M. A. Part-I Education Society

M. A. Part-I Education Society - Marathi Version

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HHHHH B+
Accredited by NAAC
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
{ejU Am{U g_mO
(g_mOemñÌ : J«wn B-1 nona-3)
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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2010
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ISBN- 978-81-8486-381-9
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(ii)
XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya
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_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndma
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{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Hw$cg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. E. ~r. amOJo
lr. ~r. Eg. nmQ>rc
g§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$a
àm. (S>m°.) CÎm_amd ^moB©Q>o
narjm {Z`§ÌH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
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S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr amg_
g§MmcH$, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
S>m°. E. EZ. Omoer
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. Oo. Ama. OmYd
àm. (S>m°.) ~r. Eg. gmd§V
A{YîR>mVm, H$cm {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
A{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> , H$mo ë hmny a
S>m°. Ho$. EZ. gm§Jio
S>m°. Q>r. ~r. OJVmn
A{YîR>mVm, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. S>m°. (lr_Vr) gr_m òdco (gXñ` g{Md)
àm. (S>m°.) Eg. E. ~mar,
g§Mm{cH$m,
Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU Hw$d|ny {dÚmnrR>, H$Zm©Q>H$
n
Aä`mg_§S>i : g_mOemñÌ n
AÜ`j - lr. H$X_ dg§V _méVr
odd{H$mZ§X H$m°c{O, H$m{ëhm[ya
l
S>m°. gmiw§I{ gO}amd E.
l
g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmodÚmc`, [mMdS>,
Vm. dmB©, oO. gmVmam.
g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya.
l
lr. X{gmB© goVe gO}amd
g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, [Ù^yfU S>m°. dg§VamdXmXm [mQ>rc
_hmodÚmc`, VmgJmd, oO. gm§Jcr
l
l
lr. [mZñH$a ìhr. Or.
g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, H$_©dra ^mD$amd [mQ>rc H$m°c{O,
CéU-Bñcm_[ya.
lr. H$m§]i{ [r. ]r.
g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, ^m{JmdVr _hmodÚmc`, Hw$éH$cr, H$adra,
oO.H$m{ëhm[ya.
l
lr. _m{{ohV{ g§[Vamd cú_U
l
S>m°. Jm`H$dmS> e§H$a Ec².
à[mR>H$, g_mOemñÌ od^mJ,
S>m°. ]m]mgmh{] Am§]{S>H$a _amR>dmS>m odÚm[rR>, Am¡a§Jm]mX.
lr. [mQ>rc Aem{H$ gXmerd
g_mOemñÌ od^mJà_wI, èd§Vamd MìhmU dmaUm _hmodÚmc`,
dmaUmZJa, oO. H$m{ëhm[ya.
l
(iii)
lr. H$m§]i{ grVmam_ A_¥V
ghmæ`H$ goMd, N>Ì[Vr emhÿ gh. gmIa H$maImZm oco_Q>S{ >, H$mJc,
oOëhm. H$m{ëhm[ya.
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odÚm[rR>,
H$m{ëhm[ya
{ejU Am{U g_mO
E_. E. ^mJ-1 : J«wn B-1 nona-3
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
boIH$
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
lr. ìhr. Or. nmZñH$a
Ho$. ~r. nr. H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya
1, 3
S>m°. ~r. EZ. H|$Ðo
g_mOemñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
2, 6
lr. M§ÐH$m§V aKwZmW I§S>mJio
lr_Vr H$ñVwa~mB© dmcM§X H$m°coO, gm§Jcr.
4, 5, 7
lr_Vr g§Ü`m Za|Ð cm§S>Jo
g§^mOramd H$X_ _hm{dÚmc` XoD$a, Vm. H$moaoJmd, {O. gmVmam.
n
g§nmXH$
8
n
lr. ìhr. Or. nmZñH$a
{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ,
Ho$. ~r. nr. H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya
lr. M§ÐH$m§V aKwZmW I§S>mJio
{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ
(nXdr Am{U nXì`wÎma)
lr_Vr H$ñVwa~mB© dmcM§X H$m°coO, gm§Jcr.
(iv)
àñVmdZm
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xya {ejU {d^mJm§VJ©V nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r g_mOemñÌ {df`mMr
{ZdS> Ho$coë`m gd© {dÚmWu {_Ìm§Mo Amåhr hm{X©H$ ñdmJV H$aVmo. `m Aä`mgH«$_mV Vwåhr g_mOemñÌmMo
EHy$U Mma nong© Aä`mgUma AmhmV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ nona {ejU Am{U g_mO (Gr. E1 Paper-III)
Agm Amho. `m nona_Üò EHy$U AmR> AÜ``Z KQ>H$ g_m{dîQ> AgyZ Ë`m§Mo coIZ AË`§V gwc^nUo d
nÕVeranUo Ho$coco Amho. Ë`m_wio Vwåhm {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrc nañnag§~§YmMo
`WmW© AmH$cZ hmoB©c `mMr Amåhmg ImÌr Amho.
gXa nwñVH$ coIZmV ghH$m`© Ho$coco ghcoIH$ S>m°. ~r. EZ. H|$Ðo, lr_Vr g§Ü`m Za|Ð cm§S>Jo `m§Zm
_Z…nyd©H$ YÝ`dmX. Xÿa {ejU H|$ÐmÀ`m g§Mm{cH$m S>m°. gr_m òdco, Am{U H|$ÐmVrc H$_©Mmar `m§Mo
Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m ghH$m`m©~Ôc _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.
n
g§nmXH$
lr. M§ÐH$m§V aKwZmW I§S>mJio
{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ
(nXdr Am{U nXì`wÎma)
lr_Vr H$ñVwa~mB© dmcM§X H$m°coO, gm§Jcr.
n
lr. ìhr. Or. nmZñH$a
{d^mJà_wI, g_mOemñÌ
Ho$. ~r. nr. H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya
(v)
{ejU Am{U g_mO
E_. E. ^mJ-1 : J«wn B-1 nona-3
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$
H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
1
1.
{ejUmMo g_mOemñÌ
2.
{ejUmMo g¡Õm§VrH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
20
3.
{ejU-g_mO Am§Vag§~§Y
37
4.
{ejUmMr gmYZo qH$dm _mÜ`_o
63
5.
^maVmVrc {ejUmMm {dH$mg
83
6.
amÁ` Am{U {ejU
111
7.
^maVr` {ejUmVrc gm_m{OH$ àíZ
135
8.
g_mOgwYmaH$ : {ejU{df`H$ {dMma Am{U `moJXmZ
157
(vii)
n
odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :
àË`{H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc
]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Ü`{ H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.
3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm
Amh{.
ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV
Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ
Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü`{ oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm
ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{
Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ'
C[`w·V R>aVrc.
(viii)
(Study Tool)
åhUyZ
KQ>H$ : 1
{ejUmMo g_mOemó
(Sociology of Education)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 C{Ôï>o
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo ñdê$n Am{U ì`mßVr
1.3.2 {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mg
1.3.3 {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo _hÎd
1.4 gmam§e
1.5 ñd`§AÜ```Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR>
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
{ejUmMo g_mOemó hr g_mOemómMr EH$ _hÎdnyU© emIm Amho. g_mOemómMm d¡km{ZH$
nÕVrZo Aä`mg gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va H$mhr H$mimVM {ejUmMm g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg gwê$
Pmbm. B.g. 1883 _Üò brñQ>a E\$ dm°S>© `m A_o[aH$Z g_mOemókmZo S>m`Z°{_H$ gmo{eAm°bm°Or
ZmdmMo nwñVH$ à{gÕ Ho$bo. Ë`mV àJVrMo AË`§V OdiMo gmYZ åhUOo {ejU hmo` hm {dMma _m§S>bm.
gmYmaU B.g. 1945 nyduÀ`m H$mimV åhUOoM n{hë`m AdñWoV `m {dfmda Oo gm{hË` {Z_m©U Pmbo
Ë`mbm e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó åhUÊ`mV Ambo. `m H$mimV {ejU VÁkmZr e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó `m
emIoÀ`m Aä`mgmMr gwadmV Ho$br. B.g. 1945 Z§Va `m~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xbbm. e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó
`m g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd H$_r hmoD$Z {VMo ñWmZ {ejUmMo g_mOemó `m g§H$ënZoZo KoVbo åhUyZ `m XmoÝhr
g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© d ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
àñVwV àH$aUmMr {d^mJUr VrZ KQ>H$mV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m KQ>H$mV {d{dY {dMmad§Vm§Zr
Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao {ejUmMo g_mOemó `m123456789012345678901234567890121234567
{df`mMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm òB©b. VgoM
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...1
e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó d {ejUmMo g_mOemó `mVrb \$aH$ hr g_Oob. VgoM `m emIoV Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`m {df`mMr ì`mßVr g_OyZ òB©b.
Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV {d{dY XoemV Am{U ^maVmV {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm ho
OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
{Vgè`m KQ>H$mV {d{dY _wÚm§À`m AmYmao AmnU {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo _hÎd g_OyZ KoUma
AmhmoV.
1.2 C{Ôï>o
B
B
B
B
(Objectives)
:
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhmbm {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVm òB©b.
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó d {ejUmMo g_mOemó `mVrb \$aH$ g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {d{dY XoemV Am{U ^maVmV H$gm {dH$mg Pmbm ho OmUyZ KoVm òB©b.
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo _hÎd ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject matter) :
g_mOemó ho AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV CX`mg Ambobo emó Amho. `m {df`mÀ`m AZoH$ emIm AgyZ
_yi g_mOemómMr ~amo~ar H$ê$ eH$Vrb BVH$m `m emIm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm Amho. {ejU hr g_mOmVrb
EH$ _hÎdmMr Cnì`dñWm AgyZ {ejU d g_mO `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym~m~V AZoH$ {dMmaàdmh {XgyZ
òVmV. åhUyZ {ejUmMm g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
1.3.1 {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo ñdê$n Am{U ì`mßVr
(Nature and Scope of
Sociology of Education) :
ñdê$n : g_mO OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmar emóo gm_m{OH$ emóo åhUyZ AmoiIbr
OmVmV. AW©emó, amÁèmó `m emñÌm§Mm Aä`mg àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ gwê$ Amho. Ë`m VwbZoV g_mOemó
ho AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb emó AgyZ Ë`mMm {dH$mg 20 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbm. `m {dH$mgm_wioM `m joÌmV
Oo {deofrH$aU Pmbo Ë`m_wio AZoH$ emIm g_mOemómÀ`m emIm åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmD$ bmJë`m.
CXm. J«m_rU g_mOemó, Am{XdmgtMo g_mOemó, ZmJar g_mOemó, amOH$s` g_mOemó, Y_m©Mo
g_mOemó, Hw$Qw>§~mMo g_mOemó B. nmpíM_mË` XoemV `m gd© emIm§Mm IynM {dH$mg Pmbm. {ejUmMo
g_mOemó hr AerM EH$ emIm Amho.
H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo {ejU ho g_mO gwYmaUoMo gmYZ Amho. Am{U {ejUmMo g_mOemó Ë`m
H$m_r ghmæ` H$aVo. H$mhrOU {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
C{Ôï>ço R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Vo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo Ago
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2
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_mZVmV. Va {ejUmMo {Z`moOZ H$aUmè`m§Zm {Xem XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ho emó H$aVo Agohr EH$_V Amho. `m
~amo~aM {ejU joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmao g§emoYH$ Am{U {ejH$m§À`m à{ejmgmR>r {ejmMo g_mOemó _XV
H$aVo. Agmhr EH$ _Vàdmh Amho. `m {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZm§À`m nmíd©^y_rda {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m
{ZdS>H$ ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo joÌ Am{U ì`mßVr g{dñVa _m§S>Uo Amdí`H$.Amho.
B
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m ì`m»`m
(Definitions of Sociology of education) :
{ejUmMo g_mOemó åhUOo H$m` ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m
nmhÿ.
e¡j{UH$ g_mOemómMm _w»` àdV©H$ åhUyZ Om°O© noZ George Payne _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`mZo B.g.
1928 gmbr Principles of Educational Sociology hm J«§W {bhyZ e¡j{UH$ g_mOemómMm OZH$
Father of Educational Sociology Ago åhUVmV. gwà{gÕ {ejUemók Om°Z S>çwB© John Dewey
`mZo {ejUmMm {dMma àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ H$ê$Z {ejUjoÌmV g_mOemór` {gÕm§VmZm
à{Vð>m àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbr.
B
ì`m»`m :
1) Om°O© noZ : ""Am_À`m _Vo e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó åhUOo ì`pŠVbm AZw^dg§nÞ H$aUmè`m d
{VÀ`m AZw^dmZm gwg§KQ>rV H$aUmè`m gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo d ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUmè`m
g§ñWm, gm_m{OH$ g_yh d gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mo dU©Z d {ddoMZ H$aUmao emó hmo`.
By Educational Sociology, we mean the science which describes and explains
the institutions social groups and social processes, that is social relationships, in which
or through which the individual gains and organizes experiences - George Payne
`m ì`m»òV Om°O© noZ `m§Zr ì`pŠV Am{U {VMo e¡j{UH$ n`m©daU `mVrb Am§Va{H«$òda â {Xbm
Amho. doJdoJio AZw^d KodyZ Ë`mZwgma dV©UyH$ H$aÊ`mMr Or à{H«$`m ì`pŠVÀ`m ~mbnUr Hw$Qw>§~mV gwê$
hmoVo Am{U {_Ì _§S>ir g_doV emioV emio~mhoa BVHo$M Zìho Va àm¡T>mdñWoVyZ OrdZmÀ`m AIoa n`ªV
gwê$M AgVo Ë`m g§nyU© g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMm Aä`mg Ë`m§Zr {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo joÌ _mZbo
Amho.
2) E\$. Oo. ~«mD$Z (F. J. Brown) `m§À`m _Vo e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó hm ì`pŠV Am{U {VMo
gm§ñH¥$VrH$ n`m©daU `m§À`m Am§Va{H«$òMm Aä`mg Amho.
Educational Sociology is the study of interaction of the individual and his cultural
environment Educational.
B.g. 1945 Z§Va e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó Educational Sociology `m g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd H$_r
hmoD$Z {VMo ñWmZ {ejUmMo g_mOemó `m g§H$ënZoZo KoVbo. `mMm àW_ nwañH$ma Ama.gr. A°Obo `m§Zr
Ho$bm.
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3) Ama.gr. A±Oob (R. C. Angell) `m§À`m _Vo {ejUmMo g_mOemó hm emioVrb Am{U emim
d g_wXm` `m§À`mVrb Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m nÕVr d nañnag§~§Y `m§Mm Aä`mg Amho.
Educational Sociology is the study of patterns of social interactions and inter
relationships within the school and between the school and community.
A±Oob `m§À`m ì`m»òV emiobm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ emioVrb d g_wXm`mVrb gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§À`m
Aä`mgmnwaVmM _`m©{XV Agm {ejUmMm g_mOemómMm Aä`mg {df` _mZbm Amho. ì`pŠVÀ`m
g_mOrH$aUmMr ì`mnH$ à{H«$`m Or Hw$Qw>§~, {_Ì_§S>ir, g_wXm` Am{U OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_mÛmao hmoVo {Vbm `m
Aä`mgjoÌmV g_m{dï> Ho$bobo Zmhr.
4) E. Ho$. gr AmoQ>mdo `m§Zr Amnë`m N>moQ>çmem ì`m»òV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, {ejUmMo
g_mOemó åhUOo {ejU Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mm d¡kmZrH$ Aä`mg hmo`.
Sociology of Education is scientific study of relations between education and society
- A. K. C. Ottaway.
AmoQ>mdo `m§Mo _Vo {ejUmMo g_mOemó {ejUmÀ`m {d{dY ~mOy§Mm åhUOoM {ejUmMr C{Ôï>ço,
nÕVr, Aä`mgH«$_, g§KQ>Z d ì`dñWmnZ `m§Mm Aä`mg Va H$aVoM {edm` g_mOmVrb amOH$s`,
Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥$VrH$ d gm_m{OH$ eŠVtMm àM{bV {ejUmer AgUmè`m g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg
H$aVo. AmoQ>mdo `m§Zr Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU à{H«$òMm gm_m{OH$ g§X^m©V Aä`mg `mda â {Xbm Amho.
5) ~wH$Amoìha S>ãë`y. ~r d Jm°Q>{b~ S>r. `m§Zr {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMr ì`m»`m Aer
Ho$br Amho H$s, "e¡j{UH$ ì`dñWoV A§V^y©V Agboë`m e¡j{UH$ à{H«$`m d embo` AmH¥$Vr~§Y `m§Mo
emór` ñnï>rH$aU åhUOo {ejUmMo g_mOemó hmo`.
The sociology of Education is the Scientific analysis of the social processes and
school patterns in the educational system. - Brookover W. B. and Gottlieb D.
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemóm~m~VÀ`m darb ì`m»`m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z `m {df`mMo ñdê$n ñnï>
hmoVo. `m~m~V eodQ>r Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, {ejUmMo g_mOemó åhUOo emioVrb Am{U emim
emimVrb d g_mO ì`dñWoVrb Am§Va{H«$`m d nañnag§~§YmMm Aä`mg hmo`.
B
e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó d {ejUmMo g_mOemó `m XmoZ g§H$ënZmVrb \$aH$ :
{ejU ho g_mOemómda AmYmarV Agmdo hm {dMma gdm©V àW_ {dë`_ Q>r h°[ag `m A_o[aH$Z
Am{U Am`wŠVmZo _m§S>bm. {eH$mJmo {dÚmnrR>mVrb àm. E. S>ãë`y, ñ_m°b `m§Zr àËòH$ {ejH$mg g_mOemór`
Ñï>rH$moZmMr AmoiI Amdí`H$ Amho Ago ñnï> Ho$bo. Om°Z S>çwB© `m {ejUVÁkmZo emim hr EH$ gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm AgyZ {ejU hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho hm {dMma _m§S>bm. Ë`mZ§Va A_o[aHo$Vrb AZoH$
{dÚmnrR>mVyZ e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó `m {df`mÀ`m AÜ`mnZmMr gwadmV Pmbr. _mÌ e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó
hr {ejUemómMr EH$ emIm åhUyZ {dH$grV Pmbr. g_mOemómMm gImob Aä`mg ZgUmè`m {ejU
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VÁkm§Zr `m emIoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mV g_mOemór` g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V Am{U dñVw{Zð> ^mfm
`m§Mm VgoM VmH$s©H$ d ì`dhmarH$ _m{hVrMm A^md Amho. e¡j{UH$ g_mOemók emiobm H|$Ðq~Xy _mZyZ
{díbofU H$aVmV. e¡j{UH$ H¥$Vr~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mH$S>o A{YH$ bj XoVmV. e¡j{UH$ joÌmV H$m_
H$aUmè`m§Zm à{ejU XoÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUOo e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó Ago _mZbo OmV hmoVo. e¡j{UH$
g_mOemómMm nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m {ejUVÁkm§Zr g§emoYZ V§ÌmMm dmna AJXr H$_r à_mUmV Ho$bm hmoVm.
WmoS>Š`mV e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó ho {ejUemómÀ`m A{YH$ OdiMo hmoVo.
