M.A Part II Sociology : Society and Human Rights

H
I
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
gÌ-3 : nona H«$_m§H$ SOE 029
g_mO Am{U _mZdr hŠH$
(Society and Human Rights)
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
K
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2014-15 nmgyZ)
J
© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2015
E_. E. ^mJ 2 (gÌ 3 : g_mO Am{U _mZdr hŠH$) H$[aVm
gd© hŠH$ ñdmYrZ. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo ZŠH$c H$aVm òUma
Zmhr.
àVr : 500
n
àH$meH$
S>m°. EZ. ìhr. qeXo
à^mar Hw$bg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya : 416 004
n
_wÐH$
lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rc
AYrjH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnya : 416 004
n
ISBN- 978-81-8486-594-3
H
H
Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)
Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.
(ii)
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
n
_m. S>m°. S>r. ~r. qeXo
gëcmJma g{_Vr n
àmMm`© S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rc
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Hw$cJwê$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>Vao
àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm
A{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
åh¡gya {dÚmnrR>, åh¡gya
àm. S>m°. Ama. ~r. nmQ>rc
àm. nr. àH$me
à^mar g§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmcò d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$,
B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr
S>m°. ìhr. EZ. qeXo
àm. (S>m°.) gr_m òdco
à^mar Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
JrV-JmoqdX, âc°Q> Z§. 2,
1139 gmB©Šg EŠñQ>|eZ,
H$moëhmnya-416001
lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o
narjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
lr. EZ. ìhr. H$m|Jio
S>m°. A{Zc Jdir
{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
A{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
H°$. S>m°. EZ. nr. gmoZOo (gXñ` g{Md)
à«^mar g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Aä`mg_§S>i : g_mOemñÌ n
AÜ`j - àm. (S>m°.) Ama. ~r. nmQ>rc
n
{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ d _mZìèmñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
l
S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð kmZy gH$Q>o
_§Jc am_M§Ð OJVmn _{hcm _hm{dÚmc`, C§~«O,
Vm. H$amS>, {O. gmVmam
(iii)
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya
g_mO Am{U _mZdr hŠH$
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
gÌ-3
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
coIZ gh^mJ
àm. S>m°. Cfm ~mhþ~cr nmQ>rc
_hmdra _hm{dÚmc`, H$moëhmnya
1, 3
àm. AemoH$ MìhmU
{dO`qgh `mXd H$m°coO, noR>dS>Jm§d
2, 4
n
g§nmXH
n
àm. S>m°. Cfm ~mhþ~cr nmQ>rc
_hmdra _hm{dÚmc`, H$moëhmnya
(iv)
àñVmdZm
E_. E. ^mJ-2 gÌ 3 gmR>r nona H«$_m§H$
_mZdr hŠH$ hm {df` EopÀN>H$ Amho.
SOE 029
g_mO Am{U
g_mO Am{U _mZdr hŠH$ `m§Mo OdiMo ZmVo Amho. gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§_Üò
_mZdr hŠH$m§~Ôc OmUrd OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U _mZdmcm g_mOmV
{Z^©`nUo OrdZ OJVmZm H$moUVo _mZdr hH$H$ OÝ_V… {_imcoco AmhoV d
^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo H$moUVo _yc^yV hŠH$ ~hmc Ho$coco AmhoV. `m§Mr AmoiI
ìhmdr `m hoVyZo hm {df` E_. E. ^mJ-2 gmR>r {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcocm
Amho.
`m {df`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo EHy$U 4 àH$aUo AmhoV. n{hë`m àH$aUm_Üò
_mZdr hŠH$m§{df`r Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r, hŠH$m§~amo~a H$V©ìò H$moUVr AmhoV.
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ g¡Õm§{VH$ nmíd©^y_r hr g_OmdyZ
KoÊ`mV òUma Amho. gd© gm_mÝ`nUo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo VÎdkmZ H$m` gm§JVo
`m~Ôchr `m àH$aUmV AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMr Amho.
àH$aU 2 _Üò _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$amaZm_m, OmJ{VH$
Om{haZm_m Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm H$amaZm_m. 1966,
ZmJar Am{U amOH$s` hŠH$m§darc Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966. Am§VaamîQ´>r`
nmVirdarc _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr. `m KQ>H$m§da MMm© H$aÊ`mV
Amcr Amho.
àH$aU 3 _Üò ^maVr` g§{_l g§ñH¥$VrMo _yë`_mnZ, {d{dY Y_m©Mo
`moJXmZ, 19 ì`m d 20 ì`m eVH$mVrc gm_m{OH$ Midir, ñdmV§Í`
Midir, Jm§Yr, Zohê$, Am§~oS>H$am§Mo `moJXmZ.
_mZdr H$ë`mUmMr g§H$ënZm, hŠH$ d H$V©ìò, {dídmÀ`m CËnÎmrMo d
KQ>ZoMo emñÌ Am{U _mZdr _wë`m§Mm g§X^©, Ë`mM~amo~a g_H$mcrZ _mZdr
(v)
hŠH$ d H$V©ìò, H$m`Xm, amOH$s` Am{U g_mO `m {df`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho.
àH$aU 4 _Üò _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm g§{dYm{ZH$ AmamIS>m `m~Ôc {dícofU Ho$co Amho. _yc^yV
hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò, Ë`mVrc Am§Va g§~§Y, _mZdr hŠH$m§~Ôc {deof H$m`Xo Am{U _mZdr hŠH$
Am`moJ `mda g{dñVa _m§S>Ur `m eodQ>À`m àH$aUmV Ho$cr Amho.
hm Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m Amgnmg _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr V`ma H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. Mmar àH$aUm_Üò H$mhr àíZ CÎmamgh XoÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. _mZdr hŠH$ `m
{df`mV AmdS> AgUmè`m VgoM Amnë`m AdVr ^modVr _mZdr hŠH$m§{df`r AmñWm AgUmè`m
Aem gdmªgmR>r ho nwñVH$ Cn`moJr {gÕ hmoB©c.
gXa nwñVH$ coIZmg ghH$m`© Ho$ë`m~Ôc Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmMo g§MmcH$ Am{U H|$ÐmVrc H$_©Mmar
`m§Mo Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m ghH$m`m©~Ôc _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.
àm. S>m°. Cfm ~mhþ~cr nmQ>rc
g§nmXH$
_hmdra _hm{dÚmc`, H$moëhmnya
(vi)
g_mO Am{U _mZdr hŠH$
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$
H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
1.
_mZd A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ìò
1
2.
_mZdr hŠH$ Am{U Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$amaZm_m
37
3.
^maVmVrc _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am{U H$V©ì`m§À`m g§H$ënZm§Mo _wë`_mnZ
65
4.
^maVmVrc _mZdr hŠH$-à_m{UV AmamIS>m Am{U A§_c~OmdUr
(vii)
110
n
{dÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm
àËòH$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV C{ÔîQ>m§Zr hmoB©c. C{ÔîQ>o {XemXe©H$ Am{U nwT>rc
~m~r ñnîQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Üò H$m` {Xcoco Amho.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho.
3. {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hmoÊ`mMr
Anojm Amho.
ñd`§ _yë`_mnZmgmR>r àíZ {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV
Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `mo½` {XeoZo hmoB©c. Vw_Mr CÎmao
{chÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§ AÜ``Z gm{hË`m_Üò {Xcocr CÎmao nmhm. hr Vw_Mr
CÎmao (qH$dm ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>o _yë`_mnZmgmR>r nmR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr
`mo½` {XeoZo Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎmao "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool)
åhUyZ Cn`wŠV R>aVrc.
{à` {dÚmWu,
ho ñd`§AÜ``Z gm{hË` `m nonagmR>r EH$ nyaH$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhUyZ
Amho. Ago gy{MV H$aÊ`mV òVo H$s, {dÚmÏ`mªZr 2014-15 nmgyZ V`ma
Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿZ Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaÀ`m gImoc Aä`mgmgmR>r
g§X^©nwñVHo$ d BVa gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.
(viii)
KQ>H$ - 1
_mZd A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ìò
A) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo VÎdkmZ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r
~) hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò H$) hŠH${df`H$ {gÕm§V
1) Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ {gÕm§V, 2) CXma_VdmXr {gÕm§V, 3) _mŠg©Mm {gÕm§V
AZwH«$_{UH$m …
1.0 àñVmdZm
1.1 C{Ôï>o
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1
hŠH$ åhUOo H$m` ?
1.2.2
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo VÎdkmZ
1.2.3
_mZdr A{YH$mamVrb hŠH$ d H$V©ìò
1.2.3
hŠH$m§Mo {gÕm§V
1.3 gmam§e
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
1.5 ñd`§AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao.
1.6 ñdmÜ`m`
1.7 g§X^©.
1.0 àñVmdZm :
{dgmì`m eVH$mnmgyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm qH$dm _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm OmoaXma nwañH$ma Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm
Amho. _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U {dH$mg `m§Mo OdiMo ZmVo Amho. gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§_Üò _mZdr hŠH$m§~Ôb OmJ¥Vr
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r d {dH$mgmH$S>o gH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ nmhUo ho AmOÀ`m H$mimV Amdí`H$ Amho.
g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§_Üò ñdV:À`m hŠH$m§{df`r OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUo `m_Üò {deofV: ór-nwéf,
{dÚmWu, ZmoH$aXma, ì`mdgm{`H$, gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$, emgZ H$V}, `wdH$, H$m_Jma Aem gd© g_mdoeH$
Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ _mZd A{YH$ma g_OyZ KoUo `mgmR>r `m àH$aUmV {dMma Ho$bm OmUma Amho.
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E_.E. ^mJ-2 / g_mOemó ....1
_mZdr hŠH$m§~Ôb g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZM {deof _hÎd XoÊ`mV òD$Z bmJbo Amho. g§`wŠV
amï´>g§KmÀ`m gZX _Üò "_mZdr hŠH$' d "_wb^yV ñdmV§Ì' `m§Mm AmJ«h YaÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m
ñWmnZogmR>r à`ËZerb amhÊ`mMm {ZYm©a ì`ŠV Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo _hÎd AYmoao{IV
hmoÊ`mg Iyn _XV Pmbr Amho. _mZdr hŠH$ ho _mZdmÀ`m OrdZmMo A{d^mÁ` ^mJ AmhoV. àËòH$
ì`ŠVrbm "_Zwî`àmUr' `m ZmË`mZo ho hŠH$ Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m àmßV Pmbo AmhoV. åhUyZ _mZdr hŠH$m{edm`
H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z KoUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. BVHo$M Zìho Va
hŠH$m{edm` ì`ŠVrbm Mm§Jë`m àH$maMo OrdZ OJUohr eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. Aem gd© Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$ê$Z
g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am_gôZo 10 {S>g|_a 1948 bm _mZdr A{YH$mam§Mm Om{haZm_m Kmo{fV Ho$bm.
1.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
(Objectives)
:
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm 1) _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm Zo_H$m AW© gm§JVm òB©b.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo VÎdkmZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
3) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r bjmV òB©b.
4) _mZdr hŠH$m§~amo~a H$V©ìòhr H$moUVrhr AmhoV `m§Mohr AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
5) _mZdr hŠH$ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Oo {gÕm§V AmhoV `m~m~V MMm© H$aVm òB©b.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 hŠH$ åhUOo H$m` ?
g_mOemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr MMm© H$aVmZm g_mOmVrb gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo
_mZdr hŠH$m§Zm _hÎd H$m {Xbo OmVo? ho OmUyZ KoUo OmñV JaOoMo Amho. g_mOemómV ho _mÝ`M Ho$bo
Amho H$s, _Zwî` hm g_mOerb àmUr Amho. Vmo g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ `m ZmË`mZoM Amnbo gm_m{OH$ OrdZ
OJV AgVmo. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY JaOm `m nañnam§db§~r AgVmV. ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmV amhÿZM `m
JaOm§Mr nwV©Vm H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. _mZdmÀ`m g_mOmVrb dmñVì`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMr OS>UKS>U
hmoV AgVo. åhUOoM _mZdmMo EH$m O¡{dH$ àmÊ`mnmgyZ gm_m{OH$ àmÊ`mV énm§Va hmoÊ`mMo H$m`© Ë`mÀ`m
g_mOmVrb ApñVËdm_wioM gmÜ` hmoV AgVo. `mgmR>r g_mOemómVrb gm_m{OH$aUmMr à{H«$`m \$ma
_hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo.
g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ò_wioM _mZd g_mOerb ì`ŠVr ~ZVmo. gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJVmZm g_mO
ì`ŠVrbm ñd¡a OrdZ OJÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoV Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m H$mhr AQ>r d {Z`_ AgVmZm
Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo hr g_mOmVrb gd©M ì`ŠVtMr O~m~Xmar Amho. _mZdbm Amnë`m àmW{_H$ qH$dm
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OrdZmdí`H$ JaOm§Mr nwV©Vm H$aVm `mdr; `mgmR>r {ZgJm©ZoM Ë`mbm H$mhr gm_Ï`© {Xbo Amho. na§Vw
gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJVmZm _Zwî` Amnë`m Z¡g{J©H$ gm_Ï`m©Mm dmna ñdV:À`m _Zmà_mUo H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
g_mOmV AZoH$ ì`ŠVr EH$Ì ahmV AgVmV. àËòH$mZoM AmnAmnë`m _Zmà_mUo ahm`Mo R>a{dbo Va
g_mOmV _moR>çm à_mUmV AamOH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoB©b. `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJVmZm ì`ŠVtÀ`m dV©Zmda
H$mhr à_mUmV {Z`§ÌU R>odUo An[ahm`© R>aVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUm§Zm "gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo' åhUVmV.
g_mOmV dmñVì` H$aUmè`m àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm gm_m{OH$ {Z`_mZm§Mo nmbZ H$aUo qH$dm Aem {Z`_Zm§À`m
~§YZmV amhUo ^mJ nS>Vo. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV ì`ŠVrbm àmßV Pmboë`m Aem g§Yr qH$dm gdbVr åhUOoM
"hŠH$' hmo`.
B
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr ì`m»`m :
1) àm. EM. Oo. bmñH$s `m§À`m _Vo, ""hŠH$ åhUOo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr Aer n[apñWVr hmo` H$s,
Á`m{edm` ì`ŠVrbm gm_mÝ`V: ñdV:Mm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$ê$Z KoUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.''
2) àm. ~moPm§Ho$ `m§À`m _Vo, ""AmnU Á`m g_mOmMo KQ>H$ AgVmo Ë`m g_mOmMm gdm}À`
H$ë`mUmÀ`m {XeoZo Amnë`m OrdZmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar gmYZo åhUOo
hŠH$ hmoV.''
3) Q>r.EM². J«rZ `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""_mZdmÀ`m Am§V[aH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$
Agbobr ~mø n[apñWVr åhUOo hŠH$ hmo`.'' VgoM Ë`mMo Agohr åhUUo Amho H$s, ""_mZdr OmJ¥Vr
ñdmV§Í`mMr _mJUr H$aVo, ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r hŠH$m§Mr JaO ^mgVo Am{U hŠH$m§À`m ajUmgmR>r amÁ` Amdí`H$
AgVo.''
4) S>r.S>r. ~gy, `m§À`m _Vo, ""àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm H$moUË`mhr ôX^mdm{edm` Am{U OÝ_V:M
amÁ`m{déÕ àmßV Pmbobo {H$_mZ A{YH$ma åhUOo _mZdm{YH$ma hmo`.''
5) g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoMo _mZdm{YH$ma H|$Ð, ì`ŠVrbm {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z àmßV Pmbobo Ago A{YH$ma H$s
Á`m{edm` _mUyg åhUyZ OJUo AeŠ` Amho.
6) [aMS>© ~°gañQ´>m°_ `m§À`m _Vo, ""ì`ŠVrbm _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mH$aVm Amdí`H$ j_Vm§Mm
{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ A{YH$ma åhUOo _mZdm{YH$ma hmo`.''
7) Am§Vaamï´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMo Ý`m`_wVu ZmJ|Ð qgJ `m§À`m _Vo, ""àËòH$ ór Am{U nwéfmbm a§J,
qbJ, d§e BË`mXr ôX^mdm§{edm` Ho$di _Zwî` åhUyZ {_imbobo A{YH$ma åhUOo _mZdm{YH$ma hmo`.
8) a°S>_ hmD$g {dídH$moe: _mZdm{YH$ma åhUOo ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_mZo àmßV Pmbobo Ago A{YH$ma H$s
Oo ì`ŠVrbm gÝ_mZmZo OJÊ`mgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ Amho.
9) _°H$\$abmoZ, ""_mZdm{YH$ma ho Ago Z¡{VH$ A{YH$ma AmhoV H$s Oo àËòH$ ór Am{U nwéfmbm
Ho$di _mUyg `m ZmË`mZo àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV.'
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10) S>dma {H$b `m§À`m _Vo, ""_mZdm{YH$ma ho _mZdmbm àmßVV Pmbobo Ago A{YH$ma Amho H$s
Á`mMo gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r XoIrb amÁ`mH$Sy>Z C„§KZ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Am{U amï´>r` H$m`Úm{edm`
XoIrb ho A{YH$ma Cn^moJVm òD$ eH$VmV.
`m ì`m»`§dê$Z _mZdm{YH$mamMm AW© Imbrbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1) _mZdm{YH$ma ho Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mamMo AmYw{ZH$ Am{U Y_©{Zanoj ê$n Amho.
2) _mZdm{YH$ma åhUOo Ago A{YH$ma H$s, Oo ì`ŠVrbm _mUyg åhUyZ OÝ_mZoM àmßV Pmbobo
AmhoV.
3) ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm gÝ_mZnyd©H$ OJÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r
An[adhm`© AmhoV.
4) ho A{YH$ma Cn^moJÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
5) `m A{YH$mam§Mm g§~§Y ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV JaOm§À`m nyV©Voer Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe
amÁ`m§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`KQ>Zm§_Üò H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.
6) `m A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n d¡pídH$, _yb^yV Am{U {Za§Hy$e Amho. ho A{YH$ma d¡pídH$ (Universal)
AmhoV. H$maU Vo `m {dídmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm OmV, Y_©, d§e, ^mfm, amï´> `m H¥${Ì_ ~§YZm{edm` àmßV
Pmbbo AmhoV. Vo _yb^yV AmhoV. H$maU Vo H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVr_Üò amÁ`mbm {hamdyZ KoVm òUma ZmhrV.
ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m ApñVËdmgmR>r Am{U gÝ_mZnyd©H$ OJÊ`mgmR>r ho Amdí`H$ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n
{Za§Hw$e Amho. `m A{YH$mam§Mr BVa H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mam§er VwbZm qH$dm ~amo~ar hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
7) _mdm{YH$ma ho ì`ŠVrbm BVa ì`ŠVrnmgyZ VgoM amÁ`m§À`m gÎmonmgyZ, qhgmMmamnmgyZ g§ajUmMo
H$dM Amho. ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m g§ajUmgmR>r ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_mOmH$Sy>Z àmßV Pmbobo ZmhrV.
Va Vo Ë`mbm OÝ_mZoM àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrMo Z¡{VH$ Ñï>çm ajU H$aVmV.
8) ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm amÁ`m{déÕ àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. Am{U àËòH$ amÁ`mZo `m A{YH$mam§Mm
AmXa Ho$bm nm{hOo.
9) _mZdm{YH$mam§da BVa A{YH$mam§Mr _`m©Xm ZgVo. Vo ñWi, H$mbnaËdo ~XbV ZmhrV. gm_y{hH$
{hVmgmR>r XoIrb `m hŠH$m§Mo C„§KZ H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
10) _mZdm{YH$ma Z¡g{J©H$ AmhoV. g_mO qH$dm amÁ` Ë`m§Zm {Z_m©U H$arV ZmhrV. amÁ`mH$Sy>Z `m
A{YH$mam§Zm Ho$di d¡Ym{ZH$ _mÝ`Vm àmßV hmoVo.
B
_mZdr A{YH$mam§Mr d¡{eï>ço :
_mZdr A{YH$mam§Mr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eï>ço AmhoV. `m d¡{eï>çm§_i
w M
o _mZdr A{YH$ma BVa A{YH$mam§nj
o m
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doJio _mZbo OmVmV. hr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo 1) d¡pídH$Vm
(Universality)
:
_mZdr A{YH$ma ho d¡{eï>ç ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_mOmnwaVo _`m©{XV ZgyZ Vo `m {dídmVrb àËòH$
ì`ŠVrbm _mUyg `m ZmË`mZo àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm amÁ`mZo qH$dm g_mOmZo ~hmb
Ho$bobo ZmhrV Va Vo ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_mZo àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. gd© H$mi Am{U gd© àH$maÀ`m n[apñWVr_Üò
gdmªZmM àmßV Pmbobo Ago ho A{YH$ma AmhoV. åhUOo WmoS>Š`mV Rights of all people at all times
in all situations `mdê$Z `m A{YH$mam§Mr d¡pídH$Vm ñnï> hmoVo.
2) ì`ŠVr{ZfR>Vm
(Individualistic) :
_mZdr A{YH$ma ho ì`ŠVr{Zð> A{YH$ma AmhoV. H$maU ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`, {dMma, ^mfU
ñdmV§Í`mda AmYmarV AmhoV. àËòH$ ì`ŠVr hr OÝ_mZo ñdV§Ì Amho. Am{U {Vbm ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma
H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm gÝ_mZnyd©H$ OrdZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$a Amho ho ñdmV§Í` _mZdr A{YH$mam§_Üò
A§V^y©V Amho. Á`m {R>H$mUr hr ñdmV§Íò ì`ŠVrbm ZmH$mabr OmVmV VoWo _mZdr _yë`m§Mo Ad_yë`Z hmoVo.
_mZdr A{YH$mam§_Üò A§V^y©V AgUmar hr ñdmV§Íò ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r An[ahm`© AmhoV.
åhUyZM _mZdr A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n ì`ŠVr{Zð> ~Zbo Amho.
3) na_moÀM
(Parmountacy) :
ì`ŠVrbm OJÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr A{YH$ma Amdí`H$ AmhoV. Ë`m{edm` ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm
{dH$mg AeŠ` Amho. åhUyZM `m A{YH$mam§Mr VwbZm BVa H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mam§er H$aVm òV Zmhr.
_mZdr A{YH$ma ho na_moÀM A{YH$ma AmhoV. Omon`ªV ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z XoemVrb àñWm{nV H$m`ÚmMm ^§J hmoV
Zmhr Vmon`ªV ho A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mMm emgZmbm A{YH$ma Zmhr. _mZdr A{YH$ma ho na_moÀM Am{U
n{dÌ AgUmao Ago ñdmV§Í` Amho H$s, Á`mMr nm`_ëbr H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm Ad_yë`Z H$aÊ`mMm emgZmbm
A{YH$ma Zmhr.
4) ì`mdhm[aH$
(Practicability) :
_mZdr A{YH$ma ho ì`mdhm[aH$ AmhoV. H$maU ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm Cn^moJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m
gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo emgZmgmR>r H$R>rU Zmhr. emgZ gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r H$m`Xo H$ê$Z XoIrb
ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í` XoD$ eH$Vo. g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JaOm nyU© H$aUo Oar
emgZmbm eŠ` Zgbo Var ì`ŠVrbm OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ {H$_mZ gw{dYm emgZ {ZpíMV nwady eH$Vo.
`m A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n ì`mdhm[aH$ Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm g§ajU XoUo emgZmbm AdKS> Zmhr.
5) A§_b~OmdUr
(Unforceable) :
_mZdr A{YH$ma ho ì`ŠVrbm BVa ì`ŠVr nmgyZ amÁ`mÀ`m A{YH$mam§nmgyZ, qhgmMmamnmgyZ ñdV:Mo
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ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmßV Pmbobo g§ajU H$dM (Protective Shield) Amho. ho A{YH$ma A§_bmV
AmUÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m_Üò H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` (Rule of law) àñWm{nV hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. XoemMr
H$m`Xo ì`dñWm hr _mZdr A{YH$mam§Zm g§ajU XoUmar Am{U ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm Cn^moJÊ`mgmR>r
Amdí`H$ gw{dYm nwa{dUmar Agm`bm hdr. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmMo A{YamÁ` Amdí`H$ Amho. H$m`ÚmÀ`m
A{YamÁ`m{edm` _mZdr A{YH$mamMo \$m`Xo ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVm òUma ZmhrV.
B
_mZdr A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n :
1) OÝ_mZo àmßV Pmbobo A{YH$ma :
_mZdr A{YH$ma ho àËòH$ ì`ŠVrg _Zwî` `m ZmË`mZo OÝ_mZoM àmßV Pmbobo AgVmV. ì`ŠVrMm
OÝ_ H$moUË`m amï´>m_Üò qH$dm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌm_Üò Pmbobm Amho hm àíZ _mZdm{YH$mamÀ`m Ñï>rZo Jm¡U
_mZbm OmVmo. `mMo _Zwî`Ëd hmM _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm AmYma Amho. _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m d¡pídH$Vo_YyZ EH$ Jmoï>
ñnï> hmoVo, Vr åhUOo _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r {d{eï> amï´> qH$dm g§ñWonyaVr _`m©{XV ZgyZ gd©
amï´>m§Mo gm_y{hH$ à`ËZ `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AmhoV. ho A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_mZo àmßV Pmbobo Agë`m_wio
Vo H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$moUË`mhr amÁ`mbm qH$dm g§ñWobm Zmhr. ì`ŠVrÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo _¥Ë`yn`ªV
ho A{YH$ma Am~m{YV amhVmV.
2) _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n BVa A{YH$mam§nojm doJio Amho :
_mZdm{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n ho BVa A{YH$mam§nojm doJio Amho. BVa A{YH$mamV _Üò ì`ŠVrbm Vo
{_idmdo bmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r amÁ`m{déÕ g§Kf© H$amdm bmJVmo. _mZdm{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm {_idmdo bmJV.ZmhrV.
Oo OÝ_V:M ì`ŠVrbm {_iVmV. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm ho A{YH$ma {ZgJm©Zo ~hmb Ho$bobo AmhoV ho A{YH$ma
ì`ŠVrbm H$moUrhr {Xbobo ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hr H$moUmbm Zmhr. _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo
hñVm§VaU H$aVm òV Zmhr. `m A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n d¡pídH$ Agë`m_wio ì`ŠVr _aU nmdë`mZ§VaM Vo
g§nVmV. CXm. `wÕ H¡$Úm§Zm, `wÕm_wio {Zdm©{gV Pmboë`m bmoH$m§Zm ZmJ[aH$Ëdm_wio àmßV hmoUmè`m A{YH$mam§nmgyZ
Oar d§{MV ìhmdo bmJV Agbo; Var BVa amï´>m§Zm Ë`m§Zm A_mZwfnUo dmJdVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm _mUyg åhUyZ
Oo A{YH$ma OÝ_mZo {_imbobo AmhoV Ë`m§Mm AmXa hm àËòH$ amï´>mZo amIbmM nm{hOo.
3) _mZdm{YH$ma ho ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm Am{U Ý`m`mMm nm`m AmhoV :
_mZdm{YH$mamH$S>o ñdmV§Í` Am{U Ý`m`mÀ`m _yë`m§Mm nm`m åhUyZ ~{KVbo OmVo. ñdmV§Í` Am{U
Ý`m`mMo _yë` _mZdm{YH$mamÀ`m g§H$ënZoV g_m{dï> Amho. amï´>, d§e, OmV, Y_©, ^mfm, qbJ BË`mXr
H$moUË`mhr ôXm{edm` _mZdm{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm {_imbobo AmhoV. g_Vm _mZdm{YH$mamV A§V^y©V Amho.
~oH$m`Xoera Am{U A_mZwf dmJUyH$snmgyZ ñdmV§Í` _mZdm{YH$mamV Ano{jV Amho. H$m`Úmg_moa gd©OU
g_mZ AmhoV. Jar~, lr_§V, _mbH$-H$m_Jma, ZoVm H$m`©H$Vm© Aem àH$maMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm òVrb.
g_mOmVrb gd©M bmoH$m§Zm g_mZVoÀ`m ^mdZoZo OJy Úmdo ho _mZdm{YH$mam_Üò Ano{jV Amho.
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4) _mZdm{YH$mam§Mr J{V_mZVm :
_mZdm{YH$mam§Mm Joë`m AZoH$ eVH$m§nmgyZ {dH$mg hmoVmo Amho. {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§da ho
A{YH$ma {d{dY ZmdmZr AmoiIbo OmVmV. CXm. X¡dr A{YH$ma, Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma, _yb^yV A{YH$ma B.
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV bmoH$m§Zm Amn Amnë`m AZw^dmZwgma A{U Amdí`H$VoZwgma Oo
A{YH$ma _hÎdmMo dmQ>bo Ë`mMm g_mdoe _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m `mXrV hmoV Jobm. gVamì`m-AR>amìm eVH$mn`ªV
g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma, ñdmV§Í`mMm Am{U OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma `m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma Ago _mZbo OmD$
bmJbo. H$mbnaËdo `m `mXrV dmT> hmoV Jobr. {dgmì`m eVH$m_Üò Á`m ZdrZ A{YH$mam§Mr _mZdm{YH$mam§_Üò
â nS>br Vo A{YH$ma "{Vgè`m {nT>rVrb A{YH$ma åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Ë`m_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm
Am{U gwajoMm A{YH$ma, àXÿfU _wŠV n`m©daUmMm A{YH$ma, dm§{eH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U ^m{fH$ Aën
g§»`m§H$m§Mo A{YH$ma B. A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
5) em§VVogmR>r _Zdm{YH$ma :
g_Vm, ñdmV§Í` Am{U Ý`m`m~amo~aM em§VVm hr XoIrb _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Amho. ì`ŠVr
{dH$mgm~amo~aM Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aUo hm _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUm_wio eŠ` Amho.
em§VVogmR>r _mZdm{YH$ma `m H$ënZobm Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va JVr àmßV Pmbr. g§`wŠV amï´>g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm
hm `m à`ËZmMm n{hbm CnH«$_ hmoVm. _mZdm{YH$ma Am{U em§VVm ho XmoÝhr KQ>H$ nañna nyaH$ AmhoV.
em§VVo{edm` _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo g§ajU AdKS> AgyZ _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUm{edm` em§VVoMr {Z{_©Vr
AeŠ` Amho. gd© amï´>m§À`m gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§_YyZ _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo g§ajU Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVoMr
{Z{_©Vr eŠ` Amho.
6) _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ajUmgmR>r _mZdm{YH$ma :
{dgmì`m eVH$mV _mZdm{YH$mam§H$S>o _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ajUmMo gmYZ åhUyZ nm{hObo OmV Amho.
`mMo H$maU nm{hë`mg AmnUmg Ago bjmV òB©b H$s, {dgmì`m eVH$mV OJmbm XmoZ _hm`wÕm§Mm gm_Zm
H$amdm bmJbm hmoVm. Á`m_Üò bjmdYr bmoH$ _mabo Jobo hmoVo. AUw~m±~Mm emoY Am{U Ë`m§Mo ^rfU
n[aUm_ `mMr gmj OJmbm gZ 1945 gmbr Ooìhm A_o[aHo$Zo OnmZ{déÕ AZw~m±~Mm dmna Ho$bm Ë`mdoir
nQ>br hmoVr.AmO OJmVrb AZoH$ {X½JO amï´>m§H$S>o n¥Ïdrdarb _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vr jUmV ~o{MamI hmoD$ eHo$b
Aer eómóo AmhoV. eómóm§À`m `m ñnY}V `m OrdKoÊ`m n[aUm_m§nmgyZ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo ajU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZdm{YH$ma hm _hÎdmMm _mJ© Amho. eómó ñnY}{edm` d§{eH$ g§Kf©, Am§Vaamï´>r`
XheVdmX, `mXdr `wÕ, n`m©daUmMo àXÿfU, bmoH$g§»òMm {dñ\$moQ> BË`mXr gma»`m g_ñ`m§Zm _mZdr
g§ñH¥$VtZo AmìhmZ {Xbo Amho. `m g_ñ`m§_i
w o _mZdm{YH$ma XoIrb YmoŠ`mV Ambo AmhoV. _mZdm{YH$mam§{df`rMr
OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb g§doXZerbVm Am{U `m A{YH$mam§Mm AmXa `m g_ñ`m§da Cnm` R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m ajUmgmR>r amï´>m§Zr amOH$s` BÀN>meŠVr XmI{dbr Va _mZdr g§ñH¥$Vrbm AmìhmZ XoUmè`m
`m g_ñ`m§da VmoS>Jm {ZKy eHo$b.
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7) _mZdm{YH$ma Am{U gm_{OH$ Ý`m` :
_mZdm{YH$ma Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMm A{Ve` OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. `m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm nañna
nyaH$ AmhoV. _mZdm{YH$mamÀ`m ajUmgmR>r g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. VgoM
àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm H$moUË`mhr ôX^mdm{edm` {dH$mgmMm A{YH$ma {Xë`m{edm` gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo VÎd
ApñVËdmV òUma Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` hr EH$ gd©g_mdoeH$ g§H$bnZm Amho. g_mOmVrb àËòH$
ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m AÞ, dó, {Zdmam, Amamo½` Am{U {ejU `m _yb^yV JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
Amho. Ë`mgmR>r hm A{YH$ma OmV, Y_©, d§e, qbJ Aem H$moUË`mhr ôX^mdm{edm` ì`ŠVrbm {_im`bm
hdm. _yb^yV JaOm§À`m nwV©VoMm A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm _mZdm{YH$ma Amho. g_mOmVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$mbm
{dH$mgmMr g_mZ g§Yr {_im`bm hdr. {ó`m§Zm gd© joÌm_Üò nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo ñWmZ {_im`bm nm{hOo.
ì`ŠVrbm _yb^yV _mZdm{YH$ma {_idyZ XoUo ho gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo _w»` C{Ôï> Amho. Va gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`
àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo _mZdm{YH$ma ho gmYZ Amho. ^maVmgma»`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$
{df_Voda AYmarV g_mOm_Üò gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV hmoUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU `m{edm`
X{bV, {nS>rV, d§{MV Am{U _{hbm§Zm Ë`m§Mo _mZdm{YH$ma Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m g§Yr {_iUma ZmhrV.
^maVr` g_mOmVrb hr dñVwpñWVr AmoiIyZM KQ>Zm H$Ë`mªZr gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m VÎdmbm ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>ZoMm _yb^yV A{YH$ma ~Z{dbm Amho. g_mOmVrb eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mn`ªV gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmMo bm^ nmohmoMm`bm nm{hOoV. ho gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo C{Ôï> Amho.
Ë`mgmR>r {dH|$ÐrH$aUmda AmYmarV g§ñWmË_H$ aMZm {Z_m©U Pmë`m nm{hOoV. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVm_Üò AmajUmMm gmYZ åhUyZ dmna hmoVmZm {XgVmo.
8) _mZdm{YH$mam§gmR>r H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm :
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` àñWm{nV hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m§Mr
H$ënZm hr Iè`m bmoH$emhr _yë`m§da AmYmarV Amho. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` gm_y{hH$ {hVg§~§Ym§À`m nyV©Voda
AmYmarV Amho. gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo C{Ôï> Amho. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m_Üò ì`ŠVrbm
_mZdm{YH$ma Cn^moJVm `mdoV åhUyZ Amdí`H$ n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$ê$ {Xbr OmVo. bmoH$m§Zm AÞ, dó,
{Zdmam, {ejU Am{U Amamo½` `m _yb^yV JaOm nyU© H$aVm òVmV. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m_Üò emofUmbm ñWmZ
ZgVo. bmoH$emhr emgZ àUmbr, {Z`§{ÌV, Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm, g_Vm, Ý`m` Am{U ghH$m`© `m VÎdm§À`m
AmYmao H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` gm_y{hH$ H$ë`mUm§À`m C{Ôï> nyVugmR>r à`ËZerb AgVmV. ^maVm_Üò H$ë`mUH$mar
amÁ` àñWm{nV H$aUo hm ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoMm à_wI CÔoe Amho.
9) _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` :
_mZdr hŠH$ d H$V©ì` `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. Omo EH$m ì`ŠVrMm A{YH$ma qH$dm
hŠH$ Amho Vo Xÿgè`m ì`ŠVrMo H$V©ì` Amho. Omon`ªV ì`ŠVr BVam§À`m hŠH$m§Mm AmXa H$aÊ`mMo H$V©ì`
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nma nmS>Uma Zmhr; Vmon`ªV ì`ŠVrbm Amnbo A{YH$ma g§a{jV H$aVm òUma ZmhrV. Amnë`m A{YH$mam§da
BVam§Zr AmH«$_U H$ê$ Zò, Ago Oa ì`ŠVrbm dmQ>V Agob Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo BVam§Mm AmXa H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. AmnU Ogo _mUyg AmhoV Vgo BVahr AmhoV Am{U Amnë`mbm Ogo A{YH$ma AmhoV Vgo
BVam§Zmhr AmhoV. ho àW_ ì`ŠVrZo _mÝ` H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U hmM Ë`mÀ`m H$V©ì`mMm ^mJ Amho.
AemàH$mao hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò `m§Mm A{Ve` OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. Oa àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo BVam§À`m
A{YH$mam§Mm AmXa Ho$bm qH$dm Ë`m{df`r g§doXZerbVm XmI{dbr Va _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m C„§KZmMm àg§J
CX²^dZma Zmhr.
10) _mZd _wŠVrgmR>r _Zdm{YH$ma :
_mZdm{YH$mamgmR>rM bT>m hm _mZdr _wŠVrgmR>r, ñdmV§Í`mgmR>rMm bT>m Amho. gÎmoÀ`m A_`m©Xm Am{U
{Za§Hw$e dmnam{déÕ hm bT>m Amho. {Za§Hw$e gÎmobm bJm_ KmbÊ`mMo H$m_ _mZdm{YH$mam§Zr Ho$bo Amho.
Ama.Eg². _°H$Am`ìha `m {dMmad§VmZo Amnë`m "J«oQ> EŠgàoeÝg Am°\$ hçw_ZamB©Q>g²' `m J«§Wm_Üò _mZdr
_wŠVrgmR>r, ñmdV§Í`mgmR>r, _mZdm{YH$ma Midi H$er ào[aV hmoV Jobr. `mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
_°H$Am`ìha `m§À`m _Vo, Joë`m XmoZ hOma dfm©_Yrb _mZd g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m B{Vhmgmda ZOa Q>mH$br Va àËòH$
H$mbI§S>m_Üò ~hþVm§e bmoH$m§Zm g_mOmVrb eŠVrembr JQ>mH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m AË`mMmambm Am{U emofUmbm
Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo Amho. `m eŠVrembr JQ>mH$Sy>Z _yb^yV _mZdm{YH$mamMm g§H$moM hmoV Ambm Amho. Aem
AÝ`m`m{déÕ AZoH$ {R>H$mUr CR>md Pmbo AmhoV. _mZdm{YH$ma Midir Cä`m am{hë`m AmhoV. AÝ`m`
A{VemofUm{déÕMm hm bT>m _mZdr _wŠVrMm Am{U _yb^yV _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m ajUmgmR>rMm bT>m hmoVm.
B
_mZdm{YH$mam§Mo dJuH$aU :
_mZdm{YH$mam§Mr g§H$ënZm gmVË`mZo CËH«$m§V hmoV Amho. àËòH$ H$mbI§S>m_Üò H$mhr ZdrZ A{YH$mam§Mr
â _mZdm{YH$mam§_Üò hmoV Amho. gmoimì`m-gVamì`m eVH$m_Üò g§nÎmrMm, OJÊ`mMm Am{U ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
A{YH$mam§Zm _yb^yV, Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmV Ago. _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm g§~§Y hm ì`ŠVrÀ`m
OJÊ`mer, Ë`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmÀ`m {dH$mgmer {ZJS>rV Agë`m_wio Aem gd© hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe
_mZdm{YH$mam§_Üò H$aÊ`mV òD$ bmJbm Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mZdm{YH$mam§~amo~aM g_yhm§À`m _mZdm{YH$mam§Zm
XoIrb A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV _hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho. _mZdm{YH$ma åhUyZ J¥{hV Yaë`m OmUmè`m gd©
ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yhm§À`m A{YH$mam§Mo Mma JQ>m_Üò dJuH$aU H$aVm òB©b.
1) OrdZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
2) ZmJar ñdmV§Í` Am{U bmoH$emhr A{YH$ma
3) g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma
4) gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma.
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1) OrdZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma :
OrdZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hm gdm©V _hÎdmMm A{YH$ma _mZbm OmVmo. OÝ_mbm òUmè`m àËòH$
ì`ŠVrbm ñdV:À`m BÀN>oà_mUo OrdZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. ì`ŠVr OJbmM Zmhr Va Vmo A{YH$mam§Mm
Cn^moJ H$gm KoUma ? hm _hÎdmMm _wÔm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m àH$aUmVrb
H$b_ 21 Zwgma OrdZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m H$b_mZwgma Ago
ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMo OrdZ qH$dm Ë`mMo ì`ŠVrJV ñdmV§Í` H$m`ÚmZo
gm§{JVboë`m nÕVr qH$dm A{YH$mam{edm` {hamdyZ KoVm òUma Zmhr. OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mam_Üò
Ho$di OJUoM Zmhr Va gÝ_mZmZo OJUo A{^àoV Amho. gÝ_mZmZo OJÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm Amdí`H$
AgUmè`m gd© g§Yr Am{U A{YH$ma {_imbo nm{hOoV. åhUyZM {ejUmMm A{YH$ma, Amamo½` gw{dYm,
àXÿfU_wŠV dmVmdaU, {nÊ`mMo ewÕ nmUr `m gd© A{YH$mam§Mm OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamV g_mdoe
Ho$bm Jobm Amho. `m A{YH$mamZwgma H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm ~oH$m`Xoera Vwé§JmV S>m§~yZ R>odUo, Ë`mMm N>i
H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mMr hË`m H$aUo ho OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMo C„§KZ Amho.
2) ZmJar ñdmV§Í` Am{U bmoH$emhr A{YH$ma :
`m A{YH$ma àH$mam§_Üò Imbrb XmoZ A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma : ñdmV§Í` åhUOo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m _Ouà_mUo dmJÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma hmo`. CXm. bmoH$_mÝ` ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$ `m§Zr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m A{YH$mamV OÝ_{gÕ A{YH$ma
åhUyZ g§~moYbo hmoVo. ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {dMmam§Mo Am{U H¥$VrMo ñdmV§Í`
Amdí`H$ Amho. H¥$Vr ñdmV§Í`m{edm` {dMmam§Mo ñdmV§Í` {ZaW©H$ Amho Va {dMmam§À`m ñdmV§Í`m{edm` H¥$Vr
ñdmV§Í`mMm Cn`moJ AeŠ` Amho. Wm°_g noZ `m {dMmad§Vm§Zo Amnë`m ""_mUgmMo A{YH$ma'' `m J«§WmV
ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m A{YH$mambm H|$ÐñWmZr _mZbobo Amho. gd© _mUgo OÝ_V:M g_mZ AmhoV. Am{U Ë`m§Zm g_mZ
Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma AmhoV. hm {dMma \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vrbm à^m{dV H$aUmam R>abm. Om°Z bm°H$ `m {dMmad§VmZo
Z¡g{J©H$ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m A{YH$mambm Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma åhUyZ g§~moYbo Amho.
i)
g_VoMm A{YH$ma : OJmVrb gd© _mUgo OÝ_V: g_mZ AmhoV Am{U OmV, Y_©, d§e, qbJ,
^mfm B. À`m AmYmamda ôX^md H$aVm H$m_m Zò, ho VÎd g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mam_Üò Ano{jV Amho.
Ë`mM~amo~a ""H$m`ÚmnwT>o àËòH$ ì`ŠVr g_mZ Amho. Am{U H$m`ÚmMo gdmªZm g_mZ g§ajU Amho.'' `m
VÎdmMm g_mdoe XoIrb g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mam_Üò hmoVmo. ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>Zo_Yrb _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m
àH$aUmMr gwê$dmVM g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mamnmgyZ hmoVo. ho _yb^yV A{YH$ma gd© ^maVr`m§Zm H$moUË`mhr
ôX^mdm{edm` ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a emgZ OmV, Y_©, d§e, ^mfm AmYmamda ôX^md
H$aUma Zmhr Ago _yb^yV A{YH$mam§_Üò ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. g§`wŠV amï´>g§KQ>ZoZo 10 {S>g|~a
1948 gmbr _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm Omo OmhraZm_m Kmo{fV Ho$bm. Ë`m_Üò g_VoÀ`m VÎdmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ
ii)
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Amho. `m OmhraZmå`mÀ`m gwê$dmVrbmM ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, ho A{YH$ma H$moUË`mhr ôX^mdm{edm`
àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
3) g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma :
g§nÎmrÀ`m A{YH$mambm _yb^yV _mZdm{YH$ma åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m Om{haZmå`mV g§nÎmrÀ`m A{YH$mambm ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a g§`wŠV
amï´>g§KQ>Zo_m\©$V Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Omo Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho. Ë`m_Üò g§nÎmrÀ`m A{YH$mamMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm AÞ, dó Am{U
{Zdmam `m _yb^yV JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r g§nÎmr {_i{dÊ`mMm Am{U Amnë`m BÀN>oZwgma Vr g§nÎmr IM©
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
4) gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma :
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m _mZdm{YH$mam§_Üò amoOJmamMm A{YH$ma, H$moUË`mhr
ôX^mdm{edm` g_mZ doVZmMm A{YH$ma, ì`ŠVrbm ñdV:gmR>r Am{U Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r gÝ_mZnyd©H$
OrdZñVa {_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, {dlm§VrÀ`m, _Zmoa§OZmMm A{YH$ma, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm
Am{U em§VVmnyU© _mJm©Zo EH$Ì òÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, ^yHo$nmgyZ _wŠVrMm A{YH$ma, _yb^yV Amamo½`godm
{_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, {ejUmMm A{YH$ma, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma B.
_hÎdnyU© A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ho ì`ŠVrMo _yb^yV _mZdm{YH$ma AgyZ ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m
ì`ŠVr_Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r ho A{YH$ma Amdí`H$ AmhoV.
B
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
1) g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am_gôZo 10 {S>g|~a 1948 bm _mZdr A{YH$mam§Mm Om{haZm_m Kmo{fV
Ho$bm.
2) _mZdr hŠH$ ho ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_mZo àmßV hmoV ZmhrV.
3) _mZdr hŠH$ ho Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§Mo AmYw{ZH$ Am{U Y_©{Zanoj ê$n Amho.
4) _mZdm{YH$ma ho na_moÀM A{YH$ma ZmhrV.
5) _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ajUmgmR>r _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm dmna hmoV Zmhr.
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) _mZdm{YH$ma åhUOo H$m` ?
2) _mZdm{YH$mam§Mr H$moUVrhr XmoZ d¡[eï>ço gm§Jm.
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B
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
A) 1) - ~amo~a, 2) MyH$, 3) ~amo~a, 4) MyH$, 5) MyH$
~) 1) ì`ŠVrbm {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z OÝ_V: àmßV Pmbobo Ago A{YH$ma H$s, Á`m{edm` _mUyg åhUyZ OJUo
AeŠ` Amho.
2) d¡pídH$Vm Am{U ì`pŠV{Zð>Vm.
1.2.2 _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo VÎdkmZ :
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr g§H$ënZm Oar AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb Agbr Var {VMr nmio-_wio hr _mZd
OmVrÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Üò gmnS>VmV. hŠH$m§À`m g§H$ënZog doJdoJiçm `wJm§Vrb {d{dY eVH$m§_Üò _mÝ`Vm
XoÊ`mV Ambobr hmoVr, Am{U `m g§H$ënZoMr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Jwbm_{Jar {damoYr Midi Am{U
`wÕm g§~§YrÀ`m JwÝhçm§{déÕ AgUmè`m Midir Aem {d{dY MiditZr _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m CËH«$m§Vr_Üò
`moJXmZ {Xbo Amho. `wÕmÀ`m H$mimV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr hmoUmar nm`_ëbr Vo AmÚmoJrH$ H«$m§VrZ§VaÀ`m
H$mbI§S>mV H$m_Jmam§Mo hmoUmao emofU Aem g§doXZerb àíZm§da _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m AZwe§JmZo Chmnoh
H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmbr_Üò AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimVrb _{hbm
Am{U ~mb H$m_Jma {damoYr JwÝho VgoM OmVr` JwÝho `mgma»`m àíZm§dahr Jm§^r`m©Zo MMm© hmoV Amho. _mZdr
hŠH$m§_Üò d¡`pŠVH$ nmVirda gÝ_mZmZo OJUo d BVam§Zmhr OJy XoUo `m _wb^yV {dMmamda AmYmarV
dmQ>Mmb Agbobr AmT>iVo.
hŠH$m§À`m {dYo`H$m_Üò OZVoÀ`m _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mMo dV©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. `m {dYo`H$m§_wio
àËòH$mMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m {dYo`H$m§_wio àËòH$mg A{^ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`
Am{U ^mfU d d¥ÎmnÌ ñdmV§Í`, VgoM gôÀ`m hŠH$m§Mo ñdmV§Í` BË`mXtMr h_r {_iVo. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrg
OÝ_V: H$mhr hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmV.
_°¾m H$mQ>m©, g§w`ŠV amï´> g§KmMm _mZdr hŠH$m§ g§X^m©Vrb OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m Am{U _mZdr
hŠH$m§darb \«|$M OmhraZm_m, `m gma»`m XñVEodOm_Üò _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m _mÝ`Vo g§~§YrMo Am{U
nyañH$mamg§~§YrMo ~aoMgo àg§J AmT>iyZ òVmV.
"_°¾m H$mQ>m©' hm b°Q>rZ eãX Amho. `m eãXmMm AW© "loð> gZX' Agm Amho. B§½b§S>Mo amOo Om°Z `m§Zr
{X. 15 OyZ 1215 amoOr _°¾m H$mQ>m© bmJy Ho$bo. nmon Am{U B§J«Or OhmJraXma _§S>irZo hr {b{IV gZX
Ë`m§À`mda bmXbr. `m_Üò H$mhr hŠH$ Omhra H$aÊ`mMr d H$mhr H$m`Xoera nÕVrMm AmXa amIÊ`mMr
Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr.
_°¾m H$mQ>m©_Üò 63 H$b_m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s ~hþVoH$ H$b_m§_Üò ga§Om_r H$m`Xm H$m`_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOmbm dMZ~Õ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. _°¾m H$mQ>m©_YyZ hŠH$m§Mo A{^dMZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. ho hŠH$
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_w»`V: CÀM dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§gmR>r hmoVo. gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mVyZ \$maM WmoS>m bm^ Pmbm. _°¾m H$mQ>m©Zo
gd© bmoH$m§Zm ì`ŠVrJV ñdmV§Í`mMr h_r {Xbr ZìhVr. VargwÕm `m {b{IV {Z`_m§_wio B§½b§S>_Üò gZXera
emgH$s` {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r C„oIZr` Aer nmdbo Q>mH$br Jobr. bmoH$emhr emgZmgmR>r AmJ«h
YaUmè`m§Zm _°¾m H$mQ>m© nWXe©H$ R>abr. amÁ`mÀ`m {Za§Hy$e gÎmoda n{hbm {Z~ªY _°¾m H$mQ>m©À`m ñdê$nmV
nwT>o Ambm.
ga§Om_r dJm©gmR>r bmJy Agbobr Ë`mVrb H$mhr H$b_o Z§Va gdmªgmR>r _hÎdnyU© ~Zbr. CXm.
gZXo_Üò Ago Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo H$s, amÁ`mVrb gd© _hÎdnyU© àíZmg§~Yr OhmJraXmam§Mm gëbm
Am{U g§_Vr KoVbr nm{hOo. Ë`mVrb H$mhr H$b_ AmYw{ZH$ Ý`m`mgmR>r _hÎdmMm nm`m ~Zbo. Ë`mn¡H$s
EH$m H$b_m_Üò Aer VaVwX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho H$s, H$moUË`mhr _wŠV ì`ŠVrg gaXmam§À`m (g_Vwë`)
H$m`Xoera Ý`m`{ZU©`m{edm` qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ H$m`Úm{edm` H¡$X H$ê$ Zò. g§nÎmrnmgyZ d§{MV R>oD$ Zò.
Xoem~mhoa hmH$by Zò qH$dm Ë`mMm {eaN>oX H$ê$ Zò `m H$b_m_Üò Ý`m` gmhmæ`H$mÀ`m Ý`mæ` Mm¡H$erMm
g_mdoe AgUmè`m [aVga H$m`Xoera à{H«$òMr H$ënZm {dH${gV Pmbr.
gZ 1500 À`m Xaå`mZ _°¾m H$mQ>m©H$S>o _moR>çm à_mUmV Xþb©j Pmbo. na§Vw g§gXoÀ`m gXñ`m§Zr gZ
1600 À`m Xaå`mZ _°¾m H$mQ>m©Mo nyZéÁOdZ Ho$bo. g§gXoÀ`m gXñ`m§Zr amÁ`gÎmodarb KQ>ZmË_H$ nS>VmiUr
åhUyZ gXaMr gZX gdmªÀ`m g_moa AmUbr. gZ 1700 _Üò {dë`_ ãb°H$ñQ>rZ `m EH$m gwà{gÕ
dH$sbm§Zo B§½b§S>À`m H$m`Úmdarb Ho$boë`m bmoH${à` g_mbmoMZm_Üò bmoH$m§Mo H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma åhUyZ ho
AmXe© nwT>o _m§S>bo. gZ 1700 _Üò dgmhVH$mam§Zr H$m`Xoera Am{U amOH$s` hŠH$m§darb hr B§J«Or AmXe©o
A_o[aHo$_Üò Zobr. Ë`m_wio hr AmXe© g§`wŠV g§ñWmZm§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q>rMm EH$ ^mJ ~Zbr.
Z§VaÀ`m eVH$m§_Üò Ë`mMm \$m`Xm ~hþVoH$ eof OUm§Zm Pmbm. H$maU ~è`mMem AÝ` bmoH$gÎmmH$
amï´>m§Zr Amnbo ñd`§-emgZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Or H$m`ÚmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. `m Xoem§_Üò g§`wŠV amï´>o
Am{U H°$ZS>m `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
Aem {d{dY nmíd©^y_rda B{VhmgH$mbrZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr OmUrd hmoD$ bJbr. AZoH$ _mZdr
g§ñH¥$VrZm {d{dY ñdê$nm§_Üò hŠH$m§À`m g§H$ënZoMo AmH$bZ Pmbo Am{U Ë`m g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© bmdÊ`mV
Ambm. hŠH$m§{df`rÀ`m g§H$ënZm§Mm ~m`~b, àmMrZ J«rH$ Am{U amo_Z g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò {dH$mg Pmbm.
hå_wam~r g§{hVm {Z`_mdëbtMm Iwbmgm H$aVo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ago {Z`_ _moS>ë`mg XoÊ`mV òUmè`m {ejoMm
XoIrb Iwbmgm H$aVo. `m_Üò _{hbm hŠH$, ~mbhŠH$ Am{U Jwbm_m§À`m hŠH$mgh AÝ` {d{dY hŠH$m§Mm
A§V^m©d Ho$bobm Amho.
VrZ eVH$mZ§Va àmMrZ ^maVmVrb _m¡`© gm_«mÁ`mZo {¼ñVnyd© {Vgè`m eVH$mVrb g_«mQ> AemoH$À`m
amOdQ>r_Üò ZmJar hŠH$m§Mr A^yVnyd© VÎdo àñWm{nV Ho$br. g_«mQ> AemoH$mZo {¼ñVnyd© 265 _Üò H$qbJda
ñdmar H$ê$Z nmedr {dO` {_i{dbm. Ë`m {dO`m_wio AmZ§X hmoÊ`mEodOr g_«mQ> AemoH$bm AmnU Ho$boë`m
H¥$Ë`m~Ôb A{Ve` níMmVmn Pmbm Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`mZo ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`m
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jUmnmgyZ "H«y$a AemoH$' hm "n{dÌ AemoH$' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm. Amnë`m amOdQ>r_Üò
Ë`mZo AqhgoMo YmoaU A{YH¥$VnUo am~{dbo. àmUr_mÌmda X`m, H¡$Úm§da X`m XmI{dbr. gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§g
{dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ {dZm_yë` {ejU XoD$ Ho$bo. g_«mQ> AemoH$Zo AqhgoMo nmbZ H$aUo, gd© n§W Am{U Y_mªMr
g{hîUyVm amIUo, nmbH$m§À`m AmkoMo nmbZ H$aUo, JwéOZm§Mm AmXa amIUo, {_Ìm§er _¡ÌrnyU© amhUo,
ZmoH$adJm©g _mUygH$sZo dmJ{dUo, gdmªer ào_mZo dmJUo Aer _w»` VÎdo bmJy Ho$br.
Aem VèhoZo àmMrZ H$mir hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò ~hþYm Ym{_©H$ VÎdmda nma nmS>br OmV AgV.
nmíMmË` {dMmagaUrVrb A{ÔmV na§nam§Mm CJ_ J«rH$ Am{U amo_Z g§ñH¥$Vr_YyZ emoYyZ H$mT>Vm òD$
eH$Vmo. `m XmoZ na§nam§_Yrb {dMmad§Vm§Zr àW_M `mo½` _mJm©Zo hŠH$m§Mr g§H$ënZm gmH$maÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm.
B
J«rH$ na§nam :
ñQ>m°B©Šg `m J«rH$-amo_Z VÎddoË`mZo _m§S>boë`m Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m {gÕm§Vm_Üò _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m
AmYw{ZH$ {dMmam§Mo ~rO gmnS>Vo. ñdm^m{dH$ H$m`Xm hm gd© _mZdm§Zm g_mZVoZo bmJy AgyZ Vmo d¡pídH$
{dYrJ«mø Z¡{VH$ VÎdm§Mm _w»` ^mJ Amho Ago ñQ>m°B©Šgbm AmT>iyZ Ambo. _mZdr hŠH$m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m
BVHo$ _hÎd àmßV Pmbo.
A°WoÝg H$m`Xo åhUyZ bmoH${à` Agboë`m àmMrZ J«rH$m§À`m H$m`Xoera nÕVrda ñQ>m°B©ŠgÀ`m
{dMmam§Mm à^md nS>bm. ñQ>m°B©ŠgÀ`m g§àXm`mZo Agm {ZU©` KoVbm H$s, _mZdr dV©Zmg Z¡g{J©H$
H$m`ÚmZwgma Ý`m` {Xbm nm{hOo Am{U _mZdr dV©ZmMm Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Úm~amo~a _oi KmVbm nm{hOo.
ßboQ>moÀ`m d¡pídH$ gË` Am{U gX²JwU `m§À`m H$ënZoVyZ hŠH$m§Mr d¡pídH$ g§H$ënZm gmH$ma Pmbr.
ßboQ>moÀ`m _VmZwgma gX²JwU ho hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` `m§À`mer OmoS>bo Jobobo AmhoV. ßboQ>modmXmZwgma _mZdr
OrdZm_Üò VrZ à_wI KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. Vo VrZ KQ>H$ åhUOo (1) H$maU (2) qh_V qH$dm Y¡`©
Am{U (3) ^yH$. `m KQ>H$m§Zwgma nwT>rb VrZ dJm©Mr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. (1) VÎdkmZr dJ© (2) g¡{ZH$
dJ© Am{U (3) CËnmXH$ dJ© `m aMZo_wio Ë`mVrb à_wI gX²JwUm§Zwgma àËòH$ dJm©Mo doJdoJio hŠH$ Am{U
H$V©ìò AmhoV.
B
amo_Z na§nam :
amo_Z bmoH$m§Zr Ý`m` ì`dñWogmR>r H$m`Xoera {Z`_mdbtÀ`m ñdê$nmVrb ñdm^m{dH$ H$m`Úmg§~§YrÀ`m
ñQ>m°BŠg gwÌê$n aMZoMm dmna Ho$bm. àmMrZ amo__Üò Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§Mr H$ënZm nwT>o Mmby am{hbr. amo_Mm
gdm©V _moR>m dmagm åhUOo Ë`m§Mr Ý`m`ì`dñWm hmo`.
amo_Z H$m`Xm nÕVr_Üò _mH©$g² Vwbwg {ggoamo `m§Zr _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {Xbobo Amho. {ggoamo hm EH$
_wËgÔr dH$sb, {dÛmZ Am{U boIH$ hmoVm. {¼ñVnyd© 63 _Üò Ë`mZo amo_Z A{YH$manX ^yf{dbo. {ggoamoMm
C„oI Ë`mÀ`m H$m`Úmg§~§YrÀ`m _Vmgh Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo ZmJ[aH$m§Zr Mm§Jbo dV©Z R>odmdo. `mgmR>r
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amï´>mbm Amkm XoUo, à{V~§Y H$aUo Am{U \$_m©dUo B. A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$aVm òVmo. `mMr Iar OmUrd
Amnë`mbm Pmbr nm{hOo. na§Vw hm A{YH$ma _wimV àËòH$ ì`ŠVrg AnH¥$Ë`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMm
Amho. {ggoamoZo {deofV: Ago {gÕ Ho$bobo Amho H$s, hm A{YH$ma amï´>m§À`m ApñVËdmhÿZ A{YH$ nwamVZ
Amho. Omo ñdJ© Am{U n¥ÏdrMo g§ajU Am{U nmbZ H$aVmo Aem na_oídamgh hm A{YH$ma ApñVËdmV
Ambobm Amho. `m g§H$ënZo_wio _mZdr OrdZmMr gwajm, em§Vr Am{U gwI `mgmR>r H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV
Ambobm Amho, Ago {gÕ hmoVo.
amo_Z H$m`ÚmMo AmUIr EH$ _w»` d¡{eï>ç åhUOo `m H$m`Úm_Úo Hw$Qw>§~mbm àW_ ñWmZ XoÊ`mV
Ambobo Amho. Am{U Z§Va AÝ` H$V©ìò Oar ZmJar amOH$s` Am{U g¡{ZH$s H$V©ìò `m§Zm _hÎd XoÊ`mV
Ambobo Amho. Hw$Qw>§~ hr EH$ Z¡{VH$Vm OnUmar g§ñWm Amho. amo_Z Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWog Amamo½`, ÑT> ZmVog§~§Y
Am{U à_m{UH$nUm d AmË_{ZJ«h `m_wio ~iH$Q>r àmßV Pmbr. Hw$Qw>§~ hm amo_Z ZmJar H$m`ÚmMm nm`m
hmoVm.
Oar 17 ì`m eVH$m_Üò hŠH$m§Mo AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§V AmH$ma KoD$ bmJbo, Var Ë`m§À`m_Üò 16 ì`m
eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg àJVr Pmbr. gm_m{OH$ g§{dXmË_H$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr Z¡g{J©H$ ì`ŠVrJV hŠH$m§À`m
H$ënZobm hmV^ma bmdbm Am{U ~è`mMem AÝ` nmíMmË` {dMmad§Vm§Zr doJdoJiçm {gÕm§VmÛmao _mZdr
hŠH$m§À`m CËH«$m§Vrg hmV^ma bmdbm.
1) hçwJmo J«m°{e`g :
hm°b§S>Mm hçwJmo {X J«wQ> (1583-1645) hm J«m°{e`g `m Ë`m§À`m b°Q>rZ ZmdmZo A{YH$ à{gÕ hmoVm.
J«m°{e`gZo ñdm^m{dH$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m Ë`mMà_mUo AmYw{ZH$ Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`ÚmÀ`m VÎdm§Mm ZdrZ nm`m
KmbÊ`mgmR>r CËH¥$ð> aMZm Ho$br. _mZdr àmUr ñd^mdV: g_§Og Am{U g_mO{à` Amho. Ë`mbm em§VVoZo
Am{U EH$moß`mZo OrdZ OJÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgVo `mda Ë`mZo â {Xbm. _mZdmÀ`m M§Mb ñd^mdm_wio _mZdr
g_mO n[anyU© "EoŠ` Am{U EH$monm' àmßV H$arb Ago Ë`mbm dmQ>bo Zmhr. na§Vy Ë`mZo `m Üò`mÀ`m
AmXem©Mr aMZm Ho$br.
17 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r J«m°{e`gZo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§À`m AmYw{ZH$ H$ënZoMr
AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr. J«m°{e`gÀ`m _Vo, ""ñdV:Mm Ord dmM{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo àËòH$mg ñdm^m{dH$ hŠH$
AgVmV. bmoH$ Amnë`m ñdV:À`m A{YH$majoÌm_Üò AmË_mYrZ AmhoV. _mZdmg _Zwî`àmUr åhUyZ H$mhr
hŠH$ àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. åhUyZ àËòH$mZo ho _mÝ` Ho$bo nm{hOo H$s, àËòH$ ì`ŠVr ñdV:Mo OrdZ
dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mg hŠH$Xma Amho.
2) Wm°_g hm°ãO :
Wm°_g hm°ãO hm n{hbm AmYw{ZH$ VÎddoÎmm hmoVm. hm°ãOZo _mZdr hŠH$m§gmR>r `wŠVrdmX Ho$bm. na§Vw
hm `wŠVrdmX Ë`mZo A{Ve` _`m©{XV g§ko_Üò Ho$bm. hm°ãOÀ`m _Vo, _mZdr hŠH$ åhUOo ì`ŠVrÀ`m
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Or{dVmÀ`m {deof gwa{jVVm hmo`. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, hm hŠH$ AÝ` H$moUË`mhr hŠH$m§nojm _yb^yV ñdê$nmMm
Amho. hm°ãOZo amÁ`mMo A{YH$ma n[anyU© H$aUmè`m Am{U H|$Ðr^yV H$aUmè`m H$ënZm ñdmYrZ Ho$boë`m hmoË`m.
hm°ãOZo Oar Amnë`m {gÕm§Vm_Üò A{YH$ma`wŠV amÁ` gwM{dbobo hmoVo. Var H$mhr _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m
g§ajUmgmR>r, åhUOoM Amnë`m ñd-{hVmgmR>r àËòH$mZo amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr AgVo. hr H$ënZm _mZdr
hŠH$m§À`m {dH$mgm_Üò _hÎdnyU© Am{U H«$m§VrH$maH$ hmoVr.
3) Om°Z bm°H$ (1632-1704) :
Om°Z bm°H$ hm AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm {~«Q>re VËdk hmoD$Z Jobm. Ë`mZo gm_m{OH$ H$ama {gÕm§VmMm
{dñVma Ho$bm. Om°Z bm°H$Zo Ë`mÀ`m ZmJar emgZmdarb XmoZ à~§Ym_Üò ñd`§-emgZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$ama
{gÕm§VmMm {dH$mg Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo _Zwî`àmUr hm _wimV _wŠV g_mZ Am{U ñdV§Ì Amho. åhUyZ
em§VVm g{XÀN>m Am{U nañnaghH$m`© `m ñdm^m{dH$ pñWVrÀ`m AQ>r hmoË`m. bm°H$À`m _Vo OrdZ, ñdmV§Í`
Am{U _mb_Îmm `m§Mo hŠH$ ho àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo _wb^yV hŠH$ AmhoV. `m hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r àËòH$
ì`ŠVrZo nañnam§_Üò H$ama Ho$bm Am{U Ë`mVyZM amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrg
Ë`mÀ`m ñdV:À`m g§_Vr{edm` Ë`mÀ`m ñdV:À`m g§nÎmrVyZ H$moUrhr ~mhoa H$mTy> eH$V Zmhr, na§Vw ho AÝ`
amOH$s` eŠVrda Adb§~yZ Amho. ñd`§emgZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$amamdarb bm°H$Mm {gÕm§V VÎdkmZ{df`H$
nm`m ~Zbm.
Om°Z bm°H$Zo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrg H|$ÐñWmZr R>odbo Am{U Ë`mbm Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ {Xbo. Ë`m_Üò ImOJr
_mb_ÎmoÀ`m hŠH$mg à_wI àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrZo AÝ` ì`ŠVtÀ`m OrdZ, Amamo½`,
ñdV§ÌVm qH$dm H$ãOm `m_Üò T>dimT>di H$aVm H$m_m Zò. Aem àH$mao ì`ŠVrJV Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§ì`{V[aŠV
ñdm^m{dH$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m nmR>tã`mda àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo AmMaU ì`ŠV qH$dm H$m`Xoera H$maUmg§~§Yr,
A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg§~Yr A{U {ZU©` XoÊ`mg§~§Yr Ë`mÀ`mda Am{U g§ñWoda {Z`_ H$aÊ`mMr {_i{dbobr
g§_Vr ho bm°H$Zo {Xbobo _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ hmoVo. `m H$ënZm AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhr gaH$maÀ`m Am{U
hŠH$m§À`m _yb^yV H$ënZm ~Zboë`m AmhoV.
4) OrZ O°H$ égmo (1712-1778)
égmo hm EH$ \«|$M VÎdk hmoVm. Ë`mZo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm Am{U ~§YwVm `m g§H$ënZm§Zm _hÎd {Xbo. égmoZo
gm_mÝ`nUo g_mOmÀ`m Am{U àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m hŠH$m§_Üò g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mZo ñnï>nUo
Ago åhQ>bobo Amho H$s, àËòH$ ì`ŠVrg Ë`mÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r Á`m Jmoï>tMr JaO AgVo, Aem gd© Jmoï>r
{_i{dÊ`mMm Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ Amho. égmoZo Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ H$ama qH$dm amOH$s` A{YH$mam§Mr VÎdo `m
XmoZ à^mdr à~§Ym§_Üò bmoH$_mÝ`, gmd©^m¡_ËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm§da AmYm[aV H$ama {gÕm§VmÀ`m {d{dY ~mOy§Mr
énaofm AmIbr. Ë`mZo bmoH$_mÝ` gmd©^m¡_ËdmMr A{d^mÁ` Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ gmd©^m¡_V Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br.
égmoÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo ì`ŠVrJV bm°H$dmXr CXma_VdmXr na§nam§er ~aoMgo gmå` Amho. na§Vw Ë`m_Üò ~è`mMem
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_hÎdmÀ`m _wÚm§Mo C„§KZ Pmbobo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m bmoH$_mÝ` gmd©^m¡_ÎdmÀ`m {gÕm§Vm_Üò "gm_mÝ` BÀN>o'Mm
g_mdoe Amho. hr g§H$ënZm H$mhr A§er ì`ŠVrnojm gm_wX{`H$ Amho. Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, Ë`mÀ`m d¡`pŠVH$
{hVm_wio gm_wXm{`H$ {hVm§Mr nm`_ëbr hmoB©b.
égmo hm g§^dV: n{hbm _w»` nmíMmË` VÎdkmZr hmoVm. Á`mZo Ago R>mgyZ gm§{JVbo H$s, ApñVËd
amIÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m {H$_mZ gd© Jmoï>tMr h_r XoUo hr g_mOmMr gm_wXm{`H$ O~m~Xmar Amho.
Ë`mÀ`m _Vo bmoH$_mÝ` gmd©^m¡_ËdmVyZ àmßV Pmbobo gd© ZmJar A{YH$ma Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma AmhoV.
égmoÀ`m _Vo, H$m`Xo Am{U A{YH$ma "gm_mÝ` BÀN>oVyZ' OÝ_ KoVmV. emgZmMm H$m`Xm Ho$di gm_mÝ`
BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$aVmo. gd©gm_mÝ` BÀN>m hr Zoh_rM ~amo~a AgVo Am{U g§nyU© g_mOmgmR>r H$ë`mUH$mar
AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm 1789 À`m \o«$M amÁ`H«$m§Vrda Am{U Ë`mZ§Va g_mOdmXr MidirÀ`m
{Z{_©Vrda à^md nS>Vmo. `m {gÕm§Vmg "ñd^mdmMr pñWVr' qH$dm "Z¡g{J©H$ pñWVr' Aer g§km {Xbobr
Amho. {d{dY _mJm©Zr `m {gÕm§VmZo Ago ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMr {Z{_©Vr
H$ê$Z VOdrO Ho$boë`m bm^mMr àmßVr H$ê$Z KoUo, Ë`m CÔoemZo ñdm^m{dH$ pñWVrZwgma H¥$Vr H$aUo Am{U
àËòH$mZo Amnbo ñdmV§Í` ñdoÀN>oZo {_i{dUo, `m_wio àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo ñd{hV gmYbo OmD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ
gm_m{OH$ H$ama {gÕm§VmZr Ho$di Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mamda Am{U d¡`pŠVH$ g§_Vrda AmYmaboë`m bmoH$emhr
g§ñWoÀ`m g§H$ënZm àñWm{nV Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Ago Zmhr Va Ë`m§Zr hŠH$m§gmR>r nagnam§Mm AmXa
amIÊ`mÀ`m JaOobm XoIrb _hÎd {Xbobo Amho.
5) _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`w (1689-1755) :
_m°ÝQ>oñŠ`y hm à{gÕ \«|$M VÎdk hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m g§ñWo{df`H$ {bImUmVrb VÎdmgmR>r Vmo
à{gÕ Amho. "_wŠVrdmÚm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço' _Üò Ë`mZo Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m VÎdmgh Am{U H$m§hr A§er Z¡g{J©H$
hŠH$m§À`m A{dH${gV VÎdmgh ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmg nmR>t~m {Xbobm Amho. _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`wMm ñdm^m{dH$
H$m`Xm Am{U hŠH$m§da {dídmg Amho. _Zwî`àmÊ`mZo d¡pídH$ Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Xo OmUyZ KoVbo nm{hOo Am{U
`m H$m`ÚmMo AZwgaU Ho$bo nm{hOo.
_m°ÝQ>oñŠ`wZo AmZ§XmMm nm`m åhUyZ ñdmV§Í`mH$S>o nm{hbo. Ë`mbm {dídmg hmoVm H$s, amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`
ho ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ dJ© `m§À`mVrb gÎmm {d^mOZmda Adb§~yZ Amho. g§ñWmË_H$ nmVirda
gwÕm ì`ŠVrJV ñdmV§Í`mMr h_r {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r d¡Ym{ZH$, H$m`©H$mar Am{U Ý`m{`H$ à{H«$ò_Üò gÎmoMo
{d^mOZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `mda Ë`mZo â {Xbm.
nmíMmË` Xoem§_Üò _mZdr OrdZmV A_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo AZoH$ H«$m§Ë`m Pmë`m.
A_o[aHo$Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ, \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Ago ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m KQ>Zm KS>V
hmoË`m. {deofV: \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrÀ`m doir \«$mÝg_Üò Agbobr A{Z`§{ÌV amOoemhr_wio VoWrb bmoH$m§Zr
EH$Ì òD$Z g_m§VaemhrMm nmS>md Ho$bm. bmoH$eŠVrMm Agm A{dîH$ma OJmÀ`m B{VhmgmV n{hë`m§XmM
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Pmbm. AmO OJâ AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr Or bmoH$emhr emgZnÕVr ñdrH$mabobr {XgVo, {VMm àgma `m
amÁ`H«$m§VrnmgyZ Pmbm.
\«$mÝg_Yrb amÁ`H$V} {dbmgr ~Zbo hmoVo. ~mhoaÀ`m OJmVrb KS>m_moS>rH$S>o Ë`m§Mo bj ZìhVo.
àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Vo H$mhrhr H$aV ZìhVo. Am{W©H$, {XdmiImoar _mObr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio OZVoMr
amOm{df`Mr {Zð>m H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr.
`m H$mimV \«$mÝg_Üò gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Vrd« Pmbr hmoVr. \«|$M g_mOmV VrZ dJ© hmoVo. n{hbm dJ©
d[að> Y_©Jwé§Mm d Xÿgam dJ© A_ra C_amdm§Mm hmoVm. `m XmoZ dJm©Mo g§»`m~b \«$mÝgÀ`m bmoH$g§»òV
ZJÊ` hmoVo. nU XoemÀ`m O{_Zrn¡H$s gw_mao E|er Q>ŠHo$ O_rZ Ë`mÀ`m _mbH$sMr hmoVr. `m{edm` Ë`m§Zm
AZoH$ gdbVr AgV. ho dJ© Eofmam_r OrdZ OJV hmoVo. {Vgè`m dJm©V ì`mnmar, dH$sb, S>m°ŠQ>a, {ejH$,
eoVH$ar, H$m_H$ar, ^yXmg BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`m dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ H$_r AgyZhr H$amMm gd©
~moOm Ë`m§À`mdaM hmoVm. d[að> dJ© d gm_mÝ` bmoH$ `m§À`mV _moR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U
Pmbobr hmoVr. `m {df_Vobm gwé§J bmdÊ`mMo H$m_ {Vgè`m dJm©Zo Ho$bo.
\«$mÝg_Üò _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`y d égmo `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Zdo {dMma _m§S>bo. H$m`Xo_§S>i H$m`©H$mar_§S>i Am{U
Ý`m` _§S>i ho emgZ`§ÌUoMo KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ ñdV§Ì AgmdoV. hm gÎmm{d^mOZmMm {gÕm§V _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`yZo
_m§S>bm. égmoZo "gm_m{OH$ H$ama' `m J«§WmVyZ OZVoÀ`m gmd©^m¡_ËdmMm [gÕm§V _m§S>bm. _mZd hm OÝ_V:
ñdV§Ì AgVmo. g_mOmMm JmS>m gwairV Mmbmdm åhUyZ OZVm ñdV:da H$mhr ~§YZo bmXÿZ KoVo. `m§À`m
A§_b ~OmdUrgmR>r amÁ` ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aVo. Vr B©ídaXÎm ZgyZ EH$m gm_m{OH$ H$amamVyZ {Z_m©U
Pmbobr AgVo. Oa amÁ`g§ñWoZo H$amamMm ^§J Ho$bm Va Vr amÁ`ì`dñWm CbWyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm Z¡g{J©H$ d
Z¡{VH$ A{YH$ma g_mOmbm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m `m {dMmam§_wio égmo hm \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrMm CX²JmVm _mZbm
OmVmo. \«$mÝg _Yrb {dMmad§Vm§Zr ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mbm _hÎd {Xbo. A§Y:lÕm§Zm {damoY Ho$bm.
B
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r H$mhr àíZ -2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1) B§½b§S>Mo amOo Om°Z `m§Zr ................ amoOr _°¾m H$mQ>m© bmJy Ho$bo.
A) 15 OyZ 1215
~) 15 OyZ 1217
H$) 15 OyZ 1219
S>) 15 OyZ 1221
2) amo_Z H$m`Xm nÕVr_Üò .............. `m§Zr _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho.
A) A°[añQ>m°Q>b
~) {ggoamo
H$) J«m°{e`g
S>) hm°ãO
3) égmo `m§Zo _mZdr hŠH$mgmR>r .............. `mbm _hÎd {Xbo.
A) emídV em§VVm
~) g_mZ AmXa
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H$) gm_m{OH$ H$ama
S>) ñd`§-emgZ
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4) \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrMm ............ hm CX²JmVm _mZbm OmVmo.
A) égmo
~) _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`w
H$) hm°ãO
S>) bm°H$
5) _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`wZo AmZ§XmMm nm`m åhUyZ .............. H$S>o nm{hbo Amho.
A) A{YH$mam§H$S>o
~) ñdmV§Í`mH$S>o
H$) hŠH$m§H$S>o
S>) ì`ŠVtH$S>o
~) Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
1) _mZd àmUr ñd^mdV: g_§Og Am{U g_mO{à` Amho. Ago hçwJmo J«m°{e`g Zo gm§{JVbo.
2) Wm°_g hm°ãO hm 15 ì`m eVH$mVrb VÎddoÎmm hmoVm.
3) bm°H$À`m _Vo OrdZ, ñdmV§Í` Am{U _mb_Îmm `m§Mo hŠH$ ho àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo _yb^yV hŠH$
AmhoV.
4) égmoÀ`m _Vo _mZdr hŠH$m§_Üò d¡`pŠVH$ hŠH$ _hÎdmMo AgVmV.
5) _Zwî` àmÊ`mZo d¡pídH$ Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Xo OmUyZ KoVbo nm{hOo Am{U `m H$m`ÚmMo AZwgaU Ho$bo
nm{hOo.
H$) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1) J«rH$ Am{U amo_Z hŠH$m§{df`H$ g§H$ënZm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
2) égmoMm gm_m{OH$ H$ama {gÕm§V `mda MMm© H$am.
3) hŠH§$À`m CËH«$m§Vr_Yrb _°¾m H$mQ>m©Mo _hÎd {deX H$am.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 2 Mr CÎmao.
A) 1) 15 OyZ 1215 2) {ggoamo
3) gm_m{OH$ H$ama
4) _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`w
5) ñdmV§Í`
~) 1) ~amo~a
3) ~amo~a
4) MyH$
5) ~amo~a.
2) MyH$
1.2.3 _mZdr A{YH$mamVrb hŠH$ d H$V©ìò :
ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_Ëd {dH$mgmgmR>r hŠH$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. H$mhr _yb^yV hŠH$ ZgVrb Va
H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr Amnbr àJVr H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ì`ŠVrÀ`m àJVrgmR>r H$mhr
_yb^yV hŠH$ àXmZ Ho$bo AmhoV.
B
hŠH$ - AW© d ñdê$n :
hŠH$ åhUOo Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AmnU Ho$boë`m _mJÊ`m AgVmV. `m _mJÊ`m§Zm Ooìhm g_mO
d amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm {_iVo Voìhm Ë`mMo hŠH$m§V ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
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àm. hoam°ëS> bmñH$s `m§À`m _Vo, ""hŠH$ åhUOo gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr Aer n[apñWVr H$s, Á`m{edm`
H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm ñdV:Mr OmñVrV OmñV àJVr KS>dyZ AmUVm òV Zmhr.
g_mOmMm EH$ gÝ_mZZr` gXñ` `m ZmË`mZo ì`ŠVrbm hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmV. na§Vw hŠH$ A{Z~ªY
ZgVmV. gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m hŠH$m§da ~§YZo Agmdr bmJVmV. g_mO ~XbVmo Vgo hŠH$m§Mo
ñdê$n hr ~XbVo. bmoH$ ZdZdrZ _mJÊ`m H$ê$ bmJVmV d Ë`mVyZ Zdo hŠH$ ApñVËdmV òVmV. CXm.
àemgZmV nmaXe©H$Vm AmUmdr `m ñdê$nmÀ`m _mJUrVyZ _m{hVrÀ`m hŠH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho.
^maVr`m§Zm "_m{hVrMm hŠH$' {_imbm Amho.
ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgmì`{V[aŠV hŠH$m§_wio BVahr AZoH$ C{Ôï>o gmÜ` hmoVmV. hŠH$m§_wio gm_m{OH$ d
Am{W©H$Ñï>çm Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Zm {dH$mgmMr g§Yr {_iVo. gd©àH$maÀ`m Aëng§»`m§H$m§_Üò gwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm
{Z_m©U hmoVo.
B
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb hŠH${df`H$ VaVwXr :
1) g_VoMm hŠH$
2) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$
3) emofUm{déÕMm hŠH$
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$
6) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZm§Mm hŠH$
^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m ^mJmV ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§{df`r VaVwXr AmhoV. `m
hŠH$m§Mo g{dñVa ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1) g_VoMm hŠH$ :
gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo ho `m hŠH$mMo C{Ôï> Amho. g_VoÀ`m hŠH$mZwgma Y_©,
d§e, OmV, qbJ d OÝ_ñWmZ, àXoe BË`mXr H$maUm§dê$Z amÁ`mbm ZmJ[aH$m§_Üò ôX H$aVm òV Zmhr.
H$m`ÚmnwT>o gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ AgVmV. amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr gdmªZm g_mZ [aVrZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m
OmVmV. Añn¥í`Vm H$m`ÚmZo Zï> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m A{Zð> ê$T>rMo nmbZ hm J§^ra ñdê$nmMm JwÝhm
R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV {df_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m nXì`m d Ë`m~amo~a H$mhr gdbVr
{Xë`m OmV AgV. hr àWm Zï> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ì`ŠVt_Üò ôX H$aUmè`m nXì`m gaH$ma XoV Zmhr.
2) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ :
gdmªJrU ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aem ghm ñdmV§Í`m§Mm g_mdoe `m hŠH$m§V hmoVmo. Vo hŠH$
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1) ^mfU d {dMma ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`.
2) {Z:eó d em§VVmnyd©H$ EH$Ì òÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`.
3) g§ñWm Am{U g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`.
4) ^maVmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr àXoemV _wŠVnUo g§Mma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`.
5) ^maVmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr àXoemV dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`.
6) H$moUVmhr ì`dgm`, CÚmoJ qH$dm ì`mnma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`.
`mM hŠH$mVrb VaVwXrZwgma àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Or{dVmMm Am{U ì`ŠVrJV ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
Ë`mZwgma H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMo Or{dV Am{U {VMo ì`ŠVrJV ñdmV§Í` H$m`ÚmZo Ho$boë`m VaVwXr{edm`
{hamdyZ KoVm òV Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm {dZmH$maU AQ>H$ H$ê$Z Vwé§JmV S>m§~Vm òV Zmhr.
ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m{df`r AgUmè`m `m VaVwXt_Üò EH$ Zì`m hŠH$mMr A{bH$S>oM â KmbmÊ`mV Ambr
Amho. Ë`mZwgma "{ejUmMm hŠH$' AmUIrZ hŠH$ åhUOo "Amamo½`mMm hŠH$' hm ZmJ[aH$m§Mm _wb^yV hŠH$
_mZÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d`moJQ>mVrb ~mbH$m§Zm _mo\$V Am{U gŠVrMo {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r
amÁ`m§Zo à`ËZ H$amdoV, Ago ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
3) emofUm{déÕMm hŠH$ :
`m hŠH$mZwgma _mUgm§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mbm VgoM Ë`m§Zm doR>{~Jmar Am{U gŠVrMr _Oyar
H$am`bm bmdÊ`mè`m àWm§Zm H$m`ÚmZo ~§Xr Ho$br Amho. Mm¡Xm dfm©Imbr _wbm _wbtZm YmoŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr
AWdm H$maImÝ`mV qH$dm ImUrV H$m_ H$amd`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo `mg à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ñVamda {ó`m§Mo emofU Wm§~{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo {ó`m§Mo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmamnmgyZ g§ajU H$aUmam
H$m`Xm emgZmZo 2005 gmbr _§Oya Ho$bm. gdmªZmM gÝ_mZmZo OJVm `mdo `m Ñï>rZo hr VaVyX _hÎdmMr
Amho.
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ :
^maV ho EH$ Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` Amho. `m XoemV AZoH$ Y_© AmhoV. na§Vw H$moUË`mhr EH$m Y_m©bm
amÁ`mMm Y_© _mZbo OmV Zmhr. gd© Y_mªZm g_mZ _mZbo OmVo. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Amnë`m ~wÕrbm nQ>ob Ë`m
Y_m©Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Amho. Ym{_©H$ ~m~VrV amÁ` hñVjon H$arV Zmhr.
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ KQ>H$ :
^maVmV {d{dY ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr AgUmao bmoH$ amhVmV. Amnë`m ^mfoMo d g§ñH¥$VrMo OVZ H$amdo,
{VMm {dH$mg ìhmdm Ago gdmªZm dmQ>Vo. åhUyZM ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma bmoH$m§Zm Amnbr d¡{eï>çnyU© ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr OmonmgÊ`mMm d Ë`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
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6) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZm§Mm hŠH$ :
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _wb^yV hŠH$m§da A{VH«$_U hmoD$ Zò d hŠH$m§nmgyZ Ë`m§Zm d§{MV H$aÊ`Vm òD$ Zò
åhUyZ KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZm§Mm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m hŠH$m§_wio _wb^yV hŠH$m§darb A{VH«$_U
Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o XmX _mJyZ Xÿa H$aVm òVo. _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm ^§J H$aUmè`m H$moUË`mhr H¥$Vr{déÕ Ý`m`mb`mV
OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.
B
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gZX :
10 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr g§`wŠV amï´>o `m g§KQ>ZoZo "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gZX' pñdH$mabr. amÁ` KQ>ZoV
_yb^yV hŠH$m§{df`H$ VaVwXtMm g_mdoe H$aVmZm ^maVmÀ`m KQ>Zm g{_VrZo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gZX {dMmamV
KoVbr. `m gZXoV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm C„oI H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m gZXoZwgma àËòH$ ì`ŠVr
OÝ_:Vm ñdV§Ì AgVo. à{Vð>m d hŠH$ `m~m~V gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ AgVmV. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Or{dVmMm,
ñdmV§Í`mMm Am{U gwa{jVVoMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. _mZdr hŠH$ ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_V: àmßV hmoVmV. åhUyZM Vo
ZmH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$moUmbm ZgVmo. emgZmZo `m hŠH$m§Zm g§ajU Úmdo, VgoM g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m _XVrZo
_mZdr hŠH$m§{df`rMm AmXa d¥ÕtJV H$amdm, Agohr _mZdr hŠH$ gZXoV Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m gZXoVrb {d{dY hŠH$m§Mm ñdrH$ma OJmVrb gd© amï´>m§Zr H$amdm Agm g§`wŠV
amï´>m§Mm AmJ«h Amho. _mZdr hŠH$m§~m~V OmJê$H$Vm dmT>mdr åhUyZ 10 {S>g|~a hm {Xdg g§nyU© OJâ
""_mZdr hŠH$ {XZ'' åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
B
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mr _yb^yV H$V©ìò :
g_mOmMm KQ>H$ `m ZmË`mZo ì`ŠVrbm Ogo hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo g_mOmgmR>r
H$mhr O~m~Xmè`m nma nmS>Uo hr Ano{jV AgVo. bmoH$emhrV bmoH$m§Zr Ho$di hŠH$m§MrM _mJUr H$ê$ Zò,
Va H$V©ì`m§~m~Vhr Ë`m§Zr Xj Agmdo bmJVo. ^maVr`m§_Üò H$V©ì`m§Mr OmUrd {Z_m©U ìhmdr åhUyZ
amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Mr H$mhr _yb^yV H$V©ìò ñnï> Ho$br AmhoV. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo 1) amÁ`KQ>Zm, amï´>ÜdO, amï´>JrV d amï´>{MÝhm§Mm AmXa H$aUo.
2) Amnë`m ñdmV§Í` Midirbm àoaUm XoUmè`m Aqhgm, bmoH$emhr d Y_©{ZanojVm `m _yë`m§Mm
Adb§~ H$aUo.
3) ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd, EH$Vm d EH$mË_Vm `m§Mo ajU H$aUo.
4) amï´>m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo d amï´>m§À`m godog gX¡d gÁO AgUo.
5) gd© ^maVr`m§_Üò ~§Yy^md dmT>rg bmdUo Am{U {ó`m§À`m à{Vð>oAmS> òUmè`m Mmbr[aVtMm
Ë`mJ H$aUo.
6) Amnë`m g§{_l d ~hþ{dY g§ñH¥$VrMm g_¥Õ dmagm OVZ H$aUo.
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7) n`m©daU, O§Jbo, ZÚm d dÝ` OrdZ `m§Mo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aUo.
8) d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZ, _mZdVmdmX emoYH$ ~wÕr Am{U gwYmaUm `m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
9) gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo ajU H$aUo d qhgmMmamMm {ZJ«hnyd©H$ Ë`mJ H$aUo.
10) ì`ŠVrJV d gm_wXm{`H$ H$m`©joÌmV loð>Ëd qH$dm CÀM JwUdÎmm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r n[al_ H$aUo
d Xoe àJ{VnWmda ZoUo.
11) ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d`moJQ>mVrb Amnë`m nmë`m§Zm nmbH$m§Zr {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
A) àËòH$s EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) hŠH$ åhUOo H$m` ?
2) hŠH$ H$m Amdí`H$ AgVmV ?
3) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$moUË`m àH$aUm§V _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr Zm|X Amho?
2) Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
1) 10 {S>g|~a hm Am§Vaamï´>r` _mZdr hŠH$ {XZ åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) hŠH$m§da _`m©Xm ZgVmV.
3) ^maV ho Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` Amho.
B
ñd`§ AÜ`Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A) 1) hŠH$ åhUOo Amnë`m {dH$mgmgmR>r AnmU Ho$boë`m _mJÊ`m AgVmV. `m _mJÊ`m§Zm Ooìhm
g_mO d amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm {_iVo Voìhm Ë`m§Mo hŠH$m§V énm§Va hmoVo.
2) ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`ŠVr_Ëd {dH$mgmgmR>r hŠH$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
3) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m àH$aUm§V _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr Zm|X Amho.
~) 1) ~amo~a,
2) MyH$,
3) ~amo~a.
1.2.4 hŠH$m§Mo {gÕm§V :
1) Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ {gÕm§V
2) CXma_VdmXr {gÕm§V
3) _mŠg©grñQ> {gÕm§V.
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_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m doJdoJiçm Q>ßß`m§da _mZdmg OJÊ`mH$[aVm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m hŠH$m§gmR>r
{Za{Zamiçm g§km dmnaë`m AmhoV. CXm. Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$, àmW{_H$ hŠH$, _yb^yV hŠH$, _mZdr hŠH$,
Z¡{VH$ hŠH$, KQ>ZmË_H$ hŠH$ Aem H$mhr g§km AmhoV. "_mZdr hŠH$' ho g§~moYZ Oar ZdrZ dmQ>V Agbo,
Var Ë`mMr nmio_wio Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ `m àmMrZ VÎdmV AmT>iVmV. _mZdr hŠH$ hr g§km AMmZH$ {Z_m©U
Pmbobr ZgyZ Vr AZoH$ dfm©V {dH${gV Pmbobr Amho. _mZdr hŠH$ åhUOo AZoH$ {nT>çm§Mo `moJXmZ, XþX©å`
BÀN>m Am{U AZw^dmMm n[anmH$ hmo`.
_mZdr hŠH$m§_Üò A§V^y©V hmoUmao hŠH$ åhUOo OJÊ`mMm hŠH$, AÝZ, dó, {Zdmam, A{^ì`ŠVr,
ñdmV§Í`, qhgonmgyZ _wŠVVm, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` BË`mXr ho gd© hŠH$ Amnbo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ OJÊ`mMmM EH$
^mJ AmhoV. ñdV§ÌnUo qH$dm g_wXm`mZo OJÊ`m g§~§YrMr MMm© ho hŠH$ H$aVmV. ho hŠH$ AmnUm gdmªZm
àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. _mZdr hŠH$ ho _mUgm§er {ZJS>rV AgVmV. Amnbo OrdZ {H$_mZ gwImZo d
AmZ§XXm`rnUo OJÊ`mMm Amnë`mbm Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ Amho.
1) Z¡g[J©H$ hŠH$ {gÕm§V :
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr g§H$ënZm àmMrZ H$mimVrb J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mBVH$sM
OyZr Amho. J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`m§Vrb H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. ho AmnU `m
àH$aUmÀ`m n{hë`m ^mJmV nm{hbo Amho. Ë`m§Zr Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§g§~§Yr H$mhr _yb^yV ñdê$nmMo {dMma _m§S>bo
hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo hŠH$ åhUOo _mUdmbm {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {_imbobr XoUJr hmo`. åhUyZ hŠH$ ho {ZgJ©XÎm
AmhoV.
ñQ>m°B©H$ VÎddoË`m§H$Sy>Z Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§Mm nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§Zr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo H$s,
àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm _Zwî`àmUr `m ZmË`mZo H$mhr Jmoï>r {ZgJ©V:M àmßV Pmboë`m AgVmV. Ë`m Jmoï>r åhUOo
Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ hmo`. Ë`m§Mo Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§g§~§YrMo {dMma Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Úm§da AmYmarV AmhoV. ñQ>m°B©H$
VÎddoË`m§À`m _Vo Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Úm§VyZ Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§Mm ñdm^m{dH$[aË`m CJ_ Pmbm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m nwT>rb
H$mimV amo_Z VÎddoÎmm {ggoar `m§Zohr Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§Mo g_W©Z Ho$bo Amho. _mZdmbm {ZgJ©V:M Ago hŠH$
bm^bo AmhoV Ago Ë`m§Mo åhUUo hmoVo.
gm_m{OH$ H$ama {gÕm§VmÀ`m nwañH$Ë`mªZr gmoimì`m d gVamì`m eVH$mV Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§À`m àíZmbm
nwÝhm EH$Xm MmbZm {Xbr. Wm°_g hm°ãO, Om°Z bm°H$ d ê$gmo ho {dMmad§V gm_m{OH$ H$ama {gÕm§VmMo à_wI
nwañH$V} hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m EH§$Xa à{VnmXZmMm WmoS>Š`mV _{VVmW© Agm H$s, amÁ` hr H$amamÛmao {Z_m©U Pmbobr
g§ñWm Amho. amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Á`m H$amamÛmao Pmbr Ë`m H$amambm Ë`m§Zr "gm_m{OH$ H$ama' Ago åhQ>bo
Amho. Aem àH$maMm gm_m{OH$ H$ama hmoÊ`mnydu amÁ` ApñVËdmV ZìhVo. Ë`m AdñWobm Ë`m§Zr "Z¡gJm©dñWm'
Ago g§~moYbo Amho. hr {ZgJm©dñWm H$er hmoVr `m{df`r hm°ãO, Om°Z bm°H$ d égmo `m§Zr doJdoJir _Vo
_m§S>br hmoVr. na§Vw {ZgJm©dñWoVrb _mZdmbm H$mhr hŠH$ bm^bo hmoVo `m {df`r Ë`m§À`mV EH$_V Amho.
`m hŠH$m§ZmM Ë`m§Zr "Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
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B
Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ {gÕm§V :
hŠH$ {df`H$ {gÕm§Vmn¡H$s EH$ _hÎdmMm {gÕm§V åhUyZ Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ {gÕm§VmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. `m
{gÕm§Vmg§~§Yr ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVmZm Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ {gÕm§VmMo nwañH$V} Ago gm§JVmV H$s, hŠH$ åhUOo
_mZdmbm {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {_imbobr XoUJr hmo`. hŠH$ ho {ZgJ©XÎm Agë`mZo Vo _mZdmnmgyZ {hamdyZ KoVbo
OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV. _Zwî`àmUr `m ZmË`mZoM àËòH$ _mZdmbm hŠH$m§Mmhr bm^ Pmbm Amho. åhUyZ hŠH$
_mZdmÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMo d OrdZmMo A{d^mÁ` ^mJ AmhoV. VgoM hŠH$ gd© ì`ŠVtZm g_VoZo bm^bo
AmhVo. Ë`m_wio hŠH$m§À`m ~m~VrV ì`ŠVr ì`ŠVr_Üò H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm ôX^md g§^dV Zmhr.
_mZdr hŠH$m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$m§Mo AmYw{ZH$ ê$n _mZbo OmVo. `mM Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§Zm X¡dr A{YH$ma
åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo. `m A{YH$mam§Mr {Z{_©Vr g_mO Am{U amÁ`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrnydu Pmbr hmoVr. Ago
_mZbo OmV Agbo Var ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_mZo àmßV Pmbobo A{YH$ma ho H$moUrhr {hamdyZ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. hohr
AmnU `mnydu Ho$boë`m {ddoMZmV nm{hbo Amho. Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm OJÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mÀ`m
ì`ŠVr_Îd {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AmhoV. Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§{edm` ì`ŠVrÀ`m ApñVËdmMr H$ënZm H$aUo
AeŠ` Amho. Om°Z bm°H$ `mgma»`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§Zm g_mO d amÁ` {Z{_©VrMm AmYma
_mZbo Amho. nwT>o AR>amì`m Am{U EH$moUrgmì`m eVH$m_Üò `m Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§Zm AZoH$ amÁ`m§À`m
amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò ñWmZ àmßV Pmbo. Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar emgZmda Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr.
AemàH$mao Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§Zm H$m`Xoera A{YH$mam§Mo ê$n àmßV hmoD$Z Vo KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$ma åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVmV. `mM KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mam§Zm ZmJar ñdmV§Í` åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo.
_mUgo nañnam§nmgyZ {^Þ AgVmV. na§Vy _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§H$ënZoZwgma _Zwî` Hw$R>ë`mhr Y_©, OmV,
O_mV, dU©, qbJ, ^mfm, d§e d OÝ_ñWimMm Agbm Var Vmo H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZ _mZbm OmVmo.
OJÊ`mMm hŠH$ hm Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ Amho, _mÌ gÝ_mZnyd©H$ OrdZ OJUo hm _yb^yV hŠH$ Amho. àËòH$
ì`ŠVrbm gÝ_mZnyd©H$ OrdZ OJÊ`mMr h_r XoÊ`mÀ`m amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>Zm§À`m C{Ôï>çm§_YyZ
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr g§»`m d ì`mßVr `mV gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoV Amho.
2) CXma_VdmXr {gÕm§V :
CXma_VdmX ho ñdmV§Í` Am{U g_Vm øm§da AmYmarV EH$ amOH$s` VÎdkmZ qH$dm OJmH$S>o
nmhÊ`mMm X¥ï>rH$moZ Amho. CXma_VdmXr bmoH$ øm VÎdm§Mm AmnAmnë`m AmH$bZ j_VoZwgma `mMm AW©
bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. nU gd© gm_mÝ`nUo Vo _wŠV Am{U àm_m{UH$ {ZdS>UyH$m, ZmJar A{YH$ma,
àgma _mÜ`_m§Mo ñdmV§Í`, Y_© ñdmV§Í`, _wŠV ì`mnma Am{U ImOJr _mb_Îmm øm gma»`m {dMmam§Mo g_W©Z
H$aVmV.
g_mOmÀ`m qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ZmJarH$mbm qH$dm gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrZm Ë`m§À`m d¡`pŠVH$
nmVirda ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ {_imbm nm{hOo d Ë`mH$[aVm amÁ` d gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§Mo YmoaU d ì`dhma
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ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$mbm ~mYm òUma Zmhr Aem nÕVrZo ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr
nm{hOo Agm Ñï>rH$moZ åhUOo CXma_VdmX hmo`.
ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m`, ~§YwËd Am{U AmË_gÝ_mZ `m nmM _yb^yV VÎdm§n¡H$s _mZdm{YH$ma Amdí`H$
Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ËdmMm {dH$mg _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m ajUmda Adb§~yZ Amho. ì`ŠVr {dH$mgmVyZ
g_mO{dH$mg Am{U g_mO{dH$mgmVyZ amï´>{dH$mg eŠ` Agë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr amï´>mMm {dH$mg hm XoIrb
Ë`m amï´>mVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mZdm{YH$ma ajUmda AmYmabbm Amho. _mZdm{YH$ma ho ì`ŠVrbm g_mO qH$dm
amÁ`mZo ~hb Ho$bobo ZmhrV. Vo ì`ŠVrbm OÝ_mnmgyZ {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. `m A{YH$mam§Mo
ApñVËd amÁ`m§H$Sy>Z àmßV hmoUmè`m g§ajUmda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. _mZdm{YH$mam§Zm g§ajU XoUo ho àËòH$
amÁ`mMo _yb^yV H$V©ì` Amho.
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m ajUmMr OmUrd d¡pídH$ ~Zbr AgyZ {d{dY {d^mJr` Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm,
g§KQ>Zm `m A{YH$mam§À`m ajUmgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m àgmamgmR>r Ë`m {df`r OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb
AmhoV. g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m KQ>Zo_Üò _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m ajUmÀ`m C{Ôï>mbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmnydu Am{U _hm`wÕm Xaå`mZ _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m C„§KZmÀ`m Ag§»` KQ>Zm KS>ë`m hmoË`m.
O_©Zr_Üò bîH$ar hþHy$_ehm A°S>m°ë\$ {hQ>ba `m§À`mH$Sy>Z bjmdYr {ZanamY bmoH$m§À`m Á`m hË`m Pmë`m
Ë`m hË`m _Z hobmdyZ Q>mH$Uè`m hmoË`m. _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo Aem àH$mao C„§KZ OJmÀ`m B{VhmgmV XþgarH$S>o
gmnS>Uma Zmhr. ho hË`mH$m§S> Oar O_©ZrÀ`m AmV KS>bo hmoVo. Var Ë`mMo nS>gmX Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda
C_Q>bo. H$moUË`mhr amï´>mMm ZmJ[aH$ hm ZmJ[aH$ hmoÊ`mnydu EH$ ì`ŠVr Amho Am{U ì`ŠVr `m ZmË`mZo
Ë`mbm OÝ_mnmgyZ H$mhr _yb^yV A{YH$ma {ZgJm©Zo {Xbo AmhoV.
{hQ>ba H$Sy>Z Á`y bmoH$m§À`m OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mam§Mo C„§KZ Pmbo. Ë`mM ~amo~a _hm`wÕm Xaå`mZ
XoIrb hOmamo {Zînmn ZmJ[aH$ _mabo Jobo. `m gd© KQ>Zm§Mm n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm H$s, _mZdm{YH$m§À`m
C„§KZm{déÕ Am§Vaamï´>r` OZ_V V`ma ìhm`bm bmJbo. Ago C„§KZ Wm§~m`bm hdo, `mgmR>r EH$ {deof
_mZdm{YH$ma H$m`Xm Ho$bm Omdm Aer _mJUr Omoa Yê$ bmJbr. _hm`wÕ Mmby AgVmZmM gZ 1941
gmbr A_o[aHo$Mo VËH$mbrZ amï´>mÜ`j \«°$H${bZ éPdoëQ> `m§Zr Mma _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr Am{U ñdmV§Í`mMr
KmofUm Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§VaamîQ´>r` g_wXm`mg AmdmhZ Ho$bo. amï´>mÜ`j
éPdoëQ>Zo Imbrb Mma _yb^yV ñdmV§Í` Kmo{fV Ho$bo.
1) A{^ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$.
2) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$
3) ^yHo$nmgyZ _wŠVVoMm hŠH$
4) ^rVrnmgyZ _wŠVVoMm hŠH$
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Amnbo OrdZ Jm¡adnyU© Am{U à{Vð>mnyd©H$ ì`VrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho Mma hŠH$ àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo _yb^yV
hŠH$ AmhoV. amï´>mÜ`j éPdoëQ>Zo `m hŠH$m§Mr KmofUm Ho$ë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda Ë`mMm àgma Pmbm
Am{U `m hŠH$m§~Ôb AmXa^md {Z_m©U Pmbm. Aem gd© nmíd©^y_rda AmnU Ooìhm CXma_VdmXr
Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _mZdm{YH$mam§Mm {dMma H$aVmo Voìhm Ago AmT>iyZ òVo H$s, g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm hr
XmoZ C{Ôï>m§gmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr. EH$ åhUOo Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm Am{U gwa{jVVm {Q>H${dUo Am{U Xÿgao
åhUOo _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo g§ajU H$aUo, Ë`mMo C„§KZ H$aUmè`m amï´>m§{déÕ `mo½` Vr H$madmB© H$aUo. ì`ŠVrbm
Amnë`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmÀ`m OnUyH$sgmR>r, ì`ŠVr_ÎdmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$mhr _yb^yV A{YH$ma Agm`bm
nm{hOo Am{U Aem A{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUmMr h_r àËòH$ amÁ`mÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Úm`bm nm{hOo.
CXma_VdmX ho ñdmV§Í` Am{U g_Vm øm§da AmYm[aV amOH$s` VÎdkmZ qH$dm OJmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm
EH$ Ñï>rH$moZ Amho. g_mOmÀ`m qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mbm ì`ŠVre: ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$
{_imbm nm{hOo d Ë`mH$arVm amÁ` d gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm `m§Mo YmoaU d ì`dhma ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
hŠH$mbm ~mYm òUma ZmhrV. Aem nÕVrZo d YmoaUmZo Mmbbo nm{hOo. Agm Ñï>rH$moZ åhUOo CXma_VdmX
hmo`. ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í` åhUOo ì`ŠVrÀ`m A{Z~ªY A{dîH$ma ho _w»` _wë` CXma_VdmXmV _mZbo OmVo.
ñdV:g d g_mOmg Cn`wŠV Agob Agm AmË_m{dîH$ma H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm _mUgmV AgVo. Á`m g§ñWm d
amOH$s` YmoaUo Aem AmË_{dîH$mamMo d ñdmV§Í`mdarb {Zð>oMo g§dY©Z H$aVmV. Ë`mMr ñWmnZm qH$dm
nwañH$ma åhUOo àmoËgmhZ XoVmV ho `mo½`M Amho hm CXma_VdmXmMm Ame` Amho.
øm Ame`mg AZwgê$Z CXma_VdmXr {dMmagaUr d ì`dhma nwT>rb XmoZ _yb^yV Jmoï>tda â XoVmV.
1) ñdoÀN>m V§Ì gÎmmYmarËdmMr Zmng§Vr d 2) ì`ŠVtMm A{Z~ªY Am{dîH$ma, Y_©g§ñWm§À`m d na§namdmXr
gÎmmYmè`m§À`m A{Z`§{ÌV gÎmobm CXma_VdmXr {damoY H$arV Ambo AmhoV. Y_©lÕoEodOr ~w{ÕdmXmMm Aml`
H$ê$Z d¡Mm[aH$ àMma ñdmV§Í`mbm Ë`m§Zr _hÎd {Xbo Amho. gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` {Z`§ÌU ì`ŠVr{Zanoj
Agmdo. g§nÎmr d gm_m{OH$ XOm© `mda ì`ŠVtÀ`m ì`dhmamMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUmao {Z`_ AmYm[aV Agy ZòV.
ì`ŠVtZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ {_imdr. H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` Agmdo d XoemXoem§V A{Z~ªY ì`mnma Mmbmdm.
_mUyg hm OÝ_V:M {dMmaj_ Agë`mZo Ë`mMo {hV Am{U A{hV H$emV Amho ho Vmo ~wÕrÀ`m
ghmæ`mZo OmUy eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm {ZdS> ñdmV§Í` Am{U {ZU©` ñdmV§Í` Agbo nm{hOo. Ago
CXma_VdmXmZo ñnï> Ho$bo. nma§nm[aH$ g_mO aMZo_Üò Y_©, ê$T>r, na§nam, Mmbr [aVr `mMr AZoH$ ~§YZo gd©
gm_mÝ` _mUgm§da hmoVr. {edm` amOo, ga§Om_, dVZXma, Y_©Jwé `m§Mr gÎmm hr _mUgm§da _moR>çm à_mUmV
hmoVr. `m gd© {Z~ªYm_wio Am{U {Z`§ÌUm_wio _mUgmMo ñdmV§Í`M Zï> Pmbo hmoVo. ñdmV§Í` Zgë`mZo ~wÕrMm
dmna H$ê$Z Amnbo àíZ Amnë`m qh_Vrda gmoS>{dÊ`mMo _mUgmMo à`ËZ Wm§~bo hmoVo. n[aUm_V: Amnbo
ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ ñdV:À`m g§H$ënmZwgma d ñdV:À`m à`ËZm§VyZ KS>{dÊ`mMr _mUgmMr BÀN>mM
_obr hmoVr. `m nmíd©^y_rda CXma_VdmXmZo gd© àH$maÀ`m {Z~ªYm§VyZ _mUgmbm _moH$io H$aUo åhUOoM
ñdmV§Í` Agm ñdmV§Í`mMm AW© ñnï> Ho$bm. `mVyZM amÁ` g§ñWoMr gÎmm {Z`§{ÌV Agm`bm hdr. hm {dMma
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éOV Jobm. amÁ`g§ñWmhr gdm}ÀM gÎmm YmaU H$arV Agbr Var Ë`m gÎmoMm dmna _Z_mZr nÕVrZo hmoVm
H$m_m Zò. hm {dMma _Z_mZr nÕVrZo hmoVm H$m_m Zò. hm {dMma ~imdbm. amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m gÎmoda _`m©Xm
KmbÊ`mgmR>r H$m`ÚmMo amÁ`, KQ>ZmË_H$ emgZnÕVr, àm{V{ZYrH$ d O~m~Xma emgZ nÕVr, ZmJ[aH$m§À`m
_yb^yV hŠH$ `mgma»`m g§H$ënZm CX`mg Amë`m. H$mb© pìhëho_, dm°Z hå~moëQ> `m à{e`Z AX²^yV
aå`VmdmXr, {X {b{_Q>g² Am°\$ ñQ>oQ> A°ŠeZ (1712) _YyZ Va Omogo\$ _°{PZrZo àOmgÎmmH$ dmXmMm nwañH$ma
H$arV EH$m ~mOybm ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Va Xÿgè`m ~mOybm amÁ` g§ñWodarb _`m©Xm§Mo
g_W©Z Ho$bo. Om°Z ñQw>AQ>©, {_b, Ooao_r ~oÝQ>m°_ `m gma»`m VÎd qMVH$m§Zr _mUyg hm gwImWu Ord AgyZ
gwIàmßVrgmR>r Vmo gX¡d YS>nS>V AgVmo.
ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMm nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m gd© CXma_VdmXr qMVH$m§Zr _mUgmMm Ë`mÀ`m {dH$madeVo
g{hV Am{U {ddoH$j_Vo g{hV pñdH$mabo Amho. _mUyg H$m_-H«$moY-bmo^-_moh-_Ëga `m {dH$mam§g{hV
Ë`mMo _Zwî`Ëd OJV AgVmo. nU `m {dH$mam§Zm ~wÕrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo `mo½` {Xem XoVm òVo. {dMmamZo
Ë`m§À`mda _mV H$aVm òVo. {dMmam§Mo ho AX²^yV gm_Ï`© _mUgmH$S>o Amho. qH$~hÿZm Ë`mVM Ë`mMo _Zwî`Ëd
Amho Ago CXma_VdmXr {dMmamZo ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. `mVyZM ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMm d {dMma ñdmV§Í`mMm AmJ«h
CXma_VdmÚm§Zr Yabm. BVHo$M Zìho Va MwH$m H$aÊ`mMohr ñdmV§Í` _mUgmbm Agbo nm{hOo, H$maU _mUyg
MwH$V MwH$V {eH$V AgVmo. Aer CXma_VdmÚm§Mr YmaUm Amho. Á`m H¥$VrZo BVam§À`m ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm
òUa Zmhr. BVam§Zm CnÐd nmohmoMUma Zmhr d gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmg ~mYm nmohmoMUma Zmhr, Aer H$moUVrhr
H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMo g§nyU© ñdmV§Í` _mUgmbm Agbo nm{hOo, Ago CXma_VdmXmZo gm§{JVbo. _mUgo OÝ_V:M
g_mZ Agë`mZo ho ñdmV§Í` d§e, Y_©, OmV, ^mfm qbJ B. VÎdmda _mUgm_mUgm§V ôX Z H$aVm gdmªZmM
ñdmV§Í` Agbo nm{hOo, Agohr CXma_VdmXmZo gm§{JVbo.
AW©H$maUmÀ`m joÌmVhr ho ñdmV§Í` _mUgmbm A{YH$m{YH$ {Xbo nm{hOo. `m _VmMm nwañH$ma
CXma_VdmXmZo Ho$bm. `mVyZM H$ama ñdmV§Í`, ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í`, CËnmXZ ñdmV§Í`, g§Mma ñdmV§Í` `m
ñdmV§Í`m§Mm AmJ«h Yabm Jobm. CËnmXZ ì`dñWm, ~mOmanoR> `m joÌm§V amÁ` g§ñWoZo hñVjon H$aVm H$m_m
Zò. Agm _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoMm {dMma CXma_VdmXmZo AmJ«hmZo _m§S>bm. ì`mnma, Am`mV-{Z`m©V, ~mOma^md
B. g§X^m©Vrb gd© {Z`§ÌUo {OVH$s H$_rV H$_r hmoVrb {VVŠ`m à_mUmV _mUyg Amnbr ^m¡{VH$ àJVr
H$aob. Ago `m CXma_VdmÚm§Mo åhUUo hmoVo. A{ÔmV CXma_VdmXmZo Y_©{Zanoj, O~m~Xma nU "_`m©{XV'
emgZ g§ñWoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. A{ÔmV CXma_VdmXmMr hr VÎdo AmOÀ`m ImOJrH$aUmÀ`m `wJmbm IynM
nmofH$ Am{U nwaH$ AmhoV. Am{U åhUyZM CXmarH$aU, ImOJrH$aU Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmnU nwÝhm
EH$Xm CXma_VdmXmH$S>o MmbÊ`mMm Amnë`mbm ^mg hmoVmo.
BVHo$M Zìho Va AmOMm Amnbm amÁ`H$Vm© dJ© Amnbr Ver g_OyVhr H$ê$Z XoV Amho. åhUyZM Vmo
AmOÀ`m Amnë`m amOH$s` {dMmagaUrbm "Zd CXma_VdmXr' {dMma Ago g§~moYVmo. nU A{ÔmV
CXma_VdmX Am{U Zd CXma_VdmX `mV \$aH$ Amho. Ë`m§Mo g§X^© doJio AmhoV d Ame`hr doJim Amho.
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Vmo g_OyZ KoÊ`mnydu àW_ "_`m©{XV emgZmMm' nwañH$ma H$aUmam CXma_VdmX H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mH$S>o H$gm
dibm d H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMm nwañH$ma H$aVm H$aVm Vmo gd©H$f amÁ`g§ñWoMm Q>moQ>b ñQ>oQ> (Total State)
nwañH$Vm© Agm Pmbm Vo nhmdo bmJob. Ë`mgmR>r A{ÔmV CXma_VdmXmH$Sy>Z AmYw{ZH$ CXma_VdmXmH$S>o
CXma_VdmXmMm àdmg H$gm Pmbm ho nmhUo JaOoMo Amho.
B§½b§S>_Üò CXma_VdmXmMm {gÕm§V d amOH$s` H$m`©H«$_ 1688-1867 À`m H$mbmdYrV _m§S>bm
Jobm. ì`ŠVrMo hŠH$ Am~m{YV amIbo d Ë`m hŠH$m§À`m ajUmW© g§{dYmZmË_H$ VaVwXr H$aUo, ho
CXma_VdmXmMo àmW{_H$ ê$n hmoVo. Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm d ñdmV§Í`, g§{dYmZVm d amOH$s` hŠH$ øm Jmoï>r
Ë`mV Z_yX Ho$ë`m Joë`m. 1688 gmbr CXma_VdmXr H«$m§Vr Pmbr. Ë`m_wio amÁ`m§Mr gd©H$f hþHy$_V d
na§namdmX ømVyZ gwQ>H$m Pmbr. A_o[aHo$Zo amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` Omhra Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va CXma_VdmXmMm Xÿgam
H$mbI§S> gwê$ Pmbm. `m H$mbI§S>mV Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMo ñdmV§Í` qH$dm Iwë`m ì`mnmamMm {gÕm§V
H$m`m©pÝdV Pmbm. Ë`m_wio ZmoH$aemhrMr AW© ì`dhmamVrb {Z`§ÌU CR>br. ì`mnmar X`m©dXu, XiUdiU
H$aUmar bmoH$ d l{_H$ øm§À`mdarb ~§YZo {eWrb Pmbr.
B§½b§S>_Üò CXma_VdmXmMo g_W©Z d {ddaU H$aUmao bm°H$, A°S>_ pñ_W, OoamoJr, ~°W°_, Om°Z,
ñQw>`wA_© {_b B. VÎdk CX`mg Ambo. Ë`m§Zr Iwë`m ì`mnmamMo AW©emó, ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMo amÁèmó
d Cn`wŠVdmXr {Z{Vemó hr {Z_m©U Ho$bo. {dMmad§Vm§À`m à^mdm_wio _VXmZmÀ`m hŠH$mMr àmßVr d {dñVma
Pmbm. CXma_VdmX amOH$s` bmoH$memhr nÕVrbm nmofH$ AgVmo. ho Oar Iao Agbo Var Vmo amOoemhrV
qH$dm C_amdemhrV qH$dm AÝ` amOdQ>rV H$m`m©pÝdV H$aVm òVmo. åhUyZ bmoH$gÎmmdmXmhÿZ CXma_VdmX
doJim Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b. `wamonmV _m°Q>oñŠ`y, ~|Om{_Z H$m°ñVm, JQ>o d hoS>©a ho VÎdk CXma_VdmXmMo
nwañH$V} hmVo.
CXma_VdmXmÀ`m dmVmdaUmV ^m§S>dbemhr g_mO {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§Vr Pmbr.
na§Vw ~hþOZ g_mOmMo OrdZ H$ï>mMoM am{hbo. CXma_VdmXmV ì`ŠVrdarb ~§YZm§Mm {Zamg ho {ZfoYmË_H$
VÎd ApñVËdmV Ambo. na§Vw VodT>çmZo gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm g§nÞ Am{W©H$ d gmg§H¥${VH$ OrdZ bm^bo Zmhr.
Vem OrdZmH$[aVm Amdí`H$ Agbobr {dYm`H$ VÎdo gm§JUmam H«$m§VrH$maH$ g_mOdmXr {dMma EH$moUrgmì`m
eVH$mV dmTy>Z à^mdr hmoD$ bmJbm. CXa_VdmXmMm à^md H$_r hmoD$Z CXma_VdmXr njm§À`m d ì`ŠVtÀ`m
hmVmVrb amOH$s` gÎmoMr gwÌo EH$moUrgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg g¡b hmoD$ bmJbr d Vem njm§Mm nam^d
hmoD$ bmJbm. ømZ§Va CXma_VdmMm g§nyU© Ë`mJ H$aUmam g_mOdmX nwT>o Ambm. g_mOdmXmV g_mO{hVmH$arVm
Cä`m amhmd`mÀ`m g§ñWm§Zr ZdrZ ~§YZo {Z_m©U hmoUma ho {XgyZ Amë`mda CXma_VdmXmMo ê$nm§Va bmoH$emhr
àYmZ g_mOdmXmV Pmbo. Ë`mMo CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU åhUOo {~«Q>Z _Yrb _Oyanjm§er ghmZw^yVr Agboë`m
{dMmad§Vm§Mm d _Oyanjr` ZoË`m§Mm \o$~r`Z g_mOdmX hmo`.
3) _mŠg©dmXr {gÕm§V :
gZ 1848 _Üò H$mb© _mŠg© Am{U \o$S>[aH$ E§Joëg `m XmoZ g_mOdmXr VÎd qMVH$mZr "{X H$å`w{Zï>
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_o{Z\o$ñQ>mo' ho N>moQ>o ImZr nwñVH$ à{gÕ Ho$bo. gm°gr_m°, \w$[aXm qH$dm am°~Q>© AmodoZ `m§Zr g_mOdmXmda ^mî`
Ho$bo hmoVo. nU Ë`m§Zr dU©Z Ho$bobm g_mOdmX H$gm ñdßZmiy Am{U ^mdZm_` Amho, ho _mŠg©Zo H$å`w{Zï>
_o{Z\o$ñQ>mo' _Üò gm§{JVbo. g_mO {dH$mgmÀ`m emór` VÎdmda AmYmabobr g_mOdmXmMr {Xem _mŠg©Zo
"H$å`w{ZñQ> _o{Z\o$ñQ>mo' _Üò ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. åhUyZM _mŠg©Zo ñnï> Ho$boë`m g_mOdmXmMo dU©Z
"emór` g_mOdmX' Ago Ho$bo OmVo. H$maU g_mOdmXmMmM EH$ A{dîH$ma åhUyZ ""emór` g_mOdmX''
qH$dm _mŠg©dmX ho EH$ ñd`§nyU©, g_J« Am{U A{Ve` H«$m§VrH$mar g_mOn[ad©ZmMo ñdV§Í` Xe©Z Amho.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m AmOÀ`m g§X^m©V gmå`dmX qH$dm _mŠg©dmX g§në`mMr hmH$mQ>r Oar {nQ>br OmV
Agbr, Var ^m§S>dbemhrMr J{VVÎd Am{U A§Va§J nyU©V: g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmO _mŠg©dmXmMo g_J«
AmH$bZ Pmë`m{edm` `m ~m~r CbJS>Uma ZmhrV. Ë`m Ñï>rZo _mŠg©dmX hm AmOhr EH$ _hÎdmMm {dMma
R>aVmo.
emór` g_mOdmXmMo ñnï> Xe©Z ho "H$å`w{ZñQ> _o{Z\o$ñQ>mo' _YyZ àW_M R>iH$nUo nwT>o Ambo Agbo
Var Vo nwñVH$ åhUOo _mŠg©Mr n{hbrM {dMmaH¥$Vr Zìho. nU `m nwñVH$m_Üò _mŠg©Zo àW_M Amnë`m
g_mO _r_m§gobm emór`VoMm AmYma Agë`mMo AmJ«hmZo gm§{JVbo Am{U Amnë`m g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Zr
ñnï>rH$aU _m§S>bo. g_mOdmXr VÎdqMVZmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Ë`m_wio EH$ doJioM H«$m§VrH$mar diU {_imbo.
Ë`m Ñï>rZohr emór` g_mOdmX hm g_mOdmXr VÎd qMVZerb EH$ _moR>r Pon hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m CX`mMo
gm_m{OH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© bjmV KoUo Oê$arMo Amho.
^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoer AghH$ma nwH$maV am°~Q>© AmodoZ gma»`m g_mOdmÚmZo CËnmXH$mÀ`m ghH$m`m©da
AmYm[aV CËnmXH$-ghH$mar g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Or g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Ë`mg
\$mago è Ambo Zmhr. AmodoZÀ`m Z§Va Ë`mMo AZoH$ ghH$mar d AZw`m`r ho gmd©{ÌH$ nwéf _Vm{YH$mamMm
AmJ«h YaUmè`m "Mm{Q>©ñQ>' MidirV gm_rb Pmbo. nU Mm{Q>©ñQ> Midir 1848 À`m gw_mamg AñV
Pmë`mda g_mOdmX Am{U H$m_Jma dJm©À`m MidirVrb EH$ A§V: g§~§Y Odinmg g§nbm.
1848 _Yrb `wamonr` XoemVrb H«$m§VrH$mar CR>mdm§À`m AnèmZ§Va g_mOdmXr MidirÀ`m ~m§YUrg
EH$ O~aXñV YŠH$m ~gbm. _mŠg© `m gd© KS>m_moS>tMm {M{H$ËgH$nUo {dMma H$arV hmoVm. emofU Am{U
X_ZmÀ`m {damoYmV bmoH$ {H$Vrhr _moR>çm n«_mUmV gd© eŠVr{Zer Am{U _wŠVrÀ`m d ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m àoaUoZo
bT>m`bm V`ma Agbo Am{U Ë`mMo CËñ\y$V© CR>md H«$m§VrH$mar D$Om© {Z_m©U H$arV Agbr Var; Omoda `m
H«$m§VrH$mar CR>mdm§Zm emór` H«$m§VrH$mar VÎdkmZmMm nm`m bm^V Zmhr, Vmoda ho CR>md H«$m§VrÀ`m èmMr
h_r XoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. `m {ZîH$fm©n`ªV _mŠg© Ambm hmoVm. Am{U Ë`m Ñï>rZoM Ë`m§Zo g_mOdmXr Xe©ZmMo
{gÕm§V {dH${gV Ho$bo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ñï>çm \$maem {dH${gV Zgboë`m O_©Zr_Üò X{bV / emo{fV dJm©Mr
OmUrd OmJ¥Vr H$ê$Z g_mOdmXmMo ^{dVËd AmídñV hmoUma ZgyZ B§½b§S> gma»`m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m
{eIamda nmohmoMboë`m Xoem§Mo ^m§S>dbr AW©H$maU H$em àH$mao g_mO OrdZm_Üò ~Xb KS>{dV Amho d
^m§S>dbr emofUmMo OJâÀ`m l{_H$ dJm©da Ë`mMo H$m` n[aUm_ hmoV AmhoV `mMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg
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Ho$ë`m{edm` g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr bjmV KoVm òUma Zmhr. ho \«o$S>[aH$ E§JëgZo _mŠg©bm nQ>dyZ {Xbo.
"X H§${S>eZ Am°\$ d{Hª$J Šbmg BZ B§½b§S>' ho E§JoëgMo nwñVH$ 1844 _Üò à{gÕ Pmbo hmoVo. 1848 _Üò
_mŠg© B§½b§S>bm H$m`_ñdê$nr dmñVì`mgmR>r Ambm d `mM H$mimV ^m§S>dbr AW©H$maUmMm Ë`mZo gImob
Aä`mg Ho$bm. "Xmg H°$nrQ>b' hm Ë`mMm {ÌI§S>mË_H$ J«§W `mM H$mimV V`ma Pmbm. _mŠg© B§½b§S> _Üò
Ambm, Ë`mdoir Mm{Q>©ñQ> Midi AñV§JV hmoV Mmbbr hmoVr. Am{U B§½b§S> nwaVoM ~mobm`Mo, Va H$m_Jma
dJ© Am{U g_mOdmXr {dMma `mVrb VÎdkmZmË_H$ gm§Ym jrU hmoV Mmbbm hmoVm, nU B§½b§S> Am{U
{deofV: b§S>Z ho bmoH$emhr ñdmV§Í`mMr _m`^y_r Agë`mZo BVa `wamonr` Xoem§Vrb {dMma ñdmV§Í`mdarb
{Z~ªY B§½b§S> _Üò ZìhVo. n[aUm_V: `wamonr`Z Xoem§VyZ namJ§Xm Pmbobo AZoH$ g_mOdmXr, AamÁ`dmXr
H«$m§VrH$maH$ b§S>Z _Üò O_m Pmbo hmoVo. _mŠg© Am{U E§Joëg ho Ë`m§MoM ghMa hmoVo. `m gdmªÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ
gZ 1864 _Üò "B§Q>aZ°eZb d{Hª$J _oÝg Agmo{gEeZ'Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. {hbmM nwT>o "X \$ñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb'
åhUyZ AmoiIbo Jobo. "\$ñQ> B§Q>aZ°eZb qH$dm "n{hbr OmJ{VH$ H$m_Jma n[afX' ho _w»`Ëdo OJâ åhUOo
`wamon_Üò ngaboë`m {d{dY H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§À`m à{V{ZYtMo ì`mgnrR> hmoVo. `m n[afXoV {d{dY n¡by§Mo
g_mOdmXr H«$m§VrH$maH$ {dMma _m§S>bo Jobo. ho {dMma g_mOdmXr H«$m§VrH$maH$ Ogo hmoVo. VgoM Vo
AamÁ`dmXr hr hmoVo. _mŠg©Zo `m "B§Q>aZ°eZb d{Hª$J _oÝg Agmo{gEeZ'À`m ~m§YUrV g{H«$` gh^mJ KoVbm
Ë`mMo g{MdnX hr ^yf{dbo. {d{dY Xoem§Vrb H$m_Jma Midir d g§KQ>Zm§Zm YmoaUmË_H$ d g¡Õm§{VH$ {Xem
XoÊ`mMo H$m_ `m g§KQ>ZoV\}$ _moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Pmbo. gdmªMr {H$_mZ gh_Vr hmoB©b Agm "g§gXr`
g_mOdmXmMm' _mJ© `m g§KQ>ZoZo nwañH$m[abm Ago Agbo Var _mŠg©À`m emór` g_mOdmXmMm à^md AmVm
{~«Q>Z dJiVm EHy$U g_mOdmXr qMVZmda ñnï>nUo {Xgy bmJbm hmoVm. 1860 À`m _Ü`mda O_©Zr _Üò
_mŠg©À`mM O_©Z AZw`m`m§Zr "O_©Z gmoeb S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ nmQ>u'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br hmoVr. `m H$mimV _mŠg©dmXr
ñdV:bm "gmoeb S>o_m°H«o$Q²>g' åhUyZ KoV O_©ZrVrb gmoeb S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ nmQ>u hr Ë`mdoiMr OJmVrb gdm©V
_moR>r nmQ>u hmoVr. `mM YVuda \«|$M g_mOdmXr hr E_². E\²$. Am`. Amo. (goŠgZ \«°$H$mB© {X. b.,
B§Q>aZ°eZb Amoìh[abm) `m g§KQ>ZoImbr g§K{Q>V Pmbo. Am{U Ë`m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr g_mOdmXmMm A{YH¥$V
ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. a{e`m_Üò hr a{e`Z gmoeb S>o_m°H«$m{Q>H$ nmQ>u ñWmnZ Pmbr. _mŠg©dmXmMm à^md AmVm
{Z{d©dmXnUo ñnï> {XgV hmoVm. _mŠg©dmXr g_mOdmXmZo g_mOdmXr Xe©Z ho d¡pídH$ Xe©Z ~Zbo. d
g_mOdmXr Midi hr Iè`m AWm©Zo Am§Vaamï´>r` ~Zbr. "OJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zr EH$ ìhm, Vwåhmbm Vw_À`m
Jwbm_{JarÀ`m e¥§Ibm {edm` H$mhr J_dmdo bmJUma Zmhr.' `m _mŠg©À`m g_mOdmXr _§ÌmMr _mohZr gd©
Xÿan`ªV nmohmoMbr hmoVr. _mŠg©À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va ñWmnZ Pmboë`m 1889 À`m "goH§$S> B§Q>aZ°eZb da
_mŠg©dmXrMr _moha ñnï> C_Q>br hmoVr. Am§VaamîQ´>r` g_mOdmXr MidirV VmpËdH$ d S>mdnoMmË_H$ VgoM
ì`yhaMZmË_H$ Am{U YmoaUmË_H$ _VôX gmao g§nbo hmoVo Ago Zìho, _mŠg© à{UV g_mOdmXr _mJm©er
Agh_Vr Xe©{dUmao ES>dS>© ~Z©ñQ>mB©ZMo {bImU à{gÕ hmoVM hmoVo. ~Z©ñQ>mB©ZZo Bìhmoë`weZar gmoem°{bP_
(1899) `m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV "CËH«$m§VrdmXr g_mOdmXmMm' nwañH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. nU ~Z©ñQ>mg©Z bm \$mago
è Ambo Zmhr. n«^md H$m`_ am{hbm Vmo _mŠg©dmXmMm.
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^m§S>dbemhr CËnmXZ ì`dñWoZo _mUgmMr CËnmXZ eŠVr àM§S> à_mUmV dmT>br. YZ {Z{_©Vr _moR>çm
à_mUmV hmoD$ bmJbr. CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoD$Z ^m¡{VH$ g_¥ÕrÀ`m dmQ>m _moH$içm Pmë`m. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU
Am{U eharH$aUmg JVr Ambr. nU `mM ~amo~a ^m§S>dbemhrMo gm_m{OH$ XþînarUm_ hr ñnï> hmoD$
bmJbo. g_¥Õr dmT>br. nU Vr _yR>â ^m§S>dbXma dJm©À`m hmVmV EH$dQ>br Jobr. eharH$aUm~amo~a
~H$mbrH$aU hr dmT>bo. ~oH$marMr g_ñ`m J§^ra hmoV Jobr. H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU, X¡Ý` d Xm[aÐç dmT>VM
Jobo. `m gd© Xþîn[aUm_m§_wio `wamonr` g_mOmVrb AZoH$ {dMmar d g§doXZerb _§S>ir AñdñW Pmbr.
^m§S>dbemhrVyZ òUmè`m `m Xÿîn[aUm_m§da H$m`_ Cnm` Agy eH$Vmo `mMm {dMma gwê$ Pmbm Am{U `mVyZ
g_mOdmXr {dMmam§Mm CX` Pmbm.
H$mb© _mŠg© d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar \«o$S>[aH$ E§Joëg `m XmoKm§Zr {dMmaàdV©Z d AË`§V n[aUm_r Ago
{bImU Ho$ë`m_wio g§K{Q>V H$m_Jmam§À`m H«$m§VrH$mar MidT>rMm nm`m KmVbm Jobm. _mZdr OrdZmMm
{dH$mg hm `moJm`moJmda qH$dm H$moUË`m X¡dr eŠVrda Adb§~yZ ZgVmo. `m ÑT> lÕoVyZ _mŠg©Zo ^m¡{VH$dmXr
B{Vhmg_r_m§goMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo. g_mO OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmV Am{W©H$ nm`mda AmYmaboë`m dJ©dmarbmM Iao
_hÎd Amho. Ago ñnï> H$ê$Z _mŠg©Zo g_mOì`dñWoMm nm`m dJ©ì`dñWoV AmT>iVmo. Ago àñWm{nV Ho$bo.
_Zwî`mMr {dMmagaUr Ë`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrer g§~§YrV AgVo. g_mZ Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr d åhê$Z
g_mZ {dMmagaUr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr§Mm g_mdoe EH$m dJm©V hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo {dMma, VÎdkmZ,
{hVg§~§Y ho BVa dJm©À`m {hVg§~§Ymer g§nyU©nUo {damoYr AgVmV. dJ©-dJm©Vrb {hVg§~§Y nañna {damoYr
Agë`mZo dJm©-dJm©Vrb nañna g§Kfm©Mo d dJ©{dJ«hmMo AgVmV. _mZdOmVrÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimnmgyZ
AmT>mdm KoD$Z _mŠg©Zo Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm H$s, ""_mZdg_mOmMm AmOn`ªVMm B{Vhmg åhUOo dJ©
bT>çmMmM B{Vhmg Amho.'' ga§Om_H$mimVrb O_rZXma, Ë`m§Mo _m§S>brH$ d Ë`m§Mr Hw$io `m§À`mVrb bT>m
d Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va ^m§S>dbXma d _Oya `m§À`mVrb bT>m `m§Mr hr CXmhaUo AmhoV. dJ©ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n
~Xbbo. {nidUrH$sÀ`m _mJm©Vhr ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo, na§Vw {nidUyH$ g§nbr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dbemhr
AW©ì`dñWoVhr dJ©bT>m MmbyM am{hbm. Eo{Vhm{gH$ àoaUm§À`m à^mdm_wio ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoMo
énm§Va g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWoV {ZpíMVnUo hmoB©b Agm ÑT> {dídmg H$mb© _mŠg©bm dmQ>V hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r
gÜ`mÀ`m g_mOaMZoMr ~§YZo PwJmê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r l{_H$m§Zr g§K{Q>V Pmbo nm{hOo. H$m_Jma dJm©Mo `m
dJ©g§Kfm©V H$moUVoM ZwH$gmZ hmoUma Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m§À`m ~§YZmì`{V[aŠV J_mdÊ`mOmoJo Ë`m§À`m Odi
H$mhrM ZgVo. CbQ>H«$m§Vrbm gm_moao Joboë`m H$m_Jmambm ~aoM H$mhr qOH$Vm òB©b. åhUyZ "gmè`m OJmVrb
H$m_Jmam§Zmo, EH$Ì `m' Aer KmofUm H$ê$Z gd© H$m_Jmam§Zm H«$m§VrMo AmdmhZ Ho$bo. H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©ZoM
àM{bV AW©ì`dñWm ~XbUo hoM H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo Üò` Amho. H$m_Jmam§Mo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV
R>odUo ho H$mb© _mŠg©À`m Ñï>rZo H$m_Jma-g§KQ>Zm§Mo AË`§V _`m©{XV Üò` hmoVo. gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrgmR>r
H$m_Jmam§Zm EH$Ì AmUUo ho H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo Üò` Amho.
Joë`m 200 dfm©Vrb Am§Vaamï´>r` gmå`dmXr MidirMm AmYma _mŠg©Mo hoM VÎdkmZ hmoVo. H«$m§VrMo
Üò` {ZpíMV H$ê$Z H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Zr bT>mD$ ñdê$nmMr H$m`} hmVr KoVbr nm{hOoV. Ago _mŠg©Mo åhUUo
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hmoVo. H$m_Jmam§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ-nÕVrV H$m_Jmam§Mm bm^ AJXrM H$_r Agë`mZo Ag§VwîQ> d {d\$b Pmboë`m
H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_Jma-g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _XVrMr JaO AgVo.
