H
I
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
H§$nZr amOdQ>rVrc ^maV
(India Under Company Rule)
(1757 to 1857 A.D.)
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2013-14 nmgyZ)
E_. E. ^mJ-1
B{Vhmg
HS-110 (Elective Paper)
K
J
© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2013
E_. E. ^mJ - 1 H$[aVm (H§$nZr amOdQ>rVrc ^maV)
gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr.
àVr : 2,000
n
àH$meH$ :
S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio
Hw$bg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
n
_wÐH$ :
AYrjH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
n
ISBN-978-81-8486-487-8
H
H
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004. (^maV)
Xÿa {ejU n[afX - B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$cr Amho.
(ii)
XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya
n
_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndma
gëcmJma go_Vr n
àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm
Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. àmMm`© (S>m°.) E. Eg. ^moB©Q>o
_m. Hw$cJwê$, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,
_mZgJ§JmoÌr, åh¡gya-570006
à-Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. ìhr. d|H$æ`m
àm. (S>m°.) Ama. H¥$îUm Hw$_ma
g§MmcH$, {dÚmà~mo{YZr S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a _wŠV
{dÚmnrR>, amoS> Z§. 46, Á`w~cr {hc, h¡Ðm~mX-33 Am§Y«àXoe
_m. Hw$cJwê$, `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,
kmZJ§JmoÌr, J§Jmnya S>°_Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222
S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rc
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. A{Zc Jdir
A{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>Vao
S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
A{YîR> m Vm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> , H$mo ë hmny a
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio
S>m°. E. ~r. amOJo
Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
g§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmQ>rc
S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$a
{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
narjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)
S>m°. E. EZ. Omoer
g§MmcH$,
Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
d¡îUdr AnmQ>©_|Q>, gX{ZH$m Z§. 8, lra§JZJa, n§qnJ ñQ>oeZ
Odi, J§Jmnya S>°_ Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222
n
Aä`mg_§S>i : B{Vhmg n
AÜ`j - àmMm`© (S>m°.) Q>r. Eg. nmQ>rc
M§Ðm~mB©-em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar, Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya
l
S>m°. E_. E. cmohma
l
B{Vhmg {d^mJà_wI, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
l
amOfu emhÿ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, éH$S>r,
Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya
S>m°. gXm{ed _méVr JmdS>o
_wYmoOr H$m°coO, \$cQ>U, {O. gmVmam
l
S>m°. I§S>oamd AOw©Z qeXo
l
S>m°. (lr_Vr) Z§{XZr aqdÐ aUIm§~o
gXJwê$ JmS>Jo _hmamO H$m°coO, {dÚmZJa, H$amS>,
{O. gmVmam
S>m°. M§ÐH$m§V JmoqdXamd nmQ>rc
nÙ^yfU S>m°. dg§VamdXmXm nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, VmgJmd,
{O. gm§Jcr
(iii)
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odÚm[rR>,
H$m{ëhm[ya
(H§$nZr amOdQ>rVrc ^maV)
E_. E. ^mJ-1 : B{Vhmg -HS 110
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
boIH$
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
àm. S>m°. Eg. nr. qeXo
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.
1
àmMm`© S>m°. A§Hw$e ~ocdQ>H$a
lr_Vr _mcVr dg§VXmXm nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, Bñcm_nya.
2
àmMm`© S>m°. {dO`amd ZcmdS>o
ßcm°Q> Z§. 9, {g{Õ{dZm`H$ _§Jc H$m`m©c`mg_moa, g§J_ZJa, gmVmam.
3
lr_Vr gw{à`m M§ÐeoIa Imoco
M§Ðm~mB© em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar
4
n
g§nmXH$
n
àmMm`© S>m°. {dO`amd ZcmdS>o
ßcm°Q> Z§. 9, {g{Õ{dZm`H$ _§Jc H$m`m©c`mg_moa
g§J_ZJa, gmVmam.
(iv)
àñVmdZm
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo OyZ 2007 nmgyZ ~{h…ñW {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Xÿa {ejU `moOZoMr gwédmV H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Zm XO}Xma ñd`§ AÜ``Z gm{hË` CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm CnH«$_ hmVr KoVcocm Amho. `m
`moOZoA§VJ©V E_. E. ^mJ-1 À`m B{Vhmg {df`m A§VJ©V nona H«$_m§H$ HS 110 "H§$nZr amOdQ>rVrc
^maV' (1757-1857) India Under Company Rule (1757-1857 A.D.) `m nonaÀ`m
Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma n{hë`m gÌmgmR>r gXa nwñVH$mMo gmoß`m d gwQ>gwQ>rV ^mfoV coIZ Ho$co Amho. `m
{df`mVrc Vk coIH$m§Zr Aä`mgH«$_mZwgma KQ>H$ {df`mMo coIZ Ho$co Amho. OyZ 2013-14 `m
dfm©nmgyZ E_. E. ^mJ-1 gmR>r gÌnÕVr gwê$ Ho$cr Amho. hm {dÚmnrR>mMm {ZU©` Mm§Jcm Amho. `m
nwñVH$m_wio àW_ gÌmVrc darc {df`mMm Aä`mg {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$aVm `oUma Amho.
{~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV ßcmgrMr cT>mB© (1757) qOHy$Z Amnë`m amOdQ>rcm gwédmV
Ho$cr d nwT>rc e§^a dfm©À`m H$mimV gd© ^maV^a Amncm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Ho$cm. H§$nZrZo `m XoemV
gm_«mÁ` {dñVmam~amo~aM H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` XodyZ EH$ àemgZmMr Zdr Mm¡H$Q> C^r Ho$cr. `m e§^a
dfm©À`m H$mcI§S>mV AmoiI Pmcoë`m Zd{dMmamMm, gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMm VgoM {~«Q>re àemgZmZo
Ho$cocm KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mg `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg `m J«§WmV Ho$cocm Amho.
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> Xÿa {ejU `moOZm§VJ©V gd© H$m_ H$aUmè`m d Amåhmcm ghmæ` H$aUmè`m gd©
ghH$mè`m§Mo _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.
n
g§nmXH$
n
àmMm`© S>m°. {dO`amd ZcmdS>o
ßcm°Q> Z§. 9, {g{Õ{dZm`H$ _§Jc H$m`m©c`mg_moa
g§J_ZJa, gmVmam.
(v)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
1.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m AmH$cZmgmR>r dmnacoco Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
2.
{dñVma YmoaU Am{U H$m`©H«$_
37
3.
KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mg (^maVmMm)
73
4.
S>chm¡grMr YmoaUo Am{U Ë`mcm {_imcoco `e
93
(vii)
1
n
odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :
àË`{H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc
]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Ü`{ H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{?
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{?
3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr
A[{jm Amh{?
ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV
Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ
Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü`{ oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm
ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{
Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ'
C[`w·V R>aVrc.
(viii)
(Study Tool)
åhUyZ
KQ>H$-1
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m AmH$cZmgmR>r dmnacoco ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Approaches for Understanding Modern India)
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
A) gm_«mÁ`, amîQ´>dmXr
~) _mŠg©dmXr, H|$~«rO
H$) g~mëQ>Z©, ñÌrdmXr
(Imperialist, Nationalist)
(Marxist, Cambridge)
(Subaltern, Feminist)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 A) gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ, amîQ´>dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ
1.2.2 ~) _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ, H|$~«rO ÑpîQ>H$moZ
1.2.3 H$) g~mëQ>Z© ÑpîQ>H$moZ, ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.5 gmam§e
1.6. gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmcm •
1. ^maVr` MidirVrc AmYma^yV _yë`o d AmYw{ZH$ gm_«mÁ`dmXm{df`rMo ÑpîQ>H$moZ g_OVrc.
2. gd© g_mdoeH$ amîQ´>dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ, g§H$ënZm-_ycñWmZo H$iVrc.
3. _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ g_OVrc.
4. H|$~«rO ÑpîQ>H$moZmVrc AZoH$ _Vàdmhm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVm `oB©c.
5. g~mëQ>Z© hm Zdm ÑpîQ>H$moZ d CUrdm `m§Mr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©c.
6. ñÌrdmXmÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m g_OVrc.
7. ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmMr AnyU©V: cjmV `oB©c.
8. ñÌrdmXmMo {gÜXm§VmMr AmoiI.
9. ñÌrdmXr g§H$ënZm `m§Mr AmoiI hmoB©c.
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
"B{Vhmg' `m {df`mMo AmH$cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {df`m§Mm, g§H$ënZm§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm cmJVmo.
AmO VËdkmZmÀ`m AmYmao B{Vhmg{df`r AZoH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ nhmd`mg {_iVmV. `m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo gm_«mÁ`dmXr,
amîQ´>dmXr, _mŠg©dmXr, H|$~«rO, g~mëQ>Z© (d§{MV) d ñÌrdmXr Ago AZoH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ AmhoV. cmoH$emhrÀ`m
H$mimV amOH$s` ì`dñWoV n[adV©Z (~Xc) KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo d Xþgar amOH$s` ì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aUmar
"^maVr` amîQ´>r` Midi' hr EH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm hmo`. `m Midir_Ü`o d¡Mm[aH$ {gÜXm§VmMr _moR>r Mm¡H$Q>
hmoVr. Z¡{VH$ d VmpËdH$ ñVamda _moR>m g§Kf© H$ê$Z hr Midi KS>V AgVmZm Omo {d{dY ñVamda d¡Mm[aH$
g§Kf© Pmcm, Ë`mVyZM AZoH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ {Z_m©U Pmco.
loîR> nwéfm§Mr M[aÌo, cmoH$H$Wm, Z¡{VH$ _yë`o d Ë`mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU, KQ>Zm§À`m e¥§Icm d _mZdr
Am{dîH$ma Aem {d{dY ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B{Vhmg {c{hÊ`mMm _moR>m à`ËZ Pmcm.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrc B{Vhmg coIZm_Ü`o {d{eîQ> nÕVrZo B{VhmgmMm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr gd`,
J¥{hVHo$, nÜXVr, g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ^y{_H$m `m§À`m AmYmao B{Vhmg coIZ Ho$ë`m_wio dgmhVdmXr, ZddgmhVdmXr,
amîQ´>dmXr, O_mVdmXr, _mŠg©dmXr, ñÌrdmXr, d§{MV, gm_«mÁ`dmXr, H|${~«O Aem AZoH$ nmVù`m§da coIZ
2
Pmco. 19ì`m eVH$mVrc nydm©Y© Am{U Ë`mVrc "O_mVdmXr' Am{U "amîQ´>dmXr' Eo{Vhm{gH$ J¥{hVHo$ Am{U
nÜXVr VgoM Mmcy KS>m_moS>r cjmV KoVë`mda AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrc B{Vhmg coIZmMm emoY KoVm `oVmo.
19ì`m eVH$mV AÜ`mnZmV B{VhmgmMo _hËd dmT>co. gZ 1857 gmcr _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm
Pmcr. nwT>o `m {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_m§V {d. Zm. _§S>{cH$ `m§Zr {c{hcoë`m "qhXþñWmZMm B{Vhmg' `m
nwñVH$mMm g_mdoe hmoVm. "AmZ©ëS> ~H©$ `m§Mo B{Vhmgmdarc coIZ ho hr Aä`mgH«$_m§V hmoVo. {~«{Q>em§Zr
`oWrc B{VhmgmMo coIZ gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$co. Ë`m_Ü`o H$P©Z, q_Q>mo, S>\$arZ, Om°Z h°{_ëQ>Z
`m§Zr gm_«mÁ`dmXr coIZ Ho$co Amho. ~«yg _oH$m°co, Hy$nc±S>, n{g©ìhc ñnrAa, grc, J°cKQ> B. Zr
gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ nwT>o R>odyZ {cImU Ho$co Amho. hr emIm nwT>o "H|${~«O ñHy$c' åhUyZ CX`mg Amcr.
`m B{Vhmg coIZmZo "^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midi åhUOo A{^OZm§_Yrc gÎmm g§Kf© Ago ^mgdcoco Amho.'
amîQ´> dJ© AWdm VËdkmZ `mgma»`m g§H$ënZm§Mm {dMma Ho$cm Zmhr.
^maVmVrc ~wÜXrdmXr amîQ´>dmXr B{Vhmg coIZ Ho$co. cmcm cOnVam`, _wO_Xma, nÅ>m^r {gVmam_æ`m
Ama. Or. àYmZ, VmamM§X, gwa|ÐZmW ~°ZOu, n§{S>V gw§Xacmc, ~r. Ama. Z§X, gr. E\$. A°S´>`wO, {dídoída
àgmX d A_coe {ÌnmR>r B. B{VhmgH$mam§Zr amîQ´>dmXr B{Vhmg coIZ Ho$co. OmV Am{U dJ© `m g§H$ënZm§Zr
"amîQ´>dmX' g§H$ënZocm H$gm VS>m {Xcm. ho gm§JÊ`mg B{VhmgH$ma H$_r nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio OmV{damoYr
Midir, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Midir, ~«måhUoVa Midir B.Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm Zmhr. \$ŠV "qhXÿ' Am{U
CÎma ^maV `mda `m B{VhmgmZo cj H|$ÐrV Ho$co Amho. ho {cImU d[aîR> OmVrVrc dJ© d nwéfàYmZ
Mm¡H$Q>rV AS>H$co. _hmamîQ´>mVrc \w$co-emhÿ-Am§~oS>H$a, ñdm{^_mZ Midi, Zm_ewÐ Midi BË`mXr ~m~tMm
doY Ë`m§Zr KoVcm Zmhr. `m_Ü`o gZ 1950 n`ªV a±Ho$À`m No Documents, No History Mm à^md
`m B{Vhmgmda am{hcm.
gZ 1950 Vo 1960 À`m XeH$mV S>mì`m Midir {Z_m©U Pmë`m. `mVyZ amOH$s` àdmh dmT>V
Joco. _mŠg©dmXr njmMr eoVH$ar H$m_Jma H«$m§{V~ÔcMr {dMmaYmam {Z_m©U Pmcr. `mcm "_mpŠg©ñQ> ñHy$c'
åhUVm `o B © c . Aer B{Vhmg co I Z na§ n am, H$m° . S> m § J o , Ama. nr. XÎm, E.Ama. Xo g mB© d
S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r B. B{Vhmg {cImZmVyZ nwT>o Amcr. WmoS>Š`mV, gm_«mÁ`dmXr, amîQ´>dmXr, _mŠg©dmXr,
H|$~«rO, g~mëQ>Z© d ñÌrdmXr B. `m àdmhm§_Ü`o B{VhmgcoIZ Pmco Amho.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 (A) gm_«mÁ`>dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Imperialist Approach)
dmñH$mo-{X-Jm_m `m nmoVw©JrO IcmemZo X{jU Am{\«$H$m I§S>mcm digm KmcyZ ^maVmV `oÊ`mMm
g_wÐ_mJ© B.g. 1498 gmcr emoYcm. Ë`m_wio `wamonmVrc nmoVw©JrO, S>M, ñn°{Ze, \«|$M B§J«O B. XoemVrc
3
cmoH$m§Zr _wŠVnUo g_wÐg§Mma gwê$ Ho$cm. `mVyZM Ë`m§Mr nm¡dm©Ë` Xoem~ÔcMr {Okmgm _moR>çm à_mUmV
dmT>cr. `m naH$s`m§Zr ^maVmà_mUo nyd}H$S>rc Xoem§er ì`mnma g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmë`mZ§Va ì`mnma J{V_mZ
Pmcm. `m ì`mnmamMo ê$nm§Va ì`mnmadmXm_Ü`o Pmco Am{U `m ì`mnmadmXmMo ê$nm§Va nwT>o dgmhVdmXm_Ü`o
Pmco. `m naH$s` cmoH$m§Zr Am{\«$H$m Am{U Am{e`m I§S>mV Amnë`m dgmhVtMo Omio {dUco. Á`m cmoH$m§da
AmnU dM©ñd JmO{dV AmhmoV, Ë`m ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Mm B{Vhmg g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm `m gm_«mÁ`dmXr
gÎmmYrem§Zm dmQy> cmJcr.
gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{Vhmg {c{hV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`mVrc H$_Hw$dV àd¥Îmr emoYÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm. gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B{Vhmg coIZmMr na§nam 18ì`m eVH$mV _moR>çm à_mUmV CX`mg
Amcr. `m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo \«|$Mm§Zr B§S>mo-Mm`ZmMm, S>Mm§Zr B§S>moZo{e`mMm, nmoVw©JrOm§Zr Jmoì`mMm d B§J«Om§Zr
^maV XoemMm B{Vhmg {c{hcm.
gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{Vhmg coIZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço :gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr ^maVmMm B{Vhmg {c{hV AgVmZm nwT>rc CÔoe gm§{JVco AmhoV.
1. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr AàJV, {hZ XOm©Mr Amho ho XmI{dUo.
2. {~«{Q>e emgZ àJV Amho XmI{dUo.
3. ^maVr` cmoH$m§À`mV Ý`yZJ§S>mMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
4. ^maVr` cmoH$ ñd`§emgZmcm cm`H$ ZmhrV Ago Xe©{dUo.
5. {~«{Q>e amOdQ> ^maVmV H$m`_ñdê$nr am{hcr nm{hOo hm CÔoe hmoVm.
gm_«mÁ`dmXmMr AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d à{VîR>m
`m ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ gm_«mÁ` hr g§H$ënZm ApñVËdmV Amho. àmMrZ H$mim_Ü`o
M§ÐJwßV _m¡`©, hf©dY©Z `m amOm§Mr gm_«mÁ`o hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n _yc^yVnUo amOH$s` hmoVo. _Ü``wJmV
^maVmà_mUo `wamonr` amîQ´>m§Mr gm_«mÁ`o hmoVr. 18ì`m eVH$mV B§½c§S>_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Pmcr d
_m`XoemVrc CÚmoJY§Xo {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r H$ÀMm _mcmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQy> cmJcr d V`ma Ho$cocm nŠH$m
_mc {dH$Ê`mgmR>r ~mOmanoR>mM§ r Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>cr. `m_YyZM 19ì`m eVH$m_Ü`o ~S>çm amîQ´>mM§ m gm_«mÁ`dmX
{Z_m©U Pmcm. Ë`mcm "Zd gm_«mÁ`dmX' Ago åhUVmV. AË`§{VH$ amîQ´>dmX, dm§{eH$ loîR>Vm, Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU
d AmH«$_H$ d¥Îmr `m_YyZ Zdgm_«mÁ`dmXmMm nm`m KmVcm Jocm. {^ÝZ d§e, ^mfm, Y_© d g§ñH¥$Vr
Agcoë`m g_mOmda dM©ñd JmO{dUo hr Zdgm_«mÁ`dmXmMr _yiMr àoaUm hmo`. gmYZgm_wJ«r_Yrc {dH$mg,
^m¡{VH$emñÌm_Yrc àJVr, gwEP H$mcì`mMr C^maUr `m_wio gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm {dH$mg Pmcm.
4
19ì`m eVH$m_Ü`o B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr, nmoVw©Jmc, BQ>cr `m§Zr Am{\«$H$m d Am{e`m I§S>m_Ü`o
gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Ho$cm. B§½c§S>Zo Am{\«$H$m I§S>m_Ü`o {_i{dë`m. Am{e`m I§S>mV ^maV hm _moR>m Xoe dgmhV
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg {_imcm. \«$mÝgZo Am{\«$Ho$_Ü`o AëOo[a`m, Q>çwZo{e`m, CÎma d npíM_ {H$Zmam, ghmam,
goZoJc, Am`ìhar H$moîQ> d _mXmJmñH$a B. dgmhVr {_i{dë`m. MrZda B§½c§S> d O_©ZrMo dM©ñd {Z_m©U
Pmco hmoVo. d OnmZ_Ü`o A_o[aHo$Zo àdoe Ho$cm. hm gd© gm_«mÁ` 1945 n`ªV hmoVm. BamH$ ho gÜ`mÀ`m
A_o[aH$Z gm_«mÁ`dmXmMo ñdê$n Amho.
^maVmÀ`m ~m~VrV {~«{Q>em§Zr H$mim-Jmoam Agm ^oX {Z_m©U Ho$cm. {~«{Q>em§Mo amÁ` ho ^maVmcm
{_imcoco daXmZ Amho. ê$S>`mS>© {H$nqcJ `m coIH$mZo "ìhmB©Q> _°Zg ~S>©Z' hr g§H$ënZm Amnë`m
gm{hË`m_YyZ _m§S>cr Amho. ^maVr` cmoH$ {~«{Q>em§nojm XOm©Zo H$_r AmhoV ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>e
gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o hm°Q>ocda ""^maVr` cmoH$ Am{U Hw$Í`m§Zm àdoe Zmhr'' Aem nmQ>çm cmdrV AgV. Ooåg
{_cZo Amnë`m B{Vhmg coIZmVyZ qhXÿ-XodXodVm, qhXÿ§Mr na§nam `m§À`mda _moR>r Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho.
_°Šg_yëca `m§Zr gm_«mÁ`dmXmgmR>r Am`©d§emMm {gÕm§V _m§S>cm. Ë`m§À`m_Vo, ""{~«{Q>e ho Am`©d§emMo àJV
cmoH$ AmhoV. àmMrZ H$mir ^maVm_Ü`o Am`© cmoH$m§À`m H$mhr Q>moù`m Amë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`m
{dH$mgmcm AZwHy$c d nmofH$ dmVmdaU `oWo {_imco Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ho cmoH$ amZQ>r d AàJV am{hco d
Vmo g_mO JVrhrZ ~Zcm. åhUyZ {~«{Q>e cmoH$ gd©loîR> Aem Am`©d§emMo d àJV Agë`mZo ^m`Vr`m§da
amÁ` H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zm nyU© A{YH$ma Amho.'' ^maVmda amÁ` H$aUo hm {~«{Q>em§Mm A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o
H$mhrhr J¡a Zmhr ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r gm_«mÁ`dmXr coIH$m§Zr S>m{d©ZZo _m§S>coë`m _mZdr CËH«$m§VrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$
{gÜXm§VmMm dmna Ho$cm. `m {gÜXm§VmMm dmna gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rMm nm`m ^maVmV
pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm Amho.
gm_«mÁ`dmXmMo XmoZ H$mcI§S>m_Ü`o {d^mJUr Ho$cr OmVo. n{hcm H$mcI§S> hm 1857 n`ªVMm d
Xþgam H$mcI§S> 1870 Vo 1940 n`ªVMm hmo`. `m n{hë`m H$mcI§S>mV Ooåg {_c, hoÝar B{c`Q>,
Ec{\$ÝñQ>Z, J«±Q> S>\$, Ooåg Q>m°S> BË`mXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mm g_mdoe Amho. Ooåc {_cZo ""{hñQ´>r Am°\$ {~«{Q>e
B§{S>`m'' hm J«§W 1818 _Ü`o {c{hcm AgyZ hm {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`dmXmMo ~m`~c åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo.
Ec{\$ÝñQ>ZZo 1839 amoOr {hñQ´>r Am°\$ B§{S>`m hm J«§W {chÿZ `m_Ü`o ^maVr` B{VhmgmMr {d^mJUr qhXÿ,
_wpñc_ Am{U {~«{Q>e H$mcI§S>mV Ho$cr. J«°Q> S>\$Zo gdm©V àW_ _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {c{hcm Amho d Ooåg
Q>m°S>Zo amOnwVmÝ`mMm B{Vhmg AYmoao{IV Ho$cm Amho. 1857 n`ªVÀ`m gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{Vhmg coIH$m§Zr ^maV
AàJV d B§½c§S> àJV Agm ÑpîQ>H$moZ S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZM B{Vhmg {c{hcm Amho.
gZ 1870 Vo 1940 hm H$Å>a gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm Xþgam ^mJ _mZcm OmVmo. `m_Ü`o {dë`_ h±Q>a, hoÝar
_oZ, Ooåg pñQ>\$Ýg, Om°Z ñQ´>°Mr, Or. ~r. _°cogZ, Amë\«o$S> Om`c, Oo. Q>r. ìhrca BË`mXr B{VhmgH$mam§Mm
5
g_mdoe hmoVmo. {dë`_ h§Q>a `mZo ""{hñQ´>r Am°\$ {~«{Q>e B§{S>`m'' `m J«§WmV B§½c§S>cm ^maVmMm Vm~m
AnKmVmZo {_imcm AgyZ Ë`m_mJo B§½c§S>Mm AZoH$ dfmªMm àJVrMm B{Vhmg Amho. hoÝar _oZ `mZo ""EZg|Q>
cm°'' `m J«§WmVyZ {~«{Q>em§À`m EH$V§Ìr emgZmMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho. Oo. Q>r. ìhrca `m§Zr {c{hcoë`m J«§WmV
Am`m©À`m AmJ_ZmnmgyZ ^maVr`m§Zr {~«{Q>em§{déÜX Ho$coë`m 1857 À`m CR>mdmn`ªVMm B{Vhmg Z_yX H$ê$Z
^maVr`m§Mo Xmof XmIdyZ {Xco AmhoV. VgoM Amë\«o$S> cm`c `mZo Amnë`m J«§WmV {~«{Q>e gÎmoMo g_W©Z Ho$co
Amho.
gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm nm`m åhUOo ^m§S>dcemhr hmo`. `mda co{ZZ, _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J d Šdm_o EÝH«w$_m `m
_mŠg©dmXr ZoË`m§Zr Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. àmo. amOZ hf} `m§Zr "Q²>doÝQ>rÝW g|Mwar Eån°[a`m{cP_' {epâQ>¨J H§$Qy>g©
d M|qOJ H$ÝñneÝg' hm J«§W {c{hcm. àmo. hf© `m§À`m _Vo, ""gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm àË`j g§~§Y {dH${gV hmoV
OmUmè`m ^m§S>dcemhrer Amho'' gm_«mÁ`dmXm_Ü`o ^m¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm nyU© {dH${gV amîQ´>o d _mJmgdJu` amîQ´>o
`m§Mm g§~§Y Agë`mMo Amnë`mcm {XgyZ `oVo. co{ZZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""gm_«mÁ`dmX hr ^m§S>dcemhrMr CÎm_
pñWVr Amho.'' co{ZZMo B§_a°{cP_ X hm`ñQ> ñQ>oO Am°\$ H°$ßQ>rcrP `m à~§YmV gm_«mÁ`dmXmg§~§YrMo {dMma
_m§S>co AmhoV.
1.2.1A.2. amîQ´> dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Nationalist Approach)
B.g. 1930 gmcmn`ªV ^maVr`, naH$s` B{VhmgH$ma d g§emoYH$m§Mo AmYw{ZH$ ^maV `m {df`mH$S>o
Xþc©j Pmco hmoVo. na§Vw 1930 Z§Va _mÌ g§emoYH$m§Zr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc {d{dY n¡cy g_moa
`oD$ cmJco. {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo àemgH$s` A{YH$mar, VgoM H|${~«O d Am°Šg\$S>© {dÚmnrR>mVrc g§emoYH$m§Zr
^maVmg§~§Yr Oo {cImU Ho$co Ë`m_Ü`o AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m MwH$m Agë`mZo ^maVr` g§emoYH$m§Zr Ë`m XþéñV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwÝhm Zì`mZo {cImUmcm gwédmV Ho$cr. `m g§emoYH$m§_Ü`o Ho$. nr. O`ñdmc, Ama. gr.
_wOw_Xma, Eg. Eg. goZ, VmamM§X, ñdm_r X`mZ§X, {d. Xm. gmdaH$a d B©ídaràgmX B. g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo.
`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr amîQ´>dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {~«{Q>e {cImUmcm à{VË`wa XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.
amîQ´>r`Vm, amîQ´>r`Ëd, amîQ´> ^mdZm AWdm amîQ´>dmX `m g§km g_mZ AWm©Zo dmnaë`m OmVmV. "amîQ´>'
hr ^mdZm AWdm ÑpîQ>H$moZ nmíMmÎ` Amho. ^maVr` cmoH$m§Zr {VMm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Amho.
"amîQ´>r`' hr g§H$ënZm d§e, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr, Y_©, [aVr[admO ho Á`m§Mo g_mZ AmhoV. Aem OZVoÀ`m
_Zm_Ü`o amîQ´>r`Ëd {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. "amîQ´>r`Ëd' hr EH$ ^mdZm AgyZ Vo Xoemda ào_ H$aVmV. {~«{Q>e
gm_«mÁ`m{déÜX AZoH$ Y_©, OmVr-O_mVr, n§W d JQ> Agcoë`m na§Vw Á`mMo ñdê$n AË`§V {dñH$irV
AgVmZm OZVoZo ~cmT>ç {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`{damoYmV EH$Ì `oD$Z Omo Eo{Vhm{gH$ cT>m {Xcm. Am{e`m
I§S>mVrc qhXÿñWmZ hr dgmhV {~«{Q>e amÁ` _wHw$Q>mVrc VoOñdr {ham _mZcm Jocm. hr dgmhV ñdV§Ì Pmcr.
Ë`m_wio B§J«O d Ë`m§Mo gm_«mÁ` c`mg Joco. dgmhVr_Ü`o Zdo amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmco.
6
qhXr OZVoMr ñdmV§Í` Midi hr qMVZ, _ZZ Am{U Aä`mgmMm {df` Amho. Ë`m_wio `m
MidirMm Aä`mg hmoD$ cmJcm. `mg§~§Yr B{VhmgH$ma, {dÛmZ, amOH$maUr, gm_«mÁ`dmXr BË`mXtZr
à^mdrV qhXr ñdmV§Í` MidirMo amîQ´>r`, Am§VaamîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ _yë`_mnZ gwê$ Ho$co. `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o
^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmg coIZmVrc ÑpîQ>H$moZmMm CJ_, àoaUm, H$mcI§S> d B{VhmgH$mam§Mo {cImU B. ~m~V
_m{hVr XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
(A) amîQ´>dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmMr nmíd©^y_r :nmíMmÎ` {ejUmVyZ ^maVr` B§JO« r {e{jV VéUm§Zr ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmX, gXgX²{ddoH$, emñÌr` dñVw{ZîR>
ÑpîQ>H$moUmMo YS>o {Ja{dco. VgoM B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg, BQ>cr, A_o[aH$m `m amîQ´>m§À`m B{VhmgmÀ`m {cImZmVyZ
amîQ´>dmXmMr, cmoH$emhrMr, amOH$s` H«$m§Ë`m§Mr Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr Pmcr. ^maVr`m§Mr Apñ_Vm OmJr H$aÊ`mMo
H$m_ ho 19ì`m eVH$mVrc ^maVr`m§Zr Ho$co.
{~«{Q>e B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {c{hcocm ^maVmMm B{Vhmg emñÌr` nÜXVrZo {c{hcm Agcm Var Vmo
{~«{Q>em§Zr njnmVr ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ, nyd©J«hXÿ{fV d¥ÎmrZo {c{hcocm B{Vhmg Amho. ^maVr` B{Vhmgmcm Ý`m`
\$ŠV ^maVr` gw{e{jV XoD$ eH$VmV d Vmo B{Vhmg emñÌr` nÜXVrZo nwamì`m{Zer ^maVmMm gË` B{Vhmg
{chmdm Ago _V a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr {Xco.
(~) amîQ´>dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmÀ`m B{VhmgcoIZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço :1. àmMrZ, _Ü` d AmYw{ZH$ `m_Ü`o ^maVr` B{Vhmg d g§ñH¥$Vrda naH$s`m§Zr Ho$coë`m XmofmamonUMo
I§S>U H$aUo.
2. naH$s` B{VhmgH$mam§À`m {cImUmVyZ àñVwV Pmcoco J¡ag_O Xÿa H$aUo.
3. ^maVr`m§V {Z_m©U Pmcocm Ý`yZJ§S> Xÿa H$aUo.
4. CncãY nwamdo, gmYZo `m§Mo nwZ: narjU d nyZ_y©ë`m§H$Z H$aUo ho _hÎdmMo Amho.
(H$) àdmh :1.
qhXÿ Y_© Am{U g§ñH¥$Vrdarc Amamonm§Mo I§S>U H$aUmam "amîQ´>r` àdmh' :-
n{hë`m {nT>rVrc amîQ´>r` B{VhmgH$mam§Zr qhXÿ Y_© d g§ñH¥$Vrdarc {~«{Q>em§À`m AmamonmMo I§S>Z Ho$co.
^maVr`m§Zm àmMrZ H$mir amOH$s` d àemgH$s` ì`dñWoMr _m{hVr ZìhVr. `oWo \$ŠV Owc_r EH$V§Ìr
7
hþHy$_emhr hmoVr. `m_Ü`o {~«{Q>em§Mm ImoS>gminUm {XgyZ `oVmo. Am{U ^maVmV amOmda àOoMm A§Hw$e hmoVm.
g^m, g{_Vr `m cmoH$emhrgma»`m H$m_ H$aUmè`m g§ñWm hmoË`m. àmMrZ ^maVmV JUamÁ`o hmoVr. qhXÿ Y_©
d g§ñH¥$Vrdarc Amamonm§Mo I§S>U H$aUmè`m_Ü`o H$meràgmX O`ñdmc, amYm_wHw§$X _wIOu `m§Zm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
2.
dñVw{ZîR>-amîQ´>r` àdmh :-
dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B{Vhmg coIZ H$aUmam hm amîQ´>r` àdmh hmoVm. àmMrZ Y_© d g§ñH¥$Vrda
{~«{Q>em§Zr Ho$coco MwH$sMo Amamon ImoSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ `m àdmhmV Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$
gmYZm§À`m {M{H$ËgH$ {dícofUmVyZ Oo gË` hmVr `oB©c, Ë`mMr nwamì`mgh emñÌr` nÜXVrZo _m§S>Ur
H$aUo Aer Ë`m§Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`emoYZmMr dñVw{ZîR> ^y{_H$m d ÑpîQ>H$moZ hmoVm. B{Vhmg {df`mMm
emñÌewÕ Aä`mgmgmR>r B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZm§Mm, {c{IV gm{hË`mMm, nwamVÎdr` gmYZm§Mm
emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. `m dñVw{ZîR> B{Vhmg VÁkm§_Ü`o S>m°. am. Jmo. ^m§S>maH$a, S>m°. AmiVoH$a,
{d.H$m. amOdmS>o, S>m°. OXþZmW gaH$ma, S>m°. C_oeM§Ð _wOy_Xma B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3.
Am{W©H$-amîQ´>r` àdmh :-
`m _VàdmhmÀ`m amîQ´>r` B{Vhmg coIH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m àma§^rÀ`m B{Vhmg coIH$m§à_mUo {~«{Q>e àUrV
Amamonm§Mo I§S>Z H$aÊ`mV dm dñVw{ZîR> {cImUmZo ^maVr` B{Vhmg Xe©Z KS>{dÊ`mMr ZìhVr. Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m
{~«{Q>e B{Vhmg coIUmcm AmìhmZ XoUmar d AmH«$_H$ hmoVr. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr,
Ý`m. _. Jmo. amZS>o, a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr {~«{Q>e dgmhVdmXmMo Am{U {~«{Q>em§Zr Mmc{dcoë`m Am{W©H$
emofUm§Mo ñdê$n gm§{JVcoco Amho.
4.
àmXo{eH$-amîQ´>r` àdmh :-
^maVmV {Za{Zamù`m àXoem§Mo {~«{Q>em§Zr Ho$coco {cImU AnyU© d gXmof hmoVo. _yiXoer Eo{Vhm{gH$
gmYZm§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$aUo, ^mfoÀ`m AS>MUr_wio Ë`m§Zm H$R>rU hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {cImUmV
ÌyQ>r hmoË`m. {edm` Ë`m§À`m {cImUm_mJrc ^y{_H$m {dOoË`m§Mr hmoVr. nwT>o {^Þ-{^Þ àXoemVrc cmoH$m§Zr
^maVr` ^y{_Ho$VyZ B{Vhmg {c{hÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. `m_Ü`o _hmamîQ´>, JwOamV, amOñWmZ, X{jU ^maV,
CÎma ^maV, ~§Jmc B. àXoem§Mo {c{hcoco B{Vhmg hmo`. amîQ´>r`ËdmMm hm _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. CXm. _amR>r
gÎmoMm B{Vhmg J«°Q> S>\$ `mZo 1826 gmcr {c{hcm hmoVm. Ë`mda {ZiH§$R> OZmX©Z H$sV©Zo `m§Zr {Q>H$m H$ê$Z
d Ë`m§À`m MwH$mXmIdyZ ZdrZ {cImU Ho$co Amho.
8
5.
amOH$maUr-amîQ´>r` àdmh :-
amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m amJmÀ`m ^rVrZo Vmon`ªVMo B{VhmgH$ma åhUOo naV§Ì ^maVm_Yrc B{VhmgH$ma JVH$mimVrc
B{Vhmgm§Mo dU©Z H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mMr d¡^demcr na§nam gm§JUo `m_Ü`oM _eJyc hmoVo. VgoM àmMrZ d
_Ü``wJrZ loîR> nwéfm§Mr H$aÊ`m_Ü`o Amnco B{VhmgH$ma a_coco {XgVmV. Ë`mH$mir H$m§hr amOH$maUr
ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z B{Vhmg coIZmMo H$m_ Pmco Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo cmcm cOnVam`, gwa|ÐZmW ~°ZOu,
Ama.Or.àYmZ, gw^mfM§Ð ~mog, nÅ>m^r grVmam_æ`m d {JarOm _wIOu BË`mXtMm g_mdoe Amho.
6.
àmMrZ ^maVmdarc Amamonm§Mo I§S>Z H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma :-
1. H$mer àgmX O`ñdmc (1881-1937) : `m§Mm OÝ_ 1881 amoOr CÎma àXoemV Pmcm
Amho. Vo CÀM{d^y{fV hmoVo. Am°Šg\$S>© {dÚmnrR>mVyZ Ë`m§Zr H$m`ÚmMr nXdr KoVcr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr H$cH$Îmm
CÀM Ý`m`mc`mV dH$scr Ho$cr. nwT>o Vo B{Vhmg coIZmH$S>o dico AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr àmMrZ ^maVmda {~«{Q>em§Zr
Oo AgË` Amamon Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`mMo I§S>Z Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§Zr Ë`mgmR>r amîQ´>r` àdmhmgmR>r ""Hindu Polity
Am{U History of India'' ho XmoZ JǤW {c{hco AmhoV.
2. amYm_wHw§$X _wIOu (1880-1963) : `m B{VhmgH$mamMm OÝ_ ~§Jmc_Ü`o EH$m lr_§V
Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmcm. àmMrZ ^maVr` cmoH$, X¡dr ÑîQ>rda {dídmg R>odUmao hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$mUVrhr ^m¡{VH$ d
emñÌr` àJVr Ho$cr Zmhr ho {~«{Q>e B{VhmgH$mam§Mo Amamon H$go MwH$sMo AmhoV d ^«m_H$ AmhoV ho Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m {cImUmVyZ XmIdyZ {Xco Amho. Ë`m§Zr "Local Self Government in Ancient India,
Ancient Indian Education, The fundamental Unity of India, The Gupta Empire' B.
_hÎdnyU© J«§W {c{hco. Ë`m§Zr àmMrZ ^maVmda Ho$coë`m {cImUmMr {dÝg|Q> pñ_W, E. ~r. H$sW `m {~«{Q>e
coIH$m§Zr ñVwVr Ho$cocr AmT>iVo.
3. S>m°. am. Jmo. ^m§S>maH$a (1837-1925) : MVwañÌ ~w{Õ_Îmm AgUmao ^m§S>maH$a `m§Zr
g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V d B§J«Or ^mfm d VgoM VËdkmZ d Y_©emñÌmMm gImoc Aä`mg Ho$cm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr "The
Early History of the Deccan' d "A Peep into the Early History of India' ho XmoZ JǤW
{c{hco. a±Ho$àUrV emñÌr` B{Vhmg coIZmMo I§Xo nwañH$V} hmoVo.
4. S>m°. A. g. AmiVoH$a (1818-1959) : S>m°. AZ§V gXm{ed AmiVoH$a ho àmMrZ ^maVmda
{cImU H$aUmao B{Vhmg Aä`mgH$ d àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr ~Zmag qhXÿ {dÚmnrR> d nmQ>Um
{dÚmnrR> `oWo àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. nwT>o H$mer àgmX O`ñdmc [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>Mo g§MmcH$ Pmco. Ë`m§Zr
"Education Ancient India' hm J«§W {c{hcm. Ë`mÛmao e¡j{UH$ joÌmV nmíMmÎ`m§À`m VwcZoV àmMrZ
^maV _mJmgcocm hmoVm hm Amamon Ë`m§Zr Xÿa Ho$cm.
9
r
_Ü``wJrZ B{VhmgH$ma
1. S>m°. _h_§X h~r~ :dñVw{ZîR> Am{U {ZY_u ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ ^maVmVrc _wñcr_ emgZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao B{VhmgH$ma
åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m§Zr g§emoYZmgmR>r JPZrÀ`m _h_§XmMm {df` {ZdS>cm. `m§À`m {cImUmVyZ
amîQ´>dmXr {dMma nhmd`mg {_iVmV. qhXÿ-_wpñc_ EoŠ`mMm nwañH$ma Ë`m§Zr {cImUmÛmao Ho$cm Amho.
2. Ho$. E_. Aea\$ :_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m gwcVmZemhrMm amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Ë`m§Zr Aä`mg Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr ""Life
and conditions of the people of Hindustan (1200-1500 AD)'' hm J«§W {c{hcm Amho. qhXÿ
d _wñcr_ g_mOmV H$moUVmhr gKf© {Z_m©U Pmcm Zmhr. `m XmoÝhr g_mOmV gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_Ýd`mMo dmVmdaU
{Z_m©U Pmco Ago `m J«§WmVyZ {XgyZ `oVo.
`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr B§J«Or B{VhmgH$mam§Mo Amamon MwH$sMo H$go AmhoV ho XmI{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co.
3. ga OXþZmW gaH$ma :ga OXþZmW gaH$ma `m§Zm B§J«Or, g§ñH¥$V, \$maer, \«|$M, nmoVw©JrO d _amR>r BË`mXr ^mfm AdJV
hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zr _Ü``wJrZ ^maVr` H$mcI§S>mda gImoc g§emoYZ Ho$co Amho. gË`m{Y{îR>V, {M{H$ËgH$ d
dñVw{ZîR> B{VhmgcoIZmÀ`m g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ^y{_Ho$Zwgma g§emoYZ coIZ Ë`mZo Ho$co.
Ë`m§Zr "History of Aurangzeb' Am{U "Shivaji and His Times' d "History of
Shivaji' ho J«§W {deof CëcoIZr` AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr {cImUm_mJrc àoaUm H$Å>a amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moUmMr Zgcr
Var EH$m ^maVr`mZo ^maVr` ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$coco _Ü``wJrZ H$mimMo gË`Xeu {MÌU `m ÑîQ>rZo gaH$mam§Mo
{cImU _mocmMo Amho.
r
{~«{Q>e ^maV H$mimVrc B{VhmgH$ma
19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg {~«{Q>e ^maV H$mcI§S>mda ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr {d{dY KQ>H$mda _moR>çm
à_mUmda {cImU Ho$co. nwT>o 20ì`m eVH$mV amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {cImU H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. `m
coIZmVyZ {~«{Q>e emgZmMr dgmhVdmXr emofU, {^Vr, CÚmoJY§ÚmMm èhmg, J«m_rU Xm[aÐ`, amîQ´>r`ËdmMm
CX` d {dH$mg, ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`cT>m, Ë`mVrc àdmh B. amîQ´>r` ^y{_Ho$Mo g_W©Z H$aUmao gwa|ÐZmW ~°ZOu,
10
S>m°. VmamM§X, amîQ´>r` ^y{_Ho$VyZ {~«{Q>em§À`m Am{W©H$ ZrVrMo {dícofU H$aUmao XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr, Ý`m. _.
Jmo. amZS>o, S>m°. a_oeM§Ð XÎm d S>m°. a_oeM§Ð _wOy_Xma Ago AZoH$ B{VhmgH$ma AmhoV.
1.
XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr :-
gZ 1876 _Ü`o XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr "nm°ìhQ>u Am°\$ B§{S>`m' hm J«§W {c{hcm. qhXr Xm[aÐ`{df`H$
Ë`m§À`m coIZmMo g§H$cZ gZ 1901 _Ü`o "nm°ìhQ>u A°ÊS> AZ-{~«{Q>e ê$c BZ B§{S>`m' hm J«§W à{gÕ
Ho$cm. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>em§Mo qhXr OZVo~m~VMo emofU YmoaU CKS> Ho$co.
XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr g§nÎmrÀ`m {Z:gmaUmMm (Drain of Wealth) hm {gÜXm§V Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cm.
g 1868 _Ü`o ^maVmMo XaS>moB© CËnÞ 20 é. hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Ago XmIdyZ {Xco H$s, ^maVmV Vwé§JmVrc
H¡$Úm§da AÞ-dñÌm§gmR>r OodT>m IM© Ho$cm OmB©, Ë`mÀ`m Oo_Vo_ {Zåå`mZo XaS>moB© CËnÞ hmoVo. qhXr Xm[aÐ`
gVV dmT>V Joco Va B§J«O gm_«mÁ` ZîQ> hmoB©c Agm Bemam Ë`m§Zr {Xcm.
XmXm^mBªZr "Economic Drain Theory' Mm {gÜXm§V gà_mU _m§Sy>Z B§J«O ^maVmMr H$er
Am{W©H$ cyQ> H$aVmV ho àW_ XmIdyZ {Xco.
2.
Ý`m`. _. Jmo. amZS>o :-
Ý`m. amZS>o `m§Zr Am{W©H$ {dícofU H$ê$Z g_mOmcm gImoc _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co. Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>e dgmhVtÀ`m
Am{W©H$ g§aMZoMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$cm d ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm dgmhVdmXr emofUmcm ~ir nS>V Amho
ho XmIdyZ {Xco. VgoM dgmhVdmXr AW©ì`dñWoMo emofUmË_H$ ñdê$n ñnîQ> Ho$co.
3.
amo_oeM§Ð XÎm (1848-1909) :-
a_oeM§Ð XÎm ho amîQ´>r` {dMmagaUrMo AW©VÁk hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>em§Mo {df_ Am{W©H$ YmoaU qhXr
g_mOmnwT>o _m§S>co. Ë`m§Zr "B§½c§S> d ^maV' Am{U "^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm' ho J«§W {chÿZ qhXr OZVoMr
Am{W©H$ pñWVr ñnîQ> _m§S>cr. {~«{Q>e gÎmoÀ`m H$mimV eoVrdarc OmXm H$am_wio qhXr eoVH$ar Jar~ hmoV
Jocm Agm {gÜXm§V Ë`m§Zr _m§Sy>Z ^maVr`m§À`m emofUmMo _yi emoYyZ H$mT>co.
4.
S>m°. a_oeM§Ð _wOy_Xma :-
àmMrZ ^maVr` g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm Xoem~mhoa Pmcocm àgma. {~«{Q>e gÎmoMr
ñWmnZm d {dñVma, ^maVr` gÎmoMr ñWmnZm d {dñVma, ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` cT>m B. {df`mda amîQ´>r`
^y{_Ho$VyZ Ë`m§Zr {cImU Ho$co Amho. _wOy_Xma `m§Zr "qhXÿ amîQ´>dmX d _wñcr_ amîQ´>dmX' Agm ñnîQ> àdmh
^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midir_Ü`o nmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.
11
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. dmñH$mo-Xr-Jm_mZo ^maVmV `oÊ`mMm g_wÐ_mJ© ........... gmcr emoYcm.
(A) 1497
(H$) 1499
(~) 1498
(S>) 1500.
2. gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ B{Vhmg coIZmMr na§nam ........... ì`m eVH$mV CX`mg Amcr.
(A) 17
(H$) 19
(~) 18
(S>) 20.
3. {~«{Q>e ho Am`©d§emMo àJV cmoH$ AmhoV, Ago _V ............... `mZo _m§S>co.
(A) S>m{d©Z
(H$) ê$S>`mS>© {H$nqcJ
(~) _°Šg_yëca
(S>) Ooåg {_c.
4. amo_oeM§Ð XÎm ho ................ hmooV.
(A) CÚmoJnVr
(~) amOH$s` ZoVo
(H$) AW©Vk
(S>) g_mOgodH$.
5. XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr `m§Zr ................ hm {gÜXm§V _m§S>cm.
(A) {Z:gmaU
(H$) g_Vm
(~) A{V[aŠV _yë`
(S>) {df_Vm.
~)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmcr.
2. H$moUË`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr gm_«mÁ`dmXr coIZ Ho$co.
3. cmcm cOnVam` `m§Zr B{VhmgmMo coIZ H$moUVr ì`ŠVr åhUyZ Ho$co Amho.
4. "qhXÿ nm°crQ>r' hm J«§W H$moUr {c{hcm.
5. "qhXÿ amîQ´>dmX d _wñcr_ amîQ´>dmX' Agm ñnîQ> àdmh ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midir_Ü`o nmhÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$moUË`m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho$cm.
12
1.2.2 (~) 1. _mŠg©dmXr, H|$~«rO ÑpîQ>H$moZ
1. _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Marxist, Cambridge)
(Marxist Approach) :-
B.g. 1950 gmcmZ§Va ^maVm_Ü`o _mŠg©À`m VËdkmZmZo à^m{dV Pmcoë`m {dMmad§Vm§Zr ^maVr`
B{VhmgmMo {cImU _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. ^maVr` amîQ´>r` MidirÀ`m _mŠg©dmXr
{dMmaàUmcrZwgma Ho$coë`m {cImUmMr _m{hVr KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _mŠg©À`m VËdkmZmMm AmT>mdm
nwT>rcà_mUo Amho.
1.
H$mc© _mŠg© :-
H$mc© _mŠg©Mm OÝ_ npíM_ O_©ZrVrc {Q´>Aa `m{R>H$mUr 5 _o 1818 amoOr EH$m d{H$cmÀ`m KamV
Pmcm. gZ 1835 Vo 1841 `m H$mimV Ë`mZo ~{c©Z Am{U ~m°Z `oWo H$m`ÚmMm Am{U Ý`m`emñÌmMm
Aä`mg Ho$cm. H$mocmoZ `oWo {ZKUmè`m EH$m CXma_VdmXr {Z`VH$m{cHo$Mm Vmo g§nmXH$ Pmcm. VoWoM Ë`mMr
E§Jëg `m ì`ŠVrer _¡Ìr Pmcr. \«$mÝg, B§½c§S>_Yrc _mZdVmdmXr, g_mOdmXr, àmJ{VH$ B§p½ce AW©emñÌk
d hoJoc BË`mXrer Ë`mMm g§nH©$ Amcm. Ë`mVyZM emñÌr` g_mOdmXr H$mc© _mŠg© V`ma hmoD$ cmJcm. B.g.
1844 _Ü`o _mŠg© d E§Jëg `m§Mm "H$å`w{ZîR> _°{Z\o$ñQ>mo' hm J«§W àH$m{eV Pmcm. H$å`w{ZîR> _°{Z\o$ñQ>mo
åhUOo "gmå`dmXmMm OmhraZm_m' hmo`. `m OmhraZmå`mMr àoaUm `wamo{n`Z amîQ´>mVrc H$m_Jma MiditZm
{_imcr. H$mc© _mŠg©Zo "Xmg H°${nQ>c' hm J«§W 1867 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmcm. B{Vhmg åhUOo dJ©g§Kfm©Mr
JmWm Aer Ë`m§Zr B{VhmgmMr ì`m»`m Ho$cr Amho. _mUyg Oo H¥$Ë` H$aVmo Ë`mÀ`m _yimer Am{W©H$ ñdmWm©Mr
àoaUm AgVo Ago _mŠg© åhUVmo.
`
H$mc© _mŠg©darc à^md :-
_mŠg©Zo H$mÝQ>, {\$íVo d hoJoc `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. \$m°da ~m°MÀ`m {dMmam§Mm à^md _mŠg©da
Y_©g§~§YrÀ`m H$ënZm d ^m¡{VH$dmXr {dícofUm_wio nS>cocm {XgVmo.
`
_mŠg© `m§Mm B{Vhmg{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moU :-
_mŠg©Mm B{VhmgmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moU nwT>rc KQ>H$mda nhmd`mg {_iVmo. 1) Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX,
2) AcJrH$aUmMm {gÜXm§V B. Mr _m{hVr {_iVo.
1.
