{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : B{Vhmg nona-HS-307
19 ì`m eVH$mVrc ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
(Economic History of 19th Century India)
go{_ñQ>a 3 H$[aVm
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2014-15 nmgyZ)
KQ>H$ 1
àmñVm{dH$
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1.0 C{Ôï>o
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1
àmñVm{dH$: 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
1.2.2
^maVr` B{VhmgmMo _mŠg©dmXr AmH$bZ; emofUmMm {gÕm§V
1.2.3
{~«Q>re {dO`mÀ`m nyd©g§Ü`obm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àý
1.7 g§X^© J«W§
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o
{~«Q>rem§À`m AmJ_ZmnyduÀ`m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUo.
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoda {~«Q>rem§Mm nS>cocm à^md Aä`mgVm `oB©c.
^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmVrc doJdoJù`m ÑîQ>rH$moZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
^maVr` B{VhmgmVrc _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mo AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoUo.
^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc emofUmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUo.
18 ì`m eVH$mg§~§YrV dmXmMr _m{hVr KoUo.
{dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ d {M{H$ËgH$
ÑîQ>rH$moU {Z_m©U H$aUo.
{dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o g§emoYZd¥Îmr {Z_m©U H$aUo
1
1.1 àñVmdZm
EH$mo{Ugmdo eVH$ ho ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ _hÎdmMo eVH$ hmoVo. H$maU `m
eVH$mV ^maVmda {~«Q>rem§Mr gÎmm àñWm{nV Pmcr. Ë`mMm ^maVr` g_mOmda XÿaJm_r n[aUm_
Pmcm. ^maVr` g_mO nyU©nUo ~XcyZ Jocm. ^maVmdarc {~«{Q>em§À`m gÎmm ñWmnZo_wio ^maVr`
amOH$s` ì`dñWm ~XccrM nU AW©ì`dñWoVhr ~Xc Pmcm. {~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVmVrc nma§nm[aH$
ì`dñWo_Ü`o ~Xc H$ê$Z Amnë`m ì`mnmar {hVg§~§Ym§Zm nwaoer ^maVr` g_mOì`dñWm,
amÁ`ì`dñWm d AW©ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Á`m_wio ^maVr` ~mOmanoR>
Am§VaamîQ´>r` ~mOmanoR>oer OmoS>cr Jocr. `mMm ^maVmcm \$m`Xm hmoÊ`mEodOr VmoQ>mM OmñV Pmcm.
H$maU ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm hr EH$m Ì`ñV eŠVrÛmao {Z`§{ÌV Ho$cr OmV hmoVr. Ë`m_Ü`o
^maVr`m§À`m {hVmEodOr {~«{Q>em§Mo {hV _hÎdmMo _mZë`m_wio Vr OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oer Xþæ`_
AdñWoV OmoS>cr Jocr.
Á`mcm "{~«{Q>e amO_wHw$Q>mdarc {ham' Ago g§~moYco OmV hmoVo. Ë`m ^maVmMm {dH$mg {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>r_Ü`o Pmcm Zmhr. {~«{Q>e AmJ_Zmnydu g_¥Õ AgUmam Xoe {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV X[aÐr ~Xcm.
19 ì`m eVH$mVrc Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMr {__m§gm gm_«mÁ`dmXr, amîQ´>dmXr, _mŠg©dmXr,
g~mëQ>Z©dmXr, B. ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$cr. Á`m_wio `m eVH$mVrc Am{W©H$
B{VhmgmMo ~maH$mdo g_moa Amco.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1. àmñVm{dH$: 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
^maV hm {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mMm EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ hmoVm. ^maVmbm {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mMo VoOñdr
aËZ (brightest jewel) Ago g§~moYbo OmV Ago. Ago Agbo Var ^maV hm OJmVrb gdm©V Jar~
Xoem§_Yrb EH$ Xoe hmoVm. 19ì`m eVH$m_Ü`o hm {damoYm^mg {Z_m©U Pmbm. {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mMm
EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmZmhr ^maV Xoe hm OJmVrb Jar~ Xoem§_Yrb EH$ Xoe åhUyZ JUbm
OmD$ bmJbm. hm {damoYm^mg H$m {Z_m©U Pmbm ho g_OUo hmM 19 ì`m eVH$mMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
Aä`mgÊ`mMm à_wI CÔoe Amho.
darb {damoYm^mgmMr H$maUo H$m` hmoVr? {~«Q>rem§Mr dgmhV Pmë`mZ§Va ^maVmMm {dH$mg
AË`§V hiwdma JVrZo H$m Pmbm? {~«Q>re dgmhVr amOdQ>rZo ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMr dmT> _`m©{XV
H$aÊ`mV d Ë`m_Ü`o J{VerbVm AmUÊ`mV H$moUVr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>br? ^maVmÀ`m ì`mnmamÀ`m
{XeoV H$m` ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo? {~«Q>re amOdQ>rVrb ~Xbm§_wio ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar d CÚmoOH$m§da
H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm? {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV ^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oer H$em àH$mao
OmoS>br Jobr d `m n[adV©Zmg ^maVr` ì`mnmè`m§Zr d CÚmoOH$m§Zr H$gm à{VgmX {Xbm? øm d
Aem AZoH$ BVa àým§Mr CÎmao Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma emoYV AgVmV.
2
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg åhUOo H$m`?
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmÀ`m Amnë`mbm AZoH$ N>moQ>çm ì`m»`m H$aVm `oVrb. AmnU Ago åhUy
eH$Vmo H$s Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm JV H$mimVrb g_mOm§À`m Am{W©H$ ~m~tMm Aä`mg Amho.
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg gmYZgm_J«rMm CXm. O_rZ, l{_H$ Am{U ^m§S>db BË`mXtMm B{Vhmg _m§S>Vmo.
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg ^yVH$mimVrc AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aVmo.
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Zm Am{W©H$ àý {dMmaVmo. ~hþVm§e doim Am{W©H$
B{VhmgH$mamMo àý Imbrb {df`m§g§~§Yr AgVmV: 1) dñVy Am{U godm `m§Mr _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m
2) CËnmXZmMr qH$_V 3) bmoH$m§À`m CËnÞmMr nmVir 4) g§nÎmrMo {dVaU 5) Xoem_Yrb
Jw§VdUyH$sMm AmH$ma Am{U {Xem 6) A§VJ©V AWdm naamï´>r` ì`mnmamMr aMZm BË`mXr.
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm "g§»`oer' g§~§{YV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma EImÚm ì`{º$Mm
Aä`mg H$aV Zmhr. Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg AW©emómÀ`m Am{U B{VhmgmÀ`m nÕVtMm Cn`moJ H$aVmo. `m
XmoÝhr {df`m§Mr V§Ìo dmnaë`m{edm` Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg boIZmMr àJVr hmoV Zmhr.
H$mhr Xoe lr_§V H$m Pmbo d H$mhr Jar~ H$m am{hbo? Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$em_wio hmoVmo?
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$em_wio Iw§Q>Vmo? AW©emó Am{U Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg ho XmoÝhr {df` darb _yb^yV
àým§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. nU Ë`m§À`m nÕVr doJdoJù`m Agë`m_wio AW©emó Am{U
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg ho doJio {df` ~ZVmV. øm XmoÝhr {df`mÀ`m nÕVr_Ü`o H$mhr _yb^yV \$aH$
Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hm EH$m H$maUm_wio hmoV ZgyZ AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio hmoV AgVmo. CXm. H$a
AmH$maÊ`mMo ZdrZ YmoaU. Aem H$maUm§Mm AW©ì`dñWodahr ObX n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. H$mhr BVa
H$maUo AW©ì`dñWoda hiwdmanUo n[aUm_ H$aV AgVmV. CXm. bmoH$g§»`oVrb dmT>, H$m`Xm d
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xb. Aem H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg B{VhmgH$ma H$aVmV. Aem H$maUm§Mm AW©ì`dñWodarb
n[aUm_ XÿaJm_r ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, AW©Vk ho ^mddmT>rMo n[aUm_, ZdrZ H$am§Mo
n[aUm_, gaH$mar YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ BË`mXr Jmoï>tMm Aä`mg H$aVmV. `m CbQ> Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma
ho darb C„oI Ho$boë`m hiwdmanUo n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmo.
2) AW©emór` {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o ì`mnmar H$a qH$dm ~mOmanoR>oMo ApñVËd ho {Z{üV g_Obo OmVo.
`mCbQ> Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgm_Ü`o ~mOmanoR>m§À`m {Z{_©VrMr H$maUo d Ë`m§À`m à{H«$`m Aä`mgë`m
OmVmV. Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma ~mOmanoR>m§_Ü`o hmoUmao ì`dhma Am{U ~mOmanoR>m§À`m ñdê$nmVrb
n[adV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmV.
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm H$mhr R>amdrH$ à^mdembr KQ>Zm§Zm Am{U ì`º$s¨Zm _hÎd XoVmo.
AW©emór` Aä`mgmV Ago H$aUo AdKS> AgVo. 1929 gmbMr _hm_§Xr qH$dm n{hbo AWdm Xþgao
3
_hm`wÕ Aem _moR>çm KQ>Zm§Mo AW©ì`dñWoda XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmV. Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma
øm n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmV.
3) Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm {df` AW©emó Am{U B{Vhmg `m XmoÝhr {dÚmemIm g§~§{YV
Agë`m_wio Vmo Am§Va-{dÚmemIr` ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. ì`º$sÀ`m Am{W©H$ H$m`m©da gm§ñH¥${VH$ d
gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r d ar{V[admO n[aUm_ H$aV AgVmV. CXm. bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$aV
AgVmZm ZwgVo _moR>çm Hw$Qw>§~mMo Am{W©H$ \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o Aä`mgUo JaOoMo Zmhr Va g_mOm_Ü`o
órÀ`m ñWmZm_Ü`o H$go H$m` ~Ôb hmoV Jobo ho Aä`mgUo XoIrb JaOoMo AgVo. Am{W©H$
B{Vhmgm_Ü`o Am{W©H$ ñdê$n Zgbobr H$maUo XoIrb _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVmV. ho
{deofV: bmoH$g§»`mdmT>rg§X^m©Vrb da {Xboë`m CXmhaUmdê$Z ñnï> hmoVo. `m {edm` eoVrVrb
CËnmXZ AWdm Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o g_mOaMZoMm à^md Zoh_rM AmT>iVmo.
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$ma Aem J¡a Am{W©H$ H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmV.
^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V {~«Q>re amOdQ> àñWm{nV hmoUo hr EH$ \$ma _moR>r KQ>Zm hmoVr. øm KQ>Zo_wio
Pmbobo ~Xb ho \$º$ amOH$s` ZgyZ Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ñdê$n hmoVo. {~«Q>re ho naH$s`
Va hmoVoM nU Vo ì`mnmar XoIrb hmoVo. {~«Q>Z_Ü`o 17ì`m d 18ì`m eVH$mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr
gwédmV Pmbr hmoVr. naH$s` d ì`mnmar Agë`m_wio {~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVm_Ü`o ZdrZ àH$maMr Am{W©H$
YmoaUo d àemgH$s` VÎdo A_bmV AmUbr. `m_wio ^maVmVrb àñWm{nV nma§nm[aH$ g_mO
_moS>H$irg Ambm. 18 ì`m eVH$mVrb `wamon hm {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m joÌm§_Ü`o A^yVnyd© àJVr
H$aV hmoVm. `wamon_Ü`o `mM H$mimV amOH$s` g§KQ>ZmV d Am{W©H$ CbmT>mbrV _yb^yV n[adV©Z
KSy>Z `oV hmoVo. `wamo{n`Z bmoH$m§H$So> bîH$ar gÎmm XoIrb hmoVr. `m gdmªMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z {~«Q>rem§Zr
^maVm_Ü`o EH$H|${ÐV amÁ` (centralised state) {Z_m©U Ho$bo. {~«Q>re `oÊ`mnydu Aem àH$maMo
gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU ^maVm_Ü`o nydu H$YrM ApñVËdmV Ambo ZìhVo. ^maVm_Yrb {~«Q>rem§À`m
YmoaUm_wio ^maV hm OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oer OmoS>bm Jobm. {~«{Q>em§Zr Ë`m§Mo CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnmamMo
àJV kmZ ^maVm_Ü`o Adb§~bo. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio ^maVmVrb àñWm{nV nma§nm[aH$ ì`dñWoV ~Xb
KSy>Z Ambm. ^maVm_Ü`o AmYw{ZH$ àH$maMr dJ©aMZm, AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`g§ñWm Am{U AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ
d V§ÌkmZmda AmYmabobo CÚmoJ ApñVËdmV Ambo. ho gd© ~Xb ^maVmMm {~«Q>re dgmhVdmXr
gÎmoer Amboë`m g§~Y§ m§_wio KSy>Z Ambo hmoV.o
_mÌ øm n[adV©Zm_wio ^maVmVrb gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m amhUr_mZmV gwYmaUm Pmbr Zmhr. B.g.
1850 n`ªV OnmZ d ^maV `m XmoZ Xoem_Yrb bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ ho Odi-Odi gmaIoM hmoVo.
OnmZZo nwT>rb H$mhr XeH$m§_Ü`o Amnë`m bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ XþßnQ>rZo gwYmabo Am{U Vmo EH$ àJV
Xoe ~Zbm. _mÌ ^maVm_Ü`o Ago H$mhr Pmbo Zmhr. `mMo à_wI H$maU 19ì`m eVH$mV ^maVm_Ü`o
ApñVËdmV Agbobr dgmhVdmXr {~«Q>re amOdQ> ho hmoVo. `m_wio ^maVmMm g§~§Y {~«Q>rem§À`m ~amo~a
Amë`m_wio ^maVmMm {dH$mg Pmbm Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$m hm àýM Amho. OnmZÀ`m VwbZoV
4
^maVmMr àJVr AË`ën à_mUmV Pmbr. ^maVmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb J{V{hZVocm (stagnation) {~«Q>re
amOdQ> O~m~Xma hmoVr H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ> ñWmnZ hmoÊ`mÀ`m nydu ApñVËdmV Agboë`m
n[apñWVr_wio ho KS>bo? Aem àH$maMo _yb^yV àý AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zm
^oS>gmdV AgVmV.
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m AZoH$ {df`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s
H$mhr _hÎdmMo {df` Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV.
1) {~«Q>re-nyd© H$mimVrb AW©ì`dñWm d {~«Q>re H$mimVrb AW©ì`dñWm `m§Mr VwbZm
2) {~«Q>re H$mimVrb ^maVm_Yrb ^m§S>dbXmar àUmbrMr gwédmV
3) {~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo ì`mnmar YmoaU d H§$nZrZo ~§Jmb àm§Vm_Ü`o Ho$bobo Am{W©H$
~Xb, {deofV… H§$nZrMo _hgyb YmoaU
4) {~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVm_Ü`o ApñVËdmV AmUbobr ZdrZ CËnmXZmMr gmYZo (means
production), ZdrZ CÚmoJ d Ë`m§Mm nma§nm[aH$ ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoda Pmbobm n[aUm_.
of
5) ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$ hñVH$bm CÚmoJmda {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMm Pmcocm n[aUm_
6) {~«Q>rem§Mo ì`mnmar YmoaU d Ë`mMm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWodarb Pmcocm n[aUm_
7) {~«{Q>em§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobr MbZ nÕVr
8) {~«Q>rem§Mo H$a {df`H$ YmoaU d Ë`mMo n[aUm_
19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm dmX "eoVr joÌmÀ`m dmT>r'g§~§{YV
hmoVm. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWogmR>r eoVr AË`§V _hÎdmMr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ ^maVr` Am{W©H$
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Amnbo bj eoVrÀ`m àýmda H|${ÐV Ho$bo Amho. 19ì`m eVH$mV ^maV hm eoVràYmZ
Xoe Agë`m_wio J[a~r, hñVH$bm CÚmoJm§Mm Zme øm gd© Jmoï>r eoVrÀ`m n[apñWVrda Adb§~yZ
hmoË`m. `m_wioM 19ì`m eVH$mVrb eoVr ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUo Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zm JaOoMo
R>abo Amho. {~«Q>re dgmhVr amOdQ>r_Ü`o Pmboë`m bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m VwbZoV eoVr CËnmXZ
dmT>bo H$m H$_r Pmbo? eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU (commercialization of agriculture) Pmbo H$m?
~mOmanoR>oV CËnmXZ {dH$Ê`mgmR>r bmJdS> Ho$boë`m ZJXr {nH$m§_wio ^maVmVrb AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmda
H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm? ^maV hm _Ü``wJrZ H$mim_Ü`o dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V H$aUmam Xoe hmoVm. _mÌ {~«Q>re
A§_bm_Ü`o ^maV hm H$ƒm _mb {Z`m©V H$aUmam Xoe ~Zbm. Ago H$m Pmbo? {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVm_Ü`o
H$moUË`m àH$maMo H¥$fr YmoaU Adb§~bo? øm YmoaUmMm ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§da H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm?
{~«Q>re A§_bmV nma§nm[aH$ H¥$fr ì`dñWoV H$moUVo ~Xb Pmbo?
H¥$fr YmoaU ho AW©ì`dñWoMm AË`§V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`m_Ü`o O_rZ _hgyb
YmoaU, eoV O{_ZrMr _moOUr Am{U _mnUr, eoV O{_ZrÀ`m _mbH$sMo àH$ma, d{hdmQ>rMm àH$ma
5
BË`mXr Jmoï>r g_m{dï> hmoVmV. H¥$fr YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ Imbr Z_yX Ho$boë`m Jmoï>tda _moR>çm à_mUmV
hmoV AgVmo:
1) amOH$maU : J«m_rU ^mJm_Ü`o gÎmm d A{YH$ma H$em àH$mao dmnabo OmVmV; amÁ`g§ñWm
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mm nmqR>~m H$em àH$mao {_idVo; amÁ`g§ñWm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb H$moUË`m
bmoH$m§Mo {hVg§~Y§ gm§^miVo?
2) emgZ: emgZmMo hoVy H$m` AmhoV? emgZmMr {_iH$V H$m` Amho? emgZ H$moUË`m àH$mao
Amnbr g§nÎmr IM© H$aVo? øm Jmoï>r Amnë`mbm eoVr YmoaU Aä`mgë`mda H$iVmV.
3) AW©ì`dñWm: AÞYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ H$moUË`m nÕVrZo Ho$bo OmVo? eoVr CËnmXZmMm {d{Z_`
H$em àH$mao Ho$bm OmVmo? AW©ì`dñWoVrb eoVrMo _hÎd {H$Vr Amho? EH$mÚm àXoemV H$moUVo nrH$
_moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbo OmVo?
4) gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mr gwpñWVr: gm_mÝ` d Jar~ OZVoMr ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVr emgZmZo
am~dboë`m eoVr YmoaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[aUm_: emgZmÀ`m eoVr YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ XoemÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrda hmoV AgVmV.
bmoH$m§À`m ImOJr _mb_Îmm, amoOJma, Hw$Qw>§~ d dmagm h¸$ d eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m g§~§{YV Agboë`m
g§H$ënZm d _yë`o ho emgZmÀ`m eoVr YmoaUmZo à^m{dV hmoV AgVmV.
^maVr` Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg Aä`mgÊ`mMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ
Joë`m 150 dfmª_Ü`o ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r VrZ _hÎdmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ
ApñVËdmV Ambo.
1) n{hbm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ý`m`_yVu amZSo> Am{U amo_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr Adb§~bobm amï´>dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
hmoVm. ^maVmVrb øm {dMmad§Vm§Zm EH$ "^maVr` AW©emó' {Z_m©U H$am`Mo hmoVo. Ago H$aÊ`m_mJo
Ë`m§Mm à_wI {dMma hmoVm H$s, AW©emó ho ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Img d¡{eï²>`m§da AmYmabobo
Agbo nm{hOo. Aem àH$maMo "^maVr` AW©emó' {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ KoUo
OéarMo hmoVo. AZoH$ ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr àmMrZ Am{U _Ü``wJrZ ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoda {bImU
Ho$bo. nU 1930erÀ`m XeH$mnmgyZ AW©emó øm {df`m_Yë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr
bmoH${à`Vm hiyhiy H$_r hmoD$ bmJbr. `m_wio AZoH$ dfmªgmR>r e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§_Yrb AW©emó
{df`mÀ`m g§emoYZmV Am{U {eH$dÊ`mV "Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMo' ñWmZ ho Xþæ`_M am{hbo.
2) ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg boIZmMo Xþgao nd© ho 1950À`m XeH$mV gwê$ Pmbo. øm
H$mimV _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mm à^md AW©emók Am{U B{VhmgH$ma `m§À`mda {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm.
6
3) ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmMo {Vgao nd© 1960À`m XeH$mV gwê$ Pmbo. {X„r ñHy$b Am°\$
BH$m°Zm°{_Šg `m g§ñWoVrb Aä`mgH$m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmda {bImU
H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
^maVr` amï´>dmXr AW©emómMo XmoZ à_wI hoVy hmoVo. n{hbm hoVy hmoVm {~«Q>re amOdQ>rÀ`m
^maVmda Pmboë`m Am{W©H$ n[aUm_m§Mr CH$b H$aUo Xþgam hoVy hm hmoVm H$s Am{W©H$ {gÕm§VmMr gd©
ì`mnH$Vm ZmH$maUo. nmümË` AW©emók ho Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bobo {gÕm§V ho gd© OJmVrb amï´>m§Zm bmJy
hmoVmV Agm Xmdm H$aV hmoV.o _mÌ ^maVmVrb amï´>dmXr {dMmad§VmZm ho _mÝ` ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zm ho _mhrV
hmoVo H$s ^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm dgmhVdmXr Agë`m_wio øm ì`dñWoMr H$mhr Img d¡{eï²>` hmoVr.
^maVmVrb {dMmad§VmZm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMr Img d¡{eï²>`o A§V^y©V H$aUmar Mm¡H$Q> C^r H$am`Mr
hmoVr. nm{ü_mË` amï´>m§Zm bmJy hmoUmao Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V d {Z`_ ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWobm bmJy nS>V
ZmhrV Agm Ë`m§Mm {dœmg hmoVm.
_hmXod JmoqdX amZSo> `m§Zr 1892 gmbr nwÊ`mÀ`m So>¸$Z H$m°boO `oWo "^maVmMr amOH$s`
AW©ì`dñWm' (Indian Political Economy) `m {df`mda ^mfU Ho$bo. `m ^mfUm_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr
_m§S>bo H$s ^maVmMr amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Z¡{VH$ (ethical) d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
nmümË` Xoem§À`mnojm doJir Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m ~m~VrV bmJy nS>Umao {gÕm§V d
{Z`_ ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWobm bmJy nS>VrbM Ago Zmhr.
amo_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr "^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg' (Economic History of India) XmoZ I§S>mV
{b{hbm. hm B{Vhmg amï´>dmXr B{Vhmg boIZ na§naoMm CÎm_ Z_wZm Amho. amo_oeM§Ð XÎm ho "^maVr`
gZXr godo' (Indian Civil Service) _Ü`o H$m`©aV hmoVo. _mÌ 26 df© godm Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m ZmoH$arMm amOrZm_m {Xbm Am{U Amnbo Z§VaMo OrdZ amOH$maU d {bImUmbm An©U
Ho$bo. Vo ^maVr` amï´> g^oMo gXñ` hmoVo. XÎm `m§Zr Amnë`m nwñVH$m_Ü`o B§J«Or bmoH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m
Am{W©H$ emofUmMr nwamdo XoD$Z CH$b Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr {b{hboë`m {ÛI§S>r` Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmZo
^maVmÀ`m amï´>dmXr Am{W©H$ B{VhmgboIZmbm EH$ _O~yV Mm¡H$Q> nwadbr. XÎm `m§Zr {b{hboë`m
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmbm AZoH$ Aä`mgH$ ^maVr` amï´>dmXr Am{W©H$ B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m na§naoMm _yb^yV
JǤW _mZVmV.
^maVr` amï´>dmXr Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$boë`m {~«Q>re amOdQ>rdarb {Q>Ho$bm {~«Q>re
Am{W©H$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr AmìhmZ {Xbo. Ago H$aUmè`m {~«Q>re Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o S>ãby. EM. _moab±S> ho
à_wI hmoV.o _moab±S> ho EH$ {~«Q>re gZXr godoVrb A{YH$mar hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
Aä`mgbm. _moab±S> `m§Zr Amnbo bj _moJb H$mimVrb AW©ì`dñWoMm gImob Aä`mg H$aÊ`mda
H|${ÐV Ho$bo. Ë`mMr XmoZ à_wI nwñVHo$ åhUOo "B§{S>`m A°Q> X So>W Am°\$ AH$~a' Am{U "\«$m°_
AH$~a Qy> Am¡a§JOo~'. _moab±S> `m§Zr Ho$boë`m _moJb AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dûcofUmV ^maVmVrb H$_r
àVrMo amhUr_mZ, gd©ì`mnH$ J[a~r, {~«Q>re ^maVmVrb àý, ho ^maVr` amOH$s` AW©ì`dñWoMr
7
XrK©H$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Agbobr d¡{eï²>`o hmoVr Ago _V _m§S>bo. WmoS>Š`mV dgmhVr
{dMmad§Vm§Zr Aer ^y{_H$m KoVbr H$s ^maVmVrb Am{W©H$ àým§gmR>r {~«Q>re amOdQ> O~m~Xma ZgyZ
^maVr` na§nam, g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXt_Yrb Xmof O~m~Xma hmoV.o dgmhVr {dMmad§Vm§_Ü`o gdm©V
à^mdr _m§S>Ur hr doam A°ZQ>ço `m§Zr Ho$br. doam A°ZQ>ço øm b§S>Z ñHy$b Am°\$ BH$moZmo_rŠg øm
g§ñWoVrb àmÜ`mnH$ hmoË`m.
_mŠg©dmXr Am{W©H$ B{VhmgboIZ
1940 d 1950À`m XeH$mV _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaàUmbrZo ^maVmVrb B{VhmgH$mam§Zm Am{W©H$
B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgm{hV Ho$bo. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrnmgyZM AOw©Z AßnmXþam`
gma»`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Am{W©H$ àý hmVmiUo gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. AßnmXþam` `m§Zr XmoZ I§S>m§V B.g.
1000 Vo 1500 `m H$mbI§S>mgmR>r X{jU ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg Aä`mgbm. 1950À`m
XeH$mV EZ. Ho$. qgZm `m§Zr ~§JmbMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg VrZ I§S>mV {b{hbm. ~hþVm§e B{VhmgH$ma
ho amOH$s` B{VhmgM {b{hV hmoVo. 1940 Am{U 1950À`m XeH$m§_Ü`o OJmVrb AZoH$
B{VhmgH$ma _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaàUmbrZo ào[aV hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ àým§da {bImU H$ê$ bmJbo hmoVo.
B§½b§S> _Yrb "nmñQ> A°ÊS> àogoÝQ>§' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVyZ {hb, hm°ãg~m°_ Am{U W°_g `m§À`m gmaIo
B{VhmgH$ma {b{hÊ`mÀ`m ZdrZ _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$ê$ bmJbo hmoVo. øm B{VhmgH$mam§À`m {bImUmMm
^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§da _moR>m à^md nS>bm.
^maVmVrb B{Vhmg boIZmda _mŠg©dmXmMm à^md nS>ë`m_wio AZoH$ ZdrZ eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U
Pmë`m. _mŠg©dmXr {dMmaàUmbr_Ü`o Am{W©H$ ~m~tZm Iyn _hÎd Agë`m_wio AZoH$ Aä`mgH$
Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mH$So> dibo. 1960À`m XeH$m_Ü`o ^maVmVrb Zm_d§V {dÚmnrR>m§À`m
B{Vhmg {d^mJmV ^maVr` Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg _moR>çm à_mUmV {b{hbm OmD$ bmJbm. ^maVr`
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmVrb g§emoYZ gm_m{OH$ B{Vhmgmer OmoS>bo Jobo. _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Zr Am{W©H$
B{Vhmg d gm_m{OH$ B{Vhmg `m§Zm Odi AmUbo.
_mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mm n[aUm_ àmMrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmV à^mdr hmoVm. S>r. S>r.
H$mog§~r `m§Zr àmMrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr. H$mog§~r `m§À`m boIZmZo
KS>dyZ AmUboë`m øm n[adV©Zmbm Zm_d§V B{VhmgH$ma amo{_bm Wmna `m§Zr "{dMmaì`yh{Xem~Xb'
(Paradigm Shift) Ago g§~moYbo Amho.
_mŠg©dmXmMm à^md _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmg boIZmda XoIrb Pmbm. {deofV… _moJb
^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmda bjUr` n[aUm_ Pmë`mMm AmT>iVmo. nma§nm[aH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _moJb
g_«mQ>m§À`m H$ma{H$XuÀ`m Aä`mgmda OmñV bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr,
ì`mnma, V§ÌkmZ, nVnoT>r ì`dhma, ga§Om_emhrMo ñdê$n Am{U ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m CX`mMr eŠ`Vm
Aem AZoH$ Am{W©H$Ñï²>`m _hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§da B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {bImU gwê$ Ho$bo. àm. Ba\$mZ
h~r~ `m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr n[aàoú`mVyZ _Ü``wJrZ _moJb ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {b{hbm. 1963 gmbr
8
Ë`m§Mm ZmdmObobm J«W§ "A°J«oar`Z {gpñQ>_ Am°\$ _wKb B§{S>`m' à{gÕ Pmbm. h~r~ `m§Zr _moJb
gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Am{U Ë`mVrb dJ©g§Kf© XmIdbm.
dJ© g§Kfm©_wio _moJb gm_«mÁ`mV A[aï> {Z_m©U Pmbo Am{U Ë`mMm èhmg hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr
Ago _V Ë`m§Zr gd©àW_ Amnë`m J«W§ mV _m§S>bo. Ba\$mZ h~r~m§Mm J«§W àH$m{eV hmoB©n`ªV nma§n[aH$
B{VhmgboIZ _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmbm \$º$ amOH$s` H$maUo O~m~Xma hmoVr Ago _m§S>V Ago.
_mÌ, h~r~m§Zr Amnë`m J«§WmV Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§dahr ^a {Xbm Am{U XmIdyZ {Xbo H$s
_moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg hmoÊ`mgmR>r àm_w»`mZo Am{W©H$ H$maUoM O~m~Xma hmoVr. øm J«§Wm_wio
B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Ü`o d¡Mm[aH$ _§WZ KSy>Z Ambo d AZoH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg {b{hÊ`mMo _hÎd
g_Obo.
AW©emókm§Mr B{VhmgboIZmVrb éMr
1950Mm XeH$mV Ooìhm _mŠg©dmXr Aä`mgH$ B{VhmgmMr nwZ_mªS>Ur H$ê$ bmJbo hmoVo, Ë`mM
H$mimV {X„r ñHy$b Am°\$ BH$moZm°{_Šg `m g§ñWoÀ`m AW©emókm§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ {df`m§_Ü`o g§emoYZ
gwê$ Ho$bo hmoV.o 1963 gmbr VnZ aoMm¡Yar Am{U Y_m© Hw$_ma `m§Zr B§{S>`Z BH$moZmo{_H$ Am{U
gmoeb {hñQ>ar [aìøy ho {Z`VH$m{bH$ gwê$ Ho$bo. øm {Z`VH$m{bH$mV Am{W©H$ {df`m§À`m ~amo~a
gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` _hÎd Agboë`m {df`m§da boI à{gÕ hmoD$ bmJbo. H$mbm§VamZo
gm§ñH¥${VH$ {df`m§darb boIm§Zm XoIrb à{gÕ Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo. {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m g§nmXH$m§Zr
EH$ ì`mnH$ ^y{_H$m KoVbr. VnZ aoMm¡Yar Am{U Y_m© Hw$_ma `m§Zr naV EH${ÌV `oD$Z H|${~«O
BH$moZmo{_H$ {hñQ>ar Am°\$ B§{S>`m ho ZmdmObobo nwñVH$ {b{hbo.
1960À`m XeH$mV {X„r ñHy$bÀ`m Amo_ àH$me, Amo_H$ma Jmoñdm_r, g§O` gw~«_Ê`_ `m
gma»`m AZoH$ Zm_d§V Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {bImU Ho$bo. øm Aä`mgH$m§Zr Amnë`m {bImUmV
hmVmibobo àý ho Am{W©H$ àým§n`ªV gr{_V ZìhVo, Ë`m§Zm EH$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$n hmoVo. Am{W©H$
àým§Mr H$maUo emoYVm§Zm øm Aä`mgH$m§Zr gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎd {Xbo.
{X„r ñHy$bÀ`m H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmVrb àým§Mm gm§p»`H$s Aä`mg XoIrb Ho$bm.
Eg. gw~«_Ê`_ `m§Zr amï´>r` CËnÞmMm (national income) CËH¥$ï> gm§p»`H$s Aä`mg Ho$bm.
1967 gmbMm dmX
1963 gmbr àm. _moarg S>r. _moarg `m§Zr 'Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth
Century Indian Economic History' hm boI 'Journal of Economic History' øm
{Z`VH$m{bH$mV à{gÕ Ho$bm. øm boIm_wio 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVr` Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmda _moR>çm
à_mUmV MMm© KSy>Z Ambr. øm boImZo Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o Vrd« ^mdZm OmJ¥V Pmë`m. _mÌ
^maVmVrb d naXoemVrb Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr àm. _moarg `m§À`m {dMmam§da MMm© Ho$br Zmhr.
1968 gmbr Indian Economic and Social History Review `m Am§Va{dÚmemIr`
(interdiciplinary) g§emoYZ n{ÌHo$À`m {deof A§H$m_Ü`o _moarg `m§À`m {dMmam§da {Q>ßnUr H$aUmao
9
AZoH$ boI N>mnyZ Ambo. {~nrZ M§Ð, Vmoamo _ËgwB d Q>r.aoMm¡Yar `m§Zr _moarg `m§À`m _m§S>Urda
Amnbo åhUUo _m§S>bo. 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgm~m~V B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o
Agbobo _V^oX `m {Z{_ÎmmZo nwT>o Ambo. `m dmXmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zm ^oS>gmdV
Agboë`m AZoH$ àým§Mm Aä`mgnyU© D$hmnmoh Pmbm. g§emoYZ n{ÌHo$À`m g§nmXH$m§Zr _moarg `m§Mm
_yi boI d Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ë`mV _m§S>bobo Amnbo åhUUo nwñVH$ énmV à{gÕ Ho$bo.
Ia Va 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm Zoh_rM dmXJ«ñV am{hbm Amho.
19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V d 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V AW©Vk d Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o `m
g§~§{YV dmX gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm. gm_«mÁ`dmXr JQ> d gm_«mÁ`dmX-{damoYr JQ> Ago XmoZ doJdoJio
{dMmaàdmh Agbobo Aä`mgH$m§Mo JQ> {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. gm_«mÁ`dmXr {dMma àdmhmMo g_W©H$
_m§S>V hmoVo H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV ^maVmMr g_¥Õr dmT>br hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo `mgmR>r
O~m~Xma Agbobr à_wI H$maUo åhUOo {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVm_Ü`o {Z_m©U Ho$bobm EH$ N>Ìr A§_b,
H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm, H$m`©j_ ZmoH$aemhr, aoëdoMm {dH$mg, dmT>Vm A§VJ©V d naXoer ì`mnma
Am{U bmJdS>rImbr Agboë`m O{_ZrÀ`m à_mUmV Pmbobr àM§S> dmT>. gm_«mÁ`dmXr JQ>mÀ`m
Aä`mgH$m§Zr {~«Q>re emgZmÀ`m "{Za§Hw$e AW©ì`dhma YmoaUmMo' (Laissez faire policy) g_W©Z
Ho$bo hmoV.o Aem àH$maMr {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m ~mOyMr _m§S>Ur ñQ´>Mo ~§Yy , OZab MogZo Am{U
bm°S©> H$P©Z d AZoH$ {~«Q>re ZmoH$aehm§Zr Ho$bobr AmT>iVo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV AgmM AW© Agbobr
_m§S>Ur Q>r. _moZgZ, Or. E\$. {eam©g, Eb. gr. E. ŠZmoëg Am{U doam AZQ>ço `m§À`m gma»`m
Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$br.
gm_«mÁ`dmXr _m§S>Urbm {damoY H$aUmao Xþgè`m JQ>mVrb Aä`mgH$ ho _m§S>V hmoVo H$s {~«Q>re
amOdQ>r_wio ^maVm_Ü`o H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr qH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr AWdm
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg qH$dm gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm Pmbr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo {~«Q>re
emgZmZo ZwgVo Am{W©H$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo, _mÌ `m_wio H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg
Pmbm Zmhr. CbQ> {~«{Q>em§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m dgmhVr ì`dñWo_wio ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm
Iri ~gbr. Xþgè`m JQ>mVrb Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo {~«Q>re amOdQ> hr ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVr_Ü`o
AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aUmar amOdQ> hmoVr. Oa ^maVmMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYm`Mm
Agob Va ^maVmda à^wËd Agboë`m {~«Q>re amOdQ>rbm Zï> H$aUo OéarMo Pmbo hmoV.o gm_«mÁ`dmXr
_m§S>Urbm {damoY H$aUmao AZoH$ Aä`mgH$ ho amï´>dmXr Midirer g§~§{YV hmoV.o XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr,
Ý`m`_yVu amZSo> , bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$, Ama. gr. XÎm, Ama. nr. XÎm d BVa AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr
Amnë`m {bImUmV gm_«mÁ`dmXr _m§S>Urbm {damoY Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo.
_moarg `m§Zr Amnë`m boImV 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgm~m~V H$moUË`mhr
àH$maMm ZdrZ AWm©{dîH$ma Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrbm gm_«mÁ`dmXr JQ>mÀ`m
Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m _m§S>Urbm ZdrZ Am{W©H$ n[a^mfm dmnê$Z Zdo ê$n àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo.
10
gm_«mÁ`dmXr JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§à_mUo _moarg `m§Mr _m§S>Ur XoIrb {~«{Q>em§À`m "A{Z~ªY
AW©ì`dñWm' {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m CnH«$_mÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rZo g_md¥Îm Ho$bobr AmT>iVo.
_moarg `m§Zr Amnë`m boImV 19ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r O~m~Xma
Agboë`m KQ>H$m§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo 19ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmÀ`m bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMm
Xa \$ma H$_r hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z `oÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$g§»`m OmñV à_mUmV dmT>Uo
JaOoMo hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV, _moarg `m§À`m _Vo 19ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»`m Aën XamZo
dmT>ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm Zmhr.
_moarg `m§Zr Amnë`m boImV amOH$s` KQ>H$mbm _hÎd {Xbo Amho. Ë`m§Zr Ago _V _m§S>bo
Amho H$s 19ì`m eVH$mV {~«Q>re amOdQ>rZo ^maVm_Ü`o EH$ CXma_VdmXr amï´>-amÁ` (liberal
nation-state) ñWmnZ Ho$bo. øm CXma_VdmXr amï´>-amÁ`mZo ^maVm_Ü`o H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWm ñWmnZ
Ho$br, EH$ H$m`©j_ àemgZ ApñVËdmV AmUbo. `m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm hmV^ma bmJbm.
{~«{Q>em§Zr H$a àUmbrMo d ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo `mo½` {Z`moOZ Ho$bo Am{U añVo d aoëdoMm {dH$mg
Ho$bm. AmH$So>dmarÀ`m AmYmao _moarg ho _V _m§S>VmV H$s ^maVmVrb eoVr_Yrb XaEH$ar gamgar
CËnmXZ (average agricultural output per acre) Am{U Xaì`º$s gamgar eoVH$s CËnmXZ
(average agricultural output per person) ho 19ì`m eVH$mV dmT>bo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo 19ì`m
eVH$mV KS>boë`m eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`o_wio Xa EH$ar eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>bo hmoVo.
_moarg `m§À`m _m§S>UrVrb gdm©V _hÎdmMm _wÔm hm ^maVmVrb hñVH$bm CÚmoJm§À`m
èhmgmg§~§{YV hmoVm. Amnë`m boIZmV _moarg `m§Zr ho _V _m§S>bo H$s Oar {~«Q>Zdê$Z Am`mV
Ho$boë`m {~«Q>re H$mnS>mZo ^maVmVrb hmV_mJ H$mnS>m~amo~a ñnYm© Ho$br Agbr Var {~«Q>Z_Ü`o
`§Ìmda V`ma Ho$bobm YmJm dmnaë`m_wio hmV_mJ {dUH$am§Mr ñnYm© H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>br hmoVr.
_moarg `m§À`m boImda {~{nZ M§Ð `m§À`mgma»`m AZoH$ Zm_d§V B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$br.
Q>rH$mH$mam§Zr àm_w»`mZo ho _V _m§S>bo H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ>rbm ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mV
An`e Ambo hmoV.o {~«{Q>em§Zr Am{W©H$ n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUbo, _mÌ `m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z
Ambm Zmhr. H$mbm§VamZo {~«Q>re amOdQ> hr ^maVmÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ d H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r EH$
AS>Wim ~Zbr H$maU {~«{Q>em§À`m Cnm`-`moOZm§_wio ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWobm EH$ "dgmhVr'
ñdê$n àmá Pmbo d eoVrì`dñWm hr "AY©-ga§Om_r' (semi-feudal) ñdê$nmMr Pmbr hmoVr.
{~«Q>re amOdQ>rZo ^maVmV bmJy Ho$boë`m gd© Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mm hoVy ^maVmMr 'dgmhVr
AW©ì`dñWm' {Q>H$dUo Am{U ÑT> H$aUo hm hmoVm.
WmoS>Š`mV, _moarg `m§À`m {dMmam§Zm {damoY H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr ho _V _m§S>bo H$s ^maVmÀ`m
Am{W©H$ Ý`yZ{dH$mgmgmR>r (underdevelopment) {~«{Q>em§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobr "dgmhVr
AW©ì`dñWmM' O~m~Xma hmoVr. {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm Ý`yZ{dH$mg hm ZwgVm
11
A{dH$mg ZìhVm Va {dH$mgmMo {dH¥$VrH$aU hmoVo
(The underdevelopment of India under
British colonialism was not non-development but a distortion of development).
gm_«mÁ`dmXr / dgmhVdmXr {dMmam§Mo AbrH$S>rb H$mimVrb nwZéËWmZ
19ì`m eVH$mnmgyZM {~«Q>re Aä`mgH$ d A{YH$mar `m§Zr dgmhVr amOdQ>rMo g_W©Z H$aUmao
{dMma _m§S>m`bm gwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. {~«Q>re amOdQ>r_wio ^maVm_Ü`o H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm ñWmnZ
Pmbr, XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZm§_Ü`o dmT> Pmbr, OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oer OmoS>bo Joë`m_wio naamï´>r`
ì`dhmam_Ü`o dmT> Pmbr, naamï´>r` Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>br, eoVr_Yrb O_rZ h¸$m_Ü`o ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo
Am{U qgMZ ì`dñWm gwYmabr. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio ^maVm_Ü`o Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm. øm
Aä`mgH$m§Zr ^maVm_YyZ hmoUmam g§nÎmrMm {Zñgma (drain of wealth) ZmH$mabm. øm {dMmad§Vm§À`m
_Vo ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aUmao KQ>H$ åhUOo _moR>r bmoH$g§»`m,
^m§S>dbmMm VwQ>dS>m, gm_m{OH$ MmbrarVr, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, ^maVr` bmoH$m§Mr _yë`o d gd`r,
bmoH$m§_Yrb _hÎdmH$m§joMm A^md, {ddmhm§V Ho$bm OmUmam àM§S> IM©, ^maVmÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$
pñWVrVrb Xmof d hdm_mZmMr n[apñWVr, ho hmoVo.
AbrH$S>rb H$mimV VrWªH$a am°` `m§Zr 'The Economic History of India' øm J«W§ m_Ü`o hm
Ñ{ï>H$moZ ZdrZ àH$mao _m§S>bm Amho. Ë`m§Zr hr ^y{_H$m KoVbr Amho H$s, 19ì`m eVH$mV ^maVm_Ü`o
gH$mamË_H$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm. Ë`mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo ^maV hm EH$m dmT>Ë`m
OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oer OmoS>bm Jobm. {~«Q>rem§Zr EH$ à~i amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo d AmYw{ZH$
XiUdiU gmYZm§Zm MmbZm {Xbr. Ë`m§À`m amOdQ>rV CÚmoJ d godm§_Yrb (services) dmñVd
CËnÞ (real income) dmT>bobo AmT>iVo.
VrWªH$a am°` `m§À`m _Vo 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m Aën XamMr
H$maU_r_m§gm hr ñWm{ZH$ bjUo d d¡{eï²>`o Aä`mgyZ Ho$br nm{hOo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ^maVmÀ`m
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb J{VhrZVobm {~«{Q>em§Mr amOdQ> O~m~Xma Z nH$S>Vm ^maVm_Yrb n[apñWVrMo
{dûcofU Ho$bo nm{hOo. CXm. 1) ^maVm_Yrb nmÊ`mMm VwQ>dS>m 2) ^maVmMr dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m 3)
Om{V ì`dñWm-Á`m_wio ~mOmanoR>o_Ü`o AZoH$ CUrdm {Z_m©U Pmë`m 4) ^maVr` bmoH$m§Mm gmoZo d
Mm§Xr `m Ðì`m§gmR>rMm bmo^rnUm 5) ^maVr` bmoH$m§Mr {ddmhH$m`m©da _moR>m IM© H$aÊ`mMr dmB©Q>
gd` 6) eoVrMo hdm_mZmda namdb§{~Ëd 7) ~±H$ d {d_m joÌmMm AË`ën {dH$mg. am°` `m§À`m
_Vo 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmMm _mJmgbonUm hm darb n[apñWVr_wio hmoVm.
VrWªH$a am°` `m§À`m {dMmam§Zm ^maVmVrb AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm Amho. Am{XË`
_wIOu `m§Zr ho _V _m§S>bo H$s dgmhVr ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmbm dgmhVdmXmZo AmH$ma {Xbm
hmoVm. Ë`m_wio {~«Q>re amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimVrb Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg åhUOo dgmhVdmXmMmM
Aä`mg H$aUo hmo`. WmoS>Š`mV, {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMr gÎmm àM§S> hmoVr. {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVr`
AW©ì`dñWobm "dgmhVr' ñdê$n XoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ YmoaUo Adb§~br. Ë`m_wio 19ì`m eVH$mVrb
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^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg Aä`mgm`Mm Agob Va bj {~«{Q>em§À`m dgmhVdmXmda H|${ÐV Ho$bo
nm{hOo. {~«Q>re amOdQ> ^maVmÀ`m A{dH$mgmbm H$em àH$mao O~m~Xma hmoVr ho Aä`mgUo 19ì`m
eVH$mVrb Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmMm à_wI àý Amho.
H$mhr bmoH$ AOyZhr {~«Q>re amOdQ>r_wio ^maVmbm \$m`Xm Pmbm d Ë`m§ZrM ^maVmbm
AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m _mJm©Zo Zobo hm {dMma ~miJVmV. _mÌ øm {dMmamda Iyn Q>rH$m Pmbr
Amho. amï´>dmXr - _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ho ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ> ^maVmÀ`m
_mJmgboë`m AW©ì`dñWogmR>r O~m~Xma hmoVr. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ho XmIdbo Amho H$s
^maVm_YyZ bwQ>boë`m g§nÎmrZo `wamon_Ü`o ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m {dñVmambm MmbZm {Xbr. Am{XË`
_wIOvZr Ë`m§À`m boIZmV ho _V _m§S>bo Amho H$s ^maVmbm ZwgVrM {~«Q>re _mbmgmR>r ~§{XñV
~mOmanoR> åhUyZ nmhUo MwH$sMo hmoB©b. {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVm_Yrb daH$S> CËnÞmMo (surplus income)
AZoH$ _mJmªZr emofU Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVm_YyZ ñdñV H$m_Jma d H$ƒm _mb Zobm ho XoIrb bjmV
R>odbo nm{hOo.
1.2.2 ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo _mŠg©dmXr AmH$bZ; emofUmMm {gÕm§V
H$mb© _mŠg© `m§Zr Amnë`m {bImUmV ^maVm~Ôb AZoH$ {Q>ßnÊ`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. _mŠg©
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {bImU H$aV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur hr AZoH$ doim
MwH$sÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ`m§da AmYm[aV hmoVr. S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r, Ama. Eg. e_m©, amo{_bm Wmna,
Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§À`mgma»`m Zm_d§V B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mŠg©À`m _m§S>UrVrb MwH$m XmIdyZ {Xë`m
AmhoV. _mŠg©Mo ^maVm~ÔbMo {bImU VwQ>H$ ñdénmMo Amho. _mŠg©Zo doJdoJù`m H$mimV
^maVm~Ôb doJdoJio {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio _mŠg©À`m ^maVm~ÔbÀ`m
{dMmam§g§~Y§ mZo Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. _mÌ ho AmnU bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo H$s
_mŠg©Zo BVa Am{e`mB© Xoem§nojm ^maVm~Ôb OmñV dmMZ Ho$bo hmoVo d Ë`m§Zr "dgmhVdmXmÀ`m'
g§~§{YV _m§S>bobo {dMma ho àm_w»`mZo ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©VM AmhoV. _mŠg©Zo ^maVmMm Aä`mg
OJm_Yrb ^m§S>dbemhrMm CX` g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm hmoVm.
_mŠg©Mm Am{e`mB© g_mOm§À`m ~m~V EH$ _moR>m J¡ag_O hmoVm. _mŠg©bm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo H$s
Am{e`m I§S>mVrb gd© g_mO ho J{VeyÝ` qH$dm Aàdmhr (stagnant or changeless) hmoVo. hm
J¡ag_O Agë`m_wio _mŠg©Zo "dgmhVdmXmbm' ^maV Am{U Am{e`m _Ü`o n[adV©Z KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m {Xbr hmoVr. _mŠg©Mr Xþgar MwH$sMr g§H$ënZm "nm¡dm©Ë` {Za§Hw$e hþHw$_emhr'Mr
hmoVr. _mŠg©Mm Agm g_O hmoVm H$s Am{e`mB© Xoem§Vrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr d hdm_mZm_wio
bmJdS>rImbr O_rZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r H¥${Ì_ ObqgMZ H$aUo OéarMo hmoVo. ObqgMZ nÕVr {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gÎmm H|$ÐrH$aU AgUo H«$_àmá hmoVo. `m_wio ^maVmV Am{U BVa Am{e`mB© Xoem§_Ü`o
EH$ à~i, H|${ÐV, {Za§Hw$e gÎmm Agbobr amÁ`-g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr hmoVr. _mŠg©Mm {Vgam
J¡ag_O hmoVm H$s ^maVm_Ü`o O{_ZrÀ`m g§X^m©V ImOJr _mbH$s h¸$ (private property rights)
13
ZìhVo. _mŠg©Mm Agm XoIrb g_O hmoVm H$s ^maVmVrb doJdoJù`m IoSo>JmdmVrb g_yh
EH$_oH$m§À`m nmgyZ {dbJ Ago hmoVo (isolation of village communities).
H$mb© _mŠg©À`m ^maVm~ÔbÀ`m AZoH$ J¡ag_OwVtZr Ë`m§À`m ñdV…À`m {~«Q>re amOdQ>r
~ÔbÀ`m {dMmam§da n[aUm_ Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo. Owb¡ 1853 _Ü`o {b{hboë`m "The Future
Results of British Rule in India' ZmdmÀ`m EH$m boImV _mŠg©Zo {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMo ^maVm_Yrb
H$m`© ñnï> Ho$bo. EH$Va ^maVm_Yrb OwZr gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Zï> H$aUo d ^maVm_Ü`o nmümË`
g_mOaMZoMm nm`m amodUo. Ago Pmë`mda ^maVm_Ü`o ^m§S>dbemhr d ^m§S>dbXmar CÚmoJmbm gwédmV
hmoB©b. aoëdo ì`dñWo_wio ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$ Om{V ì`dñWm d l_{d^mJUr (division of labour)
Zï> hmoB©b. IoS>o JmdmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ {_iob, Á`m_wio Vo Ë`m§Mo nma§nm[aH$
hñVH$bm CÚmoJ AmYw{ZH$ H$ê$ eH$Vrb. _mŠg©bm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo H$s aoëdo_wio VimVrb
bmoH$m§_Ü`o ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m àgmamMr à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoB©b. ^maVm_Ü`o ^m§S>dbemhr d nmümË`
g_mOaMZm éOë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoB©b. H$mbm§VamZo Ë`m§Zm {~«Q>re amOdQ>rnmgyZ
ñdV…bm _wº$ H$ê$Z KoVm `oB©b. _mŠg©À`m _Vo amOH$s` EH$Vm, EH$ AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` bîH$a
Am{U EH$m AmYw{ZH$ ~w{ÕOrdr dJm©À`m ApñVËdm_wio ^maVr` bmoH$ {~«{Q>em§À`m A{YnË`mnmgyZ
_wº$ hmoD$ eH$Vrb.
_mJrb AZoH$ df} _mŠg©dmXr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§emoYZmVyZ ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s
_mŠg©À`m ^maVr` g_mOm~m~V AZoH$ MwH$sÀ`m g_OwVr hmoË`m, {deofV… Ë`m§Mm hm J¡ag_O hmoVm
H$s ^maVr` g_mO hm EH$ Z ~XbUmam g_mO hmoVm. _mŠg©bm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo H$s ^maVm_Yrb
{~«Q>re amOdQ> `oWo ^m§S>dbXmar CÚmoJmbm (capitalist industry) àmoËgmhZ XoB©b. _mŠg©Mm hm
g_O XoIrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rZo MwH$sMm R>abm. `mMo H$maU ho hmoVo H$s _mŠg©Mo Amnbo
dgmhVdmXmÀ`m g§~§YrMo {dMma MwH$sÀ`m _m{hVrda AmYmabobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _mŠg©Zo Am{e`mB©
XoemVrb g_mOm~Ôb Ho$bobo {dûcofU ho Anwao d AZoH$ ~m~VrV MwH$sMohr hmoVo. »`mVZm_
B{VhmgH$ma {~nrZ M§Ð `m§À`m _Vo dgmhVr amOdQ>tÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r _mŠg©Zo Ho$bobr
dgmhVdmXmdarb ^mî`o \$ma _hÎdmMr ZmhrV. _mÌ Ago Agbo Var _mŠg©Zo ^maVm~Ôb Ho$boë`m
{bImUmV Iyn {R>H$mUr Eo{Vhm{gH$ __©Ñï>r (historical insight) Xe©{dbr Amho. nwT>rb H$mimVrb
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zm _mŠg©À`m ømM {bImUmZo {Xem {Xbr.
S>r. S>r. H$mog§~rZr ^maVr` B{VhmgmMr _mŠg©dmXr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ama. Eg.
e_m©, amo{_bm Wmna, Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§À`mgma»`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Vr nwT>o Zobr. `m§À`m _Yrb
àË`oH$mZo _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgboIZemó {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `moJXmZ {Xbo d ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m
doJdoJù`m n¡byda àH$me Q>mH$bm.