B.g. 1945 Z§Va e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó `m g§H$ënZoMo _hÎd H$_r hmoD$Z {VMo ñWmZ {ejUmMo
g_mOemó `m g§H$ënZoZo KoVbo. Ama. gr. EÝOb `m§Zr Ë`mMm gdm©V àW_ nwañH$ma Ho$bm. {ejUmMo
g_mOemó hr g_mOemómMr EH$ emIm AgyZ g_mOemókmZr {VMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio
g_mOemór` g§H$ënZm, {gÕm§V d dñVw{Zð> ^mfm `m§Mm dmna Ë`mV Ho$bm Amho. g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`m
g§X^m©V {ejUmMm {dMma Ë`mV Ho$bm Amho.
darb ì`m»`m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo ñdê$n g_OyZ òVo.
B
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMr ì`mßVr
(Scope of Sociology of Education) :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m ì`m»`m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, g_mOemómMr _yb^yV
VÎdo {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V bmJy hmoVmV. Ë`mV {ejUmMm g_mOmVrb BVa ì`dñWm ~amo~a AgUmè`m
g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m ì`mßVrV {ejU d AmßVg§~§Y ì`dñWm,
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU, amOH$s` g§KQ>Z, {ejU ì`dñWoVrb Am§Va{H«$`m, kmZm~m~VMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§À`m
Aä`mgmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m {díbofUmdê$Z {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMr ì`mßVr ñnï>
hmoB©b.
1) {ejU d AmßVg§~§Y ì`dñWm :
{ejU d AmßVg§~§Y ì`dñWm hr g_mOrH$aUmMr _hÎdmMr gmYZo AmhoV. àËòH$ g_mO EH$m
g§H$sU© à{H«$òÛmao _wbm_Üò ñdV:Mr Aer AmoiI Am{U Ë`mZwgma XOm© d ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mMr j_Vm
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$arV AgVmo. AmB© dS>rbm§À`m ào_i ghdmgmVyZ _wbm§Mo g_mOrH$aU hmoVo
Am{U emim EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o kmZmMo hñVm§Va H$aVo. _wbm§Mr ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm {dH$grV
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ emim H$aVo. AmßVg§~§Y ì`dñWm Am{U {ejUì`dñWm g_mOmV _yë`ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg
H$aVmV.
AmB©dS>rb, nmbH$ d _wbo `m§Mo {Q>H$mD$ g§KQ>Z åhUOo Hw$Qw>§~ hmo`. Hw$Qw>§~mVM _wbo Z_«nUm,
àm_m{UH$nUm ghmZy^yVr d O~m~XmarMr OmUrd B. JwU g§nmXZ H$aVmV. hoM JwU Ë`mbm g_mOmMm
O~m~Xma gXñ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. _mZgemókmZr ho {gÕ H$ê$Z XmI{dbo Amho H$s,
Hw$Qw>§~mVrb Mm§Jbo dmVmdaU _wbm§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm `mo½` {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vo. _wbm§Zm Amnë`m
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^mdZm _wŠVnUo ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMr Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMr g§Yr Hw$Qw>§~mVM
{_iVo. Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb Ooð> ì`pŠVÀ`m~Ôb _wbm§À`m _ZmV Agbobm AmXa^md g_mOmVrb gd© Ooð> ì`pŠV¨À`m
~m~VrVhr ì`ŠV hmoVmZm {XgVmo. {ejU d AmßVg§~§Y ì`dñWm `m§Mo nañna g§~§Y hm g_mOemókm§Zr
Aä`mgmMm {df` _mZbm Amho.
2) emim-EH$ g_mOì`dñWm :
~XbË`m g_mOì`dñWo~amo~a g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m g§ñWoMo H$m`©hr ~XbV Amho. gmÜ`m nma§nmarH$
g_mOm_Üò Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWm g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV _hÎdmMr g§ñWm hmoVr. AmOÀ`m g§H$sU© g_mOmV
g_OrH$aUmMr ^y{_H$m Hw$Qw>§~m~amo~aM emim hr nma nmS>V Amho.
Hw$Qw>§~mZ§Va _yb emioÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV òVo. g_mOmMr EH$ àVrH¥$Vr åhUyZ _wbm§da emioMm à^md
nS>Vmo. Ë`mÀ`m Am§VarH$ JaOm d àoaUm àH$Q> H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`mbm emioV {_iVo. {ejH$m§Mo dV©Z,
ì`pŠV_Îd, Mm[aÍ` `m§Mo AZwH$aU _wbo H$aVmV. H$iVZH$iV _wbm§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma àmßV
hmoVmo. _wbm§À`m _ZmV ào_ d AmgŠVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Oo {ejH$ èñdr hmoVmV Ë`m§Mo g§^mfU, H¥$Vr,
hmd^md `m§Mmhr _wbm§À`m _Zmda à^md AgVmo. ¹${MV àg§Jr {ejH$ d {dÚmWu `m§À`m _ZmV nañnam~Ôb
{VañH$mamMr A{à` ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Am{U _wbo Aem {ejH$m§nmgyZ XwamdVmV. _wbmda Amnë`m
dJ©{_Ìm§Mmhr à^md AgVmo. _wbm§Zm emioVM {eñV bmJVo. _mÌ AVr H$R>moa {eñVrMm _wbm§À`m _Zmda
{dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. _wbm§da H$gbohr {Z`§ÌU Zgob Va _wbo ñdÀN>§Xr ~ZÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
emioVrb gm§ñH¥$VrH$ H$m`©H«$_mVyZ _wbm§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmbm Mm§Jbm AmH$ma {_iVmo. emim d Hw$Qw>§~ `m§Mm
g_mOemór` Aä`mg {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV A{^àoV Amho.
3) {ejU d gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU :
H$moUVrhr g_mOì`dñWm {Q>Hy$Z ahmÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`mVrb g^mgXm_Üò H$m`m©Mo dmQ>n H$aUo, `mo½`
ì`ŠVrbm `mo½` nX XoD$Z H$m`© H$adyZ KoUo, `m Jmoï>r `m_Üò _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmÀ`m
à{H«$òV J{V{ebVobm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
gm_m{OH$ ñV[aH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho. H$maU H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo
H$m`© nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar H$m¡eë` hr emioVM {eH$dbr OmVmV. `mo½` ì`ŠVrMr `mo½`
nXmda {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {ejU ì`dñWoMrM Amho. AmYy{ZH$ Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_mOmV AmUIr
hr O~m~Xmar emioda dmT>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `m gd© à{H«$òMo AÜ``Z {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV Ho$bo
OmVo.
Iwbo qH$dm _wŠV ñVarH$aU Am{U ~§{XñV ñVarH$aU `m§Mm {ejUmer OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. OmV,
Y_© Am{U dJm©da AmYmarV g_yhm§Mm gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVoda à^md {XgyZ òVmo. OmVrì`dñWm ì`pŠVÀ`m
ñWmZmda Am{U XOm©dahr _`m©Xm AmUVo. H${Zð> OmVtMo Y§Xo / ì`dgm` nydm©nma MmbV Ambobo AgVmV.
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Amnë`m nyd©Om§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`dgm`mH$S>o _wbm§Mm H$b PwH$Vmo. _mÌ OmVr`VoÀ`m H$Qy> AZw^dmVyZ _wbm§_Üò
AZnojrV nyd©J«h Am{U H$_VaVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. OmVrì`dñWo_wio _wbm§À`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmV
AS>Wio òVmV. H$m§hr emim_YyZ _wbm§da {d{eï> Ym{_©H$ VÎdo q~~{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo. nU Ë`m_wio
_wbm§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g§Hw$MrV ~ZVmo. Xwgè`m Y_m©~Ôb Ë`m§À`m _ZmV {damoYr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
gm_m{OH$ dJm©Mmhr _wbm§da à^md {XgyZ òVmo. Y_© Am{U OmVrda AmYmarV ôX AmVm H$_r hmoV
Mmbbo AmhoV. _mÌ dJ©OmUrd dmT>V Mmbbr Amho. H${Zð> dJm©Vrb _wbm§_Üò Jar~r_wio Ý`yZVoMr
^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m VwbZoV _Ü`_ dJm©Vrb _wbm§Zr Mm§Jbo è g§nmXZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. H$m§hr
amOH$s` {dMmagaUr_wio nwÝhm ôXmôXmMr OmUrd OmJ¥V hmoVo. `m gd© ~m~tMm {dH$mgmda n[aUm_
hmoVmo. `m gd© _wÚm§Mm Aä`mg {ejUmMo g_mOemó H$aVo.
4) {ejU d amOH$s` ì`dñWm :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV emgZmMo {Z`§ÌU Agboë`m ImOJr g§ñWm, H$m§hr Ym{_©H$ g§ñWm VgoM H|$ÐemgZ
amÁèmgZ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm {ejU àgmamMo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. Oo. Eg. {_b gma»`m
{dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo gaH$maZo H$m§hr AmXe© {ejU g§ñWm Mmbdmì`mV. Aem {ejU g§ñWm gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr
àoaUm Ë`mVyZ g_mOmVrb {ejU ào_tZm {_iob. EH$njr` emgZ, gmå`dmXr emgZ {ejUmVyZ Amnë`m
{dMmagaUrMm àgma H$arV AgVo. Var gwÕm bmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mda A{VH«$_U
hmoUma Zmhr. Aem nÕVrZoM emgZmMo {ejUmda {Z`§ÌU AgVo. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` {ejUmV H$_rV
H$_r hñVjon H$aVo. bmoH$emhr emgZmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a {ejU joÌmMm ì`mnH$ {dñVma hmoV Amho.
gd©M {ejU VÁkm§Zr bmoH$emhrÀ`m èñdrVogmR>r {ejUmMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho. Am{U {ejU ho
emgZmZo AË`§V _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho Ago gm§{JVbo Amho.
A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m _Vo Mm§Jbo ZmJarH$ {Z_m©U H$aUo ho {ejUmMo C{Ôï> Agbo nm{hOo. bmoH$emhr
g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gd© ZmJarH$m§À`m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr nm{hOo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r {ejU
hr Amdí`H$ Aer nyd© AQ> Amho. `m gd© ~m~tMm Aä`mg {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV Ho$bm OmVmo.
5) {ejU d kmZm~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ :
g_mOemókm§Zr kmZmMo CJ_ómoV, {Q>H$mD$nUm d _`m©Xm `m ~m~VMm gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ
KoÊ`mV CËgwH$Vm XmI{dbr Amho. ~XbË`m gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu `m§À`mVrb
Am§Va{H«$òMm Aä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. àmMrZ H$mimV kmZ Am{U kmZàmßVrMr gmYZo _`m©{XV hmoVr. Ë`m
H$mimV kmZm~Ôb lÕm Am{U AmXa^md hmoVm. {ejH$m~Ôb ^rVr`wŠV AmXa hmoVm. ~hþVm§er kmZg§nÞ
ì`ŠVr CÀM dJm©Vrb hmoË`m. kmZm~m~VÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmdaM {dÚmWr© d {ejH$ `m§Mo g§~§Y AmYmabobo
hmoVo.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV kmZm~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ IynM ~XbV Amho. qH$~hþZm nyduÀ`m kmZmÀ`m {damoYr
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Aer VÎdo {dH${gV Pmbr AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ H$moUVohr kmZ A§Vr_ ZgVo `mMr gË`Vm nQy> bmJbr Amho. kmZ
ho A_`m©{XV AgyZ Vo AZoH$ _mJm©Zr {_i{dVm òVo. Ym{_©H$ d AmÜ`mpË_H$ AZw^dmZm d¡km{ZH$
{dMmagaUrZo AmìhmZ {Xbo Amho. kmZmg§~§YrÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmV Pmboë`m ~XbmMm {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu
`m§Mo g§~§Y, {ejH$m{ejH$mVrb g§~§Y, {ejH$m§Mr gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m, {ejU d g§ñWmMmbH$ `m§Mo
g§~§Y `mda H$gm à^md nS>Vmo `mH$S>o g_mOemókmZr bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo Amho.
6) {ejU ì`dñWoVrb Am§Va{H«$`m :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m ì`mßVrMo EH$ _hÎdmMo joÌ åhUOo {ejUì`dñWoVrb Am§Va{H«$`m ho
hmo`. {ejUì`dñWoV {ejH$, {dÚmWu Am{U g_wXm` ho _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. e¡j{UH$ g_mOemók
`m KQ>H$m_Üò gmVË`mZo hmoUmè`m ~XbmMr H$maUo d {Xem `m§Mo {díbofU H$aVmV. `m KQ>H$mVrb
Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bo Va {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m ì`mßVrMo A§Va§J `WmW©nUo g_OyZ
òB©b.
A) {ejH$ d g§ñWmMmbH$ (àemgH$) g§~§Y : e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmVrb gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm_Üò
{ejH$ àemgH$ d g§ñWmMmbH$ `m§Mo g§~§Y _hÎdmMo AgVmV. ghm{OH$M {ejH$m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Am{U
AÜ`mnZ nÕVr `m§da g§ñWm MmbH$mer Agboë`m g§~§YmMm à^md {XgyZ òVmo. g§ñWmMmbH$ Ë`m§À`m
A{YH$mamV Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar H$aUmè`m {ejH$m§Zm ~jrg XoVmV Am{U MwH$sÀ`m H$m_m~Ôb emgZhr
H$ê$ eH$VmV. gaH$mar emimV A{YH$marM àemgH$ AgVmV Va gaH$mar AZwXmZmda MmbUmè`m ImOJr
g§ñWmV AÜ`j, g{Md, XoUJrXma, à{V{ZYr ì`dñWmnZ H$aVmV. H$mhr g§ñWmV g{Mdm§À`m hmVmV gd©
A{YH$ma AgVmV. _mÌ Ë`m§Zr BVam§À`m _Vm§Mr H$Xa Z H$aVm {ZU©` KoVbo Va {ejH$m§À`m ZrVrY¡`m©da
{dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo Am{U bmoH$emhr nÕVrZo Ë`m§Mo H$m_H$mO Agob Va {ZH$mon e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU
{Z_m©U hmoVo.
~) {ejH$m{ejH$mVrb g§~Y
§ : gd© {ejUg§ñWmV AmVm AZoH$ {ejH$ H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mVrb
g§~§Y ghH$m`m©Zo {_ÌÎdmMo AgVrb qH$dm nañna {damoYr hr AgyZ eH$Vrb. ghH$m`m©À`m g§~§YmVyZ
g§K^mdZm, g{XÀN>m {Z_m©U hmoVo Va eÌyËdmMo g§~§Y AgVrb Va e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU Xy{fV ~ZVo.
{ejH$mVhr Y_©, OmV, ^mfm, Ah©Vm, godmOoð>Vm `m§À`m AmYmao JQ>~mOr {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mMm n[aUm_
{dÚmWudJm©da hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
H$) {dÚmWu-{dÚmWu Am§Va{H«$`m : {dÚmÏ`mª{dÚmÏ`mªVrb Am§Va{H«$`m d`, dJ©, qbJ
Aä`mgm~m~VÀ`m gd`r, {d{dY JwUXe©ZmVrb Z¡nwÊ` B. KQ>H$mda AmYmarV AgVo. dJm©Vrb dmVmdaU
Mm§Jbo Agob Va gd© {dÚmÏ`mªV OdirH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. ¹${MV àg§Jr {dÚmÏ`m©V d¡a^mdZm {Z_m©U
Pmë`mMo {XgVo. e¡j{UH$ g_mOemók `m gd© ~m~tMo {díbofU H$aVmV.
S>) {ejH$ d {dÚmWu nañnag§~§Y : {ejUì`dñWoV {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu `m§Mo g§~§Y gdm©V
_hÎdmMo AmhoV. nyduÀ`m H$mimV ho g§~§Y H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV ho g§~§Y H$amamË_H$
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~Zbo AmhoV. nydu àdoem~m~VMo {Z`_, Aä`mgH«$_, AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, àË`jmV {ejUm~m~VÀ`m gd©
Jmoï>r {ejH$M R>adrV hmoVo. nU AmVm emgZ, àmMm`©, {df` VÁk `m Jmoï>r R>a{dVmV. Ë`m_wio
doimnÌH$mZwgma Amnë`m {df`mMo AÜ`mnZ H$aUo EdT>çm _`m©XoV {ejH$ H$m_ H$aVmV. {d{eï> doVZloUr
nJma Am{U H$m§hr AQ>tda {ejH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ hmoVo. AÜ`mnZ hm AmVm EH$ ì`dgm` ~Zbm Amho. {ejH$
d {dÚmWu `m§À`m g§~§Ymda AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
Amnë`mnojm d`mZo Ooð> Agboë`m {ejH$m~Ôb àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ eioVrb {dÚmÏ`mªV AmXamMr
^mdZm {XgVo. _mÌ CÀM {ejUmV {dÚmWu d {ejH$ `m§À`m d`mV _moR>o A§Va ZgVo. H$m§hr g_mOmV
na§naoZoM {ejH$m§Zm Mm§Jbm XOm© {Xbm OmV hmoVm. nU AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {ejH$m§Mo ñWmZ d XOm©
nydugmaIm am{hbobm Zmhr. kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMr AZoH$ _mÜ`_o g_mOmV CnbãY Agë`m_wio AmVm
{ejH$m{df`r AmXa d {Zð>m nydugmaIr {XgV Zmhr. `mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr gwÕm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ AmË_gmV
H$aUo JaO ~Zbr Amho.
nydr© g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$mV {ejH$m~Ôb AmXa^md hmoVm. _mÌ AmOÀ`m H$amamË_H$ nÕVrV
{ejH$ XoIrb ì`dgm{`H$ ~Zbo AmhoV. {ejH$mMr g_mOmVrb ^y{_H$m ~XbV Mmbbr Amho.
Aä`mgH«$_mMr g_mZVm, narjm nÕVr, _yë`_mnZ nÕVr, XO}Xma {ejU `m gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimVrb
ZdZdrZ ~m~r_wio {ejH$m§Mr d¡`pŠVH$ JwUdÎmm, {dÚmÏ`mª~m~VMr Vi_i `m Jmoï>r _mJo nS>V AmhoV.
H«${_H$ nwñVH$m§Mm Aä`mg Am{U narjoMr V`mar Ë`mVyZ èg§nmXZ Ago AmOMo {ejU Amho.
{ejU Am{U {dÚmWu `m§À`m~XbË`m g§~§YmMm gmVË`mZo AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMo H$m_ {ejUmMo g_mOemók
H$aVmV.
7) {ejU-gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV {ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m§À`mVrb
nañna g§~§YmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. {ejU à{H«$òÛmao ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUo d _yëò
q~~dbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio hr {Z`_Zo d _yëò ì`pŠVÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm ^mJ ~ZVmV. åhUOoM Ë`m§Mo
Am§VarH$sH$aU hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ì`pŠV Ë`m {Z`_ZmZm d _yë`m§Zm AZwgê$Z dV©Z H$ê$ bmJVo. Ë`m_wio
gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© AmnmoAmnM gmYbo OmVo. åhUyZ {ejU d gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU `m§À`mVrb
g§~§Y {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV Aä`mgbo OmVmV.
gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUmà_mUoM gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$òer hr {ejUmMm K{Zð> g§~§Y Amho.
g_mOmV AnojrV n[adV©Z KS>dZy AmUUo ho {ejUmMo EH$ àYmZ H$m`© Amho. Ago ~«mD$ZgmaIo g_mOemók
_mZVmV. AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {ejUmMm gm_m{OH$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$ë`mMo
{XgyZ òVo. CXm. J«rH$ VÎdk ßboQ>moZo {ejUmg AmXe© amÁ`{Z{_©VrMo gmYZ _mZbo hmoVo. ^maVmV H$moR>mar
Am`moJmZo XoIrb {ejU ho H«$m§Vr{edm` n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo gmYZ Amho Ago AmJ«hmZo Z_yX
Ho$bobo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV g_mOaMZoV AnojrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m {ejUmMr _XV KoVbr OmVo.