_mŠg©Mm A{V[aŠV _yë`mMm {gÕm§V :`m {gÜXm§V Ë`mZo ^m§S>dcXmam§H$Sy>Z _Owam§Mo hmoV Agcoë`m emofUmda àH$me Q>mH$cm Amho. _Owamcm
13
l_ H$amdo cmJVmV. `m l_mVyZ CËnmXZmMo _yë` R>aVo åhUyZ l_mcm _yë` Amho. _Oya l_ H$aVmV, Ë`m
à_mUmV Ë`m§Mr _yë`eŠVr IM© hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mcm _Owar {_iVo; na§Vw _mŠg©À`m _Vo, Ë`mcm Or _Oyar
{_iVo Vr Ë`mÀ`m l_mÀ`m _mZmZo H$_r {Xcr OmVo. _Owamcm {_iUmè`m _mo~Xë`mnojm _Oya ho OmñVrMo
l__yë` {Z_m©U H$aVmo, Ë`mg _mŠg© A{V[aŠV _yë` åhUVmo. _Oya OodT>o OmñV l__yë` {Z_m©U H$arc,
VodT>m _mcH$mcm OmñV \$m`Xm hmoVmo. `m_YyZM ^m§S>dcXmam§Zm Z\$m {_iVmo. _mÌ _Owam§Mr {nidUyH$ hmoVo.
_OyamMo H$m_mMo Vmg dmT>{dco OmVmV d XþgarH$S>o _Owar H$_r Ho$cr OmVo. åhUyZ _mŠg©Zo dJ©{da{hV
g_mOmMo VËdkmZ _m§S>co. H$m_Jmam§Zm H«$m§Vr H$aÊ`mg g§Xoe {Xcm. OJmVrc H$m_Jmam§Zr EH$ ìhm hr KmofUm
Ho$cr. `m H$m_Jmam§Zr ^m§S>dcXmam§À`m {damoYmV H«$m§Vr Ho$cr Va gmå`dmXr g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U hmoB©c Ago
_mŠg©cm dmQ>V hmoVo.
2.
AcJrH$aUmMm {gÜXm§V :-
AcJrH$aU åhUOo A{cßVVm qH$dm Xþamdm hmo`. OJmV ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg Pmcm. Ë`mdoir
g_mOmV dJ©{Z{_©Vr d dJ© g§Kf© Vrd« hmoV Joco. Ë`m_wio EH$ dJ© Xþgè`m dJm©nmgyZ Xÿa OmD$ cmJcm d
A{cßV hmoD$ cmJcm. ho XmoÝhr dJ© EH$_oH$m§da Adc§~yZ AgVmV. CXm. g_mOm_Ü`o H$moUVohr dJ© AgmoV
Ë`m_Ü`o ga§Om_emhr, Jwcm_{Jar qH$dm ^m§S>dcemhr_Yrc ^m§S>dcXma d H$m_Jma Ago dJ© hmoVo. `m_Yrc
^m§S>dcXma d H$m_Jma Ago dJ© hmoVo. `m XmoÝhr AcJ AgUmè`m dJm©Zm EH$_oH$m§er Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
^m§S>dcXmam§H$S>o CËnmXZmMr gmYZo Ë`mdarc _mcH$s d ^m§S>dc, g§nÎmr AgVo, na§Vwhr gmYZo H$m`m©ÝdrV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mcm H$m_Jmamda Adc§~yZ ahmdo cmJVo. g_mOmVrc AcJVm hr ^m¡{VH$Vo_wio dñVy§darc
_mcH$s_wio {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo, Ago `m {gÜXm§VmVyZ {gÜX hmoVo.
3.
dJ©g§Kfm©Mm {gÜXm§V :-
g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gdm©V à^mdr eŠVr åhUOo dJ©g§Kf© hm _mŠg©Mm {gÜXm§V hmo`. àmMrZ
H$mimV g_mOmV dJ© ApñVËdmV ZìhVo. _mZd g_yh H$ê$Z amhV Agë`m_wio CËnmXZmda gdmªMr g_mO
_mcH$s hmoVr. Amnë`m JaOm§À`m nyV©VogmR>r {ZgJm©Vrc gd© dñVy§Mo g_yhm_Ü`o g_mZ dmQ>n Ho$co OmV
AgV. _mZdmÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ àJVrVyZ AZoH$ àH$maMo emoY cmJco. Am{U _mZd ñdV: dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ
H$ê$ cmJcm. Ë`mVyZ l_ {d^mOZm§Mr JaO {Z_m©U Pmcr. dñVy§À`m dmQ>nm_Ü`o A§Va {Z_m©U Pmco.
`oWyZMo dJ©^oXmMr gwédmV Pmcr. g_mOmV AZoH$ dJ© {Z_m©U Pmco. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ^m§S>dcXma d
H$m_Jma Ago XmoZ dJ© {Z_m©U Pmco. A{V[aŠV l_ _yë`mÀ`m {gÜXm§Vmà_mUo ^m§S>dcXma H$m_Jmam§Mr
{nidUyH$ H$aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r H$m_Jma dJm©Zo g§K{Q>V KoD$Z ^m§S>dcemhr {damoYmV d {Vcm g§ajU
XoUmè`m gaH$ma {damoYmV H«$m§VrgmR>r EH$ ìhmdo Ago _mŠg© åhUVmo. `mcmM dJ©g§Kfm©Mm {gÜXm§V Ago
åhUVmV.
14
r
g_mOdmXmg§~§Yr {dMma (B{Vhmg coIZ) :-
^m¡{VH$dmXr emñÌr` {ddoMZmÀ`m AmYmao _mŠg©Zo ^{dî`m~m~V Omo {gÜXm§V _m§S>cm, Ë`mg g_mOdmXmÀ`m
CX`mMm {gÜXm§V åhUVmV. _Oya dJ© ^m§S>dcemhr{déÜX H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z CËnmXZ nÜXVrMm eodQ> H$aoc d
CËnmXZmMr gmYZo d à{V{H«$`m Amnë`m hmVr KoB©c, Ë`mda _OyadJm©Mr hþHy$_emhr ñWmnZ hmoB©c. hr
AdñWm AënH$mcrZ Agoc Vr ^m§S>dcemhr CËnmXZ ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z g_mOdmXr CËnmXZ ì`dñWoH$S>o OmÊ`mMr
A{Zdm`© g§H«$_UmdñWm Amho. AënmdYrV Vr AdñWm g§nyZ CËnmXZ à{H«$`m g_mOmÀ`m _mcH$sMr hmoB©c.
CËnmXZmMr g§nyU© à{H«$`m d {dVaUmMr ì`m»`m g_mOmÀ`m hmVr `oB©c. `m ì`dñWoV g_mOmVrc àË`oH$
KQ>H$mÀ`m JaOm nwadë`m OmVrc. ì`ŠVr hr g_mO KQ>H$m_Ü`o _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Agë`m_wio Vr CËnmXZ
à{H«$`oMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ am{hc. g_mOmV CËnmXH$ d g_mOmgmR>r CËnmXZ `m à{H«$`oV ImOJr _mcH$s
d ImOJr Z\$m `m g§H$ënZm VgoM nañna{damoYr {hVg§~§YmMo dJ© CVaUma ZmhrV. dJ©{d{hZ g_mO
ApñVËdmV `oB©c. _mŠg©À`m `m {dMmagaUrcm E§Jëg emñÌr` g_mOdmX åhUVmo.
4.
Y_m©{df`r {dMma :-
Y_© hr A\y$Mr Jmoir Amho Agm _mŠg©Mm {gÜXm§V Amho. g_mOmcm {niUmao cmoH$ BVa emo{fV
dJm©cm Y_m©Mr {^Vr KmcVmV d Amncm ñdmW© gmYVmV. åhUyZ Y_© hr A\y$Mr Jmoir Amho. A\y$Mr Jmoir
Ago åhUyZ Ë`mÁ` _mZVmo. `mMm AW© Y_m©À`m _ycVËdm§Zm Vmo ZmH$maVmo Agm ZgyZ AZoH$ eVHo$ Y_m©Mm
Cn`moJ Á`m A`mo½` àH$mao Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. g_mOmMr ñdV§Ì {dMmaeŠVr IÀMr Ho$cr OmV hmoVr.
àñWm{nV ì`dñWm H$m`_ {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Y_©g§ñWm Y_m©Mm J¡admna H$arV hmoË`m, Ë`mcm _mŠg©Mm Amjon
hmoVm.
r
_mŠg©darc Q>rH$m :-
_mŠg©À`m Am`wî`mVrc _hËdmMr H$m§hr df} pìhŠQ>mo[a`Z B§½c§S>_Ü`o Jocr. _mëWgZo ^mdr OJmMo C^o
Ho$coco {ZamemdmXr OJmMo {MÌ g_mO hiyhiy {dgacm hmoVm. _mŠg©À`m g_mOmÀ`m, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aà{VhV
{dH$mgmda nyU© {dídmg hmoVm. g_mOm_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm AgmM H$m`_ {dH$mg hmoUma Aer Ë`mMr
lÜXm hmoVr. emñÌ d _mZdmMm ~wÕr àm_mÊ`dmX OJmcm gwIr H$aoc Ago Ë`mcm dmQ>V Ago. _mŠg©Zo ho
åhQ>co Agco H$s, hoJoc S>moŠ`mda C^m hmoVm, Ë`mcm _r nm`mda C^m Ho$cm. AmnU _m§S>cocm {gÜXm§V
nyU©nUo ñdm`Îmm AmhoV. VargwÕm Ë`mÀ`m {gÜXm§Vmda Amnë`mcm AZoH$ {Q>H$mH$mam§À`m AmYmao Q>rH$m H$aVmV.
_mŠg©Zo Amncm H$moUVmM {gÜXm§V gyÌ~ÜX [aVrZo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Zmhr. do~aÀ`m _Vo, ""_mŠg©À`m
Am{W©H$ {gÕm§V AË`§V g§{X½Y Amho. Ë`mZo AW©emñÌmMo H$moUVohr {ZH$f Z cmdVmM Amncm {gÜXm§V
_m§S>cm Amho. H$mc© nm°na åhUVmo H$s, ""_mŠg©Zo Amnco {gÜXm§V d dñVwpñWVr `m§Mr gm§JS> KmcÊ`mMm
15
\$magm à`ËZ Ho$cm Zmhr. _mŠg©Mr emñÌr` {gÜXm§VmZwgma Ho$cocr ^{dî`dmUr hr g§Xoh {Z_m©U H$aUmar
Amho. _mŠg©À`m {cImUm_wio Vmo g_mOmMm eÌy Amho Agm J¡ag_O {Z_m©U Pmcm.'' àmo. A°ÝWZr {JS>Ýg
`m§À`m _Vo, ""_mŠg©Mo {dMma 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {R>H$ hmoVo, nU 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo XmofmñnX
AmhoV. H$m°H$aZo Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr H$s, _mŠg©Mo VËdkmZ VH©$emñÌ d B{VhmgmÀ`m nwamì`mda AmYmarV
Zmhr.'' _mŠg©Zo B{VhmgmMr {d^mJUr Mma {d^mJm§V Ho$cr Amho. Vr gwÕm VmpËdH$ dmQ>V Zmhr. _mŠg©Zo
_mZgemñÌr` KQ>H$m§Mm H$Yrhr {dMma Ho$cm Zmhr.
`
_mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo coIZ :-
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mim_Ü`o ^maVr` B{VhmgcoIZ emñÌm_Ü`o _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmcm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ
Amho. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m AZoH$ B{VhmgH$mamda _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Zr H$m§hr à^md Q>mH$cocm Amho. S>r.S>r.
H$mog§~r (1907 Vo 1966) `m§Zr gwédmVrcm ^maVr` B{VhmgmMr AW© {ZíMnVr _mŠg©dmXr ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ
H$am`cm gwédmV Ho$cr Amho. S>r. S>r. H$mog§~rMo {cImU ho ^maVmg§~§YrÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o n[adV©ZmMo _mZco
OmVo.
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {cImUmV CËnmXZ nÜXVr, CËnmXZ g§~§Y, `mgma»`m _mŠg©dmXr g§H$ënZm à^mdrnUo
dmnaë`m AmhoV. H$mog§~r Amnë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU _mŠg©À`m "Dialectical materialism' à^mdrV
Pmcoco _mÝ` H$aVmV. 1) An Introduction to the study of Indian History (1956), 2) Myth
and Reality (1962), 3) The culture and civilization of Ancient India in Historical
outline (1965) ho Ë`m§Mo à_wI J«§W AmhoV.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg hm Ama. nr. XÎm, gw{_V gaH$ma, {~nrZM§Ðm, Ama. Eg. e_m©, amo{_cm
Wmna, S>r. EZ. Pm BË`mXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg _mŠg©dmXr ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ {c{hcr
Amho.
_mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZM Zd _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Amho. S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma `m§À`m
_Vo, B{VhmgmVrc gm_mÝ`m§Mm gh^mJ d ~hþOZm§À`m dmQ>MmcrMm emoY _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
Zd_mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ B{Vhmg Aä`mgmMr na§nam `m nwT>o Amë`m_wio ^maVmVrc _moKcm§Mr ~§S>
{dñVmamZo Aä`mgco Joco. Am{XdmgtÀ`m Midir, Ë`m§Mo amÁ`ajUmMo à`ËZ, BQ>H$am§Mo CR>md, dmgwXod
~id§V \$S>H|$Mm CR>md B. KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg Pmcm Amho. S>m°. {~nrZM§Ð `mZr Zd_mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ
^maVr` g_mOmVë`m Am§V{d©amoYmda d {dg§JVrda àH$me Q>mH$cm. VgoM ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirMr
_m§S>Ur {~nrZM§Ð `m§Zm AZ¡{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>V hmoVr. H$m±J«og MdidirÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmV Pmcocm g§Kf© hm _Ü`_
dJu`m§Mm gÎmm g§Kf© hmoVm Ago _V Ë`mZr ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho.
16
`
_mŠg©dmXr {dMmaàUmcr d ^maVr` amîQ´>r` Midi :-
^maVmVrc amîQ´>r` MidirÀ`m _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mgmMm nm`m aOZr nm_XÎm d
E. Ama. XogmB© `m§Zr KmVcm. nwT>o AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr Ë`mMm {dH$mg Ho$cm Amho. _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$ma,
g§emoYH$, àmW{_H$ {dg§JVrMr d ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´> ~ZÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oMr XIc KoVmV. Am{U amîQ´>dmXr {dMma
àdmhmÀ`m CcQ> Vo ^maVr` g_mOmVrc A§V{d©amoYmda ~moQ> R>odVmV. aOZr nm_XÎmmgmaIo B{VhmgH$ma
gm_«mÁ`dmXmÀ`m {damYmVrc Mdidi dJu` qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g§Kfm©À`m ñdê$nmV _m§S>Ê`mH$S>o Ë`m§Mm
H$c AgVmo. Vmo ^maVr` amîQ´>r` MidirMm "nm§T>anoer Midi' Agm Zgcm Var "nm§T>a noem§Mr Midi'
Agm {dMma H$aVmV. `m B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo, _Ü`_ dJm©Zo amîQ´>r` MidirV à_wI ^y{_H$m nma nmS>cr.
amîQ´>r` ZoV¥Ëd, _Ü`_ dJ© Am{U ^m§S>dcXmam§Mm dJ© EH$M Amho Ago _mZÊ`mH$S>o Ë`mMm H$c AgVmo.
amîQ´>dmXr coIH$m§Zr amîQ´>r` MidirVrc ZoV¥Ëdmda Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©da ^a XodyZ {cImU Ho$co. Ë`m§À`mnojm
{~nrZM§Ðm§À`m {cImUmMo ñdê$n gd©ñdr {^Þ Amho. Vo amîQ´>r` MidirMo OZ Am§XmocZmMo ê$n AYmoao{IV
H$aVmV, Am{U Ë`m§À`m dmT>Ë`m gh^mJm_wio hr Midi A{YH$m{YH$ amîQ´>ì`mnr H$er ~ZV Jocr `mMo
{ddoMZ H$aVmV.
1.2.2 (~) 2. H|$~«rO ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Cambridge)
H|${~«O {dMmaàUmcrMm CX` gm_«mÁ`dmXr {dMmaàUmcrÀ`m {dMmaYmaoVyZ Pmcm Amho. H|${~«O {dMma
g§àXm`mVrc {dMmad§Vmda gm_«mÁ`dmXr VËddoË`m§Mm \$ma _moR>m à^md nS>cocm Amho. åhUOo H|${~«O g§àXm`
hr gm_«mÁ`dmXmMr Amd¥Îmr hmo`.
1968 Z§Va H|${~«O {dMmaàUmcrMm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda {dH$mg Pmcm. nwT>o AZoH$ dfmªZr H|${~«O
àUmcr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmg§~§Yr {dMma _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. `m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo àmo. {nQ>a Oo. _me©c,
àmo. {¼ñVmo\$a ~ocr, àmo. gwPZ ~ocr, àmo. Ho${Z` OmoÝg, àmo. Om°ZE\$ pñnS>©g, àmo. {nAg©Z, àmo. ~Q>©ZñQ>oZ,
àmo. \«°$H$ n{c©Z, àmo. ñQ>odmQ>© JmS>©Z, àmo. ~r. Ama. Q>m°_r{cZgZ, àmo. S>oìhrO ë`wS>oZ, àmo. nm°c ~«mg, àmo.
[aMS>© BQ>Zo, àmo. S>oìhrS>, A{Zc grc, Oo. E. Jm°cKa d Ë`m§Mo {dÚmWu 30 {dMmad§Vm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.
B§JO« m§Zr amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV _moR>o H$m`© Ho$co Amho. Ë`m_wio qhXþñWmZdm{g`m§~ÔcMm
Ë`m§Mm ÑpîQ>H$moZ `m{R>H$mUr CRy>Z {XgVmo d Ë`mMm nwT>o _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmcocm AmT>iVmo. ^maVmV Pmcocr
`wÕo, J.O. Am{U ìhmB©gam` `m§Mr YmoaUo, {~«{Q>em§À`m amOH$s` hmcMmcr `m gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ
AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m R>aVmV. 18ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`H$mimV {~«{Q>em§Zm qhXþñWmZ_Ü`o Or g§Yr {_imcr
Ë`m_YyZ Ë`m§Mm qhXþñWmZ{df`r ÑpîQ>H$moZ V`ma hmoD$ cmJcr.
{~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m H$mimV qhXþñWmZ EH$amîQ´> ~ZÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo OmV hmoV.o hr ~m~ H|${~«O {dÚmnrR>mVrc
VÁk coIH$ ZmH$maVmV. ^maV Xoe {d{dY Y_©, OmVr, O_mVr, JQ> d VQ> `m§À`mVrc {hVg§~§YmMo EH$
17
H$S>~moio hmoVo Ago Vo åhUVmV. ^maVr`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ dJm©À`m g§H$ënZo^modVr XoemÀ`m amOH$maUmMr ^ì`
C^maUr Pmcr. `mH$S>o H|${~«O VÁk _§S>ir OmUrdnyd©H$ Xþc©j H$aVmV. Ë`mEodOr hr VÁk _§S>ir OmVrnmVrÀ`m JQ>m§H$S>o cj doYVmV. ^maVr`m§Mo amîQ´>ào_ ~oJS>r, dadaMo Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ H$aVmV d hr
Midi qhXr cmoH$m§Mr ZìhVr Ago R>m_nUo gm§JVmV.
H|${~«O {dMma àUmcr åhUyZ à{gÕ Agcoco gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgH$ma, g§emoYH$, VÁk ho ^maVm_Yrc
Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm åhUyZ dgmhVdmXmMo ApñVËd ZmH$maVmV. `m§À`m_Vo, dgmhVdmXhr
\$ŠV naH$s` gÎmm hmoVr. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r dgmhVdmX PwJmê$Z
XoÊ`mMr JaO hmoVr. `mH$S>o ho {dMmad§V hoVwnyd©H$ Xþc©j H$aVmV.
^maVmV qhXÿ-_wpñc_, ~«m÷U, ~«m÷UoVa, Am`©, ^Ð cmoH$ (A{^OZ) Ago {d{dY JQ> ApñVËdmV
Agë`mMm Vo Xmdm H$aVmV. ho JQ> amOH$s` g§KQ>ZoMo Iao AmYma AmhoV åhUyZ OmV d Y_© `mda
AmYmacoco amOH$maU àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMo Amho Am{U Ë`mda AmYmacocm amîQ´>dmX ~mø XoImdm Amho. A{Zc
grc åhUVmV H$s, ""Xþê$Z Ë`m§Mm Omo amOH$s` cT>m ^mgVmo Vmo ~maH$mB©Zo nm{hë`mg Amnë`m gm_m{OH$
JQ>mMo ñWmZ {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Vo gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Ho$coco à`ËZ AmhoV. amOH$s` cT>m Zìho, ho
cjmV `oVo.''
^maVr` amîQ´>r` Midi åhUOo \$ŠV A{^OZ dJm©Zo Amnco ñWmZ {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Mmcdcocr
YS>nS> Ago H|${~«O g§àXm`mVrc {dMmad§Vm§Zm dmQ>Vo. A{Zc grc, Jm°cKa Am{U Ë`m§Mo {dÚmWu `m§Zr hm
ÑpîQ>H$moZ nwT>o {deX Ho$cm. S>\$arZ, H$P©Z, {Mamoc `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr X`miy {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rer g§Kf©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r d¡\$ë`J«ñV gw{e{jV _Ü`_d{J©`m§Zm amîQ´>dmXmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm. Agm `wŠVrdmX Ho$cm Va
{~«{Q>em§À`m H¥$nogmR>r EH$m A{^OZ JQ>mZo Ho$coë`m g§Kfm©Mo à{V{ZYrËd amîQ´>r` Midi H$aVo Ago _V
A{Zc grc `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho.
^maVr` amîQ´>r` Midi hr ^maVr`m§Zr gm_«mÁ`dmX PwJmê$Z ñdV§Ì amÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZogmR>r Ho$cocr
amîQ´>r` Midi hmoVr Ago _mZÊ`mg qH$dm `m MidirMr d¡YVm ñdrH$maÊ`mg H|${~«O {dMma g§àXm`mMo
{dMmad§V V`ma ZmhrV. EdT>oM ZìhoVa A{Zc grc gmaIo B{VhmgH$ma ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§er `m{df`mda
~mocV ZmhrV.
H|${~«O {dMmaàUmcr amîQ´>r` Midir_YyZ Mm[aÍ`, àm_m{UH$nUm, gMmoQ>r, Mm§Jc
w nUm Am{U {Z:ñdmWu
~m§{YcH$s BË`mXr gd© JmoîQ>r dOm Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo hr {dMmaYmam Am_ H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, H${ZîR>
_Ü`_dJu` Am{U ñÌr`m§Mr amîQ´>r` MidirVrc gm_«mÁ`dmX {damoYr gw~wÜX d gH«$s` ^y{_H$m ZmH$maVo.
H|${~«O {dMmagaUr_Ü`o AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr EH$ \$ir {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho. Ë`m§Zr ZdZdrZ g§X^© gmYZo
Jmoim Ho$cr. \$ŠV Ë`m§Zr dñVw{ZîR> ÑpîQ>H$moZ ñdrH$macm AgVm Va A{YH$ Mm§Jco Pmco AgVo. `m
{dMmad§Vm§Mr {dMmagaUr nyU©nUo {ZXm}f Zmhr. \$ŠV Ë`mMr ehm{Zem H$aUo JaOoMo Amho, Ago åhQ>co Amho.
18
H|${~«O {dMmagaUrMo VÁk ~«w_\$sëS>, S>çyS>rO ~«mCZ d A{Zc grc `m§Zr hr Midi EH$m {d{eîQ> {XeoZo
Pmcr Zmhr. `mM Midir_Ü`o OmVr-nmVrÀ`m amOH$maUmg OmñV àmYmÝ` {Xco Joco, qhXr OZVoMr
Xoe^ŠVr hr g§Hw${MV Am{U ñdmWu Aem hoVy§Zm {Xcoë`m ~w{Õàm_mÊ`mMm _wcm_m hmoVm, Ago åhQ>co Amho.
qhXr OZVocm EH$Ì H$ê$Z gm_«mÁ`dmXmÀ`m {damoYmV _moR>m cT>m C^macm, ^maV hm Xoe Zmhr, Aer
^maVr`m§Mr AdhocZm H$aUmè`m `m XoemVyZ Omdo cmJco. {~«{Q>em§À`m gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o "cmoH$emhr' àñWm{nV
Pmcr. ^maVr` amîQ´>r` Midi hm EH$ _moR>m {df` Amho. Ë`m_wioM `m MidirMm AZoH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ
{dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. `mVyZM H|${~«O ñHy$cMr _m{hVr {_iVo.
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. H$mc© _mŠg©Mm OÝ_ ........... amoOr Pmcm.
(A) 1817
(~) 1818
(H$) 1819
(S>) 1820.
2. "Xmg H°${nQ>c' hm J«§W ............... `mZo {c{hcm.
(A) H$mÝQ>
(~) {\$íVo
(H$) H$mc© _mŠg©
(S>) hoJoc.
3. OJmVrc H$m_Jmam§Zmo EH$ ìhm hr KmofUm ............ `m§Zr Ho$cr.
(A) J«m_Mr
(H$) cwB©g H$moAa
(~) amB©Q> {_ëg
(S>) H$mc© _mŠg©.
4. H|${~«O {dMmaàUmcrMm CX` ............ {dMma àUmcrÀ`m {dMmaYmaoVyZ Pmcm Amho.
(A) amîQ´>dmXr
(H$) dgmhVdmXr
(~) gm_«mÁ`dmXr
(S>) _mŠg©dmXr.
5. ............. `m§Zr Ho${~«O {dMmaàUmcr _m§S>cr.
(A) A{Zc grc
(H$) aU{OV Jwhm
(~) J«m_Mr
(S>) H$mc© _mŠg©.
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. H$mc© _mŠg©Zo "Xmg H°${nQ>c' hm J«§W Ho$ìhm {c{hcm Amho.
2. AcJrH$aUmMm {gÜXm§V H$moUr _m§S>cm.
3. H$moUË`m ^maVr` B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ho${~«O ñHy$cMm {dMma _m§S>cm.
19
1.2.3 (H$) 1. g~mëQ>Z©, ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ
(Subaltern, Feminist)
AmYw{ZH$ qhXþñWmZÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o g~mëQ>Z© (d§{MV) ÑpîQH$moZ hm Zdm _m§S>Ê`mV Amcm Amho.
_mZdmÀ`m _Zmda AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm, {dMmam§Mm, VËdkmZmMm, àË`j d AàË`j n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio
B{VhmgmÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUm_Ü`o _V{^ÞVm {Z_m©U hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. VargwÕm g_mOmVrc ViJmimVrc
d§{MVm§À`m H$m`m©Mo, {dMmamMo ñnîQ>rH$aU hmoUo Amdí`H$ JmoîQ> Amho. Ë`mVyZM B{Vhmg {dMmad§Vm§Zr
g~mëQ>Z© ÑpîQ>H$moZ nwT>o AmUcocm Amho.
1950 Vo 1960 `m H$mcI§S>mda ^maVr` {dMma na§naoda S>mì`m§Mm à^md {XgVmo. _mŠg©dmXr {dMma
na§naoMm dgm KodyZ S>m°. Eg. E. S>m§Jo, aOZr nm_Xam, E. Ama. XogmB© d S>r. S>r. H$mog§~r `m§Mm CëcoI
H$amdm cmJVmo. `mdoir gm_m{OH$ {df` _mJo nS>V Jocm. _mŠg©Mo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z {d{eîQ> VèhoZo AÝd`mW©
cmdÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmcr. nmñQ> A°ÊS> àoP|Q> gmaIr OZ©c, hrc Wm°ångZ `m§À`m {cImUmVyZ
^maVr`m§Zm àoaUm {_imcr. Joc Am°_ìhoQ> `mZr OmV `m g§H$ënZocm H|$ÐñWmZr _mZyZ _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV
{cImU Ho$co. ñÌrdmXr {cImUhr `m H$mimV {c{hÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. `m {d{dY {dMma àdmhm§_Ü`o
1982 nmgyZ g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMr gwê$dmV Pmcr.
1.
d§{MVm§Mm B{Vhmg (g~mëQ>Z© {hñQ´>r)
BQ>m{c`Z VËdoVm, _mŠg©dmXr d Zd_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$ma A°ÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr `m§Zr g~mëQ>Z© hr
g§km nwT>o AmUco. g~mëQ>Z© `m eãXmMm AH©$ H${ZîR> XOm©Mo, H$_r XOm©Mo, Xþæ`_ Ago AW© {Xco AmhoV.
_amR>r ^mfo_Ü`o "d§{MV' hm eãX Amcocm Amho. Amnë`m OÝ_mnmgyZ {d{dY A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV
Agcoco cmoH$, g_mO AWdm {d{eîQ> JQ> `m§Mm g_mdoe `m JQ>m_Ü`o hmoVmo. A°ÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«°_MrZo "{àPZ
ZmoQ>g²' ZmdmMm J«§W {c{hcm. Ë`m_Ü`o "{X ZmoQ>g² Am°Z BQ>m{c`Z {hñQ´>r' `m J«§Wm_Ü`o d§{MVm§À`m qH$dm
VimJmimVrc B{Vhmgm~m~V Amncr g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr Amho.
gÎmoda AgUmam dJ© Am{U gÎmoV Zgcocm dJm©Mm B{VhmgmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ doJdoJim Agy
eH$Vmo. d§{MVm§Mm B{Vhmg hm A§eV: d H«$_e: AmH$ma KoV AgVmo. `m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o Eo{Vhm{gH$ H¥$VrÀ`m,
EH$sH$aUmÀ`m eŠ`Vm AgVmVM. gÎmmYmar JQ>mH$Sy>Z `m EH$mË_Vocm VS>m OmD$Z Ë`mMo ñdê$n hiyhiy d
H«$_e:nUo AmH$ma KoV AgVmo.
X{jU Am{e`mB© amîQ´>m_Ü`o Xþgè`m OmJ{VH$ _hm`wÕmnydu AZoH$ df} dgmhVdmXr, gm_«mÁ`dmXr
`wamo{n`Z amîQ´>m§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. `m H$mimV XoemVrc ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Zr AZoH$doim naH$s` amÁ`H$Ë`mª{damoYr
CR>md Ho$co. `m CR>mdmV gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Mm _hÎdnyU© gh^mJ hmoVm. na§Vw B{Vhmg J«§Wm_Ü`o Ë`m§À`m
gh^mJmMm AWdm H$m_{JarMm CëcoI Ho$cm Jocm Zmhr. `m CR>mdm§_Ü`o Á`m g_mOmVrc, VimJmimVrc
cmoH$m§Zr H$m`© Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVë`mIoarO Ë`m H$mimVrc B{VhmgmMo gdmªJ AmH$cZ
20
AWdm Xe©Z hmoUma Zmhr. åhUyZ S>m°. aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr ""Centre of South Asian Culture
Studies'' `m g§ñWoMr C^maUr Ho$cr. nwT>o 1982 gmcr "g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO' `m {ef©H$mMm S>m°. Jwhm§Zr
g§nm{XV Ho$cocm EH$ coIg§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$cm. S>m°. aU{OV Jwhm `m§À`m {cImUm_wio J«m_Mr `m _mŠg©dmXr
VËddoË`mMr àoaUm {XgyZ `oVo.
`
g~mëQ>Z© B{Vhmg coIH$m§Mr VmËdrH$ ~¡R>H$ :-
g~mëQ>Z© {dMmaàUmcrZo à^mdrV Pmcoë`m B{Vhmg g§emoYH$m§Zr B{VhmgmMo nwZc}IZ Ho$co. `m_Ü`o
àm_w»`mZo S>m°. aU{OV Jwhm, S>m°. ehrX A_rZ, S>m°. gy`m©V gaH$ma, nmW MQ>Ou, ½`mZ|Ð nm§S>o, ½`mZ àH$me,
am_M§Ð Jwhm, {Xnoe MH«$dVu, Jm`Ìr MH«$dVu, pñndmH$, ~Zm©S>© H«$moBZ, S>oìhrS> hmS>u_Z, S>oìhrS> AZm©ëS>
B. g_mdoe hmoVmo. g~mëQ>Z© B{Vhmg coIZm_mJrc d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ S>m°. aU{OV Jwhm `m§Zr g~mëQ>Z©
ñQ>S>rOÀ`m n{hë`m A§H$mÀ`m AmR> nmZr àñVmdZoV {deX Ho$cr Amho. AmVmn`ªV {c{hcm Jococm B{Vhmg
EH$m§Jr, njnmVr d dmñVdmcm gmoSy>Z {Xcocm Amho. g_mOmVrc ImcÀ`m dJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
B{VhmgmVrc dmOdr ñWmnZonmgyZ Xþc©{jV R>odco Amho. hr CUrd ^ê$Z H$mT>Uo ho g~mëQ>Z© {dMmaàUmcrMo
_hÎdmMo C{ÔîQ>ço Amho.
d§{MV JQ>m§Mm B{Vhmg Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H$V¥©ËdmMm B{Vhmg Zìho Va H¥$Vr_Yrc Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm,
A§V:àoaUm, OrdZ nÜXVr, ê$T> g§ñWm `m§Mm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. A{^OZ dJ© Aem dJm©da dM©ñd
JmOVmo. ho B{VhmgmZo gm§{JVco nm{hOo. A{^OZ dJ© Amnë`m ñdmWm©gmR>r cmoH$m§Mm dmna H$aVmo d H$m`©
nyU© Pmë`mda Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Xþc©j H$aVmo. EdT>oM Va A{^OZ dJ© Ë`m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mam§nmgyZ d§{MV
R>odVmo Ago g~mëQ>Z© {dMmaàUmcr {dMmad§Vm§Zm dmQ>Vo.
g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mZdd§e emñÌo, g§aMZmdmXr, CÎma g§aMZmdmXr, ^mfmemñÌ, kmZ-gÎmm
g§~§Y BË`mXr nÜXVrda g~mëQ>Z©Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z B{Vhmg coIZ Ho$co. ho B{Vhmg coIZ gm_m{OH$
Jw§S>{Jar, nm¡dm©Ë`dmX, _yH$gya, ~m¡{ÕH$ joÌmVyZ `oUmao {Z_§ÌU `mda hmoVo. Ba\$mZ h~r~ {c{hVmV,
""VimJmimVrc cmoH$m§Zm dJ© ZgVmo'' Vmo Á`m OmVr d O_mVr Aem ñdê$nmV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm dJ© åhUVm
`oUma Zmhr. VgoM gw{_V gaH$ma Amnë`m "am`qQ>J gmoec {hñQ´>r' `m J«§WmV d§{MVm§À`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o
"d§{MV' hr g§H$ënZm ZîQ> Pmcr Amho Aer I§V _m§S>VmV.
`
g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgH$ma :-
1.
A°ÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr (1891-1937) :AÝVm{ZAmo J«m_Mr `m BQ>m{c`Z B{VhmgH$mamZo g~mëQ>Z© eãX à`moJ gd© àW_ dmnacm Amho.
21
n{hë`m OmJ{VH$ _hm`wÕmV J«m_MrZo BQ>mcrVrc H$m_Jmam§À`m g§Kfm©Mo Am`moOZ d ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co hmoVo.
BQ>mcrVrc _wgmo{c`ZrÀ`m CX`mZ§Va CX`mg Amcoë`m hþHy$_emhr emgZ ì`dñWoda Ë`mZo AZoH$ Aä`mgnyd©H$
coI {c{hco. Ë`m§Zr _wgmo{cZrÀ`m hþHy$_emhr ZîQ> H$aÊ`mÀ`m cT>çm{df`r {dMma _m§S>co, Ë`m_wio Ë`mg
1926 gmcr H$mamdmgmMr {ejm Pmcr. H¡$XoV AgVmZm J«m_MrZo AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© Zm|Xr H$ê$Z R>odë`m. nwT>o
J«m_MrÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va H$m§hr dfm©Zr åhUOo 1950 Z§Va Ë`mMo {cImU ""Selections from Political
Writings Am{U Selections from Prison Notebooks'' `m {ef©H$mImcr àH$m{eV Pmco. `m_Ü`o Ë`mZo
d§{MVm§À`m B{Vhmgmg§~§Yr Amncr g~mëQ>Z© B{Vhmgm§Mr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr Amho. g~mëQ>Z© åhUOo d§{MV,
Cno{jV, Xþc©{jV g_mO JQ> hmo`.
J«m_MrZo g~mëQ>Z© hm eãXm BQ>m{c`Z g¡Ý`mVrc {ZåZ ñVamdarc H°$ßQ>ZÀ`m nXmImcr AgUmè`m
Xþæ`_ A{YH$mè`mg§X^m©V dmnacm Amho. cîH$ar _mo{h_m§_Ü`o àË`j cT>Ê`mMo H$m_ hm Xþæ`_ A{YH$mar
H$aVmo. na§Vw cîH$ar _mo{h_m§À`m `emMo lo` _mÌ Zoh_r cîH$ar ZoV¥Ëd H$aUmè`m d[aîR> A{YH$mè`mcm {Xco
OmVo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$moUË`mhr gm_w{hH$ H$m`m©V, MidirV, CR>mdmV {^Þ g_mO JQ>m§Mm gh^mJ _hËdmMm
AgVmo. Ë`mZm gh^mJmÀ`m joÌmnmgyZ Vo d§{MV R>odco OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm gmYm CëcoIhr Ho$cm OmV
Zmhr.
Omo dJ© g_mOmda ^m¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm dM©ñd JmO{dVmo, VmoM dJ© Ë`m g_mOmda ~m¡ÜXrH$ÑîQ>çmhr
A{YamÁ` JmO{dVmo. _mŠg©À`m `m {gÜXm§VmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$arV AgVmZm J«m_MrZo Amncm "ho{O_ZrMm'
{gÜXm§V _m§S>cm. `mVyZ Ë`mMm Zd_mŠg©dmX ÑîQ>rg nS>Vmo. J«m_MrZo _m§S>coë`m ho{O_ZrMm {gÜXm§VmMm
Ame` Agm H$s, àË`oH$ `wJmV gÎmm{Ye A§{H$V dJm©da Amnco dM©ñd H$m`_ R>odÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ _mJm©Mm
Adc§~ H$aVmV. n{hcm _mJ© X_ZmMm d Xþgam _mÝ`VoMm AgVmo. emgH$ dJ© Amnco {Z_§ÌU H$go H$m`_
R>odVmo. `mgmR>r dM©ñd d à^wËd Ago XmoZ {^Þ eãX dmnaVmo. X_Z _mJm©Zo H$m`Xm, X§S>`§ÌUm, nmo{cg
`§ÌUm B. _mJm©Zo dM©ñd ñWm{nV Ho$co OmVo. Aer _mÝ`Vm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Agm dJ© Amnë`m {hVg§~§Ym§Zm
nmofH$ R>aVrc Ago {dMma, lÜXm, _yë`o, àg¥V H$ê$Z A§{H$Vm§À`m Om{UdmV A§V©~mø n[adV©Z KS>dyZ
AmUVmo, Ago {cImU J«m_MrZo Ho$co.
2.
S>m°. aUOrV Jwhm :-
aUOrV Jwhm `m§Mm OÝ_ 1922 _Ü`o Pmcm. {ejU KoV AgVmZmM Vo _mŠg©dmXmH$S>o dico. Vo
_mŠg©dmXr njmMo gXñ` hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© Ho$co. Vo Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc H°$Z~oam
{dÚmnrR>mV àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ éOy Pmco. ^maVr` B{Vhmg coIZmÀ`m joÌmVrc g~mëQ>Z© coIZ àdmhmMo
àUoVo åhUyZ S>m°. aUOrV Jwhm `m§Mo Zmd gwà{gÕ Amho. {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr ^maVmV Amnco emgZ pñWa
H$aÊ`mgmR>r X_U _mJ© d g_§Vr {_i{dÊ`mMo H$moUVo _mJ© nËH$aco `mMo Vo {dícofU H$aVmV. `m g§X^m©V
22
1857 À`m amîQ´>r` CR>mdmV B§J«Or ^mfm AmË_gmV Ho$coë`m ^maVr` cmoH$m§Mm dJ© CXm{gZ d {ZpîH«$`
am{hcm `mMohr ñnîQ>rH$aU Vo XoVmV. ^maVmVhr g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMr nm`m^aUr H$aÊ`mMo lo` S>m°. aUOrV
Jwhm `m§Zm OmVo. Ë`m§Zr g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOda nwT>rc {cImU Ho$co Amho.
1) A Rule of Property for Bengal.
2) Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency.
3) History at the limit of world History.
4) Dominance without Hegemony.
5) All Indian Historiography of India.
^maVr` B{VhmgmMo gImoc Aä`mgH$ åhUyZ OmJ{VH$ XOm©Mo B{VhmgH$ma åhUyZ S>m°. aUOrV Jwhm
`m§Mo ñWmZ _mocmMo Amho.
3.
S>m°. ehrX A{_Z :-
g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rOMo EH$ g§ñWmnH$ Am{U H$mhr H$mi g§nmXH$ Agcoë`m {Xëcr {dÚmnrR>mVrc
B{VhmgmMo AÜ`mnH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr 1920 Vo 1922 `m H$mimV AghH$ma MidirV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m
eoVH$è`m§À`m _Zmdarc _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m à^mdmMo {dícofU Ho$co Amho. gZ 1922 gmcÀ`m Mm¡arMm¡am àH$aUmer g§~§{YV Agcoë`m doJdoJù`m g_mO JQ>m§Mr _Zmo^y{_H$m {deX H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm
Amho.
S>m°. ehrX A{_Z `m§Zr "Making the Nation Habitable' hm coI {c{hcm Am{U
"Remembering the Mussalmans' `m J«§WmV Y_©{ZîR> JQ>mÀ`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ hmoUmè`m B{VhmgcoIZmMo
YmoHo$ d Xþîn[aUm_ `m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo.
4.
S>m°. gw{_V gaH$ma :-
{Xëcr {dÚmnrR>mVrc B{VhmgmMo àmÜ`mnH$, à{V^mg§nÞ d »`mVZm_ B{VhmgH$ma `m ZmdmZo gaH$ma
`m§Zm AmoiIco OmVo. Vo _wiMo _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§Mo Aä`mgH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr àm_w»`mZo ^maVr` amîQ´>r`
MidirVrc gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe, Xþc©{jV JQ>m§Mm B{Vhmg, amîQ´>r` MidirVrc _hmË_m Jm§YrOtMo
ZoV¥Ëd nmpíM_mË` dgmhVdmXr emgZmMo dM©ñdmMo ñdê$n `m {df`mda {cImU Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§Zr Imcrc
{cImU {c{hco AmhoV.
23
1) Swadesi Movement in Bengal.
2) Popular Movements and middle class leadership in the Late Colonial India.
3) Perspectives and Problems of History from Below.
4) Writing Social History-modern India (1885-1947) BË`mXtMm àmm_w»`mZo A§V^m©d
hmoVmo.
5.
Ba\$mZ h~r~ :-
àm. Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§Zr aU{OV Jwhm§À`m "g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO'~Ôc Amnco {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV.
aU{OV Jwhm d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr VimJmimVrc cmoH$m§Mm B{Vhmg qH$dm d§{MVm§Mm B{Vhmg hr g§H$ënZm
J«m_MrÀ`m {dYmZmda C^r Ho$cr Amho. J«m_Mr åhUVmo, eoVH$ar ñdV:Mr ZdrZ {dMmagaUr {Z_m©U H$ê$
eH$V Zmhr. h~r~ `m§À`m _Vo, VimJmimVrc cmoH$m§Mm dJ© ZgVmo Va Ë`m OmVr, O_mVr Aem ñdê$nmV
AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm dJ© åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. `m àË`oH$ JQ>mMo ñdm`Îm, ñd`§^y Ago {dMma AgVmV, Ago _V
J«mø hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. J«m_MrÀ`m ho{O_Zr g§H$ënZocm A§eV: eñ`~imMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgVoM.
^maVm_Yrc VimJmimVrc cmoH$m§_Ü`o ñdV:À`m {dMmana§nam AgVmV Agm Xmdm H$aUo Eo{Vhm{gH$ Zmhr.
Ba\$mZ h~r~ `m§Mo nwT>rc {dYmZ g~mëQ>Z© B{VhmgmMo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mg nwaogo Amho.
The Sualbltern Scholars are happy narrators of tragedy, It is not their task to
look for salvation. Ago _V _m§S>co.
r
g~mëQ>Z© - ^maVr` amîQ´>r` Midi
amîQ´>r` MidirMr gm_mÝ`m§À`m {dMmaYmaoZo Ho$cocr _r_m§gm Am{U gm_«mÁ`dmXr d Agm_«mÁ`dmXr
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr amîQ´>r` MidirMo Ho$coco {MÌU `m_Ü`o EH$ AñdñW H$aUmao gmå` AmT>iVo. `m_Ü`o Agm
\$aH$ Amho H$s, Zdgm_«mÁ`dmXr B{VhmgcoIZ MidirMo ^mJ Z nmS>Vm {VMr _r_m§gm H$aVo d gm_mÝ`
{dMma YmaoMo B{Vhmg coIZ àW_ MidirMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>Vo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va A{^OZ dJm©À`m àdmhmMr
Zdgm_«mÁ`dmXr _r_m§gm ñdrH$maVo. gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m Ohmc àd¥ÎmrMr Am{U Om{UdoMr AZ¡{Vhm{gH$
àe§gm VgoM gd© ~wÜXrOrdr, g§K{Q>V nj ZoV¥Îd Am{U AÝ` A{^OZ dJm©Mr gd© àH$maMr CnH«$_ercVm
Am{U H¥$Vr `m {df`r AZ¡{Vhm{gH$ ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. n[aUm_r hm ÑpîQ>H$moZXoIrc dgmhVdmXmÀ`m
{damoYmVrc ^maVr` cmoH$m§À`m àË`j d Eo{Vhm{gH$ MidirMo d¡YVm ZmH$maVmo. gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m Om{Udm§À`m
AmYmao EH$ Zdm B{Vhmg {c{hÊ`mMo dMZhr Zdr {dMmaYmam XoVo; na§Vw {VZo AÚm{n, cmoH$m§À`m Om{Udm
ñnîQ>nUo XmI{dUmar B{VhmgmVrc ZdrZ gmYZo emoYZy H$mT>cr ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mo Zdo {cImU Ë`mM OwÝ`mmA{^OZ
gmYZm§da AmYm[aV Amho, Ago {~nrZM§Ðm§Zr "B§{S>`m ñQ´>Jc \$m°a B§{S>noÝS>g' `m J«§WmV åhQ>co Amho.
24
r
g~mëQ>Z© ÑpîQ>H$moZ - _V^oX
g~mëQ>Z© ÑpîQ>H$moZmda B{VhmgH$mam§Zr H$_r {cImU Ho$co Amho. hm ÑpîQ>H$moZ _mŠg©dmXr B{Vhmg
coIZmMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. `m {dMma àdmhmZo nyduMm gd© B{Vhmg ZmH$macr Amho. na§namJV B{Vhmg
coIZmEodOr EH$ Zdm gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Mm qH$dm d§{MV JQ>mMm Zdm ÑpîQ>H$moU {dH${gV Ho$cr Amho. d§{MV
B{Vhmg {c{hUmè`m cmoH$m§Zr dgmhVdmXr amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimVrc qhXþñWmZr g_mOmVrc _yc^yV {dg§JVr
dgmhVdmX Am{U qhXþñWmZr OZVm `m§À`m_Ü`o ZgyZ EH$m ~mOycm qhXþñWmZr d naH$s` gÎmmdmXr dJ© Am{U
Xþgè`m ~mOycm gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mm dJ© (d§{MV) `m§À`mV Amho.
gd© gm_mÝ`m§À`m Om{Udm§À`m AmYmao EH$ Zdm B{Vhmg coIZmMo dMZhr Zdr {dMmaYmam XoVo; wna§Vw
`m§Zr d§{MVm§À`m Om{Udm ñnîQ>nUo XmI{dUmar B{VhmgmMr Zdr gmYZo emoYyZ H$mT>cocr ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mo
{cImU ho OwÝ`m A{^OZdmXr gmYZmda AmYm[aV Amho.
g~mëQ>Z©dmXr B{VhmgH$mam§Zr g~mëQ>Z© OmUrd H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ B{Vhmg {c{hÊ`mMm CÔoe Amnë`mnwT>o
R>odcm Amho. `m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _mZd§eemñÌo, g§aMZmdmXr, CÎma g§aMZmdmXr, ^mfmemñÌ, kmZ-gÎmmg§~§Y B. Aä`mg nÜXVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z B{Vhmg coIZ Ho$co Amho. OmV, dJ©, qcJ^md `m§À`m
nañnag§~§YmMm {dMma Pmcm Zmhr, VgoM A{^OZd§{MV Aem eãXmEodOr dgmhVrg EVÔoer` g_yh Am{U
nmpíM_mË` {Vgao OJ Aem eãXm§Mm dmna gwê$ Pmcm Amho. g~mëQ>Z© {cImZ nmíMmÎ` gm§ñH¥${VH$
dM©ñdmMm àíZ hmoD$ cmJco d _hmË_m \w$co, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a d nar`ma `m§À`m MidirH$S>o
Xþc©j Pmco. VgoM OmVr MidirH$S>o cj {Xco Zmhr ho {XgyZ `oVo. g~mëQ>Z©Mo gd© {cImU B§J«Or_YyZ
Pmë`mZo amîQ´>r`, àmXo{eH$ g§dmX hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Ago {XgVo.
1.2.3 (H$) 2. ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU
r
(Feminist)
àmñVm{dH$ :-
"ñÌrdmX' hr ^maVr` {dMmaYmam ZgyZ Vr nmíMmË` Amho. ñÌrMo _mZdr B{Vhmgmda ñdV§Ì
ApñVËd ZìhVo. nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr ApñVËdmV hmoVr. `m_wioM _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>UKS>Ur_Ü`o VgoM
{dH$mgm_Ü`o ñÌrcm Xþæ`_ ñWmZ hmoVo. {VMr ^y{_H$m _wcJr, ~{hU, nËZr, _mVm, AmOr Aer am{hcr
Amho. Am{Um`m àË`oH$ AdñWoV {VÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar "nwéfmH$S>oM' am{hcocr Amho. d§e{Z{_©Vr d
d§egmVË` `mVrc pñÌ`m§Mr ^y{_H$m OÝ_ XoUmar åhUyZ am{hcr. H$maU Amnë`mcm OÝ_ XoÊ`mMr d
g§JmonZmMr O~m~Xmar {VÀ`mda am{hcr; nU {nVm åhUyZ nwéfmMoM Zmd cmJë`mMo {XgVo. gd© g_mOm_Ü`o
nwéfm§Mo ñWmZ CÀM am{hë`mZo ñÌrMo ñWmZ Zoh_r Xþæ`_ am{hë`mMo AmT>iVo. nwT>o hr JmoîQ> `mo½` d
Z¡g{J©H$hr dmQy> cmJVo.
25
^m§S>dcemhr, `§Ì`wJ d H$maImZXmar ho _mZdr àJVrMo Q>ßno _mJo amhÿZ AmnU ^yVH$mimV Jocmo.
Varhr pñÌ`m§Mm XOm© H${ZîR> d Xþæ`_ hmoVm `mMo AZoH$ nwamdo {_imVV. Ë`m_wio OJ KS>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo pñÌ`m§Mm Amho. hm A{YH$ma _mÝ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r ñÌr-nwéf {df_Vm H$er {Z_m©U Pmcr
d éOcr ho Aä`mgUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio "ñÌr'Mo ñWmZ Xþæ`_ ho Z¡g{J©H$ ZgyZ Vgo Vo KS>{dco Joco
Amho, ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. `m {dMmam§À`m AmYmamda ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ ^yVH$mimMr Zdr aMZm d nwZc}IZ
H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo, Ago ñÌrdmXr B{VhmgH$mamZm dmQ>Vo.
`
ì`m»`m :-
Feminism hm _yi eãX c°{Q>Z ^mfoVrc Amho. Femina `mMm AW© woman Agm Amho.