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m Ñï>rZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV "amï´>' ho XmoZ à_wI dJmª_Ü`o {d^mJbobo
Amho. N>moQ>m ~wÁdm© dJ© (petty bourgeoisie) d H$m_Jma dJ© (proletariat). Vo {damoYH$ AgyZ
14
Ë`m§À`m _Ü`o H$bh hmoUo AQ>i AgVo. Aem àH$maMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Agë`m_wio Ama. nr. XÎm d E.
Ama. XogmB© `m§Zr Amnë`m _m§S>UrV eoVH$ar d H$m_Jma dJmªZm _hÎd {Xbo. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$ma
`m_wioM Amnë`m {bImUmV eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma d gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm _hÎd XoVmV.
_mŠg©dmXr Aä`mgH$ ho "dgmhVdmXmbm' EImÚm A§{H$V dgmhVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m _mbmda H$ãOm
H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© g_OVmV. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb amï´>dmXr MidirMm Aä`mg {~«Q>re H$mimVrb
Am{W©H$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ^maVmÀ`m amï´>r` MidirMo ZoV¥Ëd _Ü`_ dJm©Zo
(bourgeoisie) Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr amï´>r` Midirbm ñdV…Mo {hVg§~Y
§ gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r {Xem {Xbr.
_mÌ gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m {hVg§~§Ym§H$So> Xþb©j Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«og hr àm_w»`mZo
_moR>çm Om_rZXmam§Mr d lr_§V CÚmoJnVtMr Midi hmoVr. gw{_V gaH$ma `m§Zr Amnë`m 'Modern
India' `m J«§WmV ho _m§S>bo Amho H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ>r {déÕ XmoZ ñVam§da g§Kf© Ho$bm Jobm. n{hbm
ñVa hm A{^OZ bmoH$m§Mm Am{U Xþgam ñVa hm gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mm hmoVm. gw{_V gaH$ma `m§À`m _Vo ho
XmoÝhrhr ñVa Aä`mgbo VaM Amnë`mbm AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg g_Oy eH$Vmo.
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmVrb dJ© d OmVrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb {d{dYVm R>iH$nUo
{ZXe©Zmg AmUbr. Ë`m§Zr ho _V _m§S>bo H$s "dgmhVdmX' Am{U "amï´>dmX' øm XmoÝhr à{H«$`m§H$So>
^maVmVrb emo{fV dJm©Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr j_Vm ZìhVr.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m g§X^m©V _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$boë`m _m§S>Urda Q>rH$m
XoIrb Iyn Pmbr Amho. _mŠg©dmXr Aä`mgH$m§Zr N>moQ>m ~wÁdm© dJ© (petty bourgeoisie) d
H$m_Jma dJ© (proletariat) øm XmoZM dJmªda bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmMr {d^mJUr
OmV, Y_© Am{U g_yh øm AmYmamda XoIrb Pmbobr hmoVr `m Jmoï>rH$So> Xþb©j Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr
^maVmÀ`m A{^OZ dJm©Zo Ho$boë`m `moJXmZmbm Amnë`m _m§S>Ur_Ü`o `mo½` ñWmZ {Xbo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr
^maVmÀ`m amï´>r` MidirÀ`m AqhgmË_H$ ñdénmMo _hÎd AmoiIbo Zmhr. Vo "H«$m§Vrbm' nmqR>~m
XoUmao Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m "AqhgmdmXmbm' \$ma _hÎd {Xbo Zmhr.
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVr` Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmÀ`m g§~§Yr {bImU H$aVmZm Imbrb
_hÎdmMo {df` hmVmibobo AmT>iVmV:
1) ^maVm_Yrb CËnmXZ nÕVr (mode of production)
1950 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVm_Yrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~Xb
Aä`mgÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. _mŠg©Zo {dH${gV Ho$boë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr
^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMm ZdrZ AÝd`mW© bmdbm. øm B{VhmgH$mam§À`m {bImUm_wio AZoH$ ZdrZ
dmX-{ddmX nwT>o Ambo. EH$ _hÎdmMm dmX ^maVmVrb CËnmXZ nÕVr~m~V hmoVm. _mŠg©Zo åhQ>bobo
hmoVo H$s ^maVm_Ü`o EH$ doJir "Am{e`mB© CËnmXZ nÕVr' (Asiatic Mode of Production)
ApñVËdmV hmoVr. ^maVr` _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mŠg©Mm hm {dMma ZmH$mabm. nU Ë`m§Zr
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_mŠg©Mo BVa _m¡{bH$ {dûcofU ZmH$mabo Zmhr. CËnmXZ nÕVrÀ`m g§~§{YV dmX-{ddmXm_Ü`o
"^maVm_Yrb CËnmXZmÀ`m ga§Om_r nÕVrMm' (Feudal Mode of Production) _wÔm nwT>o Ambm.
S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r `m§Zr _mŠg©À`m "ga§Om_r CËnmXZ nÕVrMo' à{V_mZ ~XbyZ Vr ^maVmÀ`m
B{VhmgmMo {dûcofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr. Ë`m§Zr "dê$Z Ambobr ga§Om_emhr' (Feudalism from
above) d "VimVyZ Ambobr ga§Om_emhr' (Feudalism from below) øm g§H$ënZm§Mm Cn`moJ
H$ê$Z _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg CbJS>bm.
2) ì`mnmarH$aU
(commercialisation)
19ì`m eVH$mV {~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o ^maVmV ObX ì`mnmarH$aU Pmbo hmoVo. _mŠg©dmXr
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ë`m§À`m {bImUmV øm à{H«$`oMr g{dñVanUo MMm© Ho$ë`mMr AmT>iVo. {~«Q>re
amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV ^maV hm OmJ{VH$ ^m§S>dbr ~mOmanoR>oer OmoS>bm Jobm. _mÌ ^maV hm {~«Q>ZMr
dgmhV Agë`m_wio Ë`mMo OmJ{VH$ ^m§S>dbr `§ÌUo_Ü`o Agbobo ñWmZ ho Xþæ`_ ñdénmMo hmoVo.
Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmam_Ü`o ^maVr` dñVy§Mo Ag_mZ {d{Z_` (unequal exchange) hmoV Ago.
{~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o ^maVmMo Am{W©H$ emofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ dgmhVr YmoaUo A§_bmV
AmUbr Jobr. `m_wio ^maVmVrb ObX ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMr Am{W©H$ dmT> KSy>Z
Ambr. ^maV EH$ dgmhV Agë`m_wio `oWrb ì`mnmarH$aUmMm \$m`Xm ^maVmbm Z hmoVm Vmo
{~«Q>Zbm Pmbm. CbQ>, ^maVm_Yrb Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm dmT>br. {~«{Q>em§Zr bmXbobr dgmhVr
YmoaUo d Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oer OmoS>boë`m AW©ì`dñWo_wio ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Iw§Q>bm.
gw{_V gaH$ma, Ba\$mZ h~r~, A{_` ~mJMr `m§Zr {~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o Pmboë`m Am{W©H$
~Xbm g§~§Yr Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bo. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mm `w{º$dmX Imbrbà_mUo hmoVm:
{~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o H$mhr Am{W©H$ joÌmMm èhmg Pmbm Va H$mhr Am{W©H$ joÌmV dmT> Pmbobr
{XgyZ `oVo. øm n[adV©Zmg§X^m©V _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m ^y{_H$m KoVë`m AmhoV.
n{hbr ^y{_H$m hr H$s èhmg hm dmT>rnojm _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbm d Xþgar ^y{_H$m hr H$s Am{W©H$
joÌm§_Ü`o Pmbobm èhmg d dmT> øm XmoÝhr Jmoï>tMo H$maU {~«{Q>em§Zr am~dbobr dgmhVdmXr YmoaUo
hmoVr.
3) {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMm eoVrì`dñWoda Pmbobm n[aUm_
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mr ho _V _m§S>bo H$s {~«{Q>em§Zr AmH$mabobm S>moB©OS> O_rZ _hgyb
^aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zm ZJXr {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$amdr bmJbr. ZJXr {nHo$ ~mOmanoR>o_Ü`o
{dH$ë`m {edm` eoVH$è`m§Zm O_rZ _hgyb ^aÊ`mgmR>r amoH$S> n¡go {_iV ZìhVo. øm à{H«$`obm
"gº$sMo ì`mnmarH$aU' (Forced Commercialisation) Ago åh§Q>bo OmVo. eoVH$è`m§Zr ZJXr
{nH$m§Mr _moR>çmà_mUmV bmJdS> Ho$ë`m_wio AÞYmÝ` {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ H$_r Pmbo. `m_wio J«m_rU
^mJmVrb eoVH$è`m§da XþîH$mir n[apñWVrMr OmoIr_ {Z_m©U Pmbr.
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ZJXr {nH$m§Mr eoVr Ho$ë`m_wio àË`oH$ doiobm eoVH$è`mbm \$m`Xm hmoV ZìhVm. Vmo
H$O©~mOmar hmoV Ago. gmdH$mamÀ`m H$Om©V AS>H$ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mbm Ë`mMr O_rZ {dH$mdr bmJV
Ago, Á`m_wio Vmo ^y{_hrZ _Oya AWdm I§S>mda O_rZ H$gUmam eoVH$ar ~ZV Ago. gmdH$mar
H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Mm dJ© eoVH$ar dJm©nmgyZ doJim hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm Z\$m naV eoVO{_ZrV Jw§VdÊ`mV
éMr ZìhVr. {~«{Q>em§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m H$m`Xm nÕVr_wio gmdH$mam§Zm eoVH$è`m§À`m O{_Zr
~iH$mdUo eŠ` Pmbo. {~«{Q>em§À`m BVa YmoaUm§_wio eoVrMr dmT> Iw§Q>br d J«m_rU ^mJmV J[a~r d
Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
4) {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMm ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$ CÚmoJm§da Pmbobm n[aUm_
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo {~«Q>Z_YyZ Amboë`m V`ma _mbm_wio ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$
hñVH$bm CÚmoJm§Mm èhmg Pmbm. ^maVmVrb hñVH$bm CÚmoJm§_Ü`o H$m_ H$aUmao H$mamJra ho
eoV_Oya ~Zbo. {~«Q>re nyd© H$mim_Ü`o ^maV hm dñVy {Z_m©U H$aUmam EH$ AJ«JÊ` Xoe hmoVm.
1750 gmbr ^maV hm gd© OJm_Yrb 25% dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aV Ago. _mÌ 1900 gmbm n`ªV
Vmo \$º$ 1.7% dñVy {Z_m©U H$ê$ bmJbm hmoVm. WmoS>Š`mV {~«Q>re amOdQ>r _Ü`o ^maVmZo Amnbo
dñVy {Z_m©U H$aÊ`m_Ü`o Agbobo AJ«JÊ` ñWmZ J_mdbo d EH$ H$ƒm _mb nwadUmar dgmhV
~Zbm.
5) ^maVmVyZ Pmbobo YZ{Z…ñgmaU
(drain of wealth)
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Amnë`m {bImUmV ^maVm_YyZ {~«Q>ZH$So> g§nÎmrMo {Z…ñgmaU
(drain) Pmbo ho XmIdyZ {Xbo. ho g§nÎmrMo hñVm§VaU hmoÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xma Agboë`m doJdoJù`m
Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m Ë`m§Zr Aä`mgë`m. 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m naamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio
{~«Q>ZH$So> g§nÎmrMo hñVm§VaU H$go hmoV hmoVo ho Ë`m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xbo.
6) ^maVmMm dgmhVnyd© H$mimVrb ì`mnma d dm{UÁ`
H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ago _V _m§S>bo hmoVo H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o ^maVmVrb ì`mnma Am{U
CÚmoJmV naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ Pmë`m_wio ^maVmMm \$m`Xm Pmbm. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zm ho _V
_mÝ` Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo naH$s` ì`mnma d CÚmoJmZo ^maVm_Ü`o _`m©{XV g§nÎmr {Z_m©U Ho$br.
ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJ joÌmVrb naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$s_wio H$mhr "AmYw{ZH$ A§VjoÌ' (modern
enclave) {Z_m©U Pmbr. øm AmYw{ZH$ A§VjoÌr` AW©ì`dñWoMm ^maVmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$
AW©ì`dñWoer H$moUVmhr g§~§Y Zgë`m_wio AW©ì`dñWm d g_mO `m§À`mda Ë`mMm \$maM H$_r
n[aUm_ Pmbm.
AbrH$S>rb _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr hm {dMma _m§S>bm Amho H$s {~«Q>re amOdQ> ñWmnZ
hmoÊ`mnyduÀ`m H$mimV ^maVm_Ü`o ì`mnma, CÚmoJ d ZmJarH$aU ^a^amQ>rbm Ambo hmoVo. gwVr
H$mnS>mMr _moR>çm à_mUmV `wamonbm {Z`m©V Ho$br OmV hmoVr. `m_wio AÞYmÝ` d H$mngmMm A§VJ©V
17
ì`mnma dmT>bm hmoVm. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm ì`mnmar d Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrÀ`m C§~aR>çmda hmoVr. _mÌ
{~«Q>re amOdQ> àñWm{nV Pmë`m_wio øm H«$m§Vrbm Iri ~gbr.
7) {~«{Q>em§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m gmd©O{ZH$ godm
_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo {~«{Q>em§Zr aoëdo d Q>o{bJ«m\$ gma»`m gmd©O{ZH$ godm ^maVmMo
emofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwê$ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. øm godm gwê$ H$aÊ`m_mJMm à_wI hoVy {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMo
AWdm {~«Q>re ^m§S>dbmMo g§ajU H$aUo hm hmoVm.
emofUmMm {gÕm§V (Exploitative thesis)
dgmhVdmX hr H$mhr AI§{S>V KQ>Zm (continuous phenomenon) ZìhVr. dgmhVdmXmbm
EH$mH¥$V aMZm ZìhVr. dgmhVdmXmMo AZoH$ Q>ßno hmoVo. dgmhV Agboë`m XoemMo emofU gwê$ amhV
Agbo Var emofU H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© d nÕVr doJdoJù`m Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o ~XbV hmoVo. ho ~Xb AZoH$
H$maUm§_wio hmoV hmoV.o CXm. OmJ{VH$ ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWo_Yrb n[adV©Z, dgmhVdmXr
gÎmmYmè`m§À`m Xoem_Yrb ~Xb Am{U dgmhV Agboë`m Xoem_Yrb Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ ~Xb ho
emofUmÀ`m nÕVtda n[aUm_ H$aV hmoVo.
Aä`mgH$ dgmhVdmXmbm VrZ doJdoJù`m Q>ßß`mV {d^mJVmV. àË`oH$ Q>ßß`m_Ü`o doJdoJi`m
emofU nÕVr d _mJ© Adb§~bobo Agë`m_wio doJdoJir dgmhVr YmoaUo {~«Q>re amOdQ>rZo am~dbobr
AmT>iVmV. gwadmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o ApñVËdmV Agboë`m emofU nÕVr Z§VaÀ`m Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o ZdrZ
emofU nÕVt~amo~a Mmby amhVmV. _mÌ àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mMr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eï²>`o AgVmV.
dgmhVdmXmÀ`m àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mV JwUmË_H$ ~Xb hmoV AgVmo.
Ama. nr. XÎm `m§Zr n{hë`m§Xm ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V dgmhVr emofUmMm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`m§Zr
^maVmVrb {~«Q>re dgmhVdmXmMr {d^mJUr VrZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o Ho$br:
1) ì`mnmar ^m§S>dbemhrMm Q>ßnm (1757-1800) (Stage of Merchant Capital)
2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^m§S>dbemhrMm Q>ßnm (1800-1860) (Stage of Industrial Capitalism)
3) {dÎmr` ^m§S>dbemhrMm Q>ßnm (1860-1947) (Stage of Finance Capitalism)
dgmhVr emofUmMm n{hbm Q>ßnm
Ama. nr. XÎm `m§Zr dgmhVdmXr emofUmÀ`m n{hë`m Q>ßß`mbm (1757 Vo 1800) 'Period of
Monopoly Trade and Direct Appropriation' Ago åh§Q>bo Amho. `m Q>ßß`mV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZrMo XmoZ à_wI hoVy hmoVo.
1) ^maVm~amo~aÀ`m ì`mnmamda _ºo$Xmar ñWmnZ H$aUo
`m_wio BVa XoemÀ`m ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m d ^maVr` ì`mnmè`m§Mr ñnYm© {~«Q>rem§Zm Zï> H$am`Mr
hmoVr. ^maVr` dñVy§À`m ì`mnmamda _ºo$Xmar {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ñdñVmV ñdñV {H$_VrV ^maVr`
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dñVy ({deofV… gwVr H$mnS>) {dH$V KoD$Z Ë`m `wamo{n`Z ~mOmanoR>oV _hmJ {dH$m`À`m hmoË`m.
amOH$s` gÎmoMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr Amnbr _ºo$Xmar {Z_m©U Ho$br. ^maVr` dñVy§da _ºo$Xmar
{Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio øm ì`mnmamVyZ B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo àM§S> Z\$m H$_mdbm.
2) ^maVmVrb gaH$mar _hgybM WoQ> Anhma H$aUo
{~«Q>ZÀ`m B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrH$So> \$ma ì`mnmar ^m§S>db ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zm ^maVmVyZM ^m§S>db C^o
H$aUo OéarMo hmoVo. ^maVm_Ü`o amOH$s` gÎmm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z ^maVr` bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {_imbobm _hgyb
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ì`mnmamV dmnabm. ^maVm_Yrb BVa Xoer gÎmm§À`m ~amo~a Pmboë`m `wÕm§_Ü`o
Ë`m§Zr hoM ^m§S>db IM© Ho$bo.
emofUmÀ`m n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV {~«Q>ZZo Amnë`m XoemVrb V`ma dñVy ^maVmV Am`mV Ho$ë`m
ZmhrV. CbQ> ^maVmVrb H$mnS> _moR>çm à_mUmV `wamonbm {Z`m©V Ho$bo. _mÌ ^maVr` {dUH$am§da
amOH$s` X~md {Z_m©U H$ê$Z à§MS> emofU Ho$bo. H§$nZrÀ`m øm emofUm_wio ^maVmVrb H$mnS>
{dUH$am§Mo CÚmoJ _moS>H$irg Ambo.
amOH$s` gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`mda B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrbm ^maVr` amÁ`m§Vrb _hgyb Jmoim
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {_imbm. H§$nZr Am{U H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr ^maVr` amOo-amOdmSo>,
ì`mnmar, gaXma d Om_rZXmam§Mr g§nÎmr bmQ>br. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm _moR>_moR>o nJma
{Xbo OmD$ bmJbo. ho gd© nJma ^maVmÀ`m _hgwbmVyZ {Xbo OmV hmoVo.
n{hë`m Q>ßß`m_Ü`o H§$nZrbm ^maVr` dñVy§À`m ì`mnmar _ºo$Xmar ~amo~a \$º$ bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z
{_iUmam _hgyb Jmoim H$am`Mm Agë`m_wio H§$nZrZo ^maVr` bmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U
gm§ñH¥${VH$ MmbrarVt_Ü`o hñVjon Ho$bm Zmhr. p¼ñVr {_eZatZm XoIrb ^maVmnmgyZ Xÿa R>odÊ`mV
Ambo. H§$nZr gaH$maZo XmoZ joÌmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo: 1) bîH$ar g§KQ>Z Am{U V§ÌkmZ Am{U
2) O_rZ _hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H$m`©j_ àemgZ. H§$nZrZo Ho$bobo ho XmoÝhr ~Xb
^maVm_Ü`o Ë`m§Mr amOH$s` gÎmm éOdÊ`mgmR>r H$maUr^yV R>abo.
dgmhVr emofUmMm Xþgam Q>ßnm
dgmhVr emofUmÀ`m Xþgè`m Q>ßß`mbm Iwë`m ì`mnmamMm dgmhVdmX (Colonialism of Free
Trade) Ago hr åh§Q>bo OmVo. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVmda A{YnË` {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mda {~«Q>Z_Ü`o
dgmhVrMm Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmbm. 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V
{~«Q>Z_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr hmoVr. {~«Q>Z_Ü`o EH$ à^mdembr Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^m§S>dbXma
dJ© ApñVËdmV Ambm hmoVm. øm ZdrZ dJm©bm ^maVr` dgmhVrMm \$m`Xm ¿`m`Mm hmoVm. _mÌ
^maV hm B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr EH$ ì`mnmar H§$nZr hmoVr. ^maVr`
dñVy§À`m ì`mnmamdarb H§$nZrÀ`m _ºo$XmarMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^m§S>dbXma dJm©bm H$moUVmhr \$m`Xm hmoV
ZìhVm. Ë`m§Zm ^maVmbm Ë`m§À`m V`ma _mbmgmR>r EH$ ~mOmanoR> åhUyZ {dH${gV H$am`Mo hmoVo.
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{~«Q>Z_Yrb H$maImÝ`mV V`ma Pmboë`m dñVy ^maVm_Ü`o {dH$m`À`m hmoË`m Am{U ^maVm_YyZ H$ƒm
_mb Am`mV H$am`Mm hmoVm.
emofU nÕVr_Yrb ~XbmMr gwédmV 1773 Mm H$m`Xm (Regulating Act of 1773) Am{U
1784 Mm H$m`Xm (Pitt's India Act) `m§Zr Ho$br. 1813 gmbÀ`m H$m`ÚmZo "_wº$ ì`mnmamMo'
(Free Trade) YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Jobo. ^maVm_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV {~«Q>Z _Yrb V`ma dñVy `oD$
bmJë`m. {~«Q>re ^m§S>dbXma _moR>çm à_mUmV ^maVm_Ü`o Jw§VdUyH$ H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr Mhm, H$m°\$s
Am{U {ZirÀ`m _ù`m§_Ü`o n¡go Jw§Vdbo.
^maVmMm EH$ ~mOmanoR> åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr AZoH$ _hÎdmMo ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUbo. {~«Q>re dñVy JmdmoJmdr nmoMÊ`mgmR>r añVo d aoëdoMm {dH$mg Ho$bm. ì`mnmambm
àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xm d Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br. ì`mnmar H$amam§Zm H$m`Xoera
_mÝ`Vm {Xbr. B§J«Or ^mfoVyZ {ejU gwê$ Ho$bo.
^maVmMr nma§nm[aH$ gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ Mm¡H$Q> ~Xbm`Mr Agob Va ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U
gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zmda Q>rH$m H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. emofUmÀ`m Xþgè`m Q>ßß`mV {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVr`
bmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ MmbrarVt_Ü`o hñVjon H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Xþgè`m Q>ßß`m_Ü`o {~«Q>re ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü`o ^maVmZo _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma
nmS>br. {~«Q>re CÚmoJ ^maVmbm àM§S> à_mUmV dñVy {Z`m©V H$aV hmoVo. 1860-1880 `m H$mimV
{~«Q>ZÀ`m gd© {Z`m©VrÀ`m 10-12% {Z`m©V d gd© H$mnS> {Z`m©VrÀ`m 20% {Z`m©V ^maVmH$So>
Ambr. ^maV _moR>çm à_mUmV aoëdo ê$i, aoëdoMo S>~o d aoëdogmR>r bmJUmè`m dñVy {~«Q>ZhÿZ
Am`mV H$aV Ago. ømM ì`mnmam_wio ^maVmH$Sy>Z {~«Q>ZH$So> g§nÎmrMo {Z…ñgmaU hmoV hmoVo.
`oWo ho Z_yX H$aUo OéarMo Amho H$s Xþgè`m Q>ßß`m_Ü`o n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV {dH${gV Pmboë`m
emofUmÀ`m nÕVr gwê$M hmoË`m.
dgmhVr emofUmMm {Vgam Q>ßnm
emofUmÀ`m {Vgè`m Q>ßß`mbm Ama.nr. XÎm `m§Zr "naXoer Jw§VdUwH$sMm d dgmhVtgmR>r
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñnY}Mm H$mi' ('Era of Foreign Investment and International Competition for
Colonies') Ago åhQ>bobo Amho. emofUmÀ`m nÕVr _Ü`o ~Xb Imbrb n[apñWVr_wio KSy>Z Ambm.
1) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMm àgma `wamon_Yrb BVa Xoe d OnmZ_Ü`o XoIrb Pmbm. Ë`m_wio
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb {~«Q>ZMo dM©ñd Zï> Pmbo.
2) øm H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m OmñV Vrd« Pmë`mMr AmT>iVo. CÚmoJm_Ü`o
{dkmZ dmnabo OmD$ bmJbo. AmYw{ZH$ agm`Z CÚmoJ ApñVËdmV Ambm. noQ>´ mo{b`_ nXmWmªda
MmbUmao B§OrZ V`ma Ho$bo Jobo. CÚmoJm_Ü`o {dOoMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm.
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3) Am§Vaamï´>r` XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m {dH$mgm_wio OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oMo EH$ÌrH$aU
Pmbo.
Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m OmñV Vrd« Pmë`m_wio d ZdrZ CÚmoJ {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio `wamo{n`Z
Xoem§Zm àM§S> à_mUmV H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr JaO ^mgy bmJbr. `wamo{n`Z Xoem§_Ü`o ObX
Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUm_wio ehamV amhUmè`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>br. Ë`m§Zm AÞYmÝ`mMr _moR>r JaO ^mgy
bmJbr. `wamo{n`Z Xoem§Zr CÚmoJm§Zm bmJUmam H$ƒm _mb Am{U AÞYmÝ`mMr JaO dgmhVtMo
emofU OmñVrVOmñV Vrd« H$ê$Z ^mJdbr.
{~«Q>Z_Ü`o ho ~Xb hmoV AgVmZm AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm hmoVm.
^maVmgma»`m dgmhVtMo AZoH$ df© emofU Ho$ë`m_wio {~«Q>Z_Ü`o ^m§S>dbmMo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo hmoVo.
H$mhr {~«Q>re bmoH$m§H$So> _moR>çm à_mUmV ^m§S>dbmMm gmR>m Pmbm hmoVm. {~«Q>re ^m§S>dbXmar dJm©Zo
^m§S>db {Z`m©V H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. {Vgè`m Q>ßß`mV ^maVm_Ü`o {~«{Q>em§Zr ^m§S>db Jw§Vdbo d
Iyn Z\$m H$_mdbm. Jw§Vdbobo ^m§S>db gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r {~«Q>ZZo ^maVmdaMr bîH$ar Am{U
àemgH$s` nH$S> OmñV KÅ> Ho$br.
1.2.3. {~«Q>re {dO`mÀ`m nyd©g§Ü`obm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm
{~«Q>re amOdQ>rMm ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm ho g_OyZ ¿`m`Mo Agob Va
18ì`m eVH$mV ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMr H$m` n[apñWVr hmoVr ho _m{hV Agbo nm{hOo. 18ì`m
eVH$mV ^maVm_Ü`o XmoZ _hÎdmMr pñWË`§Vao KS>br `m_wio gÎmoMr aMZm nmbQ>br d _yb^yV
gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. hr XmoZ pñWË`§Vao Imbrb à_mUo hmoVr:
1) _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m amOH$s`-AW©ì`dñWoMm èhmg Pmbm Am{U àmXo{eH$ amÁ`o {Z_m©U Pmbr.
2) {~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m dmT>Ë`m à^mdm_wio ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o _yb^yV n[adV©Z
KSy>Z Ambo.
18ì`m eVH$mV _moJb gm_«mÁ`mbm CVaVr H$im bmJbr. ZmXraehm (1739) Am{U
Ah_Xehm AãXmbr (1748-1761) `m§À`mgma»`m A\$JmUr amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr _moJb gm_«mÁ`mda
h„o Ho$bo. ^maVmVrb _amR>o, OmQ>, amo{hbm d erI bmoH$m§Zr _moJbm§À`m {déÕ CR>md Ho$bm. _moJb
gm_«mÁ`mMr AW©ì`dñWm H$mob_S>br. _moJb g_«mQ> H$O©~mOmar Pmbm. Ë`mMr àemgZmdarb nH$S>
OdiOdi Zï> Pmbr. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` n[apñWVrVrb hm ~Xb AË`§V ObX JVrZo Pmbm.