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åhUyZ {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV {ejU d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m§À`m Aä`mgmda â {Xbm OmVmo.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
(Check your progress) :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm OZH$ åhUyZ H$moUmg AmoiIbo OmVo.
2) E. Ho$. gr. AmoQ>mdo `m§Zr {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.
3) EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o kmZmMo hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$moUmH$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo.
4) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m _Vo {ejUmMo C{Ôï> H$moUVo Agbo nm{hOo.
5) {ejU ì`dñWoV H$moUmVrb g§~§Y gdm©V _hÎdmMo AgVmV.
1.3.2 {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mg (Development of Sociology of Education)
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm ho g_OyZ KoVmZm 19 ì`m eVH$mV
{ejUmÀ`m joÌmVbr pñWVr H$er hmoVr `mMm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
B
19 do eVH$ - _mZgemómda A{YH$ â :
19 ì`m eVH$mV {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmV _mZgemómda A{YH$ â {Xbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio {ejUmMo
ñdê$n ì`pŠVdmXr ~Zbo hmoVo. {df` kmZmda à^wËd ho {ejUmMo _w»` H$m`© g_Obo hmoVo. _mÌ
Aä`mg{df` Am¡nMm[aH$ Am{U ì`pŠV OrdZmer H$_r g§~§Y Agbobo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Aä`mg {df`
AÜ`mnZ nÕVr Am{U _yë`_mnZmÀ`m V§ÌmMr aMZm ì`pŠVJV _mZgemór` g§H$ënZmda AmYmabobr
hmoVr.
B {ejUmÀ`m
g_mOemómMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r :
H$mhr nmpíM_mÎ` {ejUVÁk, VËdk Am{U g_mOemókmZr {ejUmÀ`m aMZo~m~V _mZgemómda
â XoÊ`mEodOr em§VVm_` d H$m`©j_ nÕVrZo gm_m{OH$ Üòò gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU H$go Agmdo
`m~m~V {bImU Ho$bo. Am°JñV H$m°åV, h~©Q>© ñnoÝga, E{_b Sw>aImB©_ `m§Zr Ë`m~m~V {dMma _m§S>bo.
1961 gmbr ñnoÝgaZo {b{hboë`m ""H$moUVo kmZ A{YH$ _m¡ë`dmZ ?'' `m {Z~§YmVyZ {ejUmMr
gm_m{OH$ H$m`} hm {df` MM}V Ambm. _mÝQ>oñŠ`y, Sw>aImB©_ d do~a `mgma»`m A{ÔmV boIH$m§Zr
H$m`Xm d {ejU `mda {bImU Ho$bo. do~aZr nma§nm[aH$ g_mOmVrb {ejU d ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoMo
ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo. Sw>aImB©_Zr {ejU d g_mOemó `m§À`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mo _hÎd `mda â {Xbm. `m
{dMmad§Vm§À`m {bImZm_wio {ejU d g_mO Am{U {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m `mH$S>o g_mOemók d
{ejH$ `m§Mo bj doYbo.
A_o[aHo$V dm°S>© `m§Zr 1883 gmbr Dynamic Sociology ho nwñVH$ {b{hbo. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr {ejU
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ho àJVrMo AË`§V OdiMo gmYZ AgyZ {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m `mda â {Xbm. ñ_m°b `m§Zr
g_mOemómZo Aer Anojm Ho$br Amho H$s {ejH$mZr ñdV:bm Ë`m _wbm§Mo ZoVo g_Oy Zò Va g_mOmMo
{eënH$ma åhUyZ H$m_ H$amdo Ago {dMma _m§S>bo. E{_b Sw>aImB©_ `m§Zr gd©àW_ g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ
{ejUmMm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho ho {ZXe©Zmg AmUbo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo {ejU hr pñWVrerb ~m~ ZgyZ
J{Verb d gmVË`mZo ~XbV OmUmar à{H«$`m Amho. Ë`mZr {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemókmZr nwT>rb joÌmV
g§emoYZ H$m`© H$amdo Ago gwM{dbo.
1) gÚpñWVrVrb {ejUmVrb gm_m{OH$ dmñVd Am{U Ë`mMr g_mOemór` H$m`} `m§Mr AmoiI.
2) {ejU d gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥$VrH$ ~XbmVrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mr AmoiI.
3) {d{dY {ejU nÕVrVrb VwbZmË_H$ g§emoYZ.
4) emim Am{U dJ© `m§Mm g_mOì`dñWm åhUyZ Aä`mg.
B.g. 1893 _Üò S>ãë`y. Q>r. h°[ag `m A_o[aH$Z {ejU Am`wŠVmZr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
H$moUVohr {ejUmMo VÎdkmZ Ë`mbm g_mOemómMr ~R>H$ Agë`m{edm` n[anyU© hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr.
B.g. 1899 _Üò Om°Z S>çwB© John Dewey `m§Zr AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ~mOyH$S>o bj
doYbo Am{U emim hr g_wXm`mer OmoS>bobr à^mdr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho `mda Omoa {Xbm. Ë`m§Zr
nmbH$m§Zm CÔoeyZ Or ^mfUo Ho$br Vr The School and Society `m J«§WmV g_m{dï> AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo
{ejUà{H«$òÀ`m _mZgemór` Am{U g_mOemór` Aem XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. g_yhmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OmUrdoV
gh^mJr Pmë`mZoM ì`pŠVMo gd© {ejU hmoV AgVo.
AZoH$ g_mOemók d {ejUVÁk `m§Mo {bImU ì`pŠV Am{U emim `m~m~VÀ`m ZdrZ g§H$ënZm§Mm
{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVo. ì`pŠV~m~VÀ`m _mZgemór` g§H$ënZonojm g_mOemór` g§H$ënZobm
_hÎd Ambo. ì`pŠV Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mV emim, {_Ì_§S>ir g_doV H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Á`m A§Va{H«$`m H$aVo
Ë`mVyZ Vr AZoH$ Jmoï>r {eH$Vo åhUyZ {ejU à{H«$`m hr Ho$di ì`pŠVnwaVr _`m©{XV Aer doJir à{H«$`m
ZgyZ Vr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho. Am{U Ë`mV AZoH$ ì`pŠV¨Mo nañnag§~§Y Jw§Vbobo AgVmV. AmVm
emim åhUOo Ho$di ì`pŠVnwaVr _`m©{XV Aer doJir à{H«$`m ZgyZ Vr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho. Am{U
Ë`mV AZoH$ ì`pŠV¨Mo nañnag§~§Y Jw§Vbobo AgVmV. AmVm emim åhUOo Ho$di ì`pŠVÀ`m {dH$mgmbm
MmbZm XoUmar g§ñWm ZgyZ g_mOmÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUmar g§ñWm Amho. hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ nwT>o Ambm Amho.
Ë`m_wio {ejUmMo g_mOemó `m ñdV§Ì kmZemIoMm nm`m ^ŠH$_ hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.
B {ejUmÀ`m
g_mOemñÌmMm {dH$mg - 20 do eVH$ :
20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^H$mimV {ejUmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Zm Am{U {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m
{dH$mgmbm _mÝ`Vm {_imbr. A_o[aH$m d Jo«Q> {~«Q>Z_Üò `m emIoMm C„oIZr` {dH$mg Pmbm.
A_o[aH$m : 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrbm VoWo H$m§hr e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m hmoË`m.
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CXm. _moR>çm à_mUmV Ambobo naH$s` ZmJarH$, J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV Pmboë`m n{hë`m
{nT>rMo {ejU, doJdoJio d§{eH$ d Ym{_©H$ g_yh, dmT>Ë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmgmR>r gwg§JV ì`dgm`m{^_wI
{ejUnÕVr, e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm B. ~m~V AZoH$ àíZ Cô am{hbo hmoVo. {ejUjoÌmVrb `m
g_ñ`mH$S>o {ejH$m§Mo d g_mOemókm§Mo bj doYbo. gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ emim d
emimVrb dJm©À`m g_ñ`m g_OyZ KoVë`m nm{hOoV hm {dMma nwT>o Ambm.
20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m VrZ XeH$mV e¡j{UH$ g_mOemóm~m~VMo {d{dY ÑpîQ>H$moZ
{dH$grV Pmbo. dm°S>©, JwS>, EbdyS> `m§Zr e¡j{UH$ g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ àJVrMo OdiMo gmYZ d
g_mOgwYmaUogmR>r MmbZm XoUmar H$m`©dm{hZr Amho ho ñnï> Ho$bo. pñ_W Am{U Pmoa~°H$ `m§À`m _Vo
e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó ho Cn`mo{OV emó AgyZ e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo EH$_od V§Ì Amho. Om°O© noZ
`m§Zr {ejH$, g§emoYH$ Am{U {ejUm~m~V AmñWm ~miJUmè`m gdm©gmR>r e¡j{UH$ g_mOemómMo
{ejU Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho.
B.g. 1917 gmbr Introduction to Educational Sociology ho n{hbo H«$_rH$ nwñVH$ S>ãë`y.
E. ñ_rW `m§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$bo. Om°O© noZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Ý`y`m°H©$ {dÚmnrR>mV e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó
`m {d^mJmMr gwédmV Pmbr. noZ `m§Zr B.g. 1923 gmbr National Society for the Study of
Educational Sociology ñWmnZ Ho$br. 1928 gmbr Journal of Educational Sociology àH$m{eV
Ho$bo. åhUyZM Om°O© noZ `m§Zm g_mOemómMo OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. Ë`m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr e¡j{UH$
g_mOemó EH$ ñdV§Ì kmZemIm åhUyZ AÜ`mnZ d g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌmV {dH$grV Pmbr. Var gwÕm Ë`m
H$mimV e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó Ho$di {ejUemómÀ`m CÀM {ejUmnwaVoM _`m©{XV hmoVo. B.g. 1930
Z§Va H$m§hr ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm. Hw$H$ `m§Zr {ejUm~m~VMm g_wXm` Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>bm.
àMbrV g_mOaMZm Am{U {ejUmMr H$m`} `m§Mm Aä`mg {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómZo H$amdm Ago Ë`m§Zr
gwM{dbo. B.g. 1932 _Üò dm°ba `m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Am{U g_wXm`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m
{deX Ho$br. CÀM {ejUmVrb {ejH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m `m~m~V {dëgZ d H°$nbmoìh `m§Zr {díbofU Ho$bo.
Ë`mH$mimV {ejUmMo g_mOemó åhUOo g_mOmMr Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUì`dñWm Am{U {ejU ì`dñWoVrb
{d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_yhmVrb g§~§Ym§Mr ^y{_H$m `m§Mm Aä`mg hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambm.
g_mOemókm§Zr {ejUjoÌmMm Aä`mg gwê$ Ho$bm. e¡>j{UH$ g_mOemó `m {df`mMm Aä`mg
g_mOemó {d^mJmV hmoD$ bmJbm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m nm[a^m{fH$ Zm§dmVhr ~Xb Pmbm. nydu {ejU d
Ë`mVrb ì`dhmarH$ g_ñ`m Am{U Ë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ åhUOo e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó Ago
_mZbo hmoVo. nU Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV g_mOemó Am{U {ejUmMo g_mOemór` n¥W:H$aU hm Aä`mgmMm
H|$Ð{~§Xy ~Zbm Am{U `m Aä`mgmMo {ejUmMo g_mOemó Ago Zm_m{^YmZ Pmbo. ì`mnH$ g_mOmÀ`m
g§X^m©V e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mo g_mOemór` n¥W:H$aU hm g_mO emómMm _w»` CÔoe g_mOemókmZr
_mZbm.
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B {ejUmÀ`m
g_mOemómMm {dH$mg : J«oQ>{~«Q>Z :
J«oQ>{~«Q>Z_Üò 1939 n`ªV {ejUVÁk d g_mOemók `m§Zr {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemóm~m~V AmñWm
XmIdbr ZìhVr. {ejH$m§Mo à{ejU Am{U {dÚmnrR>mVrb {ejUemó {d^mJmV hm {df` {eH${dbm
OmV hmoVm. VWmnr, 1944 Z§Va J«oQ>{~«Q>ZZo g_mZVmdmXmMo Amnbo amOH$s` C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mH$S>o bj
{Xbo Am{U Ë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ _mÜ`{_H$ d CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMm H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ g§YrÀ`m
g_mZVoMr ì`mßVr dmT>{dbr. Ë`m_wio H${Zð> gm_m{OH$ dJm©Vrb _wbo {ejUmÀ`m àdmhmV Ambr. _mÌ
`m~m~VÀ`m nhmUrdê$Z Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, g_mOmVrb gd© dJm©gmR>r e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm CnbãY
H$ê$Z {Xë`m Agë`m Var CÀM Am{U _Ü`_ dJm©Vrb _wbm§À`m VwbZoV H${Zð> dJm©Vrb _wbo {ejU
KoÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV \$maM H$_r hmoVr Am{U Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ èhr _`m©{XVM hmoVo. `m n[apñWVrV
g_mOemók {ejUVÁk d gaH$maMohr `m g_ñòH$S>o bj doYbo Am{U `m joÌmV g§emoYZmbm JVr
{_imbr.
{ejU d gm_m{OH$ dJ©, dm§{eH$ nmíd©^y_r d gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm, bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ ~m~r `m§Mm
Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm. {ejU H$moU d H$go KoD$ eHo$b Am{U g_mZVmdmX H$gm gmÜ` hmoB©b `mda A{YH$
àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. nU {ejUì`dñWm Am{U Am{W©H$ g§ñWm d BVa Cnì`dñWm `m§À`m g§~§YmMm
Aä`mg Pmbm Zmhr. à{e{jV g§emoYZmMm VwQ>dS>m Am{U Am{W©H$ nmR>~imMm A^md ho Ë`m_mJMo H$maU
hmoVo. _mÌ Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ho AS>Wio Xya Pmbo Am{U Aem Xwb©{jV ~mOy§Mmhr Aä`mg gwê$ Pmbm.
B ^maVmVrb
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mg / ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mi :
^maVmV 20 ì`m eVH$mV àma§^rÀ`m XeH$mV g_mOemómÀ`m AÜ`mnZmMr gwadmV Pmbr. Ë`m
H$mimV {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mg hm _wÔm nwT>o Ambm Zmhr. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrn`ªV g_mOemómMm
{dH$mgM _`m©{XV hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrnydu _w§~B© Am{U bIZm¡ `m XmoZM {dÚmnrR>mV hm {df` gwê$ hmoVm.
_w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mV 1924 gmbr gwà{gÕ g_mOemók d ZJa{Z`moOH$ àm. no{Q´>H$ {JS>rg `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbr g_mOemó {d^mJmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. S>m°. Or. Eg. Kw`} `m§Zr 1924 Vo 1959 `m àXrK©
H$mimV {d^mJà_wI `m ZmË`mZo g_mOemómMo AÜ`mnZ d g§emoYZ `m joÌmV _mobmMr â KmVbr.
1921 gmbr H$bH$Îmm {dÚmnrR>mV g_mOemó {d^mJ gwê$ Pmbm. S>m°. amYmH$_b _wIOu d S>m°. S>r. nr.
_wIOu `m§Zr VoWo C„oIZr` H$m_{Jar Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va _w§~B©À`m Eg. EZ. S>r. Q>r. _{hbm {dÚmnrR>mV
g_mOemómMm nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Pmbm.
A{bJT>, ~Zmag d _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mV {ejUemómÀ`m nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mV (E_.ES>.) {ejUmMo
VmËdrH$ _mZgemór` d gm_m{OH$ A{Yð>mZ `m nonaMm gm_doe Pmbm hmoVm. 1926 gmbr goZ `m§Zr
gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmMm _wbm§À`m {ejUmdarb à^md `m ~m~VMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. OmoJioH$a `m§Zr {ejU.d
gm_m{OH$ dJm©Vrb Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m©V Aä`mg Ho$bm. AWm©V Ago Aä`mg \$ma WmoS>.o hmoVo.
{ejUemó {d^mJmMo {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmH$S>o A{YH$ bj hmoVo. {ejUmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ~mOyMm Aä`mg
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Vgm Xwb©jrV hmoVm. g_mOemó {d^mJm§Mr _`m©{XV g§»`m Am{U {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m nÕVera
Aä`mgmMm A^md `m_wio ñdmV§Í`mnydu `m g§X^m©V gH$mamË_H$ OmJ¥Vr ZìhVr AgoM åhUmdo bmJVo.
B
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaMm H$mi :
^maVmV ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV AZoH$ eŠVrZr {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m {dH$mgmV
_hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gd©M ñVamda {ejUmMm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dñVma Pmbm.
KQ>ZoVrb gdm©gmR>r gŠVrMo d _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejU `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m
à`ËZmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ àmW{_H$ {ejUmMm ì`mnH$ {dñVma Pmbm. ghm{OH$M _mÜ`{_H$ d CÀM
{ejUmMmhr {dñVma gwê$ Pmbm. AZoH$ {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm hmoD$Z nXdr d nXì`wÎma ñVamda
g_mOemómMo AÜ`mnZ d g§emoYZ gwê$ Pmbo. H$m§hr g_mOemókm§Zr `m {df`mÀ`m CnemIm§À`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r `moJXmZ {Xbo. {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Aä`mgmH$S>o H$m§hrZr bj {Xbo.
{dÚmnrR>m§À`m {ejUemó {d^mJmV nXì`wÎma {ejU d nr.EM.S>r. gmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z {_iy bmJbo.
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m joÌmV _moR>çm à_mUmV g§emoYZ àH$ën hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambo.
gaH$maZo AZwgy{MV OmVrO_mVr d BVa _mJmgdJu`m§Zm gd© àH$maMo {ejU _mo\$V nwa{dÊ`mMo
YmoaU pñdH$mabo Amho. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb H${Zð> dJm©gh gd©Ì {ejUmMm ì`mnH$ àgma Pmbm Amho.
Var gwÕm bhmZghmZ IoS>çmVrb, H${Zð> ñVamVrb Am{U PmonS>nÅ>rVrb _wbo `m gw{dYm§Mm bm^ KoÊ`mV
_mJo nS>VmV. Á`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mV `mnydu H$moUrhr {ejU KoVbo ZìhVo Aem IoS>çVrb eoVH$è`m§Mr d
_mJmgdJu`m§Mr _wbo àM{bV {ejU nÕVrV BVamgmaIo è {_idy eH$br ZmhrV. hr _wbo H$bm d
dm{UÁ` `mgma»`m nma§nm[aH$ Aä`mgH«$_mH$S>oM _moR>çm à_mUmV {XgVmV. B§J«Or d qhXr ~amo~aM
àmXo{eH$ ^mfoVyZ {ejU XoÊ`m~m~VMm àíZhr Amho. {ejUmÀ`m àgmam~amo~aM `m joÌmV {Z_m©U
Pmboë`m g_ñ`m§_wio {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m Aä`mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr Amho.