"Having a quality of Females" AWm©V pñÌ`m§Mo JwU 1890 À`m XeH$mV Womanism À`m EodOr
Feminism hm eãX àW_ dmnacm Jocm. E{cg am°gr {hZo 27 E{àc, 1895 amoOr hm eãX àW_
dmnacm d nwT>o Vmo gd©Ì ê$T> Pmcm. Woman hm B§J«Or eãX Wifman `m eãXmnmgyZ ~Zcm Amho.
`mMm AW© "ñÌr ì`ŠVr' Agm hmoVmo. Womanism hm eãX "Theory of Sexual equality and the
movement for Women's right" åhUOo c¢{JH$ g_mZVoMm Am{U pñÌ`m§À`m hŠH$m§Mr Midi `m
AWm©Zo dmnacm OmD$ cmJcm.
1. O°H$s ñQ>ogr : `m§Zr "BÝQ´>moS>çwqgJ dw_oZ ñQ>S>rO' _Ü`o AZQ>°JqcJ \o${_{ZñQ> WoAar hm coI
{c{hcm. Ë`mV Ago åhQ>co Amho. ""{deof AZw^dm§Mo {dícofU H$ê$Z pñÌ`m§Mo Xþæ`_Ëd g_OmdyZ KoD$Z
Vo ~XcÊ`mMr {Xem XmI{dUmao, qcJ^oXmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {df_Vocm N>oX XodyZ Ë`mcm amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm
g§H«${_V H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr ì`yhaMZm Agmdr `m{df`r _mJ© gwM{dUo, OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV hmoUmao
pñÌ`m§Mo emofU Am{U Xþæ`_Ëd ZîQ> H$aUo `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo åhUOo ñÌrdmX hmo`.
2. Ý`y EZgm`Šcmonr{S>`m Am°\$ {~«Q>m{ZH$m (New Encyclopedia of Britanical)i:
""AZoH$ N>Q>m AgUmè`m ~hþ{dY g§KQ>Zm, ì`ŠVr, H$ënZm `m_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m pñÌ`m§À`m ~XcË`m
^y{_H$m§er {ZJS>rV AgUmar gm_m{OH$ Midi hmo`.'' `m_Ü`o _dmi gwYmaUmdmXr XþpîQ>H$moUmnmgyZ
g_mOmV gdmªJrU ~Xcmn`ªV {d{dY ^y{_H$m AgUmè`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gdm©_Ü`o {XgUmam EH$ g_mZ
ÑpîQ>H$moZ åhUOo ñdV:Mr OrdZ nÜXVr d ì`dgm` {ZdS>Ê`m_Ü`o pñÌ`m§Zm nyU© ñdmV§Í` Agco nm{hOo.
3. hoñQ>a AmB©ZñQ>mB©Z : ""ñÌrdmX VrZ {dMmaYmam§da AmYm[aV Amho. EH$ _mZdmMo hŠH$, XmoZ
g_mOdmXr {gÜXm§V Am{U qcJ^oX {df` Aä`mg.''
4. Ruth Brandwin : "Feminism is a Perspective, a thought structure a value
belief system that is an alternative way of viewing the world." ""åhUOo d¡Mm[aH$ aMZm d
_yë`mYm[aV {dídmgmMr nÜXVr AgUmè`m OJmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm n`m©`r ÑpîQ>H$moZ åhUOo ñÌrdmX hmo`.''
26
AmOn`ªV gd© B{Vhmg nwéfm§Zm H|$Ðq~Xÿ _mZyZ {c{hcm Jocm d Vmo nwéfm§ZmM {c{hcm Voìhm pñÌ`m§Zm
H|$ÐñWmZr _mZyZ B{VhmgmMo nwZ{c©ImU H$aUo hm EH$ ñÌrdmXr coIZmMm ZdrZ d n`m©`r ÑpîQ>H$moZ
Amho.
5. qcS>m Jm°S>©Z (Linda Gordon) : ""pñÌ`m§Mo Xþæ`_Ëd Am{U Ë`mgmR>r H$amì`m cmJUmè`m
g§Kfm©Mo {dícofU åhUOo ñÌrdmX hmo`.''
`
ñÌr Aä`mg :-
àË`oH$ gm_m{OH$ MiditMm Ogm gwg§JV B{Vhmg AgVmo, Vgm B{Vhmg `m ñÌr_wŠVr Midircmhr
cm^cm Amho. 1789 _Yrc \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§VrVyZ ñÌr _wŠVr {dMmam§Zm {ZpíMV {Xem {_imcr. ñdmV§Í`,
g_Vm, ~§YwVm hr VrZ VËdo `m H«$m§VrZo OJmcm {Xcr d `mVyZM ñÌr dJ© OmJm Pmcm. `m_wioM nwT>o ñÌr_wŠVr Midi C^r Amho.
1975 ho Am§VaamîQ´>r` _{hcm df© åhUyZ gmOao H$aÊ`mV Amco Var Ë`m _mJMm B{Vhmg nmhUo
_hÎdmMo R>aVo. ñÌr nXX{cV d Cno{jV Agë`mMr OmUrd 1789 _Yrc \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr_YyZ ñÌr _wŠVr
{dMmam§Zm {ZpíMV {Xem cm^cr. gZ 1790 gmcr \«$mÝg_Ü`o "Am°qcn X Jw§P' `m co{IHo$Zo ñÌrcm
pñÌ`m§À`m hŠH$m§Mm OmhraZm_m àH$m{eV H$ê$Z nwéfmà_mUo ñdV§Ì ì`ŠVr åhUyZ ñWmZ {_imco nm{hOo, hr
_mJUr Ho$cr. `mnmgyZ ñ\y$Vu KoD$Z B§½c§S>_Ü`ohr pñÌ`m§À`m Cno{jV, XS>ncoë`m pñWVrV gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r
"_oar dwcñQ>moZ \«$mÝQ>À`m' ZoV¥ËdmImcr gZ 1792 _Ü`o pñÌ`m§À`m hŠH$mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ gmo`r d amOH$s`
hŠH$mgmR>r MidirMm nm`m aMZm Jocm.
8 _mM© 1908 gmcr Ý`y`m°H©$_Ü`o H$nS>o V`ma H$aUmè`m H$maImÝ`mVrc pñÌ`m§Zr _VXmZmMm hŠH$
d H$m_mMo {ZpíMV Vmg `mgmR>r {ZXe©Zo H$aÊ`mV Amcr. nwT>o 2 dfmªZr OJmVë`m AZoH$ XoemVrc pñÌ`m§Zr
EH$ n[afX ^a{dcr. Šcmam PoQ>H$sZ `m O_©Z ñÌrZo 8 _mM© hm {Xdg OJ^a "ñÌr-_wŠVr {XZ' åhUyZ
nmiÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. 1914 _Ü`o O_©ZrÀ`m `wÜXImoa YmoaUmMm {ZfoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZXe©Zo Ho$cr.
1917 gmcr a{e`mVrc g_mOdmXr H«$m§Vr_Ü`o _{hcm§Mm gh^mJ {deof _hÎdmMm hmoVm. VgoM \«$mÝg,
O_©Zr d B§½c§S> `m amîQ´>mV ñÌr-_wŠVr MidirMm AmYw{ZH$ {dMma JVr_mZ Pmcm hmoVm. `m {dMmam§Mm
dmagm KoD$Z ^maVr` ñÌr-_wŠVr Midi {Z_m©U Pmcr.
19 do eVH$ ho ^maVr` B{VhmgmVrc gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ à~moYZmMo eVH$ hmoVo. `m H$mimV
ñÌr_wŠVr MidirMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`m_Ü`o B©ída M§Ð {dÚmgmJa, amOmam_ _mohZ am°`, _hmË_m \w$co, Jmonmi
JUoe AmJaH$a B. g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr ñÌr-{ejU, H$m`ÚmVrc gwYmaUm§Mm nm`m amodcm. nwT>o _hmamîQ>´mV
n§{S>V a_m~mB©, Vmam~mB© qeXo, _h{f© H$d} `m§Zr pñÌ`m§_Ü`o OmJ¥Vr d AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Ho$cm.
27
pñÌ`m§Zm amOH$s` MidirV àW_ _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m àoaUoZo H$m±J«ogÀ`m MidirV AmoT>co Joco.
1931 gmcr H$amMr H$m°J«ogZo _yc^yV A{YH$mam~m~V pñÌ`m d nwéf `m§Zm g_mZ _mZco. OmV, Y_©, qcJ
B. ^oXmdê$Z ì`mnma, CÚmoJY§Xo `mV ^oX^md Ho$cm OmUma Zmhr Ago AmídmgZhr {Xco. `mZ§Va H$m±J«og d
{d{dY njm§_Ü`o pñÌ`m gh^mJr hmoD$ cmJë`m.
^maVr` ñÌr-OrdZmMo gË` ñdê$n 1974 Z§Va nwT>o Amco. gmVì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZonmgyZ Zdì`m
`moOZon`ªV AZoH$ gaH$mar _mÝ`VmàmßV Aä`mg H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Ë`m_wio Am`.gr.Eg.Ama. (Indian
Council of Scientific and Social Research) `m ^maVmVrc n«_wI g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo {ZY©Z pñÌ`m§À`m
gm_m{OH$ XOm©{df`H$ Aä`mgmcm MmcZm {Xcr. gZ 1973 _Ü`o _w§~B©V S.N.D.T. `m _{hcm {dÚmnrR>mV
n{hë`m ñÌr Aä`mg H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. E{àc 1981 _Ü`o _w§~B©V _{hcm AÜ``Z{df`H$ amîQ´>r`
g§_ocZ Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_Ü`o "A{Ic ^maVr` ñÌr n[afX' Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Aem g§KQ>Zm
AZoH$ amÁ`mVyZ ñWmnZ Pmë`m. {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmZo (U. G. C.) H$m§hr {dÚmnrR>mVyZ d _hm{dÚmc`m§VZy
ñÌrZo Aä`mg H|$Ðo ñWmnZ Ho$cr. XoemV Aer 54 Aä`mg H|$Ðo ñWmnZ Pmcr. Ë`m_wio ñÌr g_ñ`m{df`H$
Am§XmocZH$V} d ñÌr-{df`H$ Aä`mg `m§Zm ñÌr-{df`H$ g_ñ`m d AmìhmZo `mMr OmUrd d g§Kf©
{ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr {Xem {_imcr.
ñÌr Aä`mgm_Ü`o ñÌr hr H$Ý`m, nËZr, _mVm, ~{hU `m ^y{_H$m§_wio ñdV§Ì ì`ŠVr åhUyZ `oUmè`m
AZw^dmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. Aem ñÌr H|$ÐrV ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ ñÌr-OrdZmMm Aä`mg ho 1970 XeH$mV
Ho$cr Jocr. Varhr ^yVH$mimVrc KQ>Zm§gmR>rhr hm ÑpîQ>H$moZ dmnê$Z B{Vhmg {df`H$ {cImUmMo nwZc}IZ
Ho$co OmD$ eH$Vo. g_mOemñÌ, n`m©daU, AW©emñÌ, amÁ`emñÌ B. AZoH$ {df`m~amo~a B{Vhmg {df`mVrc
Aä`mgm_wio ñÌr-{df_Vo{df`r _m{hVr {_imcr. Amhma, Amamo½`, {ZU©` ñdmV§Í` `m hŠH$m~Ôc ñÌr
Hw$Qw>§~mV Xþc©{jV H$m amhVo `m{df`r Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. CXm. "d{S>cm§Mo Ka ho _wcrMo ZgVo' hm {dMma
_wcrÀ`m _Zmda H$m R>g{dcm OmVmo. `mMo CÎma emoYUo `m Aä`mgm_wio eŠ` hmoVo. doJdoJiçm {df`m§À`m
Aä`mgmVyZ ñÌr{df`H$ Oo nwamdo d kmZ CncãY hmoVo Vo EH${ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`mMo g§KQ>Z d {dícofU
hmoÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ñÌr Aä`mgmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
r
ñÌrdmX - {d{dY ÑpîQ>H$moZ
g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, Ý`m`, gÝ_mZ, Zd{Z{_©VrVrc gh^mJ hr ñÌr-_wŠVr MidirMr n§MgyÌr Amho.
g_mO gÎmmdmXr amîQ´>mV ñÌr-_wŠVr MidirMr ì`yhaMZm _hÎdmMr Amho. A_o[aH$m, OnmZ d `wamon_Yrc
AZoH$ Xoem§_Ü`o 1960 Z§Va AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc ñÌr àíZmg§~§Yr MMm© d Midi gwê$ Pmcr. `m
{dMmam§Zm ñÌr_wŠVrdmXr {dMma Ago _mZco OmD$ cmJco. nwT>o Ohmc amOH$s` {dMmam§À`m pñÌ`m§Zm "ñÌrdmXr'
28
åhQ>co Joco. pñÌ`m§Zm nwéfm§à_mUo ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`, ñdV:Mo Am`wî` ñdm`ÎmnUo KS>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
`m _yigyÌmda gd© ñÌr dmÚm§Mm ^a Amho.
hm {dMma g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§aMZm§Zm AmìhmZ XoVmo. ñÌr-nwéfm§Vrc
qcJm{Y{îR>V gmMo~§XnUm, nwéfm§À`m ñÌr{df`H$ à{V_m, pñÌ`m§Zm g_mOmV {_iUmao ñWmZ d ^y{_H$m,
nwwafgÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dñWm B. AZoH$ _wÚm§Zr `m {dMmamZo hmV KmVcm.
r
ñÌr-_wŠVr {dMma H|$ÐrH$aU :1) CËnmXZ ì`dñWoVrc pñÌ`m§Mo H$m`©.
2) nwZéËnmXZ.
3) ñÌr-nwéf ^oX KS>{dUmar gm_m{OH$ g§ñH$ma à{H«$`m.
4) c¢{JH$Vm d pñÌ`m§Mo àíZ ({ddmh, ~cmËH$ma).
ñÌr Midir_wio pñÌ`m§darc AË`mMmamMo ^rfU dmñVd COoS>mV AmUco. `m MidirZo {ddmh
A§VJ©V AgUmar {df_Vm, Hw$Qw>§~m-Hw$Qw>§~mVrc {d{dY nmVirdarc qhgm VgoM emgZ ì`dñWm d {VÀ`mVrc
nwéf àYmZVm d Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y `m§À`mda H$R>moa Q>rH$m Ho$cr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ pñÌ`m§À`m B{VhmgmVrc
gÎmm{hZVoÀ`m àíZmcm JVr {_imcr.
r
ñÌrdmXr {gÜXm§Vm§Mm AmT>mdm :-
ñÌrdmXr {dMma nydunmgyZ ApñVËdmV hmoVm. na§Vw ñÌrdmXmMo g¡ÜXm§{VH$sH$aU ho gÎmaÀ`m XeH$mV
Pmco. ñÌrdmXr {gÜXm§VmMm AW© Agm H$s, pñÌ`m§À`m Xþæ`_ËdmMo {M{H$ËgH$ ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUmar kmZemIm
hmo`. CXma_VdmXr, OhmcdmXr, _mŠg©dmXr Am{U g_mOdmXr, CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr ho ñÌrdmXr {gÜXm§VmMo
gd©gm_mÝ` dJuH$aU Ho$co OmVo. nU ho EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ nyU© AcJ ZmhrV. "{Pcmh AmB©ÝñQ>mB©Z' `m§À`m _Vo,
gd© ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZm§Mm {dH$mg hm CXma_VdmXr {dMmaYmaoVyZ Pmcm Amho.
1967 nmgyZ OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ñÌr-g§KQ>Zm d ñÌr-_wŠVrMm {dMma à~i hmoD$ cmJcm. Ë`mVyZ
ñÌr-_wŠVr MidirV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªMo, JQ>m§Mo Aä`mgmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoco ñdV:Mo Ago EH$
_V Amho. Ë`mVyZ ñÌr-_wŠVr MidirV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªMohr AZoH$ {dMmam§Mo {d{dY àdmh
J{V_mZmPmco.
29
r
ñÌrdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU :1) CXma_VdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU.
2) g_mOdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU.
3) _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU.
4) Ohmc ÑpîQ>H$moU.
5) CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmXr.
CXma_VdmXr ñÌr _wŠVr àdmh åhUOo nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ hŠH$m§gmR>r pñÌ`m§Mr
EH$OyQ> d `mVhr ^m§S>dcemhrcm YŠH$m Z cmdVm Ë`m Mm¡H$Q>rVM g_mZ A{YH$ma {_idyZ ñÌr_wŠVrMm
{dMma A{^àoV Amho. "gàoOoQ> Am§XmocZ' ho `m {dMmaàdmhmMo n{hco AnË` hmo`.
20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r _Vm{YH$mamgmR>r pñÌ`m§Mm àË`j gwê$ Pmcm Agcm Var Ë`m H$ënZoMo
~rO Ë`mnyduM {H$VrVar AmYr amodco Joco hmoVo. B.g. 1792 _Ü`o B§½c§S>_Ü`o "_oar dm°ëñQ>Z H«$m°âQ>' `m
Pw§Oma _{hcoZo Amnë`m nwñVH$mVyZ "Za-Zmar' g_mZVoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. CXma_VdmXr ñÌr_wŠVr àdmh Ho$di
amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, hŠH$m§gmR>r g§Kf© H$aVmo. pñÌ`m§Zm gd© joÌmV g_mZ A{YH$ma {_imco nm{hOoV. emofU
{dahrV g_mOaMZm {Z{_©VrgmR>r g§Kf© d H$m`© Zgë`m_wio hm {dMmaàdmh ì`dñWoÀ`m _wimda AmKmV
H$arV Zmhr.
Odi ñÌr-_wŠVrdmXr {dMmaàdmh åhUOo "nwéfàYmZVm hm dJu` g_mOaMZoMm nm`m AgyZ Ë`mV
nwéf hm emofH$ dJ© Amho d gd© ñÌr g_yh hm emo{fV dJm©V _moS>Vmo. `m ñÌr_wŠVrdmXtZm ^m§S>dcemhrV
ñÌrMr {nidUyH$ hmoVo. na§Vw g_mOdmXmÀ`m ñWmnZo_wio ñÌr _wŠVr hmoB©c, `mda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg Zmhr.
g_mOdmXr ñÌr-_wŠVrdmXr àdmh hm àm_w»`mZo 1967 Z§Va gwê$ Pmcm. EH$sH$S>o Ohmc_VdmXr
ñÌr-_wŠVrdmXr {dMma àdmh Va XþgarH$S>o CXma_VdmXr ñÌr-_wŠVr {dMma àdmh `mVrc Q>moH$mÀ`m ^y{_H$m,
Ë`mVyZM g_mOdmXr ñÌr-_wŠVrdmXr àdmhmÀ`m MidirMm OÝ_ Pmcm.
ñÌr`m§À`mdarc Y_m©Mm nJS>m d Ë`mVyZ V`ma Pmcocr _mZ{gH$Vm, nwéfàYmZVm `m{déÜX Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` cT>çmV pñÌ`m§Zr hmVmV hmV KmcyZ cT>co nm{hOo, VaM ñÌrMo emofU ~§X hmoB©c.
_mŠg©dmXr ñÌr-_wŠVrdmXr àdmhmÀ`m _Vo, pñÌ`m§Mm dJu` cT>m C^mam`Mm Agoc Va Ë`m§À`m ñÌr
g§KQ>Zm C^mamì`m cmJVrc d l{_H$m§À`m ~amo~arZo Ë`m§Mo cT>o Úmdo cmJVrc d Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$
emofUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocr ñÌrMo emofUXmñ`, Xþ~ionUm ZîQ> hmoB©c. dJu` g_mOaMZoMo nwéf àYmZ
30
g§ñH¥$Vr, Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWm d ñÌrMo emofU hr _hÎdmMr A§Jo AmhoV. Ë`m {damoYmMm hm g§K{Q>V cT>m Amho,
`mgmR>r AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm Xoe^a {Z_m©U Pmë`m. g§KQ>Zm ~m§YyZ Ë`m§À`m àíZmda g§Kf© XoV AmhoV. `m_Ü`o
_mH$nMr _{hcm \o$S>aoeZ d _mH$nMr _{hcm AmKmS>r H$m`©aV Amho.
`
Ohmc ñÌrdmXmdarc Q>rH$m :-
Ohmc ñÌrdmX AZ¡{VH$ Amho. Ë`mg B{VhmgmMr OmUrd Zmhr. VgoM pñÌ`m nwéfm§nojm loîR> AmhoV,
Ago J¥hrV Yê$Z Ohmc ñÌrdmÚm§Zr Amnë`m {gÜXm§VmMr aMZm Ho$cr. VgoM Ë`mg AZwgê$Z ñÌr-nwéf ^oX
ñnîQ> Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Ohmc ñÌrdmX hm EH$m§Jr {dMma _m§S>Umam Amho. Vmo nwéfm§Zm Xþæ`_ R>a{dVmo,
Aer Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. g~mëQ>Z© hr g§km àW_ ............. `m§Zr _m§S>cr.
(A) gw{_V gaH$ma
(~) Ba\$mZ h~r~
(H$) S>r.S>r. H$mog§~r
(S>) AÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr.
2. "g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO' hm J«§W ............. `m§Zr {c{hcm.
(A) gw{_V gaH$ma
(~) aOZr nm_Xam
(H$) aUOrV Jwhm
(S>) H$mog§~r.
3. d§{MVm§Mo {cImU ^maVmV gZ .......... `m gmcr gwê$ Pmco.
(A) 1981
(~) 1982
(H$) 1983
(S>) 1984.
4. Feminism hm _yi eãX ............ ^mfoVrc Amho.
(A) J«rH$
(~) c°{Q>Z
(H$) B§J«Or
(S>) O_©Z.
5. ""pñÌ`m§Mo Xþæ`_Ëd Am{U Ë`mgmR>r H$amì`m cmJUmè`m g§Kfm©Mo {dícofU åhUOo ñÌrdmX
................ `m§Zr Ago åhQ>co Amho.
(A) qcS>m JmS>©Z
(H$) hoñQ>a AmB©ZñQ>mB©Z
(~) O°H$s ñQ>ogr
(S>) E{cg am°gr.
31
~)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. A°ÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr ho H$moUË`m dmXmZo ^mamdcoco hmoVo.
2. ho{O_ZrMm {gÜXm§V H$moUr _m§S>cm.
3. H$moUË`m _{hcm {dÚmnrR>mV àW_ ñÌr Aä`mg H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr.
4. pñÌ`m§Zm amOH$s` MidirV àW_ H$moUr AmUco.
5. H$moUË`m XoemV g_mOdmXr H«$m§Vr_Ü`o _{hcm§Mm gh^mJ hmoVm.
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
m
gm_«mÁ`dmX
: Xþgè`mÀ`m àXoemda dM©ñd ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr d¥Îmr.
m
dm{UÁ`dmX
: ì`mnma{df`H$ {dMma.
m
dgmhV
: Xþgè`m XoemVrc dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$cocm ^yàXoe.
m
dJ©a{hV
: dJ© Zgcocm.
m
amîQ´>r`rH$aU
: amîQ´>mÀ`m _mcH$s hŠH$mMo.
m
{_eZ
: g§ñWm.
m
AmH$cZ
: ~moY hmoUo.
m
ÑpîQ>H$moZ
: {dMma.
m
H|${~«O
: B§½c§S>_Yrc ZmdmOcoco {dÚmnrR>.
m
g~mëQ>Z©
: d§{MV, Cno{jV.
m
A{Yjo
: Z¡g{J©H$ d H$m`Xoera A{YH$mamda JXm AmUUo.
m
\o${_{ZP_
: c¢{JH$ g_mZVoMm {gÜXm§V Am{U pñÌ`m§À`m hŠH$mMr Midi.
m
ñÌrdmX {gÜXm§V : pñÌ`m§À`m Xþæ`_ËdmMo {M{H$ËgH$ ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUmar kmZ emIm.
m
{_WHo$
: {dMmaàdmh.
m
g§^m{fV
: MMm©.
32
1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) 1) = (~) 1498, 2) = (~) 18, 3) = (~) _°Šg_yëca, 4) = (H$) AW©Vk, 5) =
(A) {Z:gmaU.
~) 1) 1857, 2) Ooåg {_c, 3) amOH$maUr, 4) H$meràgmX O`ñdmc, 5) S>m°. a_oeM§Ð XÎm.
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) 1) = (~) 1818, 2) = (H$) H$mc© _mŠg©, 3) = (S>) H$mc© _mŠg©, 4) = (~)
gm_«mÁ`dmXr, 5) = (A) A{Zc grc.
~) 1) 1967, 2) H$mc© _mŠg©, 3) A{Zc grc, 4) 1968, 5) H|${~«O.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ-3
A) 1) = (S>) AÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr, 2) = (H$) aUOrV Jwhm, 3) = (~) 1982, 4) = (~)
c°{Q>Z, 5) = (A) qcS>m JmS>©Z.
~) 1) Zd _mŠg©, 2) J«m_Mr, 3) Eg.EZ.S>r.Q>r., 4) _hmË_m Jm§Yr, 5) a{e`m.
1.5 gmam§e
WmoS>Š`mV ^maVmV amÁ` H$aUo hm {~«{Q>em§Mm A{YH$ma Amho, Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr J¡a Zmhr ho XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r
gm_«mÁ`mXr coIH$m§Zr S>m{d©ZZo _m§S>coë`m _mZdr CËH«$m§VrÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ {gÜXm§VmMm dmna Ho$cm. åhUOo ~ir
Vmo H$mZ{nir `m åhUrMm àË`` AmnUmg `m{R>H$mUr {XgyZ `oVmo. darc gd© {gÜXm§VmMm dmna gm_«mÁ`dmXr
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rMm nm`m ^maVmV pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm.
^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midir~m~V "amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ' AZoH$m§Zr _yë`_mnZ Ho$co. Ë`m_Ü`o XmXm~mB©
Zm¡amoOr, Ý`m. amZS>o, a_oeM§Ð XÎm `m§Zr ^maVr` Am{W©H$ amîQ´>dmXmcm MmcZm {Xcr. _. Jm§Yr `m§Zr `m
Midirg amOH$s` ê$n {Xco. gdmªZr EH$Ì `oD$Z B§J«O gÎmocm {damoY Ho$cm nm{hOo. hr ^mdZm {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z, Midi `eñdr Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ AZoH$m§Zr doJdoJio ê$n gm§{JVcoco Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmZo g§nyU© OJmV Ii~i _mOdyZ {Xcr. dJ© g§Kfm©Mr H$ënZm
_m§Sy>Z VimJmimVrc g_mOmn`ªV nmohMUmam _mŠg© B{Vhmg{df`H$ ñdV§Ì ÑpîQ>H$moZ _m§S>Vmo. `mMm à^md
33
^maVmVrc H$mhr gmå`dmXr {dMmad§Vmda nS>cm Am{U Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirMo nwZ}coIZ
_mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. ^maVmV _mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgcoIZ àdmh àm_w»`mZo 20ì`m
eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`§Var gwê$ Pmcr Agcr Var AënmdYrVM Vmo EH$ g_¥ÜX d àJë^ àdmh ~Zcm Amho. `m
àdmhmZo Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§À`m AÜ``ZmMo _hÎd AYmoao{IV Ho$co. `m àdmhm_Yrc B{VhmgH$mam§Zr
eoVr, J«m_rU ì`dñWm, dU© ì`dñWm `m§Mm emñÌr` Aä`mg Ho$cocm AmT>iVmo.
dgmhVdmXmMo {dH${gV ê$n åhUOo gm_«mÁ`dmX hmo`. `m_Ü`o AZoH$ dgmhVr {_idyZ `oWrc
Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«r Jmoim H$ê$Z Amnë`m _yi XoemV nmR>dyZ Amnë`m XoemMr àJVr, ^a^amQ> KS>dyZ
AmUUo hr d¥Îmr {~«{Q>em§Zr pñdH$macr Amho. àmo. Om°O© S>r. {~Ag©, Wm°åg ^oQ>H$m\$, àmo. E[aH$ ñQ>moŠg,
àmo. am°~Q>© Sw>ßco{gg, hopñQ>¨½O docñcr d S>opìhS> ñH$m°Q> BË`mXr H|${~«O {dMmad§Vm§Zr d nwT>o C\$arZ, H$P©Z,
q_Q>mo, h°{_ëQ>Z, dZ} cm°ìhoQ> d _°H$Hy$cr BË`mXtÀ`m {cImUmVyZ d KmofUm§_YyZ B§J«Om§Mm AmË_Jm¡ad Am{U
gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ nhmd`mg {_iVmo.
BQ>m{c`Z VËdoVm, _mŠg©dmXr d Zd_mŠg©dmXr B{VhmgH$ma A°ÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr `m§Zr g~mëQ>Z© hr
g§km _m§S>cr. g~mëQ>Z© `m§Mm AW© "d§{MV' Agm hmoVmo. J«m_MrZo "{nPZ ZmoQ²>g' hm J«§W {c{hcm. J«°_MrZr
gÎmmYmar dJ© Am{U d§{MV dJ© `mMr n[apñWVr _m§S>cr Amho. gÎmmYmar dJ© à^mdr AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z
d§{MVm§Mm A{Yjon hmoVm. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midir~m~V g~mëQ>Z© ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ aU{OV Jwhm, gw{_V gaXma
`m§Zr `m Midir~m~V d§{MVm§Mm B{Vhmg {c{hcm Amho.
19ì`m eVH$mVrc ñÌr-gwYmaUm§Mr gwédmV d {cImU nwéf gwYmaH$m§ZrM Ho$co Amho. `w.Or.gr.
_m\©$V {dÚmnrR> d _hm{dÚmc`mV ñdV§Ì Aä`mg H|$Ðo VgoM ñd`§godr g§ñWm, ñdV§Ì g§KQ>Zm d AZoH$
ì`ŠVr ñÌr Aä`mg H$aV Amho.
pñÌ`m§À`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ Ho$coë`m Aä`mgm_wio pñÌ`m§Mr pñWVr, g_ñ`m d Ë`m~ÔcMr gOJVm
{Z_m©U hmoUo eŠ` hmoVo. àmMrZ H$mir CÀMdUu` pñÌ`m§Zm _`m©{XV `k`mJ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` ho _Ü``wJrZ
H$mimV S>mdco hmoVo `m§Mr {__m§gm H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
1.6. gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. gm_«mÁ`dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZm{df`r _m{hVr Úm.
2. amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moZm§Mr MMm© H$am.
34
3. _mŠg©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZm~m~V _m{hVr Úm.
4. H|${~«O {dMma àUmcrMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr Úm.
5. g~mëQ>Z© ñQ>S>rO hm ÑpîQ>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.
6. "ñÌr dmX' g§H$ënZm {deX H$am.
~) {Q>nm {chm.
1. gm_«mÁ`dmXr B{Vhmg coIZ.
2. amîQ´>r` ÑpîQ>H$moZ.
3. H$mc© _mŠg©.
4. A°ÝQ>mo{ZAmo J«m_Mr.
5. g~mëQ>Z©.
6. Ohmc ê$Mr (Redical feminism)
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. B{Vhmg V§Ì Am{U VËdkmZ
: d¡Ú gw_Z d em§Vm H$moR>oH$a.
2. B§{S>`mO ñQ´>Jc \$m°a B§{S>n|ÝS>g²
: {~{nZM§Ð.
3. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
: gaXogmB© ~r. EZ., ZcmdS>o ìhr. EZ.
4. B§{S>`m Qw>S>o
: nm_XÎm aOZr.
5. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
: J«moìha ~r. Ec., ~ochoH$a EZ. Ho$.
6. B{Vhmg coIZ emñÌ
: à^mH$a Xod.
7. AmYw{ZH$ ^maV
: OmdS>oH$a e. X.
8. _m°S>©Z B§{S>`m (1985 Vo 1947)
: gaH$ma gw{_V.
35
9. ^maVr` B{VhmgmVrc pñÌ`m
: àm. S>m°. nmQ>rc nX²_Om,
àm. S>m°. OmYd emo^Zm.
10. "ñÌr-àíZm§'Mr dmQ>Mmc-n[adV©ZmÀ`m {XeoZo
: ^mJdV {dÚwV.
11. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`-MidirMm B{Vhmg
: àm. S>m°. {dH$mg H$X_, àm. S>m°. gwIXod
qeXo, a{d H$m§~io, AéUm àH$meZ,
cmVya.
12. g_J« ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
: àmMm`© H$X_ `. Zm.
13. A~«m÷Ur ñÌrdmXr B{Vhmg coIZmÀ`m {XeoZo
: g§nm. {dÚwV ^mJdV d à{V_m naXoer.
14. History of Modern India
: Chayrasia R. S.
15. AmYw{ZH$ ^maV
: S>m°. Vm§~moir d àm. {dídZmW ndma.
ccc
36
KQ>H$-2
{dñVma-YmoaUo Am{U H$m`©H«$_
(Expansion Policy and Programme)
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 ~§Jmc
2.2.2 åh¡gya Am{U _amR>m
2.2.3 qgY Am{U n§Om~
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va •
Z
B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMm ^maVmVrc àXoe{dñVmam{df`r _m{hVr KoVm `oB©c.
Z
àXoe {dñVmamgmR>r H§$nZrZo am~{dcocr YmoaUo d H$m`©H«$_ Aä`mgVm `oB©c.
Z
àXoe {dñVmamgmR>r {~«Q>rem§Zr dmnacocr `wÜX{ZVr, Ü`o` YmoaUo `mMm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©c.
Z
~§Jmc, åh¡gya, _amR>m, qgY Am{U n§Om~ BË`mXr àm§V H$go nmXmH«$m§V Ho$cm. Ë`m{df`r _m{hVr
KoVm `oB©c, Ë`mMo n[aUm_ nmhVm `oB©c.
37
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ `wamonr`Zm§Mm nyd}H$S>rc Xoem§~amo~a {deofV: ^maVm~amo~aMm ì`mnma IwîH$sÀ`m
(^y_mJm©Zo) gwé hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ `wamonr`Z ì`mnmè`m§Zm àM§S> Z\$m hmoV hmoVm. _mÌ 1453 _Ü`o VwH$m©Zr
H$m°ñQ>°{Q>Zmonc eha qOHy$Z KoVco. n[aUm_r `wamonr`Z ì`mnmè`m§Mm nyd}H$S>o ^maVmH$S>o `oÊ`mOmÊ`mMm _mJ© ~§X
Pmcm. Ë`m_wio nyd}H$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ Oc_mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r `wamonr`Zm§_Ü`o ñnYm© gwê$ Pmcr.
`mV nmoVw©JrOm§Zr AmKmS>r KoVcr. nmoVw©JrO Icmer dmñH$mo-X-Jm_m `mZo 1498 _Ü`o ^maVmH$S>o `oÊ`mgmR>r
X{jU Am{\«$Ho$À`m Ho$n-Am°\$-JwS> hmon cm digm KmcyZ ZdrZ Oc_mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>cm d _o 1498 _Ü`o
Vmo Zì`m Oc_mJm©Zo ^maVmÀ`m H$mcrH$V ~§XamV nmohmoMcm. amOm Pm_moarZZo Ë`mMo ñdmJV H$ê$Z Ë`mcm
AZoH$ gdcVr {Xë`m. AemàH$mao nmoVw©JrOm§Zr ^maVmV ì`mnmamcm gwadmV Ho$cr. ì`mnmam~amo~aM nmoVw©JrOm§Zr
nwT>rc H$mimV ^maVmV Jmodm, dgB©, Xrd-X_U `oWo Amncr amOH$s` gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$cr. nmoVw©JrOm§nmR>monmR>
A°_ñQ>aS>°_À`m S>M ì`mnmè`mZr EH$ H§$nZr ñWmnZ H$ê$Z 1595 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zrhr ^maVmV ì`mnmamcm gwédmV
Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va ^maVmV `oUmao `wamonr`Z åhUOo B§J«O hmoV. B§J«Om§Zr ^maV d nyd}H$S>rc Xoem§er ì`mnmar
g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co. 31 {S>g|~a 1600 amoOr amUr E{cPm~oWZo c§S>ZÀ`m ì`mnmar
H§$nZrcm A{YH$mamMr gZX {Xcr, Ë`m_wio B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr ñWmnZ Pmcr. 1608 _Yo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZrZo ^maVmV ì`mnmamcm gwédmV Ho$cr. ^maVmÀ`m npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rdarc gwaV `oWo dIma ñWmnZ Ho$cr.
H§$nZrV\}$ H°$. hm°qH$½O `mZr _wKc g_«mQ> Ohm±Jra `m§MoH$Sy>Z AZoH$ gdcVr {_i{dë`m. nwT>o B§J«Om§Zr 1640
_Ü`o _Ðmg d 1651 _Yo hþJir `oWo Amnë`m dImar CKS>ë`m. 1661 _Yo B§J«OmZm _w§~B© ~oQ> {_imco.
1690 _Yo H$cH$Îmm `oWo dIma ñWmnZ Ho$cr. {VWoM B§J«OmZr \$moQ>© {dë`_ ~m§Ycm. 1717 _Yo B§J«Om§Zr
_wKc g_«mQ> \$é©I{g`a H$Sy>Z ~§Jmc_Ü`o H$a_wŠV ì`mnmamMr gdcV {_i{dcr. AemàH$mao ^maVmV
B§J«Om§Mm ì`mnma dmT>V Jocm. ì`mnmam~amo~aM Ë`mZr ^maVmÀ`m g_wÐ {H$Zmè`mda AZoH$ dImar ñWmnZ
H$ê$Z Ë`m cîH$arÑîQ>rZo gwÑT> ~Z{dë`m.
^maVmV ì`mnmar hoVwZo gdm©V eodQ>r \«|$M Amco. Ë`mZrhr nyd}H$S>rc Xoemer ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r "\«|$M
B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr' ñWmnZm Ho$cr d 1667 _Yo gwaV `oWo dIma CKS>cr. nwT>o 1672 _Ü`o nm±S>oMar
KoVë`mda VoM \|«$Mm§Mo à_wI H|$Ð ~Zco. \«|$MmZrhr Amnë`m ì`mnmamMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ~§Jmc_Yrc
M§ÐZJa, H$mgr_ ~mOma `oWo dImar CKS>ë`m. 1725 _Ü`o npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarc _moh ~§Xahr {OHy$Z KoVco.
ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo nmoVw©JrO, S>M, B§J«O d \«|$M ho ^maVmV Amco Agco Var Ë`m§À`mV gwadmVrnmgyZ
ì`mnmar ñnYm© hmoVr d nwT>o amOH$s` g§Kf© CX²^dcm. Iam gÎmm g§Kf© \«|$M d B§J«O `m§À`mV Pmcm.
^maVmVrc Ë`m§Mm hm g§Kf© H$Zm©Q>H$ `wÜXo åhUyZ à{gÕ Amho. ^maVmV \«|$M d B§J«O `m§À`m EHy$U VrZdoim
`wÜXo Pmcr. àW_ H$Zm©Q>H$ `wÕ (1746-48) {ÛVr` H$Zm©Q>H$ `wÕ (1748-54) d V¥Vr` H$Zm©Q>H$ `wÕ
(1756-1763). {Vgè`m H$Zm©Q>H$ `wÕmV dm§{Xdm°eÀ`m cT>mB©V \«|$MmMm nyU© nam^d Pmcm. 1763 _Ü`o
38
n°[agÀ`m VhmZo ^maVmVrc Ë`m§À`mVrc g§Kf© g_mßV Pmcm. `m VhmZwgma \«|$Mm§Mo BVa gd© {R>H$mUmdê$Z
CÀMmQ>Z hmodyZ Ë`m§Mr gÎmm nm±S>oMarnyaVr {g{_V am{hcr. ì`mnmamVyZ amOH$maUmH$S>o dicoë`m B§J«O d \«|$M
`m§À`mVrc ì`mnmamÀ`m EH$m{YH$mamgmR>r hm g§Kf© hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ B§J«Om§nwT>o \«|$MmMm {Q>H$md cmJcm Zmhr. nwT>o
B§J«Om§Zr amOH$s` {dñVmamgmR>r ^maVr` gÎmm{Yem§er g§Kf© gwê$ H$ê$Z 1848 n`ªV ^maVmVrc ~§Jmc,
åh¡gya, _amR>o, {eI BË`mXr gÎmm§Zm nam^yV H$ê$Z g§nyU© ^maVmda {Z{d©dmX dM©ñd àmßV Ho$co.
B§J«OmZr `m XoemV gÎmm{dñVmamMo YmoaU H$go am~{dco d ~§Jmc, åh¡gya, _amR>m, qgY àXoe d
n§Om~_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr Amncr gÎmm H$er {Z_m©U Ho$cr `mMm d¥Îmm§V AmnU `oWo nmhUma AmhmoV.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 ~§Jmc
Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _wKc gm_«mÁ` hiyhiy H$_Hw$dV hmoV Joco. AZoH$ _wKc gaXma H|$Ð gÎmocm
Ow_oZmgo Pmco. ~§JmcMm gw^oXma AcrdXuImZmZo 1740 _Yo ñdV:Mo ñdmV§Í` Kmo{fV Ho$co d _wKc
gm_«mÁ`mer Amnco g§~§Y VmoSy>Z Q>mH$co. Ë`mÀ`m CËH¥$îQ> àemgZm_wio ~§JmcMr Mm§JcrM ^a^amQ> Pmcr
hmoVr. B§J«O d \«|$M ì`mnma H$arV hmoVo. {deofV: B§J«Om§Zm ~§Jmc_Ü`o ì`mnmamÀ`m ~è`mM gdcVr hmoË`m.
hþJir, H$cH$Îmm, H$mgr_~Pma `oWo Ë`m§À`m dImar hmoË`m. AcrdXuImZmZo ~§Jmc_Yrc O{_ZXma, qhXÿ_wñcr_ A{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZîR>m g§nmXZ H$ê$Z EH$ CËH¥$îQ> àemgZ am~{dco. Amnë`m H$mimV Ë`mZo `wamonr`Z
ì`mnmè`m§Zm Amnë`m dM©ñdmImcr R>odco. Ë`mZm daMT> hmody {Xco Zmhr. 1756 _Yo AcrdXuImZmMm _¥Ë`y
Pmcm d Ë`mÀ`mZ§Va Ë`mMm ZmVy (_wcrMm _wcJm) {gamOCÔm¡cm ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Zcm. AcrdXuImZmZo
_¥Ë`ynydu {gamO CÔm¡ë`mg B§J«Om§nmgyZ gmdY amhÊ`mMr gyMZm {Xcr hmoVr.
r
Z~m~ {gamO CÔm¡cm
Z~m~ {gamO CÔm¡cm hm A{cdXuImZmMr _wcJr A{_Zm ~oJ_ d OmdB© {P`mCÔrZ `m§Mm _wcJm.
1748 gmcr A{cdXuImZmZo {gamOcm Amncm Zm`~ gw^oXma åhUyZ {~hmacm nmR>{dco. na§Vw {gamOZo
~§JmcMr Z~m~r {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r A{cdXuImZmMm nXÀ`wV godH$ _ohXr {ZñgmaImZmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z
A{cdXuImZm{déÜX ~§S> Ho$co. A{cdXuImZmZo ~§S> _moS>co, nU ZmVy {gamOcm _m\$ Ho$co. BVHo$M Zìho Va
Amnë`mZ§Va ~§JmcMr gw^oXmar Ë`mcm XoÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$cr. 10 E{àc 1756 amoOr A{cdXuImZ _aU
nmdcm d 15 E{àc 1756 amoOr {gamO CÔm¡cm ~§JmcMm gw^oXma ~Zcm. _mÌ VéU d`mV ~§JmcMr
gw^oXmar {_imë`m_wio {gamO CÔm¡cm gÎmm§Y ~Zcm. AXÿaXeunUm d H$R>moa ñd^mdm_wio Ë`mZo AZoH$ MwH$m
Ho$ë`m d Ë`mZo AZoH$OZm§Zm XþImdco. \«|$M dImadmcm OrZ cm° `m§À`m _Vo {gamO ì`{^Mmar d XþîQ> _Zwî`
39
hmoVm. VËH$mcrZ B§J«O A{YH$mar ë`yH$ ñH«°$nQ>m°Z `m§À`m _Vo, {gamO gVV ì`{^Mma d _ÚàmeZ `mV JH©$
Ago. n[aUm_r ~§Jmc_Yo ì`mnmamV AmKmS>rda Agcoë`m B§J«O d {gamO CÔm¡c `m§À`mVrc g§Kf© AQ>i
~Zcm.
r
B§J«O d {gamOCÔm¡cm `m§À`m g§Kfm©Mr H$maUo
1. _wKc ~mXehm \$éH${g`aH$Sy>Z B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo 1717 _Ü`o ~oOmc_Yo ì`mnmam~m~V
{deofm{YH$ma {_i{dco hmoVo. H$a_wŠV ì`mnmamÀ`m `m \$_m©Zm_wio H§$nZrÀ`m _mcmMr Am`mV
{Z`m©V OH$mV_wŠV Ho$cr hmoVr. _mÌ `m \$_m©ZmMm Xþén`moJ H§$nZrMo A{YH$mar, H$_©Mmar
d¡`pŠVH$ ì`mnmamgmR>rhr H$ê$ cmJco. {edm` Ë`mZr Vo "nadmZJr nÌ' d "XñVH$' ^maVr`
ì`mnmè`mZmhr {dHy$Z d¡`pŠVH$ n¡go H$_dm`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. n[aUm_r ^maVr` ì`mnmarhr H$a
Z ^aVm ì`mnma H$ê$ cmJco. hm H§$nZrMm J¡aàH$ma {gamO CÔm¡cm `mcm ghZ Pmcm Zmhr.
~§Jmc gaH$maMo Am{W©H$ CËnÝZ Ë`m_wio KQy> cmJco. H§$nZrÀ`m J¡aì`dhmamcm Amim KmcÊ`mgmR>r
{gamO CÔm¡cm `mZo 1717 À`m \$_m©ZmMo H§$nZrZo H$mQ>oH$moa nmcZ H$amdo, Ago H§$nZrcm
~Omdco. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`mV g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm.
2. ~§JmcÀ`m Z~m~mÀ`m godoV AgUmè`m H¥$îUdëc^Zo n¡emMr _moR>r A\$amV\$a H$ê$Z Z~m~mÀ`m
H$madmB©À`m {^VrZo Ë`mZo H$cH$Î`mcm H§$nZrH$S>o Aml` KoVcm hmoVm. g§ajUmgmR>r H¥$îUdëc^Zo
H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`mZm cmM {Xcr hmoVr. Aem ^«îQ> H¥$îUdëc^cm Amnë`m ñdmYrZ H$amdo
Aer _mJUr {gamO CÔm¡cmZo H§$nZrH$S>o Ho$cr. _mÌ H§$nZrZo Ë`mMr _mJUr YwS>H$mdyZ cmdcr.
3. `mM H$mimV `wamonmV B§J«O-\«|$M `m§À`mV gßVdm{f©H$ `wÕmMo T>J O_y cmJco. Ë`mVyZ ^maVmVhr
B§J«O-\«|$M g§Kf© AQ>i Amho ho AmoiIyZ ~§Jmc_Ü`o B§J«O d \«|$M H§$nÝ`m§Zr Amnmnë`m
ì`mnmar dImarZm VQ>~§Xr KmcÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. {gamOZo XmoÝhr H§$nÝ`m§Zm VQ>~§Xr ~m§YÊ`mMo
~§X H$amdo Ago AmXoe {Xco. \«|$M H§$nZrZo VQ>~§Xr ~m§YUo Wm§~{dco. _mÌ B§p½ce H§$nZrZo
Z~m~mÀ`m AmXoemcm dmQ>mÊ`mÀ`m AjVm cmdë`m.
4. A{cdXuImZmcm _wcJm ZìhVm. Ë`mÀ`m VrZ _wcrn¡H$s {gamO hm YmH$Q>çm _wcrMm _wcJm
hmoVm. Ë`mcm ~§JmcMr JmXr {_imë`mZo BVa XmoZ _wctMr _wco ZmamO Pmcr. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m
_wcrMm _wcJm em¡H$VO§J hm {gamO {damoYr IQ>nQ> H$ê$ cmJcm. YyV© B§J«Om§Zr Ë`mcm Amnë`m
hmVmer Yaco.
5. X{jUoV Zm{eaO§JMm _¥Ë`y, B§J«O d \«|$M `m§À`m H$madm`m, AH$m©Q> `oWo ŠcmB©ìhZo Ho$cocr
H$mañWmZo `m gJù`m§Mr Z~m~mcm Mm§Jcr _m{hVr hmoVr. `mda doirM {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r
Z~m~mZo hmcMmcr gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
40
6. B§J«Om§Zm dR>Urda AmUÊ`mgmR>r {gamOZo 4 OyZ 1756 amoOr H$m{g_~Pma `oWrc B§J«Om§À`m
dImarda hëcm H$ê$Z Vr Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVcr d 20 OyZ amoOr H$cH$Î`mÀ`m dImarda
hëcm Ho$cm. B§J«Om§Zm VoWyZ ni H$mT>mdm cmJcm. Vo Ord dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r OhmOmda MTy>Z
~gco.
7. A§Yma H$moR>S>r : {gamOZo H$cH$Îmm `oWo 146 B§J«Om§Zm nH$Sy>Z Ë`mZm EH$m chmZ A§Yma
H$moR>S>rV H¡$XoV Q>mH$co. Ë`mn¡H$s Kwg_Q>ë`m_wio X_ H$m|Sy>Z 123 OU _aU nmdco. \$ŠV 23
OU {OdoV amhÿ eH$co. hr KQ>Zm _Ðmg `oWrc B§J«O A{YH$mè`m§Zm g_OVmM. Ë`mZr am°~Q>©
ŠcmB©ìh À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr g¡Ý` XodyZ ~§JmcH$S>o nmR>{dco. Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a A°S>{_ac d°Q>gZ
`m§cmhr nmR>{dco.
8. _Ðmg hÿZ cîH$ar _XV `oB©n`ªV B§J«OmZr Z~m~m{déÜX H$Q>H$mañWmZo aMÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr.
Ë`mZr Z~m~mMm goZmnVr _ra Om\$a, _ra ~jr, Z~m~mMm H$cH$Îmm `oWrc EH$ A{YH$mar
_m{UH$M§X, YZmS>ç ì`mnmar A{_ZM§X, ~§JmcMm gdm©V _moR>m noT>rdmcm OJV eoR> d Z~m~mMm
EH$ ~S>m cîH$ar A{YH$mar Im{X_ImZ `mZm Amnë`m ~mOyZo {\$Vya H$ê$Z KoVco.
OmZodmar 1757 _Ü`o ŠcmB©ìhZo Z~m~mMm goZmnVr _m{UH$M§X cmM XodyZ H$cH$Îmm naV
{_i{dco. _m{UH$M§XZo B§J«Om§er Ho$di cT>Ê`mMo gm|J Ho$co d Vmo _w{e©Xm~mXcm niyZ Jocm.
ŠcmB©ìh EdT>çmdaM Z Wm§~Vm Ë`mZo H$nQ>{ZVrZo Z~m~mcm "A{cZJaMm Vh' (9 \o$~«wdmar
1757) H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co. `m VhmZo {gamOZo qOH$cocm àXoe B§J«Om§Zm naV Ho$cm. {edm`
{H$ëco ~m§YUo d ZmUr nmS>Ê`mMo A{YH$ma {Xco. VodT>çmdaM B§J«O Jßn ~gm`cm V`ma ZìhVo.
Ë`m§À`m hmVmVrc ~mhþco ~ZyZ ahmUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm Ë`mZr Z~m~ ~Z{dÊ`mMo R>a{dco, Ë`mH$[aVm
Ë`mZr {gaO{déÜX H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwéM Ho$cr.
9. M§ÐZJa : ŠcmB©ìhZo \«|$MmMo M§ÐZJa {O§Hy$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r g¡Ý`mMr O_dmO_d Ho$cr. Ë`mg {gamO
CÔm¡cmZo haH$V KoVcr. nU Ë`mH$S>o Xþc©j H$ê$Z ŠcmB©ìhZo d°Q>gZÀ`m _XVrZo _mM© 1757
_Ü`o M§ÐZJa qOHy$Z KoVco. `oWohr ŠcmB©ìhZo M§ÐZJaMm \$m¡OXma Z§XHw$_ma `mcm cmM XodyZ
A{ZVrMm _mJ© Adc§{~cm.
