am.
~)
{Q>nm {bhm.
1.
{ZYrÀ`m ómoVmMr JaO
2.
Am§Vaamï´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWm
3.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm
4.
naXoer {ZYr
5.
E\$.gr.Ama.E. À`m VaVwXr.
47
H$)
[aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.
1.
n`m©daUmMr g_ñ`m hr .......... g_ñ`m ~Zbr Amho.
2.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV g_mO {dH$mgmgmR>r ......... `m§Zr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m `moOZm am~{dë`m.
3.
ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr g§H$ënZm ^maVmZo ........ Z§Va pñdH$mabr.
4.
g§ñWm A§VJ©V ómoVm_Üò g_mOH$m`© H$aUmè`m Am{W©H$ ómoV ......... {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
5.
Á`m g§ñWmZm {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMm Agob Ë`m g§ñWmZr ......... Zm|XUr H$aUo JaOoMo
Amho.
6.
naH$s` {ZYr ñdrH$maÊ`mgmR>r ........... J¥h _§Ìmb`mMr nadmZJr Amdí`H$ AgVo.
7.
Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdê$Z Cnb~ãY hmoUmè`m {ZYrMo {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r .... hm H$m`Xm _XV
H$aVmo.
8.
........ H${_Q>rZo n`m©daU hm {df` emim, _hm{dÚmb` nmVirda gº$sMm Ho$bm.
CÎma : 1) OmJ{VH$
2) _hmË_m Jm§Yr
3) 1991
4) ñdV:M
5) E\²$.gr.Ama.E.
6) H|${Ð`
7) E\²$.gr.Ama.E. - 2010
8) g~admb
S>)
EH$ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1.
1860 À`m H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmÝdò {ZYrMm Cn`moJ ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bm Amho.
2.
H$moUH$moUË`m _mJmªZr {ZYr g§H$bZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
3.
emgH$s` g§ñWmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ ómoV {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m XmoZ `moOZm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
4.
g§ñWm A§VJ©V {ZYr g§H$bZmMo XmoZ _mJ© gm§Jm.
5.
naXoer {ZYr g§H$bZmMo XmoZ _mJ© gm§Jm.
CÎma :
1.
Public Trust Act
2.
eoVr nyaH$ ì`dgm`, ~±H$ R>do r, H$m`©H$« _ BË`mXr.
48
3.
gm§ñH¥${VH$ _§Ìmb`mÀ`m `moOZm, Am{Xdmgr {dImg `moOZm.
4.
g^mgX dJ©Ur, ì`º$sJV d gm_m{OH$ XoU½`m.
5.
A{Zdmgr ^maVr`, `wZrgo\$.
B)
MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
1.
n`m©daU hr g_ñ`m ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdaMr Amho.
2.
ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm øm emgZmbm ghH$m`© H$aV AgVmV.
3.
Am{W©H$ {ZYr CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm Zm|XUrH¥$V AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
4.
bmoH$gh^mJm_wio n`m©daU g_ñòda _mV H$aVm òBb
© .
5.
ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Mr dmT> 16 ì`m eVH$mV PnmQ>çmZo Pmbr.
CÎma : 1) MyH$
3) ~amo~a
2) ~amo~a
4) ~amo~a
5) MyH$
3.12 g§X^© J«W
§
1.
Bhide, Asha A. and Kanitkar - Principle of Population Studies, Bombay.
2.
Sekhar, T. V. - Migration and Social Change.
3.
Kaul, Ravendra Kumar - Migration and Society.
4.
Sivarankrushna, K.C. Kunda Amitabh and Singh - Oxford Handbook of
Urbanization in India.
5.
Rao, M.S.A. (1981) - Some Aspects of Sociology of Migration, Sociological
Bulletin.
6.
Lee, Event - A Theory of Migration in Heer.
7.
Ravenstein - The Law of Migration, Journal of Royal Statistical Society.
8.
Datta - Human Migration : A Social Phenomenon.
49
9.
Mukherji, Shekhar - Mechanisms of Under Development Labour.
10.
Mukherji, Shekhar - Mechanisms of Under Development Labour.
11.
Cherunilam, Francis - Migration : Causes, Correlates Consequences, Trends
and Policies.
12.
Jorden and Duvell - Migration Policy, Publication, London.
aaa
50
KQ>H$ : 4
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {dH$mgmVrb ^y{_H$m
(Role of NGOs in Development)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
4.0
C{ÔîQ>ço
4.1
àñVmdZm
4.2
{df` {ddoMZ
4.3
J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr (EZ. Or. Amo.§ ) ^y{_H$m
4.4
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (EZ.Or.Amo.§ ) Am{U Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mo H$ë`mU
4.5
ór {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr (EZ.Or.Amo.§ ) ^y{_H$m
4.6
_wbm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr (EZ.Or.Amo.§ ) ^y{_H$m
4.7
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U d¥Õ
4.8
gmam§e
4.9
gamdmgmR>r àíZ
4.10 gamdmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.11 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg,
1.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoBb
© .
2.
Xw~ù`m bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUm_Yrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m g_OmdyZ KoVm òBb
© .
3.
ór {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m g_OyZ KoVm òBb
© .
51
4.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb H$m`© g_OyZ KoVm òBb
© .
5.
d¥Õm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m d H$m`© g_OyZ KoVm òBb
© .
4.1 àñVmdZm :
OJmVrb àËòH$ XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmMr O~m~Xmar hr Ë`m-Ë`m XoemVrb emgZ
`§ÌUoMr AgVo. emgZ `§ÌUoÛmao bmoH$m§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m d H$ë`mUmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm AmIë`m OmVmV d
Ë`m à^mdrnUo am~{dÊ`mMm XoIrb à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw Ooìhm emgZ`§ÌUm bmoH$m§Mm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mg
VgoM bmoH$m§À`m _wb^yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`m_Üò H$_r nS>VmV Voìhm g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mm d àm_w»`mZo g§nUy ©
g_mOmMmM {dH$mg IwQ§ >Vmo. A{bH$S>À`m H$mim_Üò bmoH$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r VgoM Ë`m§Mo àíZ
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm nwT>o Amë`m AmhoV. àñVwV àH$aUm_Üò AmnU `m {~Ja
emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {dH$mgmVrb ^y{_H$m g{dñVanUo Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m, {~Ja emgH$s`
g§KQ>Zm Am{U Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mo H$ë`mU, ór {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m, _wbm§À`m
{dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m Am{U {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U d¥Õm§gmR>rMo H$m`©
AmnU `m àH$aUmV g{dñVanUo Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
4.3 J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr (EZ.Or.Am|.) Mr ^y{_H$m
(Role of NGOs in Rural Development)
4.3.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
^maVmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Zr (NGOs) EH${ÌV òD$Z EH$m \o$S>ae
o ZMr ñWmnZm Ho$br
Amho. `m \o$S>ae
o ZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m g_ñ`m, àíZ d
g_mO H$maUm§g~§ Y§ r EH${ÌV òD$Z MMm© H$aVmV. `m \o$S>ae
o ZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gd© {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm,
H$s Á`m J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m EH$_oH$m§Zm ghH$m`© H$aVmV d
EH$_oH$m§~amo~a g_Ýd` gmYyZ H$m_ H$aVmV.