_mŠg©À`m _VmZo g_mO hm XmoZ dJm©V {d^mJbm Jobm Amho. Jar~ d lr_§V, emofH$ d emo{fV `m
XmoZ dJm©V qH$dm JQ>mV nañnam§~Ôb ào_ qH$dm nañnam§V ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm Zmhr. ^m§S>dbXma d H$m_Jma `mV _mÌ g_oQ>mMr eŠ`Vm Odi-Odi ZgVo. ""gd© OJmVrb
B{Vhmgm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mMr Jwé{H$ëbr åhUOo _mŠg©Zo V`ma Ho$bobm dJ© g§Kfm©Mm {gÕm§V hmo`.''
ga§Om_emhrda AmYmarV g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m {dZmemVyZ AmH$mambm Amboë`m AmYw{ZH$ _Ü`_dJu`
g_mO ì`dñWobm gwÕm dJ© {damoYmnmgyZ Xÿa OmVm Ambo Zmhr. Amnbo `wJ H$s Oo _Ü`_dJu`m§Mo `wJ Amho.
ho gwÕm dJ© {damoYmbm Q>miy eH$V Zmhr. CÚmoOH$ ho Amnë`m {JaUrVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMm `mo½`
_mo~Xbm XoV ZgV. H$m_mMo Vmg, AmR>dS>r aOm, doVZ qH$dm _Oyar, d¡ÚH$s` gdbVr, AnKmVr {d_m,
H$m_Jmam§Mo d`, ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr B. ~m~VrV Ë`m H$mimV H$moUVmM {Z`_ ZìhVm. ""h_ H$ao gmo
H$m`Xm'' hr Ag§»` bmoH$m§Mr ZrVr hmoVr. A{YH$ CËnmXZ A{YH$ Z\$m åhUyZ H$m_Jmam§Mo A{YH$ emofU
ho VÎd Ë`m H$mimV hmoVo. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m AÝ`m` ghZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m d Amnbo emofU hmoD$ XoÊ`mÀ`m
H$mhr _`m©Xm AgVmV. `m _`m©Xm Oa Amobm§S>ë`m Joë`m Va à{VH$ma hmoVmo. l{_H$m§da d H$m_Jmam§da
hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMm à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU g§K{Q>V Pmbo nm{hOo. hr Om{Ud `m l{_H$ H$m_Jmam§V
{Z_m©U Pmbr d Ë`mVyZM H$m_Jmam§À`m qH$dm l{_H$m§À`m {d{dY g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmë`mV. `m H$m_Jma
g§KQ>Zm§Zr Amnbo H$maImZXmam§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m emofUm{déÕ AmdmO CR>{dÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br d hrM dJ©
g§Kfm©Mr [R>UJr R>abr.
l_eŠVr {dH$V KoÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V _mŠg© åhUVmo H$s, ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m S>moŠ`mV n¡emMo ^yV gdma
hmoVo H$s, Oo H$m_Jmam§À`m qH$dm l{_H$m§À`m aŠVmMo emofU H$aVo. H$maImZm CËnmXZ nÕVr_wio CËnmXZmV
â_gmR> dmT> hmoVo. CËnmXZmV ~ogw_ma dmT> Pmbr H$s, _mbmMm CR>md ìhmdm åhUyZ ^m§S>dbXmam§Zm Amnë`m
CËnm{XV _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r H$amì`m bmJVmV. Á`m doiobm qH$_Vr H$_r Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Voìhm Ë`mMr
ânmB© ìhmdr åhUyZ H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZhr OmUyZ ~wOyZ H$_r Ho$bo OmVo. H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ H$_r Pmbo H$s,
Ë`m§Mr IaoXrMr eŠVr nU H$_r hmoVo. ho H$m_Jma hr H$maImÝ`mV CËnmXZ hmoUmè`m _mbmMo IaoXrXma
AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr IaoXr eŠVr H$_r Pmë`mZo Vo OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy IaoXr H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Aem àH$mao
A{YH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m d A{YH$ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m Yw§XrV H$maImZXma H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ H$_r H$aVmV d
H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU H$aVmV. `mbmM dJ© g§Kf© hr g§km {Xbr OmVo.
H$mb© _mŠg© nwT>o åhUVmo H$s, \$ŠV H$m_Jmam§Mo H$maImZXmam§{déÕMo bT>o åhUOo Ho$db dJ© g§Kf© Zìho
Va Ë`mV eoVmV _Oyam§Mo O_rZXmam§{déÕ, gd© gm_mÝ` àOoMo Owb_r amÁ`H$Ë`mª{déÕ Jwbm_m§Mo _mbH$m§{déÕ
hmoUmao bT>o B. gd© g§Kfm©V _moS>VmV.
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^maVr` g§{dYmZm_Üò H$mhr _yb^yV hŠH$ gm§{JVbo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ emofUm{déXY hŠH$
gm§{JVbm Amho. Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo Imbrb Jmoï>tMm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
1) _mUgm§Mm Anì`mnma Am{U {~Jma d Ë`m gma»`m AÝ` ñdê$nmVrb doR>{~Jmarg _ZmB©
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Am{U `m VaVwX§Mo H$moUË`mhr àH$mao C„§KZ H$aUo hm H$m`ÚmZwgma
{ejmnmÌ AnamY Agob.
2) gmd©O{ZH$ à`moOZm H$arVm godm H$am`bm bmdë`mg amÁ`mbm AZwÀN>oXmVrb H$moUË`mhr
Jmooï>t_wio à{V~§Y hmoUma Zmhr d Aer godm H$amd`mg bmdVmZm Ho$di Y_©, d§e, OmV, qH$dm
dJ© `m qH$dm `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr H$maUmdê$Z amÁ` H$moUVmhr ôX^md H$aUma Zmhr.
3) Mm¡Xm df} d`mImbrb H$moUË`mhr ~mbH$mg H$moUË`mhr H$maImÝ`mV qH$dm ImUrV H$m_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmoH$arg R>odbo OmUma Zmhr AWdm AÝ` H$moUË`mhr YmoŠ`mÀ`m H$m_mda Ë`mg
bmdbo OmUma Zmhr.
Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Am{U g§`wŠV amï´>g§K `mgma»`m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>Zm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hm
hŠH$m§À`m CËH«$m§Vr_Yrb EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm hmoVm. g_mOm_Üò em§VVm amIÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` hm
Amdí`H$ KQ>H$ Amho. `m KQ>H$mda Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm (ILO) g§KQ>ZoMr gZ 1919 _Üò {Z{_©Vr
Pmbr. `m g§KQ>ZoZo H$m_Jmam§À`m hŠH$m§Mm Om{haZm_m V`ma Ho$bm. VgoM `m g§KQ>ZoZo H$_©Mmar dJm©g
Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m à_mUmZwgma doVZ XoUo, H$m_H$mOmMo Vmg, H$m_Jma ñdmñW `m {df`m§Mo àíZ, _{hbm
Am{U ~mb H$m_Jmam§er g§~§YrV g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo, ^m§S>dbXma dJm©H$Sy>Z H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr {nidUyH$
gmoS>{dUo, ^m§S>dbXma dJm©H$Sy>Z H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr {nidUyH$ Wm§~{dUo `mgmR>r boIr {Z`_XoIrb ~Z{dbo.
{\$bmS>opë\$`m òWrb Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Om{haZmå`m_Üò (gZ 1944) Ago Z_yX
H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. (1) H$m_Jma hm {dH«$sH$aÊ`mMr dñVy Zmhr, (2) A{^ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í` Am{U
gôMo, EH$Ì òÊ`mMo, g§KQ>Zm ~m§YÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` A{daV àJVrgmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho. (3) gd© _Zwî`
àmÊ`m§Zm ñdmV§Í`, à{Vð>m, Am{W©H$ gwajm Am{U g_mZ g§Yr `m AQ>tgh Amnbm emar[aH$ Am{U AmpË_H$
{dH$mg gmYÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho. _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m {dH$mgm_Üò amï´>g§K hm AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ Q>ßnm Amho.
Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emofUmVyZ OZVobm _wŠV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m _yb^yV gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
A{YH$mam§Zm g§ajU àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo hr gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr _mJMr àoaUm hmoVr. H$mb© _mŠg©À`m emofU_wŠV
g_mOmÀ`m H$ënZoZo à^m{dV Pmboë`m _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm
Amho.
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B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -1
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ åhUOo H$m` ?
2) CXma_VdmXr {gÕm§VmMo AmYma H$moUVo ?
3) CXma_VdmXmMr {dMmagaUr H$moUË`m XmoZ _yb^yV Jmooï>tda â XoVo.
4) _mŠg©dmXr {gÕm§Vm_Üò H$embm _hÎd {Xbo Jobo Amho.
5) _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§_Üò _mŠg©Zo H$moUË`m KQ>H$mda bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Amho.
~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
1) Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ åhUOo _mZdmbm {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z {_imbobr XoUJr hmo`.
2) CXma_VdmX hm ñdmV§Í` d g_Vm `mda AmYmarV Zmhr.
3) AmË_m{dîH$ma Am{U ñdmV§Í`mdarb {Zð>oMo g§dY©Z hm CXma_VdmXmMm Ame` Amho.
4) _mŠg©Zo ñnï> Ho$boë`m g_mOdmXmMo dU©Z ""emór` g_mOdmX'' Ago Ho$bo OmVo.
5) H$mb© _mŠg© d \«o$S>[aH$ E§Joëg `m§À`m_Üò g_mZdmXmdê$Z _VôX hmoVo.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
A) 1) Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ åhUOo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrb _Zwî`àmUr `m ZmË`mZo H$mhr JmoîQ>r {ZgJ©V:M àmßV
Pmbobo AgVmV.
2) amï´>mVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mZdm{YH$ma ajUmda CXma_VdmX AmYmabobm Amho.
3) CXma_VdmXmMr {dMmagaUr nwT>rb XmoZ _wb^yV Jmoï>tda â XoVmV. (1) ñdoÀN>m _§Ì gÎmmYmarËdmMr
Zmng§Vr d (2) ì`ŠVtMm A{Z~ªY Am{dîH$ma.
4) _mŠg©dmXr {gÕm§Vm_Üò emór` g_mOdmXmbm _hÎd {Xbo Amho.
5) _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§_Üò _mŠg© Zo H$m_Jma d emo{fV KQ>H$m§da bj H|${ÐV Ho$boAmho.
~) 1) ~amo~a, 2) MyH$,
3) ~amo~a, 4) ~amo~a
5) MyH$
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ / boI :
1. S>m°. {^_amd am_Or Am§~oS>H$a, ^maVmMo g§{dYmZ, àH$meH$, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a gm{hË` àMma
_§S>i, g_Vm g¡{ZH$ Xb, {JÅ>r IXmZ, ZmJnya, gmVdr Amd¥Îmr, 2008
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2.
Roy A.N. Human Rights Tasks, Duties and Function, Aavishkar Publishers,
Distributers, Jaipur 302003 (Raj) India 2007.
3.
J. Chaudhary, A Text Book of Human Rights, New Delhi, Dominant Publishers,
2000.
4.
Sonajaba Navrean, Human Rights Principles, Practices and Abuses, New
Delhi, Omson, Publications, 1994.
5)
B. P. Singh Senegal, Human Rights in India; Problems and Perspectives,
New Delhi, Deep and Deep Publication, 1995.
6. S>m°. èd§V gw_§V `m§Mo boI.
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 2
_mZdr hŠH$ Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` g§X^©
(Human Rights and International Concerns)
AZwH«$_{UH$m …
2.0 àñVmdZm
2.2 C{Ôï>o
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1 (A) Am§Vaamï´>r` {Z`_ d à_mU (International Norms and Standards)
2.3.1 (A-1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr gZX (Uited Nations Charter)
2.3.1 (A-2) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m 1948 (Universla Declaration of Human
Rights 1948)
2.3.1 (A-3) Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966 (International convenant on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights 1966)
(ICESCR)
2.3.1 (A-4) ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m (International convenant on
|Civil and Political Rights - 1966) (ICCPR)
2.3.1 (A-5) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
2.3.1 (A-7) ñd`§ AÜ`ZmMr CÎmao.
2.3.1 (~) Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr d g§ajU
(Protection and
Enforcement of Human Rights at the International level)
2.3.1 (~-1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr Am_g^m / _hmg^m (UN General Assembly)
2.3.1 (~-2) Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[afX (Economic and Social Council)
2.3.1 (~-3) _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ d g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo _mZdm{YH$ma CÀMm`wŠV
(Human Rights
commission and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights)
2.3.1 (~-4) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
2.3.1 (~-5) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao.
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E_.E. ^mJ-2 / g_mOemó ....1
2.4 gmam§e
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
2.6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao.
2.7 ñdmÜ`m`
2.8 g§X^©.
2.1 àñVmdZm :
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m g_mßVrZ§Va 24 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1945 amoOr g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
_mZdOmVrÀ`m Ñï>rZo `wÕmMo n[aUm_ {H$Vr J§^ra d ^`mZH$ hmoD$ eH$VmV. `mMm àË`` Xÿgè`m
_hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV gdmªZmM Ambm hmoVm. {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmVrb àJVr_wio _mZdmÀ`m hmVr
AË`§V {dZmeH$mar eómóo bmJbr; Ë`m_wio `wÕmbm AmUIr {dÜd§gH$ ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo. Ë`mVyZ
_mZdOmVrÀ`m ApñVËdmbmM YmoH$m CËnÞ Pmbm. åhUÿZ Xÿgao _hm`wÕ gwê$ Agë`mÀ`m H$mimVM OJmbm
d _mZdOmVrbm `wÕmÀ`m YmoŠ`mnmgyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r EImXr Am§Va amï´>r` g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo
à`ËZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m à`ËZm§Mo \$brV åhUOo "g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmMr' ñWmnZm hmo`.
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§H$ënZobm d¡pídH$ ê$n Xÿgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va àmßV Pmbo. _Zdm{YH$mam§À`m
ajUmgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda à`ËZ Pmbo nm{hOoV Aer OmUrd Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va AmH$mambm òD$
bmJbr. Xÿgao _hm`wÕmnydu Am{U _hm`wÕmXaå`mZ _mZdm{YH$mam§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV nm`_ëbr Pmbr.
O_©Zr_Üò ZmPr amOdQ>r A§VJ©V bjmdYr Á`y bmoH$m§Mm Pmbobm d§eg§hma _hm`wÕm Xaå`mZ hOmamo {ZanamY
bmoH$m§À`m Pmboë`m hË`m `mgma»`m KQ>Zm§Zr Am§VaamfQ´>r` g_wXm`mbm hmXadyZ Q>mH$bo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV
A{YH$mam§Mo ajU ìhm`bm hdo; Aer _mJUr _hm`wÕ Mmby AgVmZmM _moR>çm ZoË`m§H$Sy>Z ìhm`bm gwê$dmV
Pmbr. _hm`wÕmÀ`m g_mßVrZ§Va ñWmnZ Pmboë`m g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoZo Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm Am{U gwa{jVVm
{Q>H${dÊ`m~amo~a _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUmÀ`m C{Ôï>mbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo.
`m nmíd©^y_rda _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr V`ma H$amdr d _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ VaVwXtMm g_mdoe ìhmdm Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§Mr _mJUr AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr Ho$br. Ë`mZwgma
1946 bm g§`wŠV amï´> ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmZo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd© g_mdoeH$ `mXr V`ma
Ho$br. `m hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r ^{dî`mV ñdV§Ì H$amaZm_o V`ma H$ê$Z Vo gXñ` amï´>m§Zr
pñdH$mamdoV Ago R>a{dÊ`Vm Ambo. Ë`mZwgma "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m 1948' pñdH$maÊ`mV
Ambm. VWmnr, hm OmhraZm_m gXñ` amï´>mVrb H$amaZm_m Zgë`mZo Vmo gXñ` amï´>mda H$m`ÚmZo ~§YZH$maH$
ZìhVm. Ë`mgmR>r 1966 bm XmoZ H$amaZm_o pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambo. ho H$amaZm_o ñdmjar H$aUmè`m Xoemda
~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. ho XmoZ H$amaZm_o åhUOo, Am{W©_, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm H$amaZm_m
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1966' d "ZmJar Am{U amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966' ho hmoV.
Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm d gwa{jVVm d _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr
gZX, 1948 Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m d 1966 Mo XmoZ H$amaZm_o `mVrb VaVwXr d _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m
Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda A§_b~OmdUr d g§ajUmMr `§ÌUm Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
(Objectives)
:
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhmg 1) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V Am§Vaamï´>r` g§X^© g_OmdyZ KoVm òVrb.
2) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr gZX 1945 Mr ^y{_H$m d Ë`mVrb VaVwXr Aä`mgVm òVrb.
3) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ Omh[aZm_ 1948 Mr ^y{_H$m d VaVwXr OmUyZ KoVm òVrb.
4) Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966 g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
5) ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966 Aä`mgVm òB©b.
6) Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr d g§ajUg§~§Yr ì`dñWm Aä`mgVm òVrb.
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmZo `wÕmÀ`m ^`mZH$ AmnÎmrnmgyZ ^mdr {nT>çm§Mo g§ajU H$aUo ho Amnbo _w»` Üò`
Agë`mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m Ñï>rZo AJXr gwê$dmVrnmgyZ dmQ>Mmb gwê$ R>odbr hmoVr. _mZdr hŠH$
Am{U _yb^yV ñdmV§Íò `m§Mr h_r {_imë`mIoarO Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm d gwa{jVVm `m§Mo ajU H$aUo eŠ`
hmoUma Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr _mZdr hŠH$ d _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$ê$Z _mZdr à{Vð>m Am~m{YV amIÊ`mMm
{ZYm©a Ë`m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$bm hmoVm.
2.3.1 (A) Am§Vaamï´>r` {Z`_ d à_mU
(International Norms and Standards) :
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda {deofV: 1945 Z§Va g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo
AZoH$ à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m_Üò g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr gZ 1945, "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ Om{haZm_m
1948', "Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966' d "ZmJar d
amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1066' VgoM `m§À`m AmYmao Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb _mZdr
hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr d g§ajUmÀ`m {d{dY `§ÌUm, {Z`_ d à_mUrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m gd©
KQ>H$m§Mr A{YH$ ñnï> _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo KoVm òB©b.
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2.3.1 (A-1) g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmMr gZX
(United Nations Charter) :
g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 25 E{àb, 1945 Vo 26 OyZ 1945 Xaå`mZ
A_o[aHo$Vrb "g°Z \«$mpÝgñH$mo' òWo EH$m n[afXoMo Am`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. g°Z \«$mpÝgñH$mo n[afXoV
OJmVrb nÞmg amï´>m§À`m àV{ZYtZr ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. `m n[afXoZo 25 OyZ 1945 amoOr g§`wŠV amï´>
g§KmÀ`m gZXobm _§Oyar {Xbr. `m gZXoV EHy$U 19 àH$aUo AgyZ Ë`mV 111 H$b_m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
H$b_ 1 : g§`wŠV amîQ´> g§KmÀ`m gZXoÀ`m n{hë`m H$b_mV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, d§e, qbJ, ^mfm
qH$dm Y_© `m AmYmamda H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm gdmªH$[aVm _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U _yb^yV ñdmV§Íò
d¥ÕtJV H$aUo d Ë`m§Zm gÝ_mZ àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo `mgmR>r Am§Va amï´>r` ghH$m`© {_i{dUo ho g§`wŠV C{Ôï>
Agob.
H$b_ 13 : d§e, qbJ, ^mfm qH$dm Y_© `m AmYmamda H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm gdmªZm _mZdr
hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Íò `m§Mm bm^ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r `mg§~§YrÀ`m AÜ``Zmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mMr Am{U
{e\$maer H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m H$b_mÝdò g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m _hmgôda Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr Amho.
H$b_ 55 : `m H$mb_mV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, d§e, qbJ, OmV ^mfm qH$dm Y_© `m AmYmamda
H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm gdmªH$[aVm _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Íò `m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo Am{U Ë`m~m~V
gmd©{ÌH$ AmXa d¥ÕtJV H$aUo ho g§`wŠVamï´> g§KmMo H$V©ì` Agob.
H$b_ 56 : `m H$b_mV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmMr gd© gXñ` amï´>o H$b_ 55 _Üò
gm§{JVbobo C{Ôï>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo EH${ÌVnUo d ñdV§ÌnUo H¥$Vr H$aVrb.
H$b_ 62 : `m H$b_mÝdò g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmMr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g{_Vr gdmªH$[aVm _mZdr hŠH$
Am{U _yb^yV ñdmV§Íò `m§Mm gÝ_mZ d¥qÕJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Ë`m§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo OmÊ`mgmR>r {e\$magr
gwMdob Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
H$b_ 73 : `m H$b_mÝdò ñd`§em{fV Zgboë`m àXoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU
H$aÊ`mMr Am{U gd©~m~VrV Ë`m§Zm Ý`mæ` dmJUyH$ XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m àXoem§À`m àemgZm§Mo H$m`©
A§Jmda KoVboë`m gXñ` amï´>m§da gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
H$b_ 75 : `m H$b_mÝdò {dídñV àXoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mMr Am{U
Vo àXoe amOH$s`X¥ï>çm ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mMr j_Vm àmßV H$aVrb; `m Ñï>rZo Ë`mMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar {dídñV g{_Vrda gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. AWm©V, {dídñV g{_VrZo `m {df`mMr Amnbr
O~m~Xmar Odinmg nyU©Ëdmg AmUbr Agë`m_wio {Vbm AmVm \$mago H$m`© am{hbo Amho.
B
g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoMm CÔoe/^y{_H$m/g§H$ënZm :
1) `wÕm§À`m J§^ra n[aUm_m_wio Am_À`m OrdZH$mimV XmoZ doim _mZdOmVrbm g§H$Q>mV Q>mH$bo
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Ë`mnmgyZ ^mdr {nT>çm§Mo ajU H$aUo.
2) _yb^yV _mZdr hŠH$, àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m d _hÎd `m§À`m g§ajU, g§dY©ZmgmR>r Am{U
nwéf ór`m VgoM bhmZ d _moR>r amï´>o `m§À`m g_mZ A{YH$mamàVr AmñWm amIUo d Vo ~iH$Q> H$aUo.
3) Am§Vaamï´>r` H$ama d H$m`Xo `m_Üò A§V^y©V Xm{`ËdmÀ`m g§X^m©V Ý`m` d AmXamMr ^mdZm
{Z_m©U ìhmdr Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aUo.
4) ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmVrb ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ àJVr gmYUo d OrdZ_mZmMm ñVa dmT>dUo.
5) g§H$ën : CnamoŠV CÔoenyVuH$arVm ghZeŠVrÀ`m AmXem©Mm pñdH$ma, eoOmar amï´>m~amo~a
em§VVm_` g§~§Y Am{U Am§Va amï´>r` em§VVm d gwa{jVVogmR>r EH$Ì òD$Z gm_mÝ`mÀ`m {hVg§~§YmÀ`m
ì`{V[aŠV BVa H$moUË`mhr H$m_mgmR>r eómómMm dmna qH$dm geó eŠVrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr
d gd© ì`ŠVtÀ`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` V§ÌmMm C\$`moJ Ho$bm
OmB©b d ho gd© gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr gd©OU EH${ÌV òD$Z nañna ghH$m`m©Zo à`ËZ H$ê$.
B
g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr gZX d _mZdr hŠH$
(United Nations Charter and Human Right's) :
_w»`V: Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm d gwa[jVVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.
Ë`mMdoir _mZdr hŠH$m_Üò OmJ{VH$ nmVirda g_mZVm AmUÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òg àma§^ Pmbm. H$maU
OJmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mÀ`m OrdZ {dH$mgmgmR>r d gwa{jVVogmR>r Á`m hŠH$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho
Vo hŠH$ XoUo d Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo ho hr EH$ C{Ôï> g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m ñWmnZo_mJo hmoVo. åhUyZM g§`wŠV
amï´>m§Mr gZX ho _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb n{hbo nmD$b R>abo. H$maU,
`mnydu OJâmVrb àËòH$ amï´>m§Mr _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V ñdV:Mr Aer EH$ {dMmaYmam hmoVr.
Ë`mZwgma àËòH$ amï´> _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr {ZpíMVr H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio amï´>m-amï´>m§Vrb _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m_Üò
g_mZVm ZìhVr. `m_Üò g_mZVm AmUÊ`mMr gwê$dmV g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoZo Ho$br. `m gZXo_Üò _mZdr
hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aUmÀ`m g§^m©Vrb ~m~r nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoÀ`m àgVmdZoVrb _mZdr hŠH$ g§~Y ~m~r :
`m gZXoÀ`m àgVmdZoVM, "_yb^yV _mZdr hŠH$, àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m d _hÎd `m§À`m g§ajU,
g§dY©ZmgmR>r Am{U nwéf d {ó`m VgoM bhmZ d _moR>r amï´>o `m§À`m g_mZ A{YH$mamàVr AmñWm amIV Vo
~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mMo C{Ôï> ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
2) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoV g_m{dï> g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr _mZdr hŠH$m~m~VMr C{Ôï>ço :
1) H$b_ 1(3) _Üò ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, "g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zr d§e, qbJ, ^mfm d Y_© `m§À`m
AmYmamda H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm gdmªÀ`m _yb^yV ñdmV§Í` d _mZdr hŠH$mgmR>r nañnamVrb AmXamMr
^mdZm dmT>rg bmdUo d _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
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2) H$b_ 55 _Üò ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo H$s, ì`ŠVtMo g_mZ A{YH$ma qH$dm hŠH$m§À`m VÎdmda
AmYmarV amï´>m-amï´>m§V em§VVm_` d _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ pñWaVm d H$ë`mUH$mar
pñWVrÀ`m ñWmnZogmR>r g§`wŠV amï´> _mZdr hŠH$mg§^m©V nwT>rb ~m~tMm nwañH$ma H$aob.
A) H$b_ 55(H$) _Üò ñnï> Ho$bo H$s, OrdZ_mZÀ`m CÎm_ñVa gdmªZm amoOJma d Am{W©H$ Am{U
gm_m{OH$ àJVr VgoM {dH$mg_` n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aUo.
~) H$b_ 55(I) _Üò ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, Am§Vaamï´>r` Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Amamo½` `m§À`mer
g§~YrV g_ñ`mdarb Cnm` VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ gh`moJ {Z_m©U H$aUo.
H$) H$b_ 55(J) _Üò Ago C{Ôï> ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í` `m_Üò
d§e, qbJ, ^mfm d Y_© `mZygma H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mMm AmXa
H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo.
3) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoV _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajU d àgmamgmR>rMr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ì`dñWm qH$dm
O~m~Xmar :
_mZdr hŠH$m~m~V AgUmè`m MwH$sÀ`m H$ënZm d `mg§~§Yr AgUmè`m _m{hVrMm A^md qH$dm
AkmZ `m OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmVrb AS>Wio hmoVo. ho AS>Wio Xÿa H$aUo d
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aUo _hÎdmMo hmoVo. g§`wŠV amï´> g§KmZo ho H$m`© qH$dm O~m~Xmar nwT>rb
VrZ g§KQ>Zm§H$S>o Amnë`m gZXoVyZ gmondbr.
1) g§`wŠV amîQ´>m§Mr Am_g^m / _hmg^m.
2) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX.
3) g§`wŠV amîQ´> _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ.
1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr Am_g^m / _hmg^m : g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb àH$aU Mma _Üò
Am_gôMr H$m`} d A{YH$ma ñnï> Ho$bo AmhoV. H$b_ 13 _Üò ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, _hmg^m nwT>rb
~m~tÀ`m AÜ``ZmMr ì`dñWm H$aob d Ë`mg§~§Yr {e\$magr H$arb Ë`m ~m~r åhUOo
H$b_ 13 (1-H$) amOH$s` joÌmV Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`© dmT>dUo d Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Úm§Mm {dH$mg
d Ë`m§Mo g§{hVrH$aUmbm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
H$b_ 13 (1-I) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ d Amamo½` {df`H$ joÌmV
Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`© dmT>dUo d d§e, qbJ, ^mfm d Y_© `m§À`m AmYmamda H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm
gdmªZm _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í` àmßV ìhmdo `mgmR>r `moJXmZ XoUo.
H$b_ 13(2) _Üò ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, H$b_ 13(1-I) _Üò C„oI Ho$boë`m ~m~r g§~§Yr
_hmgôMr Or BVa H$m`} d O~m~Xmè`m AmhoV. H$b_ 55 _Üò g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr _mZdr hŠH$m§~m~VMr C{Ôï>o
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ñnï> Ho$br AmhoV. Vr AmnU daVr H«$_m§H$ XmoZÀ`m _wÚm_Üò nm{hbr AmhoV.
H$b_ 56 _Üò ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, H$b_ 55 _Üò ñnï> Ho$bobr C{Ôï>çm§À`m àmßVrgmR>r àËòH$
gXñ` amï´> g§`wŠV amï´> ghH$m`m©Zo AWdm ñdV§ÌnUo H$m`©dmhr H$aob.
H$b_ 59 _Üò ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, _mZdr hŠH$mÀ`m g§X^m©V Or C{Ôï>o H$b_ 55 _Üò ñnï>
Ho$br AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m àmßVrgmR>r ZdrZ g§ñWm, g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ñWmnZoMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg g§`wŠV amï´>
OoWo H$moR>o `mo½` g_Oob VoWo g§~§YrV amï´>m§er MM}bm gwê$dmV H$aob.
2) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX :
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUmV g§`wŠV amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMo `moJXmZ
_hÎdnyU© Amho. gZ 1956 gmbr n[afXoZo gd© gXñ` amï´>m§Zm Xa VrZ dfmªZr Amnë`m amï´>mVrb
_mZdm{YH$mam§À`m n[apñWVr g§~§Yr Ahdmb gmXa H$am`bm gm§{JVbo Amho. `m_Üò _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m
g§ajUmgmR>r amï´>mZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xboë`m gw{dYm, _mZdm{YH$ma C„§KZmÀ`m KQ>Zm `m§Mm boImOmoIm
Ahdmbm_Üò Z_yX H$aUo amï´>m§gmR>r ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[afXoÀ`m `m nwT>mH$mam§_wio
Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda _mZdm{YH$mam§À`m g§ajUm{df`r nmofH$ n[apñWVr {Z_©U hmoD$Z `m àíZm{df`r amîQ´>o
g§doXZerb ~Zbr.
g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb àH$aU Xhm _Üò H$b_ 62 Vo 66 hr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMr
H$m`} d A{YH$ma ñnï> Ho$bobo AgyZ Ë`m_Yrb,
H$b_ 62(1) _Üò ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, n[afX Am§Vaamï´>r`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$,
e¡j{UH$ d Amamo½` g§~YmV AÜ``Z H$ê$Z Ahdmb V`ma H$ê$ eH$Vo d `m g§X^m©V _hmgôbm, gXñ`m§Zm
d BVa g§KQ>Zm§Zm gëbm XoD$ eH$Vo.
H$b_ 62(2) _Üò ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, hr n[afX _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Íò `m§Mo nmbZ
H$aUo g§X^mV© d Ë`m§Mm gÝ_mZ amIÊ`mg§^m©V g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m {e\$maer H$ê$ eH$Vo.
H$b_ 68 _Üò ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, gm_m{OH$ joÌmV _mZdr hŠH$m§Zm ì`mnH$ ê$n XoUogmR>r d
Ë`m§À`m àMma-àgmamgmR>r Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX "Am`moJm'Mr ñWmnZm H$aob.
3) g§`wŠV amï´> _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ :
gZ 1946 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmboë`m "_mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJm'Mr _hÎdmMr C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo 1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gXñ` amï´>m§V _mZdr hŠH$ g§ajUmÀ`m pñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoUo.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m~m~V OmUrd OmJ¥Vr d g§ajU.
3) Aëng§»`m§H$, _{hbm, ~mbH$ d `wÕH¡${X `m§À`m hŠH$mg§X^m©V OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr H$aUo.
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`mM ~amo~a _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmH$S>o nwT>rb _hÎdmMr H$m`} gmondÊ`mV Ambr.
1) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$aUo.
2) ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$ `m H$amaZmå`mMm _gwXm V`ma H$aUo.
3) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ `m H$amaZmå`mMm _gwXm V`ma H$aUo.
4) Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof VaVwXr H$Uo.
5) d§e, Y_©, ^mfm, qbJ B. AmYmamdarb ôX^md Zï> H$aUogmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
2.3.1 (A-2) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m 1948 :
gZ 1945 bm g§`Šw V amï´>mZo pñdH$mabobr "g§`Šw V amï´>mM
§ r gZX' ho _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aUmÀ`m
à{H«$òVrb n{hbo nmD$b hmoVo. ho Oar Iao Agbo Var `m gZXo_Üò _mZdr hŠH$ ñnï> H$aVmZm Ë`m_Üò
gwñnï>Vm d Zo_Ho$nUm `m§Mm A^md hmoVm. VgoM, _mZdr hŠH$ åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m`? _mZdr hŠH$m_Üò
Zo_Š`m H$moU-H$moUË`m hŠH$m§Mm g_odme hmoVmo? `m àíZm§Mr Zo_H$s CÎmao {_iV ZmhrV. `m_wio AZoH$
g_ñ`m amï´>m§Zr XmoZ Jmoï>tMr _mJUr Ho$br. Vr åhUOo, _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr d Xþgao åhUOo
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ VaVwXr H$aUo. gXñ` amï´>m§À`m `m _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$aV _mZdr
hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zo 1946 bm ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m "_mZdr
hŠH$ Am`moJm'H$S>o gmondÊ`mV Ambr. `mZwgma A`moJmZo "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m' V`ma
Ho$bm. g§`wŠV amï´> Am_gô/_hmgôZo 10 {S>g|~a 1948 bm hm OmhraZm_m ñdrH$mê$Z Vmo Kmo{fV Ho$bm.
åhUyZM _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb hm Om{haZm_m åhUOo _hÎdmMm XñVEodO hmo`.
`m OmhraZmå`mMm CÔoe d ^y{_H$m VgoM `m OmhraZmå`mVrb _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr `mXr nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm
òBb
© .
`m Om{haZmå`mÀ`m àñVmdZoV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, gd© _mZdm§Zm g_mZ hŠH$ {_iUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m
à{Vð>oMo ajU hmoUo hm OJmVrb ñdmV§Í`, Ý`m` d em§VVm `m§Mm nm`m hmo`. VgoM _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo C„§KZ
d Ë`mMm AZmXa `mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar amZQ>r H¥$Ëò hm _mZdOmVrÀ`m gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕrda Pmbobm AmKmV
hmo`. åhUyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo AË`§V _hÎdmMo R>aVo. Ë`mH$arVm
Am_gôZo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm Om{haZm_m à{gÕ H$ê$Z _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo _mnX§S> qH$dm _mZHo$ {ZpíV Ho$bo
AmhoV. OJmVrb gd© _mZdm§Zm Am{U gd© amï´>m§Zm _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m OmhraZmå`mVrb VÎdm§Mm bm^ KoVm
òB©b `m Ñ{ï>Zo gd© ñVam§da à`ËZ Ho$bo OmdoV Agohr `m OmhraZmå`mV åhQ>bo Amho.
B
Om{haZmå`mMr ^y{_H$m d CÔoe :
1) _w»` C{Ôï> : _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mg Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mMr
amOH$s` _mÝ`Vm àmßV H$ê$Z KoUo.
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2) OJmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Ë`m§Mr OÝ_OmV à{Vð>m d Ë`mÀ`m g_mZ, _yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm
XoUo. `mH$arVm OJmV ñdmV§Í`, Ý`m` d em§VVm `m§À`m àñWmnUoH$arVm à`ËZ H$aUo.
3) àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm ^mfU, lÕm BË`mXr ñdmV§Í`mMr àmßVr Pmbr nm{hOo d {^Vr A^mdJ«ñVVonmgyZ
_wŠV Ago OJ gmH$ma ìhmdo hr boH$m§Mr gdm}ÀM AmH$m§jm nyU© H$aUo.
4) _mZdr hŠH$m§Zm H$m`Xoera g§ajU àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo.
5) amï´>m amï´>m§Zm {_ÌËdmÀ`m ZmË`mMo g§dY©Z H$aUo.
6) A{YH$m{YH$ _wŠV dmVmdaUmV gm_m{OH$ àJVr Am{U Mm§Jë`m XOm©À`m OrdZ_mZmMo g§dY©Z
H$aUo.
7) g§`wŠV amï´>mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm Am{U _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mMm gmd©{ÌH$ gÝ_mZ d
AmMaU `m§Mo g§dY©Z H$aUo.
`mgmR>r hm OmhraZm_m d gd© amï´>m§gmR>r Üò`{gÕrMm EH$ g_mZ AmXe© åhUyZ CX²Kmo{fV H$arV Amho.
B
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m :
àñVmdZm : àËòH$ ì`ŠVr d g_mOmVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$mÀ`m A§{V_ {gÕrgmR>r gd© bmoH$m§H$arVm d
gd© amï´>m§H$arVm EH$ gm_mB©H$ XOm© g§nm{XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm d¡pídH$ Om{haZm_m AgyZ hm
OmhraZm_m {dMmamV KoD$Z, AÜ`mnZ d {ejU `mÛmao `m hŠH$m~Ôb d ñdmV§Í`m~Ôb AmXa d¥qÕJV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r`, àmJ{VH$ Cnm``moOZm H$ê$Z, gXñ` amï´>m§À`m bmoH$m§_Üò d
Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmVrb amÁ`joÌm§À`m bmoH$m§_Üò `m§Zm d¡pídH$ d n[aUm_H$maH$ _mÝ`Vm {_i{dÊ`mMr
d Ë`m§Mo AZwnmZb H$aÊ`mMr gw{ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV òB©b.
10 {S>go§~a 1948 bm g§`wŠV amï´>mÀ`m Am_gôZo pñdH$mabobm d Kmo{fV Ho$boë`m OmhraZmå`mV
EHy$U 30 H$b_o AmhoV. `mVyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§~m~V AmídmgZ, amOH$s` d ZmJar hŠH$ d Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ ñnï> Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr g§{jßV _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo H$b_ 1 - gd© _mZdr ì`ŠVr OÝ_V: ñdV§Ì AmhoV. gdmªZmM g_mZ A{YH$ma d g_mZ à{Vð>m
Amho.
H$b_ 2 - `m OmhraZmå`mVrb gd© hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í` àËòH$mg AmhoV. d§e, qbJ, Y_©... B.
H$moUË`mhr AmYmao H$moUVmhr ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. OmhraZmå`mVrb CnamoŠV XmoZ
H$b_o AemàH$mao _mZdr hŠH$m§~m~VMo AmídmgZ gdmªZm XoVmV.
H$b_ 3 - àËòH$mbm Or{dVmMm, ñdmV§Í`mMm d emar[aH$ gwajoMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 4 - gd© àH$maÀ`m Jwbm_{Jarg d Jwbm_m§À`m ì`mnmam§g à{V~§Y Ho$bm OmB©b.
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H$b_ 5 - H$moUmbmhr A_mZwf, An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmUma Zmhr. N>i Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 6 - OJmVrb gd© H$m`Úmg_moa _mUyg åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_iÊ`mMm àËòH$mbm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 7 - H$m`Úmg_moa gd© g_mZ d gdmªZm H$m`ÚmÀ`m g_mZ g§ajUmMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 8 - _yb^yV hŠH$ Oo H$m`ÚmZo àmßV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ^§JmÀ`m {damoYmV gj_ amï´>r`
Ý`m`ì`dñWoÛmao Cnm``moOZoMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 9 - H$moUmbmhr _Z_mZr nÕVrZo AQ>H$, ñWmZ~Õ qH$dm hÔnma Ho$bo OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 10 - àËòH$mbm Ë`mMo hŠH$, O~m~Xmè`m d X§S>Zr` Amamon `m~m~V {ZU©`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì d
{Z:njnmVr Ý`m` d Omhra gwZmdUrMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 11 - Amamon {gÕ hmoB©n`ªV Amamonrg {ZanamY J¥{hV YaUoMm hŠH$, EImÚmZo Á`mdoir Oo
H¥$Ë` Ho$bo Vo Ë`mdoiÀ`m amï´>r`, Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`ÚmZo JwÝhm R>aV Zgob Va Vmo Xmofr
YaVm H$m_m Zò. d VaVwXrnojm OmñV H$S>H$ {ejm H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 12 - H$moUmÀ`mhr ImOJr OrdZmV hñVjon Ho$bm OmVm H$m_m Zò. `mgmR>r H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU
{_idÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 13 - àËòH$mbm XoemÀ`m gahÔrV H$moR>ohr g§Mma d dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 14 - N>imnmgyZ _wŠVVm H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm BVa XoemV Aml` {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 15 - àËòH$mg amï´>r`Ëd {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$; H$moUmMo amï´>r`Ëd _Z_mZrnUo {hamdyZ KoVm
òUma Zmhr. VgoM amï´>r`Ëd ~XbÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 16 - gkmZ ór-nwéfm§Zm H$moUË`mhr ~§YZm{edm` {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$, d¡dm{hH$
OrdZm~m~V, {ddmh {dÀN>oXZm~m~V g_mZ A{YH$ma Amho. {ddmhmg nañna g§_Vr
Amdí`H$. VgoM Hw$Qw>§~mbm g_mO d emgZmH$Sy>Z g§ajU {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 17 - _mb_Îmoda _mbH$s AgÊ`mMm hŠH$ d ~iO~arZo Hw$UmMr g§nÎmr {hamdyZ KoVbr
OmUma Zmhr ho g§ajU.
H$b_ 18 - àËòH$mbm Amnë`m Y_m©Zwgma AmMaUmMo ñdmVÍ` d Y_©, lÕm ~miJÊ`mMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 19 - àËòH$mbm A{^ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMm d _m{hVr {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 20 - àËòH$mbm g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm d em§VVmnyd©H$ g^m KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>ZoMm gXñ` hmoÊ`mMr gŠVr Ho$br OmD$ Zò.
H$b_ 21 - àËòH$mg emgZmV d _wŠV _VXmZmV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMm hŠH$ d àËòH$mbm gmd©O{ZH$
godoV gh^mJ KoÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr Amho.
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AemàH$mao _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m OmJ{VH$ OmhraZmå`mV H$b_ VrZ Vo EH$drg Aer EH$moUrg H$b_o
ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$ ñnï> H$aVmV.
H$b_ 22 - àËòH$ gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMm d Amnbr à{Vð>m, ì`ŠVr_Îd `m§À`m _wŠV {dH$mgmg
Amdí`H$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 23 - àËòH$mbm BÀN>oZwgma H$m_mMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm, g_mZ H$m_mg g_mZ doVZ
{_idÊ`mMm, ì`mnmar g§K ~ZdÊ`mMm qH$dm Ë`mV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 24 - àËòH$mg H$m_m_YyZ {dlm§VrgmR>r doi {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 25 - AmnU Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mg Amamo½` d H$ë`mUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ OrdZ_mZ àmßV
H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ VgoM gd© _ybm§Zm gmaIoM g§ajU àmßV Pmbo nm{hOo.
H$b_ 26 - ho H$b_ {ejU{df`H$ {d{dY hŠH$mg§X^m©V AgyZ àËòH$mbm {ejUmMm hŠH$ ñnï>
H$aVo.
H$b_ 27 - àËòH$mg g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV VgoM d¡km{ZH$ àJVrVyZ {_iUmè`m bm^mV
gh^mJmMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 28 - OmhraZmå`mVrb hŠH$, ñdmV§Í` àmßV hmoUogmR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`dñWoMm
àËòH$mg hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 29 - g_mOmàVr ì`ŠVrMo H$V©ìò `m g§X^m©V ho H$b_ _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo.
H$b_ 30 - darbn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr hŠH$mV T>dimT>dirg Vo Zï> H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y.
`m hŠH$m§Mm Am{U ñdmV§Í`mMm AmXa amIbm OmÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ ì`ŠVr d g_mOmVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$
hm Om{haZm_m gVV S>moiçm§nwT>o R>odyZ AÜ`mnZ d {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, amï´>r` d Am§Va amï´>r` nyamoJm_r
Cnm``moOZmÛmao ñdV: gXñ` amï´>m§À`m bmoH$m§_Üò Am{U Ë`m§À`m AIË`marVrb àXoem§_Yrb bmoH$m§_Üò `m
hH$H$ d ñdmV§Í`mZm gmd©{ÌH$ _mÝ`Vm {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_H$maH$ nmbZ Ho$bo OmÊ`mMr
ImVaO_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZH$amMo à`ËZ H$aVrb.
AemàH$mao H$b_ ~mdrg Vo Vrg _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m gZXoVrb Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$
ñnï> H$aVmV.
2.3.1 (A-3) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966 :
àñVmdZm :
Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ ho gd©gm_mÝ`nUo Xþgè`m {nT>rVrb hŠH$ åhUyZ AmoiIo
OmVmV. `m hŠH$m§Zm Am§Vaamï´>r` d àmXo{eH$ `§ÌUmV ñWmZ {_imbo Amho. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d
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gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ ho _yb^yV _mZdr JaOm§er g§~§YrV AmhoV. nwaogo d gH$g AÞ, H$mnS>, Ka d Ano{jV
OrdZñVa, {nÊ`m`mo½` nmUr, {ZamoJr dmVmdaU, {ejUmMm hŠH$, Cnmg_marnmgyZ _wŠVVm, H$m_mMm hŠH$,
gm_m{OH$ gwajm, _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ Amamo½` `m hŠH$m§Mm `mV gm_doe hmoVmo.
g§`wŠV amï´>m g§KmÀ`m Am_gôZo 16 {S>g|~a 1966 amoOr g§_V Ho$boë`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZmå`mV `m gd© hŠH$m§Mm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ho hŠH$
""A^mdmnmgyZ _wŠVVm'' `m g§H$ënZoda AmYmabobo AmhoV. hr g§H$ënZm A_o[aHo$Mo AÜ`j \«°$H${bZ
éPdoëQ> `m§Zr _m§S>boë`m `mM _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mn¡H$s EH$ Amho. ^mfU d A{^ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í` àËòH$
ì`ŠVrMo ñdV:À`m nÕVrZo Y_m©Mo AmMaU H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` A^mdmnmgyZ _wŠV Am{U ^`mnmgyZ _wŠVVm
`m Mma ñdmV§Í`mZm Ë`m§Zr ^mdr OJmMm nm`m åhUyZ nm{hbo.
g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoZo `m H$amaZmå`mMm _gwXm V`ma Ho$bm. 16 {S>g|~a
1966 bm Am_gôZo Vmo pñdH$mabm. `mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r 35 gXñàmï´>m§Mo g_W©Z Amdí`H$ hmVo.
1976 bm hm H$amaZm_m A§_bmV Ambm. `mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r EH$ {deof g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. `m H$amaZmå`mVrb hŠH$m§À`m àMma-àgmamMr O~m~Xmar "gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ n[afXoH$S>o
gmondÊ`mV Ambr.
àËòH$mbm Amnë`m ì`ŠVrJV {dH$mgmgmR>r d à{Vð>oH$arVm Amdí`H$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm `m H$amaZmå`mV g_mdoe Ho$bm.
B
H$amaZmå`mMr ^y{_H$m d CÔoe :
1) _w»` C{Ôï> : àËòH$mbm ì`ŠVrJV {dH$mg d à{Vð>m `mH$arVm Amdí`H$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$
d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr H$ê$Z Ë`mg Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mMr _mÝ`Vm àmßV H$ê$Z KoUo.
2) d§e, Y_©, qbJ, ^mfm, dU© B. H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm gdmªZm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~m~VrV g_mZ hŠH$ àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo.
3) emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ CÎm_ Amamo½`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ hŠH$ àmßV H$ê$Z XoUo.
4) àËòH$mbm {ejUmMm hŠH$ d Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb gmo`r-gw{dYm àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`m-KoÊ`mMo hŠH$
àñWm{nV H$aUo.
5) àËòH$mbm H$m_ {_idÊ`mMm, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm d `m g§X^m©V gmo`r-gw{dYm àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`m
KoÊ`mMo hŠH$ àñWm{nV H$aUo.
6) àËòH$mbm Amdí`H$ Vmo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ àmßV H$ê$Z XoUogmR>r
Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda `mo½` g_Ýd`, {Z`moOZ d H$m`©dmhrMr `§ÌUm ñnï> H$aUo.
CnamoŠV ^y{_H$m d CÔoenyVugmR>r `m H$amaZmå`mV g_m{dï> Ho$bobr H$b_o d Ë`mVyZ ñnï> hmoUmao hŠH$
nwT>rbà_mUo.
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B
Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m :
H$b_ 1 - àËòH$mbm ñd`§{ZU©`mMm d ñdV:Mm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg
gmYÊ`mMm d Ë`mgmR>r ñdV:À`m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMm nwaonya dmnamMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 2 - àËòH$ gXñ` amï´> ñdV: d Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`m©Zo H$amaZmå`mVrb gd© hŠH$ àmßV
H$aÊ`mMo dMZ XoVo. ho hŠH$ XoVmZm H$moUVmhr ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. VgoM
{dH$gZerb Xoe {~Ja ZmJarH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ hŠH$ XoÊ`mg§X^m©V {ZU©` ñdV: KoD$
eH$Vrb.
H$b_ 3 - H$amaZmå`mVrb hŠH$ nwéf d {ó`m§Zm g_mZVoZo Cn^moJVm òVrb `mMr h_r XoVrb.
H$b_ 4 - H$moUË`mhr amï´>mVrb ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m hŠH$m§À`m Cn^moJmda VrM {Z`§ÌUo bmXbr
OmVrb. Or H$m`ÚmZo {ZpíMV AgVrb d Ë`m§Mm hoVy bmoH$emhr g_mOmÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$
H$ë`mUmMm {dH$mg Agob.
AemàH$mao `m H$amaZmå`mVrb H$b_ 1 Vo 4 hr AmídmgZ, h_r d njH$ma amï´>mH$Sy>Z Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb dMZo ñnï> H$aVmV.
H$b_ 5 - H$amaZmå`mVrb ñdrH¥$V hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í` `m§Mr hmZr qH$dm Zme hmoB©b Agm `m
H$amaZmå`mVrb H$moUË`mhr ^mJmMm AW© bmdy Zò.
H$b_ 6 - ì`ŠVrbm Amnbo H$m_ qH$dm amOoJma {ZdS>Ê`mMm, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho. `mgmR>r
amï´> Amdí`H$ Vr nmD$bo CMbob.
H$b_ 7 - ho H$b_ ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m hŠH$m~m~V AgyZ `m_Üò `mo½` doVZ, g_mZ H$m_,
g_mZ doVZ, gwa{jV d ñdmñÏ`H$maH$ pñWVr, nyaoer {dlm§Vr B. hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
H$b_ 8 - ho H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm g§~Yr Amho. `m_Üò H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm, BÀN>oZwgma
H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoV gm_rb hmoÊ`mMm, amï´>r` _hmg§K, Am§Vaamï´>r` _hmg§K ñWmnÝ`mMm
B. hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
H$b_ 9 - gm_m{OH$ {då`mgh gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 10 - Hw$Qw>§~mg g§ajU d ghmæ`, _mVm§Zm g§ajU, nJmar aOm, ~mbH$m§Zm g§ajU,
~mb_Oyarbm à{V~§Y B. ~m~tMm g_mdoe.
H$b_ 11 - àËòH$mbm AÞ, dó, {Zdmam, `mo½` amhUr_mZmMm hŠH$, AÞ CËnmXZ d {dVaU `m
g§~§YrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
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H$b_ 12 - emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ CÎm_ Amamo½`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ KQ>H$m§Mm H¥$VtMm g_mdoe CXm.
~mb_¥Ë`yXa H$_r H$aUo, gmWrÀ`m amoJm§da à{V~§Y H$aUo B.
H$b_ 13 - àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMm {ejUmMm hŠH$ pñdH$ma H$aVo. {ejUmMm CÔoe _mZdr ì`ŠVr_ËdmMm
Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gÝ_mZmÀ`m ^mdZoMm nyU© {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMm Am{U _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U
_yb^yV ñdmV§Í`à{V AmXa d¥qÕJV H$aUo.
H$b_ 14 - {ejUmÀ`m hŠH$m~m~V AgyZ `m_Üò àmW{_H$ {ejU _mo\$V d gŠVrMo, CÀM
{ejU, ì`mdgm{`H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMr gwb^ gmo` B. ~m~r òVmV.
H$b_ 15 - ho H$b_ gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m~m~V AgyZ `m_Üò gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV ^mJ KoUo,
d¡km{ZH$ àJVrMm bm^ KoUo, gm{hË` d H$bmË_H$ H¥$VrVyZ hmoUmè`m Z¡{VH$, ^m¡{VH$
g§ajUmÀ`m bm^mMm hŠH$, {dkmZ d g§ñH¥$VrMo OVZ, {dH$mg d àgmamMm hŠH$
B.Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
AemàH$mao `m H$amaZmå`mVrb H$b_ 5 Vo H$b_ 15 hr EHy$U 11 H$b_o Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ ñnï> H$aVmV.
H$b_ 16 - njH$ma amï´>o Amnbm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§À`m H$m`©~m~V Ahdmb
amï´>m§À`m _hmg{Mdm§H$S>o gmXa H$aVrb.
H$b_ 17 - njH$ma amï´>o Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m H$m`©H«$_mZwgma EH$ dfm©À`m
AmV Ahdmb gmXa H$aVrb.
H$b_ 18 - _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§ÍmÀ`m ~m~VrVrb Ahdmbm~m~VMr à{H«$òMm g_mdoe
`m_Üò Ho$bm Amho.
H$b_ 19 - njH$ma amï´>mH$Sy>Z àmßV _mZdr hŠH$mg§~§YrMo Ahdmb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX
_mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmH$S>o {e\$maer d _m{hVrgmR>r nmR>dy eHo$b.
H$b_ 20 - _mZdr hŠH$m~m~V njH$ma amï´>o, {deof g{_Ë`m d Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoH$Sy>Z
àmßV Ahdmbmda _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmZo Amnë`m AhdmbmV {Xboë`m g§X^m©da {Q>nUr
gmXa H$ê$ eH$Vrb.
H$b_ 21 - `m H$amaZmå`mVrb hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMo Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoH$S>o àmßV
Pmboë`m njH$ma amï´>m§À`m AhdmbmMr _m{hVr n[afX _hmgôbm XoB©b.
H$b_ 22 - `m H$amaZmå`mÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$ d àJ{Verb A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Amdí`H$ Cnm`
`moOZm g§X^m©V, Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m j_VoA§VJ©V {ZU©` KoVm òVrb.
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H$b_ 23 - _mÝ`VmàmßV hŠH$m§À`m àmßVrgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` H¥$Vr njH$ma amï´>m§À`m gmo~V H$aUo
CXm. g§_obZ, ~¡R>H$m Am`moOZ B.
H$b_ 24 - g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr g§gX, g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m BVa g{_Ë`m d H$amaZm_o `m§À`m AWm©~m~VMr
VaVyX.
H$b_ 25 - `m H$amaZmå`mVrb H$moUË`mhr ~m~tMm Agm AW© bmdy Zò H$s, Á`m_wio Z¡g{J©H$
hŠH$ d Cn^moJmda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoB©b.
H$b_ 26 - `m H$amaZmå`mda ñdmjar H$aÊ`mMr g§_Vr H$moUmg Amho ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. VgoM
`m H$amaZmå`mMo g_W©Z d ñdrH¥$Vr H$er hmoB©b ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
AemàH$mao `m H$amaZmåmVrb H$b_ 16 Vo 26 hr `m H$amaZmå`mMo g_W©Z, ñdrH¥$Vr, ñdrH¥$VrMm
A{YH$ma, A§_b~OmdUr AWdm H$m`©dmhrMr nÕV `m Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~r ñnï> H$aVmV.
2.3.1 (A-4) ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966
(International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966) :
àñVmdZm :
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m OmJ{VH$ Om{haZmå`mà_mUo ^` Am{U A^md `m§À`mnmgyZ _yŠV _mZdmMm AmXe©
VoìhmM {gÕrg OmB©b H$s, Ooìhm Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoB©b. Á`m_Üò àËòH$mbm ñdV:Mo ZmJ[aH$
Am{U amOH$s` hŠH$ Cn^moJVm òVrb.
g§`wŠV amï´>mÀ`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoZo `m H$amaZmå`mMm _gwXm V`ma Ho$bm. 1966 Vmo
pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambm. `m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r 35 gXñ` amï´>m§Mo g_W©Z Amdí`H$ hmoVo. 1976 hm
H$amaZm_m A§_bmV Ambm. hm H$amaZm_m 06 ^mJmV {d^mJbm AgyZ EHy$U 53 H$b_m§Mm g_mdoe
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMo A{YH$ma "_mZdr hŠH$ g{_Vr'H$S>o gmondÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV.
`m H$amaZmå`mV àm_w»`mZo ì`ŠVrJV OrdZmer g§~§YrV, ì`ŠVrJV _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mer g§~§YrV
VgoM gm_y{hH$ d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.
B
H$amaZmå`mMr ^y{_H$m d CÔoe :
1) _w»` C{Ôï> OJmV ñdmV§Í`, Ý`m` d em§VVoÀ`m àñWmnZogmR>r amï´>m§À`m gZXoV ñnï> Ho$boë`m gd©
_mZdm§À`m OÝ_OmV, _yb^yV hŠH$ d Ë`m§Mm AmË_gÝ_mZ `m§Zm Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mMr _mÝ`Vm àmßV
H$ê$Z KoUo.
2) g§`Šw V amï´>mÀ§ `m gZXoV g_m{dï> _mZdr hŠH$ ho _wbV: _mZdmÀ`m A§V:H$aUmVrb AmË_gÝ_mZmVyZ
Ambobo AmhoV. åhUyZ Vo Ë`m§Zm àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
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3) àËòH$mbm ñdV:Mo ZmJarH$ d amOH$s` hŠH$ VgoM Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$
Cn^moJVm òVrb VoìhmM ^` d A^md `m§À`mnmgyZ _wŠV _mZd hm AmXe© {gÕrg OmB©b åhUyZ Ë`mgmR>r
à`ËZ H$aUogmR>r H$amaZm_m.
4) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoda ñdmjar H$aUmao Xoe _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í` `m§À`m àVr
gmd©{ÌH$ gÝ_mZ OmJdUo d Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg H$Q>r~Õ AmhoV. Ë`mH$arVm `mVrb ZmJar d
amOH$s` hŠH$m~m~V H$amaZm_m H$aUo.
5) àËòH$ ì`ŠVr d g_wXm`mMr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVr d g_wXm`màVr H$mhr H$V©ìò AmhoV Ë`mgmR>r d
_mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m {dH$mg d A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r H$amaZm_m H$aUo.
CnamoŠV ^y{_H$m d CÔoe nyVugmR>r `m H$amaZmå`mV g_m{dï> Ho$bobr H$b_o d Ë`mVyZ ñnï> hmoUmao
hŠH$ nwT>rbà_mUoB
ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m
H$b_ 1 - àËòH$mg ñdV:Mm amOH$s` XOm©, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m ~m~VrV ñd`§
{ZU©`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 2 - gdmªZr `m H$amaZmå`mVrb hŠH$m§Mm AmXa H$aUo d Ë`m~m~V ôX^md Z H$aUo.
H$b_ 3 - `m H$amaZmå`mVrb gd© ZmJar d amOH$s` KQ>H$m§Mm Cn`^moJ KoÊ`mMm ór d nwéfm§Zm
g_mZ hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 4 - njH$ma amï´>mn¡H$s EImÚm amï´>mV AmnËH$mbrZ n[a{ñWVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mg ApñVËdM
YmoŠ`mV Amë`mg Aem n[apñWVr Amdí`H$ Ë`m _`m©Xon`ªV Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Úmà_mUo
H$moUVmhr ôX^md Z H$aVm hŠH$m§Mm, ~m§{YbH$m§Mm g§H$moM H$ê$ eH$Vrb.
H$b_ 5 - H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr, amï´> ho H$amaZmå`mVrb ñdrH¥$V hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í`mMr hmZr hmoB©b Aer
H¥$Vr H$ê$ eH$Uma ZmhrV. VgoM H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb H$m`ÚmÛmao ñWm{nV hŠH$ H$s
Oo H$amaZmå`Vm ZmhrV åhUyZ Ë`mda {Z~ªY bmXV ZmhrV.
H$b_ 6 - àËòH$mbm OJÊ`mMm d Or{dVmMm OÝ_OmV hŠH$ Amho. `mg§X^m©VyZ Xohm§ÝV {ejoÀ`m
g§X^m©V ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo Amho.
H$b_ 7 - N>i, An_mZ, A_mZdr dmJUyH$s {déÕ A{YH$ma d d¡km{ZH$, d¡ÚH$s` à`moJmg
ì`ŠVrMr nyd©g§_Vr Amdí`H$.
H$b_ 8 - H$moUmghr Jwbm_, Xmg åhUyZ R>odVm òUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 9 - àËòH$mg ñdmV§Í`mMm VgoM emar[aH$ gwa{jVVoMm hŠH$ Amho. Hw$Umhr ì`ŠVrMr
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_mZ_mZr YanH$S> Ho$br OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 10 - Amamonrg _mZdVoMr dmJUyH$ {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 11 - Hw$Umhr ì`ŠVrbm Ho$di H$amamZwgma O~m~Xmar nyU© Ho$br Zmhr åhUyZ AQ>Ho$V R>odbo
OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 12 - Amnë`m amÁ`joÌmV g§Mma d {Zdmg H$aÊ`mMm ì`ŠVrbm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 13 - EImÚm naXoer ì`ŠVrg H$m`ÚmZwgma KoVboë`m {ZU©`mZwgmaM Ho$di Ë`m XoemVyZ ~mhoa
KmbdVm òB©b.
H$b_ 14 - Ý`m`ì`dñWog_moa gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ H$emÀ`mhr AmYmao ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 15 - H$moUVmhr JwÝhm H$m`ÚmZwgma JwÝhm R>aV Zgob Va Ë`mg JwÝhoJma _mZVm òUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 16 - àËòH$mg H$m`Úmg_moa ì`ŠVr åhUyZ hŠH$ amhrb.
H$b_ 17 - H$moUmÀ`m ImOJr OrdZmV hñVjon H$aVm òUma Zmhr d à{Vð>oda hëbm Ho$bm OmUma
Zmhr.
H$b_ 18 - àËòH$mbm Y_© d {dMma ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 19 - àËòH$mg A{^ì`ŠVr, ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 20 - `wÕmMm àMma H$aUo, Ûof qhgm ^S>H$dUmè`m g_W©Zmda H$m`ÚmZo à{V~§Y Agob.
H$b_ 21 - em§VVm_` nÕVrZo EH$Ì òÊ`mMm d g^m â{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 22 - ì`dgm` g§KQ>Zm, _Oya g§KQ>Zm ñWmnÝ`mMm, gXñ`Ëd KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 23 - gkmZ ór nwéfm§g {ddmhmMm, Hw$Qw>§~ ñWmnZoMm hŠH$ d Ë`mg g§ajU àmßV H$aÊ`mMm
hŠH$ d {ddmh{dÀN>oX g§~§Yr hŠH$.
H$b_ 24 - àËòH$ ~mbH$mg g§ajUmMm hŠH$ d EH$ amï´>r`Ëd àmßV H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 25 - gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`m©V gh^mJmMm d _VXmZmMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 26 - àËòH$ ì`ŠVr H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZ d gdmªZm g_mZ g§ajU àmßVrMm hŠH$.
H$b_ 27 - Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm Ë`m§Mm Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm, OnÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
^mJ 04 H$b_ 28 Vo 45 hr g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m "_mZdr hŠH$ g{_Vr' Mr aMZm, H$m`©nÕVr `m
{df`rMr AmhoV.
H$b_ 46 - H$amaZmå`mVrb H$moUË`mhr H$b_m§Mm AW© bmdÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb Amho.
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H$b_ 47 - àËòH$mg ñdV:À`m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMm Cn^moJ KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho.
H$b_ 48 - hm H$amaZm_m H$moUË`mhr amÁ`mg ñdmjar H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iwbm Amho.
H$b_ 49 Vo H$b_ 53 - hr H$amaZmå`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr, gwYmaUm, H$amamMr ^mfm `mg§X^m©Vrb
AmhoV.
2.3.1 (A-5) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
[aH$må`m/[aŠV OmJm âm.
1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXo_Üò EHy$U ............. H$b_o g_m{dï> AmhoV.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb n{hbo nmD$b åhUyZ ............... bm
AmoiIbo OmVo.
3) g§`wŠV amï´> Zo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr ~ZdÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ........... H$S>o
gmondbr.
4) ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966 À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r .........
gXñ` amï´>m§Mo g_W©Z Amdí`H$ hmoVo.
5) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m ............. gmbr A§_bmV
Ambm.
2.3.1 (A-6) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao.
1) 111 H$b_o
2)
amï´> g§KmMr gZX
3) _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ
4)
35
5) 1976
2.3.1 (~) Am§Va amï´>r` nmVirdarb _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr d g§ajU
(Protection
and Enforcement of Human Rights at the International level) :
`wÕm§À`m J§^ra n[aUm_m_wio XmoZ doim _mZd OmVrbm Am_À`m OrdZH$mimV g§H$Q>mV Q>mH$bo.
Ë`mnmgyZ ^mdr {nT>çm§Mo ajU H$aUo d _yb^yV _mZdr hŠH$, àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m d _hÎd `m§À`m
g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aUo BË`mXr CÔoe nwT>o R>odyZ g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zr Amnbr "g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr gZX' da 26 OyZ
1945 bm ñdmjè`m H$ê$Z 24 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1945 bm bmJy Ho$br. `m gZXoV _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajU d
àgmamgmR>rMr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ì`dñWm AWdm O~m~Xmar nwT>rb VrZ g§KQ>Zm§H$S>o gmondÊ`mV Ambr. (1)
g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr Am_g^m / _hmg^m (2) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX, (3) amï´>m§Mm _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ
Ë`m§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo 123456789012345678901234567890121234
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2.3.1 (~-1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr Am_g^m / _hmg^m
(UN General Assembly) :
"Town meeting of the whole world" åhUyZ
C„oIboë`m d g§`Šw V amï´>mM
§ o Deliberative Body
({dMma{d_e© _§S>i) åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m nmM _w»` KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$ AgUmè`m
Am_g^m / _hmgôMo ñdê$n, aMZm, A{YH$ma d H$m`} `m~m~VMo {ddoMZ g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb
Mm¡Ï`m àH$aUmV H$b_ 09 Vo 22 _Üò àm_w»`mZo Ho$bobo Amho. Aem `m Am_gôMo ñdê$n, aMZm d H$m`}
nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.
B
Am_gôMo ñdê$n / d¡{eï>ço :
1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m à_wI nmM KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$ AgUmar Am_g^m gdm©V _moR>m KQ>H$ åhUyZ
AmoiIbm OmVmo.
2) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m _Yrb gd© gXñ` Xoem§Zm à{V{ZYrËd àmßVr AgUmam _hmg^m hm EH$_od
KQ>H$ Amho.
3) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gd© gXñ` amï´>m§À`m gm_w{hH$ {hVg§~§Yr àíZm§da OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb
{dMma{d{Z_` d dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb "_Ü`dVu ì`mgnrR>' åhUyZ Am_gôg
AmoiIVmV.
4) OmJ{VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m Aem g_ñ`m qH$dm àíZ H$s Oo Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mer g§~§YrV AmhoV.
Ë`m àíZm§da {dMma{d{Z_`mÛmao gd©_mÝ` Agm VmoS>Jm AWdm gh_Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar nma
nmS>Umam g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mm à_wI KQ>H$ åhUOo Am_g^m hmo`.
5) g§`wŠV amï´>mVrb àËòH$ gXñ` amï´>mbm EImÚm {df`mdarb Amnbo {dMma AWdm VH«$mar
_m§S>Ê`mMo VgoM XmoZ gXñ` amï´>mVrb EImXm {df` OmJ{VH$ ñVamda ZoÊ`mgmR>rMm _hÎdmMm _mJ© AWdm
ì`mgnrR> åhUOo Am_g^m.
6) Am_gôg "g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo H$m`Xo_§S>i' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. H$maU A§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm d
gwa{jVVoÀ`m àíZm{edm` BVa gd© {df`m~m~VMo YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Am_gôg Amho.
7) AmO ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m AZoH$ Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amam§Mm nm`m doimodoir Am_gôZo g§_V
Ho$boë`m R>amdm§Zr KmVbm Jobm Amho.
B
Am_gôMr aMZm :
_w»`mb` - Ý`y`m°H©$
gXñ`Ëd - g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gd© gXñ` amï´>o hr Am_gôMo gXñ` AgVmV. Ë`mMdoir H$moUË`mhr
gXñ` XoemMr nmMnojm A{YH$ à{V{ZYr AgUma ZmhrV ho ~§YZ AgVo.
AÜ`j - (1) _hmgôÀ`m dm{f©H$ ~¡R>H$sdoir AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.
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2) _hmgôMo gXñ` JwßV _VXmZ nÕVrZo AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$aVmV.
3) AÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mi EH$ dfm©Mm AgVmo.
4) _hmgôMo H$m_H$mO MmbdUo, {eñV d H$m_H$mOm{df`H$ {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ `mda bj R>odUo B.
_hÎdmMr H$m`} AÜ`jm§Mr AmhoV.
CnmÜ`j : _hmgôVrb {d{dY joÌmMo H$m_H$mO nmhÊ`mgmR>r 21 CnmÜ`jm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.
Amn-Amnë`m joÌmer g§~§YrV H$m`} g§~§YrV CnmÜ`jmg nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
B
_hmgôMr ~¡R>H$ 1) àËòH$ dfu dfm©VyZ EH$doi gßQ>|~a _{hÝ`mV ~¡R>H$ nma nS>Vo.
2) ~¡R>H$ _hmgôMo _w»`mb` Ý`y`m°H©$ òWo hmoVo.
3) CnamoŠV dm{f©H$ ~¡R>H$sì`{V[aŠV Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg "{deof ~¡R>H$' g§`wŠV amï´>mMo
_hmg{Mdm§À`m A{YH$mamV ~mobmdbr OmD$ eH$Vo.
4) 1950 nmgyZ Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg "AmUr~mUr ~¡R>H$' ~mobdÊ`mMr na§nam gwê$ Pmbr.
_hmgôÀ`m g{_Ë`m : _hmg^m Amnbo H$m`© nwT>rb à_wI ghm g{_Ë`m_m\©$V nma nmS>Vo.