1700 gmbr _moJb g_«mQ> Am¡a§JOo~mZo Amnë`m gÎmoMm Cƒm§H$ JmR>bm hmoVm. _mÌ 1730
gmbmn`ªV _moJb gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o àmXo{eH$ amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m à^md {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. AdY d
~§Jmb hr amÁ`o OdiOdi ñdV§Ì Agboë`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªH$So> Jobr hmoVr. _amR>o d OmQ> gaXmam§Zr
Amnbr ñdV§Ì amÁ`o ñWmnZ Ho$br hmoVr. 1760 gmbmn`ªV {~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo Odinmg
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gd© nyd© ^maV Amnë`m A{YnË`mImbr AmUbm hmoVm d ^maVr` dñVy§À`m ~mOmanoR>oda _ºo$Xmar
{Z_m©U H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br hmoVr.
18ì`m eVH$mVrb øm pñWË`§Vam§Mm gImob Aä`mg B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$bm Amho. øm
pñWË`§Vam§Zr ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoda Ho$boë`m n[aUm_mÀ`m g§X^m©V AZoH$ Zm_d§V Am{W©H$
B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o EH$ gOrd dmX XoIrb {Z_m©U Pmbm. ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZ emómV `m
dmXmbm "18ì`m eVH$m g§~Y§ rMm dmX' (Eighteenth Century Debate) Ago åhUVmV.
18ì`m eVH$m~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr XmoZ doJdoJio AÝd`mW© _m§S>bo AmhoV. H$mhr B{VhmgH$ma
ho _V _m§S>VmV H$s _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgm_wio ^maVm_Ü`o Jm|Yi d AamOH$Vm (chaos and
anarchy) _mObr. AW©ì`dñWm nyU©nUo _moS>br. øm nma§nm[aH$ _m§S>Urbm AbrH$S>rb H$mimV
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr AmìhmZ {Xbo Amho. B{VhmgmMo nwZb}IZ H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma ho _m§S>VmV H$s Oar
_moJb gm_«mÁ`mMo nVZ Pmbo Agbo Var ^maVmV "Jm|Yi d AamOH$Vm' _mObr Zmhr. àmXo{eH$
amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$mhr àXoem§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ^a^amQ> KSy>Z Ambr. AZoH$
amOH$s` àý AgyZhr ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm {dñVma gwê$M am{hbm.
18ì`m eVH$mV _moJb gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg Pmë`m_wio amOH$s` ApñWaVm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
bîH$ar g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbo. `m n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ H$mhr joÌmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda Z¸$sM Pmbm.
CXm. _moJb H|$Ðr` gÎmm jrU Pmë`mda d A\$JmUr gaXmam§Mr AZoH$ AmH«$_Uo Pmë`m_wio {X„r
ehamMm èhmg gmh{OH$M Pmbm. {X„r_Yrb H$mamJra dJ© BVa eham§H$So> ñWbm§V[aV Pmë`mMo
nwamdo {_iVmV. erI bmoH$m§Zr CR>md Ho$ë`m_wio bmhmoa ehamH$So> OmUmè`m ì`mnmar _mJm©da AS>Wio
{Z_m©U Pmbo. `mMm \$Q>H$m AmJ«m ehambm ~gbm. 1712 Z§Va AmJ«m ehambm CVaVr H$im
bmJbr. 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn`ªV CÎma ^maVmVrb AZoH$ eham§Mr AW©ì`dñWm Iw§Q>br hmoVr.
~§Jmb, {~hma d Amo[agm _Ü`o _amR>çm§À`m AmH«$_UmMo n[aUm_ Pmbo. øm n[agamV AÞYmÝ`mMm
VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U Pmbm Am{U A§VJ©V d naXoer ì`mnma Iw§Q>bm. n{ü_ ~§Jmb _Yrb gwVr d aoe_r
H$mnS>mÀ`m {dUH$am§Zr nyd© ~§JmbH$So> ñWbm§Va Ho$bo. 18ì`m eVH$mV n{ü_ ^maVmVrb "_moJb
gm_«mÁ`mMo ~§Xa' åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m gwaV ehamMm ObX èhmg hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr.
`mMo à_wI H$maU gwaVÀ`m ì`mnmè`m§Zr "n{e©`Z ~mOmanoR>' J_mdbr ho hmoVo. JwOamV _Yrb
_amR>çm§À`m AmH«$_Um_wio VoWrb aoer_ H$mnS> CÚmoJmbm VS>mIm ~gbm. X{jU ^maVmVhr H$mhr
joÌm_Ü`o CÚmoJ d ì`mnma Iw§Q>ë`mMo {MÌ AmT>iVo. X{jUoVrb "AmaH$moQ>' amÁ`mÀ`m Zdm~mZo
O_rZ _hgyb "_º$m' nÕVrZo Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r Úm`bm gwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. _hgyb Jmoim H$aUmao
EO§Q> eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z S>moB©OS> _hgyb Jmoim H$ê$ bmJbo hmoVo.
amOH$s` ApñWaVoMm n[aUm_ H$mhr àXoem§À`m AW©ì`dñWoda Pmbm Agbm Var ^maVmÀ`m
~hþVoH$ àXoem§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr Mm§Jbr hmoVr. 1712 gmbmZ§Va CVaVr H$im bmJbobo AmJ«m
eha 1787 gmbmn`ªV nyd©pñWVrbm Ambo hmoVo. {X„r ehamVrb lr_§V bmoH$m§Zr AmJ«m ehamH$So>
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ñWbm§Va Ho$bo hmoV.o OmQ> Am{U _amR>m gaXmam§Zr AmJ«m ehamÀ`m AW©ì`dñWobm MmbZm {Xbr.
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s CÎma ^maVmVrb n{ü_og Agboë`m eham§Mm
èhmg Pmbm Agbm Var nyd}À`m {Xeobm Agboë`m eham§Zm ^a^amQ> Ambr hmoVr. _amR>m
AmH«$_Um§Zr d AbrdXu ImZmÀ`m OmMH$ amOdQ>r_wio ~§JmbÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda WmoS>mM n[aUm_
Pmbm hmoVm. ~§JmbÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm bjUr` èhmg 1757 Z§Va {~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o Pmbm.
1750 gmbr H$mgr_~mOma `oWrb aoer_ H$mnS> CÚmoJmbm ^a^amQ> Ambobr AmT>iVo. ~§Jmb_Yrb
gwVr H$mnS> d gmIa CÚmoJ XoIrb _moR>çm à_mUmV {dñVmarV Pmbm hmoVm. ~§Jmb_Ü`o 18ì`m
eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn`ªV OdiOdi 10 bmI {dUH$a ApñVËdmV hmoVo Agm A§XmO B{VhmgH$mam§Zr
Ho$bm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV Oar amOH$s` ApñWaVm d bT>m`m§Zr H$mhr joÌmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda {dnarV
n[aUm_ Pmbm Agbm Var gd© ^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm _moS>H$irg Ambr hmoVr Ago g_OUo MwH$sMo
hmoB©b.
amOH$s` ApñWaVm d bT>m`m§Zr gd© àXoemVrb ì`mnmamda n[aUm_ Ho$bm Ago Zmhr. nQ>Zm d
~Zmag eham§À`m n{ü_ ^maVm~amo~aÀ`m ì`mnmamda amOH$s` n[apñWVrMm \$ma n[aUm_ Pmë`mMo
AmT>iV Zmhr. gwaV ehamÀ`m ì`mnmamMo 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V nwZê$‚mrdZ Pmë`mMo
AmT>iVo.
_moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmZ§Va ApñVËdmV Ambobr ZdrZ àmXo{eH$ amÁ`o hr ì`mnmamMr H|$Ðo
~Zbr hmoVr. AdY amÁ`mMo \¡$Om~mX eha ho g_¥Õ n[apñWVrV hmoVo. X»IZ _Yrb Ag\$ Pm
{ZOm_mÀ`m amÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ narpñWVr ~iH$Q> hmoVr.
Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo 18ì`m eVH$mV EImÚm àXoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda {dnarV
n[aUm_ hmoD$Z ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Agbo Var `m_wio BVa àXoem§À`m AW©ì`dñWobm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoV
hmoVm. CXm. gwaV ehamMm ì`mnma Iw§Q>ë`mMm \$m`Xm ~§Jmbbm Pmbm.
{~«Q>re amOdQ> ñWmnZ hmoÊ`mÀ`m nyd©g§Ü`obm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm EH$g_mZ èhmg Pmbm
hmoVm Ago Amnë`mbm åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. ^maVmVrb AZoH$ àXoemV AW©ì`dñWm à~i
n[apñWVrV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. ^maVmVrb ~hþVoH$ bmoH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr nyduÀ`m H$mimnojm
\$ma doJir hmoVr Ago Amnë`mbm åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. ^maVr` CnI§S>mV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm
EH$g_mZ Am{W©H$ èhmg (uniform economic decline) Pmë`mMo {MÝh {XgV Zmhr. nwamdm
nm{hbm Va ~hþVm§e gd©gmYmaU bmoH$m§Mr AmYrÀ`m H$mimV Agboë`m n[apñWVrnojm 18ì`m
eVH$mV \$ma doJir n[apñWVr ZìhVr.
{~«Q>re nyd© H$mimVrb nma§nm[aH$ J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm
'OO_mZr nÕVr' hr ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$ J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWoMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo d¡{eï²>` hmoVo.
øm nÕVrbm _hmamï´>m_Ü`o ~bwVoXmar AbwVoXmar nÕV åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
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à^mdembr eoVH$ar OmVr Am{U H$mamJra OmVtÀ`m _Ü`o EH$_oH$m§Zm nañnanyaH$ g§~§Y OO_mZr
nÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgV. OmV hr Am{W©H$ g§KQ>Z R>adUmam _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVr.
CËnmXZmV OmVrMo _hÎd Agë`m_wio Cƒ H$moQ>rMo {deofrH$aU {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. CXm. CÎma
^maVmVrb X½~a OmVrMo bmoH$ Vyn Am{U CgmMm ag R>odÊ`mgmR>r Mm_S>çmÀ`m {neì`m V`ma H$aV
AgV. Mm§^ma OmVrMo H$mamJra Mm_S>çmnmgyZ nmXÌmUo d Xmoè`m V`ma H$aV AgV.
H$mnS> CËnmXZ gmoS>ë`mg eoVH$è`mbm bmJUmè`m gd© dñVy OO_mZr nÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
JmdmVrb H$mamJra dJ© Ë`mbm nwadV Ago. dñVy§À`m _mo~Xë`mV H$mam{Jam§Zm eoVr CËnmXZmVrb
na§naoZo R>adbobm {hñgm {_iV Ago. JmdmVrb H$mamJra ~mOmanoR>ogmR>r gwÕm CËnmXZ H$ê$ bmJbo
hmoVo. ~§Jmb _Yrb Hw§$^ma N>moQ>çm ì`mnmè`m§À`mgmR>r dñVy V`ma H$ê$ bmJbo hmoVo. _hmamï´> Am{U
Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb Hw§$^ma drQ> d Ka ~m§YH$m_ CÚmoJ H$ê$Z OmñV n¡go {_idy bmJbo hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV
nma§nm[aH$ OO_mZr nÕVrZo Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ R>odbo Agbo Var {VÀ`mda ~mOmanoR>oMm à^md
nSy> bmJbm hmoVm.
eoVr ho ~hþVoH$ bmoH$m§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ hmoVo. ^maVm_Ü`o XmoZ àH$maMo eoVH$ar ñnï>nUo
AmT>iVmV. 1) O{_Zrda _mbH$sh¸$ d dmagmh¸$ Agbobm eoVH$ar dJ©, Á`m§Zm O_rZXma, a`V,
_wH$mX_, _mbH$ Ago åhQ>bo OmV Ago 2) Agm eoVH$è`m§Mm dJ© Á`mbm O{_Zrda H$moUË`mhr
àH$maMm _mbH$s AWdm dmagm h¸$ ZìhVm. Aem eoVH$è`m§Zm \$magr H$mJXnÌm§_Ü`o _mOmam,
Agm_r qH$dm am`m Ago åh§Q>bo Amho. ho eoVH$ar O{_ZrÀ`m _mbH$m§Zm I§S> ^aV AgV. Ë`m§Mo
d{hdmQ>rMo h¸$ n¸o$ ZìhVo.
{~«Q>re-nyd© H$mimV CÎma ^maVmÀ`m H¥$fr AW©ì`dñWoV Ohm{JaXma d O_rZXma `m§Mr
_hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn`ªV O_rZXma "_hgyb Jmoim' H$aÊ`mÀ`m
`§ÌUo_Ü`o _hÎdmMo Pmbo hmoVo. Om_rZXmamMr ì`m»`m a person possessing heridatily on the
condition of obedience to the ordinances of the government a tract of land subject to
the payment of land revenue Aer Ho$br OmV hmoVr. WmoS>Š`mV O_rZXmamÀ`m Vmã`mV
O{_ZrMm EH$ nÅ>m hmoVm Omo Ë`mÀ`m KamÊ`mV d§ena§naoZo dmagmh¸$mZo {_iV Ago. O_rZ _hgyb
^aUo d gaH$maÀ`m AmXoem§Mo nmbZ H$aUo øm AQ>tda Ë`mbm O{_ZrÀ`m nQ²>Q>çmda Vm~m {_iV
Ago. _moJb gm_«mÁ`mV O_rZXmar nÕV gd©Ì ngabr hmoVr. _mÌ doJdoJù`m àXoemV øm
nÕVr_Ü`o N>moQ>o-_moR>o \$aH$ AmT>iVmV.
gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§da O_rZ _hgwbmMm ~moOm Iyn hmoVm. nydu _moJb gm_«mÁ`mV g_m{dï>
Agboë`m àXoemV CËnmXZmÀ`m 1/3 Vo 1/2 ^mJ _hgyb åhUyZ Jmoim Ho$bm OmV Ago. nU H$_r
gwnrH$Vm Agboë`m O{_Ztda CËnmXZmÀ`m 1/9 ^mJ BVH$m H$_r O_rZ _hgyb AmH$mabobm
AmT>iVmo. _¡gya Bbm»`mV h¡Xa AbrMr amOdQ> ñWmnZ hmoÊ`mÀ`m AmYrÀ`m H$mimV ~mJm`Vr
O{_ZrÀ`m CËnÞmVyZ 2/3 ^mJ O_rZ _hgyb AmH$maë`mMo nwamdo {_iVmV.
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IoSo>JmdmV eoVH$è`m§Zm H$O© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`m_Ü`o "gmdH$ma' AWdm "_hmOZ' ho
_hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgV. nU gmdH$mam§da AZoH$ nma§nm[aH$ {Z~ªY Agë`m_wio Vo
eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVo. CXm. n{ü_ ^maVmVrb Xm_XþßnQ> na§nam H$Om©darb gd© ì`mO
_yi H$Om©À`m a¸$_on`ªV gr{_V H$aV Ago. åhUOo gmdH$ma qH$dm dmUr H$Om©À`m _yi a¸$_o
BVHo$M ì`mO Jmoim H$ê$ eH$V Ago. Z§Va _yi H$Om©darb ì`mO dmT>m`Mo Wm§~V Ago. dmUr hm
JmdmVM ahmV Ago. eoVH$è`mMo emofU Ho$ë`mg eoVH$ardJ© Ë`mÀ`mda ~{hîH$ma KmbV Ago.
Ë`mbm amÁ`-g§ñWm _XV H$aV Zgo. JmdMr n§Mm`V eoVH$ar dJm©À`m Vmã`mV Agë`m_wio Vr
Zoh_rM eoVH$è`mÀ`m ~mOyZo {ZU©` XoV Ago. gmdH$mambm {Xboë`m H$Om©Mr _yi a¸$_ naV
{_idÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`mÀ`m Kamg_moa 'gË`mJ«h' H$amdm bmJë`mMr Amnë`mbm g_H$mbrZ
H$mJXnÌmV AZoH$ CÕaUo gmnS>VmV.
18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn`ªV ^maVr` H¥$frì`dñWoda ~mOmanoR>oMm à^md dmT>bm hmoVm. AZoH$
àXoem§_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§Zr ~mOmanoR>ogmR>r CËnmXZ gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. ì`mnmè`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm
bmJdS>rgmR>r AmJmD$ a¸$_ XoÊ`mMr nÕV ApñVËdmV Ambobr hmoVr. ZJXr {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>
_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>br hmoVr. Zrb, VwVr, A\y$ d D$g hr {nHo$ _moR>çm à_mUmV KoVbr OmD$
bmJbr hmoVr. _moJb amOm§Zr \$im§À`m bmJdS>rbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo hmoVo. nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§Zr
AmUbobr V§~mIy d _H$m `mgmaIr ZdrZ {nHo$ gd©Ì _m{hVr Pmbr hmoVr.
_mÌ ^maVm_Ü`o dmnabo OmUmao eoVr V§ÌkmZ `wamon, OnmZ d MrZÀ`m VwbZoV _mJmgbobo hmoVo.
_moJb H$mimV CÚmZ {dkmZmVrb (horticulture) ~Xb gmoS>bo Va AZoH$ df} ^maVmÀ`m eoVr
V§ÌkmZmV H$moUVmhr ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm ZìhVm. gd© ^maVm_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§Zr dmnabobr AdOmao hr
{ZH¥$ï> XOm©Mr hmoVr. ~hþVoH$ gm_mÝ` eoVH$ar bmH$S>r Zm§JamMm Cn`moJ H$arV AgV. ^maVm_Yrb
bmoI§S>r Zm§Jam§Mo à_mU A{Ve` Aën hmoVo. ^maVmVrb ~hþVoH$ eoVH$ar dJ© Jar~ Agë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zr dmnabobr AdOmao XoIrb _mJmgbobr hmoVr. _mÌ, Ago Agbo Var ^maVmMo Xa EH$ar
eoVH$s CËnmXZ ho {~«Q>Z Am{U A_o[aHo$_Yrb CËnmXZmÀ`m g_mZ hmoVo. åhUOo ^maVmVrb eoVH$ar
_mJmgbobr AdOmao dmnê$Zhr eoVr V§ÌkmZmV nwT>maboë`m XoemVrb eoVH$è`m§À`m BVHo$ CËnmXZ
H$aV Ago. `mMo H$maU ho hmoVo H$s {~«Q>re nyd© H$mimV ^maVmMr bmoH$g§»`m H$_r hmoVr. `m_wio
eoVH$ar dJm©bm \$º$ gwnrH$ O{_Ztda, {deofV… ZXr H$mR>r Agboë`m O{_Ztda bmJdS> H$aUo
eŠ` hmoVo. gwnrH$ O{_Zrda _mJmgbobr AdOmao dmnê$Z ^maVr` eoVH$ar Mm§Jbo CËnmXZ {_idy
eH$V hmoVm.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ Ë`m§À`m ~hþVoH$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ CËnmXZmda Adb§~yZ
hmoVo. bmoH$m§Zm bmJUmè`m dñVy Ë`m§Zm OO_mZr nÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ JmdmVrb H$mamJra dJ© V`ma
H$ê$Z XoV Ago. dñVy {d{Z_` \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Zgo. nU eoVH$ar dJ© XoIrb dñVy
CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV gh^mJr hmoV AgV, `mMo nwamdo Amnë`mbm gmnS>VmV. H$mhr eoVH$ar gyV H$VmB©
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H$aV AgV. _¡gwa, _hmamï´>, n§Om~ Am{U CÎma ~§Jmb `oWrb eoVH$ar ñdV…À`m dmnamgmR>r
OmSo>^aSo> H$mnS> V`ma H$aV AgV. ~§Jmb Am{U CÎma ^maVmVrb eoVH$ar aoer_, Zrb, gmIa
Am{U Vob XoIrb V`ma H$aV AgV. _rR>, gmoam_R> (salt-petre) (Bihar) d bmoI§S> CËnmXZmV
eoVH$ar OmVr Jw§Vë`mMo AmT>iVo. {~hma_Ü`o eoVH$ar dfm©Mo nmM _{hZo bmoI§S> V`ma H$aÊ`m_Ü`o
Jw§Vbobm Ago.
{~«Q>re nyd© H$mimV ~hþVoH$ dñVy CËnmXZ J«m_rU ^mJmVM hmoV Ago. Ago Agbo Var ehar d
J«m_rU ^mJm§_Ü`o dñVy CËnmXZmMr ñWm{ZH$ H|$Ðo (localised centers of manufactures)
ApñVËdmV Ambr hmoVr. H$mhr ehao Am{U IoSo>Jmdm§_Ü`o EH$mXr dñVy V`ma H$aUmao H$mamJra
EH${ÌV amhÿ bmJbo hmoVo. ~§Jmb_Yrb Jmdm§_Ü`o H$mnS> {dUH$am§À`m _moR>_moR>çm dñË`m ApñVËdmV
Amë`m hmoË`m. øm dñË`m§Zm "Am¡a§J' Ago åhQ>bo OmV Ago. _Ü` 18ì`m eVH$mV ì`mnmar _moR>çm
à_mUmV gwVr Am{U Vb_ H$mnS> JmdmVrb øm "Am¡a§J' _YyZM {dH$V KoV AgV.
eoVr à_mUoM _mJmgbobo V§ÌkmZ Am{U AdOmao ho ^maVmVrb CÚmoJì`dñWoMo d¡{eï²>` hmoVo.
_Ü` 18ì`m eVH$mn`ªV `wamon Am{U MrZ ho YmVwemó, N>mnImZm `§ÌUoV, d AdOma Am{U
CnH$aUm§À`m V§ÌkmZmV ^maVmnojm OmñV àJV hmoVo. _mÌ _mJmgbobr AdOmao Am{U CnH$aUo
Agbr Var ^maVr` H$mamJra Amnë`m à{V^oMm, H$m¡eë` Am{U j_VoMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z CÎm_
JwUdÎmoÀ`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$aV hmoVm. WmoS>Š`mV ^maVr` dñVy§Mr JwUdÎmm hr {dkmZ -V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
{dH$mgm_wio ZìhVr Va H$mamJram§À`m H$bm H$m¡eë`m_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobr hmoVr. ^maVm_Yrb H$mnS>
{dUH$a Amnë`m A{dH${gV hmV_mJmda H$m¡eë`mÀ`m Omoamda `wamon _Yrb H$mnS>mnojm CÎm_
ZjrH$m_`wº$ H$mnS> H$ê$ eH$V Ago.
Vm§{ÌH$Ñï²>`m ^maVr` CÚmoJ _mJmgbobm hmoVm. ^maVmVrb bmoH$ ~rS> (cast iron), H$mM
(glass) V`ma H$ê$ eH$bo ZmhrV. ^maVm_Ü`o I{ZO H$moiemMm _moR>m gmR>m hmoVm. _mÌ bmoH$m§Zr
Ë`mMm dmna CÚmoJmV Ho$bm Zmhr. øm H$mimVrb ^maVr` V§ÌkmZmÀ`m XmoZ à_wI CnbãYr hmoË`m 1) gwaV `oWrb OhmO ~m§YUr CÚmoJmZo `wamonr` OhmOm§er VwbZm hmoD$ eHo$b Aer OhmOo {Z_m©U
Ho$br hmoVr 2) ^maVr` H$mamJram§Zr bmoI§S>r Vmo\$m V`ma Ho$ë`m. _mÌ øm Vmo\$m `wamo{n`Z Vmo\$m§À`m
VwbZoV H$_r àVrÀ`m hmoË`m.
_Ü` 18ì`m eVH$mn`ªV ì`mnmè`m§Mo dñVy CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m H$mamJra dJm©daMo {Z`§ÌU dmT>bo
hmoVo. `mMr à{MVr Amnë`mbm ^maVmVrb H$mhr {R>H$mUr ApñVËdmV Agboë`m "XXZ' qH$dm XS>Ur
qH$dm "XmÖr' nÕVrVyZ `oVo. øm nÕVr_Ü`o ì`mnmar H$mamJram§Zm AmJmD$ (advance) a¸$_ qH$dm
Ë`m§Zm bmJUmam H$ƒm _mb XoV Ago. H$mamJramZo dñVy V`ma Ho$ë`mda Ë`m Á`m ì`mnmè`mH$Sy>Z
AmJmD$ a¸$_ {_imbr Amho Ë`mbmM {dH$Uo ~§YZH$maH$ Ago. XXZr/XS>Ur nÕVr_wio ì`mnmè`m§Mo
H$mamJram§darb {Z`§ÌU dmT>bo. hr nÕV ~§Jmb _Ü`o gwê$ Pmbr Am{U bdH$aM XoemÀ`m BVa
^mJm§_Ü`o ngabr. 1670 À`m XeH$mV H$mer {dam§Zm ZmdmÀ`m EH$m ì`mnmè`mZo ^maVmÀ`m nyd©
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g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mdarb hOmamo JmdmVrb {dUH$am§Zm XÖr nÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmJmD$ a¸$_ {Xbr
hmoVr. øm gd© Jmdm§Zm "{dam§ZmMr Jmdo' Ago AmoiIbo OmV hmoV.o XXZr nÕVrMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
Xoer d naXoer ì`mnmar ~m`Zm Bbm»`mVrb Zrb, ~§Jmb d H$m°amo_moZS>b Bbm»`mVrb H$mnS>,
H$mí_ra_Yrb emb BË`mXr dñVy ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dH$V KoV AgV.
dñVy CËnmXZmÀ`m g§KQ>Zmda ~mOmanoR>oMm XoIrb à^md nS>bm. H$mnS>mnmgyZ OhmO ~m§YUr
CÚmoJmVrb H$mamJram§n`ªV gdmªZm XaamoOMm nJma {_im`bm gwédmV Pmbr. H$mhr doiobm Vo
ì`mnmè`m§À`m WoQ> XoIaoIrImbr H$m_ H$aV AgV. 1670 À`m XeH$mV _Ðmg `oWrb B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZrbm H$mnS> nwadUmè`m {dUH$am§À`m XaamoOÀ`m nJmamMm (daily wages) C„oI AmT>iVmo. _Ü`
18ì`m eVH$mn`ªV Am_}{Z`Z ì`mnmè`m§Zr aoer_ YmJm Jw§S>miUmao H$mamJra nJmamda R>odbo hmoVo.
OhmO ~m§YUr CÚmoJmVrb nmagr _mñVaÀ`m (Parsee Master Builder) hmVmImbr XaamoO nJma
{Xbo OmUmao H$mamJra H$m_ H$aV AgV.
gd©M H$mamJra XÖr nÕVrda AWdm ì`mnmè`m§À`m nJmamda Adb§~yZ hmoVo Ago Zmhr. _Ü`
18ì`m eVH$mV ~§Jmb_Ü`o Ago lr_§V {dUH$a ApñVËdmV hmoVo Á`m§Zr Amnë`m CÚmoJm_Ü`o
ñdV…Mo ^m§S>db Jw§Vdbo hmoVo. Aem àH$maMo {dUH$a V`ma Ho$bobo H$mnS> ñdV…M ~mOmanoR>o_Ü`o
{dH$V AgV. bIZm¡ ehamVrb Aem {dUH$am§Zr CÚmoJm_Ü`o 500 H$mamJram§Zm ZmoH$arbm R>odë`mMo
C„oI gmnS>VmV. H$mí_ra _Yrb H$mhr "CñVmX' emb V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm MmbdV hmoVo. øm
H$maImÝ`mV emb {dUÊ`mgmR>r OdiOdi 300 hmV_mJ hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV {~«Q>re nyd© H$mimV
^maVmVrb CÚmoJ joÌmV "^m§S>dbXmar' d¥Îmr ApñVËdmV ZìhVr Ago Amnë`mbm åhUVm `oUma
Zmhr.