ŠcmB©ìhZo nwT>ohr Z~m~m{déÕ Hy$Q>{ZVr d H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwê$M Ho$cr. gd©àW_ Ë`mZo
{gamO CÔm¡cmMm goZmnVr _ra Om\$a `mcm Amnë`m ~mOycm didyZ Ë`mÀ`mer Imcrcà_mUo
JwßV H$ama Ho$cm Ë`mZwgma :(A) {gamOCÔm¡cm `mg ~mOycm gmê$Z _ra Om\$acm ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Z{dÊ`mV `oB©c.
(~) Ë`m ~Xë`mV _ra Om\$aZo H§$nZrcm H$m§hr àXoe Úmdm.
41
(H$) _ra Om\$aZo H§$nZrcm EH$ H$moQ>r én`o d A{YH$mè`mZm n¡go ÚmdoV.
(S>) nyduà_mUo B§J«Om§À`m ì`mnmar gdcVr Mmcy R>odmì`mV.
(B) XþJirÀ`m X{jUocm Z~m~mZo VQ>~§Xr C^mê$ Z`o.
AemàH$maÀ`m H$m§hr AQ>r R>aë`m. `m H$amamV A{_ZM§X hm _Ü`ñW hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mcm 30 cj
én`o _Ü`ñWr XoÊ`mMo R>aco. nU `oWohr ŠcmB©ìhZo H$amamMo XmoZ _gwXo V`ma H$ê$Z Iè`m H$amamV
A{_ZM§XÀ`m XcmcrMm CëcoI Ho$cm ZìhVm Va ImoQ>çm _gwÚmV Ë`m~Ôc CëcoI hmoVm. VmoM _gwXm
ŠcmB©ìhZo A{_ZM§Xcm XmIdcm. nwT>o Amncr \$gdUyH$ Pmë`mMo A{_ZM§Xcm H$ico, nU Vmon`ªV doi
Pmcm hmoVm. _ra Om\$a ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Zcm hmoVm.
r
ßcmgrMr cT>mB© - 1757
{gamO{déÜXMo H$Q>H$mañWmZ nyU© hmoVmM B§J«O Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ `wÕmg AVya Pmco. ŠcmB©ìhZo {gamOda
A{cZJaÀ`m VhmMm ^§J Ho$ë`mMm Amamon Ho$cm d Ë`mÀ`m CÎmamMr dmQ> Z ~KVm 23 OyZ 1757 amoOr
ßcmgr `oWo {gamOda hëcm Ho$cm. {gamOhr Amnë`m 50 hOma g¡Ý`mgh B§J«Om§Zm Vm|S> XoÊ`mg V`ma hmoVm.
cT>mB©cm gwadmV hmoVmM H$amamV R>aë`mà_mUo {gamOMm goZmnVr {_a Om\$a d am`Xÿc©^ ho {gamOMm nj
gmoSy>Z g¡Ý`mgh ŠcmB©ìhcm `odyZ {_imco. goZmnVrMm Ðmoh nmhÿZ {gamOMm Yra IMcm. ñdV:Mm Ord
dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo aU_¡XmZmVyZ ni H$mT>cm. \$mago Z cT>VmM ŠcmB©ìh {dO`r Pmcm.
ßcmgrMr cT>mB© B§J«Om§Zr Hw$Q>{ZVrZo d _ra Om\$aÀ`m {dídmgKmVmZo qOH$cr. {gamOCÔm¡cm niyZ
_w{e©Xm~mXcm OmV AgVm _ra Om\$aMm _wcJm {_aZ `mZo Ë`mMm nmR>cmJ H$ê$Z Ë`mcm R>ma _maco. `m
cT>mB©V B§J«Om§H$S>rc Oo_Vo_ 29 Va Z~m~mH$S>rc 500 _mUgo _aU nmdcr.
28 OyZ 1757 amoOr ŠcmB©ìhZo _ra Om\$aMr ~§JmcÀ`m Z~m~nXr ñWmnZm Ho$cr d R>acoë`m
H$amamà_mUo Ë`mZo H§$nZrcm ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agmV _wŠV ì`mnmamMm A{YH$ma d H$cH$Î`mZOrH$À`m
Mmodrg naJÊ`m§Mr O_rZXmar {_i{dcr. H$cH$Î`mdarc hëë`mV Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZ^anmB©nmoQ>r _ra Om\$aZo
H§$nZrcm (1,77,00,000) EH$ H$moQ>r gÎ`mhÎma én`m§Mr amoI aŠH$_ {Xcr. VgoM am°~Q>© ŠcmB©ìh d
H§$nZrÀ`m BVa A{YH$mè`m§Zm, H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ^oQ>rÀ`m cmI én`m§Mr _moR>çm aH$_m {Xë`m. ~§JmcÀ`m A§VJ©V
^mJmV H§$nZrZo ì`mnmar R>mUr gwê$ Ho$cr. H§$nZrZo H$cH$Î`mV Q>m§H$gmi gwê$ Ho$cr.
Aem àH$mao ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Zo ^maVmV {~«Q>re gÎmoMo ~rOmamonU Pmco.
r
ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Mo n[aUm_ :ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Mo XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ ^maVr` B{Vhmgmda Pmco. _ra Om\$a ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Zcm,
42
nU Vmo B§J«Om§À`m hmVmVco IoiUo hmoVm. Vmo Zm_Ymar emgH$ hmoVm. R>acoë`m H$amamZwgma _ra Om\$aZo
H§$nZrcm 24 naJUo d ZwH$gmZ ^anmB©nmoQ>r _moR>r aŠH$_ {Xcr. `m ì`{V[aŠV g§nyU© ~§Jmcda B§J«Om§Mo
{Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV Pmco. nwT>o hiy hiy B§J«Om§Zr ~§Jmcdarc Amncr nH$S> _O~yV Ho$cr d Vmo {demc àm§V
{Ji§H¥$V Ho$cm. ßcmgrÀ`m {dO`mZo B§J«Om§Mr ^maVmV amOH$s` gÎmm àñWm{nV hmodyZ nwT>o g§nyU© ^maVmV
Ë`mZr Amnco gm_«mÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$co. åhUyZM ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Zo ^maVmV B§J«Or gÎmoMo {~OmamonU Pmco Ago
åhQ>co OmVo. S>m°. B©ídaràgmX åUVmV. ßcmgrZo B§J«Om§Zm ~§JmcMo A{YH$mar ~Zdco, Á`m_wio nwT>rc 100
dfm©V B§J«Om§Zr g§nyU© ^maVmda Amncr gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$cr. (Plassy made the English masters
of Bengal from whence within the next hundred years they overran the whole of
India.) S>m°. Ama. gr. _wOy_Xma `m§À`m _Vo, ßcmgrMr cT>mB© EH$ N>moQ>m g§Kf© hmoVm. nU Ë`mMo n[aUm_
_mÌ _moR>çm `wÕmÀ`m n[aUm_mnojmhr OmñV _hÎdnyU© hmoVo.
r
~ŠgmaMo `wÕ (1764) nmíd©^y_r :-
ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Zo ~§Jmc_Ü`o B§J«Or gÎmoMm nm`m KmVcm Jocm. _ra Om\$a ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Zcm.
nU Vmo B§J«Om§À`m hmVmVrc IoiUo ~Zcm. ~§JmcMr Iar gÎmm am°~Q>© ŠcmB©ìhÀ`m hmVmV hmoVr. _ra
Om\$acm, Ë`mZo Ho$coë`m H¥$Ë`mMm níMmVmn hmody cmJcm. Xa~mamVhr Ë`mÀ`m~Ôc Ûof {Z_m©U Pmcm.
B§JO« m§À`m Z g§nUmè`m _mJÊ`m, XoU½`m, ~{jgr nyU© H$aVm H$aVm Ë`mMr {VOmoar [aH$m_r Pmcr. Ë`mÀ`mOdirc
{hao, _moVr d _m¡ë`dmZ Ac§H$mahr Ë`mcm {dH$mdo cmJco. B§J«Om§À`m ÑîQ>rZo _ra Om\$a åhUOo OUy EH$
Ðì`mMo ^m§S>ma hmoVo.
r
_ra Om\$aMr nXÀ`wVr :-
H§$nZr d {VÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m gVVÀ`m _mJÊ`m nyU© H$aUo AeŠ` Agë`mMo _ra Om\$acm H$iyZ
MwH$co. _ra Om\$a H$\$ëcH$ Pmcm hmoVm. _ra Om\$aH$Sy>Z Anojm nyU© hmoV ZmhrV ho {XgVmM B§J«Om§Zr
Ë`mÀ`m OmJr Zdm Z~m~ dg{dÊ`mMm KmQ> KmVcm. åhUOo Zì`m Z~m~mH$Sy>Z XoU½`m CH$iVm `oB©c Ago
Ë`mZm dmQ>co. _ra Om\$aMm OmdB© _ra H$mgr_ ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~UÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerc hmoVm. _ra H$mgr_Zo
gßQ>|~a 1760 _Yo B§J«Om§~amo~a EH$ Vh H$ê$Z ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m ~Xë`mV Ë`mZo H§$nZrcm
~aÛmO, {_XZmnya d {MVJm§d ho VrZ {Oëho XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. _ra Om\$aMr XoUr ñdV:À`m A§Jmda KoVcr.
{edm` H§$nZr JìhZ©a d BVa A{YH$mè`mZm _moR>çm aH$_m XoÊ`mMohr _mÝ` Ho$co. n[aUm_r B§J«Om§Zr _ra Om\$a
`mg nXÀ`wV H$ê$Z ~§JmcÀ`m Z~m~nXr _ra H$mgr_ `mg ~g{dco.
r
_ra H$mgr_ (1760-63)
_ra H$mgr_cm ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~ZdyZ H§$nZrZo VrZ {Oëøm§Mr O_rZXmar Ë`mM~amo~a cjmdYr
43
én`m§Mr ~{jgr B§J«O A{YH$mè`m§Zr {_i{dcr. _mÌ _ra H$mgr_ B§J«Om§À`m hmVmVrc ~mhþco ~ZyZ dmJoc.
hr Ë`m§Mr Anojm \$moc R>acr. _ra H$mgr_ hm AË`§V H$V¥©ËddmZ, YmS>gr d Hw$ec àemgH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo
~§JmcÀ`m àemgZmV cj KmcyZ eoVgmam dgwcrMr H$mQ>oH$moa A§_c~OmdUr gwé Ho$cr. ^«îQ>mMmamcm Amim,
emgH$s` ì`dhmamV H$mQ>H$ga, eoVrcm d ì`mnmamcm CÎmoOZ Aem AZoH$ _mJmªZr Ë`mZo Amncr Am{W©H$
n[apñWVr gwYmacr. JmXrda Amë`mda cJoMM B§J«Om§Mo XoUo nyU© XodyZ Q>mH$co. AZoH$ A{YH$mè`m§Zm ^oQ>r
d ~{jgr XodyZ B§J«Om§À`m à^mdmnmgyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Mmc{dcm. B§J«Om§Zm emgZmV cwS>~yS> H$ê$ Xody
Z`o Aer Ë`mMr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. _ra H$mgr_Zo amOYmZr _w{e©Xm~mX `oWyZ hcdyZ _w§Joacm Zocr. nmíMmÎ`
nÕVrMo H$dm`VrMo gg¡Ý` C^o Ho$co. _w§Joa `m ZdrZ amOYmZrV Ë`mZo XméJmoù`mMm ZdrZ H$maImZm CKS>cm.
_ra H$mgr_À`m `m JmoîQ>r B§J«Om§Zm ghZ hmoB©ZmV. n[aUm_r Ë`m§À`m IQ>Ho$ CSy> cmJco.
H$a_wŠV ì`mnmamMr gdcV \$ŠV H§$nZrcmM hmoVr. _mÌ H§$nZrMo H$_©Mmarhr H$a_wŠV nadmÝ`mMm
dmna H$ê$Z ñdV:Mm ImOJr ì`mnma H$aV. {edm` cmM KodyZ ^maVr` ì`mnmè`m§Zmhr Vmo nadmZm {dHy$
cmJco. Ë`m§À`m `m ^«îQ> ì`dhmam_wio Z~m~mMo _moR>o Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoB©. H§$nZrÀ`m `m ì`dhmamda
Z~m~ ZmamO hmoVm. åhUyZ Ë`mZo _mM© 1763 _Ü`o gd© àH$maMo §ì`mnmar H$a aÔ H$aÊ`mMr KmofUm
Ho$cr.
B§J«Om§Mm ^«îQ>mMma d ~oH$m`Xoera ì`mnmam~m~V Z~m~mMo A{YH$mar Amjon Kody cmJë`m_wio XmoKm§À`mV
VUmd dmT>V Jocm. Ë`mVyZ gd©M ì`mnmamdarc H$a aÔ Ho$ë`m_wio B§J«Om§À`m g§Vmnmcm nmamdma Cacm Zmhr.
B§J«Om§Zr ^maVr` ì`mnmè`m§darc OH$mV nwÝhm gwê$ Z Ho$ë`mg `wÕmcm Vm|S> cmJoc Aer Y_H$s _ra
H$mgr_cm {Xcr. na§Vw ñdV:cm ~§JmcMm ñdV§Ì emgH$ _mZUmam _ra H$mgr_Zo Ë`m Y_H$scm ^rH$ KmVcr
Zmhr. Ë`mVyZ XmoKm§À`mV H$Qy>Vm dmT>V Jocr.
Aem n[apñWVrV nmQ>Ê`mÀ`m B§J«O dImarÀ`m {e~§XrH$[aVm eñÌmñÌmZo ^acoco OhmO nmQ>Ê`mcm
Amco. nmQ>Ê`mMm dIma à_wI E{cg `mMo _ra H$mgr_~amo~a CKS> eÌwËd hmoVo. nmQ>Ê`mg eñÌmñÌo O_m
Pmë`mMo nmhÿZ _ra H$mgr_Zo nmQ>Ê`mÀ`m gwajogmR>r OyZ 1763 _Ü`o H$m§hr \$m¡O nmQ>Ê`mg nmR>{dcr. Vo
H$iVmM E{cgZo g§nyU© nmQ>Um Vmã`mV KoVco. na§Vw Z~m~mÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo cJoM nmQ>Um naV {_i{dco.
B§J«Om§Mr H$mgr_~PmaMr dIma cwQ>mcyQ> H$ê$Z CYiyZ cmdcr d gw_mao 200 B§J«Om§Zm H¡$XoV Q>mH$co. Ë`mVyZ
XmoKm§À`mV `wÕ gwê$ Pmco. _oOa A°S>ågZo H$Q>dmh, {J[a`m, _w{e©Xm~mX `oWo Z~m~mÀ`m g¡Ý`mda {dO`
{_i{dcm. _ra H$mgr_ AdYcm niyZ Jocm.
B§J«Om§Zr _ra Om\$acm nwÝhm ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ~Z{dco. (Owc¡ 1763) Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z nwÝhm ^anya n¡gm,
^oQ>r CH$ië`m. Ë`mÀ`mH$adr aÔ Ho$cocr ^maVr` ì`mnmè`m§darc OH$mV nwÝhm gwê$ Ho$cr. {edm` _ra
H$mgr_À`m `wÕmMm IM© åhUyZ 30 cmI én`o dgyc Ho$co.
44
r
~ŠgmaMr cT>mB© (22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1764)
AdYcm OmVmM _ra H$mgr_Zo VoWrc Z~m~ ewOm CÔm¡cm `mcm B§J«Om§À`m H$madm`m§Mr _m{hVr XodyZ
Ë`mcm gVH©$ Ho$co d B§J«Om§Zm gdmªZr EH$Ì `odyZ nam^yV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo nQ>dyZ {Xco. Ë`mMdoir
_wKc ~mXehm Xa~mamVrc AamOH$Vo_wio AdY `oWo Aml`mcm Amcm hmoVm. _wKc ~mXehm ehm Amc_,
AdYMm Z~m~ ehm Amc_ d _ra H$mgr_ Ago {VKo B§J«Om§{déÜX EH$Ì Amco. Ë`m§Mo g¡Ý` {~hmaÀ`m {XeoZo
MmcyZ Joco. Ë`m§Mr JmR> B§J«Or g¡Ý`m~amo~a 22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1764 amoOr ~ŠgmaÀ`m aU_¡XmZmda nS>cr. B§J«O
A{YH$mar _oOa _Ýamo `mZo VrZhr ^maVr` emgH$m§Mm nam^d Ho$cm.
_wKc ~mXehmZo B§J«Om§~amo~a g_PmoVm Ho$cm. _ra H$mgr_ niyZ Jocm d Z§Va ^Q>H$V AgVmZm
AË`§V X`Zr` AdñWoV 1777 _Ü`o _aU nmdcm. AdYÀ`m Z~m~mZo B§J«Om§er cT>m {Xcm; nU 1765
_Ü`o Ë`mZo H$moQ>m `oWo AmË_ g_n©U Ho$co. AdY nyU©nUo B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Joco.
AemàH$mao ~H$gmaMo `wÕ {ZUm©`H$ R>aco. ßcmgrÀ`m `wÕmZo ~§Jmc_Ü`o {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm nm`m KmVcm.
nwT>o ~ŠgmaÀ`m `wÕmV B§J«Om§Zr _ra H$mgr_, ewOm CÔm¡cm d ehm Amc_Mm nam^d Ho$ë`mZo B§J«Om§Mm nm`m
_O~yV Pmcm. ~§Jmc àm§V nyU©nUo B§J«Om§À`m dM©ñdmImcr Amcm.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm .............. _Ü`o Pmcr.
(A) B.g. 1600 (~) B.g. 1601
(H$) B.g. 1700 (S>) B.g. 1801.
2. {gamO CÔm¡cmÀ`m AJmoXa ~§JmcMm Z~m~ ............... hm hmoVm.
(A) {_a H$m{g_
(~) AcrdXuImZ
(H$) {_a Om\$a
(S>) ehmOhmZ.
3. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrcm ~§Jmc_Ü`o H$a_wŠV ì`mnmamgmR>r .......... {_imco hmoVo.
(A) cm`gZ
(~) dVZnÌ
(H$) "XñVH$'
(S>) \$_rZ.
4. M§ÐZJaMm \$m¡OXmamMo Zmd .............. ho hmoVo.
(A) Z§XHw$_ma
(~) M§ÐHw$_ma
(H$) _m{UH$M§X
(S>) A{_VM§X.
5. ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©V {~«{Q>e g¡Ý`mMo ZoV¥Ëd ................ `mZo Ho$co.
(A) d°Q>gZ
(~) Am°W©a docñcr
45
(H$) hopñQ>¨½O
(S>) am°~Q>© ŠcmB©ìh.
(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`mdoir B§½c§S>Mr amUr H$moU hmoVr.
2. {gamO CÔm¡cm hm AcrdXuImZmMm H$moU hmoVm.
3. ~§Jmc_Yrc YZmT>ç ì`mnmar H$moU hmoVm.
4. {gamO CÔm¡cmÀ`m nam^dmZ§Va ~§JmcMm Z~m~ H$moU Pmco.
5. {_a H$mgr_ ~§JmcMm Z~m~ H$moUmÀ`m nXÀ`wVrZ§Va Pmcm.
2.2.2 åh¡gya Am{U _amR>m
2.2.2.1 åh¡gya
2.2.2.1.1 h¡XaAcrMm CX`
åh¡gyaMm àXoe {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`m§VJ©V hmoVm. nwT>o åh¡gya_Yo d{S>`ma KamÊ`mZo ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMr
ñWmnZm Ho$cr. AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mda \$Voh _h§_X hm åh¡gyaMm \$m¡OXma hmoVm. Ë`mMm _wcJm
h¡XaAcr åh¡gyaÀ`m cîH$amV EH$ gm_mÝ` {enmB© hmoVm. Vmo namH«$_r, YmS>er, _wËgÔr d _hmËdmH$m§jr
Agë`mZo ñdV:À`m JwUm§À`m Omoamda qS>S>rJcMm \$m¡OXma ~Zcm. `mM gw_mamg X{jUoV B§J«O d \«|$M g§Kf©
gwê$ hmoVm. Ë`mdoir nmíMmË`m§Mr `wÕH$cm, cîH$ar {eñV d à{ejU `m JmoîQ>rZr h¡Xa Acr à^mdrV
Pmcm. Ë`mZo nm§S>oMarcm \«|$MmH$S>o OmdyZ nmíMmÎ` `wÕàUmcrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm d Amncr cîH$ar VmH$X
dmT>{dcr. ~amM n¡gm Jmoim H$ê$Z AmOy~mOyMm àXoe qOHy$Z KoVcm. Ë`mÀ`m `m H$V¥©Ëdm_wio h¡XaAcrMr
{Z`wŠVr goZmnVr åhUyZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. åh¡gyaMm amOm {MŠH$ H¥$îUamO d{S>`ma M¡Z-{dcmgmV _eJwc
Agë`mZo amÁ`mMm gd© H$ma^ma àYmZ Z§XamO `m§À`m hmVmV hmoVm. `m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm KodyZ h¡XaAcrZo
amOm H¥$îUamO d àYmZ Z§XamO `m§Zm H¡$XoV Q>mH$co d Vmo ñdV: åh¡gyaMm gÎmmYmar ~Zcm. åh¡gya_Ü`o
h¡XaAcrMr gÎmm gwê$ Pmcr.
2.2.2.1.2 n{hco åh¡gya `wÕ (1767-69)
X{jU ^maVmV _amR>o, h¡XaAcr, B§J«O d {ZPm_ `m§À`mV gÎmmg§Kf© Mmccm hmoVm. B§J«Om§Mm _Ðmg
d h¡XaAcrMm àXoe cmJyZ Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mV gVV H$Q>H$Q>r MmcV. h¡XaÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gdm©V _moR>m eÌy B§J«O
hmoVo. B§J«Ohr h¡Xacm Amnë`m àJVrÀ`m _mJm©Vrc _moR>m AS>Wim _mZrV. åhUyZ B§J«O, _amR>o d {ZPm_
`mZm EH$Ì AmUyZ h¡Xacm EH$mH$s nmS>Ê`mMm S>md B§J«O IoiV hmoVo. _mÌ YyV© h¡XaZo `m {VÝhr gÎmm§Zm
46
EH$Ì H$YrM `ody {Xco ZìhVo. h¡XaZo B§J«Om§Mo eÌy Agcoë`m \o«§$À`m§H$Sy>Z _XV KoVcr. VgoM X{jUoH$S>À`m
nmioJmam§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$ê$Z h¡XaZo àXoe{dñVma Ho$cm. h¡Xa-\«|$M EH$Ì `oUma ho nmhÿZ Vo EH$Ì `oÊ`mAJmoXaM
B§J«Om§Zr _oOa _yaÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr h¡Xada g¡Ý` nmR>{dco, nU h¡XaZo _oOa _yaMm nam^d Ho$cm. Am°JñQ>
1767 _Ü`o H$Z©c pñ_W d {ZPm_ `mZr åh¡gyada hëcm Ho$cm. nU YyV© h¡XaZo B§J«Om§{déÜX _amR>çm§Mr
_XV {_i{dcr. `wÕ g§në`mda _amR>çm§Zm 23 cmI én`o XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. {edm` A§VñWnUo h¡XaZo
{ZPm_mcmhr B§J«Om§nmgyZ doJio Ho$co. \$ŠV B§J«O d h¡Xa `m§À`mV cT>mB© gwê$ Pmcr. `m `wÕmV h¡XaMm
_wcJm {Q>ny gwcVmZ `mZo _Ðmg_Yrc B§J«O R>mÊ`m§da hëcm H$ê$Z B§J«Om§Zm Km~adyZ gmoS>co. Ë`m_wio B§J«O
h¡Xacm eaU Amco. E{àc 1769 _Ü`o EH$m H$amamZo B§J«O-h¡Xa `m§Mo n{hco åh¡gya `wÕ g§nco. `m
H$amamZwgma XmoKm§Zr EH$_oH$m§Mo KoVcoco àXoe naV H$amdoV d XmoKm§n¡H$s EH$mda {Vgè`mZo hëcm Ho$ë`mg
Xþgè`mZo _XV H$amdr Ago R>aco.
2.2.2.1.3 Xþgao åh¡gya `wÕ (1784)
n{hë`m åh¡gya `wÕmVrc nam^dm_wio JìhZ©a OZac dm°aZ hopñQ>§½OÀ`m à{V_oda {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmcm
hmoVm. hm nam^d B§J«Om§Zm Pm|~cm hmoVm. Ë`mVM 1776 _Ü`o A_o[aH$m B§½c§S>nmgyZ ñdV§Ì Pmcr. hm _moR>m
YŠH$m {~«{Q>e nmc©_|Q>cm ~gcm. Ë`m_wio dm°aZ hopñQ>½OZo h¡Xa{déÜX MT>mB© H$aÊ`mÀ`m gwMZm Ë`m§Zr {Xë`m.
Ë`mVM _ÐmgMm JìhZ©aZo EH$mH$s \«|$Mm§À`m Vmã`mVrc _mho dImarda hëcm H$ê$Z Vr dIma qOH$cr.
_mho_YyZ h¡Xacm `wÕgm{hË`, Vmo\$m§Mo gwÅ>o ^mJ d gmoam {_iV Ago. _mÌ _ÐmgÀ`m JìhZ©aÀ`m d[aa H¥$VrZo
B§J«O-h¡Xa `m§À`mVrc g§~§Y {~KS>co. hopñQ>½OZo `mMdoir _amR>çm§À`m~amo~ahr `wÕ gwê$ Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`m_wio
h¡Xa-_amR>o Odi `ody cmJco. {ZPm_hr B§J«Om§À`m XJm~mOrg H§$Q>micm hmoVm, Vmohr h¡XaH$S>o dicm. Aem
n[apñWVrV n{hco B§J«O _amR>m `wÕ gwê$ Pmë`mda ZmZm \$S>UrgmZo gd© B§J«O {damoYH$m§Zm EH$Ì AmUyZ
{~«{Q>em§Zm ^maVmVyZ hmH$cyZ XoÊ`mMr `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoVcm. hmM 1779 Mm {~«{Q>e {damoYr
A{Ic ^maVr` amÁ`g§K hmo`. _amR>o, h¡XaAcr d {ZPm_ `m§Zr EH$_oH$m§Zm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co.
BVa H$m§hr emgH$hr `m `moOZoV gh^mJr Pmco. Ë`mV h¡XaZo _Ðmg AmKmS>r gm§^micr, ~§JmcH$S>o ZmJnyaH$a
^mogë`mZr cj Úmdo, ~§Jmc d _Ðmg {H$ZmanÅ>rMr O~m~Xmar {ZPm_m§H$S>o Am{U JwOamV, _w§~B© AmKmS>r
Ago H$m_mMo dmQ>n Pmco hmoVo. AempñWVrV Mma Xoer gÎmm (_amR>o, {ZPm_, h¡Xa, ^mogco) {déÜX B§J«O
Agm g§Kf© H$Zm©Q>H$mV gwê$ Pmcm. 1780 _Ü`o h¡XaZo _ÐmgH$S>rc àXoemV B§J«Om§er `wÕ gwê$ Ho$co d
{ÛVr` åh¡gya `wÕmcm gwadmV Pmcr.
B§J«Om§Zr h¡Xa{déÕ _oOa hoŠQ>a _Ýamo d H$Z©c ~ocr `mZm nmR>{dco. nU h¡Xa AcrMm namH«$_r nwÌ
{Q>ny gwcVmZZo ~ocrMm O~aXñV nam^d Ho$cm. _ÝamoZo `wÕgm_wJ«r Q>mHy$Z ni H$mT>cm. JìhZ©a OZac dmaZ
hoñQ>t½OZo g§`_mZo n[apñWVr hmVmiV H$Z©c {n`g©cm _ÐmgÀ`m _XVrgmR>r nmR>{dco. XþgarH$S>o {ZPm_cm
Jw§Qy>a XodyZ d ^mogë`m§Zm 50 cj XodyZ g§KmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>co. B§J«Om§Zm _Ðmg {H$ZmanÅ>r _moH$ir Pmcr,
47
Varhr h¡XaZo B§J«Om§er àIa cT>m XoV Ë`mZm KmB©cm AmUco. Ë`m_wio hopñQ>¨½OZo ga Am`aHw$Q>cm _Ðmgcm
nmR>{dco. `mM gw_mamg B§J«O-_amR>çm§_Ü`o gmc~mB©Mm Vh hmodyZ (1782) Ë`m§À`mVrc g§Kf© Wm§~cm.
_amR>çm§Zr h¡Xacm {dídmgmV Z KoVm g§Kf© Wm§~{dcm, {edm` h¡XaZo qOH$cocm B§J«Om§Mm àXoe naV {_idyZ
XoÊ`mV _amR>o _Ü`ñWr H$aVrc Ago AmídmgZ {Xco. `m_wio h¡XaAcr ^`§H$a g§Vmncm d Ë`mZo B§J«Om§{damoYr
cT>m A{YH$ Vrd« Ho$cm. VWm{n, 7 {S>g|~a 1782 amoOr h¡XaMm AH$ñ_mV _¥Ë`y Pmcm. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm
_wcJm {Q>ny åh¡gyaMm emgH$ ~Zcm. Ë`mZo B§J«Om§er A{YH$ Omo_mZo `wÕ gwê$ Ho$co. åhUyZ _w§~B©À`m B§J«Om§Zr
_ÐmgÀ`m _XVrgmR>r OZac _°Ï`yOÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr g¡Ý` nmR>{dco. Ë`mZo _§Jcmoa d ~oXZya qOHy$Z ^anya
cyQ> {_i{dcr. Voìhm {Q>ny _°Ï`yOda VwQy>Z nS>cm. ~oXZyaÀ`m cT>mB©V {Q>nyZo B§J«Om§Mm nam^d H$ê$Z _°Ï`yOgh
Mma hOma g¡{ZH$m§Zm ~§Xr ~Z{dco d gdmªZm lra§JnÅ>UÀ`m Vwé§JmV R>odco. Ë`mZo _§Jcmoahr qOHy$Z KoVco.
B§J«Om§Zr {Q>nyg_moa AmË_g_n©U Ho$co. {Q>nyg_moa Amncm {Q>H$md cmJV Zmhr Ago {XgVmM _ÐmgÀ`m
JìhZ©aZo {Q>ny~amo~a VhmMr ~mocUr Mmc{dcr. dmaZ hopñQ>¨½OZo Ë`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. `mdoir {Q>nyZo B§J«Om§Zm
A{Ve` An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {Xcr. B§J«O-{Q>ny `m§À`mV 11 _mM© 1784 amoOr _§JcmoaMm Vh Pmcm.
_§JcmoaÀ`m VhmZwgma Imcrc AQ>r R>aë`m.
1. `wÕmV qOH$cocm àXoe XmoKm§Zr EH$_oH$m§Zm naV H$amdm.
2. nañnam§Mo `wÜX~§Xr naV H$amdoV.
3. Amdí`H$ Ë`mdoir B§J«Om§Zr {Q>nycm _XV H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {Xco.
2.2.2.1.4 {Vgao åh¡gya `wÕ
_§JcmoaÀ`m VhmZo B§J«Om§er g§Kf© Wm§~ë`mZo {Q>nyZo _amR>çm§À`m àXoemda hëco gwê$ Ho$co. H$maU
gmcm~mB©À`m VhmZo _amR>çm§Zr h¡XaMm {dídmgKmV Ho$cm hmoVm, `mMm amJ {Q>nycm hmoVm. nU ZmZm
\$S>UdrgmZo _amR>o-B§J«O-{ZPm_ g§K V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m hmcMmcrÛmao {Q>nyg à{Veh XoVmM {Q>nyZo _amR>çm§er
Vh Ho$cm d `wÕ Wm§~{dco. _mÌ Ë`mMo B§J«Om§~amo~a {dVwîR> Amco.
åh¡gya_Yrc H$m§hr ~§S>Imoam§Zm àmdUH$moa emgH$mZo Aml` {Xcm hmoVm. àmdUH$moacm B§J«Om§Mo g§ajU
hmoVo. åh¡gyaÀ`m ~§S>Imoam§Mr _mJUr {Q>nyZo H$aVmM Ë`mg àmdUH$moaÀ`m amOmZo ZH$ma {Xcm. Ë`m_wio g§VßV
hmodyZ {Q>nyZo àmdUH$moada hëcm MT>{dcm. `mM Xaå`mZ ^maVmV Zì`mZo Amcoë`m JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>©
H$m°Z©dm°{cgZo B§J«O-_amR>o-{ZPm_ Agm g§K V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m hmcMmcr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Ë`mg `e `odyZ
1790 _Yo {VKmV nwT>rc H$ama Pmcm.
1. B§J«O, _amR>o d {ZPm_ {Q>ny{déÜX g§`wŠV _mohr_ am~dVrc.
2. {_imcocm àXoe, g§nÎmr, cyQ> AmnmngmV dmQy>Z KoVcr OmB©c.
48
3, Amdí`H$Voà_mUo _amR>çm§Zm d {ZPm_mcm B§J«O Amnco g¡Ý` XoVrc, Ë`m§Mm IM© _XV
_mJUmè`m§Zr H$amdm.
4. {Q>nyZo g§KmVrc H$moUmhr EH$mda AmH«$_U Ho$co Va gdmªZr {_iyZ Ë`mMm à{VH$ma H$amdm.
`m H$amamZwgma B§J«O, _amR>o d {ZPm_ `m§Zr {Q>nyda g§`wŠVnUo AmH«$_U Ho$co. (1790) {Q>nyZo Ë`m§Mm
OmoaXma à{VH$ma Ho$cm, nU g§`wŠV g¡Ý`mÀ`m VmH$VrnwT>o Ë`mMm {Q>H$md cmJcm Zmhr. Varhr gwadmVrg H$m§hr
{R>H$mUr {Q>ny {dO`r Pmcm. ghOmghOr {Q>nycm ha{dUo gmono Zmhr ho cjmV `oVmM gZ 1791 _Yo ñdV:
H$m°Z©dm°{cgZo ~§Jcmoada hëcm MT>{dcm. {Q>nyMr amOYmZr lra§JnÅ>UÀ`m {XeoZo AmJoHy$M Ho$cr. Xþgè`m
~mOyZo H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc _amR>m gaXma naewam_^mD$ nQ>dY©Zhr {Q>ny{déÜX MmcyZ Jocm. n[aUm_r 1792 _Ü`o
{Q>nyMm nam^d Pmcm. eodQ>r _amR>m gaXma h[an§V \$S>Ho$À`m _Ü`ñWrZo ho `wÕ Wm§~co d XmoKm§À`mV _mM©
1792 _Yo lra§JnÅ>UMm Vh Pmcm. `m VhmZo {Q>nyZo Amnco {Zå_o amÁ` B§J«OmZm {Xco. gmS>oVrZ H$moQ>r én`o
`wÕ IM© åhUyZ {Xco. {edm` `wÕ IM© XoB©n`ªV {Q>nyMo XmoZ _wcJo B§J«Om§H$S>o Amo{cg R>odÊ`mV Amco. B§J«O
_amR>o d {ZPm_ `mZr qOH$cocm àXoe AmnmngmV dmQy>Z KoVcm. `m `wÕm_wio åh¡gyaMo ApñVËdM YmoŠ`mV
Amco.
2.2.2.1.5 Mm¡Wo åh¡gya `wÕ (1799)
{Vgè`m åh¡gya `wÕmV Pmcoë`m An_mZmMm ~Xcm KoÊ`mgmR>r {Q>ny à`ËZerc hmoVm. B§J«Om§À`m_wio
Ë`mMo AY}A{YH$ amÁ` Joco hmoVo. B§J«Om§Zm ^maVm~mhoa hmH$cyZ XoÊ`mMr O§Jr V`mar {Q>nyZo gwê$ Ho$cr. `mM
H$mimV `wamonmV \«$mÝg_Ü`o H«$m§Vr hmodyZ BVa `wamonr` Xoem§er `wÕo gwê$ hmoVr. \«|$M H«$m§VrVyZ Zonmo{c`ZMm
CX` hmodyZ Ë`mZo 1798 _Ü`o B{OßVda ñdmar Ho$cr. B{OßV_mJ} ^maVmda ñdmar H$ê$Z B§J«Om§Mr _moR>r
dgmhV qOHy$Z KoUo hm Ë`mMm CÔoe hmoVm. `mMdoir {Q>nyZo Zonmo{c`Z~amo~a g§YmZ ~m§YyZ Ë`mcm ^maVmda
AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am_§{ÌV Ho$co. {Q>ny \«$mÝg_Yrc gÎmmê$T> Ohmc H«$m§{VH$mar O°H$mo{~Ýg njmMm
gXñ`hr Pmcm. {Q>nyZo H$m~yc, H$m°ÝñQ>}{Q>Zmonc, Aao{~`m d _m°[aeg `oWrc emgH$mZmhr B§J«Om§{déÜX
^maVmda AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm Ho$co. {Q>nyZo ñdV:Mo g¡Ý` dmT>{dco d Vo à{e{jV Ho$co. Ë`mZo Amnco
CËnÞ dmT>{dco. {H$ëë`m§Mr XþéñVr Ho$cr. {Q>nyMr hr V`mar nmhÿZ B§J«Om§Zr Ë`mÀ`mer g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©`
KoVcm. `mdoir JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>© docñcr hmoVm. docñcrZo V¡ZmVr \$m¡O XodyZ {ZPm_cm Amnë`m
dM©ñdmImcr AmUco. {ZPm_mcm gmo~V KodyZ B§J«Om§Zr 1799 _Ü`o {Q>ny{déÜX g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$cm hoM Mm¡Wo
åh¡gya `wÕ hmo`. B§J«Om§Zr OZac h°[ag, Am°W©a docñcr d OZac ñQw>AQ>©H$S>o g¡Ý` XodyZ {Q>ny{déÕ nmR>{dco.
goXmgr d _mcdcrÀ`m `wÕmV B§J«OmZr {Q>nyMm nam^d Ho$ë`mZo {Q>nyZo lra§JnÅ>UMm Aml` KoVcm. B§J«Om§Zr
lra§JnÅ>Ucm doT>m KmcyZ {Q>nyer OmoaXma g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$cm. {Q>nyZo amOYmZr dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r namH«$_mMr eW©
Ho$cr. _mÌ AIoa cT>Vm-cT>Vm Vmo _macm Jocm (4 _o 1799).
49
{Q>ny _macm Joë`mZo Mm¡Wo d eodQ>Mo åh¡gya `wÕ g_mßV Pmco. åh¡gya~amo~a lra§JnÅ>UMm Vh Pmcm
(1799). `m VhmZwgma,
1. åh¡gyaMm ~hþVm§e àXoe B§J«OmZr Vmã`mV KodyZ Vmo ñdV: {ZPm_ d _amR>o Agm dmQy>Z KoVcm.
2. Cacoco EH$ N>moQ>ogo amÁ` dm{S>`ma KamÊ`mVrc H¥$îUamO `mcm XoÊ`mV Amco.
3. `m N>moQ>çm åh¡gya amÁ`mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r B§J«Om§Mo g¡Ý` VoWo am{hc, Ë`mMm IM© H¥$îUamO
dm{S>`maZo H$amdm.
4. åh¡gya amÁ`mZo B§J«Om§{edm` BVa H$moUË`mhr `wamonr`Zm§Zm ZmoH$arV R>ody Z`o.
5. åh¡gyaZo naamîQ´>m§er H$moUVmhr ì`dhma H$ê$ Z`o.
AemàH$mao lra§JnÅ>UÀ`m `m VhmZo B§J«Om§Zr åh¡gyaMo amÁ` Imcgm Ho$co. Amncm X{jUoVrc EH$
eŠVremcr eÌy Zmhrgm Ho$cm.
2.2.2.2 _amR>m
^maVmV gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r B§J«Om§Zr AmH«$_H$ ZrVrMm dmna Ho$cm hmoVm. àmXoerH$ {dñVmamÀ`m
B§J«Om§À`m _hÎdmH$m§jocm Iam AS>Wim _amR>çm§Mm dmQ>V hmoVm. _amR>çm§À`m A§VJ©V H$ma^mamV B§J«O H$aV
Agcoë`m hñVjonm_wio B§J«O-_amR>o g§Kf© AQ>i hmoVm.
{Vgao nm{ZnVmÀ`m nam^dmVyZ gmdê$Z _amR>o noedm _mYdamdmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr à~i ~Zco hmoVo.
_amR>çm§À`m amOH$maUmV hñVjon H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr B§J«O nhmV hmoVo. noedm _mYdamdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZo Ë`mZm hr
g§Yr {_imcr. noedm _mYdamdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm ^mD$ Zmam`Uamd noedm ~Zcm. _mÌ noedonXmMr
AmH$m§jm ~miJyZ Agcoë`m aKwZmWamdmZo noedm Zmam`UamdmÀ`m {damoYmV JmaXr, à^y, ZmJnyaH$a ^mogco
`m§Zm hmVmer Yê$Z EH$ H$Q> Ho$cm. Ë`mZwgma Zmam`UamdmZm H¡$XoV Q>mHy$Z aKwZmWamdmZm noedm H$am`Mo Aer
`moOZm AmIcr. àË`jmV noedm Zmam`Uamd JmaÚm§À`m hmVyZ _maco Joco. JmaÚmZr aKwZmWamdmZm noedm
åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$co.
aKwZmWamdmÀ`m `m XþîH¥$Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m{damoYmV noedo Xa~mamVrc H$m§hr _§S>ir g{H«$` {damoY H$ê$
cmJcr. `mVyZ gImam_~mny, ZmZm \$S>Urg, _hmXOr qeXo, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a BË`mXr ~mam OUm§Zr
aKwZmWamdm{déÜX H$mañWmZ H$ê$Z Zmam`UamdmÀ`m JamoXa nËZrg nwÌ Pmë`mg Ë`mcm qH$dm XÎmH$ KodyZ
noedonXmda ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIcr. `mcmM "~ma^mB©Mo H$mañWmZ' Ago åhUVmV. aKwZmWamdmZo
noedm hmoÊ`mÀ`m _hËdmH$m§jonmoQ>r _w§~B©H$a B§J«Om§Mm Aml` KoVcm. _hmamîQ´>mV àXoe {dñVmamgmR>r B§J«O
Aem g§YrMr dmQ>M nhmV hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ aKwZmWamd d _w§~B©H$a B§J«O `m§À`mV _mM© 1775 _Yo gwaVoMm Vh
Pmcm. Ë`mZwgma npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarc R>mUo, gmîQ>r, dgB© hr npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarc _hËdmMr R>mUr d
50
gwaVoOdirc O§~wag d AmocnX ho VmcwHo$ aKwZmWamdmZo H$m`_Mo B§J«OmZm Úmdo. Ë`m ~Xë`mV B§J«Om§Zr
aKwZmWamdmcm noedonXr ~gdmdo Ago R>aco.
2.2.2.2.1 n{hco B§J«O-_amR>m `wÕ (1775-82)
gwaVoMm VhmZwgma B§J«OmZr aKwZmWamdmg gd©àH$mao _XV H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco. H$Z©c {H$qQ>J d _wcH$s
A{YH$mar Ooåg \$moãg© `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr B§J«Om§Mr \$m¡O aKwZmWamdmÀ`m _XVrg XoÊ`mV Amcr. `mM
Xaå`mZ 1774 _Ü`o ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Zwgma dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½Ocm H§$nZrMm JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ _w§~B© d _Ðmg
àm§Vmda XoIaoIrMo d `wÕ d em§VVm `m~m~VMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. npíM_ ^maVmV _amR>o à~i
Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m{déÜX `wÕ YmoH$mXm`H$ R>aoc Ago dmQy>Z hopñQ>¨½OZo `wÕ~§Xr H$aÊ`mMo AmXoe _w§~B©
gaH$macm {Xco. nU Vmon`ªV aKwZmWamdmcm KodyZ {~«Q>re \$m¡O nwÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKmcm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _w§~B©
gaH$maZo hopñQ>¨½OÀ`m AmXoemH$S>o Xþc©j Ho$co. øm doir _amR>m g¡Ý`mMm nyd© ^ma h[an§V \$S>Ho$da hmoVm.
H$maU Am{W©H$ AS>MUr_wio _hmXOr qeXo `m g§Kfm©V gh^mJr hmody eH$V ZìhVo. VwH$moOr hmoiH$ahr
_miì`mV {ZKyZ Jocm. _mÌ h[an§V \$S>Ho$Zo Amncr O~m~Xmar MmoI nma nmS>cr, B§J«O-_amR>r g¡Ý`mMr JmR>
AS>g `oWo nS>cr. J{Z_r H$mì`mZo h[an§V \$S>Ho$Zo B§J«Om§Zm ÌñV H$ê$Z gmoS>co hmoVo. eodQ>r AS>mg `oWrc
O~aXñV g§Kfm©V 11 A{YH$mè`m§gh B§J«Om§Mo 300 g¡{ZH$ _maco Joco. H$UIa _amR>m à{VH$ma cjmV KoVm
dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½OZo Vm~S>Vmo~ H$Z©c A°ßQ>Z `mcm _amR>çm§er VhmMr ~mocUr H$aÊ`mH$arVm nwÊ`mcm nmR>{dco.
2.2.2.2.2 nwa§YaMm Vh
noedo Xa~mamÀ`m ~ma^mB©Zr _moR>m Xa~ma ^adyZ A°ßQ>ZMo ^ì` ñdmJV Ho$co. Ë`mgmR>r nwa§Yada Img
Xa~ma Am`mo{OV Ho$cm. _mÌ `m VhmVyZ H$m§hr \$c{ZînÎmr hmoÊ`mMr {MÝho {XgoZmV. H$maU A°ßQ>ZZo
_amR>çm§H$S>o gmîQ>r, dgB©Mr _mJUr Ho$cr. {edm` aKwZmWamdmg gdmB©_mYdamdmMm AkmZ nmcZH$Vm©
Zo_Ê`mMm AmJ«h Yacm. ~ma^mB©Zm øm AQ>r _mÝ` ZìhË`m. àË`oH$ _wÚmda _V^oX hmody cmJco. dmQ>mKmQ>r
VwQ>Ê`mn`ªV JmoîQ>r Wamcm Joë`m. ømMdoir gXm{ed ^mD§$Mm VmoV`m aËZm{Jar {H$ëë`mVyZ {ZgQ>cm d
~ma^mB©{déÜX ~§X H$ê$ cmJcm. Ë`m_wio KmB©KmB©Zo ~ma^mB©Zr A°ßQ>Z~amo~a Vhmg _mÝ`Vm {Xcr, hmM
nwa§YaMm Vh hmo` (1 _mM© 1776) `m VhmMr H$c_o nwT>rcà_mUo :1. R>mUo d gmîQ>r hr {R>H$mUo B§J«Om§H$S>o amhVrc.
2. aKwZmWamdm§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Om§Mm Omo IM© Pmcm. Ë`m IMm©nm`r noeì`m§Zr B§J«OmZm 12
cmI én`o amoI ÚmdoV.
3. aKwZmWamdmÀ`m IMm©gmR>r ~ma^mB©Zr Xadfu 3 cmI 15 hOma én`o XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co.
`mnwT>o aKwZmWamdmZo amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xÿa ahmdo.
51
4. B§J«OmZr JwOamW_Ü`o _amR>çm§Mm qOH$cocm àXoe Ë`m§À`mH$S>oM ahmdm.
5. B§J«OmZr JmoqdXamd Jm`H$dmS>mg _XV Z H$aVm \$ÎmoqgJ Jm`H$dmS>mg _XV H$amdr.
6. B§J«OmZr aKwZmWamdmg noeì`mÀ`m hdmcr H$amdo. nwT>o Ë`mg Aml` Xody Z`o.
nwa§YaÀ`m `m VhmZo H$moUmMoM g_mYmZ Pmco Zmhr. _w§~B©Zo Vhmg {damoY Xe©dyZ aKwZmWamdm§Mm Aml`
H$m`_ R>odcm. VhmZwgma nwÊ`mH$Sy>Z aKwZmWamdm§Mr _mJUr hmoVmM B§J«Om§Zr Amåhr aKwZmWamdmMo g_W©Z
H$mTy>Z KoVco Amho. Vwåhr ñdV:M Ë`mg nH$Sy>Z KodyZ Omd§ Ago CÎma {Xco. AemàH$mao nwa§YaMm Vh
à^mda{hV Pmcm.
2.2.2.2.3 VioJmdMm nam^d d dS>JmdMm Vh (1779)
nwa§Ya VhmZ§Va B§J«Om§À`m amOH$maUmda n[aUm_ H$aUmar EH$ _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm KS>cr. A_o[aHo$Vrc
Voam dgmhVtZr B§½c§S> {déÜX ñdmV§Í`mMr KmofUm H$ê$Z B§J«Om§{déÜX 1776 _Yo `wÕ gwê$ Ho$co. \«$mÝgZo
A_o[aHo$À`m ~mOyZo `wÜXmV ^mJ KoVcm. ^maVmV B§J«Om§Zm eh åhUyZ \«|$M gaH$maZo g|Q> cw{~Z `mcm Amncm
à{V{ZYr åhUyZ nwÊ`mcm nmR>{dco (1778). nwUo Xa~mamZo Ë`mMo ^ì` ñdmJV Ho$co. Ë`m_wio B§J«O A{YH$M
g§VßV Pmco.
nwa§Ya Vhm~m~VMr ZmamOr, c§S>Z gaH$maMo AmXoe d cw{~ZMo AmJ_Z `m_wio B§J«O nwÝhm `wÕmg
àd¥Îm Pmco. Ë`mZr B©JQ>©Z `mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr nwÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo \$m¡O admZm Ho$cr. hopñQ>¨½OZohr nwÊ`mÀ`m
amoImZo \$m¡O nmR>{dcr.
noedmB©Mr gyÌo Ë`mdoir ZmZm \$S>U{dgm§À`m hmVr hmoVr. Ë`mZo _amR>çm§À`mV EoŠ` {Q>H$dyZ OmZodmar
1779 _Ü`o VioJmd `oWo _amR>m g¡Ý`mZo B§J«Om§Zm Mmahr ~mOyZo H$m|S>rV nH$S>co. J{U_r H$mì`mZo Ë`mZm h¡amU
Ho$co. Ë`m§Mr agX VmoSy>Z B§J«Om§Mm XUXUrV nam^d Ho$cm. AÝZ, nmUr Z {_imë`m_wio B§J«Or g¡{ZH$m§Mr
Cnmg_ma hmody cmJcr. n[aUm_r B§J«Om§Zr _amR>çm§nwT>o eaUmJVr nËH$acr d Ë`mZm Vh H$aUo ^mJ nS>co
Ë`m dS>JmdÀ`m VhmZwgma •
1. B§J«Om§Zr aKwZmWamdmcm _amR>çm§À`m ñdmYrZ H$amdo.
2. gmîQ>r, dgB© d JwOamW_Yrc H$m~rO Ho$coco àXoe B§J«Om§Zr _amR>çm§Zm naV H$amdm.
3. ~§Jmc_YyZ JìhZ©a OZacZo nmR>dcoco g¡Ý` _mKmar KoÊ`mV `mdo.
4. amKmo~mer B§J«OmZr Ho$coco gd© H$ama aÔ Ho$co OmdoV.
5. darc AQ>tMo nmcZ hmoB©n`ªV XmoZ B§J«Om§Zm _amR>çm§H$S>o Amocrg R>odmdo.
52
hm Vh dS>Jm§dMm Vh åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. `mdoir Vmo\$ImÝ`mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z _amR>çm§À`m
H$MmQ>çmVyZ gwQy>Z OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ {~«{Q>e \$m¡OoZo H$ê$Z nm{hcm. nU Ë`mV Ë`m§Mo gw_mao nÝZmg `wamo{n`Z
d eoH$S>mo ^maVr` g¡{ZH$ _maco Joco. Ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Zm dS>Jm§dÀ`m Vhmcm _mÝ`Vm ÚmdrM cmJcr.