^maVmZo H$ë`mUH$mar bmoH$amÁ`mMo Üò` pñdH$mabo Amho. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` d g_Voda AmYmarV
g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m§Mr _XV KoVbr OmV Amho. Am{W©H$ Ý`m` d
Y_©{ZanojVoMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Mmby Amho. g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMo C{Ôð> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{ejU ho EH$ _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho `mda ^maVr`m§Mm {dídmg Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Xoe nmVirda H$m§hr
g§ñWm§Mr C^maUr Ho$br Amho. {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ (U.G.C.), amï´>r` {ejU g§emoYZ d à{ejU
n[afX (NCERT) Am{U ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ g§emoYZ n[afX (ICSSR) `m g§ñWm {ejUm~m~VÀ`m
g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg d g§emoYZ `mgmR>r Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m
joÌmV g§emoYZmbm Mm§Jbo àmoËgmhZ {_imbo Amho. amï´>r` nmVirda AZoH$ n[afXm d MMm©gÌo Am`mo{OV
H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ emómVrb VÁk, g_mOemók, {ejUVÁk d {Z`moOZ H$V}, _mZgemók `m gdm©V
MMm© KS>dyZ AmUë`m OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Mm§Jbm àma§^ Pmbm
Amho.
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ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^maVmV {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mgmMr gwédmV Pmbr. AZoH$
g§emoYZ àH$ën d nr.EM.S>r. Mo à~§Y `m joÌmV gmXa Pmbo. _mWwa Ama. ~r., gw_m {MQ>Urg, ~r. ìhr.
emh, MÝZm H$ê$Um `m§Zr `m joÌmV Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho. 1960 Vo 1987 `m H$mimV {ejUmÀ`m
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Mm§Jbr JVr {_imbr Amho. Abmhm~mX, ~|Jbmoa, JwOamW {dÚmnrR> VgoM
Om{_`m {_br`m Bñbm{_`m, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, _w§~B©, {Xëbr, Eg.EZ.S>r.Q>r. d CX`nya B. AZoH$
{dÚmnrR>mV {ejUmMo g_mOemó `m {df`mÀ`m AÜ`mnZmMr gmo` Amho.
B ñd`§
AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ :
[aH$må`m OmJm âm.
1)
'Dynamic Sociology' ho
nwñVH$ ............... `m§Zr {b{hbo Amho.
2) AÜ``Z Am{U AÜ`mnZmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ~mOyH$S>o ............... `m§Zr bj doYbo hmoVo.
3) 1924 gmbr _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mV .............. `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr g_mOemó {d^mJmMr
ñWmnZm Pmbr.
4) 1917 gmbr Introduction to Educational Sociology ho nwñVH$ ........... `m§Zr àH$m{eV
Ho$bo.
5) ............... `m§À`m _Vo e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó ho Cn`mo{OV emó Amho.
1.3.3 {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo _hÎd
(Significance of Sociology of Education) :
AmYw{ZH$ d g§H$sU© Aem ~XbË`m g_mOmV {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm Aä`mg \$ma _hÎdmMm
Va AmhoM {edm` Vmo AZoH$ ~mOyZr Cn`wŠV Amho. Ë`m~m~VMo H$m§hr _wÔo nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm òVrb.
1) {ejU ì`dñWm hr g_mOmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Amho :
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {ejUì`dñWm g_mOmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr amhÿZ AË`§V _hÎdmMr H$m`} nma nmS>rV
Amho. ZdrZ {nT>rÀ`m gXñ`m§Mo g_mOrH$aU H$ê$Z Amdí`H$ Ë`m ~XbmgmR>r Ë`m§Mo g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMr
V`mar H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$m_ {ejUM H$aVo. amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ Cnì`dñWm§À`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo à{ejU XoUo. ^m¡{VH$ d gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMo {Z`§ÌU d {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ kmZmMm
{dH$mg d àgma H$ê$Z gm_wXm{`H$ H$ë`mU d {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ ho {ejUì`dñWmM H$aVo. Aem
VèhoZo AmYw{ZH$ _mUyg d AmYw{ZH$ g_mO g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {ejUì`dñWm g_OyZ KoUo AË`mdí`H$
Amho. AmYy{ZH$ Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_mOmV {ejUì`dñWm hr H|$ÐñWmZr Amho. H$maU g_mOmVrb gd©M
Cnì`dñWm§_Üò hmoUmao ~Xb g_OyZ KoÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejUì`dñWm H$aVo.
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2) {ejU ì`dñWm hr g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo EH$ _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho :
gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` g_mO AmYw{ZH$ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z`moOZ Ho$bo Amho.
^maVr` g_mOmZo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ _yë`m§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm
Amho. AWm©V ZdrZ {nT>rV `m _yë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma Ho$bo VaM Ë`m~m~VMr C{Ôï>ço gmÜ` H$aUo eŠ` Amho.
ZdrZ kmZ d j_Vm Agbobo, Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë`mZo n[anyU© Am{U gm_m{OH$ O~m~XmarÀ`m OmUrdoZo
^mabobo ZmJarH$ {Z_m©U H$aUo ho ^maVr` g_mOmnwT>Mo C{Ôï> Amho. hr _hmZ H$m_{Jar nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r
^maV {ejUmMmM AmYma KoD$ BpÀN>Vmo Am{U Ë`m~m~V ^maVr`m§Mm {ejUmda {dœmg Amho. `m gd©
C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r {ejUmMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U Ë`mgmR>r {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm
Aä`mg Amdí`H$ Am{U _hÎdmMm Amho.
3) {ejUì`dñWoZo g_mOmMm \$ma _moR>m ^mJ ì`mnbm Amho : AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {ejU
ì`dñWoZo gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMm \$ma _moR>m ^mJ ì`mnbm Amho. ^maVmV {ejUì`dñWoMm AmH$ma d
g_mdoeH$Vm `m§Mm bjUr` {dñVma Pmbm Amho. _moR>çm ehamVM Zìho Va bhmZ IoS>çmn`ªVMm àgma
Pmbm Amho. CÀM Am{U _Ü`_dJu`mn`ªV {ejU nmohmoMbobo Va AmhoM. nU Ë`mM ~amo~a H${Zð>
g_Oë`m Joboë`m dJm©Vhr {ejUmMm àgma hmoV Amho. ^maVr` bmoH$g§»òMm \$ma _moR>m {hñgm {ejU
ì`dñWoV g_m{dð> Pmbm AgyZ 1991-92 À`m nhmUrZwgma emim, _hm{dÚmbò, V§Ì{ZHo$VZo d
{dÚmnrR>o `m§À`m g§»òV àM§S> _moR>r dmT> Pmbr Amho. H$moQ>çmdYr {dÚmWu, bmImo {ejH$, hOmamo
{Z`moOZH$V}, g§KQ>H$, àemgH$ d H$_©Mmar `m {ejUì`dñWoV AmhoV. ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ n¡emMr
_moR>r Jw§VdUyH$ {ejUmV Pmbr Amho. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemVrb `m AdmT>ì` ì`dñWoMm
d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg hmoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
4) {ejUì`dñWoMm Vê$U {nT>r~amo~a {XK©H$mi g§~§Y ahmVmo :
Hw$Qw>§~m~mhoaÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm_Üò {ejUì`dñWm hr n{hbr d _hÎdmMr g§KQ>Zm Amho.
{VÀ`mer ~mbH$m§Mm, {H$emoam§Mm d Vê$Um§Mm {XK©H$mi d ì`mnH$ Agm g§~§Y òVmo `m g§~§Ym§À`m
à^mdmMm Aä`mg hm {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMm ^mJ ~ZVmo. H$maU g_mOmbm {Xem
XoUmar ZdrZ {nT>r {ejUmX²dmao Amnë`m g_mOmMo AmXe© R>adVo. Ë`m_wio ì`dñWoV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb
KSy>Z òVmV.
5) ~XbË`m {ejUì`dñWobm `mo½` {X½Xe©Z H$aUo :
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r àM{bV {ejUì`dñWobmhr ñdV:_Üò _moR>o ~Xb
H$ê$Z ¿`mdo bmJVmV. {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~a AZoH$ g_ñ`m gwÕm {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. CXm.
H${Zð> dJm©Vrb ~mbH$mn`ªV {ejUmMm {dñVma H$aUo. PmonS>nÅ>rVrb ~mbH$m§Mo {ejU, dmT>Vr {ZajaVm,
{ejUmVrb JiVr d Anì`` VgoM {d{dY OmVr` d àmXo{eH$ g_yhm§Mo e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm
amï´>r` EH$mË_VoÀ`m à{H«$òVyZ gm_mdyZ KoUo, {dÚmÏ`m©Vrb Ag§Vmof, {ejU à{H«$òV {d{dYVm AmUUo,
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AÜ`mnZ d _yë`_mnZmÀ`m nÕVr, g_mOmVrb {d{dY ñVam§À`m e¡j{UH$ JaOm d C{Ôï>ço gmå`
H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mo g§KQ>Z H$aUo. B. g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda {ejU ì`dñWoV
A_ybmJ« ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Aemdoir {ejUmMo g_mOemó gÜ`mÀ`m d H$m`©nÕVrMo _yë`_mnZ
H$ê$Z Amdí`H$ Ago ~Xb gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r \$ma Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
6) ZdrZ nÕVrÀ`m {ejUì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmg _XV :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemór` Aä`mgmVyZ Ë`m Ë`m doir àM{bV Agboë`m {ejUnÕVrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm
Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_¥ÜX hmoVmo. Agm g_mOemór` Ñï>rH$moZ AmYw{ZH$ d g§{_l g_mOmgmR>r `mo½` {ejU nÕVr
{dH$grV H$aÊmgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. ho ZdrZ àH$maMo {ejU g_mOmVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ`m g_yhm§À`m
JaOm, Anojm d _yëò Am{U Üòò ghmZw^yVrnyd©H$ nÕVrZo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aob. XoemV
ñWm{ZH$ àmXo{eH$ d amï´>r` nmVirdaMo g_wXm` AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr, J«m_rU, ehar VgoM Xm[aÐç
aofoImbrb Am{U PmonS>nÅ>r d J{bÀN> dñVrVrb Ago g_yh AmhoV. `m gd© g_yhm§À`m ^y{_H$m nañnanyaH$
hmoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. WmoS>Š`mV {ejUmMo g_mOemó ZdrZ d g_n©H$, g_mdoeH$ Aer {ejUnÕVr
{dH$grV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
7) {ejUì`dñWoV g_m{dð> Pmboë`m§Zm ghmæ` :
g_mOì`dñWoMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ {ejUì`dñWoMo g_mOemór` {díbofU, {ejUì`dñWoMr
A§VJ©V H$m`©nÕVr, ~mø gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMm {VÀ`mdarb n[aUm_ `m§Mm Aä`mg {ejUmÀ`m
g_mOemómZo Ho$bm Amho. {ejUmMo g_mOemó, e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZH$V}, àemgH$, {ejUVÁk `m§À`mgmR>r
Cn`wŠV Amho. g_mOì`dñWoMr C{Ôï>ço Am{U JaOm Am{U {ejUì`dñWm `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbÊ`mgmR>r
EH$ A§VÑï>r Ë`m§Zm Aem Aä`mgmVyZ bmôb.
8) {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV à^mdr ^y{_H$m :
{ejUmÀ`m à{H«$òV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m {ejH$m§À`m _m\©$V nma nmS>br OmVo. na§Vy H$mhr H$mbm§VamZo
{ejH$m§À`m kmZmV ~Xb hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$maU ~XbË`m g_mOmVrb ~XbVo kmZ {ejH$mZo Oa
AmË_gmV Ho$bo Zmhr Va Ë`mMm {dn[aV n[aUm_ {ejU à{H«$òda hmoVmo. åhUyZ {ejH$m§À`m kmZm_Üò
AÚmdV kmZmMr â KmbUmar ì`dñWm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio ~XbË`m kmZmMm dmna {ejU
ì`dñWo_Üò g_m{dï> H$aVm òVmo. `mgmR>r {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmgmR>r `mo½` YmoaU R>adÊ`mMo AÜ``Zhr
`m emIoV Ho$bo OmVo.
9) g_mOemómÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r hr Cn`wŠV :
{ejUì`dñWoÀ`m H$m§hr ~mOy§Mm Aä`mg g_mOemómÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r hr Cn`wŠV Amho ho
g_mOemókm§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. _mQ>©Z `m§Zr d¡ÚH$s` {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMm
Am{U Ë`m§À`m Am¡nMm[aH$ d AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AmH$m§jm, ^y{_Ho$Mm
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...2
g§Kf©, gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm `m§Mm Aä`mg {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV Ho$bm OmVmo. _yb^yV g_mOemó
{df`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r `m gd© CnH«$_m§Mr _XVM hmoVo.
^maVr` g_mO gÜ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥$VrH$ joÌmV hmoUmè`m Am_ybmJ«
n[adV©Zmbm gm_moam OmV Amho. Aem doir gd©M ñVamda g_Ýd` Am{U EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMr JaO Amho.
B ñd`§
AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
(Check your progress) :
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV H$moUVr ì`dñWm g_mOmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgVo ?
2) {ejUì`dñWoMm H$moUË`m {nT>r~amo~a {XK©H$mi g§~§Y ahmVmo ?
3) ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>r _hÎdmMo gmYZ H$moUVo Amho ?
4) H$moUË`m g_mOmZo amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ _yë`m§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm
Amho ?
5) d¡ÚH$s` {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMm Aä`mg H$moUr Ho$bm hmoVm ?
1.4 gmam§e :
`m n{hë`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr {ejUmMo gm_Oemó `m {df`mMr ì`m»`m, ì`mßVr, {dH$mg d _hÎd
Aä`mgbo Amho. {ejU Am{U g_mO `m§À`m g§~§YmVyZ hr g_mOemómMr CnemIm {dH$grV Pmbr
Amho. `m emIoMm Aä`mg{df` Am{U ì`mßVr ì`mnH$ Amho. A_o[aH$m, J«oQ> {~«Q>Z d ^maVmVhr `m
emIoMm {dH$mg Pmbm AgyZ hm Aä`mg {dÚmWu, {ejH$, àemgH$ d emgZ `m§À`m Ñï>rZo Cn`wŠV d
_hÎdmMm Amho. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV Va Agm Aä`mg AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) Om°O© noZ `mZm {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
2) {ejU Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrb g§~§YmMm d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg åhUOo {ejUmMo g_mOemó
hmo`.
3) emim EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m nT>rH$S>o kmZmMo hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.
4) A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m _Vo Mm§Jbo ZmJarH$ V`ma H$aUo ho {ejUmMo C{Ôï> Agbo nm{hOo.
5) {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y {ejUì`dñWo
V _hÎdmMo AgVmV.
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[aH$må`m OmJm âm.
1) dm°S>©
2) Om°Z S>çwB©
3) S>ãë`y E. pñ_W
4) pñ_W, Pmoa~°J
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {ejU ì`dñWm g_mOmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgVo.
2) {ejUì`dñWoMm Vê$U {nT>r ~amo~a {XK©H$mi g§~§Y ahmVmo.
3) ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ {ejU hoM Amho.
4) ^maVr` g_mOmZo amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ joÌmV AmYw{ZH$ _yë`m§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm
Amho.
5) _Q>©Z `m§Zr d¡ÚH$s` {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm.
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> :
1) {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMr ì`mßVr ñnï> H$am.
2) {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMm {dH$mg {deX H$am.
3) {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómMo _hÎd `m~m~V MMm© H$am.
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$.
1)
B. V. Shah / K. B. Shah : Sociology of Education, Rawat Publication.
2)
S. S. Chandara / Rajendra K. Sharma : Sociology of Education, Atlantic
Publications.
3)
Papers in the Sociology of Education in India Edited by - M.S. Gore, I.P. Desai,
Suma Chitnis.
4)
M. S. Gore - Education and Modernization in India : Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
5)
{ejUmMr VmÎdrH$ d g_mOemór` ^y{_H$m : S>m°. Z. am. nmagZrg, ZyVZ àH$meZ, nwUo.
T
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KQ>H$ : 2
{ejUmMo g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Theoretical Prespectives on Education)
àH$aUmMr àñVmdZm (Block Introduction) :
`m àH$aUmV AmnU {ejUm{df`rÀ`m {d{dY g_mOemñÌr` g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z
KoUma AmhmoV. àñVwVMo àH$aU `m nwñVH$mVrb Xwgao àH$aU AgyZ {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrb {d{dY
g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmg§~§Yr Amho. {ejU hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ Cnì`dñWm åhUyZ {VÀ`m H$m`m©{df`rÀ`m
gdmªJrU ~m~tda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho.
àñVwV àH$aUmMr {d^mJUr Mma KQ>H$m_Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. H$moUË`mhr gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMo
ì`dpñWV kmZ {_idÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m ì`dñWo{df`rMo {d{dYA§Jr Ñ{ï>H$moZ OmUyZ KoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Vo
AmnU `m KQ>H$mV g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. n{hë`m KQ>H$m_Üò {ejUm{df`rÀ`m H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo
{díbofU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. {ejUm{df`rMm g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ àñVwV
àH$aUmÀ`m Xwgè`m Am{U {Vgè`m KQ>H$m_Üò g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. Va Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV {ejUm{df`rMm
gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZê$ËnmXZmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
{ejU{df`rMm H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Functionalist Perspective on Education)
KQ>H$ -g§aMZm :
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
1.3 {df`-{ddoMZ
1.3.1
{ejUm{df`rMm H$m`©dmXr ÑîQ>rH$moZ
1.4 Q>rH$m
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
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1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
H$moUË`mhr kmZemIoMo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV kmZemIoVrb CnbãY AgUmao g¡Õm§{VH$
Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Aä`mgUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vr EH§$Xa kmZ emIm WmoS>Š`mV g_OyZ KoUo eŠ` hmoVo.
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Amho. Á`m_wio {ejUì`dñWm
d {ejUà{H«$`m `m {df`r CnbãY AgUmao g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ Aä`mgUo JaOoMo Amho.
`m KQ>H$mÛmao AmnU {ejUm{df`rMm H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. àW_ AmnU
H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ åhUOo H$m` ho g_OyZ KoD$. Ë`mZ§Va H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmÛmao {ejU ì`dñWo{df`rMo
{d{dY g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$bobo {ddoMZ g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`mM~amo~a `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda BVa {Q>H$mH$mam§Zr
Ho$bobr {Q>H$m OmUyZ KoD$.
1.2 C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm:
B
{ejUm{df`rMm H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m` Amho ho g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
B
{ejUmMr H$m`} g_OmdyZ KoVm òVrb.
B
{ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmdarb {Q>H$m H$m` Amho ho OmUyZ KoVm òB©b.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter):
{ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr {gÕm§Vm_Üò àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àíZ _hÎdmMo _mZbo AmhoV.
1. g_J« g_mOmà{V (society as a whole) {ejUmMr H$m`} H$moUVr? `m_Üò H$m`©dmÚm§Zr g_mO
ì`dñWoÀ`m JaOo{df`rMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>bm Amho. Ogo gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm Am{U _yë`m§À`m EH$_VmMo
g§dY©Z `mgmR>rMo {ejUmMo `moJXmZ `m§Mo _yë`m§H$Z H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. `mg§~§YrMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.