{~«Q>re-nyd© H$mimVrb CÚmoJì`dgm`mV WmoS>r\$ma ^m§S>dbXmar d¥Îmr Agbr Var Ë`m§Zr
CÚmoJì`dñWoMo A{Yð>mZ Agboë`m "Om{Vì`dñWoda' H$moUVmhr n[aUm_ Ho$bm ZìhVm. CXm. 1)
{dUH$am§Mr àË`oH$ CnOmVr doJù`m àH$maMo H$mnS> V`ma H$aV Agë`m_yio H$mnS> CÚmoJmV
{deofrH$aU {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. 2) H$mamJram§À`m "loÊ`m' OmVrda AmYmaboë`m hmoË`m. loUrMm
à_wI CËnmXZmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ nÕVr d JwUdÎmm {Q>H$dyZ R>odV Ago. 3) H$Yr H$Yr ì`mnmè`m§À`m
AI§S> loUrMo H$mamJram§À`m loUrda {Z`§ÌU Ago. Aem àH$maMo CXmhaU Amnë`mbm JwOamV_Yrb
AJoQ> I{ZOmÀ`m CÚmoJmV gmnS>Vo.
{~«Q>re nyd© H$mimV gmJar ì`mnmam_Ü`o VoOr Ambr hmoVr. `wamo{n`Z ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m§Zr
Am{e`mB© d nyd© Am{\«$Ho$Vrb Xoem§~amo~aMm ^maVmMm ì`mnma OmñV g_¥Õ Ho$bm hmoVm. 16ì`m
eVH$mV nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§Zr gmJar ì`mnmamda _ºo$Xmar {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. øm_wio
^maVr` ì`mnmar Am{e`mB© Xoem§~amo~aÀ`m ì`mnmamVyZ Xÿa Pmbo hmoVo. _mÌ _Ü` 18ì`m eVH$mn`ªV
^maVr` ì`mnmè`m§Mm gh^mJ nwÝhm dmT>ë`mMo AmT>iVo.
^maVmVrb VrZ àXoe _moR>çm à_mUmV dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V H$aV hmoVo:
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1) JwOamV - Am{e`mB© Am{U Am{\«$Ho$Vrb Xoem§Zm OmS>çm^aS>çm H$mnS>mMr {Z`m©V
2) H$moamo_§S>b {H$Zmam - Vb_ H$mnS>mMr {Z`m©V
3) ~§Jmb - Vb_ H$mnS>mMr {Z`m©V
18ì`m eVH$mV øm {VÝhr àXoemV _moR>_moR>o ì`mnmar Am{U gmdH$ma ApñVËdmV hmoV.o gwaV
_Yrb AãXþb J\y$a ImZ, ~§Jmb _Yrb OJV eoR> KamUo d Am_}{Z`Z ì`mnmar ImoOm ghmX Am{U
ImoOm dmOrX, Am{U H$moamo_§S>b {H$Zmè`mdarb gwH$a am_m eoÅ>r ho OJà{gÕ ì`mnmar hmoVo.
^maVmÀ`m gmJar ì`mnmam_Ü`o `wamonr` H§$nÝ`m§Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Agbr Var gmJar
ì`mnmamda BVa KQ>H$m§Zr n[aUm_ Ho$bm. _Ü` 18ì`m eVH$mVrb gmJar ì`mnmamda n[aUm_ H$aUmao
KQ>H$ Imbrb à_mUo hmoVo:
1) ^maVmÀ`m gmJar ì`mnmamVrb JwOamV àXoemMo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo Am{U ~§Jmb àXoemMo _hÎd
dmT>bo.
2) BamU_Yrb g\$m{dX gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg Pmë`m_wio JwOamVr ì`mnmè`m§Zr EH$ _hÎdmMr
~mOmanoR> J_mdbr. JwOamV_Yrb _wgb_mZ ì`mnmar ho ^maVmÀ`m naXoer ì`mnmamVrb
_hÎdmMo KQ>H$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm øm KQ>Zo_wio _moR>m VS>mIm ~gbm. JwOamVr ì`mnmè`m§Mm èhmg
Pmë`m_wio ^maVr` gmJar ì`mnmamV `wamonr` ì`mnmè`m§Mo _hÎd dmT>bo.
^maVmVrb ì`mnmè`m§À`m _Ü`o {deofrH$aU KSy>Z Amë`mMo AmT>iVo. R>amdrH$ àXoemÀ`m
ì`mnmamda EImÚm {d{eï> g_yh AWdm OmVrVrb ì`mnmè`m§Mo à^wËd àñWm{nV Pmbobo {XgVo. àXoe
Am{U Ë`m§À`m ì`mnmamV à^wËd Agboë`m OmVr/g_yh Imbrb à_mUo hmoË`m:
1) X{jU H$moamo_§S>b {H$Zmam - eoÅ>r ì`mnmar
2) CÎma H$moamo_§S>b {H$Zmam - H$mo_Vr Am{U _wgb_mZ ì`mnmar
3) gyaV - doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUm§hÿZ Ambobo _wgb_mZ ì`mnmar Am{U ~{Z`m ì`mnmar
4) CÎma ~§Jmb Am{U {~hma - nR>mU ì`mnmar
5) X{jU ~§Jmb - ~§Jmbr qhXÿ ì`mnmar
6) _b~ma {H$Zmam - H$moH$Ur Am{U Aa~ ì`mnmar
7) n{ü_ ^maV - qgYr ì`mnmar
8) Am_}{Z`Z ì`mnmar gd©Ì ngabobo hmoVo nU Vo OmñV g§»`oV ~§Jmb Am{U H$moamo_§S>b
{H$Zmè`mda hmoVo.
9) _madmS> àXoemVrb gmdH$ma gd© ^maV^a ngaÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr.
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1.3. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
centralised state:
stagnation:
H|${ÐV amÁ`
J{Va{hVVm
laissez faire policy:
{Za§Hw$e AW©ì`dhma YmoaU/{Zh©ñVjon YmoaU
underdevelopment:
Ý`yZ{dH$mg
forced commercialisation:
"gº$sMo ì`mnmarH$aU'
asiatic mode of production:
"Am{e`mB© CËnmXZ nÕVr'
eighteenth century debate: "18ì`m
eVH$m g§~Y§ rMm dmX'
localised centers of manufactures:
CËnmXZmMr ñWm{ZH$ H|$Ðo
1.4. ñd`§ AÜ``Z àý d CÎmao
A) Imbrb àým§Mr CÎmao `mo½` n`m©nwT>o () IwU H$ê$Z nyU© H$amdrV
1) Ama. nr. XÎm ho ................. B{VhmgH$ma hmoV.o
A) g~mëQ>Z©
~) _mŠg©dmXr
H$) gm_«mÁ`dmXr
S>) H|$~«rO
2) ................. `m§Zr Amnë`m {bImUmV VimVyZ Ambobr ga§Om_emhr
from below) hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr Amho.
(feudalism
A) S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r ~) amo{_bm Wmna H$) Ama. Eg. e_m© S>) {~{nZ M§Ð
3) XXZr nÕVr ................. er g§~§{YV hmoVr.
A) CËnmXZ
~) nVnwadR>m
H$) H$a
S>) MbZ
4) OJmV goR> KamÊ`mMm ................. joÌmda à^md hmoVm.
A) nVnoT>r
~) CÚmoJ
H$) bîH$a
S>) ì`mnma
5) eoÅ>r ho ì`mnma H$aUmao bmoH$ ................. `oWrb hmoV.o
A) JwOamW
~) Ho$ai
H$) Am§Y«àXoe
S>) {~hma
6) ................. _Ü`o gmoam_R> V`ma hmoV Ago.
A) _hmamï´>
~) amOñWmZ
H$) {~hma
29
S>) Vm{_iZmSy>
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm
1) "emofUmMm {gÕm§V'
(exploitative thesis)
H$moUË`m B{VhmgH$mamZo n{hë`m§Xm _m§S>bm?
2) "Am¡a§J' H$m` hmoVo?
3) "B§{S>`m Qw>So>' `m nwñVH$mMo boIH$ H$moU hmoVo?
4) _mŠg©Mr CËnmXZ nÕVrMr g§H$ënZm ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m g§X^m©V n{hë`m§Xm H$moUr
dmnabr?
5) dram§Zm IoS>r H$m` hmoVr?
6) AZm¡ÚmoJrH$aUmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm H$moUr {damoY Ho$bm Amho?
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao:
A) 1. ~) _mŠg©dmXr
5. ~) Ho$ai
2. A) S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r 3. A) CËnmXZ
4. A) nVnoT>r
6. H$) {~hma
~) 1. Ama. nr. XÎm
2. H$mnS> CËnmXZmMr ñWm{ZH$ H|$Ðo
3. Ama. nr. XÎm
4. S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r
5. 1670 À`m XeH$mV H$mer {dam§Zm ZmdmÀ`m EH$m ì`mnmè`mZo ^maVmÀ`m nydu g_wÐ
{H$Zmè`mdarb hOmamo JmdmVrb {dUH$am§Zm XÖr nÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmJmD$ a¸$_
{Xbr hmoVr. øm gd© Jmdm§Zm '{dam§ZmMr Jmdo' Ago AmoiIbo OmV hmoVo.
6. _moarg-S>r-_moarg
1.5. gmam§e
{~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmZmhr ^maV Xoe hm OJmVrb Jar~ Xoem§_Yrb
EH$ Xoe åhUyZ JUbm OmD$ bmJbm. hm {damoYm^mg H$m {Z_m©U Pmbm ho g_OUo hmM 19ì`m
eVH$mMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg Aä`mgÊ`mMm à_wI CÔoe Amho. Am{W©H$ B{VhmgmÀ`m Amnë`mbm
AZoH$ N>moQ>çm ì`m»`m H$aVm `oVrb. AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg hm JV
H$mimVrb g_mOm§À`m Am{W©H$ ~m~tMm Aä`mg Amho. Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg gmYZgm_J«rMm CXm.
O_rZ, l{_H$ Am{U ^m§S>db BË`mXtMm B{Vhmg _m§S>Vmo. Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg ^yVH$mimV
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aVmo. Joë`m 150 dfmª_Ü`o ^maVmMm Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r VrZ _hÎdmMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ ApñVËdmV Ambo. 1) n{hbm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ý`m`_yVu amZSo>
30
Am{U amo_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr Adb§~bobm amï´>dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmoVm.2) ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmg
boIZmMo Xþgao nd© ho 1950À`m XeH$mV gwê$ Pmbo. øm H$mimV _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mm à^md
AW©emók Am{U B{VhmgH$ma `m§À`mda {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. 3) ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgboIZmMo {Vgao
nd© 1960À`m XeH$mV gwê$ Pmbo. {X„r ñHy$b Am°\$ BH$m°Zm°{_Šg `m g§ñWoVrb Aä`mgH$m§Zr
_moR>çm à_mUmV ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmda {bImU H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
1963 gmbr àm. _moarg S>r. _moarg `m§Zr 'Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth
Century Indian Economic History' hm boI 'Journal of Economic History' øm
{Z`VH$m{bH$mV à{gÕ Ho$bm. øm boIm_wio 19ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVr` Am{W©H$ B{Vhmgmda _moR>çm
à_mUmV MMm© KSy>Z Ambr. øm boImZo Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o Vrd« ^mdZm OmJ¥V Pmë`m. _mÌ
^maVmVrb d naXoemVrb Am{W©H$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr àm. _moarg `m§À`m {dMmam§da MMm© Ho$br Zmhr.
1968 gmbr Indian Economic and Social History Review `m Am§Va{dÚmemIr`
(interdiciplinary) g§emoYZ n{ÌHo$À`m {deof A§H$m_Ü`o _moarg `m§À`m {dMmam§da {Q>ßnUr H$aUmao
AZoH$ boI N>mnyZ Ambo.
H$mb© _mŠg© `m§Zr Amnë`m {bImUmV ^maVm~Ôb AZoH$ {Q>ßnÊ`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. _mŠg©
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V {bImU H$aV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur hr AZoH$ doim
MwH$sÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ`m§da AmYm[aV hmoVr. S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r, Ama. Eg. e_m©, amo{_bm Wmna,
Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§À`m gma»`m Zm_d§V B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mŠg©À`m _m§S>UrVrb MwH$m XmIdyZ {Xë`m
AmhoV. _mŠg©Mo ^maVm~ÔbMo {bImU VwQ>H$ ñdénmMo Amho. _mŠg©Zo doJdoJù`m H$mimV
^maVm~Ôb doJdoJio {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio _mŠg©À`m ^maVm~ÔbÀ`m
{dMmam§g§~Y§ mZo Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. _mÌ ho AmnU bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo H$s
_mŠg©Zo BVa Am{e`mB© Xoem§nojm ^maVm~Ôb OmñV dmMZ Ho$bo hmoVo d Ë`m§Zr "dgmhVdmXmÀ`m'
g§~§{YV _m§S>bobo {dMma ho àm_w»`mZo ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©VM AmhoV. _mŠg©Zo ^maVmMm Aä`mg
OJm_Yrb ^m§S>dbemhrMm CX` g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm hmoVm.
Aä`mgH$ dgmhVdmXmbm VrZ doJdoJù`m Q>ßß`mV {d^mJVmV. àË`oH$ Q>ßß`m_Ü`o doJdoJi`m
emofU nÕVr d _mJ© Adb§~bobo Agë`m_wio doJdoJir dgmhVr YmoaUo {~«Q>re amOdQ>rZo am~dbobr
AmT>iVmV. gwadmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o ApñVËdmV Agboë`m emofU nÕVr Z§VaÀ`m Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o ZdrZ
emofU nÕVt~amo~a Mmby amhVmV. _mÌ àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mMr H$mhr R>iH$ d¡{eï²>`o AgVmV.
dgmhVdmXmÀ`m àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mV JwUmË_H$ ~Xb hmoV AgVmo.Ama. nr. XÎm `m§Zr n{hë`m§Xm
^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V dgmhVr emofUmMm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb {~«Q>re dgmhVdmXmMr
{d^mJUr VrZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü`o Ho$br:
1) ì`mnmar ^m§S>dbemhrMm Q>ßnm (1757- 1800)
(Stage of Merchant Capital)
2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^m§S>dbemhrMm Q>ßnm (1800- 1860) (Stage of Industrial Capitalism)
31
3) {dÎmr` ^m§S>dbemhrMm Q>ßnm (1860-1947)
(Stage of Finance Capitalism)
{~«Q>re amOdQ>rMm ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm ho g_OyZ ¿`m`Mo Agob Va
18ì`m eVH$mV ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMr H$m` n[apñWVr hmoVr ho _m{hV Agbo nm{hOo. 18ì`m
eVH$m~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr XmoZ doJdoJio AÝd`mW© _m§S>bo AmhoV. H$mhr B{VhmgH$ma ho _V
_m§S>VmV H$s _moJb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgm_wio ^maVm_Ü`o Jm|Yi d AamOH$Vm (chaos and
anarchy) _mObr. AW©ì`dñWm nyU©nUo _moS>br. øm nma§nm[aH$ _m§S>Urbm AbrH$S>rb H$mimV
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr AmìhmZ {Xbo Amho. B{VhmgmMo nwZb}IZ H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma ho _m§S>VmV H$s Oar
_moJb gm_«mÁ`mMo nVZ Pmbo Agbo Var ^maVmV "Jm|Yi d AamOH$Vm' _mObr Zmhr. àmXo{eH$
amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$mhr àXoem§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ^a^amQ> KSy>Z Ambr. AZoH$
amOH$s` àý AgyZhr ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm {dñVma gwê$M am{hbm.
1.6. gamdmgmR>r àý
A) {Q>nm {bhm
1) Am{e`m`r CËnmXZ nÕVr
2) emofUmMm {gÕm§V
3) H$mb© _mŠg©Mr CËnmXZ nÕVrMr g§H$ënZm
~) g{dñVanUo CÎmao {bhm
1. 18ì`m eVH$mg§~§{YV dmXmMr gQ>rH$ MMm© H$am.
2. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _m§S>boë`m emofUmÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo narjU H$am.
3. ^maVr` B{VhmgmÀ`m _mŠg©dmXr AmH$bZmMo narjU H$am.
4. _Ü` 18 ì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m n[apñWVrMo g_rjU H$am.
5. ^maVr` Am{W©H$ B{VhmgboIZmÀ`m {dH$mgmMr MMm© H$am.
1.7. g§X^© J«§W
Chandra, Bipan. Karl Marx, His Theories of Asian Societies, and Colonial Rule.
Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 5, no. 1 (July 1, 1981): 13-91.
Choudhuri, B.B. Mughal Decline and India’s Economy: An Inconclusive Debate,
n.d.
Clingingsmith, David, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. India’s Deindustrialization in the
18th and 19th Centuries. Cambridge: Harvard University, 2005.
Dharma Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2, c.1757 2003, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 1983, (Expanded Edition 2005)
32
Habib, Irfan. Note Towards a Marxist Perception of Indian History. The Marxist,
XXVI, no. 4 (December 2010).
Morris, D. Morris, Toru Matsu, Bipan Chandra, and T. Raychoudhuri. Indian
Economy in the Nineteenth Century: A Symposium. Delhi: Indian Economic and
Social History Association, Delhi School of Economics, 1969.
Mukherjee, Aditya. Empire: How Colonial India Made Modern Britain. Economic
and Political Weekly 45, no. 50 (2010): 11.
---. The Return of the Colonial in Indian Economic History: The Last Phase of
Colonialism in India. Indian History Congess Sixty-Eighth Session (2007).
Parthasarathi, Prasannan. The History of Indian Economic History, May 2012.
Roy, Tirthankar. Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link. The
Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (2002): 109-30.
---. India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present. Vol. 10. Cambridge
University Press, 2012
.---. The Economic History of India 1857-1947. 2nd edition. Oxford: OUP India,
2006.
33
KQ>H$ 2
H¥$fr{df`H$ ì`dñWm Am{U Ë`mMo n[aUm_
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.0 C{Ôïo>
2.1 n«mñVm{dH$
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 19 ì`m eVH$mVrc H¥$fr ì`dñWm
2.2.2 H$m`_Ymam nÕV -~§Jmc
2.2.3 a`Vdmar nÕV - X{jU ^maV
2.2.4 _hmcdmar nÕV -_Ü` ^maV
2. 2.5 H¥$frMo ì`mnmarH$aU
2.2.6 H¥$frjoÌmda Pmcoco n[aUm_
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©
2.4 ñd§` AÜ``Z-n«íZm§Mr CÎmao
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 gamdmgmR>r n«íZ
2.7 g§X^©J«§W `mXr
2.0 C{Ôïo>
`m n«H$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va {dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo AmnUmg.....
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm H¥$frn«YmZ hmoVr. `mMr AmnUmg OmUrd hmoB©c.
J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um eoVr hm hmoVm. `mMr Vwåhm§g Zm|X ¿`mdr cmJoc.
~§Jmc_Yrc {~«Q>re H§$nZrZo H¥$fr{df`H$ ñdrH$macoco YmoaU Vw_À`m cjmV `oB©c.
a`Vdmar nÕV H$er hmoVr `mMr _m{hVr Vwåhm§g KoVm `oB©c.
cm°S©> {dë`_ ~|{Q>H$Zo _hmcdmar nÕV H¥$fr CËnÝZ dmT>mdo `m AmnojoZo A§_cmV AmUcr
Ë`mMr _m{hVr Vwåhmg Kmdr cmJoc.
34
H§$nZrZo Ho$coë`m `m O_rZ _hgwc nÕVtÀ`m JwU-Xmofm§Mr MMm© H$amdr cmJoc. d Ë`mMo
n[aUm_ ^maVr` eoVH$è`mda H$m` Pmco `mMr Zm|X Ro>dmdr cmJoc.
^maVr` eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUmg H$moUVo KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>aco `mMr _m{hVr Vwåhmg Kmdr
cmJoc.
2.1 n«mñVm{dH$
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV eoVr n§anamJV MmcV Amcocm n«_wI ì`dgm` Amho. eoVrn«YmZ
^maVmMo ^{dî` KS>{dÊ`mV n«mMrZ, _Ü``wJrZ d Adm©MrZ eoVH$è`m§Mo _moRo> `moJXmZ Amho.
"eoVH$ar' `m eãXmcm \$ma _moR>m AW© Amho. H$ï> H$aUmam, PJS>Umam d VËH$mcrZ g_mOmV
n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmam Agm Vmo eoVH$ar, Omo _mUyg AWdm ì`ŠVr ñdV…À`m VmH$Xrda,
H$m¡eë`mda O_rZ H$gÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmo, Ë`mV Vmo ñdV:Mr AdOmao dmnaVmo d Ë`m H$m_mV Ë`mcm
KaMo d JmdMo cmoH$ Cn`moJr nS>VmV Vmo ^maVr` eoVH$ar hmo`. gd©gmYmaUnUo ^maVmV lr_§V,
_Ü`_ d Jar~ eoVH$ar Aer Am{W©H$ {d^mJUr Ho$cr OmVo. eoVrMr _emJV H$ê$Z {dnwc n«_mUmV
CËnmXZ KoVmo Vmo eoVH$ar Aer ^maVmV gd©gmYmaU YmaUm Amho. ^maVmV Am`© ~mocZ qIS>rVyZ
Amco. Ë`m§Mo AmJ_Z hiy hiy d H«$_e…hmoVo. Vo J§Jm, amdr, {MZm~, Poc_, `_w§Zm, gañdVr d
qgYw `m ZÚm Imoè`mV `oD$Z pñWamdco d Ë`mZr VoWo eoVr H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. n«W_ cmH$S>r
Z§Va YmVwMr AdOmao dmnê$Z eoVr Ho$cr. VoWyZM ^maVr` eoVrMm {dH$mg hmoD$ cmJcm. CËnmXZ
dmTw> cmJco. _moR>çm g_mO {Z_uVrcm dmVmdaU {_iV Joco. CËnmXZ {dVaUmgmR>r g§K, lo§Ê`m,
JU `mgma»`m chmZ g§KQ>Zm CX`mg Amë`m. n«W_ dñVw{dZr_` d Z§Va YmVwMo {MÌ{dMrÌ
AmH$mamMo VwH$So> McZ åhUyZ dmnaco Joco. eoV_mcmMr Xod Kod gwê$ Pmcr. N>moQo> añVo {Z_m©U
Pmco. ZmJar g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©U Pmcr. Ë`m_wio H$m§hr ZJao ì`mnmamMr H|$X«o ~Zcr. VËH$mcrZ ZJa
n«_wIm§Zr eoVr gwYmaÊ`mH$So> cj {Xco. eoVr_wio g_mOmcm ñW¡`© {_imco. eoVr d new g§»`odê$Z
n«{Vð>m g_OÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. _moR>r g_mO{Z{_©Vr amOm d _§ÌrJU n[afXoÀ`m pñWaVoZ§Va
ImOJr _mc_ËVm `m g§H$ënZoMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`mVwZ {d{dY gm_m{OH$ JQ>mMm CX` Pmcm.amOm d
_§ÌrJU `m§Zm ^oQ>dñVw Am{U ZOamUo {_iy cmJco. _hmOZnXmÀ`m {Z{_©VrZ§Va _hgwcmMr H$ënZm
CX`mg Amcr Ago _mZco OmVo. n«mMrZ ^maVr` H$mimV eoVrV AZoH$ ~Xc Pmco.
_Ü``wJrZ H$mimV AZoH$ pñWË`§Vao Pmcr. CËnmXZ d eoVr nÕV `mV ~Xc Pmco. IVo,
{~-{~`mUo, nmUr nwadR>m `m_wio eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>c.o aoer_, V§~mIy, _H$m d Voc{~`m§À`m
CËnmXZm_wio ZJXr {nH$m§Mo _moR>çm n«_mUmda CËnÝZ dmT>co. CÎma ^maVmV \$io _moR>çm n«_mUmda
KoVcr Jocr. eoVmV OmñVrVOmñV {nHo$ KoÊ`mg cmoH$ V`ma Pmco. {nH$m§Mo \o$anmcQ>, ~Xc nÕV
pñdH$macr. eoVrgmR>r cmoI§S>r AdOmao dmnaÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. eoVrgmR>r nmUrnwadR>m hm ZXr,
hm¡X, {dhra d Vcmd `m _YyZ gwê$ Pmcm. gwcVmZ H$mimV O_rZXmar nÕVrMm CX` Pmcm. Va
_wKcH$mimV O_rZXma§mZm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {_imco. _Ü``wJrZ H$mimnmgyZ O{_Zrda {d{dY n«H$maMo
H$a ~g{dÊ`mV Amco. d hr nÕV ê$T> Pmcr. n«Ë`j O_rZ nmhþZ d _moOUr H$ê$Z H$a dgwcr
gŠVrZo H$aÊ`mV Amcr. I§S>H$ar, Hw$iH$ar, dmQo>H$ar eoVH$è`m§Mm CX` `mM H$mimV Pmcm.
O_rZXma ho `m eoVH$è`mda AÝ`m` H$arV nrH$ d H$a dgwcrgmR>r Owcy_ O~aXñVr hmoV Ago.
35
eoVH$è`mda H$Om©Mm ~moOm dmT>V Ago. _Ü``wJrZ H$mimVrc eoVH$è`§mZr {d{dY H$maU§mH$[aVm
CR>md Ho$ë`mMo g§X^© {_iVmV.
VËH$mcrZ ^maVmVrc 80% cmoH$ eoVrda Adc§~yZ hmoV.o eoVr hm J«m_rU g_mOì`dñWoMm
H$Um hmoVm. J«m_, IoS>çmVrc cmoH$ eoVr, newnmcZ, ì`dgm` H$arV. ~cwVo nÕV ê$T> hmoVr. Ë`m
H$mimV JaOm H$_r AgV. Ë`m_wio JaOm IoS>çmV nyU© Ho$ë`m OmV AgV. _ZmnmgyZ eoVrda _m`m
H$aUo, eoVr_Ü`o H$ï> H$aUo. gaH$mar H$a, _hgyc ^aUo, O_rZXma, gaXma cmoH$m§Mo AË`mMma,
AÝ`m` ghZ H$aUo hr ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Mr Img d¡{eîQ>ço hmoVr. H§$nZrÀ`m EH$g§K amOH$s` gËVm
ñWmnZoZ§Va J«m_rU ^mJmMr ñd§`nyU©Vm hiy hiy Zï> Pmcr. d J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm ~XcV Jocr.
{VMo ñdê$n ì`mnmar AW©ì`dñWoH$So> PwHy$ cmJco. H§$nZrZo ^maVmVrc CKmoJ, hñV-H$cm ì`dgm`,
~è`mn¡H$s cKwCKmoJ Zï> Ho$co. n[aUm_r eoVrda A{V[aŠV ~moOm nSy> cmJcm. ~oH$ma Pmcoco cmoH$
CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r eoVrH$So> dico. _moR>çm O{_ZXmam§Zr Amnë`m O{_Zr N>moQ>çm eoVH$è`m§H$So> {Xë`m
hmoË`m. Vo eoVH$ar hr O_rZ ñdV…À`m _mcH$sMr g_OV. H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV O{_ZXmam§Zm
eoVgmamè`mV dmT> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm.
H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV _hgyc hr ~m~ amÁ`mMo CËnÝZ _mZco. Ë`m_wio OmXm _hgwc dgwc
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`_Ymam, a`Vdmar d _hmcdmar Aem doJdoJù`m _hgwc nÕVrMm dmna Ho$cm.