52
J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^maVmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo \o$S>ae
o Z ho
A°dm°S>© (Award) `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. A°dm°S>© Mo nyU© ê$n “Association of Voluntary
Agencies in Rural Development” ho AgyZ Ë`mMo _w»` H$m`m©b` {X„r òWo Amho. A°dm°S>© `m
\o$S>ae
o ZMr ñWmnZm hr gmogm`Q>rO² A°ŠQ> 1860 Zwgma 1958 gmbr Pmbr Amho. A°dm°S>© `m \o$S>ae
o ZMo
EHy$U 12 g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` AmhoV.
4.3.2 A°dm°S>© (Award) \o$S>ae
o ZMr à_wI C{ÔîQ>ço
A°dm°S>© \o$S>ae
o ZMr à_wI C{ÔîQ>ço hr nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
1.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg H$aUo.
2.
J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m ObX {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
3.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmg§~Y§ rMr _m{hVr bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohM{dUo.
4.
go{_Zma d H$m°Ý\$aÝg²Mo Am`moOZ H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_ñòg~§ Y§ r gd© {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Zm
EH${ÌV H$ê$Z `m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`m~m~V Ë`m§À`mgmo~V MMm© H$aUo.
5.
J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {ZYrMr C^maUr H$aUo.
6.
J«m_rU {dH$mg joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^maVmVrb d {dXoemVrb g§KQ>Zm§~amo~a g_Ýd` gmYyZ
Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a g§nH©$ àñWm{nV H$aUo.
4.3.3 J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (NGOs) Á`m joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aVmV Vr
à_wI joÌo :
^maVm_Üò J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (NGOs) `m AZoH$ joÌm_Üò H$m_
H$arV AgyZ J«m_rU {dH$mgm_Üò {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m hr AË`§V _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmV
Amho. {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (NGOs) J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m Á`m joÌm_Üò àm_w»`mZo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV
Vr joÌo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1.
A{V_mJmg J«m_rU ^mJ.
2.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb gmYZ g§nÎmr.
3.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mZdr h¸$m§gmR>r.
53
4.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm _mZdr h¸$m§Mo à{ejU XoU.o
5.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm Kao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.
6.
J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò g§KQ>Zm§Mr ñWmnZm VgoM gm_m{OH$ H¥$Vr JQ>mMr (gmoeb A°ŠeZ J«nw Mr)
ñWmnZm H$aUo.
7.
gm_m{OH$ H¥$Vr JQ>mÀ`m (gmoeb A°ŠeZ J«nw À`m) _mÜ`_mVyZ emgH$s` d {~Ja emgH$s`
g§KQ>Zm§_Üò g_Ýd` gmYUo.
8.
J«m_rU {dH$mgm_Üò bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>{dUo.
9.
J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m g§nUy © {dH$mgmgmR>r emgZ `§ÌUm d bmoH$m§Zm ào[aV H$aUo d àmoËgmhZ XUo.
10.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m _Zm_Üò amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm ê$O{dUo.
11.
J«m_rU bmoH$m§_Üò em§VVm d EH$Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo.
12.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb VimJmimVrb `wdH$m§_Üò ZoVË¥ dJwU {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
13.
J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mm gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ñVa C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
14.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§Zm ZmoH$arÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoU.o
15.
J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò gmjaVm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
16.
Hw$nmofU g_ñòg~§ Y§ r J«m_rU ^mJmrb bmoH$m§Zm ghH$m`© H$aUo.
17.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb A{e{jVnUm H$_r H$aUo.
18.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mm Am{W©H$ XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
19.
bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rg Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r à~moYZ H$aUo.
20.
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm `m J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~oH$mar Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. J«m_rU
~oH$mar Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Zr J«m_rU CÚmoJm§Mr {Z{_©Vr VgoM J¥hmoÚmoJm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z ~oH$ma Vê$Um§Zm CÚmoJm§Mo à{ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© hmVr KoVbo Amho.
21.
AZoH$ {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm `m gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mUmgmR>r àm_w»`mZo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV.
Ë`m_Üò J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mo Amamo½`, ñdÀN>Vm, nmofU Amhma, {ejU, Hw$Qw>~§ H$ë`mU, ~mbH$m§Mm
{dH$mg, {ó`m§Mm {dH$mg, Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§À`m CÞVrgmR>r à`ËZ VgoM Ë`m§À`m amoOJmamgmR>rMo H$m`©
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm H$arV AmhoV.
54
4.3.4 J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo (NGOs) `moJXmZ :
J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Ûmao (NGOs) nwT>rb joÌm_Üò
àm_w»`mZo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. Vr joÌo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1.
eoVr Am{U O_rZ {dH$mg g§~Y§ rÀ`m {H«$`m.
2.
nmUr ì`dñWmnZ ì`dñWm (bhmZ d _Ü`_ ñdê$nmMr)
3.
eoVr_Üò ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$aUo.
4.
eoVrg§~Y§ rMo {ejU.
5.
Hw$Qw>~§ H$ë`mU Am{U Amamo½`.
6.
AZwg{y MV OmVr d O_mVrVrb _{hbm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ.
7.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb X[aÐr bmoH$m§Mr _m{hVr KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ àH$ën
am~[dUo.
8.
J«m_rU n`m©daUmMo ajU H$aUo, àXyfU {Z`§ÌU d gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aUmMo CnH«$_ am~{dUo B.
4.4 {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (NGOs) Am{U Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mo H$ë`mU
NGOs and Welfare of the Disables
4.4.1 em[aarH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mr g§H$ënZm (The
Concept of Disabled)
Xw~ù`m (disabled) bmoH$m§_Üò g_mZmWu qH$dm EH${OZgrnUm {XgyZ òV Zmhr. Xw~b
© bmoH$m§_Üò
_mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© bmoH$, Ñï>r Xw~b
© Vm AgUmao bmoH$, EoH$Uo d ~mobÊ`m_Üò Ag_W©Vm AgUmao bmoH$
Am{U gm_mÝ` ì`º$sà_mUo Amnbr J{VerbVm H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe hm
d¡ÚH$s`ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© (medical disabilities) bmoH$m§_Üò hmoVmo H$s Ë`m§Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m em[aarH$,
_mZ{gH$ AS>Wù`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe hm Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§_Üò hmoVmo.
[The disabled people do not form a homogenous group. They include the
mentally retarded, visually impaired, also hearing and speech impaired and those
with restricted mobility or with so called “medical disabilities” and they all encounter
different barriers, of different kinds, which have to be overcome in different ways.]
