KQ>H$ : 1
ñWbm§Va : H$m§hr _yb^yV g§H$ënZm
(Migration : Some Basic Concepts)
AZwH$« _{UH$m
1.1
àñVmdZm
1.2
C{ÔîQ>ço
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.4
ñWbm§VamMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of Migration)
1.5
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va d ~{h©JV ñWbm§Va (Internal Migration and External Migration)
1.6
ñWbm§Vam§Mo àdmh (Streams of Migration)
1.7
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwd© g_mOmVrb ñWbm§Va (Migration in Pre-Industrial Societies)
1.8
gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.9
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction)
ñWbm§VamMo g_mOemó `m {df`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZm _yb^yV àíZ Agm nS>Vmo H$s,
ñWbm§Va åhUOo H$m` ? ^maVmÀ`m g§X^© mV {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, ehar ^mJmnojm J«m_rU
^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m _Ü`o ñWbm§VamMo à_mU OmñV Amho. ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm bmoH$ _w»`Ëdo Amnë`m _yi
dmñVì`mÀ`m {R>H$mUmnmgyZ AZoH$ H$maUm§gmR>r Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr OmV AgVmV. nwdu bmoH$ _w»`Ëdo
AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m emoYmV ñWbm§Va H$aV AgV Am{U AmO bmoH$ {ejU, ZmoH$ar d ì`mnmamgmR>r ñWbm§Va
H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm bmoH$ _w»`Ëdo Á`m {R>H$mUr Om`Mo Amho Ë`mMo AJmoXa \$m`XmVmoQ>m `mMm {dMma H$aVmV Am{_ _JM ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmV. `m àH$aUm_Ü`o AmnU ñWbm§VamMr
g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
1
_mZdmMo n¥Ïdr Vbmdmda ApñVËd Agë`m nmgyZ Vmo Amnë`m JaOm§Mo {ZdmQ>i d gwa{jV
{Zdmam emoYÊ`mgmR>r EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr {\$aV am{hbm. _mZdmMm {dH${gV AdñWm åhUOo
^Q>H$o OrdZ gmoS>yZ Ë`mZo pñWa OrdZ OJÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm. n[aUm_ gwajm d gÎmm AmH$f©Um_wio gwa{jV
{RH$mUr ñWbm§Va hmoV Ago. bhmZ JmdmVyZ _moR>çm JmdmH$S>o bhmZ {R>H$mUmhÿZ _moR>çm {R>H$mUmH$S>o
A{YH$ gmoB© Am{U gw{dYm amoOJma, XiUdiUmÀ`m gmoB© CnbãY Amho Aem {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va KSy>Z
Ambo.
àm. hm°bo (Hawley) `m§À`m _VmZwgma, gwgñ§ H¥$V d àJV bmoH$M A{YH$ à_mUmV ñWbm§Va H$ê$
eH$VmV ñWbm§Va ho AënH$mbrZ, XrK©H$mbrZ. VmËnwaVo qH$dm H$m`_ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
WmoS>Š`mV ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m _Ü`o _w»`Ëdo Amnë`m _yi dmñVì` {R>H$mUmnmgyZ AZoH$ H$maUmgmR>r
Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr OmdyZ dmñVì` H$aVmV. nwdu bmoH$ ^yH$^mJdÊ`mgmR>r ^Q>H$§ Vr H$aÊ`mVyZ ñWbm§Va hmoV
hmoV,o AmO {ejU, Amamo½`mÀ`m gmoB,© amoOJma, ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr gwajm ñWbm§VarV hmoVmV.
1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmbm 1.
ñVbm§VamMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho ho g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
2.
A§VJ©V d ~{h©JV ñWbm§Va åhUOo H$m` ho g_OyZ `oBb
© .
3.
ñWbm§VamMo {d{dY àdmh g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoBb
© .
4.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwd© g_mOmVrb ñWbm§Va `m{df`r WmoS>Š`mV OmUyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
_mZdr CÎnVrnmgyZ ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m Aì`mhVnUo gwê$ Amho. ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr Zoh_rM
CÚmoJ, ì`mnma d {ejU Agboë`m _moR>çm eham§À`mH$S>M
o hmoVmZm {XgVo. ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o _w»`Ëdo Am{W©H$
CÔoe hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Agbobm {XgVmo. darb H$maUmà_mUoM {Zg©JmVrb {d{dY H$maUo hr XoIrb
ñWbm§Vambm H$maUr^yV AmhoV. ñWbm§VamMr {Vd«Vm Am{U {VMr ì`már hr Ë`m Ë`m n[adofmVrb amOH$s`,
gm_m{OH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ à{H«$`oer _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZJS>rV AgVo.
2
1.4 ñWbm§VamMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of Migration)
ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr àm{MZ H$mimnmgyZ Mmby Amho. hr à{H«$`m {Za§Va Mmby amhUmar gm_m{OH$
à{H«$`m Amho. àmMrZ H$mimV {ZgJm©Vrb AZmH$mbrZ KQ>Zm, AmH$pñ_V ~Ôb, ^yH$§ n, nmD$g, dmXi,
_hmnya `m n`m©daUmVrb KQ>H$mer g_m`moOZ gmYyZ Amnbr Cn{OdrH$m ^mJdÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Am{Xdmgr
Amnë`m Q>mi
o rgh EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ OoWo n`m©daU _mZdr OrdZmMo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mg AZwH$y b Amh
Aem {R>H$mUr Vo Zì`mZo amhV Ago. `mMo _w»` H$maU Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmr Ag_mZVm Agë`mZo dXwgè`m
àXoemV A{YH$ Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr CnbãY Agë`mg ñWbm§Va KSy>Z `oV.o
Á`m àXoemVyZ bmoH$ XwgarH$S>o OmVmV (Emigration-Out-Migration) VoWrb àXoemVrb
bmoH$g§»`m H$_r hmoVo d bmoH$g§»`m Á`m àXoemV H|${ÐV hmoVo (Immigration In Migration) VoWo
bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V.o {dH$gZerb XoemV ñWbm§Va ho _w»`V: nwê$fmMo OmñV à_mUmV hmoV.o {dH$gZerb
Xoem_Ü`o Xoem§VJ©V d J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamH$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm Cn`wº$ R>aVo Amho.
ñWbm§Va hr bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m aMZoV d AmH$ma d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmg JVr àmá H$ê$Z XoUmam
_hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. kmZmMm àgma dmT>bm, bmoH$emhrMr VËd ê$Odbr Jobr. _mZdmMr H$m`©j_Vm,
{dMmaj_Vm, ~wÕr_Vm, CÚmoJ Y§Xo d ì`mnma amoOJma g§Yr CnbãY VgoM dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZm§_i
w o BpÀN>V
{R>H$mUr bmoH$ OmD$ eH$VmV. `oD$ eH$VmV Ë`m_wio ñWbm§Va doJmZo KSy>Z `oV Amho.
Imbrb ì`m»`mdê$Z ñWbm§VamMr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> hmoBb
© .
boIH$ :
bmoH$ H$m {R>H$mUmdê$Z Xwgè`m gwa{jV {R>H$mUr OmD$Z AënH$mi, {XK©H$mi, H$m`_Mo dmñVd
H$aVmV Ë`mg ñWbm§Va åhUmdo.
^maVmgma»`m Xoem_Ü`o ñWbm§Va d Ë`mMr H$maUo hr H$mimZwê$n ~XbV Jobr AmhoV. ñWbm§VamMr
à{H«$`m hr gmVË`mZo KS>Umar Jmoï> Amho. ñWbm§Va EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`m AgyZ Vr gVV Mmby amhVo.
^maVmÀ`m g§X^© mV ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nwdm©Ym©ZV§ a _moR>çm à_mUmV OmUdy
bmJbr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ d eharH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va J«m_rU ^mJmH$Sy>Z ehar ^mJm§À`mH$S>o
ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`oZo doJ KoVbm. eharH$aUmZ§Va gwê$ Pmboë`m ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV
J«m_rU ^mJmH$Sy>Z eham§H$S>,o VgoM EH$m ehamH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va hmody bmJbo. ñWbm§VamMm
{Z`_ åhUyZ qH$dm Vr EH$ ñdm^m{dH$ à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü`o ñWbm§Va H$aUmao gwê$dmVrbm Amnë`m
JmdmhÿZ / _yi dñVrñWmZm nmgyZ OdiÀ`m N>mQo >çm eham§H$S>o d Z§Va {VWyZ _moR>çm eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va
H$aVmV.
3
ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr d`, qbJ, {ejU `m à_wI Jmoï>rda Adb§~Zy AgVo. eŠ`Vmo J«m_rU
^mJmVrb `wdH$ eham§H$S>o ZmoH$ar-Y§ÚmÀ`m emoYmV ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmV. H$m§hr Vê$U _mÌ ehamH$S>o
M§JidmXr Ñï>rZo AmH${f©V hmodZy ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmV. ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o {ó`m§Mo à_mU
nwê$fm§À`m VwbZoZo H$_r Agbobo {XgyZ `oV.o
e¡j{UH$ ÑîQ>çm àJVrnWmda AgUmè`m eham§_Ü`o `wdH$m§Mr {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r ñWbm§Va hmoVmZm
{XgVo. Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm Ioi, _¡XmZr ñn©Ym d gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>çm {dH${gV Pmboë`m eham§_Ü`o Ë`m
Ñ{ï>Mr AmdS> AgUmao bmoH$ ñWbm§V[aV hmoVmZm {XgVmV. ì`mnma d CÚmoJmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo {dH${gV Pmboë`m
eham§_Ü`ohr ZmoH$ar Y§ÚmÀ`m emoYmV AgUmam `wdH$dJ© _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§V[aV hmoV AgVmo.
1.5 A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va d ~{h©JV ñWbm§Va
(Internal Migration and External Migration)
ñWbm§VamMr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, ñWbm§VamMo àm_w»`mZo XmoZ
àH$mamV {d^mOZ H$aVm `oVo Ë`mn¡H$s (1) A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va d (2) ~{h©JV ñWbm§Va hmo`.
1)
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va (Internal Migration)
Á`mdoir EImXr ì`º$s qH$dm g_yh Xoem§VJ© V ñWbm§Va H$aVmo Ë`m à{H«$`obm A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va
åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm. D$g VmoS>UrÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV hmoUmao _Oya ho EH$m {OëømVyZ Xwgè`m
{OëømV qH$dm EH$m amÁ`mVyZ Xwgè`m amÁ`mV ñWbm§VarV hmoVmZm {XgVmV.
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ J«m_rU ^mJmV, J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV, ehar
^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV d EH$m amÁ`mVyZ Xwgè`m amÁ`mV ñWbm§V[aV hmoVmZm {XgVmV. ^maVmgma»`m
H¥${fàYmZ d {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV A§VJ©V ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m JVr_mZ Pmë`mMo
{XgyZ `oV.o
1990 Z§Va ^maVmZo pñdH$maboë`m _wº$ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio A§VJ©V ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`obm doJ
Ambobm Amho. `mnydu H$m§hr R>am{dH$ eham§naw VM _`m©{XV AgUmar ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m gd©M Wamn`ªV
`odZy nmohMbobr Amho. Joë`m XmoZ XeH$m_Ü`o Xoem§VJ© V hmoUmè`m Aem nÕVrÀ`m A§VJ©V ñWbm§Vam_wio
eharH$aUmMr à{H«$`m PnmQ>çmZo dmT>V Amho. _w»`Ëdo H$ê$Z J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmH$S>o hmoUmè`m
ñWbm§VamMm doJ dmT>bb
o m Amho Ago {XgyZ `oV.o
A§VJ©V ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_i
w o ^maVmMr 35% bmoH$g§»`m hr eham_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV Pmbobr
{XgyZ `oV.o
4
2)
~{h©JV ñWbm§Va (External Migration)
Á`mdoir EImXr ì`º$s qH$dm g_yh Xoem~mhoa ñWbm§Va H$aVmo Ë`m à{H«$`obm ~{h©JV ñWbm§Va
åhQ>bo OmVo. Aem ñdê$nmMo ñWbm§Va ho VmËnwaVo qH$dm H$m`_ Aem XmoÝhr àH$maMo Agy eH$Vo. `m
nÕVrÀ`m ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV {dH$gZ{eb XoemVrb bmoH$ {dH${gV qH$dm àJV Xoem_Ü`o
e¡j{UH$ qH$dm ZmoH$ar-Y§ÚmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ñWbm§VarV hmoV AgVmV. AemM nÕVrZo `m ñWbm§VamÀ`m
à{H«$`o_Ü`o àJV qH$dm {dH${gV amï´>mH$Sy>Z àJV {H$§dm A{dH${gV amï´>mÀ§ `m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m
gmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r AZoH$ Cƒ {dÚm{d^y{fV bmoH$ VgoM ñd`§gdo m g§ñWmMo à{V{ZYr ñWbm§V[aV hmoV
AgVmV.
AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ `wJm_Ü`o _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `wJmV _moR>çm à_mUmV AÚmdV kmZmMr
gmVË`mZo ^a nS>V Amho. `m AZwfJ§ mZo `m _m{hVrÀ`m àgma d àMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM bmoH$ H$ë`mUmgmR>r
Ë`mMm dmna ìhmdm åhUyZ _mZdr g_yh EH$m OmJohZÿ Xwgè`m OmJr gVV ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo.
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o bmoH$ IoS>çmH$Sy>Z ehamH$S>o d ehamH$Sy>Z _hmZJamH$S>o ñWbm§Va hmoV
AgVmV Ë`mà_mUoM ~{h©JV ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o A{dH${gV XoemH$Sy>Z {dH$gZ{eb XoemH$S>o d
{dH$gZerb XoemH$Sy>Z {dH${gV XoemH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV.
^maVmgma»`m Xoem_YyZ AmO _moR>çm à_mUmV Cƒ{e{jV Vê$U dJ© `m àH$maMo ñWbm§Va H$aV
AgyZ ho ñWbm§Va gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>M
o o ~Zbo Amho.
1.6 ñVbm§VamMo àdmh (Streams of Migration)
ñWbm§VamMo àH$ma g_OyZ KoVë`mZ§Va `m ñWbm§Vam§Zm H$maUr^yV AgUmao {d{dY àdmh g_OyZ
KoUo JaOoMo Amho. àm_w»`mZo ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`obm MmbZm XoUmao XmoZ à_wI àdmh AYmoa{o IV H$amdo
bmJVrb. Ë`mn¡H$s (1) AmH${f©V H$aUmao KQ>H$ (Pull Factor) Am{U (2) A{ZÀN>Zo o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va
(Push Factor) ho hmoV. `m XmoZhr àdmhm_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr ~hþVm§er AñWm`r ñdê$nmMr
AgVo.
1)
AmH${f©V H$aUmao KQ>H$ (Pull Factor)
ñWbm§VamgmR>r AmH${f©V H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo Imbrb H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe H$aVm
`oBb
© A)
^m¡Jmo{bH$ H$maU (Natural Factor)
Z¡g{J©H$ ÑîQ>çm gmYZ g§nÎmrMo n[anyU© AgUmao {R>H$mU CÚmoYÚ
§ mÀ`m dmT>rbm MmbZm XoV.o Aem
àH$maÀ`m eham§_Ü`o ZmoH$ar d ì`dgm`m{Z{_ÎmmZo bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. CXm. Im¡U I{ZOm§À`m ImUr.
5
{OWo _moR>çm à_mUmVM CnbãY AmhoV Aem {R>H$mUr ì`dgm` d ZmoH$arÀ`m AZoH$ g§Yr CnbãY
AgVmV. `m g§Yrbm AmH${f©V hmodZy _moR>çm à_mUmV {d{dY àm§VmVrb bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
~)
Am{W©H$ H$maU (Economical Factor)
21 ì`m eVH$m_Ü`o _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _XVrZo CÚmoJY§Úm_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmbr
Amho. n`m©`mZo amoOJma {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmbobr {XgyZ `oV.o Ë`m_wio bmoH$ _moR>çm
à_mUmV ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJboV.
H$)
{ejU (Education)
Amnë`m nmë`mÀ`m ^{dVì`mMm {dMma H$ê$Z _moR>çm à_mUmV nmbH$ Á`m eham_Ü`o Mm§Jë`m
{ejUmÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY AmhoV Aem {R>H$mUr AmH${f©V hmodZy bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmV.
S>)
Mm§Jbo amhUr_mZ (Better Living Standard)
Á`m {R>H$mUr _yb^yV gmo`rgw{dYm Mm§Jë`m àH$mao CnbãY AmhoV VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm
CXm. Amamo½`, {ejU, {H«$S>m, gm§ñH¥${VH$ JaOm ^mJ{dUmar H|$Ðo CnbãY AgUmè`m {R>H$mUr bmoH$
AmH${f©V hmodZy bmoH$ ñdBÀN>Zo o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
B)
gwa{jVVm (Security)
amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ H$maUm§gmR>r bmoH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amnë`mbm gmo`rñH$a AgUmè`m
àXoem_Ü`o ñdBÀN>Zo o ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmV.
2)
A{ZBÀN>Zo o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va (Push Factor)
A{ZBÀN>Zo o hmoUmè`m ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o Imbrb H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe H$amdm bmJob -
A)
amoOJmamÀ`m nwae
o m g§Yr CnbãY Z hmoUo (Lack of Employment Opportunities)
AZoH$ doim {d{dY H$maUm§À`m_wio EImÚm ^wàXoem_Ü`o nwae
o amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY hmoV
ZmhrV. Aem doigo ~hþg»§ `m bmoH$ A{ZÀN>Zo o _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§VarV hmoV AgVmV.
~)
XwîH$mi Am{U Amd©fU (Femain and Drought)
{ZgJm©À`m AdH¥$no_i
w o d _mZdmÀ`m hñVjonm_wio {ZgJm©À`m g_Vmob {~KSy> bmJë`m_wio XwîH$mi
d Amd©fUmgmaIr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmodZy _mZdmbm Amnë`m _yi dñVr ñWmZmnmgyZ A{ZBÀN>Zo o ñWbm§V[aV
ìhmao bmJVo.
6
H$)
Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr (Natural Calamities)
^yñIbZ, ^yH$§ n, _hmnya, ËgwZm_r `mgma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr_wio _mZdmbm ZmB©bmOmZo AZoH$
{R>H$mUmhÿZ ñWbm§Va H$aUo ^mJ nS>V.o
S>)
`wÕ (War)
àmMrZ H$imnmgyZ Vo AmOn`ªVÀ`m `wÕm§À`m B{VhmgmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg _mZdmbm _moR>çm
à_mUmV Amnë`m _wi dñVrñWmZmnmgyZ A{ZÀN>Zo o ñWbm§Va H$amdo bmJbo Amho.
B)
{dH$mg à{H«$`oVrb ñWbm§Va (Migration Due to Development Processes)
_m{hVr d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m `m `wJm_Ü`o {dH$mgmÀ`m ZmdmImbr _moR>-_moR>o àH$ën am~{dbo OmVmV.
CXm. YaUo, H$mbdo, añVo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr, goP B. `m_wio ì`º$sbm ZmB©bmOmZo ñWbm§Va H$amdo
bmJVo.