_hgwc H$a dmT>ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVH$ar _moR>çm AS>MUrV gmnS>cm. IVo, {~-~r`mUo, H¥$fr
gmYZmMm A^md, Amoco d H$moaSo> XwîH$mi, d gŠVrMr _hgwc nÕVr `m_wio eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar
~Zcm. gmdH$mam§Zm O_rZr {dHy$Z _hgwc ^amdm cmJcm. H$O© WH$ë`mg O_rZtMo {ccmd Pmco.
nma§nm[aH$ eoVr nÕVrVyZ ^aKmog CËnmXZ hmoV Zgo d H$O© \o$S>Vm Z Amë`mZo eoVH$ar X[aX«r ~Zcm.
H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV `oWrc eoVr nmdgmda Adc§~yZ hmoVr. H§$nZr gaH$maZo eoVrH$So> cj {Xco
Zmhr. eoVH$è`m§Zm H$moUË`mhr gmoB©-gw{dYm {Xë`m ZmhrV. B§J«OmZr ^maVmV am~{dcoë`m O_rZ
_hgwc nÕVr eoVH$è`§§mgmR>r {hVmÀ`m ZìhË`m. eoVrÀ`m joÌmV B§J«OmZr Am{W©H$ gm_«mÁ`dmX Mmcw
Ho$cm. eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU Ho$co. `wamonr`Z ~mOmanoRo>V H$mnyg, Mhm, {Zi, H$m°\$s, {d{dY
_gmë`mÀ`m dñVy `m§Zm n«§MS> _mJUr hmoVr. hr _mJUr nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§da gXa
{nH$m§MoM CËnmXZ Ü`mdo `mMr gŠVr Ho$cr. hm ì`mnma d {_iUmam _hgwc n«§MS> hmoVm. Var gwÕm
B§J«OmZr ^maVr` eoVrgmR>r H$moUË`mhr gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m ZmhrV. n[aUm_r ^maVr` eoVr _mJmg
am{hcr. eoVr CËnÝZmV dmT> ZgVmZm gwÕm B§J«OmZr eoVgmam dmT>dV Zocm. gaH$ma, gmdH$ma,
O_rZXma d B§J«O ì`mnmar `m§Zr ^maVr` eoVH$è`mMo n«§MS> Am{W©H$ emofU Ho$co.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 19 ì`m eVH$mVrc H¥$fr ì`dñWm
^maVr` eoVr nÕVr nm§an[aH$ hmoVr. `m H$mimVrc eoVrMr gmYZo OwZmQ>, nm§an[aH$ nÕVrMr
hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _`m©{XV H¥$fr CËnÝZ {_iV Ago. B§J«OmZr ^maVmV gËVm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va B§½c§S>
_Yrc H$maImÝ`m§Zm cmJUmam H$ƒm _mc nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mnwg, VmJ, Mhm, H$m°\$s, {Zi,
_gmco nXmW© B. eoV_mc CËnmXrV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§da gŠVr Ho$cr. B§J«OmZr
36
Amnë`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r ^maVr` eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU Ho$co. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ñd`§…nyU©Vm Zï> Pmcr.
ZdrZ _hgwc nÕVr_wio ^maVmVyZ _moR>çm n«_mUmda g§nÎmr B§½c§S>cm ZoUo eŠ` Pmco. ^maVr`
eoVH$ar hm AS>mUr, A§YlÕmiy, ZdrZ _mJ© Z ñdrH$maUmam, Xm[aÐç d H$Om©À`m H$mÌrV
AS>H$cocm, gaH$maZo H$moUVrhr _XV Z Ho$ë`mZo X[aX«r Zmam`U åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmB©. O_rZ
_mcH$s, Ý`m`XmZ d O_rZ _hgwc nÕVr EdT>çmnwaVo gaH$ma eoVr g§~Yr H$m_H$mO H$arV Ago.
1) H¥$fr ImË`mMr JaO
19 ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmV AZoH$ doim XwîH$mi nS>co. gZ 1864 Vo 1865 `m H$mimV
Amgm_, ~§Jmc d {~hma `m n«m§VmV {^fU XwîH$mi nS>c.o XwîH$mimda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$macm
Img n«`ËZ H$amdo cmJco. CËnmXZ dmT>mdo VmoQ>m hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ B§J«O gaH$maZo "eoVr'H$So> cj
{Xco. gaH$maÀ`m XwîH$mi {ZdmaU g{_VrZo Img "XwîH$mimda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì H¥$fr ImVo'
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$cr. na§Vw gaH$maZo `m {e\$magrH$So> cj {Xco Zmhr. B§½c§S>_Yrc
H$maImZXmam§Zr B§½c§S> emgZmda cm§~ Ym½`mMm H$mnyg CËnm{XV H$amdm Ago XS>nU AmUë`mda gZ
1868 _Ü`o ^maVmV B§J«O gaH$maZo cm§~ H$mnyg d Ë`mÀ`m Ym½`mgmR>r n«W_ n«`ËZ Ho$co. `m Z§Va
B§½cS> _Yrc "_±MoñQ>a H$m°Q>Z Am°J©Zm`PoeZ' ^maVmV H$mngmMr eoVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r "ñd§VÌ
H¥$frImVo ñWmnZ H$amdo' Aer _mJUr Ho$cr hmoVr.
`m _mJUr Z§Va gZ 1871 _Ü`o B§J«O gaH$maZo "H¥$fr, _hgwc Am{U dm{UÁ`' Ago EH$
ñdV§Ì ImVo {Z_m©U Ho$co. d Vo n«Ë`oH$ n«mVm§V cmJy Ho$co. nU `m ImË`mg eoVr gwYmaUm H$aVm
Amë`m ZmhrV. H¥$fr{df`H$ AmH$So>dmar, eoVr narfXm, Am`moJ ñWmnÝ`mn{cH$So> H$mhr Ho$co Zmhr.
nwTo> gZ 1881 _Ü`o H¥$fr ImË`mMo nwZ©…OrdZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. d eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>rdÊ`mgmR>r
AZoH$ `moOZm am~{dÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amcm. H|$X«mMo _w»` ImVo ho n«m§Vr` ImË`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z
H$aUma hmoVo. Va n«m§Vr` ImVr hr eoVr g§emoYZ, n«`moJ Am{U {dH$mg nhmUma hmoVr. `m H$mcI§S>mV
qgY, dm`ì` n«m§V, ~§Jmc, _w§~B©, _Ü`n«Xoe d _X«mg n«m§VmV H¥$fr ImVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
gaH$maZo `m H$mimV cm§~ Ym½`mMm H$mnyg, Voc{~`m, \$io, ~Q>mQo> `m {nH$mda g§emoYZ Ho$co. Var
^maVr` eoVrMm n«JVrMm doJ JVr{hZ hmoVm. H$maU B§J«O gaH$maMo YmoaU R>m_ d H$m`©j_ ZìhVo.
nwT>rc H$mimV ìhm°EcH$a Ahdmc, cm°S©> H$P©Z `m§Zo ñdrH$mê$Z "Bånr[aAc A°{J«H$ëMa [agM©
BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z eoVr g§emoYZ H$m`m©g n«m§a^ Ho$cm. Va am°`c H${_eZZo ^maVr` eoVr
g§~Yr gaH$macm _hËdnyU© {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. `m H$mcI§S>mV Or H$mhr n«JVr Pmcr Ë`mV
_wIËdoH$ê$Z gwYm[aV OmVrÀ`m {nH$m§Mr cmJdS> d OcqgMZ `moOZm _hËdmÀ`m hmoË`m. B§J«OmZr
^maVmV O_rZ _hgwcmÀ`m nÕVr AmUë`m d Ë`m `oWo gŠVrZo am~{dë`m Ë`mMm AmT>mdm `m n«_mUo
2.2.2 H$m`_Ymam nÕV -(~§Jmc)
AJXr n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ O_rZ _hgyc hr ~m~ Ë`m Ë`m n«XoemMm Am{W©H$ H$Um hmooVm.
^maVmVrc J«m_rU ^mJ hm `mMm _hËdmMm KQ>H$ hmoVm. `mVrc XmoZ KQ>H$ åhUOo eoVr H$gUmao d
chmZ ì`dgm{`H$ hmoV. Ë`m H$mimVrc O_rZrda d¡`ŠVrH$ _mcH$s, gm_wXm{`H$ _mcH$s, d amÁ`
_mcH$s Ago. O_rZ _mcH$s hŠH$mMo VrZ n«H$ma ê$T> hmoVo. eoVrda AmYmarV Ago {d{dY
ì`dgm`, CKmoJ gwê$ Pmco hmoVo. n[aUm_r J«m_rU ^mJmV ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda O_rZXma, _moRo>
37
eoVH$ar `m§Mo gm_mOrH$, Am{W©H$ _hËd dmT>c.o Ë`m_wio ñWm{ZH$ n«emgZmda Ë`mMm n«^md dmT>cm.
ho cmoH$ gaH$macm _moR>m H$a XoV Agë`mZo Ë`mMm Z¡{VH$ X~md ahmV Ago. "O_rZ H$gUmè`m
cmoH$m§Zm H$a ê$nmZo gaH$macm H$m§hr ^mJ Úmdm cmJo `mcmM _hgyc Ago åh§Q>co OmB©.' ^maVmV
H$mcAmoKmV O_rZ _hgyc H$a dmT>V Jocm. O_rZYmaUo ~m~V "ImOJr _mcH$s hŠH$' _mÝ`
Pmcm. _Ü``wJrZ H$mimnmgyZ O_rZn«Vdmar R>adyZ _hgyc AmH$macm OmB©. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo
~§Jmc H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va Z~m~mH$Sy>Z {XdmUr A{YH$ma {_i{dco d nwT>rc H$mimV doJdoJù`m
_hgyc nÕVr am~{dë`m.
gZ 1765 À`m Acmhm~mX VhmZo ~§Jmc Z~m~mH$Sy>Z H§$nZrZo ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agm `m
n«mVm§Mo {XdmUr hŠH$ {_i{dco. ~§Jmc _Yrc _hgyc Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r {gVm~am°` d _moh§_X
aOmImZ `m§Zm Zm`~ {XdmU åhUyZ Zo_co. ~§Jmcr OZVm Xwhoar gËVoÀ`m dgycrV AS>H$cr. EH$m
~mOycm Z~m~ Va XwgarH$So> H§$nZr. XmoÝhr gËVoMo dgycr A{YH$mar OZVoda AÝ`m` AË`mMma
H$arV. VgoM ho dgwcr A{YH$mar _moR>m ^«ï>mMma H$arV. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrcm H$moUVmhr \$m`Xm Pmcm
Zmhr. n[aUm_r nwT>rc H$mimV dm°aZ hopñQ>§JZo _hgyc Jmoim H$aÊ`mMr hr Xwhoar nÕV ~§X Ho$cr.
Ë`mZo _Ü`ñW nÕV ~§X H$ê$Z, _hgyc Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo n«Ë`j H$m_H$mO H§$nZrÀ`m dVrZo gwê$
Ho$co. n«Ë`oH$ {OëøV "H$coŠQ>a'Mr {Z`wŠVr Ho$cr. nmM dfm©Mm _hgyc {ZíMrV Ho$cm. d Xadfu
{nH$m§Mr nhmUr H$ê$Z _hgyc dgyc H$aÊ`mMr nÕV pñdH$macr. _hgyc dgycrgmR>r "Ro>H$m
nÕVrMm' Adc§~ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. ñdV§Ì _hgyc ImVo XoIaoIrgmR>r "_hgyc _§S>i' ho
Cƒm{YH$ma _§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$co. `mV eoVH$ar {hV H$moUVoM ZìhVo. H§$nZrMr _hgyc ì`dñWm dmB©Q>
hmoVr. ^maVmV nwT>rc H$mimV cm°S©> H$m°Z©dm{cg Amcm. Ë`mZo `oWo H¥$fr ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg Ho$cm.
eoVH$è`m§Zm _hgycmMr {ZpíMV _m{hVr AgUo, O_rZ H$moUr H$gmdr, gaH$mar _hgyc OmñV H$gm
O_m hmoB©c. `mda {dMma Ho$cm. _hgwcmMr H$m`_Mr ì`dñWm Pmcr Zmhr Va eoVH$ar O_rZ
H$gUma ZmhrV Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H§$nZrMm _hgyc ~wS>o c. Xaå`mZ `mM H$mimV nrQ²>g B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>Zo
O_rZ {df`H$ {Z`_ H$amdoV Aem gwMZm ^maV gaH$macm Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. cmS©> H$m°Z©dm{cgZo O_rZ
_hgycm~m~V `m joÌmV H$m_H$mO H$aUmao "Om°Z emoAa, OmoZmWZ S§>H$Z, Am{U Mmëg© J«°Q> `mMr
Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr. `m {VK§mnwT>o XmoZ n«íZ hmoVo Vo åhUOo emgZmZo O_rZ _hgycmMm H$ama eoVH$è`mer
H$amdm H$s _moR>çm O_rZXmam§er H$amdm. ~§Jmc_Ü`o O_rZ _hgyc H$m`_ ñdê$nr ¿`mdm H$m? `m
àíZm§da gImoc MMm© Pmcr. Om°Z emoAa d H$m°Z©dm{cg `mÀ`mV _V^oX hmoV.o H$m°Z©dm{cgÀ`m _Vo
O_rZXmam§er H$ama H$amdoV. H$maU Vo _moR>çm O_rZrMo _mcH$ AmhoV. Va Om°Z emoAa _Vo eoVH$ar
Iao _mcH$ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mer H$ama H$amdoV. Om°Z emoAaZo `m g§X^m©V EH$ `moOZm _m§S>cr.
O_rZXmam§Zr Amncr O_rZ H$gUmao Hw$imMr Zmdo d Ë`mZm Úmdm cmJUmam _hgyc `mMr Zm|X
Ro>dmdr, Amnë`m Hw$im§Zm Ë`mZr nÅo> ÚmdoV, Hw$imÀ`m hŠH$mV T>dimT>di Pmë`mg Hw$im§Zm
Ý`m`mc`mV OmUoMr nadmZJr Agmdr.
Om°Z emoAaÀ`m `m `moOZocm cm°S©> H$m°Z©dm{cgZo _§Owar {Xcr. `m_wio n«Ë`jmV O_rZ H$gUmar
Hw$io `mÀ`m hŠH$mMo ajU Pmco. hr `moOZm B§½cS>cm nmR>{dÊ`mV Amcr. VËH$mcrZ B§½cS>Mm
n§Vn«YmZ {dë`_ nrQ> `m§Zr `m `moOZocm A§{V_ _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. `m nÕVrcm "H$m`_Ymam nÕVr'
38
Ago åhUVmV. hr nÕV 22 _mM© 1793 nmgwZ n«W_ ~§Jmc, {~hma d Z§Va Amo[agm _Ü`o cmJy
H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
A) H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMo ñdê$n Am{U VaVwXr
gZ 1765 À`m Acmhm~mX VhmZo ~§Jmc Z~m~mH$Sy>Z H§$nZrZo ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agm `m
n«m§V§mMo {XdmUr A{YH$ma {_i{dco. eoVr ì`dgm`mVyZ {_iUmao CËnÝZ {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMo ZìhVo.
H§$nZrMm n«emgZmdarc IM© dmT>V hmoVm. åhUyZ cm°S>© H$m°Z©dm{cg `m§Zr gXa n«m§VmVyZ B©ñQ>B§{S>`m
H§$nZrcm {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMm _hgyc (eoVgmam) {_imdm åhUyZ "H$m`_Ymam nÕV' gwê$ Ho$cr. `m
nÕVrZwgma O_rZXmamZm, eoVO_rZrMo _mcH$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. _moR>çm O_rZXmamZm eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z
H§$nZrZo R>adyZ {Xcocm _hgyc dgyc H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {Xco. Vmo dgyc H$ê$Z gaH$ma_Ü`o O_m
H$aUo, {e„H$ am{hë`mg Vmo ñdV… KoUo. eoVH$è`mda Z¡g{J©H$ AmnVr CXm. XwîH$mi, nwa, Q>moiYmS>,
amoJamB©, Amë`mg H§$nZr O_rZXma d eoVH$è`m§Zm ZwH$gmZ ^anmB©gmR>r O~m~Xma ZìhVr. `m
nÕVr_wio Jar~ eoVH$è`mMr O_rZrdarc _mcH$s Zï> Pmcr. O_rZXmamda N>moQo> eoVH$ar d Ë`mMo
OrdZ Adc§~yZ am{hco. H$m`_Ymam nÕVrV H$m`_Mm eoVgmam R>adyZ XoÊ`mV Amcm. O_rZXmamZo
R>adyZ {Xcocm eoVgmam gaH$mar {d^mJmV O_m Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`m O_rZXmamMr O_rZ {dH«$r H$aÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma H§$nZrcm {_imco.
H$m`_Ymam O{_Z_hgyc nÕVrÀ`m VaVwXr nwT>rcà_mUo1. ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agm n«m§VmVrc O_rZXma, N>moQo> eoVH$ar, BVa O_rZ_mcH$ `m§À`m
O_rZrMr _moOUr H$ê$Z H$m`_ ñdê$nr _hgyc R>adyZ {Xcm.
2. R>adyZ {Xcoë`m _hgycmV ~Xc H$aVm `oUma Zmhr.
3. H§$nZr gaH$maZo O_rZXmam~amo~a H$ama Ho$co. Ë`mZm _hgyc dgycrMo A{YH$ma {Xco. O_rZ
_mcH$s O_rZXmamH$So> Ro>dcr, ho O_rZXma Amnë`m Hw$imH$Sy>Z _hgyc dgyc H$ê$ cmJco,
R>adyZ {Xcocm _hgyc gaH$mamV ^aUo d {e„H$ am{hë`mg Vmo ñdV…Odi Ro>dUo ho A{YH$ma
O_rZXmamZm {_imco.
4. Hw$imZr O_rZXmam§Zm H$_r _hgyc {Xë`mg, O_rZXmamZo R>adyZ {XcocmM _hgyc ^amdm `mV
H$moUVr{h gwQ> {_iUma Zmhr. nwdu O_rZXmamH$So> Agcoco em§VVm-gwì`dñWm Ro>dÊ`mMo H$m_
H$mTy>Z KoVco. O_rZ {dH«$rMo A{YH$ma H§$nZrZo _mÝ` Ho$co.
5. ^maVr` O_rZXma, eoVH$ar `m§Zm Omo dmagm hŠH$ H$a ^amdm cmJV hmoVm Vmo H§$nZrZo ~§X
Ho$cm. Omon`©V O_rZXma, eoVH$ar O_rZ _hgyc {Z`{_V ^aVrc Vmon`©V Ë`mMo O_rZ hŠH$
Am~mYrV amhVrc ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Amco.
6. O_rZXmam§Zm Hw$io nÅ>`§mÛmao _hgyc H$a XoVrc. VgoM Hw$imH$S>rc _hgyc dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
gaH$mar AWdm Ý`m`mc`mMr nadmZJr KoUoMo ~§YZ O_rZXmamda KmcÊ`mV Amco.
H§$nZr gaH$maZo ~§Jmc_Yrc O_rZrMo gd}jU H$ê$Z VoWrc O_rZrMo loð>, _Ü`_ d H${Zð>
Aer dJ©dmar Ho$cr. d Ë`mn«_mUo _hgyc H$a H$m`_Mm AmH$macm Ë`mgmR>r _mJrc _hgyc
39
O_m~§XrMm AmYma KoVcm. ~§Jmc _YyZ H$m`_ _hgyc {_iV Omdm `mMr H§$nZrZo gmo` Ho$cr hr
nÕV ^maVmV {XS>eodf© Mmcy hmoVr.
~) H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMo \$m`Xo (JwU)
cm°S©> H$m°Z©dm{cgÀ`m H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMo \$m`Xo H$moUVoo Pmco Vo AmnUmg Imcrc n«_mUo
gm§JVm `oVrc.
1. H$m`_Ymam nÕVr_wio _moRo> O_rZXma, eoVH$ar `m§Mo O_rZ{df`H$ hŠH$ H$m`_Mo ÑT> Pmco
O_rZXma, eoVH$ar `m§Modarc OmMH$ ~§YZo Zï> Pmcr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo g_mOmVrc ñWmZ
^ŠH$_ hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr.
2. O_rZ _hgycmMr aŠH$_ H$m`_Mr {ZíMrV Pmë`mZo ^maVr` eoVH$ar H¥$fr joÌmH$So> AmH$fuV
Pmcm. _moR>çm n«_mUmda eoVrMo joÌ cmJdS>rImcr Amco. `mMm n[aUm_ O_rZrMr IaoXr
{dH«$r _moR>çm n«_mUmda hmoD$ cmJcr.
3. ^maVmVrc O_rZXma, _moR>o eoVH$ar `m§Mr `m nÕVr_wio O_rZ _mcH$s {ZíMrV Pmcr. Ë`m_wio
hm dJ© pñWamdcm. Ë`m_wio hm dJ© B§J«OmMm {Zð>mdmZ ~Zcm.
4. H$m`_Ymam nÕVr_wio H§$nZrMo CËnÝZ {ZíMrV Pmco. H§$nZrcm Amnco A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aVm
Amco. _hgyc nÕVrVrc ^«ï>mMma Zï> H$aVm Amcm. `m nÕVr_wio H§$nZrÀ`m Am{W©H$
CËnÝZmV ^aKmog dmT> Pmcr.
5. O_rZXmam§Zm Hw$io nÅ>ç§mÛmao _hgyc H$a XoVrc. VgoM Hw$imH$S>rc _hgyc dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
gaH$mar AWdm Ý`m`mc`mMr nadmZJr KoUoMo ~§YZ O_rZXmamda KmcÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mV nwÝhm
hñVjon H$aÊ`mMm n«íZM {e„H$ Ro>dcm Zmhr.
6. H$m`_Ymam nÕVr_wio ~§Jmc_Yrc H¥$frMo CËnÝZ dmT>c.o O_rZXma Y{ZH$dJm©Zo ì`mnmamda
Amnco cj H|$X«rV Ho$co. VoWo cmoH$g§»`mdmT> Pmcr. _Ü`_ eoVH$ardJm©Zo nwT>rc H$mimV
gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV _moRo> `moJXmZ Ho$co. Va H§$nZrcm Xadfu {ZpíMV
ñdê$nmV _hgyc {_iy cmJcm. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrÀ`m CËnÝZmg ñW¡`© {_imco. H$m`_Ymam
nÕVr_wio O{_ZXma lr_§V Pmco. Ë`mMr n«{Vð>m dmT>cr. ~§Jmc_Yrc hm dJ© H§$nZrMm g_W©H$
dJ© åhUyZ CX`mg Amcm. n«m. VmamM§X {c{hVmV dm°aZ hopñQ>§½OÀ`m H$mimV ~§Jmc_Ü`o
Jm|Yimcm D$V Amcm, ~§JmcmV Xw…I, X«m[aÐç, XwîH$mi, Am{U ~§S>mirMo gmdQ> ngaco. `m
n[apñWVrV cm°S©> H$m°Z©dm{cgZo gwYmaUm Ho$cr. H§$nZrMo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgZo, ^maVr`
eoVH$è`mMo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo, O_rZXmamZm gwa{jVVm XoUo hr H$m_o H$m`_Ymam nÕVrZo Ho$cr.
`m nÕVr_wio O_rZXma, eoVH$ar, gd©gmYmaU a`V `m§Mo g_mOmVrc ñWmZ {ZpíMV Ho$co.
EH§$Xa O{_ZrÀ`m dgyc Ho$coë`m _hgycmn¡H$s 10/11 åhUOoM 89% CËnÝZ H§$nZr
gaH$macm {_iÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. Va O{_ZXmam§Zm 1/11 åhUOoM 11% CËnÝZ dgyc
Ho$coë`m CËnÝZmn¡H$s {_iV Ago. "{¼ñVmo\$a ~ocr, `mÀ`m _Vo H§$nZrMm hoVw ~§Jmc_Ü`o
g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm ZìhVm. Ë`mZm VoWo pñWaVm {Z_m©U H$amd`mMr hmoVr. H$m`_Ymam
40
nÕVrMm _w»` hoVw O_rZ _hgycmMr {ZpíMVr hmoVr. H$m°Z©dm{cgMm hoVw amOH$s` d cîH$ar
hoVwZr n«o[aV hmoVm. ~§Jmc_Yrc {d{dY g_mOmda doJù`m _mJm©Zr {Z`§ÌU {_i{dUo hm hmoVm.
H$) H$m`_Ymam nÜXVrMo VmoQo> (Xmof)
1. cm°S©> H$m°Z©dm{cgcm H$m`_Ymam nÕV am~{dVmZm _hgyc d eoVrMr {ZíMrV AmH$So>dmar
{_imcr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ImoQ>çm AmH$So>dmarda hr nÕV am~dmdr cmJcr. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrcm
gaH$mar CËnÝZ _`m©{XV {_imco. `m nÕVr_wio AZoH$ O_rZXmamÀ`m O_rZr H$a_wŠV am{hë`m,
Ë`m_wio AZoH$ O_rZXma lr_§V Pmco. H§$nZrMm \$ma VmoQ>m Pmcm.
2. H$m`_Ymam nÕVrV {Xcoë`m {XderM _hgyc ^amdm cmJo. Ë`m {Xder _hgyc ^acm Zmhr Va
gaH$ma O_rZrMo {ccmd H$arV Ago. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mÀ`m O_rZrMr H$dS>r_moc {H$§_VrZo
{dH«$r hmoB.©
3. `m MwH$sÀ`m nÕVr_wio ~§Jmc d {~hma n«m§VmV gZ 1794 Vo 1807 `m H$mimV 41Q>ŠHo$
eoVH$ar cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m O_rZr {dH$mì`m cmJë`m. Va gZ 1804 Vo 1818 `m H$mimV
Amo[agm n«m§VmV 51.1 Q>ŠHo$ O_rZ {ccmd nÕVrZo {dH$Ê`mV Amcr.
4. _hgyc A{YH$mè`mÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m _m{hVr_wio O_rZrMo Iao _mcH$ ~mOycm am{hco. `m
eoVH$è`mZm Amnë`m Ý`m` hŠH$mgmR>r PJS>mdo cmJco.
5. O_rZXmamZr Hw$imda AÝ`m`-AË`mMma gwê$ Ho$co. Ë`m_wio eoVrMm {dH$mg Pmcm Zmhr.
Hw$imMo emofU ^`mdh Pmco. H$m`_Ymam gwYmaUm_wio ~§§Jmc_Ü`o lr_§V eoVH$è`mMm EH$ dJ©
CX`mg Amcm. `m dJm©cm "OmoVoXma' åh§Q>co Joco. J«m_rU ~§JmcMr gËVm `m OmoVoXmamÀ`m
hmVmV Jocr. {MÎm n§S>çm `m§Zr {c{hco "n. ~§Jmc _Ü`o O_rZXmamMm èhmg Pmcm d VoWo
OmoVoXmamMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`mH$So> O_rZ IaoXr-{dH«$r, nVnwadR>m, ì`mnmar ì`dñWm
hñVm§V[aV Pmcr. O_rZXma èhmg nmdco Va OmoVoXmamMm {dH$mg Pmcm.