55
4.4.2 Xw~b
© KQH$m§Mo àH$ma (Types
of Disability)
Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Mo dJuH$aU àm_w»`mZo XmoZ à_wI àH$mam_Üò Ho$bo OmVo. n{hë`m àH$mam_Üò
em[aarH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© bmoH$ (Physically disabled) d Xwgè`m àH$mam_Üò _mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© bmoH$
(Mentally disabled) `m XmoZ àH$mam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. em[aarH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© bmoH$m§_Üò nmR>rMo XwIUo
(Spinal chord), XwImnV (Injury), e[aamMm EImXm Ad`d H$mnyZ H$mT>Uo (Amputed limbs),
Ñï>r Xw~b
© AgUo (Visual impairment), E¡H$Ê`mMr j_Vm Xw~b
© AgUo (Hearing impairment)
`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Va _mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© bmoH$m§_Üò (Mentally disabilities) _mZ{gH$ AmOma
(Mental illness) d AS>Wim (Mental retardation) AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
4.4.3 Xw~b
© KQH$m§Mm {dñVma (The
Extent of Disability)
^maVm_Üò Odi Odi 70 {_br`Z bmoH$ ho em[aarH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~b
© àdJm©_Üò òVmV. 2001
À`m OZJUZoZgw ma EHy$U bmoH$g§»òÀ`m 2.13 Q>¸$o bmoH$ ho Xw~b
© àdJm©_Üò _moS>VmV. Ë`mn¡H$s 75 Q>¸$o
bmoH$ ho J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò amhVmV. Xw~b
© bmoH$m§nH¡ $s \$º$ 49 Q>¸$o bmoH$ ho {e{jV AmhoV d 34 Q>¸$o
bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY Amho. OJmVrb BVa XoemVrb Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Mo Ë`m Ë`m XoemVrb EHy$U bmoH$g§»ònH¡ $s
à_mU nwT>rb gmaUrdê$Z ñnï> hmoV.o
gmaUr 1
OJmVrb Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Mo à_mU d XoemMo Zmd
A.Z§.
XoemMo Zmd
Xw~ù`m KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU
1.
Am°ñQ´>{o b`m
18 Q>¸$o
2.
`wZm`Q>So qH$JS>_
14.12 Q>¸$o
3.
`wZm`Q>So > ñQ>Qo >g²
9 Q>¸$o
4.
MrZ
5 Q>¸$o
5.
Zonmi
5 Q>¸$o
6.
nm{H$ñVmZ
4.9 Q>¸$o
56
darb gmaUr H«$_m§H$ 1 dê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, Am°ñQ´>{o b`m_Üò EHy$U bmoH$g§»òÀ`m 18 Q>¸$o
bmoH$ ho Xw~b
© àdJm©_Üò _moS>VmV Va `wZm`Q>So > qH$JS>_ _Üò 14.12 Q>¸$o bmoH$, `wZm`Q>So > ñQ>Qo >g² _Üò 9
Q>¸$o bmoH$, MrZ_Üò 5 Q>¸$o bmoH$, Zonmi_Üò 5 Q>¸$o bmoH$, Va nm{H$ñVmZ_Üò EHy$U bmoH$g§»òÀ`m 4.9
Q>¸$o bmoH$ ho Xw~ù`m àdJm©_Üò _moS>VmV.
4.4.4 {dH$gZerb amï´>m_§ Yrb Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mm {dñVma
{dH$gZerb amï´>m_§ Yrb Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mm {dñVma hm nwT>rbà_mUo {XgyZ òVmo.
1.
Odi Odi 100 {_br`Z bmoH$ ho Hw$nmo{fV AmhoV.
2.
"A' OrdZgËdm A^mdr 2,50,000 _wbo hr àËòH$ dfu A§Y ~ZV AmhoV.
3.
Am`mo{S>ZÀ`m A^mdmZo 800 {_br`Z bmoH$ ho {d{dY amoJm§Zm ~ir nS>V AmhoV.
4.
_wbm§Zm OÝ_mg KmbVodi
o r 1 bmI {ó`m _¥Ë`w_I
w r nS>V AmhoV.
5.
{dH$gZerb XoemVrb 40 Q>¸$o _wbo hr E¡H$Ê`mMr j_Vm J_mdV AmhoV.
6.
gZ 1994 _Üò nmo{bAmoÀ`m 1 bmI ZdrZ Ho$gog {XgyZ Amë`m.
4.4.5 Xw~b
© KQ>H$mg§~Y§ rMo amï´>r` YmoaU (National
Policy for the Disabled)
The National Policy for persons with disability, announced (February, 2006).
The National Policy of persons with disability includes : extending rehabilitation
services to rural areas; increasing trained personnel to meet needs; emphasizing
education and training; increasing employment opportunity; focusing on gender
equality; improving access to public services; encouraging state governments to
develop a comprehensive social security policy; ensuring equal opportunities in
sports, providing service to persons with disability and their families.
\o$~«dw mar 2006 _Üò Xw~b
© (disable) bmoH$m§gmR>rMo amï´>r` YmoaU Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambo `m
YmoaUm_Üò nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`m ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb nwZd©gZ godm§Mo {dñVmarH$aU H$aUo.
2.
à{e{jV bmoH$ V`ma H$aUo.
3.
amoOJmam_Üò dmT> H$aUo.
57
4.
qbJ g_mZVm àñWm{nV H$aUo.
5.
bmoH$ godm§_Üò dmT> H$aUo.
6.
amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwajm YmoaUmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>U.o
7.
Ioim_Üò gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$aUo.
8.
Xw~b
© bmoH$ (Disable people) d Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>{§ ~`m§gmR>r godm nwa{dUo.
4.4.6 gZ 1995 Mm Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§gmR>rMm H$m`Xm (The Disability Act 1995)
Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>r g_mZ g§Yr d Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mam§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gZ 1995 gmbr ^maVr`
nmb©_Q| > _Üò H$m`Xm Ho$bm Jobm.
4.4.7 Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mo nwZd©gZ d {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr (NGOs) ^y{_H$m :
gZ 1810 _Üò H$bH$Ë`m_Üò boàgrZo J«ñV AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Ûmao
(NGOs) gd©àW_ _XV Ho$br Jobr. gZ 1826 _Üò A§Y bmoH$m§gmR>r amOm H$mbr e§H$a Kmogmb `m§Zr
B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrH$Sy>Z {ZYr KoD$Z Ë`m§À`mgmR>rMo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© Ho$bo. Xw~b
© (Disabled) bmoH$m§À`m
nwZd©gZ H$m`m©_Üò {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m hr AË`§V _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. A{bH$S>À`m
H$mim_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` d amï´>r` g§ñWm `m Xw~b
© ì`º$s¨À`m ghH$m`m©gmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV XoV AmhoV.
Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm§_Üò OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ (World Bank), OmJ{VH$ Amamo½` g§KQ>Zm (World Health
Organization), `w{Zgo\$ (UNICEF), Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm (International Labour
Organization), BË`mXr à_wI g§ñWm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` _§Ìmb` ho {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§À`m _XVrZo XrZ X`mb nwZd© gZ `moOZoAV§ J©V
Xw~©b (disable) bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r {ZYr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV Amho. hr `moOZm èñdr[aË`m
am~{dÊ`mgmR>r emgZ {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Zm CÎmoOZ XoV Amho. Xw~b
© ì`º$sgmR>rÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r
AgUmè`m {d^mJmÛmao d {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mm ghH$m`m©Zo Xw~b
© bmoH$m§À`m g_wXm`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r
d {dH$mgmgmR>r go{_Zma d dH©$em°nMo Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmV Amho. `m {d^mJmÛmao {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§gmR>r
amÁ` ñVamda {d{dY H$m`©H$« _m§Mo {Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo.