2.2.2.2.4 {~«{Q>e {damoYr A{Ic ^maVr` amÁ`g§K
A_o[aHo$À`m ñdmV§Í` `wÕmV B§½c§S>À`m hmVyZ VoWrc dgmhVr OmUma ho ñnîQ> Pmco. Voìhm VoWrc
An`emMm H$c§H$, ^maVmVrc à{VñnÜ`mªZm Zm_moha_ H$ê$Z YwdyZ H$mT>mdm `m hoVyZo hopñQ>¨½OZo An_mZmñnX
dS>Jm§dMm Vh \o$Q>miyZ cmdcm d Ë`mZo _amR>çm§{déÜX `wÕmMr V`mar Ho$cr. OZac JmoS>mS>©À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr
{~«{Q>e \$m¡O Ë`mZo nwÊ`mÀ`m amoImZo nmR>{dcr Am{U H°$ßQ>Z nmo\°$_ `mcm qeKm{déÕ ½dm°ëhoa da MmcyZ
Om`Mo AmXoe {Xco. dS>Jm§d VhmZwgma _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Agcocm aKwZmWamdhr nhmaoH$è`m§À`m hmVmda
Vwar XodyZ nimcm d gwaV `oWo JmoS>mS>©cm OmdyZ {_imcm.
dS>Jm§dMm Vh CYiyZ B§J«Om§Zr AmH«$_H$ n{dÌm KoVmM ZmZm \$S>UrgmZo ZmJnyaH$a ^mogco, h¡Xam~mXMm
{ZPm_ d åh¡gyaMm h¡XaAcr `m§À`mer ~mocUr H$ê$Z Mm¡Km§Mr `wVr KS>dyZ AmUcr. ^mogë`mZo ~§Jmcda,
h¡Xa AcrZo _Ðmgda, {ZPm_mZo nyd© {H$Zmè`mda Va nwUo gaH$maZo JwOamW_Yo EH$mMdoir B§J«Om§{déÜX
AmKmS>r CKS>mdr Aer ZmZm \$S>UdrgmZr `moOZm AmIcr. hr `moOZm `eñdr Pmcr AgVr Va B§J«Om§À`m
AmH«$_H$nUmcm cJm_ KmcVm Amcm AgVm. _mÌ ^maVr` gÎmm{Yem§À`m ñdmWm©_wio hr `moOZm {Zî\$imR>acr.
hopñQ>¨½OZo `m AmKmS>rV \$moS>m\$moS>rMo amOH$maU Ho$co. {ZPm_mcm Jw§Qy>a {Oëhm naV H$ê$Z B§J«Om§{déÜX
Ë`mcm em§V Ho$co. ZmJnyaH$a ^mogë`m§Zm 50 cmImMr cmM XodyZ Ë`mZmhr Jßn ~g{dco. n[aUm_r ~§Jmc
d nyd© {H$Zmè`mda B§J«OmZm YmoH$m am{hcm Zmhr. noedo d h¡XaAcrZo B§J«Om§{déÜX Amncr H$m_{Jar MmoI
~Omdcr. _mÌ B§J«O A{YH$mar JmoS>mS>©Zo JwOamW_Ü`o \$Îmoqgh Jm`H$dmS>mg Amnë`m ~mOycm didyZ KoVco.
Ë`m_wio _hmXOr qeXo d VwH$moOr hmoiH$a JwOamWH$S>o Joco. E{àc 1780 _Ü`o _amR>m-B§J«OmZm nwÝhm `wÕ
gwê$ Pmco. JmoS>mS>© 1780 _Ü`o Ah_Xm~mXda hëcm Ho$cm. Ë`mcm _amR>r \$m¡O Vm|S> XoV hmoVrM. BH$S>o
ZmZm \$S>UdrgmZo _ÐmgÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rda OmoaXma hëco H$aÊ`mg h¡Xa Acrcm àd¥Îm Ho$co. h¡XaZo _Ðmg
àm§VmV B§J«Om§{déÜX OmoaXma AmKmS>r CKS>cr. B§J«Om§Mr {nN>ohmQ> hmody cmJcr. BH$S>o JmoS>mS>©dahr _amR>çm§Zr
MTy>Z Amcm, nU Ë`mcm I§S>mù`mÀ`mnwT>o OmVm `oB©Zm. {VZ _{hZo B§J«O-_amR>çmV AZoH$ cT>m`m Pmë`m.
B§J«Om§Mo 11 cîH$ar A{YH$mar d eoH$S>mo g¡{ZH$ _maco Joco. H$m§hrhr H$ê$Z _amR>çm§er Vh H$aUo B§J«Om§Zm
C{MV dmQy> cmJco.
_Ü` ^maVmV B§J«O goZmnVr nmo\°$g `mZo qeÚm{déÜX {dO` {_i{dcm. Ë`mZo ½dmëhoaMm {H$ëcm
hñVJV Ho$cm. nmo\°$_Zo _hmXOr qeX|Mm \o$~«wdmar 1781 _Ü`o {gàr `oWohr nam^d Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio {~«{Q>em§er
{_iVo-OwiVo KoVo _hmXOrcm, JaOoMo dmQy> cmJco.
53
X{jUoV h¡XaÀ`m P§PmdVr _mè`mnwT>o B§J«O hV~c Pmco. H$Z©c {n`g© d ga Am`aHw$Q> `m§Mm Ë`mZo
nam^d Ho$cm. h¡XaZo _Ðmgda hëcm H$ê$Z B§J«Om§Mo 70 A{YH$mar d 300 g¡{ZH$ R>ma Ho$co. h¡XaZo X{jUoV
Amnco nyU© {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV Ho$co. JmoS>mS>© nwÊ`mÀ`m \$m¡OonwT>o hV~c Pmcm hmoVm. gVV ghm _{hZo
Mmccoë`m `wÕm_wio H§$nZrda _moR>m Am{W©H$ VmU nS>cm hmoVm. ~§Jmc_Ü`o XþîH$mi nS>cm. Ë`mVM nyd©
{H$Zmè`mda \«|$Mm§Mo Zm¡Xc `odyZ WS>H$Uma Aer A\$dm CR>cr hmoVr. A_o[aHo$Vhr {~«{Q>e nam^yV Pmco
hmoVo. Aem EH§$XarV {d{MÌ n[apñWVrV B§J«O `wÕ~XrH$[aVm CËgwH$ hmoVo. B§J«Om§Zr _hmXOr qeXo~amo~a
dmQ>mKmQ>r gwê$ Ho$ë`m. gVVÀ`m `wÕm_wio _amR>çm§Mr pñWVrhr Mm§Jcr ZìhVr. A§VJ©V H$ma^mamH$S>o Xþc©j
Pmë`m_wio Am{W©H$ àíZ ^oS>gmdV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _hmXOr dmQ>mKmQ>rZm V`ma Pmcm. ZmZm \$S>Urgmcmhr
ømV AS>Wim AmUVm Amcm Zmhr. eodQ>r _hmXOr d H$Z©c å`ya `m§À`mV `wÕ Wm§~{dÊ`mMm Vh Pmcm
(Am°ŠQ>mo. 1781) `mMr H$c_o nwT>rcà_mUo :1. XmoÝhr njmZr `wÕ Wm§~dmdo.
2. å`yaZo `_wZoncrH$S>o d _hmXOrZo CÁO¡Zcm Omdo.
3. B§J«O _amR>çm_Ü`o d B§J«O-h¡XaAcr_Ü`o em§VVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg _hmXOrZo à`ËZ
H$amdm.
4. ~w§XocI§S>mVrc qOH$cocm àXoe B§J«Om§Zr _amR>çm§Zm naV H$amdm.
øm{edm` CÎma ^maVmV H$m`© H$aÊ`mMm {deofV: {Xëcr g_«mQ>m~m~VMm Amncm A{YH$ma _mÝ`
H$amdm Aer _mJUr _hmXOrZo B§J«Om§H$S>o Ho$cr. hopñQ>¨½OZo gd© AQ>r VmËH$mi _mÝ` Ho$ë`m. darc Vhmda
{XK©H$mi MMm© hmodZy B§JO« _amR>o `m§À`mV ½dmëhoaOdi gmc~mB© `oWo A§{V_ Vh Pmcm. Vhmda _amR>çm§À`mV\}$
_hmXOr qeXo `mZo Va B§J«Om§À`mdVrZo A±S>agZZo gøm Ho$ë`m (17 _o 1782) gmc~mB©À`m VhmMr à_wI
H$maUo nwT>rcà_mUo :1. nwa§YaÀ`m VhmZ§Va B§J«OmZr _amR>çm§Mm dgB©gh qOH$cocm àXoe _amR>çm§Zm naV H$amdm.
2. JwOamW_Ü`o qOH$cocm àXoe B§J«Om§Zr noedm d Jm`H$dmS> `m§MoH$S>o gmondmdm.
3. gmîQ>r, ^S>moM d _w§~B©À`m AmgnmgMm àXoe B§J«Om§H$S>oM ahmdm.
4. aKwZmWamdmcm BWyZnwT>o B§J«O _XV H$aUma ZmhrV. Ë`mZm Xa_hm 25 hOma én`o noeì`m§Zr
ÚmdoV.
5. h¡Xa AcrZo qOH$cocm àXoe B§J«Om§Zm naV XoÊ`mgmR>r noeì`m§Zr à`ËZ H$amdoV.
6. B§J«O d _amR>o EH$_oH$m§Zm CnÐd XoUma ZmhrV.
54
7. noeì`m§Zr B§J«Om§{edm` AÝ` `wamonr`Zm§Mo ghmæ` Kody Z`o.
8. VhmÀ`m AQ>rMo nmcZ XmoÝhr ~mOyH$Sy>Z hmoVo qH$dm Zmhr `mMr nmhUr ñdV: _hmXOr qeXo `m§Zr
H$amdr.
AemàH$mao darc AQ>rZwgma gmc~mB©Mm Vh KSy>Z Amcm d n{hco B§J«O _amR>o `wÕ g_mßV Pmco.
^maVmÀ`m AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© Vhmn¡H$s gmc~mB©Mm Vh EH$ hmo`. `m VhmVyZ ZmZm \$S>UrgmMo amOH$maU
_hmXOr qeXoMo aUm§JUmVrc H$m¡eë` {gÕ Pmco. noedmB©Mr gd© gÎmm ZmZmMm hmVr EH$dQ>cr. ZmZmÀ`m
_wËgÔo{JarZo {~«{Q>em§nmgyZ _amR>m amÁ` gwIê$n am{hco. _hmXOr qeXoMr à{VîR>m `m VhmZo dmT>cr. nwÊ`mV
ZmZm d CÎmaoV _hmXOr AmhoV, Vmon`ªV _amR>çm§À`m H$ma^mamV hñVjon H$aUo YmoŠ`mMo Amho ho {~«{Q>em§Zm
H$iyZ MwH$co.
2.2.2.2.5 Xþgao B§J«O-_amR>m `wÕ (1803)
B§J«Om§er gmc~mB©Mm Vh H$ê$Z _amR>çm§Zr Amnë`m {nË`mMm {dídmgKmV Ho$cm, åhUyZ {Q>ny gwcVmZZo
_amR>çm§er g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$cm. 1786 À`m gmdZyaÀ`m cT>mB©V _amR>çm§Zm nam^yV Ho$co. _mM© 1786 _Ü`o
JO|ÐJS>À`m VhmZwgma _amR>çm§er Agcocm g§Kf© {Q>nyZo Wm§~{dcm. nwT>o Mm¡WmB©À`m àíZmdê$Z _amR>çm§Mo
{ZPm_mer {~Zgco. Ë`mVyZ IS>çm©Mr cT>mB© hmodyZ (_mM© 1785) Ë`mV _amR>çmZr {ZOm_mda {dO`
{_i{dcm. AemàH$mao g§nyU© ^maVmV _amR>o gd©loîR> R>aco. Ë`mZ§Va n[apñWVrV PnmQ>çmZo ~Xc hmodyZ
amOH$s` n[apñWVrVrc ~è`mM KS>m_moS>r Pmë`m. 1795 _Ü`o gdmB© _mYdamdMo AnKmVr {ZYZ Pmë`mZo
_amR>r amOH$maUmV XmoZ JQ> nS>co. noedonXmgmR>r H$m§hrZr aKwZmWamdmMm XÎmH$ nwÌ A_¥Vamd `mg nmqR>~m
{Xcm Va H$m§hr gaXma aKwZmWamdmMm Am¡agnwÌ ~mOramd ({ÛVr`) `mÀ`m nmR>rer am{hco. eodQ>r ~aoM
amOH$maU hmodyZ ~mOramd Xþgam noedm ~Zcm ({S>g|~a 1796) ~mOramd d ZmZm \$S>UrgmMo g§~§Y \$mago
Mm§Jco ZìhVo. _mÌ _mM© 1800 _Yo ZmZm \$S>UrgmMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm. noedm ~mOramd Xþgam `mda H$moUmMoM
{Z`§ÌU am{hco Zmhr.
qeXo-hmoiH$a `m§À`mVrc ^m§S>Uo C\$miyZ da Amcr. Xm¡cVamd qeXo Am{U noedm ~mOramd Xþgam
`m§À`m{déÜX hmoiH$a ~§YyZr g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$cm. Ë`mV _ëhmaamd d {dR>moOr hmoiH$a _maco Joco. Ë`m_wio
`ed§Vamd hmoiH$aZo nÌ nmR>dyZ ~mOramd Xþgam `mH$S>o Ý`m` _m{JVcm. ~mOramdmZo Ë`mH$S>o Xþc©j Ho$ë`mZo
`ed§VamdmÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo H¥$îUm ZXrn`ªVMm ~mOramdmMm àXoe cyQ>cm. `ed§VamdmZo Ah_XZJahr cwQ>co.
lrJmoXo d Om_Jmd `oWrc {eYm§Mo, _hmc OmiyZ Q>mH$co. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1802 _Ü`o ~mam_Vr `oWo ~mOramd
d `ed§VamdmV OmoaXma `wÕ hmodyZ Ë`mV ~mOramdmMm nam^d Pmcm. Ë`m_wio nwÊ`mMo cmoH$ ^`^rV Pmco.
~mOramdmZo Xm¡cVamdmg X{jUoH$S>o `oÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$cr. _mÌ Ë`mZo Ag_W©Vm Xe©{dcr. `ed§Vamd
hmoiH$amZo gai nwÊ`mdaM Mmc Ho$cr. ~mOramd qghJS>cm {ZKyZ Jocm. hS>ngaÀ`m `wÕmV hmoiH$am§Mm
55
{dO` Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Mo nwÊ`mda dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmco. ^`^rV Pmcocm ~mOramd dgB© `oWo B§J«Om§À`m
Aml`mcm Jocm.
2.2.2.2.6 dgB©Mm Vh (1802)
~mOramdmZo V¡ZmVr \$m¡O pñdH$mamdr `mgmR>r B§J«Om§Mo AmYrnmgyZM à`ËZ gwê$ hmoVo. nU ~mOramd
~Ycm ZìhVm. _mÌ `ed§Vamd hmoiH$amZo nwÊ`mda gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mZo B§J«Om§Mm Aml` KoVcm
hmoVm. hmoiH$am§Zr ~mOramdmg B§J«Om§Mo ghH$m`© KodyZ Amnë`mM nm`mda Hw$èhmS> _mê$Z Z KoÊ`m{df`r
{dZ§Vr Ho$cr, nU Ë`mg AmVm doi Pmcm hmoVm. ~mOramdmZo A{ZÀN>mnyd©H$ B§J«Om§er Vh Ho$cm. hmM
B{Vhmg à{gÕ dgB©Mm Vh (31 {S>g|~a 1802) hmo`, `m H$amamZwgma 1. ~mOramdmÀ`m àXoemMo g§ajU B§J«O H$aVrc.
2. ~mOramdmÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r B§J«O 6 hOma \$m¡O (V¡ZmVr \$m¡O) XoVrc.
3. \$m¡OoÀ`m IMm©gmR>r ~mOramdmZo B§J«OmZm 26 cj én`o dm{f©H$ CËnÝZmMm àdoe Úmdm.
4. ~mOramd d B§J«O `m§À`mV g§Kf© Pmë`mg ~mOramd B§J«Om§Mm {ZU©` _mÝ` H$arc.
5. XmoKm§Zrhr nañnam§Zm cîH$ar _XV H$amdr.
6. B§J«Omì`{V[aŠV AÝ` `wamo{n`Zm§Zm ~mOramd Amnë`m ZmoH$arV R>odUma Zmhr.
7. {ZOm_ d Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`mer noedm gaH$maMo gd© V§Q>o {~«{Q>e cdmXm_m\©$V gmoS>dco OmdoV.
8. B§J«Om§Mm EH$ ao{gS>§Q> noedm Xa~mar H$m`_ ahmdm.
hm dgB©Mm Vh _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _hÎdnyU© R>acm. `m VhmZoM Xþgao B§J«O-_amR>m `wÕ gwê$ Pmco
Am{U Ë`mV _amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmcm. _amR>o Amnco gdm}ÀM ñWmZ J_mdyZ ~gco. dgB©À`m VhmZo
_amR>çm§À`m ñdmV§Í` gy`m©cm J«hU cmJco Ago åhQ>co OmVo.
dgB©À`m VhmMm g_mMma Xþgè`m {XderM nwÊ`mg H$icm. B§J«O dH$sc H$Z©c ŠcmoOZo `ed§Vamdmg
nwUo gmoSy>Z OmÊ`mMm {Zamon {Xcm. hr gai-gai Y_H$s Agë`mZo `ed§VamdmZo B§J«Om§{déÜX _amR>çm§Zm
g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. nU qeÚm§Zr Ë`mg Agh_Vr Xe©{dcr, Ë`m_wio hmoiH$am§Zr nwUo gmoS>Ê`mMm
{ZU©` KoVcm. OmVmZm Ë`m§Zr nwUo cwQy>Z nwÊ`mMr XþX©em Ho$cr. àOoda hH$ZmH$ AÝ`m` Ho$cm. nwT>o Am°W©a
docñcr nwÊ`mV Amcm. ~mOramdhr ao{gS>§Q> H$Z©c ŠcmoO~amo~a nwÊ`mV Amcm. _mÌ Vmo AmVm gmd©^m¡_ ZgyZ
B§J«Om§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr hmoVm.
_amR>çm§{déÜX docñcrZo `wÕmMr V`mar gwê$ Ho$cr. qeXo ^mogco XmohmoM B§J«Om§er cTw> cmJco. _mÌ
AgB©, AS>Jmd, cmgdmS>r `oWrc cT>m`mV Ë`m§À`m \$m¡Om§Mm nam^d Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr B§J«Om§er Vh Ho$cm.
56
qeÚm§Zr gwaOr, A§OZJmd d ^mogë`m§Zr XoJmdMm Vh H$ê$Z V¡ZmVr \$m¡O nXar R>odÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xcr.
E{àc 1804 _Ü`o docñcrZo hmoiH$am{déÜX `wÕ gwê$ Ho$co. cm°S>© coH$, Am°W©a docñcr, H$Z©c _m°ÝgZ `m§Zm
hmoiH$am§{déÜX nmR>{dco. hmoiH$amZo H$Z©c _m°ÝgZMm nam^d Ho$cm. _mÌ cm°S>© coH$Zo {S>J-^aVnya `oWo
hmoiH$am§Zm nam^yV Ho$co. _m°ÝgZÀ`m g¡Ý`mMr ggohmocnQ> d coH$cm ^aVnya qOH$Ê`mV `oi cmJë`m_wio
H§$nZr g§MmcH$m§Zr docñcrcm ^maVmVyZ naV ~mocmdco. Ë`mOmJr cm°S>© H$m°Z©dm°{cgcm nmR>dyZ hmoiH$am§er
Mmccocr `wÕo ~§X H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVco. AemàH$mao Xþgè`m B§J«O _amR>m `wÕmV B§J«Om§Zr noeì`m§Zm Amnco
Vm~oXma ~Z{dco d qeXo, ^mogco, hmoiH$am§Zm EH$-EH$Q>o JmRy>Z Ë`m§Zmhr nam^yV Ho$co.
2.2.2.2.7 {Vgao B§J«O _amR>m `wÕ (1817-18)
Xþgè`m ~mOramd noeì`mZo V¡ZmVr \$m¡OoMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z _amR>m gaXma _§S>imMo ZoV¥Ëd J_mdco hmoVo,
AmVm Vmo H§$nZrÀ`m dM©ñdmVyZ gwQ>Ê`mMo à`ËZ H$ê$ cmJcm. Ë`mVM 1814 _Ü`o ~S>moÚmÀ`m Jm`H$dmS>m§Mm
dH$sc J§JmYan§VemñÌr nQ>dY©Z hm noeì`mH$S>o VoWrc dgwcrÀ`m {heo~m~V ~mocUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amcm
AgVm n§T>anya `oWo Ë`mMm IyZ Pmcm, Ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Mm noeì`mda amof Pmcm. XmoKm§Vrc g§~§Y {dH$monmcm
Joco. ZdrZ Amcoë`m JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>© hopñQ>¨½OZo noeì`mda EH$ ZdrZ Vh cmXcm, `m VhmZwgma•
1. noeì`mZo _amR>m g§KmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmMm Ë`mJ H$amdm d B§J«Om§À`m _Ü`ñWr{edm` AÝ` amÁ`m§er
g§~§Y R>ody Z`o.
2. ~mOramdmZo V¡ZmVr \$m¡OÀo `m IMm©gmR>r 34 cj én`oMm àXoe, Ah_XZJaMm {H$ëcm, ~§Xw c
o I§S>,
_midm Am{U CÎma ^maVmVrc Amnco àXoe H§$nZrcm ÚmdoV.
3. J§JmYaemñÍ`mÀ`m IwZmg H$maUr^yV Pmcoë`m qÌ~H$Or S>|Jio `mg B§J«Om§À`m ñdmYrZ H$amdo
d 4 cmI én`o dm{f©H$ I§S>UrÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Jm`H$dmS>m§darc Amnë`m gd© A{YH$mam§Mm
Ë`mJ H$amdm.
darc VhmÀ`m AQ>r A{Ve` OmMH$ Agë`mZo Ë`mMo nmcZ ~mOramd H$aUo eŠ` ZìhVo. ~mOramdhr
qeXo, hmoiH$a, ^mogë`m§er JwßV nÌì`dhma H$ê$Z B§J«Om§{déÜX cîH$ar CR>mdmgmR>r à`ËZerc hmoVm.
hmoiH$a, ^mogë`m§H$Sy>Z Ë`mcm ghH$m`m©Mo AmídmgZ {_imë`m_wio ~mOramdmZo 1817 _Ü`o B§J«Om§À`m IS>H$s
`oWrc N>mdUrda hëcm MT>{dcm, _mÌ B§J«Om§Zr Ë`mMm nam^d Pmcm. Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ _{hZo nimni H$ê$Z
eodQ>r OyZ 1818 _Ü`o ~mOramd Om°Z _mëH$_cm eaU Jocm. B§J«Om§Zr Ë`mcm noedo nXmdê$Z nXÀ`wV H$ê$Z
dm{f©H$ AmR> cmI én`o noÝeZ XoD$Z H$mZnyaZ{OH$ {~Rw>a `oWo ZoD$Z R>odco. _amR>m amÁ`mMm EH$ ^mJ
gmVmaÀ`m N>ÌnVr àVmnqgh ^mogco `m§g XoD$Z gmVmaMo ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$co d Cd©[aV gd© noeì`m§Mo
amÁ` _w§~B© àm§VmV {dcrZ Ho$co. AemMàH$mao hmoiH$a, Jm`H$dmS>, qeÚm§Mmhr nam^d H$ê$Z B§J«Om§Zr gd©
_amR>r àXoemda {Z{d©dmX gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$cr.
57
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. åh¡gyaMm àXoe .............. gm_«mÁ`m§VJ©V hmoVm.
(A) _wKc
(~) ~hm_Ur
(H$) {dO`ZJa
(S>) _amR>m.
2. X{jUoV ............. ho \«|$Mm§Mo _w»` R>mUo hmoVo.
(A) åh¡gya
(~) M§ÐZJa
(H$) ~|Jcya
(S>) nm§S>oMoar.
3. {Q>ny gwcVmZMr amOYmZr .............. hmoVr.
(A) åh¡gya
(~) lra§JnÅ>U
(H$) ~ocya
(S>) ~§Jmc.
4. aKwZmWamd d _w§~B©H$a B§J«O `m§À`mV 1775 _Ü`o ............ Vh Pmcm.
(A) gwaVoMm
(~) nwa§YaMm
(H$) nwÊ`mMm
(S>) dS>Jm§dMm.
5. {~«{Q>em§{damoYr A{Ic ^maVr` g§K V`ma H$aÊ`mV ............. Zo nwT>mH$ma KoVcm.
(A) gImam_~mny (~) ZmZm \$S>Urg (H$) aKwZmWamd
(S>) Zmam`Uamd.
(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. h¡XaAcr ñdnamH«$_mda qS>S>rJcMm H$moU Pmcm.
2. n{hco åh¡gya `wÕ H$moUm_Ü`o Pmco.
3. noedm _mYdamdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va H$moU noedm ~Zco.
4. gImam_~mny, ZmZm \$S>Udrg, _hmXOr qeXo, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a BË`mXr ~mamOUm§À`m JQ>mcm H$m`
åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.
5. 1802 _Ü`o Xþgam ~mOramd d _w§~B©H$a B§J«O `m§À`mV H$moUVm Vh Pmcm.
2.2.3 qgY Am{U n§Om~
2.2.3.1 qgY
qgY hm qgYy ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mVrc àXoe Amho. qgY A\$Jm{UñWmZmMm _m§S>{cH$ àXoe hmoVm. VoWrc
emgH$m§Zm A{_a åhUV. A{_a _wiMo ~cw{MñWmZmVrc `m ~cwMr O_mVrZo qgYMm Vm~m KoVcm. VoWo AZoH$
58
N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r amÁ`o hmoVr, n¡H$s I¡anya, {_anya d h¡Xam~mX hr à_wI amÁ`o. nwT>o `oWrc A{_amZrmA_aH$moQ>,
H$amMr, ^ŠIa d {eH$manya hr R>mUr qOHy$Z KoVcr. B§J«Om§Mm qgYer ì`mnmar g§~§Y hmoVm. B§J«Om§Zr cÇ>m
`oWo dIma ñWmnZ Ho$cr hmoVr. B§J«Om§Zr àmXo{eH$ {dñVma Am{U amOH$s` _hÎdmH$m§jonmoQ>r qgYÀ`m A§VJ©V
H$ma^mamV hñVjon H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Mr qgY_YyZ hH$mcnÅ>r H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
r
1809 Mm H$ama
qgYÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{cH$ _hËdm_wio qgY_Ü`o M§Myàdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r cm°S>© q_Q>moZo 1809 _Ü`o qgYÀ`m
A{_am§er EH$ Vh Ho$cm. Ë`m VhmÝd`o,
A{_amZr \«|$MmZm Amnë`m àXoemV dmñVì` H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr Xody Z`o. ho A{_amZr _mÝ` Ho$co.
1820 _Ü`o cm°S>© hopñQ>¨½OZo AmUIr EH$ nmdyc nwT>o Q>mHy$Z qgY_Ü`o B§J«Om§À`m ì`mnmamg nadmZJr
{_i{dcr. 1831 _Ü`o cm°S>© ~|qQ>JÀ`m H$mimV AcoŠPm§S>a ~Ýg© `mZo qgYy ZXrVyZ cmhmoan`ªV àdmg Ho$cm.
Voìhm qgYMo _hÎd {~«{Q>em§Zm H$iyZ Amco. qgYcm Amnco à^md joÌ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r 1832 _Ü`o ~oqQ>JZo
qgYgr EH$ H$ama Ho$cm. Ë`mZwgma 1) B§J«Om§Zm qgY_YyZ ì`mnma H$aÊ`mMr gdcV {_imcr. 2) B§J«O
qgY_YyZ AWdm `wÕ gm{hË` ZoUma ZmhrV Ago dMZ {Xco. 3) B§J«O ì`mnmè`m§Zm qgY_Yo H$m`_ dmñVì`
H$aVm `oUma Zmhr.
darc VhmZ§Va B§J«Om§Mm amOH$s` à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$Z©c nm°qQ>JaMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Vmon`ªV
dm`ì` {g_oda a{e`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>© Am°H$c§S>Zo (1836-42)
qgY d A\$Jm{UñVmZ {~«{Q>e à^mdmImcr AmUÊ`mMo R>a{dco. cm°S>© Am°H$c§S>Zo 1838 _Ü`o qgYÀ`m
A{_am§da EH$ Vh cmXcm. qgYda aU{OVqgh AmH«$_U H$aUma Aer {^Vr KmcyZ Am°H$c§S>Zo A{_amZm
B§J«Om§er Vh H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co. Ë`mZwgma A{_a d {eI g§Kf© CX²^dë`mg B§J«Om§Mr _Ü`ñWr _mZÊ`mMo
A{_amZr _mÝ` Ho$co. Ë`m_wio qgY OdiOdi B§J«Om§À`m g§ajUmImcr Amco.
r
{Ìnjr` H$ama (1838)
A\$Jm{UñVmZ{déÜX cT>mB© H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` {~«{Q>em§Zr KoVcm hmoVm. Ë`mH$[aVm {_i{dVm `oB©c,
VodT>m n¡gm Ë`mZm {_idm`Mm hmoVm. A\$Jm{UñVmZmV OmÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>e \$m¡OmZm _mJ©hr hdm hmoVm.
Ë`mgmR>r 1838 _Ü`o aU{OVqgh d {~«{Q>e Aml`mImcr amhUmam A\$Jm{UñVmZmMm A{_a ehm ewZm
`mÀ`mer {~«{Q>em§Zr EH$ Ìrnjr` H$ama Ho$cm. a{e`mÀ`m YmñVr_wio A\$Jm{UñVmZmda Amnë`m hmVmVrc
EImXo ~mhþco Agmdo Ago dmQy>Z {~«{Q>em§Zr ehm ewOmg A\$Jm{UñVmZmÀ`m JmXrda ~g{dÊ`mMo R>a{dco.
`m gd© n[apñWVrMm \$Q>H$m Xþ~ù`m A{_amZm ~gcm. Ìrnjr` H$amamV {~«{Q>e R>adVrc VodT>r aŠH$_
qgYÀ`m A{_amZr I§S>Ur åhUyZ ehm ewOmcm Úmdr Aer VaVyX hmoVr. gwadmVrcm 20 cmI AgUmar hr
aŠH$_ Ë`mZr dmT>dV ZodyZ 25 cmI Ho$cr. {edm` {~«{Q>e \$m¡Om qgYÀ`m A{_am§er Ho$coë`m H$amamMm
59
hm CKS>CKS> ^§J hmoVmM {edm` A{_am§À`m ÑîQ>rZo Vmo Ë`m§À`m {hVg§~§YmZm ~mYm AmUUmam hmoVm. nU
eŠVremcr {~«{Q>em§nwT>o A{_am§Mo H$m§hr Mmcco Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm 1839 À`m EH$m VhmZo darc JmoîQ>r _mÝ`
H$amì`m cmJë`m.
r
qgYMm {dO`
1839 À`m VhmZo qgYÀ`m A{_am§Mo ñdmV§Í` OdiOdi g§nwîQ>mV Amco hmoVo. AemVM àW_
A\$JmU `wÕmV B§J«Om§Zm nam^d nËH$amdm cmJcm. {edm` Ë`mZm _moR>m Am{W©H$ ^mahr ghZ H$amdm cmJcm.
`mdoir JìhZ©a OZac EcZ~amo (1842-44) `mMr {Z`wŠVr Pmcr hmoVr. Vmo A\$JmUm§~amo~aMm nam^d
{dgaÊ`mgmR>r g§YrMr dmQ> nhmV hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r qgY qOH$Uo Ë`mZo {ZpíMV Ho$co. EcZ~amoZo qgY_Ü`o
ao{gS>|Q> åhUyZ Zo{n`aMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$cr. Zo{n`aZo qgY_Ü`o AmH«$_H$ YmoaUmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm.
Zo{n`aZo I¡anyaÀ`m A{_amdda naH$s` eŠVrer hmV{_idUr H$aVmo, Agm Amamon cmdcm. VgoM
h¡Xam~mXÀ`m A{_amdahr Xmofmamon R>odÊ`mV Amco. `m ~Xë`mV A{_amZr X§S>ñdê$nmV H$m§hr àXoe XoÊ`mMr
_mJUr {~«{Q>em§Zr Ho$cr. Ë`mM~amo~a I¡anyaÀ`m CÎmam{YH$ma g§Kfm©V {~«{Q>em§Zr hñVjon Ho$ë`mZo B§J«OA{_am§À`mV `wÕ gwê$ Pmco. ~cwMrZr ~§S> H$ê$Z B§J«O ao{gS>oÝgrda hëcm MT>{dcm. ao{gS>§Q> Am¡Q´>_ `mcm
niyZ Omdo cmJco. 1843 _Ü`o {~«{Q>e \$m¡OoZo {_AmZmo d Xm~mo `oWo ~cwMrZm nam^yV Ho$co. B§J«Om§Zr {_anya
KoVë`mda qgYZo eaUm§JVr nËH$acr. VmËH$mi qgY {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV {d{cZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. A{_amZm
~§Xr ~ZdyZ qgYÀ`m ~mhoa nmR>{dÊ`mV Amco.
{~«{Q>em§Zr qgY_Ü`o ""XmXm{Jar, AÝ`m` d AË`mMma'' hoM YmoaU Adc§{~co. A{_am§Mm àXoemqOH$Zo
AÝ`m`mMo Amho AgoM gd©gmYmaU _V Amho. Epë\$ñQ>Z åhUVmo, ""JëcrV _ma Imëë`mZ§Va (A\$Jm{UñVmZ)
Kar `odyZ Ë`mMm ~Xcm KoÊ`mgmR>r nËZrcm _maPmoS> H$aÊ`mgmaIr H¥$Vr B§J«Om§Mr hmoVr.
2.2.3.2 n§Om~
h¡Xa, {Q>ny, _amR>o Aem EHo$H$m ^maVr` gÎmocm nam^yV H$aV 1843 _Ü`o {~«{Q>em§Zr qgYMmhr Kmg
KoVcm. AmVm Ë`m§À`m gm_«mÁ`cmcgoÀ`m AmS> EH$M _moR>r gÎmm hmoVr. Vr åhUOo n§Om~_Yrc aU{OVqghmMr.
qgY qOH$VmM {~«{Q>emZr Amncr ZOa n§Om~H$S>o di{dcr. cdH$aM n§Om~hr {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mcm OmoS>cm
Jocm Am{U g§nyU© ^maVmda {~«{Q>em§Mo {Z{d©dmX dM©ñd àmßV Pmco.
2.2.3.2.1 aU{OVqghmMm CX`
AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg {eI doJdoJiçm ~mam JQ>mV {d^mJco Joco hmoVo. àË`oH$ JQ> EH$m
gaXmamÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr Ago. `mVrc gwH$aMm{H$`m `m {eI `moÕm§À`m JQ>mMm _hmqgJ hm ZoVm hmoVm.
_hmqgJmÀ`m nmoQ>r 13 Zmoìh|~a 1780 amoOr JwOamZdmcm `oWo Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m AmB©Mo Zm§d amOH$m¡a hmoVo.
60
1790 _Ü`o _hmqgJmMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm. Ë`mdoir aU{OVqgJmMo d` Ho$di 10 df} hmoVo. _mÌ Ë`mÀ`mOdi
AgmYmaU ~w{Õ_Îmm d g§KQ>Z H$m¡eë` hmoVo. AënmdYrVM aU{OVqghmZo KmoS>oñdmar, aU_¡XmZ, {d{dY eñÌo
hmVmiUo `mV Z¡nwÊ` {_i{dco. {dIwacoë`m gd© {eI JQ>mZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z {eIm§Mo EH$g§K amÁ` C^maÊ`mMr
_hËdmH$m§jm aU{OVqghm§H$S>o hmoVr. nwT>o Ë`mcm nmofH$ Ago dmVmdaU {_imco.
1798 _Ü`o P_ZehmÀ`m ^maVmdarc eodQ>À`m AmH«$_Umdoir Ë`mcm aU{OVqghmH$Sy>Z _mocmMr
_XV Pmcr. Ë`m_wio H$m~wccm OmVmZm P_ZehmZo 19 dfm©À`m aU{OVqghmcm "amOm' hm {H$Vm~ XodyZ
Ë`mcm cmhmoaMm JìhZ©a åhUyZ {Z`wŠV Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va gd© {damoYH$m§Zm nam^yV H$ê$Z d A\$JmUm§Mo dM©ñd
PwJmê$Z XodyZ aU{OVqghmZo cmhmoa `oWo Amnco amÁ` pñWa Ho$co.
2.2.3.2.2 aUOrVqghmMm amÁ`{dñVma
cmhmoaMm ñdV§Ì emgH$ åhUyZ aU{OVqghmZo ñdV:g Kmo{fV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo AZoH$ {dO` g§nmXZ
Ho$co. ~hþVoH$ {eI Q>moù`m ({_gi) Ë`mZo Amnë`m A{YnË`mImcr AmUë`m. Amnë`m amÁ`mMm {dñVma
Ë`mZo Oå_yn`ªV Ho$cm. 1805 _Ü`o aUOrVqghmZo A_¥VgaMm _hËdmMm {dO` g§nmXZ Ho$cm. A_¥Vga
{dO`mcm cmhmoaBVHo$M _hËd hmoVo, H$maU Vo {eIm§Mo _w»` Y_©H|$Ð hmoVo. B§J«Om§H$Sy>Z nam^yV Pmcocm
`ed§Vamd hmoiH$a _XVrgmR>r aU{OVqghmH$S>o Amcm. nU aUOrVqghmZo B§J«Om§À`m {déÜX Om`Mo ZmH$maco.
2.2.3.2.3 A_¥VgaMm _¡Ìr Vh (1809)
aU{OVqghmZo AZoH$ {dO` {_i{dë`mZ§Va gVcO ZXrÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rc d nydH} $S>rc àXoe {OH§$Ê`mMo
R>a{dco. 1806 _Ü`o Zm^m d n{V`mim emgH$m§Vrc g§Kfm©Mm \$m`Xm hmodyZ Ë`mZo Zm^m emgH$mcm cîH$ar
_XV XodyZ n{V`mim emgH$mcm Z_{dco. n{V`mim emgH$mZo aU{OVqghmMo dM©ñd _mÝ` Ho$co. Ë`mM~amo~a
qPX emgH$mZohr aUOrVqghmMo dM©ñd _mÝ` Ho$co d Ë`mcm _m¡ë`dmZ ^oQ>r I§S>Ur ñdê$nmV {Xë`m. nwT>o
aU{OVqghmZo gVcO ZXr nma H$ê$Z Am§~mcm, ñWmZoída, Zmam`UJS>, {\$amoOnya B. àdoe qOHy$Z KoVco.
aUOrVqgh àXoe {dñVma H$arV AgVmZm B§J«O VQ>ñW d¥ÎmrZo Ë`mH$S>o nhmV hmoVo. H$maU Ë`mZm Zonmo{c`ZÀ`m
AmH«$_UmMm YmoH$m dmQ>V Agë`m_wio aUOrVqghmcm XþImdUo Ë`mZm eŠ` ZìhVo. nwT>o n[apñWVr PnmQ>çmZo
~XcV Jocr. Zonmo{c`Z {ÛnH$ënr` cT>m`mV Jw§VyZ nS>cm. Ë`mM~amo~a VwH©$ñWmZÀ`m gwcVmZm~amo~a B§J«Om§Mo
_¡ÌrMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmco hmoVo. n[aUm_r B§J«Om§Zm aUOrVqghmÀ`m _¡ÌrMr JaO Cacr Zmhr. Ë`mZr
aUOrVqghm§{damoYr H$S>H$ YmoaU pñdH$mê$Z JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>© q_Q>moZo gVcOÀ`m X{jU d nyd}H$S>rc {eI
àXoemda H$ãOm H$aÊ`mg g¡Ý` nmR>{dco. Ë`mM~amo~a `m àXoemda aU{OVqghmZo nwÝhm AmH«$_U Ho$ë`mg
Ë`mcm B§J«O g¡Ý`mMm gm_Zm H$amdm cmJoc, Aer Y_H$shr {Xcr. aU{OVqghmcm `m Y_H$sMm g§Vmn
Amcm. nU B§J«Om§~amo~a Amncm Q>rH$md cmJUma Zmhr ho AmoiIyZ _wËgÔrnUmZo aU{OVqghmZo B§J«Om§~amo~a
A_¥VgaMm Vh Ho$cm (1809). Vmo Imcrcà_mUo :61
1. gVcO ZXr aU{OVqghmÀ`m amÁ`mMr X{jU gr_m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
2. gVcOÀ`m X{jU-nyd}H$S>rc àXoemV aU{OVqghmZo hñVjon H$ê$ Z`o.
3. gVcOÀ`m nyd}H$S>rc erI amÁ`m§Zr B§J«Om§Mo {Z`§ÌU ñdrH$maco.
4. gVcOÀ`m CÎma-npíM_oH$S>rc àXoemV B§J«Om§Zr cj Z XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co.
5. B§J«O \$m¡Om cw{Y`mZm `oWo R>odÊ`mMo aU{OVqghmZo _mÝ` Ho$co.
6. XmoKm§Zrhr nañnam§er _¡Ìr R>odÊ`mMo H$~yc Ho$co.
_hmamOm aU{OVqghmMr erIm§Zm EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Ë`mZo nwT>ohr gwê$ R>odcr. {_iVrc
VodT>o àdoe Ë`mZo KoÊ`mMo gwê$M R>odco. A_¥VgaÀ`m VhmMm _hÎdmMm n[aUm_ Agm H$s, Ë`mZo gVcOÀ`m
CÎma-nyd}H$S>o Amncm àXoe dmT>{dcm, {edm` A\$JmUm§nmgyZ ~amM àXoe qOHy$Z KoVcm. 1919 À`m
Xaå`mZ lrZJa, _wcVmZ, nR>mUH$moQ>, {g`mcH$moQ> B. àXoe Ë`mZo qOHy$Z KoVco. 1820-21 _Ü`o Ë`mZo
A\$JmUm§nmgyZ S>oam B©ñ_mBc ImZ, S>oam Jm{OImZ, ^ŠH$a B. qOHy$Z KoVco. 1824 _Ü`o noemda Ë`mÀ`m
Vmã`mV Amco. nwT>o Ë`mMr qgY qOH$Ê`mMr _hÎdmH$m§jm hmoVr, nU qgY_Ü`o B§J«O à`ËZerc AmhoV ho
nmhÿZ Ë`mZo qgYMm ZmX gmoSy>Z {Xcm, AemàH$mao n§Om~_Ü`o Amnco amÁ` Ë`mZo dmT>{dco. erI-B§J«O _¡Ìr
hr Ë`mZo {Q>H${dcr. 27 OyZ 1839 amoOr aU{OVqghmMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm.
2.2.3.2.4 aU{OVqghmÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ
aU{OVqghmMo amÁ` "gaH$ma-E-Imcgm' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmB©. àemgZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Ë`mZo
Amnco amÁ` 4 gwä`mV {d^m{OV Ho$co hmoVo. H$mpí_a, noemda, cmhmoa d _wcVmZ Ago Vo gw^o hmoV. gwä`mMo
naJÊ`mV d naJÊ`mMo IoS>çmV {d^mOZ Ho$co hmoVo. aU{OVqghmZo Amnë`m g¡Ý`mMo CËH¥$îR> g§KQ>Z Ho$co
hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`mOdi 60,000 nm`Xi, 15000 KmoS>Xi d Vmo\$ImZm hmoVm. {edm` \«|$MmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr
Amnco g¡Ý` Ë`mZo à{e{jV Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`mcm \$m¡O-B-Img åhUV. AZoH$ `wamo{n`Zhr Ë`mZo nXar R>odco
hmVoo. `m cîH$amÀ`m OmoamdaM Ë`mZo AZoH$ Xo{Xß`_mZ {dO` {_i{dco, Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamV AZoH$ {dX²dmZ
hmoVo. Ë`mZo ì`mnma-ì`dgm`m§Zm MmcZm {Xcr, {dÚocm àmoËgmhZ {Xco. Ë`mMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaUhr g{hîUw d
CXma hmoVo. {dIwacoë`m erIm§Zm Amnë`m em¡`m©À`m Omoamda Ë`mZo g§K{Q>V H$ê$Z EH$ ñdV§Ì erI gÎmm
{Z_m©U Ho$cr. àg§Jr _mKma KoD$Z B§J«Or gÎmonmgyZ Amnë`m amÁ`mMo Ë`mZo g§ajU Ho$co ho Ë`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$
H$m`© hmo`.
2.2.3.2.5 n{hco B§J«O-{eI `wÕ (1845-46)
aU{OVqghmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va n§Om~Mo dmVmdaU PnmQ>çmZo ~Xcy cmJco. Imcgm g¡Ý`mcm {Z`§ÌUmV
62
R>ody eHo$c Agm ZoVm {eIm§_Ü`o Cacm Zmhr. n[aUm_r gd©Ì IyZ, H$Q>, H$mañWmZo, Aì`dñWm {Z_m©U
Pmcr. Ë`mVyZ Imcgm g¡Ý`mMr VmH$X {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Jocr. aUOrVqghm§Mr _wco IaH$qgh, Zm¡{Zhmcqgh
d eoaqgh EH$m _mJmo_mJ EH$ JmXrda ~gco. _mÌ JyT>[aË`m Ë`m gdmªMo _¥Ë`y Pmco. eodQ>r aUOrVqghmMm
Aënd`rZ _wcJm {Xcrnqgh JmXrda ~gcm. Ë`mMr AmB© qOXZH$m¡a Ë`mMr g§a{jH$m {Z`wŠV Ho$cr Jocr.
Varhr n§Om~À`m n[apñWVrV \$magm ~Xc Pmcm Zmhr. Ë`mVyZ B§J«O-{eI `wÕ gwê$ Pmco.
2.2.3.2.6 `wÕmMr H$maUo :1.
B§J«Om§Mr H$Q>H$mañWmZo :-
n§Om~_Yrc Jm|YimÀ`m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm Z CR>dVrc Va Vo {~«{Q>e H$gco. n§Om~mVrc AamOH$VoMm
\$m`Xm CR>{dÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr {eIm§{déÜX H$Q>H$mañWmZo aMm`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. Ë`mgmR>r n§Om~ emgZmVrc
H$m§hr à_wI ZoË`m§Zm AZwHy$c H$ê$Z KoVco. H$m§hr {eI ZoË`m§Zr _XVrH$[aVm {~«{Q>em§g_moa AJmoXaM hmV
ngaco AmhoV. Aem ~mVå`m gd©Ì ngaë`m hmoË`m. aUOrVqghmÀ`m h`mVrVM n§Om~ H$emàH$mao hñVJV
H$aVm `oB©c, `mMr MMm© {~«{Q>e A{YH$mar H$aV hmoVo.
2.
Imcgm g¡Ý` :-
Á`m Imcgm g¡Ý`mÀ`m Omoamda aUOrVqghmZo AZoH$ {dO` {_i{dco, VoM Imcgm g¡{ZH$ AmVmm{eI
²gÎmmYmè`m§Zm S>moHo$XþIr hmodyZ ~gco. g¡Ý`mMr VmH$X H$_r ìhmdr Ago IwÔ amUr qOXZH$m¡a d AZoH$mgaXmamZm
dmQ>V hmoVo. n[aUm_r B§J«Om§er g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amcm. {dO` {_imcm Va {eI gÎmoMm
{dñVma hmoB©c Am{U namO` Pmcm Va g¡Ý`mMm VoOmo^§J hmodyZ Ë`m§Mr eŠVr H$_r hmoB©c Agm A§XmO hmoVm.
3.
B§J«Om§Mr _hÎdmH$m§jm d gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaU :-
B§J«Om§Zr aUOrVqghmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va doJmZo hmcMmcr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. {eI amÁ`mÀ`m {g_oda cw{Y`mZm,
A§~mcm B. _moŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr B§J«Om§À`m N>mdÊ`m hmoË`m. B§J«Om§Zm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma H$am`MmM hmoVm.
{eIm§er Ë`m§Mo _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y Agco Varhr Ë`mMm {d{Y{ZfoY Z ~miJVm Ë`m§Mo amÁ` qOHy$Z Amnco gm_«mÁ`
dmT>{dUo hoM Ë`m§Mo YmoaU hmoVo. AJmoXaM qgY Ë`m§Zr qOHy$Z KoVcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio {eI amÁ`mMr d nyd©
d X{jU {g_m AmdiÊ`mg B§J«Om§Zr gwadmV Ho$cr.
4.
VmËH$m{cH$ H$maU :-
Imcgm g¡Ý` B§J«Om§H$S>o g§e`mZo nhmV AgVmZmM 1809 À`m A_¥VgaÀ`m VhmZwgma gVcOÀ`m
nyd}H$S>rc B§J«O {Z`§ÌUmImcrc {eI àXoe B§J«Om§Zr Amnë`m gm_«mÁ`mcm OmoS>ë`mMr dmVm© H$iVmM 11
{S>g|~a 1845 amoOr {eIm§Zr B§J«Om§{déÜX `wÕKmofUm Ho$cr.
63
5.
`wÕ d¥Îmm§V :-
`wÕKmofUm Pmë`m~amo~aM {eI g¡Ý` ~cqgh d VoOqgh `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImcr gVcO nma H$ê$Z
X{jUoH$S>rc àXoemV Amco. {\$amoOnya `oWrc B§J«O N>mdUrda hëcm H$am`Mm Ë`m§Mm hoVy hmoVm. Aem
pñWVrV B§J«O-{eI `m§À`mVrc n{hcr cT>mB© _wXH$s (18 {S>g|~a 1845) `oWo Pmcr. XmoKmV g§Kf© gwê$
AgVmZmM cmcqgh {ZKyZ Jocm. Ë`m_wio øm g§Kfm©V {eI nam^yV Pmco. Ë`mZ§Va {\$amoOnya `oWo Pmcoë`mmcT>mB©V
nwÝhm {eIm§Mm nam^d Pmcm. 1846 _Ü`o Pmcoë`m A{cdmcÀ`m {Vgè`m cT>mB©V {eIm§Mm nam^d hmodyZ
Ë`m§À`m {H$Ë`oH$ Vmo\$m B§J«Om§À`m hmVr cmJë`m. eodQ>r \o$~«wdmar 1646 _Ü`o gw~amd `oWo C^`Vm§V KZKmoa
cT>mB© hmodyZ XmoKm§Mohr A{Ve` ZwH$gmZ Pmco. _maë`m Jocoë`m g¡{ZH$m§_wio gVcOMo nmUr cmc Pmco Ago
dU©Z Amho. `mdoir VoOqghmÀ`m X½`m_wio nwÝhm EH$Xm {eI g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Pmcm. B§J«O cmhmoa_Ü`o
Kwgco. {eIm§Zm eaUmJVr nËH$ê$Z g§Kf© Wm§~dmdm cmJcm. ho `wÕ B§J«Om§Zr namH«$_mnojm \§$X{\$VyarZo
A{YH$ qOH$co. Jwcm~qgh, cmcqgh, VoOqgh ho Ka^oXrM {eIm§À`m nam^dmg OmñV H$maUr^yV R>aco.
6.
cmhmoaMm Vh (_mM© 1846)
`wÕ g_mßVrZ§Va B§J«O d {eI `m§À`mV Imcrcà_mUo cmhmoaMm Vh Pmcm.
1. n§Om~Mm emgH$ {Xcrnqgh d Ë`mMr g§a{jH$m amUr qOXZH$m¡a hr ì`dñWm B§J«Om§Zr H$m`_
R>odcr.
2. gVcOÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rc {eI àXoe VgoM gVcO Vo {~`mg _Yrc àXoemda {XcrnqghmMm
H$moUVmhr A{YH$ma amhUma Zmhr.
3. `wÕ ZwH$gmZ^anmB© åhUyZ {eIm§da XrS> H$moQ>r X§S> cmdÊ`mV Amcm. VodT>r aŠH$_ Zgë`mZo
Oå_y-H$mpí_aMm H$m§hr àXoe {XcrnqghmZo B§J«Om§Zm {Xcm. Vmo B§J«Om§Zr Jwcm~qghmg 75 cj
én`m§Zm {dH$cm.
4. {eIm§À`m g¡Ý` g§»`oda ~§YZ KmcyZ Ë`mZr \$ŠV 12,000 KmoS>Xi R>odmdo.
5. {eI Amnë`m godoV AÝ` H$moUË`mhr `wamo{n`Zmcm R>odUma ZmhrV.
6. cmhmoa Xa~mamV B§J«O dH$sc R>odÊ`mV `oB©c.