ñVbm§VamMo àdmh (Streams of Migration)
ñWbm§Va hm bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m aMZoV d AmH$mamV ~Xb KS>{dUmam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. OJmV
{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZmMm àgma Pmbm. VgVgo CÚmoJY§ÚmMo ñdê$n ~Xbbo. bmoH$ eoVr ì`dgm`mH$Sy>Z AÝ`
joÌmH$S>o dibo. _mZdmMr J{Vj_Vm dmT>br. XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZmV Pmbobr àJVr _wKo bmoH$ BpÀN>V
{R>H$mUr amoOJmamgmR>r OmD$ bmJbo Ë`m_wio ObX ñWbm§Va hmoD$ bmJbo. `m ñWbm§VamMo ñWyb _mZmZo
_w»` XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
ñWbm§VamMo àH$ma (Types of Migration)
A)
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va (Internal Migration)
ñWbm§VamÀ`m nmR>r_mJo H$moUVmZm Zm H$moUVm CÔoe AgVmo. C{Ôï>mMr nwVV© m hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$
ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. Va H$mhr dobm bmoH$m§Mr BÀN>m ZgVmZmhr ~iO~arZo emgZmÛmao bmoH$m§Mo gwa{jV
{R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va Ho$bo OmVo. Va H$mhrdoim AmH$pñ_V Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>o CXm. _hmnya, ^yH$§ n, XwîH$mi Aem
H$maUm§Zr bmoH$m§Mo ñWbm§Va hmoV.o doJdoJù`m àXoemV Ho$bobo bmoH$m§Mo ñWbm§Va ho gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>çm
_hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVo. bmoH$m§À`m JaOm§Mo `mo½` nÕVrZo {ZdmaU ìhmdo qH$~hþZmhmoBb
© Aem {R>H$mUr
ñWbm§Va KSy>Z `oV.o XoemVë`m XoemVM A§VJ©V {d^mJmV Ooìhm bmoH$g§»`oMo ñWbm§Va hmoVo Voìhm Ë`mg
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va åh§Q>bo OmVo.
ñVbm§Va J«m_rU Vo ZmJar ñWbm§Va, ehamH$Sy>Z ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va, J«m_rU ^mJmH$Sy>Z J«m_rU
^mJmH$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va d ZmJar ^mJmH$Sy>Z J«m_rU ^mJmH$S>o ñWbm§Va Ago ñWbm§Va àm_w»`mZo Mma
{d^mJ nmS>bo OmVmV.
7
qH$Jmbo S>po ìhg `m§À§ `m _Vo, Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Vamnojm A§VJ©V ñWbm§Va h \$ma _hÎdmMo AgVo.
A§VJ©V ñWbm§Vambm \$maer ~§XZo ZgVmV. _wº$nUo ì`º$s XoemVrb H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV, amÁ`mV OmD$
eH$Vo. Am{W©H$ CËnÞ {_idy eH$Vo Ë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Vamnojm A§VJ©V ñWbm§VamMo à_mU gdm©V
OmñV gd©Ì AmT>iVo.
EImÚm XoemVrb ì`º$s qH$dm ì`º$sMm g_yh Ë`mM XoemVrb EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ XwgarH$S>o amhmd`mg
OmVo Ë`mg Xoem§VJ©V ñWbm§Va åhUVmV. XoemVrb H$moUË`mhr {OëømV qH$dm amÁ`m_Ü`o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va ho
XoemVë`m XoemV AgVo. _hmamï´>mVrb H$mo`Um KaU àH$ën H$arV bmoH$m§Mo H$moëhmnya, gm§Jbr, gmVmam
Aem doJdoJù`m {OëømV bmoH$m§Mo ñWbm§Va Ho$bo Amho. Va amoOJmamgmR>r Ho$ai, Am§Y,« Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb
H$mamJramMo, _hmamï´>mVrb gmoZmaH$m_ H$aUmao AZoH$ àH$maMo H$mamJra XoemÀ`m {d{dY amÁ`mV ñWbm§Va
Pmbo Amho. ñWbm§Va àm_w»`mZo ehamH$S>o _moR>çm à_mUmdd hmoV.o _w~§ B©, H$bH$Îmm, MoÞB©, {X„r Aem
àJV ehamH$S>o bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
^maVmVrb J«m_rU ^mJmV hr dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`o_i
w o O_rZrMo VwH$S>rH$aU hmoD$ bmJë`mZo J«m_rU
eoVH$ar ^y{_hrZ d Aën^yYmaH$ ~ZVmo. ~oH$mar dmT>Vo Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va _moR>çm
à_mUmV hmoV AgboMo {XgyZ `oV.o bmoH$m§Mm ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aUoMm H$b dmS>ë`mZo ehamV PmonS>nÅ>r,
~oH$mar, Xm[aÐ`, Kam§Mm àíZ, àXyfU Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m Zì`mZo {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV.
H$mhrdoim Xoem§VJ©V Á`m {R>H$mUr eoVr CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm doJ OmñV Amho Aem gmIa
H$maImÝ`mÀ`m joÌmV AmOy~mOyÀ`m n[agamVrb J«m_rZ bmoH$ d D$gVmoS> H$aUmao _Oya D$gmMm {gPZ
Omon`ªV Amho Vmon`ªV gmIa H$maImÝ`mÀ`m n[agamV ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. D$gmMm {gPZ g§nbm H$s Amnë`m
Jmdr {ZKwZ OmVmV.
~)
~{h©JV ñWbm§Va / Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Va (External / International Migration)
EH$m amï´>mÀ`m amOH$s` gr_m Amobm§S>yZ Ooìhm ì`º$s qH$dm ì`º$sMm g_yh Xwgè`m amï´>mV VmËnwaVm
qH$dm H$m`_À`m dmñVì`mgmR>r OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Va Ago åhUVmV.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Vamda EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nwdm©Ym©n`ªV {Z~ªY ZìhVo Ë`m H$mimV OJmV
Iyn ñWbm§Va KSy>Z Ambr. 1942 Vo 1960 `m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmVrb hOmamo bmoH$ X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V
H$m`_Mo ñWbm§VarV Pmbo. VgoM Zonmi, lrb§H$m, ^yVmZ, ~m§JbmXoe `m XoemVrb bmImobmoH$ ^maVmV
H$m`_Mo ñWbm§VarV Pmbobo AmT>iZy `oVmV.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§VamV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va OmñV AgoV. Á`m XoemMm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg
_moR>çm à_mUmdd Pmbm Amho Aem XoemV amoOJmamMr CnbãYVm _moR>çm à_mUmda AgVo d gm_m{OH$
gwa{jVm {_iVo Aem XoemV bmoH$g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmda ñWbm§VarV hmoVo. ^maVmVrb `wdH$
8
Cƒ{ejUmgmR>r, CƒñnX ZmoH$argmR>r, AHy$e amoOJmamgmR>r hr A_oarH$m, Am°ñQ´>{o b`m, B§½b§S>, S>Ýo _mH©$,
OnmZ, O_©Zr Aem àJV amï´>mV ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zr ñWbm§Va Ho$bo Amho ho ñWbm§Va ñWm`r d AñWmB© Aem
XmoÝhr àH$maMo Amho, Va H$mhr doim XoemÀ`m {g_obJVÀ`m Xoemer gVV hmoUmao `wÕ `m_wio hr bmoH$
Amnbm Xoe gmoS>yZ Xwgè`m XoemV ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. 1947 _Ü`o nm{H$ñVmZ, ^maVm nmgyZ ñdmV§Í` Pmbm
nU {Zdm©{gVm§Mo bm|T>o ^maVmH$S>o _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§VarV Pmbo. Ë`mMà_mUo ~m§½bmXoemVrb {Zdm©grV
hr 1971 _Ü`o ^maVmÀ`m Aml`mbm npíM_ ~§Jmb_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV Pmbo.
Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ àJVr, Vm§{ÌH$ àJVrÀ`m à^mdmZo _mZd AÝ` XoemV ñWbm§Va H$aVmo Voìhm
Ë`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§er {_iVo-OwiVo hmoUo AdKS> OmVo, amï´>mamï´>m_Ü`o g_mOOrdZ d ^mfo_Ü`o, ^mfoÀ`m
CƒmamV _moR>çm à_mUmV \$aH$ AgVmo ì`º$s Cƒ{e{jV, nwago o H$m¡eë`, Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ àmá Zgob Va
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Vambm AmnmoAmnM _`m©Xm `oVmV.
{edm` ñdXoemVrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZmer ì`º$s EH$ê$n Pmbobr AgVo. Amnë`m Xoe, amÁ`,
Jm§d `m§er Ë`mMr Zmi OmoS>br Jobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio ñdXoemV Á`mà_mUo _moH$ù`m dmVmdaUmV ì`º$sbm
ñdmV§Í` Cn^moJVm `oVo nU naXoer H$m`Xo d g_mOì`dñWoVrb ~§XZo `m_wio VmËnwaVo Am§Vaamï´>r` ñWbm§Va
_moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV AgboMo nhmd`mg {_iVo.
ñWbm§VamMo àdmh / KQ>H$ (Streams / Element of Migration)
1)
^m¡Jmo{bH$ Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$
^maV XoemV {d{dY hdm_mZ Agbobo {d^mJ AmhoV. H$mhr {d^mJmV A{VCîU, A{VW§S>,
A{VnmD$gmir hdm_mZ, ZmnrH$_¥Xm, ^yH$§ n, Ádmbm_wIr, Q>mioYmS> _hmnya, gmWrMo AmOma B. Z¡g{J©H$
AnÎmr_wio VoWrb bmoH$m§Mo gº$sZo ñWbm§Va H$amdo bmJVo. CXm. 1961 _Ü`o nwÊ`mVrb nmZeoV KaU
\w$Q>ë`m_wio AZoH$ Jmd nmÊ`mImbr Jobr. Aem nwaJ«ñV bmoH$m§Zr nwUo H$m`_Mo gmoS>b.o `m{edm` JwOamV,
_hmamï´>mV ^yH$§ n, _hmnya _moR>-_moR>r YaU ~m§Ybr `m_wio hOmamo bmoH$m§Mo ñWbm§Va Pmbo Amho.
`mCbQ> Oìhm bmoH$m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao hdm_mZ, H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dUmao Amamo½`Xm`r n`m©daU,
gwnrH$_¥Xm, _w~bH$ nmUr, dZñnVrMr _w~bH$Vm, I{ZOo, Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÞVm, g_¥ÕVm Aem ehamV
amoOJmam§Mr CnbãYVm _moR>çm à_mUmdd hmoV. Z{dZ ì`dgm`mbm àmoËgmhZ {_iVo. Aem {R>H$mUr bmoH$
ñWbm§VarV hmoVmV.
2)
gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$
bmoH$m§Zm pñWa d g_mYmZr OrdZ OJÊ`mg ì`º$sbm ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m`, h¸$ àmá hmoUo
JaOMo Amho. VgoM gm_m{OH$ XOm© hr OmVrda AmYm[aV Z hmoVm ì`º$sÀ`m JwUdÎmoZgw ma {_imdm Aer
9
YmaUm AgVo. nU J«m_rU ^mJmV `m CbQ> {MÌ nhmd`mg {_iVo. n[aUm_r bmoH$ OmVr`Vm, Y_© `mdê$Z
gVV g§Kf©, Zì`m g§YrMm A^md, OmVr` AË`mMma, Aem AñdñW H$aUmè`m n[apñWVrbm H§$Q>miyZ
ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
AmYw{ZH$ d Cƒ {ejUmÀ`m d Amamo½`mÀ`m gw{dYmMm A^md Cƒ amhUr_mZ R>do Ê`mg ~XU,
JQ>~mOr, d¡a^mdZm, XheVdmX Aer pñWVrbm H§$Q>miyZ bmoH$ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoV AmhoV. `mM
~amo~a _mZ{gH$ emar[aH$ ñdmñW, amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ ñW¡`,© emór` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§namMr g_¥Õr,
_OyVy Vm, H$V©ì` ^mdZm, nañna ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm, g{hîUwVm, gd©Y_© g_^md, em§VVm_` n[apñWVr,
~m¡{ÕH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í` Ago KQ>H$ bmoH$g§»`m H|${X©V H$aVmV.
3)
Am{W©H$ KQ>H$
J«m_rU ^mJmV na§namJV eoVr, na§namJV ì`dgm` d eoV_Oyar `mda OrdZmMm CXa{Zdm©h Amho.
`m_wio dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m JaOm d amoOJma CnbãYVoMm A^md Agë`mZo bmoH$ amoOJmamMr ghO
CnbãYVm, amoOJmamÀ`m ^anya g§Yr, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr, OmñV doVZ Xa, H$m`_ ZmoH$arMr
h_r, H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg ñdmV§Í`, H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr, Am{W©H$
ñdmñÏ`, Cƒ amhUr_mZmMm XOm©, g§emoYZem;À`m CÎm_ gw{dYm, nwago o CËnmXZ, CÎm_ ZmJar OrdZmMr
AmoT>, Mm§Jbo Ka, CÎm_ d ^anya Amamo½`mÀ`m gmoB.© Agm AZoH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Zm bmoH$g§»`m AmH${f©V
hmoV.o
4)
BVa KQ>H$
ì`º$s Á`m {R>H$mUr amhVo Ë`m {R>H$mUr OrdZmbm ñdmñÏ` bm^ob Aem àH$maMo gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU g_mZVoÀ`m qH$~hþZm _mZdVmdmXmVyZ gdmªZm g_mZ
h¸$, Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í` {_imbo VaM ì`º$s Amnbo Am`wî` Aem {R>H$mUr ì`{WV H$aVmo. nU `m CbQ>
pñWVr Aghdmg Ë`m Amnbo d Amnë`m Hw$Qw>~§ mMr AmpñVËd hr {Q>H$dUo _wpíH$brMo hmoV.o n[aUm_r
g_VmdmXr, Ym{_©H$ dmVmdaU, AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmÀ`m gw{dYm, {OWo l_mbm _hÎd XoD$Z `mo½` doVZ,
e¡j{UH$ nmÌVoZgw ma H$m_ d gm_m{OH$ XOm© àmá hmoVmo Aem ehamÀ`m {R>H$mUr bmoH$ ñWbm§VarV hmoVmV.
5)
XiUdiU, dmhVwH$ gw{dYm
ehamÀ`m {R>H$mUr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV {Z_m©U Pmbobr AgVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$aUm_wio ZmJ[aH$aUmMm
doJ gVV dmT>V AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Aem ehamÀ`m {R>H$mUr dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmoB_© i
w o e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm§_i
w o
Vm§{ÌH$ d¡km{ZH$ joÌmH$S>o bmoH$ `oVmV. XiUdiUmÀ`m gmoB© `m bmoH$m§À`m g§nH$m©bm d bmoH$m§À`m
dmhVwH$sbm Cn`wº$ R>aVmV d ñWbm§Vambm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoVm.
10
6)
gwajm VWm g§ajU
IoS>çmV nañnam§Mr AmoiI Pmbobr AgVo. àË`oH$mbm EH$_oH$m ~Xb gd©H$mhr _m{hVr AgVo
{edm` nma§nm[aH$ OmVn§Mm`V Ûmao {Z`§ÌU Ë`m_wio EH$ àH$mao EIm{YH$maemhr, EImÚm ì`º$sMr gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, Omo{I_ ¿`md`mg ghO H$moU V`ma hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nma§nm[aH$ ì`dgm` H$amdm bmJVmo. `m
CbQ> ehamV Xwæ`_ ñdê$nmÀ`m {Z`§ÌU ì`dñWo_i
w o ì`º$sbm gdm©Wm©Zo g§ajU {_iV AgVo. ì`º$sbm
g§ajUmMr ImÌr AgVo. nmo{bg h EH$ g§ajUmMo gmYZ Amho. H$maImZo / ì`mnma, gmoÝ`m-Mm§XrMr XwH$mZo
/ _moR>r H$mnS>mMr XwH$mZo B. _m¡ë`dmZ {Z OmoI_rMo ì`dhma Ho$bo OmVmV. Aem àH$mao ì`dhma H$aUmao
IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV H$aVmV.
gmam§e :
AmOÀ`m `wJmV ñWbm§Va darb gd© KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>aVmVM {edm` CÎm_àVrMo H$m¡eë`
Vm§{ÌH$, d¡km{ZH$ kmZ àmá Ho$boë`m ~w{Õ_mZ, JwUdmZ ì`º$s Amnë`m ~w{ÕH$m¡eë`mbm dmd {_iob d
JbobÇ> nJmamMr ZmoH$ar {_iob Aem àJV XoemH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. `m J«m_rU ^mJmV Y_© qH$dm
OmVr^oXmMm XrK©H$mbrZ à^md nS>V AgVmo. OmVr` g§Kf© H$Yr Ho$ìhm hr CX²^dob `mMr emídVr Zmhr d
OoWo Aem Jmoï>rg IVnmUr KmVbo OmVo VoWo ApñWa g_mO OrdZ {Z_m©U hmoV.o Ë`mVyZ g_mO {dH$mg hmoD$
eH$V Zmhr. Aem {R>H$mUmhÿZ bmoH$ AÝ` {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nyd© g_mOmVrb ñWbm§Va (Migraton in Pre-Industrial Societies)
^mH$arÀ`m emoYV amhUmè`m _mUgmZo {Zdmè`mMr gmo` bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m à`ËZmVyZ
Ë`mZo Ë`mMo Ka d PmonS>r C^r am{hbr. PmonS>rV XmoZ-Mma _mUgo amhÿ bmJbr. g_yhOrdZmMm \$m`Xm
Ë`mMm bjmV Ambm. åhUyZ Ë`mZo Mma-XmoZ bmoH$m§Zm Odb Ho$bo. àË`oH$m§Mm {Zdmam EoH$_oH$m§eO
o mar C^m
Ho$bm. eoOmar-nmOmar amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr Zì`mZo EH$ dñVr AmH$mambm Ambr Ë`mVyZM nwT>o IoS>o {Z_m©U
Pmbo. bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m dmTy> bmJbr åhUyZ IoS>çmMo EH$ _moR>o Jmd V`ma Pmbo. Ë`mbm H$g~m åhUVmV.
H$gã`mMo Z§Va EH$ N>mQo >o eha V`ma Pmbo. KamMr dñVr, dñVrMo IoS>,o IoS>çmMo Jmd VWm H$g~m Am{U
H$gã`mMo ê$nm§Va eha VWm ZJamV Pmbo. Aem ehamV amoOJmamMr CnbãYVm, {ejH$, Amamo½`,
_ZmoaO
§ ZmÀ`m gmoB© gw{dYm CnbãY hmoD$ bmJë`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$nyU© H$mbI§S>mV hr ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV
hmoV Agë`mMo AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z {XgyZ `oV.o
1)
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nyd© ZJa (Pre-Industrial City)
_mZdmÀ`m OrdZ Cn`moJr gd© gmYZo Vmo nydu nmgyZM H$aV Ambobm Amh. dñVyMo ñdê$n gw~H$
Zgob, na§Vw Oo hmoVo VoCn`wº$ hmoV, ~rZ ÌmgmMo hmoV, _mZ{gH$ VmU {Z_m©U H$aUmao ZìhVo. H$mimÀ`m
AmoKmV IoS>çmMo ê$nm§Va ehamV Pmbo. Ë`mbmM AmnU H$g~m åhUVmo.