58
4.4.8 J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§gmR>rMo {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mo H$m`©
(NGOs Working for the Rural Disabled)
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (NGOs) `m J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Xw~b
© (disable) bmoH$m§gmR>r {ejU,
ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU, Am{U amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo AË`§V _hÎdnyU© H$m`© H$arV
AmhoV. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zm bmJUmè`m dñVy d godm VgoM d¡ÚH$s` godm `m _mo\$V nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m_
EZ.Or.Amo.§ Ûmao Ho$bo OmV Amho.
4.4.9 ñd`§gmhmæ`Vm ~MV JQ>mÛ§ mao Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§Mo gj_rH$aUmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. Mr ^y{_H$m
(NGOs and Empowerment of the Disabled Through SHGs)
^maVmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. Zr goë\$ hoën J«nw À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ 1990 À`m _Ü`mnmgyZ Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>rMo
H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo Amho. X{jU ^maVmVrb AZoH$ EZ.Or.Am|. `m goë\$ hoën J«nw À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Xw~b
©
(disable) bmoH$m§gmR>r H$m`© H$arV AmhoV. Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJm_Üò AZoH$ goë\$ hoën J«nw gwê$
H$ê$Z `m J«nw À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Zm H$_r ì`mOXamVrb H$O© XoU,o Amamo½` godm nwa{dUo, {ejUmÀ`m
gmo`r CnbãY H$ê$Z XoU,o ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU XoUo B. ~m~rg§~Y§ rÀ`m godm nwa{dë`m OmV AmhoV.
4.5 ór {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm§Mr ^y{_H$m
(Role of NGOs in the Development of Women)
ór-_wº$s, ór-nwê$f g_mZVm Am{U ór eº$s `m g§H$ënZm AmO AmnUmg Zì`m ZmhrV. ór
g§KQ>Zm, _{hbm AmKmS>r, ór AmYma H|$Ð, ór _wº$sMr Midi, {ó`m§Mo g~brH$aU, gj_rH$aU,
{ó`m§À`m ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm, {ó`m§gmR>rMo AmajU `m gd© {df`m§er bmoH$ gÜ`m n[a{MV hmoVmZm {XgyZ òV
AmhoV. _mÌ ór àíZm{df`rMr OmU hr g§`ºw $ amï´>mZ§ r (United Nation) 1975 ho df© Am§Vaamï´>r`
_{hbm df© åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$ë`mZ§VaM dmT>br Am{U da C„oI Ho$boë`m g§H$ënZm§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmV
àgma Pmbm. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ AmO óreº$s, ór_wº$s Am{U ór-nwê$f g_mZVoMr Midi hr
AW©H$maU, g_mOH$maU Am{U amOH$maUmÀ`m MMm© {dídmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr òD$Z R>no br Amho.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ^maVr` g_mOmVrb ór-OrdZmer g§~{§ YV _hËËdmÀ`m àíZm§da `m H$mimV
MMm© gwê$ Pmbr. amOm am__mohZ am°`, Ho$edM§X goZ, B©ídaM§X {dÚmgmJa, bmoH${hVdmXr Jmonmb har
Xoe_wI, ^mD$ XmOr, _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$bo, Jmonmb JUoe AmJaH$a, _hmXod JmoqdX amZS>,o n§{S>Vm, a_m~mB©
59
amZS>,o H$m{e~mB© H$m{ZQ>H$a, S>m.° AmZ§Xr~mB© Omoer, bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$, _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am{U S>m.° ~m~mgmho~
Am§~So >H$a `m§À`m H¥${Verb `moJXmZm_wio ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò à~moYZmMr na§nam g_¥Õ Pmbr.
1829 _Üò gVr àWoda H$m`Xoera ~§Xr KmbÊ`mnmgyZ {~«Q>re emgZmZo {ó`m§À`m {Oìhmù`mÀ`m
àíZm§Zm hmV KmbÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. VgoM {ddmhmÀ`m g§_VrMo d` H$m` Agmdo hm àíZ M{M©bm Jobm
Ë`m_mJo ~mb{ddmh àWobm amoIÊ`mMm hoVy hmoVm. {dYdm§Mo Ho$ednZ Am{U na§naoZo Ë`m§À`m nwZ{© ddmhmda
bmXbobr ~§Xr, ho XoIrb {~«Q>reH$mimV H$irMo àíZ hmoV.o {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Agmdm
Ë`m§À`m_Üò {ejUàgma ìhmdm `mMmhr AmJ«h g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr Yabm.
óreº$sbm ^maVm_Üò Iè`m AWm©Zo OmJo H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mV AmË_^mZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mbm àma§^ 19
ì`m eVH$mV Pmbm na§Vw `m H$mimV {ó`m§Mr Midi C^r am{hbr Zmhr. 1885 _Üò H$m±Jgo« Mr ñWmnZm
Pmbr. 1915 n`ªV åhUOo n{hë`m 30 dfm©V AndmX dJiVm, _{hbm CnpñWV Zgm`À`m. H$m±Jgo« À`m
A{YdoeZ g^m _§S>nmVM gwadmVrg H$mhr H$mi gm_m{OH$ n[afX â{dë`m OmV. `m g^m§_Üò Ý`m.
_hmXod JmoqdX amZS>çm§Mm nwT>mH$ma Ago Aem n[afXm§_YyZ g_mOmVrb {ó`m§Mm XOm©, Ë`m§Mo àíZ _m§S>bo
OmV. nU amOH$maU Am{U g_mOH$maUmMo ho àma§^rMo g»` \$ma H$mi {Q>H$bo Zmhr. Ë`m~m~V H$m±Jgo« OZm§_Üò
_VôX hmoV.o g§_Vr d` àíZmda {Q>iH$-AmJaH$a dmX hmoVm. dgmhVdmXr {~«Q>re gÎmoer bT>VmZm Ë`m
ñdmV§Í` MidirV, åhUOo H$m±Jgo« ì`mgnrR>mda Am{U g§KQ>ZVo , {ó`m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd ZgUo _hmË_m
Jm§YrOtZm IQ>H$bo Am{U Ë`m§À`m ZoVË¥ dmImbr H$m±Jgo« À`m g§KQ>ZVo Am{U MidirV {ó`m§Mm gh^mJ
à`ËZnydH© $ dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambm.