2. g_mOì`dñWm, {ejUì`dñWm Am{U g_mOì`dñWoVrb BVa KQ>H$ `m§À`mV AgUmao H$m`m©Ë_H$
g§~§Y H$moUVo? `m àíZmÛmao {ejU Am{U g_J« g_mO ì`dñWoMo EH$mË_rH$aU KSy>Z òÊ`mgmR>r {ejU
Am{U Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm `m§À`m g§~§YmMo narjU H$aUo.
gd©gmYmaUnUo {ejUmÀ`m H$m`m©Ë_H$ {díbofUm_Üò g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m g§dY©ZmV {ejUmMo
H$m`m©Ë_H$ `moJXmZ `mda bj H|${ÐV Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
1.3.1 {ejUm{df`rMm H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Functionalist Perspective to Education):
E{_b Sw>Iu_ `m \«|$M g_mOemñÌkmZo ~XbË`m H$mim_Üò g_mOì`dñWoMo ApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z
amhmÊ`mgmR>r {ejUì`dñWoMo `moJXmZ _hÎdmMo Amho Ago g_mOemñÌr` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _m§S>bo. Sw>Iu_À`m
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_Vo {ejUmMo g_mOmà{V _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo g_mOmÀ`m _yë`m§Mo d {Z`_ZmMo g§H«$_U H$aUo hmo`.
g_mO ApñVËdmV amhmÊ`mgmR>r, g_mOmVrb g^mgXm§_Üò gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm (social solidarity)
{Q>H$dyZ R>odbr Zmhr Va gm_m{OH$ OrdZ AeŠ`àm` Amho. Ogo - ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWm Oar
gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$, ^mfrH$ {d{dYVoZo ZQ>bobr Agbr Var àËòH$ g_yhmMo ApñVËd H$m§hr à_mUmV
_mÝ` H$ê$Z EH$g§K ^maVr` g_mO ApñVËdmV amhmÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr g_mZ _yëò, à_mUHo$ g_mOì`dñWm
{Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AmhoV. Ogo ^maVr`m§Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm, gd© ^maVr`m§gmR>r g_mZ H$m`Xm, ñdV§Ì
Ý`m`ì`dñWm Am{U Ë`m§À`m g§JmonZmgmR>r Y_©{Zanoj {ejU BË`mXr.
åhUOoM {ejUì`dñWoMo g_mOmVrb _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo gd© doJdoJù`m AmMma-{dMma AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVtZm g_mO åhUyZ EH${ÌV R>odyZ gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo hmo`. `m_Üò g_mOmà{V
EH${ZîR>Vm d g_mOm{df`r EH$énVoMr OmUrd Am{U ì`ŠVrnojm gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$mbm OmñV _hËd
XoÊ`mMr ^mdZm hmo`. E{_b Sw>Iu_À`m _Vo, bhmZ _wbm§Zm (Children) Oa g_mOmMm B{Vhmg {eH$dbm
Va bhmZ d`mVM _wbm§Zm g_mOmV AmnU Amnë`mnojm H$mhrVar doJù`m KQ>H$mMohr (g_mO) g^mgX
AmhmoV hr OmUrd {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZM g_mOmMm B{Vhmg hm ì`ŠVrg g_mO g_yhmMm O~m~Xma
g^mgX hmoÊ`mg {eH$dVmo. åhUyZ B{Vhmg {eH$dUo ho g_mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho.
Á`m_wio ì`pŠVJV OmUrdonojm gm_m{OH$ OmUrd dmT>rg bmJÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. åhUyZ {ejUì`dñWm hr
ì`mnH$ g_mO{hVmMm {dMma R>oD$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_Üò g_mOmVrb
gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. E{_b Sw>{I©IÀ`m _Vo Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOm§_Üò
emioMr H$m`} hr Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWm qH$dm g_d`ñH$ JQ> nma nmSy> eH$V ZmhrV. H$maU Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWoMo
g^mgXËd ho AmßVg§~§Ym§da AmYm[aV AgVo Va g_d`ñH$ JQ>mMo g^mgXËd ho d¡`pŠVH$ g§~§Ymda
AmYm[aV AgVo. na§Vw g§nyU© g_mOmMo g^mgXËd ho `mdarb VÎdmda AmYm[aV ZgVo. Va gm_m{OH$
g^mgXËdmgmR>r BVam~amo~a ghH$m`© ^mdZm {eH$Uo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`m_Üò ZmVodmB©H$ qH$dm {_ÌM
AgUo JaOoMo ZgVo. `mgmR>r emimM gm_m{OH$ àH$maMo H$m¡eë` ì`ŠVrg {eH$dVo. emio_Üò _wbmg
BVa g_wXm`mÀ`m g^mgXm~amo~a Am§Va{H«$`m H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo. emioMr _yë`, {Z`_Zo d à_mUHo$
doJdoJù`m g^mgXm_Üò EH$ doJir ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aVmV H$s Á`m_wio ì`ŠVr g§Hw${MV ñdV: nwaVm
{dMma Z H$aVm BVam§àVr g§doXZerb hmoVo. emim hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ g_mOmVrb g^mgXm§_Üò
EH$mË_VoMr ^mdZm V`ma H$aVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMo ApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. emim hr g_mOmMr
EH$ N>moQ>r à{VH¥$Vr AgVo.
{ejU ì`ŠVrg ^{dî`mVrb ì`dgm`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> H$m¡eëò nwadVo. AemàH$maMr H$m¡eëò ho
Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO ì`dñWoV _hÎdmMr AgVmV. H$maU hr H$m¡eëò Hw$Qw>§~m_Üò ì`ŠVr {eH$y eH$V Zmhr.
H$maU g_mOì`dñWoV H$m`m©Mo {d^mOZ ho {deofrH$aUmÀ`m AmYmamda AgVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ nyd© g_mOmV
H$m`m©À`m {d^mOZmMm AmYma hm Jw§VmJw§VrMm Zgë`m_wio d H$m`m©Mo {deofrH$aU _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbo
Zgë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o AgUmar H$m¡eëò Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$aUo gmono hmoVo. nmbH$m§H$Sy>Z
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Ë`m§À`m nmë`mH$S>o Aer H$m¡eëò gmondUo eŠ` Agë`m_wio Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMr JaO Ë`m g_mOmV
\$maer OmUdbr Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_mOm_Üò gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_Vm (Social Solidarity) hr
{deof H$m¡eë`mÀ`m nañnamdb§~Zmda AmYm[aV Amho. åhUOoM H$moUVrhr EImXr dñVy V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
CÚmoOH$mbm AZoH$ {deofÁkm§da Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJVo. Ogo EImXr H$ma V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§{OZ H$m_
H$aUmao doJio A{^`§Vo AgVmV, bmB©Q> ~gdÊ`mgmR>r BboŠQ´>rH$ëg _Yrb {deofk AgVmV, JmS>rMm
gmMm V`ma H$aUmao doJio AgVmV. na§Vw gdmª_Üò g_Ýd` Agë`m{edm` H$ma V`ma hmoV Zmhr. `m
Aem àH$maÀ`m g_Ýd`mVyZ ì`ŠVr ghH$m`© Am{U gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMr ^mdZm {eH$V AgVo.
AemàH$mao emioÛmao gmYmaU _wbm§_Üò _yë` g§H«$_U hmoVo Á`m_wio gm_mOmÀ`m ApñVËdmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgUmam EH${OZgrnUm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo d _wbm§Zm {d{eîQ> H$m¡eëò {eH$Vm òVmV.
Á`m_wio Amdí`H$ {d{dYVm hr gm_m{OH$ ghH$m`© V`ma H$aVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV AemàH$mao _yë`
EH$mpË_H$aU Am{U {deofrH$aU `mMo g§`Šw VrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo H$s, Á`mÛmao {deofrVm§À`m g§`Šw VrH$sH$aUmÛmao
godm d dñVy {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
B
Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg
(Talcott Parsons) :
E{_b Sw>{I©_ `m§Zr _m§S>boë`m {ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m AmYmao A_o[aH$Z g_mOemñÌk
Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg `m§Zr Amnbm {ejUmMm H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ 1950 _Üò Ho$bm.
nmg©ÝgÀ`m _Vo àmW{_H$ g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV Hw$Qw>§~mMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho na§Vw Vr
n[anyU© Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va g_mOrH$aUmMr Xwgar _hÎdmMr g§ñWm åhUOo emim hmo`. emim hr Hw$Qw>§~ Am{U
g_mO `m Xmohm§o_Yrb _hÎdmMm Xwdm åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo H$s Á`m_Üò bhmZ _wbmg g_mOmMo gXñ`
hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Hw$Qw>§~mV {_imbobm XOm© hm A{n©V XOm© (Ascribed Status) AgVmo Am{U Vmo OÝ_mZo
{_imbobm AgVmo Va A{O©V XOm© hm {_idbobm (Achieved Status) AgVmo. AemàH$mao A{n©V XOm©
{_idÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm {deof Ago H$mhrM H$amdo bmJV Zmhr. Va A{O©V XOm© {_idÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:
H$m¡eëò {dH${gV H$ê$Z H$V©ì`mZo {_idmdm bmJVmo. `m à{H«$òV emioMr ^y{_H$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMr
AgVo. emim VéU ì`ŠVrg g§H«$_Umg V`ma H$aVo. emim _wbm§À`m XOm©Mo _yë`m§H$Z d _yë`_mnZ
{d{eï> nÕVrZo H$aVmV H$s Á`m_Üò ôX^md H$aUo AdKS> AgVo. {dÚmÏ`m©Mm hm XOm© Ë`m§À`m
ñdH$V¥©ËdmÀ`m AmYmamda Vnmgbm OmVmo. Á`m_Üò qbJ, d§e, Hw$Qw>§~, Y_© `m JmoîQ>tZm H$_r _hÎd {Xbo
OmVo. AemàH$mao `m à{H«$òV A{n©V XOm©H$Sy>Z A{O©V XOm© {_idÊ`mH$S>o àd¥Îm Ho$bo OmVo H$s, Á`m_wio
ì`ŠVr d¡pídH$ _yë`m§Mm AmXa H$aÊ`mg {eH$Vo. `m à{H«$òV emim _wbm§Zm gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mr {eH$dU
XoVo. nmg©ÝgÀ`m _Vo H$moUË`mhr g_mOmbm n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m Mmby amhÊ`mgmR>r _yë`m§Mo _V¡Š` AgUo
JaOoMo Amho.
eodQ>r nmg©ÝgÀ`m _Vo {ejUì`dñWm hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^{dî`mVrb ^y{_H$m {ZdS>rVrb _hÎdmMr
`§ÌUm Amho. AemàH$mao emim hr ^y{_H$m {ZdS>rÀ`m à{H«$òVrb _hÎdmMr g§ñWm Amho.
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B qH$½Obo
S>oìhrg Am{U {db~Q>© _ya
(Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore) :
nmg©Ýgà_mUoM S>oìhrg Am{U _ya ho {ejUì`dñWm hr ^y{_H$m dmQ>n H$aÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr ì`dñWm
Amho Ago _mZVmV. na§Vw Ë`m~amo~a {ejUì`dñWobm Vo gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmÀ`m ì`dñWoer OmoS>VmV.
S>oìhrg Am{U _ya `m§À`m _Vo gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU hr EH$ Aer ì`dñWm Amho, H$s Á`mÛmao nmÌ d
H$m`©j_ ì`ŠVtZm `mo½` ñWmZr H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo. Ë`m_wio g_mO gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Ë_H$VoMr
JaO nyU© H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m_Üò hwema d ~w{Õd§Vm§Zm ~jrg d gdbVr {Xë`m OmVmV. åhUyZ `m_Üò
ñnYm© V`ma hmoVo Am{U ñnY}_wio `mo½`, gj_ ì`ŠVrMr {ZdS> g_mOmgmR>r H$m`m©Ë_H$ R>aVo. {ejU
ì`dñWm hr `m à{H«$òV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo. S>oìhrgÀ`m _Vo emim, {ejU ho `m H$m`©j_ d
gj_ AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {ZdS> à{H«$òMo _hÎdmMo {R>H$mU Amho. `mÛmao ì`ŠVrMo `mo½` _yë`_mnZ
H$ê$Z `mo½` ì`ŠVrg `mo½` ^y{_H$m dmQ>n H$aVo. AemàH$mao {ejU hþemar Am{U g_W©VVm `m Ûmao
ì`ŠVrJV {ZdS> loUr XoVo. AemàH$mao H$m`m©Ë_H$[aË`m g_mOmV _hÎdmÀ`m AgUmè`m ^y{_H$m `m
ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>ë`m OmVmV.
1.4 {Q>H$m (Criticism) :
{ejUm{df`rMm H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm {Q>H$mH$mamgmR>r Iwbm Amho. Ë`mdarb _hÎdmÀ`m {Q>H$m
nwT>rbà_mUo.
1. E{_b Xwa{I_ `m§Zr Amnë`m {gÕm§Vm_Üò {ejU ì`dñWo_m\©$V g§H«${_V Ho$bo OmUmao _yë` d
à_mUHo$ ho gm_m{OH$M AgVmV Ago ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho. na§Vw _yë`m§Ûmao d à_mUH$mÛmao gÎmmYmar
A{ÔZ dJm©À`m _yë`m§Mo g§H«$_rH$aU hmoVo `mH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo Amho.
2. H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmg§X^m©V Xwgar _hÎdmMr {Q>H$m åhUOo hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g§dY©ZmË_H$ Am{U nyd©J«h
Xy{fV AgUmam Amho. H$maU hm {gÕm§V àñWm{nV g_mO ì`dñWo~m~VM Ñ{ï>H$moZ Amho Vgm
ñdrH$maVmo Am{U Ë`mbm ghmæ` H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio hm {gÕm§V {ejUmÀ`m AnH$m`m©Ë_H$ (dyfunctional)
~mOyda àH$me Q>mHy$ eH$V Zmhr.
B
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
(Check Your Progress) :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm :
1. E{_b Xwa{I_À`m _Vo ZdrZ {nT>rbm g_mO {Od§V R>odm`Mm Agob Va H$m` {eH$dbo
nm{hOo?
2. E{_b Xwa{I_À`m _Vo Am¡Úmo{JH$-nyd© g_mOmV l_{d^mOZmMr H$m¡eë` H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$
g§ñWoÛmao nma nmS>bo OmV AgV ?
3. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb _yë`mMo g§H«$_U ZdrZ {nT>rg H$aUmar _hÎdmMr g§ñWm H$moUVr?
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4. {ejUì`dñWoMo g_mOmà{V AgUmao gdm©V _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$moUVo?
5. S>oìhrg Am{U _ya `m§À`m _Vo {ejUì`dñWm hr H$emMr _hÎdmMr ì`dñWm Amho?
6. nmg©ÝgÀ`m _Vo g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m XmoZ g§ñWm H$moUË`m?
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check your progress) :
1. g_mO {Od§V R>odm`Mm Agob Va ZdrZ {nT>rbm B{Vhmg {eH$dbm nm{hOo.
2. Am¡Úmo{JH$-nyd© g_mOmV l_{d^mOZmMo H$m¡eë` nma nmS>Ê`mMo H$m`© Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm H$arV
Ago.
3. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb _yë`m§Mo g§H«$_U H$aUmar _hÎdmMr g§ñWm {ejUg§ñWm qH$dm emim
Amho.
4. {ejU ì`dñWoMo g_mOmà{V AgUmao gdm©V _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo gm_m{OH$ EH$mË_VoMr
{Z{_©Vr H$aUo hmo`.
5. S>oìhrg Am{U _ya `m§À`m _Vo {ejUì`dñWm hr ^y{_H$m dmQ>nmMr _hÎdmMr ì`dñWm Amho.
6. nmg©ÝgÀ`m _Vo Hw$Qw>§~ d emim øm g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m g§ñWm AmhoV.
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Excercise/Home Assignment):
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am.
1. {ejUmMm g_mOemñÌr` H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am?
2. S>oìhrg Am{U _ya `m§Mm {ejUmMm g_mOemñÌr` H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.
3. nmg©ÝgMm {ejU{df`H$ H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dfX H$am.
1.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action):
{ejUmMm H$m`©dmhr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$ê$Z g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r joÌH$m`© {ZdSy>Z Ë`m~Ôb VÏ`
g§H$bZ H$am d `m {gÕm§VmMr VÎdo Vnmgm.
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
(Suggested Readings):
♦
Bernbaum, G 1977: Knowledge and Ideology in the Sociology of Education.London.
Macmillan.
♦
Blackledge D and Hunt, B 1985: Sociological Interpretation of Education, corm
Helm, London.
♦
Durkheim, E: 1961: Moral Education. Glencoe. The free Press.
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♦
Davis K and Moore W E 1967: Some principles of Stratification in Bendix and
Lipset.
♦
Harlembous M with Heald R M 1980: SOCIOLOGY, Themes and
Perspectives.Londen. Oxford University, Press.
♦
Parsons, T 1961. The School class as a Social System in Halsey, Floud and
Anderson.
KQ>H$ 2
{ejUm{df`rMm OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Radical Perspective to Education)
KQ>H$ - g§aMZm :
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 C{ÔîQ>o
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1
{ejUm{df`rMr OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
2.4 {Q>H$m
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>
2.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
2.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Üò H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmZ§Va {ejUm{df`r OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo
`moJXmZ _hÎdmMo Amho. H$maU {ejUì`dñWm g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r _hÎdmMr Agë`mZo
doJdoJù`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Vr g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {ejUì`dñWo_wio g_mO {dH$mg hmoVmo H$m? hm
àíZ H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§Zr Amnë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ _m§S>bm Amho. Ë`m_Üò B{dZB{bM `m§Mo `moJXmZ _hÎdmMo
Amho Vo AmnU `m KQ>H$m_Üò bjmV KoUma AmhmoV.
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2.2 C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives):
B
B
B
{ejU ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m`m©~ÔbMo {Q>H$mË_H$ {díbofU Aä`mgUo.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmVrb {ejU ì`dñWm hr ì`ŠVr d g_mO `m§À`m {dH$mgmg _XV H$er H$aVo ho
Aä`mgUo.
{ejUm{df`rMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ åhUyZ OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Aä`mgUo.
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject matter) :
gXa KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU {ejUm{df`rMm B{dZB{bM `m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
2.3.1 {ejUm{df`rMm OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
: BìhZ B{bM `m§Mm
(Radical Perspective on Education)
BìhZ B{bM hm A_o[aH$Z {gÕm§VH$ma Am{U VÎdk hmoVm. B[bM hm _mŠg©dmXr g_mOemñÌk
Zgbm Var Ë`m§Mm {gÕm§V _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam§À`m g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmer OdiMm Amho. hm {gÕm§V
àW_V: {ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr Am{U CXma_VdmXr {gÕm§Vmda {Q>H$mË_H$ {ddoMZ H$aVmo AmpU Xwgao
åhUOo àJV Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmVrb {ejUì`dñWoÀ`m ^y{_Ho$~Ôb Ohmb {Q>H$m H$aVmo H$s Oo _mŠg©dmXr
{dMmamÀ`m ~m~VrV g_{dMmar {XgyZ òVmo. Oar ê$T> AWm©Zo Vmo g_mOemñÌk Zgbm Var Ë`mZo 1971
_Üò {b{hboë`m ‘Deschooling Society’ `m nwñVH$mV {ejUmÀ`m g_mOmemñÌmbm _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ
{Xbo Amho.