11
2)
Am{Xdmgr ñWbm§Va (Trimal Migration)
Am{XdmgrMo OrdZ {ZgJm©da Adb§~Zy AgyZ gVV {ZgJm©Mr g§Kf© H$ê$Z AÞ, dó Am{U
{Zdmam `m _yb^yV JaOm§Mr nyVV© m H$amdr bmJVo. ImÚg§H$bZ, {eH$ma, ñWmZm§V[aV eoVr `m Am{W©H$ gmR>r
Am{XdmgrZ gVV ^Q>H$§ Vr H$amdr bmJVo Aem àH$mao AÞ g§H$bZ {eH$ma d ñWmZm§V[aV eoVr AÞ
g§H$bZmÀ`m emoYmV Am{Xdmgr EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr Amnë`m Q>mi
o rgh ñWbm§Va H$aV AgV.
3)
eoVr
Am{X_ O_mVr àmMrZ H$mimV Py_, Xmh ~XbV Hw$amS> nÕVrMr eoVr H$aV AgV. eoVr `m
EImÚm VwH$S>çmda df©^a eoVr, Xwgè`m dfu Xwgè`m O_rZrÀ`m VwH$S>çmda eoVr H$aV, VgoM {eH$ma
emoYÊ`mgmR>r d AZwH$y b n`m©daU {_iUogmR>r gVV Ë`m§Zm {R>H$mU ~XbV AgV. Aem H$maUm§Zr
ñWbm§Va Ho$bo OmV Ago.
4)
eÌw nmgyZ g§ajU H$arV ñWbm§Va
àmMrZ H$mimV bmoH$ Q>mi
o r H$ê$Z ahmV Ago Q>mi
o r `wÕmV EImÚm àXoemda dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aUo,
Xwgè`m Q>mi
o rbm Ë`m {R>H$mUmdê$Z nidyZ bmdUo `m H$maUmgmR>r gVV Q>mi
o r`wÕ hmoV Ago. Xwgè`m Q>mi
o rZo
Amnë`m Q>mi
o rda AmH«$_U H$ê$ Z`o VgoM gwa{jV ahmdo åhUyZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$amdo bmJV
Ago.
5)
gm_«mÁ` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ñWbm§Va
àmMZr H$mimV AmgnmgÀ`m gd© ^mJmda Amnbr gÎmm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ñWbm§Va
Ho$bo OmV Ago. Xwgè`m àXoemda Mmb H$ê$Z VoWrb gÎmm Amnë`m hmVr KoD$Z Amnbr gÎmm gm_«mÁ`mMm
{dñVma H$aUo hm OrdZ nÕVrMm EH$ ^mJ hmoVm `m CÔoemZo EImÚm àXoemda dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Xwgè`m àXoemV H$m`_Mo ñWbm§Va H$amdo bmJV Ago Va H$mhr doim Jwbm_m§Mm ì`mnma Ho$ë`mZo Jwbm_m§Mo
EH$m àXoemVyZ Xwgè`m àXoemV ñWbm§Va hmoV Ago.
1.7 nwd© Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmVrb ñWbm§Va
(Migration in Pre-Industrial Scoieties)
AÞ, dó, {Zdmam `m _mZdmÀ`m _yb^yV JaOm§À`m nwVV© go mR>r _mZdmZo gmVË`mZo EH$m OmJohZÿ
Xwgè`m OmJobm ñWbm§VamMr n6{H«$`m gwê$ R>do bobr {XgVo. eoVrMm emoY bmJë`mZ§Va H$m§hr _mZdr g_yh
EH$mM {R>H$mUr ñWmB©H$ Pmbo. na§Vw newnmbZ d BVa CÚmoJ H$aUmao bmoH$ gmVË`mZo ^Q>H$§ Vr H$aV hmoV.o
`mVyZM AmnU _mZdr g_yhm§Mo ñWmB©H$ d ^Q>H$o Agm XmoZ ^mJm_Ü`o dJr©H$aU H$aVmo.
12
Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwd© ñWbm§VamMm {dMma H$aVmZm Imbrb _wÚm§Mm àm_w»`mZo Aä`mg H$amdm bmJob.
A)
_yb^yV JaOm§Mr nwVV© m (Fulfillness of Basic Needs)
AÞ, dó d {Zdmam `m _yb^yV JaOm§Mr nwVV© m H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mZd gmVË`mZo EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ
Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$aV Ambobm Amho. `m àH$maMo ñWbm§Va Am{X_ AdñWonmgyZ gwê$ AgyZ Vo
AmOhr A»`mhVnUo gwê$ Agbobo {XgyZ `oV.o
~)
gm_«mÁ`dmX d {dñVma (Expansion of Kingdom)
_mZdmZo Amnbo ApñVËd amIÊ`mgmR>r d Amnëm` d§emMo loð>Ëd {R>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Am{X_
AdñWonmgyZ EH$ g_yh Xwgè`m g_yhm~amo~a Zoh_r g§Kf© H$aV Ambobm {XgyZ `oVmo. `mVyZM Ë`mZo Amnbo
gm_«mÁ` dmAmT>dZy Vmo Xwgè`m g_yhmda dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aV Jobm. `mVyZM H$m§hr g_yh ñWbm§V[aV hmoV
Job.o
H$)
Ym{_©H$ àMma d àgma (For Religious Preaching and Practise)
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _mZdmZo Amnë`m Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mm àMma d àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo
_moR>çm à_mUmV Xoem§VJ©V d Xoem~mhoa _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§Va Pmbobo {XgyZ `oV.o
_yë`_mnZ
ñWbm§VamMo g_mOemó `m {df`mMr ì`máMr \$ma _moR>r Amho. `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o AmnU ñVbm§VamMr
g§H$ënZm, àH$ma, àdmh `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr _mZdmZo
Amnë`m _yb^yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Aì`hVnUo Mmby R>do bobr EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. `m à{H«$`o_i
w o H$m§hr
à_mUmV _mZdr g_yhm§Zm gwI d g_mYmZ {_imbo Agbo Var Ë`mMo AmOÀ`m PnmQ>çmZo dmT>Umè`m
eharH$aUm§_Ü`o H$m§hr Ñîn[aUm_ {XgyZ `ody bmJbo AmhoV. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ {dg§KQ>ZmMr
(Social Disorganization) à{H«$`m {Z_m©U hmody bmJbr Amho. Á`m_wio gm_m{OH$ ApñWaVm CX`mbm
`ody bmJbr Amho. Aer n[apñWVr Q>miÊ`mgmR>r d ñWbm§VamMm àdmh amoIÊ`mgmR>r emgH$s` nmVirdê$Z
H$m§hr gH$mamË_H$ YmoaUm§Mr d H$m`©H$« _m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
13
1.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.
ñWbm§VamMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
2.
ñWbm§VamMo àdmh {deX H$am.
3.
A§VJ©V d ~{hñW ñWbm§Va ñnï> H$am.
4.
nwd© Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñWbm§Vamg§~Y§ r WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr Úm.
❖❖❖
14
KQ>H$ : 2
ñWbm§VamMo {gÕm§V
(Theories of Migration)
AZwH$« _{UH$m
2.1
àñVmdZm
2.2
C{ÔîQ>ço
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
2.4
ñWbm§VamÀ`m gd©gm_mÝ` VËdmZdarb {gÕm§V : (A) B. Or. adoÝo ñVoZ Am{U (~) EdoaQo >Q>² br.
(Theories on general principles of Migration : E. G. Ravestein and Everett
Lee)
2.5
àdmh Am{U {dê$Õ àdmhmer g§~Y§ rV {gÕm§V
(Laws Relating to Stream and Counter Stream)
2.6
emór` Am{U Zdemór` {gÕm§V : VmoXamo Am{U bo{dg
(Classical and Neo-Classical Models : Todaro and Lewis)
2.7
gamdmgmR>r àíZ
2.7.1 g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm
2.7.2 [aH$må`m OmJm ^am
2.7.3 EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm
2.7.4 {Q>nm {bhm
2.8
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1
2.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction)
ñWbm§VamMo g_mOemó (Sociology of Migration) `m {df`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZm
~hþYm _wb^yV àíZ Agm nS>Vmo H$s, bmoH$ ñWbm§Va H$m H$aVmV ? ñWbm§VamMo \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o H$`m
AgVmV ? Aem AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m àíZm§À`m CÎmam§Mm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r ñWbm§VamÀ`m g§X^m©V {gÕm§V
_m§S>Umao VÁk {gÕm§VH$mamZr {gÕm§V d {Z`_ _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Am{U `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`oM
Amnë`mbm CÎma gmnS>Vo H$s bmoH$ EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va H$m H$aVmV, d Aem àH$mao
Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ñWbm§VamMo \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o Amnë`m bjmV `oVmV. AmUIrZ EH$ gVVMm nS>Umam àíZ
Agm AgVmo H$s {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o Zo_H$s _m§S>Ur H$em§Mr Ho$br OmVo ? Va {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o Zoh_r VÏ`mMr _m§S>Ur
Ho$br OmVo d VÏ`m§Mr nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. VÏ`m§À`m AmYmamda _m§S>bb
o o {gÕm§V
ñWbm§VamÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r d g§emoYZmgmR>r _yb^yV Jmoï>r nwa{dV AgVmV. åhUyZ àË`oH$ joÌmV {gÕm§Vmbm
AZÝ` gmYmaU _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. gd©gmYmaUnUo EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr dmñVì`
H$aUo åhUOo ñWbm§Va hmo`, qH$dm EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr OmUo åhUOo ñWbm§Va hmo`. ñWbm§Va
H$aUmao XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV. EH$ åhUOo XoemA§VJ©V d Xwgao åhUOo Xoem ~mhoa. WmoS>Š`mV ñWbm§Va
H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m EH$ hàH$maMr Midi _mZbr Jobr Amho, `m MidirÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o àË`oH$
ñWbm§VarV ì`º$s hr `eñdr dmQ>Mmb H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVo. nU e§^a Q>¸$o `e àË`oH$mÀ`m
dmQ>çmbm `oBb
© ho gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. `m gd© Jmoï>r {gÕm§VH$mam§Zr emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
(Objectives)
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm 1.
B. Or. adoÝñVoZ d EdoaQo >Q>´ br `m§Mm ñWbm§Vam~ÔbMo gd©gm_mÝ` {gÕm§V/VËd H$m` Amho ho
g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
2.
bo{dg d VmoXamo `m§Mo ñWbm§Vamg§X^m©Vrb emór` d Zd-emór`
Classical) nÕVr g_OwZ KoVm `oVrb.
(Classical and Neo-
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter)
A) ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm bmoH$ _w»`Ëdo AmnU dmñVì`mV Agboë`m {R>H$mUmdê$Z Á`m {R>H$mUr
Amnë`mbm Om`Mo Amho `mMo AmJmoXa J{UV KmbVmV Am{U _JM Ë`m {R>H$mUr {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m
\$m`Úm§Mm d VmoQ>çm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
2
~)
^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma Ho$ë`mg {gÕm§VH$mamZr _m§S>bëo `m {gÕm§VmZwgma Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s,
ehar ^mJmnojm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m_Ü`o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMo à_mU OmñV Amho, `mMo ñnï>rH$aU
Ho$bobo {XgVo.
H$) EHy$UM OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb {dMma H$aVm {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMo à_mU OmñV
Amho.
2.4 ñWbm§VamÀ`m gd©gm_mÝ` VËdmZ§darb {gÕm§V : A) B. Or. adoÝñVoZ
Am{U (~) EdoaQo >Q>´ br.
(Theories on General Principles of Migration : E. G. Ravenstin and
Everett Lee)
19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nwdm©Ym©V B. Or. adoÝo ñVoZ `m§Zr 20 Xoem§À`m _m{hVr g§H$bZmda AmYm[aV
AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm Xmdm Ho$bm Amho. B.Or. adoÝñVoZ `m§Mo ñVbm§Va g§X^m©Vrb XmoZ boI
"ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V' (Laws of Migration) ho OyZ 1885 d OyZ 1889 `m H$mbmdYrV 'Journal
of The Royal Stastical Society `m {Z`VH$mbrH$m _Ü`o à{gÕ Pmbo hmoV.o ho XmoÝhrhr nong© AZw^d
Am{U g¡Õm§{VH$ nmVirda AmYm[aV Agë`mZo AmOgwÕm ñWbm§VamÀ`m _m§S>ë`m OmUmè`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o
àM{bV AmhoV. adoÝñVoZ `m§Mm {gÕm§V Imbrb à_mUo.
1)
ñWbm§Va Am{U A§Va (Migraton and Distance)
~aoM ñWbm§Va ho H$_r A§VamMo AgVmV, åhUOoM H|$Ð^mJr dmT>V OmUmao ñWbm§Va H$_r
A§Vam_wio XaamoOMo `oUo OmUo eŠ` AgVo, Ë`m_wio ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r AmgVo, nU
ñWbm§Va H$aUmao O|ìhm bm§~À`m nëë`mda qH$dm A§Vamda ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmV. V|ìhm Vo _moR>r H|$Ðo d
{OWo ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJ Amho Aem {R>H$mUmbm àmYmÝ` XoV AgVmV.
2)
Q>ß`mZwgma ñWbm§Va (Migration by Stages)
d¡pídH$ ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hr Zoh_rM ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJ AgUmè`m _moR>çm H|$ÐmÀ`m {XeoZM
o
hmoV AgVo. Aem H|$ÐmÀ`m {XeoZo hmoUmao ñWbm§Va d `mbm H$maUr^yV AgUmao KQ>H$ åhUOo J«m_rU
^mJmVrb a{hdmer, dmT>V OmUmao ehamMo joÌ, Am{U g^modVmbr AgUmam XwJ_© n[aga Omon`ªV ì`mnbm
OmV Zmhr Vmon`ªV ñWbm§VamMr hr KS>V AgVo.o Am{U XwJ_© n[aga hm ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§_i
w M
o
ì`mnyZ OmV AgVmo. dmT>V OmUmè`m eham§Mm à^md Omon`ªV An`er R>aV Zmhr Vmon`ªV ñWbm§Va ho
dmT>VM OmV AgVo.
3
3)
àdmh Am{U Cn àdmh (Stream and Counter Stream)
àË`oH$ ñWbm§VamMm _w»` àdmh hm Cn àdmhmMr ^anmB© H$ê$Z XoV AgVmo.
4>)
ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m§_Ü`o J«m_rU Am{U ZmJar d¥Îmr
(Urban Rural Differences in Propensity to Migrate)
^maVmVrb ñWbm§Vamg§X^m©V nm{hë`mg Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s ehar ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m VwbZoV
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
5)
H$_r A§VamÀ`m ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o _{hbm§Mo à_mU OmñV AgVo.
(Predominance of Females among short distance Migrants)
nwê$fm§À`m VwbZoV H$_r A§VamÀ`m ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o {ó`m§Mo à_mU OmñV Amho.
6)
V§ÌkmZ Am{U ñWbm§Va (Technology and Migration)
ì`mnma Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m V§Ìm_Ü`o dmT> hmodZy {dH$mg doJmZo nhamolVmo d ñWbm§VamMo à_mU
dmT>V.o
7)
ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o Am{W©H$ CÔoem§Mm OmñV à^md AgVo (Dominance
motive)
of economic
XS>nZy Q>mH$Umao d dmB©Q> H$m`Xo, A{YH$ H$a, gwQ> Z hmoUmao dmVmdaU, {~KS>bb
o o gm_m{OH$
dmVmdaU Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r ñWbm§VamMo Cnàdmh {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmV.
adoÝñVoZ `m§À`m {gÕm§VmMo _wë`_mnZ (Evaluation of Ravenstein's Law)
adoÝo ñVoZÀ`m {gÕm§VmZo e§^a dfm©nj
o m A{YH$ H$mbmdYrMo ApñVËd {Z_m©U H$ê$Z AmÜ` H$V©ì`
nma nmS>bo Amho. hm {gÕm§V A{Ve` gmÜ`m nÕVrMm Amho, `m_Ü`o OmñV dmñVd aoImQ>bb
o o {XgV Zmhr.
VgoM ñWbm§VaÀ`m à{H«$`obm O~m~Xma AgUmao gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` KQ>H$m§À`m OmñV Imobda
Jobb
o o AmT>iV Zmhr. `m {gÕm§Vm_Yrb AgUmè`m H$_VaVm Imbrb à_mUo.
A)
ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJmMr _moR>r H|$Ðo BVa N>mQo >çm H|$ÐmMr d¥Õr d {dH$mg Q>miÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm IwQ§ >rV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m {Z_m©U Ho$br AmhoV ?
~)
{dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o Ago {XgyZ Ambo Amho H$s, ñWbm§Va H$aUmao _moR>çm eham_Ü`o {d{eð>
Aer Pon KoVmV. (CXm. ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V nm{hë`mg Joë`mg _moR>r ehao {X„r, _w~§ B©, H$mobH$Îmm,
MoÞB© BË`mXr) åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr Q>ß`mZwgma ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§VmMo (Stage-wise Migration)
4
dU©Z {dH${gV Xoem§À`m g§X^m©V H$am`bm hdo. H$maU ^maVmV hmoUmè`m ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m hro
WoQ> _moR>çm eham_Ü`o (Metropolies) Z hmoVm N>mQo >çm eham§Zm AZwgê$ZM ñWbm§Va hmoV
AgVo.
S>)
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§Va H$aVmV Vo åhUOo Z¡g{J©H$ ÑîQ>çm (Natural
Tendancy) Ho$bo OmUmao ñWbm§Va Zìho, Va `m nmR>r_mJo AgUmao J«m_rU Xm[aÐ` ñWbm§VamÀ`m
à{H«$`ogmR>r O~m~Xma Amho H$s Á`m_wio J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV ehar
^mJm_Ü`o ñWbm§Va hmoV AgVo.
B)
H$_r A§VamÀ`m ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o nwê$fm§nj
o m {ó`m§Mo à_mU OmñV AgVo ho Iao Amho, nU H$m_Jmam§À`m
ñWbm§VamÀ`m g§X^m©V ho gË` Amho Ago {XgyZ `oV Zmhr.
B©)
ñWbm§Va Am{U V§ÌkmZ `m_Ü`o AgUmao g§~Y§ ho dmñVd Amho nU Ë`m_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ d
XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m {dH$mgmMr d¡{eîQ>ço `m§Mm `m_Ü`o g§~Y§ `oV Zmhr Am{U Ë`m_wiM
o
åhUyZ ñWbm§Va hmoV Zmhr. dgmhVdmXmÀ`m H$mimnmgyZ nm{hë`mg ^maVmVrb _moR>r ehao
(Metropolies) hr V|ìhmnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr AmhoV. V|ìhmnmgyZ BVa eham§À`m {dH$mgmH$S>o
Xwbj
© Pmbo Amho.
B)
ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o Am{W©H$ hoVy hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho, nU Or nÕV `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o
_m§S>Ê`mV Ambobr Amho, Ë`m_Ü`o ñWbm§Va hmoÊ`m_mJMr H$maUo Z_wX Ho$bobr {XgV ZmhrV. CXm.