g_mOmVrb 50 Q>¸$o KQ>H$ Agboë`m {ó`m§À`m àíZm§Mm \$magm {dMma Z H$aVmM ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m
n{hë`m 25 dfm©Vrb Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo YmoaU V`ma Ho$bo Jobo hmoV.o na§Vw {ó`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm Xw:IM
Amë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma nwê$fm§à_mUo {ó`m§Zmhr {Xbm. gÜ`m
_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma 18 dfm©ZV§ a àmá hmoVmo. _mÌ amOH$s` gÎmm g§aMZoV {ó`m§Zm AmOXoIrb ñWmZ
{_imbo Zmhr. `m gd© à{H«$òVrb Ë`m§Mm gh^mJ hm AË`§V H$_r Agë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o
g§K{Q>V nÕVrZo ór-OmJ¥Vr Ho$ë`m{eam` {ó`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm òUmao AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, N>i
Ë`m§Zm {Xbr OmUmar {df_ dmJUyH$ Xya hmoUma Zmhr Am{U g§K{Q>V MidirMo A§{V_ C{Ôï> ór-nwê$f
g_mZVoMm AmJ«h Yê$Z JaO nS>ë`mg g§Kf© H$ê$Z, gÎmm-g§aMZoV ~Xb KS>dZy AmUUo hoM Amho. Aem
àH$maMr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr Am§Vaamï´>r` _{hbm dfm©nmgyZ A{YH$ àH$fm©Zo dmTy> bmJbr. Ë`mM gw_mamg ór
Aä`mg Aem ñdV§Ì kmZjoÌmbm _mÝ`Vm XoD$Z {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmZo Aem {ZdS>H$ Aä`mg H|$ÐmZm
nm`m^yV gw{dYm§gmR>r Am{U g§emoYZmgmR>r AW©gmhmæ` XoUo gwê$ Ho$bo ho gd© ór`m§À`m g§K{Q>V bT>çmMo
à_wI è hmoV.o
60
AmO doJdoJio d¡Mm[aH$ A{Yð>mZ Am{U C{Ôï> ñdrH$mê$Z Ag§»` {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm
(NGOs) _{hbm§gmR>r H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. `mn¡H$s H$mhr {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm `m ór gmjaVoMo H$m_
H$arV AmhoV. H$mhr g§KQ>Zm `m nmUr, {Zdmam d {ó`m§À`m amoOJmamÀ`m àíZmg§~Y§ r bT>m XoV AmhoV. H$mhr
g§KQ>Zm d ór Midir n`m©daUmÀ`m àíZmda H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. VgoM {dH$mg àH$ënmVyZ hmoUmao
{dñWmnZ d `m {dñWmnZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao {dñWm{nVm§Mo àíZ `mg§~Y§ r {ó`m§_Üò gm_y{hH$[aË`m OmUrd
OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. `m gdmªMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m bT>çm_wio AmO
àgma_mÜ`_o, gm{hË` joÌ, H$bm joÌm_Üò VgoM {d{dY amOH$s` njm§À`m AmKmS>r_Üò _{hbm§Mr ñdV§Ì
AmKmS>r {Z_m©U Ho$br OmV Amho Am{U `mdê$Z g_mOm_Üò qbJ{df_m{Yð>rV {df_Vm hiyhiy H$_r
hmoVmZm {XgyZ òV.o
A{bH$S>À`m H$mim_Üò EZ.Or.Am|. Mr ^y{_H$m hr {ó`m§À`m CÞVrgmR>r AË`§V _hÎdmMr
_mZbr OmV Amho. EZ.Or.Am|. Ûmao ór`m§À`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r Amamo½`, OmUrdogX§ ^m©V,
{ejUmg§X^m©V VgoM Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb XOm©gX§ ^m©V AmO EZ.Or.Am|. _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdV
AmhoV. AmO _{hbm§g~§ Y§ r H$m`© H$aUmè`m AZoH$ EZ.Or.Am|. Ûmao _{hbm§gmR>r Kao, ñdÀN>VÀo `m gd`r,
Amamo½` godm, {ejU, nmofU Amhma, `m gd© ~m~tg§~Y§ r AË`§V _hÎdnyU© H$m`© Ho$bo OmV Amho. {ó`m§À`m
àíZmg§~Y§ r H$m_ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ EZ.Or.Am|. Mo Üò` ho J[a~ gÎmm{hZ {ó`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r Ë`m§À`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r H$m_ H$aUo ho Amho.
{ó`m§À`m àíZmg§X^m©V H$m_ H$aUmè`m EZ.Or.Am|. _Üò gZ 1927 gmbr ñWmnZ Pmbobr
""Am°b B§{S>`m dw_Z H$m°Ý\$aÝg'' (All India Women's Conference - AIWC) `m g§KQ>ZM
o m
àm_w»`mZo C„oI H$aVm òBb
© . hr g§KQ>Zm Jm§Yr d nmíMmË` CXma_VdmXr {dMmam§Zr ào[aV Amho. `m
g§KQ>ZM
o o à_wI C{Ôï> ho ór`m§Mo H$ë`mU H$aUo ho Amho. gÜ`m `m g§KQ>ZM
o o EH$ bmI gXñ` d g§nU
y ©
^maVâ `m g§KQ>ZÀo `m 400 emIm AmhoV. hr g§KQ>Zm àm_w»`mZo Hw$Qw>~§ {Z`moOZ, ~mbH$ë`mU, ór`m§gmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgUmar dgVrJ¥ho Am{U Anma§nm[aH$ COm© ñÌmoV `m joÌm_Üò àm_w»`mZo H$m_ H$arV Amho. `m
g§KQ>ZM
o o à_wI C{Ôï> ho {ó`m§Mm g_mOmVrb XOm© C§MmdUo d Ë`m§Mr {d{dY àíZm§nmgyZ gmoS>dUyH$ H$aUo ho
Amho.
l{_H$ _{hbm g§ñWm hr g§KQ>Zm XoIrb _{hbmg§~Y§ r H$m`© H$aUmar _hÎdmMr g§KQ>Zm Amho. `m
g§KQ>ZM
o r ñWmnZm hr gZ 1971 _Üò Pmbr. hr g§KQ>Zm _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Zr ào[aV Amho. hr g§KQ>Zm
àm_w»`mZo _Ü`_dJu` d l_rH$ _{hbm§gmR>r AË`§V _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$aVo.
""goë\$ Eåßbm°BS> dw_Ýg² Agmo{gEeZ'' (Self Employed Women's Assocaition SEWA) hr JwOamV amÁ`mVrb Ah_Xm~mX òWo ór`m§g~
§ Y§ r H$m`© H$aUmar g§KQ>Zm Amho. hr g§KQ>Zm
àm_w»`mZo Ag§K{Q>V joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m _{hbm§g~§ Y§ r H$m_ H$aVo. `m g§KQ>ZÛo mam bjmdYr _{hbm§Zm
ñd`§amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m AmhoV.
61
4.6 _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m :
(Role of NGOs in the Development of Children)
_wbo (Children) hr àËòH$ amï´>mM
§ r g§nÎmr AgVmV H$maU `m _wbm§daM Ë`m amï´>mMo ^{dVì`
Adb§~Zy AgVo. AZoH$ H$maUm§_i
w o {dH${gV d A{dH${gV amï´>m_§ Yrb _wbm§Mo ^{dVì` ho gwa{jV
Zgë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o {dH$gZerb amï´>m_§ Üò àËòH$ dfu gw_mao 15 {_br`Z _wbo hr _¥Ë`w_I
w r nS>VmV Va
gw_mao 120 _wbo hr àËòH$ {_ZrQ>mg OÝ_ KoVmV. ^maVm_Üò nmM dfm©Imbrb 75 {_br`Z _wbo hr
Hw$nmo{fV AmhoV. VgoM OÝ_boë`m VrZ _wbm§nH¡ $s EH$ _yb ho H$_r dOZmMo OÝ_Vo. nmM dfm©Imbrb
_wbm§_Üò àËòH$s gmV _wbm§nH¡ $s EH$mMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo Ago àËòH$ dfm©bm 3 {_br`Z _wbo _¥Ë`w_I
w r nS>VmV.