1) amOH$s` d g§ajU g{_Vr.
2) Am{W©H$ d {dÎmr` g{_Vr.
3) gm_m{OH$, _mZdVmdmXr d gm§ñH¥${VH$dmXr g{_Vr.
4) àemgH$s` Am{U AW©g§H$ën g{_Vr.
5) {dídñV amï´>mg§~§Yr g{_Vr.
6) H$m`Xoera àíZmg§~§Yr g{_Vr.
B
_hmgôMo H$m`©, A{YH$ma :
1) MMm© d {e\$maer : g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb H$moUË`mhr {df`mda Iwbr MMm© _hmgôV hmoVo.
VgoM gwajm n[afXoÀ`m dm{f©H$ Ahdmbmdahr MMm© hmoVo. gmh{OH$M g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gm_w{hH$ {hVmer
g§~§YrV d gd©M _mZd OmVrÀ`m {hVmer g§~§{YV _mZdr hŠH$, n`m©daU, XheVdmX, d§edmX, AÊdóm§Mm
àgma B. AZoH$ {df`mda MMm© hmoD$Z R>amd Ho$bo OmVmV. `mVrb AZoH$ {df` d Ë`mdarb R>amd àË`jAàË`j[aË`m _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajU d g§dY©ZmgmR>r ghmæ`H$mar R>aVmV. d Ë`m§Zm OmJ{VH$ amO_mÝ`Vmhr
bm^Vo. Ë`m_wio _hmgôV hmoUmar MMm© d R>amd ho _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb
_hÎdmMm XñVEodO R>aVmo.
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2) Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma : `m_Üò _hmgôÀ`m AW©g§H$ënmbm _§Oyar XoUo, {Z`§ÌU R>odUo, `mg§X^m©V
MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo, IMm©da {Z`§ÌU, {ZYr~m~VMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma _hmgôg Amho.
3) {Zdm©MZ A{YH$mar : gwajm n[afXoVrb Xhm h§Jm_r gXñ`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g{_Vr
gXñ`, Am§Vaamï´>r` Ý`m`mb`mVrb Ý`m`m{Ye d gwajm n[afXoÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma _hmg{Mdm§Mr Zo_UyH$
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma _hmgôg Amho.
4) KQ>Zm XþéñVr A{YH$ma : _hmgôbm Amho KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$arVm gwajm n[afXoÀ`m nmM H$m`_
gXñ`m§Mr AZw_Vr d _hmgôMo 2/3 ~hþ_V bmJVo.
5) n`©dojr H$m`} : g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m A{YnË`mImbrb gd© g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z Ahdmb KoUo, Ë`m§À`m
H$m`m©da XoIaoI R>odUo, Ahdmbmda MMm© H$ê$Z {e\$maer H$aUo, òWrb ZmoH$aâVr g§~§Yr H$m`© {d{dY
g§ñWmV g_Ýd`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.
B
_hmg^m d _mZdr hŠH$ :
1) Oo {df` g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXo_Üò A§V^y©V AmhoV. Aem H$moUË`mhr {df`mda _hmgôV gImob
MMm© hmoVo. hr MMm© OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarb d gd© gXñàmï´>m§À`m à{V{ZYrg_moa hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m g§~§Yr
R>amd hmoVmV. `m_Üò _mZdr hŠH$mg§X^m©Vhr gmVË`mZo àË`j-AàË`j MMm© hmoVo d R>amd hmoVmV.
Ë`mVyZM nwT>o _mZdr hŠH$m§er g§~§YrV {d{dY H$amaZm_o hmoVmV. Ë`mVyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Zm OmJ{VH$ nmVirda
H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm {_iVo.
2) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr _hmg^m Amnë`m "Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g{_Vr'À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ BVa g{_Ë`m§À`m
ghH$m`m©Zo gXñ` amï´>m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H«$_, CnH«$_ am~dVo. `mn¡H$s AZoH$ CnH«$_ d H$m`©H«$_
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajU, g§dY©ZmgmR>r AgVmV.
3) _hmgôÀ`m "gm_m{OH$, _mZdVmdmXr d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZmg§~Yr g{_Vr' _m\©$V gXñ` XoemV
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr àñWmnZm OVZ d g§dY©Z `mg§~§Yr ârd H$m`© MmbVo. hr g{_Vr Am_gôÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
"_mZdr hŠH$ d gXñ` amï´>o' `m g§X^m©Vrb dñVwpñWVr nwT>o AmUVmV. Ë`mda MMm© hmoVo d R>amd hmoD$
eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio gXñ` amï´>o Amnë`m amï´>mV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm ^§J hmoUma Zmhr `m~m~V H$miOr KoVmV.
2.3.1 (~-2) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX
(Economic and Social Council) :
g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr ñWmnZm _w»`V: Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm d gwa{jVVogmR>r Pmbr Agbr Var ì`ŠVrJV
OrdZ {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo hm hr EH$ g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb H$b_
1(3) _Üò Vmo ñnï> Ho$bm Amho. H$maU amï´> Agmo qH$dm OmJ{VH$ gd© amï´>o AgmoV Omon`ªV VoWo Am{W©H$
Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVr hmoV Zmhr; Vmon`ªV em§VVm d gwa{jVVoMo ñdßZ nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. AWm©V Aem
àH$maÀ`m àJVrgmR>r amï´>m-amï´>m§V ghH$m`© AgUo Iyn Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUyZM gXñ` amï´>m§V ghH$m`©
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z àJVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r g§`wŠV amï´>mZo ""Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX'' ñWmnZ Ho$br.
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B
Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMr C{Ôï>o :
g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb àH$aU ZD$ _Yrb H$b_ 55 _Üò `m n[afXoÀ`m ñWmnZo_mJrb VrZ CÔrï>o
ñnï> Ho$br AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo 1) H$b_ 55 (H$) Zwgma, amhUr_mZmMm CÀM OrdZñVa, g§nyU© amoOJma Am{U Am{W©H$ d
gm_m{OH$ àJVr gmYUogmR>r.
2) H$b_ 55(I) Zwgma, Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Amamo½` g§~Yr
g_ñ`m gmoS>dUo d gm§ñH¥${VH$ d {ejU joÌmV àJVrgmR>r gXñ` amï´>mV ghH$m`© gmYUo.
3) H$b_ 55(J) Zwgma, _mZdr hŠH$ VgoM _yb^yV ñdmV§Í` `mgmR>r OmV, qbJ, ^mfm qH$dm Y_©
B. ôX^md Z H$aVm _mZdr hŠH$ d _yb^yV ñdmV§Í`m{df`r AmXa {Z_m©U H$aUo d Ë`mMo nmbZ H$aUogmR>r.
B
aMZm :
gXñ`Ëd : g§`wŠV amï´>mVrb gXñ` amï´>m§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ KoD$Z `m_Üò gXñ`Ëd àmßV hmoVo.
g§`wŠV amï´>mÀ`m ñWmnZodoir gXñ` g§»`m 18 hmoVr. gÜ`m hr g§»`m 54 Amho. `m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS>
Am_gôH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo.
àËòH$ gXñ`mMm H$m`©H$mb VrZ dfm©Mm AgVmo. nU gXñ`m§Zm nwZ©{Z`wŠVrMr gw{dYm Amho.
AÜ`j : `m n[afXoÀ`m AÜ`jm§Mr {ZdS> n[afXoVrb gXñ`mVyZ EH$mMr ~hþ_VmZo Ho$br OmVo.
H$m`©H$mb EH$ df©.
~¡R>H$m : n[afXoÀ`m dfm©VyZ XmoZ ~¡R>H$m "{deof ~¡R>H$' ~mobmdbr OmD$ eH$Vo.
n[afXoMo Am`moJ : Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr XmoZ àH$maMo Am`moJ H$m`©aV
AgVmV.
1) H$m`©H$mar Am`moJ : `m_Üò {dÎmr` d amoOJma Am`moJ, _mZd A{YH$ma g^m, bmoH$g§»`m
Am`moJ, _{hbm Am`moJ ho òVmV.
2) {d^mJr` Am`moJ : `m_Üò `wamon, Am{e`m, b°{Q>Z, A_oarH$m `m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d^mJmgmR>rMo
Am{W©H$ Am`moJ òVmV.
B
Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMr H$m`} :
1) Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVrgmR>r {d{dY Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m
g§~§YrÀ`m àJVrMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
2) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$, Amamo½` B. Vrb àJVrgmR>r AÜ``Z d g§emoYZ
H$aUo. `m g§X^m©Vrb g_ñ`m§da Cnm``moOZm emoYUo d Ë`m Cnm``moOZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmgôbm Ahdmb
gmXa H$aUo.
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3) Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afXm§Mo Am`moOZ H$aUo d Ë`m_mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$,
e¡j{UH$, Amamo½` g§~§Yr g_ñ`mda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo. {dMma _§WZ H$aUo.
4) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ B. À`m {dH$mg à{H«$òVrb àíZm§g§~§Yr Amdí`H$ Ë`m {e\$maer Am_gôbm
d g§`wŠV amï´>m A§VJ©V H$m`©H$aUmè`m {d{dY g§ñWm, g§KQ>ZmZm XoUo.
5) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m àgmamgmR>r, _mZdr hŠH$m§{df`r AmXa dmT>mdm `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo. Ë`mgmR>r
EH$m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo. VgoM `mg§~§Yr {e\$maer H$aUo.
6) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m "gwajm n[afXobm' Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr Amdí`H$ Voìhm nwadÊ`mMo H$m`©.
7) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr H$m`© H$aUmè`m g§ñWm_Üò g_Ýd` amIUo d
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmb àmßV H$ê$Z KoUo.
8) Am_gôbm Amnbm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb gmXa H$aUo d Am_gôH$Sy>Z {dMmaÊ`mV Ambobr _m{hVr
doimodoir Ë`m§Zm XoUo.
9) Am_gôZo `m{edm` Q>mH$boë`m A{V[aŠV O~m~Xmè`m qH$dm H$m`© H$aUo.
B
Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMo _mZdr hŠH$, g§ajU g§dY©ZmVrb H$m`© :
Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMr CnamoŠV 09 H$m`} hr àË`j-AàË`j _mZdr A{YH$mam§Mo OVZ d
g§dY©Z H$aVmV. `mM H$m`©joÌmVyZ `m n[afXoH$Sy>Z KS>bobr H$mhr _hÎdmMr _mZdr hŠH$ g§X^m©Vrb H$m`}
nwT>rbà_mUo 10) 1960 Vo 1970 À`m XeH$mV Am{e`m d Am{\«$H$m I§S>mVrb Jar~ XoemVrb A{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ d Am`mo½`{df`H$ g_ñ`m§Mo AÜ``Z, g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Ë`mda Cnm` `moOZm H$aÊ`mg
àma§^ Ho$bm.
11) A{dH${gV d Jar~ amï´>mVrb _{hbm d ~mbH$m§Mo àíZ `mda bj H|$[ÐV H$ê$Z _{hbm d
~mbH$ë`mUmgmR>r {deof Am`moJ ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
12) Cnmg_ma, Hw$nmofU `mdaVr Cnm``moOZogmR>r Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
13) ~oamoOJmar, JwÝhoJmar, ì`gZm{YZVm, eharH$aUmVrb g_ñ`m, dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m `m§À`m AÜ``Z,
g§emoYZmgmR>r d Cnm``moOZogmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. Am`moJ ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
14) Am{e`m, Am{\«$H$m, CÎmanyd© Am[e`m, b°{Q>Z A_o[aH$m gma»`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d^mJm§À`m Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmgmR>r ""àmXo{eH$ Am{W©H$ Am`moJ'' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§Yr H$m`©.
2.3.1 (~-1) _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ d g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo _mZdm{YH$ma CÀMm`wŠV
(Human Rights
Commission and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights)
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A) _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ :
g§`wŠV amï´>mH$Sy>Z pñdH$maÊ`mV Amboë`m 1945 À`m "g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXo'Vrb àñVmdZoVM g§`wŠV
amï´>m§Mm Oo CÔoe ñnï> Ho$bo AmhoV; Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ åhUOo, "_yb^yV _mZdr hŠH$, àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m
d _hÎd `m§À`m g§ajU, g§dY©ZmgmR>r Am{U nwéf d {ó`m VgoM bhmZ d _moR>r amï´>o `m§À`m g_mZ
A{YH$mamàVr AmñWm amIUo d Vr ~iH$Q> H$aUo hm EH$ CÔoe hmoVm. VWmnr g§`wŠV amï´>mg_moa _mZdr
hŠH$mg§~Yr H$m`© H$aVmZm XmoZ AmìhmZo hmoVr Vr åhUOo,
1) _mZdr hŠH$mMm AW© d Ame` ñnï> H$ê$Z _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr V`ma H$aUo.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m ajUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ VaVwXr H$ê$Z Ë`m gXñ` amï´>m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_o H$aUo `m C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zo 1946 bm EH$m ñdV§Ì "_mZdr hŠH$
Am`moJmMr' ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am`moJmMr _m{hVr d _mZdr hŠH$m§~m~VMo H$m`© nwT>rbà_mUo ñWmnZm - 1946
_w»`mb` - {O{Zìhm
gXñ` - 53
H$m`©H$mb - 3 df}
gXñ`Ëd - EH$m amï´>mg EH$mdoir EH$M gXñ`Ëd
B
CÔoe :
1) _w»` CÔoe : _mZdr hŠH$m_Üò gwñnï>Vm, EH$ dmŠ`Vm AmUV Ë`m§Mo g§ajU, g§dX©ZmgmR>r H$m`©
H$aUo.
2) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gXñ` amï´>mVrb _mZdr hŠH$m~m~VÀ`m n[apñWVrda XoIaoI R>odUo.
3) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V OmJ¥Vr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.
4) _{hbm, ~mbHo$, Aëng§»`m§H$ d `wÕ H¡${X `m§À`m hŠH$m§~m~V Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mg g§doXZerb
~ZdyZ `m KQ>H$m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo.
B
^y{_H$m, O~m~Xmè`m :
g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zo `m Am`moJmH$S>o nwT>rb à_wI Mma ^y{_H$m, O~m~Xmè`m gmondë`m.
1) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr ~ZdyZ Vr g§{hVm~Õ H$aUo.
2) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m hŠH$m~m~V VgoM ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m~m~V
Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amamMo _wgXo V`ma H$aUo.
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3) Aëng§»`m§H$mÀ`m hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mH$arVm {deof VaVwXr H$aUo.
4) d§e, Y_©, ^mfm d qbJ BË`mXr AmYmamda Ho$bm OmUmam ôX^md Zï> H$aUo.
B
H$m`} :
1) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$ `mXr V`ma H$ê$Z "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m 1948'
V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mVyZ,
2) _mZdr hŠH$ åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` ? H$moUË`mhr hŠH$m§Zm _mZdr hŠH$ åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV `mdo
ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. VgoM,
3) _mZdr hŠH$m§g§~§Yr AgUmao J¡ag_O, {ddmX d {dg§JVr Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ`mV
Amë`m. `m_wio.
4) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb n{hbo nmD$b `m _mÜ`_mVyZ "_mZdr hŠH$
Am`moJm'À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zr Q>mH$bo ho _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ho$bo.
5) "Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966' Mm _gwXm V`ma
H$ê$Z Am_gônwT>o R>odÊ`mV Ambm. Vmo pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambm.
6) "ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966' Mm _gwXm V`ma H$ê$Z Am_gônwT>o
R>odbm. Vmo pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambm.
7) "ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZmå`mg§~§Yr n`m©`r _gwXm' V`ma Ho$bm.
8) "ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZmå`mVrb Xþgam n`m©`r _gwXm' XohX§S>mÀ`m
{Z_y©bZmÀ`m CÔoemZo V`ma Ho$bm Vmo 15 {S>g|~a 1989 bm ñdrH$mabm d 11 Oyb¡ 1991
A§_bmV AmUbm.
9) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gXñ` Xoem§Zm "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mm' g§X^m©V AgUmar dmñVd pñWVrda XoIaoI
R>odyZ _mZdr hŠH$m~m~V OmJ¥VrMo H$m`© Am`moJ H$aV Amho.
10) _{hbm, ~mbHo$, Aëng§»`m§H$, `wÕH¡$Xr `m§À`m hŠH$m§~m~V Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mbm OmJê$H$
~ZdyZ `m hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Am`moJ H$aV Amho.
11) d§e, Y_©, OmV, qbJ, ^mfm d dU© BË`mXr AmYmamda hmoUmam ôX^md Zï> H$ê$Z gdmªZm _mZd
åhUyZ àmßV "_mZdr hŠH$' àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Amho.
~) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo _mZd A{YH$ma CÀMm`wŠV
(High Comissioner for Human Rights) :
{d{dY amï´>mV amï´>m§VJ©V {d{dY ñdê$nmMo g§Kf© d ôX^md VgoM amï´>YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ _mZdr
hŠH$mVrb ì`ŠVrJV ñdénÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo C„§KZ dmT>Vo Amho `m ~m~rH$S>o 1993 À`m "pìhEÞm _mZd
A{YH$ma n[afXoV' Am§Va amï´>r` g_wXm`mMo bj doYÊ`mV Ambo d "ì`ŠVrJV _mZd A{YH$mamda' ì`nmH$
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MMm© Pmbr d `mgmR>rM 1993 "_mZd A{YH$ma CÀMm`wŠV' nX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m~m~VMr
Am{W©H$ _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo nX {Z{_©Vr - 1993
_w»`mb` - Ý`y`m°H©$
H$m`©H$mb - 04 df}
CÀMm`wŠVmda {Z`§ÌU - _hmg{Md d Am_gôMo g§`wŠVnUo.
B
H$m`} :
1) gd© ì`ŠVtÀ`m _mZdrhŠH$m§Mo g§ajU d g§dY©ZmgmR>r H$m`©aV amhUo.
2) Á`m `§ÌUm OmJ{VH$ ñVamda H$m`© H$aUmè`m `§ÌUm_Üò `mo½` Vmo g_Ýd` amIUo.
3) Á`m amï´>mV _mZdr hŠH$ C„§KZmÀ`m J§^ra KQ>Zm KS>ë`m AmhoV; Ë`m KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr KoUo,
Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
4) Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda Á`m {d{dY g§ñWm, Am`moJ, g§KQ>Zm, _mZdr hŠH$mÀ`m g§ajU,
g§dY©ZmgmR>r H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr `mg§~§Yr Á`m `moOZm, CnH«$_, H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVbo AmhoV
Ë`m ì`dpñWV H$m`© H$aVmV H$m `mda bj R>odUo.
5) Á`m amï´>mV _mZdrhŠH$ ^§JmÀ`m J§^ra KQ>Zm KS>ë`m AmhoV, KS>V AmhoV Ë`mg§~§YrMo Ahdmb
Am_gôbm XoUo.
2.3.1 (~-4) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
[aŠV OmJm âm.
1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m ........... KQ>H$mg g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo "{dMma{d_e© _§S>i' åhUyZ AmoiIVmV.
2) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m Am_gôMo _w»`mb` .............. òWo Amho.
3) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMr C{Ôï>o g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb ........... ì`m H$b_mV ñnï>
Ho$br AmhoV.
4) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmVrb gXñ`ËdmMm H$m`©H$mb ........... df© AgVmo.
5) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo _mZd A{YH$ma CÀMm`wŠV ho nX ............... gmbr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
2.3.1 (~-5) ñd`§AÜ`ZmMr CÎmao.
1) Am_g^m
2) Ý`y`m°H©$
4) 03 df}
5) 1992
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3) 55 ì`m H$b_mV
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2.4 gmam§e :
OmJ{VH$ em§VVm d gwa{jVVm àñWm{nV H$aUo `mgmR>r ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` d _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo Am§Vaamï´>r`H$aU
H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `mVyZ 1945 g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoV _mZdr hŠH$
d ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Am§Va amï´>r`H$aUmMr gwê$dmV Pmbr. 1946 bm g§`wŠV amï´>m§Zr "_mZdr hŠH$ d Am`moJm'Mr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am`moJmZo "ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966' d "Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m 1966' Mm _gwXm V`ma Ho$bm. ho XmoÝhr H$ama
1976 bm A§_bmV Ambo. VgoM g§w`ŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoV _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajU d g§dY©ZmMr O~m~Xmar
"Am_g^m', "Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afX', "_mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ' `mÀ`mH$S>o gmondbr hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo
`mg§^m©Vrb H$m`© Mmby Amho. 1993 _mZdr hŠH$mgmR>r CÀMm`wŠV nX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Aem
nÕVrZo _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajU d g§dY©ZmH$arVm Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdê$Z 1945 nmgyZ `moOZm~Õ à`ËZ
gwê$ AmhoV.
2.5 ñd`§: AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
nwT>rb {dYmZo gË` H$s AgË` gm§Jm.
1) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoda Ý`y`m°H©$ òWo gXñ` amï´>m§À`m ñdmjè`m Pmë`m.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ Om{haZm_m g§`wŠV amï´>mZo 10 {S>g|~a 1948 bm Kmo{fV Ho$bm.
3) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb àH$aU 10 _Üò H$b_ 62 Vo 66 hr "Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXo'
g§X^m©V AmhoV.
4) g§`wŠV amï´>mg§KmZo 10 {S>g|~a 1948 bm "_mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJm'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
5) g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m "Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoV' gd© gXñ` amï´>m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd {Xbobo Amho.
6) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m OmJ{VH$ OmhraZmå`mVrb H$b_ 1 Vo 3 _Üò {ddmh {df`H$ hŠH$m§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.
7) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m "ZmJar d amOH$s` hŠH$m§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZmå`mV' EHy$U 53 H$b_m§Mm
g_mdoe Amho.
8) "Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m' 1966 gmbr A§_bmV
Ambm.
9) "Am{W©H$ d gm_{OH$ n[afXoMr' gXñ` g§»`m ñWmnZodoir 18 hmoVr.
10) _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmMo _w»`mb` {O{Zìhm òWo Amho.
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2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) AgË`
2) gË`
3) gË`
4) gË`
5) AgË`
6) AgË`
7) gË`
8) AgË`
9) gË`
10) gË`
2.7 ñdmÜ`m`.
A) nwT>rb {Q>nm {bhm / nwT>rb àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) g§`ŠV amï´>m§À`m gZXoVrb _mZdr hŠH$m~~mVMr C{Ôï>o.
2) g§`wŠV amï´> _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmMr H$m`}.
3) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZmå`mMr ^y{_H$m d CÔoe.
4) Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMr H$m`}.
5) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mo _mZd A{YH$ma CÀMm`wŠV.
~) nwT>rb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr gZX {deX H$am.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm OmJ{VH$ OmhraZm_m ñnï> H$am.
3) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$m§Mm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amaZm_m ñnï> H$am.
4) g§`wŠV amï´>m§Mr Am_g^m - MMm© H$am.
2.8 ñd`§: AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
1) S>m°. e¡b|Ð XodimUH$a, "g§`wŠV amï´>o', à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo 2008
2) àm. CÁdbm gmIiH$a, "_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmb', èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´>
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ 2009.
3)
Vijapur, A. P. Kumar Suresh, (ed), 1999, 'Prespectives on Human Rights',
New Delhi, Manak Pub. 1999.
4)
Roskin, Berry, 'International Relations', The New world of international
Relations, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 2002.
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 3
âVmVrb _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Am{U H$V©ì`m§À`m
g§H$ënZm§Mo _wë`_mnZ
(Evolution of the Concepts of Human Rights and Duties in India.)
A) ^maVr` g§{_l g§ñH¥$VrMo _wë`_mnZ, {d{dY Y_mªMo `moJXmZ, 19 ì`m 20 ì`m eVH$mVrb
gm_m{OH$ Midir, ñdmV§Í` MidirVrb Jm§Yr, Zohê$ Am{U Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo `moJXmZ.
~) _mZdr H$ë`mUmMr g§H$ënZm hŠH$ d H$V©ìò, {dídmÀ`m CËnÎmrMo emñÌ Am{U _mZdr _wë`m§Mm
g§X^©.
H$) g_H$mbrZ _mZdr hŠH$ d H$V©ìò : H$m`Xm, amOH$s` Am{U g_mO `m g§X^m©V.
A] Evolution of Composite culture of India, contribution of Diverse Religions; socials
Movements of 19th and 20th Centuries, Freedom Movement, Gandhi, Nehru and
Ambedkar.
B] Concept of Human Walfare, Rights and Duties, and reference to the cosmology
and Human values.
C] Human Rights and Duties in contemporary India : Law, Polities and Society.
B
C{ÔîQ²>ò …-
1) ^maVmVrb _mZdr A{YH$mam§À`m {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg g_OmdyZ KoUo.
2) ^maVmVrb Ym{_©H$ {d{dYVoVyZ à{V[~§{~V hmoUmar gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V VnmgUo.
3) {dídmÀ`m CËnËVrnmgyZ _mZdrH$ë`mUmMr g§H$ënZm H$er {dH${gV hmoV Jobr ho g_OmdyZ KoUo.
4) g_H$mbrZ _mZdr hŠH$ d H$V©ì`… H$m`Xm, amOH$maU Am{U g_mO `m g§X^m©V g_OmdyZ KoUo.
B
àñVmdZm …
Eo{Vhm{gH$$ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV _mZdr hŠH$m§{df`r g§doXZerbVm hmoVr. ì`ŠVrÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZM
{ZgJm©H$Sy>Z H$mhr hŠH$, A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV Am{U `m hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo amOmMo H$V©ì` Amho. Agm
Vnerb doX-nwamU H$mimnmgyZ AmT>iVmo. Y_m©À`m {d{dY VËdkmZm§_YyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo à{Vq~~ C_Q>VmZm
{XgVo. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb Y_©, AW©, H$m_ Am{U _mojmMr H$ënZm `m _mZdr hŠH$m§er OdiMm g§~§Y
Amho. ^maVm_Üò doX-nwamUm§_YyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§~Ôb OmJ¥Vr Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. doXm§_Yrb Y_m©Mr H$ënZm
gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ hmoVr, Y_m©Mr VËdo gm_m{OH$ pñWaVm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$
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E_.E. ^mJ-2 / g_mOemó ....1
H$ënUmgmR>r nwaH$ hmoVr. g_Vm, Ý`m` Am{U ~§Yw^md `m _yë`m§Mm àgma Am{U ajU Y_m©À`m VËdm§_Üò
A§V^y©V hmoVo. ì`ŠVrbm Mm§Jbo H$m` Am{U dmB©Q> H$m` `m§Mr {eH$dU XoD$Z dmB©Q> JmoîQ>tnmgyZ namd¥Îm
H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Y_m©À`m VËdkmZm§_Üò hmoVr. Y_m©À`m `m VËdm§_Üò _mZdr hŠH$m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m
hŠH$m§Zm ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO{dH$mgmgmR>r _hËdnyU© _mZÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. doX Am{U nwamUm§_Yrb {d{dY
{ZVr{Z`_ Am{U àWm nañnam§_YyZ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo Xe©Z hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` ñW¡`m©gmR>r {Z{V{Z`_,
àWm-na§nam§À`m énmZo eoH$S>mo dfm©nmgyZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr_Üò _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm AmXa hmoV Amho.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
gd©M _mZdr g_mOmV AmT>iUmar EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ Y_© `m g§ñWoH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. _mZdmÀ`m
CËnpËVnmgyZ B©ídamMr CnmgZm H$aUo Am{U Ñí` ñdénm_mJrb ahñ` ôXÿZ _yb^yV gË` g_OmdyZ KoUo `m
JmoîQ>rH$S>o _mZdmMm H$b Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo, emídV ñdJu` AmZ§X, _wŠVr qH$dm `m gma»`m H$ënZoZo
^mamdyZ OmdyZ CnmgH$ Ë`mbmM Amnbo A§{V_ ahñ` _mZy bmJbm. `m AmYmamda {Za{Zamù`m _hmZ Y_©
g§ñWmnH$m§Zr ñdmZw^dmda AmYmabobo, {d{eîQ> à{VHo$, AmMma g§{hVm, OrdZ {df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ à_mU^yV
_mZUmao {Za{Zamio Y_© ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
AmO hOmamo dfm©Mm H$mi bmoQ>bm Amho, _mZdmÀ`m OrdZ_mZmV, ^modVmbÀ`m n[apñWVrV n[adV©Z Pmbo
Amho. Varhr Y_m©Mo ApñVËd AmO XoIrb {Q>Hy$Z Amho. àË`jmV Y_m©Mr dmñV{dH$Vm H$_r hmodyZ Am¡nMm[aH$Vm
dmT>br Amho. Y_m©À`m _yb^yV VËdm§Mr {dñ_¥Vr _mZdmg hmoV Amho. nyd©J«h dmT>V AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {d{dY
Y_m©À`m AZw`m§`m_Üò nañnam§~Ôb _Ëga, H$bh dmTy>Z Ym{_©H$ X§Jbr CgiV AmhoV.
AemM n[añWrVrV g_mOemñÌmMm EH$ Aä`mg `m ZmË`mZo AmnUmg ^maVmVrb à_wI Y_mªMm Aä`mg
H$amd`mMm Amho. àËòH$ Y_m©Mr _ybVËdo H$moUVr, VËdkmZ, AmMaU nÕVr H$moUVr Amho. AmOÀ`m ~XbË`m
H$mimV AmnU Ë`m VËdkmZmH$S>o H$moUË`m ÑîQ>rZo nmhmd`mg nm{hOo `mMr OmUrd AgUo ho àËòH$ g_mOemñÌmmÀ`m
Aä`mgH$m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo _hËdmMo Amho. AmOÀ`m KQ>Ho$bm gd© Y_m©_Üò A§YlÕm, ~wdm~mOr, gdY_©loîR>Vm
dmT>V Mmbbr Agbr Var g_mO gwYmaUmË_H$ H$m`© H$aUmam Y_© Ë`mMm _yi Jm^m, _yi VËdkmZ `mMo
dmñV{dH$ Xe©Z `wdm{nT>rg H$ê$Z XoUo A{Zdm`© R>aVo. `mM hoVyZo AmnUmg g_mOemñÌr`ÑîQ²>`m Y_© EH$ _yb^yV
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ Aä`mgmd`mMr Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a ^maVmVrb qhXÿ, ~m¡Õ, O¡Z, Bñbm_, erI,
{¼íMZ Y_m©M Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho. Ho$di g_mOemmñÌmmMm EH$ Aä`mgH$ `m ZmË`mZoM gd© Y_m©Mo
dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n, AmnUmg OmUyZ ¿`md`mMo Amho. gd© Y_m©H$S>o g_VmobmZo, g{hîUwVoZo nmhUo hr H$mimMr
JaO Amho. Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr, _yëò, OrdZ {df`H$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ `m§Mm Anyd© g§J_ AmnUmg ^maVmVrb {d{dY
Y_m©V AmT>iyZ òVmo d Ë`mH$S>oM AmO Amnbo Xÿb©j hmoV Mmbbo Amho. `mM hoVyZo ^maVmVrb g_mOmVrb à_wI
Y_m©Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.
3.3 ^maVmVrb à_wI Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m …OJmVrb AË`§V Y_©{ZîR> amîQ´>m§_Üò ^maVXoe àW_ H«$_m§H$mda Amho. hOmamo dfmªMr na§nam `m Xoembm
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bm^bobr Amho, na{H$`m§Mr AmH«$_Uo hmoD$Zhr d¡km{ZH$ g§gH¥$VrMm {dH$mg hmodyZhr ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrZo Amnbo
AmJio-doJio d¡{eîQ²>` {Q>H$dyZ R>odbo Amho. OmV, Y_©, n§W, g§àXm`, ^mfm, O_mVr, AmMma nÕVr `m
~m~VrV {^ÞVm AgyZhr g§nyU© _mZdr OrdZmMr C^maUr EH$ËdmÀ`m _O~yV nm`mda C^mabobr Amho. `mMo
H$maU ^maVr` g_mOmVrb Y_©M hmo`.
ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñd¡a J¡adV©Zmda ~§YZ KmbyZ gwg§ñH¥$V OrdZ OJÊ`mg àd¥ËV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _ZmoY¡`©,
_Zmo~b dmT>{dUo, _mZ{gH$ VmU H$_r H$aUo, g_mOmVrb EH$monm dmT>{dUo BË`mXr ~m~VrV ^maVr` g_mOmVrb
gd©M Y_mªZr AË`§V _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m dR>{dbr Amho. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb qhXÿ, ~m¡Õ, O¡Z, erI, Bñbm_,
{¼íMZ H$moUVmhr Y_© Mmoar H$aUo, AZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y R>odUo, Xþ…Ir {nS>rVm§Zm Ìmg XoUo, IyZ _mam_mè`m H$aUo
BË`mXr ~m~tZm nyUH$_© _mZV Zmhr. åhUOoM g_mOmÀ`m Ñ¥îQ>rZo Oo Oo BîQ> Amho, g_mO ApñËdmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm
nmofH$ Amho. AemM VËdm§Mm ñdrH$ma Y_m©MaUmZo Ho$bobm Amho. gVV Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>tMm nmR>nwamdm H$aUmè`m
Y_m©Zo, ñd^y{_Ho$Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmè`m Y_m©Zo g_mO OrdZ gwg§hrV, gwpñWa, gwg§ñH¥$V ~Zdmd`mÀ`m XþîQ>rZo
AË`§V _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho. ^maVr` Y_© H$moUË`mhr EH$m J«§WmVrb nmoWrVrb ~§{XñV Y_© ZgyZ
Vmo {dídmË_H$ Amho. AmnU X¡{Z{XZ ì`dhmamV O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, erI, Bñbm_ Y_© åhUyZ Á`m§Zm AmoiIVmo Vo Y_©
ZgyZ n§W AmhoV. ^maVr` Y_© EH$m {demb g_wÐmgmaIm AgyZ Ë`mV AZoH$ n§W gm_mdbobo AmhoV. Y_©
H$moUVmhr Agmo, Ë`mMo ñdê$n doJdoH$io Agbo Var ^maVmVrb gd©M Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m Odinmg nañnam§er
{_iVrOwiVr Amho. A§{V_ Üò` gdmªMrM g_mZ AmhoV. `mM hoVyZo ^maVr` g_mOmVrb H$mhr à_wI Y_mªMm
Aä`mg AmnUmg nwT>o {dñVmamZo H$amd`mMm Amho.
3.3.1 qhXÿ Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m …qhXÿ Y_m©bm \$ma _moR>r àmMrZ na§nam bm^bobr Amho. qhXÿ hr g§H$ënZmM _wimV OmVrdmMH$ ZgyZ
amîQ´>dmMH$ Amho. `m Y_m©Vrb H$_©H$m§S>, nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm, Y_©J«§W, Y_©nrR>o, Ym{_©H$ VËdkmZ, Ym{_©H$ H$bm
`m§Mm à^md ^maVr`m§da AmOÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ JwUmVhr Imobda éObobm AmT>iVmo. ^maVr` g_mOaMZm,
Hw$Qy>§~g§ñWogma»`m g§ñWm gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y `m§À`m_Üò qhXÿ Y_m©Mo ApñVËd AmOhr OmUdVo. qhXÿ Y_m©Mr
^y{_H$m g_OmdyZ KoVm§Zm qhXÿY_©emñÌmmV qhXÿ {dMmad§Vm§Zr _mUdmZr Amnbo OrdZ OJVmZm H$go OJmdo,
H$moUVo dV©Z àH$ma Ano{jV AmhoV. OrdZmMr Üòò H$moUVr AmhoV. g_mOmàVr _Zwî`mMr H$moUH$moUVr H$V©ì`
AmhoV, ì`ŠVrZo g_mYmZ H$emV _mZmdo. Aem AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm Chmnmoh Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m~ÔbMr g{dñVa MMm©
Imbrnà_mUo…
1) ì`ŠVr AmMUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo …
gm§»`, `moJ, nyd©_r_m§gm, CËVa_r_m§gm, Ý`m`, d¡eo{fH$ hr qhXÿMr fS>Xe©Zo AmhoV. qhXÿ Y_m©V doXmbmM
_yià_mUo _mZë`m_wio doX hoM AZm{X, {ZË` ñd§`…{gÕ Ago J«§W AmhoV. Aer qh§Xÿ§Mr JmT> lÕm Amho. åhUyZM
Y_©kmZo _mÝ` Ho$bobr H$V©ìò nma nmS>ë`mg nwÊ`àmár hmoVo d Y_©{ZfÕ dV©Z Ho$ë`mg nmnmMm gmR>m dmT>Vmo
Ago gm§JUmam Y_© ì`ŠVrbm Zoh_rM Eo{hH$ d nma bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmV H$V©ì`nmbZmZo AmMaU H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm
H$aVmo.
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2) gmÜ`mË_H$ ÑîQ>rZo …
Á`m pñWVrV _mZdmbm H$moUË`mhr JmoîQ>tMr Anojm Z amhVm gd© g§J n[aË`mJ H$ê$Z Vmo nyU© g_mYmZr
amhVmo Vr pñWVr åhUOo _moj hmo`. Aem `m CXmË` Üò`mMr àmár H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUmam Y_© hmo`.
3) g_mOYmaUmË_H$ ÑîQ>rZo …
g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zr Amnmnbr ^y{_H$m `mo½` [aVrZo nma nmS>mdr, ñd`§^y{_H$m dR>dmdr Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrMr
{H«$`merbVm ñnîQ> hmoVo d {H«$`m{ebVoVyZ gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmodyZ g_mO{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Y_m©Zo àOoMr
YmaUm hmoVo åhUOoM OrdZ gwa{jV amhVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m {ddoH$~wÕrbm MmbZm XoÊ`mV Y_© _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m
~OmdVmo. `mo½`-A`mo½` ^mdZm, AZwHy$b-à{VHy$b {dMma, {d{hV-{ZfrÕ AmMma `mVyZM g_mO YmaUm hmoVo.
nyOm-àmW©Zm, H$_©H$m§S> `mnojm qhXÿ Y_m©Mr hr ^y{_H$m ì`ŠVrg gX©d g_mO{hV gmYÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aVo.
g_mOYmaUm, _mZdr ì`dhma, bmoH$ ì`dñWm `m§Zm _hËd XodyZ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Zm OmJ¥V R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ qhXÿ
Y_m©ZoM Zìho Va OJmVrb Odinmg gd©M Y_mªZr Ho$bo Amho.
4) dV©Z à{V_mZmMo {ZYm©aU H$aUo …
gË` hmM Y_© hmo`. gË`mnojm loîR> H$mhr Zmhr. gË` d {ZË` hm ~«åhM Amho. `mM ÑîQ>rZo qhXÿ
Y_©emñÌH$ma Y_m©H$S>o nmhVmV. qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb Aml_ì`dñWm ì`ŠVr OrdZmÀ`m ~më`, `wdm, àm¡T>, d¥ÕmdñWoV
ì`ŠVrMo AmMaU H$go Agmdo `mMo {ZYm©aU H$aVmV. ~«åhM`©l_mVrb g§`{_V OrdZ, H$V©ì`{ZîR>m, J¥hñWml_mVrb
H$V©ìò, n§M_hm`km§Mr nyV©Vm, dmZàñWml_mVrb g_mOmon`moJr H$_©o, g§Ý`mgml_mVrb g§Ý`mgrd¥¥Îmr, "{dídMr
_mPo Ka' `m d¥ÎmrZo gXmMmamMm àgma `m gd©M ~m~r ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zà{V_mZm§Mo {ZYm©aU H$aVmV. OoUo H$ê$Z
g_mOmMo ApñVËd d ñW¡`© {Q>Hy$Z amhVo.
5) OrdZÜò`m§Mo {ZpíMVrH$aU …
qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb VËdkmZmZwgma _moj hoM _mZdmMo A§{V_ Üò` AgyZ nwéfmW© MVwîQ> `mVrb Y_©, AW©,
H$m_, _moj hr _mZdr OrdZmMr Eo{hH$ d nmabm¡{H$H$ Üò` ñnîQ> H$aVmV. Y_© `m nwéfmÏmm©À`m AmYmaoM AW©
H$m_ `m nwéfmWm©Mr {gÕVm ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho. bmoH$ ì`dhmamgmR>r ho XmoÝhr nwéfmW© {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo AmhoV.
ì`ŠVrMr "H$m_' {df`H$ JaO g_mO_mÝ` _mJm©Zo nyU© H$amdr. g_mOmMo gmVË` {Q>H$dyZ R>do mdo, OrdZM[aVmWm©gmR>r
AWm©O©Z Amdí`H$ Amho. na§Vy AWm©O©Z H$aVm§Zm Y_©{dhrV _mJm©ZoM Vo {_idmdo. naYZmMr Anojm H$ê$ Zò,
Mmoar H$ê$ Zò, A{V[aŠV YZg§M` H$ê$ Zò BË`mXr Ym{_©H$ Amkm AWm©OZmVrb Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Zm _hÎd XoVmV.
6) gX²H$_m©Mr àoaUm d AmË_{Z`§ÌU …
qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb H$_© {gÕm§V ì`ŠVrg gX¡d gV²H$_© H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm XoVmo. H$maU Mm§Jë`m H$_m©Mo \$i
Mm§Jbo d dmB©Q> H$_m©Mo \$i dmB©Q> {_iVo. gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕrbm Yê$Z Ho$bobo Amnbo {d{hV H$_© H$arV AgVm§Zm
ì`ŠVrZo H$_©\$imMr Anojm H$ê$ Zò VaM ì`ŠVr OÝ_, H$_©,\$i, nwZíM OÝ_ `m OÝ_ _¥Ë`yÀ`m MH«$mVyZ
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gwQ>Vo d _moj JmR>Vo. Ago ho H$_©{gÕm§VmVrb VËdkmZ ì`ŠVrg gX¡d gËH$_© H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm Va XoVoM nU
Ë`mM~amo~a A{ddoH$mZo ì`ŠVrZo Ho$bobo H$moUVohr H$_© ì`ŠVrbm naV OÝ__¥Ë`yÀ`m \o$è`mV AS>H$dVo. ho
VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrbm A{ddoH$snUmnmgyZ, XþîH$_m©nmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aVo. H$_©{gÕm§VmÛmao ñnîQ> Ho$bobr hr ^y{_H$m
AmOhr gV²H$_© H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
7) gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU d H$ë`mUH$mar H¥$VrMr àoaUm …
Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m H|$Ðq~XÿdaM Y_m©Mr C^maUr Pmbobr Amho. ZrVr hmM Y_m©Mm _yi Jm^m Amho. gd©M
Y_m©Vrb ZrVrVËdo hr Zoh_rM ì`ŠVrbm g§`{_V, gXmMmar {ddoH$s dV©Z H$amd`mg bmdVmV OoUo H$ê$Z
ì`ŠVrbm Am§Va~mø dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm òVo. Á`m Á`m ~m~r g_mO{dKmVH$ dmQ>VmV Ë`m§Zm Y_m©Mm,
Ym{_©H$ J«§WmMm AmYma XodyZ Y_©{Z{fÕ _mZbo OmVo. CXm. Agä` ~mobUo, Mmoar H$aUo, AZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y R>odUo
B. Aem Y_© {ZfrÕ H¥$Vr ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m Joë`mg nmnmMm g§M` hmoVmo d B©ídamMr AdH¥$nm hmoVo. ZaH$
`mVZm ^mJmì`m bmJVmV Aer EH$ lÕm ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV Imobda éObobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr Ym{_©H$
{Z`_m§Zm OmñV {^Vo,"OZgodm hrM B©ída godm' n§M_hm`wÕ, nwÌY_©, amOY_©, eoOmaY_© dJ¡ao ~m~tVyZ
H$ë`mUH$mar H¥$Vr KS>V AgVmV. Y_m©Zo _mÝ` Ho$bobr gd© H¥$Ëò ì`ŠVrg H$ë`mUH$mar H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg àoaUm
XoUmar AmhoV.
8) _Zmo~b dmT>dyZ _mZ{gH$ VmUmMo {ZdmaU …
qhXÿ Y_m©Mr `m g§X^m©Vrb ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hËdmMr Amho. Ooìhm Ooìhm ì`ŠVr g§H$Q>mV gmnS>br V|ìhm
Voìhm ^ŠVrZo _Zmo^mdo B©ídamMm Ymdm Ho$bm AgVm B©ídamZo {Vbm _XV Ho$br ho AmnU g§V Zm_Xod, OZm~mB©,
g§V kmZoída, ^ŠV àëhmX, Y«yd~mi `m§À`m CXmhaUmVyZ OmUbo, AmOÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ `wJmV kmZoídam§Zr
IamoIaM aoS>çmg _§Ì Cƒmamd`mg bmdbo qH$dm Zmhr `mda Oar lÕm Zgbr Var Amnë`m g§H$Q>g_`r
Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrMr _Zmo^mdo àmW©Zm Ho$br AgVm, nwOmnmR> Ho$br AgVm Amnbo g§H$Q> {ZdmaU hmoVo `m
lÕoVyZM ì`ŠVrMo _Zmo~b dmT>Vo, _mZ{gH$ g_mYmZ àmá hmoVo, ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmdarb VmU g¡b hmoVmo. `mVwZM
ì`ŠVrbm EH$ àH$maMr _mZ{gH$ gwa{jVVm àmá hmoVo. Aem àH$mao ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmVrb {d\$bVm Xÿa H$aÊ`mV
{ZpíMVM Y_m©Zo èñdrnUo Amnbr ^y_rH$m ~Omdbr Amho.
9) g_mO g§KQ>Z dmT>dUo …
qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb H$_©, nyZO©Ý_ {gÕm§V, nwéfmW© d _mojmMr g§H$ënZm `m _mJo g_mO g§KQ>ZoVM àmYmÝ` {Xbo
Amho. ñdH$ë`mUm~amo~aM g_mOH$ë`mUmMr àoaUm `m_mJo A{^àoV Amho. {ddoH$, Z¡{ZH$Vm, gXmMma, g§`_ B.
JwUm§Mm {dH$mg Y_m©_wioM gmYbm OmVmo. Y_© hr d¡`ŠVrH$ ~m~ ZgyZ Vr gm_y{hH$ ~m~ Agë`m_wio àËòH$
Y_© Amnë`m g_whmg gm_mB©H$ ñdê$nmMr _wëò, Üòò, AmMma, nm{dÍ`mMr H$ënZm, {dYr{ZfoY, g§ñH$ma, gUg_ma§^, Y_©J«§W, àmW©Zm_§{Xao àmá H$ê$Z XoVmo. Ë`m gdm©{df`r `m g_yhmVrb gd© gXñ`mV AmXa`wŠV lÕm
AgVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV EH$ àH$maMo g§KQ>Z KSy>Z òVo. qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb Xgam, {Xdmir, ajm~§YZ, _Ja
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g§H«$m§VrVrb VriJwi ¿`m, JmoS> JmoS> ~mobm. JUoemËgd B. ~m~r g_mOmMo g§KQ>Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg {ZpíMV
\$bXm`r R>aë`m AmhoV. AWm©V gd©Y_m©Mm Xÿam{^_mZ g_mO {dKQ>Zmg H$maUr^yV R>aVmo. ho hr ZmH$maVm òV
Zmhr.
Aem àH$mao ^maVmVrb qhXÿ Y_© darb àH$maMr _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m dR>{dVmo. ^maVmVrb ~m¡Õ$, O¡Z,
erI, Bñbm_, {¼íMZ B. Y_©hr WmoS>çm\$ma \$maH$mZo H$m hmoB©Zm darb àH$maÀ`m ^y{_H$m dR>{dVmV.
3.3.2 ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m …qhXÿ Y_m©à_mUoM {Zdm©UnmMr àmár ho _mZdmMo A§{V_ Üò` ~m¡Õ Y_m©Zo _mZbo Amho. g§gmamVrb AQ>i
Xþ…ImnmgyZ _mZdmMr emídV _wŠVr åhUOo {Zdm©UnXmMr "gd©loîR> gwI àmár hmo`' `m {Zdm©UàmárgmR>r
ì`ŠVrZo 1) Mma Am`©gËò, 2) AîQ>m§J _mJ©, 3) n§Merb VÎd `mÛmao Amnbo AmMaU R>admdo Ago VÎdkmZ
gm§JUmam ~m¡ÕY_© ì`ŠVrbm V¥îUm, bmbgm, ñdmW© `mda {dO` g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mg {eH${dVmo. Jm¡V_ ~wÕm§§À`m
_Vo, OJmbm Xþ…I _wŠV H$aUo hoM Y_m©Mo _w»` C{ÔîQ²>` Amho. ì`ŠVrMo dV©ZM ì`ŠVrbm Mm§Jbo [H§$dm dmB©Q>
~ZdVo. ho VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m H¥$VrerbVoda {deof â XoUmao Amho. `mM AmYmamda ~m¡Õ Y_© nwT>rb àH$maMr
^y{_H$m dR>{dVmo.
1) Xþ…ImMm {dZme d OrdZmÀ`m dmñVdVoMm ñdrH$ma …~m¡Õ Y_m©Vrb VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrg ì`mdhm[aH$ ÑîQ>rZo OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mg {eH$dVo. `m OmJmVrb àËòH$
ì`ŠVrg Xþ…Ir AgyZ V¥îUm hoM Xþ…ImMo _wi H$maU Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mda {dO` g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mma
Am`©gË` à_mU^yV _mZbr AmhoV. Xþ…ImÀ`m ApñVËdmMr OmUrd Jm§^r`m©Zo H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. Z§Va Xþ…ImMo H$maU
åhUOoM Xþ…Ig_wXm` OmUyZ ¿`mdo. Xþ…ImMo H$maU V¥îUm hoM g_Oë`mZ§Va d Ë`mgmR>r V¥îUm, bmbgm, ñdmW©
Aem H$maUm§Mm {damoY ì`ŠVrZo H$aUo åhUOoM Xþ…I{ZamoY hmo`. `m Mma Am`©gË`mÛmao ~m¡ÕY_© ì`ŠVrÀ`m
AY…nVZmg H$maUr^wV AgUmè`m Xþ…ImnmgyZ ì`ŠVrMr gwQ>H$m Va H$ê$Z XoVmoM Ë`mM~amo~a OrdZmMr
dmñVdVm ì`ŠVrnwT>o ñnîQ> H$aVmo.
2) X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmMo _mJ©Xe©Z …_mZdr OrdZmVrb bmo^, V¥îUm, AmgŠVr, H«$moY, Ûof, _Ëga, d¡a `mda {dO` g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV AîQ>m§J _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$amdm ho AîQ>m§JrH$ _mJ© åhUOo ì`ŠVrZo OrdZmH$S>o
dmñVd ÑîQ>rZo nmhmdo, `mo½` {dMma, `mo½` hoVy ~miJmdoV, gË` ~mobmdo, eara, _ZmZo, dmMmZo `mo½` AerM
H$_} H$amdrV, `mo½` _mJm©Zo CnOr{dH$m Mmbdmdr, _ZmVrb ÑîQ> dmgZm_`r {dMma H$mTy>Z gX²{dMmamMr
OmonmgZm H$amdr. ì`ŠVrZo `mo½` qMVZ H$amdo, B§{Ð`mda Vm~m R>odyZ AmË_g§`_ R>odmdm ho AîQ>m§JrH$ _mJ©
ì`ŠVrÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmJÊ`mMm AmMma Y_© gm§JVmV. ho VÎdkmZ H$moUË`mhr H$mimVrb ì`ŠVrbm
Zoh_rM Cn`wŠV R>aUmao Amho. OrdZmMr dmñV{dH$Vm OmUyZ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ ì`ŠVr d g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>rM
ì`VrV H$amdo Ago gm§JUmam ~m¡Õ Y_© hmo`.
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3) Mm[aÍ` ewÕVm …~m¡Õ Y_m©V ì`ŠVr hrM H|$Ðq~Xÿ _mZdr Jobr Amho. _mZdmMo loîR>Ëd OÝ_mZo R>aV ZgyZ Ë`mÀ`m Z¡{VH$
AmMaUmda Vo Adb§~yZ Amho. ì`ŠVr Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ ~ZÊ`mg n§Merb VÎdmMo nmbZ ì`ŠVrZo H$amdo. H$moUË`mhr
àmÊ`mg Ìmg Xody Zò. qhgm H$ê$ Zò. gX¡d gË` ~mobmdo, gË` dmJmdo Oo Amnbo Zmhr Ë`mMr Amem Yê$ Zò.
ì`{^Mmar Agy Zò. Xmê$, A\y$gma»`m _mXH$ nXmWm©Mo godZ H$ê$ Zò. Am{X n§Merb VÎd ì`ŠVrg
Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ ~Z{dVo. Z¡{VH$ _wë`m§Mo OVZ hmoVo d Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr d g_mOmMo H$ë`mU gmYVo.
Aem àH$mao ~m¡Õ Y_© ì`ŠVrg X¡ddmXr Z ~ZdVm ñdV…Mm {eënH$Vm© ñdV…M ~ZÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aVo.
AemàH$mao ~m¡Õ Y_m©Zo OrdZmMr dmñd{dH$Vm, X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ{df`rMo _mJ©Xe©Z, Mm[aÍèwÕVm, {MÎmewÕVm
`mÛmao ì`ŠVrMo OrdZ _mJ©X{e©V Ho$bo Amho.
3.3.3 O¡Z Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m …O¡Z Y_© hm d¡{XH$ Y_m©BVH$mM àm{MZ Y_© _mZbm OmVmo. gmYm gmonm d Á`mMo nmbZ gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm
H$aVm òB©b Ago VÎdkmZ O¡Z Y_m©Zo gm§{JVbo Amho. Aqhgobm OrdZmMm {Z`_ ~Z{dÊ`mMo lo` O¡Z Y_m©H$S>oM
OmVo. nmM AZwd«Vo d aËZÌ`r _mJm©Ûmao O¡Z Y_m©Zo Amnbr ^y{_H$m `mo½` àH$mao ~Omdbr Amho, Vr nwT>rb
{ddoMZmÛmao ñnîQ> hmoVo.
1) Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ …ì`ŠVrMo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ H$go Agmdo, H$moUVr C{ÔîQ²>ò ì`ŠVrZr R>admdr `mgmR>r nmM AZwd«Vm§Mm pñdH$ma
`m Y_m©Zo Ho$bm Amho. ì`ŠVrZo gË` ~mobmdo, eara _Z, dmMoZo H$moUmMr qhgm H$ê$ Zò, Mmoar H$ê$ Zò, ñdmWu
d¥Îmr`m Ë`mJ H$amdm. nañÌrJ_Z H$ê$ Zò BË`mXr n§MAZwd«Vo ì`ŠVrg Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ H$amd`mg
bmdVmV, Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr AmË_g§M_r ~ZVo. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrMo d g_mOmMo H$ë`mU gmYVo. Aem àH$mao øm
n§MAZwd«VmÛmao Z¡{VH$ YS>o ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr ÑT>_yb H$aÊ`mg O¡Z Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr R>aVo.
2) A§{V_ C{ÔîQ>àmár …~m¡Õ Y_m©à_mUoM O¡Z Y_m©Zo XoIrb _moj ho ì`ŠVrMo A§{V_ Üò` _mZbo Amho. n§M AZwd«VmÛmao ì`ŠVrMo
AmMaU {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a OÝ_ _¥Ë`yÀ`m \o$è`mVyZ _wŠVVm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r aËZ`Ìr _mJm©Mm
pñdH$ma ì`ŠVrZo H$amdm. O¡Z Y_m©Vrb VÎdmda AT>i lÕm R>odmdr. OrdZmMr dmñddVm ì`ŠVrZo AmO_mdyZ
nhmdr. VgoM eara, _Z, dmUrÛmao dmB©Q> H$_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm, Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr OÝ_ _¥Ë`yÀ`m MH«$mVyZ gwQ>Vo.
~m¡Õ Y_m©à_mUoM O¡Z Y_m©Vrb VÎdkmZ dmñVdVoMo Xe©Z XoVo. gË`, Z¡{VH$Vm, gXmMma, g_Vm BË`mXr
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ d¥ÎmrMr OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mg O¡Z Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m BVa Y{_©`mà_mUo _hÎdmMr R>aVo.
3.3.4 erI Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m …
àn§M/na_mW©, Aä`wX`/{Z…lo`g `m§À`m g_Ýd`mda hm Y_© AmYmabobm Amho. OmVrôX, dU©ôX, Cƒ-
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{ZM, Jar~-lr_§V Agm ôX Z _mZUmam, ì`ŠVrJV OrdZ d gm_m{OH$ OrdZ g_mZVoda AmYm[aV AgUmam
Y_© JwéMo ñWmZ AZÝ`gmYmaU _mZUmam Amho. erI Y_© AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb _mZdmV CÚmoJerbVm, H$îQ>
d godm, g_mZVm gm§JVmo. erI Y_m©Zo em[aarH$ Šbof, AÝ`m`, ôXmôX `m§Mm {ZfoY Ho$bm Amho. _mZdVmdmXr
X¥îQ>rZo øm Y_m©Mo VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrg ñdH$ë`mU d g_mOH$ë`mU gmYÊ`mg {eH$dVo. erI Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m
hr gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV ì`ŠVrg g_VoZo dmJÊ`mg, gX²JwU AdJwU, nmn-nwÊ`, ñdJ©-ZaH$ `m gdm©À`m
n{bH$S>o OmD$Z Iao AmZ§X_`r OrdZ OJÊ`mg _hÎdnyU© dmQ>Vo. erI VÎdkmZmZwgma g§gma d g_mOgodm
`mVyZM B©ída àmár hmoVo. {ZîH$m_, {Zah§H$mar d¥ÎmrZo B©ídamMr AmamYZm Ho$br AgVm Jwé, B©ída, àgÞ hmoVmo.
ho VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrg g_mO Ano{jV dV©Z H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoVo.
1) _mZdVmdmXr d¥Õr …erI Y_© àËòH$ ì`ŠVrg "Vmo EH$ _mZd Amho' `mM ÑîQ>rZo nmhÊ`mg {eH$dVmo. gd© OJ B©ídamZo {Z_m©U
Ho$bo AgyZ OÝ_boë`m àËòH$mg Ë`mMm Cn^moJ KoÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho. B©ídamg_moa gmao g_mZ AmhoV. B©ída hm
{ZamH$ma, X`miy, CnH$maH$Vm©, nmn-nwÊ`mMo Ý`m`\$i XoUmam Amho. gV²-na_mË_m, gX²Jwê$ hr B©ídamMr {d{dY
Zmdo AmhoV. {dídì`mnH$ _mZdVmdmX d¥ÕrJV H$aUo `m ÑîQ>rZo erI Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© dmQ>Vo.
On, Zm_, XmZ, ñZmZ, àmW©Zm øm nmM Ym{_©H$ dV©ZmMm A§JrH$ma _mZdmZo H$amdm, åhUOoM ì`ŠVrZo
B©ídamMo AI§S> Zm_ñ_aU H$amdo. Amnë`m CËnÞmMm Xhmdm {hñgm XrZ-Xþ~ù`mgmR>r Úmdm. ñZmZmÛmao eara
d {MÎm ewÕ R>odmdo, {nS>rVm§Mr, Jwé§Mr, JwéÛmam§Mr godm H$amdr. Jwê$ J«§WmVrb íbmoH$m§Mo nR>U H$éZ àmW©Zm
H$amdr. `m gd© Ym{_©H$ dV©ZmÛmao _mZdVmdmXr _wë`m§Mr OmonmgZm hmoVo. `m{edm` erIY_© BVa Y_m©à_mUo
Ah§H$ma gd© Xþî` d¥ÎmrMo H$ama _mZVmo. Ah§H$mamnmgyZ gwQ>H$m åhUOo _wŠVr hmo`. gËH$_© H$amdo, gMI§S> åhUOo
gË`mZo dmJmdo, Aer {eH$dU XoUmao erI Y_u` VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrg gX¡d gXmMmar, {ddoH$s dV©Z H$aÊ`mg
^mJ nmS>Vo.
3.3.5 Bñbm_ Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m :
Aa~ g_mOmVrb ApñWaVm, AZmMma, qhgm Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Mr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgbr
d Ë`mVyZM Bñbm_ Y_© CX`mg Ambm. _mZdr OrdZmVrb emídV gË` ào_, H$éUm `m§Mo _hÎd `m Y_m©Zo
bmoH$m§V nQ>dyZ {Xbo. ì`ŠVrZo Amnbo gd©ñd B©ídambm An©U H$amdo, B©ídamÀ`m AmXoemZwgma OrdZ OJmdo, gd©
eŠVr_mZ B©ídamda {dídmg R>odmdm, gdmªer _mV¥^mdmZo dmJmdo, gXmMmar Agmdo, l_nyd©H$ CXa{Zdm©h H$amdm.
hr Bñbm_ Y_m©Mr _w»` VÎdo AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo Bñbm_ Y_u` ì`ŠVrZo H$b_m H$aUo (XmT>rer {_er g§~§{YV)
Z_mO nT>Uo, amoOm YaUo, OH$mVÀ`m énmV XmZ H$aUo, hOMr `mÌm H$aUo hr Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ëò pñdH$mamdrV.
Bñbm_ Y_© BVa Y_m©à_mUo ì`ŠVrg gXmMmar, {ddoH$s dV©Z H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aVmo. Mmoar, ì`{^Mmar,
H¥$nUVm BË`mXr H¥$Ë`m§Zm nmnH¥$Ëò _mZbo Amho. ì`ŠVrZo Zoh_r ew^ H$_} H$amdrV. Aew^ H$_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm.
Amnë`mH$Sy>Z AOmUVonUr Pmboë`m AnamYmMr j_m`mMZm H$amdr. ho VÎdkmZ ì`ŠVrg gXmo{XV gXmMmamMr
AmR>dU H$éZ XoVo.
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Hw$amUmZwgma àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`mgmR>r AmXe© ~Zmdo. ì`ŠVr ñdV…M Amnë`m X¡dmMm/H$_m©Mm
{dYmVm Amho. ì`ŠVrZo Amnbo _Z B©ídam§nwT>o ñdÀN> Ho$ë`mg, Ë`mÀ`m nmnmMo {dgO©Z hmoVo. VmËn`©, Amnë`m
gwI-Xþ…ImMo ^moŠVo AmnUM AmhmoV. `mMo ^mZ R>odyZM ì`ŠVrZo dV©Z H$amdo. `m ~m~VrV ì`ŠVrZo gVV
gV©H$, g{H«$` d OmJéH$ Agmdo.
B©ñbm_ Y_m©V e[a`Vbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gd© ì`dhmamMr `mo½``mo½`Vm ear`VÀ`m
AmYmao {dH${gV hmoVo. ì`ŠVrMr ì`mdhm[aH$ H$V©ìò, Amdí`H$ H$V©ìò, gd©gm_mÝ` H$V©ìò, {ZfrÕ H$V©ìò
BË`mXrMm `mV g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m{edm` {ddmh, _ohoa, VbmH$ `m ~m~VrV d¡YVm / Ad¡YVm XmIdUmao {dMma
`mV _m§S>bobo AmhoV. àËòH$ Bñbm_ Y_u` ì`ŠVr e[a`VoMo nmbZ H$aVo. VmËn`© Bñbm_ Y_m©Zo BVa
Y_u`mà_mUoM A¡{hH$ d nmabm¡{H$H$ OrdZmMm gmamgma {dMma H$éZM Amnbr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho.
3.3.6 {¼ñVr Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m :
em§Vr, X`m, j_m, Aqhgm `m VËdmda {¼íMZ Y_m©Mr C^maUr Pmbobr Amho. gd© àmUr_mÌm§À`m
H$ë`mUmgmR>rM òeyZo AmË_~{bXmZ Ho$bo. `mMo ñ_aU _mZdmZo R>odmdo d Ë`mZwgma gX¡d g_mOH$ë`mUmMr
AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoUma Amho. lr_§V-Jra~, H$mim-Jmoam, AmS>mUr-gw{e{jV Agm ôX^md B©ídamOdi Zmhr.
Omo Amnbr nmno H$~yb H$aVmo, Ë`mbm B©ída j_m H$aVmo. Agm hm B©ída AZm{X AZ§V Amho. Vmo gd©k gd©
eŠVr_mZ AgyZ gd©Ì Amho. n{dÌ X`miy, Ý`m`r Amho. AÝ`m` Ë`mbm ghZ hmoV Zmhr. nmnr H¥$Ë`mg Vmo {ejm
H$aVmo. Agm hm {¼ñVrY_© ì`ŠVrg gX¡d gXmMmar dV©Z H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aVmo; nU Ë`mM~amo~a _Zwî`ñd^mdmZwgma
dmB©Q> H¥$Ë`mMr j_m`mMZm H$aÊ`mg bmdVmo. åhUOoM {dZ_«VoMm _mJ© XmI{dVmo.
gm_mÝ` _mUgmZo gX¡d gdm©À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r PQ>mdo. B©ídamMr àmW©Zm ewÕ A§V…H$aUmZo H$amdr.
Xþgè`mÀ`m Xþ…Img Amnbo Xþ…I _mZmdo. BVam§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r `mVZm gmogUo, BVam§À`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r
AmË_~{bXmZ H$aUo `m gma»`m H¥$VrVyZ ì`ŠVr B©ídamg àgÞ H$ê$Z Kody eH$Vo. B©ída hm gd©k, gd©eŠVr_mZ,
gd©ì`mnr Amho. VgoM Vmo n{dÌ X`miy Amho. `mM ~amo~aM g_mZVoMr VËd `m Y_m©Zo ñdrH$mabo Amho. ào_,
g{hîUwVm, gXmMma, Ë`mJ, CnH$ma `mgma»`m gm_m{OH$ gX²JwUm§Mm ñdrH$ma _mZdmZo H$amdm. AmnbonUmZo gd©
_mZd OmVrH$S>o nmhmdo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr {Zbm}^d¥Îmr Agmdr åhUOoM A{V[aŠV YZg§M` H$ê$ Zò. Jwá XmZ
H$amdo, _Zmo^mdo àmW©Zm H$amdr.
EH§$XarV {¼íMZ Y_© hr BVa Y_m©à_mUoM gË`, namonH$ma, _mZdr H$ë`mU, godm^md BË`mXr JwUmMr
OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Amnbr ^y{_H$m ~Om{dVmo.
3.3.7 nmaer Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m :
OJmVrb àmMrZ Am{U _hÎdmÀ`m Y_m©V nmaer Y_m©Mr JUZm hmoVo. AmO nmaer Y_m©Mo AZw`m`r g§»òZo
H$_r åhUOo gw_mao EH$ bmI BVH$sM bmoH$g§»`m Agbobm hm Y_© Amho.
`m Y_m©Mo g§ñWmnH$ Zmd PaVwîQ> Amho. `m ZmdmMo "CÎm_ ñVwVr H$aUmam,' "CËV_ öX` Agbobm' "Á`mMo
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VoM gmoZoar Amho Agm' Agohr AW© H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
`m Y_m©Mm CX` BamU_Üò B.g.nyd© gmVì`m eVH$mV hmoD$Z Ë`mMr ââmQ> ggmZ KamÊ`mÀ`m A§Vmn`ªV
åhUOo gw_mao ~mameo-Voameo df} Pmbr. ggmZ amOdQ>rV (226-652) hm BamUMm amîQ´>Y_© hmoVm.
PaV¥îQ>Mr {eH$dU EHo$ídadmXr Amho. Ë`mÀ`m H$mir àM{bV Agboë`m Y_m©V AZoH$ XodXodVm _mZë`m
OmV hmoË`m. Ë`m gdmªZm ImoQ>o Xod R>adyZ PaV¥îQ>mZo EH$M Xod Agë`mMo _mZbo Am{U Ë`mbm Ë`mZo "Ahþa_ÁX'
Ago Zmd {Xbo. PaV¥îQ>mZo AZoH$ XodXodVm§Zm _wirM _mZbo Zmhr. PaV¥îQ>r Y_m©Vrb \$adetMr H$ënZm hr Ë`m
Y_m©Mo EH$ d¡{eîQ²>ò Amho. ho \$ader åhUOo _mZdm§Mo ajU H$aUmao XodXÿV(JmS>u`Z E§Ob) AmhoV. àËòH$
_mZdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m AmËå`mer Vmo EH$ê$n hmoVmo. àËòH$ OrdmËå`mMr \$ader hr OUy Ë`mMr EH$
A{V[aŠV à{VH¥$Vr AgVo.
nmaer bmoH$ n¥Ïdr, nmUr d A½Zr `m§Zm A{Ve` n{dÌ _mZrV Agë`m_wio _¥VXohmZo Ë`m§Zm {dQ>miÊ`mMr
H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m _Zmbm {edV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _¥VXohmMo XhZ qH$dm X\$Z H$aÊ`mEodOr Vmo EH$ {d{eîQ> {R>H$mUr
nú`m§Zm ^ú` åhUyZ R>odÊ`mMr nÕV Ë`m§Zr pñdH$mabr Amho.
PaV¥îQ>mÀ`m {eH$dUrV _ZmÀ`m d earamÀ`m n{dÍ` ajUmbm A{Ve` _hËd Amho. eara Hw$R>ë`mhr
H$maUmZo {deofV… _¥VXohmÀ`m g§gJm©Zo An{dÌ hmoD$ XoVm H$m_m Zò. ømda `m Y_m©V H$Q>mj Amho. n{dÍ`
ajUmgmR>r A{Ve` ~marH$-gmarH$ AdoñVmMm Omo "do{XXmX' ZmdmMm ^mJ Amho Ë`mV AmT>iVmV.
nmaer bmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$ AmMmamV Ahþam _ÁX d `PV `m§Mr nwOm-AMm© H$aUo, amoO AdoñVm `m
Y_©J«§WmVrb WmoS>çm ^mJmMo nR>Z H$aUo, n{dÌ A½ZrMo ajU H$aUo, Ap½Z_§{XamVrb(A½`mar) A½Zrda
{XdgmVyZ nmMdoim M§XZ dmhUo. d`mÀ`m ~mam Vo n§Yamì`m dfm©n`ªV Hw$íVr ~m§YyZ ZdÁ`moV (`kmondrV)
g_ma§^ H$aUo, J¥hñWml_ nËH$ê$Z àOmoámXZ H$aUo øm JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vmngr d¥Îmr ~miJyZ An[aJ«hr
OrdZ OJUo qH$dm AmOÝ_ ~«åhM`© nmbZ H$aUo `m§Zm nmaer Y_m©V ñWmZ Zmhr.
d¡`pŠVH$ AmMma-{dMmam§À`m ~m~VrV nmaer Y_m©V G$OwVm, àm_m{UH$nUm, gË`{ZîR>mm øm JwUm§Zm
àmYmÝ` Amho. Ðmoh qH$dm H$nQ>mZo dmJUo ømbm PaV¥îQ>mMm H$S>dm {damoY hmoVm. EH$ gm_m{OH$ H$V©ì` åhUyZ
Á`m§Zm JaO Amho Ë`m§Zm XmZ XoUo Am{U nmhþÊ`m§Mm AmXa gËH$ma H$aUo øm§Zm `m Y_m©V Jm¡admMo ñWmZ Amho.