Jma{Ð`, Cnmg_ma, ~oH$mar, A{dH$grVnUm Am{U J«m_rU ^mJm_Ü`o Z Pmbobm {dH$mg.
~)
EdoaQo >Q² br `m§Mm ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V (Everett Lee’s Theory of Migration)
EdoaQo >Q>² br `m§Zr 1965 _Ü`o “Mississippi Valley Historical Association” BWo dmfuH$
g^o_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§Vmg§~Y§ r boI _m§S>bm Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr ñWbm§VamgmR>r H$moUVo KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV
AmhoV `mMr _m§S>Ur Imbrb à_mUo Ho$br Amho.
1)
CËnÎmrñWmZmer g§~Y§ rV AgUmao KQ>H$ CXm. OmñV doVZ d ZmoH$arÀ`m A{YH$ g§Yr.
2)
_w¸$m_mÀ`m ^mJmer g§~Y§ rV AgUmao KQ>H$ CXm. YmoH$m, A{ZpíMVVm.
3)
CËnÎmrñWmZ Am{U _w¸$m_ `m_Ü`o AgUmao AS>Wio. CXm. A§Va, qH$_V, à{V~§YmË_H$ {Z`_
(restrictive laws).
4>)
d¡`{º$H$ KQ>H$ CXm. d`, qbJ, dJ©, {ejU, H$m¡eë` B.
5
ñWbm§Vamer g§~Y§ rV {dMma Ho$ë`mg da Z_yX Ho$boë`m KQ>H$m§Zr Or ^y{_H$m nma nmS>br Amho Vr
A{YH$, ewÝ` Am{U dOm Aem _wë`m§À`m ñdê$nmV AmhoV. `m_Ü`o \$º$ EdT>M
o da Z_yX Ho$bobo KQ>H$
ZgyZ ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`oVrb `m Jmoï>tMo AmH$bZ br `m§À`m _Vo, ñWbm§VamÀ`m {ZU©`m_Ü`o _hÎdmMo
AmhoV.
àË`oH$ ^mJm_Ü`o XmoZ qH$dm VrZ Jmoï>r Aem AgVmV H$s Á`m_wio ñWbm§Va H$aUmao ñWbm§VarV
hmoÊ`mgmR>r à^m{dV hmoV AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV hmoÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm KQ>H$mbm EImXr Jmoï>
AmH${f©V H$aV AgVo, Va Xwgè`m KQ>H$mbm BVa Xwgar Jmoï> AmH${f©V H$aV AgVo Am{U àË`oH$mbm
AmH${f©V H$aUmè`m Jmoï>rM ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>V AgVmV.
ñWbm§VamÀ`m Vrd«Ve
o r g§~Y
§ rV AgUmao KQ>H$
(Laws Relating to the Volume of Migration)
A)
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm Ë`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m ^mJmÀ`m {d{dYVoZgw ma d {d{dYVoÀ`m à_mUmZwgma
(degree of diversity) ~XbV AgVo. br Ago åhUVmV H$s, A_o[aHo$V Á`m§Mo ñWbm§Va Pmbo
Ë`m§Zr ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`m {R>H$mUr bmJboë`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m ImUtMm emoY, åhUyZ
A_o[aHo$_Ü`o JVrerb AW©ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z _moR>m ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm Am{U amoOJmamÀ`m
ZdrZ g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`mZo H$m_Jmam§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV ñWbm§Va Pmbo.
~)
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm bmoH$m§À`m {d{dYVoZgw ma ~XbV AgVo. br `m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$m§Mr {d{dYVm
AgUo åhUOoM {d{eï> JQ> Agë`mMo gw{MV H$aVmo. _w»`Ëdo {Xboë`m qH$dm {_imboë`m H$m_mer
Ë`m§Mr OwiUr qH$dm ~m§YUr Pmbobr AgVo Am{U `m_wiM
o ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o dmT> hmoV AgVo. CXm.
Cƒ H$m¡eë` AmË_gmV Agbobo bmoH$, Ë`m§Zm _mJUr AgVo åhUyZ ñWbm§VarV hmoV AgVmV.
H$)
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm H$R>rU n[apñWVr nma H$aÊ`mg§~Y§ r d AS>Wio Xya H$aÊ`mer g§~Y§ rV AgVo.
S>)
Am{W©H$ MT>-CVmam_wio ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm ~XbV AgVo.
B)
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm Am{U ñWbm§VamMm Xa H$mbmdYrZwgma dmT>V AgVmo. br `m§Mo Ago _V Amho
H$s, {dH$grV V§ÌkmZ ho ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o `oUmè`m AS>Wù`m§Zm Xya H$aVo, Ë`m_wio XiUdiU
ñdñV hmoD$Z ñWbm§VamMo à_mU dmT>V.o
B©)
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm XoemVrb àJVrÀ`m n[apñWVrZwgma ~XbV AgVo. br `m§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho
H$s,A{YH$ à_mUmV hmoV OmUmam {dH$mg hm bmoH$m§Zm J{V{ebVoÀ`m {XeoZo OmÊ`mg ^mJ
nmS>Vmo, OoUHo $ê$Z `m_Ü`o A{YH$ {eH$bobo d ~wpÜXdmZ d H$m¡eë` AmË_gmV Agbobo bmoH$
gh^mJr hmoV AgVmV.
6
2.5 àdmh Am{U {dê$Õ àdmhmer g§~Y
§ rV {gÕm§V
(Laws Relating to Stream and Counter Stream)
A)
ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m OoUHo $ê$Z {ZpíMV Aem àdmhm_Ü`o ZoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>V.o åhUyZ br Ago
åhUVmV H$s, g§Yr øm {d{eð> ñWmZmnwaVo _`m©{XV AgVmV d ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr
XiUdiUmMo _mJ© {ZpíMV Ho$bobo AgVmV, VgoM ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m§Zm Amnbo _w¸$m_mMo
{R>H$mU d Amnë`m _wi {R>H$mUr naV `oÊ`mÀ`m _m{hVr_wio ñWbm§Va ho {dH${gV Aem àdmhm_Ü`o
hmoV AgVo.
~)
àË`oH$ _moR>çm ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o Cnàdmh {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. br `m§Zr Ago J¥{ï>jno mV
AmUbo Amho H$s, Oo bmoH$ ñdV:Mr Ü`o`o d C{ÔîQ>ço àmá H$aÊ`m_Ü`o An`er R>aV AgVmV Vo
bmoH$ _mKmar qH$dm Amnë`m _wi {R>H$mUr nwÝhm ñWbm§VarV hmoV AgVmV.
H$)
ñVim§Va H$aÊ`mMr Vrd«Vm Oa OmñV Agob Va ñWbm§VamÀ`m {R>H$mUr {dH$mgmMo _mJ© XoIrb
OmñV AgVmV Am{U ghmOrH$M ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m _wi {R>H$mUr CXa{Zdm©hmMr
gmYZo hr Z¸$sM H$_r AgVmV.
S>)
Oa _wi {R>H$mU d ñWbm§VamMo {R>H$mU gmaIoM Agob Va àdmh d CnàdmhmMr ñWbm§VamMr
j_Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
B)
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrda Adb§~Zy AgVo. åhUOoM Am{W©H$ VoOr_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMo
à_mU A{YH$ AgVo Va _§Xr_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMo à_mU H$_r AgVo.
2.6 ñWbm§VamÀ`m d¡{eîR>>çm§er g§~Y
§ rV {gÕm§V
(Laws Relating to Characteristics of Migration)
A)
ñWbm§Va ho {ZdS>H$ AgVo -
ñWbm§Va ho Zoh_r {ZdS>H$ AgVo, _wi {R>H$mUr Am{U ñWbm§VamÀ`m {R>H$mUr H$_r A{YH$
KQ>H$m§À`m AmH$bZmZo bmoH$m§_Ü`o ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. Am{U Ë`m H$_r A{YH$ KQ>H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
AgUmè`m j_VoZgw ma ñWbm§Va H$aUmao à{VgmX XoV AgVmV d ñWbm§VamÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o `oUmè`m
AS>Wù`m§da _mV H$aV AgVmV. ñWbm§VamÀ`m {R>H$mUmÀ`m à{H«$`m H$Yr gH$mamË_H$ Va H$Yr ZH$mamË_H$
ñdê$nmMr AgVo. gH$mamË_H$ {ZdS> åhUOo ñWbm§Va H$aUmao Cƒ XOm©M,o JwUdÎmoMo d H$m¡eë` AgUmao
AgVmV Va ZH$mamË_H$ {ZdS> åhUOo ñWbm§Va H$aUmao H${Zï> XOm©M,o H$_r JwUdÎmoMo d A§Jr H$m¡eë`
ZgUmao AgVmV. gH$mamË_H$ ñWbm§Va H$aUmao _w¸$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr A{YH$ d gH$mamË_H$ ÑîQ>çm {ZdS>bëo `m
7
KQ>H$m§Zm _w»`Ëdo à{VgmX XoVmV. gH$mamË_H$ ñVbm§Vam_Ü`o ì`mdgmB©H$ bmoH$ daModa ñWbm§VarV hmoV
AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ñWbm§Va H$aUo åhUOo àJVrÀ`m {XeoZo nwT>o OmUo hmo`.
H$_r JwUdÎmm, H$m¡eë` d {ejU AgUmao bmoH$ à{VHw$b n[apñWVr_wio OmñV H$ê$Z ñWbm§Va
H$aVmV, nU Ago ñWbm§VarV bmoH$ Ë`m§Zr {ZdS>bëo `m joÌmbm gH$mamË_H$ ÑîQ>çm à{VgmX XoVm ZH$mamË_H$
ÑîQ>çm à{VgmX XoVmV, åhUOoM Aem bmoH$m§Mr n[apñWVrer {_iVo OwiVo KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m _§XmdVo.
EdoaQo >Q> br `m§À`m {gÕm§VmMo _wë`_mnZ (Evaluation of Everett Lee's Theory)
ñWbm§VamÀ`m g§emoYZm_Ü`o br `m§Mo `moJXmZ AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho. nU Imbrb Z_wX Ho$boë`m
H$maUmgmR>r `m {gÕm§Vmda {Q>H$m H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
A)
`m {gÕm§Vmbm AmYma XoV AgVmZm AZw^dm{Y{ï>V KQ>Zm§Mr H$_VaVm `m_Ü`o OmUdVo. VgoM `m
{gÕm§VmVrb nS>VmiUr J{UVr` qH$dm BVa emór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr.
åhUOoM AJXr T>m~o i _mZmZo hm {gÕm§V br `m§Zr _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
~)
ñWbm§Va H$aV AgVmZm H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV `oUmao AS>Wio, CJ_ (Origin) ñWmZmÀ`m
{R>H$mUr d _w¸$m_mÀ`m (destination) {R>H$mUr {ZpíMV Aem ñdê$nmMo ZgVmV, A§{V_V:
Aem A{ZpíMV Jmoï>r ñWbm§VamÀ`m {Z`moOZm_Ü`o _XV H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.
H$)
br `m§Mo ñWbm§VamMo {gÕm§V {dH$gZerb XoemgmR>r Cn`mo{JV Zmhr, H$maU {dH$gZerb
Xoem_Ü`o Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr, ñWbm§VamÀ`m nÕVr Am{U ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço hr
nyUV© : doJir AmhoV, nmíMmË` Xoem_Ü`o ñVbm§VamMr Or dmñVd n[apñWVr Amho Ë`mMo dU©Z
H$aÊ`m_Ü`o br `eñdr Pmë`mMo {XgVmV.
1.6
emór` Am{U Zd-emIr` nÕVr : bo{dg Am{U VmoXao
(Classical Ane Neo-Classical Models : Lewis and Todaro)
VmoXamo (Todaro):
1960 À`m XeH$m_Ü`o ~è`mM {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o dmT>V OmUmar ZmJar ~oamoOJmar d Ë`mM
H$mim_Ü`o J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mo ehar ^mJmV_Ü`o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMo à_mU OmñV hmoV.o Aem
nÕVrZo dmT>bëo `m ñWbm§Vam_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm Zo AmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r XiUdiUmMr nma§nm[aH$ gmYZo Am{U
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ago AZoH$ àíZ dmTy> bmJbo. ñWbm§VamÀ`m {gÕm§Vm_Yrb Xar ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r VmoXamo
d BVa {dMmad§VmZr d {gÕm§VH$mam§Zr J«m_rU ZmJar ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V {dH$grV Ho$bm H$s Á`m_Ü`o
8
J«m_rU ehar ñWbm§Va d eham_Ü`o dmT>V OmUmar ~oamoOJmar `m_Ü`o ñnï> {damoYmË_H$ (Apparently
Paradoxical) g§~Y
§ Agë`mMo _V _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
VmoXamoÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
(Essential Features of the Model)
A)
ñWbm§Va H$aUmao bmoH$ Am{W©H$ \$m`ÚmÀ`m CÔoemZo ào[aV Pmbobo AgVmV, Am{W©H$ \$m`Úmgmo~VM
Vo _mZ{gH$ ÑîQ>çm ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r gj_ Pmbobo AgVmV.
~)
ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` hm Anojdo a Adb§~Zy AgVmo qH$dm H$m§hr à_mUmV J«m_rU-ZmJar
^mJmV {H$Vr _Owar CnbãY Amho `mda ñWbm§VamMr à{H«$`m {dg§~Zy AgVo. `m~amo~aM Ano{jV
_Owar_Yrb ^oX XmoZ Jmoï>tÀ`m A§Va{H«$`mZwgma R>adbo OmVo, EH$ åhUOo àË`j J«m_rU-ZmJar
_Oyar d Xwgao åhUOo AmYw{ZH$ ZmJar joÌm_Ü`o `mo½` àH$maMm amoOJma {_idUo .
H$)
ehar qH$dm ZmJmar ^mJm_Ü`o amoOJma {_idÊ`mMr g§^mì`Vm qH$dm eŠ`Vm CbQ>njr ehar
~oamoOJmamVrb Xmamer g§~Y§ rV AgVo.
S>)
ñWbm§Va \$º$ ehar ^mJmV {_iUmè`m ZmoH$arÀ`m g§Yr_wio dmT>V ZgyZ g§_Og d gH$mamË_H$
ehar-J«m_rU Ano{jV CËnÞmVrb ^oXmda Adb§~Zy AgVo åhUyZ ehar ^mJmVrb A{YH$
à_mUmVrb ~oamoOJmarMo {MÌ A{dH${gV Xoem_Ü`o A{W©H$ g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`m_Ü`o Ag_VmobnUm
gmYV Agë`mMo {XgVmV.
VmoXamoÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo _wë`_mnZ (Evaluation of Todaros' Model)
VmoXamoÀ`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o ZmJar ^mJmV nyU© ñdê$nm_Ü`o CnbãY hmoUmam amoOJma J¥{hV Yabobm
Zmhr, VgoM {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV ~oamoOJmarMo {MÌ Amho. Var XoIrb J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
bmoH$ ehar ^mJm_Ü`o ñWbm§Va H$m H$aVmV ?
Var XoIrb ho gm§JUo \$ma H$R>rU Amho H$s, ñWbm§Va H$aUmao gd© J«m_rU ZmJar ^mJmVrb bmoH$ ho
g_§Og qH$dm VH©$g§JV {ZU©`mMm n[aUm_ Amho Am{U ho gd© g§^dZr` {gÕm§VmÀ`m Cn`mo{JVVoda
AmYm[aV Amho. ~è`mMXm AkmZ d¥Îmr_wio eham_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMo à_mU dmTy>Z ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU dmT>V.o
_moR>çm à_mUmVrb ñVbm§VamMr CbmT>mb qH$dm KS>m_moS>r "nwe ~°H$ \°$ŠQ>a' (Push back factor) À`m
H$maUmZo KS>V AgVmV. {Vgè`m OJmVrb ehao hr Aem àH$maÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo Omhra àH$Q>rH$aU H$aVmV.
1961-71 _Ü`o ^maVmVrb ñdbm§VamÀ`m g§X^m©V nm{hë`mg `m H$mimV J«m_rU ehar ñWbm§VamMo à_mU
Iyn H$_r {XgVo H$maU `m H$mimV XdidiUmÀ`m _mJm©_Yrrb dmT>.
9
J«m_rZ ^mJmVrb bmoH$ eham_Ü`o ñWbm§Va Ho$ë`mZ§Va VoWrb {ZameOZH$ Am{W©H$ Anojm Ë`m§Zm
nwÝhm ñWbm§VarV hmoÊ`mgmR>r CXm{gZ H$aV Ago. Aem àH$mao ñWbm§Vam_Yrb _§X JVr VmoXamoÀ`m
AZw_mZmMo g§^mì` AmYma _mZbo Jobo AmhoV. XdidiUmÀ`m gmYZm A^mdr ñWbm§Vam_Yrb OmñV Xa
Am{U ñWbm§Vam_Yrb OmñV CbmT>mb Ago Xe©{dVo H$s eham_Ü`o gVV ñWbm§Va H$aUo åhUOo {VWo gVV
~oamoOJmarÀ`m n[aUm_mbm gm_moao Omdo bmJV Zmhr.
Aem nÕVrZo VmoXamoMm ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V \$º$ A{W©H$ KQ>H$M {dMmamV KoVmo. Am{W©H$
KQ>H$mì`{V[aº$ BVa H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe `m_Ü`o Ho$bobm Zmhr. EH$ Jmoï> Iar Amho H$s, ñWbm§Va
H$aÊ`m_Ü`o Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho, A{W©H$ KQ>H$mì`{V[aº$ BVa Jmoï>r gwÕm J«m_rU-ZmJar
ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o Amnbr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV.
AmW©a bo{dg (Arthur Lewis)
à{gÕ AW©emóMo àmÜ`mnH$ AmW©a bo{dg `m§Zr 1954 _Ü`o H$m_Jmam§À`m ñWbm§VamMo
(Labour transfer) {ÛKQ>H$s` {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^mJmV H$m_Jmam§Mo
ñWbm§Va H$go KSy>Z `oVo ho _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
bo{dg `m§Mm {gÕm§V åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Mo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb nma§nm[aH$ H$_r CËnmXH$VoH$Sy>Z ehar
Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^mJmVrb OmñV CËnmXH$VoH$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va hmo`. Aem àH$maMo ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`m_mJMm
CÔoe åhUOo Am{W©H$ CËnÞmÀ`m H¥$Vrbm JVr XoUo Am{U JwV§ dUyH$ dmT>dUo hmo`. Aem àH$mao hm {gÕm§V
Aer H$ënZm H$aVmo H$s, A{dH${gV Am{W©H$ joÌm_Ü`o XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. EH$ åhUOo nma§n[aH$
eoVr hoM Cn{O{dHo$Mo gmYZ `m_Ü`o H$_rCËnmXZ d A{YH$ _Oya Am{U Xwgao åhUOo Cƒ CËnmXZ
AgUmao AmYw{ZH$ ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ KQ>H$ hmo`.
bo{dg `m§Mm {gÕm§V Z{H©${g`Z `m§Mm à~§YmVrb Jmoï>rbm Ago _mZVmo H$s, A{dH${gV Am{W©H$
joÌm_Yrb H¥$fr KQ>H$ åhUOo CËnmXZmnojm bo{dg Ago åhUVmV H$s, ~è`mM Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m_Ü`o H$_r
nJmamdd d _Owarda H$m_Jmam§Mm A_m`m©XrV nwadR>m hmoV AgVmo d H$_r _Oyarda H$m_Jmam§Mo CnOr{dHo$Mo
gmYZ CnbãY hmoV AgVo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mg nwT>o ZoÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma Á`m _w»` gmYZm_m\©$V Pmbobo
AgVmV Vo åhUOo eoVr hoM Cn{O{dHo$Mo gmYZ, H§$ÌmQ>r H$m_Jma, {H$aH$moi ì`mnma, KaJwVr gw{dYm,
KamVrb nËZr d _wbr Am{U dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m. ~è`mM Xoem_Ü`o Ago AmT>iVo H$s Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrÀ`m
VwbZoV bmoH$g§»`m Oa OmñVà_UmV Agob Va _Owam§Mr VwQ>nO
§w r qH$dm Anwar CËnmXH$Vm hr ewÝ` qH$dm
ZH$mamË_H$ AgVo. A{YH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV H$m_Jma CnbãY AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm {Xbr OmUmar _Oyar hr
H$_rM AgVo.