OÝ_mg òUmè`m àËòH$ _wbmg Amamo½`, `mo½` nmofU Amhma, {ejU Am{U g§ajU {_iV Zmhr.
X[aÐr AdñWo_Üò AZoH$ bmoH$ amhV AgboZo Vo Amnë`m _wbmg Ka, Hw$Qw>~§ mMo g§ajU VgoM Vo Amnbr
nmbH$ËdmMr O~m~Xmar ZrQ>nUo noby eH$V ZmhrV. A{Ve` Xm[aÐ`m_Yrb _wbo hr agË`mda (Streets),
~g ñQ>e
o Z, aoëdo ñQ>e
o Z, _mH}$Q> Am{U BVa {R>H$mUo `m{R>H$mUr dmdaVmV d `m dmVmdaUmV Ë`m§À`m
Z¡gJuH$ dmT>r_Üò AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. 80 {_br`Z _wbo hr emionmgyZ d§{MV AmhoV. VgoM 04
{_br`Z _wbo hr ~mbH$m_Jma åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV. {X Z°eZb ßb°qZJ H${_eZ Zwgma ^maVm_Üò 14
dfm©Imbrb 0.5 Q>¸$o _wbo hr AZmW AmhoV.
Mm¡Yar `m§Zr 1989 _Üò Ho$boë`m Aä`mgm_Üò {Zam{àV d X[aÐr _wbm§Zm AmoiIÊ`mÀ`m
H$gmoQ>çm (Criteria to identify a destitute children) nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JrVë`m AmhoV.
1.
Á`m _wbm§Mo dS>rb, AmB© `m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo Amho Vr _wbo {ZamlrV d X[aÐr _wbo (destitute
children) åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV.
2.
Á`m Hw$Qw>~§ mMr à_wI hr _{hbm Amho d _wbmMo dS>rb _wbmbm gmoS>y Z Jobo AmhoV Ë`m _wbm§Mm
g_mdoe X[aÐr _wbm§_Üò hmoVmo.
3.
Á`m _wbmg \$º$ AmB© Amho, na§Vw Vr Ë`m _wbmMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mg, Ë`mg {ejU Am{U {d{dY
àH$maMo à{ejU XoÊ`mg H$_r CËnÞm_wio Ag_W© Amho Aem _wbm§Mm g_mdoe X[aÐr _wbm§_Üò
hmoVmo.
4.
EH$Q>çm nmbH$ Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb _wb.o
5.
nmbH$m§À`m XrK©H$mbrZ AmOmam_wio X[aÐr ~Zbobr _wb.o
6.
{dM{bV dV©Zm_wio X[aÐr ~Zbobr _wb.o
62
_wbm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr ^y{_H$m :
(Role of NGOs in the Development of Children)
_wbm§À`m {dH$mgm_Üò EZ.Or.Am|. Mr ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hÎdnyU© Amho. _wbmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r
emgH$s` nmVirda XoIrb à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m~amo~aM ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm XoIrb _wbm§Mo H$ë`mU d
{dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZerb AmhoV. A{Ve` Xm[aÐ`m_Üò OrdZ OJUmè`m _wbm§À`m (destitute children)
nwZd©gZmgmR>r EZ.Or.Am|. AË`§V _hÎdnyU© H$m`© H$aV AmhoV. ^maVmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. Mr gm_m{OH$
H$m`m©Vrb ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hÎmdnyU© _mZbr Jobr Amho. namonH$mar bmoH$ (Philanthropists), {_eZar
gmYy (Missionaries Saints), Am{U amOm `m§Mo _wbm§À`m H$ë`mUmg§~Y§ rMo H$m`© _hÎdnyU© _mZbo Jobo
Amho.
nydu Jar~ ~«måhU, {dÚmWu ho Amnë`m Aä`mgmXaå`mZÀ`m H$mbmdYr_Üò JmdmVrb bmoH$m§À`m
Kam_YyZ AÞ Jmoim H$arV AgV VgoM AÞN>Ì d _R> Oo XmZeya ì`º$s¨Ûmao Mmb{dbo OmV hmoVo `m_YyZ
J[a~ _wbm§À`m OodUmMr d amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br OmV Ago. ^maVm_Üò _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV,
g_wXm`mÛmao Mmb{dë`m Jobëo `m _R>m_§ YyZ d Aml_m§_YyZ _wbm§Zm {ejU {Xbo OmV hmoV.o
{_eZarO² d XmZH$m`© H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zr AZmW _wbm§gmR>r {ejUmMr H|$Ðo, dmMZmbò d
e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm `m godm^mdr d¥ÎmrVyZ gwê$ Ho$ë`m. am_H¥$îU {_eZ, _wñbr_ dŠ\$ ~moS>,© _wñbr_ e¡j{UH$
Q´>ñQ>, Am`© g_mO Am{U qhXy, erI, O¡Z d nmagr `m§À`m M°arQ>~o b Q´>ñQ> `m§Zr ^maVmVrb {d{dY
^mJmVrb JaOy, AZmW _wbm§gmR>rÀ`m H$ë`mUm_Üò AË`§V _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho.
{¼íMZ {_eZè`m§Zr AZmW _wbm§À`m H$ë`mUm_Üò _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>br Amho Ë`m§Zr
Xoem_Üò AZoH$ {R>H$mUr AZmW _wbm§À`mgmR>r {ZdmgñWmZo C^mabr AmhoV. `m gd© à`ËZm§_i
w o ~mbH$m§À`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r Xoeâm_Üò AZoH$ ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm C^maë`m Joë`m Ë`m_Üò _w~§ B© òWrb 1920 _Üò
ñWmnZ Pmbobr Balkan-Ji-Bari g§ñWm, 1926 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmbobr All India Women's
Conference XoIrb _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUmar g§ñWm Amho. VgoM H$ñVwa~m Jm§Yr _o_mo[a`b
Q´>ñQ> (1942), Am§Y« _{hbm g^m (1937), ^maVr` J«m_rU _{hbm g§K (1955) Am{U _hmamï´>mVrb
ZyVZ ~mb {ejU g§K `m gd© g§KQ>Zm§Zr Amnbo bj ho _wbm§À`m H$ë`mUmH$S>o d {dH$mgmH$S>o di{dë`mMo
{XgyZ òV.o
63
4.7 {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm Am{U d¥Õ (NGOs and the Aged)
g§nU
y © OJm_Üò VgoM ^maVmV d¥Õm§Mr g§»`m dmT>VM Amho Am{U d¥Õm§À`m dmT>rMo à_mU
gd©gmYmaU bmoH$g§»òÀ`m dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmnojm OmñV Amho. d¥Õm§À`m dmT>Ë`m g§»ò_i
w o `m eVH$mV
AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoUma AmhoV. `m eVH$mV AZoH$ d¥Õ d`mMr e§âr JmR>bb
o o AgUma AmhoV.