^Q>Š`m OrdZmMm Ë`mJ H$amdm. Ahþa _ÁXmMr _mZdmbm {_imbobr Jm` hr loîR> XoUJr Agë`m_wio {VMm dY
Z H$aVm newnmbZ H$amdo Am{U eoVr H$amdr øm JmoîQ>tZm PaV¥îQ> `m§Zr gdm}Îm_ _mZbo Amho. nmaer Y_m©V
n{dÍ` ajUmgmR>r ZmVog§~§YmVM {ddmh H$aÊ`mMr àWm Amho.
E_². EZ². lr{Zdmg `m§À`m _Vo, "^maVmVrb EH$mË_Vm hr {deofËdmZo Ym{_©H$ ñdénmMr Amho. bmoH$
doJdoJù`m XodVm§Mr nwOm H$arV AgVrb nU nwamdo, ~«måhUo, _hmH$mì`, doX `mgma»`m Ym{_©H$ dmS²>_`mVyZ
{d{^Þ bmoH$ g_whm§Zm Ym{_©H$ÑîQ²>`m EH$mË_ Ho$bo OmVo. Am{U Ë`m§À`mV Amnë`m XoemÀ`m nm{dÍ`mMr ^mdZm
OmJ¥V Ho$br OmVo. bmoH$ {d{^Þ VrW©joÌmmbm OmV AgVrb, nU Ë`mMo g_mZ Üò` AgVo Vo nwÊ`àmárMo
_mojàmárMo'
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darb gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, `m gd© Y_m©Mo VËdkmZ, à_wI ^y{_H$m, ì`ŠVr d
g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUm^modVr Jw§\$bo Jobo Amho. gË`, ào_, Aqhgm, XmZ, godm, AñVo`, An[aJ«h, ghH$m`©,
g_mOH$ë`mU, Z¡{VH$Vm, BË`mXr gd© g_mO{dH$mgmgmR>r nmofH$ AgUmè`m _wë`m§MrM OmonmgZm gd© Y_m©V
Ho$br OmVo. Am{U Oo XþJy©U g_mO{dKQ>Zmg H$maUr^yV R>aVmV CXm. AgË`, Mmoar, _moh, H«$moY, bmbgm,
ì`{^Mma, AZ¡{VH$Vm, ôX^md `m§Mm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho. gmam§e énmZo AmnUmg Ago åhUVm òB©b
H$s, Y_© H$moUVmhr Agmo, Ë`mMo ñdê$n H$moUVohr Agbo Var _mZdVmdmXr _yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm gd©M Y_m©Zo Ho$br
Amho. CXma_VdmXrnUm gd©M Y_m©À`m VÎdkmZmV {XgyZ òVmo. ^maV Xoe hm {d{dYVoZo ZQ>bobm Xoe Amho. gd©
Y_© g_^md ho ^maVr`m§Mo d¡{eîQ²>` Amho. {d{dY Y{_©`m§_wio ^maV Xoe Iè`m AWm©Zo g{hîUyVmdmXr,
_mZdVmdmXr Xoe ~Zob, Oa AmnU _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo nm{hbo Va ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m`, ~§YwËd Am{U
AmË_gÝ_mZ `m nmM _yb^yV VËdm§Zm OmoS>yZM _mZdr hŠH$ ho XoIrb _hËdmMo VËd Amho, _mZdr hŠH$ ñdmV§Í`
Ý`m` Am{U em§VVoMo à{VH$ AmhoV.
^maVr` OrdZmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Y_© Amho. g_mOmV àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo g_mO_mÝ` dV©Z H$aÊ`mg gm_m{OH$
H$m`© H$aÊ`mg gdmªÀ`m _XVrZo _mZdr H$ë`mU gmYÊ`mg Y_©M ghmæ`^yV R>abm Amho. ^maVmVrb _hËdmÀ`m
Y_m©Mr _m{hVr {_i{dë`mZ§Va ^maVmÀ`m d¡^dembr g§gH¥$VrMr AmoiI nQ>br. gd©M Y_mªZr X`m, ~§Yw^md,
XmZ, Ë`mJ `m~m~r ì`ŠVr_Zmda q~~dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
darb gd© nmíd©^y_rda ^maVr` g_mOmZo Y_©{ZanojVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g_mZVoZo
dmJdbo. Ë`m§À`m_Üò Y_©ôXmdê$Z ôX^md H$ê$ Zò Agm Zdm {dMma ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`m~amo~aM g_mOmV
éOy bmJbm. ì`ŠVrgdmV§Í`, Y_©ñdmV§Í`, _yb^yV _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U Ë`m§Zm nm`m^yV Agboë`m ì`ŠVrMr
gO©ZerbVm Am{U à{VîR>m `m H$ënZm§Zm _hËd àmá Pmbo. Y_©{ZanojVm ho ñdV§Í` ^maVmMo EH$ _hËdnyU© _yë`
R>abo Amho. gd© Y_©g_^md `m hoVyZo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$mhr _wÔo ho AJXr gwñnîQ> Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rb
à_mUo.
1) amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma H$moUVmhr {d{eîQ> Y_© amÁ`mMm Y_© åhUyZ _mZbobm Zmhr.
2) H$moUË`mhr Y_m©bm BVam§nojm _hËd {Xbobo Zmhr.
3) gd© Y_m©À`m bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m Y_m©à_mUo àmW©Zm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma KQ>ZoZo {Xbobm Amho.
4) emgZ H$moUË`mhr Y_m©bm Am{W©H$ _XV H$aUma Zmhr.
5) Y_m©MaU hr gmd©O{ZH$ ~m~ ZgyZ Vr d¡`ŠVrH$ ~m~ R>aob. Ë`m_wio ñdoÀN>oZwgma ì`ŠVr Ë`mMo nmbZ
H$aob.
6) emgH$s` YmoaUmV Y_m©Mm AS>ga Xÿa Ho$bm OmB©b.
7) Amnë`m àmW©ZmñWimMm AJa Y_©ñWmZmMm dmna Oa amÁ`mV qhgmMma nga{dÊ`mgmR>r eñÌmmÌo bndyZ
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R>odÊ`mgmR>r AJa {dMma{d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmV Agob Va emgZ Ë`mda Amjon KoB©b.
8) Ym{_©H$ A§YlÕm Y_mªYVm BË`mXrgmR>r Y_m©Mm dmna Ho$bm Va emgZ Ë`mbm {damoY H$aob.
9) g_mOmVrb ì`mnmarjoÌ, {ejUloÌ, gmd©O{ZH$ ñWio, n`©Q>Z, XdmImZo BË`m{X {R>H$mUr Y_m©bm
H$moUVoM ñWmZ AgUma Zmhr.
10) J§S>oXmoao, ~wdm~mOr, Eo{hH$ àbmo^Zo XmIdyZ Oa H$moUr OZVoMr \$gdUyH$ H$arV AgVrb Va emgZ Ë`mda
H$madmB© H$aob.
11) Y_© hr d¡`ŠVrH$ ~m~ R>aë`m_wio Y_m©MaU H$aUo qH$dm Z H$aUo, ì`ŠVrÀ`m BÀN>oda Adb§~yZ Agob.
Aemà_mao ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma EH$ CXmËV ÑîQ>rH$moZ, gd© Y_m©Zm {Xbr OmUmar gmaIr dmJUyH$,
ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` AemM hoVyZo Y_©{ZanojVm ^maVr` g_mOmV éO{dÊ`mV à`ËZ Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo. g{hîUyVm
hrM ^maVr` na§nam d¥ÕrJV H$aUo hmM _w»`hoVy Y_©{ZanojVoÀ`m VËdm_mJo AmT>iVmo.
3.4 - 19 d 20 eVH$mVrb gm_m{OH$ Midir :
_mZdr g_mOmVrb EH$ _hËdnyU© d _yb^yV g§ñWm åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWoÀ`m OmoS>rZo Y_©g§ñWoMmhr CëboI
Ho$bm OmVmo. Hw$Qy>§~ g§ñWoà_mUo Y_©g§ñWoMo ApñVËdhr OJmVrb gd©M g_mOm§V AmT>iyZ òVo. OJmVrb gd©M
_mZdr g§ñH¥$VtMo Y_© ho à_wI bjU _mZbo Jobo Amho. gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zo, _wëò d {Z{VVËdo `m§À`m g§dY©ZmÀ`m
H$m`m©Vhr Y_m©Zo _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho.
_mZdr hŠH$ g§km nma§nm[aH$ Y_m©V AmT>iV Zmhr. `m{edm` AÜ`mË_H$VoZo _mZdr hŠH$ {gÕm§VmMo
AmYma V`ma Ho$bo d Ë`mZwgma Ago åhQ>bo Jobo H$s, amÁ`mnojm H$m`Xm loîR> Amho Am{U Ë`mMm CJ_ñÌmoV àË`j
B©ída Amho.
{¼ñVr Y_m©À`m OwÝ`m H$amamZwgma A°S>_Mr {Z{_©Vr Oa na_oídamMr à{VH¥¥${V åhUyZ Pmbr Agob Va
_mUgmda ~gbobm hm X¡dr {eŠH$m Ë`mg Cƒ XOm© àXmZ H$aVmo. Ë`mM à_mUo Hw$amU `m B©ñbm_ Y_©J«§WmV Ago
_m§S>bo Jobo Amho H$s, ImÌrZo Amåhr _mUgmÀ`m nwÌmbm à{VîR>m àXmZ H$ê$ ^JdV²JrVm `m qhXÿÀ`m Y_©J«§WmV
Ago _m§S>bo Jobo Amho H$s, Omo _Zwî` Ë`mÀ`m na_oídambm gd© àmUr_mÌm§V nmhVmo Omo na_oída A_a Amho d
_Ëg© bmoH$m§À`m Omo H|$ÐñWmZr Amho Vmo _Zwî` Iè`m AWm©Zo Ë`mÀ`m na_oídamMo én OmUVmo.
O¡Z Y_m©Mr {eH$dU ì`ŠVrg X¡ddmXr, {ZamedmXr Z ~ZdVm ñd`§{gÕ ~ZdVo. Zer~, X¡d `m ~m~tZm
`m VËdkmZmV _wirM ñWmZ Zmhr. àËòH$ AmË_m hm H$Vm©, ^moŠVm Amho. ho VËd ì`ŠVrg X¡dmda {dg§~yZ
amhÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aVo, ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm CX` VËH$mbrZ g_mOmVrb A§Y…H$ma ÌwQ>r Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>rM hmoV
AgVmo. na§namJV d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mo CƒmQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m Y_m©Mm CX` Pmbobm ZgyZ Ë`m Y_m©Vrb A{ZîQ>H$maH$
éT>r, na§nam d ÌwQ>r Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ ~m¡ÕY_m©Zo Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wioM na§namJV qhXÿY_© d ~m¡ÕY_©
`m§À`mVrb g§~§Y {nVmnwÌmgmaIo Agë`mMo AZoH$ {dX²dmZ _§S>ir _mZVmV. erI Y_m©V Jwé§Mo _V à_mU^yV
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_mZbo OmVo. Jwê$ åhUOo Jwê$ J«§Wgm{h~m hmo`. VgoM Omo B©ídambm EHo$ída _mZVmo VomM g¥îQ>rMm H$Vm©, {Z`§Vm
Amho, Ago erI Y_m©V_mZbo OmVo. nmaer Y_m©Mohr `mnojm doJio VËdkmZ Zmhr, `mdê$Z {d{dY Y_mª_Üò
gmam§e énmZo VËdkmZmV H$_r OmñV à_mUmV gmaIonUm AmT>iVmo.
^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb EHo$m{Ugmdo eVH$ amîQ´>r` ^mdZoMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg `m~amo~aM Ym{_©H$
Am{U gm_m{OH$ joÌmm§V KSy>Z Ambobr _hËdmMr n[adV©Zo `m ÑîQ>rZo _hËdmMo Amho. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m
àma§^mV ^maVmV B§J«Or amOdQ> pñWa Pmmë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm ^maVr`m§er K{ZîR> g§~§Y àñVm{nV Pmbm. nmíMmË`
g§ñH¥$Vr, nmíMmË` kmZ{dkmZ Am{U ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m CXma H$ënZm `m§Mm n[aM` ^maVr`m§Zm Pmbm, ^maVr` bmoH$
A§YlÕmiy AmhoV. ^yV{nemÀ`, _§ÌmonMma, OmXÿQ>moUm `m ~wÕrg Z nQ>Umè`m JmoîQ>tda {dídmg R>odVmV. ^maVr`
g_mOmÀ`m AYmoJ{Vg A{ZîQ> éT>r, àWm, na§namM H$maUr^yV AmhoV. `m n[apñWVrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m
hoVyZo Y_©gwYmaUoÀ`m MiditZm àma§^ Pmbm. Y_©gwYmaUm§À`m Midirn¡H$s H$mhr MiditMm AmT>mdm `m
^mJmV KoÊ`mV òUma Amho. _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr Midi Oar Ë`m H$mimV gwê$ Pmbobr Zgbr Var 1) àmW©Zm
g_mO 2) Am`© g_mO 3) ~«m÷mo g_mO 4) gËèmoYH$ g_mO 5) _mZdY_© g^m 6) na_h§g g^m. `m
Midir g_mOmV Y_©{ZanojVoMr ^mdZm éOdÊ`mV H$mhr à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm èñdr Pmmë`mMo AmT>iVo, `m
MiditMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV òUma Amho. Vmo nwT>rb à_mUo.
3.4.1 àmW©Zm g_mO …
Y_©gwYmaUm§À`m {dMmamMm à^md dmTy> bmJbm hmoVm. XmXmo~m nm§Sy>a§J `m§Mo ~§Yy S>m°. AmË_mam_ nm§Sy>a§J
`m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo B.g.1867 _Üò "àmW©Zm g_mOmMr' ñWmnZm _ww§~B© òWo Pmbr. àmW©Zm g_mOmbm _yVunyOm
_mÝ` Zgbr Var na_oídambm Vmo gJwU _mZV hmoVm. àmW©Zm g_mO qhXÿY_m©{^_mZr hmoVm _hmamîQ´>mVrb
^ŠVrg§àXm`mg Ë`m§Mr _mÝ`Vm hmoVr. Ë`m_wioM `m g_mOmÀ`m gôV _hmamîQ´>mVrb g§Vm§Mo A^§J åhQ>bo OmV.
àmW©Zm g_mOmMr VËdo nwT>rb à_mUo…
1) na_oída EH$ AgyZ Vmo {dídmMm {Z_m©Vm Amho. Vmo {ZamH$ma Amho. Vmo X`miy Amho. Vmo gdmªda ào_
H$aVmo.
2) gË`, gXmMma d ^ŠVr ho na_oídamÀ`m CnmgZoMo Iao _mJ© AmhoV. `m _mJm©ZoM Joë`mZ§Va Vmo àgÞ
hmoVmo.
3) àmW©Zo_wio ^m¡{VH$ \$bàmár hmoV Zmhr, _mÌ àmW©Zo_wio AmÜ`mpË_H$ CÞVr hmoVo.
4) na_oída AdVma KoV Zmhr. Ë`mZo H$moUVmhr Y_©J«§W {Z{bbm Zmhr.
5) _y{V©nyOm na_oídamg _mÝ` Zmhr.
6) gd© _mZd EH$mM na_oídamMr boH$ao AmhoV. åhUyZM gdmªZr ~§YwËdmÀ`m ^mdZoZo EH$_oH$m§er
ì`dhma H$amdm.
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àmW©Zm g_mOmZo Y_©àMmamnojmhr gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m MidirH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo. {deofV…
Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU, {dYdm {ddmh, _wbtÀ`m {ejUmbm àmoËgmhZ, ~mb{ddmhmg {damoY BË`mXr joÌmmV `m
g_mOmZo ârd H$m`© Ho$bo. `m g_mOmÀ`m dVrZo AZoH$ bmoH$mon`moJr H$m_o Ho$br Jobr. CXm. _Oyam§Mr pñWVr
gwYmaUo, XoegodogmR>r Mm§Jbo H$m`©H$V} {Z_m©U H$aUo, Añn¥í`m§À`m CÞVrgmR>r H$m`© Aer _hËdnyU© H$m_o `m
g_mOmÀ`m dVrZo H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM n§T>anya òWo "AZmW ~mbH$ml_ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo' "Am`© _{hbm
g_mO' hr pñÌ`m§gmR>r H$m`© H$aUmar g§ñWm gwê$ Ho$br. _Oyam§À`mgmR>r amÌemim gwê$ Ho$ë`m, àmW©Zm g_mOmMr
VËdo nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r `m g_mOm~Ôb bmoH$m§Zm Agboë`m doJdoJù`m e§H$m§Mo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m. amZS>o
`m§Zr Theist's confession of Faith hm {Z~§Y {b{hbm.
àmW©Zm g_mOmbm {dMmad§V Am{U ñdmW©Ë`mJr ZoV¥Ëd bm^yZhr R>amdrH$ eham§nwaVoM Ë`mMo H$m`© nmohmoMy
eH$bo. àmW©Zm g_mOmVrb gwYmaH$ {_eZè`m§Mo AZwH$aU H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio qhXÿ§Zm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©{df`r
H$YrM AmnwbH$s dmQ>br Zmhr. {dMmamV d H¥$VrV ~è`mM doir {dg§JVr {XgyZ òV hmoVr. hm g_mO {~«Q>rem§Mo
g_W©Z H$arV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr ì`már dmT>br Zmhr. _mÌ Y_©n[adV©Z Midi hiwhiy _hmamîQ´>mV dmTy>
bmJbr, ho ZmH$mê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. àmW©Zm g_mOmMo ZoV¥Ëd ~wÕrOrdr bmoH$m§H$So> hmoVo. nU Vo ~hþOZ g_mOmer
EH$ê$n Pmbo ZmhrV.
3.4.2 Am`© g_mO …
qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb A{ZîR> àWm§da AmKmV H$ê$Z Ë`m Xÿa H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©da Am`© g_mOmZo â {Xbm. Am`©
g_mOmMo g§ñWmnH$ ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr hmoV. qhXÿ Y_m©Mo VËdkmZ bmoH$m§Zm nQ>dyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr g§nyU©
^maVmMm àdmg Ho$bm. Amnë`m VËdkmZmÀ`m àMmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Ho$br. d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mo
nwZéÁOrdZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U d¡{XH$ VËdkmZmÀ`m àMmamgmR>r ñdm_r X`mZ§X `m§Zr B. g. 1875 _Üò _w§~B©
òWo Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Oar _hmamîQ´>mV Pmbr Agbr Var CËVa ^maVmVM Ë`m§Mm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV
àMma Pmbm. Om{VôX _mZy ZH$m, doXm§Mo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdmªZm Amho, _y{V©nyOm H$ê$ ZH$m Agm
CnXoe Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr qhXÿ Y_m©bm ewÕ ñdén XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
· Am`© g_mOmMr VËdo :
Am`© g_mOmV gd© OmVrY_m©À`m bmoH$m§Zm àdoe hmoVm. Am`m©dV© ho Am`m©Mo AgyZ `mM Y_m©Mm OJâ
àMma Ho$ë`mZo OJmMm CÕma hmoB©b. Aem {dMmagmaUrda Am`© g_mOmMo VËdkmZ A{YpîR>V Amho. Am`©
g_mOmMr à_wI VËdo nwT>rbà_mUo…
1) B©ída hmM Iè`m gË`kmZmMo _yi AgyZ gd© dñVy Ë`mÀ`m ñdénmV kmV AmhoV.
2) B©ída g{ƒXmZ§X AgyZ Vmo AZmXr, AZ§V, {ZamH$ma, gd©gmjr, H$Zdmiy, gd©eŠVr_mZ, A_a d
n{dÌ Amho. Vmo gm_Ï`©dmZ AgyZ gd© OJmMm {Z_m©Vm, emñVm Am{U nmbH$ Amho.
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3) doX ho Ë`m B©ídamnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vo gË` AmhoV. Ë`mMo AÜ``Z H$aUo, Ë`mMm
àgma H$aUo ho àËòH$ Am`m©Mo na_n{dÌ H$V©ì` Amho.
4) àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo AgË`mMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z gË`mMm ñdrH$ma H$amdm.
5) gX²JwUmMo g§JmonZ d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$mZo Mm§Jë`m-dmB©Q>mMm {ZVr{Z`_m§Zm AZwgê$Z
{dMma H$amdm.
6) _mZd OmVrMo ^m¡{VH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ d gm_m{OH$ CÞVr H$ê$Z, _mZdmMo H$ë`mU gmYUo hmM Am`©
Y_m©Mm _yi CÔoe Amho.
7) ào_, Ý`m` d d¡`pŠVH$ JwU `m§da AmYm[aV àËòH$mZo dmJUyH$ R>odmdr.
8) AkmZmMm Zme H$ê$Z kmZmMm àgma H$aUo ho àËòH$mMo Üò` R>admdo.
9) ì`pŠVJV H$ë`mUmV YÝ`Vm Z _mZVm Xÿgè`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r à`ËZerb amhmdo.
10) g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r d¡`pŠVH$ _VôV ~mOybm gmê$Z à`ËZ H$amdoV, na§Vy d¡`pŠVH$ {hVmÀ`m
~m~VrV àËòH$mbm Amnë`m BÀN>oà_mUo dmJÊ`mg nadmZJr Amho.
B
Am`© g_mOmMr Ym{_©H$ _Vo nwT>rb à_mUo …
1) B©ídamÀ`m ewÕ ñdénmMo kmZ doXmV Amho. åhUyZ doXm§Mm àËòH$ qhXÿ Y{_©`mZo Aä`mg Ho$bm
nm{hOo.
2) gdmªZm doXmÜ``ZmMm hŠH$ Amho.
3) àmMrZ d¡{XH$ H$mimV ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr nyUm©dñWobm nmohmoMbr hmoVr dUm©l_ g_mOaMZm n[anyU©
Amho.
4) MmVw©dÊ`© ho OÝ_{gÕ ZgyZ JwUmda Adb§~yZ AmhoV.
5)
doX ho Am`m©Mo n{dÌ Y_©J«§W AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mVrb àm_mÊ` gdm©Zr _mZbo nm{hOo.
6) d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mo XadmOo gdmªgmR>r Iwbo AmhoV. ewÕrH$aUmZo d EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm naV Y_m©V àdoe
XoVm òVmo.
7) Am`© Y_m©Mm àgma gd© OJâ H$amdm.
Am`© g_mOmZo Jar~ d AZmW {dYdm `m§À`mgmR>r Aml_ CKS>bo. pñÌ`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Am{U
Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g_mOmZo à`ËZ Ho$bo. Xþ…îH$mi {nS>rVm§Zm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mV hm g_mO gX¡d
AJ«oga hmoVm.
3.4.3 ~«m÷mo g_mO …
19 ì`m eVH$mV ~§JmbÀ`m nwZéÁOrdZmbm H$maUr^yV R>abobr ~«m÷mo g_mO hr gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$
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Midi gwê$ Ho$br. ~«m÷mo g_mOmMm eãXe… AW© "EH$m Iè`m ~«÷mMr åhUOo XodmMr AmamYZm H$aUmè`m§Mm
g_mO' Agm Amho. ~«m÷mo åhUOo Omo ~«÷mMr åhUOo {dídmVrb gd©loîR> eŠVrMr AmamYZm H$aVmo Vmo hmo`.
Am{U g_mO åhUOo bmoH$m§Mm g_wXm` hmo`. øm g§KQ>Zo_m\©$V Ë`m§Zr gd© Y_m©Vrb {d{dY g_wXm`m§Mo EoŠ`
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm d Ë`m§Zm AmnU gd© EH$mM na_oídamMr boH$ao AmhmoV. `mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr 1828 _Üò ~«m÷mo g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
B
~«m÷mo g_mOmMr VËdo …
1) OJmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmam d Ë`mMo ApñVËd H$m`_ R>odUmam B©ída EH$M AgyZ Ë`mMr eŠVr,
ehmUnUm, ào_ d nm{dÍ` A_`m©X Amho.
2) _mZdr AmË_m hm A{Zdmer AgyZ Vmo emídV àJ{V H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm AgUmam d Amnë`m
H$_m©gmR>r B©ídamg O~m~Xma AgUmam Agm hmoVm.
3) B©ídam{edm` BVa H$moUË`mhr {Z{_©V dñVyMr nyOm H$ê$ Zò. B©ída ñdV… hmoD$Z àË`jmV _mZdr
AmËå`mV AdVaVmo Am{U åhUyZM AmË_m Am{U B©ída `m§À`m_Üò H$moUË`mhr XodXÿV d Y_©J«§WmMr
_Ü`ñWr Amdí`H$ Zmhr.
4) gË` hmM ~«m÷mo g_mOmMm EH$_od Y_© Amho, doX qH$dm AÝ` H$moUVohr Y_©J«§Ïm ho AMyH$ qH$dm
ImÌrbm`H$ ZmhrV. gd© Y_m©Mo CnXoe d Y_©J«§W ho AmËå`mÀ`m X¡dr àH$Q>rH$aUm§er EH$ê$n hmoV
Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm AmXa H$amdm.
5) ào_ d lÕoZo B©ídamMr amoO nyOm H$amdr.
6) B©ídamÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gd© _mZd g_mZ AmhoV. Am{U Ë`m_wio OmV, dU©, d§e qH$dm qbJ `mda
AmYmarV JQ> Agy ZòV.
7) _y{V©nyOm, `kmV àmÊ`m§Mm ~ir XoUo, H$_©H$m§S> `m§Zm Y_m©V ñWmZ Zmhr.
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Mm gd© Y_m©da {dídmg hmoVm. Y_mªVamg Ë`m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm Zmhr. Y_m©À`m
ZmdmImbr gwê$ Pmboë`m g_mOmVrb gd© gm_m{OH$ A{ZîQ> ~m~tMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr.
Ë`m§Zr Bñbm_, {¼íMZ, ~m¡Õ Am{U qhXÿ Y_m©Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr EHo$ídadmX hr g§H$ënZm Bñbm_
d {¼íMZ Y_m©VyZ ñdrH$mabr. EH$m gd©loîR> eŠVrÀ`m AmamYZoda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m
gXñ`m§_Üò Ë`m§Zr OmV, n§W, g§àXm`, d§e, Y_© BË`mXrdê$Z ôX^md Ho$bm Zmhr. gdm©Zm ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m
CnH«$_m§_Üò gh^mJ KoÊ`mg _moH$irH$ hmoVr, Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§_Üò Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg hmV^ma
bmJbm.
g_mOmV Á`m H$mhr A{ZîQ> àWm éT> Pmë`m hmoË`m, Ë`m_Üò gVr àWm hr _mZdr _wë`m§Mo CKS>nUo
Cëb§KZ H$aUmar A{Ve` OmMH$ Aer àWm hmoVr. `m_Üò nVrÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va A§Ë`g§ñH$mamÀ`m doir {MVoda
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nVr~amo~a nËZrbm {Od§V Omibo OmV Ago. gVr OmÊ`mMr {VMr BÀN>m Amho H$s ho OmUyZ Z KoVmM {Vbm
_aÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm Ho$bo OmV Ago. _mZdr hŠH$m§_Üò _mUgmÀ`m OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mambm OmñV _hËd Amho.
ì`ŠVrbm OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aUmar hr gVr àWm amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr ~§X Ho$br. VgoM
Y_m©À`m Zmdmda AZoH$ A{ZîQ> àWm§Zm _mÝ`Vm hmoVr. Om{VôX, Añn¥íVm nmbZ, ~hþ{ddmh, ~mb {ddmh, hþ§S>m
nÕVr, gVràWm, {dYdm{ddmhmg à{V~§Y Aem AZoH$ _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo Cëb§KZ H$aUmè`m àWm ~§X H$aÊ`mgmR>r
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr {deof H$ê$Z à`ËZ Ho$bo.
3.4.4 gËèmoYH$ g_mO …
Cƒ OmVrÀ`m H$MmQ>çmVyZ H${ZîR> OmVrMr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr 24 gßQ>|~a 1873
amoOr nwUo ehamV gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. OmVrEodOr ì`ŠVrÀ`m nmÌVoda â XoUo. ho gËèmoYH$,
g_mOmMo C{ÔîQ> hmoVo. `m g_mOmZo AZoH$ gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d e¡j{ZH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. pñÌ`m d
H${ZîR> OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr {ejU ¿`mdo `mgmR>r _moR>r MmbZm {Xbr. VgoM OmVrôX {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m
OmVrì`dñWoda hëbm Ho$bm. `m g_mOmMr VrZ _hËdmMr VÎdo hmoVr. 1)g_Vm 2) ~§YwËd 3) Ym{_©H$
H$m`m©Vrb _Ü`ñWm§Mo CƒmQ>Z H$aUo. ì`ŠVtMr OmV d d§e {dMmamV Z KoVm gd© bmoH$m§Zm gËèmoYH$ g_mOmV
àdoe H$aÊ`mg _w^m hmoVr.
ewÐm{VewÐ d BVa H${ZîR> OmVtda ~«m÷U nwamo{hV dJm©Zo Or Ym{_©H$ d _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_{Jar bmXbr hmoVr.
Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm _wŠV H$aUo, VgoM ~«m÷Um§H$Sy>Z hmoUmao Ë`m§Mo emofU d X_Z Wm§~{dUo ho gË` emoYH$ g_mOmMo
_w»` C{ÔîQ>ç hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr B©ídamg "{Z{_©H$' Ago åhQ>bo ho {díd B©ídamZo {Z_m©U Ho$bo AgyZ gd© Y_© d Y_©J«§W
ho _mZd{Z{_©V AmhoV. `mda Ë`m§Mm ÑT>{dídmg hmoVm. gËèmoYH$ Midi g_mOmVrb H$moUË`mhr EH$m
{d{eîQ> dJm©{dê$Õ ZìhVr. ~hþOZ g_mOmV OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUZo ho {VMo à_wI C{ÔîQ> hmoVo. `m g_mOmMr
VÎdo nwT>rb à_mUo…
1) B©ída hm EH$M AgyZ Vmo gd©ì`mnr, {ZamH$ma, {díd{Z_m©Vm d gË`ê$n AgyZ gd© _mZd hr Ë`mMr
boH$ao AmhoV.
2) B©ídamMr ^ŠVr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ gdm©Zm AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r ~«m÷U nwamo{hVm§À`m _Ü`ñVrMr JaO Zmhr.
3) _Zwî` hm Ë`mÀ`m OmVrZo, OÝ_mZo loîR> R>aV ZgyZ Ë`mÀ`m JwUm§_wio loîR> R>aVmo.
4) B©ídam§Mo Y_©J«§W {b{hbobo ZmhrV. åhUyZ Vo à_mU ZmhrV.
5) nwZO©Ý_, H$_©H$m§S>, Cnmg-Vnmg, OnVn, Zdg H$aUo BË`mXr JmoîQ>r AkmZ_ybH$ AmhoV.
_mZdm{YH$mamMr {Z{_©Vr `mM C{ÔîQ>m§Zr Pmbr. g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm gÝ_mZmZo OJVm `mdo,
Ë`mMo ñdV…Mo åhUyZ Oo _yb^yV hŠH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm {Z^©`nUo H$aVm `mdr.
AmZ§XmZo g_mYmZmZo, IaonUmZo, AmË_{dídmgmZo Am{U H$moUË`mhr X~md, XheV Zgmdr Aem dmVmdaUmV
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H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMm ì`ŠVr_Ëd {dH$mg Mm§JbmM hmoB©b. Aer CXmaVm `m gËèmoYH$ g_mOmV hmoVr. VgoM
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVm_Üò gm_m{OH$ nwZK©Q>ZogmR>r Midi gwê$ H$aUmar nhrbr g§ñWm åhUOo gËèmoYH$ g_mO
hmo`. gËèmoYH$ g_mOmZo gm_m{OH$ Jwbm_{Jar{déÕ AmdmO CR>{dbm Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr d gm_m{OH$
nyZa©MZoMr _mJUr Ho$br. gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMm AmdmO hm Iè`m AWm©Zo _mZdm{YH$mamÀ`m {dMmam§Zm MmbZm
XoUmam Amho. _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr gwédmV Oar 1948 gmbr OmJ{VH$ nmVirda Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Pmbr Agbr
Var 19 ì`m d 20 ì`m eVH$mV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr _wio d Ý`m`mgmR>r bT>Ê`mÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$ na§naobm gwédmV
Pmbobr hmoVr.
Aem gd© Ym{_©H$ MiditÀ`m ~amo~aM g_mOmVrb gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVr Ë`mMo _mZdrhŠH$ qH$dm
_mZdm{YH$ma Am~m{YV R>odÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr H$mhr gm_m{OH$ Midir `m H$mimV CX`mg Amë`m Ë`m_Üò
àm_w»`mZo Imbrb MiditMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1) pñÌ`m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$m§g§~§YrÀ`m Midir.
2) X{bV d gm_m{OH$ Midir.
3) Am{XdmgtÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$ Midir.
4) n`m©daUmË_H$ _mZdr hŠH$ Midir.
5) _mZdr Amamo½`mMo hŠH$ d Ë`m {df`H$ Midir.
3.4.5 gm_m{OH$ Midir d _mZdr hŠH$ …
gm_m{OH$ MidirMm B{Vhmg Oa nm{hbm Va Ë`mMm àma§^ hm \«$mÝgÀ`m n{hë`m H«$m§{VnmgyZ Pmbobm
{XgVmo. \«$mÝgMr n{hbr amÁ`H«$m§Vr 1789 gmbr Pmbr. Ë`m Z§Va H«$_mZo A_o[aHo$Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ, ^maVmMm
ñdmV§Í`mMm bT>m, a{e`m, MrZ d CÎma pìhEVZm_ `m {R>H$mUr H«$m§Vr Pmbr. àM{bV amOH$s` gÎmm CbWdyZ
Q>mH$Uo hm `m H«$m§Ë`m§Mm CÔoe hmoVm. `m {edm` gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, d Am{Y©H$ joÌmmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mgmR>rhr Midir Pmboë`m AmhoV. gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm, Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm Am{U Am{W©H$ gwYmaUogmR>r
{d{dY amîQ´>m§V Pmboë`m Midir `m g§H$ënZoV òVmV.
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmV Pmboë`m àM§S> _mZdr, {dËVr` d ^m¡{VH$ hmZrZ§Va g§`wŠV amîQ´>g§KmZo Am§VaamîQ´>r`
em§VVm, gwa{jVVm d ghH$m`© `m§da â {Xbm hmoVm. d Ver enW g§`wŠV amîQ´>g§KmÀ`m gXñ` amîQ´>à_wIm§Zr
KoVbr hmoVr. `mZ§Va g§`wŠV amîQ´>g§KmÀ`m gXñ` amîQ´>à_wIm§À`m ñdmjarZo 10 {S>g|~a 1048 amoOr "_mZdr
hŠH$m§Mm gdm©^¡{_H$ OmhraZm_m' Kmo{fV H$ê$Z _mZdr OrdZmbm EH$ ZdrZ {Xem {Xbr hmoVr. H$m`Xo AmhoV,
nU Ë`mMo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmbZ hmoV Zmhr. Voìhm g§~§{YV JQ>mbm Amnë`m hŠH$m§Mo OVZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$
MidirMm d H$mhr àg§Jr Ý`m`ì`dñWoMm AmYma ¿`mdm bmJVmo. hŠH$ AmhoV, Ë`m hŠH$m§Mo OVZ H$aUmao
H$m`Xohr AmhoV, nU gm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$Vm _mÌ `m àH$maÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m {damoYmV Amho. Ë`m_wioM
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_mZdr hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ MiditMm AmYma AmO KoVbm OmVmo. _mZdr hŠH$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m
{damoYmV H$m`© H$aUmè`m§Zm YmH$ ~g{dÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ MiditMm AmYma _hËdmMm R>aVmo. _mZdrhŠH$m§Mo
OVZ, g§ajU d nmbZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mMo Cëb§KZ hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ Mmbdë`m OmUmè`m H$mhr gm_m{OH$
MiditMm {dMma `m {R>H$mUr AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.4.6 pñÌ`m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$m g§~§YrÀ`m Midir …
g§`wŠV amîQ´>g§KmÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m Om{haZmå`mV VgoM ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVoMm
hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. pñÌ`m§À`m _mZdr hŠH$mg§~§Yr Midit_Üò gVr~§XrMr Midi, Ho$ednZ nÕVr
~§X H$aÊ`mMr Midi, {dYdm nyZ{d©dmhmMr Midi, _VXmZ hŠH$m§gmR>rMr Midi BË`mXtMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. `m àH$maÀ`m Midir H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm qH$dm JQ>m§Zm "g_mpîQ>dmXr' åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. H$maU hr
g_pîQ>dmXr _mUgo gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio {dUVmV. gd© MiditV g_m{dîQ> hmoD$ BpÀN>Umè`m§Zm EH$Ì
AmUVmV d Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mo joÌ {dñVmê$Z qbJ^md àíZmda AmdmO CR>dyZ Ë`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$aVmV.
H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY ìhmdr åhUyZ H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m Midir `m§V KoVmV. pñÌ`m§Zm g_mZ
g§Yr d g_mZ hŠH$ àË`j ì`dhmamV {_imdoV åhUyZ pñÌ`m§À`m Midir `m OmVr, dJ©, Y_©, g_wXm` Am{U
àg§Jr amÁ` `m§À`m gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z nbrH$S>o Joë`mMo {XgVo. pñÌ`m§Zm AOyZhr nyU©nUo g_mZVoMm hŠH$
ì`dhmamV {_iVmZm {XgV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Xÿæ`_ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZM nm{hbo OmVo d Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$m`ÚmZo
{_imbobo g_mZVoMr hŠH$ ì`dhmamV _mÌ ZmH$mabo OmVmV.
ñÌr hŠH$m§Mr nm`_„r H$aÊ`mV néfm§Mm dmQ>m nydu d AmOhr {VVH$mM _moR>m Amho. ñÌr ho Cn^moJmMo
gmYZ, namdb§~r Agë`mMr ^mdZm g_mOmV {XgyZ òVo. nwéfr dM©ñdmMm d AÝ`m`mMm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r
pñÌ`m§Zr g§K{Q>V Pmbo nm{hOo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr "g§`wŠV ñÌr g§KQ>Zm' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z pñÌ`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
hŠH$m§gmR>r bT>Ê`mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo. _hmamîQ´> d AÝ` H$mhr amÁ`mV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo ~MV JQ>, AZoH$
J«m_n§Mm`VtV pñÌ`m§Zm {_iUmao gan§MmMo nX hr ñÌr g~brH$aUmMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo AgyZ AZoH$ JmdmVrb
nwéfm§À`m Anàd¥Îmrbm Ë`m_wio Amim ~gÊ`mg H$mhr à_mUmV _XV Pmbr. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb pñÌ`m§À`m
MiditMo dJuH$aU {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr Imbrbà_mUo H$obo Amho.
1) pñÌ`m§À`m g_mZVoÀ`m Midir.
2) ñÌr _wŠVrÀ`m Midir.
3) gm_wXm{`H$ ñÌrËdmMr Midi.
4) nwéfmÀ`m Owb_mVyZ ñÌrbm _wŠV H$aUmar Midi.
5) pñÌ`m§À`m hŠH$mg§~§YrÀ`m Midir.
6) Añgb ñÌrËdmÀ`m Midir.
7) gm_m{OH$ ñÌrËd OnUmè`m Midir.
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3.4.7 X{bV d gm_m{OH$ Midir …
X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVrda {ddoMZ H$aUmao ~aoM {bImU Pmbo Agbo Var
Ë`mn¡H$s \$maM WmoS>o nÕVera AZw^dmda AmYmabobo AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>mVrb _hma OmVrMr Midi g§nyU©
^maVmÀ`m nmVirda A_bmV AmUbr Jobr. H$mhr Vkm§À`m _Vo, X{bVm§Mr Apñ_Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`
`m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r AmH$mambm Ambobr Midi åhUOo X{bV Midi hmo`. S>m°. E_². Eg². Jmoao, S>m°. Job
Am°ådoQ>, S>m°. `moJ|ÐqgJ `m§Zr X{bV MidirMr gImob AÜ``Zo Ho$bobr AmhoV.
Añn¥í` Oar qhXÿ Agbo Var Vo qhXÿ g_mOmMm gdUm©à_mUo ^mJ ZmhrV. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm
Añn¥í`m§Mo gVV emofU hmoV Ambo Amho. {df_VoMm H$ig åhUOo Añn¥í`Vm hmo`. ~«m÷UdmXmMo VËdkmZ
åhUOo loUraMZmË_H$ {df_VoMo VËdkmZ hmo`. qhXÿËddmX åhUOoM EH$ àH$mao ~«m÷UdmX hmo`. ho VËdkmZ
BVHo$ VmR>a AgyZ Vo Añn¥í`m§Zm {Zame H$aUmao Amho. Añn¥í`m§Zm g_mZVm d Ý`m` nm{hOo, H$moUmMr ghmZw^yVr
ZH$mo, Ý`m` hm Ho$di àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdénmMm ZH$mo Va g§ajH$ ñdénmMm Agmdm. Añn¥í`m§Zm d¡Ym{ZH$ ñdénmV
g_mZVoMo Üò` àmá H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr, Va Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ joÌmV {deof ñdénmMo g§ajU {_imbo
nm{hOo.
X{bVm§À`m MiditMo {d{dY àH$ma AmT>iyZ òVmV.
1) gwYmaUmË_H$ Midi … gwYmaUmË_H$ Midir `m Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r, OmVrì`dñWm
gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`m OmVmV. gwYmaUmË_H$ MidirMo àH$ma Imbrb à_mUo gm§JVm òVmV.
A) ^ŠVr Midir, (~) ZddoXm§{VH$ Midi, (H$) g§ñH¥$VrH$aU Midi
2) n`m©daUmË_H$ Midir : Xþgè`m Y_m©V àdoe H$ê$Z qH$dm {ejU {_idyZ Am{W©H$ à{Vð>m Am{U
amOH$s` VmH$X dmT>dyZ n`m©`r gm_m{OH$ - gm§ñH¥${VH$ T>mMm ~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ n`m©`r gm_m{OH$ Midi
H$aVo. n`m©`mË_H$ MiditMo àH$ma Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm òVmV.
A) Y_mªVa Midi, ~) Ym{_©H$ Midi
X{bVm§À`m AmXe©dmX Am{U Ë`mMr Apñ_Vm `m§Mo OVZ H$aUmè`m Midir `m A§VJ©V X{bV MidirMo
Mma àH$ma gm§JVm òVrb. Vo Imbrb à_mUo.
1) gm§ñH¥${VH$ _V¡Š`mVrb Midir.
2) ñnYm©V_H$ AmXe©dmX Am{U AqhXÿ Apñ_Vm OVZ H$aUmè`m Midir.
3) ~m¡Õ X{bV Midir.
4) à{VAmXe©dmX, X{bV AmXe©dmX d X{bV Apñ_Vm `m§Mo OVZ H$aUmè`m Midir.
^maV nmQ>UH$a Am{U Job AmådoQ> `m XmoZ {dMmad§VmZr X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ MidirMo nwT>rb XmoZ
àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV.
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1) OmVrda AmYm[aV X{bV Midir.
2) dJm©da AmYm[aV X{bV Midir.
3.4.8 Am{XdmgtÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$ Midir …
2001 À`m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrb Am{XdmgtMr bmoH$g§»`m gw_mao 8 H$moQ>r 20 bmI BVH$s hmoVr.
^maVmVrb Am{XdmgtMo XmoZ dJm©V {d^mOZ Ho$bo OmVo.
1) gahÔ àm§Vm§Vrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVr
2) AgahÔ àm§Vm§Vrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVr
· ^maVmVrb Am{Xdmgr MidirMo ñdén …
^maVmVrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMm Aä`mg H$aUmao VÁk Ago _mZVmV H$s, ^maVmVrb Am{Xdmgr Midir
~hwénm§V[aV AmhoV. Ago Agbo Varhr Am{Xdmgr O_mVrÀ`m Midirbm EH$ _Ü`q~Xÿ Amho. `m VÁkm§À`m
_Vo, ~hþg§»` Am{XdmgtMr Am§XmobZo g§~§{YV amÁ`mÀ`m {damoYmV Ho$bobo ~§S> Aem ñdénmMr hmoVr.
H°$WbrZ Jm°K `m§Zr ^maVr` Am{Xdmgr MiditMo nmMnXar dJuH$aU Ho$bo hmoVo. MidirMr Üòò,
{dMmaàUmbr Am{U g§KQ>ZoMr Aä`mgnÕVr ho Ë`m dJuH$aUmMm AmYma Amho. ho nmM nXa åhUOo Am{Xdmgr
MiditMr nmM àH$maMr dJuH$aUo hmoV. Vr Imbrbà_mUo;
1) {~«Q>rem§Zm ^maVmVyZ hmH$byZ XoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m OmJr gwédmVrÀ`m gÎmm{Yem§Mr d gwédmVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$
g§~§YmMr nwZñWm©nZm H$ê$ nmhUmè`m ~§S>Imoa Am{XdmgrMm CR>md.
2) àmXo{eH$ JQ> qH$dm dm§{eH$ JQ> `m§Zm ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`m Joboë`m Ym{_©H$ Midir, Á`m ZdrZ
gaH$maÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr Ho$ë`m Joë`m, CXm. {_Pmo, ZmJm, ~moS>mo `m§Mr Am§XmobZo `m àH$mamV òVmV.
3) gm_m{OH$ ~§S>-g_mOgwYmaUogmR>r
4) gm_w{hH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r XheVdmXr Am{XdmgtZr gwS>mZo ào[aV hmoD$Z Ho$boë`m Midir.
5) {d{eîQ> àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambobo ~hþOZ Am{XdmgtMo ~§S>.
Am{Xdmgr H¥$fH$m§Mm g§Kf© d ZjbdmXr {dMma àUmbrda AmYm[aV Midir `mV òVmV.
3.4.9 n`m©daUmË_H$ _mZdr h¸$ Midir …
H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMr dmQ>Mmb hr Ooìhm J«m_rU Vo ZmJar, AmYw{ZH$, AmYw{ZH$moÎma, ^m§S>dbemhr Vo
^m§S>dbmoÎma g_mOmÀ`m {XeoZo hmoVo Voìhm Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hm g_mOmV ZdrZ g§Kf© H|$Ðo d Ë`mVyZ ZdrZ
g§Kf©à{H«$`m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mV hmoVmo. _mZdmÀ`m OrdZmMm Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmbÀ`m n[aga d n`m©daU hm A{d^mÁ`
^mJ Amho. Joë`m H$mhr XeH$m§V _mZdmbm Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmbÀ`m n[agamMr d n`m©daUmMr OmUrd Pmbr d
n`m©daUmMo g§ajU, g§dY©Z H$aUo hm _mZdmMm h¸$ ~Zbm.
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Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJ[aH$sH$aU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, AmYw{ZH$moÎmarH$aU BË`mXt_wio _mZdr n[aga d _mZdr
n`m©daU `m§Zm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr ^rVr _mZdmbm dmQy> bmJbr. Ë`mVyZM H$mbm§VamZo n`m©daU g§ajU d
g§dY©Z `m H$ënZm nwT>o Amë`m d Ë`mVyZ "n`m©daU g§ajU h¸$' hr g§H$ënZm _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
n`m©daUmV O_rZ, hdm, nmUr, O§Jbo, g_wÐ, S>m|Ja, O§Jbr àmUr, I{ZOg§nÎmr BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
`m gdmªMo g§ajU H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm {dZmemnmgyZ dmM{dUo, Ë`mMo OVZ H$aUo d Ë`mgmR>r àg§Jr Midi C^maUo
BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe "n`m©daU Midi' `m g§H$ënZoV hmoVmo. gm_mÝ`V… n`m©daU Midi åhUOo "_mUyg
Am{U {ZgJ©' `mÀ`mVrb nañnag§~§YmMo OVZ ìhmdo `m hoVyZo C^mabobr Midi hmo`.
B
n`m©daU MiditMo dJuH$aU …
hf© goR>r `m§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$bobo n`m©daU MiditMo àH$ma Imbrbà_mUo;
1) O§Jb{df`H$ Midir … dZYmoaU, dZm_Yrb ñÌm§Vm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m {damoYmV Ho$ë`m
OmUmè`m MidirÀ`m àH$mamV _moS>VmV.
2) O_rZ {df`H$ Midir … Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Am{U eoVO{_ZrÀ`m hmZrÀ`m g§X^m©V, dmT>Ë`m
bmoH$g§»`§À`m g§X^m©V O{_ZrÀ`m dmQ>nmVrb g§Kf©, amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m dmnam§_wio hmoUmar O{_ZrMr hmZr,
nmÊ`mÀ`m A{V dmnam_wio O{_ZrMr Zm{nH$Vm BË`mXr g§X^m©V `m Midir Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
3) _moR>çm YaUàH$ënm§À`m {damoYmVrb Midir … _moR>r YaUo ~m§YVmZm YaUmÀ`m nmUbmoQ> joÌmV
Á`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr Jmdo, O{_Zr ~wS>Uma AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm Ë`mEodOr XþgarH$S>o ZdrZ dgmhVr ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ O{_Zr qH$dm Ë`m ~Xë`mV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© {_iÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {dñWmnZmÀ`m {damoYmgmR>r
H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m Midir `m_Üò òVmV.
4) hdm àXÿfUm§À`m {damoYmV hmoUmè`m Midir … Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio AZoH$ eham§V H$amImÝ`m§Mo
Omio {Z_m©U Pmbo. H$maImÝ`mVyZ ~mhoa \o$H$ë`m OmUmè`m Ywam_wio hdm àXÿ{fV hmoVo, Va H$maImÝ`mÛmao ZXrV
gmoS>ë`m OmUmè`m agm`Z`wŠV gm§S>nmÊ`mZo nmUr àXÿ{fV hmoVo. ho àXÿfU {Z`§{ÌV H$amdo åhUyZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m
Midir `mV òVmV.
5) gmJar ñÌmoVm§À`m {damoYmVrb Midir … `m_Üò _mgo_mar d _mgo_marMr gmYZo d EHy$U
_ËñË`moÚmoJ{df`H$ joÌmbm YmoŠ`mV AmUUmè`m JmoîQ>r{damoYmV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Midir `mV òVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo
`m MiditMo à_wI _wÔo ho Omù`m§À`m Cn`moJmda ~§Xr, _mgo_matÀ`m ì`mdgm{`H$sH$aUmda ~§Xr, gmJar
ñÌmoVm§À`m g§ajUmMr _mJUr Am{U g_wÐ{H$Zmè`m§À`m {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ `m ñdénmMo AgVmV.
3.4.10 _mZdr Amamo½`mMo h¸$ d Ë`m{df`H$ Midir …
d§e, Y_©, amOH$s` lÕm, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, qbJ, ^mfm BË`mXr ôX bjmV Z KoVm
Amamo½àjU H$aVm òUo d OrdZ _mZmMm XOm© gwYmaUo hm àËòH$ _mZdmMm _wb^yV A{YH$ma AgyZ Ë`mMo
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g§ajU d OVZ Pmbo nm{hOo, Ago {dYmZ _mZdr Amamo½`mÀ`m OmhraZmå`mÀ`m àñVmdZoV Amho. OmJ{VH$
Amamo½` g§KQ>Zm hr OJmVrb gd© _mZdm§À`m Amamo½` ajUmH$S>o bj XoUmar EH$ à_wI g§KQ>Zm AgyZ "gdmªgmR>r
Amamo½`' ho {VMo KmofdmŠ` Amho. Amamo½`mÀ`m h¸$mg_doV AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam Am{U d¡ÚH$s` godm Am{U `mo½`
gm_m{OH$ godm§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~oamoOJmar, AmOmanU, An§JËd, d¡YËd, d¥ÕËd Am{U BVa OrdZmË_H$
gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm `m~m~V ì`ŠVrbm `mo½` gwajm {_iUo hr _mZdr h¸$m§V g_m{dîQ> Amho.
A) pñÌ`m§Mm Amamo½`mMm h¸$ … _mZdr h¸$mÀ`m OmJ{VH$ OmhraZmå`m_Üò pñÌ`m§{df`rMm gd©
ôX^md g§nwîQ>mV AmUbm Jobm AgyZ Ë`m§Zm nwéfm§à_mUo Amamo½`mMm g_mZ XOm© {Xbm Omdm Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo
Jobo Amho.
~) ~mbH$m§À`m Amamo½`mMo OVZ H$aÊ`mMm h¸$$ … ~mbH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m d`mV Cƒ XOm©À`m
Amamo½`godm CnbãY hmoUo Ë`m§Mm h¸$ Amho. Amamo½`mMr H$miOr KoÊ`mÀ`m gw{dYonmgyZ H$moUË`mhr ~mbH$mbm
d§{MV R>odbo OmUma Zmhr.
H$) _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo h¸$$ … _Zmoé½Um§Zm Amamo½`{df`H$ `mo½` d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm Am{U em[aarH$
CnMma nÕVr àmá H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm `mo½` {ejU, à{ejU, nwZd©gZ gw{dYm Am{U
_mJ©Xe©Z XoÊ`mMr Am{U Ë`m§À`m j_VoZwgma Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr Amho.
A) An§Jm§Mo Amamo½` h¸$$ … d¡ÚH$s`, _mZgemñÌr` Am{U emar[aH$ CnMma {_iUo hm An§Jm§Mm h¸$
Amho. An§Jm§Zm H¥${Ì_ Ad`damonU H$adyZ KoÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho. An§Jm§Mo d¡ÚH$s` d gm_m{OH$ nwZd©gZ H$aVmZm
Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMm, ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejUmMm h¸$ {_iUo Amdí`H$ Amho. An§Jm§Zm Ë`m§À`m j_VoMm OmñVrV
OmñV {dH$mg ìhmdm `m ÑîQ>rZo Ë`mMo nwZd©gZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Vo ghmæ` {_imdo. `mo½` godoV Ë`m§Mr
Zo_UyH$ Ho$br Omdr. Á`m_wio Vo ñdmdb§~r OrdZ OJy eH$Vrb. Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOmV Ë`m§À`m EH$mË_rH$aUmMr
d nwZd©H$mË_rH$aUmMr à{H«$`m J{Verb H$amdr.
Amamo½àjU, g§dY©Z hm OZVoMm h¸$ AgyZ Ë`mZwgma `mo½` gw{dYm CnbãY H$éZ OZVoÀ`m Amamo½`mMo
g§dY©Z d OnUyH$ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr Amho. `mMr OmUrd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho. ^yH$~irÀ`m
{damoYmV, Hw$nmofUmÀ`m {damoYmV, Amamo½` godoVrb ÌwQ>rÀ`m g§X^m©V Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V Am§XmobZo Pmbr AmhoV.
3.5 ñdmV§Í` MidirVrb _hmË_m Jm§Yr, n§{S>V Zohé Am{U S>m°. ~r.Ama.Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo
`moJXmZ:
3.5.1 _hmË_m Jm§Yr …
ñdmV§Í` MidirVrb _hmË_m Jm§YrOrMo `moJXmZ Am{U Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` {dMmam§Mm AmT>mdm KoVmZm
Ë`mMo amOH$s` VÎdkmZ d àË`j H$m`© `m ÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` {dMmam§Mo {d{dY n¡by Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$
Amho. Jm§YrdmXr, Ym{_©H$ _mZdVmdmX, gË`, Aqhgm, gË`mJ«h, gË`mJ«hmMo _mJ©, {dYm`H$ H$m`©H«$_,
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J«m_amÁ`mMr H$ënZm, {dídñV d¥Îmr, ñdamÁ`, Am§XmobZ BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` {dMmamV
g_m{dîQ> Ho$bm Amho.
B
Jm§YrdmX-Ym{_©H$ _mZdVmdmX …
_hmË_m Jm§YtZm ""Ym{_©H$ _mZdVmdmXr g§V'' Aer Cn_m {Xbr OmVo. _hmË_m Jm§YtZr Oar EImXm
qgÕm§V qH$dm amOH$s` VÎd gm§{JVbo ZìhVo, Var Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dMmamVyZ EH$ OrdZmMo g§nyU© VÎdkmZ _m§S>bo
hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H¥$VrVyZ _mZdVmdmXr {dMma àH$Q> Ho$bo hmoVo. Amnë`m "gË`mMo à`moJ' `m J«§WmV Ë`m§Zr
Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho H$s, _mÂ`m nmíMmV _mPm EImXm n§W Mmby amhdm, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. Jm§YrOtZr
à{gÕrMr, nXdrMr hmd Z YaVm {d{dY Y_m©Vrb Mm§Jbr VÎdo pñdH$méZ Vr Zì`m ñdénmV _m§S>br AmhoV.
gË`, AZm{X d Aqhgm hr VÎdo gZmVZ AmhoV. na§Vw Jm§YrOrZr hr VÎdo pñdH$méZ Vr àË`jmV H¥$VrV
CVa{dbr Am{U OZVoH$Sy>Z hr VÎdo pñdH$méZ Vr àË`j AmMaUmV AmUÊ`mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo. ^maVr` bmoH$m§À`m
amOH$s` MidirV gË`, Aqhgm `m VÎdm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$éZ Jm§YrZr ^maVr`m§Zm ñdamÁ`mMr OmUrd H$éZ
{Xbr hmoVr.
AÝ`m`mbm à{VH$ma H$aUo hm Jm§YrdmXmMm àmU hmoVm. "AÝ`m`mbm à{VH$ma H$ê$ ZH$m' `m òey
{¼ñVmÀ`m VÎdmÀ`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z "AÝ`m`mbm à{VH$ma AqhgoZo Adí` H$am,' Agm Ë`m§Zr AmXoe {Xbm
hmoVm. ì`ŠVrMr Am§V[aH$ gwYmaUm Pmbr H$s g_mOmMr gwYmaUm AmnmoAmn hmoVo. ~«÷M`©, gmYr amhUr d
l_à{VîR>m `m JwUm§Zr ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg hmoVmo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Jm§YtMo gd© OrdZ AÝ`m`mer PJS>Ê`mV
Jobo. ho AÝ`m`mer Ho$bobo PJS>o åhUOo B©ídaàmárÀ`m nm`è`m hmoV, Ago Jm§YrOr _mZrV AgV.
Jm§YrOtÀ`m Ym{_©H$ _Vmda XoemV Am{U naXoemV {d{dY {dMmad§Vm§Zr {M{H$ËgH$nUo gImob g§emoYZ
Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ Ooåg S>r h§Q> `m Y_© d VÎdkmZm{df`H$ A_o[aH$Z àmÜ`mnH$mZo Jm§YrOtÀ`m
Y_©_Vm{df`r ""Jm§Yr A±S> X Zm°Z H$Ý\$m°{_©ñQ>g² EZH$mD§$Q>g© BZ gmD$W Am{\«$H$m'' hm g§emoYZna J«§W {b{hbobm
Amho. Ooåg h§Q> `m§À`m _Vo, Jm§YrOrMr _yi àoaUm d d¥Îmr Ym{_©H$ hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr Y_©{df`H$ _Vo Am{U Ym{_©H$
AmMma Ë`m§À`m ~mbnUmnmgyZ gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. {deofV… Vo B§½b§S>bm {eH$md`mg Jobo Ë`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr
~m`~bmMo dmMZ Ho$bo, `m g§X^m©V X{jV Am[\«$Ho$Vrb Ë`m§À`m dmñVì`mÀ`m H$mbI§S> _hÎdmMm _mZmdm
bmJob. Ë`m H$mbmdYrV Ë`m§À`mda {¼ñVr Y_m©Vrb Zm°Z H$Ý\$m°{_©ñQ> g§àXm`mVrb AmMma-{dMmam§Mm {deof
à^md nS>bobm hmoVm. `m n§WmMr {dMmagaUr, g§KQ>Zm Am{U AÝ`m` {déÕ à{VH$mamMr nÕVr `m§Mm
Jm§YrOrÀ`m {dMmamda Am{U AmMmamda \$ma _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmbm hmoVm. X{jU A{\«$Ho$Vrb gaH$maZo VoWrb
^maVr`m§{déÕ OmMH$ {Z~ªY KmbUmao Oo H$m`Xo Ho$b hmoVo, Ë`m AÝ`m`m{déÕ Jm§YrOtZr Omo bT>m {Xbm Ë`m
bT>çmMr nÕVr d ñdén `mda B§½b§S>_Yrb {Z…eñÌ à{VH$mamÀ`m MidirMm {deof à^md nS>bobm hmoVm.
Jm§YrOtÀ`m gË`mJ«hmÀ`m Midir `m {ddoH$m§da, g§`_mda Am{U {ZJ«hmda AmYmaboë`m hmoË`m. gË`mJ«h
H$aÊ`mnydu bmoH$_V AZwHy$b H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr Jm§YrOtMr nÕVr hr B§½b§S>_Yrb AÝ`m` à{VH$mamÀ`m Midir
à_mUoM hmoVr.
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_hmË_m Jm§Yr `moJm`moJmZo amOH$maUmV Ambo, dmñV{dH$ Ë`m§Mm qnS> EH$ à`moJerb gmYH$mMm hmoVm.
Ë`m§Zr Amnbr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ R>a{dVmZm ^JdX²JrVm, ~m`~b, am_mÙ, _hm^maV, ~m¡Õ dmL>_` `mMo dmMZ,
qMVZ Am{U _ZZ Ho$bo hmoVo. "_mZdVm' hm Ë`m§Mm na_oída Am{U "g_mOgodm' hm Ë`m§Mm Y_© hmoVm.
_hmË_m Jm§YrOtMo amOH$maU AÜ`mË_rH$aUmda AmYmabobo hmoVo. amOH$maUmbm ^m¡{VH$VoMo A{YîR>mZ
Úmd`mMo Agob Va Ë`m_Üò gË`mMr d Ý`m`mMr à{VîR>mnZm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ Jm§YrOtZr OZgodm,
_mZdr JwUm§Mr OmonmgZm, gm_m{OH$ g_Vm d Ý`m` `m§À`mda A{YH$ â {Xbm. Ë`m§Mr amOH$s` VËdo d H¥$Vr
gË`, Aqhgm d ào_ `mda A{YpîR>V hmoVr. Jm§YrOtZr AmË_~bmMo EH$ Zdo VËd emoYyZ H$mT>bo. _mZdr Aqhgm
åhUOo Anma ào_ d Vo ì`ŠV hmoÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUOo OZgodm hmo`.'' OZgodoMo n[apñWVr àmá ñdén åhUOo
amOH$maU hmo`. A{Ib _mZdOmVrer EoŠ` gmYë`m{edm` _r AmÜ`mpË_H$ OrdZ OJy eH$V Zmhr. Ago {XgyZ
Amë`m_wioM _bm amOH$maUmV ^mJ ¿`mdm bmJbm. Ago Jm§YrOtZm àm_m{UH$nUo dmQ>V hmoVo. _mZdr g§Kf©
{_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r OoWo eñÌ~b d ~w{Õ~b Anyao nS>Vo VoWo Jm§YtZr AmË_~b Cô Ho$bo. ^maVr`m§Zm ñdmV§Í` XoUo
hr JmoîQ> ~wÕrdmXmZo, VH©$dmXmZo `mo½` d Ý`mæ` Amho. ho {~«Q>re amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm nQ>bo Agbo Varhr ñdmÏ`m©Zo,
bmo^mZo Vr JmoîQ> AmMaUmV AmUrV ZmhrV, ñdmV§Í` XoUo Ý`m`mMo Amho ho Ë`m§Zm nQ>bo hmoVo. na§Vy ñdmWm©_wio
ñdmV§Í`XmZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoV ZìhVo. Voìhm _X_ñV Jm§YtZr hr nmaV§Í`mMr pñWVr AmoiIyZ AmË_~bmMm _mJ©
pñdH$mabm, Ûofmbm ào_mZo d qhgobm AqhgoZo CËVa XoÊ`mMr gË`mJ«hr _mJ© Jm§YrOtZr ^maVmbm XmIdyZ {Xbm.
3.5.2 n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ …
n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ ho _hmZ amîQ´>dmXr ZoVo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm amîQ´>dmX AË`§V VoOñdr ñdénmMm hmoVm.
Zohê§$Zr Am§VaamîQ´>r` em§VVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r _mZVmdmXr ^y{_Ho$VyZ Ho$bobo à`ËZ EdT>o àM§S> hmoVo H$s,
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm amîQ´>dmX Am§VaamîQ´>dmXmV {déZ Jobobm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr OmJ{VH$ à{V_m "em§VrXÿV Zohê$'
Aer Pmbobr Amho. na§Vy Zohê$ ho àW_ amîQ´>dmXr hmoVo Am{U Z§Va Amnë`m amîQ´>mÀ`m JaOoVyZ Vo Am§VaamîQ´>dmXr
~ZV Jobo.
Odmhabmb Zohê§$Zr Jm§YrOtÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZ A{YH$ Omo_mZo gwê$ Ho$bo. ^maVr`
bmoH$m§À`m _Üò amîQ´>dmXmMr ^mdZm àÁd{bV Pmë`m{edm` ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_iUma Zmhr. ho AmoiIyZ
Ë`m§Zr AqhgmË_H$ gË`mJ«hmMm _mJ© ñdrH$mabm Am{U OZVobm amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mMr JaO nQ>dyZ XoD$Z
OZVoÀ`m nmqR>ã`mda Am§XmobZ Cô Ho$bo.
Zohé§À`m _Vo, amîQ´>dmX hr EH$ _ZmodñWm Amho. amîQ´>ào_mMr, amîQ´>r` Apñ_VoMr EoŠ`mMr Vr ^mdZm Amho.
naH$s` amîQ´>mZo Oa ñdamîQ´>mda AmH«$_U Ho$bo qH$dm gËVm JmO{dbr Va Ë`m~m~V ÛofmMr, g§VmnmMr ^mdZm
OmJ¥V hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`mnojm nmaV§Í`mV amîQ´>dmXmMr ^mdZm A{YH$ àÁdbrV àIa AgVo. amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m{edm`
BVa ñdmV§Íò àmá hmoV ZmhrV. åhUyZ àËòH$ ^maVr` ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`m öX`mV amîQ´>ào_mMr Á`moV VodV R>odbr
nm{hOo. Amnbm Xoe, Ë`mVrb bmoH$ `m§À`mda gVVào_ Ho$bo nm{hOo.
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n§{S>V Zohê§$À`m _Vo, àËòH$ ^maVr`mZo Amnë`m Xoemda, Xoe~m§Ydm§da A_`m©X, â^ê$Z ào_ Ho$bo nm{hOo
`m nÕVrZoM ^maVr` amîQ´>dmXmMr C^maUr ^yVH$mimVrb na§nam d AZw^dm§da Pmbr Amho. ^yVH$mimVrb _hmZ
KQ>Zm§Mm dmagm KoD$Z amîQ´>dmXr ~Zbo nm{hOo. na§Vy ^yVH$mim~Ôb A§Y…lÕm Z R>odVm, ^yVH$mi hm amîQ´>dmXmMo
ñ\y$VuñWmZ g_Obo nm{hOo. na§Vy OwZmQ> H$ënZm, A§YlÕm d ^moù`m Y_©g_OyVrÀ`m {déÕ Am§XmobZo C^r Ho$br
nm{hOoV. Zohê§$Zm Y{_©H$ amîQ´>dmXmMr H$ënZm ng§V ZìhVr. Ym{_©H$ VËdmda AmYmabobm amîQ´>dmXmbm Vo
àIanUo {damoY H$aUmao ZoVo hmoVo. ~±. OrZm§Mm {ÛamîQ´>dmX Zohê§$Zm _mÝ` ZìhVm. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr AZoH$OU
\w$Q>ra àd¥ÎmtZm CËVoOZ XoVmV. {deofV… {~«Q>re amÁ`H$V} qhXÿ-_wgb_mZ `m§À`mV Xþhr _mOdyZ g§Kf© dmT>dyZ
Amnbr dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aVmV. `m {df`r Zohê§$Zm IoX dmQ>V Ago. Ë`m§Zm qhXÿ amîQ´>dmX qH$dm _wpñb_
amîQ´>dmX Agm Y_m©da AmYmabobm amîQ´>dmX _mÝ` ZìhVm. Ë`m§À`m_Vo, Amnë`m XoemV EH$M amîQ´>dmX Amho
Am{U Vmo åhUOo ^maVr` amîQ´>dmX hmo`.
^maVmV {d{dY Y_© Agbo Varhr gd© Y_mªZr EoŠ`mÀ`m ^mdZoZo EH$Ì òD$Z Y_u` amÁ` ~Z{dbo nm{hOo.