7. {eIm§Zr `wÕmVrc Vmo\$m B§J«Om§Zm gmondmì`mV.
2.2.3.2.7 Xþgao B§J«O-{eI `wÕ (1848-49)
cmhmoa VhmZo d nwT>o Pmcoë`m ^¡amodmc VhmZo B§J«O-{eI g§Kfm©À`m dmVmdaUmV \$magm \$aH$ nS>cm
64
Zmhr. CcQ> Vo dmT>VM Joco. AemVM ^maVmMm JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ cm°S>© S>chm¡grMr {Z`wŠVr Pmcr.
Ë`mÀ`m AmJ_Zm~amo~aM Xþgao B§J«O-{eI `wÕ gwê$ Pmco.
`
`wÕmMr H$maUo :-
1.
VhmMr H$c_o :-
n{hë`m `wÕmVrc nam^d Imcgm g¡Ý`mÀ`m {Oìhmar cmJcm. AemVM cmhmoa VhmZo AZoH$ An_mZmñnX
AQ>r {eIm§Zm _mÝ` H$amì`m cmJë`m. ~amM àXoe J_dmdm cmJcm. g¡Ý` g§»`oda ~§YZo Amcr. amUr
OmoXoZH$m¡a d cmcqgh `mZm hÔnma H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio Imcgm g¡Ý` gyS>mZo noQ>co.
2.
hoÝar cm°aoÝgMo YmoaU :-
hoÝar cm°aoÝg cmhmoa `oWo ao{gS>|Q> åhUyZ Agcm Var g§nyU© n§Om~da Ë`mMo nyU© {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. B§J«Om§Zr
gwé Ho$coco g{V~§Xr gmaIo H$m`Xo cm°aoÝgZo n§Om~mVhr H$am`cm gwadmV Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio {eIm§À`mV Ag§Vmof
{Z_m©U Pmcm. {edm` àemgH$s` OmJm {eIm§EodOr cm°aoÝgZo B§J«Om§Zm XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr, Ë`m_wio
n§Om~_Ü`o AñdñWVm {Z_m©U Pmcr.
3.
Imcgm g¡Ý` :-
`wÕmVrc nam^dm_wio d Ë`mnmR>monmR> KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§_wio Imcgm g¡Ý`mV B§J«Om§{df`r H$Qy>Vm {Z_m©U
Pmcr. {edm` g¡Ý` g§»`oda B§J«Om§Zr ~§YZ KmVë`m_wio ~oH$ma Pmcoco g¡{ZH$ B§J«Om§À`m {damoYmV Joco.
4.
VmËH$m{cH$ H$maU :-
B.g. 1844 _Ü`o _wcVmZÀ`m gw^oXmanXr _yiamO Amcm. B§J«Om§Zr cmhmoa Xa~mamMr O~m~Xmar
KoVcr Agë`m_wio Ë`mZr _ycamOH$Sy>Z dmTy>dZ I§S>Ur _m{JVcr. {edm` Amncm EH$ V¥Vr`m§e àXoe
gmoS>Ê`mg gm§{JVco. B§J«Om§Zr Ë`mÀ`mda Hw$emgZmMm ImoQ>m Amamonhr cmdcm. `mM~amo~a _wiamOÀ`m A§VJ©V
H$ma^mamV T>dimT>di B§J«O H$ê$ cmJco. hm AÝ`m` ghZ Z Pmë`m_wio _yiamOZo _hgmZMo gw^oXmanX
gmoS>Ê`mMr BÀN>m ì`ŠV Ho$cr. B§J«O ao{gS>|Q>Zo cJoM H$hmZqgh `mg gw^oXma ~Z{dco. H$hmZqghm~amo~a XmoZ
B§J«O A{YH$mar XodyZ gw^oXmarMm Vm~m KoÊ`mg nmR>{dco (19 E{àc 1848). na§Vw Xþgè`mM {Xder 20
E{àc amoOr H$moUrVar AkmV ì`ŠVrZo XmoÝhr B§J«O A{YH$mè`mZm R>ma _maco. Ë`mMo Imna B§J«Om§Zr
_yiqghmda \$moS>co. n[aUm_r B§J«Om§À`m `m dmT>Ë`m AË`mMmamcm H§$Q>miyZ _yiqghmZo B§J«Om§{déÜX
~§S> nwH$maco. ~§S> _moS>Ê`mgmR>r B§J«Om§Zr nmR>{dcocm eoaqgh gaXmahr _yiqghmcmM OmdyZ {_imcm.
AemàH$mao B§J«Om§{déÜX ñdmV§Í``wÕ nwH$mê$Z Ë`mZo _whVmZMm Vm~m KoVcm. `m CR>mdmMo ê$nm§Va B§J«O-{eI
`wÕmV Pmco.
65
`
`wÕ d¥Îmm§V
{eIm§_Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmcocr hr ñdmV§Í`mMr ^mdZm {MaSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r cm°S>© S>chm¡grZo {eIm§{déÜX
`wÕmMr KmofUm Ho$cr. 10 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1848 amoOr goZmnVr øy J\$ `mcm {eIm§À`m {déÜX nmR>{dco. J\$Zo
amdr ZXr Amocm§Sy>Z {MmZ~À`m H$mR>mdarc am_ZJada ñdmar Ho$cr. {eIm§À`m ~mOyZo eoaqghmZo B§J«Om§Zm
H$S>dm {damoY Ho$ë`mZo am_ZJaÀ`m cT>mB©V H$moUmcmM {dO` {_imcm Zmhr. nwT>o {M{c`Zdmcm `oWo Pmcoë`m
cT>mB©V (13 OmZodmar 1849) B§J«Om§Zm nam^d nËH$amdm cmJyZ Ë`m§Mo _moR>o ZwH$gmZ Pmco. Ë`m_wio J\$À`m
OmJr Mmëg© Zo{n`aMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Zo{n`aZo _whVmZda hëcm H$ê$Z _yiamOMm nam^d Ho$cm
d _whVmZ qOH$co. _yiamOda IQ>cm ^ê$Z Ë`mcm Am_aU g_wÐnma H$aÊ`mV Amco. {VH$S>oM Vmo _aU
nmdcm. nwT>o {MZm~ ZXrÀ`m H$mR>mda JwOamV `m {R>H$mUr Pmcocr cT>mB© _hÎdmMr R>acr. (21 \o$~«wdmar
1849) ømdoir {eImZm A\$Jm{UñVmZMm emgH$ XmoñV _h§_X `mMo ghmæ` {_imco. `m cT>mB©cm Vmo\$m§Mr
cT>mB© åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. eodQ>r {eIm§Mm nam^d Pmcm. {eIm§Zr eaUmJVr nËH$acr. Vm~S>Vmo~
S>chm¡grZo n§Om~ {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV {dcrZ Ho$ë`mMr KmofUm Ho$cr (26 _mM©) {Xcrnqghmcm noÝeZ XodyZ
Ë`mMm n§Om~darc A{YH$ma g_mßV Ho$cm.
aUOrVqghm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§À`m dmagmVrc JQ>~mOr IyZ Iam~m, AamOH$Vm d Jm|YimMo dmVmdaU
`m_wio {eIm§Mm nam^d Pmcm. {eI g¡Ý`mÀ`m amOH$maUmVrc hñVjon d ~o{eñV {eIm§Mr Am{W©H$
H$_Omoar, gaXmam§Mr \§$X{\$Vyar `m_wio 1849 _Ü`o {eIm§Mm nam^d Pmcm. n§Om~ H$m`_Mo {~«{Q>e
gm_«mÁ`mcm OmoS>Ê`mV Amco.
n§Om~_Ü`o {M\$ H${_eZa åhUyZ Om°Z cm°aoÝgMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. cm°aoÝgZo VoWo em§VVm d
gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$cr. {g_oda g¡Ý` R>odyZ {H$ëë`mMo _O~yVrH$aU Ho$co. n§Om~_Ü`o aoëdo, H$mcdo B.
H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm am~{dUo gwê$ Ho$co.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. qgY hm ................. Mm _m§S>{cH$ àXoe hmoVm.
(A) n§Om~
(H$) A\$Jm{UñWmZ
(~) _amR>çm§Mm
(S>) H$Zm©Q>H$Mm.
2. 1809 À`m H$amamÀ`mdoir ............... hm H§$nZrMm JìhZ©a OZac hmoVm.
(A) cm°S>© q_Q>mo
(H$) H$m°Z© dm°crg
(~) dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½O
(S>) docñcr.
66
3. aUOrVqgh hm .............. Mm _wcJm hmoVm.
(A) ^¡adqgh
(~) _hmqgh
(H$) {Xcrnqgh
(S>) eoaqgh.
4. qOXZH$m¡a hr ................. Mr AmB© hmoVr.
(A) aUOrVqgh (~) eoaqgh
(H$) {Xcrnqgh
(S>) _hmqgh.
5. hoÝar cm°aoÝg hm ................ `oWo ao{gS>|Q> hmoVm.
(A) A_¥Vga
(~) cmhmoa
(H$) _whVmZ
(S>) {\$amoOnya.
(~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. qgYMo A{_a _wiMo Hw$R>co hmoVo?
2. cm°S>© EcZ~amoZo qgY_Ü`o ao{gS>|Q> åhUyZ H$moUmMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$cr?
3. 1798 _Ü`o ^maVmda H$moUr AmH«$_U Ho$co?
4. {eI g¡Ý`mMo Zmd H$m`?
5. 1848 _Ü`o ^maVmV H§$nZrMm JìhZ©a åhUyZ H$moU hmoVm?
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
Z
"XñVH$'
: ~§JmcÀ`m Z~m~mZo {~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrcm ~§Jmc_Ü`o OH$mV_wŠV
ì`mnmamgmR>r {Xcoco nadmZmnÌ.
Z
\$m¡OXma
: cîH$amÀ`m EH$m {d^mJmMm à_wI (åh¡gya amÁ`mVrc).
Z
~ma^mB©
: gImam_~mny, ZmZm \$S>Urg, _hmXOr qeXo, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a Am{X
~mamOUm§Zr aKwZmWamdm§À`m {damoYmV noedo Xa~mamV Ho$cocm JQ>.
Z
V¡ZmVr \$m¡O
: ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm{Yem§Zr ñdV:À`m g§ajUmgmR>r {~«{Q>e cîH$amMr
pñdH$macocr cîH$ar \$m¡O.
Z
"\$m¡O-E-Img' : aUOrVqghmZo \«|$À`m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr à{e{jV Ho$coco ñdV:Mo Img
g¡Ý`.
Z
Imcgm g¡Ý`
: gd© {eI JQ>m§Mo aUOrVqghmZo g§K{Q>V Ho$coco {eIm§Mo cîH$a.
67
2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
A) 1) = (A) B.g. 1600.
2) = (~) AcrdXuImZ.
3) = (H$) "XñVH$'.
4) = (A) Z§XHw$_ma.
5) = (S>) am°~Q>© ŠcmB©ìh.
~) 1) E{cPm~oW.
2) ZmVy (_wcrMm _wcJm).
3) A{_ZM§X.
4) {_aOm\$a.
5) {_aOm\$a.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
A) 1) = (H$) {dO`ZJa.
2) = (S>) nm§S>oMoar.
3) = (~) lra§JnÅ>U.
4) = (A) gwaVoMm.
5) = (~) ZmZm \$S>Urg.
~) 1) \$m¡OXma.
2) B§J«O-h¡XaAcr.
3) Zmam`Uamd.
4) ~ma^mB©.
5) dgB©Mm.
68
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
A) 1) = (H$) A\$Jm{UñWmZ.
2) = (A) cm°S>© q_Q>mo.
3) = (~) _hmqgh.
4) = (H$) {Xcrnqgh.
5) = (~) cmhmoa.
~) 1) ~cw{MñWmZmVrc.
2) Zo{n`a.
3) Pm_Zehm.
4) Imcgm g¡Ý`.
5) S>chm¡gr.
2.5 gmam§e
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ gwê$ Agcocm ì`mnma gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyd}H$S>o {deofV: ^maVmH$S>o `oÊ`mgmR>r
ZdrZ Oc_mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m ñnY}V AZoH$ `wamonr`Z amîQ´>m§V ñnYm© {Z_m©U Pmcr. gwadmVrcm nmoVw©Jmc,
ñnoZ, S>M, hm°c§S> hr amîQ´>o ì`mnmamV AmKmS>rda Agcr Varhr B§½c§S>Zo OJ^amV {deofV: nyd}H$S>o Am{U
^maVmV ì`mnmamV Aìdc ñWmZ àmßV Ho$co. BñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ì`mnmam~amo~aM amOH$s` gÎmm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co. ^maVmVrc ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm§{YemV Agcoë`m XÿhrMm \$m`Xm KodyZ {~«{Q>em§Zr
Amnco amOH$s` dM©ñd ^maVmV àñWm{nV Ho$co. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr gwadmVrMr `wÕo \«|$À`mgma»`m Ë`m§À`m
à{VñnÜ`mªMo CÀMmQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVr. Va Ë`mZ§VaMr `wÕo ^maVmV {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ` ñWmnZoH$[aVm Pmcr.
23 OyZ 1757 amoOr ~§Jmc_Ü`o ßcmgr `oWo Pmcoë`m cT>mB©V B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrcm {_imcoë`m
{dO`mZo ^maVmV {~«Q>re gÎmoMm nm`m KmVcm Jocm. 1764 _Ü`o Pmcoë`m ~H$gmaÀ`m cT>mB©Vrc {dO`mZo
{~«{Q>e gÎmoMm ^maVmVrc amOH$s` nm`m ÑT> Ho$cm. ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©V {gamO CÔm¡cmMm Va ~H$gmaÀ`m
cT>mB©V _ra H$mgr_, ~mXehm, ehm Amc_ d AdYMm Zdm~ dOra ewOmCÔrZ `m {VKm§Mmhr H§$nZrZo
nam^d Ho$cm. n[aUm_r ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agmMo {~«Q>re ñdm_r ~Zco. am°~Q>© ŠcmB©ìhZo gwadmVrcm cîH$ar
em¡`m©nojm Hw$Q>{ZVrMm dmna H$ê$Z d \$moS>m\$moS>rMo amOH$maU H$ê$Z ñWm{ZH$ emgH$mZm namñV Ho$co. nwT>o
Amcoë`m AZoH$ JìhZ©a OZaëgZr H$Yr cîH$amÀ`m ~imMm Va H$Yr Hy$Q>{ZVrMm, \$moS>m\$moS>rMm d
^«îQ>mMmamMm _mJ© Adc§~yZ ^maVmV {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ` {dñVma Ho$cm.
69
~§Jmc {~hma nmR>monmR> X{jUoV à~i Agcoë`m h¡XaAcr d {Q>ny gwcVmZMm nam^d H$ê$Z
åh¡gyaMo amÁ` {~«{Q>em§À`m KemV KmVco. h¡XaAcr d {Q>ny gwcVmZmÀ`m nam^dmV H§$nZrMo Hw$Q>{ZVrMm d
{dídmgKmVmMm dmna Ho$cm. {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m ñdmWm©gmR>r B§J«Om§Zr {ZVr, A{ZVrMr MmS> H$Yr R>odcr
Zmhr.
^maVmV à~i Agcoë`m _amR>çm§Zm namñV Ho$ë`m{edm` ^maVmV Iar amOH$s` gÎmm àñWm{nV H$aVm
`oUma Zmhr, ho AmoiIyZ {~«{Q>em§Zr _amR>r gÎmo~amo~a g§Kf© gwê$ Ho$cm. `m H$m_mV noedmB©V Agcocm
gÎmmg§Kf©, _amR>r OhmJraXmam§Mm d¡`pŠVH$ ñdmW© d CÎma noedmB©Vrc Xþ~io amÁ`H$V}, Xþgè`m ~mOramdmMm
ninwQ>onUm B§J«Om§À`m nÏ`mda nS>cm. Ë`mVyZ VrZ B§J«O-_amR>m `wÕo KSy>Z Amcr. {Vgè`m B§J«O-_amR>m
`wÕmV {~«Q>rem§Zr 1818 _Ü`o Xþgè`m ~mOramdmMm {ZUm©`H$ nam^d H$ê$Z noedmB©Mm AñV KS>dyZ AmUcm.
noedmB©À`m nam^dmZ§Va qeXo, hmoiH$a, ^mogco Am{X _amR>r OhmJraXmamZmhr nam^yV H$ê$Z {~«Q>rem§Zr Ë`mZm
Amnë`m A§{H$V H$ê$Z KoVco. à~i _amR>r amÁ`mÀ`m AñVmZ§VaM Iè`m AWm©Zo {~«Q>rem§Zm g§nyU© ^maV^a
Amnco à^wËd àmßV H$aVm Amco.
_amR>çm§nmR>monmR> qgY Am{U n§Om~ hr amÁ`ohr B§J«Om§Zr Imcgm Ho$cr. 1848 _Ü`o {eIm§À`m
nVZm~amo~a {~«Q>rem§Zm {damoY H$aUmè`m gd© à~i gÎmm nam^dmÀ`m JV}V Joë`m. n[aUm_r {~«{Q>em§Zr g§nyU©
^maVmda Amncm EH$N>Ìr A§_c àñWm{nV Ho$cm d nwT>o XrS>eo df} ^maVmda A{Z~ªY amÁ` Ho$co.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. ~§Jmc_Ü`o {~«{Q>e gÎmoMr ñWmnZm H$er Pmcr Vo ßcmgr d ~H$gmaÀ`m cT>çm§Mm AmT>mdm KodyZ
ñnîQ> H$am?
2. {~«Q>re åh¡gya g§~§YmMm (1767-1799) AmT>mdm ¿`m.
3. dgB©À`m VhmZo (1802) _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í` g§nwîR>mV Amco `m {dYmZm{df`r Vw_Mo _V ñnîQ>
H$am.
4. _amR>r gÎmoÀ`m {dZmemÀ`m H$maUm§Mr MMm© H$am.
5. {~«{Q>em§À`m qgY {dO`mMr MMm© H$am.
6. B§J«O-{eI g§~§Y (1809-1849) ñnîQ> H$am.
70
~) cKwÎmar àíZ.
1. ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Mo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$am.
2. B§J«O-h¡XaAcr g§~§Ymda MMm© H$am.
3. B§J«O-{Q>ny gwcVmZÀ`m g§~§Ymda MMm© H$am.
4. gwaVÀ`m VhmMo (1775) _amR>m amOH$maUmda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmco.
5. nwa§YaÀ`m Vhmda MMm© H$am.
6. {~«Q>re{damoYr A{Ic ^maVr` g§KmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
7. dgB©Mm Vh (1802)
8. {Vgao B§J«O _amR>m `wÕ (1817-18) ñnîQ> H$am.
9. qgYMm 1809 Mm H$ama ñnîQ> H$am.
10. aUOrVqghmMm CX` d {dñVma `mda WmoS>Š`mV {chm.
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. Bipan Chandra, 'Modern India', New Delhi, 1971.
2. Sen S. N. 'Modern India', Wiley Eastern Limited, 1991.
3. B. L. Grover, S. Grover, 'A New Look At Modern Indian History,
S. Chand & Co. New Delhi-1994.
4. Iswari Prasad, S. K. Subhedar, History of Modern India (1740-1950), The
Indian Press Ltd. Allahabad.
5. V. D. Mahajan, Modern Indian History, S. Chand & Company.
6. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India.
71
7. S>m°. gw_Z d¡Ú, S>m°. em§Vm H$moR>oH$a, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg (1757-1857), lr
gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
8. S>m°. ~r. EZ. gaXogmB©, S>m°. ìhr. EZ. ZcmdS>o, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg.
9. Zr. gr. Xr{jV, AmYw{ZH$ ^maV (1760-1950).
10. S>m°. {d^m AmR>ë`o, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg.
11. S>m°. {Z. Am. dŠH$mUr, AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg.
ccc
72
KQ>H$-3
KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mg (^maVmMm)
(Constitutional Developments)
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567
1) ao½`wcqQ>J A°ŠQ> (Regulating Act, 1773)
2) nrQ>g B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> (Pitts India Act, 1784)
3) MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> (Charter Acts, 1813, 1833, 1853)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 {~«{Q>e àemgZ ì`dñWm
3.2.2 1773 Mm {Z`m_H$ H$m`Xm (ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>)
3.2.3 nrQ>gMm B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>, 1784
3.2.4 MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>-1793, 1813, 1833, 1853
3.3 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.4 gmam§e
3.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
3.7 joÌr` H$m`©
73
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmcm •
1. ^maVmÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mgmcm gwadmV H$er Pmcr `mMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.
2. ao½`wcqQ>J A°ŠQ> (1773) d nrQ>g² B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> (1784) `m H$m`Úmg§~§Yr g{dñVa _m{hVr
H$ioc.
3. MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>, 1813, 1833, 1853 BË`mXr H$m`ÚmMr Vn{ecdma _m{hVr {_ioc. Ë`m_wio
AmnUmcm ^maVmÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mgmMr _m{hVr g_Ooc.
3.1 àñVmdZm
{~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnmamV `e {_i{dco d H$mcm§VamZo
Ë`m§Zr hiyhiy amÁ`{dñVma H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$cr. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^mn`ªV Ë`m§Zr
^maVmVrc {demc àXoemda Amnco amOH$s` dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV `e {_i{dco. ^maVmV gm_«mÁ`
{dñVma H$arV AgVmZmM {~«{Q>em§Zr `m gm_«mÁ`mda ì`dpñWV H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©j_ àemgZ
ì`dñWm C^r Ho$cr. `m àXoemda Amncr gÎmm {XK© H$mi {Q>H$mdr `m ÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§Zr à^mdr àemgZ
ì`dñWocm àmYmÝ` {Xco.
{~«Q>renyd© H$mimV ^maVmV {Za{Zamiçm àXoemda {Za{Zamiçm gÎmm{Yem§Mo dM©ñd hmoV.o `m gÎmm{Yem§Zr
amOH$s` gÎmmñnY}nm`r H$m`©H«$_ àemgZ `§ÌUm d OZ{hVmH$S>o Xþc©j Ho$co hmoVo. àemgZmV cmMcwMnV
d ^«îQ>mMma dmT>cm hmoVm. _hgyc A{YH$mar _Z _mZoc Vgm H$a Jmoim H$arV AgV. gm_mÝ` àOm d
eoVH$ar `m§À`m gwIXþ:ImMm H$moUrhr {dMma H$arV ZìhVo. àemgZmV EH$ àH$maMm {dñH$irVnUm Amcm
hmoVm. VrM AdñWm Ý`m`joÌmV hmoVr. Ý`m`XmZmMo H$m`© ê$T>r, na§nam, Mmcr[aVr d Y_©J«§WmMo AmYmao
MmcV Ago. EVÔoer` H$moUË`mhr amÁ`H$Ë`m©Zo H$m`ÚmMr {c{IV {Z`_mdcr V`ma Ho$cocr AmT>iV
Zmhr. VgoM H$m`ÚmnwT>o gd© g_mZ hm {Z`_hr ApñVËdmV ZìhVm. d[aîR> OmVrVrc ì`ŠVrnojm H${ZîR>
OmVrVrc ì`ŠVtZm H$S>H$ {ejm hmoV AgV. gm_mÝ` àOocm Ý`m` doioda {_iV Zgo. Ë`m_wio Ý`m`
ì`dñWo~Ôc g_mOmV {dídmg ZìhVm. Aem `m Aem§V d AamOH$ AdñWo_wio EVÔoer` gÎmo{df`r
ào_ qH$dm AmXa am{hcm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Zr Z~m~m§Mr qH$dm noeì`m§Mr gÎmm ZîQ> H$ê$Z `m
àXoemda Amnco amOH$s` dM©ñd àñVm{nV Ho$co Var g_mOmcm Ë`m~Ôc \$mago d gwIXþ:I dmQ>co Zmhr.
Aem nmíd©^y_rda {~«Q>rem§Zr _mÌ gm_«mÁ` {dñVma H$arV AgVmZm H$m`©j_ àemgZ ì`dñWocm àmYmÝ`
{Xco.
74
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 {~«{Q>e àemgZ ì`dñWm
{~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVmV Amnco gm_«mÁ` pñWa d ^ŠH$_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr`m§Mm nmqR>~m {_imdm åhUyZ
Amnë`m H$m`©j_ àemgZ `§ÌUoÛmao `oWo em§VVm d gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. X§JoYmono
cyQ>_ma, CR>md d AamOH$m§Mm _moS> Ho$cm. XamoS>oImoa d n|T>mar `mgma»`m cmoH$m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio
g_mOmV em§VVm {Z_m©U hmodyZ àemgZ ì`dñWm Mm§Jcr H$m_ H$ê$ cmJcr. ^maVr` cmoH$m§V {~«{Q>e
gÎmo{df`r {dídmg {Z_m©U hmody cmJcm. {~«{Q>em§Zr àemgZm~amo~aM Ý`m` ì`dñWoÀ`m {Z{_©Vrcmhr MmcZm
{Xcr. ^maVr` àXoemdarc {~«Q>rem§Mo gm_«mÁ` OmñVrVOmñV Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm (Am{W©H$ cyQ>) {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Amncr gÎmm XrK©H$mi {Q>H$mdr `mÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§Zr H$m`©j_ àemgZ `§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z em§VVm
d gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$cr.
{~«{Q>em§À`m gÎmoMr gwadmV ~§Jmc_Ü`o Pmcr. gwadmVrcm B§J«Om§Zr _wKc ~mXehmH$Sy>Z ~§JmcÀ`m
àemgZmVrc {XdmUr d \$m¡OXmar A{YH$ma {_idco. ŠcmBìhZo ~§Jmc_Ü`o Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWoMm EH$ à`moJ
gwê$ Ho$cm. `m Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWo_wio ~§Jmcr OZVoMr XþamdñWm Pmcr. nU B§J«Om§Mm _mÌ \$m`Xm Pmcm.
ŠcmB©ìhZo H§$nZrÀ`mÑîQ>rZo àemgZmV AZoH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVM ^maVmV S>mH$ d Vma
ì`dñWoMm ew^ma§^ Pmcm.
(A) ŠcmB©ìh d ~§Jmc_Yrc Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWm :ŠcmB©ìhZo ~§Jmc_Ü`o gwê$ Ho$cocr emgZ ì`dñWm "Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWm' `m Zm§dmZo à{gÜX Amho. `m
ì`dñWoMm H$mcI§S> 1765 Vo 1772 n`ªV hmoVm. ~§JmcÀ`m àemgZmV {XdmUr d {ZOm_V Ago XmoZ
{d^mJ hmoVo. {XdmUr A§VJ©V _mc JwOmar dgyc H$aUo, Vmo IM© H$aUo d {XdmUr IQ>ë`m§Mm Ý`m`{ZdmS>m
H$aUo hr H$m_o H$amdr cmJV Va {ZOm_rÀ`m A§VJ©V g§ajU d \$m¡OXmar JwÝøm§Mm Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aUo hr
H$m_o H$amdr cmJV AgV. \o$~«wdmar 1765 _Ü`o ŠcmB©ìhZo ~§JmcÀ`m Zdm~mH$Sy>Z H§$nZrgmR>r {ZOm_VrMo
A{YH$ma {_i{dco d Ë`mZ§Va ghm _{hÝ`m§Zr 16 Am°JñQ>, 1765 amoOr Pmcoë`m Acmhm~mXÀ`m VhmZwgma
~mXehm ehmAmc_Zo ~§JmcÀ`m {XdmUrMo A{YH$mahr H§$nZrcm {Xco. AemàH$mao H§$nZrÀ`m hmVr {XdmUr
(H$adgwcr d _wcH$s Ý`m`{ZdmS>m) d {ZOm_V (g§ajU d \$m¡OXmar IQ>ë`m§Mo {ZU©` XoUo) ho XmoÝhr
A{YH$ma àmßV Pmco na§Vw ŠcmB©ìhZo YyV©nUo àemgZmMr gd©M O~m~Xmar H§$nZrH$S>o Z KoVm g¡Ý`,
I{OZm, naXoer ì`mnma, _hgyc d naamîQ´> g§~§Y `m \$m`ÚmÀ`m ~m~r Amnë`mH$S>o KoVë`m, Va em§VVm,
Ý`m`, H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm, nmocrg BË`mXr ~m~r Z~m~mH$S>o amhÿ {Xë`m. Ia§ åhUOo {~«{Q>em~amo~a
Pmcoë`m H$amam_wio Z~m~ Vgm Zm_YmarM Pmcm hmoVm. na§Vw VmoM Iam amÁ`H$Vm© Amho Agm OZVonwT>o
Am^mg {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. Z~m~mcm em§VVm, Ý`m` d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV H§$nZr
75
53 cmI én`o XoUma hmoVr. H§$nZrZo àma§^rMr XmoZ df} hr aŠH$_ {Xcr. na§Vw Z§Va Vr H$_r H$ê$Z 32
cmI én`o Ho$cr.
~§JmcMm H$ma^ma nmhÊ`mgmR>r _moh§_X aOmImZ d {~hmamgmR>r amOm {gVm~am` `m§Zm Zm`~ {XdmU
åhUyZ Zo_Ê`mV Amco. `m àemgH$m§Mr {Z`wŠVr d nXÀ`wVr H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma _mÌ H§$nZrZo ñdV:H$S>o R>odco
hmoVo. gd© àm§VmMm Omo dgyc Jmoim Ho$cm OmV Ago Ë`mVyZ {ZOm_VrMm IM©, _wKc g_«mQ> d ~§JmcÀ`m
Z~m~mMr noÝeZ dOm OmVm ~mH$sMr gd© aŠH$_ {~«Q>re H§$nZrÀ`m H$mofmV O_m Ho$cr OmB©. Aem [aVrZo
~§JmcMr amÁ`ì`dñWm B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr Am{U ~§JmcÀ`m Z~m~m_Ü`o dmQ>cr Jocr. `m ì`dñWocmM "Xþhoar
amÁ`ì`dñWm' (System of Dual Government) ho Zm§d {Xco Amho.
ŠcmB©ìhZo àñWm{nV Ho$cocr hr àemgH$s` ì`dñWm {~«{Q>em§Zm (H§$nZrcm) Iyn \$m`ÚmMr R>acr.
H$maU H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m O~m~Xmar{edm` àm§VmMr gd© gÎmm Ë`m§À`m hmVr H|$ÐrV Pmcr hmoVr. `m
ì`dñWo_wio amÁ`H$ma^mamMr H$moUVrhr O~m~Xmar A§Jmda Z KoVm H§$nZrcm A\$mQ> n¡gm {_iy cmJcm.
cîH$amdahr Ë`m§MoM {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. Zm`~ gw^oXmaX²dmam emgZhr Ë`m§À`mM Vmã`mV hmoVo. Z~m~ d Ë`m§À`m
A{YH$mè`m§da àemgZmMr VgoM em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hmoVr; na§Vw Vr nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r
cmJUmam n¡gm d gÎmm Z~m~mÀ`m hmVr am{hcr ZìhVr. cmoH$m§Zm Z~m~ JmXrda {XgV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio
gaH$maÀ`m C{Udm Xmof Z~m~mÀ`m _mÏ`mda _maco OmV hmoVo. _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV H$m§hrM ZìhVo. CcQ>
H§$nZrcm _mÌ ^anya cm^ hmodyZ {VZo A_mn n¡gm H$_{dcm Va ~§JmcMr OZVm _mÌ H§$Jmc Pmcr.
~)
~§Jmcdarc Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWoMo n[aUm_ :-
~§JmcÀ`m OZVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo `m Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWoMo n[aUm_ {dnarV Pmcoco {XgVmV. Zm_Ymar Z~m~
{H$§dm {~«Q>re H§$nZr `m H$moUmcmM OZVoMr ndm© amhcr Zmhr. H§$nZr d {VMo godH$ `m§À`m cwQ>mê$nUmnmgyZ
g§ajU H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© Z~m~mV ZÝhVo. Ë`m_wio Z~m~mMo A{YH$marhr OZVoMr {nidUyH$ H$arV hmoVo.
Ë`mMo {dnarV n[aUm_ ~§Jmcda Pmco.
1. `m amÁ` nÜXVr_wio ~§Jmc, {~hma d Amo[agm_Ü`o Aem§VVm d Aì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmcr.
~§JmcMm Z~m~ Xþ~©c ~ZyZ Vmo B§J«Om§À`m hmVMo ~mhþco ~Zcm. `m àXoemVrc gd© gÎmm
B§J«Om§À`m hmVr hmoVr, Va O~m~Xmar _mÌ Z~m~mH$S>o hmoVr.
2. Z~m~mMo A{YH$mar d B§J«O A{YH$mar `m§À`mV gVV ^m§S>Uo hmoV AgV. Ë`m_wio amÁ`ì`dñWm
AmUIr {~KS>cr.
3. H§$nZrMo H$_©Mmar d Z~m~mMo A{YH$mar XmoKohr àOoMo emofU H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio àOodarc
AË`mMma dmT>V Jocm.
76
4. _hgyc dgwcrV eoVH$è`m§Mr Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ hmoV hmoVr; Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mMo Xm[aÐ`
dmT>co. H¥${f CËnmXZmV KQ> Pmcr. Ë`mVM 1769-70 _Ü`o ~§Jmc_Ü`o ^`mZH$ XþîH$mi
nS>cm. Ë`m_Ü`o cmImo cmoH$ _aU nmdco. `m XþîH$mimV EHy$U cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m 33% cmoH$
_aU nmdco.
5. ì`mnmè`mH$S>o H$a ê$nmZo H§$nZrMo A{YH$mar d Z~m~mMo A{YH$mar XmoKohr _mJÊ`m H$arV,
Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ÌñV Pmco Ë`m_wio ì`mnma _§Xmdcm.
6. H§$nZrZo \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV `oWrc OZVoMo Am{W©H$ emofU Ho$co. gZ 1766 Vo 1768 `m
H$mimV ì`mnmamda {_i{dcoë`m Zâ`m ì`{V[aŠV Odi Odi 5.7 Xecj nm¢S>mMr aŠH$_
~§Jmc_YyZ H§$nZrZo {_i{dcr. Ë`m_wio ~§JmcMr g_¥ÜXr ZîQ> hmodyZ Vmo àm§V X[aÐr ~Zcm. `m
ì`dñWo~Ôc nr. B©. am°~Q>©g² åhUVmV, ""A{YH$ma Am{U O~m~Xmar `m§Mr \$maH$V Ho$ë`m_wioM
hr emgZì`dñWm ~§Jmc_Yrc OZVocm emn R>acr.''
{~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>_Ü`o ñdV: ŠcmB©ìhZo CëcoI Ho$cm H$s, ""H§$nZrMo H$_©Mmar ñdV:cm _mcH$ g_OyZ
ì`mnma H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zr cjmdYr EVÔoer` ì`mnmè`m§Zm {^Ho$g cmdco.''
[aMS>© {~`a H§$nZrÀ`m g§MmcH$mZm {c{hVmo, ""AË`§V H$S>H$ d {Za§Hw$e emgH$m§À`mhr A{YZ
gwOcm_ gw\$cm_ d ^a^amQ>rg Amcocm hm Xoe (~§Jmc) H§$nZrcm {XdmUr {_imë`mnmgyZ CX²ÜdñV Pmcocm
Amho. `mMo àË`oH$ B§§J«Omcm Xþ:I hmoV Amho.''
S>m°. Z§Xcmc MQ>Ou ""ŠcmBìhÀ`m Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWo_wio ~§JmcMr A§VJ©V emgZ ì`dñWm _moS>H$irg
`odyZ VoWo AamOH$ _mOco. Ë`m_wio AZoH$m§Zm Amncr KaoXmao gmoSy>Z amZmo_mi ^Q>H$mdo cmJco. ~§JmcÀ`m
B{VhmgmV EdT>r dmB©Q> n[apñWVr H$YrM {Z_m©U Pmcr Zmhr.''
EH§$XarV ŠcmB©ìhZo gwê$ Ho$coë`m Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWoMo Xþîn[aUm_ gd© ~§Jmc^a {XgyZ Amco.
H§$nZrVhr J¡aH$ma^ma d ^«îQ>mMma dmT>cm. H§$nZrÀ`m ì`mnmamda d CËnÞmda {dn[aV n[aUm_ Pmcm. Ë`mMo
nS>gmX {~«Q>re g§gXoV C_Q>co. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrMo ^maVmVrc àemgZ gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mÀ`m {XeoZo
hmcMmcr gwê$ Pmë`m.
H$) ŠcmB©ìh Vo dm°aZ hoñQ>t½O (1767-72)
ŠcmB©ìhMr ^maVmVrc H$maH$sX© 1767 _Ü`o g§nwîQ>mV Amcr. Vmo {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m ^maVmVrc
g§ñWmnH$ åhUyZhr _mZcm OmVmo. ŠcmB©ìhÀ`m ì`dñWo_wio ~§JmcMo d Z§Va qhXþñWmZMo Oar ZwH$gmZ Pmco
Agco Var Ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Mm _mÌ \$m`Xm Pmcm hmoVm d Ë`m§Mo ^maVmVrc gm_«mÁ` hiyhiy dmT>V Joco. øm
JmoîQ>r_wio ŠcmB©ìh B§½c§S>cm Joë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m ImOJr _mc_Îmm d gÎmoMm J¡admnam~Ôc Zo_coë`m Mm¡H$er
77
H${_Q>rZo _mÝ` Ho$co H$s, ""Ë`mÀ`m hmVyZ H$m§hr JwÝho Pmco Agco Var Ë`mZo XoemH$[aVm _hÎdmMr d ñVwË`
H$m_{Jar Ho$cr Amho.'' {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>Zo ^maVmVrc Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©~Ôc Jm¡admoX²Jma H$mT>co Var Ë`mÀ`mda
Pmcoco Amamon, Ë`mMr Pmcocr Mm¡H$er `m_wio Ë`mMr _mZ{gH$ pñWVr T>iyZ Ë`mZo 2 Zmoìh|~a 1772 amoOr
AmË_hË`m Ho$cr.
ŠcmB©ìhZ§Va ìhoaoËñS> (1767 Vo 1769) d Ë`mZ§Va H$m{Q>©`a (1769-72) ho JìhZ©a hmodyZ Joco.
Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVhr OwZr àemgZ ì`dñWmM Mmcy am{hë`mZo ~§Jmcr OZVoMo IynM hmc Pmco. gZ 1772
_Ü`o Jìh©Za åhUyZ dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OMr {Z`wŠVr Pmcr. Ë`mMr H$ma{H$X© gZ 1772 Vo 1785 Aer hmoVr.
Ë`mZo AZoH$ àemgH$s` gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVM ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ> (1773) nmg
Pmcm. ŠcmB©ìh hm ^maVmV {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mMm g§ñWmnH$ hmoVm, Va dm°aZ hoopñQ>¨½O hm àemgH$s` g§KQ>H$
hmoVm. Ë`mZoM ^maVmV àemgH$s` gwYmaUm§Mr _whÿV©_oT> amodcr. AZoH$ àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Ë`mZo KS>dyZ
AmUë`m.
3.2.2 1773 Mm {Z`m_H$ H$m`Xm (ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>)
àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr hr EH$ ì`mnmar g§ñWm hmoVr. B§½c§S>À`m gÎmoH$Sy>Z H§$nZrg
doimodoir {Za{Zamiçm gZXm àmßV hmodyZ Ë`mÝd`o dImarMo g§ajU, g¡Ý` C^maUr, VQ>~§Xr H$aUo, ZmoH$a^aVr,
àXoe {dñVma, qOH$coë`m àXoemMo àemgZ, `wÕ d Vh BË`mXrMo A{YH$ma H§$nZrg àmßV Pmco hmoVo. na§Vw
Ë`mM~amo~a {Xdg|{Xdg H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamV ^«îQ>mMma d J¡aH$ma^ma dmT>ë`mZo H§$nZrcm VmoQ>m ghZ H$amdm
cmJV hmoVm. VgoM H§$nZrÀ`m AZoH$ godH$m§Zr Amncm ImOJr ì`mnma gwê$ Ho$ë`mZo H§$nZrMm ì`mnma ~gy
cmJcm hmoVm. H§$nZrZo Amnë`m dM©ñdmImcr AmUcoë`m ~§Jmc_Ü`o "Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWm' gwê$ Ho$cr hmoVr.
{VMo Xþîn[aUm_ {Xgy cmJco hmoVo. Aem n[apñWVrV H§$nZrMo àemgZ gwYmaUo JaOoMo hmoVo d {VÀ`m
H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU KmcUo, {~«Q>re g§gXocm Amdí`H$ dmQy> cmJco. Ë`m_wio {~«Q>re g§gXoZo H§$nZrÀ`m
H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r B.g. 1773 _Ü`o ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ> nmg Ho$cm. Ë`mX²dmao H§$nZrÀ`m
àemgZmV {eñV AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm. hm H$m`Xm ^maVmV 1774 nmgyZ ^maVmV A§_cmV Amcm.
ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Mr H$c_o Imcrcà_mUo hmoVr.
1. H§$nZrÀ`m H$moQ>© Am°\$ S>m`aoŠQ>ag©da (g§MmcH$ _§S>imda) gaH$maMo {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV
Amco. ^maVmVrc _wcH$s d _hgyc{df`H$ ~m~rg§~§YrMm nÌì`dhma g§MmcH$m§Zr {~«Q>re
_§{Ì_§S>img_moa R>odUo Amdí`H$ ~Zco.
2. ~§JmcÀ`m JìhZ©acm "Jìh©Za OZac' ~Z{dÊ`mV Amco. ^maVmV B§J«OmMo VrZ àXoe hmoVo.
_w§~B©, MoÞB© (_Ðmg) d ~§Jmc hmo`. _w§~B© d _Ðmg `oWrc JìhZ©ada ~§JmcÀ`m JìhZ©a
OZacMo {Z`§ÌU am{hc, ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco.
78
3. dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OMr "n{hcm JìhZ©a OZac' åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
4. JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m _XVrM Mma OUmMo gëcmJma _§S>i (H$m¡pÝgc) XoÊ`mV Amco.
5. `m H$m`ÚmÝd`o Ago R>aco H$s, g§MmcH$ _§S>imVrc 1/4 g^mgX Xadfu {Zd¥Îm hmoVrc. Ë`m§Mo
OmJr Mma dfm©gmR>r Zì`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmB©c.
6. H$cH$Îmm `oWo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr Zo_UyH$
{~«Q>re gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUma hmoVr. JìhZ©a OZac d H$m¡pÝgcZo V`ma Ho$coë`m H$m`Úmg
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMr (gwàr_ H$moQ>m©Mr) _mÝ`Vm Amdí`H$ hmoVr. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mV EH$
_w»` Ý`m`m{Ye d VrZ AÝ` Ago EHy$U Mma Ý`m`m{Ye hmoVo.
7. H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr ZOamUo d ~{jgr pñdH$maÊ`mda ~§Xr KmcÊ`mV Amcr.
8. JìhZ©a OZac `mg Amnë`m n[afXogh H§$nZrÀ`m Vmã`mV Agcoë`m àXoemgmR>r {Z`_
~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. AQ> EdT>rM hmoVr H$s, B§½c§S>À`m {hVg§~§Ymg à{VHy$c {Z`_
~Z{dVm `oUma ZmhrV.
A) ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Mo _yë`_mnZ :ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>À`m {Z{_©VrZo ^maVmÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mgmcm gwadmV Pmcr. `m H$m`ÚmZo H$m§hr
Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>r KSy>Z Amë`m. VgoM Ë`mV H$m§hr Xmofhr amhÿZ Joco hmoVo. gXa H$m`ÚmVrc JwUmË_H$ JmoîQ>r
nwT>rcà_mUo :1. `m H$m`ÚmZo H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamV Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmë`mg hñVjon H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {~«Q>re
nmc©_|Q>cm Amho ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco.
2. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ý`m`joÌmVrc _hËdmMr CUrd `m H$m`ÚmZo Xÿa H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. JìhZ©a OZac d H$m¡pÝgc `m§À`m H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mÀ`m A_`m©X A{YH$mamda A§Hw$e
R>odcm Jocm.
3. ~§JmcMm JìhZ©a hm "JìhZ©a OZac' Pmë`mZo Am{U Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU BVa ào{gS>oÝgrOda
R>odë`mZo ^maVmVrc {~«Q>re H$ma^mamV gwgyÌVm {Z_m©U Pmcr.
4. `m H$m`ÚmZo EH$ _hÎdmMr JmoîQ> KSy>Z Amcr, Vr åhUOo emgZ g§ñWoV JìhZ©a OZac,
H$m¡pÝgc Am{U gwàr_ H$moQ>© ho VrZ KQ>H$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `odZy ^maVmÀ`m ^mdr amÁ`H$ma^mamVrc
H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Am{U Ý`m` _§S>i ho _wc^yV KQ>H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco.
79
~)
ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>_Yrc Xmof :-
{Z`m_H$ H$m`ÚmMo darc JwU cjmV KodyZhr Iè`m AWm©Zo hm H$m`Xm n[anyU© ZìhVm. Ë`mV H$m§hr
Xmof amhÿZ Joco. Vo nwT>rcà_mUo :1. `m H$m`ÚmV ~§JmcÀ`m Z~m~mÀ`m A{YH$ma _`m©Xm qH$dm VoWrc H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m gmd©^m¡_ËdmMm
Am{U A{YH$mam§Mm CëcoI ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio KQ>ZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm amÁ`H$ma^mamV loîR>Ëd H$moUmMo
`m~m~V g§{X½YVm hmoVr.
2. JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m gÎmoda H$m¡pÝgcMo {Z`§ÌU KmcÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. H$m¡pÝgc_Yrc g^mgXm§À`m
~hþ_VmZo H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mMr gŠVr JìhZ©a OZacda H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m_wio amÁ`H$ma^mamV
AS>Wio {Z_m©U Pmco. nwîH$idoim H$m¡pÝgc_Yrc g^mgX JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m {damoYmV _VXmZ
H$arV AgV.
3. JìhZ©a d JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m H$m`©joÌm~m~V Am{U A{YH$mam~m~V {ZpíMV VaVwXr H$m`ÚmV
{Xcoë`m ZìhË`m. Ë`m_wio ~§JmcÀ`m JìhZ©a OZaccm _w§~B© d _Ðmg ào{gS>oÝgrOda nyU©nUo
{Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oUo eŠ` hmoV ZìhVo. nwT>rc H$mimV naamîQ´>r` YmoaUm~m~V _w§~B©, _Ðmg d
H$cH$Îmm `oWrc A{YH$mè`m_Ü`o gwg§JVr am{hcr Zmhr. JìhZ©a OZac d JìhZ©a `m§À`mV dmX
{Z_m©U Pmco.
4. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo H$m`©joÌ {ZpíMV Ho$co ZìhVo. JìhZ©a OZac, n[afXoMo gXñ` d
Ý`m`m{Ye `m§Mo nmañn[aH$ A{YH$ma ñnîQ> Ho$co ZìhVo. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mZo ^maVr` H$m`ÚmZo
{ZU©` ¿`mdo H$s, B§½c§S>À`m H$m`ÚmZo {ZU©` ¿`mdo ho ñnîQ> Ho$co ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio Jw§VmJw§VrMo
àíZ {Z_m©U Pmco.
H$) {Z`m_H$ H$m`ÚmMo _hÎd :{Z`m_H$ H$m`Xm åhUOo H$moUË`mhr `wamo{n`Z gÎmoÛmam XÿadVu gwg§ñH¥$V OZVoÀ`m XoemV àemgZ
Mmc{dÊ`mMm n{hcm à`ËZ hmoVm. `m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVr` àemgZmMr O~m~Xmar H§$nZrÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrda
gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr. `m {Z`m_H$ H$m`ÚmÛmao Mm§Jco àemgZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm. na§Vw dñVwpñWVrMr
nyU© H$ënZm Zgë`mZo Vmo `eñdr R>ê$ eH$cm Zmhr. hm H$m`Xm 11 df} A§_cmV hmoVm.
S>)
1781 Mm g§emoYZmË_H$ H$m`Xm
(The Amending Act)
{Z`m_H$ H$m`ÚmZ§Va H$m§hr Cnm`mË_H$ d nyaH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMr JaO {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>cm dmQ>cr.
Ë`mn¡H$sM 1781 Mm H$m`Xm hmo`. Ë`mZwgma H§$nZrÀ`m nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm Amnë`m emgH$s` H$m`m©gmR>r
80
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m A{YH$maH$joÀ`m ~mhoa R>odÊ`mV Amco. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo A{YH$ma {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m XþéñVr H$m`ÚmZo H§$nZrg AmUIr Xhm df} _wXV dmT>dyZ XoÊ`mV Amcr. na§Vw nmc©_|Q>Zo
H§$nZrdarc Amnco {Z`§ÌU dmT>{dco. H§$nZrMo g§MmcH$ _§S>i Or H$mJXnÌo ^maVmV nmR>{dc, Ë`mMr
VnmgUr "goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ>' H$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmB©c Ago R>aco. 1781 À`m øm H$m`ÚmZo {Z`m_H$ H$m`ÚmV
AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© ~Xc Ho$co. gaH$maMr pñWVr A{YH$ _O~yV H$aUo Ë`m_mJMm hoVy hmoVm.
3.2.3 {nQ>g²Mm B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>, 1784
(Pitt's India Act)
H§$nZrÀ`m H$m`m©Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1772 à_mUoM 1781 _Ü`o àda g{_Vr (Select
Committee) Am{U JwßV g{_Vr (Secret Committee) {Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. àdJ© g{_VrZo
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc` d ~§JmcMr H$m¡pÝgc `m§À`mVrc g§~§YmMr Mm¡H$er Ho$cr. Va JwßV g{_VrZo _amR>m`wÕmMr H$maUm~m~V Mm¡H$er Ho$cr. `m `wÜXm_wio H§$nZr Am{W©H$ AS>MUrV Amcr hmoVr. {VZo 10 cj
nm¢S>Mo OmñVrMo H$O© _m{JVco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamV hñVjon H$aÊ`mMr JaO {~«Q>re g§gXocm
dmQ>V hmoVr. `mdoir JwßV g{_VrMm AÜ`j S>§S>mgZo (Dundas) _m§S>coco {dYo`H$ Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mV Amco.
Ë`mZ§Va \$m°ŠgZo (Fox) ^maV {dYo`H$ _m§S>co. ho {dYo`H$ H$m°_Z g^mJ¥hmV g§_V Pmco Va cmS>©g²
g^mJ¥hmZo Ag§_V Pmco. ho {dYo`H$ nmg Pmco AgVo, Va H§$nZrMr amOH$s` gÎmm g_mßV hmoUma hmoVr.
ho {dYo`H$ Zm_§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va cmS>© Zm°W© d \$m°Šg `m§À`m g§{_l gaH$macm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJcm. Ë`mZ§Va
_o, 1784 _Ü`o Zdr g§gX ApñVËdmV Amcr. YmH$Q>m {nQ> hm B§½c§S>Mm n§VàYmZ Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV
Xþgao {dYo`H$ _m§S>Ê`mV Amco d Vo XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV g§_V Pmco. Ë`mgM "{nQ>g²Mm B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>' åhQ>co
OmVo.
A) {nQ>g² B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>_Yrc VaVwXr
(Provision of the Act)
1. `m H$m`ÚmZo qhXþñWmZMm gd© {XdmUr d cîH$ar H$ma^ma nmhÊ`mgmR>r "~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc'
ZmdmMo ghm OUm§Mo EH$ {Z`§ÌU _§S>i Zo_Ê`mV Amco. `m ghmn¡H$s EH$ àYmZ_§S>imVrc
AW©_§Ìr d Xþgam ^maV _§Ìr Ago XmoZ _§Ìr g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco. {àìhr H$m¡pÝgcn¡H$s
MmaOU amOmZo Zo_md`mMo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ñdV§Ì nJma Úmd`mMm hmoVm.
2. ~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>mocMo hþHy$_ qhXþñWmZmV nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r H§$nZrÀ`m S>m`aoŠQ>am§n¡H$s EH$ JwßV
g{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Amcr. Ë`mV S>m`aoŠQ>a _§S>imÀ`m AÜ`jm§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. {~«Q>re
nmc©_|Q>cm ~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc d ~moS>© Am°\$ S>m`aoŠQ>g©Zm (g§MmcH$ _§S>img) Z H$idVmhr
JwßV g{_Vr_m\©$V Amnë`m Amkm H§$nZr gaH$macm nmR>dVm `oUma hmoË`m.