B{bMZo Amnë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr gwédmV {ejUm§_Üò H$m` nm{hOo `mnmgyZ Ho$br Amho. gd©àW_
{ejUmV {d{eîQ> H$m¡eë` {eH$Uo Ogo Q>§H$boIZ, naXoer ^mfm, gwVmaH$m_, Vm§{ÌH$ H$m`© `m§Mm g_mdoe
Agmdm. {ejU åhUyZ \$ŠV H$moUVohr H$m¡eë` {_idÊ`mMo C{Ôï> Zgmdo. Va {ejU ho ì`ŠVrMo nyU©nUo
AZw^dmMo CXmÎmrH$aU H$aUmao Agmdo H$s Á`m_Üò ì`ŠVr Amnë`m ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r AÝdofU, Zd
{Z{_©VrMm dmna H$ê$Z nyU©nUo {dH${gV hmoB©b. B{bM Ago à{VnmXZ H$aVmo H$s à^mdr H$m¡eë` {eH$dUo
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao à^mdr H$m¡eë` XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Amdí`H$ AgUmao à^mdr H$m¡eë` emim XoD$ eH$V ZmhrV, H$s Oo {ejUmMm
_w»` AmXe© Amho na§Vw gÜ`m Ë`mÀ`m {damoYmVM KS>V Amho. Ë`mgmR>r B{bMÀ`m _Vo Omo X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZmV ho H$m¡eë` dmnaVmo Ë`mZoM ho H$m¡eë` {eH$dbo nm{hOoV. Á`m_wio Vr H$m¡eë` à^mdrnUo
g§H«$_rV H$aVm òVrb. Ë`mM~amo~a B{bMÀ`m _Vo {ejUmMm _w»` hoVy hm g_mOmÀ`m ^{dî`m{df`r
Amho. AmOMo {ejU {ejUmÀ`m AmXemªZm bmJy hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo emim hr X_ZmË_H$$ (repressive)
g§ñWm Amho H$s Or _wbm§Zm bmXbobr VÎdàUmbr {eH$dVo. Á`m_Üò {ZåZ à{V^m Am{U {H«$`merbVm
{XgyZ òVo. gÎmmYmar dJm©À`m {hVg§~§YmMo g§ajU H$aUmar {dMmaàUmbr nmimd`mg bmdVo. `mbmM
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Nw>nm Aä`mgH«$_ (hidden Curriculam) Ago åhQ>bo Amho. hm Aä`mgH«$_ _wbm§Zm
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AmnU H$m {eH$Vmo qH$dm `mVyZ Amnë`mbm H$m` kmZ {_iVo `m_Üò {dg§JVr {Z_m©U H$aVmo. H$maU
`m_Üò \$ŠV gyMZmdOm dM©ñddmXmMr {eH$dU èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {Xbr OmVo. nU Iao {ejU
gyMZm§Ûmao {_iV ZgVo Va àË`jmV {eH$Umè`mMm {ejU à{H«$òV _yŠV gh^mJ AgUo JaOoMo Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV B{bMÀ`m _Vo "Am{W©H$ JmoîQ>r {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$di {eH$dÊ`mMrM JaO ZgVo' (most
learning requires no teaching). emim øm gÎmmYmar dJm©Mo {hVg§~§Y OnÊ`mgmR>r d H$m_Jma d
H${Zð> ñVamdarb bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ Amho VgoM R>odÊ`mgmR>r dM©ñddmXr {dMmam§À`m ì`ŠVr {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
Oar {ejUì`dñWm hr l_{d^mOZmgmR>r gj_ d H$m`©j_ ì`ŠVtMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z ^y{_H$m dmQ>n
H$aUmar Agbr Var `m ~m~V B{bM åhUVmo emim hr {dÚmÏ`m©bm ñdV: Am{U BVa ~m~VrV {eH$Uo d
{eH$dUo `m~m~V g§^«_ V`ma H$aVo.
B{bMÀ`m _Vo, "{ejUì`dñWm hr AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmÀ`m gd© àíZmMo _yi Amho'.
emim hr gdm©V àW_ _Z ZgUmao, ghO {ejU KoUmao ZmJ[aH$ ~ZdÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr Am{U _w»`
ì`dñWm Amho. emio_Üò ì`ŠVr ñdV:Mo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm {dgê$Z Xwgè`m ì`dñWoMr {Z`_Zo,
A{YH$ma {eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m ì`ŠVr_Üò AbJrH$aU, ì`ŠVrdmX dmT>Vmo. Ë`mM~amo~a g§ñWoÀ`m
{Z`_ZmMm Cn^moJ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {eH$V AgVmo. Aem {ejUmVyZ ~mhoa Ambobr ì`ŠVr CnbãY
gmYZmMm Cn^moJ KoVo d Ë`mVM g_mYmZ _mZVo. `m_wio Cn^moJdmXr AgUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO
ì`dñWoMr JaO nyU© hmoVo. Ë`mVM hr ì`ŠVr Amnbo Üò` _mZVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ì`ŠVr Om{hamVr ~KÊ`mVM
OmñV doi KmbdVmo d Ë`mZwgmaM AmnU H$m` hmoUma AmhmoV R>adVmo d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_OmV V`ma
hmoUmè`m godm d dñVy `m§Mm Cn^moJ KoVmo. godm KoÊ`mgmR>r S>m°ŠQ>a, dH$sb, A{^`§Vm `m§Mm dmna
H$aÊ`mg ì`ŠVr {eH$Vo. H$maU {ejUmV hoM {eH$dbo OmVo H$s CÀM nXñW ì`mdgm{`H$ ho Ë`m
joÌmVrb CÀM AmhoV. AmnUmg Ë`m_wio H$mhrM g_OV Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m godm _mZYZmda KoVmo.
`m~m~V BdZ B{bM åhUVmo H$s, AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmVrb {ejUì`dñWm _mZdr OrdZmMm
AmZ§X Am{U n[anyVu AgUmar Mm¡H$Q> XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU gd© {ejU `§ÌUm CÚmoJmVyZ {ZKUmè`m
dñVyÀ§ `m Cn^moJmVM g_mYmZ _mZÊ`mMo {eH$dV AgVmV. Omon`ªV AmnU CÚmoJmÀ`m {d{Y`wŠV `moOZm§Ûmao
bmXbobo {ejUmdarb {Z`§ÌU bjmV KoUma Zmhr Vmon`ªV {H«$`merb ZmJ[aH$ V`ma H$ê$ eH$Uma
Zmhr.
`mgmR>r BdZ B{bM `mZo EH$ OhmbdmXr n`m©` gyMdbm Amho Am{U Vmo åhUOo emim {dahrV
g_mO. åhUOoM gÜ`H$mbrZ {ejU ì`dñWm ~aImñV H$aUo qH$dm nyU©nUo ~XbUo hmo`. `m_wio _mZdr
OrdZmg Amdí`H$ AgUmao _yë`, H$m¡eë`, AmZ§XrnUm {Z_m©U hmoB©b Am{U gÜ`mÀ`m AH$m`©j_
{ejU ì`dñWoVyZ gdmªMr _wŠVr hmoB©b. `mda XmoZ n`m©` hr Ë`m§Zr gyMdbobo AmhoV. Vo åhUOo H$m¡eë`mMm
{dZr_` 'Skill Exchange'. Á`m_Üò Oo ì`ŠVr àË`jmV hr H$m¡eë` dmnaVmo Ë`mH$Sy>Z {eH$Uo. Xwgao
åhUOo {eH$Ê`mMo Omio. 'Learning Web' Á`m_Üò g_mZ {ejU{df`H$ {hVg§~§Y AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr
EH$Ì òVrb d Amnë`m AZw^dm§Mr EH$_oH$m§er XodmUKo123456789012345678901234567890121234567
dmU H$aVrb. `mVyZ g¥OZ{eb AÝdofUmË_H$
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{ejU {_iob. `mÛmao BbrM Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vmo H$s, `m_wio Cn^moJdmXr g_mOmMo nwZê$ËnmXZ
H$aUmè`m Ad`d ZîQ> H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b Am{U ZdrZ g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$Z Iè`m AWm©Zo _mZdmMr
_wŠVr gmYbr OmB©b.
2.4 {Q>H$m (Criticism) :
emim hr g_mOmÀ`m gd© ghmæ`mMo H|$Ð _mZbo Amho. ~mdob Am{U {JÝQ>rgÀ`m _Vo B{bM `mZo
gÚ pñWVrVrb {ejU ì`dñWoMo nyU©nUo CƒmQ>Z hmoUo JaOoMo Amho Ago _mZyZ _yb^yV MyH$ Ho$br Amho.
Ë`mÀ`m _Vo g_mOmÀ`m g_ñ`m§Mo H|$Ð emioV ZgyZ Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoV Amho Va `mMo nyU©nUo CƒmQ>Z
hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Deschooling ho \$ŠV ì`dgm{`H$[aË`m AH$m`©j_ ì`ŠVrM V`ma H$aob. Ë`m_wio
g_mOmV ~Xb KSy>Z òUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. _mŠg©dmÚm§À`m _Vo, Am{W©H$ nm`m^yV g§aMZoVrb H«$m§VrH$maH$
~XbM g_mOì`dñWoV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUy eH$VmV.
2.5 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress) :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm :
1. B{dZ B{bMÀ`m _Vo "{ejU \$ŠV H$m¡eë` {_idUmao Zgmdo' Va H$m` Agmdo?
2. BdZ B{bM `mZo gd©àW_ H$moUË`m XmoZ {ejU{df`rÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmda {Q>H$m Ho$br Amho?
3. BdZ B{bMÀ`m _Vo emim H$m` Amho?
4. BdZ B{bMÀ`m _Vo "Nw>nm Aä`mgH«$_' åhUOo H$m`?
5. BdZ B{bMZo {ejUì`dñWobm gyMdbobo n`m©` H$moUVo?
2.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check Your Progress) :
1
2
3
4
B{bMÀ`m _Vo {ejU \$ŠV H$m¡eë` {_idUmao Zgmdo Va ì`ŠVrÀ`m AZw^dmMo nyU©nUo
CXmÎmrH$aU H$aUmao Agmdo.
B{bM `m§Zr {ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr Am{U CXma_VdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmda {Q>H$m Ho$br Amho.
B{bMÀ`m _Vo emim hr X_ZmË_H$ g§ñWm Amho Or bmXbobr VÎdàUmbr {eH$dVo.
Nw>nm Aä`mgH«$_ åhUOo Á`m Aä`mgH«$_mÛmao H$_r {H«$`m{ebVm d H$ënH$VoÀ`m
{ejUm~amo~aM gÎmmYmar dJm©À`m {hVg§~§YmMo ajU H$aUmar {dMmaàUmbr {eH$dVmo.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Excercise/Home Assignment) :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1. BìhZ B{bM `m§Zr _m§S>bobm {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrb OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.
2. BìhZ B{bMÀ`m OhmbdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo _yë123456789012345678901234567890121234567
`_mnZ H$am.
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2.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
gÚmÀ`m {ejU ì`dñWoMr Üòò H$m` AmhoV ho g_OyZ ¿`m.
2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
♦
Illich I 1973: Deschooling Society.Harmondsworth. Penguin Books.
♦
Maizels J 1970: Karl Marx: Selected Writing. Oxford. Oxford University, Press.
♦
Harlembous M with Heald R.M (1980): SOCIOLOGY, Themes and
Perspectives.Londen. Oxford University, Press.
KQ>H$ 3
{ejUm{df`rMm g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Conflict Perspective on Education)
KQ>H$ - g§aMZm :
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 C{ÔîQ>o
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
{ejUm{df`rMm g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
3.4 {Q>H$m
3.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>
3.7 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr
3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
3.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOmVrb ^y{_Ho${df`r doJdoJio {dMmaàdmh AmhoV. H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vo {ejU
g_mOmV {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo Va H$mhtÀ`m _Vo {ejU g_mOmVrb R>am{dH$ dJm©À`mM
{dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoVo. àñVwV Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m _Vo {ejU ^m§S>dbXmamH$Sy>Z ^m§S>db dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$
AgUmè`m _yë`m§Mo g§H«$_U H$aVo. Á`m_wio ^m§S>dbXmam§Zm Amnë`m ^m§S>dbdmT>rgmR>r H$m`Xoera
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_mÝ`Vm {_iVo. `m KQ>H$m_Üò Vwåhr bwB©g AëWwga `m§À`m {ejU{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm Aä`mg H$aUma
AmhmV.
3.2 C{ÔîQ>ç (Objectives):
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhmg :
B
{ejUmMm g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m` Amho ho g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
B
{ejUmÀ`m g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZm{df`r bwB©g AëWwga `m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©b.
B
{ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo {Q>H$mË_H$ n[ajU OmUyZ KoVm òB©b.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject - matter) :
àñVwV KQ>H$m_Üò bwB©g AëWwgaMm {ejU{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mÛmao AmnUmg
{ejUmMo g_mOemór`Ñï>çm AÜ``Z H$aVm òB©b.
3.3.1 {ejU{df`rMm g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Conflict Perspective on Education) :
{ejUmÀ`m H$m`©dmXr [gÕm§Vmà_mUo _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVrb {gÕm§VH$mam§Zr gwÕm nm{íM_mË`
Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmVrb {ejUì`dñWo~m~V Amnbm doJim g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ _m§S>bm Amho.
`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo {ejU ì`dñWm hr Am{W©H$ g§aMZoÀ`m AmYmamda H$er MmbVo ho ñnîQ> Ho$bo
Amho. `mM~amo~a `m_Üò gÎmm, {dMmaàUmbr, {ejU Am{U ^m§S>dbr g_mOmVrb CËnmXZ g§~§Y
`m§À`mVrb g§~§YmMo AÝdofUhr Ho$bo Amho. `mVyZ AmnUmg ho bjmV òB©b H$s {ejUmMm g§Kf© {gÕm§V
H$m`©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U CXma_VdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmg n`m©` emoYVmo.
B
bwB©g AëWyga - _Owam§À`m eŠVrMo nwZê$ËnmXZ
(Louis Althusser - The
Reproduction of Labour Power) :
\«|$M VÎddoÎmm AëWyga `mZo {ejU ì`dñWoMm _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gd©gmYmaU T>mMm (General
Framework) gmXa Ho$bm Amho. {ejU EH$ A{Yg§aMZoMm ^mJ åhUyZ n`m©`mZo g§aMZoZo AmH$mabobo
AgVo. Amho. åhUyZ {ejU ì`dñWm hr àñWm{nV gÎmmYmar dJm©Mo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y d CËnmXZmMo
g§~§Y OnÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo. gÎmmYmar dJm©bm {Q>Hy$Z amhmÊ`mgmR>r Am{U lr_§V ~ZÊ`mgmR>r "H$m_Jmam§À`m
eŠVrMo nwZê$ËnmXZ' hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. H$m_Jmam§À`m {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm `m H$m_Jma åhUyZ am{hë`m VaM
^m§S>db dmT>Vo ho ^m§SdbXmam§Zm _m{hVM Amho Am{U Vo Ë`mdaM Adb§~yZ AgVmV. H$m_Jmam§À`m
eŠVrMo nwZéËnmXZmÀ`m XmoZ à{H«$`m AmhoV.
n{hbo åhUOo Amdí`H$ H$m`©j_ H$m_Jma dJm©À`m H$m¡eë`mMo nwZê$ËnmXZ Am{U Xwgao gÎmmYmar
dJm©À`m {dMmaàUmbrMo Ho$bo OmUmao g_m{OH$sH$aUmMo `m123456789012345678901234567890121234567
XmoZ à{H«$òÛmao Vm§ÌrH$ÑîQ>çm H$m`©j_ AgUmè`m
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H$m_Jmam§_Üò eaU òÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {dH${gV Ho$br OmVo. `m g_mOmV {ejU ì`dñWoMr ^y{_H$mhr Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m_Jmam§Mo nwZéËnmXZ H$aUo hrM AgVo.
AëWwgaÀ`m _Vo H$moUVmhr dJ© Amnbr gÎmm \$ŠV H$m_Jmam§À`m emar[aH$ l_mÀ`m dmnam_wio
XrK©H$mi {Q>H$dy$ eH$V Zmhr. Va d¡Mm[aH$ {Z`§ÌU ho gÎmm {Q>H$dÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho. Oa
ì`dñWoVrb ì`ŠVr gÎmmYmè`m§Zm AQ>i, Z¡g[J©H$, Amdí`H$ g_OV Agob Am{U Ë`m§Mo IaonU OmUyZ
KoÊ`mg BÀNw>H$ Zgob Va gÎmmYmè`m§Zm gÎmm {Q>H$dUo gmono AgVo. gÎmmYmè`m§Zm _m{hV AgVo H$s,.~imMm
dmna ho gÎmm {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r à~i _mÜ`_ Zmhr Va gÎmm {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r gÎmmYmar dJm©À`m {dMma
àUmbrMo nwZê$ËnmXZ ho EH$M _hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho. `m_Üò {ejUì`dñWoMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr Amho.
åhUyZ gÎmmYmè`m{df`r eaUmJVr ~miJÊ`mMr d¥Îmr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gÎmmYmar {d{dY
"Ideological State Apparatuses' Á`m_Üò OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_o, H$m`Xm, Y_© Am{U {ejUmMo nwZaCËnmXZ
H$aVmV. ISA Ûmao gÎmmYmar dJ© gm_mÝ`m§_Üò MwH$sMr dJ© OmUrd V`ma H$aVmV d Vr H$er `mo½` Amho ho
nQ>dyZ XoVmV. Á`m_wio gm_mÝ`m§Mm XOm© Amho Vgm amhVmo. Ogo nydu gÎmmYmar OmñVrV OmñV Y_m©Mm dmna
H$aV AgVo Am{U AmVm Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV Vo {ejU ì`dñWoMm dmna H$aV AmhoV.
AëWygaÀ`m _Vo {ejU \$ŠV gÎmmYmar dJm©À`m {dMmaàUmbrMo g§H«$_U H$aVo Ago Zmhr Va Vo
^m§S>dbemhrMo g_W©Z Am{U H$m`Xoera H$go Amho ho hr ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`mM~amo~a
{ejU ho l_{d^mJUrVrb Cƒ dJm©bm Amdí`H$, AZwHy$b dV©Z Am{U àd¥Îmr `mMo nwZËnm©XZ H$aVo.
Ë`mM~amo~a H${ZîR> dJm©bm Cƒ dJm©H$Sy>Z hmoUmar {nidUyH$ ghZ H$aUo d ñdrH$maUo {eH$dVo. {ejU
ì`dñWoVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$mbm `m gd© ~m~tMo `mo½` {ejU {Xb oOmVo.
3.4 {Q>H$m (Criticism) :
Aë`wgaZo ^m§S>dbemhr g_mOmVrb {ejU ì`dñWoÀ`m {díbofU {df`rMm _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
hm A{Vgm_mÝ`nUo _m§S>bm Amho. Xwgar _hÎdmMr {Q>H$m åhUOo AëWygaMm H$moUVmhr dmX-{ddmX
nwamì`mZo {gÕ H$aVm òUmam Zmhr. Ogo AëWyga ñdV: åhUVmo H$s hm Ñ{ï>H$moZ A{Ve` àmW{_H$
ñdê$nmMm Amho.
B
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
1. _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmÀ`m AmYmao g_mOmVrb gd© g§ñWmMm nm`m H$moUË`m KQ>H$mda Adb§~yZ
AgVmo?