Zohê§$Zm Y_m©Vrb amÁ` A{^àoV hmoVo. {d{^Þ Y_u` bmoH$m§V EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maV
ho amîQ´> {Z_m©U H$aUo Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ ng§V hmoVo.
n§{S>V Zohê§$Mm amîQ´>dmX hm Ho$di ñdmV§Í`àmárgmR>rM hmoVm Ago Zmhr, Va ñdmV§Í` àmá Pmmë`mZ§Vahr
Ë`m§Zr amîQ´>m§À`m godogmR>r, {dH$mgmgmR>r Amnbo g§nyU© Am`wî` doMbo. amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {~«Q>re
gËVo{déÕ bT>m {Xbm Agbm Var Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, Xm[aÐ`, ~oH$mar `m{daê$Õ bT>m XoD$Z gm_m{OH$
d Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` àmá H$amd`mMo hmoVo. 1947 Vo 64 `m H$mbI§S>mV Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©dê$Z Ë`m§À`m
amîQ´>dmXmMo _hËd nQ>Vo. Am{W©H$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {Z`moOZ, bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX,
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm `mÛmao à`ËZ Ho$bo. Am§VaamîQ´>` joÌmm§V XoemMr nV, à{VîR>m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo
à`ËZ _hmZ AmhoV. _mZdVmdmXr d em§VVmdmXr ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobr H$m_{Jar ^maVmbm ^yfUmdh
Amho. ñdmV§Í` àmárZ§Va Ad¿`m nmM-Xhm dfm©Zr OmJ{VH$ em§VVm àñWm{nV H$ê$ BpÀN>Umam Xoe, Aer
^maVmMr à{V_m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Zohê§$Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm XoemVrb gm_mÝ`, Jar~ OZVoMm H$Yrhr {dga
nS>bm Zmhr. Am§VaamîQ´>r` à{gÕrÀ`m PmoVmV Vo H$Yrhr AÔí` Pmbo ZmhrV. Va Ë`m§Zr Am§VaamîQ´>dmXmV
Amnë`m amîQ´>dmXmMr Á`moV gX¡d VodV R>odV ^maVr` g_mOmVrb {d{dY g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoD$Z ^maVmbm
{dH$mgmÀ`m èmn`ªV ZoUmam ZoVm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm gd© OJ AmoiIVo.
3.5.3 S>m°. ^r_amd am_Or Am§~oS>H$a …
amOH$s` {dMmaàUmbr Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm `m ÑîQ>rZo Aä`mg H$aVmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m
Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo H«$_àmá R>aVo. qhXÿ Y_©, Y_© g_mO, qhXÿËddmXr amOH$maU `m§Mm S>m°.
~m§~oS>H$am§Zm Ambobm AZw^d Am{U Ë`mg§~§Yr Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bobo {dMma `mVyZM Ë`m§À`m H$mhr YmaUm V`ma
Pmë`m, qhXÿ g_mOdmñVdmMo Ë`m§Zm Oo AmH$bZ Pmbo Ë`mg§~§Yr Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo {díbofU ho Ë`m§À`m amOH$maUmMo
Am{U {dMmaàUmbrMo ho d¡{eîQ²>` _mZmdo bmJob. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m J«§WboIZmVyZ Am{U d¥Îmn{Ì` boIZmVyZ
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Y_©qMVZ Am{U g_mOgwYmaUoMo {dMma _m§S>bobo AmhoV. "^maVmVrb OmVr', ewÐ H$moU hmoVo?, OmVr {Z_y©bZ,
Añn¥í`Vm, ~wÕ Am{U Ë`m§Mm Yå_. [aS>ëg BZ qhXÿBP_ BË`mXr J«§WmV Ë`m§Zr Y_©{df`H$ {dMma _m§S>bo.
S>m±. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, Y_©aMZm, AW©aMZm d amOH$s` aMZm `m§À`m nañna g§~§Ym_wio g_mOaMZm
{Z_m©U hmoV Agbr Var `m g_mOaMZoMo nm`m^yV KQ>H$ Y_© d AW© hoM AgVmV. _mZdr ApñVËd {Q>H${dUo
ho Y_m©Mo _ybVËd Amho. OrdZmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXZ Amdí`H$ Agbo Var Xþ…îH$mi, amoJamB©,
`wÕ Aem Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>m§nmgyZ g§ajU {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r, _mZdmMo ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmMo OmXÿQ>moUm,
{ZgJ©nyOm, XodnyOm Aem H¥$Vr Ho$ë`m. Aem _mZdr H¥$VrMm _yi hoVy AW© d Y_© AgVmo. _mUgmbm OrdZ
OJVmZm Am{U OrdZmMo gmVË` {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Y_m©Mm AmYma bmJVmo. g_mOì`dñWoV XodmMo A{gVËd
_mZbo OmVo. àmMrZ g_mOmV Xodmbm _mUyg _mZbo OmV Ago. Ë`m_wio _mZdmÀ`m ^mdZm, BÀN>m, H¥$Vr
`mà_mUoM XodmÀ`m ^mdZm, BÀN>m d H¥$Vr _mÝ` Pmë`m.
H$moUË`m g_mOmV OÝ_mbm `mdo ho _mUgmÀ`m hmVr ZgVo. na§Vy Á`m g_mOmV Vmo OÝ_mbm òVmo Ë`m
g_mOmMm Y_© Ë`mbm nmimdm bmJVmo. Ë`m Y_m©da Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma ZgVmo. Aem àH$mao na§naoZo
MmbV Ambobm Y_© hm Ë`m g§K{Q>V gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` d An[ahm`© ^mJ ~Zbm. nwT>o AmYw{ZH$
g_mOmV XodmMm _mUgmer AgUmam g§~§Y ~Xbbm. Xod hm H$moUË`mhr EH$m Hw$Qy>§~mMm qH$dm JQ>mMm Z amhVm
Vmo gmd©{ÌH$ ~Zbm. AmYw{ZH$ g_mO hm Ho$di _mUgm _mUgm§Mm ~Zbm Jobm. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {Za{Zamù`m
Xodm§Mr nwOm H$aUmar _mUgo {Z_m©U Pmbr. àmMrZ g_mOmV "g_mO' hm H|$Ðq~Xÿ hmoVm Va AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV
"_mUyg' hm H|$Ðq~Xÿ ~Zbm. Y_© d AW© ho g_mOaMZoV _yb^yV KQ>H$ AgyZ EHy$U g_mOaMZoV ~Xb KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mg ho KQ>H$ H$m`_ H$maUr^yV R>abo AmhoV. Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` H$m`m©Mr Iar gwédmV 1923 gmbr Pmbr.
Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaÊ`mMo H$m`© hmVr KoD$Z S>m±. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í` g_mOmbm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
gË`mJ«hmMm _mJ© pñdH$mabm, "ñdmV§Í`mMo hŠH$ ^rH$ _mJyZ {_iV ZgVmV. Vo ñdgm_Ï`m©Zo {_idmdo
bmJVmV.' XoUJr åhUyZ Vo bm^V ZmhrV. ho {ÌH$mbm~m{YV _hmZw^dmMo àË`j nmR>M ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
X{bVm§Zm XoV hmoVo. AmË_moÕma hm Xÿgè`mÀ`m H¥$noZo hmoV ZgVmo. Vmo Á`mMm Ë`mZo H$amd`mMm AgVmo. Am§~oS>H$a
ñdV… H¥${Vdra ~ZyZ AZw`m`m§Zm gwg§Ym[aV Am{U à{VH$maj_ ~Z{dV hmoVo. H¥${VeyanUm hm B{Vhmg KS>{dUmè`m
Wmoa nwéfm§Mm Xoh ñd^md AgVmo.
20 _mM© 1927 amoOr Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _hmS> òWrb MdXma Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h Ho$bm. _mZdVoMm Am{U
g_mZVoMm g§Xoe XoUmam Vmo _hËdmMm gË`mJ«h hmoVm. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë`m AZw`m`m§g{hV MdXma Vù`mMo
nmUr àmeZ H$ê$Z ""Amåhmbmhr _mUgmgmaIo OJÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho'' Ago gd© ^maVr` OZVobm Om{hanUo
gm§JÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$mË_H$ H¥$Vr Ho$br hmoVr. ñn¥í` bmoH$, gdU© bmoH$ ewÐm§Zm, X{bVm§Zm newhÿZ dmB©Q> dmJUyH$
XoVmV. Ë`m§Zm _mUygH$sMr, g_mZVoMr, Ý`m`mMr dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV Zmhr. qhXÿ g_mOmVrb MmVwd©Ê`© nÕVr
Am{U OmVrôX `m§Mo CƒmQ>Z Ho$ë`m{edm` g_Vm, àñWm{nV hmoUma Zmhr. EH$ dU© Am{U g_m{YpîR>V g_mO
{Z_m©U Pmë`m{edm` X{bV, Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Zm Ý`m` {_iUma Zmhr. Ago gm§JyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _hmS>À`m
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gË`mJ«hmnmgyZ `m H$m`m©bm gwédmV Ho$br. S>m±. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr OwZr _Zwñ_¥Vr OmiyZ qhXÿÀ`m§ gm_m{OH$ nyZa©MZobm
Cn`wŠV R>aob Aem Zì`m _Zwñ_¥VrMr _mJUr Ho$br.
_hmS>Mm Y_©g§Ja g§nbm. `m Y_©g§JaZo OwÝ`m `wJmMm A§V Pmbm. ^maVmVrb ZdrZ `wJmMo AmJ_Z
Am§~So >H$am§À`m _mZdr g_mZVoÀ`m hŠH$mgmR>r H$mT>bëo `m Ë`m OmhraZmå`mZo Am{U H$m±Jgo À`m g§nU
y © ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
R>amdmZo Kmo{fV Pmbo. _hmS>Mr KmofUm gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í`mMr, amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mMr hmoVr. ^maVmÀ`m Ym{_©H$,
gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` _yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMr Vr {ddoH$nyU© _mJUr hmoVr. gm_m{OH$ Jwbm_{JarMo
CƒmQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$boë`m _hmS> MidirMo Añn¥í`m§À`m _Zmda \$ma Imobda nS>gmX
C_Q>b.o
S>m±. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 2 _mM© 1930 amoOr X{bVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Zm{eH$ òWrb H$mimam_
_§{Xa àdoemMm bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. A_mZyf, AKmoar d¥ÎmrZo gZmVZr gdU© dJm©Zo X{bVm§Zm, Añn¥í`m§Zm _§{Xaàdoe
ZmH$mabm hmoVm. X{bVm§À`m àdoem_wio _§{Xa {dQ>mibo OmD$Z Xod ~mQ>bm OmB©b Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. qhXÿ
g_mOì`dñWoV gdUmªZr X{bVm§da gm_m{OH$ Jwbm_{Jar bmXbobr hmoVr. _hmamï´>mVrb {d{dY ^mJmV VoWrb
_§{Xam§_Üò àdoe H$ê$Z gË`mJ«hmMo AZoH$ à`ËZ Ë`mZ§Vahr Pmbo. ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma
Añn¥í`m§Zm g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá Pmbo AgVo. gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr, Xodmbò, nmUdR>o, CnhmaJ¥ho `m {R>H$mUr
Ë`m§Zm _wŠV àdoe XoÊ`mV Ambm. `mMo lo` S>m°. Am§~oCH$am§Zr Ho$boë`m _hmS>, Zm{eH$ gË`mJ«hmMo Úmdo bmJob.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ho AîQ>n¡by ì`_Ëd bm^bobo _hmZ amOH$s` ZoVo hmoVo. {dÚmì`mg§Jr, {dZèrb, erbd§V,
àkmd§V, {dMmad§V, KQ>ZmH$ma AW©Vk, Yå_àdV©H$, ~hþlyV Aer {d{dY JwUd¡{eîQ²>ò `m§À`m ì`ŠVr_ËdmV
AmT>iVmV. Ë`m§Mr bmoH$emhrda Anma {ZîR>m hmoVr. Ë`m§Mm amîQ´>dmX AXå`, àIa hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr X{bVmoÕmamgmR>r
Ho$bobo H$m`© Ë`m§À`m amîQ´>dmXmÀ`m AmS> Ambo Zmhr. amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`m~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMr
JaO Amho `m Om{UdoZo Ë`m§Zr g_VoÀ`m VËdmMm nyañH$ma Ho$bm. gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g_Vm àñWm{nV
Pmmë`m{edm` bmoH$emhr àñVm{nV hmoUma Zmhr. Ago Ë`m§Mo ñnîQ> _V hmoVo. VgoM Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maVmV
bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV H$amd`mMr Agob Va Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñW{nV H$amdr bmJob. ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VËdm§Mr, _yë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr OmUrdnyd©H$, O~m~XmarZo hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Voìhm S>m±.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Omo ñdmV§Í`mMm, g_VoMm, Ý`m`mMm _mJ© XmI{dbm Amho Vmo AZwgaUo hoM ^maVr`m§À`m {hVmMo
R>aUma Amho.S>m°.
B
ñd§AÜ``ZmgmR>r H$mhr àíZ …
ñd`§AÜ`ZmgmR>r H$mhr àíZ… -1 EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
1) _mZdmMr emídV _wŠVr åhUOo {Zdm©UnXmMr "gd©loîR gwI àmár hmo`' ho VËd H$moUË`m Y_m©Mo
_mZbo OmVo?
2) Ah§H$mamnmgyZ gwQ>H$m, åhUOo _yŠVr hmo`. Ago H$moUVm Y_© _mZVmo?>
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3) àmW©Zm g_mOmMo Y_©àMmamnojm hr H$moUVo _hËdmMo C{ÔîR> hmoVo?
4) Am`© g_mOmMo g§ñWmnH$ H$moU AmhoV?
5) gVr àWm H$moUr ~§X Ho$br?
6) gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$moUË`m gmbr Ho$br ?
7) _hmË_m Jm§YrZr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r H$moUË`m VËdmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm ?
8) OmJ{VH$ nmVirda Zohê§$Mr H$moUVr à{V_m V`ma Pmbobr hmoVr ?
9) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` H$m`m©Mr Iar gwédmV H$moUË`m gmbr Pmbr?
10) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {H$Vr gmbr _hmS> Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h$ Ho$bm?
B
ñd§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -2
Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ {H$ ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
1) g_mOemñÌmZwgma Y_© hr EH$ g§ñWm Amho.
2) qhXÿ Y_m©V doXm§Zm _hÎd {Xbo OmV Zmhr.
3) ~m¡Õ Y_m©_Üò {Zdm©UnXmgmR>r AmîQ>m§J hm EH$ _mJ© gm§{JVbm Amho.
4) Aqhgm ho O¡Z Y_m©Mo nm`m^yV VÎd Zmhr.
5) erI Y_m©_Üò _mZdVmdmXr ÑîQ>rH$moZ \$magm Zmhr.
6) Bñbm_ Y_m©V e[a`Vbm _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
7) {¼ñVr Y_© gX¡d gXmMmar dV©Zmg àd¥Îm H$aV Zmhr.
8) nmagr bmoH$ A½Zrbm à{dÌ _mZV ZmhrV.
9) E_.EZ.lr{ZdmgZ `m§Zr ^maVmVrb EH$mË_Vm hr Ym{_©H$ ñdénmMr Zmhr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho.
10) n§. Zohé§Zm Y_u` amÁ` A{^àoV hmoVo.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 Mo CÎma
1) ~m¡Õ
6) 1873
2) {eI
7) Aqhgm
3) g_mO gwYmaUm
8) em§VrXÿV Zohê$
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B
4) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
9) 1923
5) amOm am__mohZ am°`
10) 1927
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 Mo CÎma
1) ~amo~a
2) MyH$
3) ~amo~a
4) MyH$
5) MyH$
6) ~amo~a
7) MyH$
8) MyH$
9) MyH$
10) ~amo~a.
~) _mZdr H$ë`mUmMr g§H$ënZm, hŠH$ d H$V©ìò, {dídmgmÀ`m CËnÎmrMo Am{U _mZdr
_wë`m§Mo g§X^© :
àmMrZ H$mir hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò ~hþXm Ym{_©H$ VËdmda nma nmS>br OmV AgV. XodmZo _mZdmMr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. Ë`m_wio gd© _mZd g_mZ AmhoV. Aer hŠH$m§{df`rMr _`m©{XV OmUrd AmYw{ZH$
`wJmn`ªV à~i hmoVr. _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr qH$dm Vo J¥{hV YaÊ`mV Ambobo
ZmhrV, Va Vo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdm{^_mZmda Am{U g_Voda AmYm[aV AmhoV. Ago `m KQ>ZmH«$_m_wio
`WmdH$me ñdrH$maè`mV Ambo. AemàH$mao _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m H$ënZoMm {dH$mg {d{dY _mJm©Zr emoYVm òD$
eH$Vmo.
{dgmdo eVH$ ho H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo eVH$ _mZbo OmV Ago. `mV ì`ŠVrMo H$ë`mU ho amÁ`mMo
Üò` Ago. VgoM OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§À`m OmñVrV OmñV H$ë`mUmda â {Xbm OmV Ago. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
{ejU XoUo, Ë`m§À`m Amamo½`mMr H$miOr KoUo, XiUdiU, nmUrnwadR>m, amoOJma, {H$_mZ doVZ, {ZdmgmMr
ì`dñWm, gm_m{OH$ gwajm, AÞ, dó, {Zdmam `m _wb^yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ godm
nwa{dUo, g_mOH$ë`mU hr H$m`} H$aUo ho Ano{jV Amho. na§Vy, AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio KQ>Zm KS>m_moS>r_wio d
{d{dY amOH$s` VÎdkmZ Am{U {gÕm§Vm_wio amÁ`mMo nmobrgr ñdê$n ~XbyZ Ë`mg H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo
ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo. ì`ŠVr d g_mOmÀ`m g§nyU© {dH$mgmMr, H$ë`mUmMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda Ambr.
g_mOmVrb JaOy d Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Mo gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Img à`ËZ H$aUmao amÁ`
åhUOo H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUOo bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo,
{ejUmMr ì`dñWm H$aUo, Amamo½`mMr H$miOr KoUmar `§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aUo, ñdÀN> {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm
nwadR>m H$aUo, eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo `mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo Am{U IVo d Am¡fYr ~r-{~`mUo
nwa{dUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmg MmbZm XoUo, OZVoMo g§ajU H$aUo, OZVoMo Xm[aÐç H$_r H$aUo, PmonS>nÅ>r
{Z_y©bZ H$aUo BË`mXr g_mOmMm gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© _mZdr
H$ë`mUm_Üò Ano{jV Amho. _mZdr H$ë`mUm_Üò Am§Yio, bwio, nm§Jio, ~{hao, doS>o, H$_Omoa, b§JS>o,
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{d{jßV AmOmar VgoM AZmW _wbo, {Zam{lV ì`ŠVr, d¥Õ, {dYdm _{hbm, {^H$mar ~mbJwÝhoJmar, ~mb
H$m_Jma, J^©dVr {ó`m, {ó`m Am{U bhmZ _wbo, _Únr {^joH$ar BË`mXr `m gd© Xþ~içm Am{U Aghmæ`
KQ>Zm§Mr H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. `m§À`m H$ë`mU Am{U nyZd©gZmgmR>r H$m`Xo, YmoaU, H$m`©H«$_mMr {Z{_©Vr
H$ê$Z Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$amdr bmJVo. åhUyZ gmYmaUV: Xþ~içm bmoH$m§gmR>r Ë`m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r
H$m`© H$aUo åhUOo _mZdr H$ë`mU hmo`.
AZoH$ ì`ŠVr Am{U AZoH$ g_yh {_iyZ g_mO ~ZV AgVmo. `m_wio _mZdr H$ë`mU hr d¡`pŠVH$
~m~ ZgyZ Vr EH$ gm_m{OH$ ~m~ Amho. åhUyZ _mZdr H$ë`mUmMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_
gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU åhUOo H$m` ho g_OmdyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mUmMr g§H$ënZm hr A{Ve`
ì`mnH$ Amho. VimJmimVrb eodQ>À`m bmoH$m§n`ªV H$ë`mUm§Mo {d{dY H$m©H«$_ nmohmoMbo nm{hOoV, `mgmR>r
àemgH$s` ì`dñWm H$m`©aV AgVo. gd© OJM XheVdmÚmÀ`m {di»`mV gmnS>bobo Amho d AÝZ d
dómÀ`m {^VrZo ÌñV Amho. g§nyU© _mZdOmVM gwé§JmÀ`m {T>Jmè`mda ~gbobr Amho. Ë`mMo Xþîn[aUm_hr
_mZd OmVrda hmoV AmhoV. `m{edm` nya, Adf©U, XþîH$mi, ^wH§$n, `wÕ, dmXio, amoJm§À`m \¡$bmd `mVyZhr
AZoH$m§Mr hmZr hmoVo. {Za{Zamio AmKmV Pmboë`m ì`ŠVr Am{U g_wXm`m§Zmhr `mo½` OrdZ OJÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Am{U AmXe© OrdZ àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr H$m`© gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ
H$aVo. _hmË_m Jm§YrOrÀ`m _Vo, "H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` VoM, Amho Oo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m S>moiçmVrb Aly
nwgÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.' `mM àoaUoVyZ gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZmH$Sy>Z H$m`©o Ho$br OmVmV.
gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ, bmoH$àemgZmMm EH$ ^mJ AgyZ ho àemgZ g_mOmVrb Xþ~içm,
Ag_W© Am{U An§J ì`ŠVtZm _XV H$aVo. VgoM Xþ~©b Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$m`© H$aVo. gm_m{OH$
H$ë`mU àemgZmMr H$m`© nÕVr qH$dm ì`m»`m dOm AW© H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
Amho. Vmo Imbrbà_mUo 1) gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ g_mOmVrb Xþ~içm ì`ŠVtZm gmhmæ` H$aVo.
2) gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ g§nyU© Xþ~içm Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>rhr {d{dY àH$maMo H$m`© H$aVo.
3) S>mo{ZgZ `m§À` _Vo, ""ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo AÜ``Z
{díboU Am{U {ZamH$aU hr H$aVo.
4) [aMS>© {Q>Q>_g `m§À`m _Vo, ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ Hw$Qw>§~, n[adma Am{U
Ë`mVrb ì`ŠVr `m§À`m OrdZmV `mo½` Ë`m gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`© H$aVo.
5) dmëQ>a {\«$S>b°ÝS> `m§À`m _Vo, ""gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ gaH$mar Am{U J¡a gaH$mar XmoÝhrhr
g§ñWm§Mm gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©gmR>r Cn`moJ H$aVo.
`m darb ì`m»òdê$Z gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZ ho bmoH$àemgZmMm EH$ ^mJ AgyZ g_mOmVrb
Xþ~içm ì`ŠVrg_yhmgmR>r YmoaU, ZrVr, H$m`©H«$_ Am{U H$m`Úm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVo hr ~m~ ñnï> hmoVo.
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VgoM gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZmMo CÔoehr ì`ŠV hmoVmV Vo Imbrbà_mUo. g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm
Ý`m` {_imdm `mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZmH$Sy>Z à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV.
1) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr ñWmnZm H$aUo.
2) g_mZVoÀ`m A{YH$mamMo {ZpíMVrH$aUo H$aUo.
3) Xþ~©b ì`ŠVrMo emofU Am{U AË`mMmamnmgyZ gwQ>H$m H$aUo.
4) âH$Q>boë`m ì`ŠVtZm `mo½` _mJm©da AmUUo.
5) emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$Ñï>çm An§JmMo nyZd©gZ H$aUo.
6) ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ì`ŠVrJV à{Vð>m ñdm{^_mZ Am{U gÝ_mZ {_idyZ XoUo.
7) gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmbm gH$mamË_H$ {Xem {_idyZ XoUo.
8) gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s` AmYmamda {eH$ma Pmboë`m ~ir nS>boë`m AWdm
emo{fV ì`ŠVrMo H$ë`mU H$aUo.
9) _mZdmÀ`m gdmªJrU H$ë`mU d amï´>r` {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo gd© à`ËZ H$aUo.
B
hŠH$ d H$V©ìò :
à{gÕ H$m`XoVk gmb_§S> `m§À`m _Vo, ""H$V©ìò åhUOo Ago H$m`© H$s, Oo Ho$boM nm{hOo. CXm.
ZmoH$amZo _mbH$mMr godm H$aUo, _wbmZo AmB©-dS>rbm§Mr Amkm nmbUo, H${Zð> nXmdarb H$_©Mmè`mZo H${Zð>
A{YH$mè`m§Mm AmXoe nmiUo B. H$V©ì`mV Aem gd© H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Or EImÚmZo Ho$brM nm{hOoV,
VgoM Aer H$m`} Or EImÚmZo H$am`bm ZH$moV. H$V©ìò XmoZ àH$maMr AgVmV. n{hbo Z¡{VH$ Va Xþgao
H$m`Xoera, H$m`ÚmZo ~§YZH$maH$ AgUmao H$V©ì` åhUOo H$m`Xoera H$V©ì`, Va Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì` åhUOo Ago
H$V©ì` H$s, Oo Amnë`m {ddoH$mZwgma gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wÕrZwgma `mo½` qH$dm A`mo½` R>adyZ AmnU H$aVmo.
CXm. A§Y ì`ŠVrbm añVm AmobmS>Ê`mg _XV H$aUo. ho Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì` Amho. H$m`ÚmZo Ooìhm EImXr H¥$Vr
H$V©ì` _mZbr OmVo, Voìhm H$m`Xm {VÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrda â XoVmo d Ë`mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë`mg {ejm hmoVo
Ago H$V©ì`m~m~V AmnUmbm åhUVm òB©b.
gmb_§S> `m§À`m _Vo Ooìhm AmnU "A' `m ì`ŠVrMr "~' `m ì`ŠVrà{V {d{eï> H$V©ìò AmhoV Ago
åhUVmo Voìhm Z¡g{J©H$ [aË`m "~' `m ì`ŠVrbm gwÕm "A' À`m à{V H$mhr hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmV. _mbH$mbm
Ë`mÀ`m ZmoH$amà{V, d[að> A{YH$mè`mbm H${Zð> A{YH$mè`mà{V hŠH$ AgVmV. Vo nwT>o Ago åhUVmV H$s,
EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm hŠH$ AmhoV Ago åhUUo åhUOoM Vo {_i{dÊ`mMm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma Amho Ago åhUVm
òB©b. WmoS>Š`mV Agohr åhUVm òB©b H$s, BVam§Zr Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mMo hŠH$ nwa{dbo nm{hOoV AWdm Vo
{_i{dÊ`mnmgyZ Ë`mbm amoIVm H$m_m Zò. hŠH$ ho Z¡{VH$ qH$dm H$m`Xoera AgVmV.
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ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh `m§Zm hŠH$ AgVmV. ì`ŠVrbm {ejUmMm hŠH$ AgVmo. VgmM hŠH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m
g_yhmbm XoIrb AgVmo. {d{eï> Y_m©Mo nmbZ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àËòH$ Hw$Qw>§~mbm AgVmo. gwa{jVVoÀ`m
H$maUmñVd Xoembm Amnë`m eoOmarb amï´>m§_Üò H$m` KS>Vo Amho ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho. hŠH$ Am{U
H$V©ìò `m§À`mVrb nañnag§~§Y bjmV KoVm H$m`Xm Ago åhUVmo H$s, _mZdmMo Xþï> d ñdmWu hoVy gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmK, h[aU, hÎmr qH$dm AÝ` H$moUË`mhr àmÊ`mMr hË`m H$ê$ Zò, H$maU `m gd© àmÊ`m§Zmhr
_mabo Z OmÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho. åhUOoM hŠH$ ho ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yhmgmR>r AgVmVM Vo BVa ì`ŠVr qH$dm
g_yhm§À`m hŠH$m§er g§~§YrV AgVmV.
darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV.
H$V©ì`m{edm` hŠH$m§Mm {dMmahr H$aVm òV Zmhr. Amnë`m hŠH$m§{df`r OmJê$H$ AgVmZm Amnbo
Xþgè`mà§Vr H$mhr H$V©ìò AmhVo ho AnmU bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo. OoUoH$ê$Z BVam§À`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Zm YmoH$m
nmohmoMUma Zmhr. Amnë`m _mZ{gH$, emar[aH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ JaOm AgVmV. _mZdr hŠH$ hr
EH$ g_J« g§H$ënZm AgyZ Vr doJdoJiçm nmVirda g_OyZ KoVm òVo. H$moUË`mhr OmV, Y_©, qbJ,
amï´>r`Ëd Agboë`m ì`ŠVrg ho hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmV.
H$mhr g_mOemók H$V©ì` `m g§H$ënZogmR>r n`m©`r g§km åhUyZ "^y{_H$m' `m g§koMm dmna H$aVmV.
H$V©ìò qH$dm ^y{_H$m `m§Mm g§~Y XOm©er d Ë`m A§VJ©V òUmè`m {d{dY nXmer g§~§{YV Amho.
g_mOemókm§À`m _Vo, ""àËòH$ nXmMo H$mhr hŠH$ AgVmV. VgoM Ë`m nXmer g§~§{YV H$V©ìò XoIrb
AgVmV. `m Ñï>rZo {dMma H$aVm g_mOê$nr ZmÊ`mÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò `m XmoZ ~mOy AgyZ
Ë`mMo ZmVo AVwQ> Amho. {OWo {OWo hŠH$ AmhoV. {VWo {VWo H$V©ìò òVmVM. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV Á`mà_mUo
_mZdr hŠH$mg§~§Yr g{dñVa _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo H$V©ì`mg§~§Yr XoIrb g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$bo
Amho. `m{edm` H$V©ì`mMo àH$ma H$V©ì` Am{U O~m~Xmar `mVrb \$aH$, amÁ`mMr H$V©ìò, ì`ŠVtMr
H$V©ìò, g_mOmda H$V©ì`m§Mm hmoUmam n[aUm_ EH$ _yë` åhUyZ H$V©ì`mMo _hÎd BË`mXr {df`m§da `m ^mJmV
AmnU g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUma AmhmoV.
gd© gmYmaUnUo O~m~Xmar Am{U H$V©ìò `m g§km AmnU g_mZmWu dmnaVmo. na§Vy `m XmoZ g§km§_Üò
ôX Amho. EM. Eb. E. hmQ>© (H. L. A. Hart) `m§À`m _VmZwgma H$V©ìò Am{U O~m~Xmar `m g§km§Mm AW©
EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJim Amho. H$mhr doiobm hŠH$ ho H$moUË`mhr O~m~Xmè`m A§Jmda AmoTy>Z KoVë`m{edm`
ApñVËdmV AgVmV. na§Vy H$V©ì`m§Mm CX` _mÌ ñWmZ, XOm© Am{U ^y{_H$m `m§À`mVyZ hmoVmo. EM. nr.
\o$AaMmBëS> `m§Zr H$V©ìò `m eãXmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rb à_mUo Ho$br Amho. ""ñWmZ, XOm©, ì`dgm`, `mÛmao
qH$dm H$mhr JQ>m§Mo g^mgXËd ñdrH$maëm_wio EImÚm ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z hmoUmao dV©Z åhUOo H$V©ì` hmo`. AWm©VM
ho dV©Z g_mOmÀ`m Z¡{VH$ {Z`_m§Zm AZwgê$Z Agbo nm{hOo. H$V©ì`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ì`m»`m§Mm EH${ÌV {dMma
H$aVm H$V©ì`mMm CX` hm ì`ŠVrMo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ, {VMm g_mOmVrb XOm© d {VMr g_mOmVrb ^y{_H$m
`mVyZ hmoVmo. H$V©ì`m§Mm g§~§Y Zoh_r hŠH$mer AgVmo. `mCbQ> O~m~Xmè`m§Mm g§~§Y hŠH$m§er OmoS>Vm òV
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Zmhr. H$mhr O~m~Xmè`m hŠH$m§{edm`hr nma nmS>Vm òVmV. Am{U Ë`mVyZ H$mhr {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo, H$V©ìò
Am{U O~m~Xmè`m `m§À`mV H$moUË`mhr H$mir H$moUVoM gmYå`© Zmhr. hŠH$m§À`m ì`dhmamMm g§X^© OmoS>VmZm
hŠH$ ho H$V©ì`mbm n`m©`r eãX åhUyZ dmnaÊ`mV òVmo. Ago Agbo Var H$V©ì` ho O~m~Xmar `m
g§H$ënZoer g§~§{YV Amho. JaOm§À`m nyV©VoÀ`m à{H«$òVyZ "H$V©ì`' hr g§H$ënZm CX`mbm Ambr. H$V©ì`m§Mm
CX` hm AZoH$ _mJm©Zr d {d{dY gmYZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Pmbm Amho. H$V©ì`mV Z¡{VH$ H$V©ìò, H$m`Xoera
H$V©ìò, nmbH$m§Mr H$V©ìò, g_mOmMr H$V©ìò Am{U ZmJar H$V©ìò BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
g_mOemómV H$V©ìò g§koMr n`m©`r g§km åhUOo ^y{_H$m (Role) hr hmo`. H$moUË`m ì`ŠVtZr H$moUË`m
^y{_H$m nma nmS>md`mÀ`m `mMo {ZYm©aU g_mOmÀ`m à_mUH$mZwgma hmoVo. g_mOemók `m g§X^m©V VrZ
g§H$ënZm dmnaVmV (1) ñWmZ, (2) XOm©, (3) ^y{_H$m. nmg©Ýg `m§À`m _Vo, ""ñWmZ énr ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ
~mOy åhUOo XOm© Am{U ^y{_H$m, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$V©ì` `m g§H$ënZog§~§Yr H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m
VaVwXtMm g{dñVa C„oI n{hë`m àH$aUmV H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `m Ñï>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg _yb^yV
H$V©ì`m§Ûmao amï´>mMm {dH$mg gmYyZ ^maVmg EH$ g_W© d gmd©^m¡_ amï´> ~Z{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ZmJ[aH$m§daM
Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. Ë`m AWm©Zo AmnUmg amï´>{hVmg àmYmÝ` XoD$Z ^mfmdmX, àm§VdmX, OmVrdmX, Y_©dmX
`m§Mm Zme Ho$bm nm{hOo. Amnë`m `m H$V©ì`m§Mr OmUrd AmnUmg Pmbr d OmUrdnyd©H$ AmnU Amnë`m
H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ Ho$bo Va ^maV Iè`m AWm©Zo gmd©^m¡_ amï´> ~Zob. Ago Pmë`mg ^maVmg {dH${gV amï´>
~ZÊ`mnmgyZ H$moUr amoIy eH$Uma Zmhr.
B
{dídmÀ`m CËnÎmrMo Am{U _mZdr _wë`m§Mo g§X^© :
nm{e©`Z (BamU) gm_«mÁ`mZo g_«mQ> gmàgÀ`m amOdQ>r_Üò {¼ñVnyd© 6 ì`m eVH$mV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr
A^yVnyd© VÎdo àñVm{nV Ho$br. {¼ñVnyd© 539 _Üò amOmZo ~°{~bm°Zda {dO` {_i{dbm Am{U Amnë`m
{dO`mZ§Va Ë`mZo gmàg d¥Îm{MÎmr H$mT>br. Ago gZ 1879 _Üò emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo. AmO hr
d¥Îm{MÎmr _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm n{hbm XñVEodO åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. gm_«mÁ`mVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm AmnAmnë`m
Ym{_©H$ CnmgZm d na§naoMr OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mg amÁ`mZo nadmZJr XoÊ`mV òB©b Ago `m d¥Îm{MÎmr_Üò Kmo{fV
H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. `m d¥Îm{MÎmrZo Jwbm_{JarXoIrb Zï> Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m H$mir ~m§YH$m_o Jwbm_m§H$Sy>Z
H$ê$Z KoVbr OmV AgV. _mÌ Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm Ë`mZ§m {Xbm OmV Zgo. `m d¥Îm{MÎmrZwgma nm{e©`Z
amÁ`H$Ë`mªMo gd© amOdmS>o nJmar _Oyam§H$Sy>Z ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. Ym{_©H$ lÕm§Mo AZwgaU Am{U Jwbm_{JarMo
{Z_y©bZ `m XmoZ gwYmaUm ~IarVyZ à{Vq~{~V Pmboë`m {XgVmV. Ë`m_Üò Agm XoIrb C„oI AmT>iVmo
H$s, gmàgZo `hþXr Y_m©À`m AZw`m`m§Mr Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠVVm Ho$br Am{U Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ^y_rda nwÝhm
ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mg _w^m {Xbr. g_«mQ> AemoH$Zo {IñVnyd© 265 _Üò àmÊ`m§Mm g§hma H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mMo Xoh
{N>Þ{d{N>Þ hmoÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aUmao {eH$mar Ioi IoiUo d S>mJ XoUo `m àWm§da Ë`mZo ~§Xr AmUbr.
VgoM H¡$Úm§da XoIrb X`m XmI{dbr. Ë`mZ§m àËòH$ dfu EH$ {Xdg Vwé§Jm~mhoa OmÊ`mg namdZJr {Xbr.
gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§g {dÚmnrR>m§_Üò {dZm_yë` {ejU XoD$ Ho$bo. Ë`mZo Amnë`m àOog OmVnmV, Y_© qH$dm
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amOH$maU `m§Mm ôX^md Z H$aVm g_mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr. _mZd d ney `m XmoKm§gmR>r _mo\$V é½Umb`m§Mr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. g_«mQ> AemoH$mZo AqhgoMo nmbZ H$aUo. gd© n§W Am{U Y_mªMr g{hîUyVm amIUo, nmbH$m§À`m
AmkoMo nmbZ H$aUo. JwéOZm§Mm AmXa amIUo, {_Ìm§er _¡Ìr nyU© amhUo, ZmoH$adJm©g _mUwgH$sZo dmJ{dUo.
gdmªer ào_mZo dmJUo Aer _w»` VÎdo bmJy Ho$br. `m gwYmaUm g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m AmkmnÌm_Üò dU©Z
H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.
"_mZdr hŠH$' `m g§H$ënZoMm CX` 20 ì`m eVH$mV gw_mao 6 Xebj Á`y§Mr Or {ZK©yU hË`m Pmbr
Ë`mV gmnS>Vmo. Ë`mZ§Va g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmZo 1948 gmbr Am`mo{OV Ho$boë`m A{YdoeZmV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm
gmd©^m¡{_H$ Om{haZm_m à{gÕ H$ê$Z _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU, OVZ d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo EH$
nmD$b Q>mH$bo. _mZdr hŠH$ d Ë`mMo OVZ, g§ajU øm H$ënZm Oar 20 ì`m eVH$mV d {deofV: Xþgè`m
_hm`wÕmZ§Va gmH$ma Pmë`m Agë`m Var S>m°. C_oe M§Ð `m§À`m {dMmamZwgma _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm CJ_ d
{dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg hm ""_mZdr hŠH$'' `m J«§WmV g{dñVanUo _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho. `m J«§WmV Ë`m§Zr
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m CJ_m§À`m Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo VrZ H$mbI§S>mV {d^mOZ Ho$bo AgyZ Vo
Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) àmMrZ H$mbI§S>.
2) _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>.
3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>.
1) àmMrZ H$mbI§S> :
H$mhr {dÛmZ _mZdr hŠH$mMm emoY hm àmMrZ J«rH$ H$mbI§S>mV bmJë`mMo _mZVmV. Ë`mZwgma J«rH$
ZmQ>H$ "A°pÝQ>Jm°Z' `mV _mZdr hŠH$ ho Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ Agë`mMm C„oI gmnS>Vmo. `m{df`rMo ñnï>rH$aU
gm§JVmZm "A°pÝQ>Jm°Z' (ZmQ>H$mMr Zm{`H$m) Mm ^mD$ J«rH$ amÁ`mÀ`m {damoYr ~§S> H$aVmo d Ë`mV Vmo _mabm
OmVmo. amOm Ë`mÀ`m X\$Z{dYrda ~§Xr KmbVo. na§Vw A°pÝQ>Jm°Z hr amOmkoÀ`m {damoYmV OmD$Z ^mdmMo X\$Z
H$aVo. amOmkm _moS>ë`m~Ôb {Vbm AQ>H$ Ho$br AgVm, ñdV:À`m dV©ZmMo g_W©Z H$aVmZm Vr åhUVo H$s,
""_r An[adV©Zr`, A{b{IV Aem ñdJm©À`m H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ Ho$bo Amho. Á`m H$m`ÚmMo C„§KZ àË`j
amOmgwÕm H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.'' `mMm _{VVmW© Agm H$s, _Zwî` _oë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo X\$Z H$aUo hm Ë`mMm
Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ AgyZ amOmgwÕm Vmo ZmH$mê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$mbm§VamZo J«rH$ ZJaamÁ`mVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$mhr
_yb^yV hŠH$ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Vo Imbrbà_mUo i)
^mfU ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$.
ii)
H$m`Úmg_moa gd© g_mZ Agë`mMm hŠH$.
iii)
gdmªZm g_mZ AmXa Xe©{dÊ`mMm hŠH$.
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J«rH$ g§ñH¥$Vrà_mUo amo_Z g§ñH¥$Vrhr àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr AgyZ amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mV VoWrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$mhr
hŠH$ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. amo_Z H$m`Xm hm XmoZ dJm©V {d^mJbm Jobm Amho.
A) amo_Z ZmJar H$m`Xm.
~) naH$s` ZmJ[aH$m§Mm H$m`Xm.
2) _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S> :
_Ü``wJm_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr X¡dr VÎdmda nyZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H$mbmdYrV
{¼ñVr B©ída g§~§Yr nañnam§Mm à^md ñnîQ>nUo {XgyZ òVmo. g|Q> Wm°_g A°{¹$Zmg (1224 Vo 1274) Mr
_Vo hr Zì`m {gÕm§VmMr àm{V{ZYrH$ _Vo hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma, g_mOmÀ`m {hVmgh ñdmYrZ Ho$boë`m
g_mB©H$ \$m`Úmg§~§YrMo AmXoe åhUOo H$m`Xm hmo`. H$m`ÚmÛmao {hV gmYbo Jobo nm{hOo Am{U Ë`mMo
AZwgaU Ho$bo nm{hOo. Am{U dmB©Q> Jmoï>r Q>mië`m Joë`m nm{hOoV. hm H$m`ÚmMm àmW{_H$ hoVy Amho.
Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m gd© {Z`_m§Mm hm nm`m Amho.
Am°{¹$ZmgÀ`m _Vo H$m`Xm åhUOo hoVyer g§~§{YV _mZdr dV©UwH$sMm {Z`_ Am{U AmXe© hmo`. Ë`m§À`m
_Vo, g§nyU© {dídmda H$m`ÚmÀ`m MVw:gyÌrMr gÎmm MmbVo. Ë`m_Üò emídV H$m`Xm, Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Xm,
_mZdr H$m`Xm Am{U X¡dr H$m`Xm `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. emídV H$m`Xm X¡dr hoVy Xe©{dVmo. g§nyU© {dídmMr
{Z{_©Vr hr X¡dr H¥$Vr Amho. `m X¡dr H$m`ÚmMm AW© g_OmdyZ KodyZ Am{U Ë`m_Üò gh^mJ KoD$Z _mZdr
H$maU_r_m§gmË_H$ j_VoVyZ Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`ÚmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. g_mO_Üò _mZdr dV©UyH$sda {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmZo V`ma Ho$bobo H$m`Xo åhUOo _mZdr H$m`Xo hmo`. X¡dr H$m`Xo åhUOo B©ídar BÀN>oMm
Am{U M_ËH$mamVyZ _mZdmer g§nH©$ gmYyZ XoÊ`mV Ambobm X¡dr AmXoe hmo`. Am°{¹$Zmg Am{U AÝ` {¼ñVr
_mZdd§e emókm§Zr Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Amho H$s, X¡dr H$m`Xm hm AÝ` H$m`Úmnojm loð> Amho. X¡dr
H$m`ÚmMr MM©À`m g§ñWo_m\©$V bmoH$m§Zm OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambr. åhUyZ MM}Mo ñWmZ ho amÁ`mnojm
A{YH$ loð> Amho.
{¼ñVr doXm§VdmXr g|Q> Am°JñQ>Z `m§Zr ~m`~b _Yrb _OHy$amÀ`m AmYmamda ImOJr _mb_ÎmoÀ`m
hŠH$m~m~VÀ`m g_ñò{df`r {b{hbobo Amho. Ë`mZo `m g_ñòbm Jar~r Am{U ^wHo$Mr OmoS> {Xbobr Amho.
Vmo åhUVmo H$s, Aëng§»`m lr_§Vm§Mr A{YH$ g§nÎmr {_i{dÊ`mMr A{^bmfm Am{U OmñVrV OmñV
_mb_Îmoda Ë`m§Mo Agbobo dM©ñd ho _mZdr g_ñòMo _yi Amho. `mdê$Z AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s,
lr_§V AgUo hr g_ñ`m Zmhr. Va lr_§V ~ZÊ`mMr A{^bmfm AgUo hr Iar g_ñ`m Amho. Ðì`bmo^, hmd
Am{U g§nÎmrMr bmbgm YaUo hr Iar AS>MU Amho. ^m¡{VH$ ñdmWm©_wio _mUyg Xodmbm {dgaVmo Am{U
Jar~m§H$S>o Xþb©j H$aVmo. åhUyZ Vmo Agm `wŠVrdmX H$aVmo H$s, àËòH$mg _`m©{XV _mb_ÎmoMo hŠH$ AgVmV
Am{U Aer _mb_Îmm {Z_m©U H$aUo ho amÁ`mMo H$V©ì` Amho.
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3) AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S> :
n{hë`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m g_mßVrZ§Va _Ü`_ nmVirda _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo gmd©^m¡{_H$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ
ìhg}ëgÀ`m H$amaZmgma Pmbo hmoVo. nU Vo èñdr hmoD$ eH$bo ZmhrV. Ë`m doiMr gwgä` Am{U gwg§ñH¥$V
OJmMr Ý`m{`H$ gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wÕr hr _moR>çm à_mUmV amÁ`mÛmao Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m qhgmMmam{déÕ
ì`ŠVrÀ`m hŠH$m§Mo OVZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~mOyMr hmoVr. {dÛmZm§Zm `m Jmoï>rMr gVV OmUrd hmoVr H$s,
ì`ŠVrÀ`m hŠH$m§Mo OVZ H$ê$Z ì`ŠVrMo {VÀ`m ñdV:À`mM amÁ`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`m{déÕ g§ajU
Ho$bo nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Xm g§ñWoÀ`m g^mgXm§Zr _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo OVZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr
Cnm` gyM{dÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm. `m g§ñWoMo g^mgX `wamon, A_o[aH$m Am{U A{e`m I§S>mVrb {d{dY amï´>m§V
{dIwabobobo hmoVo. hr g§ñWm _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr OVZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~mOyMr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr àËòH$ amï´>mÀ`m ghm
H$b_r H$m`©H«$_mMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. hr ghm H$b_o Imbrbà_mUo 1) àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo OrdZ, ñdmV§Í` Am{U _mb_Îmm `m g§X^m©Vrb g_mZ hŠH$mg _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV
òB©b. VgoM amÁ`mÀ`m ^yàXoem§VJ©V amï´>r`Vm, qbJ, d§e, ^mfm qH$dm Y_© `m§V ôX Z H$aVm gd©
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m g_mZ hŠH$m§Mo OVZ Ho$bo OmB©b.
2) àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U ImOJr joÌmVrb _wŠV lÕm, Y_© Am{U {dídmg `mZwgma
Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m AmMaUmg _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV òB©b; VgoM g§~§{YV AmMaU ho gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dñWm Am{U
Mm§Jbr Zr{VVÎdo `m§Zm {dg§JV Agy ZòV.
3) àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mÀ`m AmdS>rMr ^mfm dmnaÊ`mMm Am{U Ë`m ^mfoMo {ejU XoÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma _mÝ` Ho$bm OmB©b.
4) H$moUË`mhr amï´>mÀ`m ZmJ[aH$m-ZmJ[aH$m§_Üò àË`j qH$dm AàË`j ñdê$nmV, gmd©O{ZH$ qH$dm
ImOJr {R>H$mUr qbJ, d§e, ^mfm qH$dm Y_© `m AmYmao ôX Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamg _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV
òB©b. Ë`mMà_mUo amÁ`m§Zmhr Ago hŠH$ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV òVrb H$s, Vo Ë`m§À`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ImgJr qH$dm
gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr, gmd©O{ZH$ {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoe XoÊ`mg, {d{dY Am{W©H$
H$m`©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mg, {d{dY ì`dgm` d CÚmoJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoD$ eH$Vo.
5) amï´>mVrb OZVoV g_mZVoMm {dMma H$aVmZm hr g_mZVm ZmdmnwaVrM AgVm Cn`moJr Zmhr. Va Vr
n[aUm_H$maH$ Agbr nm{hOo, `m {dMmamg _mÝ`V XoÊ`mV òB©b. `mV àË`j d AàË`j Aem XmoÝhrhr
ñdê$nmÀ`m {dôXrH$aUmMm A§Va^md hmoVmo.
6) ñdV:À`m gd©gm_mÝ` H$m`Úm§À`m AmYmam{edm`, H$moUË`mhr amï´>mbm qbJ, d§e, ^mfm d Y_©
`mÛmao àmßV Pmbobo ZmJ[aH$m§Mo amï´>r`ËdmMo hŠH$ H$mTy>Z KoVm òUma ZmhrV. `m {dMmamg _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV
òB©b. VgoM `m Om{haZmå`mV Á`m Á`m ~m~tMr ImÌr XoÊ`mMm {dMma ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho
Ë`mnmgyZ H$moUmghr d§{MV H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
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OmJ{VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m `m Om{haZmå`mV AË`§V YrQ>nUo, {Zg§{X½YnUo _mZdr hŠH$ à{VnmXZ H$aVmZm
Ago åhQ>bo Jobo H$s, amÁ`mZo Ë`m§À`m ZmJ[aH$m§_Üò amï´>r`Ëd, qbJ, ^mfm Am{U Y_© `m AmYmamda ôX
H$ê$ Zò, VgoM gdmªZm OrdZ OJÊ`mMm ñdmV§Í`mMm, _mb_Îmm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMm g_mZ hŠH$ àXmZ
H$aVmZm `m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§~amo~aM AÝ` Xþæ`_ A{YH$mahr àXmZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
· _mZdr _yë` :
Amnë`m g_mOì`dñWoV H$mhr {d{eï> _mZdr _yë`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. Ogo g_Vm, ñdV§Í`, ~§YyVm,
Ý`m`, amï´>ào_, EH$mË_Vm, Á`mÀ`m AmYmao AmnU `m hŠH$m§Mm AmZ§X hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Amnë`m _yë`ì`dñVoMr
nmVir hr _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m VÎdm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrer WoQ> OmoS>bobr AgVo. Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV,
gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y, H$m_H$mOmÀ`m {R>H$mUMo g§~§Y, Amnë`m Ym{_©H$ g_OwVr Am{U AmnU Amnë`m
Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zm d ñdV:bm H$er dmJUyH$ XoVmo. BË`mXr_Üò AmnU _mZdr _yë`m§Mr OnUyH$ H$er H$aVmo ho
Vnmgmd`mMo Agob. Va AmnUmg ñdV:bm H$mhr àíZ {dMmamdo bmJVrb. AmnU nañnam§À`m hŠH$m§Mm
AmXa amIVmo H$m? AmnU EH$_oH$m§Mm gÝ_mZmZo OJÊ`mMm hŠH$ _mÝ` H$aVmo H$m? amoOÀ`m OrdZmV
g_Vm, Ý`m` Am{U em§VVm `m VÎdm§Zm AmnU MmbZm XoVmo H$m ? Amnë`m Am`wî`mV Amboë`m _mUgm§Mm
AmnU AmXa H$aVmo H$m? Ë`mMr H$miOr KoVmo H$m? AmnU EH$m g_mOg§ñWoMm ^mJ Agë`m_wio BVa gd©
_mUgm§Zm AmXanyd©H$ dmJ{dbo nm{hOo åhUyZ à`ËZerb AgVmo H$m ? `m gd© àíZm§Mr àm_m{UH$ CÎmao
{_imbr Va `mVyZ _yë` ì`dñWm Am{U _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr àË`j pñWVr `m_Yrb g§~§Y ñnï> hmoB©b.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -1
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) {dgmdo eVH$ ho H$emMo eVH$ _mZbo OmV Ago?
2) H$V©ì`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb hŠH$m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$moUr Ho$br ?
3) H$V©ì`m§Mo H$moUH$moUVo àH$ma AmhoV.
4) g_mOemómV H$V©ìò g§koMr n`m©`r g§km H$moUVr ?
5) _Ü``wJm_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr H$moUË`m VÎdmda nyZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
·
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àeZ - 2
nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
1) ì`ŠVr d g_mOmÀ`m g§nyU© {dH$mgmMr, H$ë`mUmMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda AgVo.
2) Xþ~b
© ì`ŠVrMo emofU Am{U AË`mMmamnmgyZ gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU àemgZmH$Sy>Z
à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV.
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3) _mZdr hŠH$ åhUOo Ago hŠH$ Oo _mUgm§nmgyZ doJio H$aVm òVmV.
4) nm{e©`Z gm_«mÁ`mZo g_«mQ> gmàgÀ`m amOdQ>r_Üò {¼ñVnyd© 5 ì`m eVH$mV _mdr hŠH$m§Mr
VÎdo àñWm{nV Ho$br.
5) g_Vm Am{U à{Vð>m hr _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr _yb^yV VÎdo AmhoV.
CÎmao : ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -1 Mo CÎma
·
1) H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMo
2) gmb_§S>
4) ^y{_H$m
5) X¡dr
3) H$m`Xoera Am{U Z¡{VH$
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 Mo CÎma
1) ~amo~a,
2) ~amo~a,
3) MyH$
4) MyH$
5) ~amo~a
H$) g_H$mbrZ ^maVmVrb _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò : H$m`Xm, amOH$s` Am{U g_mO :
^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrVrb doX-nwamUm§_YyZ Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m Y_©, AW©, H$m_ Am{U _mojmÀ`m
VÎdm§Mm _mZdm{YH$mam§er OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. `m _yë`m§_Üò A{Ve` ì`mnH$ AW© gm_mdbobm Amho.
doX-nwamUm§_YyZ ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ _mZÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ `m _wë`m§Mr ì`ŠVr OrdZmMo C{Ôï>
_mZÊ`mV Ambo Amho. hr _yëò ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO{dH$mgmMm AmYma hmoVr. gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s`
ñW¡`© `m _yë`m§da AmYmabobm {dH$mg hmoVm. amÁ`H$ma^mamMr VÎdo Y_m©_Üò Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr _yëò
AW©ì`dñWo_Üò Va g_mYmZr ^m¡{VH$ OrdZmMr VÎdo H$m_m_Üò gm_mdbobr hmoVr. AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ CÞVrMm
hm _mJ© hmoVm. _moj åhUOo Ho$di OÝ_-_¥Ë`yÀ`m MH«$mnmgyZ _wŠVVm EdT>mM _`m©{XV AW© doX-nwamUm§_Üò
Ano{jV ZìhVm. AkmZ Am{U gd© àH$maÀ`m Xm[aÐçmnmgyZ _wŠVVm ho _mojmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo Am{U hoM
_mZdm{YH$mamMo XoIrb _wb^yV C{Ôï> Amho. AW©, H$m_, _mojmMr àmßVr ì`ŠVrbm ìhmdr `mgmR>r H$mhr
_yb^yV A{YH$ma, gw{dYm ì`ŠVrbm àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
18 ì`m eVH$mV _mZdmMo hŠH$ `m g§H$ënZogmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ `m eãXmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV
hmoVm. H$maU àË`jdmXr qH$dm gH$mamË_H$ H$m`Úmnojm _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ApñVËd ñdV§Ì Amho. g_H$mbrZ
g_mOmV 18 ì`m eVH$mV dmnaboë`m "_mUgmMo hŠH$' `m g§H$ënZoEodOr "_mZdr hŠH$' hr g§H$ënZm
dmnaÊ`mV Ambr. Or g§H$ënZm g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m 1948 À`m _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m OmhraZm_m `mV
Cn`moJmV AmUbr hmoVr.
1948 gmbÀ`m g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m OmhraZmå`m_Üò Agm ñnï> C„oI Ho$bm Amho H$s, OÝ_V:M gd©
_mZd _wŠV Am{U g_mZ AgVmV Vo Ë`m§À`m à{Vð>o_wio d hŠH$m§_wio. _mZdmbm {M{H$ËgH$ d
gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕrMr XoUJr àmßV Pmbobr Agë`m_wio _Zwî`mZo nañnam§er ~§Yw^mdmZo dmJmdo. VgoM
ñdmV§Í`, g_mZVm d à{Vð>m ho _mZdmbm àmßV hmoUmao OÝ_OmV hŠH$ AmhoV. åhUyZ Vo Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ Xÿa
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H$aVm òV ZmhrV. _Zwî`mOdi Vm{H©$H$ d Z¡{VH$ j_Vm Agë`m_wio n¥Ïdrdarb BVa àmÊ`m§nmgyZ Vmo
doJim Amho, åhUyZ _Zwî`mbm H$mhr hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í` àXmZ H$aUo AË`mdí`H$ Amho. Oo AÝ` àmÊ`m§Zm
àmßV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
^maVmVrb 1993 gmbÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$ g§ajU H$m`ÚmZwgma _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo
Ho$br Amho. ""_mZdr hŠH$ åhUOo Ago hŠH$ H$s Oo _mZdr OrdZ, _mZdr ñdmV§Í`, _mZdr g_mZVm d
_mZdr à{Vð>m `m§À`mer g§~§{YV AgVmV.'' ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ë`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMr ZwgVrM
ImÌr {Xbr Zmhr Va Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe Am§Vaamï´>r` H$amamZwgma, ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoV H$ê$Z Ë`mMr
A§_b~OmdUr ^maVmVrb Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o gmon{dbr Amho.
_mZdr hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. H$V©ì`m§_YyZ amï´>mMm {dH$mg
gmYyZ ^maVmg EH$ g_W© d gmd©^m¡_ amï´> ~Z{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ZmJ[aH$m§daM Amho. Ë`m_wio AmnU
Ooìhm amîQ´>{hVmg àmYmÝ` XoVmo. Voìhm ^mfmdmX, àm§VdmX, OmVrdmX, Y_©dmX `m§Mm Zme Ho$bm nm{hOo.
Amnë`m `m H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd AmnUmg Pmbr d OmUrdnyd©H$ AmnU Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ Ho$bo Va
^maV Iè`m AWm©Zo gmd©^m¡_ amï´> ~Zbo.
· hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì` `m§Mm g§~§Y :
gm_m{OH$ g§X^m©{edm` hŠH$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm òV Zmhr.`mMm AW© Agm H$s, hŠH$ hr EH$
gm_m{OH$ H$ënZm AgyZ _mZd Á`m g_mOmV amhVmo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m ~m~VrV Ë`mbm H$mhr H$V©ì`m§Mo nmbZ
H$amdo bmJVo. ñdV:À`m hŠH$m§Mo nmbZ H$aVmZm BVam§À`m hŠH$m§À`m Cn^moJmda JXm òUma Zmhr `mMr
XjVm àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm ¿`mdr bmJVo, Vo Ë`mMo H$V©ì` R>aVo. Á`m g_mOmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ ì`ŠVr OrdZ
OJV AgVo. Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m {damoYr dmJÊ`mMm ì`ŠVrbm hŠH$ ZgVmo. g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z
g_mO H$mhr Anojm H$arV AgVmo. `m Anojm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo åhUOoM H$V©ì` ~OmdUo hmo`. H$V©ì` nma
nmS>ë`mZ§VaM hŠH$m§Mr _mJUr H$aÊ`mMm Z¡{VH$ hŠH$ ì`ŠVrbm àmßV hmoVmo. Ho$di hŠH$m§Mr OnUyH$
H$ê$Z H$V©ì`mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë`mg g_mOOrdZmMm {dH$mg gmYVm òUma Zmhr. CbQ>njr H$V©ì`mMr H$mg
YaVmZm hŠH$m§H$S>o Xþb©j Pmë`mg qH$dm Ho$ë`mg ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
g§{dYmZmVrb 19 ì`m H$b_mVrb ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ë`m C„o{Iboë`m `mo½`
{Z~ªYmMo nmbZ H$aUo ho ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m~amo~a òUmao H$V©ì` R>aoV. CXm. _r amï´>mÀ`m gmd©^m¡_Ëdmg
Am{U àmXo{eH$ AI§S>Ëdmg ~mYm òB©b Ago dV©Z H$aUma Zmhr. gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ` d Zr{V_Îmm {~KS>ob
Ago dmJUma Zmhr. Ý`m`mb`mMr ~oAX~r qH$dm ~XZm_r H$aUma Zmhr. qhgmMmamg àmoËgmhZ XoUma Zmhr.
H$maU Vr _mPr H$V©ìò AmhoV. qH$dm H$V©ìò R>aVmV. VgoM Añn¥í`VoMo nmbZ Z H$aUo, Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr
{nidUyH$ Z H$aUo, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$, dm§{eH$ H$maUmdê$Z ôXmôX Z H$aUo d gdmªZm
g_mZVoMr dmJUyH$ XoUo B. ~m~r _mPr H$V©ìò R>aVmV.
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^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ Amnë`m hŠH$m§~m~V {OVH$m OmJ¥V Amho. {VVH$m H$V©ì`m~m~V Zmhr. amÁ`mH$Sy>Z
Amnë`m H$mhr Anojm AmhoV, Ë`m nyU© H$aÊ`mMm AmJ«h YaVmZm emgZmÀ`mhr Amnë`mH$Sy>Z H$mhr Anojm
AmhoV. åhUOoM amï´>mÀ`m ~m~VrV Amnbrhr H$mhr H$V©ìò AmhoV. ho Vmo gmo`rñH$a {dgaVmo Amho. ho XoemMo
XþX£d hmo`. bmoH$emhrV ZmJ[aH$m§_Üò ñd`§{eñV Ano{jV Amho; na§Vw Vr {eñV A§Jr Z ~mUë`m_wio
amÁ`mbm àË`hr H$m`ÚmÀ`m X§S>eŠVrMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. H$mhr KQ>ZmVÁkm§À`m _Vo, ""XoemÀ`m qH$dm
amï´>mÀ`m gdmªJrU àJ{VgmR>r Aer X§S>eŠVr An[ahm`© qH$dm AË`mdí`H$ R>aVo. hŠH$m§~amo~a Amnbr H$mhr
H$V©ìò _hÎdmMr AmhoV. `mMrhr OmUrd ZmJ[aH$mg H$ê$Z XoUo hmM `m H$V©ì`m§Mm g§{dYmZm_Üò C„oI
H$aÊ`m_mJrb CÔoe Agmdm qH$dm Amho. hŠH$m§~m~VMm EH$V\$s© AmJ«h H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Ë`m Ñï>rZo
_yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm C„oI JaOoMm dmQ>Vmo. qH$~hÿZm Vmo ñdmJVmh© Amho.
g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ooìhm AmnU H$V©ìò `m g§H$ënZoMm {dMma H$aVmo Ë`mdoir g_mOemókm§Zr
H$V©ì` `m g§H$ënZoMm {dMma H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mOemókm§Zr H$V©ì` `m g§H$ënZoMm dmna H$aÊ`mEodOr
n`m©`r g§km åhUyZ O~m~Xmar Am{U ^y{_H$m `m g§km§Mm dmna Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo. g_mOemók Ago
_mZVmV H$s, g_mOmV àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo ñdV:Mo Ago ñdV§Ì ñWmZ AgVo. H$mhr g_mOemókm§À`m _Vo,
ì`ŠVrMo ho Oo g_mOmVrb {d{eï> ñWmZ Amho Ë`mg XOm© åhUVmV. AÝ` H$mhr g_mOemók _mÌ "ñWmZ'
`m g§H$ënZoMo ApñVËd _mÝ` H$aVmV. ^y{_H$m `m g§H$ënZoda ^mî` H$aVmZm A_o[aHo$Vrb à{gÕ
g_mOemók àm. h°ar Om°ÝgZ Ago åhUVmV H$s, ì`ŠVr {VMo ~aoMgo OrdZ H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m
gm_m{OH$ JQ>mV ì`{VV H$aVo. g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m AZoH$ JaOm AgVmV. Ë`m JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r
ì`ŠVrbm {d{dY JQ>mMo g^mgX ~Zmdo bmJVo. Ë`m Ë`m JQ>mV {Vbm {d{eï> XOm© àmßV Pmbobm AgVmo.
Ë`m XOm©Zwgma ì`ŠVrbm Á`m {d{dY ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV Ë`mg H$V©ìò `m g§koZo g§~moYbo OmVo.
g_mOemómVrb XOm© Am{U ^y{_H$m `m§Mm hŠH$ d H$V©ìò `m§À`mer g§~§Y OmoS>VmZm EH$ Jmoï> bjmV
R>odUo JaOoMo Amho, Vo åhUOo XOm©Mm g§~§Y hm Zoh_r hŠH$m§er òVmo, Va ^y{_H$m§Mm g§~§Y hm Zoh_r
H$V©ì`m§er òVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOemók `m Jmoï>tMmhr ñdrH$ma H$aVmV H$s EH$mMm hŠH$ hr Xÿgè`m§Mr
H$V©ìò R>aVmV. Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb H$mhr CXmhaUo Imbrbà_mUo 1) _mVm{nË`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m AnË`m§Mo g§JmonZ, g§ajU d g_m{OH$aU H$aUo hm _wbmMm hŠH$ Amho.
Va Ë`m _mo~Xë`mV d¥ÕmnH$mir d¥Õ _mVm{nË`m§À`m Amamo½`mMr H$miOr KoUo, Ë`m§Zm g§ajU XoUo ho _wbmMo
H$V©ì` Amho.
2) Amnë`m nVrH$Sy>Z Amnë`m gd© àH$maÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$adyZ KoUo hm nËZrMm hŠH$ Amho.
Va Ë`m _mo~Xë`mV AnË`m§Mo g§JmonZ - g§ajU H$aUo, KamVrb gd© J¥hH¥$Ëò nma nmS>Uo hr nËZrMr H$V©ìò
AmhoV.
3) {dÚmÏ`mªZm `mo½` Ë`m {df`mMo `Wm`moJ` kmZ {_iUo hm {dÚmÏ`mªMm hŠH$ Amho, Va Ë`m
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_mo~Xë`mV àm_m{UH$nUo gImob Aä`mg H$ê$Z narjoV Mm§Jbo è {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo ho
{dÚmÏ`mªMo H$V©ì` Amho.
4) OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gw{dYm CnbãY H$adyZ KoUo hm ZmJ[aH$m§Mm hŠH$ Amho, Va
Ë`m gw{dYm nwa{dUo ho amï´>mMo H$V©ì` Amho.
5) bmoH$emhrV `mo½` gaH$ma {ZdSy>Z XoÊ`mgmR>r _VXmZ H$aUo hm àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Mm hŠH$ AgyZ
àË`j _VXmZ H$aUo ho ì`ŠVrMo H$V©ì` Amho.
6) {ó`m§Zm nwéfm§BVH$m g_mZ XOm© àmßV hmoUo hm {ó`m§Mm hŠH$ hmo` d àË`jmV hm g_mZ XOm©
XoÊ`mMr H$m`ÚmV `mo½` Vr VaVyX H$aUo ho gaH$maMo H$V©ì` Amho.
7) g_mZVm, ñdmV§Í` d ~§YwVm hm OJmVrb àËòH$ ZmJarH$m§Mm hŠH$ AgyZ Vem àH$maMr
H$m`ÚmV `mo½` Vr VaVyX H$aUo ho g§~§YrV emgZmMo H$V©ì` Amho.
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr ì`mßVr _moR>r Amho. `mV EH$sH$S>o nma§nm[aH$ hŠH$ amOH$s` hŠH$, H$m`Xoera hŠH$
Va XÿgarH$S>o Zì`mZo {dH${gV Pmboë`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ `m hŠH$m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m
KQ>H$m§_Üò H$m`Xoera, amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ hŠH$ Ago doJdoJio H$aVm òV Zmhr. _mZdr g_yhmV ho
gd© KQ>H$ g_m{dï> Agë`mZo hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ìò `m Ñï>rZo Ë`m§Mm doJim-doJim {dMma H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
H$m`Xm : _mZdr hŠH$m§_Yrb H$m`ÚmÀ`m nmVirdê$Z _yë`_mnZ Ho$ë`mg ñWm{ZH$, amï´>r` d Am§Va
amï´>r` Ago VrZ ñVa AmhoV. g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmZo AZoH$ _mZdr hŠH$ H$amaZm_o d H$ama. _VXmam§À`m ê$nmZo
eãX~Õ Ho$bobo AmhoV. ho gd© hŠH$ g^mgX XoemH$Sy>Z _mÝ` H$ê$Z gw{Z[íMV Ho$bobo AmhoV. AÝ`
~m~VrV Ë`m Ë`m Xoem§Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm hrM _mZdr hŠH$m§{df`H$ VÎdmMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aV AgVo. Ë`m
VÎdm§M A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma H$m`Xo V`ma H$aVo. _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`Xo AgUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU H$mhr bmoH$ qH$dm g§ñWm Á`m BVam§Zm XþImdV, {Z^©ËgZm H$arV Ë`m§À`m
hŠH$m§da JXm AmUVmV. Ë`m§À`m hŠH$m§Zm ZmH$maVmV Aem§Zm {ejm PmbrM nm{hOo Am{U ho gd© eŠ` Amho
Vo H$m`ÚmÀ`m AmYmaoM nwîH$iXm `m H$m`Úm§Mr VmH$X hr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m _yë`m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo,
Ë`mM à_mUo bmoH$m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ñVamdahr Adb§~yZ AgVo. Aem Vèh|Zr _mZdr hŠH$ ho _yë`,
gm_m{OH$, amOH$maU d H$m`Xm `m VrZ ñVamda nañnanyaH$ Aem nÕVrZo EH$mM doir H$m`©aV AgVmV.
H$m`ÚmÀ`m _XVrZo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm amOH$s` X~mdmer gm_Zm H$amdm bmJVmo,
Á`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mm H$m`Úmdê$Z {dídmg CSy> bmJbm Amho, Ago {MÌ AmT>iVo.
amOH$maU : bmoH$memhr emgZì`dñWoV Amnë`m hŠH$m§da JXm Amë`mg qH$~hÿZm _mZdr hŠH$
ZmH$mabo Joë`mg bmoH$ gm_y{hH$[aË`m gaH$mar Üò`-YmoaUm§Zm {damoY H$arV R>m_nUo Cô amhÿ eH$VmV.