10
`m {gÕm§VmZwgma AmYw{ZH$ ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ ho J{Verb AW©ì`dñWoMo Amho. AmYw{ZH$
ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMr JwV§ dUyH$ d JwV§ dUyH$ H$ê$Z A{YH$ \$m`Xm {_idUo ho _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ço Amho
Am{U Ë`m gmo~VM amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$aUo hmo`. amoOJmarMo à_mU dmT>dUo d doVZ dmT>dUo
åhUOo J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV ñWbm§VamMo à_mU dmT>dUo hmo`. ehar ^mJm_Ü`o {H$Vr à_mUmV
JwV§ dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo `mdê$Z ehamMr amoOJmar dmT>V OmD$Z nwÝhm J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV ñWbm§VamMo
à_mU dmT>V AgVo. JwV§ dUyH$ H$aUo åhUOo Z\$m {_idÊ`mMr à{H«$`m hmo`. `m_Ü`o _hÎdmMo Ago Amho H$s
^m§S>dbXma ho Zoh_r Ë`m§Zm hmoUmam Z\$m nwÝhm ì`dgm`m_Ü`o JwV§ dV AgVmV. bo{dg nwT>o Ago åhUVmo H$s,
^m§S>dbmMr {Z{_©Vr d V§ÌkmZm_Yrb àJVr åhUOo \$º$ doVZm_Yrb dmT> ZgyZ amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb
Zâ`mMm {hñgm dmT>dUo hmo`. amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb VwbZoV nmhmVm A{dH${gV Xoem_Ü`o JwV§ dUyH$ hr H$_r
{XgVo `mMo H$maU åhUOo bo{dg `m§À`m _Vo `m XoemVrb bmoH$ J[a~ AmhoV Ago ZgyZ amï´>r` CËnÞmÀ`m
VwbZoV ^m§S>dbXmam§Mm Z\$m hm \$ma H$_r Amho. ^m§S>dbXmam§Mo joÌ dmT>ë`m_wio VwbZmË_H$ [aË`m Z\$m
dmT>Vmo d dmT>bëo `m Zâ`mMr nwÝhm JwV§ dUyH$ H$aUo eŠ` hmoV.o `m {R>H$mUr bo{dg Ago Z_yX H$aVmo H$s,
^m§S>dbmMr {Z{_©Vr hr \$º$ Zâ`mgmR>r Ho$br ZgyZ à{Vð>m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr Amho.
J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV H$m_Jmam§Mo ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Mr ñWbm§VamgmR>r _mZ{gH$Vm
didÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _OwarMm Xa `mo½` à_mUmV Agm`bm hdm, gd©gmYmaUnUo ehamÀ`m
VwbZoV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _OyarMm Xa H$_r AgVmo åhUyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV
ehamH$S>o n¡emÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ Ymd KoVmV Am{U `mbm AZwgê$Z J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _OyarMm Xa Oa
g_à_mUmV R>do Uo eŠ` Pmbo Va J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ eham_Ü`o OmñV ñWbm§Va H$aUma ZmhrV. ehar
d J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _OwarÀ`m XamVrb VwbZm Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgVo H$s J«m_rU ^mJmnojm Am¡Úmo{JH$ ehar
^mJm_Ü`o Vrg Q>¸$o d Ë`mnojm A{YH$ _Owar Agë`mMo {XgVo. nU hm _OwarMm ^mJ åhUOo \$gdm
Agë`mMm dmR>Vmo. H$maU eham_Ü`o VwbZmË_H$ ÑîQ>çm _hmJmB©Q>m Xa hm OmñV AgVmo. nU àË`jmV _mÌ
_hmJmB©À`m VwbZoV ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV amhmUmè`m§Zm {_iV Zmhr Ago {MÌ {XgVo. ehar Am¡Úmo{JH$
joÌm_Ü`o dmñVì` H$aV AgUmao H$m_Jma OoUHo $ê$Z ñdV:bm H$m_Jma g§KQ>Z_o Ü`o gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmV Am{U ñdV:bm gwa{jV R>do Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVmV. nU H$m§hr joÌmVë`m H$m_Jma
joÌm_Ü`o Agohr {XgyZ `oVo H$s {OWo AOyZ H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm {XgV ZmhrV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§À`m ZoVË¥ dmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m gw{dYm {_idyZ KoUo eŠ` hmoV,o nU Ë`mgmR>r g§K{Q>V ñdê$nmV g§Kf©
H$amdm bmJVmo. nU {OWo g§KQ>Z Zmhr Agm Ag§K{Q>V joÌm_Ü`o _Owam§Mo \$ma hmb hmoVmV d Ë`m§Mr
^m§S>dbXmamH$Sy>Z {nidUyH$ hmoV AgVo d VwbZmË_H$ [aË`m Ë`m§Zm g§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$m_Jmamà_mUo _Owar
`mo½` à_mUmV {_iV Zmhr.
bo{dg `m§Mm {dH$mgmMm {gÕm§V Ago _mZVmo H$s, Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb _OwarMm Xa hm nma§n[aH$
nÕVrZo Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m H¥$fr joÌm_Ü`o gwÕm gmaImM Agm`bm hdm.
11
J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmV H$m_Jmam§À`m nwadR>çm_Ü`o gVV bd{MH$Vm AgVo. AmYw{ZH$
joÌmÀ`m à{H«$`oMr Am{U amoOJmamMr dmT> hr J«m_rU ^mJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mo à_mU A{YH$ hmoÊ`mn`ªV dmT>V
AgVo. A{YH$ d _moR>çm à_mUmV H$m_Jmam§Mo ñWbm§Va hmoÊ`mn`ªV gdmªZm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm ehar
joÌm_Ü`o AgVo.
bo{dgÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo _wë`_mnZ (Evaluation of Lewis Model)
_m`Ho$b VmoXamo Ago åhUVmo H$s, bo{dg `m§Mm ñWbm§VamVrb {dH$mgmMm {gÕm§V hm \$ma gmYm d
gai Amho. {gÕm§V nmíMmV XoemVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZw^dmÀ`m Am{W©H$ dmT>rÀ`m Jmoï>rda {dg§~Zw Amho.
`m_Ü`o VrZ _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r AmhoV H$s, Á`m Vrgè`m OJmVrb A{dH$grVoer g§~Y§ rV AmhoV.
1)
hm {gÕm§V nyUn© Uo Ago _mZVmo H$s, H$m_Jmam§À`m ñWbm§VamMm Xa Am{U amoOJma {Z{_©Vr hr
Y^em§[S>dbmÀ`m gÜ`mÀ`m XamÀ`m à_mUmV AgVo. A{Ve` doJmZo ^m§S>dbmMm gmR>m åhUOo _moR>çm
à_mUmV AmYw{ZH$ joÌmMr {Z{_©Vr d amoOJma {Z{_©Vr hmo`. gmh{OH$M `m Jmoï>r eŠ` hmoVrb Oa
gma»`mM V§ÌkmZmZo Am{W©H d¥Õr Pmbr Va. Am{W©H$ {dH$mg nwT>o ZoÊ`mgmR>r Z{dZ V§ÌkmZahrV H$m_Jma
AgUo JaOoMo Amho. nU A{YH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z H$m_ H$aUmao H$m_Jma AgVrb Va BVa
H$m_Jmam§À`mda ~oH$marMr doi H$mogiVo. ~è`mM Am{W©H$ joÌm_Ü`o H$m_Jmam§À`m g_mdoemMm Xa hm KQ>V
Mmbbm Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ ZmoH$aemhrVVrb amoOJma dmT>rMm Xa hm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb naVmì`mÀ`m {Zå_m
AgVmo. ^maVm_Ü`o 1961 Am{U 1976 À`m H$mbmdYr_Ü`o AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm_Ü`o JwV§ dUyH$ hr
139 Q>ŠŠ`mZo dmT>br hmoVr Am{U naVmdm 161 Q>¸$o hmoVm nU `mM H$mbmdYr_Ü`o amoOJmarMo à_mU \$º$
71 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr dmT>bo hmoV.o åhUyZ amoOJmam_Ü`o EHy$U naVmì`mÀ`m (Gross output) 34 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr H$_r
Pmbm Am{U EHy$U ^m§S>dbmÀ`m 28 Q>¸$o amoXJmar H$_r Pmbr hmoVr. AemM MT> CVmamMr AdñWm àË`oH$
{dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o {XgV hmoVr.
2)
gd©gmYmaUnUo `m {gÕm§VmV Ago _mZbo Jobo Amho H$s J«m_rU ^mJm_Ü`o A{YH$ à_mUmV _Oya
AgVmV d ehar ^mJmV OmñV à_mUmV amoOJma CnbãY AgVmo, Ago _m§S>Uo MyH$sMo Amho. H¥$fr joÌm_Ü`o
A{YH$ à_mUmV _Oya CnbãY AgVmV `m {dYmZmer H$m§hr AW©VÁk gh_V ZmhrV. {dH$gZerb
XoemVrb AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o eoVrjoÌmV OmñV à_mUmV _Oya AgUo åhUOo dmXmMo R>ab
o . ~è`mMem A{dH$grV
AW©ì`dñWo_Yrb Xoem_Ü`o ehar ^mJmVrb _Oyar _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVo Ago _mZZo åhUOo MwH$sMo Amho.
AWm©V ~è`mM {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~oamoOJmarnojm ehar ^mJmVrb ~oamoOJmar \$ma
J§^ra Amho. CXm. ^maVm_Ü`o {Z`moOZ _§S>imZo gmXa Ho$boë`m AhdmbmZwgma 1978 _Ü`o ^maVmVrb
ehar^mJmV J§^ra nUo AgUmar ~oamoOJmar EHy$U H$m_Jmam§À`m 5 Q>¸$o hmoVr, {OWo hoM à_mU J«m_rU
^mJm_Ü`o EH$m Q>Š`mnojmhr H$_r hmoV.o
Aem àH$mao ~è`mMem MwH$sÀ`m Jmoï>rda hm bo{dg `m§Mm {gÕm§V AmYm[aV Amho.
12
2.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
A)
Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVma CÎmao {bhm.
1.
B. Or. adoÝñVoZ `m§Mm ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am ?
2.
EdoaQo >Q>´ br `m§Mm ñVbm§VamMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am ?
3.
àdmh Am{U Cnàdmhmer g§~Y§ rV {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am ?
4.
bo{dg AmW©a `m§Mm ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am ?
~)
[aH$må`m ^am.
1.
Q>ß`mZwgma ñWbm§VamMm àH$ma H$moUr _m§S>bm ?
A) B.Or. adoÝñVoZ ~) EdoaQo >²Q> br
2.
~) amOH$s`
H$) Am{W©H$
S>) gm_m{OH$
ñWbm§Va H$aUmao bmoH$ Am{W©H$ hoVZw o ào[aV Pmbobo AgVmV Ago _V H$moUr _m§S>bo Amho ?
A) EdoaQo >Q>² br
4.
S>) VmoXamo
ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`m_Ü`o H$moUVm KQ>H$ OmñV à^mdr AgVmo.
A) e¡j{UH$
3.
H$) bo{dg
~) B.Or. adoÝñVoZ
H$) bo{dg
S>) VmoXamo
H$) EdoaQo >Q>² br
S>) bo{dg
H$m_Jmam§À`m ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm ?
A) B.Or. adoÝñVoZ ~) VmoXamo
H$)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1.
B. Or. adoÝñVoZ `m§Mm à{gÕ boI H$moUVm ?
2.
H$_r A§VamÀ`m ñWbm§Vam_Ü`o _{hbm§Mo à_mU OmñV AgVo Ago H$moUmMo _V Amho ?
3.
ñWbm§VamMr Vrd«Vm H$em_wio ~XbVo ?
4.
H$m_Jmam§À`m ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V bo{dg `m§Zr H$Yr _m§S>bm ?
S>)
{Q>nm {bhm.
1.
Q>ß`mZwgma ñWbm§Va.
2.
àdmh Am{U Cnàdmh.
13
2.8 ñd§` AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr
~)
~hþn`m©`r àíZ (Multiple Choice Question)
1) A
2) H$
3) S>
H$)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao.
1.
ñWbm§VamMm {gÕm§V (Laws of Migration)
2.
B. Or. adoÝñVoZ
3.
Am{W©H$ MT> CVmam_wio
4.
1954 _Ü`o.
4) S>
❖❖❖
14
KQ>H$ : 4
ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_
(Causes and Effects of Migration)
AZwH$« _{UH$m
4.0
C{ÔîQ>ço
4.1
àñVmdZm
4.2
{df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV T>H$bUmao Am{U `m à{H«$`oVZy AmoT>Umao KQ>H$
(àoaH$ d àofH$ KQ>H$)
4.2.1.1 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.2.2 ñWbm§Va Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
4.2.2.2 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.2.3 ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr Am{U `moOZm
4.2.3.3 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.2.4 ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ
4.2.4.4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.2.5 ñWbm§Va Am{U ZmJarH$aU
4.2.5.1 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.3
gmam§e
4.4
nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
4.5
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.6
gamdmgmR>r àíZ
4.7
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_ `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Imbrb Jmoï>r
gmÜ` hmoUma AmhoV.
♦
ñWb§mVa à{H«$`obm àoaH$ Am{U àofH$ R>aUmao KQ>H$ OmUyZ KoVm `oVrb.
♦
ñWbm§Va Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `mVrb g§~Y§ g_OyZ `oVrb.
♦
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo àdmh qH$dm H$b Am{U nmíd©^_y r g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
♦
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMr `moOZm `m g§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
♦
ñWbm§Va Am{U ZJarH$aU `mVrb g§~Y§ OmUyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
4.1 àñVmdZm
ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_ `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm àW_V: ñWbm§Va åhUOo
H$m` ? AWdm ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMm AW© g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ñWyb_mZmZo Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo
H$s, ñWbm§Va H$aUo åhUOo Amnbo _yi {Zdmg ñWmZ AWdm Amnbo _yi Jm§d gmoS>yZ AÝ` {R>H$mUr
ahÊ`mgmR>r OmUo hmo`. ñWb§Va H$aUmè`m ì`º$s Xwgè`m Jmdm§V, ehamV, amÁ`mV AWdm Xoem_Ü`o
amhÊ`mgmR>r OmVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem {R>H$mUmMr bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V OmVo. ~hþVm§er à_mUmV ñWbm§Va ho
IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o åhUOoM J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va ñdrH$mabo OmVo. Aem ñWbm§VamMo gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ago ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo n[aUm_ {XgyZ `oVmV. CXm. IoS>çmVyZ AZoH$
ì`º$s _moR>çm ehamV ñWbm§Va H$aVmV H$s, Á`m_wio Aem eham_Ü`o JbrÀN> dñVr AWdm PmonS>çm
hr g_ñ`m dmT>V OmVo. dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmMo Ádb§V àíZ CX²^dVmo, ZmJar gw{dYm Anwè`m nSy>
bmJVmV.
`m nmíd©^y_rda AmnUmg `m{R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m R>iH$ ì`m»`m g_OmdyZ KoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMm AW© AWdm à_wI ì`m»`m :
g_mOemóm_Ü`o ñWbm§Vam§Mm Aä`mg EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m `m Ñï>rZo Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio `m
g§X^m©V ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m R>iH$ ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
2
1)
S>m.° Eg. gr. Xw~o
""ñWbm§Va hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s Á`mÛmao bmoH$g§»`oMo A§VJ©_Z
Am{U ~{hJ©_Z hmoV.o ''
2)
~J©b
~J©b `m§À`m _Vo, ""bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m ñWmZm§VamgmR>r {Xbobo Zmd åhUOo ñWbm§Va hmo`.''
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m darb R>iH$ d à_wI ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoVm Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, {dH$grV
d àJV Xoemnojm {dH$gZerb Xoem§_Ü`o J«m_rU-ZmJar ñWbm§VamMo à_mU A{YI AmT>iVo. CXm. ^maV
XoemV J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va gmVË`mZo hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o Ago ñWbm§Va hr gVV gwê$ AgUmar
à{H«$`m Amho Ago åhQ>bo Va dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. _mÌ `m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ d e¡j{UH$ àJVr Pmboë`m
eham_Ü`o VgoM _hmZJam_Ü`o AZoH$ ZmJar g_ñ`m {~H$Q> ~Zë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo, ehadm{g`m§Zm
gmVË`mZo Aem ñWbm§Va àd¥ÎmrMm AZoH$ joÌm_Ü`o J§^ra n[aUm_ hmoV Agë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg `oV,o
EHy$UM ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m åhUOo ""AZoH$ J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr OZZr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
ñWb§VamMo g_mOemó `m nona_Yrb "ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_' ho Mm¡Wo `w{ZQ>
g_OmdyZ KoV AgVmZm Ë`m_Ü`o AmnUmg AZoH$ ~m~tMm {dñV¥V Aä`mg H$amdm bmJUma Amho.
CXm. ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oVrb àoaH$ Am{U àofH$ KQ>H$ ñWbm§Va Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z ñWbm§Va
àd¥Îmr d `moOZm, ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ Am{U ñWbm§Va d ZmJarH$aU B. AWm©V `mg§X^m©Vrb
{dñV¥V {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mnydu AmnUmg ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U {d{dY n[aUm_ _m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo Iyn
Amdí`H$ Amho.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMr H$maUo qH$dm KQ>H$ (Factors or Causes of Migration Process)
ñVbm§Va à{H«$`oMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aUmao Oar {ZpíMV Ago {Z`_ (Laws) AmT>iV Zgbo Var
IoS>çmVyZ ì`º$s ehamH$S>o AWdm _hmZJam_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV hmoVmV `m AZw^dm{Yð>rV VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao
AmnUmg ñWbm§Va à{H«$`obm O~m~Xma R>aUmao H$mhr KQ>H$ qH$dm H$maUo Imbrbà_mUo AmT>iZy `oVmV.