2. bwB©g AëWygaÀ`m _Vo H$m_Jmam§À`m eŠVrÀ`m nwZéËnmXZmÀ`m XmoZ à{H«$`m H$moUË`m?
3. H$moUË`mhr gÎmmYmar dJm©bm gÎmm {XK©H$mi {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r H$m` _hÎdmMo Amho?
4. gÎmmYmè`m{df`r eaUmJVr ~miU½`mgmR>r gÎmmYmar H$m` H$aVmV?
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3.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check Your Progress) :
1. _mŠg©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma g_mOmVrb gd© g§ñWm§Mm nm`m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV AgVmo.
2. AëWwgaÀ`m _Vo H$m_Jmam§À`m eŠVrÀ`m H$m¡eë`mMo nwZËnm©XZ Am{U gÎmmYmar dJm©À`m
{dMmaàUmbrMo g_mOrH$aU.
3. H$moUË`mhr gÎmmYmar dJm©bm gÎmm {XK©H$mi {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r d¡Mm[aH$ {Z`§ÌU JaOoMo Amho.
4. gÎmmYmè`m{df`r eaUmJVr ~miJÊ`mgmR>r gÎmmYmar gm_mÝ`m_Üò MwH$sMr dJ© OmUrd {Z_m©U
H$aVmV.
3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Excercise/Home Assignments) :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am.
1. {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrb g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.
2. {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrb g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZH$mam§Mr nyduÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmdarb {Q>H$m
ñnîQ> H$am.
3.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrb g§Kf©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gÜ`mÀ`m {ejUì`dñWoMo
`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ n[ajU H$am.
3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
♦
Althusser, L 1972: Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses in Cosin.
♦
Maizels J 1970: Karl Marx: Selected Writing. Oxford. Oxford University, Press.
♦
Harlembous M with Heald R.M (1980) : SOCIOLOGY, Themes and
Perspectives.Londen. Oxford University, Press.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...3
KQ>H$ 4
{ejUm{df`rMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZéËnmXZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Cultural Reproduction Perspective on Education)
KQ>H$ - g§aMZm :
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 C{ÔîQ>ç
4.3 {df` - {ddoMZ
4.3.1
{ejUm{df`rMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZéËnmXZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ
4.4 ñd`-AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
4.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>
4.6 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
4.1 àñVmdZm
(Introduction) :
àñVwV KQ>H$m_Üò Vwåhr {nAaa ~moX}C `m§Mm {ejU{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoUma AmhmV. `m_Üò
EH$M {ejUì`dñWm gm_m{OH$ H$maUm_wio H$er ôX^md V`ma H$aVo ho g_OyZ KoUma AmhmV. Ë`mM~amo~a
gXa Ñ{ï>H$moZmda Ho$br OmUmar {Q>H$m XoIrb g_OyZ KoUma AmhmV.
4.2 C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Vwåhmbm :
{ejUm{df`rMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZéËnmZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
{nAaa ~moX}CMm {ejUm{df`rMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_mOemñÌr` Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject - matter) :
H$moUË`mhr g_mOì`dñWoV ñdrH$mabobr {ejUì`dñWm hr H$m`m©Ë_H$ nmVirda g_mZ[aË`m H$m`©
H$aVo H$m? hm àíZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gXaMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ A{Ve` _hÎdmMm Amho.
^maVmgma»`m doJdoJionUm na§nam, ^mfm, Y_©, OmVr AgUmè`m XoemV Oar {ejUì`dñWm
EH$M Agbr Var {ejU ì`dñWoMo g_mOmà{V AgUmao H$m`© gd© g_mOmV EH$mM nÕVrZo q~~dbo OmV
Zmhr ho gË` Amho. H$maU {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar g§ñH¥$Vr d nmíd©^y_r gd© KQ>H$mH$S>o
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g_mZ Zmhr. åhUyZ {ejUì`dñWoÀ`m `m gm_m{OH$ ^y{_Ho${df`rMo g_mOemñÌr` {ddoMZ AmnU `m
KQ>H$mV Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
4.3.1 {ejUm{df`rMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZé©ËnmXZmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ
(Cultural Reproduction
Perspective on Education)
B
{nAaa ~moXo©D$
(Pierre Bourdieu) :
`m àñVwV Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Üò EH$ g_mO åhUyZ g_mOmVrb gÎmoMo ñdê$n Am{U {dVaU dmQ>nmVrb
emioVrb kmZ `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© Am{U g§KQ>Z `mda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm Amho. g_mO ì`dñWoVrb
à^mdr gÎmmYmar dJm©Mr {ejU ì`dñWoVrb kmZ hm KQ>H$ ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mMr gÎmm hmo`. Oa emioVrb kmZ
OmñVrV OmñV gÎmmYmar dJm©{df`r Agob Va Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m gÎmmYmar dJm©Vrb _wboM `mMm \$m`Xm
OmñV KoVmV. Ë`m_wio gÎmmYmar ZgUmè`m dJm©Vrb _wbo ôX^mdmg ~ir nS>VmV. H$maU Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr
Ë`m {ejUmbm g_OUmar ZgVo.
~moX}D$À`m _Vo {ejUì`dñWoMr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m åhUOo "gm§ñH¥${VMo nwZ©éËnmXZ' H$aUo hmo`.
Xwa{I_À`m _Vo g_mOmÀ`m gd© _yë`m§Mo g§H«$_U hmoUo Ano{jV Amho na§Vw Ago hmoV Zmhr. Va òWo
"à^mdr gÎmmYmar dJm©À`m g§ñH¥$VrMo nwZ©éËnmXZ' hmoVo. `m gÎmmYmar dJm©H$S>o `m g§ñH¥$Vrbm AW© XoÊ`mMr
d bmXÊ`mMr gÎmm AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo H$m`Xoera[aË`m gdmªda Vr bmXVmV. gÎmmYmar dJ© ñdV:bm `mo½`
dmQ>Umar g§ñH¥$Vr nmiVmV d Xwgè`mda Vo bmXVmV H$maU Ë`m§À`mH$S>o gÎmm AgVo hrM g§ñH¥$Vr gÎmm
Agë`m_wio emioÛmao BVam§dahr bmXVmV.
~mooX}D$ `m à^mdr g§ñH¥$VrbmM "gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^m§S>db' Ago åhUVmo. H$maU hr g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m§Zm
{ejUm_m\©$V bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMdë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va Ë`mMo ^m§S>db dmT>dÊ`mV hmoVo. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^m§S>dbmMo Ag_mZ dmQ>n g_mOmV AmT>iyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Aem ñdê$nmMo ^m§S>db
Amho Ago ì`ŠVr Ë`mMm \$m`Xm KoD$ eH$VmV. BVam§Zm `mMm \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr, ho ñnîQ> Amho. åhUOoM
Á`m ì`ŠVr Cƒ dJm©Vrb AmhoV Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMm AàË`jnUo \$m`Xm hmoVmo Va H${ZîR> dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm
Ë`mMm \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr. H$maU Cƒ dJm©Vrb ì`ŠVrMo g_m{OH$aU Cƒ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVo. {ejU
KoÊ`mgmR>r Á`mMr `mo½` nmíd©^y_r Amho AemZm§M {ejUmMm OmñV \$m`Xm hmoVmo. AemàH$mao ~moX}D$À`m
_Vo Cƒ dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Mo {ejUmV èñdr hmoÊ`mMo à_mU H${ZîR> dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§nojm OmñV Amho.
{eH$dÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr~m~V ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmZm ~moX}D$ åhUVmo H$s, Cƒ dJm©Vrb _wbmMr g§ñH¥$Vr,
dmJÊ`mMr nÕVr, amhUr_mZ `m JmoîQ>rMm à^md loUr XoUmè`m {ejH$mdahr nS>V AgVmo. H$maU H${ZîR>
dJm©Vrb _wbm§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ JmoîQ>r{df`rMo kmZ Cƒ dJm©Vrb _wbmEdT>o ZgVo. Cƒ dJm©Vrb _wbo hr
ì`mH$aU, ^mfoMr ~mobr `m_Üò gm_mÝ`mnojm gag AgVmV. {ejH$gwÕm `m JmoîQ>rH$S>oM OmñV bj XoV
Agë`m_wio Ë`mMm gmh{OH$M \$m`Xm `m Cƒ dJm©Vrb _wbm§Zm hmoVmo. hm H${ZîR> dJm©À`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r
CnOV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. `mda ~moX}D$ ñnîQ>nUo à{VnmXZ H$aVmo H$s, `m gd© ~m~t_wio {ejU
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ì`dñWoÀ`m ^y{_Ho$da àíZ{MÝh {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$maU {ejU ì`dñWm hr H${ZîR> ñVamdarb bmoH$m§Zm Cƒ
{ejUmn`ªV Z nmohMy XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo. H${ZîR> dJm©Mr nmíd©^y_r hr Ë`m§Zm {ejU ì`dñWonmgyZ ~mhoa
nS>Ê`mg _XV H$aVo. ~moX}D$ åhUVmo H$s emim hr gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm {Z_m©U H$aUmar _hÎdmMr ì`dñWm
Amho. Ë`mbmM H$m`Xoera ê$n {Xbo OmV Amho. åhUOoM àË`jmV {ejU ho "àñWm{nV' g_mOì`dñWoMo
nwZ©CËnmXZ H$aUmar ì`dñWm Amho.
B
ñd`§ -AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress) :
1. ~moX}D$À`m _Vo emioVrb kmZ g_mOmVrb H$moUË`m dJm©{df`r OmñV AgVo?
2. ~moX}D$À`m _Vo gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^m§S>db åhUOo H$m`?
3. ~moX}D$À`m _Vo g_mOmVrb H$moUVm dJ© {ejUmV èñdr hmoVmo?
4.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check Your Progress) :
1. ~moX}D$À`m _Vo emioVrb kmZ g_mOmVrb gÎmmYmar dJm©{df`r OmñV AgVo.
2. gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^m§S>db åhUOo gÎmmYmar dJm©H$S>o AgUmè`m g§ñH¥$VrbmM AW© XoÊ`mMr d bmXÊ`mMr
gÎmm hmo`.
3. ~moX}D$À`m _Vo g_mOmVrb Cƒ dJ© {ejUmV èñdr hmoVmo.
4.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment) :
1. {ejUmÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZê$ËnmXZmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.
2. gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZê$ËnmXZmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$gm g_mOemñÌr` Amho ñnîQ> H$am.
3. ~moX}D$Mm `m {ejU{df`H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZéËnmXZmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.
4.6 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr (Reflection and Action) :
~moX}D$À`m {ejU {df`H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZéËnmXZmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r CÀM[e{jV
ì`ŠVrMo gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
B
Bourdieu, P and Passeron J 1977 : Reproduction in Education, Society and
Culture. London. Sage Publication.
B
Young M 1961: The Rise of Meritocracy. Harmondsworth. Penguin Books.
B
Harlembous M with Heald R.M 1980: SOCIOLOGY, Themes and
Perspectives.Londen. Oxford University, Press.
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KQ>H$ : 3
{ejU - g_mO Am§Vag§~§Y
(Education Society Interface)
KQ>H$ -g§aMZm :
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
3.2.1
{ejU Am{U g_mOrH$aU
3.2.1.1 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
3.2.2
{ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU
3.2.2.1 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
3.2.3
{ejU Am{U AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
3.2.3.1 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
3.2.4
{ejU gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
3.2.4.1 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.6 gamd
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
3.0 C{Ôï>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg
B
g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m H$er AgVo ho g_OyZ òB©b.
B
{ejUm_wio g_mOmÀ`m ñVaaMZoV H$gm ~Xb hmoVmo `mMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
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B
{ejUm_wio g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmbm H$er MmbZm {_iVo ho ñnï> hmoB©b.
B
gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m à{H«$`mda {ejUmMm à^md H$gm AgVmo ho
g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
3.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
{ejU-g_mO Am§Vag§~§Y `m {Vgè`m àH$aUmV AmnU {ejU Am{U g_mOmÀ`m nañnag§~§YmMm
d nañna à^mdmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. {ejUmMm g_OmVë`m BVa ì`dñWm~amo~aMm g§~§Y H$gm
AgVmo `mMr MMm© `m àH$aUmV hmoB©b.
àñVwV àH$aUmMr {d^mJUr Mma KQ>H$m_Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. n{hë`m KQ>H$m_Üò {ejU
Am{U g_mOrH$aU `m§Mm g~§§Y g_OyZ KoUma AmhoV. Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ àgma_mÜ`_mn`ªV g_mOrH$aUmMr
AZoH$ _mÜ`_o Agbr Var {ejU ho gdm©V Mm§Jbo _mÜ`_ H$go Amho ho AmnUmg g_OyZ òB©b. Xþgè`m
KQ>H$m_Üò ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ ñVaaMZoda {ejUmMm H$gm à^md nS>Vmo ho g_OyZ KoUma
AmhmoV. {Vgè`m KQ>H$m_Üò {ejUm_wio g_mOmMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$go KS>yZ òVo ho g_OyZ KoUma
AmhmoV. Va Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$m_Üò {ejU d gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm Am{U {ejU d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m
~m~VMr _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. ^maVmgma»`m EHo$H$mir Y_© d OmVrMm à^md AgUmè`m g_mOmV
{ejUm_wio J{VerbVm H$er {Z_m©U Pmbr. VgoM H$moUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m n[adV©Zm_Üò AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm
à^md Agbm Var gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo à^mdr _mÜ`_ åhUyZ {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m H$er AgVo ho g_OyZ
KoUma AmhmoV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter):
{ejU g_mO Am§Vag§~§Y `m~m~VMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm g_mOmVrb {d{dY à{H«$`m Am{U
ì`dñWm~amo~aMm {ejUmMm g§~§Y H$gm AgVmo `mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mV g_mOrH$aU, gm_m{OH$
ñVarH$aU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m g§X^m©V {ejUmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mo
ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
3.2.1 {ejU Am{U g_mOrH$aU
(Education and Socialization) :
{ejUmÀ`m g_mOemómV {ejU d g_mOrH$aU `mVrb Am§Vag§~§YmÀ`m Aä`mgmbm _hÎd {Xbo
Amho. {ejU åhUOo g_mOrH$aU Am{U g_mOrH$aU åhUOo ì`ŠVrbm gm_m{OH$ àmUr ~Z{dÊ`mMr
à{H«$`m hmo`. g_mOmV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr j_Vm ì`pŠVbm H$er àmßV hmoVo Am{U Amnbo ñW¡`© H$m`_
R>odyZ g_mOì`dñWoMo H$m`© gwairVnUo Mmby amhÊ`mgmR>r g_mO Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm {d{eï> nÕVrMr
dV©UyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$er àoaUm XoVmo `m XmoZ ~m~r g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ ñnï> hmoVmV. à{H«$òV
ì`pŠVbm Á`m g_mOmV Amnbo OrdZ OJmd`mMo AgVo Ë`m g_mOmMm n[aM` hmoVmo. `m ì`pŠVÀ`m "ñd'
H$ënZoMm {dH$mg hmoVmo Am{U {VMo ì`pŠV_Îd KS>Vo. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
`m à{H«$òV ì`pŠV Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmV
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H$aVo. g_mOmMo gmVË` Am{U ñW¡`©, ì`pŠVÀ`m dV©Zmdarb {Z`§ÌU, g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$_U `m gd© Jmooï>r
g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ò_wio eŠ` hmoVmV.
B
g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m ì`m»`m :
g_mOrH$aUmMo ñdê$n A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
1) h°ar Om°ÝgZ : "gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mMo gm_Ï`© {eH$Umè`mbm àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmao
{ejU åhUOo gm_mOrH$aU hmo`.'
Socialization is learning that enables the learner to perform social roles, culture is
what is learnt in socialization
– Harry Johnson.
2) JpñH$Z d JpñH$Z `m§À`m _Vo Á`m à{H«$òÛmam ì`pŠV gm_m{OH$ dV©ZàH$ma, _yëò d BVam§À`m
Anojm AmË_gmV H$aVo d g_mOmVrb Amnë`m {d{eð> ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mg g_W© ~ZVo Ë`m à{H«$òg
g_mOrH$aU åhUVmV.
Socialization is process by which an individual learns the behaviours values and
expectations of others that enables him to take on particular roles in society.
- Guskin and Guskin.
darb ì`m»`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, _mZdr _yyb OÝ_mbm òVo Voìhm AZwd§{eH$VoZo bm^bobr
O¡{dH$ d¡{eï>ço Ë`mÀ`mOdi AgVmV. _wbmÀ`m ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm nyU© {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mda
g§ñH$ma hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. hr Or _mZ{gH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho {Vbm g_mOrH$aU åhUVmV.
B
g_mOrH$aUmMr C{Ôï>o :
goëP{ZH$ (Selznick) `m§Zr g_mOrH$aUmMr H$m§hr C{Ôï>o gm§{JVbr AmhoV.
1) {eñVrMo g§ñH$ma H$aUo : {eñV åhUOo ñd`§{Z`§ÌU hmo`. g_mOmÀ`m AnojmZwgma ñdV:À`m
dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ dmJUo åhUOo {eñV~Õ dV©Z hmo`. g_mOrH$aUmV {eñVrÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo Am§VarH$aU
Ho$bo OmVo. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mo {ejU {Xë`m_wio ì`pŠVbm Or {eñV bmJVo. Vr ì`pŠVÀ`m
d¡dmhrH$ ì`dgm{`H$ d OrdZmÀ`m BVa joÌmVhr Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
2) AmH$m§jm éO{dUo : ì`pŠVÀ`m _ZmV àm_m{UH$nUm, gXdV©Z {ZVr_Îmm hr _yëò ê$Odbr
OmVmV. doJdoJiçm AmH$m§jm ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
3) gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m§Mo {ejU : g_yhmV ì`pŠV Á`m ñWmZmda AgVo Ë`m ñWmZmer gwg§JV
Aem ^y{_H$m ì`pŠVbm nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV. g_mOrH$aUmÛmao {d{dY ^y{_H$m ì`pŠV¨Zm {eH$dyZ
{d{eï> H$m`m©gmR>r V`ma Ho$bo OmVo.
4) H$m¡eëò {eH${dUo : g_mOmMm g^mgX åhUyZ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$m¡eëò
ì`pŠVbm {eH${dbr OmVmV. VgoM H$m§hr ì`mdgm{`H$ 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
H$m¡eëò XoIrb {eH${dbr OmVmV.
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darb C{Ôï>ço gmÜ` Pmë`m_wioM g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$_U, g_mOì`dñWoMo gmVË` Am{U ñW¡`©
ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg Am{U g_mOmMm {H«$`merb gXñ` hmoÊ`mMr nmÌVm hr gd© ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mOmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m H$m`m©Mr nyV©Vm hmoVo.
B
g_mOrH$aUmMr gmYZo
Agencies of Socialization)
:
ì`pŠVMo ~mbnU, Vmê$Ê`, àm¡T>Ëd Am{U d¥ÕËd `m d`mÀ`m gd© AdñWm_Üò g_mOrH$aUmMr
à{H«$`m {Za§Va gwê$M AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~, ZmVodmB©H$, eoOmar, emim, OZg§nH©$ _mÚ_o Am{U emgZ Aer
g_mOrH$aUmMr AZoH$ _mÜ`_o AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ejU ho g_mOrH$aUmMo _hÎdmMo _mÚ_ Amho.