dmT>Ë`m d¥Õm§À`m g§»òMr d¥ÕmnH$mimV O~m~Xmar KoÊ`mgmR>r doirM g_m`moOZ Ho$ë`mg `m eVH$mVrb
d¥Õm§Mo àíZ gwH$a hmoUma AmhoV. d¥Õm§À`m dmT>Ë`m g§»òMo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$di Hw$Qw>~§ AJa emgZ qH$dm
EImXr ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm Aem EImÚm KQ>H$mZo H$ê$Z ^mJUma Zmhr Var gwÕm Áòð>mno `moJr gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm§Mo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ bjmV KoVm d¥Õm§À`m dmT>Ë`m g_ñ`m `m ñd`§gdo r g§KQ>Zm `mo½` [aVrZo gmoS>dy
eH$Vrb Ago {XgyZ òV.o
_mJrb H$mhr dfm©nmgyZ ^maVmV d¥Õm§À`m àíZmZo A{YH$ J§^ra ñdê$n YmaU Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mnydu
d¥Õ dS>rbYmè`m§À`m nmbZnmofUmMr ì`dñWm hr _w»`Ëdo Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>~§ mVyZM hmoV Ago. AmOXoIrb
Hw$Qw>~§ g§ñWm hmM d¥Õm§À`m {Zdm©hmMm _w»` AmYma Amho.
nyduÀ`m H$mir {ZamYma d¥Õm§Zm gm_mÝ`V: Y_©emim, _R>, _§{Xao Aem Ym{_©H$ ñWir Aml`
{_iV Ago. {deofV: VrW©jÌo m§À`m {R>H$mUr d¥Õm§Mr ^moOZ-{ZdmgmMr gmo` hmoV Ago. H$mhr IoS>çm§_Üò
J«m_n§Mm`Vr_m\©$V Aer ì`dñWm Ho$br OmV Ago. Aê$UmMb àXoemVrb "Ho$~m§J' `m J«m_n[afXo_m\©$V
An§J d d¥Õ ì`º$s¨À`m {Zdm©hmMr ì`dñWm, Ë`m§Mr Ver BÀN>m Agë`mg H$m`_ A{VWr åhUyZ AOyZhr
Ho$br OmVo. ^maVmV d¥Õ H$ë`mU H$m`©H$« _mMr `moOZm~Õ gwadmV 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Pmbr.
H$mhr godm^mdr g§KQ>Zm§Zr `m H$mimV d¥Õm§gmR>r _XV H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. ^maVmV n{hë`m§Xm 1840 _Üò
~|Jbmoa òWo "{X \«$| S> BZ ZrS> gmogm`Q>r' hr d¥Õ {dH$bm§JmgmR>r H$m`© H$aUmar Aem ñdê$nmMr n{hbr
g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmbr.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV d¥Õm§gmR>r H$mhr {deof g§ñWm Cä`m amhÿ bmJë`m. 1865 _Üò
nwUo òWo ""S>ìo hrS> ggyZ BÝ\$_© Agm`b_'' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmbr. {VÀ`m_m\©$V d¥Õm§Zm AÞ, dó,
{Zdmam nwa{dbm OmV Ago. hr g§ñWm ""{Zdmam'' `m ZmdmZo AmOhr d¥Õm§gmR>r _XV H$m`© H$arV Amho.
1882 nmgyZ ""{bQ>b {gñQ>g© Am°\$ X nwAa'' `m H$mobH$Îmm òWrb g§ñWoZo d¥Õm§Zm {Zdmam, dóo
d d¡ÚH$s` godm nwa{dÊ`mMo H$m`© hmVr KoVbo. `mM g§ñWoZo JmoaJar~ d¥Õm§gmR>r Aer godmH|$Ð MoÞB©,
~|Jbmoa, {gH§$Xam~mX òWho r C^mabr, JwOamV _Üò gwaV òWo 1912 _Üò ""Aeº$ Aml`'' gwê$ Pmbm.
Va, 1961 _Üò ZmJnya òWo _mV¥gdo m g§KmV\}$ "n§MdQ>r' d¥Õml_ gwê$ Pmbm.
64
B§½b§S>_Üò Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va "boZS>© Moea' `mZo An§J d d¥Õ ì`º$s¨gmR>r AZoH$ {ZdmamJ¥ho
ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mZo 1955 _Üò ^maVmbm ôQ> {Xbr d Z§Va d¥Õm§gmR>r _w~§ B©, nwU,o S>ho amSy>Z, {X„r,
O_eoXnya, H$mobH$Îmm, lram_nya Aem AZoH$ eham§_Üò {ZdmamJ¥ho ñWmnZ Ho$br.
"B§Q>aZ°eZb \o$S>ae
o Z Am°\$ EqOJ' `m OmJ{VH$ g§KQ>Zo A§VJ©V ^maVmV ""hoën EO B§{S>`m
1976 nmgyZ d¥Õm§À`m g§X^m©V godmH$m`© H$arV Amho. `m g§ñWoMo _Ü`dVu H$m`m©b` {X„rV Amho Va
XoeâmV Mmodrg {d^mJr` H$m`m©bò AmhoV.
^maVmVrb d¥Õm§Mr dmT>Vr g§»`m Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a d¥Õm§À`m d¡`{º$H$, H$m¡Q>w {§ ~H$, gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, em[aarH$ d _mZ{gH$ g_ñ`m {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo gdmªJrU {ZagZ, g_mOà~moYZ d nwZd©gZ
H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo hr g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr. `m~amo~aM BVa godm^mdr g§ñWmZm Am{W©H$ gmhmæ`
H$aUo, g_mOmon`moJr H$m`m©V d¥Õm§Mm gh^mJ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb amhUo, hr XoIrb `m g§ñWoMr
C{Ôï>o AmhoV.
"hoën EO B§{S>`m' `m g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo O`nya òWo 1993 _Üò n{hbr A{Ib ^maVr` d¥Õ n[afX
â{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. VgoM n{hbr OmJ{VH$ d¥Õ n[afXhr ^maVmVM 1994 _Üò â{dÊ`mV Ambr.
Ë`mZ§Va 1995 _Üò Xwgar OmJ{VH$ d¥Õ n[afX "Ooê$gob_' òWo nma nS>br.