1)
ì`º$sMo d`
g_mOemór` ÑîQ>çm {dMma H$aVm Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehar ^mJmH$S>o
ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m ì`º$s `m gmYmaUV: 18 Vo 45 `m d`moJQ>mVrb AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Ü`o
3
ñWbm§VamMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr j_Vm AgVo VgoM eham_Ü`o OmdyZ EImXm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr ZmoH$ar
H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Jdjarrb d`moJQ>m_Ü`o AmT>iVy `oV.o
2)
qbJ ({ó`m§nj
o m nwê$fm§_Ü`o A{YH$ à_mU)
amoOJma qH$dm H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$maMr ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`m CÔoemZo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb nwê$f
eham_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV hmoVmV. {ddmh AWdm {ejUmgmR>r J«m_rU _{hbm H$_r à_mUmV eham_Ü`o
ñWbm§VarV hmoVmV.
3)
{ejU
ñdmV§Í` àmár Z§Va ^maVmÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~hþVm§er A{ejrV d Aà{ejrV ì`º$s
ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm AmT>iyZ `oVmV. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmÀ`m {Z_rÎmmZo ~hþVm§er J«m_rU
ì`º$s¨Mm H$b AWdm àdmh ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMm {XgyZ `oVmo.
4)
amoOJma àmár qH$dm ZmoH$ar
gÜ`m _moR> _moR>çm eham_Ü`o ì`mdgm{`H$ `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Pmë`mZo ^maVmÀ`m ~hþg»§ ` IoS>çmVrb
AWdm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ì`º$s {X„r, MoÞB©, _w~§ B©, nwU,o ZmJnya, Zm{eH$ `mgma»`m eham§H$S>o amoOJma
àmárÀ`m CÔoemZo ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm AmT>iZy `oVmV. Aem eham§_Ü`o ZmJar g_ñ`m doJmZo dmT>V AmhoV.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo n[aUm_ (Effects of Migration)
Ooìhm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb AWdm IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s _moR>çm à_mUmV IoS>çmVyZ eham§H$S>o
ñWbm§Va H$aVmV (Rural-Urban Migration) Voìhm Aem eham§_Ü`o ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo Imbrb AZoH$
Xwîn[aUm_ qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§ {ZXe©Zmg `oVmV.
g_mOemór` ÑîQ>çm ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo n[aUm_ nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb 1)
bmoH$g§»`o_Ü`o dmT>
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va AWdm Xoe-{dXoe ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oZo g§~{§ YV ehamÀ`m AWdm XoemÀ`m
bmoH$g§»`o_Ü`o gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoV OmVo. ^ynð¥ > _`m©{XV Am{U bmoH$g§»`m A_`m©{XV `m_wio ehadm{g`m§Z§ m
^`§H$a {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. CXm. ehar dgVr qH$dm PmonS>nÅ>r dmT>,
dmhVyH$, XiU-diU gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm Am{U {d{dY àH$maMo àXyfU `mgma»`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zr
àM§S> dmT> hmoV OmVo.
4
2)
~oH$mar qH$dm ZmoH$arMm A^md
amoOJma g§Yr AWdm ZmoH$arMr emídVr `m^y{_Ho$VyZ IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s¨Zm dmT>Vm AmoK ehamH$S>o
dmT>V OmVmo Voìhm ehamVrb ~hþg»§ ` ì`º$s ~oH$ma AWdm ZmoH$arMm A^md Ago OrdZ OJVmV `mMm
n[aUm_ åhUOo Aem ~oH$ma ì`º$s JwÝhoJmar àd¥ÎmrMm Amgam KoVmV `mMmM AW© ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oZo
JwÝhoJmar àd¥ÎmrMr dmT> Ho$br OmVo Ago åhUVm `oBb
© .
3)
g_m`moOZ gmYUo eŠ` ZgVo
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`o_Ü`o Ooìhm XoemÀ`m {d{dY IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s _moR>çm eham§H$S>o AWdm
_hmZJam§À`mH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV Voìhm IoS>çmVrb Aem ì`º$sZm ehar OrdZ nÕVrer OwidyZ KoVm
`oV Zmhr. gmh{OH$M _mZ{gH$ ÑîQ>çm ñWbm§VarV ì`º$s eham_Ü`o OmdyZ gwÕm Ag_mYmZr OrdZ
OJVmV. H$_r nJmamV eham_Ü`o amhUo Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm nadS>V Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV AmnUmg Ago
{ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s, ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo J«m_dm{g`m§À`m Ñï>rZo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, _mZ{gH$ Am{U
bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ n[aUm_ AmT>iZy `oVmV. Ë`m_wbM
o AmnUmg gXa KQ>H$m_Ü`o Imbrb AZoH$ ~m~tMm
{dñVmanydH© $ AmT>mdm KoUo JaOoMo Amho.
4.2.1 ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo àofH$ Am{U àoaH$ KQ>H$
qH$dm
(ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umao Am{U T>H$bUmao KQ>H$)
(Pull and Push Factors in Migration)
ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_ `m Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$m_Ü`o AmnUmg ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo àofH$
Am{U àoaH$ KQ>H$ åhUOoM `m à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umao Am{U T>H$bUmao KQ>H$ `mMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umao KQ>H$ (Pull Factors) Am{U `m
à{H«$`oV R>H$bUmao KQ>H$ A{YH$ _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm gImob AmT>mdm
qH$dm ñnï>rH$aU Imbrbà_mUo H$aVm `oBb
© .
1)
à{e{jV qH$dm Cƒ {e{jV H$m_Jma dJ©
g_mOemókm§À`m _Vo àmMrZ H$mir ^maVm_Ü`o AZoH$ ì`º$s J¥h CÚmoJm_Ü`o JwV§ boë`m hmoË`m.
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z ñdV:À`m Cn^moJm nwaVo eoVr CËnmXZ KoVbo OmV hmoV.o `§Ìm§À`m A^mdmZo _`m©{XV CËnmXZ
KoVbo OmV Agë`mZo CËnm{XV _mbmbm ~mhoarb ~mOmanoR> {_iV ZìhVr. XO}Xma _mbmMm A^md hmoVm.
5
na§Vw Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va eoVr ì`dgm`m§Mo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Pmë`mZo IoS>çmVrb ì`dgm`
Cn{OdrHo$Mo gmYZ ~ZÊ`mg Ag_W© R>ê$ bmJbo. Aemdoir J«m_rU ^mJmVrb AZoH$ bmoH$ H$m_Y§Xm
emoYÊ`mgmR>r IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJbo. `mbm J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo. ehamVrb doJdoJù`m ì`dgm`mH$[aVm à{e{jV VgoM {e{jV H$_©Mmar IoS>çmVyZ AWdm
eham_YyZ AmoT>bo OmVmV. {deofV: ehar ^mJmH$Sy>Z AWdm _hmZJam§À`mH$Sy>Z gÜ`m _m{hVr V§ÌkmZo
joÌm_Ü`o (Am`.Q>r. joÌ) ~mhoarb à{e{jV bmoH$m§Zm AmoT>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m gVV gwê$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ
`oV.o
2)
eham§Mr _mJUr d J«m_rU ^mJmVrb H$mamJra dJm©Mm nwadR>m
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV _moR> _moR>çm eham_Ü`o J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ _Oya AWdm H$mamJra dJm©Mr _mJUr
gVV dmT>V Amho. eham§_Ü`o IoS>çmnojm A{YH$ gmo`r d gw{dYm CnbãY AgVmV. BÀN>oZwgma
H$moUVmhr ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr AgVo. H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm n¡em_Ü`o {_iVmo. VgoM OmXm H$m_mMm
_ohZVmZm OmXm {_iV Agë`mZo IoS>çmVrb AZoH$ bmoH$ AmnUhÿZ ehamH$S>o AmH${f©bo OmVmV. `m_wio
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va KSy>Z `oVo. WmoS>Š`mV _moR>-_moR>çm eham§_Ü`o {ejU Am{U amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr
CnbãY Agë`mZo VgoM eham_Yrb OrdZ {df`H$ pñWVr àJVrbm MmbZm XoUmar Agë`mZo AZoH$
J«m_dm{g` ehamH$S>o AmoT>bo OmVmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$, ì`mdgm{`H$ e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ eham§_Ü`o
gÜ`m ~mhoarb bmoH$m§Zm AmoT>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m _moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o
3)
eham§_Yrb àJVrbm MmbZm XoUmar pñWVr
g_mOemór` ÑîQ>çm AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo eham_Yrb OrdZ {df`H$ pñWVr àJVrbm
AWdm {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoUmar Agë`mZo ^maVmÀ`m {d{dY IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s gmVË`mZo AmO XoIrb
eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm AmT>iZy `oVmV. CXm. _w~§ B© ho eha ^maVmMr Am{W©H$ amOYmZr åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVmV. `m ehamV XaamoO IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o OmÊ`mam§Mm bm|T>m gmVË`mZo dmT>V Agë`mMo
{XgyZ `oV.o AWm©V Ë`m_wio `m eham_Yrb bmoH$g§»`oMr KZVm doJmZo dmT>V Amho. amhË`m OmJoMr Q>M
§ mB©,
PmonS>nÅ>r qH$dm J{bÀN> dgVr {Z{_©Vrbm O~m~Xma R>aV Amho. Aemdoir ZJadm{g`m§Zm Ag§»` J§^ra
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gmåmmoao Omdo bmJV Amho.
Var XoIrb IoS>çmÀ`m VwbZoV eham§_Yrb pñWVr àJVrbm Am{U ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmbm
MmbZm XoUmarM AgVo Ago ñnï>nUo åhUVm `oBb
© . Ë`m_wiM
o ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV Aer pñWVr àofH$
AWdm R>H$bUmam KQ>H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. Ago Agbo Var AbrH$S>rb H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _wi {R>H$mUmnmgyZ åhUOoM IoS>çm~mhoa R>H$bÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV Imbrb {d{dY
AS>Wio AmT>iZy `oVmV. Ë`m§Mmhr Aä`mg H$aUo C{MV R>ab
o .
6
ñWim§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m àoaH$ AWdm R>H$bUmè`m KQ>H$mVrb AS>Wio
AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr gÜ`mÀ`m dmñVd n[apñWVr_Ü`o ñVbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m àoaH$ AWdm
R>H$bUmè`m KQ>H$mVrb åhUOoM J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oVrb à_wI AS>Wio Imbrbà_mUo gm§{JVbo
AmhoV.
A)
H$m¡Q>w{§ ~H$ ~§YZ
IoS>çmVrb H$mhr ì`º$s ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm`, _mob_Oyar `m {d{dY H$maUmgmR>r IoS>çmVyZ
ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm AmT>iZy `oVmV. VarXoIrb Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb gd© gXñ`m§À`mgh
eham_Ü`o ñWbm§Va H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo, ^maVmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ g_mO ì`dñWoV Hw$Qw>~§ m~Ôb AgUmar
ghmZw^Vy r, ào_, {Oìhmim Am{U Amnë`m Hw$Qw>~§ m~Ôb AgUmar AmoT> JmdmnmgyZ Xya ehamV R>H$bbo
Omå`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV à_wI AS>ga AWdm AS>Wim R>aV AgVmo.
~)
ehamVrb Y¸$m Y¸$sMo OrdZ d dmT>Vr ~oH$mar
IoS>çmÀ`m VwbZoV _moR>çm ehamVrb OrdZ ho IynM AS>MUrMo AWdm Y¸$m Y¸$sMo AgVo BWo
ghH$m`© àd¥ÎmrMm VgoM AmnbonUmÀ`m ^mdZoMm A^md AgVmo, Ë`mÀ`mVM OmoS>rbm eham_Ü`o
{Xdgo{§ Xdg ~oH$marMo à_mU dmT>VM Mmbbo Amho. AZoH$m§Zm ZmoH$ar{edm` ^H$mg OrdZ OJmdo bmJV
Amho. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo AZoH$ ehadm{g`m§À`m OrdZmV Cnmg_marMr doi `oV.o H$maImÝ`m§Mr
Q>mio~X§ r `m§{ÌH$saH$UmZo AZoH$m§À`m Jobëo `m ZmoH$è`m Am{U ñnYm©Ë_H$ OrdZ BË`mXr_wio ehamVrb
~oH$marV gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoV, AWm©VM Jmdm~mhoa R>H$bbo OmÊ`mMm à{H«$`oV hm à_wI AS>Wim R>aVmo.
H$)
ehamMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va
J«m_rU g_mO AWdm IoS>çmnmgyZ _moR>çm eham§Mo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va A{YH$ Agë`mZo Vo
J«m_dm{g`mZm ~mhoa R>H$bÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV AS>ga R>aVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va
à{H«$`oMr JVr _§X hmoV.o Ë`m_wiM
o IoS>çmnmgyZ ehamMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va hm EH$ IoS>çm~mhoa R>H$bÊ`mÀ`m
à{H«$`oVrb à_yI AS>Wim Agë`mMo _mÝ` H$amdo bmJVo.
S>)
A{YH$ I{M©H$ nÕV
IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm`, {ejU `mgma»`m AZoH$ H$maUmZo ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va
H$aVmZm AmT>iZy `oVmV. na§Vy àË`jmV eham_Ü`o gd©M ñWamVrb bmoH$m§Zm amhUr_mZmgmR>r Iyn IM©
H$amdm bmJVmo. CXm. àdmg IM©, OmJoMo ^mS>,o ñd`§ÌH$mgmR>r d ñd`§Ì{UV dmhZmgmR>r B§YZ IM©,
_ZmoaO
§ Z IM© emioMr ^a_gmR>r e¡j{UH$ \$s BË`mXrgmR>r A{YH$ IM© `oVmo. `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z AZoH$
J«m_dm{g` ì`º$s J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr Q>miVmV.
7
B)
ehar OrdZ nÕVrer OwidyZ KoÊ`m_Ü`o AS>Wim
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr ñdrH$maboë`m H$mhr J«m_dm{g`m§Zm gmVË`mZm dmT>V Mmbboë`m
_hmJmB©À`m ehar OrdZ nÕVrer OwidyZ KoUo eŠ` ZgVo. ehamVrb An[aMrV ì`º$s¨À`m J{X©V
{_giyZ OmÊ`mg Vo _mZ{gH$Ñï>rZo V`ma ZgVmV. `mMmM AW© AZoH$ J«m_dm{g`m§Zm ehar OrdZ
nÕVrer OwidyZ KoVm `oV Zmhr. n[aUm_V: ñWbm§VarV hmoÊ`mnmgyZ J«m_rU ì`º$s namd¥Îm hmoVmV.
darb nmíd©^_y r {dMmamV KoVm, Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s, J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Vao à{H«$`oV R>H$bÊmao
Am{U `m à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umao AZoH$ àofH$ d àoaH$ KQ>H$ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s,
AmXw{ZH$ g_mOmV àË`oH$ ì`º$sbm "g§Mma Am{U {Zdmg' ñdmV§Í`mMm _yb^yV A{YH$ma àmá Pmë`mZo
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr Wm§~{dUo H$moUmbmhr eŠ` Zmhr. Iè`m AWm©Zo gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r Aer
ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr hr H$mimMrM JaO ~Zbr Amho. CXm. H$moH$U aoëdo àH$ën.
4.2.1.1 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
1.
ñWbm§Va n6{H«$`m åhUOo H$m` ?
2.
gm_mÝ`V: ì`º$s H$moUVo ñWbm§Va ñdrH$maVmV ?
3.
S>m.° Eg.gr. Xw~o `m§À`m _Vo, ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m H$er Amho ?
4.
ñWbm§Va àd¥ÎmrMo à_yI H$maU H$moUVo ?
5.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMm H$moUVmhr EH$ J§^ra n[aUm_ gm§Jm.
6.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umam KQ>H$ H$moUVm ?
7.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m R>H$bUmè`m KQ>H$mVrb à_yI AS>Wim H$moUVm ?
8.
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV ì`º$sbm H$moUVm _yb^yV A{YH$ma àmá Pmbm Amho ?
9.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMr JVr Ho$ìhm _§X hmoD$ eH$Vo ?
10.
_hmamï´>mVrb H$moH$UmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm (aËZm{Jar d qgYwXJy © {Oëhm) Ho$ìhm JVr àmá Pmbr ?
4.2.2 ñWbm§Va Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z (migration and Social Change)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMm AW© Aä`mgë`mZ§Va `m{R>H$mUr AmnUmg Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s,
ñWbm§Va åhUOo EH$m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {R>H$mUmnmgyZ Xwgè`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {R>H$mUr amhÊ`mgmR>r OmÊ`mMr à{H«$`m
hmo`. gmh{OH$M `m_wio ì`º$s¨Mr dmñVì`mMr OmJm, _wiMm ì`dgm`, OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ,
8
_yb^yV JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© BË`mXr _Ü`o ~Xb AWdm n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oV.o g_mOemór` ÑîQ>çm
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmV JVr{ebVm KS>dZy AmUVo.
WmoS>Š`mV ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo ì`º$sMo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$ OrdZM ~XbyZ
Q>mH$bo OmVo. `m nmíd©^_y rda AmnUmg ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmV gm_m{OH$ ~Xb AWdm
gm_m{OH$, n[adV©Z H$go KS>dZy AmUVo `mMm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm bmJob.
ñWbm§Va Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
{ZgJm©V Á`mà_mUo n[adV©Z Pmë`mMo AmT>iZy `oVo Ë`mMà_mUo _mZd g_mOmV XoIrb n[adV©Z
AWdm ~XbmMr à{H«$`m AQ>i Agë`mMo OmUdVo. `mMm AW© H$moUVmhr _mZd g_mO AmO Á`m
pñWVrV Amho Vgm Vmo nydu ZìhVm Am{U ^{dî`m_Úo XoH$sb amhUma Zmhr. ^maVr` g_mOmbm XoIrb hr
dñVwpñWVr bmJy nS>Umar Amho. àmMrZ H$mir ^maVr` g_mOmMo Oo {MÌ hmoVo Vo AmO Zmhr. CXm.
~bwVoXmar nÕV, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm ì`º$sOrdZmda nJS>m qH$dm dM©ñd, J¥h CËnmXZ nÕVr,
{nV¥gÎmmH$ EH$Ì Hw$Qw>~§ nÕV, OmVr-Y_m©V noM, OrdZ gmWrXmamMr {ZdS> `mgmaIr ~§YZo ^maVr`
ì`º$s¨À`mH$Sy>Z _ZmnmgyZ ñdrH$mabr OmV hmoVr. `m AWm©Zo ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mir ^maVr` ì`º$s pñWa d
na§nam{Yð>rV OrdZ OJV hmoË`m. Aem g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr JVr AJXrM _§X hmoVr.
na§Vw 19 ì`m eVH$mZ§Va Am{U AbrH$S>o 21 ì`m eVH$m_Ü`o ^maVr` g_mOì`dñWoV \$ma
_moR>çm à_mUmV d doJmZo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KS>Zy Ambo. h°ar Om°ÝgZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""gm_m{OH$ n[adV}V
åhUOo _yb^yV AWm©Zo g_mO aMZoV KSy>Z Ambobm ~Xb hmo`.''ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo H$moUH$moUË`m joÌmV
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo `mMm `m{R>H$mUr {dñV¥V AmT>mam KoUo Iyn JaOoMo Amho.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {d{dY joÌmV KSy>Z Ambobo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
ñdmV§Í`àmár nydu ^maVr` ì`º$s `m ê$T>r{à` OrdZ OJV hmoË`m, g_mOmZo AZoH$ ~m~VrV
KmVbobr ~§YZo _ZmnmgyZ VgoM H$mQ>Ho $moanUo nmbZ H$arV hmoË`m na§Vw ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o
Amnbo _yi amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU gmoS>V Ë`m ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJë`m. Ë`m_wio {d{dY joÌmV
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo. Vo Imbrb à_mUo gm§JVm `oBb
© .