Cno{jV, d§{MV dJ©, g_yXm`mVrb bmoH$ EH$Ì òD$Z g§K{Q>V hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo _mZdr hŠH$ _mJy eH$VmV.
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~è`mMXm gaH$ma BVa amï´>m§da Amnbm à^md nmS>Ê`mgmR>r, ì`mnmar g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm
Am{W©H$ d BVa _XV H$aÊ`mAmYr _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm dmna H$aVo. _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo amOH$s` ñdê$n ho Amnë`m
gd©OU _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo H$emàH$mao g§dY©Z H$aVmo VoM eodQ>r _hÎdmMo Amho.
amOH$maU åhUOo emgH$ qH$dm amÁ` Mmb{dUmao gaH$ma. `m AWm©Zo XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§À`m hŠH$m§Mo
g§ajU H$aUo hr _w»`Ëdo emgZmMr O~m~Xmar Amho. XoemMo ZmJ[aH$ H$moUË`mhr AS>Wiçm§{edm` ho hŠH$
Cn^moJy eH$Vrb `mMr h_r XoUo ho emgZmMo H$V©ì` Amho. `mV Oa emgZ Aèñdr Pmbo Va Vo _mZdr
hŠH$m§Mo C„§KZ g_Obo OmVo. emgZ Am{U Ë`mMo à{V{ZYr, åhUOoM nmobrg, dZ A{YH$mar, emgH$s`
A{YH$mar qH$dm emgZmÀ`m dVrZo H$m_ H$aUmar H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr hr _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m ajUmgmR>r
O~m~Xma AgVo. _mZdr hŠH$ amï´>mH$S>o _mJVm òVmV. gd© emgH$s` `§ÌUm CXm. {dYr_§S>i,{Z`m_H$
_§S>i, Ý`m`g§ñWm, emgH$s` A{YH$mar, ñWm{ZH$ emgZ, ZJanm{bH$m, nmobrg BË`mXtZr OmJê$H$ amhÿZ
ì`ŠVtÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo. `m H$m_m_Üò Ý`m` ì`dñWoMr ^y{_H$m gdm©V _hÎdmMr
Amho. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo C„§KZ g_mOmÀ`m BVa gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z qH$dm emgZmÀ`m
à{V{ZYrH$Sy>Z Pmë`mg Ý`m` ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm Amnbo hŠH$ nwZ:àñWm{nV H$aVm òVmV.
g_mO : gm_m{OH$ nmVirdahr _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo ajU d nwañH$ma Pmbm nm{hOo. OmV qH$dm Y_m©da
AmYm[aV AZoH$ g_mOm§_Üò A_mZdr ê$T>r Am{U àWm AOyZhr nmië`m OmVmV. g_mOmMr hr O~m~Xmar
Amho H$s, Ë`m§Zr _mZdr hŠH$m§Zm g_¥Õ H$ê$Z g_mOm§VJ©V ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbm nm{hOo. ñdV:Mo hŠH$
OnVmZm g_mOm§Zr BVa g_yhmVrb bmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ hŠH$m§Mm AmXa amIbm nm{hOo. _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m
ajUmW© ~Zdboë`m H$m`Xoera VaVwXtMo nmbZ H$aUo ho g_mOmMo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdnyU© H$V©ì` Amho.
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU, g§dY©Z d nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY gm_m{OH$ JQ> V`ma H$aVm òVrb.
g_mOmMr Aer Anojm AgVo H$s, àËòH$mZo gVV nañna ghH$m`m©À`m ^mdZoZo H$m_ H$amdo.
OoUoH$ê$Z _mUgo g_mOmer EH$ê$n hmoD$ eH$Vrb d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`mV g_mOm~Ôb AmnbonUmMr ^mdZm
{Z_m©U hmoB©b. åhUyZM àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm {VÀ`m XoemMm ZmJ[aH$ AgÊ`mMm hŠH$ AgVmo. hm _mZdr hŠH$
Ë`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§n¡H$s Amho Omo ì`ŠVrbm XoemÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV amhÊ`mMm, VgoM d¡`pŠVH$,
gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoVmo. `m ~amo~aM
Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$amaZm_o Am{U H$m`Úm§_wio Vr ì`ŠVr OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV g§Mma H$ê$ eH$Vo. Am{U
Amnë`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm bm^ KoD$ eH$Vo.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) AkmZ Am{U gd© àH$maÀ`m Xm[aÐçmnmgyZ _wŠVVm ho H$emMo C{Ôï> hmoVo ?
2) 18 ì`m eVH$mV _mZdmMo hŠH$ `m g§H$ënZogmR>r H$moUË`m eãXm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV hmoVm?
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3) ^maVmV _mZdr hŠH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm H$moUË`m gmbr _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm?
4) A_o[aHo$Vrb à{gÕ g_mOemók H$moU hmoVo ?
5) g_mOemómVrb H$emMm g§~§Y hŠH$ d H$V©ìò `m§À`mer OmoS>bm OmVmo ?
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.
1) Á`m g_mOmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ ì`ŠVr OrdZ OJV AgVo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m {damoYr dmJÊ`mMm
ì`ŠVrbm hŠH$ ZgVmo.
2) _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr ì`mßVr _`m©{XV Amho.
3) nwîH$iXm H$m`Úm§Mr VmH$X hr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m _yë`m§da Adb§~yZ ZgVo.
4) _mZdr hŠH$ amï´>m§H$S>o _mJVm òVmV.
5) g_mOmMr Aer Anojm AgVo H$s, àËòH$mZo gVV nañna ghH$m`m©À`m ^mdZoZo H$m_ H$amdo.
·
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -1 Mo CÎma
A) 1) _mojmMo
2) àm. h°ar Om°ÝgZ
3) Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$
4) XOm© Am{U ^y{_H$m
5) 1993
·
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ -2 Mo CÎma
~) 1) ~amo~a
4) ~amo~a
2) MyH$
3) MyH$
5) ~amo~a
· g§X^© J§«W :
1) Hw$bH$Uu nr. Ho$., _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eZ, nwUo 2013.
2) nmQ>rb ìhr. ~r., _mZdr hŠH$, Ho$ gmJa npãbHo$eÝg, nwUo, 2009.
3) AJ«dmb EM². Amo., B§Q>aZ°eZb bm° A°ÊS> hçw_Z amB©Q>g², Xÿgar Amd¥Îmr, dm°qeJQ>Z, S>r.gr.
(1996)
4) _hmOZ ìhr. S>r. Á`y[agàwS>§g A°S> {bJb {WAar, nmMdr Amd¥Îmr, BñQ>Z© ~wH$ H§$nZr (1998)
5) M§Ðm `w., hçw_Z amB©Q>g², Ambmhm~mX bm° EOÝgr npãbHo$eZ (2005), ~mamdr Amd¥Îmr.
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6) Am§~oS>H$a ~r.Ama., ^maVmMo g§{dYmZ, gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr 2011, àH$meH$ S>m° Am§~oS>H$a gm{hË`
àMma _§S>i, g_Vm g¡{ZH$ Xb, {JS²>S>r IXmZ, ZmJnya.
7) S>moB©\$moS>o Á`moVr, ^maVr` g_mOmVrb à_wI Y_©, àH$meH$ - S>r. E_². ~§S>mio, H$ënZm
àH$meZ, {edmOr ZJa, Zm§XoS>, 1999.
8) boIH$ : ehm KZí`m_, AZwdmX : àm. `mo{JZr d|Jwb}H$a, gm_m{OH$ Midir Am{U gaH$ma,
S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eZ, nyUo. 2002
9) nmQ>rb ~r. ~r., MìhmU C{_©bm, ^maVr` amOH$s` {dMma, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, 2004
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 4
^maVmVrb _mZdr hŠH$-à_m{UV AmamIS>m Am{U A§_b~OmdUr
(Normative Framework and Enforcement of Human Rights in India)
AZwH«$_{UH$m …
4.1. àñVmdZm
4.2. C{ÔîQ>o
4.3. {df` {ddoMZ
4.3. A) 1. amÁ`KQ>ZoMr Mm¡H$Q> … _yb^yV h¸$ d H$V©ìò d Ë`mVrb Am§Vag§~§Y. (Constitutional
Framework : Fundamental Rights and Duties and their inter relationship)
4.3. A) 2. amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
(Directive Principles of state Policy)
4.3. A) 3. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
4.3. A) 4. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao
4.3. ~) _mZdr h¸$m§Zm H$m`Xoera g§ajU … {deof H$m`Xo
(Statutory Protection of Human
Rights : Special Laws)
4.3. ~) 1. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
4.3. ~) 2. ñd`§AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao
4.3. H$) _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ
(Human Rights Commissions)
4.3. H$) 1. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
4.3. H$) 2. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao
4.4. ñd`§AÜ`ZmgmR>r àíZ
4.5. gmam§e
4.6. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao
4…1 àñVmdZm :
^maVmVrb _mZdr h¸$m~m~VMr à_m{UV Mm¡H$Q> d A§_b~OmdUr `m§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm Vmo àm_w»`mZo
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E_.E. ^mJ-2 /g_mOemó ....1
^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm d {VÀ`m_Üò A§V^y©V _yb^yV h¸$ d H$V©ìò VgoM amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo `m§À`m
AZwf§JmZo hr à_m{UV Mm¡H$Q> Aä`mgmdr bmJVo. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m g_wXm g{_VrMo AÜ`j S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a d Ë`m§À`m _gwXm g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$bobr, 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 bm KQ>Zm g{_VrMo AÜ`j S>m°. amO|Ð
àgmX `m§Zr ñdmúar Ho$bobr d 26 OmZodmar 1950 bm A§_bmV Ambobr ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m
g§X^m©Vrb Ho$di ^maVM Zìho Va OJmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hËdmMm Agm XñVEdO Amho. H$maU A_o[aH$m d Am`©b§S>
`m Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZ§Va OJmV g_mZ H$m`Xm Agboë`m XoemVrb d Ý`m` hŠH$m§Mo {dYo`H$ A§V^y©V AgUmar
Ho$di {Vgar {b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm hmoVr.
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©VyZ amÁ` KQ>ZoMo _hËd AWdm à_m{UVVm KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mVyZM ñnîQ> hmoVo.
Ë`mM~amo~a KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 14 Vo 32 _Üò ñnîQ> Ho$bobo "_yb^yV A{YH$ma' d H$b_ 51 (H$) _Üò
gm§{JVbobr "_yb^yV H$V©ìò' VgoM H$b_ 36 Vo 51 _Üò ñnîQ> Ho$bobr "_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo' `mVyZ _mZdr
hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb ^maVmVrb KQ>ZmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> ñnîQ> hmoVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm `m KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`Úm~amo~aM _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r ^maVmV doimodoir
AZoH$ H$m`Xo nm[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a "amîQ´>r` _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJm'Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z
Ë`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hr ^maVmV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr OnUyH$ d g§dY©ZmMm à`ËZ hmoV Amho.
åhUyZM ^maVmVrb _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb à_m{UV Mm¡H$Q> d A_b~OmdUr `m§Mm Aä`mg
H$aVmZm `mg§X^m©VyZ KQ>ZmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> {VÀ`mVrb _yb^yV A{YH$ma, _yb^yV H$V©ìò Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrb
A§Vag§~Y VgoM amÁ`mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJob. Ë`mM ~amo~a _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m
g§ajUmgmR>rMo {deof H$m`Xo d _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>rÀ`m amîQ´>r` _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmMm
Aä`mg H$amdm bmJob.
4…2 C{ÔîQ>o
(Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhmg B
^maVr` amÁ`gKQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ> _yb^yV hŠH$ g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
B
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ> ZmJ[aH$m§Mr H$V©ìò OmUyZ KoVm òVrb.
B
_yb^yV hŠH$ d H$V©ìò `m§À`mVrb A§Vag§~§Y Aä`mgVm òVrb.
B
amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo nmhVm òVrb.
B
_mZdr hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>rMo {deof H$m`Xo Aä`mgVm òVrb.
B
^maVmVrb amîQ´>r` _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmMr aMZm d H$m`} Aä`mgVm òVrb.
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4…3 A.1 amÁ`KQ>ZoMr Mm¡H$Q> … _yb^yV h¸$ d H$V©ìò d Ë`mVrb Am§Vag§~§Y :
(Constitutional Framework : Fundamemta Rights and Duties and their inter
relationship)
A - _yb^yV hŠH$
(Fundamental Rights)
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m CÔoen{ÌHo$VM KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr KQ>ZoMr d amOH$s` ì`dñWoMr Üòò d C{ÔîQ>o
{Zg§{X½YnUo ñnîQ> Ho$br AmhoV. Ë`mZygma gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` Ý`m` àmá H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMm VgoM {dMma, A{^ì`ŠVr, {dídmg, lÕm d CnmgZoMo ñdmV§Í` d XOm©Mr d g§YrMr g_mZVm àmá
H$ê$Z XoV ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m {ZpíMVnUo àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm g§H$ën, Üò` ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho. `m gd© ~m~r
àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm VrÀ`m ì`ŠVr_ËdMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYÊ`m`mo½`
n[apñWVr CnbãY H$ê$Z Úm`Mr Agob Va àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mg amÁ`g§ñWoH$Sy>Z H$mhr A{YH$ma, hŠH$ àmá Pmbo
nm{hOoV. `mM hŠH$mgmR>r ^maVmMm ñdmV§Í`bT>m bT>bm Jobm. åhUyZM KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr KQ>Zm{Z_m©UmV _yb^yV
hŠH$m§Zm {deof _hËd {Xbo. Ë`mgmR>r {S>g|~a 1946 bm KQ>Zm g{_VrZo _yb^yV hŠH$m§g§X^m©V {deof g{_Vr
ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$boë`m hŠH$mn¡H$s H$mhr hŠH$ _yb^yV hŠH$ åhUyZ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo
Va Cd©arV amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo åhUyZ pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambo.
KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m ^mJmV H$b_ 12 Vo 35 hr _yb^yV hŠH$m§er g§~YrV AmhoV. `m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo Üò`
H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` ñWmZ H$aUo AgVo. Ë`m_wioM _yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm "amÁ`KQ>ZoMm AmË_m' qH$dm "amÁ`KQ>ZoMr
gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕr' åhQ>bo OmVo.
^maVmVrb _mZdr hŠH$m§À`mg§~§YrMr à_m{UV Mm¡H$Q> d A_§b~OmdUr g§X^m©VyZ ^maVrb amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb
KQ>ZmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> nmhVm Ë`mVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo ñWmZ {H$Vr _hËdmMo Amho ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r `m~m~V S>m°.
~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V Aä`mgmdo bmJVo. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, "^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb
_yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo ñdê$n Xþhoar Amho. Vo åhUOo 1) _yb^yV hŠH$m§da ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Xmdm H$aVm `mdm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm
KQ>ZoV ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. 2) H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m gËVoda _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo ~§YZ Agmdo åhUyZ _yb^yV
hŠH$m§Zm KQ>ZoV gm_mdyZ KoVbo Amho.
Aem `m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr gÜ`m ghm JQ>mV {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. nydu hr {d^mJUr gmV JQ>mV hmoVr.
VWmnr 55 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma "g§nËVrMm hŠH$' _yb^yV hŠH$mVyZ H$mTy>Z Vmo d¡Ym{ZH$ hŠH$m_Üò A§V^y©V
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m ^mJmV H$b_ 12 Vo 35 _Üò _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mMr {d^mJUr nwT>rb à_mUo.
H$b_ 12 _Üò, "amÁ`' åhUOo H$m`? ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo AgyZ, amÁ` åhUOo ^maV gaH$maÀ`m Vmã`mVrb
gd© ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm BVa A{YH¥$V g§ñWm' hmo`. amÁ`mbmgwÕm _yb^yV hŠH${damoYr H$m`Xm H$aVm òUma Zmhr
ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.
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*H$b_ 13 `m_Üò ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, _yb^yV hŠH$m{déÕ OmUmam H$m`Xm _yb^yV
hŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©VM ~oH$m`Xoera R>aob. `mVyZ KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`Xm hm loîR> Agob ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo Jobo.
^maVrb amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$
1) g_VoMm hŠH$ (H$b_ 14 Vo 18)
2) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (H$b_ 19 Vo 22)
3) emofUm{déÕMm hŠH$ (H$b_ 23 d 24)
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (H$b_ 25 Vo 28)
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$ (H$b_ 29 d 30)
6) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm` `moOZoMm hŠH$
1) g_VoMm hŠH$ …{d{dY Y_©, OmVr, ^mfm, ^maVr` g_mOmV bmoH$emhr _yëò gj_nUo éOdÊ`mH$arVm, {d{dY ôX^mdmnmgyZ
Xÿa OmV gdmªZm g_mZVoÀ`m VËdmV Jw§\$Ê`mH$arVm g_VoMm hŠH$ IynM _hËdmMm Amho. H$b_ 14 _Üò
"g_Vo'Mm `m hŠH$mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb AW© ñnîQ> Ho$bm AgyZ Vmo, "g_Vm åhUOo H$m`ÚmnwT>rb g_Vm Am{U
H$m`ÚmZo g§ajUmMr g_mZ g§Yr hmo`.' Aem `m g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mamV nwT>rb g_Vm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
i)
H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZVm (H$b_ 14) -
`m hŠH$mZwgma H$m`Úmg_moa gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ AmhoV. H$moUË`mhr ôX^mdm{edm` g_mZ ì`ŠVrgmR>r
g_mZ H$m`Xm VgoM Ë`m H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr gdmªgmR>r g_mZ. amÁ`mMr H$m`Xo gdmªZm g_mZ[aË`m bmJy
AgVrb Ë`m_Üò Y_©, OmV, d§e, àm§V BË`m{X AmYmao ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. VWmnr KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma
n§VàYmZ, g^mnVr, CnamîQ´>nVr BË`mqXMo `mg§X^m©V doJio ñWmZ _mZÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
ii)
gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àdoemMm g_mZ hŠH$ (H$b_ 15) -
gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àdoem§Mm g_mZ hŠH$ `mÛmao gdmªZm XoÊ`mV Ambm. emim, _§{Xao, nmUdR>o, {d{har,
CnhmaJ¥ho, H$a_UyH$J¥ho, Vbmd, KmQ>, XþH$mZo, añVo, _¡XmZo BË`m{X gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àdoemg Y_©, OmV, d§e,
qbJ, dJ©, OÝ_ñWmZ BË`m{X ôX^md H$ê$Z àdoe ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr. AWm©V `mbmhr H$mhr ~m~VrV AndmX
AmhoV. CXm …- _hmamoJ, jàmoJ B. ì`m{YJ«gVmg gdm©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr à{V~§Y H$aVm òVmo.
iii)
gmd©O{ZH$ godmV (ZmoH$ar) g_mZ g§Yr (H$b_ 16) -
gmd©O{ZH$ godmV qH$dm ZmoH$arV Y_©, OmV, d§e, dJ©, OÝ_ñWmZ BË`m{X ôX^md H$ê$Z g§Yr qH$dm àdoe
ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr. AnmÌ R>adbo OmUma Zmhr. `m~m~V gdmªZm g_mZ g§YrMm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm. `mbm
AndmX åhUOo {d{eîQ> OmVr, O_mVtÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r `m~m~V Img gdbVr d amIrd OmJm B. hmo`.
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iv)
Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aUo (H$b_ 17) -
g_VoMm hŠH$ Vmon`ªV Iè`m AWm©Zo gdmªZm àmá hmoUma Zmhr. Omon`ªV Añn¥í`Vm nmibr OmVo. åhUyZM
H$b_ 17 Zygma Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$ê$Z, Añn¥í`Vm nmbZmg ~§Xr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Añn¥í`Vm nmbZ hm
\$m¡OXmar JwÝhm g_OyZ {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1955 À`m "Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU H$m`ÚmZo' `mbm
A{YH$ ~iH$Q>r àmá Pmbr.
v)
nXì`m§Mo g§nwîQ>rH$aU (H$b_ 18) -
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo {H$Vm~, nXì`m amÁ`mV\}$ {Xë`m OmUma ZmhrV. bîH$ar d kmZmO©ZmMo joÌ `mg
AndmX Agob. nXì`m§À`m_wio gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr. `mgmR>r
^maVmV qH$dm naXoemH$Sy>Z ^maV gaH$maÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` nXdrMm ñdrH$ma H$aVm òUma Zmhr. {~«{Q>eH$mimV
amdgmho~, ImZ~hmXÿa B. nXì`m XoD$Z ôX, {df_Vm {Z_m©U Ho$br OmV.
2) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (H$b_ 19 Vo 22) :
^maVr` KQ>ZoZo ì`ŠVtÀ`m gdmªJrU ì`ŠVr_Ëd {dH$mgmgmR>r àW_ gmV àH$maMo hŠH$ àXmZ Ho$bo.
Ë`mn¡H$s "g§nËVrMm hŠH$' _yb^yV hŠH$m§VyZ dJiÊ`mV Amë`mZo gÜ`m ghm àH$maMo _yb^yV hŠH$ ì`ŠVrg
àmá AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo àW_ gmV àH$maMr ñdm§VÍ`mMo hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambo Ë`mn¡H$s "g§nËVr g§nmXZ, YmaU
d VrMr dmgbmV bmdUo' hm hŠH$ dJiÊ`mV Amë`mZo ghÜ`m ghm àH$maMo ñdm§VÍ`mMo hŠH$ àmá AmhoV Vo
H$b_ 19 _Üò ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rb à_mUo i)
^mfU, {dMma d A{^ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í` -
`mZwgma àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm, {dMmam§Mr XodmU-KodmU _wŠV MMm©, B. gmR>r Amnbo {dMma ^mfUmÛmao
_m§S>Ê`mMm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a Amnbo {dMma boIZ, _wÐU, {MÌo, \$bH$, hmd^md, à{VHo$
BË`m{XÛmam A{^ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amb Amho. na§Vw ho {dMma gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo
KmVH$ AgVrb, amîQ´>mMr gwa{jVVm YmoŠ`mV AmUUmao AgVrb Va Ë`mda ~§YZo AmUÊ`mMr VaVyXhr Ho$br
Amho. hr ~§YZo `mo½` H$s A`mo½` ho `m~m~VMm {ZU©` XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.>
ii)
{Z…eñÌ d em§VVmnyd©H$ EH$Ì òÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` -
CnamoŠV ^mfU, {dMma d A{^ì`ŠVr ñdm§VÍ`mÀ`m hŠH$m§er {ZJS>rV hm hŠH$ AgyZ Vmo bmoH$emhr
A{YH$ ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hËdmMm Amho. amÁ`mVrb {d{dY {df`, g_ñ`m B. ~m~VrV {dMmam§Mo AmXmZàXmZ, n[aUm_H$maH$ Cnm``moOZmgmR>r, OZ_V V`ma H$aUogmR>r, OmUrd-OmJ¥VrgmR>r EH$Ì òUo, _moM},
{_adUyH$m H$mT>Uo, g^m KoUo `m~m~V hm hŠH$ {Xbm Amho. na§Vw `m EH$Ì òÊ`mV {Z…eñÌVm d e§VVm `m
nyd©AqQ>Mm A§V^m©d gmd©O{ZH$ em§VVm d gwa{jVVogmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
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iii)
g§KQ>Zm, g§ñWm ñWmnUmMo ñdmV§Í` -
`m ñdm§VÍ`mÀ`m hŠH$mZwgma àËòH$mbm gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, gm§gH¥${VH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$
B. g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VWmnr Xoe{dKmVH$ H¥$Ë`, XheV dm {^VrMo
dmVmdaU V`ma H$aUo Aem g§KQ>Zmda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mMm A{YH$ma emgZmbm Amho.
iv)
g§Mma ñdm§VÍ` -
Amnë`m I§S>àm` XoemMr AmoiI ìhmdr, Ë`mMr ^ì`Vm nmhVm `mdr, ì`ŠVr_ËdmMm {dH$mg ìhmdm,
AZw^dmMm dmagm dmT>mdm `mH$arVm àËòH$mbm ^maVmV H$moR>ohr g§Mma H$aÊ`mMo, dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMo ñdm§VÍ`
`m hŠH$mZwgma ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VWmnr Oå_y-H$mí_ra gma»`m àm§VmV d XoemÀ`m gwa{jVVoÀ`mÑîQ>rZo
_hËdmÀ`m ^mJmV g§Mma d dmñVì` `m~m~V H$mhr ~§YZo KmbÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
v)
XoemÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` -
ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm`, ì`mnma, {ejU, n`©Q>Z, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©, B. H$maUmgmR>r EH$m ^mJmVrb Zm[aH$mg
Xþgè`m ^mJmV dmñVì` H$aÊ`mg ~§YZ òD$ Zò, Ë`mÀ`m ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mMm g§H$moM hmoD$ Zò `mH$arVm àËòH$
ZmJarH$mbm XoemÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV dmñVì` Vo VmËnwaVo qH$dm H$m`_ñdê$nr H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ `m ñdmV§Í`mZo
{Xbm Amho.
vi)
ì`mnma, ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` -
`m hŠH$mZwgma àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm Amnë`m AmdS>rZwgma, H$m¡eë`mZwgma BÀN>oZwgma, nmÌVoZwgma ì`mnma
ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ^maVmVrb OmVràWm d Ë`mVyZ ì`dgm` {ZdS>rda Ambobr
~§YZo, n[aUm_r ì`ŠVr_Ëd {dH$mgmMm g§H$moM, Xm[aÐ` `m nmíd©^y_rda XoÊ`mV Ambobm hm hŠH$ Iyn
_hËdmMm R>aVmo.
`m {edm` nwT>rb H$mhr ñdmV§Í`mMo hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Vo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mÀ`m CnamoŠV hŠH$m§Mo
g§ajU H$aUmar ì`dñWm hmo`.
i)
AnamYr ì`ŠVrg JÝhm{gÕr g§X^m©Vrb g§ajU -
KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 20 Zwgma ho g§ajU XoÊ`mV Ambo AgwZ `mZwgma JwÝhm {gÕ Pmmë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr
ì`ŠVrbm Xmofr R>a{dbo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. VgoM EH$m JwÝømgmR>r EH$mnojm A{YH$ doim {ejm qH$dm H$m`ÚmZo
{ZpíMV Ho$boë`m {ejonojm OmñV {ejm XoVm òUma Zmhr. `mM~amo~a H$moUmbmhr ImoQ>r gmj XoÊ`mgmR>r gŠVr
H$aVm òUma Zmhr. VgoM Á`m ì`ŠVrbm AQ>H$ Ho$br Amho Ë`mg AQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo gm§JUo Amdí`H$ AgwZ
Ë`m~m~V ì`ŠVrg Amnë`m ng§VrÀ`m d{H$bm_m\©$V Amnbr ~mOy _m§S>Ê`mMm hŠH$ Amho. AQ>Ho$Z§Va 24
Vmgm§À`m AmV Ý`m`mb`mg_moa hOa H$amdo bmJVo. AWm©V `mbm à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVm H$m`Xm d {_gm
H$m`XmZwgma AQ>H$ AndmX Amho.
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ii)
Or{dVmMm Am{U ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$ -
H$b_ 21 _Üò hm h¸$ ñnîQ> Ho$bm AgyZ Ë`mZwgma H$m`Xoera H$m`©nÕVrì`{V[aŠV BVa àH$mao H$moUmhr
ì`ŠVrg {VÀ`m Or{dV qH$dm ì`pŠVJV ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ d§{MV Ho$bo OmUma Zmhr. VWm{n Or{dV d ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
h¸$mV em[aarH$ ApñVÎd Zìho Va em[aarH$, _mZ{gH$, ^md{ZH$ ÑîQ²>`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ ^`_wŠV
dmVmdaU d Amdí`H$ gmYZo {_idÊ`mMm h¸$ hmo`.
iii)
~oH$m`Xoera AQ>H$ d H¡$Xo{déÕMm h¸$ AWdm g§ajU -
`m_Üò AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`pŠVbm Ë`mÀ`m AQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo eŠ` {VVŠ`m bdH$a gm§JUo VgoM Ë`mbm
ñdV…À`m ~MmdmgmR>r Amnë`m ng§VrZwgma d{H$b {ZdS>Ê`mMr _w^m VgoM Ý`m`X§S>m{YH$mè`m§À`m AmXoem{edm`
24 Vmgmnojm OmñV H$mi AQ>Ho$V Z R>odUo Ago g§ajU XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m h¸$m§Mm, g§ajUmMm g_mdoe
H$b_ 22 _Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
3) emofUm{déÕMm h¸$ (H$b_ 23 d 24) H$b_ 23 d 24 _Üò emofUm{déÕMm A{YH$ma ñnîQ> Ho$bm Amho. H$b_ 23 _Üò AZ¡{VH$ Xohì`mnma,
doR>{~Jma, gŠVrZo H$m_ H$adyZ KoUo, _mUgmMr IaoXr-{dH«$s, Jwbm_{Jarbm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ
`mnmgyZ g§ajU {_idÊ`mMm h¸$ àËòH$mg XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM H$b_ 24 Zwgma 14 dfm©Imbrb
_wbm§Zm ImUr, aoëdo d BVa AdOS>, AdKS> d Ymoã`mMr H$m_o, Ymoã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr XoVm òUma ZmhrV.
g_mOmVrb Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Mo emofU hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r hm g§ajUmMm h¸$ _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma (H$b_ 25 Vo 28) 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo ^maV ho Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` Amho ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mZwgma {d{eîQ>
Y_© hm "amîQ´>mMm Y_©' _mZÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr. Ë`mMdoir Amnë`m amîQ´>mMm AmYma "Y_©' _mZbobm Zmhr. Va
Y_© hr àËòH$ ZmJarH$m§Mr ImOJr ~m~ _mZÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Ë`mZwgma Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMo nwT>rb A{YH$ma
àËòH$mg XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
1. àËòH$mbm Amnë`m AmdS> d BÀN>oZwgma H$moUVmhr Y_© pñdH$maÊ`mMm, _mZÊ`mMm d Ë`mZwgma
AmMaU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
2. EImÚm {d{eîQ> Y_m©À`m àJVrgmR>r H$a âÊ`mnmgyZ g§ajUmMm A{YH$ma.
3. {ejU g§ñWmVyZ Ym{_©H$ {ejUmg ~§Xr, nU EImÚm Ym{_©H$ g§ñWoV Ym{_©H$ H$m`©H«$_mg gh^mJr
hmoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma (H$b_ 29, 30) ^maVmVrb gd© Y_m©À`m, g§àXm`mÀ`m, dJm©À`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm e¡j{UH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmMr g§Yr
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àmá ìhmdr `mgmR>r KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 29 d 30 Zwgma àËòH$mg gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma 1. àËòH$mbm Ë`mMr ñdV…Mr ^mfm, {bnr Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMo OVZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
2. H$moUË`mhr emgH$s` AZwXm{ZV {ejU g§ñWoV Y_©, d§e, OmV, dJ©, Agm ôX^md H$éZ àdoe
ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
3. àËòH$mbm Amnë`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmg nmofH$ d Amnë`m BÀN>oZwgma hdo Vo {ejU KoÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Amho.
4. Y_© qH$dm ^mfoda AmYm[aV gd© Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm Amnë`m {ZdS>rZwgma e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mMm d MmbdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Aem g§ñWm§Zm gmhmæ` H$aVmZm amÁ`mV\}$ ôX^md Ho$bm
OmUma Zmhr.
6) g§{dYm{ZH$ g§ajU AWdm KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm`m§Mm A{YH$ma (H$b_ 32) ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xbobo KQ>ZmË_H$ _wb^yV A{YH$mè`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr ì`dñWm Zgob Va Vo A{YH$ma Iè`m
AWm©Zo àmá hmoUma ZmhrV, Cn^moJVm òUma ZmhrV åhUyZM KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 32 Zwgma _wb^yV A{YH$mamÀ`m
g§ajUmMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Ë`mZwgma, àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm _wb^yV h¸$m§À`m~m~V KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm`
`moOZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. _wb^yV h¸$m§da A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o XmX _mJVm òD$ eH$Vo.
`m~m~V KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMo nwT>rb _mJ© ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV;
1. ~§Xr àË`jrH$aU qH$dm XohmonpñWVr - `mZwgma AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrMr AQ>H$ H$m`Xoera Amho
H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r AQ>Ho$Vrb ì`ŠVrg Ý`m`mb`mV hOa H$am Agm AmXoe Ý`m`mb` XoD$ eH$Vo.
2. na_mXoe qH$dm _hmXoe - `mZwgma EImÚm emgH$s` A{YH$mè`mZo H$V©ì`mV H$gyZ Ho$ë`mZo _wb^yV
h¸$mÀ`m Cn^moJmV AS>MU òV Agob Va g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mg Vo H$V©ì` nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r AmXoe
Ý`m`mb`mVyZ {_idVm òVmo.
3. A{YH$ma n¥ÀN>m - EImXm A{YH$mar Ooìhm EImÚm {d{eîQ> A{YH$mamMm dmna H$aVmo, àË`jmV
Vmo A{YH$ma Ë`mbm ZgVmoM. Ë`m_wio _wb^yV h¸$mda AmH«$_U hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`mdoir g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`mbm
Ë`mZo dmnaboë`m A[YH$mam{df`r ñnîQ>rH$aU KoVm òVo.
4. à{VfoY - Ý`m`mb`mVrb H$m_H$mO MmbV Zgob Ë`m_wio Ý`m` {_iUo AdKS> ~Zbo Agob.
Ý`m`mb` Amnbo OwZo {ZH$mb {\$adrV Agob Va `mg§~§Yr XmX _mJVm òVo.
5. CËàojU - H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`mVrb IQ>bm H$mhr {d{eîQ> H$maUmgmR>r d[aîR> Ý`m`mb`mV MmbdUo
gmR>rMm AO© ì`pŠVg H$aVm òVmo.
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B
_wb^yV H$V©ìò -
ì`ŠVr Agmo qH$dm g§ñWm, Ooìhm Ë`m§Zm H$mhr h¸$, A{YH$ma {Xbo OmVmV, Voìhm Ë`m AZwf§JmZo Ë`m§Zm
H$mhr H$V©ìòhr nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV. H$maU ì`ŠVrbm EH$ ì`ŠVr, ZmJ[aH$ åhUyZ, g_mOmMm gXñ` åhUyZ
Omon`ªV Amnbr H$mhr H$V©ìò AmhoV Am{U Vr nma nmS>brM nm{hOoV ho AmoiIVm òUma Zmhr, Vmon`ªV {H$Vrhr
A{YH$ma {Xbo Var {dH${gV, em§VVm_` d gwa{jV amîQ´>mMr, Iè`mIwè`m bmoH$emhrMr àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m
à{H«$òV AS>MUr òVM amhVrb. CbQ>njr A[YH$mam§Mm J¡admna hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vmhr ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
åhUyZM h¸$ d H$V©ìò EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. `m{df`r _hmË_m Jm§Yr åhUV H$s, "h¸$ ho
H$V©ì`m{edm` nyU© hmoV ZgVmV. h¸$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m nañnam§Zm nyaH$ AgVmV. åhUyZM ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV
ZmJ[aH$m§Mr _wb^yV H$V©ìò ñnîQ> Ho$br AmhoV.
àW_ 1976 bm 42 ì`m KQ>Zm XþéñVrZo H$b_ 51 (A) _Üò 10 _wb^yV H$V©ìò gm§{JVbr. Z§Va 86
ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmUIr EH$m H$V©ì`mMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Aer EHy$U 11 _wb^yV
H$V©ìò KQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. amÁ`KQ>ZoMo enWnyd©H$ nmbZ H$aUo. Ë`mMo AmXe© Am{U g§ñWm, amîQ´>r` ÜdO Am{U amîQ´>r` JrV
`m§Mm AmXa H$aUo.
2. Á`m_wio Amnë`m amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`bT>çmg ñ\y$Vu {_imbr Ë`m CXmÎm AmXemªMr OmonmgZm H$éZ
Ë`m§Mo AZwgaU H$aUo.
3. ^maVmMr gmd©^m¡_Ëd, EH$mË_Vm Am{U AI§S>Vm _mÝ` H$éZ CÞV H$aUo d Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.
4. XoemMo g§ajU H$aUo d AmdmhZ Ho$bo OmB©b Voìhm amîQ´>r` godm ~OmdUo.
5. Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$ d àmXo{eH$ qH$dm dJu` ôXm§À`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z ^maVmVrb gd© OZVoV gm_§Oñ`
d ~§Yw^md dmT>rg bmdUo Am{U pñÌ`m§À`m à{VîR>obm H$_rnUm AmUÊ`mÀ`m àWm gmoSy>Z XoUo, ~§X
H$aUo.
6. Amnë`m g§{_l g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g_¥Õ dmaemMo _mob OmUyZ Vo OVZ H$aUo.
7. dZo, gamodao, ZÚm d dÝ` Ordg¥îQ>r, `mgh Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMo ajU H$éZ Ë`m_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo
Am{U àmUr_mÌm§~Ôb X`m~wÕr ~miJUo.
8. {dkmZ{ZîR> ÑîQ>rH$moU, _mZdVmdmX d emoYH$~wÕr d gwYmaUmdmX `m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.
9. gmd©O{ZH$ _mb_ÎmoMo ajU H$aUo d qhgmMmamMm {ZJ«hnyd©H$ Ë`mJ H$aUo.
10. ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_w{hH$ CnH«$_m§À`m gd© joÌmV gdm}Îm_ hmoÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Uo. Ë`m_wio amîQ´>
à`ËZ Am{U C{ÔîQ> gmÜ`mÀ`m H$_mb _`m©XoH$S>o gVV dmQ>Mmb H$aUo.
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11. 86 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrÝdò A§V^y©V H$V©ì` 6 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm_wbtZm Ë`m§À`m nmbH$m§Zr
{ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ Úmdr.
B
_wb^yV A{YH$ma d _wb^yV H$V©ìò `m§Vrb Am§Vag§~§Y -
1. _wb^yV A{YH$ma d _wb^yV H$V©ìò `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. H$V©ì` ^mdZoÀ`m
OmUrdo{edm` h¸$ `mo½` àH$mao dmnaVm òUma ZmhrV d h¸$M ZgVrb Va O~m~Xmè`m `mo½`àH$mao nma nmS>Vm
òUma ZmhrV. åhUyZM, "h¸$ ho H$V©ì`m{edm` nyU© hmoV ZgVmV. h¸$ d O~m~Xmè`m nañnanyaH$ AgVmV.' Ago
_hmË_m Jm§YrZr ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.
2. h¸$m§Zm amÁ`gÎmoH$Sy>Z h_r d g§ajU bm^mdo bmJVo Va H$V©ì`mMm OÝ_ d OmUrd ZmJ[aH$ÎdmÀ`m
Amdí`H$ _wë`m_YyZ ~iH$Q>r `mdr bmJVo. Voìhm `m XmoÝhr_wioM ì`ŠVr d amîQ´>{dH$mgmbm JVr àmá hmoVo.
3. ZmJarH$m§Mo h¸$ d ñdmV§Í` ho amÁ`mnmgyZ gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r _wb^yV h¸$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
Va _wb^yV h¸$m§Mm ñd¡a d MyH$sMm dmna hmoD$ Zò, amÁ`mMr em§VVm, gwa{jVVm YmoŠ`mV òD$ Zò `mgmR>r
_wb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
4…3 A.2. amÁ`{df`H$ YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
(Directive Principles of State Policy)
_mZdmbm _mZd åhUyZ OÝ_V… H$mhr h¸$ àmá hmoV AgVmV. Vo Z¡g{J©H$ d {hamdyZ Z KoVm òUmao AgVmV.
ì`ŠVrbm OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r d Amnë`m ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r ho h¸$ amÁ`g§ñWoH$Sy>Zhr àmá
hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$maU Ë`m_wio `m h¸$m§Zm g§ajU àmá hmoV AgVo. ^maVmMm ñdmV§Í`bT>m Va `mM h¸$m§À`m
àmárgmR>r bT>bm Jobm. H$moUVmhr ì`º$s d bmoH$emhr amîQ´>mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMo AgUmao ho _wb^yV h¸$
AgVmV. åhUyZM ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z{_©Vr à{H$òdoir {S>g|~a 1946 bm _wb^yV h¸$m§À`m g§X^m©V KQ>Zm
g{_VrZo EH$ {deof g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g{_VrZo _wb^yV h¸$m{df`r Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. na§Vw `mVrb
gd©M h¸$ XoUo Amdí`H$ Agbo Var Vo XoUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Vo XoÊ`mgmR>r g_ñ`m hmoË`m. gdm©V _hÎdmMr g_ñ`m
åhUOo ho gd© h¸$ {Xbo Va Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Amdí`H$ gmYZo CnbãY ZìhVr. Am{W©H$ÑîQ²>`mhr Vo
eŠ` ZìhVo. `m g_ñòda {dMma _§WZ H$éZ `m h¸$m§_Üò _wb^yV h¸$ d amÁ`{df`H$ YmoaUm§Mr _mJ©Xe©H$
VÎdo Agm \$aH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. d amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmV H$b_ 36 Vo H$b_ 51 _Üò hr _mJ©Xe©H$
VÎdo g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
B
_mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§X^m©V _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mo ñdén d _hÎd -
àËòH$ ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$mg _mZdr h¸$m§Mr h_r KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV A{YH$mamVyZ àmá hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a
`mg§X^m©V _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo gwÕm IynM _hÎdmMr AmhoV. H$maU KQ>ZoZo ZmJarH$m§Zm {Xbobo Oo _yb^yV A{YH$ma
AmhoV Vo A{YH$ma AWdm h¸$ dmnaÊ`mgmR>r AWdm Cn^moJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$
n[apñWVr V`ma AgUo Iyn Amdí`H$ Amho. amÁ`mbm Amnbo YmoaU AmIVmZm _mZdr h¸$m§Zm S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ
Ë`mZwgma gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$ n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$er H$aVm òB©b? `mg§X^m©V _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
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{XemXe©Z H$aVmV. Ë`mZwgma amÁ`mZo YmoaU V`ma H$éZ Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$ë`mg Amdí`H$ n[apñWVr
V`ma hmoB©b. d àËòH$mbm KQ>ZoZo àmá h¸$m§Mm Cn^moJ KoVm òB©b.
Xþgao åhUOo, KQ>ZoZo {Xbobo _yb^yV A{YH$ma d amÁ`{df`H$ YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo hr nañnam§Zm nyaH$
AerM AmhoV. H$maU gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ g_mZVm AgUmar n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoV
Zmhr Vmon`ªV àËòH$ ì`pŠVbm àmá _yb^yV h¸$ Iè`m AWm©Zo Cn^moJVm òV ZmhrV.
Ë`mM~amo~a Ago H$mhr h¸$ AmhoV Á`m§Mm _yb^yV h¸$m§_Üò g_mdoe Zmhr. na§Vw ì`pŠV{dH$mgmgmR>r Vo
Amdí`H$ AmhoV. CXm… H$m_mMm h¸$ B. `mg§X^m©V amÁ`mbm X`md`mÀ`m gyMZm§À`m ñdénmV _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§À`m_Üò g_m{dîQ> Ho$bobr VÎdo hr _mZdr h¸$m§Zm Ho$di gmhmæ`^yVM ZmhrV Va Vr VÎdo
doJù`m ñdénmVyZ d Ame`mVyZ _mZdr h¸$, A{YH$maM ñnîQ> H$aVmV qH$dm Vo àmá H$éZ XoÊ`mg§X^m©V
amÁ`mbm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmV.
~oH$mar, dmY©Š`, {dH$bm§JVm B. Zr {nS>rV ì`ŠVr {Vbm _yb^yV A{YH$ma Cn^moJVm òVrbM Ago Zmhr.
Vo Ë`m§Zm Cn^moJVm `mdoV `mgmR>r Aem ì`ŠVtZm "bmoH$gmhmæ`m'Mm h¸$ CnbãY H$éZ XoÊ`mMo _mJ©Xe©Z VÎdo
H$aVmV Voìhm EH$ àH$mao _yb^yV A{YH$ma àËòH$ ì`ŠVrn`ªV nmohMdÊ`mMo H$m`© _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo H$arV
AgVmV.
B
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo H$b_ 36 "amÁ`' `m eãXmÀ`m AWm©~m~V ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVo.
H$b_ 36 _Üò ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho H$s `m VÎdm_Üò g_m{dîQ> VaVwXr H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mb`m_m\©$V
A§_b~OmdUr `mo½` AgUma ZmhrV, nU Varhr hr VÎdo emgZ ì`dhmamÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _yb^yV AmhoV d H$m`Xo
H$aVmZm Vr bmJy H$aUo ho amÁ`mMo H$V©ì` Agob.
H$b_ 38 `m_Üò H$b_ 38 (1) _Üò ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo H$s amÁ`mZo bmoH$H$ë`mUmÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` Ý`m`mZo `wŠV g_mOì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aUo, VrMo OVZ H$aUo, Va
H$b_ 38 (2) Zwgma CËnÞmÀ`m ~m~VrV AgUmar {df_Vm d XOm©, gw{dYm, g§Yr `m~m~VrVrb {df_Vm
Zmhrer H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` à`ËZerb amhrb.
H$b_ 39 _Üò ñnîQ> Ho$bo H$s, amÁ` nwT>rb JmoîQ>r gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ YmoaU AmIrb;
1. CnOr{dHo$Mo nwaogo gmYZ {_idÊ`mMm ñÌr d nwéf `m§Zm g_mZ h¸$.
2. g_mOmÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr _mbH$s, {Z`§ÌUmMr {d^mJUr gm_w{hH$ {hVmbm gmhmæ`^yV
hmoB©b Aer ìhmdr.
3. nwéf d ñÌr`m§Zm g_mZ H$m_mg g_mZ doVZ {_imdo.
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4. d` d VmH${Xg Z nobUmè`m ì`dgm`mV [eaUo ^mJ nmSy> Zò.
5. ~mbH$ d `wdH$m§Zm emofUmnmgyZ g§ajU Úmdo.
H$b_ 39 (H$) Zwgma JaOoZwgma ì`ŠVrg H$m`Xo{df`H$ _mo\$V ghmæ` CnbãY H$éZ Úmdo.
H$b_ 40 ho J«m_n§Mm`VtMo g§KQ>Z g§X^m©V Amho.
H$b_ 41 H$m_mMm, {ejUmMm h¸$ VgoM ~oH$ma, d¥Õ, {dH$bm§JVm `m§Zr {nS>rV Agboë`m§Zm "bmoH$
gmhmæ`mMm h¸$' àmá H$éZ Úmdm.
H$b_ 42 Zwgma amÁ` ho H$m_m~m~V Ý`m` d _mZdr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r d àgwVr{df`H$
gmhmæ`mgmR>r VaVyX H$arb.
H$b_ 43 Zwgma gd© H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_, {Zdm©h doVZ, `mo½` H$m_mMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$éZ XoÊ`mg d
J«m_rU ^mJmV Hw${Q>amoÚmoJm§Mo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mg à`ËZerb amhrb.
H$b_ 43 (H$) CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmV H$m_Jmam§Mm gh^mJ ahmdm `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aob.
H$b_ 44 Zwgma amÁ`, ZmJarH$m§Zm EH$én ZmJar g§{hVm bm^mdr `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aob.
H$b_ 45 ghm dfm©Imbrb ~mbH$mMo g§JmonZ d {ejUmMr VaVwX amÁ` H$arb.
H$b_ 46 Zwgma amÁ`, Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Mo, AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVrMo AÝ`m` d emofUmnmgyZ ajU H$aob
d Ë`m§À`m {hVg§dY©ZmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aob.
H$b_ 47 ZmJarH$m§Mo nmofU_mZ d amhUr_mZ C§MmdUogmR>r Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` gwYmaUo ho amÁ`mMo
H$V©ì` Agob.
H$b_ 48 H¥$fr d neyg§dY©Z `m§Mr gygyÌ ì`dñWm bmdV Xþ^Ë`m OZmdam§Mo OVZ H$aUogmR>r Cnm``moOZm
H$arb.
H$b_ 48 (H$) amÁ` ho XoemÀ`m n`m©daUmMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U dZo d dÝ` Ordg¥îQ>r
`m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb amhrb.
H$b_ 49 ho amîQ´>r` ñ_maHo$, ñWmZo d dñVy `m§Mo g§ajU g§X^m©Vrb amÁ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñnîQ> H$aVo.
H$b_ 50 Ý`m``§ÌUm H$m`©H$mar `§ÌUonmgyZ AbJ R>odÊ`mH$[aVm amÁ` Cnm``moOZm H$arb.
H$b_ 51 Zwgma amÁ` ho, Am§VaamîQ´>r` em§VVm d gwajoÀ`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r, amîQ´>m-amîQ´>m§V Ý`m` d
gÝ_mZnyU© g§~§Y amIUogmR>r, Am§VaamîQ´>r` V§Q>o bdmXmÛmao {_Q>dÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb amhrb.
Aem ñdénmV d Ame`mV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV _mZdr h¸$m§Zm nyaH$ Aer _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo g_m{dîQ>
H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
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4…3 A.3. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
A) [aH$må`m OmJm âm.
1. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ ------ _Üò _yb^yV H$V©ìò ñnîQ> Ho$bobr AmhoV.
2. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 17 ho ------- `mÀ`mer g§§~§YrV Amho.
3. gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àdoemMm g_mZ h¸$ {Xbm Agbm Var Ë`mbm AndmX åhUyZ -----ì`mYrJ«ñV ì`ŠVrg gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr à{V~§Y H$aVm òVmo.
4. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$b_ 25 Vo 28 Zwgma ------ Mm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
5. emgH$s` A{YH$mè`mZo H$V©ì`mV H$gya Ho$ë`mZo _yb^yV h¸$ Cn^moJÊ`mg AS>MU òV Agë`mg
g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`m§g Vo H$V©ì` nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mVyZ Omo AmXoe {_idVm òVmo, Ë`mg
------ åhUVmV.
4…3 A.4. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao
1) H$b_ 51 (H$)
2) Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aUo
3) _hmamoJ d jàmoJ
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm
5) na_mXoe qH$dm _hmXoe
4…3 3.~. _mZdr h¸$m§Zm H$m`Xoera g§ajU … {deof H$m`Xo
(Statutory Protection of Human
Rights : Special laws)
AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `m _mZdmÀ`m àmW{_H$ JaOm AmhoV. A{bH$S>o {ejU d Amamo½` `m JaOmhr
àmW{_H$ JaOm åhUyZ _mZë`m OmVmV. `m JaOm VgoM `m{edm` BVa H$mhr JaOm AmhoV H$s Á`m§Mr nyV©Vm
hmoUo ì`ŠVrÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m gd© JaOm§Mm {dMma H$aVm Ë`m§Mr {d^mJUr
emar[aH$ JaOm, _mZ{gH$ JaOm, gm_m{OH$ JaOm d Am{W©H$ JaOm Aer H$aVm òB©b. `m gd© JaOm nañna
ghH$m`m©VyZ, nañnamdb§~ZmVyZ d EHy$UM g_mOmH$Sy>Z hmoUo Ano{jV d Amdí`H$ AgVo. Vmo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMm
h¸$ AgVmo. H$maU àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm ì`ŠVr åhUyZ OÝ_V… H$mhr h¸$ àmá Pmbobo AgVmV. hoam°ëS> bmñH$s
åhUVmV, "Á`m n[apñWVrÀ`m KQ>H$m§[edm` ì`ŠVrbm Amnbr gdmª{JU àJVr gmÜ` H$aVm òV Zmhr, Ë`m
n[apñWVrÀ`m KQ>H$m§Zm _mZdr h¸$ Ago åhUVmV.'
WmoS>Š`mV gd© ì`ŠVtZm ì`ŠVr åhUyZ _mZdr h¸$ àmá AgVmV. na§Vw qbJ, d`, Y_©, d§e, OmV BË`mXr
ôX^mdm_wio àmá _mZdr h¸$ gd©OU Cn^moJy eH$V ZmhrV. `m_Üò pñÌ`m, ~mbHo$, d¥Õ, H$m_Jma, H¡$Xr, An§J
ì`ŠVr BË`mXtÀ`m àm_w»`mZo g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m KQ>H$m§À`m ~m~VrV hmoUmè`m _mZdr h¸$ ^§JmÀ`m_wio Ë`m§Zm
ì`ŠVr åhUyZ {H$_mZ OrdZ OJVm òV Zmhr. ì`ŠVr åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm, {dH$mg nmdÊ`mMm A{YH$maM
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ZmH$mabm OmVmo. åhUyZM àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm àmá _mZdr h¸$ Ë`mbm IamoIarM Cn^moJVm `md`mMo AgVrb,
Ë`m _mZdr h¸$m§Mm ^§J ìhmd`mMm Zgob Va Ë`m§gmR>r H$m`ÚmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVo. H$maU, H$moUË`mhr _mZdr
h¸$mMr àË`j A§_b~OmdUr AWdm Cn^moJ j_Vm hr Ë`m h¸$m§Zm H$m`Úm_Üò {dH$grV H$aÊ`mda Adb§~yZ
AgVo. åhUyZM ~oÝW_ `m§À`m _Vo, "H$m`XÚmZo _mÝ` Ho$bobr, ñdrH¥$Vr {Xbobr ì`ŠVrMr _mJUr åhUOo
A{YH$ma hmo`.' åhUyZM _mZdr h¸$m§Zm H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU, nmR>~i àmá hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUyZM _mZdr
h¸$m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ g§ajUmg§~§Yr ^maVmV {deof H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo;
B
_mZdr h¸$m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ g§ajUmg§~§Yr ^maVmVrb {deof H$m`Xo -
^maVmV _mZdr h¸$m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ g§ajUmg§~§Yr AZoH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. {deofV… ñÌr`m,
~mbHo$, H$m_Jma, An§J, d¥Õ, Aëng§»`m§H$ BË`mXr KQ>H$m§À`m h¸$m§Mr nm`_„r hmoÊ`mMo OmñV à_mU bjmV
KoVm Ë`mg§X^m©V {d{dY H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo Vo KQ>H$mZwgma nwT>rb à_mUo nmhmVm òVrb.
A) {ó`m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb {deof H$m`Xo Ho$di ^maVmVM Zìho Va OmJ{VH$ ñVamda ñÌr-nwéf Agm qbJôX H$éZ "ñÌr' bm Ho$di "ñÌr' Amho
åhUyZ AZoH$ _mZdr h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo OmVo. {VÀ`m _mZdr h¸$m§Mr nm`_„r Ho$br OmVo. åhUyZM ^maVmV
`mg§~§Yr AZoH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. gVràWm ~§Xr H$m`Xm 1829 …
gVràWoZo {dYdm ñÌrbm OJÊ`mMmM A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm hmoVm. `m A_mZdr àWo{déÕ amOmam_ _mohZ am°`
`m§Zr OZAm§XmobZ gwê$ Ho$bo. `m àWobm Ym{_©H$ AmYma Zgë`mMo gm§{JVbo. {~«{Q>e emgZmMo `m A_mZdr
àWoH$S>o bj doYbo. bm°S>© {dë`_ ~|{Q>H$Zo 1829 bm gVràWm~§Xr H$m`Xm àW_ g§_V Ho$bm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma
nVr {ZYZmZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m nËZrbm åhUOo {dYdog gVr OmUo, {Vbm gVr OmÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo, gVràWm Mmby
ahmdr VgoM gVr OmÊ`mg H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr _XV H$aUo, {dYdog gVr OmÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo BË`mXr H¥$Ë`
~oH$m`Xoera R>adyZ hr àWm H$m`ÚmZo ~§X Ho$br.
2. qhXÿ {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m`Xm 1886 …
qhXÿ órg nVr {ZYZmZ§Va gVr OmUo qH$dm Ë`mMr {dYdm åhUyZ Cd©arV Am`wî` OmUo, Vohr Ho$ednZ
H$éZ, Ë`mM ~amo~a AZoH$ ~§YZo {VÀ`mda bmXbr OmV d Ë`m ~§YZmV Am`wî` OJUo H«$_àmá R>aV. {dYdoMo
Am`wî` åhUOo nXmonXr doXZm, An_mZ, N>i B. âbobo Ago. _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm A{YH$maM {hamdbm
OmV Ago. 1886 bm "qhXÿ {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh H$m`Xm 1886' Zwgma {dYdm ñÌr d {VÀ`m AmB©-dS>rbm§Zm
{dYdoÀ`m nwZ{d©dmhmg§~§Yr H$mhr A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo.
`m H$m`ÚmZo qhXÿ {dYdm ñÌrg nwZ{d©dmhmMm A{YH$ma àmá Pmbm. `mVyZ OÝ_boë`m g§VVrg H$m`Xoera
_mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr. ñÌr AkmZr d n{hë`m nVr~amo~a em[aarH$ g§~Y Ambo ZgVrb Va nwZ{d©dmhmgmR>r
AmB©, d{S>b B. OdiÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Mr g§_Vr Amdí`H$ _mZbr Jobr Va Vr gkmZ Agob d àW_ nVr~amo~a
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em[aarH$ g§~§Y Ambo AgVrb Va Vr ñdBÀN>oZo BVam§À`m g§_Vr{edm` nwZ{d©dmh H$ê$ eHo$b BË`mXr VaVwXr
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
3. ~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1872, 1921, 1929, 1978 …
^maVmV ~mb{ddmhmMr àWm _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVr. _wbm-_wbtMr ghmì`m, gmVì`m dfm©VM Zìho Va
AJXr nmiÊ`mVhr {ddmh bmdbo OmV AgV. `m àWoMm {dnarV n[aUm_ ñÌrÀ`m Amamo½`mda hmoV Ago. åhUyZ
àW_ 1872 bm ~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm H$éZ {ddmdmhmMr d`mo_`m©Xm _wbrg 14 d _wbm§g 18 df}
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. nwÝhm 1921 bm Vr 12 H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mdaVr C_Q>boë`m Vrd« à{V{H«$`m _wio nwÝhm Vr
14 d 18 M H$m`_ Ho$br. 1929 bm nwÝhm `mg§~§Yr H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Z§Va 1978 bm ñdV§Ì ^maVmV
`mg§~YrMm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma _wbrMo 18 d _wbmMo 21 Aer d`mo_`m©Xm H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. VgoM `m d`mo_`m©XoMm ^§J H$aUmam {ddmh ~mb{ddmh g_OÊ`mV Ambm. `mg§~§YrV nmbH$m§Zm Ë`mgmR>r
H$m`ÚmZo O~m~Xma YaÊ`mV Ambo.
4. qhXþ CÎmmam{YH$mar H$m`Xm 1956 …
qhXÿ ñÌr`m§Zm H$m`ÚmZo _mb_ÎmoV dmQ>m AWdm A{YH$ma `m H$m`ÚmZo àmá Pmbm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma ñÌrbm
AmB©, nËZr d _wbJr åhUyZ g§nÎmrV g_mZ dmQ>m {_imbm. nËZrg {VÀ`m _¥V nVrÀ`m g§nÎmrV dmQ>m {_imbmM.
{edm` _¥V _wbmÀ`m AmB©g {VÀ`m {dYd gyZ d ZmVd§S>mÀ`m ~amo~arZo dmQ>m {_imbm. VgoM d{S>bm§À`m
g§nÎmrV Ë`m§À`m _wbtZmhr dmQ>m {_imbm.
5. qhXÿ XÎmH$ Am{U nmbZnmofU H$m`Xm 1956 …
`m H$m`ÚmZwgma _wbmà_mUoM _wbrbmhr XÎmH$ KoVm òD$ bmJbo. {dYdm ñÌr hr EImÚmbm Amnbm dmag
åhUyZ XÎmH$ KoD$ eHo$b, VgoM ñÌr d nwéf Aem XmoKm§Zmhr _wbm§À`m nmbZnmofUmMm A{YH$ma g_mZ Agob.
Ë`mM~amo~a nËZr, {dYdm _wbJr, d¥Õ AmB©-dS>rb, AkmZ _wbo Am{U Am{lV ì`ŠVtZmhr _mb_ÎmoV dmQ>m `m
H$m`ÚmZwgma {_iy eH$Vmo.
6. AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1956 …
`m H$m`ÚmZwgma _wbtMm AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma d doí`mì`dgm` hm JwÝhm _mZÊ`mV Ambm. `m_Üò doí`md¥Îmrbm
pñÌg V`ma H$aUo, àmoËgmhZ XoUo, `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mgmR>r H¡$X d Am{W©H$ X§S> Aer {ejoMr VaVyX `m
H$m`ÚmV Amho.
7. hþ§S>m à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1961 …
^maVmV g_mO _J Vmo ehar Agmo qH$dm J«m_rU, A{e{jV Agmo qH$dm gw{e{jV, CƒdJu` AgmoV
qH$dm H${ZîR> `m gdm©V {ddmhmdoir dYynjmH$Sy>Z danjmbm amoI a¸$_, gmoZo, BVa g§nÎmrÀ`m ñdénmV Or
g§nÎmr Úmdr bmJVo, Ë`m àWog hþ§S>m àWm åhUVmV. `m àWo_wio dYynjmMo emofU d dYyMm N>i _moR>çm à_mUmV
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hmoV hmoVm d Amho. Aem ñdénmÀ`m emofUmbm, {nidUyH$sbm àmoËgmhZ XoUmè`m, H$maU R>aUmè`m àWobm ZîQ>
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1961 bm hm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZwgma hþ§S>m KoUmam d hþ§S>m XoUmam Aem XmoKm§Zm
AnamYr _mZÊ`mV Ambo d {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
8. _mV¥Ëd{df`H$ H$m`Xm 1929 …
`m ñÌr`m§Zm ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm` KaH$m_ H$éZ H$amdr bmJVo. `mVM Vr JamoXa Agob Va {Vbm Amdí`H$
nwaoer {dlm§Vr d gwa{jVVm {_imbr Zmhr. {VÀ`m d {VÀ`m ~mimÀ`m Amamo½`mda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
AZoH$Xm Vo XJmdVmV. ho hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ hm H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bm Jobm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma ñÌrbm àgwVrnyd© d
àgyVrZ§Va nJmar aOm {Xbr OmB©b. hm H$mbmdYr g§në`mZ§Va (ghm-ghm AmR>dS>çm§Mm) AmR> AmR>dS>çmMr
g§JmonZ aOmhr {_iob. {edm` ñÌrMm J^©nmV hmoD$Z Vr AmOmar nS>ë`mg EH$ _{hÝ`mMr aOm {_iob. àgyVrnyd©
d Z§Va d¡ÚH$s` godm-gw{dYm _mo\$V {Xbr OmB©b. ñÌr ~mi§VnUmÀ`m aOoda AgVmZm {Vbm ZmoH$ardéZ H$_r
H$aVm òUma Zmhr. VgoM J^©dVr ñÌrÀ`m Amamo½`mda d J^m©da {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoB©b Ago H$m_ {Vbm XoÊ`mg
`m H$m`ÚmZo à{V~§Y Ho$bm. 1961 bm àgy{V{df`H$ ghmæ` H$m`Xm gwYmarV ñdénmV g§_V Pmbm.
9. H$maImZm H$m`Xm 1948 …
`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ó`m§À`m h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmMr H$miOr KoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma
H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Vrg qH$dm Vrgnojm OmñV ñÌr H$m_Jma AgVrb VoWo ñdV§Ì nmiUmKamMr ì`dñWm,
{ó`mH$[aVm ñdV§Ì ñdÀN>Vm J¥hmMr ì`dñWm ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. {ó`m§Mr H$m_mMr doi gH$mir
ZD$ Vo g§Ü`mH$mir gmV `m Xaå`mZMr Agmdr. EHy$U ZD$ Vmgmnojm OmñV H$m_ Ë`m§Zm XoÊ`mV òD$ Zò.
ñÌr H$m_Jmam§Zm Aem àH$mao g§ajU BVa AZoH$ H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmVyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. CXm… _io
ì`mdgm`{df`H$ H$m`Xm 1951 B.
10. OÝ_nyd© {ZXmZ V§ÌkmZ ({Z`_Z d J¡admnamg à{V~§Y) H$m`Xm 1994 …
XoemV _wbtMm OÝ_Xa gmVË`mZo KQ>V hmoVm. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$éZ J^©qbJ MmMUr KoVbr
OmD$Z _wbJr Agob Va {Vbm OÝ_mnyduM _mabo OmVo. `mgmR>r hm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma
J^©dVr _{hbog gmoZmoJ«m\$s g|Q>a_Üò ZoD$Z _wbJm H$s _wbJr Amho ho nhmUo, ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r J^©dVr ñÌrda
X~md Q>mH$Uo, {VMm N>i H$aUo B. JwÝhm g_OÊ`mV Ambm. `m H¥$Ë`m_Üò gm_rb gdmªZm {ejoMr VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
20 gßQ>|~a 1994 bm hm H$m`Xm g§nyU© XoemV bmJy Ho$bm Var _hmamîQ´>mV _mÌ Vmo nyduM 1988 bm bmJy
H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. hm H$m`Xm bmJy H$aUmao _hmamîQ´> ho n{hbo amÁ`.
11. _{hbm g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ 2005 (H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMma H$m`Xm) …
XoemV KaJwVr qhgmMmambm ~ir nS>Umè`m {ó`m§Mr g§»`m IynM OmñV Amho. ~bmËH$ma, nËZrbm
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_mahmU, hþ§S>m~ir, em[aarH$ d _mZ{gH$ N>i `m§Zm {Vbm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. XoemV Vã~b 37% _{hbm
KaJwVr qhgmMmambm ~ir nS>VmVm. KaJwVr qhgmMmamnmgyZ pñÌ`m§Zm ga§jU àmá ìhmdo åhUyZ hm H$m`Xm
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma, "ñÌrMm emm[aarH$, b¢{JH$, _mZ{gH$, emãXrH$, ^md{ZH$, Am{W©H$ N>i
H$aUo, N>imMr Y_H$s XoUo åhUOo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMma _mZÊ`mV òVmo.
`m H$m`ÚmZwgma Agm qhgmMma H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm {ejm d Am{W©H$ X§S>mMr VaVyX AmhoM. {edm` `m
H$m_r {Z`wŠV gwajm A{YH$mè`mZo H$m_mV H$gya Ho$ë`mg Ë`mghr H¡$X d Am{W©H$ X§S>mMr {ejoMr VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
12. ~bmËH$ma {damoYr H$m`Xm 2012 …
`m H$m`ÚmZwgma 18 dfm©Imbrb _wbrda ~bmËH$ma Ho$ë`mg 10 df} Vo OÝ_R>on d X§S>, gm_w{hH$
~bmËH$ma Ho$ë`mg 20 df} Vo OÝ_R>on d X§S>, gmd©O{ZH$ OmJr {ddñÌ Ho$ë`mg VrZ Vo gmV df} d X§S>mMr
{ejoMr VaVyX AgyZ ~bmËH$mamMm Xþgè`m§Mm JwÝhm Ho$bm Agë`mg OÝ_R>on qH$dm \$merMr {ejm XoÊ`mV òVo.
VgoM `m JwÝømVrb {nS>rV _{hboMr gmj d CbQ>Vnmg, JwÝhoJmamMr Vnmg, CbQ>Vnmg `m~m~V AZoH$ ZdrZ
VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
13. b¢{JH$ N>i {damoYr ZdrZ H$m`Xm 2013 …
H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñÌrda hmoUmè`m b¢{JH$ N>imÀ`m {damoYr hm H$m`Xm AgyZ, em[aarH$ g§nH©$ d
àU`MoîQ>m, b¢{JH$ gwImMr _mJUr, {dZ§Vr, Aíbrb gm{hË` àXe©Z, Aíbrb eoao~mOr d hmd^md `m~amo~aM
{Vbm Ë`mgmR>r Am{_f XmIdUo AWdm Y_H$mdUo `mg b¢{JH$ N>idma g_OÊ`mV òVo. Ë`mgmR>r darb
doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m JwÝømgmR>r doJdoJù`m {ejm d X§S>mMr gmo` H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va
H$maImZm _mbH$mZo `mg§~§Yr `mo½` Vr H$m`©dmhr d ghH$m`© Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm X§S>mË_H$ {ejm hmoVo.
14. amîQ´>r` _{hbm Am`moJ A{Y{Z`_ 1990 …
gZ 1990 hm A{Y{Z`_ g§gXoV g_§V hmoD$Z Ë`mda amîQ´>nVtMr _mÝ`Vm àmá Pmbr. Ë`mZwgma 31
OmZodmar 1990 bm amîQ´>r` _{hbm A`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m Am`moJmbm Ý`m`mb`mgmaIo
A{YH$ma AgyZ H$mbI§S> VrZ dfm©Mm AgVmo. Am`moJmV EH$ AÜ`j, nmM gXñ` d EH$ gXñ` g{Md AgVmo.
`m Am`moJmMr à_wI H$m`} åhUOo 1. _{hbm g§ajUmgmR>rÀ`m H$m`ÚmMo narjU H$aUo d ÌwQ>r AmT>ië`mg
Ë`mV g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mg gaH$mabm gmhmæ` H$aUo. 2. _{hbm§Zm XoÊ`mV òUmè`m H$m`Xoera _XVrMm AmT>mdm
KoUo, Ë`m§À`m à^mdr A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r emgZmg gyMZm H$aUo. 3. _{hbm AË`mMma àH$maUmMm emoY KoUo
d Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo. 4. gwYmaJ¥h, H$mamJ¥hmVrb ñÌr`m§À`m pñWVrMr nhmUr, Ë`m§À`m nwZd©gZ d
gwYmam{df`r {e\$mag H$aUo. 5. _{hbm {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ à{H«$òV gh^mJr hmoUo BË`mXr.
15. _{hbm h¸$ d g§{dYmZmVrb VaVwXr …
^maVr` g§{dYmZmVrb _wb^yV h¸$, _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo `mVyZ VgoM BVa {d{dY H$b_mVyZ _{hbm h¸$
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g§ajUmMr VaVwX KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mVrb H$mhr VaVyXr nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. H$b_ 14 Zwgma H$m`Úmg_moa gd©OU g_mZ AgyZ ñÌr-nwéf Agm ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. 2.