4.8 gmam§e :
àñVwV àH$aUm_Üò gd©àW_ AmnU J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Mr (NGOs)
^y{_H$m Aä`mgV AgVmZm ^maVmVrb {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm§Zr EH${ÌV òD$Z ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m "A°dmS>'©
`m \o$S>ae
o ZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ EZ.Or.Am|. `m J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m g_ñ`m, Ë`m§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
EH${ÌV òD$Z Ë`mda MMm© H$aVmV. VgoM `m \o$S>ae
o ZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gd© EZ.Or.Amo. H$s Á`m J«m_rU
^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m gd© EH$_oH$m§Zm ghH$m`© H$aVmV d EH$_oH$m§~amo~a
g_Ýd` gmYyZ H$m_ H$aVmV. `mZ§Va AmnU A°dmS>© `m \o$S>ae
o ZMr à_wI C{ÔîQ>ç,o J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r
EZ.Or.Amo. Á`m joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m à_wI joÌm§Mm g{dñVa AmT>mdm KoVbm. VgoM J«m_rU
^mJmÀ`m emídV {dH$mgmgmR>r EZ.Or.Amo. Mo `moJXmZ AmnU Aä`mgbo. Ë`mZ§Va AmnU, Xw~b
©
bmoH$m§Mr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgVmZm Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Mo dJuH$aU ho àm_w»`mZo XmoZ à_wI àH$mam_Üò Ho$bo OmVo ho
Aä`mgbo. Ë`mZ§Va AmnU, Xw~b
© bmoH$m§Mm {dñVma H$gm hmoV Jobm, Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>rMo amï´>r` YmoaU, gZ
1995 Mm Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>rMm H$m`Xm, Xw~b
© bmoH$m§À`m nwZd©gZ d {dH$mgmVrb EZ.Or.Amo. Mr ^y{_H$m,
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>rMo EZ.Or.Amo. Mo H$m`©, VgoM EZ.Or.Amo.§ Mr ñd`§gmhæ`Vm ~MV
65
JQ>mÛmao Xw~b
© bmoH$m§À`m gj_rH$aUmVrb ^y{_Ho$Mo AmnU g{dñVa {ddoMZ Aä`mgbo. `m~amo~aM AmnU
ór {dH$mgmVrb _wbm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb d d¥Õm§gmR>rMo EZ.Or.Am|. Mo H$m`© d ^y{_H$m `m{df`rMo g{dñVa
{ddoMZ AmnU `m àH$aUmV Aä`mgbo Amho.
4.9 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
{~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm (NGOs) d Ë`m§Mo H$m`© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m ^mJm_Üò ñd`§gdo r
àoaUoMo H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zgo ôQ> XoD$Z Ë`m g§KQ>ZM
o r H$m`©àUmbr g_OyZ KoU.o
A)
[aH$må`m OmJm âm
1.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^maVmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. Mo \o$S>ae
o Z ho ........
ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo.
2.
A°dmS>© \o$S>ae
o ZMr ñWmnZm .......... gmbr Pmbr.
3.
Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>rMo amï´>r` YmoaU ........... gmbr Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
4.
g§`ºw $ amï´>mZ§ r Am§Vaamï´>r` _{hbm df} ............ gmbr Kmo{fV Ho$bo.
5.
Am°b B§{S>`m dw_Z H$m°Ý\$aÝg² `m g§KQ>ZM
o r ñWmnZm ........ gmbr Pmbr.
6.
l{_H$ _{hbm g§ñWm `m g§KQ>ZM
o r ñWmnZm ......... gmbr Pmbr.
7.
goë\$ Eåßbm°BS> dw_Ýg² A`mo{gEeZ hr g§KQ>Zm àm_w»`mZo ......... joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m
_{hbm§g~§ Y§ r H$m_ H$aVo.
8.
d¥Õ {dH$bm§JmgmR>r H$m`© H$aUmè`m ^maVmVrb n{hbr g§KQ>Zm ........ `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr
OmVo.
9.
.......... `m g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo O`nya òWo n{hbr A{Ib ^maVr` d¥Õ n[afX â{dÊ`mV Ambr.
10.
n{hbr OmJ{VH$ d¥Õ n[afX ......... Xoem_Üò â{dÊ`mV Ambr.
~)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1.
J«m_rU joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^maVmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. Mo A°dmS>© \o$S>ae
o ZMo nyU© ê$n {bhm.
2.
A°dmS>© \o$S>ae
o ZMo _w»` H$m`m©b` H$moR>o Amho.
66
3.
A°dmS>© \o$S>ae
o ZMr XmoZ à_wI C{Ôï>o {bhm.
4.
^maVmVrb EZ.Or.Amo. Zr H$moUË`m dfm©nmgyZ Xw~b
© bmoH$m§gmR>r H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo.
5.
ór`m§À`m àíZm§gX§ ^m©V H$m_ H$aUmè`m XmoZ EZ.Or.Am|. Mr Zmdo {bhm.
6.
ór àíZm§g~§ Y§ r H$m_ H$aUmè`m godm (SEWA) `m g§KQ>ZM
o o nyU© ê$n {bhm.
7.
AIWC `m
8.
goë\$ Eåßbm°BS> dw_Ýg² Agmo{gEeZ (SEWA) `m EZ.Or.Amo. Mr ñWmnZm H$moR>o Pmbr.
9.
Xwgar OmJ{VH$ d¥Õ n[afX H$moUË`m Xoem_Üò nma nS>br.
10.
H$moUË`m gmbr n{hbr A{Ib ^maVr` d¥Õ n[afX â{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
H$)
{Q>nm {bhm.
1.
J«m_rU {dH$mg d EZ.Or.Amo.
2.
EZ.Or.Am|. Mo ór {dH$mgmVrb H$m`©
3.
d¥Õm§À`m {dH$mgmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. Mo H$m`©
4.
Xw~b
© bmoH$ Am{U EZ.Or.Amo.
S>)
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb EZ.Or.Am|. À`m ^y{_Ho$Mo g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$am.
2.
Xw~b
© KQ>H$m§À`m H$ë`mUm_Yrb EZ.Or.Am|. Mr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.
3.
ór àíZm§g~§ Y§ rMo EZ.Or.Am|. Mo H$m`© gm§Jm.
4.
_wbm§À`m {dH$mgmVrJ EZ.Or.Am|. Mr ^y{_Ho$Mo g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$am.
5.
d¥Õm§À`m H$ë`mUm_Yrb EZ.Or.Am|. À`m ^y{_Ho$Mo {ddoMZ H$am.
EZ.Or.Amo. Mo nyU© ê$n {bhm.
4.10 gamdmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A)
[aH$må`m OmJm âm
1.
A°dmS>©
2.
1958
67
3.
2006
4.
1975
5.
1927
6.
1971
7.
Ag§K{Q>V
8.
{X \«$| S> BZ ZrS> gmogm`Q>r
9.
hoën EO B§{S>`m
10.
^maV
~)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm
1.
Association of Voluntary Agencies in Rural Development
2.
{X„r
3.
1)
EZ. Or.Amo.§ À`m gmhmæ`mZo J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg H$aUo.
2)
J«m_rU {dH$mg joÌm_Üò H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^maVmVrb d {dXoemVrb EZ.Or.Am|. ~amo~a
g_Ýd` gmYyZ Ë`m§À`m~amo~a g§nH©$ àñWm{nV H$aUo.
4.
1990
5.
1)
All India Women's Conference (AIWC)
2)
Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA)
6.
Self Employed Women's Association - SEWA
7.
All India Women's Conference - AIWC
8.
Ah_Xm~mX (JwOamV)
9.
Ooê$gob_
10.
1993
68
4.11 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$.
1.
S>m.° S>r. EZ. YZmJao - g§H$ënZm§Mo {díd Am{U gm_m{OH$ dmñVd.
2.
Asok Kumar Sarkar (Ed.) - 'NGOs and Globalization, Developmental and
Organizational Facets'.
3.
R. Sooryamoorthy and K. D. Gangarde - NGOs in India A Cross Sectional
Study.
4.
S. N. Pawar, J. B. Ambekar and D. Shrikant - NGOs and Development, The
Indian Scenario.
aaa
69

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M.A Part II Sociology : Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Development

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