1)
ì`mdgm{`H$ ~§YZ g§nðw >mV `odZy ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í` {_imbo.
2)
OmVrì`dñWm Am{U Y_©gñ§ WoMm nJS>m H$_r hmoD$Z OmVr~mhoa d Y_m©~mhoarb OrdZ gmWrXma
{ZdS>Uo eŠ` Pmbo.
3)
EH$Ì Hw$Qw>~§ nÕVrMr OmJm {d^º$ Hw$Qw>~§ nÕVrZo KoVbr.
9
4)
ñdH$V¥Ë© d Am{U ì`º$s_Ëd {dH$mg gmYUo eŠ` Pmbo.
5)
ehar OrdZmVrb {deofrH$aU, nmpíM_mË`rH$aU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, g§ñH¥$VrH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU
BË`mXr_wio ñd`§à`ËZmZo gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo.
6)
A_`m©{XV g§VVr hr g§H$ënZm ~XbyZ N>mQo >o Hw$Qw>~§ gwIr Hw$Qw>~§ Aer A{^d¥Îmr dmTy> bmJbr.
Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>~§ H$ë`mU KSy>Z `oÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.
7)
ehar g_mOmVrb gd© ì`º$sZm g_mZ A{YH$ma {_iV Agë`mZo ór-nwê$fm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm©
C§Mmdbm Jbm.
8)
XiUdiU d dmhVyH$ gmYZm§À`m _Ü`o dmT> Pmë`mZo ehamnmgyZ Xwa A§Vamda amhÿZ XoIrb
gwIH$a àdmg H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo.
9)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`Mo ñdH$Vw©Ëdmda H$moUVohr {ejU KoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmá Pmë`mZo e¡j{UH$
{dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr.
Aem[aVrZo AmnUmg ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m hr J«m_-ZJa (IS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>)o ñdê$nmMr Agob
Va Ë`mMo H$moUH$moUË`m joÌmV Mm§Jbo d {dH$mg_` gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oVo `mMr ddrb _wÚm§À`m
AmYmao _m{hVr g_OyZ `oV.o eodQ>r AmnUmg Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm `oBb
© H$s,
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m hr ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í` {dMma d _wÐU ñdmV§Í`, gdmª{JU {dH$mg,
ì`º$s_Ëd {dH$mg, KmVH$ àWm na§nam§Mo CƒmQ>Z JVr{eb OrdZ BË`mXr H$maUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgyZ
Aem à{H«$`oMo ê$T>r{à` g_mOmV H«$m§VrH$maH$ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oÊ`mg _XV hmoV.o
4.2.2.1 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
1)
H$moUË`m g_mOmV ~XbmMr à{H«$`m AQ>i Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo ?
2)
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ^maVmV n[adV©ZmMr à{H«$`m H$er hmoVr ?
3)
h°ar Om°ÝgZ `m§À`m _Vo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z åhUOo H$m` ?
4)
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ^maVr` ì`º$s H$go OrdZ OJV hmoË`m ?Ÿ
5)
^maVmVrb ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m _yb^yV AWm©Zo H$em ñdê$nmMr Amho ?
6)
ñVbm§Va à{H«$`oZo _moR>çm à_mUmV H$moUË`m joÌmV gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo ?
7)
ñdH$VwË© d Am{U ì`º$s_Ëd {dH$mg H$aUo Ho$ìhm eŠ` Pmbo ?
10
8)
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥ÎmrZo A_`m©{XV g§VVr `mEodOr H$moUVr àd¥Îmr ñdrH$maUo JaOoMo dmQy>
bmJbo ?
9)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oZo H$moU-H$moUË`m Jmoï>r eŠ` Pmë`m ?
10)
{dH$gZerb ^maVmV H$moUË`m à{H«$`oZo gÜ`m H«$m§VrH$maH$ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oÊ`mg
_XV Pmbr ?
4.2.3 ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr AWdm àdmh Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb dmñVdVm
(Migration : Trends and Projections)
^maV XoemVrb ì`º$s¨Mr ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr AWdm ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMm àdmh Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb
dmñVdVm (`moOZm) `mMm AmT>mdm KoV AgVmZm Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, ^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m AmT>iZy `oV.o H$mhr doim VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVr AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm ñWbm§VarV hmoÊ`mg ^mJ
nmS>V.o CXm. ñWbm§VamMo àW_ CXmhaU - {dX^m©À`m H$mhr IoS>çm_Yrb Añn¥í` _mZë`m OmUmè`m
OmVtMo bmoH$ ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV OmVr ì`dñWoÀ`m KmVH$ Am{U OmMH$ àWm§_i
w o hmoUmè`m emofUmbm
H§$Q>mibo hmoV.o Amnë`m JmdmV AWdm IoS>çmV amhÿZ AÝ`m` ghZ H$aÊ`mnojm ""IoS>r gmoS>yZ ehamV
Om'' Agm CnXoe S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$amZr {Xbm hmoVm. Ë`mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ {dX^m©À`m J«m_rU
^mJmVrb AZoH$ Añn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr OdiÀ`m ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va Ho$bo.
^maVr`m§À`m ñWbm§Va àd¥ÎmrMo AWdm àdmhmMo Xwgao CXmhaU åhUOo 1944 _Ü`o _hmË_m
Jm§YrOr hË`m Pmë`mZ§Va AZoH$ ~«mhåU OmVtÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mZm Amnmnë`m IoS>çmV AWdm _wiÀ`m
Jmdm_Ü`o amhUo AeŠ` Pmbo. AZoH$ ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>~§ m§Mr Kao OmiÊ`mV Ambr. `m_wio Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
Hw$Qw>~§ mgh IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va Ho$bo.
ñWbm§Va àd¥ÎmrMo {Vgao CXmhaU åhUOo - XheVdmX KS>dZy AmUUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m Ìmgmbm
H§$Q>miyZ H$mpí_a_Yrb AZoH$ qhXy n§S>rVm§Zr Oå_y d {X„rÀ`m n[agamV ñWbm§Va Ho$bo Amho. Aem àH$mao
VËH$mbrZ A`mo½` n[apñWVr hrM ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmrbm AWdm {dMma àdmhmbm O~m~Xma AgVo.
Am{ef ~mog `m§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmVrb ì`º$s¨Mo IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mÀ`m
àd¥Îmr g§X^m©V (Migration Trends) Imbrb AZoH$ {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo AmhoV. CXm.
1)
ì`º$s IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o bKy A§Vamda åhUOoM OdiÀ`m eham_Ü`o A{YH$ à_mUmV
ñWbm§Va H$aVmV.
2)
Am§VaamÁ` VgoM nmíMmË` XoemV ñVbm§Va H$aUmè`mMr g§»`m gdm©V H$_r Amho.
11
3)
IoS>çmnojm eham_Ü`o A{YH$ à_mUmV {dH$mgmbm g§Yr {_iVo. VgoM AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ
àUmbtMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmè`m ì`º$s AñV_mZo ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr AWdm H$b IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o
ahmd`mg OmUo Agm AgVmo.
4)
J«m_rU ^mJm_Ü`o AmOXoIrb _moR>çm à_mUmV OmVr Y_m©Mr H$R>mao ~§YZo nmbZ H$amdrM
bmJVmV. `mCbQ> eham_Ü`o Aer ~§YZo PwJmê$Z XoÊ`mMr n[apñWVr AWdm dmVmdaU
Agë`mZo ì`º$s¨Mm H$b IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va Agm AgVmo.
ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr AWdm àdmh `mg§X^m©Vrb darb gd© {ZîH$f© dmñVd Agbo Var g_mOemór`
ÑîQ>çm Vo \$mago `mo½` ZmhrV. Aer _Vo AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr _m§S>br. Ago Agbo Var IoS>çmnojm
eham_Ü`o amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr _moR>çm à_mUmV CnbãY Agë`mZo AmO XoIrb ^maVmÀ`m {d{dY
IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s¨À`m_Ü`o IoS>çmVyZ OdiÀ`m ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmT>V Agë`mMo
{XgyZ `oV.o hrM ñVbm§Va àd¥ÎmrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb dmñVdVm Amho Ago åhUVm `oBb
© .
4.2.3.3 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
1)
^maVmVrb ì`º$s¨Mm ñWbm§Va àd¥ÎmrMm H$b gm_mÝ`V: H$gm Amho ?
2)
^maVmV ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr Ho$ìhmnmgyZ AmT>iZy `oVo ?
3)
AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm ñWbm§VarV hmoÊ`mg H$moUVm KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AgVmo ?
4)
Amnë`m JmdmV AWdm IoS>çmV amhÿZ AÝ`m` ghZ H$aÊ`mnojm ""IoS>r gmoS>yZ ehamV Om''
Agm CnXoe H$moUr Ho$bm ?
5)
1948 _Ü`o amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m hË`mZ§Va ^maVmVrb ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>~§ mZr H$moUVm _mJ©
ñdrH$mabm ?
6)
Am{ef ~mog `m§Zr ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr g§X^m©V H$moUVo {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo ?
7)
ñVbm§Va àd¥ÎmrÀ`m g§X^m©V ehamVrb n[apñWVr H$er AgVo ?
4.2.4 ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ (Migration
Planning)
ì`º$s, g_mO Am{U amï´> `m§À`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r J«m_-ZJa, ZJa-ZJa, ZJa-amÁ`,
amÁ`-Xoe Am{U Xoe-naXoe Ago ñWbm§Va KSy>Z `oUo hr AmO H$mimMrM JaO ~Zbr Amho. `m
nmíd©^_y rda AmnUmg ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ åhUOoM Migration Planning `mMm {dMma H$amdm
bmJob.
12
g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ AmnUmg ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mg§X^m©V Imbrbà_mUo _wÔo
_m§S>Vm `oVrb.
1)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m hr J«m_-ZJa (IoS>çmVyZ-ehamH$S>)o ñdê$nmMr Agmdr.
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o ~hþg»§ ` ì`º$s IS>çmV amhVmV. {OWo Ag§»` gwI
gw{dYm§Mm A^md OmUdVmo. VgoM ê$T>rna§nam§Mm A{YH$ nJS>m OmUdVmo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo Aem
IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s¨Mo OrdZ MmH$moar~Õ ~ZVo. àJVrbm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$amd`mMo Agob Va ì`º$sZr IoS>çmVyZ CÚmoJ ì`mnmamÀ`m
Ñï>rZo VgoM ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmgmR>r J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr ñdrH$mabr nm{hOo. eham_Ü`o
gd©àH$maÀ`m gwIgw{dYm CnbãY AgVmV. ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í` AgVo. OmVr ì`dñVoMr ~§YZo {eWrb
Pmbobr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm ZJa-IoS>o `mEodOr ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m IoS>-o eha AerM
ñdrH$mabr nm{hOo.
2)
J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ _Oya, H$mamJra dJm©Mm nwadR>m
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mg§X^m©V Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s, ehamÀ`m VwbZoV IoS>çm_Ü`o
~hþVm§er {Zaja _Oya d H$mam{Ja dJ© AgVmo. Oa Aem dJm©bm ZmJar ^mJmV nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo AWdm
ehamH$S>o AmoT>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m ñdrH$mambr Jobr Va {ZpíMVM Agm {Zaja _Oya d H$mam{Ja dJ© gmja
Am{U à{e{jV hmoBb
© . Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o AmnU Amnë`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r ehamH$S>M
o ñWbm§Va H$ê$Z
ehar gwI-gw{dYm§Mm dmna H$adyZ KoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmT>V OmB©b.
3)
g§Vb
w rV {dH$mgmMo YmoaU A§_bmV AmUUo
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mg§X^m©Vrb _hÎdnyU© _wÔm åhUOo Aem {Z`moOZmZo g§VwbrV
{dH$mgmMo YmoaU A§_bmV AmUVm `oV.o J«m_dm{g`m§À`m_Ü`o ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oZo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$,
amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ EH${OZgrnUmMr ^mdZm dmT>V OmVo. gÜ`mÀ`m _moR>_moR>çm eham§_Ü`o g§V{w bV
{dH$mgmMo YmoaU A§_bmV AmUUo eŠ` hmoV Amho. CXm. H$moH$U aoëdo àH$ënm_wio aËZm{Jar, qgYwXJy ©
{OëømÀ`m {dH$mgmbm JVr àmá Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o
4)
eham~mhoa CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo {dH«$| {ÐH$aU H$aUo
gÚn[apñWVrV ñVbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mMm {dMma H$aVm gdm©V _hÎdnyU© emgH$s` YmoaU
H$moUVo Agob Va EImÚm _moR>çm ehamVrb {d{dY CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo Aem eham~mhoa {dH«$| {ÐH$aU H$aUo
Iyn JaOoMr ~m~ Pmbr Amho. CXm. _w~§ B© ehamMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH«$| {ÐH$aU åhUOo Zdr-_w~§ B© AWdm
dmer eham~mhoa {deof Am{W©H$ joÌmMr (SEZ) {_{Z©Vr Ago {Z`moOZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
13
5)
ñWbm§Va {d{dY àH$maMr ~§YZo AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$maUo
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mg§X^m©Vrb gdm©V _hÎmdnyU© ~m~ åhUOo Aem à{H«$`oda {d{dY
ñdê$nmV ~§YZo AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo nm{hOo. CXm. _hmamï´>mMr amOYmZr Agboë`m _w§~B©
eham_Ü`o _hmamï´>mÀ`m {d{dY IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§Mm dmT>Vm AmoK ------- _w~§ B©H$S>o Agm AmT>iVmo.
_mÌ Ë`m_wio _w~§ B©_Ü`o XaamoO Ag§»`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m dmT>VM Agboë`m AmT>iZy `oVmV. `m_Ü`o
amhË`m OmJoMr Q>M
§ mB© d PmonS>nÅ>r dmhVyH$ XiUdiUm§Mm àíZ ^`§H$a ñdê$nmMo àXyfU dmT>Vr JwÝhoJmar
BË`mXr.
`m nmíd©^_y rda AmO AZoH$ Xoem§Zr d¡Ú Am{U Ad¡Ú _mJm©Zo hmoUmè`m ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmrbm
{d{dY àH$maMr ~§YZo AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Amho. CXm. A_o[aHo$gma»`m Xoe ghOmghOr
~mhoaÀ`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m XoemMm pìhgm XoV Zmhr.
4.2.4.4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
1.
ì`º$s, g_mO Am{U amï´> `m§À`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r H$emMr JaO Amho ?
2.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ H$go Agmdo ?
3.
g§V{w bV à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ H$go Agmdo ?
4.
H$moUË`m àH$ënm_wio aËZm{Jar, qgYwXJy © {OëømÀ`m {dH$mgmbm JVr àmá Pmbr ?
5.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m {Z`moOZmV H$moUVm _mJ© gdm©V à^mdr åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo ?
6.
_moR>çm ehamVrb AWdm _hmZJam_Yrb àM§S> bmoH$g§»`oMm àíZ amoIÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVm _mJ©
Amdí`H$ AgVmo ?
7.
H$moUVm Xoe ghOmghOr ~mhoaÀ`m XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m XoemMm pìhgm ZmH$maVmo ?
4.2.5 ñWbm§Va Am{U eharH$aU (ZmJarH$aU) (Migration and Urbanization)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m Am{U ZmJarH$aU qH$dm eharH$aU `m§Mm A{Ve` _hÎdnyU© Agm g§~Y§
AmT>iZy `oVmo. Ooìhm IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s Amnë`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r OdiÀ`m ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va
H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Mr àJVrH$S>o dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o
`m nmíd©^_y rda AmnUmg `m{R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va Am{U ZmJarH$aU `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m§Mm nañnag§~Y§
OmUyZ ¿`mdm bmJob.
14
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMm AW© :
S>m°. Eg. gr. Xw~o `m§Zr, ""ñWbm§Va hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s
{OÀ`mÛmao bmoH$g§»`mMo A§VJ©gZ Am{U ~{hJ©gZ hmoV'o ' Agm AW© gm§{JVbm.
Va ~J©b `m§Zr, ""bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m ñWbm§VamgmR>r {Xbobo Zmd åhUOo ñWbm§Va hmo`'' Aer
ì`m»`m gm§{JVbr.
`m à_yI ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoVm Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o
Agm {dMma àdmh AmT>iVmo. ñWbm§Va hr gVV gwê$ AgUmar à{H«$`m AgyZ {dH$gZerb XoemV
ñWbm§VamMo à_mU A{YH$ AmT>iVo.
ZmJarH$aU AWdm eharH$aU Am{U ñWbm§Va `m_Yrb nañnag§~Y
§
ñWyb AWm©Zo {dMma H$aVm ""ZmJarH$aU (Urbanization) åhUOo J«m_rU g_mmVrb
bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z ehar g_mOmV AWdm OdiÀ`m eham_Ü`o ahmd`mg OmÊ`mMr ñdrH$mabobr àd¥Îmr
hmo`.'' Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va OmJ{VH$ nmVirda {dMma H$aVm AZoH$ Xoem§Vrb bmoH$m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmda
IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va Ho$bo. WmoS>Š`mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr_wio IoS>çmVrb Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ ~§X nS>b.o
Ë`m_wio IoS>çmVrb ~oH$ma ì`º$s amoOJmamgmR>r eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJë`m. ehao hr CÚmoJm§Mr,
ì`mnmamMr, {ejUmMr Am{U gwIr d M¡Zr OrdZmMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo IoS>çmVrb
AZoH$ bmoH$ ehamH$S>o A{YH$M AmH${f©V hmoD$ bmJbo. n[aUm_r Aem eham§À`m_Ü`o AZoH$ J§^ra
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Amnbo ê$Ð ê$n YmaU Ho$bo. CXm. amhË`m OmJoMr Q>M
§ mB©, PmonS>nÅ>r, àXyfU,
dmhVyHo$, XiUdiU gmYZm§Mr H$m|S>r, JwÝhoJmar àd¥Îmr, _mZ{gH$ VmUVUmd, Y¸$m Y¸$sMo OrdZ
BË`mXr g_ñ`m§Zr ZmJar OrdZ ì`mnyZ Q>mH$bo, Var XoIrb {d{dY IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§À`m _Ü`o ZmoH$ar
ì`dgm` Am{U _Owar {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr dmT>V Jobr.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m Am{U Ë`mgmR>r _mJrb CÔoe Aä`mgë`mZ§Va eharH$aU AWdm ZmJarH$aU
`m à{H«$`oMm AmT>mdm KoVbm AgVm ddrb XmoÝhr à{H«$`oVrb nañnag§~Y§ g_OyZ KoÊ`mg Iyn _XV
hmoBb
© .
eharH$aU qH$dm ZmJarH$aU à{H«$`m (Urbanization
Process)
àmMrZH$mir eharH$aU à{H«$`m àM{bV ZìhVr, Iè`m AWm©Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va nmpíM_mË`
g_mOmV eharH$aU à{H«$`oMr gwê$dmV Pmbr. ^maV XoemV XoIrb 19 ì`m eVH$mZ§Va eharH$aU
à{H«$`m AñVrËdmV Ambr.