6. H$m`_Ymam nÕVr_wio ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agmV Hw$iH$ar, d{hdmQ>Xma, dmQo>H$ar, I§S>H$ar
{Z_m©U Pmco n[aUm_r eoVrMo VwH$So> nS>c.o `m VrZ n«m§VmV H§$nZrÀ`m AmH$So>dmarZwgma 1 cmI
10 hOma 456 BVH$s nmoQ>O_rZXmam§Mr g§»`m Ho$di 20 dfm©V {Z_m©U Pmcr. àË`j O_rZ
H$gUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Mm, `m~m~VrV {dMma Pmcm Zmhr. Hw$iH$ar, d{hdmQ>Xma, dmQo>H$ar d
I§S>H$ar eoVH$è`m§Zm dmè`mda gmoS>Ê`mV Amco. ga Mmëg© _oQ>H$m\$ d ES>dS©> H$moc~«wH$ `m§Zr
"gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`mMm ~ir XoD$Z lr_§V O_rZXmadJm©Mo {hV H§$nZrZo OmonmgÊ`mMr ì`dñWm
H$aÊ`mV Amcr' Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$coco Amho.
7. ñdV… O_rZXma Amnë`m O_rZ joÌmV Z amhVm _moR>çm ehamV ahmV Am{U Amnco YZ d doi
Eoíd`m©V ì`{VV H$arV. Aemn«H$mao J«m_rU ^mJmVrc n¡gm emofyZ eham_Ü`o CYiUmao
O_rZXma emofH$mMo H$m_ H$arV. (Thus, the zmindars become a sort of 'distant
suction pump's sucking the wealth of the rural areas and wasting it the
cities.)
41
8. `m{edm` gaH$ma d eoVH$è`m_Ü`o Iwn _Ü`ñW ApñVËdmV Amco. H$s Oo Amncm dmQ>m
hñVJV H$arV d hm gd© ^ma eoVH$è`mda nS>V Agë`mZo Vo nyU©V… {ZY©Z ~Zco. H$md©a
åhUVmo. J«m_rU OZVogmR>r `wÜX, XwîH$mi, _hm_marZ§Va AZwnpñWV O_rZXmar hmoVr Or AVr
ÌmgXm`H$ hmoVr. (Next to war, famine and pestilence, the worst thing that
can happen to a rural community is absentee landlordism.)
9. hoÝar nQy>ëcmo `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo {~«Q>rem§Zm ghmæ` H$aUmam EH$ à^mdr JQ> ~§Jmc_Ü`o {Z_m©U
ìhmdm, hm JQ> {~«{Q>e {hVg§~§Y d gÎmm `m§Zm H$aoc. Aer H$m`_Ymam O{_Z_hgyc
nÕVrnmR>r_mJrc {~«Q>rem§Mm hoVy hmoVm. Z§Va Vmo ~è`mM A§er nyU© Pmcm.
H$m`_Ymam nÕVrÀ`m JwU-Xmofmdê$Z H§$nZr gaH$maMr AmWuH$ {ZVr ñnï> hmoVo. H§$nZr
gaH$macm {ZíMrV O_rZ _hgyc CËnÝZ {_iUoMr ì`dñWm H$aUo _hËdmMo hmoVo. Vo Ë`mZr Ho$co nU
`mMm eoVrda H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmooB©c `mMm {dMma Ho$cm Zmhr n[aUm_r eoVrMo {dKQ>Z Pmco. CËnÝZ
KQ>co. eoVH$ar OZVoMo emofU Pmco.
ñd§` A¿``Z n«íZ-1
A) AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. àmMrZ H$mimnmgwZ ^maVmV ..................hm n§anamJV MmcV Amcocm n«_wI CÚmoJì`dgm` Amho.
A) eoVr
~) Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ H$) cÚw CÚmoJ
S>) {_l CÚmoJ
2. eoVr gwYmaÊ`mH$So> ..............`m§Zo cj {Xco.
A) d°maZ hopñQ¨>J ~)Mmëg© _oQ>H$m\$ H$) H$m°Z©dm{cg
S>) {dëgZ
3. eoVr_wio.................. g_mOmcm ñW¡`© {_imco.
A) O_rZXma
~) Jar~
H$) ì`mnmar
S>) Hw$iH$ar
4. ............ g§»`odê$Z n«{Vð>m _moOÊ`mV Amcr.
A) eoVr d new
~) Jar~r d lr_§Vr
H$) ì`mnma d ì`dgm`
S>) Hw$iH$ar d I§S>H$ar
2.2.3 a`Vdmar nÕV - X{jU ^maV
H§$nZr gaH$ma ñdV…À`m amÁ`hŠH$mgmR>r OmJê$H$ hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m amÁ`mMo ^{dVì` ^maVmVrc
O_rZ _hgycmda hmoVo. `mnmgyZ {_iUmè`m CËnÝZmda, H§$nZrMo n«emgZ Zì`m n«XoemVrc pñWaVm,
H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm Adc§~yZ hmoVr. ^maVmVrc O_rZ _hgycmda ^a {Xcm VaM ^maV, Amncr
n«M§S> Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm H$ê$Z XoUmar dgmhV R>aoc. ho YyV© B§J«OmZr AmoiIco hmoV.o ^maVm_Ü`o
Jmoè`mÀ`m AW©emñÌmn«_mUo H$a{df`H$ gwYmaUm H$aUmam n{hcm B§J«O A{YH$mar H$m°Z©dm{cg hmo`.
Ë`mZo cmJy Ho$cocr "H$m`_Ymam nÕVr' A`eñdr R>acr. åhUyZ H°$. AcoŠPm§S>a arS> d Wm°_g _Ýamo
42
`m§Zr _X«mg n«mVm§V gZ 1820 _Ü`o cmJy Ho$cr. nwTo> gZ 1818 cm noedmB© Zï> Ho$ë`mda a`Vdmar
nÕV _hmamï´>mV cmJy Ho$cr. hr nÕV cmJy H$aÊ`mMm _mZ cm°S©> _mD§$Q> ñQw>AQ©> Epë\$ÝñQ>Z H$So>
OmVmo.
A) a`Vdmar nÕVrMo ñdê$n Am{U VaVwXr
`m H$mimV H§$nZrÀ`m ^maVmVrc _ŠVoXmarcm Iwn {damoY hmoV hmoVm. VËH$mcrZ B§½cS>_Yrc
OZVm O_rZXmarÀ`m {damoYmV hmoVr. O_rZXmamMo dV©Z, {dfoehŠH$ `m {damoYmV Ë`mZr Midir
gwê$ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. Ë`mMo nS>gmX ^maVmV nSy> Z`oV åhUyZ `oWrc H§$nZr n«emgZmZo O_rZXmam§Zm
Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r "a`Vdmar nÕVr X{jU ^maVmV cmJy Ho$cr.
gZ 1809 À`m "{gcoŠQ> H${_Q>r'Zo H$m`_Ymam nÕVrda Vmeoao AmoT>co hmoV.o `m nÕVr_Ü`o
eoVH$ar H$m`_ Agwa{jV AgVmo, Ë`mÀ`mda gaH$ma d O_rZXmamMo XS>nU AgVo. Ë`mcm _wŠV
H$amd`mMo Agoc Va a`Vdmar nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$am Agm X_ {gcoŠQ> H${_Q>rZo ^acm. Ooåg
{_cZo `m H$mimV "^maVmV eoVr ì`dgm`mV gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r O_rZ H$gUmè`m eoVH$ar dJm©g
O_rZ _mcH$s hŠH$ {Xcm nm{hOo, Ago ñnï> _V _m§S>co. `m ~amo~a Wm°_g _mWëg, So>pìhS>
[aH$mS>m}, O§amo_r ~oÝW°_, {dë`_ W°H$ao, B. H§$nZrMo d[að> A{YH$mar a`Vdmar nÕVrMo nwañH$V} hmoV.o
`m gdmªÀ`m n«`ËZm_wio a`Vdmar nÕV X{jU ^maVmV cmJy H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
O_rZYmaUoÀ`m n«H$mam_Ü`o gaH$ma, O_rZ H$gUmar a`V `mÀ`mV n«Ë`j g§~§Y n«ñWm{nV
Pmcocm AgVmo. Aem O_rZ YmaUoÀ`m n«H$mamcm "a`Vdmar nÕVr' Ago åhUVmV. a`VoH$Sy>Z
_hgyc Jmoim H$ê$Z _Ü`ñWm{edm` gaH$mar I{OÝ`mV ^acm OmVmo. a`Vdmar_Ü`o O_rZrMr
_moOUr Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va O_rZrMr n«Vdmar R>a{dcr OmVo. Am{U nwTo> n«VdmarZwgma _hgyc
AmH$macm OmVmo. _hgyc R>adVmZm eoVH$è`mMo _V {dMmamV KoVco OmB©. ^maVmV B§J«OmMo CËnÝZmMo
gmYZ _wIËdoH$ê$Z _hgyc Agë`mZo Ë`mZr `oWo {d{dY ^mJmV, n«XoemV doJdoJù`m _hgyc nÕVr
gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
X{jU ^maVmV {dñVrU© gnmQ> eoV O_rZ ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio _moRo> O_rZXma ZìhVo. X{jUoH$So>
eoVrÀ`m nm§anm[aH$ nÕVr ~è`mn¡H$s hmoË`m. Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$ê$ZM hr ZdrZ nÕV gwê$ Ho$cr.
Ooåg _Ýamo `mÀ`m _VmZwgma "ZdrZ _hgyc nÕVr_wio eoVr{df`H$ CÚmoJY§Xo C^o H$aVm `oVrc.
eoVr CËnÝZ dmTo>c. gaH$maMm n«Ë`j eoVH$ar OZVoer g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoB©c. `m_wio H§$nZr
gaH$maÀ`m `moOZm gwc^nUo Jar~ eoVH$è`m§n`©V OmVrc. eoV_mcmda eoVH$ar g_whmMo dM©ñd
amhrc d Ë`m§Zm _moR>m cm^ {_ioc. gZ 1792 _Ü`o H§$nZrZo H$Zm©Q>H$ Amnë`m dM©ñdmImcr
AmUco. nwT>rc H$mimV X{jUoda H§$nZrZo Amnco dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$co. gZ 1820 _Ü`o H§$nZrZo
~mam _hmcmda a`Vdmar nÕV cmJy Ho$cr. (_X«mg, ~mam_hmc, gmc_, H$S>mßnm, H$Zy©c, ~o„mar
B.) noedmB© AñVmZ§Va hr nÕV _hmamï´>mV cmJy Ho$cr. a`Vdmar nÕVrMr d¡{eï>`o `m n«_mUo gm§JVm
`oVrb.
a`Vdmar nÕVrV H§$nZr gaH$ma d eoVH$ar `mMm n«Ë`j g§~§Y `oB©. _hgyc Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_Ü`ñW ZìhVm. O_rZrMr _moOUr H$ê$Z, n«Vdmar R>adyZ _hgyc R>adcm OmB©. n«Ë`j O_rZ
43
H$gUmao `m§Mo ~amo~a H$ama Ho$co OmV. Hw$imer g§~Y§ `oV Zgo. O_rZ Or ì`ŠVr H$gV Ago {Vcm
O_rZrMm _mcH$shŠH$ {_iV Ago. H$m§hr H$mcmdYrZ§Va _hgycmMo nwZ…_w©ë`mH§$Z hmoV Ago.
1. H§$nZr gaH$maZo O_rZ n«Vdmar, Imocr, AmX«©Vm j_Vm, O_rZrMm H$g `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z
O_rZrMr dJ©dmar Ho$cr.
2. CÎm_ O_rZ, _Ü`_ O_rZ d H${Zð> O_rZ Ago VrZ dJ© Ho$co.
3. hdm_mZ, _emJV `m Zwgma O_rZrMr n«Vdmar R>a{dcr.
4. nyduÀ`m O_m~§XrMm {dMma Ho$cm.
5. O_rZ H$gUmam O_rZrMm _mcH$ hmoD$Z _hgycmgmR>r Ë`mcm O~m~Xma Yaco.
6. O_rZ _hgyc H$m`_ Z Ro>dVm Ë`mV ~Xc H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma gaH$maZo ñdV…H$So> amIyZ Ro>dco.
7. O_rZ _hgycmMm Xa CËnÝZmÀ`m 45 Vo 55 Q>ŠHo$ R>a{dcm.
8. `m nÕVr_wio gaH$ma d eoVH$ar `m§Mm n«Ë`j g§~§Y n«ñVm{nV Pmcm.
~) a`Vdmar nÕVrMo \$m`Xo (JwU)
1. O_rZ H$gUmam d emgZ `m§À`mV WoQ> g§~Y§ {Z_mU© Pmco. Ë`m_wio O_rZXma d BVa _Ü`ñW
`m§Mo _hËd g§nco.
2. eoVH$ar cmoH$m§H$So> O_rZ _mcH$s Joë`mZo CËnmXZ j_Vm dmT>cr.
3. eoVrMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo eŠ` Pmco. eoVr nyaH$ CÚmoJY§Xo C^o hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr.
cmoH$m§Zm H$m_Y§Xm {_iyZ ~oamoOJmamMr g_ñ`m gwQ>Ê`mg _XV Pmcr.
4. ^maVr` eoVr_Ü`o ZdrZ n«`moJ gwê$ Pmco. gaH$maZo ZJXr {nH$mgmR>r YmoaUo AmIcr. Ë`mMm
\$m`Xm eoVH$ar OZVocm Pmcm.
5. O_rZ ñdV…À`m _mcH$sMr Amho `m ^mdZoZo eoVH$è`mZr A{YH$m{YH$ O_rZ cmJdS>rImcr
AmUcr n[aUm_r eoVrMm XOm© gwYmacm.
6. O_rZrMo _moO_mn, n«Vdmar, O_rZrÀ`m gahÔr {ZpíMVr H$ê$Z ZH$meo V`ma H$aÊ`mMo
H$m_H$mO gwê$ Pmco. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ eoV O_rZ _mcH$m§Zm Pmcm.
àm. VmamM§X {c{hVmV, "a`VdmarZo eoVH$è`mMr pñWVr ~Xccr. eoV_Oya, eoVH$ar,
O_rZXmamMr ñdV§Ì AmoiI {Z_m©U Pmcr.' hr nÕV O_rZ H$gUmam d gaH$ma XmoKm§Zm Cn`wŠV
R>acr.
H$) a`Vdmar nÕVrMo VmoQo> (Xmof)
`m nÕVrV \$m`Xo hmoVo Vgo Xmof, VmoQo> XoIrc hmoVo. Ë`mMm AmT>mdm AmnUmg `m n«_mUo KoVm
`oB©c.
44
1. Wm°_g _Ýamo d AcoŠPm§S>a arS> `m A{YH$mè`m§Zr ^maVr` eoVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z {dMmanyyd©H$
hr a`Vdmar nÕV A§_cmV AmUcr hmoVr. H$m`_Ymam nÕVrnojm hr nÕV Mm§Jcr hmoVr nU
hr nÕV am~{dVmZm gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ë`mV Xmof {Z_m©U Pmco.
2. a`Vdmar nÕVrV O_rZ _hgyc R>a{dVmZm gd© A{YH$ma H§$nZr gaH$maZo amIyZ Ro>dco hmoVo.
emgZmZo `m A{YH$mamMm Xwê$n`moJ Ho$cm d O_rZ _hgycmMr OmñV AmH$maUr Ho$cr.
3. EImÚm eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z _hgyc AmH$maUr OmñV, AdmñVd Ho$cr Jocr Agoc Va Ë`m
eoVH$è`mg gaH$ma{damoYmV XmX _mJUo _wñH$sc Pmco. Ë`mg H$moUË`mhr n«H$mao dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aVm
Amë`m ZmhrV.
4. eoVgmam dgyc H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr hmoVr. eoVgmam Oa EH$mÚm eoVH$è`mZo ^acm
Zmhr Va Ë`mMr O_rZ Oá hmoV Ago.
5. gaH$mar OárnmgyZ dmMÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`§mZr gmdH$mamnmgyZ H$O© H$mT>co. gmdH$mar ì`mO _moRo>
Agë`mZo Ë`m H$Om©Mr naV \o$S> eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z hmoV Zgo. n[aUm_r gmdH$ma eoVH$è`m§À`m
O_rZr Vmã`mV KoV Ago. Ë`m_wio X.^maVmV EH$ ZdrZ ^y_r{hZ eoVH$è`mMm dJ© CX`mg
Amcm. gmdH$ma O_rZXma ~Zco. `m_wio eoVH$ar, gaH$ma `m§Mo g§~Y§ a`Vdmar nÕVrV Mm§Jco
am{hco ZmhrV.
6. a`Vdmar nÕVrV eoVH$è`m§Zr O_rZ H$gmdr Aer Anojm hmoVr. na§Vw AZoH$ {R>H$mUr
eoVH$è`m§Zr Amnë`m O_rZr I§S>H$ar cmoH$m§Zm H$gÊ`mg {Xë`m d Vo {Zdm§V amhÿ cmJco
n[aUm_r eoVr CËnÝZmda _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmcm.
7. X.^maVr` J«m_rU n«XoemV H$ch, Agwa{jVVm, J¡ag_O d XwfrV dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmco.
n[aUm_r eoVH$ar EoŠ` c`mcm Joc.o
8. a`Vdmar nÕVrV Xoe_wI, nmQ>rc, Hw$cH$Uu d Mm¡Jwcm `m§Mo J«m_rU g_mOmVrc ñWmZ
Kgaco. `m na§namJV _Ü`ñW§mMr JaO Cacr Zmhr. n[aUm_r eoVH$ar dJm©cm Ý`m` {_idyZ
XoUmam Xwdm {ZIicm Ë`mMm n[aUm_ eoVr nÕVrda Pmcm.
9. hr nÕV cmJy Pmë`mda _hgyc A{YH$mar dJm©g _hgyc Jmoim H$aÊ`m{edm` nmo{cgr
A{YH$ma {_imco. `mMm J¡a\$m`Xm A{YH$mar dJm©Zo KoVcm. _hgycmgmR>r Owcy_, O~aXñVr,
AË`mMma dmTy>Z ^«ï>mMma dmT>V Jocm.
10. X.^maVmV eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar Pmcm. H$Om©VyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r O_rZr JhmZ AWdm
{dH$ë`m OmD$ cmJë`m. X{jUoH$S>rc eoVH$ar ^w_r{hZ _Owa ~Zcm. eoVrMo Ag»§` VwH$So>
nS>co. `m Zì`m nÕVrV eoVH$ar hm gaH$mar, O_rZXmar Am{U gmdH$mar nmemV AS>H$cm.
ñd§` A¿``Z n«íZ -2
A) AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) gZ............. _Ü`o H§$nZrZo ~mam _hmcmda a`Vdmar nÜXV cmJy Ho$cr.
45
2)
3)
4)
5)
A) 1820
~) 1821
H$) 1822
S>) 1823
a`Vdmar nÕVrV O_rZ _hgycmMm Xa CËnÝZmÀ`m ............. Q>ŠHo$ R>a{dcm.
A) 45 Vo 55 ~) 50 Vo 55
H$) 55 Vo 60
S>) 60 Vo 65
^maVm_Ü`o Jmoè`mÀ`m AW©emñÌmn«_mUo H$a{df`H$ gwYmaUm H$aUmam............hm n{hcm
B§J«O A{YH$mar hmo`.
A) H$m°Z©dm{cg ~) S>chm¡gr
H$) ~oqQ>J
S>) _o`mo
gZ 1818 cm noedmB© Zï> Ho$ë`mda .................. _hmamï´>mV cmJy Ho$cr.
A) a`Vdmar nÕVr ~) _hmcdmar nÕVr H$) H$m`_Ymam nÕVr S>) _mcJwOmar nÕVr
a`Vdmar nÕVrV ................ d eoVH$ar `mMm n«Ë`j g§~§Y `oB©.
A) H§$nZr gaH$ma ~) ^maV gaH$ma H$) {~«{Q>e gaH$ma S>) \«|$M gaH$ma
2.2.4 _hmcdmar nÕV-_Ü` ^maV
ñdê$n Am{U VaVwXr …H$$m`_Ymam d a`Vdmar Z§VaMr hr {Vgar O_rZ _hgyc nÕVr hmo`. H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV
^maVr` eoVH$ar OZVoÀ`m gwI d Xw…ImMm {dMma H$YrM Pmcm ZìhVm. _hmcdmar nÕVr_Ü`o
n«W_M J«m_rU g_mOm~amo~a Zmi Owi{dÊ`mMm n«`ËZ H§$nZr gaH$maZo Ho$cm. J§Jm d {VÀ`m
CnZÚmMo Imoao, dm`ì` gahÔqhXn«m§V, n§Om~ d _Ü` n«Xoe H§$nZrZo dM©ñdmImcr AmUë`mZ§Va
"ìhmoëQ> _°Ho$ÝPr `mÀ`m Aä`mg d gëë`mZwgma cm°S©> {dë`_ ~|{Q>J `mZo gZ 1833 _Ü`o Or O_rZ
_hgyc ì`dñWm A§_cmV AmUcr. {Vcm _hmcdmar nÕV Ago åhUVmV.
`m nÕVrV O_rZrMr _moOUr hr n«Ë`oH$ eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmV Ago. Ë`mMr n«Vdmar R>adyZ
_hgyc R>adcm OmB©. hm _hgyc IoS>çmVrc eoVH$ar OZVoer MMm© H$ê$Z R>a{dcm OmB©. VmcwH$m
n«_yIm_m\©$V H$ama Ho$cm OmB©. eoVr H$gUmè`§mZr I§S> Úmdm. Ë`mn«_mUo _hgyc AmH$maUr ìhmdr.
Am{U eoVH$è`mZm eoVrMo hŠH$ ÚmdoV.
`m nÕVrV IoSo>, dmS>r, nmS>rdarc eoVH$ar OZVoer H$ama H$aÊ`mV Amco. eoVH$è`m§Zm
_mcH$shŠH$ {Xco Va eoVrMo CËnÝZ dmTo>c. hr Ë`m nmR>r_mJrc H§$nZr gaH$maMr ^w{_H$m hmoVr.
_hmcdmar nÕVrV H§$nZr gaH$maZo `m n«_mUo VaVwXr Ho$ë`m.
1. `m nÕVrV Jm§d Vo dmS>r n`ªV Am{U g§nwU© _hmc `mMm EH$X_ eoVgmam R>a{dcm OmB©c.
2. n«Ë`oH$ _hmc, IoSo> `mMm _hgyc doJim R>a{dcm OmB©c.
3. eoVgmam Jm§d n«_wI, AWdm Jm§dH$ar {_iyZ R>admdm.
4. eoVgmam O_m H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar d¡`ŠVrH$ d gm_wXm{`H$ O~m~Xmar hr Jm§dH$è`m§Mr Agoc.
46
5. _hgyc dgyc H$aÊ`mMr d Vmo gaH$ma O_m H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar "Z§~aXma' `m ZdrZ
A{YH$mè`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr. _hgycm~m~V ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$ma H§$nZr gaH$maZo Ë`mg
{Xco.
6. eoVH$è`m§Zm O_rZr {dH$Uo AWdm JhmZ Ro>dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amhVrc.
7. eoVgmam 20 Vo 30 dfm©gmR>r {ZpíMV Agoc.
`m nÕVrV CËnÝZmMm A§XmO KoD$Z _hgyc aŠH$_ R>a{dcr OmV Ago. _hgyc dgyc
H$aÊ`mMr d Vmo gaH$ma O_m H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar "Z§~aXma' `m ZdrZ A{YH$mè`mda gmon{dÊ`mV
Amcr. _hgycm ~m~V ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$ma H§$nZr gaH$maZo Ë`mg {Xco. EImÚm eoVH$è`mZo _hgyc
^acm Zmhr Va gm_wXm{`H$ VËd Agë`mZo Vo Jmd AWdm eoVH$ar JQ> O~m~Xma _mZcm OmB©.
Omon`ªV eoVH$ar ì`dpñWV _hgyc ^aV Zmhr. Vmon`ªV Ë`mMr O_rZ _mcH$shŠH$ A~m{YV ahmV
ZgV. Ë`mMr O_rZ Xwgè`mH$So> H$gÊ`mgmR>r {Xcr OmV Ago.
_hmcdmar nÕVrV CËnÝZmMo n«_mU cjmV KoD$Z EHy$U _hgycmMr aŠH$_ R>a{dcr OmB©. `m
nxÕVrV eoVgmè`mMo n«_mU OmñV Agë`mZo hr ì`dñWm gwÕm \$magr `eñdr R>acr Zmhr. `m O_rZ
_hgyc nÕVrV eoVH$ar d gaH$ma `mMm g§~Y§ `oV Zgo. Jmdn«_wI, Z§~aXma, ho gm_w{hH$ [aVrZo
_hgyc Jmoim H$arV AgV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar OZVoMr {nidUyH$ hmoV Ago. VgoM H§$nZr gaH$maZo
_hgyc{df`H$ Ho$coco A§XmO ho Anwè`m _m{hVrda AgV. Ë`m_wio _hgycm~m~V Jm|Yi CS>V
AgV. H§$nZrMo CËnÝZ dmT>{dUo hm _w»` hoVw Agë`mZo _hgyc hm Zoh_r OmXm AmH$macm OmB©.
Ë`m_wio Vmo ^aUo eoVH$ar OZVocm AdKS> hmoB©. n[aUm_r eoVH$è`m§Mm H$O©~mOmarnUm dmT>V Jocm.
_hmcdmar nÕVrV O_rZ hr ImOJr _mc_ËVm Amho ho R>a{dÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio O_rZ JhmZ
Q>mH$Uo. qH$dm {dH$Uo eŠ` Pmco. O_rZ _mcH$s hŠH$ \o$a\$ma H$aUoMo A{YH$ma gaH$maZo ñdV…H$So>
amIyZ Ro>dco. O_rZrdarc ImOJr _mcH$s _mÝ` H$aÊ`m_mJo eoVH$ar eoVmV H$ï> H$aoc, CËnÝZ
dmTo>c Aer Anojm gaH$maMr hmoVr. nU `m nÕVrV gaH$maUo OmñV _hgyc dgyc Ho$ë`m_wio
eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar Pmco. O_rZ JhmZ Q>mH$Ê`mMo n«_mU dmT>V Joc.o n[aUm_r eoV_mcH$s hŠH$m§Mo
hñVm§Va dmT>co. Iam eoV_mcH$ _Oya ~Zcm d _OyamMm EH$ dJ© CX`mg Amcm. `m_wio ^maVmVrc
J«m_rU OrdZmVrc eoVr ì`dñWoV Agcoco ñW¡`© cmon nmdco. H¥$fr ì`dñWoV AgUmao {ZpíMV
CËnÝZ èhmg nmdco. n[aUm_r ^maVr` J«m_rU eoVrÀ`m nma§nmarH$ g_mO ì`dñWoda `mMo ^`mZH$
n[aUm_ Pmco. eoVH$ar OZVoV g§Kf© gwê$ Pmco. O_m Pmcocm _hgyc, AÝ`m`H$maH$ dgwcr nÕV,
XS>nemhrÀ`m _mJm©Zo l_{Odr dJm©Mr _moR>çm n«_mUmda Am{W©H$ cwQ> Pmcr.
ñd§` A¿``Z n«íZ -3
A) AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ..............`mZo gZ 1833 _Ü`o _hmcdmar O_rZ _hgyc ì`dñWm A§_cmV AmUcr.
A) cm°S©> ~|{Q>J ~) cm°S©> _o`mo
H$) H°$. Zrc
S>) H°$. AcoŠPm§S>a
2. .............`mZo _hmcdmar nÕVrMm _moR>m Aä`mg Ho$cm.
47
A) ìhmoëQ> _°Ho$ÝPr ~) cm°S©> _o`mo H$) H°$. Zrc
S>) H°$. AcoŠPm§S>a
3. _hgyc dgyc H$aÊ`mMr d Vmo gaH$ma O_m H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar " ........... ' `m
ZdrZ A{YH$mè`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr.