3. H§$nZrÀ`m "H$moQ>© Am°\$ àmoàm`Q>g©'À`m (g^mgX) hmVmV H$gcrhr gÎmm R>odcr Zmhr.
81
4. qhXþñWmZMm gd© H$ma^ma JìhZ©a OZac d VrZ Bg_m§Mo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i (H$m¡pÝgc) `m§À`mH$S>o
{Xcm. `mVrc H$m¡pÝgcg© H$m`Xoera narjm CÎmrU© Pmcoco AgmdoV. ~mhoaM ZgmdoV.
5. _w§~B© d _Ðmg ho XmoZ BcmIo nyU©nUo JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m Vmã`mV ahmdoV Ago R>aco.
6. àË`oH$ ZmoH$amZo qhXþñWmZmVyZ naV Amë`mda Amnë`m g§nÎmrMm {heo~ Úmdm. Ë`mV J¡a{eñV
AmT>ië`mg JwÝhoJmamg {ejm Úmdr. Ë`mgmR>r VoamOUm§Mo EH$ H$moQ>© Zo_Ê`mV Amco.
7. `mdoir H§$nZrMm ^maV d MrZ ~amo~a ì`mnma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m`_ R>odÊ`mV Amcm.
VgoM ^maVmVrc {d{dY A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m d {Zd¥ÎmrMo A{YH$ma hr nyduà_mUo S>m`aoŠQ>am§H$S>o
R>odÊ`mV Amco.
~) {nQ>g² B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>~Ôc {ZarjU :B.g. 1784 À`m B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>Zo àemgZmV AZoH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. Ë`mMà_mUo {~«Q>re
gaH$maMo qhXþñWmZÀ`m H$ma^mamda dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmco. `m H$m`ÚmZo Imcrc ~Xc Ho$co Joco.
1. n§VàYmZ {nQ>Zo `m H$m`ÚmZo amOm nmc©_|Q> d H§$nZr `m gdmªZm Iwe R>odyZ _w»` CÔoe gmÜ`
Ho$cm hmoVm. qhXþñWmZMm H$ma^ma AàË`j[aË`m B§J«O gaH$maÀ`m XoIaoIrV KodyZ H§$nZr Odi
Odi Zm__mÌ ~Zdcr. "~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc'_Yrc XmoZ à{V{ZYr _§{Ì_§S>imVrc Agë`mZo d
Cacoco gaH$mar ZmoH$arVrc Agë`mZo B§J«O gaH$maMr hþH$_V qhXþñWmZÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mamda amhÿ
eH$Uma hmoVr. åhUyZM hm H$m`Xm åhUOo ^maVmÀ`m H$ma^mam~m~V H§$nZrH$Sy>Z {~«Q>re
gaH$maH$S>o Pmcoë`m hñVm§VamMm n{hcm Q>ßnmM åhUmdm cmJoc.
2. JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imVrc Mman¡H$s EH$ gXñ` H$_r Pmë`mZo JìhZ©a OZacMo
ñWmZ I§~ra Pmco. H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV JìhZ©a OZacMo _V {ZUm©`H$ R>aUma hmoVo. ~hþ_VmÀ`m
~S>½`mMr Yma H$_r Pmcr hmoVr.
3. ~§Jmc `oWrc JìhZ©a OZacMo H§$nZrÀ`m _w§~B© d _Ðmg Bcm»`mda d JìhZ©ada A{YH$ ñnîQ>
{Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio H$ma^mamV gwgyÌVm d {eñV Amcr. ^maVmVrc
emgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§À`m AnamYmMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§½c§S>_Ü`o Img Ý`m`mc` {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZo H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mamda dMH$ ~gcm. ^«îQ>mMmamda {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV Pmco.
4. nyd}H$S>rc ì`mnmamMm _ŠVm H§$nZrH$S>oM am{hë`mZo Am{U H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m d
{Zd¥ÎmrMo A{YH$ma nyduà_mUo H§$nZrH$S>oM am{hë`mZo H§$nZrMo S>m`aoŠQ>g© Am{U ^mJYmaH$hr Iyf
Pmco.
82
5. `m H$m`ÚmZo B§J«Or gÎmoMr ^maVmVrc àemgZmMr Or KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmcr, Vr WmoS>Š`mV
\$aH$mZo B.g. 1858 gmcmn`ªV ApñVËdmV am{hcr. `m àemgZ nÕVrg "{ÛgaH$manÕVr'
(System of Dual Government) Ago åhUVmV.
JìhZ©a OZac dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OÀ`m H$mimVM {nQ>g² B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> (1784) nmg Pmcm. dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OZo
AZoH$ àemgH$s` gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mZo ŠcmB©ìhZo gwê$ Ho$cocr "Xþhoar amÁ`ì`dñWm' ~§X Ho$cr. gd©
emgZì`dñWoMr O~m~Xmar H§$nZrÀ`m hmVr KoVcr. Ë`m_wio Z~m~mH$S>o Zm__mÌ Agcocr gÎmmhr g§nwîQ>mV
Amcr. VgoM Z~m~mMr noÝeZ H$_r H$ê$Z 32 cmImEodOr 16 cmI XoÊ`mV `ody cmJcr.
dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OZo Mmoa, S>mHy$ d XamoS>oImoa `m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$ê$Z àOocm em§VVm d gwì`dñWm XoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm.
dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OÀ`m H$mimV H$cH$Î`mV EH$ _hgyc n[afX Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. _hgycmg§~§Yr
g§nyU© O~m~Xmar hr _hgyc n[afXoH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV Amcr. H§$nZrZo _hgyc O_m H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Amnë`m
hmVr KoVco. ho H$m_ nydu Oo ^maVr` H$_©Mmar H$arV hmoVo Ë`m§Zm H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$co. Ë`m§À`mEodOr
B§J«O H$coŠQ>a Zo_co. Ë`m§À`m hmVmImcr ^maVr` H$_©Mmè`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. n{hcm JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ H$moUmMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr?
2. "~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc'Mr ñWmnZm H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmZo H$aÊ`mV Amcr?
3. "{nQ>g² B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>' H$moUË`m {~«Q>re n§VàYmZmÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV nmg Pmcm?
4.
H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVmV àemgH$s` {dH$mgmMm ew^ma§^ Pmcm?
5. H$moUË`m amÁ`mV JìhZ©a OZac nX R>odÊ`mV Amco hmoVo?
~)
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Zo ^maVmVrc H§$nZrMm H$ma^ma ............ H$S>o gmon{dcm.
(A) S>m`aoŠQ>a _§S>i (~) {Z`m_H$ _§S>i (H$) JìhZ©a OZac (S>) ^maV_§Ìr.
2. ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Zo ............... `oWo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
(A) _w§~B©
(~) H$cH$Îmm
(H$) _Ðmg
(S>) {X„r.
83
3. _hgyc Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OZo ........... ho A{YH$manX {Z_m©U Ho$co.
(A) H$coŠQ>a
(~) nmo. H${_eZa (H$) XamoJm
(S>) AH$m¢Q>§Q>.
4. ^maVmV {ÛgaH$ma nÕVr (System of Dual Govt.) ............ H$m`ÚmZo gwê$ Ho$cr.
(A) CÚmoJnVr
(~) amOH$s` ZoVo
(H$) AW©Vk
(S>) g_mOgodH$.
5. B. g. 1781 À`m H$m`ÚmZo H§$nZrÀ`m H$mJXnÌmMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma ............
H$S>o gwnyV© H$aÊ`mV Amco.
(A) ~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc
(~) goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ>
(H$) {Z`m_H$ _§S>i
(S>) B§½c§S>Mr g§gX.
3.2.4 MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>-1793, 1813, 1833, 1853
dm°aZ hoñQ>t½OZ§Va ^maVmMo JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ Om°Z _°H$\$g©Z `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ \o$~«wdmar 1785 _Ü`o
H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m§Zr gßQ>|~a 1786 AIoa åhUOo XrS> df© JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ H$m_H$mO nm{hco.
Ë`mÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV _hmXOr qeXo `m§Zr _wKc ~mXehmcm Amnë`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr AmUco. Om°Z _°H$\$g©Z
`m§À`mZ§Va ^maVmV JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ cm°S>© H$m°Zdmcrg (1786 Vo 1793) `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Pmcr.
Ë`m§À`m H$mimV `m XoemV AZoH$ gwYmaUm KSy>Z Amë`m. àemgZ, _hgyc, Ý`m`mc`rZ d nmocrg `§ÌUm
BË`mXr joÌmV H$m°Z©dm°crgZo CëcoIZr` gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVM H§$nZr~m~VMm 1793
Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
A) B.g. 1793 Mm MmQ>©a A±ŠQ> :B.g. 1773 À`m ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Zwgma Xa 20 dfmªZr H§$nZr~m~V Zdo YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV `mdo. H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`mV H$m§hr \o$a~Xc KSy>Z AmUmdoV, `mgmR>r
EH$ H$c_ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma B. g. 1793 _Ü`o \o$aVnmgUrMm H$m`Xm nmg H$aÊ`mV
Amcm. Ë`mgM MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>, 1793 Ago åhUVmV.
`m H$m`ÚmVrc VaVwXr nwT>rcà_mUo :1. MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> 1793 Zwgma H§$nZrMr gZX drg dfmªZr dmT>{dÊ`mV Amcr.
2. {nQ>À`m H$m`ÚmZo Zo_coë`m "~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc'Mm gd© IM© H§$nZrda åhUOoM n`m©`mZo
qhXþñWmZÀ`m _mWr _maÊ`mV Amcm.
3. JìhZ©a OZaccm Amnë`m J¡ahOoarV H$m`©H$m[aUrda CnmÜ`j Zo_Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {_imcm.
84
4. g¡Ý`mMm à_wI hm g§MmcH$ _§S>imZo nadmZJr {Xë`mZ§VaM H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMm gXñ` hmoB©c,
Ago R>a{dÊ`mV Amco.
5. H$m¡pÝgcÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr _Vo JìhZ©a OZac d JìhZ©g© `m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ am{hcr ZmhrV.
6. H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm qhXþñWmZm~mhoa aOm KoD$Z OmÊ`mg ~§Xr KmcÊ`mV Amcr. VgoM
H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mè`mg naV ~mocm{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {~«{Q>e gaH$macm
{_imcm.
7. B§½c§S>_Yrc ImOJr ì`mnmè`m§Zm nyd}H$S>rc XoemV VrZ hOma Q>Z _mc ZoÊ`mMr nadmZJr
XoÊ`mV `odyZ H$m§hr à_mUmV ImOJr ì`mnmamg nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr.
`m H$m`ÚmZo JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m A{YH$mamV ~arM dmT> hmodyZ gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmco. H|$Ð gaH$ma
à~i Pmco, Am{U CXma_VdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZ R>odyZ ImOJr ì`mnmamg MmcZm XoÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrÀ`m
_ŠVoXmarg eh ~gcm. B§½c§S>_Yrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ ^a^amQ>rZo H§$nZrÀ`m _ŠVoXmarda Q>rH$m hmody cmJcr hmoVr,
Ë`mMm hm n[aUm_ hmoVm.
~)
B.g. 1813 Mm MmQ>©a A±ŠQ> :-
{~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV ì`mnma{df`H$ d àmXo{eH$ {dñVmamÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Mm§Jcr àJVr
Ho$cr hmoVr. B§½c§S>_Ü`ohr Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZo Mm§JcrM Am{W©H$ ^a^amQ> KS>dyZ AmUcr hmoVr. Iwë`m
ì`mnmamMo VËdkmZ (ñdoÀN>mMm[aVoMm {gÜXm§V laissez fair) gm§{JVco OmV hmoVo. ImOJr ì`mnmè`m§Zm
nyd}H$S>o Amncm ì`mnma dmT>dmd`mMm hmoVm, Ë`m_wio H§$nZrMr nyd}H$S>rc ì`mnmar _ŠVoXmar g§nwîQ>mV AmUmdr
Aer OmoaH$g _mJUr B§½c§S>_Ü`o H$aÊ`mV `oV hmoVr. VgoM H§$nZrÀ`m MmQ>©aMm 20 dfm©Mm AdYr g§nV
Amcm hmoVm. `m nmíd©^y_rda B.g. 1813 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`mVrc VaVwXr
nwT>rcà_mUo :1. B.g. 1813 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Zwgma H§$nZrMr ^maVmVrc ì`mnmar _ŠVoXmar g_mßV H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. gd© {~Q>re ZmJ[aH$m§Zm hm ì`mnma Iwcm H$aÊ`mV Amcm. \$ŠV ^maVmVrc MhmÀ`m
ì`mnmamMr _ŠVoXmar Am{U MrZMm ì`mnma _mÌ H§$nZrH$S>oM am{hcm.
H§$nZrÀ`m ^mJrXmamZm ^maVr` CËnÞmVyZ 10.5% cm^m§e {_iV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo \$mago
ZwH$gmZ Pmco Zmhr.
2. H§$nZrcm nwT>rc 20 dfm©gmR>r ^maVr` àXoemMm d amOñdmdarc {Z`§ÌUmMm A{YH$ma {_imcm.
Ë`mM~amo~a hohr ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco H$s, Ë`m_wio øm àXoemdarc {~«Q>re amOnXmÀ`m
gmd©^m¡_Ëdmda H$moUVmhr à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoUma Zmhr.
85
Aem àH$mao àW_M ^maVmVrc B§J«Or gm_«mÁ`mMr g§{dYm{ZH$ pñWVr ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV
Amcr.
3. ~moS>© Am°\$ S>m`aoŠQ>g© qH$dm ~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>moc `m§Zr {_eZarZm qH$dm BVa ì`mnmè`m§Zm
qhXþñWmZmV H$m_ H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr cm`goÝgMm hŠH$ Amnë`mH$S>oM R>odcm, ho _hËdmMo H$c_
hmoVo. H$maU Iwë`m ì`mnmam_wio ì`mnmam§Mr ^maVmV MT>mAmoT> {Z_m©U hmoUma hmoVr. Ë`m_wio
^maVmVrc CÚmoJY§ÚmMr H$er hmZr Pmcr ho gdmªZm n[a{MV Amho.
4. 1813 À`m H$m`ÚmZo EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nmD$c CMcco Vo åhUOo `m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVr`m§À`m
{ejUmgmR>r EH$ cmI én`m§Mr gmo` H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ^maVmg§~§Yr B§J«OmMr hr KmofUm AË`§V
_hËdmMr hmoVr.
5. B§½c§S>À`m amOmÀ`m \$m¡OoMm IM© qhXþñWmZÀ`m S>moŠ`mda cmXÊ`mV Amcm.
`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>À`m ê$nmZo `m ^maV Xoemda B§J«Om§Mr gÎmm A{YH$m{YH$ ~iH$Q> hmoV Jocr, Am{U
ZdoZdo H$m`Xo ApñVËdmV Amë`mZo ^maVm_Ü`o hiyhiy H$m`ÚmMm KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mg hmoV Jocm. `m A°ŠQ>_wio
`m XoemV ì`mnma Iwcm H$aÊ`mV `odyZ nwT>rc H$mimV _moR>çm à_mUmV `m XoemVyZ n¡gm B§½c§S>H$S>o Jocm.
`m XoemMo Am{W©H$ emofU KSy>Z Amco.
H$) B. g. 1833 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> :B.g. 1813 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> d 1833 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> Xaå`mZ B§½c§S>_Ü`o ~aoM n[adV©Z KSy>Z
Amco. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr d ì`mnmadmT>r_wio B§½c§S>_Ü`o A_mn n¡gm `oV hmoVm. XoemMm OrdZñVa C§Mmdcm
hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ OmJ¥Vr_wio B§½c§S>À`m amOH$maUmcm Zdo diU {_imco hmoVo. B§½c§S>_Ü`o CXma_VdmX Am{U
gwYmaUmdmX `m§Zr dmVmdaU ^mamdco hmoVo. H$m_Jma MidirZr Amnë`m hŠH$mgmR>r cT>o gwê$ Ho$co hmoVo.
_VXmZmMm hŠH$ {dñV¥V ìhmdm `mgmR>r gm_mÝ` OZVoVyZ _mJUr hmody cmJcr hmoVr. 1830 _Ü`o gÎmoda
Amcoë`m {dJ (Whig) njmZo CXma YmoaUmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm hmoVm. B.g. 1832 _Ü`o AZoH$ dmX{ddmXmZ§Va
"g§gX gwYmaUm H$m`Xm' g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. Aem nmíd©^y_rda {~«Q>re g§gXoZo "1833 Mm MmQ>©a
A°ŠQ>' H$m`Xm nmg Ho$cm.
`
1833 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>_Yrc VaVwXr :1. `m H$m`ÚmZo H§$nZrcm nwT>rc 20 dfmªgmR>r AmUIr dmT> {_imdr. VgoM B§½c§S>À`m amOmÀ`m
d Ë`m§À`m CÎmam{YH$mè`m§À`m dVrZo {dídñV åhUyZ ^maVmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm, àemgZ
H§$nZrcm Mmc{dÊ`mMm nadmZm {_imcm. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrMo ì`mnmar ñdê$n nyU©V: ZîQ> Pmco,
Am{U Vr \$ŠV amOH$s` gÎmm åhUyZ ApñVËdmV am{hcr. nyd}H$S>rc ì`mnma {~«Q>re ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
nyU© Iwcm H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
86
2. JìhZ©a OZaccm "qhXþñWmZMm JìhZ©a OZac' hm hþÔm XoÊ`mV Amcm. H$m`XoH$mZyZ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm
EH$ Mm¡Wm g^mgX H$m¡pÝgc_Ü`o Zo_Ê`mV Amcm. cm°S>© _oH$m°co hm H$m¡pÝgc_Yrc n{hcm
"H$m`Xm g^mgX' hmo`. `mcmM ^maVmMm n{hcm H$m`Xm_§Ìr Agohr åhUVmV.
3. ^maVmV H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZac d Ë`mMo H$m¡pÝgc `m§ZmM XoÊ`mV Amco.
_oH$m°coÀ`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ "cm° H${_eZ' Zo_Ê`mV Amco.
4. àm§Vm_Yrc H$m¡pÝgc d JìhZ©a `m§Mm H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Amcm. VgoM
àm§Vm_Yrc àemgH$s` IMm©gmR>r JìhZ©a OZacMr AZw_Vr Amdí`H$ _mZcr Jocr.
5. qhXr cmoH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo H$c_ Ago hmoVo H$s, H$moUVmhr ^oX^md Z H$aVm
qhXr cmoH$m§Zm H§$nZrÀ`m àemgZmV H$moUVrhr ZmoH$ar Iwcr R>odÊ`mV Amcr.
6. ^maVmVrc Jwcm_r ZîQ> H$aÊ`mMm hþHy$_ JìhZ©a OZaccm XoÊ`mV Amcm.
`
1833 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Mo _hÎd :-
1833 À`m H$m`ÚmÝd`o ^maVmVrc àemgZmMo H|$ÐrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMr gd© gÎmm
JìhZ©a OZac d Ë`mÀ`m H$m¡pÝgcH$S>o XoÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmV nydunojm A{YH$ gwgyÌVm {Z_m©U
Pmcr. nydu doJdoJiçm amÁ`mV doJdoJio d H$m§hr doim nañna{damoYr H$m`Xo hmoVo. EH$mM JwÝømgmR>r
~§Jmc, _Ðmg d _w§~B© Bcm»`mV doJdoJiçm {ejm hmoË`m. hr {dg§JVr Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§nyU© XoemgmR>r
EH$M X§S>{dYmZ AgUo A{Zdm`© hmoVo. `m H$m`Úm_wio {~«Q>re dM©ñdmImcr Agcoë`m gd© àXoemV d gd©
OZVogmR>r EH$M H$m`Xm ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZac d Ë`mMo H$m¡pÝgccm XoÊ`mV Amcm. Vmo
H$m`Xm ~§Jmc, _w§~B©, _Ðmg `m gd© àXoemgmR>r d gd© Ý`m`mc`mZm cmJy hmoUma hmoVm. 1833 À`m
H$m`ÚmZo H$m`ÚmMo g§{hVrH$aU KSy>Z Amco.
`m H$m`ÚmZo EH$ _hÎdmMm {ZU©` H$c_ H«$_m§H$ 87 Ûmam KoÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`mV åhQ>co hmoVo H$s,
""H$moUË`mhr ^maVr` AWdm {~«Q>re amOnXmÀ`m ^maVr` àOocm Y_©, OÝ_ñWmZ, d§e, dJ© AWdm `mn¡H$s
H$moUË`mhr EH$m H$maUmdê$Z H§$nZrÀ`m {Z`§ÌUImcrc H$moUË`mhr ñWmZ, nX AWdm godogmR>r A`mo½` _mZco
OmUma Zmhr.'' `m_mJrc YmaUm g§McH$m§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$ë`mà_mUo ""`mo½`Vm {ZpíMV H$aUo ZgyZ A`mo½`Vm
hQ>{dUo hm Amho.'' g§MmcH$ nwT>o åhUVmV, ""^maVmV H$moUVmhr {d{eîQ> dJ© AgUma Zmhr. `mo½`VoMm Omo
_mZX§S> R>a{dcm OmB©c, Ë`mV OmV qH$dm Y_m©cm ñWmZ AgUma Zmhr...... Ho$di nmÌVoMm {dMma Ho$cm
OmB©c.'' `m H$m`ÚmVrc hm AË`§V _hËdmMm {ZU©` hmoVm, H$maU Ë`m_wio ^maVr`m§Zm CÀM nXmnmgyZ d§{MV
R>odÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr g_mßVr Pmcr. na§Vw BVa AZoH$ {ZU©`mà_mUo `m {ZU©`mMrhr \$maer A§_c~OmdUr
Pmcr Zmhr. _mÌ g_mZVoMo VËd `m H$m`ÚmÛmao _mÝ` Ho$co ho \$ma _hÎdmMo hmoVo. Jwcm_{Jar g_mßV
H$aÊ`mMo H$c_ d {Z`wŠVr H$aVmZm ^oX^md g_mßV H$aÊ`mMo H$c_ AË`§V _hÎdmMo hmoVo.
87
S>)
B. g. 1853 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> :-
B.g. 1852 n`ªV ^maVmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMm \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_«mÁ` {dñVma Pmcm hmoVm.
qgY d n§Om~ àm§V {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mV {dcrZ Pmco hmoVo. cmS>© S>chm¡grZo {Za{Zamiçm ŠcwßË`m d `moOZm
AmIyZ {dñV¥V àXoe {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mV {dcrZ Ho$ë`mZo {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mMo joÌ\$i Mm§JcoM dmT>co hmoVo.
Aem n[apñWVrV EH$m ì`mnmar H§$nZrcm ^maVmgma»`m I§S>àm` XoemV amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. Voìhm
{~«Q>re gaH$maZo H§$nZrMr amOdQ> g§nwîQ>mV AmUyZ g§nyU© ^maV Amnë`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr AmUmdm Aer _mJUr
B§½c§S>§_Ü`o hmody cmJcr hmoVr. H§$nZrÀ`m amOdQ>rV AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U Pmco hmoVo. ^maVr` OZVoV Ag§Vmof
{Z_m©U Pmcm hmoVm. A§VJ©V em§VVm d gwì`dñWoMm àíZ {Z_m©U Pmcm hmoVm. `m nmíd©^y_rda H§$nZrMo
^mJrXma Am{U g§MmcH$ _mÌ ^maVmVrc gm_«mÁ` Amnë`mM Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. `m
g§Kfm©VyZ eodQ>r 1853 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
`
1853 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>_Yrc VaVwXr :1. 1853 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Ûmao Ago R>aco H$s, nmc©_|Q> BVa ì`dñWm H$arn`ªV H§$nZrZo EH$
{dídñV åhUyZ ^maVmMm H$ma^ma nhmdm. `mdê$Z H§$nZrMr ^maVmVrc amOdQ> H$m§hr H$mimnwaVrM
amhUma hmoVr ho ñnîQ> Pmco.
2. `m H$m`ÚmZo S>m`aoŠQ>am§Mr g§»`m 24 dê$Z 18 da AmUÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mn¡H$s 3 g^mgXm§Mr
{Z`wŠVr B§½c§S>À`m amOmH$Sy>Z hmoB©c Ago R>aco. Ë`m_wio gmh{OH$M {~«Q>re gaH$maMo H§$nZrdarc
{Z`§ÌU dmT>co.
3. H|$ÐmV qH$dm àm§VmV H$m¡pÝgcg©Mr {Z`wŠVr {~«Q>re gaH$maÀ`m g§_ÎmrZo hmoB©c Ago R>aco.
~§JmcgmR>r ñdV§Ì JìhZ©a Zo_Ê`mV Amcm.
4. ^maVmV H$m`©H$mar {d^mJ Am{U H$m`Xo {d^mJ nañnam§nmgyZ doJio H$aÊ`mÀ`m ^mdZoZo H$m`Xo
_§S>imV Zdo gXñ` KoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. H$m`Xm gXñ`mcm (Law Member)
JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m H$m¡pÝgcMm nyU© gXñ` (Full Member) H$aÊ`mV Amco.
5. `m H$m`ÚmÝd`o drg cmoH$m§Mr {dYmZg^m ~Z{dÊ`mV `odyZ Ë`mV ~§JmcMm _w»` Ý`m`m{Ye,
d[aîR> H$moQ>m©Mm EH$ Ý`m`m{Ye d JìhZ©aÀ`m àm§VmMm EH$ g^mgX `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
Amcm. `m H$c_mZo ^maVmVrc H$m`Xo_§S>imMm nm`m KmVcm Jocm Ago åhQ>ë`mg dmdJo
R>aUma Zmhr. AWm©V `mV EH$hr qhXr g^mgX ZìhVm. `m H$m`ÚmZo gZXera nmc©_|Q>Mr
ñWmnZm Pmcr Agohr g_OÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr; na§Vw KQ>ZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm `m VaVwXrcm _hÎd
Amho.
88
`
1853 À`m H$m`Úmg§~§Yr {ZarjU :-
hm H$m`Xm XmoZ nañna{damoYr {dMmam§_Yrc EH$ g_PmoVm hmoVm. H§$nZr H$m`_ ahmdr Aem {dMmam§Mo
cmoH$ g_mYmZr hmoVo H$s, g§gXoÀ`m Zmng§Vrn`ªV H§$nZr Amnco H$m`© H$arc. Á`m§Zm H§$nZr g_mßV ìhmdr
Ago dmQ>V hmoVo Vo ømgmR>r g_mYmZr hmoVo H$s, g§MmcH$m§Mr g§»`m 24 dê$Z H$_r H$ê$Z 18 H$aÊ`mV
Amcr, Am{U Ë`mVhr 6 g§MmcH$ amOnXmH$Sy>Z Zm_{ZX}{eV hmoVo. g§MmcH$m§Mo g§ajUhr g_mßV Pmco
hmoVo.
1853 À`m H$m`ÚmÝd`o àma§^mnmgyZM H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Xe©dcocr ñdmV§Í`mMr ^mdZm H$m`ÚmMm
àdV©H$ Mmëg© dyS>cm ({Z`§ÌU _§S>imMm AÜ`j) AñdñW H$ê$Z Jocr. Ë`m~m~VrV Amnco _V ñnîQ>
H$aVmZm Vmo åhUmcm, ""hr ^maVmVrc KQ>ZmË_H$ g§gXoMr gwImV Amho Ago Oo VéU ^maVr` g_OVmV
Ë`mcm _mPr _mÝ`Vm Zmhr. H$maU dñVwpñWVr Ver Zmhr.'' `m H$m`Úmda CcQ>gwcQ> Q>rH$m hmoV Agcr
Var 1853 À`m H$m`ÚmZo {Z_m©U Ho$coco d H$m`©aV Pmcoco H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUOo 19 ì`m eVH$mVrc
_hÎdmMr KQ>ZmË_H$ ~m~ hmo`.
`m H$m`ÚmVrc _hÎdmMr ÌwQ>r åhUOo H$m`Xm à{H«$`oV ^maVr`m§Mm H$m§hrM gh^mJ ZìhVm. ~mQ>©c
\«o$aZo (Bartle Frere) åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ""Ho$cocm H$m`Xm AZwHy$c Amho H$s à{VHy$c ho H$moQ>çmdYr ^maVr`m§Zr
gm§JÊ`mMm EH$M _mJ© hmoVm Vmo åhUOo ~§S> hmo`.''
ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Z§Va Xa drg dfmªZr MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mà_mUo B. g. 1793,
1833, 1853 Mo MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg Pmco. {~«Q>rem§Mo gm_«mÁ` OgOgo dmT>V Joco. VgVgo àemgH$s` Xmof
Xÿa H$ê$Z H$m`ÚmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m d MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg H$aÊ`mV Amco. {~«Q>re gaH$maZo B.g.
1773 Vo 1857 n`ªV H§$nZrMr ì`mnmar d amOH$s` gÎmm Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo H$_r H$ê$Z Amncr nH$S> KÅ>
Ho$cr. 1858 À`m H$m`ÚmZo eodQ>r Cacr-gwacr H§$nZrMr gÎmm H$m`_Mr ZîQ> H$ê$Z ^maV hm {~«Q>re
gm_«mÁ`mMm EH$ ^mJ ~Z{dÊ`mV Amcm.
^maVmV {~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr amOdQ> gwé Pmcr. Var {VÀ`mda {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>Mo nyU©nUo
{Z`§ÌU hmoVo. H§$nZrMo ^maVmVrc àemgZ ZrQ> Mmcmdo d {VÀ`mda {~«Q>re g§gXoMo {Z`§ÌU ahmdo
åhUyZM {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>Zo ^maVmgmR>r {Za{Zamio H$m`Xo Ho$co. 1773 À`m {Z`m_H$ H$m`ÚmZo àma§^ Pmcocr,
gwé Pmcocr KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m 1784, 1793, 1813, 1833 Am{U 1853 _Yrc H$m`ÚmZo
nwT>o OmV am{hcr. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrMr gÎmm H$_r-H$_r hmoV Jocr. na§Vw ^maVmV _mÌ H$m`Úm§Mm KQ>ZmË_H$
{dH$mg hmoV Jocm. ^maVr`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo ^mdr H$mimV hm KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mg _hËdmMm Amho. H§$nZrMr gÎmm
g§nwîQ>mV Amcr Var {~«{Q>em§Zr nwT>rc H$mimVhr {Za{Zamio H$m`Xo nmg H$ê$Z hm {dH$mg nyU©Ëdmg Zocm.
Ë`m_wio ^maVmgmR>r EH$ àH$mao H$m`ÚmMr g§{hVm V`ma Pmcr.
89
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmZo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr ^maVmVrc ì`mnmar _ŠVoXmar g_mßV H$aÊ`mV Amcr?
2. "cm° H${_eZ' H$moUmÀ`m AÜ`jVoImcr Zo_Ê`mV Amco?
3. Jwcm_r ZîQ> H$aÊ`mMm hþHy$_ (A{YH$ma) JìhZ©a OZaccm H$moUr {Xcm?
4. 1853 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Zo S>m`aoŠQ>am§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr H$aÊ`mV Amcr?
~)
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. .............. À`m H$m`ÚmZo H|$Ð gaH$ma ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mV Amco.
(A) 1813
(~) 1833
(H$) 1853
(S>) 1858.
2. H§$nZrÀ`m ZmoH$argmR>r Iwë`m ñnYm©`wŠV narjm ............. `m gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmZo gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
(A) 1773
(~) 1813
(H$) 1853
(S>) 1909.
3. ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmMr O~m~Xmar ............... én`m§Mr VaVyX H$ê$Z 1813 À`m H$m`ÚmZo
àW_M pñdH$macr.
(A) EH$ cmI
(~) XmoZ cmI
(H$) VrZ H$moQ>r
(S>) n§Yam H$moQ>r.
4. 1833 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ............... `m§Zm nyd}H$S>rc ì`mnma nyU©nyU© Iwcm H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
(A) ^maVr`m§Zm
(~) `wamo{n`Z
(H$) A_o[aH$Z
(S>) {~«Q>re ZmJ[aH$.
5. ^maVmVrc KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mg ................ _wio KSy>Z Amcm.
(A) {~«Q>re g§gXoZo nmg Ho$coco H$m`Xo
(H$) 1857 Mm CR>md
(~) cmS>© _oH$m°co
(S>) H§$nZr gaH$ma.
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
A) 1) dm°aZ hoñQ>t½O, 2) {nQ>g² B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>, 3) YmH$Q>m {nQ>, 4) ao½`wcoQ>tJ A°ŠQ>,
5) ~§Jmc.
90
~) 1) = (H$) JìhZ©a OZac, 2) = (~) H$cH$Îmm, 3) = (A) H$coŠQ>a, 4) = (H$) AW©Vk,
5) = (~) goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ>.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
A) 1) 1813 À`m H$m`ÚmZo, 2) _oH$m°co, 3) 1833 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Zo, 4) 1833 À`m MmQ>©a
A°ŠQ>, 5) AR>am.
~) 1) = (A) 1813, 2) = (H$) 1853, 3) = (A) EH$ cmI, 4) = (S>) {~«Q>re ZmJ[aH$,
5) = (A) {~«Q>re g§gXoZo nmg Ho$coco H$m`Xo.
3.5 gmam§e
^maVm_Ü`o {~«Q>rem§Mr amOdQ> gwé Pmë`mZ§Va `oWo em§VVm d gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr
Mm§Jco àemgZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. `m XoemVrc ì`mnma d amOH$s` gÎmm H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m hmVmV Agcr
Var H§$nZrda {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>Mo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. gwadmVrcm B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr hr EH$ ì`mnmar g§KQ>Zm hmoVr.
B§½c§S>À`m g§gXoH$Sy>Z H§$nZrg doimodoir {Za{Zamiçm gZXm àmßV hmodyZ Ë`mÝd`o dImarMo g§ajU, ì`mnma,
g¡Ý` C^maUr `oWrc àXoemda H$ãOm, qOH$coë`m àXoemMo àemgZ, `wÕ d Vh BË`mXtMo A{YH$ma H§$nZrcm
àmßV Pmco hmoVo. VWm{n, H§$nZrMm dmT>cocm ì`mnma, àXoe {dñVma d àemgZ `m_Yrc J¡aH$ma^ma d
^«îQ>mMma `m_wio H§$nZrcm VmoQ>m hmoV Ago. VgoM {VÀ`m àemgZmVrc Jm|YimMo nS>gmX B§½c§S>_Ü`o C_Q>V
AgV. Aem n[apñWVrV H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU KmcUo {~«Q>re g§gXocm Amdí`H$ dmQy> cmJco. `m
JaOonmoQ>r {~«Q>re g§gXoZo H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamda {Z`§Ì àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r B.g. 1773 _Ü`o ao½`wcoqQ>J
A°ŠQ> nmg Ho$cm. Ë`mX²dmao H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamV {eñV AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.
ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>_wio ^maVmÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mgmg gwadmV Pmcr Ago _mZÊ`mV `oVo qH$dm ^maVmÀ`m
{c{IV KQ>ZoMm àma§^ Pmcm Agohr _mZco OmVo.
{~«{Q>em§Mo ^maVmVrc gm_«mÁ` OgOgo dmT>V Joco. VgVgo amÁ`H$ma^mamVrc gwYmaUmgmR>r {~«Q>re
nmc©_|Q>Zo {Za{Zamio H$m`Xo nmg Ho$co. ao½`wcoQ>tJ A°ŠQ> Z§Va B.g. 1781 Mm "XþéñVr H$m`Xm' {nQ>g²Mm
B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> (1784) Ë`mZ§Va B.g. 1793 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>, 1813 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>, 1833 Mm MmQ>©a
A°ŠQ>, 1853 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> Ago {d{dY H$m`Xo JaOoZwgma {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>Zo nmg Ho$co d `m H$m`ÚmZwgma
`oWrc {Za{Zamio JìhZ©a OZac d JìhZ©aZr AZoH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. Ë`m_wio hiyhiy KQ>ZmË_H$
{dH$mg Pmcm. `m XoemV {c{IV H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV `odyZ H$m`Úm§Mo g§{hVrH$aU Pmco. gdm©gmR>r g_mZ
d {c{IV H$m`Xm {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV A§_cmV AmUcm Jocm. H$m`Úmda AmYm[aV AmYw{ZH$ Ý`m` ì`dñWm
C^r am{hcr. hr ^maVr`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo A{Ve` Mm§Jcr JmoîQ> KSy>Z Amcr.
91
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1. ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ> (1773) `m H$m`Úm~Ôc g{dñVa _m{hVr gm§Jm.
2. ao½`wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>Mo JwUXmof ñnîQ> H$am.
3. {nQ>gÀ`m B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>Mo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$am.
4. ^maVmVrc H§$nZr H$mcI§S>mVrc KQ>ZmË_H$ {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
5. 1833 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>À`m VaVyXr gm§Jm.
6. 1853 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Mo àemgH$s` _hËd gm§Jm.
7. H§$nZrMo àemgZ d {VÀ`mdarc MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Mo {Z`§ÌU `mg§~§YrMm AmT>mdm.
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. 'Modern India'
: Bipan Chandra.
2. "An Advanced History of India"
: Mujumdar,
Datta.
3. "India Under the British Crown"
: B. D. Basu.
4. ""AmYw{ZH$ ^maV''
: AmMm`© OmdS>oH$a.
5. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
: S>m°. gw_Z d¡Ú, S>m°. em§Vm H$moR>oH$a.
Raychaudhari,
Amd¥Îmr 1, 2, 3.
6. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
: S>m°. ~r. EZ. gaXogmB©, S>m°. ìhr. EZ.
ZcmdS>o
7. "AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg'
: Xoenm§S>o gwYmH$a.
3.9 joÌr` H$m`©
m
J«m_n§Mm`V H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr KodyZ Ë`mda {Q>ßnUr {chm.
ccc
92
KQ>H$-4
S>chm¡grMr YmoaUo Am{U Ë`mcm {_imcoco `e
( Policies and Achievements of Dalhousie )
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 S>chm¡grZo `wÜXmÛmao Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o
4.2.2 XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z amÁ`o Imcgm H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU
4.2.3 BVa H$maUo XmIdyZ Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o
4.2.4 S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimVrc gwYmaUm
4.2.5 S>chm¡grÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.5 gmam§e
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdm`m`
4.7 g§X^© J«§W
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg;
Z
JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ cm°S©> S>chm¡grÀ`m H$maH$sXuMr _m{hVr {_ioc.
Z
S>chm¡grÀ`m {d{cZrH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUmMr _m{hVr {_ioc.
Z
S>chm¡grZo `wÜXm§Ûmao Ho$coë`m {d{cZrH$aUmMr _m{hVr {_ioc.
93
Z
S>chm¡grÀ`m XÎmH$ dmag Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUm~Ôc _m{hVr {_ioc.
Z
S>chm¡grZo KS>dyZ AmUcoë`m {d{dY gwYmaUm d Ë`mMm ^maVmda Pmcoë`m n[aUm§_m{df`r
_m{hVr {_ioc.
Z
S>chm¡grÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aVm `oB©c.
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
{~«Q>re B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr hr ì`mnma H$aUo `m à_wI CÔoemZo ^maVmV Amcr. ^maVmV nmoVw©JrO,
S>M d \«|$M ho àm_w»`mZo Ë`m§Mo ì`mnmar ñnY©H$ hmoVo. `m ì`mnmar ñnY}V {~«{Q>em§nwT>o nmoVw©JrO d S>M `m§Mm
àma§^rÀ`m H$mimVM {Z^md cmJcm Zmhr. \«|$MmZr H$mhr H$mi {~«{Q>em§er ñnYm© Ho$cr. na§Vw `wamon_Ü`o
Pmcoë`m gßVdm{f©H$ `wÕmV \«|$MmMm nam^d Pmë`m_wio ^maVmVhr Ë`m§Mr {nN>ohmQ> Pmcr. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar
joÌmV d amOH$s` joÌmV {~«{Q>em§Zm ñnY©H$ am{hcm Zmhr.
^maVmVrc ì`mnmamV {~«{Q>em§Zr Mm§Jcm O_ ~g{dë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr `oWrc amOH$maUmVhr àdoe
H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. `m I§S>àm` XoemV AZoH$ amÁ`H$V} AmnmngmV gÎmogmR>r cT>V hmoVo. _wKcgÎmm
H$_Hw$dV hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo gaXma H|$Ð gÎmocm Ow_mZV ZìhVo. `m amOH$s` A§XmYw§XrMm \$m`Xm {~«{Q>em§Zr KoVcm.
^maVmV Amnco gm_«mÁ` dmT>{dÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho ho H§$nZrÀ`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr AmoiIco d Ë`mÑîQ>rZo nmD$co
Q>mH$cr d nwT>rc H$mimV `m XoemVrc EHo$H$ amÁ` {~«{Q>em§À`m {dñVmadmXmcm ~ir nS>V Joco. `oWrc
gÎmm{Yem§Mm nmS>md H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {Za{Zamio _mJ© dmnaco. CXm. cm°S>© docñcrZo V¡ZmVr \$m¡OoMm dmna
H$ê$Z AZoH$ amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm Amnë`m dM©ñdmImcr AmUco. hiyhiy gd© ^maV^a {~«{Q>em§Mo gm_«mÁ` ngaco.
{~«{Q>em§À`m {dñVmadmXr YmoaUmMm H$ig JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>© S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV JmR>cocm {XgVmo.
Ë`mZo àma§^rnmgyZ gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaU pñdH$mê$Z {Za{Zamiçm H$maUmdê$Z g§ñWmZo Imcgm Ho$cr. H$mhr
amÁ`o `wÕ H$ê$Z Zm_eof Ho$cr. Amnë`m AmR> dfm©À`m H$ma{H$XuV Ë`mZo gd© ^maVmV {~«{Q>em§Mo gm_«mÁ`
C^o Ho$co. gm_«mÁ` {dñVmam~amo~aMo `m XoemMo àemgZ gwc^[aË`m nmhVm `mdo åhUyZ Ë`mZo AZoH$ gwYmaUm
KS>dZy AmUë`m. S>chm¡grMo ho YmoaU ^maVmVrc {~«{Q>e gÎmoMo ÑT>rH$aU H$aUmao d ^maVmcm AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m
dmQ>oda ZoUmao R>aco.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
a
cm°S©> S>chm¡gr (H$m`©H$mc 1848 Vo 1856)
nydm©`wî` : cm°S©> S>chm¡grMm OÝ_ H°$gc (ñH$m°Q>c§S>) `oWo 22 E{àc 1812 _Ü`o EH$m gYZ
KamÊ`mV Pmcm. Ë`mMo dS>rc Ooåg a°_Pr ho H$mhr H$mi ^maVmV g¡Ý`à_wI åhUyZ H$m`©aV hmoVo.
94
1833 _Ü`o S>chm¡grZo Am°Šg\$S©> {dÚmnrR>mVyZ nXdr KoVcr. 1837 _Ü`o Vmo "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg'
_Ü`o {ZdSy>Z Amcm. ga am°~Q>© nrcÀ`m H§$Pd}{Q>d _§{Ì_§S>imVhr H$mhr {Xdg Ë`mZo H$m_ Ho$co. "~moS©> Am°\$
Q´>oS>' Mm AÜ`j åhUyZ Ë`mZo 1847 _Ü`o CÎm_ H$m_{Jar ~Omdcr. ^maVmMm JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ
Ë`mMr 1847 _Ü`o {Z`wŠVr Pmcr. OmZodmar 1848 _Ü`o Vmo H$cH$Îmm `oWo Amcm d `m nXmMr O~m~Xmar
Ë`mZo ñdrH$macr. `mdoir Ë`mMo d` Ho$di N>Îmrg df} hmoVo. AË`§V _hËdmH$m§jr Agcoë`m S>chm¡grZo
^maVmVrc {~«Q>re gÎmoMm {dñVma H$aUo `m CÔoemZoM dmQ>Mmc Ho$cr. {deofV: Ë`mMo Imcgm YmoaU qH$dm
{d{cZrH$aUmMo YmoaU ho _hÎdnyU© R>aco. S>chm¡grÀ`m AJmoXa Amcoë`m ~hwVoH$ JìhZ©a OZacZr eŠ`Vmo
^maVr` amÁ`mMo {d{cZrH$aU Q>mico hmoVo. _mÌ S>chm¡grZo `m YmoaUmMm nwaonya dmna Ho$cm d gÎmm {dñVma
KS>dyZ AmUcm.
S>chm¡grÀ`m "S>m°ŠQ>arZ Am°\$ c°ßg' (Doctrine of Lapse) Mo ^mfm§Va {d{dY àH$mao Ho$coco
{XgVo. amÁ`o Imcgm H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU, ImcgmdmXr YmoaU, amÁ`{dc`mMo YmoaU, {d{cZrH$aUmMo VËd,
ì`nJV VËd BË`mXr AW© {Xco AmhoV. gXa àH$aUmV "S>m°ŠQ>arZ Am°\$ c°ßg'gmR>r S>chm¡grMo amÁ`o Imcgm
H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU qH$dm {d{cZrH$aU Ago ^mfm§Va dmnaÊ`mV Amco Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`o {dcrZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>chm¡grZo nwT>rc _mJm©Mm dmna Ho$cm.
1) `wÜXmÛmao Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o.
2) XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o.
3) BVa H$maUo XmIdyZ Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o.
4.2.1 S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimVrc `wÜXmÛmao Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o
1.
n§Om~ (1849) :-
n§Yamì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg JwéZmZH$ `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m erI Y_m©Mm àgma n§Om~_Ü`o
Pmcm. {eIm§Mo eodQ>Mo Jwé JmoqdXqgJ (1666-1708) `m§À`m H$mimV EH$ amOH$s` d cîH$ar gÎmm
åhUyZ {eIm§Mm CX` Pmcm. n§Om~_Yrc erI ho {d{dY JQ>mV {d^mJco hmoVo, Á`mcm {_gc Ago
åhQ>co OmB©. `mn¡H$s "gwHo$aMm{H$`m' {_gcMm à_wI aU{OVqgJ `mZo {d{dY JQ>m§Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z ñdV§Ì
erI amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `wamo{n`Z cmoH$m§gmaIoM gwgÁO g¡Ý` Ë`mZo ñWmnZ Ho$co. gVcO ZXrÀ`m
CÎmaog aU{OVqgJmMo Va X{jUog {~«{Q>em§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. aU{OVqgJmÀ`m Vmã`mV g§nyU© H$mpí_a àXoe,
Zonmi_Yrc H$m§J«m d A\$Jm{UñVmZÀ`m AQ>H$ n`ªVMm àXoe Amcm hmoVm. _mÌ namH«$_r aU{OVqgJmZo
{~«{Q>em§{damoYmV I§~ra ^y{_H$m H$Yrhr KoVcr Zmhr qH$dm BVa ^maVr` gÎmm{Yem§Zmhr Ë`mZo {~«{Q>em§{damoYmV
_XV Ho$cr Zmhr.
95
{~«{Q>em§À`m ÑîQ>rZo `m àXoemg amOH$s` d cîH$arÑîQ>çm Iyn _hÎd hmoVo. H$maU a{e`m ho {~«{Q>em§Mo
eÌy amîQ´> `oWyZ Odi hmoVo. 1839 _Ü`o aU{OVqgJmMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va gÎmm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
VoWo g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm. 1843 _Ü`o aU{OVqgJMm nmM df} d`mMm nwÌ X{cnqgJ `mcm amOm åhUyZ JmXrda
~gdco Joco Va Ë`mMr _mVm amUr qOXZ hr arO§Q> ~Zcr. n§Om~_Yrc `m amOH$s` AamOH$VoMm \$m`Xm
{~«{Q>em§Zr KoVcm. 1845-1846 _Ü`o n{hco {~«{Q>e-erI `wÜX Pmco. `mV {eIm§Mm nam^d Pmcm. _mÌ
{~«{Q>em§Zr Amncm dH$sc cm°aoÝg n§Om~À`m Xa~mamV R>odcm. aU{OVqgJmMo g¡Ý`hr ~aImñV Ho$co Joco.
H$mpí_aMm àXoe {eIm§H$Sy>Z H$mTy>Z KoVcm. WmoS>çmM {XdgmV ^¡amodmcMm Vh n§Om~da cmXÿZ {~«{Q>em§Zr VoWo
Amnco A§VJ©V {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV Ho$co. amUr qOXZda {~«{Q>em§Zm AZwHy$c Agcocm gaXma VoOqgJÀ`m
IyZmÀ`m à`ËZmMm Amamon R>odyZ {Vcm H¡$XoV S>m§~co. `mgd© JmoîQ>t_wio n§Om~_Ü`o {~«{Q>em§{damoYmV dmVmdaU
VmnV Joco.
`m dmVmdaUmV _wcVmZ àm§VmMm gw^oXma _wcamO `mZo ~§S>mMm P|S>m \$S>H$dcm. H$maU {~«{Q>em§Zr
Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z _moR>r I§S>Ur _m{JVcr hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m _XVrg hOmamMm gw^oXma MQ>OuqgJhr hmoVm. H$maU
Ë`mÀ`m _wcrer X{cnqgJmMm R>acoë`m {ddmhmg {~«{Q>em§Zr nadmZJr ZmH$macr. Vmohr _wcamOmg `oD$Z
{_imcm. A\$JmUMm emgH$ XmoñV _h§_XZohr Amncm _wcJm AmH«$_ImZ `mg gg¡Ý` VoWo nmR>dco.
aU{OVqgJmMo Oo g¡Ý` {~«{Q>em§_wio ~oH$ma Pmco hmoVo, Vohr _wcamOÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr EH${ÌV Pmco. AemàH$mao
1848 _Ü`o Xþgao {~«{Q>e-erI `wÜX gwê$ Pmco. cm°S>© S>chm¡grcm `m {Z{_ÎmmZo Iyn _moR>r g§Yr {_imcr.
Ë`mZo ho ~§S> n§Om~^a ngaÊ`mMr dmQ> nm{hcr. goZmnVr øy J\$À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr 16 Zmoìh|~a 1848 _Ü`o
Ë`mZo g¡Ý` nmR>{dco.
`mdoir XmoÝhr g¡Ý`mV am_ZJa, {Mcr`Zdmcm, N>moQ>m JwOamV `oWo cT>m`m Pmë`m. 21 \o$~«wdmar
1849 amoOr {MZm~ ZXrOdi {ZUm©`H$ cT>mB© Pmcr. {~«{Q>em§Zr Vmo\$m§Mm OmoaXma _mam Ho$cm. {eI g¡Ý`m§Mm
Ë`mnwT>o {Q>H$md cmJcm Zmhr. {~«{Q>em§Mm {dO` Pmcm Am{U S>chm¡grZo n§Om~À`m {d{cZrH$aUmMm {ZU©`
KoVcm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo H$maU gm§{JVco H$s, Omon`ªV {eIm§Odi hË`mao-gmYZo AmhoV Vmon`ªV Vo cT>V
amhVrc. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd g_mßV H$aUo hmM em§VVm {Z{_©VrMm gdm}Îm_ Cnm` Amho. AIoarg
29 _mM© 1849 `m KmoofUoZwgma n§Om~Mr {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV {d{cZrH$aUmMr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
~§S>mer H$mhrhr g§~§Y Zgcoë`m Xcrnqghmcm nXÀ`yV Ho$co. nÞmg hOma nm¢S>mMr noÝeZ XoD$Z amUr
qOXZgh Ë`mMr admZJr B§½bS>cm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. S>chm¡grZo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>Mm OJà{gÜX "H$mo{hZya {ham H$mTy>Z
KoVcm. AemàH$mao aU{OVqghmZo _moR>çm namH«$_mZo ñWmnZ Ho$coco amÁ` S>chm¡grZo Imcgm Ho$co. n§Om~
Amnë`m Vmã`mV ¿`m`MmM `m hoVyZo S>chm¡grZo Z¡{VH$Vm ~mOycm R>odV H$madmB© Ho$cr. BdmÝg ~ocZo `m
KQ>ZoMo dU©Z "ewÜX {dœmgKmV' Ago Ho$co Amho. `m {d{cZrH$aUm_wio {~«{Q>em§Mo gm_«mÁ` dm`ì` ^maVmVhr
ngaco. `m ^mJmVrc cîH$ar ÑîQ>çm _hËdmÀ`m qIS>r Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mV Amë`m.
96
2.