15
eharH$aU {H«$`m ZmJarH$aU åhUOo H$m` ?
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m g§X^m©V eharH$aU à{H«$`oMm AW© AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr Amnë`mbm Imbrb
ì`m»`m§À`mdê$Z ñnï> Ho$bo.
1)
ŠbmB©S> {_Mob
""Ooìhm IoS>çmVrb ì`már _moR>çm g§»`oZo ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. eoVr ì`dgm`mEodOr
`§Ì CËnmXZ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV Am{U ehamVrb dmVmdaUmZwgma Amnë`m gd`r ~XbVmV Voìhm
eharH$aU à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoV.o ''
2)
lr {db~Q>© _ya
""eharH$aUmMr à{H«$`m hr XrK©H$mi MmbUmar Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr_wio eoVràYmZ g_mOmMo
ê$n Am_ybmJ«nUo ~XbyZ g_¥Õ Am{W©H$ OrdZ {Z_m©U hmoV.o ''
3)
g§`ºw $ amï´>gK
§ Ahdmb
""Á`m à{H«$`oÛmao bmoH$g§»`m EH$m {ZpíMV {ZYm©[aV AmH$mamÀ`m g_yhmH$Sy>Z _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m
g_yhm_Ü`o EH${ÌV hmoV AgVo Ë`m à{H«$`obm ZmJarH$aU Ago g§~mo{Ybo OmVo.''
4)
_m{d©Z AmobgZ
""ZmJarH$aU à{H«$`oV g^moaVmbÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ZmJar g_wXm`mH$S>o gVV ñWbm§V[aV
hmoUmè`m Ag§»` bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.''
eharH$aU AWdm ZmJarH$aU à{H«$`oÀ`m darb R>iH$ ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoVm ^maV XoemÀ`m
g§X^m©V Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va J«m_dm{g`m§Mo eoVr ì`dgm`mMo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo.
bmoH$m§À`m _Zm_Ü`o `§ÌCËnmXZ nÕVr{df`r AmH$f©U dmT>bo. H$ï>mMm _mo~Xbm n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ì`º$s ehar g_wXm`mH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJë`m OdiÀ`m ehamV
amhUo Am{U VoWrb gwIgw{dYm§Mm Cn^moJ KoUo hr ~m~ bmoH$m§Zm A{^_mZmñnX dmRy> bmJbr. gmh{OH$M
bmoH$emb§Mm ehamH$S>o OmUoMm dmT>Vm H$b {Z_m©U Pmbm.
_mÌ Aem eharH$aU à{H«$`o_i
w o ehadm{``m§Mo OrdZ {Xdg|{Xdg Imbrb Ag§»` gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m§Zr ì`mnyZ Q>mH$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o
eharH$aUmÀ`m g_ñ`m
g_mOemór` ÑîQ>çm AmnUmg A`_m©{XV eharH$aU à{H«$`oMo {Z_m©U Pmboë`m J§^ra gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m Imbrb à_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb. CXmhaUmW©
16
1)
PmonS>nÅ>r qH$dm J{bÀN> dñË`m.
2)
àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m dmT>.
3)
dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU g_ñ`m.
4)
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m àXyfUmÀ`m g_ñ`m.
5)
{dÚyV ^ma{Z`_Z.
6)
ñdÀN> nmUr nwadR>m d gm§S>nmUr g_ñ`m.
7)
EH$Ì qH$dm g§`ºw $ Hw$Qw>~§ nÕVrMm èhmg.
8)
ñnYm© g§Kf© Am{U ñdmWu àd¥ÎmrV dmT>.
9)
ghH$m`©, AmË_r`Vm, EH${OZgrnUmÀ`m ^mdZoMm A^md.
WmoS>Š`mV eharH$aU à{H«$`oVZy Ag§»`o gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ H$m¡Q>w{§ ~H$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ g_ñ`m§Mm
CX` Pmbm. H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb H$moUVmhr g_mO Ooìhm àmá n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r
dmhË`m àdmhm~amo~a OmdyZ OrdZ OJV AgVmo VoìhmM Agm g_mO {dH${gV hmoVmo. _mÌ à_mUmnojm
A{YH$ ì`º$s EImÚm ehamVrb _`m©{XV OmJo_Ü`o JXu H$ê$Z amhVmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va
H$aVmV. Voìhm gmh{OH$M Ago _w~§ B©, {X„r, H$bH$Îmm, MoÞB©, nwU,o ZmJnya `mgmaIo eha darb
Ag§»`m g_ñ`m§Zr doT>ë`mMo {XgyZ `oV.o
4.2.5.5 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
1)
~J©b `m§Zr ñWbm§VamMr ì`m»`m H$er gm§{JVbr ?
2)
H$moUË`m XoemV ñWbm§VamMo à_mU A{YH$ AmT>iVo ?
3)
eharH$aU qH$dm ZmJarH$aU åhUOo H$m` ?
4)
OmJVrH$ nmVirda {dMma H$aVm AZoH$ XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmda IoS>çmVyZ
ehamH$S>o Ho$ìhm ñWbm§Va Ho$bo ?
5)
ñVbm§Va à{H«$`oZo eham§À`m_Ü`o J§^ra ñdê$n YmaU Ho$boë`m H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
AmT>iZy `oVmV ?
6)
{d{dY IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§À`m_Ü`o H$moUË`m _hÎdnyU© CÔoemZo J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr
ñdrH$mabr OmVo ?
17
7)
^maV XoemV Iè`m AWm©Zo eharH$aUmMr à{H«$`m Ho$ìhm ApñVËdmV Ambr ?
8)
ŠbmB©S> {_Mob `m§Zr eharH$aU à{H«$`oMr ì`m»`m H$er gm§{JVbr ?
9)
^maV XoemÀ`m g§X^m©V bmoH$m§Zm OdiÀ`m ehamH$S>o OmUoMm H$b H$m {Z_m©U Pmbm ?
10)
eharH$aUmÀ`m J§^ra g_ñ`m H$moUË`m AmT>iZy `oVmV ?
4.3 gmam§e
ñWbm§VamMo g_mOemó (Sociology of Migration) `m nona_Yrb KQ>H$ (`w{ZQ>) H«$§ . 4
ñWbm§VamMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_ `mg§X^m©Vrb darb gd© {ddoMZ {dMmamV KoVm Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo
H$s, ñWbm§Va H$aUo åhUOo Amnbo _yi {ZdmgñWmZ gmoS>yZ OdbÀ`m eham_Ü`o ahmd`mg OmUo hmo`.
AWm©V Ë`m_wio Aem ehamMr bmoH$g§»`m dmT>V,o PmonS>nÅ>r AWdm J{bÀN> dñVr {Z_m©U hmoV.o VgoM
Aem eham_Ü`o àXyfU dmhVyH$-XiUdiU, JwÝhoJmar àd¥Îmr `mgmaIo Ag§»` Ádb§V àíZ gmVË`mZo
dmT>V OmVmV. Ë`m_wio gdmªÀ`m Ñï>rZo ZmJar gw{dYm nSy> bmJVmV.
g_mOemór` ÑîQ>çm {dMma H$aVm 18 Vo 45 `m d`moJQ>mVrb J«m_rU ì`º$sM A{YH$ à_mUmV
ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. {ó`m§À`mnojm nwê$fm§_Ü`o ñWbm§VamMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. amoOJma àmár
ì`dgm` AWdm ZmoH$ar `mgmaIr _hÎdnyU© H$maUo ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmrbm O~m~Xma AgVmV. g_mOemókm§À`m
_Vo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va eoVr ì`dgm`m§Mo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU Pmë`mZo IoS>çmVrb _wiMo ì`dgm` Cn{OdrHo$Mo
gmYZ ~ZÊ`mg Ag_W© R>ê$ bmJbo. `mVyZM ^maVmVrb J«m_dm{g`m§À`m _Ü`o IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o
ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr dmT>V Jobr. gÜ`m _m{hVr V§ÌkÌmZ joÌm_Ü`o (Am`.Q>r.joÌ) ~mhoarb
à{e{jV bmoH$m§Zm ehamV AmoT>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. EH$m AWu Aer à{H«$`m ehamVrb àJVrbm
MmbZm XoUmar åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
WmoS>Š`mV IoS>çmÀ`m VwbZoV eham_Yrb pñWVr àJVrbm Am{U ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmbm MmbZm
XoUmarM AgVo Ago {dYmZ Ho$bo Va dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. AWm©V IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va Ho$boë`m
gd©M J«m_dm{g`m§Zm ehar OrdZ nÕVrer OwidyZ KoUo eŠ` ZgVo. VarXoIrb gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r
ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr hr H$mimMrM JaO ~Zbr Amho. Ë`m_wiM
o AmO ^maVmVrb AZoH$ ñWmnË` emók
(B§Or{ZAg©) OmXm n°Ho$OgmR>r _moR>-_moR>çm ehamV, {d{dY amÁ`mV Va àg§Jr nmíMmË` XoemV
ZmoH$argmR>r ñWbm§Va H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV.
{ZgJm©Vrb n[adV©Z à_mUoM _mZd g_mOmV XoIrb gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z AWdm ~XbmMr
à{H«$`m AQ>i Agë`mMo OmUdVo. ñdmV§Í` àmárnydu nojm ñdmV§Í` àmárZ§Va ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY
joÌm_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo. CXm. ì`dgm{`H$ ~§YZ g§nðw >mV `odZy ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í`o
18
{_imbo. ñdH$VwË© d Am{U ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mg gmYUo eŠ` Pmbo. ehar OrdZmH$S>o ñWbm§Va Ho$ë`mZo gd©
ì`º$sZm g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá Pmbo. ór-nwê$fm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© C§Mmdbm Jobm. e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmbm
MmbZm {_imbr. IoS>çmVrb AZoH$ KmVH$ àWmna§namMo CƒmQ>Z hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. Ë`m_wioM
^maVmÀ`m IoS>çmVrb AZoH$ ì`º$sZr ""IoS>r gmoS>yZ ehamV Om'' hm S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Mm g„m
AWdm CnXoe _ZmnmgyZ ñdrH$mabm.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mg§X^m©V Ago åh§UVm `oBb
© H$s ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m hr IoS>çmVyZ
ehamH$S>o AerM Agmdr / `m_Ü`o g§V{w bV {dH$mgmMo YmoaU `mbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `mdo. VgoM
eham~mhoa CÚmoJY§ÚmMo {dH«$| {ÐH$aU H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. _mÌ gÜ`m AZoH$ XoemZr d¡Ú Am{U Ad¡Ú
_mJm©Zo hmoUmè`m ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmrbm {d{dY àH$maMr ~§YZo AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Amho.
ñWbm§Va Am{U eharH$aU qH$dm ZmJarH$aU à{H«$`m `mg§X^m©V Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo H$s,
eharH$aU åhUOo J«m_rU g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z ehar g_mOmV ahmd`mg OmÊ`mMr ñdrH$mabobr
àd¥Îmr hmo`. ehao hr CÚmoJm§Mr ì`mnmamMr {ejUmMr Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo JVr{eb ñdê$nmMr
Agë`mZo IoS>çmVrb AZoH$ ì`º$s eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va H$ê$ bmJë`m. ^maV XoemV 19 ì`m eVH$mZ§Va
eharH$aU à{H«$`m _moR>çm à_mUmV AñVrËdmV Ambr. ŠbmB©S> {_Mob `m§À`m _Vo Ooìhm IoS>çmVrb
ì`º$s ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z eoVr ì`dgm`mEodOr `§Ì CËnmXZ nÕVrMm
ñdrH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo. Va {dë~Q>© _ya `m§À`m _Vo, eharH$aU à{H«$`oZo eoVr àYmZ g_mOmMo ê$n
Am_ybmJ«nmUo ~XbyZ g_¥Õ Am{W©H$ OrdZ {Z_m©U hmoV.o Ë`m_wiM
o J«m_dm{g`m§Mm dmT>Vm H$b ehamH$S>o
{XgyZ `oVmo.
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
1.
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m
:
IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o OmUo.
2.
bmoH$g§»`mMo A§VJ©_Z
:
EH$m ehamVyZ Xwgè`m eham_Ü`o OmUo
3.
bmoH$g§»`oMo ~{hJ©_Z
:
EH$m XoemVyZ Xwgè`m Xoem_Ü`o OmUo
4.
àoaH$ KQ>H$
:
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oM R>H$bUmao KQ>H$
5.
àofH$ KQ>H$
:
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umao KQ>H$
6.
bmoH$g§»`oMr KZVm
:
ehamVrb àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m
7.
^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va
:
IoS>çmnmgyZ ehamMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ A§Va AWdm
joÌ\$i A{YH$ AgVo.
19
8.
g§Mma Am{U {Zdmg h¸$
:
AmYw{ZH$ g_mZVm ì`º$sbm gd© {R>H$mUr OmUoMm
Am{U {VWo amhÊ`mMm h¸$ àmá hmoVmo.
9.
IoS>r gmoS>yZ ehamV Om
:
S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$am§Mm g„m IoS>çmVyZ
ehamH$S>o OmdyZ ahm.
10.
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ
:
IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o OmUo, g§V{w bV {dH$mgmMo
YmoaU A§_bVm AmUUo.
11.
CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo {dH«$| {ÐH$aU
:
eham~mhoa CÚmoJY§Xo hb{dUo
12.
eharH$aUmMr à{H«$`m
:
bmoH$g§»`m EH$m {ZpíMV {ZYm©[aV AmH$mamÀ`m
g_yhmH$Sy>Z _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m g_yhm_Ü`o EH${ÌV
hmoU.o
4.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.2.1.1 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1)
Amnbo _yi Jmd AWdm {Zdmg ñWmZ gmoS>yZ AÝ` {R>H$mUr ehamV amhÊ`mgmR>r OmUo.
2)
ñWbm§Va ho IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o åhUOoM J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va ñdrH$mabo OmVo.
3)
bmoH$g§»`oMo A§VJ©V Am{U ~{hJ©_Z.
4)
amoOJmam àmár qH$dm ZmoH$ar.
5)
bmoH$g§»`oV dmT>, J{bÀN> dñVr qH$dm PmonS>nÅ>r, {d{dY àH$maMo àXyfU, dmhVyH$, XiUdiU
gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm.
6)
eham_Yrb àJVrbm qH$dm {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoUmar pñWVr.
7)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oÀ`m T>H$bUmè`m KQ>H$mVrb à_yI AS>Wim åhUOo H$m¡Q>w{§ ~H$ ~§YZ VgoM
ehar OrdZ nÕVrer OwidyZ KoVm Z `oU.o
8)
"g§Mma Am{U {Zdmg' ñdmV§Í` A{YH$ma.
9)
g§V{w bV {dH$mgmMo YmoaU A§_bmV AmUyZ JVr_§X H$aVm `oV.o
10)
H$moH$U aoëdo àH$ënm_wi.o
20
4.2.2.2 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1)
_mZd g_mOmV.
2)
_§X ñdê$nmMr.
3)
g_mO aMZoVrb ~Xb AWdm n[adV©Z.
4)
ê$T>r{à` MmH$moar~Õ AWdm pñWa ñdê$nm§M.o
5)
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m (IoS>çmVyZ eham§H$S>o ñWbm§Va).
6)
gm_m{OH$, ì`mdgm{`H$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$ d amOH$s` joÌmVrb ~Xb.
7)
ì`º$s IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o OmVmV Voìhm.
8)
""N²>Q>mo Hw$Qw>~§ - gwIr Hw$Qw>~§ '' AWdm ""Hw$Qw>~§ bhmZ gwI _hmZ''.
9)
KmVH$ àWmna§nam§Mo CƒmQ>Z Am{U JVr{eb OrdZmMm ñdrH$ma.
10)
J«m_-ZJa ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oZ.o
4.2.3.3 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1)
IoS>çmVyZ OdiÀ`m ehamH$S>o OmUoMm.
2)
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ.
3)
A`mo½` VËH$m{bZ n[apñWVr.
4)
S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$a `m§Zr.
5)
Hw$Qw>~§ mgh IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va hm _mJ© ñdrH$mabm.
6)
OdiÀ`m ehamV ñWbm§Va nmíMmË` XoemV gdm©V H$_r ñWbm§Va.
7)
OmVr Y_m©Mr ~§YZo PwJmê$Z XoÊ`mMr n[apñWVr AgVo VgoM ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í`, ì`º$s
{dH$mgmbm dmd Am{U gdm©Zm g_mZ H$m`Xoera h¸$.
4.2.4.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMr.
2)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ ho CÚmoJ, ì`mnma Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$/{ejUmgmR>r J«m_-ZJa
ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr.
3)
ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr IoS>-o eha Agm Agdm.
21
4)
H$moH$U aoëdo àH$ënm_wi.o
5)
CÚmoJY§ÚmMo eham~mhoa {dH«$| {ÐH$aU.
6)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oda {d{dY àH$maMr ~§YZo AmUUo.
7)
A_o[aH$m.
4.2.5.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1)
bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m ñWmZm§VamgmR>r {Xbobo Zmd åhUOo ñWbm§Va.
2)
{dH$mgZ{eb XoemV.
3)
J«m_rU g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z ehar g_mOmV ahmd`mg OmÊ`mMr ñdrH$mabobr àd¥Îmr.
4)
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va.
5)
amhË`m OmJoMr Q>M
§ mB© àXyfU, dmhVyH$, XiUdiU àíZ, PmonS>nÅ>r, _mZ{gH$ VmUVUmd B.
6)
ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm`, _Oyar {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo.
7)
19 ì`m eVH$mZ§Va.
8)
IoS>çmVrb ì`º$s _moR>çm g§»`oZo ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aVmV AWdm eoVr ì`dgm`mEodOr `§Ì
CËnmXZ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV.
9)
H$ï>mÀ`m _mo~Xbm n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV {_iy bmJbm VgoM ehar gwI-gw{dYm§Mm Cn^moJ
KoVë`mZo OrdZmV JVr{ebVm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
10)
àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m dmT>, {dÚwV ^ma {Z`_Z, {d{dY àH$maMo àXyfU, gm§S>nmÊ`mMr g_ñ`m,
EH$OrZgrnUmÀ`m ^mdZoMm A^md.
4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
1)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`m åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JZy ñWbm§VamMr à_yI H$maUo qH$dm KQ>H$ ñnï> H$am.
2)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oMo ñdê$n Am{U n[aUm_ {deX H$am.
3)
ñWbm§Va à{H«$`oV T>H$bUmao Am{U `m à{H«$`oV AmoT>Umao (àoaH$ Am{U àofH$ KQ>H$) KQ>H$ ñnï>
H$am.
4)
ñWbm§Va Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `mda ^mî` H$am.
22
5)
ñWbm§Va àd¥Îmr Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb `moOZm WmoS>Š`mV {bhm.
6)
ñVbm§Va à{H«$`oMo {Z`moOZ `mMr MMm© H$am.
7)
ñWbm§Va Am{U eharH$aU `m à{H«$`m§Mm AW© gm§JZy eharH$aUmÀ`m R>iI g_ñ`m {dfX
H$am.
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
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