H$b_ 15 Zwgma qbJmÀ`m AmYmao ôX^md H$aÊ`mV à{V~§Y. 3. H$b_ 16 Zwgma ZmoH$ar d godm _Üò ñÌrnwéfm§Zm g_mZ g§Yr. 4. H$b_ 39 (3) Zwgma ñÌr d nwéfm§Zm g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r g_mZ doVZ. `m_Üò ñÌr-nwéf
ôX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. 5. H$b_ 51 A (H$) Zwgma ñÌr`m§Mr Aà{VîR>m, An_mZ hmoB©b Ago dV©Z H$moUmhr
ZmJ[aH$m§Zr H$ê$ Zò BË`mXr.
CnamoŠV H$m`Úm{edm` nwT>rb H$m`Xohr ñÌr`m§À`m h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r ^maVmV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
16. _{hbm h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1990
17. n§Mm`V amÁ` g§ñWm d ZmJar ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWmV _{hbm§Zm 1/3 AmajU
18. g_mZ doVZ H$m`Xm 1976, 1987
19. Y_mªVarV ì`ŠVr{ddmh {dÀN>oX H$m`Xm 1866
20. KQ>ñ\$moQ> H$m`Xm 1869
21. _mZdr hŠH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993
22. AmZ§Xr {ddmh H$m`Xm 1909
23. _wñbr_ ñÌr KQ>ñ\$moQ> hŠH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1986
24. _hmamîQ´> XodXmgr à{V~§YH$ d {Z_y©bZ H$m`Xm 2005
25. _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` H$m`Xm 1987
26. Hw$Qy>§~ Ý`m`mb` H$m`Xm 1984
27. XodXmgr g_n©U à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1994.
~) ~mbH$m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb {deof H$m`Xo "_wbo {hM amîQ´>mMr IarIwar g§nËVr hmo`', "_wbo amîQ´>mMo ^mdr AmYmañV§^ AgVmV'. `m ~mbH$m§Mm
{dH$mg hmoUo `mgmR>rM _hËdmMo AgVo. "bhmZ _wbm§À`m qH$dm ~mbH$m§À`m A§J^yV j_VoMm nwaonya {dH$mg
KS>dyZ AmUUo qH$dm Agm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$aUo åhUOo ~mb{dH$mg hmo`'.
Agm {dH$mg gmYÊ`m_Üò ~mbH$m§À`m hŠH$m§Mo Cëb§KZ hm AS>Wim R>aVmo åhUyZM ^maVmV ~mbH$m§À`m hŠH$
g§ajUmgmR>r {d{dY H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV Vo nwT>rb à_mUo 1) ~mbhŠH$ d KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyX 1. H$b_ 15(3) Zwgma "pñÌ`m d ~mbHo$' `m§À`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmMr {deof VaVyX H$aÊ`mMm
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amÁ`mZm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm AgyZ `m~m~V amÁ`mbm à{V~§Y Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr.
2. amÁ`KQ>Zm H$b_ 39 Ýdò, ~mbH$m§Mm {Zam_` nÕVrZo {dH$mg hmoUogmR>r, _yŠV d à{VîR>mnyU©
dmVmdaUmV {dH$mg hmoUogmR>r Amdí`H$ godm, gw{dYm {Xë`m Omì`mV. ~mbH$m§Zm emofUmnmgwZ
g§ajU {Xbo Omdo. Ë`m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ d Z¡{VH$ JaOm§Mr Cnojm hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ g§ajU
{Xbo Omdo.
3. H$b_ 45 Zwgma, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m àma§^mnmgwZ d`df© XhmÀ`m AmVrb gd© ~mbH$m§Zm
Ë`m§À`m d`mÀ`m 14 dfm©n`ªV _mo\$V d gŠVrMo {ejU XoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$amdr.
4. H$b_ 25 Zwgma 15 d`dfm©Imbrb H$moUË`mhr _wbmbm YmoH$mXm`H$ H$m_ {Xbo OmD$ Zò qH$dm
H$maImZo ImUr B. R>rH$mUr Ë`m§Zm H$m_mda R>odbo OmD$ Zò.
5. H$b_ 15(3), 23 d 39 Zygma ~mbH$m_Jma àWm ~oH$m`Xoera _mZÊ`mV `mdr. bhmZ _ybm§Zm
H$m_mda R>odVm òUma Zmhr.
6. H$b_ 39 Zwgma emgZmZo ~mbH$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r amîQ´>r` YmoaUmMr {Z{_©Vr H$amdr.
2) ~mbhŠH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 2005 ~mbH$m§À`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmH$arVm Ë`m§À`m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo, `mo½` A§_b~OmdUr ìhmdr `mH$arVm
~mbhŠH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm Am`moJmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
`m Am`moJmV EH$ AÜ`j d ghm gXñ` AgmdoV. gd© gXñ` `m pñÌ`m Agmì`mV. `m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H|$Ð
emgZ H$aVo. `m Am`moJmH$Sy>Z nwT>rb H$m`} nma nmS>br OmVmV.
1. ~mbH$m§À`m gwa{jVVog§~§Yr H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m VaVwXtMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
2. ~mbhŠH$m§À`m Cëb§KZg§~Yr àH$aUmMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
3. ~mbH$m§À`m g§ajUmH$S>o d Ë`m§À`m JaOm§H$S>o bj XoUo.
4. ~mbhŠH$m§À`m g§X^m©V ~bXË`m n[apñWVr d Zdg_ñ`m§À`m nmíd©^y_rda g§emoYZ H$aUo.
5. ~mbhŠH$m§À`m OZ-OmJ¥VrgmR>r, àmoËgmhZm§gmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo à`ËZ d H$m`} nma nmS>Uo.
6. ~mbhŠH$m§À`m Cëb§KZm~m~VrVrb KQ>Zm§Mm emoY KoD$Z, n[ajU H$ê$Z Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb Amdí`H$
Ë`m {e\$maer emgZmg H$aUo.
3) ~mbÝ`m` (_wbm§Mr XoI^mb Am{U g§ajU) A{Y{Z`_ 2000 amîQ´>r` ~mbH$m`Xm 1986 A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m AmYmao, CnojrV d JwÝhoJmar àd¥ËVrÀ`m bhmZ _wbm§Mr
XoI^mb, g§ajU, CnMma, {dH$mg d nwZ©dgZmÀ`m g§X^m©V hm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mMr d¡{eîQ²>ò AWdm
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VaVwXr, H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo - 1) XoemVrb gd© ~mbH$m§Zm g_mZ Ý`m` d hŠH$ àmá ìhmdoV `mgmR>r g_mZ
H$m`Úm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo. 2) _wbm§Zm Ë`m§À`m hŠH$m§Mm H$moUr hŠH ^§J Ho$bmAgë`mg Ë`m§Zm Ý`m` àmá H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mgmR>rMo {ZH$f {ZpíMV H$aUo. 3) ~mbJwÝhoJmar {Z_y©bZmH$arVm {ZpíMV Cnm``moOZm V`ma H$aUo. 4)
H$moUVohr _yb Vwê§$J d nmo{bgm§À`m Vmã`mV OmUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm KoUo. 5) ~mb{dH$mg g§~Yr ñd§`godr
g§ñWmMr O~m~Xmar, ^y{_H$m d H$m`©joÌ {ZpíMV H$aUo. 6) _wbm§Mr XoI^mb, g§ajU, {dH$mg d nwZ©dgZmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ Cnm` `moOZo BË`m{X. VWmnr `m A{Y{Z`_mZwgma CnamoŠV H$m`m©H$arVm àËòH$ {OëhmV {OëhmñVamda
"~mb Ý`m` _§S>i' {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo. 7) `m H$m`ÚmZygma ~mbJwÝhoJmam§Zm {Z[ajUJ¥hmV R>odÊ`mMr VaVyX
Amho. 8) `m A{Y{Z`_mZwgma ~mbJwÝhoJmamMo Zm§d, \$moQ>mo gmd©O{ZH$ ñdê$nmV à{gÕ H$aVm òV ZmhrV.
4) _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmÀ`m hŠH$mMm H$m`Xm 2010 :
`m H$m`Úm_Üò ~mbhŠH$m§er, ~mb{dH$mgm§er g§~YrV ~m~r, VaVwXr nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) d`df© ghm Vo Mm¡Xm `m d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm àmW{_H$ {ejU _mo\$V d AZ{dm`© {ejU {Xbo Omdo.
2) `m d`moJQ>mVrb H$moUË`mhr _wbm§g àdoe ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
3) àmW{_H$ {ejU nyU© hmoB©n`ªV H$moUË`mhr _ybm§g emioVyZ H$mT>Vm òUma Zmhr.
4) B`ËVm n{hbr Vo AmR>drn`ªV {dÚmÏ`mªg Zmnmg H$aVm òUma Zmhr.
5) amÁ` gaH$ma d ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmZo Xþ~©b d d§{MV KQ>H$m§À`m _wbm~m~V ôX^md hmoD$ Zò `mH$S>o
H$Q>mj R>odUo.
6) AZwXm{ZV d {dZmAZwXm{ZV emioV 25% OmJm d§{MV d H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§Vrb _ybm§gmR>r R>odÊ`mV
`mì`mV `m {dÚmÏ`mªMr \$s amÁ`gaH$ma XoB©b.
7) H$moUVrhr emim _wbm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmbH$ d _wbm§Mr N>mZZr à{H«$òMm dmna H$aUma Zmhr.
8) d`df© ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm emioV XmIb H$aUo ho Ë`m§À`m nmbH$m§Mohr H$V©ì`
Agob.
9) ñWm{ZH$ emim ì`dñWmnZ g{_VrV Xþ~©b d d§{MV dJm©À`m _ybm§À`m nmbH$m§Zm _ybm§À`m
g§»òZwgma AWdm {H$_mZ 3/4 BVHo$ à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mV `mdo.
10) {ejH$m§Zr àËòH$ _wbmMr j_Vm nmhÿZ Á`mg Amdí`H$ Agob Aem _ybmg "{deof {ejU' Úmdo.
11) _ybm§Zm {^Vr, qMVm, AmKmV `mnmgyZ Xÿa R>odUmam, Ë`m§À`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmg nmofH$ Aä`mgH«$_
V`ma H$amdm.
12) ~mbhŠH$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 2005 Zygma ~mb hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r ñWm{nV amîQ´>r` d amÁ`
Am`moJmZo "{ejUmMm hŠH$' `m H$m`ÚmZo {Xboë`m ~mbhŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$amdo.
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5) ~mbH$ H$m`Xm 1960 ~mbH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ~mbH$m§Mo nmbZ nmofU `mo½`[aË`m ìhmdo, Ë`m§À`m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo, Ë`m§Zm
{ejUmÀ`m gmo`r-gw{dYm àmá ìhmì`mV, {ZamYma d AnamYr ~mbH$m§Mo nwZ©dgZ `mo½` nÕVrZo ìhmdo
Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVmVrb H|$ÐemgrV àXoemVrb AnamYr ~mbH$m§Mr Mm¡H$er `m~m~VÀ`m VaVwXr AgUmam
1960 Mm ~mbH$ H$m`Xm hmo`. `m H$m`ÚmVM ~mbH$ë`mU H$arVm "~mbH$ë`mU _§S>i' d "~mbÝ`m`mb`mMr
ñWmnZm' H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho.
6) ~mbÝ`mb` H$m`Xm 1986 `m H$m`ÚmVrb "~mbhŠH$'g§~§Yr _hËdmÀ`m VaVwXr nwT>rb à_mUo 1. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma _wbm§Mm N>i H$aUo, emofU, {nidUyH$ H$aUo hm XIbnmÌ JwÝhm _mZÊ`mV Ambm.
2. `m H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr {deofV… AZmW, Xþb©{jV, Q>mHy$Z {Xboë`m, dmB©Q> _mJm©bm bmJboë`m
^`J«ñV _wbm§gmR>r Ho$br OmVo.
3. Xþb©{jV ~mbHo$ d ~mb JwÝhoJma `m§À`mda `mo½` CnMma, g_wnXoeZ d Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ Vo g§ajU
XoÊ`mMr d Ë`m§À`m nwZ©dgZmMr VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmV Amho.
4. ~mbJwÝhoJmamH$Sy>Z KS>boë`m JwÝømg§~Yr _m{hVr O_m H$ê$Z Ë`m_mJrb H$maUmMm emoY KoÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUog§X^m©V VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmV Amho.
5. ~mbÝ`m`mb`mV _ybm§À`m _Zmda AmKmV hmoD$ Zò `mgmR>r Ý`m`mYre, dH$sb, nmo{bg ho gd©
gmÜ`m doemV AgVrb, Aer VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmV Amho.
7) _w§~B© ~mbgwYma H$m`Xm 1948 ~mbJwÝhoJma JwÝhoJmar dmVmdaUmnmgwZ AWdm Aem ì`ŠVrnmgwZ Xÿa ahmdoV, Ë`m§À`mV gwYmaUm ìhmdr
åhUyZ `m H$m`ÚmZygma ~mbJwÝhoJmamg Vwê§$JmV Z R>odVm gwYmaJ¥hmVM R>odÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m
nmbH$m§Zr Ë`mÀ`m Mm§Jë`m dV©ZmMr h_r {Xë`mg Ë`mbm nmbH$mH$S>o gmondÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho. {edm`
~mbJwÝhoJmamg \$mer, OÝ_R>on `m {ejm H$aVm òV ZmhrV.
8) ^maVr` H$maImZm H$m`Xm 1948 `m H$m`ÚmVrb ~mbhŠH$ d ~mbH$ë`mU {df`H$ VaVwXr nwT>rb à_mUo - 1) `m H$m`ÚmZwgma d`df©
15 À`m AmVrb _wbmg "~mbH$' åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV `mdo. 2) d`df© 14 À`m AmVrb _ybmg H$maImÝ`mV
H$m_mda R>do Vm òUma Zmhr. 3) 14 df© nyU© Pmmboë`m nU ~mbH$ Agboë`m (15 dfm©AmVrb) _ybm§g {XdgmVyZ
gmS>oMma Vmgmnojm OmñV doi H$m_mda R>odVm òUma Zmhr. 4) Aem _ybm§Zm amÌr 10 Vo gH$mir 6 `mdoiV
H$m_mda R>odVm òUma Zmhr. 5) YmoŠ`mÀ`m, AdKS> H$m_mda ~mbH$m_Jmamg R>odVm òUma Zmhr. 6) dfm©V 14
{Xdg gdoVZ gwQ>r {Xbr OmB©b.
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9) ~mbH$m_Jma {Z_y©bZmg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm 1988 :
`m H$m`ÚmVrb à_yI VaVwXr nwT>rb à_mUo 1) d`df© 14 nojm H$_r d`mÀ`m _wbm§Zm {deof àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©V H$m_mda R>odUo {ZfoYmË_H$ Agob.
2) ^maVmV ~mbH$m§À`m hŠH$ d g§ajUmg§~§Yr Oo {d{dY H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m H$m`ÚmVrb
"~mbH$' ì`m»òV EH$ê$nVm AmUUo.
10) qhXÿ AkmZ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1956 `m H$m`ÚmZwgma AkmZ _wbm§-_wbrÀ`m AmB© d dS>rb `m XmoKm§Mmhr _¥Ë`y Pmmë`mg Ë`m§Mm gm§^mi d
g§nËVrMo g§ajU Ý`m`mb` H$aob Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr na§Vw AmB©-dS>rbm§H$Sy>Z _¥Ë`ynydu EImÚm
ì`ŠVrg nmbH$ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Agob Va Ë`m§À`m _ybm§Mm gm§^mi Ý`m`mb` Z H$aVm nmbH$ H$aVrb
nU Agm nmbH$ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m nadmZJr{edmg g§~YrV AkmZ _wbm-_wbtMr g§nËVr {dH«$s H$ê$ eH$Uma
Zmhr, JhmU R>ody eH$Uma Zmhr. Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM `m H$m`ÚmZwgma ñÌrbmgwÕm nmbH$
~ZÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, AkmZ nmë`mÀ`m g§nËVrMo g§ajU d ì`dñWm, H$aUogmR>r XoÊ`mV Ambm.
`m{edm` ~mbJwÝhoJmamgmR>r d ~mbH$m_Jmam§gmR>r H$mhr BVa H$m`ÚmVhr H$mhr VaVwXr AmhoV Vo H$m`Xo
nwT>rb à_mUo 11) 1850 Mm H$m`Xm.
12) gwYmaJ¥h H$m`Xm 1897.
13) ~moñQ>b ñHy$b H$m`Xm.
14) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m`Xm 1881, 1891 d 1990.
15) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m`Xm 1922 d 1934.
16) ~mbH$m_Jma doR>{~Jma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1933.
17) _io H$m_Jma H$m`Xm 1951.
18) ImU A{Y{Z`_ 1952.
19) _MªQ> {eqnJ A°ŠQ> 1958.
20) _moQ>ma dmhVyH$ H$m_Jma H$m`Xm 1961.
21) {dS>r {gJmaoQ> H$m_Jma H$m`Xm 1966.
22) A°Q>mo{_H$ EZOu A°ŠQ> 1962.
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H$) H$m_Jma g§~Yr H$m`Xo :
H$maImÝ`mV AWdm BVa {R>H$mUr H$m_ H$aUmam H$m_Jma àW_ EH$ _mUyg Amho. _mUyg åhUyZ Ë`mbm
àmá hŠH$m§Mr nm`_ëbr hmoD$ Zò, Ë`mMo emofU hmoD$ Zò BË`m{X g§X^m©VyZ ^maVmV AZoH$ H$m_Jma {df`H$
H$m`Xo g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mVrb H$mhr à_yI H$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo1) H$m_Jma ZwH$gmZ ânmB© H$m`Xm 1923 1923 gmbr ñdmV§Í`nyd© ^maVmV g§_V Pmboë`m `m H$m`ÚmV Z§Va AZoH$ ~Xb H$ê$Z Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) H$m_mda H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm AnKmV Pmmë`mg Ë`mV Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmmë`mg Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qy>§~mbm
ZwH$gmZânmB© {Xbr OmVo. AnKmVmMo ñdê$n d H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ bjmV KoD$Z ZwH$gmZânmB©
{ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo.
2) ^maVmVrb à_wI 27 àH$maÀ`m CÚmoJm§Zm hm H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
3) ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr aŠH$_ H$maImZXmambm Úmdr bmJob.
4) AnKmVmZ§Va VrZ {XdgmV H$m_Jma H$m_mda Amë`mg ZwH$gmZânmB© {Xbr OmV Zmhr.
5) AnKmVmZ§Va Mma {Xdgm§À`m AmV nJmamMr AYu aŠH$_ ZwH$gmZ ânmB© åhUyZ {Xbr OmVo.
6) `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Am`wŠVmMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
2) H$m_Jma amÁ` {d_m H$m`Xm 1948 1. j`, H$H©$amoJ Aem amoJm§Zm dJiyZ BVa amoJm§Zr ÌñV, AmOmar H$m_Jmamg 56 {Xdgmn`ªV gmhmæ`
H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX.
2. ñÌr H$m_Jmam§gmR>r `m H$m`ÚmV {deof VaVyX AgyZ 1959 nmgyZ Z¡g{J©H$ AmnËVr d AmOmar
H$mimV 12 AmR>dS>çmn`ªV g§nyU© doVZ XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho.
3. H$m_Jma H$m_mda AgVmZm AnKmV Pmbm, _¥Ë`y Pmbm Va Ë`mÀ`mda Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m
Hw$Q>y§>{~`m§Zm ZwH$gmZ ânmB© XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho.
4. AgmÜ` amoJ AWdm AnKmVmZo H$m_Jmamg An§JËd Ambo Va Ë`mÀ`m doVZmÀ`m AYu aŠH$_ {Xbr
OmVo. H$m`_Mo An§JËd Amë`mg {H$Vr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Úmd`mMr `mMm {ZU©` Ý`m`mb` XoVo.
5. `m{edm` H$m_Jmam§g Amamo½`{df`H$ gmo`r-gw{dYm, ñÌr`m§Zm àgyVrg§X^m©Vrb d¡ÚH$s` gmo`rgwdYm XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho.
3) H$m_Jma ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr H$m`Xm 1952 gwadmVrbm _moOŠ`mM CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§gmR>r bmJy AgUmam H$m`Xm 1958 nmgyZ ñWm{ZH$ d gaH$mar
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CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§gmR>rhr hm H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmV H$m_Jma godm{Zd¥Îm Pmë`mZ§Va `m
{ZYrVyZ Ë`mbm Am{W©H$ gmhmæ` Ho$bo OmVo. `mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r amîQ´>r` nmVirda EH$ {dídñV _§S>i
Zo_Ê`mV Ambo. `m_Üò ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr Am`wŠV hm H$m`©H$mar A{YH$mar åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmo. godm{Zd¥Îm
H$m_Jmambm hm bm^ {_iVmoM {edm` Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m nËZrbm hm bm^ {_iVmo.
4) H$maImZm H$m`Xm 1948 ^maVmV 1881 bm n{hbm H$maImZm {df`H$ H$m`Xm Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Vahr 1934 bm Ho$boë`m H$maImZm
H$m`ÚmV nwT>o dma§dma gwYmaUm qH$dm XþéñË`m Ho$ë`m. Ë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì ^maVmV gaH$maZo g§nyU© H$m`Xm Zì`m
ñdê$nmV H$ê$Z 1948 _Üò g§_V Ho$bm. `m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXr nwT>rb à_mUo1. Á`m H$maImÝ`mV {dÚwVeŠVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo Aem {R>H$mUr 10 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma AgVrb
d OoWo {dÚwVeŠVrMm dmna Zmhr nU VoWo 20 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m gd©
H$maImÝ`m§Zm hm H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
2. H$moUË`mhr àm¡T> H$m_Jmamg `m H$m`ÚmZwgma EH$m AmR>dS>çmV 48 Vmgm§nojm OmñV H$m_ bmdVm
òUma Zmhr. VgoM
3. {Xdgmbm 09 Vmgmnojm OmñV H$m_ bmdVm òUma Zmhr.
4. H$m_Jmamg AÜ`m© VmgmMr {dlm§Vr {Xë`m {edm` Ë`mbm 05 Vmgmnojm OmñV H$m_ XoVm òUma
Zmhr.
5. 14 dfm©Imbrb _ybm§Zm H$m_mda KoÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Va
6. 5 Vo 18 d`mVrb {H$emoa _ybm§Zm "j_Vm à_mUnÌ' {Xë`m{edm` H$m_mda R>odVm òUma Zmhr VgoM
Ë`m§Zm {XdgmV gmS>oMma Vmgm§nojm OmñV H$m_mda RodVm òUma Zmhr.
7. ñÌr d {H$emoad`rZ H$m_Jmam§Zm amÌrMo H$m_ XoVm òUma Zmhr.
8. H$m_Jmam§Zm nJmar aOm d gwQ²>Q>çm XoÊ`m~m~VÀ`m VaVwXr.
9. H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñdÀN>VmJ¥h d {dlm§Vr H$jmMr VgoM OodU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì Imobr, _{hbm
H$m_Jmam§À`m _ybmgmR>r ñdV§Ì {eeyJ¥hmMr gmo`, àWmo_nMmamMr gmo` Ho$br Jobr nm{hOo BË`m{X
VaVyXr `m H$m`ÚmV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
10. `m{edm` H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amamo½`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo `mo½` dmVmdaU d YmoŠ`mnmgwZ g§ajU àmá
hmoUogmR>r gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
5) {H$_mZ doVZ H$m`Xm 1948 `m H$m`ÚmV CëboI Ho$boë`m CÚmoJm{edm` Á`m CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mV doVZmMm {H$_mZ Xa {ZpíMV H$aUo
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Amdí`H$ Amho Ago H|$Ð d amÁ`gaH$mam§Zm dmQ>Vo Ë`m CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`m§Zm hm H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
Ë`m§Zm `m H$m`ÚmZo XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
`m H$m`ÚmZo CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mV Ë`m CÚmoJmÀ`m ñdê$nmZygma d H$m_mÀ`m ñdê$nmZygma H$_rV H$_r {H$Vr
doVZ Úmdo åhUOo {H$_mZ doVZ {H$Vr Úmdo `mMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Pmbr. {H$_mZ doVZ {ZpíMV
H$aUoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb gëbmJma _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m _§S>imÀ`m {Z`wŠVrMo
A{YH$ma H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo. VgoM `m H$m`ÚmZo H$m_Jmam§Zm XoÊ`mV òUmao doVZ n¡emÀ`m
ñdê$nmV XoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
6) ~moZg doVZ H$m`Xm 1965 :
H|$Ð emgZmZo H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§Mm hŠH$ AgUmam Agm ~moZg {Xbm Omdm `m CÔoemZo 1965 bm hm H$m`Xm
g§_V Ho$bm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma Á`m H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ _m{gH$ 3,500 én`mnojm OmñV Zmhr Aem H$m_Jmam§Zm
Ë`m§À`m _mbH$m§Zo ~moZg XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bo.
7) g_mZ doVZ H$m`Xm 1976 :
1. ñÌr H$m_Jmamda Ho$di "ñÌr' Amho åhUyZ hmoUmam XþOm^md Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r d ñÌr H$m_Jmam§À`m
{hVmMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð emgZmZo hm H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bm. `m H$m`Úm_Üò ñÌr-nwê$f H$m_Jma
gmaIoM H$m_ H$arV AgVrb Va Ë`m§À`m doVZmV \$aH$ Z H$aVm ñÌr d nwê$f H$m_Jmam§Zm g_mZ
H$m_mgmR>r g_mZ doVZ XoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM
2. H$m_Jma âVr H$aVmZm ñÌr-nwê$f Agm qbJôX H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
3. VgoM H$m_mÀ`m g§X^m©V H$m_mMo {Z`_ d AQ>r {ZpíMV H$aVmZm ñÌr H$m_Jmamda hmoUmè`m
XþOm^mdmg à{V~§Y Ho$bm.
4. pñÌ`m§Zm amoOJmamÀ`m, ZmoH$arÀ`m g§Yr OmñV à_mUmV CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUogmR>r H$m` H$aVm òB©b
`m~m~V H|$Ð emgZmg gëbm XoUoH$arVm EH$ gëbmJma g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV
Ambr.
8) H$m_Jma àm°pìhS>§Q> \§$S> H$m`Xm 1952 H|$Ð emgZmZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm àm°pìhS>§Q> \§$S>, {d_m d {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ `m§VyZ {Zd¥Îmr Z§Vahr H$m_Jmam§Zm
Am{W©H$ gwa{jVVm XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo hm H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bm. 20 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma AgUmè`m VgoM `m
H$m`ÚmV g_m{dîQ> Ho$boë`m CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm `m H$m`ÚmMm bm^ XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V,
"H$m_Jma àm°pìhS>§Q> \§$S> `moOZm 1952', "H$m_Jma {Zd¥ËVrdoVZ `moOZm 1995', "H$m_Jma {S>nm°{PQ> qbŠS>
BÝewaÝg `moOZm 1976' Aem VrZ `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m d Ë`m§VyZ H$m_Jmam§Zm gwa{jVVm XoÊ`mMr
VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
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9) doR>{~Jma nÕVr ({Z_w©bZ) H$m`Xm 1976 `m H$m`ÚmZo doR>{~Jma åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV Agboë`m H$m_Jmam§Mr doR>{~JmarVyZ _wŠVVm Ho$br. Ë`m§Mo
emofU d {nidUyH$ Wm§~dbr. Ë`m§Mr H$O} nyU©nUo H$O©_m\$s H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM EImÚmg doR>{~Jma åhUyZ
H$m_ H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Umè`m ì`ŠVrg Vwé§Jdmg d X§S>mÀ`m {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM `m
H$m`ÚmZo doR>{~Jma H$m_Jmam§Mm emoY KoUo, Ë`m§Mr doR>{~JmarVyZ _wŠVVm H$éZ Ë`m§Mo nwZ©dgZ H$aUoMr O~m~Xmar
Ë`m-Ë`m amÁ`gaH$madaVr gmondbr Jobr.
10) H§$ÌmQ>r _Oya ({Z`_Z d {Z_w©bZ) H$m`Xm 1970 1. `m H$m`ÚmZo Á`m R>oHo$Xma, H§$ÌmQ>XmamH$S>o 20 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$arV AgVrb Va Ë`mZo
nadmZm KoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bo.
2. EH$mM {R>H$mUr VrZ _{hÝ`mnojm OmñV H$m_ Agob Va Ë`m§À`m amhÊ`mMr, ñdÀN>VmJ¥hmMr,
nmÊ`mMr d Cnhma J¥hmMr, {Xdm ~ÎmrMr gmo` H$éZ XoUo R>oHo$Xmamda ~§YZ H$maH$ Ho$bo.
3. H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr R>oHo$XmamZo àW_monMmamÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY H$éZ XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bo.
4. H$m`_ H$m_Jma d H§$ÌmQ>r H$m_Jma `m§À`m doVZmV \$aH$ Zgmdm Aer ì`dñWm `m H$m`ÚmZo Ho$br.
5. H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUrM, H$m_ g§në`mZ§Va H$m_mÀ`m doioV d {Z`{_V XoÊ`mMo ~§YZ
H§$ÌmQ>Xmamda KmbÊ`mV Ambo.
6. _Owam§Mo doVZ g§~Y§ rMo nÌH$ d H$m_mMr S>màr, a{OñQ>a R>do Uo H§$ÌmQ>Xmamda ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV.Ambo.
`m{edm` H$m_Jmam§À`m h¸$mg§~§YrMo, gwa{jVVm g§~§YrMo AZoH$ H$m`Xo ^maVmV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV
Vo nwT>rbà_mUo;
11) doVZ{df`H$ H$m`Xm 1936
12) ImU{df`H$ H$m`Xm 1952
13) _io ì`mdgm`{df`H$ H$m`Xm 1951
14) ^maVr` ì`mnmar OhmO H$m`Xm 1958
15) _moQ>ma dmhVyH$ H$m_Jma H$m`Xm 1961
16) X B§S>pñQ´>`b {S>ñß`wQ>g² H$m`Xm 1947
17) H$moigm ImU ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr d ~moZg H$m`Xm 1948
18) H$m_mÀ`m AQ>r d H$ë`mU H$m`Xm
19) JmoXr H$m_Jma (gwa[jVVm, Amamo½` d H$ë`mU) H$m`Xm 1986 BË`mXr.
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S>$) AZwgy{MV OmVr d _mZdr h¸$ H$m`Xo :
Ho$di ^maVr` g_mOmV {XgyZ òUmar OmVì`dñWm hr ^maVr` g_mO g§ñH¥$Vrdarb H$b§H$ hmo`. H$maU
`m ì`dñWoVyZ d[aîR>-H${ZîR> Agm ôX^md hmoUo. `mVyZ H${ZîR> OmVtZm Añn¥í` _mUyZ Ë`m§À`m~amo~a A_mZdr
ì`dhma H$aUo. Ë`m§À`m _mZd åhUyZ AgUmè`m _mZdr h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odUo `mVyZ Ë`m§Mo hmoUmao emofU,
{nidUyH$ g§ndUo, Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg gmYUo `mH$arVmMo H$m`Xo;
1) KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr 1. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mV ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§Yw^md `m§Mr h_r XoV gd© ^maVr`m§Zm
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` Ý`m` àmá H$éZ XoÊ`mMr h_r XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
2. H$b_ 15 Zwgma, amÁ` ho ZmJ[aH$m§Zm d§e, Y_©, OmV, OÝ_ñWmZ d qbJ `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr
JmoîQ>rÀ`m AmYmao ôX^md H$aUma Zmhr. VgoM H$moUmhr ZmJarH$mg gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUm§Mm dmna
H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr.
3. H$b_ 17 Zwgma, Añn¥í`VoMo nmbZ H$aUo hm JwÝhm R>adÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
4. H$b_ 29 Zwgma, Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm `m AWdm H$moUË`mhr EH$m H$maUmdéZ H$moUË`mhr
ZmJ[aH$mbm e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmV àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr.
5. H$b_ 330 d 332 Zwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVrH$arVm bmoH$g^m d {dYmZgôV amIrd OmJm
R>odÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
6. H$b_ 335 Zwgma, H|$Ð d amÁ` g§~§YrV godm _Üò {Z`wŠVr H$aVmZm AZwgw{MV OmVr, O_mVrVrb
ì`ŠVtMo h¸$ àemgZmMr H$m`©j_Vm amIÊ`mer gwg§JV Agob Aem [aVrZo {dMmamV KoÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
7. AZwgy{MV OmVrgmR>r amîQ´>r` Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMr VaVyX H$b_ 338 Ýdò H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Amho.
2) AZwgy{MV OmVr amîQ´>r` Am`moJ amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 338 _Üò AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVtgmR>r EH$ amîQ´>r` Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr
VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VWmnr 89 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo (2003) AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVrgmR>r ñdV§Ì Am`moJ
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mZwgma ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AZwgy{MV OmVr amîQ´>r`
Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m Am`moJmV AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j d VrZ gXñ` AgVmV d Ë`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr
amîQ´>nVtH$Sy>Z hmoVo. `m Am`moJmMr H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. AZwgy{MV OmVrVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXr, H$m`Xo d AmXoe `m
g§X^m©Vrb JmoîQ>tMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo, H$m`©dmhrda bj R>odUo d {VMo _wë`_mnZ H$aUo.
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2. AZwgy{MV OmVrZm h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odë`mÀ`m, VgoM Ë`m§Mo h¸$ d gdbVr {hamdyZ KoVë`mÀ`m
VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
3. AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg§~§YrÀ`m H|$Ð, amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m {dH$mgH$m_m§Mo,
Ë`m§À`m àJVrMo _wë`_mnZ H$aUo.
4. AZwgy{MV OmVr amîQ´>r` Am`moJmH$S>o Á`m VH«$mar òVrb Ë`m§À`m Mm¡H$ergmR>r Am`moJmg {XdmUr
Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
5. AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$arVmÀ`m {Z`moOZ à{H«$òV Am`moJmZo g„m XoUo.
6. AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmg§X^m©V KoVbobo {ZU©` d H$m`© `m§Mm "dm{f©H$ Ahdmb'
amîQ´>nVtZm gmXa H$aUo.
7. AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r d {dH$mgmgmR>r g§{dYmZmVrb VaVyXr `mg§X^m©V Á`m
AmhoV Ë`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUr H$[aVm `mo½` Cnm` emgZmg gwMdUo.
8. AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m h¸$m§Mo g§ajU, H$ë`mU `mg§X^m©V amîQ´>nVtÀ`mH$Sy>Z gmondÊ`mV Ambobr
H$m`} nma nmS>Uo.
9. H|$Ð d amÁ`mÀ`m Á`m YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU©`mMm AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m {hVg§~§Ymmda n[aUm_ hmoUma
Amho, Ago {ZU©` KoÊ`mnydu emgZmZo Am`moJmer {dMma {d{Z_` H$aUo ho ~§YZH$maH$ Amho.
3) AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O_mVr (AË`mMma à{V~§YH$) H$m`Xm 1989 AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVrVrb ì`ŠVtZm h¸$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odV Ë`m§Mr hmoUmar {nidUyH$, emofU
Wm§~dUogmR>r, Ë`m§À`mdarb AË`mMmambm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 30 OmZodmar 1989 bm "AZwgy{MV
OmVr Am{U O_mVr (AË`mMma à{V~§YH ) H$m`Xm' `mMr A§_b~OmdUr gwê$ Pmbr. 04 àH$aUmV d 23
H$b_mMr ì`már AgUmè`m `m H$m`ÚmVrb H$mhr VaVyXr nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr~mhoarb ì`ŠVr, JQ> `m§Zr `m OmVr-O_mVrVrb ì`ŠVrda AË`mMma Ho$bm
Va Ë`mg {H$_mZ 6 _{hZo d H$_mb 5 df} {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. EHy$U 15 àH$maMo
AË`mMma `m_Üò Z_yX Ho$bo AgyZ Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m
Kamda, eoOmar Ë`mg BOm, An_mZ hmoB©b Ago K¥UmñnX nXmW© Q>mH$Uo. XmoZ - Á`m H¥$Ë`mZo _mZdr
à{VîR>obm Y¸$m nmohMob Ago H¥$Ë` (CXm… Z½Z damV H$mT>Uo B.) {Vgao - åhUOo, Ë`mMr ñWmda
AWdm Ë`mZo àmá Ho$bobr _mb_Îmm hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mg ~iO~arZo ^mJ nmS>Uo. Mm¡Wo - åhUOo,
`m OmVr-O_mVrVrb ì`ŠVtZm gŠVrZo H$m_ bmdUo, Ë`m§g doR>{~Jma åhUyZ R>odUo, Ë`mg ^rH$
_mJmd`mg bmdUo B. nmMdo - åhUOo _VXmZmÀ`m ~m~VrV Ë`mÀ`mda AË`mMma H$aUo. OmVrO_mVrVrb ì`ŠVr{déÕ ImoQ>m d MyH$sMm Xmdm XmIb H$aUo ho ghmdo d gmVdo- åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$
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{R>H$mUr `m OmVr O_mVrÀ`m ì`ŠVtMm An_mZ hmoB©b Ago Ë`m§Zm dmJdUo. AmR>do- `m OmVrO_mVrVrb _{hbm§da AË`mMma H$aUo. ZD$ - åhUOo `m OmVr-O_mVrVrb ì`ŠVtZm gmd©O{ZH$
{R>H$mUr àdoe ZmH$maUo `m g§X^m©V {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
2. `m OmVr-O_mVrgmR>r ~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m g_mO _§{Xao, àmW©Zm ñWio `m§Zm AmJ bmdUo, _moS>VmoS>
H$aUo, nmS>Uo `m~m~V OÝ_R>on hmoD$ eH$Vo.
3. `m OmVr, O_mVrVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mb_ÎmoV AmJ bmdë`m, Omië`mg 6 _{hZo Vo 7 dfm©n`ªV
{ejoMr VaVyX.
4. `m OmVr, O_mVrVrb ZgUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§Zo `m OmVr, O_mVrÀ`m g_ñ`mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë`mg
Ë`mg ghm _{hZo Vo EH$ dfm©n`ªV {ejoMr VaVyX.
B) AZwgy{MV O_mVr d _mZdr h¸$ H$m`Xo :
1991 À`m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmVrb EHy$U bmoH$g§»òÀ`m 8.08% bmoH$g§»`m AZwgy{MV O_mVrMr
hmoVr. AZwgy{MV O_mVrMr {d{eîQ> bjUo åhUOo àJV g_mOmnmgyZ Xÿa ahmUo, Aja AmoiI ZgUo, àJV
V§ÌkmZmMm A^md, AkmZ d A§YlÕoMm nJS>m, {ZajaVm B. hmoV. àJV g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§À`m g§nH$m©V `m
Om_mVr Amë`m. VoWo Ë`m§Mo emofU OmñV à_mUmV gwê$ Pmbo. O§JbVmoS> d ì`mnma H$aUmao, O{_ZXma, R>oHo$Xma,
gmdH$ma `m§Mr `m O_mVrÀ`m AkmZmMm, Xm[aÐ`mMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoV emofU Ho$bo. `m nmíd©^y_rda AZwgy{MV
O_mVrÀ`m h¸$ ajUmgmR>r d {dH$mgmgmR>rMo H$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo;
1) KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyXr :
1. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 19 (5) AÝdò, AZwgy{MV O_mVtZm ñdV§Ì amhÊ`mMm, g§nÎmr YmaU
H$aÊ`mMm, Ë`mMr {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agob.
2. H$b_ 46 AÝdò, amÁ`mZo {deofV… AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVrgmR>r {ejU, amoOJmamMr
ì`dñWm H$amdr. Ë`m§Mo H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo emofU hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
3. H$b_ 330, 332 d 334 Zwgma OmZodmar 2010 n`ªV AZwgy{MV O_mVtZm Ë`m§À`m bmoH$g§»òÀ`m
à_mUmV bmoH$g^m d {dYmZgôV à{V{Z{YËd {Xbo OmB©b.
4. H$b_ 338 (A) Zwgma AZwgy{MV O_mVrÀ`m {dH$mg d {hVg§~§YmÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r AZwgy{MV
OZOmVr amîQ´>r` Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
5. H$b_ 339 Zwgma AZwgy{MV O_mVr Am`moJmH$Sy>Z AZwgy{MV O_mVtÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$
g{_Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUoMr VaVyX Ho$br.
6. H$b_ 342 Zwgma AZwgy{MV O_mVr g§~§YrMo {ZH$f {ZpíMV H$aUo.
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7. H$b_ 243 AÝdò àËòH$ n§Mm`VrV AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVrgmR>r amIrd OmJm R>odUo.
8. H$b_ 244 Zwgma AZwgy{MV O_mVtÀ`m joÌmÀ`m {Z`§ÌU d àemgZ {Z{_©VrgmR>r {deof VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
9. H$b_ 275 Zwgma amÁ`mVrb Am{Xdmgr OZOmVr {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm V`ma H$aUo d Ë`mH$[aVm H|$Ð
gaH$maÀ`m g_oH$sV {ZYrVyZ ghmæ` KoUo.
2) amîQ´>r` AZwgy{MV OZOmVr Am`moJ gZ 2000 gmbr 83 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrÛmao `m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2004 gmbr hm Am`moJ H$m`©aV Pmbm. Am`moJmV EH$ AÜ`j, EH$ CnmÜ`j d VrZ gXñ` AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr
{Z`wŠVr amîQ´>nVrH$Sy>Z hmoVo. H$m`©H$mb VrZ dfm©Mm AgVmo. `m Am`moJmMr à_wI H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. AZwgy{MV OZOmVrZm KQ>Zm, H$m`Xo, AÜ`mXoe `mVyZ Oo A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV, Ë`m§Mo ajU H$aUo.
2. AZwgy{MV O_mVrZm àmá A{YH$ma Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {hamdyZ KoVbo OmV AgVrb Va Aem àH$aUm§Mr
Mm¡H$er H$aUo `mg§~§Yr Am`moJmbm {XdmUr Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
3. H|$Ð AWdm amÁ` emgZmg AZwg{y MV O_mVrg§~Y§ r YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Am`moJmer {dMma{dZ_`
H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ KmVbo Amho.
4. amîQ´>nVtZm hdm Agob Voìhm Am`moJmZo Amnbm H$m`© Ahdmb Ë`m§Zm XoUoMr VaVyX Amho.
5. AZwgy{MV O_mVtÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ YmoaU V`ma H$aUo.
6. AZwgy{MV O_mVtÀ`m bmoH$m§À`m O{_ZrMo hñVm§Va Wm§~dUo, Á`m§Mo hñVm§VaU Pmbo Ë`m§À`m
nwZ©dgZmgmR>r Cnm``moOZm gwMdUo.
7. I{ZO g§gmYZo, nmUr `mg§~§Yr Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ma XoUo d Ë`mg§~§Yr Cnm``moOZm gwMdUo.
8. dZjoÌmV amhUmè`m AZwgy{MV O_mVrZm bKw d dZCËnmXZmg§~§Yr _mbH$s h¸$ XoÊ`mg§~§Yr Cnm`
`moOZm H$aUo. BË`mXr.
3) AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O_mVr (AË`mMma à{V~§YH$) H$m`Xm 1989 (`m H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr "S>' AZwgy{MV OmVr d _mZdr h¸$ H$m`Xo' `m_Üò H«$_m§H$ 03 bm Ambobr Amho.)
(1) An§J A{Y{Z`_ 1995 (g_mZ g§Yr, g_mZ A{YH$ma, g_mZ g§ajU d nyU© ^mJrXmar)
`m H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr 1996 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr. `m H$m`ÚmMo {deof åhUOo `m H$m`ÚmV
An§Jm§À`m nwZ©dgZmg§~§YmV An§JVm {ZdmaU d {dH$mgmË_H$ Aem XmoÝhr~m~r g§X^m©V VaVyXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m
AmhoV.
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`m H$m`ÚmÛmao H|$Ð d amÁ` ñVamda gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` d g~brH$aU _§Ìmb` d amÁ` g_mOH$ë`mU
_§Í`mÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ g_Ýd` g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$éZ {VÀ`mH$S>o nwT>rb H$m`} gmondbr AmhoV;
1. An§Jm§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r amîQ´>r` YmoaUm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
2. An§JmgmR>rMo YmoaU, H$m`Xo, AÜ`mXoe, H$m`©H«$_ g§~§Yr emgZmg g„m XoUo.
3. `m§À`m g§~§YrMo H$m`Xo, YmoaU `m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.
4. An§J _wbmg Ë`mÀ`m d`mÀ`m 18 dfm©n`ªV _mo\$V {ejU XoUo.
5. An§Jm§Zm _mo\$V AWdm Aën XamV O_rZ, Kao CnbãY H$éZ XoUo.
6. An§Jm§Zm Amdí`H$ CnH$aUo, `§Ìo CnbãY H$éZ XoUo.
7. An§Jm§gmR>r {deof {d_m `moOZm bmJy H$aUo.
8. An§JmgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU, amoOJma H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo, ñd`§amoOJma CnbãY H$éZ XoUo,
An§JmgmR>rÀ`m Ama{jV [aŠV OmJm§Mr _m{hVr KoUo.
9. An§JmÀ`m nwZ©dgZmgmR>r `moOZm V`ma H$aUo.
10. An§JmgmR>rMo H$m`Xo, `moOZm `mda XoIaoIrgmR>r EH$ _w»` Am`wŠV {Z`wŠV H$aUo.
B
d¥Õmg§~§Yr (M[aVmW©, H$ë`mU, g§ajU) H$m`Xm 2007 …
1. `m H$m`ÚmZo Hw$Qy>§~mVrb d¥Õm§Mr gdmª{JU H$miOr KoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar d¥Õm§Mr gkmZ _wbo, ZmVd§S>o,
nUVy d ZmVodmB©H$m§À`mda Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr Amho.
2. `m H$m`ÚmZo d¥Õm§À`m Amamo½`{df`H$ JaOm (godm, gw{dYm) Mr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H|$Ð
d amÁ` gaH$mada Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr Amho.
3. Oo d¥Õ {ZamYma AmhoV, {deofV… Ë`m§À`m {ZdmgmgmR>r, gm§^mimgmR>r àËòH$ {Oëô`mV EH$
d¥Õml_ {Z_m©U H$aUo d {VWo {H$_mZ 150 d¥Õm§À`m gdmª{JU H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm am~dUo.
4. emgH$s` XdmImÝ`mV ÁòîR>mgmR>r {deof gw{dYm (CXm… doJir à{Vjm am§J, doJù`m amIrd ImQ>m
{Xë`m OmVrb.)
5. emgH$s` XdmImÝ`mV d¥ÕmdñWm d¡ÚH$ OmUUmè`m S>m°ŠQ>am§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br Omdr.
6. ÁòîR> ZmJarH$mZo Amnbr XoI^mb H$amdr `m AmeoZo Amnbr g§nÎmr Hw$UmÀ`m Zmdmda Ho$br Agob
Va d Vo XoI^mb H$arV ZgVrb d ho {gÕ Pmë`mg Vmo ì`dhma Ad¡Y R>adbm OmB©b. B.
B
ZmJar h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1955 …
Añn¥í`Vm hr A_mZdr àWm nmiUo, Vr nmimdr `mg§~§Yr {eH$dU XoUo, Añn¥í`Vm `m A_mZdr àWoVyZ
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{Z_m©U hmoUmao àíZ `m§Zm O~m~Xma AgUmè`m§Zm {ejm H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmÝdò H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
1. `m H$m`ÚmÝdò, Añn¥í` åhUyZ H$moUmg Ym{_©H$ ñWimda àdoemg _‚mmd Ho$ë`mg, gmd©O{ZH$
àmW©ZoÀ`m OmJr _‚mmd Ho$ë`mg, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUMo nmUr dmnaë`mg _‚mmd Ho$ë`mg EH$
_{hZm Vo ghm _{hÝ`mn`ªV {ejoMr d 100 é. Vo 500 é. X§S>mÀ`m {ejoMr VaVyX Amho.
2. Añn¥í`VoÀ`m H$maUmñVda ì`ŠVrbm XþH$mZ, gmd©O{ZH$ CnhmaJ¥h, gmd©O{ZH$ _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m
{R>H$mUr àdoe ZmH$maUo JwÝhm hmo`.
3. H$moUVmhr ì`dgm`, Y§Xm, ZmoH$ar H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aUo JwÝhm _mZbm Jobm.
4. gd©OU dmnaVmV Vr gmd©O{ZH$ OmJm dmnaÊ`mg à{V~§Y H$aUo JwÝhm hmo`. VgoM,
5. gmd©O{ZH$ gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, g_ma§^mV àdoe ZmH$maUo,
6. XdmImZm, {ejUg§ñWm, hm°ñQ>ob òWo àdoe ZmH$maë`mg,
7. Añn¥í`VoÀ`m H$maUmdéZ _mb {dH$Ê`mg, godm nwadÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$ë`mg,
8. Añn¥í`VoÀ`m H$maUmdéZ dgmhVrV amhÊ`mMr OmJm XoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xë`mg,
9. KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 17 Zwgma, Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> Ho$ë`m_wio `m H$maUmñVd H$moUË`mhr _mUgmbm Amnbm
h¸$ ~OmdÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$ë`mg, ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$ë`mg H¡$X d X§S>mÀ`m {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Amho.
B
_mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993 …
{d{dY H$maUm§Zr ^maVmV _mZdr h¸$ C„§KZmÀ`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm gmVË`mZo KS>V am{hë`mZo `m g§X^m©V
_mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ hmoVo, Ë`m§Zm Ë`m~m~V VH«$ma H$aUo, Ý`m` _mJUo d Ë`m§À`m VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er hmoUo,
`mH$[aVm EH$m ñdV§Ì d n[anyU© `§ÌUoMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Ë`mVyZM _mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993
g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
`m H$m`ÚmV EHy$U 08 àH$aUo d 43 H$b_m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. àH$aU XmoZ _Üò A§V^yV AgUmè`m H$_b 3 Vo 11 _Üò amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aUo,
Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§À`m {Z`wŠË`m H$V©ìò, H$mbmdYr, godoÀ`m AQ>r, H$m`©nÕVr
`m~m~V VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
2. àH$aU VrZ_Yrb H$b_ 12 Vo 16 _Üò Am`moJmMr H$m`©, _mZdr h¸$ C„§KZm~m~V Am`moJmH$S>o
Amboë`m VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mg§X^m©Vrb Am`moJmMo A{YH$ma, _mZdr h¸$ g§X^m©V Am`moJmH$S>o
ì`ŠVrZo H$amd`mMo qH$dm Ho$bobo {ZdoXZg§~§Yr VgoM Oa EImÚm àH$maUmV J¡aÝ`m`rH$ n[aUm_
hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agob Va Vem ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mMr ~mOy _m§S>Ê`mg§~§Yr Úmd`mMr g§Yr `m~m~VÀ`m
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VaVyXr AmhoV.
3. àH$aU Mma _Yrb H$b_ 17 Vo 20 _Üò VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er H$aUog§X^m©V, Mm¡H$erA§Vr Mr
Cnm``moOZm VgoM geñÌXbm g§~§YrÀ`m àH$aUmVrb AmMaÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr d Am`moJmMo
dm{f©H$ d {deof Ahdmbmg§~§YrÀ`m VaVyXr§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
4. àH$aU nmM _Yrb H$b_ 21 Vo 29 hr amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmÀ`m g§~§Yr AmhoV. `m_Üò amÁ`
_mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMr aMZm, AÜ`j d gXñ`m§À`m {Z`wŠË`m, H$V©ìò, H$mbmdYr, A{YH$ma d
Am`moJmÀ`m dm{f©H$ d {deof Ahdmbmg§~§Yr VaVyXr AmhoV.
5. àH$aU ghmVrb H$b_ 30 d 31 _mZdr h¸$ Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm d {deof gaH$mar dH$sb
`mg§X^m©Vrb VaVyXtMr AmhoV.
6. àH$aU gmV, H$b_ 32 Vo 35 hr H|$Ð d amÁ` emgZmH$Sy>Z Úmd`mMr AZwXmZo, Ë`m§Mo ñdén, boIo
d boImn[ajU g§~§YrÀ`m VaVwXrMr AmhoV.
7. àH$aU AmR>, H$b_ 36 Vo 43 hr Am`moJmÀ`m A{YH$ma H$joV Z òUmè`m ~m~r ñnîQ> H$aVmV.
VgoM {deof AÝdofU nWH$mMr ñWmnZm H$aUo, H|$Ð d amÁèmgZmZo `mg§X^m©V H$amd`mMo {Z`_,
H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm òUmè`m AS>MUr à{gÕ H$aUog§X^m©Vrb AmhoV.
4…3 ~.1. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) [aŠV OmJm âm.
1. ^maVmV "~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm' gd©àW_ ------ `m gmbr g§_V Pmbm.
2. "_{hbm g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ 2005' bm ------ åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo.
3. _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmÀ`m h¸$mÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma d` df© ---- Vo ---- d`moJQ>mVrb
_wbm§Zm àmW{_H$ {ejU _mo\$V d A{Zdm`© Ho$bo.
4. "^maVr` H$maImZm H$m`Xm 1948' Zwgma ------ d` dfm©À`m AmVrb _wbmg "~mbH$' åhUyZ
g§~moYÊ`mV `mdo Aer VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr.
5. AZwgy{MV OmVr amîQ´>r` Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr------ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z
Ho$br OmVo.
4…3 ~.2. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao
1. 1872 gmbr
2. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMma H$m`Xm 2005
3. 06 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb
4. 15 d`dfm©À`m AmVrb
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5. amîQ´>nVr
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4…3 H$. _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ
(Human Right's Commissions)
^maVmVrb àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm _mZd åhUyZ àmá _mZdr h¸$m§Mm Cn^moJ KoVm òUo Amdí`H$ AgVmZm
{d{dY H$maUm§Zr _mZdr h¸$ C„§KZmÀ`m KQ>Zm gmVË`mZo nwT>o òV am{hë`mZo VgoM Á`m§À`m~m~VrV _mZdr
h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ hmoVo, Ë`m§Zm Ë`mg§X^m©V XmX _mJÊ`mgmR>r {deof ì`dñWoMm A^md OmUdy bmJë`mZo _mZdr h¸$
C„§KZm~m~V VH«$ma H$aUo, Ý`m` _mJUo d VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er hmoUo `mH$[aVm EH$m ñdV§Ì n[anyU© `§ÌUoMr
Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Ë`mVyZ "_mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993' g§_V Pmbm. `m H$m`ÚmV àH$aU XmoZ
_Üò "amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ' ñWmnZ H$aUoMr d àH$aU nmM_Üò "amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ' ñWmnZ
H$aUoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZwgma ho Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
A) amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ 1993 gmbr "amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJm'Mr ñWmnZm hr "_mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993' À`m
VaVyXrZwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _mZdr h¸$m§À`m C„§KZm g§~§YrÀ`m VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aV _mZdr h¸$m§Mo g§ajU
H$aUo VgoM _mZdr h¸$m§~m~V OmUrd OmJ¥Vr H$aUo, `mg§X^m©VyZ {ejUmMm àgma H$aUo d `m {df`rÀ`m gd©
Zm|Xr R>odUo `m _w»` CÔoemVyZ `m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr Amho.
B
Am`moJmMo AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ -
amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j d gXñ` nXr H$moUmMr {Z`wŠVr H$amd`mMr `mg§X^m©V amîQ´>nVtZm
{e\$mag H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$bobr AgVo. {VMr aMZm nwT>rbà_mUo;
B
g{_VrMr aMZm 1. `m g{_VrMo AÜ`j n§VàYmZ AgVmV.
2. Va gXñ` åhUyZ bmoH$g^m AÜ`j, bmoH$g^m d amÁ`gôVrb {damoYr njZoVm, ^maV gaH$maÀ`m
J¥h _§Ìmb`mMm à^mar _§Ìr d amÁ`gôMm Cng^mnVr AgVmV.
3. CnamoŠV AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Zm nwT>rb ì`ŠVrVyZ H$mhr ì`ŠVtMr {e\$mag H$amdr bmJVo.
B
AÜ`j d gXñ`ËdmMr nmÌVm 1. Am`moJmMo AÜ`j ho gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo _mOr gaÝ`m`mYre Agbo nm{hOoV.
2. EH$ gXñ` gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {dÚ_mZ qH$dm _mOr Ý`m`mYre Agbo nm{hOoV.
3. EH$ gXñ` ho Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo {dÚ_mZ qH$dm _mOr _w»` Ý`m`mYre Agbo nm{hOoV.
4. XmoZ gXñ` ho _mZdr h¸$ g§~§Yr kmZ d àË`j H$m`m©Mm AZw^d Agbobo Agbo nm{hOoV.
5. `m{edm` amîQ´>r` AZwgy{MV OmVr Am`moJ, amîQ´>r` AZwgy{MV O_mVr Am`moJ, amîQ´>r` _{hbm
Am`moJ, amîQ´>r` Aëng§»`m§H$ Am`moJ `m§Mo AÜ`j ho `m Am`moJmMo nX{gÕ gXñ` AgVrb.
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B
AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$$ d[ab g{_VrÀ`m {e\$magr déZ amîQ´>nVr H$aVmV.
B
AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mm H$m`©H$mi -
nmM dfm©Mm AWdm Ë`m§À`m d`mÀ`m gÎma dfm©n`ªV `mn¡H$s Oo AmJmoXa Agob Vmo n`ªV H$m`©H$mb hoM
AÜ`j d gXñ` nwZ©{Z`wŠVrgmR>r nmÌ AgVrb.
B
Am`moJmMr H$m`} d A{YH$ma -
"_mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993' _Yrb àH$aU VrZ_Üò H$b_ 12 Vo H$b_ 16 _Üò Am`moJmMr
H$m`} d A{YH$ma ñnîQ> Ho$bobo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. _mZdr h¸$m§À`m C„§KZm~m~VÀ`m VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
2. Ý`m`mb`mV àb§{~V AgUmè`m _mZdr h¸$m§À`m H$m`©dmhr_Üò Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m nadmZJrZo _Ü`ñWr
H$aUo.
3. g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVam_Üò _mZdr h¸$ g§~§Yr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr H$aUo.
4. _mZdr h¸$ C„§KZmg§~§Yr gd© KQ>H$m§Mm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`m~m~V Cnm``moOZm gwMdUo.
5. _mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r d OmUrdOmJ¥Vr H$arVm H$m_ H$aUmè`m {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm,
g§KQ>Zm `m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
6. _mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m`ÚmMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Vo A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoUogmR>r
Cnm` gwMdUo.
7. _mZdr hŠH$ g§~§Yr g§emoYH$mMm, Am§VaamîQ´>r` XñVEodOm§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ _mZdr h¸$m§À`m à^mdr
A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r {e\$maer H$aUo.
8. gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§À`mH$Sy>Z KS>bobo _mZdr h¸$ ^§J, Ë`m~m~V VH«$mar, Ë`m§Zr `mgmR>r _XV Ho$br
Agë`mg, _mZdr h¸$ ^§J amoIÊ`mg Amdí`H$ H$madmB© Ho$br Zgë`mg Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
9. gaH$maÀ`m nadmZJrZo Vwé§J, gwYmaJ¥h `m§Zm ôQ>r XoD$Z VoWrb n[apñWVr A{YH$ Mm§Jbr hmoÊ`mgmR>r
gyMZm H$aUo.
10. _mZdr h¸$m§g§~§YrÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVyXr, H$m`Xo `m§Mo AdbmoH$Z H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m A{YH$
n[aUm_H$maH$ A_§b~OmdUrH$arVm Cnm` d gyMZm gwMdUo.
11. XoemVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm _mZdr h¸$m§g§~YrÀ`m ~m~rg§X^m©V gai Am`moJmer g§nH©$ gmYVm
òVmo d Ë`mMr XIb Am`moJ KoVmo.
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12. Am`moJmH$S>o Amboë`m amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`ÚmV§J©V VH«$matMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mH$arVm
Am`moJmbm {XdmUr Ý`m`mb`mMo gd© A{YH$ma àmá H$éZ {Xbo AmhoV.
13. _mZdr h¸$ ^§JmÀ`m VH«$marMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmo{bg _hmg§MmbH$m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr {Z`wŠV
Ho$bobm JQ> AgVmo. Vmo ho H$m`© H$aVmo.
14. _mZdr h¸$ ^§J g§X^m©V Mm¡H$erA§Vr Xmofr H$_©Mmè`mda `mo½` Vr H$madmB© H$aUoMm A{YH$ma
Am`moJmg Amho.
15. _mZdr h¸$ ^§Jmg§~§Yr VH«$ma H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrg, {VÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mg ËdarV _XV H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Am`moJmg Amho.
16. Amnbo dm{f©H$ Ahdmb emgZmg gmXa H$aUo.
~) amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ "_mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993' _Yrb àH$aU nmM _Üò g_m{dîQ> H$b_ 21 Vo H$b_ 29 _Üò
amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm, AÜ`j d gXñ`m§À`m {Z`wŠVrMr nÕV, H$m`©H$mb, H$V©ìò d A{YH$ma
`mg~§YrÀ`m VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mZwgma amÁ`mVyZ "amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ' H$m`©aV AgyZ Ë`m~m~V
A{YH$ _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo;
B
Am`moJmMo AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ -
amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr amÁ`nmb H$aVmV. `mg§X^m©V ñWmnZ Ho$bobr
g{_Vr amÁ`nmbm§Zm {e\$mag H$aVo. `m g{_VrVrb AÜ`j d gXñ` nwT>rbà_mUo;
B
g{_VrMr aMZm 1. `m g{_VrMo AÜ`j Ë`m amÁ`mMo _w»`_§Ìr AgVmV.
2. Va gXñ` åhUyZ {dYmZgôMo g^mnVr d {damoYr nj ZoVm VgoM amÁ`mMo J¥h_§Ìr AgVmV.
3. CnamoŠV AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Zm nwT>rb ì`ŠVrVyZ H$mhr ì`ŠVtMr {e\$mag H$amdr bmJVo.
B
AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr nmÌVm 1. Am`moJmMo AÜ`j ho Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo _w»` Ý`m`m{YenX ^yf{dbobr ì`ŠVr Agbr nm{hOo.
2. EH$ gXñ` Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {dÚ_mZ AWdm _mOr Ý`m`mYre qH$dm {H$_mZ 07 dfm©Mm AZw^d
AgUmao {Oëhm Ý`m`m{Ye.
3. XmoZ gXñ` ho _mZdr h¸$ g§~§Yr kmZ d àË`j H$m`m©Mm AZw^d Agbobo Agbo nm{hOoV.
4. g{MdnXr åhUOoM Am`moJmMo _w»` H$m`©H$mar A{YH$mar åhUyZ ^maVr` àemgZ godoVrb ÁòîR>
A{YH$mar.
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B
AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mm H$m`©H$mb -
nmM dfm©Mm qH$dm d`mMr 70 df} nyU© hmoB©n`ªV `mn¡H$s Oo AJmoXa Agob Vmo n`ªV H$m`©H$mb hoM AÜ`j
d gXñ` nwZ©{Z`wŠVrgmR>r nmÌ AgVrb.
B
Am`moJmMr H$m`} d A{YH$ma 1. amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmbm Amnë`m amÁ`m§_Üò hmoUmè`m _mZdr h¸$ ^§JmÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mr Mm¡H$er
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
2. amÁ` emgZmÀ`m AIË`m[aV òUmè`m {df`m§er g§~§{YV KS>Umè`m _mZdr h¸$ ^§JmÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mr
Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
3. g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVam_Üò _mZdr h¸$ g§~§Yr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr H$aUo.
4. amÁ`mVrb _mZdr h¸$ C„§KZmg§~§Yr gd© KQ>H$m§Mm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`m~m~V Cnm` `moOZm gwMdUo.
5. _mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r d OmUrd OmJ¥VrH$arVm H$m_ H$aUmè`m {~Ja emgH$s` g§ñWm,
g§KQ>Zm `m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
6. amÁ` gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z KS>bobo _mZdr h¸$ ^§J, Ë`m~m~VÀ`m VH«$mar, Ë`m§Zr `mgmR>r _XV
Ho$br Agë`mg AWdm _mZdr h¸$ ^§J amoIÊ`mg Amdí`H$ H$madmB© Ho$br Zgë`mg Ë`m§Mr
Mm¡H$er H$aUo.
`mgh BVa gd© ~m~VrV amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmÀ`m A{YH$mamà_mUoM amÁ` Am`moJmMo A{YH$ma
AgVrb.
4…3 H$.1. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
[aŠV OmJm âm.
1. amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm ------ `m H$m`ÚmZwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2. ^maVmV ------- gmbr "amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMr' ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
3. amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j ho ------- ho nX ^yf{dbobr ì`ŠVr Agbr nm{hOo.
4. amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr ------ _m\©$V hmoVo.
5. amîQ´>r` AWdm amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mm H$m`©H$mb ------- dfm©Mm
AgVmo.
4…3 H$.2. ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao
1. _mZdr h¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm 1993
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2. 1993 gmbr
3. Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo _w»`Ý`m`m{Ye
4. amÁ`nmbm§À`m _m\©$V
5. nmM dfmªMm
4…4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (KQ>H$ 04 darb)
nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$moUË`m H$b_mZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ godm, ZmoH$arV Y_©, OmV, d§e, dJ©,
OÝ_ñWmZ B. ôX^md H$éZ g§Yr d àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr.
2. AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVtMr AQ>H$ H$m`Xoera Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r AQ>Ho$Vrb ì`ŠVrg
Ý`m`mb`mV hOa H$am Agm AmXoe Ý`m`mb` XoD$ eH$Vo Ë`mg H$m` åhUVmV?
3. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmV H$b_ 36 Vo 51 _Üò H$emMm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho?
4. qhXÿ {dYdm nwZ©{ddmh H$m`Xm H$moUË`m gmbr g§_V Pmbm?
5. 1978 À`m ~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m`ÚmZwgma {ddmhmgmR>r _wbJm d _wbJrMo {H$_mZ d` {H$Vr
{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo?
6. ^maVmV amîQ´>r` _{hbm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$Yr H$aÊ`mV Ambr?
7. ~mbH$m§À`m g§X^m©V 2005 gmbr g§_V Pmboë`m H$m`ÚmMo Zmd H$moUVo?
8. "amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ A`moJm'À`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$moU H$aVmV?
9. _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmÀ`m h¸$mMm H$m`ÚmZwgma H$moUË`m d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm àmW{_H$
{ejU _mo\$V d A{Zdm`© H$aÊ`mV Ambo?
10. AZwgy{MV OmVr amîQ´>r` Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$moU H$aVmV?
4…5 gmam§e
^maVmVrb _mZdr h¸$mg§~§YrMm à_m{UV AmamIS>m d A_§b~OmdUrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm gd©àW_
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMm C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo. H$maU ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMm gaZm_m, _wb^yV h¸$ d H$V©ìò,
amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo `mVyZ _mZdr h¸$m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb ^maVmVrb KQ>ZmË_H$ Mm¡H$Q> ñnîQ> hmoVo.
Ë`mM~amo~a _mZdr h¸$m§Zm KQ>ZmË_H$ g§ajU XoÊ`mMr JaO, Ë`mgmR>r g_mOmVrb d§{MV, Xþb©{jV,
emo{fV KQ>H$m§Zm _mZdr h¸$ Cn^moJVm `mdoV `mgmR>r {deof H$m`Úm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AmoiIyZ ^maVmV
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Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb {deof H$m`Xo {d{dY d§{MV, Xþb©{jV, emo{fV KQ>H$mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Ambo. CXm.… _{hbm,
~mbHo$, An§J, d¥Õ, AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr B.
VgoM _mZdr h¸$ ^§JmÀ`m VH«$mar XoUo-KoUo, Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aUo `mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ì`dñWoMr JaO {Z_m©U
Pmë`mZo ^maVmV amîQ´>r` ñVamda, "amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ' d amÁ`ñVamda "amÁ` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJ'
ñWmnZ H$éZ Ë`m§Zm Mm¡H$erMo {deof A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo.
Aem nÕVrZo ^maVmV _mZdr h¸$m§g§~§Yr à_m{UV Mm¡H$Q> d A§_b~OmdUrMr {deof ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
4…6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r CÎmao :
1. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 16 Zwgma gmd©O{ZH$ godm, ZmoH$arV Y_©, OmV, d§e, dJ©, OÝ_ñWmZ
B. ôX^md H$éZ g§Yr d àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr.
2. AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrMr AQ>H$ H$m`Xoera Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r AQ>Ho$Vrb ì`ŠVrg
Ý`m`mb`mV hOa H$am Agm AmXoe Ý`m`mb` XoD$ eH$Vo Ë`mg ~§XràË`jrH$aU qH$dm XohmonpñWVr
åhUVmV.
3. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmV H$b_ 36 Vo 51 _Üò _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
4. qhXÿ {dYdm nwZ©{ddmh H$m`Xm 1886 gmbr g§_V Pmbm.
5. 1978 À`m ~mb{ddmh à{V~§YH$ H$m`ÚmZwgma {ddmhmgmR>r _wbmMo d` {H$_mZ 21 d _wbrMo d`
18 {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
6. ^maVmV amîQ´>r` _{hbm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm 31 OmZodmar 1992 bm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
7. ~mbH$m§À`m g§X^m©V 2005 bm "~mbh¸$ g§ajU H$m`Xm' g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
8. amîQ´>r` _mZdr h¸$ Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr amîQ´>nVr _m\©$V hmoVo.
9. _mo\$V d gŠVrÀ`m [ejUmÀ`m h¸$ H$m`ÚmZwgma d` df} ghm Vo Mm¡Xm d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm
àmW{_H$ {ejU _mo\$V d A{Zdm`© H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
10. AZwgy{MV OmVr amîQ´>r` Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`j d gXñ`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr amîQ´>nVr_m\©$V hmoVo.
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M.A Part II Sociology : Society and Human Rights

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