{gŠH$s_ (1850) :-
^maVmÀ`m CÎma-nyd}g Agcoco {gŠH$s_ EH$ N>moQ>o amÁ` hmoVo. {~«{Q>em§Zr 1816 _Ü`o ZonmiÀ`m
Jwa»`m§Mm nam^d Ho$cm. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr Zonmicm {gŠH$s_Mo ñdmV§Í` _mÝ` H$amd`mg ^mJ nmS>co.
VoìhmnmgyZ B§J«O-{gŠH$s_ `m§À`mV _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y hmoVo. S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV XmoZ B§J«O A{YH$mar
dZñnVremñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r {gŠH$s_cm Joco. Ë`m§Zm {gŠH$s_À`m amOmZo H¡$X Ho$co. S>chm¡grZo Ë`m§Zm
gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr, _mÌ Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Pmcm Zmhr. {gŠH$s_À`m amOmda S>chm¡grZo `m B§J«O
A{YH$mè`m§er Xþì`©dhma H$aÊ`mMm Amamon R>odcm d {gŠH$s_da AmH«$_U Ho$co. Iao Va Xm{O©qcJ d VoWrc
{~«{Q>em§À`m Vmã`mV Agcoco MhmMo _io `m§Mo g§ajU ìhmdo d ^maVmÀ`m CÎmanyd© gr_oda EH$ AmKmV
à{V~§Y amÁ` åhUyZ {gŠH$s_Mm Cn`moJ ìhmdm. hmM Ë`m_mJMm hoVy hmoVm. S>chm¡grZo {gŠH$s_H$Sy>Z
Xm{O©qcJ d AmUIr H$mhr àXoe KodyZ {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV {d{cZ Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio OdiOdi gVameo Mm¡ag
_¡cmMm àXoe `mdoir {~«Q>rem§Zm {_imcm.
3.
~«åhXoe (1852) :-
n{hë`m {~«{Q>e-~_u `wÜXmZ§Va `Xm§~yÀ`m VhmZwgma ~«åhXoeZo B§J«Om§Zm AmamH$mZ d VoZmgar_ ho àXoe
{Xco hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ {~«{Q>e ì`mnmar `m àXoemV amhy cmJco. ho cmoH$ a§JyZÀ`m JìhZ©a{déÜX
Xþì`©dhmamÀ`m VH«$mar H$aV. `mCcQ> ho ì`mnmar J¡aì`dhma H$ê$Z gaH$mar H$a ~wS>dVmV d Amnë`m
XoemMo Iyn Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo Aer ~_u gaH$maMr VH«$ma hmoVr. 1852 _Ü`o ~_u gaH$maZo eonS©>
d co{dg `m XmoZ {~«{Q>e ì`mnmè`m§da Ë`m§À`m ~_u ZmoH$am§~amo~a J¡aH¥$Ë`m~Ôc O~a X§S> ~gdcm.
`m XmoKm§Zr Vm~S>Vmo~ S>chm¡grH$So> VH«$ma Ho$cr. S>chm¡grÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hr gwdU©g§Yr hmoVr. Ë`mZo c°å~Q>©
`m A{YH$mè`mg ~_u gaH$ma~amo~a ~mocUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r d ZwH$gmZ^anmB© dgyc H$aÊ`mgmR>r a§JyZcm
nmR>{dco. {~«{Q>em§Mm A§VJ©V hoVy _mÌ àíZ gmoS>{dUo hm ZìhVmM. Ë`m§Zm H$mhrhr H$ê$Z `wÜXmgmR>r
{Z{_Îm emoYm`Mo hmoVo. c°å~Q>©Zo EH$ ~_u OhmO nH$Sy>Z ñdV:À`m Vmã`mV KoVco. `mM àíZmdê$Z ~_u
gaH$ma d {~«Q>rem§À`mV `wÜX gwê$ Pmco. OZac Jm°S>drZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr {~«{Q>e\$m¡Om ~«åhXoemda MmcyZ
Joë`m. ~_u gaH$maMm nyU© nam^d Pmcm. ~«åhXoemMm X{jU^mJ noJy àm§V S>chm¡grZo {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mcm
OmoS>ë`mMr KmofUm Ho$cr. ~_u gaH$ma~amo~a Hw$R>crhr ~mocUr S>chm¡grZo Ho$cr ZmhrV. {~«{Q>em§Mr AÝ`m`r
ZrVr BWohr cmJy Pmcr. `m {dO`m_wio {~«{Q>em§À`m Vmã`mV X{jU ~«åhXoemMm ^mJ AmcmM {edm`
nyd}H$S>rc gmJar {H$Zmè`mdahr B§J«OmMo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmco. {deofV: gmJ, Vm§Xÿi, noQ´>mo{c`_ B. dñVy§Mo
CËnmXZ d ì`mnma `mV dmT> Pmcr. ~_u cmoH$m§Zr J{Z_r nÜXVrZo {~«{Q>em§{déÜX cT>m gwê$ R>odcm Omo _moSy>Z
H$mT>m`cm Ë`m§Zm VrZ df} cmJcr.
S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV Pmcoë`m `m gd© `wÜXm§Mm {dMma Ho$cm Va hr amÁ`o {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV {d{cZ
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZoM Ë`mZo hr `wÜXo cmXcr ho ñnï> {XgVo. `wÜXmZ§Va Amdí`H$ Agm Vh Ë`mZo H$moR>ohr Ho$cm
97
Zmhr. AmnUmg Amdí`H$ VodT>m àXoe {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mg OmoSy>Z Ë`mZo `wÜX Wm§~{dco. `wÜXImoa YmoaU
pñdH$mê$Z {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mMm {dñVma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV J.O.S>chm¡gr `eñdr Pmë`mMo {XgVo.
4.2.2 XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z amÁ`o Imcgm H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU
^maVmVrc {d{dY amÁ`o Amnë`m gm_«mÁ`mg OmoS>Ê`mgmR>r S>chm¡grZo pñdH$macoco Xþgao YmoaU åhUOo
XÎmH$ dmag Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© ñdrH$macm. `m YmoaUmZo Hw$R>cohr `wÜX Z H$aVm Ë`mZo AZoH$ amÁ`o {~«{Q>e
gm_«mÁ`mV {d{cZ H$ê$Z Q>mH$cr. ^maVr` na§naoZwgma EImÚm amOmg Am¡agnwÌ Zgë`mg, {d{eîQ> Ym{_©H$
{dYr H$ê$Z EImÚm _wcmcm XÎmH$ KoD$Z Ë`mcm dmag Zo_Ê`mMr àWm àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmcV Amcr
hmoVr. hm XÎmH$ _wcJm hm na§naoZo amOmhr ~ZV Ago. amOmMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm Agë`mg Ë`mMr {dYdm nËZr
hr XÎmH$ KoD$Z Ë`mcm dmag ~ZdV Ago. hm A{mH$ma gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrc H§$nZrÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr _mÝ`
Ho$cm hmoVm. Z§Va _mÌ H§$nZrÀ`m YmoaUmV ~Xc hmoV Jocm. {deofV: {~«{Q>em§À`m _m§S>{cH$ amOm§Zr XÎmH$
¿`m`Mm Agë`mg H§$nZrMr nadmZJr Amdí`H$ _mZcr Jocr. hr nadmZJr Úm`Mr H$s Zmhr ho n[apñWVr
~KyZ R>adco OmB©c Aem Ame`mMm R>amd 1831 _Ü`oM H§$nZrZo nm[aV Ho$cm hmoVm. H§$nZrMr gÎmm ^maVmV
Oer ÑT> hmoV Jocr. VgVgo `m~m~V H§$nZrMo YmoaU ~XcV Joco. {deofV: S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV ho YmoaU
Am_ycmJ« ~Xcco. XÎmH$ dmag Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU Ë`mZo ñdrH$maco. {deofV: Or amÁ`o {~«{Q>e gZXoìXmao
{Z_m©U Pmcr hmoVr qH$dm nwZ:{O©drV Ho$cr hmoVr, Ë`m§À`m ~m~VrV ho YmoaU OmñV H$S>H$nUo am~dyZ Ë`mZo
AZoH$ amÁ`o Imcgm Ho$cr. {~«{Q>e gÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mMr EH$hr g§Yr Ë`mZo gmoS>cr Zmhr. `m {gÜXm§VmMm dmna
H$ê$Z Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o nwT>rcà_mUo :-
1.
gmVmam (1848) :-
S>chm¡grÀ`m XÎmH$ dmag Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mÀ`m ZrVrcm ~ir nS>coco gmVmam ho n{hco amÁ` hmoVo.
g§^mOrnwÌ N>ÌnVr emhÿ `m§Zr 1707 _Ü`o _moJcm§À`m H¡$XoVyZ X{jUoV naVë`mda "gmVmam' ho amOYmZrMo
{R>H$mU ~Z{dco d amÁ` H$ma^ma gwê$ Ho$cm. Oar `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mcI§S>mda noeì`m§Mo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmco
Agco Var N>ÌnVtMo amÁ` åhUyZ gmVmè`mcm _amR>r g_mOmV _mZ hmoVm. `m_wio noedmB© g§ndcr Var
gmVmè`mMo ApñVËd {~«{Q>em§Zr R>odco hmoVo. 1819 _Ü`o cm°S>© hopñQ>¨½OZo gmVmaÀ`m JmXrda àVmnqgJmcm
~gdyZ Ë`m§À`mer H$ama Ho$cm hmoVm. 1839 _Ü`o _w§~B©Mm JìhZ©a ga Om°Z H$m°aZm°H$ `mZo àVmnqgJcm hQ>dyZ
Ë`mMm ^mD$ Amßnmgmho~ `mg ~g{dco hmoVo. `m XmoKm§Zmhr Am¡agnwÌ ZìhVm. hrM g§Yr S>chm¡grZo gmYcr.
1848 _Ü`o gmVmaMm amOm Amßnmgmho~ `mMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm. _¥Ë`yÀ`m AJmoXa H$mhr {Xdg Amßnmgmho~mZo
H§$nZrMr nadmZJr Z KoVm EH$ _wcJm XÎmH$ KoVcm hmoVm. _mÌ S>chm¡grZo hm XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya Ho$cm d
1848 _Ü`o gmVmè`mcm Am{lV amÁ` Kmo{fV H$ê$Z Ë`mMo {d{cZrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUco. `m {d{cZrH$aUmg
H§$nZrÀ`m g§MmcH$m§Zr nyU© nmqR>~m {Xcm. "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg'Zo hr ho {d{cZrH$aU `mo½` R>a{dco.
98
2.
g§^cnya (1849) :-
`oWrc amOm Zmam`U qghcm _wcJm ZìhVm qH$dm Ë`mZo XÎmH$ KoVcm ZìhVm. 1849 _Ü`o Ë`mMm
_¥Ë`y Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr {dYdm nËZr amÁ`H$ma^ma nmhÿ cmJcr. na§Vw amÁ`H$Vm© Zmhr ho H$maU
XmIdV S>chm¡grZo `m amÁ`mMo {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV {d{cZrH$aU Ho$co.
3.
Pm§er (1853) :-
Pm§er ho amÁ` gwê$dmVrcm noeì`m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr hmoVo. 1817 _Ü`o noedm ~mOramd Xwgam `mMm
{~«{Q>em§H$Sy>Z Pmcoë`m nam^dmZ§Va ho amÁ` ñdV§Ì Pmco. _mÌ Ë`mÀ`mda {~«{Q>em§Mo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. 1838
_Ü`o J§JmYaamd hm `oWo gÎmoda Amcm. J§JmYaamd d Ë`mMr nËZr amUr cú_r~mB© `m§Zm EH$ AnË` Pmco
nU Vo AH$mcr _¥Ë`y nmdco. J§JmYaamdZo _¥Ë`ynydu Xm_moXa ZmdmMm EH$ _wcJm XÎmH$ KoVcm d Ë`m~Ôc
~w§XocI§S>mMm nmo{c{Q>H$c EO§Q> _oOa E{cg `mcm H$i{dco. E{cg-J§JmYaamd ^oQ>rV XÎmH$mcm _mÝ`Vm
XoÊ`m~m~V {dZ§Vr Ho$cr Jocr. 1817 gmcr Pmcoë`m H$amamZygma Pm§erMo amÁ` am_M§Ðamd d Ë`m§À`m
dmagXmam§H$So> H$m`_ amhrc Aer h_r {~«{Q>em§Zr {Xcr hmoVr. _mÌ S>chm¡grZo `m H$amamH$So> Xwc©j H$ê$Z
XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z 1853 _Ü`o ho amÁ` Imcgm Ho$co.
4.
ZmJnya (1854) :-
H$mnyg CËnmXZmH$aVm à{gÜX Agcocm dèhmS> àm§V `m amÁ`mMm Odi hmoVm. dèhmS> àm§V B§J«OmZr
AJmoXaM Vmã`mV KoVcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ho amÁ`hr Vmã`mV AgUo S>chm¡grcm Iyn Amdí`H$ dmQ>V hmoVo.
åhUyZ XÎmH$ dmagmMo {Z{_Îm Ë`mcm {_imco. 1817 _Ü`o cm°S©> hopñQ>½OZo ^mogco n[admamVrc _wcJm aKyOr
V¥Vr` `mg dmag åhUyZ Zo_co. hm _wcJm gkmZ hmoB©n`ªV B§J«O A{YH$marM `m§Mo g§ajH$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV
hmoVo. 1853 _Ü`o amOm aKyOr ^mogcoMo {Znw{ÌH$ {ZYZ Pmco. _¥Ë`ynydu Ë`mZo Amnë`m nËZrg Ë`mÀ`mM
Hw$imVrc `ed§Vamd `mg XÎmH$ KoÊ`mg gm§{JVco hmoVo. amUrZo [aVganUo XÎmH$ {dYmZ nma nmS>co, _mÌ
XwIdQ>çmMm H$mi Agë`m_wio g_ma§^ Ho$cm Jocm Zmhr. XÎmH$mg _§Oyar XoÊ`m~m~V {~«{Q>e ao{gS|>Q>H$So>
{dZ§Vr Ho$cr Jocr. _mÌ S>chm¡grZo hm XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya Ho$cm. Ë`mM~amo~a ^mogco KamÊ`mMr gd© ImOJr
g§nÎmr OßV Ho$cr. ^mogcoÀ`m _hmcmMr cyQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcr. _hmcmVrc XmJ-Xm{JZo, \${Z©Ma, {d{dY
dñVy, OZmdao gd© H§$nZrZo {dH$co. `mVyZ H§$nZrcm XmoZ cj nm¢S> {_imco. hm àm§V Imcgm H$aÊ`mZo
{~«{Q>em§Zm AmR> hOma Mm¡ag _¡cmMm d dfm©cm Mmirg cmI én`m§Mm _hgyc XoUmam àXoe {_imcm.
`m{edm` XÎmH$ dmag Zm_§Oya ho H$maU XmIdyZ S>chm¡grZo AmoÀN>m (1849), O¡Vnya (1849),
^JV (1850), CX`nya (1852) BË`mXr g§ñWmZohr Imcgm Ho$cr. {Znw{ÌH$ gÎmm{Yem§~amo~aM S>chm¡grZo
AZoH$ _moR>çm O_rZXmam§Mo XÎmH$ hr ZmH$maco. 1852 _Ü`o "BZm_ Am`moJ' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao XÎmH$
99
ZmH$mê$Z gw_mao drg hOma Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr _mc_Îmm gaH$ma O_m Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio ñWm{ZH$, Ohm{JaXma, O_rZXmam§À`m
nXar H$m_ H$aUmao hOmamo ZmoH$a, H$cmd§V, Ë`m§Mo Am{lVhr ~oH$ma Pmco.
Aem [aVrZo S>chm¡grZo ñdV:Mm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` g_mOmVrc àWm d na§nam§Zm _yR>_mVr
XoV XÎmH$dmag Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z AÝ`m`r _mJm©Zo amÁ`o Imcgm Ho$cr. ho gd© H$aVmZm Ë`mZo {Z`§ÌH$ _§S>imMr
nadmZJr KoVcr, `m_wio Ë`mÀ`m `m AÝ`m`r H$madmB©cm H$m`Xoera ñdê$n àmßV Pmco.
4.2.3 BVa H$maUo XmIdyZ Imcgm Ho$cocr amÁ`o
1.
dèhmS> (1853) :-
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1800 _Ü`o {~«{Q>em§Zr h¡Ðm~mXÀ`m {ZOm_mda V¡ZmVr \$m¡OoMm H$ama cmXcm hmoVm. `m
\$m¡OoMr Ë`mÀ`mH$So> ~arM a¸$_ WH$sV am{hcr hmoVr. S>chm¡grZo `m aH$_oEodOr 1853 _Ü`o {ZOm_mÀ`m
Vmã`mVrc dèhmS>àm§V XoUo ^mJ nmS>co. `m àXoemVyZ dm{f©H$ H$amnmoQ>r gw_mao nÞmg cmI én`o {_iV
hmoVo.
2.
AdY (1856) :-
1764 À`m ~ŠgmaÀ`m `wÜXmV {~«{Q>em§Zr ~§JmcMm Zdm~, _moJc ~mXemh d AdY Zdm~mÀ`m
g§`wŠV g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Ho$cm hmoVm. `mdoir AdYMo amÁ` {~«{Q>em§Zr Imcgm Ho$co ZìhVo; na§Vw Ë`mEodOr
nÞmg Xecj én`o `wÜXI§S>Ur, Hw$am d Acmhm~mX ho XmoZ {Oëho d ì`mnmar gdcVr {_idë`m hmoË`m.
B.g. 1800 _Ü`o cm°S>© docñcrZo Ë`m§À`mda V¡ZmVr \$m¡O cmXcr d {~«{Q>em§Mo `m amÁ`mda {Z`§ÌU
àñWm{nV Pmco. Zdm~ Zm_Ymar gÎmm{Ye ~Zco. amÁ`H$ma^mamH$S>o Ë`m§Mo Xþc©j hmoV Joco. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr
d Zdm~ `m XmoKm§_wiohr OZVoMr \$a\$Q> hmoD$ cmJcr. dmT>Ë`m H$am§_wio gm_mÝ` OZVoMr Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$hr
Iyn hmoV hmoVr. _mÌ {~«{Q>em§~amo~aMr _¡Ìr {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Zdm~m§Mr gVV YS>nS> MmcV Ago.
{~«{Q>em§Zm JaOoà_mUo Vo n¡gohr nwa{dV. ho amÁ` Imcgm H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>chm¡gr CËgwH$ hmoVm. _mÌ H$maU
H$m` XmIdmdo hm àíZ hmoVm. Zdm~mg AZoH$ dmag hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Vo H$maU XmIdVm `oV ZìhVo. AIoarg
S>chm¡grZo Hw$emgZ d AdYÀ`m àOoMr XwamdñWm ho H$maU emoYco. Vgm [anmoQ>© AdYÀ`m ao{gSo>ÝQ> ñQ>r_Z
`mZo S>chm¡grg gmXa Ho$cm. amÁ`mMm H$ma^ma ì`dpñWV[aË`m Z Ho$ë`mMm R>nH$m Zdm~ d{OX Acr ehmda
R>odcm d 1856 _Ü`o ho amÁ` Imcgm Ho$co.
AdYMo amÁ` Imcgm Ho$ë`mZ§Va B§JO« m§Zr Ë`mMr AdñWm ZmJnya g§ñWm{ZH$mà_mUoM Ho$cr. cIZm¡_Yrc
^ì` amOàmgmXmMr _moS>VmoS> Ho$cr. H$moR>mao-I{OZo cwQ>y Z Zoc.o ImOJr g§nÎmrhr cwQ>cr Jocr. OZmZImÝ`m_Yrc
pñÌ`m§Mr AdñWmhr Iyn dmB©Q> Pmcr. ^rH$ _mJÊ`mMr doi Ë`m§À`mda Amcr. amOKamÊ`mda Adc§~yZ
Agcoco AZoH$ ZmoH$aMmH$a, H$cmH$ma XoemoYS>rg cmJco.
100
3.
noÝeZ nXì`m aÔ H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU :-
{~«{Q>em§Zr H$mhr ^maVr` emgH$m§Zm nXì`m, {H$Vm~ d noÝeZ {Xcr hmoVr. Ë`m ^maVr` emgH$mÀ`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§À`m dmagmMm Ë`mda hŠH$ amhV Zmhr, Ë`m_wio Vr Mmcy R>odÊ`mg {~«{Q>e gaH$ma ~m§Yrc Zmhr
Aem àH$maMr S>chm¡grMr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. H$Zm©Q>H$Mm Zm__mÌ emgH$ Agcoë`m Zdm~ _wh_§X Km¡g `mÀ`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m dmagXmamg S>chm¡grZo _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Zmhr. Ë`mMr noÝeZhr aÔ Ho$cr. V§OmdaÀ`m amOmÀ`m
~m~VrVhr hoM KS>co. V§Omdacm N>ÌnVr {edmOr amOm§Mo d§eO amÁ` H$aV hmoVo. 1799 _Ü`o docñcrZo
Ë`m§À`mda V¡ZmVr \$m¡O cmXcr hmoVr. _mÌ amOmcm V§OmdaMm {H$ëcm d noÝeZ _§Oya Ho$cr hmoVr. 1855
_Ü`o Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va, Ë`mÀ`m gmoim nËZr d XmoZ _wcr `m§Mm hŠH$ Zm_§Oya Ho$cm d noÝeZ aÔ Ho$cr.
Ë`mM~amo~a Ohm{Jar d ImOJr _mc_Îmmhr OßV Ho$cr. _wKcg_«mQ> ~hmXyaehm O\$a `mÀ`m ~m~VrVhr
S>chm¡grZo AgmM àñVmd V`ma Ho$cm hmoVm. nU Ë`mcm g§MmcH$m§Zr g§_Vr {Xcr Zmhr. ~mOramd Xwgam
`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mcm {Xcr OmUmar dm{f©H$ AmR> cj én`o noÝeZ ~§X Ho$cr. Ë`mÀ`m XÎmH$ _wcmcm
åhUOoM ZmZmgmho~mg Vr XoVm `oUma Zmhr Ago gm§{JVco. noeì`m§Mr ~«åhmdV©Mr Ohm{Jar OßV Ho$cr.
S>chm¡grZo AË`§V H$R>moa {ZU©` KooV ^maVr` amOm§Mo ZmdmnwaVo am{hcoco ApñVËdhr g§n{dco. {~«{Q>em§Mo
gm_«mÁ` dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ZrVr-AZrVrMr MmS> Z ~miJVm, ^maVr` OZVoMm {dMma Z H$aVm `oZ-Ho$Z àH$mao
amÁ` Imcgm H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU Ë`mZo Adc§~co. Ë`mÀ`m `m YmoaUmcm H§$nZrÀ`m H$mhr g§MmcH$m§Zr nyU©
nmqR>~m {Xcm. S>chm¡grZo pñdH$macoë`m `m gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaUm§_wio ^maVmV {~«Q>rem§Mm gm_«mÁ` {dñVma
Pmcm. na§Vw hoM YmoaU 1857 À`m CR>mdmMo H$maU R>aco, Ago åhUmdo cmJoc. {d{cZ Ho$coë`m `m
amÁ`mÀ`m emgH$m§Zr Z§Va 1857 À`m CR>mdmÀ`m doir {~«{Q>em§À`m {damoYmV ^y{_H$m KoVcr.
4.2.4 S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimVrc gwYmaUm
S>chm¡grZo {dñVmadmXr YmoaU am~dco d AZoH$ amÁ`o {~«{Q>e amÁ`mV {dcrZ Ho$cr. _mÌ `m ~amo~aM
Ë`mZo XoemV§J©V AZoH$ _m¡{cH$ gwYmaUmhr KS>dyZ AmUë`m. `m gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_mJo H§$nZrÀ`m
dM©ñdmImcr Amcoë`m {demc ^maVmVrc àXoemMo g§KQ>Z H$aUo d gÎmm pñWa H$aUo hmM CÔoe hmoVm.
{d{dY joÌmV Ë`mZo KS>dyZ AmUcoë`m gwYmaUm nwT>rcà_mUo :-
1.
àemgH$s` gwYmaUm :-
S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV H§$nZrÀ`m Vmã`mV ^maVmVrc ~amM àXoe Amcm. `m àXoemÀ`m àemgZmV
Ë`mZo ~è`mM gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m _XVrgmR>r ~§Jmc_Ü`o EH$ coâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a
{Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Zì`mZo Vmã`mV KoVcoë`m àXoemV àË`j àemgZ gwê$ H$aV àË`oH$ {OëømV
H${_eZa {Z`wŠV Ho$cm Omo àË`j JìhZ©a OZaccm O~m~Xma hmoVm. `m àemgH$s` ì`dñWoMo à_wI C{ÔîQ>
{~«{Q>em§H$sV àXoemV em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIUo, _hgyc Jmoim H$aUo, \$m¡OXmar IQ>ë`m§Mo Ý`m`XmZ H$aUo
hm hmoVm. `mV gd©gm_mÝ` ^maVr` OZVoMo H$ë`mU hm {dMma ZìhVm.
101
2.
cîH$ar gwYmaUm :-
S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV {~«{Q>e H§$nZrÀ`m amÁ`mMr gr_m ~§JmcnmgyZ-A\$Jm{UñVmZmV OmD$Z {^S>cr.
`oWyZ {~«{Q>em§Mo eÌyamîQ´> a{e`mOdi hmoVo. `m n[apñWVrV S>chm¡grZo ~§Jmc_Ü`o H|$ÐrV Pmcoco g¡Ý` CÎma
d dm`ì` ^maVmV Zoco. ~§Jmc Vmo\$ImÝ`mMo H|$Ðr` H$m`m©c`hr _raV (_oaR>) `oWo hcdco Joco Va cîH$amMo
à_wI H$m`m©c` {g_cm `oWo R>odÊ`mV Amco. `m_wio `mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {g_ë`mMo cîH$ar _hÎd dmT>V Joco.
cîH$amVrc ^maVr` g¡{ZH$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Ho$cr Va B§J«Or A{YH$mè`m§Mr d g¡{ZH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dcr.
^maVr` VwH$S>çm§_Ü`o ghOmghOr g§nH©$ hmoD$ Z`o. `mgmR>r nañnam§nmgyZ Xya R>odco Va n§Om~_Ü`o {eIm§Mo
A{Z`{_V cîH$a C^maco. `m \$m¡OoMo {Z`_, {eñVàUmcr nyU©nUo {^Þ hmoVr. `oWo JwaIm ao{O_o§Q> d JwaIm
g¡{ZH$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dcr. `m g¡{ZH$m§Zr nwT>o 1857 À`m g§Kfm©V AË`§V _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdcr.
g¡Ý`mÀ`m IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga H$ê$Z n¡gm dmMdcm. `m_wio ^maVmdarc H§$nZrMr cîH$ar nH$S> A{YH$m{YH$
KQ²>Q> hmoV Jocr.
3.
{ejU joÌmV KS>dyZ AmUmo`m gwYmaUm :-
1833 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>À`m ZwVZrH$aUmMr doi Odi `oV Mmccr. Ë`mdoir {~«{Q>e nmc©_|Q>g_moa
H§$nZrÀ`m emgZmMo {MÌ Mm§Jco {Xgmdo Ago H§$nZrcm dmQ>V hmoVo. {deofV: e¡j{UH$ joÌmH$So> H§$nZrMo
Xwc©j Pmco hmoVo. {VH$So> cj XoÊ`mMr JaO Ë`m§Zm dmQy> cmJcr. S>chm¡grZo `mgmR>r H$mhr _hÎdmMo {ZU©`
KoVco. 1853 _Ü`o Wm°_gZÀ`m ì`dñWoZwgma dm`ì` àm§V, X{jU ~§Jmc Am{U n§Om~_Ü`o ñWm{ZH$ ^maVr`
^mfm§_YyZ {ejUmMm àñVmd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
Owc¡, 1854 _Ü`o {Z`§ÌU _§S>imMm AÜ`j (Board of Control) Mmëg© dyS> `mZo ^maVr`
{ejUmV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo EH$ Zdr `moOZm V`ma Ho$cr. hr `moOZm "dyS>Mm Ahdmc'
(Wood's Despatch) åhUyZ à{gÜX Pmcr. `mV àmW{_H$ {ejUmnmgyZ Vo {dÚmnrR> ñVamdarc {ejUmgmR>r
EH$ ì`mnH$ `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ^maVmVrc AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMr hr nm`m^aUr R>acr. ^maVmMr
e¡j{UH$ gZX (Magna carta of English Education in India) Ago `m AhdmcmMo dU©Z Ho$co
OmVo. `m A§VJ©V àË`oH$ {OëømV A±½cmo-ìhaZ°Š`wca (B§J«Or-Xoer ^mfmVrc) emim d H$cH$Îmm, _Ðmg,
_w§~B© `oWo {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd hmoVm. Ë`mM~amo~a àmW{_H$ emim, B§J«Or emim, _hm{dÚmc`o
d emim§À`m B_maVr `m~m~Vhr `m AhdmcmV MMm© Ho$cr hmoVr.
dyS> AhdmcmVrc {e\$maetà_mUo S>chm¡grZo cJoM àË`oH$ àmVm§V {ejU ImVo ñWmnZ H$ê$Z EH$EH$ {ejU g§MmcH$ {Z`wº$ Ho$cm. Xoe^a emim, {dÚmc`o, _hm{dÚmc`o gwê$ Ho$cr. nwT>o 1857 À`m
H$m`ÚmZo _w§~B©, _Ðmg, H$cH$Îmm hr {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ Pmcr d CÀM {ejUmÀ`m joÌmV nwT>Mo nmD$c Q>mH$co
Joco. `m {dÚmnrR>m§Zm narjm KooD$Z à_mUnÌ ~hmc H$aÊ`m§Mm hŠH$ XoÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`mZo Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUmg
102
àmoËgmhZ {Xco. éaH$s `oWo A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmc` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. emim§_Ü`o ImcÀ`m dJmªZm
ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm hoM {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ R>odco OmUma hmoVo. _mÌ nmpíM_mË` {dkmZ d VÎdkmZmgmR>r B§J«Or
_mÜ`_M Cn`wº$ _mZco Joco. ImOJr emim§Zmhr AZwXmZ XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Jocr. S>chm¡grÀ`m à`ËZm§_wio
^maVmV {ejUàgma hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr.
4.
aoëdo, Q>o{cJ«m\$ d nmoñQ> ì`dñWm :-
1814 _Ü`o B§½c§S>_Ü`o n{hcr aoëdo Ymdcr. 1840 n`ªV VoWo aoëdo_mJmªMm PnmQ>çmZo {dH$mg Pmcm.
^maVmVhr aoëdo_mJ© ~m§YUrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma gwê$ Pmcm. Xoem§VJ©V CncãY Agcocr _mÌ XiUdiU
ì`dñWoA^mdr g§nH©$ Z Pmcocr {dñV¥V ~mOmanoR> `m_wio CncãY hmoUma hmoVr. gaH$maÀ`m Ñï>rZo aoëdo_mJm©Mm
AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm Cn`moJ hmoVm Vmo åhUOo g¡Ý`mMr O_dmO_d d dmhVyH$ OcXJVrZo H$aVm `oUma
hmoVr. Ë`mM~amo~a H$ÀÀ`m _mcmMr dmhVyH$ ~§Xamn`ªV H$aVm `oUo eŠ` hmoUma hmoVo. S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV
`mÑï>rZo à`ËZ Pmco. Ë`mZo aoëdo_mJm©Mm {dñV¥V H$m`©H«$_ gmXa Ho$cm. ho aoëdo_mJ© ImOJr H§$nÝ`m§Zr ~m§YmdoV
d MmcdmdoV Am{U Ë`m§À`m ^m§S>dcmda {H$_mZ nmM Q>ŠHo$ naVmdm {_iÊ`mMr h_r ^maV gaH$maZo Úmdr
Ago R>a{dÊ`mV Amco. 1853 _Ü`o _w§~B© Vo R>mUo hm ^maVmVcm n{hcm aoëdo_mJ© dmhVwH$sgmR>r Iwcm Pmcm.
`mZ§Va aoëdo_mJ© V`ma H$aUo, nwT>rc _mJm©gmR>r gd}jU H$aUo ho H$m_ Ë`mM H$mimV d Ë`mZ§Vahr AI§S>nUo
MmcV am{hco. S>chm¡grZo KmcyZ {Xcoë`m nm`mdaM hr àJVr Pmcr. hr gwYmaUm AË`§V H«$m§{VH$mar R>acr.
Xoe EH$m gyÌmV ~m§Ycm OmD$Z EoŠ` àmßV hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr.
^maVmgma»`m I§S>àm` amîQ´>mda {Z`§ÌU R>odm`Mo Va Ë`mH$aVm Q>o{cJ«m\$ ì`dñWm _hÎdmMr R>aUma
ho S>chm¡ogrZo AmoiIco d Ë`m {XeoZo _hÎdmMo nmD$c Q>mH$co. AënmdYrVM AZoH$ ASMUr nma H$aV
gw_mao Mma hOma _¡cmÀ`m Vmam Xoe^amV Q>mH$ë`m Joë`m. H$cH$Îmm, _w§~B©, _Ðmg, noemda Aer _hÎdmMr
ehao `m `§ÌUoìXmao nañnam§Zm OmoS>cr Jocr. `m `§ÌUo_wioM 1857 À`m H«$m§Vr`wÜXmÀ`m doir {~«{Q>em§Zm g§nH©$
H$aUo d PQ>H$Z hmcMmcr H$aUo eŠ` Pmco.
`m XmoZ g§nH©$ `§ÌUm§à_mUoM nmoñQ> ì`dñWm qH$dm Q>nmc ì`dñWoMo _hÎd S>chm¡grZo AmoiIco hmoVo.
Vmo ^maVmV Amcm Voìhm hr `§ÌUm gXmof d I{M©H$ hmoVr. nÌ {_iUmè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z n¡emÀ`m ê$nmZo
IM© dgyc Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. Oa nÌmMm _mcH$ {_imcm Zmhr Va nmoñQ> ImË`mcm n¡go {_iV ZgV.
S>chm¡grZo 1854 _Ü`o Zdm nmoñQ> Am°{\$g H$m`Xm g_§V Ho$cm. VrZhr àm§VmVrc S>mH$Kam§da XoIaoI
R>odÊ`mgmR>r _hm{ZXoeH$ {Z`wŠV Ho$cm. Xoem§VJ©V H$moR>ohr nÌ nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r A§VamMm {dMma Z H$aVm
gd© nÌm§gmR>r AYm© AmUm (XmoZ n¡go) Xa cmJy H$aÊ`mV Amcm. XoemV àW_M S>mH$ {V{H$Q>mMr nÜXV
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m_wio cmoH$m§Mr gmo` Pmcr. nÌ nmR>{dUmè`m§H$Sy>Z AJmoXaM n¡go KoVco OmD$
cmJco, Ë`m_wio hm {d^mJ gaH$mar CËnÝZmMo gmYZ ~Zcm. nmoñQ> ì`dñWm H$m`©j_ ~Z{dÊ`mMo nyU© lo`
S>chm¡grcm OmVo.
103
5.
gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ {d^mJ :-
S>chm¡gr ^maVmV `oÊ`mnydu hm {d^mJ EH$m cîH$ar _§S>imÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr hmoVm. `m _§S>imcm
`m {d^mJmÀ`m {dH$mgmH$So> åhUmdo {VVHo$ cj XoVm `oV ZìhVo. {edm` cîH$amÀ`m hmcMmcrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo
_hÎdmMo _mJ©M ~m§Yco OmV hmoVo. S>chm¡grZo ñdV§Ì gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_ {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z àË`oH$
àm§VmV `m {d^mJmV§J©V ñdV§Ì H${_eZaMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$cr. `m {d^mJm_m\©$V ^maVmV {d{dY {R>H$mUr añVo,
H$mcdo, nyc B. ~m§Yco Joco. qgMZ gw{dYoH$So> `m {d^mJm_m\©$V {deof cj {Xco. J§Jm H$mcdm,
n§Om~_Yrc ~mar XmoAm~ H$mcdm ImoXÿZ eoVrg nmUr nwadR>m Ho$cm. H$cH$Îmm Vo {Xëcr `m Xaå`mZÀ`m "J«¢S>
Q´>§H$ amoS>' Mo ~m§YH$m_ `mM H$mimV nyU© Pmco. `m gd© JmoîQ>t_wio dmhVyH$ ì`dñWm nydunojm A{YH$ gwc^
Pmcr. gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_§mgmR>r n¡gm IM© Ho$cm Omdy cmJcm. `m gwYmaUm§_wio H§$nZr gaH$maMm ì`mnma
dmT>Ê`mg _XV Pmcr.
6.
ì`mnmar gwYmaUm :-
{~«{Q>e _mcmcm d ^m§S>dcXmam§Zm ^maVmMr _moR>r ~mOmanoR> Iwcr ìhmdr hm `m gwYmaUo_mJMm à_wI
CÔoe hmoVm. `m H$mimV ^maVr` ~§Xao Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamgmR>r Iwcr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. H$amMr, _w§~B©,
H$cH$Îmm `m ~§Xam§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `oWo {XnñV§^ ~m§YÊ`mV Amco. ^maVr` eoVrV ZJXr nrH$m§Mo
CËnmXZ Mm§Jco `oV hmoVo. c°Ho$em`a, _±MoñQ>a `oWrc H$maImÝ`m§gmR>r ^maVmVyZ H$mnyg, Mhm, A§~mS>r B.
H$ÀMm _mc nmR>dcm Omdy cmJcm Va VoWyZ `oUmam nŠH$m _mc ^maVr` ~mOmanoR> H$m~rO H$ê$ cmJcm.
Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrdarc gd© {Z~ªY CR>{dco. `m gdm©VyZ {_iUmam \$m`Xm {~«{Q>e ^m§S>dcXmam§À`m {IemV OmV
hmoVm. _mÌ `m_wio ^maVr` CÚmoJY§ÚmMr {nN>ohmQ> hmoV Jocr. AZoH$ CÚmoJ ~§X nS>co. H¥$frjoÌmda Adc§~yZ
AgUmè`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Jocr. ^maVr`m§Mo Xm[aÐç dmT>co. ^maVr` ì`mnma hm {~«{Q>em§H$Sy>Z {Z`§{ÌV hmoD$
cmJcm.
4.2.5 S>chm¡grÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _y`_mnZ
{~«{Q>e ñdV:À`m XoemV cmoH$emhr d CXma_VdmXmMo nmcZ H$aV hmoVo. ^maVmH$So> ~KÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm
ÑpîQ>H$moZ _mÌ nyU©V: gm_«mÁ`dmXr hmoVm. cm°S©> S>chm¡gr hm `mM gm_«mÁ`dmXr B§½c§S>Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aV
hmoVm. Ooåg {_cÀ`m Cn`mo{JVmdmXr {gÜXm§Vmg àË`j H¥$Vr H$ê$Z nwT>o ZoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`mZo Ho$co. ^maVmMm
JìhZ©a OZac åhUyZ cm°S©> S>chm¡grMr H$ma{H$X© ^maVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Iyn _hËdmMr R>acr. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV
H§$nZrMm ^maVr` CnI§S>mV ~amM _moR>m gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Pmcm. Á`mà_mUo cm°S©> docñcrZo V¡ZmVr \$m¡OoÀ`m
YmoaUmMm dmna H$ê$Z `oWrc àemgZmda nH$S> {Z_m©U Ho$cr, Ë`mMà_mUo cm°S©> S>chm¡grZo {d{cZrH$aUmÀ`m
YmoaUmMm dmna H$ê$Z {~«{Q>em§Mo {dñVmarV gm_«mÁ` `oWo {Z_m©U Ho$co.
104
ZrVr-AZrVrMm qH$dm `mo½`-A`mo½` JmoîQ>tMm {dMma Z H$aVm AZoH$ g§ñWmZmMo {d{cZrH$aU Ë`mZo
KS>dyZ AmUco. `m_wioM H§$nZrÀ`m ^maVmVrc gm_«mÁ`mMr gr_m dm`ì` ^maVmnmgyZ Vo WoQ> {V~oQ>-MrZÀ`m
gr_m§Zm ñne© H$ê$ cmJcr. nU ^maVr` g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zm, _moR>çm O_rZXmam§Zm `m YmoaUmMm \$Q>H$m ~gcm.
dfm©Zwdf} Á`m§Zm ^maVr` g_mOmV _mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo Vo H§$Jmc ~Zco. Ë`m§À`mda Adc§~yZ Agcoco hOmamo
cmoH$hr XoemoYS>rg cmJco. g§ñWmZmMo {d{cZrH$aU Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m nXar AgUmao eoH$S>mo g¡{ZH$ ~oH$ma
Pmco. Ë`m§Mo CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZM ~§X Pmco. àmXo{eH$ {dñVmam~amo~aM {d{dY joÌmVrc S>chm¡grZo Ho$coë`m
gwYmaUm H§$nZrcm cm^Xm`H$ R>aë`m. cîH$amVrc ~Xcm_w§io cîH$amMr j_Vm Iyn dmT>cr. Va aoëdo, añVo,
nmoñQ> d {~ZVmar `§ÌUo_wio H§$nZrMo gm_Ï`© dmT>co. ^maVmdaMr {~«Q>rem§Mr nH$S> A{YH$ ÑT> Pmcr.
àemgH$s` gwYmaUm_wio àmXo{eH$ d emgH$s` EoŠ` gmYco Joco. Ë`mÀ`mM à`ËZm_wio ^maV EH$ ì`mnmar
d CËnmXH$ Xoe ~Zcm. AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m dmQ>oda Ë`mZo ^maVmcm AmUco. `mM gwYmaUm§_wio nwT>o ^maVmV
amîQ´>dmXmMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`mZo KS>dyZ AmUcoë`m gwYmaUm AmOhr ApñVËdmV AmhoV. ga [aMS©> Q>|nc
Ë`mÀ`m{df`r åhUVmo, "àemgH$ ê$nmV H§$nZrZo ^maVmV nmR>{dcoë`m H$V©~Jma emgH$mV S>chm¡grnojm loîR>
qH$dm Ë`mMr ~amo~ar H$ê$ eHo$c Agm H$moUr Šd{MVM Agoc.' ^maVmVrc {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mMm {eënH$ma
åhUyZM Ë`mMm CëcoI H$amdm cmJoc.
gm_«mÁ`dmXr S>chm¡grMo EH$ H$R>moa, VËdeyÝ` emgH$ AgoM dU©Z H$amdo cmJoc. Ë`mZo Ho$coë`m
gwYmaUm§Mm CÔoe ^maVmÀ`m àJVrMm Zìho Va ^maVmdaMr {~«{Q>em§Mr nH$S> _O~yV H$aUo hm hmoVm.
^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoMm B§½c§S>gmR>r OmñVrVOmñV \$m`Xm H$gm H$ê$Z KoVm `oB©c `mMmM Ë`mZo {dMma
Ho$cm. ^maVr`m§À`m ^mdZm§Mm {dMma Ë`mZo H$YrM Ho$cm Zmhr. n[aUm_r, {~«{Q>e gÎmo{déÜXMm Ag§Vmof
dmT>V Jocm. 1857 À`m CR>mdmMo ho EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU ~Zco. Oar S>chm¡gr 1854 _Ü`oM {Zd¥Îm hmoD$Z
B§½c§S>cm naV Jocm Agcm Var Ë`mÀ`m YmoaUm_wio 1857 À`m CR>mdmnyduMr Or n[apñWVr V`ma Pmcr
hmoVr Ë`mV A{YH$ ^a KmVcr Jocr. {deofV: amÁ`o Imcgm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ZrVr_wio n[apñWVr {MKiV Jocr,
Z§Va Imcgm Pmcoë`m amÁ`mÀ§`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr 1857 À`m CR>mdmMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co. nU S>chm¡grZo KS>dyZ
AmUcoë`m gwYmaUm§_wio `m CR>mdmda {~«{Q>em§Zr {Z`§ÌUhr {_idco.
cm°S©> S>chm¡gr~Ôc {d{dY _Vo _m§S>cr Jocr AmhoV. _me©_oZÀ`m _Vo, "EH$ à{V^memcr {Za§Hw$e
emgH$ _mZdVoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$m` H$ê$ eH$Vmo `mMo àmMrZ d Adm©MrZ B{VhmgmVrc CËH¥$îQ>
CXmhaU S>chm¡gr àñVwV H$aVmo', Va {dë`_ {dëgZ h§Q>aZo S>chm¡grÀ`m H$m`m©Mm gmam§e "{dO`, g§KQ>Z
d {dH$mg' (Conquest, Consolidation and Development) `m VrZ eãXm§V gm§{JVcm Amho. hoÝar
cm°aoÝg, ñcr_Z, AmoQ>_gmaIo cmoH$ Ë`mMo JwU _mÝ` H$aVmV _mÌ ho hr gm§JVmV H$s, "H$mhr _hÎdnyU©
gwYmaUm§Mm ~ir XoD$Z ñWm{ZH$ OZVoÀ`m ^mdZm d [aVr[admOm§àVr S>chm¡gr OmJê$H$ am{hcm AgVm Va
Ë`mcm A{YH$ Mm§Jco H$m`© H$aVm Amco AgVo.' docñcrÀ`m H$mimV gwê$ Pmcoë`m gÎmm {dñVmamÀ`m
H$m`m©g S>chm¡grZo H$igmg nmohM{dco.
105
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
Z
{~«{Q>em§H$sV ^maV : {~«{Q>em§À`m Vmã`mVrc ^maV.
Z
gm_«mÁ`dmX
: EH$m XoemZo Xwgè`m XoemMm àXoe {O§Hy$Z KoD$Z, Ë`mda Amnco amOH$s`,
gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aUo åhUOo gm_«mÁ`dmX
hmo`.
Z
V¡ZmVr \$m¡O
: {~«Q>rem§À`m AmYrZ Pmcoë`m ^maVr` g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr g§ñWmZmÀ`m
g§ajUmgmR>r {~«{Q>e \$m¡O nXar ~miJm`Mr d {VMm IM© gmogm`Mm
`m \$m¡Oocm V¡ZmVr \$m¡O åhQ>co OmB©.
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
(A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMr nm`m^aUr H$moUË`m JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m H$mimV Pmcr?
2. ^maVmV n{hcr aoëdo H$moR>ë`m _mJm©da d H$Yr Ymdcr?
3. S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV H$moUVm _hÎdmMm e¡j{UH$ Ahdmc V`ma Pmcm?
4. dèhmS> àm§V H$moUË`m ^maVr` emgH$mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm?
5. AdY àm§V Imcgm H$aVmZm S>chm¡grZo H$moUVo H$maU XmI{dco?
(~) Jmicoco eãX ^am.
1. ~«åhXoemMm .............. hm àm§V S>chm¡grZo KoVcm.
(A) AmamH$mZ
(~) noJy
(H$) {V~oQ>
(S>) cIZm¡.
2. S>chm¡grÀ`m XÎmH$ dmag Zm_§Oya H$aUo `m ZrVrcm ~ir nS>coco n{hco amÁ` ........... hmoVo.
(A) gmVmam
(~) Adm
(H$) dèhmS>
(S>) H$Zm©Q>H$.
3. ................ À`m H$mimV ^maVmV S>mH${V{H$Q>mMr nÜXV gwê$ Pmcr.
(A) dm°aZ hopñQ¨>½O (~) cm°S©> H$m°Z©dm°crg (H$) cm°S©> S>chm¡gr (S>) cm°S©> H°$qZJ.
4. ^maVmV n{hcr aoëdo ................. `mdfu Ymdcr.
(A) 1850
(~) 1853
(H$) 1855
106
(S>) 1857.
5. S>chm¡grZo _moJc ~mXehm ............. `mMr nXdr H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mMm d noÝeZ aÔ H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm.
(A) ehm Amc_ (~) ehm dm{OX (H$) ~hmXyaehm O\$a (S>) A{cehm.
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A) 1. cm°S©> S>chm¡gr.
2. _w§~B© Vo nwUo, 1853.
3. dwS>Mm Ahdmc (dwS>g²{S>ñn°M).
4. h¡Ðm~mXMm {ZOm_mÀ`m.
5. Hw$emgZ d AdYÀ`m àOoMr XwamdñWm.
~) 1. = (~) noJy.
2. = (A) gmVmam.
3. = (H$) cm°S>© S>chm¡gr.
4. = (~) 1853.
5. = (H$) ~hmXyaehm O\$a.
4.5 gmam§e
cm°S©> S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimV {~«{Q>em§Mo gÎmm {dñVmamMo H$m`© doJmZo Pmcoco {XgVo. ^maVmVrc OmñVrV
OmñV àXoe ñd{Z`§ÌUmImcr AmUUo `m CÔoemZo {d{dY H$maUo XmIdV Ë`mZo AZoH$ ^maVr` amÁ`o {~«{Q>e
amÁ`mV Imcgm Ho$cr. H§$nZr gaH$ma hrM ^maVmVrc A{YgÎmm Amho ho XmI{dÊ`mMr Ë`mZo EH$hr g§Yr
gmoS>cr Zmhr. S>chm¡grZo {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`dmX ^maVmV pñWa nm`mda C^m Ho$cm. n§Om~, X{jU ~«åhXoe,
gmVmam, ZmJnya, g§~cnya, dèhmS> àm§V, AdY Ago AZoH$ ^mJ S>chm¡grÀ`m gm_«mÁ`dmXmg ~ir nS>co.
AZoH$ amOoaOdmS>çm§À`m d§ena§naoZo {Xcoë`m nXì`m d VZIo aÔ Ho$co. Ë`m§Mo dmagm hŠH$ Zm_§Oya Ho$co.
_moJc ~mXehm ~hmXyaehm O\$aÀ`m dmagXmamZm§hr Vmo _oë`mZ§Va amOdmS>çmV amhVm `oUma Zmhr Ago
~Omdco. {~«{Q>em§{H$V àXoemda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `mdo `mgmR>r Ë`mZo àemgZ `§ÌUm, aoëdo, nmoñQ>, Q>o{cJ«m\$
`m g§nH©$ `§ÌUoV Ë`mMà_mUo {ejU joÌ d cîH$ar ì`dñWoVhr AZoH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. `m gd©
gwYmaUm§Mm \$m`Xm {~«{Q>em§Zm PmcmM nU ^maVr` g_mOmdahr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Pmcm. ^maVmMo EH${ÌH$aU
hmoV Joco. ^maVr` amîQ´>dmXmÀ`m CX`mMo ho EH$ _hËdmMo H$maU R>aco. _mÌ S>chm¡grÀ`m `m gd© YmoaUm§_wio
^maVr` g_mOmVcm Ag§Vmof dmT>V Jocm. Ë`mÀ`m ì`mnmar Zr{V_wio ^maVr` g_mO X[aÐr ~Zcm. ñdV:À`m
107
ApñVËdmgmR>r PJS>Umè`m PmerMr amUr cú_r~mB©, noedo ZmZmgmho~, ~hmXyaehm O\$a `m§Zr Z§Va 1857
`m CR>mdmÀ`m doir {~«{Q>em§{damoYmV ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co.
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdm`m`
(A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.
1. cm°S©> S>chm¡grÀ`m gÎmm {dñVmamMr _m{hVr Úm.
2. cm°S©> S>chm¡grZo Ho$coë`m gwYmaUm§Mr MMm© H$am.
3. cm°S©> S>chm¡grÀ`m Imcgm YmoaUmMr MMm© H$am.
(~) {Q>nm {chm.
1. n§Om~Mo {d{cZrH$aU.
2. aoëdo-nmoñQ>-Q>ocrJ«m\$ gwYmaUm.
3. cm°S©> S>chm¡gr.
4. cm°S©> S>chm¡grÀ`m H$mimVrc e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm.
4.7 g§X^© J«§W
1. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg (1757-1857), S>m°. gw_Z d¡Ú, S>m°. em§Vm H$moR>oH$a, lr
gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
2. AmYw{ZH$ ^maV, S>m°. {~{nZM§Ð, Ho$. gmJa npãcHo$eZ, nwUo.
3. ^maVmMm amOH$s` Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$ B{Vhmg, àm. am. km. Jm`H$dmS>, àm. {X. km. WmoamV,
a{dc npãcHo$eZ, gmVmam.
4. History of Modern India, Dr. B. L. Grover S. Chand Publication, New
Delhi.
ccc
108