A) nmo{cg nmQ>rc ~) Z§~aXma
H$) Hw$cH$Uu
S>) _wcH$s nmQ>rc
4. ..............`m nÕVrV eoVH$è`m§Zm O_rZr {dH$Uo AWdm JhmZ Ro>dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
{Xco.
A) a`Vdmar
~) H$m`_Ymam
H$) _hmcdmar S>) naJUmdmar
5. _hmcdmar nÕVrV ............. hr ImOJr _mc_Îmm Amho ho R>a{dÊ`mV Amco.
A) eoVr AdOmao ~) Ka
H$) new
S>) O_rZ
2.2.5 H¥$frMo ì`mnmarH$aU
H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm nm`m hm XmoZ _hËdmÀ`m
KQ>H$mda hmoVm Vmo åhUOo J«m_rU OrdZ d eoVr hmo`. `m eoVrn«YmZ AW©ì`dñWo_wio 90 Q>ŠHo$
OZVm eoVrda Adc§~yZ hmoVr. n«mo. A~«mh_ d g~Zrg `mZr ^maVr` IoS>çmMr d¡{eîQ>ço g§m{JVcr
AmhoV Vo åhUVmV, "IoS>çmMr ñd§`nyU©Vm AmZwd§{eH$ JwUH$_m©da Adc§~yZ ZìhVr ^m¡Jmo{cH$X¥ï>çm
IoS>r AcJ hmoVr. dmhVwH$ d XiUdiUmMr gmYZo Anwar hmoVr. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU cmoH$ namdc§~r
~Zco. l_ d H$m_ `mMr {d^mJUr `mo½` Z Pmë`mZo H$m_mÀ`m nÕVrV EH$gmaIonUm Amcm.
n[aUm_r dñVw{d{Z_` ê$T> Pmcm. d ho MH«$ dfmZwdf} Mmcy am{hco d {VM ê$T> ~Zcr.'
H$_r CËnÝZ XoUmè`m AÝZYmÝ` {nH$mEodOr Á`mXm CËnÝZ, n¡gm {_idyZ XoUmè`m ZJXr
{nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ ~mOmanoR>ogmR>r KoUo åhUOoM eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hmo`. IoS>o JmdVrc cmoH$m§Mr
{d^mJUr hr Jmd n«_wI, dVZXmadJ©, {H$aH$moi ì`mnmar, Am{U eoVH$ar Aer Pmcr. Ë`mdoir
eoVrH$So> CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ ~{KVco Joco. VËH$mcrZ eoVH$ar OZVoZo eoVrH$So> AWm©O©ZmMo
gmYZ åhUyZ nm{hco Zmhr. H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m Zì`m amOdQ>rV hiyhiy hr pñWVr ~Xcr Jocr. d
^maVr` eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU Pmco. CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmcr. n¡gm eoVH$ar OZVoÀ`m hmVmV `oD$
cmJcm N>moQo>, _moRo> CÚmoJ dmTy> cmJco. ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUmMr n«_yI H$maUo AmnUmg `m
n«_mUo gm§JVm `oVrc.
1. dñVw{d{Z_` ~§X Am{U n¡emMm dmna
^maVmV "~cwV§' nÕVr_wio AZoH$ df} dñVw{d{Z_` MmcV Amcocm hmoVm. eoVH$ar OZVocm
n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgV ZìhVr. ñdVm…À`m Hw$Qy>§ ~mcm df©^a nwaoc EdT>çm YmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ
KoVco OmB©. ~cwV§ nÕVr_wio n¡emMr JaO Zgo. EH$ dñVw {Xë`mg Xwgar dñVw {_iV Ago. H§$nZr
gaH$ma Amë`mZ§Va ~cwVo nÕVr H$_r hmoV Jocr. d n¡emMm OmñVrOmñV dmna gwê$ Pmcm.
48
2. dmhmVyH$ d XiUdiU ì`dñWm
H§$nZr gaH$maZo gZ 1836-37 nmgyZ ^maVmV dmhmVyH$ d XiUdiU joÌmV gwYmaUm
H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. 1836 cm H$cH$Îmm Vo {X„r, 1842 cm _w§~B© Vo H$cH$Îmm, 1846 cm
_w§~B© Vo AmJ«m, ho _hm_mJ© Va 1853 cm _w§~B© Vo R>mUo hm n{hcm aoëdo _mJ© d nwTo> 1862 cm R>mUo
Vo nwUo aoëdo _mJ© V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco. nwT>rc H$mimV Vrg hOma, nmMeo n§À`mhÎma cm§~rMo aoëdo
_mJ© V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco. H§$nZrÀ`m `m dmhVwH$ d XiUdiU gwYmaUo_wio OcX g¡Ý` hmcMmc,
_mcmMr Am`mV-{Z`m©V H$aUo gmono Pmco. H$ƒm _mc {dnwc n«_mUmV B§½cS>cm nmR>{dUo eŠ`
Pmco.
3. A_o[aH$Z `mXdr Am{U ^maVmV ZJXr {nH$m§Zm gwadmV
12 E{àc 1861 _Ü`o A_o[aHo$V A§VJ©V `mXdr gwê$ Pmcr. CÎmaoH$S>rc 25 amÁ`o d
X{jUoVrc 11 amÁ`o `mXdrV gh^mJr Pmcr. B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$Z dgmhVr _YyZ _moR>çm n«_mUmda
H$mnyg ZoV Ago. `mXdr_wio hm H$mnyg {_iUo XwamnmñV Pmco. VoWrc {JaÊ`m ~§X nS>Ê`mMr {^Îmr
{Z_m©U Pmcr. Ë`m_wio B§½cS>Zo ^maVr` H$mnyg IaoXr H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. 1862 Vo 1866
n`§©V n«M§S> n«_mUmda ^maVmVyZ H$mnyg B§½cS>cm {Z`m©V Pmcm. n[aUm_r ^maVr` eoVH$ar OZVoZo
H$mnyg, {Zi, VmJ, D$g `m ZJXr {nH$m§Mo n«§MS> n«_mUmda CËnmXZ KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr Ë`mVyZ
eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU gwê$ Pmco.
4. gwEP H$mcdm {Z_uVr
gZ 1869 _Ü`o gwEP H$mcdm gmJar dmhVyH$sgmR>r Iwcm Pmë`mZ§Va `wamon Vo A{Vnyd}H$S>rc
Xoe `mÀ`mVrc gmJar n«dmg A§Va XwnQ>rZo H$_r Pmco. dmhVwH$sMm IM© AÜ`m©da Amcm. ^maVr` d
Am{e`m`r Xoem§Zm hr ~m~ \$m`ÚmMr R>acr. ZJXr {nHo$ KoÊ`mH$So> ^maVr` eoVH$è`mMm H$c dmTy>
cmJcm. Ë`m_wio eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hiyhiy dmTy> cmJco. ^maVr` eoVr _mc `wamo{n` ~mOmanoRo>V
XmIc hmoD$ cmJcm.
5. {d{dY nmUrnwadR>m gmoB©
^maVr` eoVr hr {ZgJm©da Adc§~yZ hmoVr. H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m Zì`m amOdQ>rV Vcmd, YaUo,
nmPaVcmd, H$mcdo, B. ~m§YÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio ~mJm`Vr joÌ dmT>co. qgMZ joÌ dmT>co. nydu
^maVr` eoVr {ZgJm©da Adc§~yZ hmoVr. H§$nZr gaH$ma Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mZr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr eoVrgmR>r
nmUr nwadR>m `moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wio ~mJm`Vr joÌ dmT>co. ZJXr {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>V
Joco.
6. dñVw{d{Z_` ~§X Am{U n¡emMr JaO
^maVmV na§namJV dñVw{d{Z_` ê$T> hmoVm. H§$nZrÀ`m AmJ_ZmZo hr nÕV ~§X nS>cr. _hgyc,
H$O©, BVa H$a ^aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgy cmJcr. AÝZ-YmÝ`o d BVa
eoVr_mc {dHy$Z Amdí`H$ Vmo n¡gm Odi AgUo JaOoMo Pmco. eoVr{edm` Xwgam H$moUVmhr n`m©`
49
eoVH$è`§mnwTo> ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio ~è`mn¡H$s Am{W©H$ pñWVr AgUmè`m eoVH$è`mZr ZJXr {nHo$ KoVcr d
Amncr n¡emMr JaO nyU© Ho$cr.
7. `wamonmVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr
18 ì`m eVH$mV `wamonmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Pmcr Va 19 ì`m eVH$mV {VMm {dH$mgmMm doJ
XwßnQ>rZo dmT>cm. `wamo{n`Z H$maImÝ`mgmR>r H$ƒm_mc Amdí`H$ hmoVm. B§J«OmZr ^maVmVyZ _moR>çm
n«_mUmda hm H$ƒm _mc {dnyc n«_mUmV Am`mV Ho$cm. {Zi, H$mnyg, VmJ, D$g d _gmë`mMr
{nHo$ `m ZJXr {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zr KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr.
8. _moR>çm eoVH$è`mMr ^y{_H$m
^maVmVrc chmZ eoVH$ar OZVoMo hmc nmhÿZ _moRo> eoVH$ar gmdY Pmco. Ë`mZr amoI n¡go
XoUmar {nHo$ KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mH$So> n¡gm `oD$ cmJcm. Ë`mVrc WmoS>m n¡gm Ë`mZr
H$O© ê$nmZo N>moQ>çm eoVH$è`mZm {Xcm. ì`mOmMo n¡go `oD$ cmJco Ë`mMr Jw§VdUyH$ Ë`mZr eoVrV
Ho$cr. ZJXr {nHo$ KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr.
9. nV nwadR>m
^maVmV na§namJV gmdH$mar MmcV Amcr hmoVr. H§$nZr gaH$ma Amë`mZ§Va hr gmdH$mar H$_r
hmoV Jocr. B§J«O cmoH$m§Zr ~±qH$J ì`dgm` Mmcy Ho$cm. eoVH$è`§mZr H$O© KoD$Z Vmo n¡gm ZJXr
{nH§$mgmR>r dmnacm. H$mnyg, Mhm, VmJ, D$g, V§~mIy, {Zi B. {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ gwê$ Ho$co. Am{U
Ë`m_YyZM eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU Pmco.
10. H§$nZr gaH$maMo YmoaU
^maVmV H§$nZr gaH$maZo gZ 1835 Vo 1850 `m H$mimV `m{R>H$mUÀ`m H¥$fr joÌmV ~Xc
Ho$co. A_o[aH$Z `mXdr Z§Va H$mnyg d BVa {nH$m§gmR>r A_o[aHo$da Adc§~yZ amhUo Aì`dhm`© Amho.
ho cjmV `oVmM H¥$fr CËnmXZmcm H§$nZr gaH$maZo ^maVmV MmcZm {Xcr. n[aUm_r eoVrMo
ì`mnmarH$aU KSy>Z Amco.
B§J«Om§À`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZo ^maVmV Pmcocm ~Xc åhUOo eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hmo`. H§$nZr
gaH$maÀ`m AmJ_UmZo ^maVmVrc ñd§`nyU© eoVr g_yi Zï> Pmcr. H$mcI§S> OgOgm nwTo> OmD$
cmJcm VgVgm eoVrda ì`mnmar n«^md nSy> cmJcm. nydugmaIr na§namJV {nHo$, CËnmXZo ~§X Pmcr.
{Z`m©V ì`mnmar YmoaU S>moù`mg_moa Ro>D$Z H¥$fr CËnmXZo KoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. H$mnyg, VmJ, {Zi,
D$g, V~m§Iy, A\y$,\$io B. n«H$maÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r eoVrMm ì`mnmar ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Cn`moJ hmoD$
cmJcm.
eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hr ~m~ ^maVr` eoVrg KmVH$ hmoVr. na§Vw VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVr_wio hr
~m~ An[ahm`© R>acr. eoV_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vr da Imcr hmoD$ cmJë`m Ë`mMm ^maVr` eoVrda _moR>m
n[aUm_ hmoD$ cmJcm. Am{W©H$ _§XrMm _moR>m \$Q>H$m ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zm ~gy cmJcm. _hgyc d
BVa H$amÀ`m ~moOm_wio eoVH$ar ^aS>cm Jocm. Amoë`m d H$moaS>çm XwîH$mimV \o${_Z H$moS>
50
g~~rImcr H$moUVrhr _XV {_imcr Zmhr. n[aUm_r ^maVr` eoVH$ar d eoVrMo nǤMS> ZwH$gmZ
Pmco. ì`mnmarH$aUmMm \$m`Xm eoVH$è`m§Zm {_imcm Zmhr.
2.2.6 H¥$frjoÌmda Pmcoco n[aUm_ (eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUmMo n[aUm_)
^maVmV H§$nZr gaH$maZo ñdrH$macoë`m YmoaUm_wio ^maVr` H¥$frì`dñWoda Imocda n[aUm_
Pmco. B§J«Om§À`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZo ^maVmV Pmcocm ~Xc åhUOo eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hmo`. H§$nZr
gaH$maÀ`m AmJ_UmZo ^maVmVrc ñd`§nyU© eoVr g_yi Zï> Pmcr. H$mcI§S> OgOgm nwTo> OmD$
cmJcm VgVgm eoVrda ì`mnmar n«^md nSy> cmJcm. nydugmaIr na§namJV {nHo$, CËnmXZo ~§X Pmcr.
{Z`m©V ì`mnmar YmoaU S>moù`mg_moa Ro>D$Z H¥$fr CËnmXZo KoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. H$mnyg, VmJ, {Zi,
D$g, V§~mIy, A\y$, \$io B. n«H$maÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r eoVrMm ì`mnmar ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Cn`moJ hmoD$
cmJcm. eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU hr ~m~ ^maVr` eoVrg KmVH$ hmoVr. na§Vw VËH$mcrZ n[apñWVr_wio hr
~m~ An[ahm`© R>acr. eoV_mcmÀ`m {H$§_Vr da Imcr hmoD$ cmJë`m Ë`mMm ^maVr` eoVrda _moR>m
n[aUm_ hmoD$ cmJcm. Am{W©H$ _§XrMm _moR>m \$Q>H$m ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zm ~gy cmJcm. _hgyc d
BVa H$amÀ`m ~moOm_wio eoVH$ar ^aS>cm Jocm. Amoë`m d H$moaS>çm XwîH$mimV \o${_Z H$moS>
g~~rImcr H$moUVrhr _XV {_imcr Zmhr. n[aUm_r ^maVr` eoVH$ar d eoVrMo nǤMS> ZwH$gmZ
Pmco. ì`mnmarH$aUmMm \$m`Xm eoVH$è`m§Zm {_imcm Zmhr.
1. H§$nZr gaH$maMm _moR>m \$m`Xm
H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m YmoaUm_wio B§½cS>_Yrc lr_§V cmoH$mZr ^maVr` H¥$frì`dñWoV _moR>r
JwV§dUyH$ Ho$cr. ^maVmV `wamo{n`Z _iodmco V`ma Pmco. Ë`mZr `m {R>H$mUr Mhm, {Zi, A\y$,
gmJdmZ cmHy$S> d _gmco nXmW© `mMo n«§MS> CËnmXZ KoVco. `mMr _moR>r {Z`m©V Ho$cr. `mMm
B§½cS>cm Iwn \$m`Xm Pmcm.
2. {d{dY n«H$maMr {nHo$ dmT>cr
nydugmaIr na§namJV {nHo$, CËnmXZo ~§X Pmcr. {Z`m©V ì`mnmar YmoaU S>moù`mg_moa Ro>D$Z H¥$fr
CËnmXZo KoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. H$mnyg, VmJ, {Zi, D$g, V§~mIy, A\y$, \$io B. n«H$maÀ`m
CËnmXZmgmR>r eoVrMm ì`mnmar ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ dmna gwê$ Pmcm. {d{dY n«H$maMr {nHo$ dmT>cr.
3. _moR>çm n«_mUmda O_rZ IaoXr-{dH«$r
eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio O_rZ hr IaoXr d {dH«$rMr dñVy Amho ho g_Oco Joco. n[aUm_r
_moR>çm n«_mUmda IaoXr d {dH«$r hmoD$ cmJcr. VgoM Á`m§Zm eoVr H$gÊ`mMr _m{hVr Zmhr Aem
cmoH$m§Zr O_rZr IaoXr Ho$ë`m Ë`m_wio O_rZr nS>rH$ ~Zë`m eoVr gwYmaÊ`mH$So> cj {Xco Joco Zmhr.
n[aUm_r ^maVr` eoVrMo n«M§S> ZwH$gmZ Pmco.
4. {d^mJdma {nHo$ {ZpíMV Pmcr
H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m YmoaUm_wio ^maVmV {d^mJdma {nHo$ {ZpíMV Pmcr. {d{eï> Ago {nH$m§Mo
CËnmXZ KoVco Joco. CXm. ~§Jmc-VmJ, n§Om~-Jhÿ, _hmamï´> d JwOamV-H$mnyg, H$moH$U-_gmco d
51
gmJdmZ, Amgm_ -Mhm. `m_wio {nH$m§Mo {deofrH$aU KSy>Z Amco. ZmB©cmOñVd Aer {nHo$
eoVH$è`mZm ¿`mdr cmJV.
5. O_rZXma d gmdH$mamMm _moR>m \$m`Xm
eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio O_rZXma, gmdH$ma Am{U eoVr H$gUmao eoVH$ar `m§À`mV _moR>r
Am{W©H$ V\$mdV {Z_m©U Pmcr. ~r-{~`mUo, AdOmao, IVo `m ~m~rda eoVr H$gUmè`m eoVH$ar
cmoH$m§Mm hŠH$ dm A{YH$ma ZìhVm ZJXr {nHo$ KoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$manmgyZ gdm©Mm X~m~ eoVH$è`mda
`oV Ago. `m cmoH$m§À`m _VmZwgma {nHo$ KoVcr OmV. Ë`mMm \$m`Xm gmdH$ma, O_rZXma `m§Zm hmoV
Ago.
6. _Owa-H$ï>H$ar cmoH$m§Mr dmT> Am{U Ë`m§Mo ñWcm§Va
eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio d ZJXr {nH$m§_wio eoVrda OmñV ~moOm nSy> cmJcm. H$_r O_rZ
Agcoë`m eoVH$è`mZr H$a, _hgyc ^aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m O_rZr {dH$ë`m d Vo eoV_Oya ~Zco.
^y_r{hZ _OyamMr g§»`m dmT>cr. H$m_Y§Xm emoYÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo ñWcm§Va gwê$ Pmco. hr n[apñWVr
nwT>rc H$mimV J§^ra ~Zcr.
7. J«m_ì`dñWoda n[aUm_
^maVr` eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUm_wio J«m_rU ñd`§nyU© g_mOì`dñWm Zï> Pmcr. ~cwVoXmar d
AcwVoXmar nÕV Zï> Pmcr. nma§nm[aH$ CÚmoJ, hñVH$cmMm èhmg Pmcm. n«§MS> ZmJarH$aU KSy>Z
Amco. ~oH$marV dmT> Pmcr. AÝZYmÝ` {nHo$ Xwc©{jV Pmcr.Ago J§^ra n[aUm_ eoVrÀ`m
ì`mnmarH$aUmMo Pmco. ^maVmVrc eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU ho ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z ñd`§ñ\y$VuZo
Pmcoco ZìhVo. Va Vo emgZmH$Sy>Z O~aXñVrZo Pmcoco hmoV.o Ë`m_wio Ë`mg forced
commercialization åhUVm `oB©c. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU ^maVmÀ`m àJVrMo Zìho
Va ^maVmÀ`m emofUmMr {ZemUr hmoVr. H$maU ^maV EH$m gm_«mÁ`dmXr amîQ´>mMr dgmhV hmoVm.
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©
O_rZ _hgyc … O_rZ H$gUmao, Hw$io qH$dm eoVrMr _emJV H$aUmao eoVH$ar H$a ê$nmZo
gaH$macm CËnÝZmVrc H$m§hr ^mJ XoVmV Ë`mg O_rZ _hgyc åhUVmV. "O_rZ
_hgycmgmR>r eoVgmam' hm n«{VeãX dmnacm OmVmo.
Ohm{JaXma … gaXmam§Zm cîH$ar nXm~amo~a gaH$ma qH$dm amOmH$Sy>Z Ohm{JarÀ`m ñdê$nmV
n«Xoe VmoSy>Z {Xco OmV AgV, Ë`m n«XoemVyZ Ohm{JaXma cmoH$ _hgyc Jmoim H$arV
AgV.
H$m`_Ymam nÕV … `m nÕVr_Ü`o eoVH$ar AS>MUrV `oD$ Z`o d gaH$maMo CËnÝZ ~wSy>
Z`o åhUyZ XagmcMm R>am{dH$ _hgycmMr AJmoXaM {ZpíMVr Ho$cr.
a`Vdmar nÕVr … `m nÕVr_Ü`o O_rZrMm H$a OmV Ago. H$a Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma
d a`V `mMm n«Ë`j g§~Y§ `oV Ago.
52
_hmcdmar nÕVr … `m nÕVr_Ü`o O_rZ _hgycmMr dgycr g§nyU© IoSo> qH$dm naJÊ`mMm
EH$ ^mJ åhUOo _hmc, EH$ KQ>H$ J¥hrV Yacm OmB©.
ZJXr {nHo$ … amoI aŠH$_ {_idyU XoUmar {nHo$ Ë`mZm ZJXr {nHo$ åhUVmV.
2.4 ñd§` AÜ``Z-n«íZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ A¿``Z n«íZ - 1
1) A
2) H$
3) A
4) A
5) A
ñd§` A¿``Z n«íZ -2
3) A
4) A
5) A
1) A
2) A
ñd§` A¿``Z n«íZ - 3
1) A
3) ~
4) H$
5) S>
2) A
2.5 gmam§e
^maVmVrc 80% cmoH$ eoVrda Adc§~yZ hmoV.o eoVr hm J«m_rU g_mOì`dñWoMm H$Um hmoVm.
J«m_, IoS>çmVrc cmoH$ eoVr, newnmcZ, ì`dgm` H$arV. ~cwVo nÕV ê$T> hmoVr. Ë`m H$mimV JaOm
H$_r AgV. Ë`m_wio JaOm IoS>çmV nwU© Ho$ë`m OmV AgV. _ZmnmgyZ eoVrda _m`m H$aUo,
eoVr_Ü`o H$ï> H$aUo. gaH$mar H$a, _hgwc ^aUo, O_rZXma, gaXma cmoH$m§Mo AË`mMma, AÝ`m`
ghZ H$aUo hr ^maVr` eoVH$è`mMr Img d¡{eï>ço hmoVr. H§$nZrÀ`m EH$g§K amOH$s` gËVm
ñWmnZoZ§Va J«m_rU ^mJmMr ñd`§nyU©Vm hiy hiy Zï> Pmcr. d J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm ~XcV Jocr.
{VMo ñdê$n ì`mnmar AW©ì`dñWoH$So> PwHy$ cmJco. H§$nZrZo ^maVmVrc CKmoJ, hñV-H$cm ì`dgm`,
~è`mn¡H$s cKwCKmoJ Zï> Ho$co. n[aUm_r eoVrda A{V[aŠV ~moOm nSy> cmJcm. ~oH$ma Pmcoë`m
cmoH$m§Zm CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r eoVrH$So> dimdo cmJco. _moR>çm O_rZXmamZr Amnë`m O{_Zr N>moQ>çm
eoVH$è`mH$So> {Xë`m hmoË`m. Vo eoVH$ar hr O_rZ ñdV…À`m _mcH$sMr g_OV. H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV
O{_ZXmamZm eoVgmamè`mV dmT> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm.
H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV _hgwc hr ~m~ amÁ`mMo CËnÝZ _mZco. Ë`m_wio OmXm _hgwc dgwc
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`_Ymam, a`Vdmar, d _hmcdmar Aem doJdoJù`m _hgwc nÕVrMm dmna Ho$cm.
_hgwc H$a dmT>ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVH$ar _moR>çm AS>MUrV gmnS>cm. IVo, {~-~r`mUo, H¥$fr
gmYZm§Mm A^md, Amoco d H$moaSo> XwîH$mi, d gŠVrMr _hgwc nÕVr `m_wio eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar
~Zcm. gmdH$mam§Zm O_rZr {dHy$Z _hgyc ^amdm cmJcm. H$O© WH$ë`mg O_rZtMo {ccmd Pmco.
nma§nm[aH$ eoVr nÕVrVyZ ^aKmog CËnmXZ hmoV Zgo d H$O© \o$S>Vm Z Amë`mZo eoVH$ar X[aX«r ~Zcm.
H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV `oWrc eoVr nmdgmda Adc§~yZ hmoVr. H§$nZr gaH$maZo eoVrH$So> cj {Xco
Zmhr. eoVH$è`m§Zm H$moUË`mhr gmoB©-gw{dYm {Xë`m ZmhrV. B§J«OmZr ^maVmV am~{dcoë`m O_rZ
_hgwc nÕVr eoVH$è`m§gmR>r {hVmÀ`m ZìhË`m. eoVrÀ`m joÌmV B§J«OmZr Am{W©H$ gm_«mÁ`dmX Mmcw
53
Ho$cm. eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU Ho$co. `wamonr`Z ~mOmanoRo>V H$mnyg, Mhm, {Zi, H$m°\$s, {d{dY
_gmë`mÀ`m dñVw `m§Zm n«§MS> _mJUr hmoVr. hr _mJUr nyU© H$aÊ`mH$[aVm ^maVr` eoVH$è`mda gXa
{nH$m§MoM CËnmXZ ¿`mdo `mMr gŠVr Ho$cr. hm ì`mnma d {_iUmam _hgwc n«§MS> hmoVm. VargwÕm
B§J«OmZr ^maVr` eoVrgmR>r H$moUË`mhr gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m ZmhrV. n[aUm_r ^maVr` eoVr _mJmg
am{hcr. eoVr CËnÝZmV dmT> ZgVmZm gwÕm B§J«OmZr eoVgmam dmT>dV Zocm. gaH$ma, gmdH$ma,
O_rZXma, d B§J«O ì`mnmar `m§Zr ^maVr` eoVH$è`mMo n«§MS> Am{W©H$ emofU Ho$co.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r n«íZ …A) WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. H$m`_Ymam nÕVr{df`r WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr Úm.
2. X{jU ^maVmV H§$nZr gaH$maZo gwê$ Ho$coë`m O_rZ _hgyc nÕVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
3. ^maVr` eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUmMr H$maUo g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.
4. eoVrÀ`m ì`mnmarH$aUmMo n[aUm_ {chm.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
H$m`_Ymam nÕV
a`Vdmar nÕV
_hmcdmar nÕV
eoVrMo ì`mnmarH$aU
2.7 g§X^© J«§W `mXr
1. AmMm`© OmdSo>H$a e§. X. … AmYw{ZH$ ^maV, nwU-o 1953.
2. cmohma a._. … AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, hf©X n«H$meZ, gmVmam.
3. S>m°.gaXogmB© ~r.EZ. Am{U S>m°.ZcmdSo> ìhr. EZ.… AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg (1750
Vo 1950) \$S>Ho$ n«H$meZ, H$moëhmnya -2004.
4. S>m°.J«moda ~r.Ec. (coIH$) d S>m°. ~oëhoH$a EZ.Ho$. (AZwdmXH$) … AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm
B{Vhmg, Eg.M§X Am{U H§$nZr, n«m.{c.am_ZJa, Zdr {X„r -110055.
5. P. S. Joshi, S. V. Gholkar : History of Modern India, 1800 to 19, S. Chand
& Co., New Delhi 1983.
54