{ejU Am{U g_mOrH$aU `m§Mm Am§Vag§~§Y AJXr {ZH$Q>Mm d nañnamdb§~r Amho.
B
{ejU d g_mOrH$aU (Education and Socialization) :
àËòH$ g_mO Amnë`m gXñ`m§À`m {ejUmMr ì`dñWm H$arV AgVmo. AZoH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`pŠVbm
{ejU {_iVo. Hw$Qw>§~, ZmVodmB©H$, eoOmar g_d`ñH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {_iUmao {ejU AZm¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMo
AgVo. _mÌ ì`pŠVÀ`m n[anyU© g_mOrH$aUmgmR>r Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMr JaO AgVo. åhUyZM Sw>aImB©_Zo
Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g_mOrH$aU ho emioMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho. {ejUmVyZM Zì`m {nT>rMo nÕVera
g_mOrH$aU hmoVo. nÕVera g_mOrH$aU hm eãXM emio~mhoaÀ`m åhUOo Hw$Qw>§~mgma»`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
hmoUmao g_mOrH$aU Am{U emioV hmoUmao g_mOrH$aU `mVrb \$aH$ Xe{dVmo.
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma Ho$di ì`ŠVrÀ`m d¡`pŠVH$ JaOoVyZ {ejUmMr {Z{_©Vr
Pmbr Ago Zmhr. Va ì`pŠV Á`m g_mOmMr gXñ` AgVo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m JaOoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.
H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV g_mOmVrb d`mod¥Õ gXñ` ho OJ gmoSy>Z OmVmV, nU g_mOmMo ApñVÎd H$m`_ ahmVoo.
H$maU g_mOmV Zì`mZo OÝ_mbm Ambobo gXñ` Ë`m§Mr OmJm KoVmV. `m Zì`m {nT>rMo g_mOmVrb àM{bV
{Z`_Zo, _yëò d g§ñH¥$VrZwgma g_mOrH$aU H$amdo bmJVo. g_mOmMo ñW¡`© Am{U gmVË` `mgmR>r Zì`m
{nT>rH$S>o g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dmaemMo g§H«$_U H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m gm_m{OH$ JaOoVyZM
g§H$sU© g_mOmV Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU ì`dñWoMm CX` hmoVmo bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m gmÜ`m g_mOmMm gm§ñH¥${VH$
dmagm gmYm d _`m©{XV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio nmbH$ Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mVrb Ooð> gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z Ë`mMo hñVm§Va ZdrZ
{nT>rH$So AZm¡nMmarH$ nÕVrZo hmoD$ eH$Vo. _mÌ {demb AmH$mamÀ`m g§H$sU© g_mOmMm gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dmagm
åhUOo {Z`_Zo, _yëò, H$m¡eëò d V§ÌkmZ `m gd©M ~m~r {VVŠ`mM g§H$sU© ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV Am{U
Hw$Qw>§~mgma»`m EImÚm g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Ë`mMo hñVm§Va hmoUo eŠ` ZgVo. Ë`m_wio {deofrV ñdê$nmÀ`m Am¡nMm[aH$
{ejUg§ñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dmaemMo hñVm§Va H$amdo bmJVo. åhUOoM g_mOmÀ`m JaOoVyZ
{ejU ì`dñWoMm CX` hmoVmo.
{ejU ho {ejH$mH$Sy>Z {Xbo OmVo Am{U {dÚmWu Vo J«hU H$aVmV. _mÌ ~maH$mB©Zo Ë`mMo narjj
Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, AÜ`mnZ Am{U AÜ``Z hr ñdV§Ì d ì`pŠVJV Aer EH$mH$s à{H«$`m
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Zmhr Va Vr {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu `m§À`mVrb Am§Va{H«$`mË_H$ à{H«$`m Amho. {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu
`m§À`m EH$_oH$m~Ôb H$m§hr Anojm AgVmV. Aem nañna AnojmVyZ Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmbm AmH$ma {_iVmo.
BVa ì`pŠV~amo~aÀ`m Am§Va{H«$òVyZM {dÚmWu AZoH$ Jmoï>r {eH$VmV Aem àH$mao {ejU hr EHo$ar.à{H«$`m
Zmhr Va {ejH$ Am{U {dÚmWu `m§À`m nañna Am§Va{H«$òVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
{ejUmÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, g_mOrH$aU Am{U ^y{_H$m§Mr {ZdS>
pñdH¥$Vr hr {ejUmMr H$m`} àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ AmhoV.
B
g_mOrH$aU :
g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmaemMo ZdrZ {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ê$Z {ejU g_mOrH$aUmMo
H$m`© H$arV AgVo. àËòH$ g_mO Amnë`m gXñ`mZr Or _yëò, {Z`_Zo lÕm, Ñ{ï>H$mZo, dV©UyH$, kmZ,
Vm§{ÌH$ d gm_m{OH$ H$m¡eëò AmË_gmV H$amdrV Aer Anojm H$aVmo Ë`mMo hñVm§Va {ejU H$aVo.
{dÚmWu Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ Am{U {d{dY embo` CnH«$_mVyZ Oo Oo H$m§hr {eH$VmV Vo gd© g_mOmÀ`m
gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dmaemMo ^mJ AgVmV åhUOoM emioV {ejH$ Oo {eH${dVmV Am{U {dÚmWu Oo {eH$VmV Vo
gd©gmYmaUnUo gm_m{OH$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
{dH$gZerb ~XbË`m g_mOm_Üò {ejU ZdrZ {nT>rMo g_mOrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo Ago {Z`§ÌU
H$aVo H$s, Ë`m_wio g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV hmoUmè`m ~Xbmer g_m`moOZ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m {nT>rMr
nyd©V`mar hmoVo. _mÌ Ago g_m`moOZ ì`pŠVJV BÀN>oZwgma hmoV Zmhr. Va g_mOmgmR>r Oo ~Xb Amdí`H$
AgVmV Ë`mgmR>rMo Vo g_m`moOZ AgVo.
{ejU ZdrZ {nT>rÀ`m gXñ`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmbm AmH$ma XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg
KS>dyZ AmUVo. _mÌ {ejU VoWo ì`pŠVJV BÀN>m AmH$m§jm§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm g_mOmÀ`m Anojm§Mm
{dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m Ñï>rZo ZdrZ {nT>rMo g_mOrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUVo.
B
^y{_H$m§Mr {ZdS> d pñdH¥$Vr :
{demb AmH$mamÀ`m g§H$sU© g_mOmV g_mO OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV AZoH$ ì`dgm` Am{U nXo
{Z_m©U H$amdr bmJVmV. Aem ì`dgm`mV nXmn©U H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m ì`pŠV¨Zm {deof {ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm
AgVo. H$mhr gm_mÝ` nXo Am{U ì`dgm` `mgmR>r OwO~r {ejU nwaogo R>aVo. _mÌ CÀM XOm©Mo {deofrH$aU
Pmbobo ì`dgm` Am{U nXmgmR>r {VVŠ`mM CÀM XOm©À`m {deofrV kmZmMr, H$m¡eë`m§Mr, {ejUmMr d
à{ejUmMr JaO AgVo. Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZoM g_mOmVë`m {d{dY g§ñWm§Mo H$m_H$mO H$m`©j_VoZo MmbVo.
Á`m§Zr Amdí`H$ Ago {ejU d à{ejU KoVbo Amho Aem ì`pŠV¨Mr Ë`m Ë`m nXmda {ZdS> Ho$ë`m_wioM
Vo eŠ` hmoVo. AemàH$mao {ejU, à{ejU Am{U {d{dY nXmda ì`pŠV¨Mr {ZdS> hmoÊ`mgmR>r nyd©V`mar
{ejUmVyZM hmoV AgVo. {d{dY nmVirda narjm d _yë`_mnZ nÕVrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {ejU ì`pŠV§Mr.{deof
nXmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm {ZpíMV H$aVo. Ë`m§Zm Vgo à_mUnÌhr {Xbo OmVo. e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm, JwUdÎmm
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{Za{Zamiçm nXmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr.{_iVo.
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kmZXmZ d H$m¡eë` {Z{_©Vr hr emioMr _yb^yV H$m`} AmhoV. ^mfm, {dkmZ, J{UV, ZmJ[aH$emó,
AW©emó, Amamo½èmó B. {d{dY {df`mVrb kmZ d H$m¡eë` g§nmXZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMm ì`dhmamV Cn`moJ
H$aÊ`mg {dÚmWu {eH$VmV. Hw$ebVoZo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© Ë`m§À`mV {Z_m©U hmoVo. Aem VèhoZo
{ejU-g_mOrH$aUmg ghmæ` H$aVo.
3.2.1.1 ñd`§AÜ`ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
(Check your progress)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) H$moUË`m à{H«$òV ì`ŠVr Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_mgV H$aVo.
2) ì`ŠVrÀ`m n[anyU© g_mOrH$aUmgmR>r H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m {ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
3) emioMr _yb^yV H$m`} H$moUVr AmhoV.
4) g_mOrH$aU ho emioMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho Ago H$moUr åhQ>bo Amho.
3.2.2 {ejU d gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU
(Education and Social Stratification) :
g_mO hm {d{dY g_yhm§À`m loUr aMZoda g§KQ>rV Pmbobm AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrb gd©
ì`ŠVr d g_yh EH$mM g_mZ nmVirda AgV ZmhrV. H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdénmMr {df_Vm gd©
g_mOmV {XgyZ òVo. g_mOmV gÎmm, g§nÎmr Am{U à{Vð>m `m§Mo dmQ>n {df_ nÕVrZo Pmbobo AgVo. Ë`mVyZ
g_mOmV doJdoJim XOm© AgUmao ñVa {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m§Mr loð> H${Zð> Aer aMZm hmoVo. g_mOmVrb
EImXm ñVa gdmªnojm loð>, Xwgam Ë`mhÿZ H$_r Va {Vgam \$maM H$_r Aer AZoH$ ñVamV g_mOmMr
{d^mJUr åhUOo gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU hmo`. g_mOmV Am{W©H$ {ZH$fmdê$Z lr_§V, _Ü`_dJu`, Jar~
Aerhr {d^mJUr AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV g_mOmVrb {d{dY ñVam§Mr XOm©À`m AmYmao Pmbobr CVa§S>rgmaIr
aMZm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU hmo`.
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© d ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m~m~V g_mOemókmZr
Ho$boë`m H$mhr ì`m»`m Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
1) E{b {MZm°` : loð> Am{U H${Zð>, lr_§V Am{U Jar~ gÎmmYmar Am{U gÎmm{dhrZ `m§À`mVrb
V\$mdV qH$dm ôX hm gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmMm Jm^m Amho.
Contrasts between higher and lower, rich and poor, powerful and powerless
constitute the substance of social stratification - Fly Chiony.
2) `§J Am{U _°H$ : ~hþVm§e g_mOm_Üò bmoH$ EH$_oH$m§Mo H$mhr loUr_Üò dJuH$aU H$aVmV
Am{U V`ma Pmboë`m loUrMr CÀMnmgyZ {ZåZ n`ªV H«$_dmar R>a{dbr OmVo. `m dJuH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òbm
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU åhUVmV. H«$_dmar R>a{dboë`m dJmªZm ñVarH$aU g§aMZm åhUVmV.
In most societies people classify one another in to categories and rank these
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categories from higher to lower. The process of defining such catetories is called social
stratification and the resulting set in ranked categories in called stratification structure.
The categories are called Satara, Popularly known as classes.
- Young and Mack.
darb ì`m»`mdê$Z gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUm~m~VMo H$m§hr _wÔo gm§JVm òVmV Vo Ago H$s, {df_Vm hm
ñVarH$aUmMm à_wI AmYma AgVmo. {d{dY gm_m{OH$ ñWmZo Am{U ^y{_H$m§Mo H$m§hr g_mO_mÝ` {ZH$fm§À`m
AmYmao _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mZwgma XOm© d nm[aVmo{fH$m§Mo {dVaU hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma {d{dY XOm©Mo AZoH$
ñVa ApñVÎdmV òVmV. {df_Voda AmYmarV Aer hr ì`dñWm Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m aMZoMm ^mJ ~ZVo.
EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o `m ì`dñWoMo g§H«$_U hmoVo.
B
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmMr n[a_mUo
(Dimensions of Social Stratification) :
gwà{gÕ O_©Z g_mOemók _°Šgdo~a `m§Zr dJ©, nj Am{U XOm©g_yh hr VrZ n[a_mUo gm§{JVbr
AmhoV. Vr g§nÎmr, gÎmm d à{Vð>m `m KQ>H$m§er g§~§YrV AmhoV. g_mOmVrb gdmªZmM ho KQ>H$ hdogo
dmQ>VmV nU Ë`m§Mo {df_ {dVaU hm ñVarH$aUmMm AmYma AgVmo. Ë`m~mVMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rb à_mUo1) CËnÞ d g§nÎmr (Income and welath) : bmoH$mZm H$m_m~Ôb {_iUmam _mo~Xbm qH$dm doVZ
åhUOo {_iH$V hmo`. Va Á`mMo n¡em_Üò énm§Va hmoD$ eH$Vo Aem _m¡ë`dmZ Jmoï>r åhUOo g§nÎmr hmo`.
ì`ŠVrMm gm_m{OH$ dJ© g§nÎmrdê$Z R>aVmo. do~aÀ`m _Vo g_mZ Am{W©H$ XOm© AgUmè`m§Mm EH$ dJ©
~ZVmo. Ë`mVyZ CÀM dJ©, _Ü`_ dJ© Am{U H${Zð> dJ© Ago Am{W©H$ XOm©dê$Z ñVa {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
H$mb©_mŠg©À`m _Vo Am{W©H$ XOm©dê$Z ñVa {Z_m©U hmoVmV. g_mOmV ~yÁdm© åhUOo ^m§S>dbXma Am{U
àm°boQ>o[aà åhUOo H$m_Jma qH$dm l{_H$ Ago XmoZ à_wI dJ© AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y nañna{damoYr
Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV dJ©g§Kf© AQ>i Amho Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ hm dJm©Mm EH$ à_wI
{ZH$f Agbm Var Vmo EH$_od Zmhr. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV Y_©, OmV, d§e `m ~m~rgwÕm Ë`m g§X^m©V
_hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. _mÌ H$mb©_mŠg©Zo ñVarH$aUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo g§nÎmr hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZbm hmoVm.
2) gÎmm (Power) : _°Šgdo~a `m§À`m _Vo BVam§Mm à{VH$ma qH$dm {damoY AgVmZmhr Amnë`m
BÀN>oà_mUo gd© Jmoï>r KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr ì`pŠV qH$dm ì`pŠVÀ`m g_yhm§Mr j_Vm åhUOo gÎmm hmo`.
emgH$s` A{YH$mar, amOH$maUr, CÚmoJnVr, ì`mnmar, O_rZXma `m§À`m hmVmV gÎmm H|$ÐrV Pmbobr
AgVo. gÎmoMo dmQ>n gwÕm g_mZ nÕVrZo hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gÎmmYmar d gÎmm{dhrZ Ago ñVa {Z_m©U
hmoVmV.
3) à{Vð>m (Prestige) : EImÚm ì`pŠV qH$dm g_yhmbm g_mOmVrb BVa gXñ`m§H$S>yZ Or
g_mO_mÝ`Vm, _mZgÝ_mZ qH$dm AmXa {_iVmo Ë`mbm à{Vð>m åhUVmV. àËòH$ g_mOmV à{Vð>oMo {ZH$f
doJdoJio Agy eH$VmV. ga§Om_Xmar nÕVrV amOKamÊ`mVrb ì`pŠV¨Zm A{YH$ à{Vð>m {_iVo. ^maVmV
nydu Ym{_©H$ H$m`} H$aUmè`m§Zm à{Vð>m {_iV hmoVr. ì`pŠVMm ì`dgm` Am{U à{Vð>m `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y
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AgVmo. emók, A{^`§Vo, àmÜ`mnH$, S>m°ŠQ>g© `m§Zm OodT>r à{Vð>m {_iVo VodT>r BVa ì`dgm`mVrb
bmoH$m§Zm {_iV Zmhr. {ejU, dV©UyH$, EHy$U OrdZe¡br `mdê$Zhr ì`ŠVrMr à{Vð>m R>aVo.
ì`pŠVbm Am{n©V d A{O©V Aem XmoÝhr {ZH$fmdê$Z à{Vð>m {_iVo. _mÌ g_mOmV à{Vð>oMo {dVaUhr
{df_ AgoM {XgyZ òVo. Ë`m_wioM ñVarH$aU KSy>Z òVo.
B
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmMo àH$ma
(Forms of Social Stratification) :
ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoÀ`m A§VJ©V ì`pŠVbm qH$dm g_yhmZm Amnbm gm_m{OH$ XOm© ~XbÊ`mMr g§Yr
{_iVo qH$dm Zmhr `mdê$Z ñVarH$aUmMo XmoZ àH$ma hmoVmV.
1) ~§X ñVarH$aU (Closed stratification) : Á`m ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoV ì`pŠVbm Amnbm gm_m{OH$
ñVa ~XbVm òV Zmhr. Amnë`m AmB© dS>rbm§_wio {_imboë`m ñWmZmdaM OÝ_â ahmdo bmJVo åhUOoM
gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVoMm A^md AgVmo. Ë`mbm ~§X ñVarH$aU åhUVmV. ì`pŠVMm XOm© OÝ_mZoM {ZpíMV
hmoVmo. CXm. ^maVmVrb OmVrì`dñWm ho ~§X ñVarH$aUmMo CXmhaU Amho. ì`pŠVbm ñdV:À`m à`ËZmZo
OÝ_OmV XOm© ~XbÊ`mMr g§Yr ZgVo. åhUOoM Vo ~§X ñVarH$aU hmo`.
2) _wŠV ñVarH$aU (Open stratification) : Á`m ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoV ì`pŠVbm Amnbm gm_m{OH$
ñVa ~XbÊ`mMr gmo` d g§Yr AgVo. ñdV:Mr nmÌVm d H$m¡eëò `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo gm_m{OH$ XOm© ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg dmd AgVmo. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVobm AZwHy$bVm AgVo Voìhm Ë`mbm Iwbo
ñVarH$aU åhUVmV. dJ© ì`dñWm ho Iwë`m ñVarH$aUmMo CËH¥$ð> CXmhaU Amho. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb
gm_m{OH$ dJ© ho g§nÎmr {ejU, ì`dgm` Aem AmYmamda R>aVmV.
B
gm_m{OH$ ñVaaMZm d {ejU
(Social Stratification and Education) :
g_mOmMr ñVarH$aU ì`dñWm Am{U {ejUì`dñWm `mV nañna g§~§Y {XgyZ òVmo. nma§nm[aH$
^maVr` g_mOmVrb ñVaaMZm Y_© Am{U OmVrda AmYmabobr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {d{dY OmVr g_yhmZm
OÝ_mZwgma {_imbobo ì`dgm`M Am`wî`â H$amdo bmJV hmoVo. H${Zð> OmVrMo ì`dgm` hbŠ`m àVrMo,
H$_r {_iH$VrMo Am{U H$ï>mMo hmoVo. _mÌ _Ü`_ d CÀM OmVr§Mo ì`dgm` à{Vð>oMo d {ZpíMV {_iH$VrMo
hmoVo. H$m§hr H${Zð> OmVrZm Va Añn¥í` g_Obo OmV hmoVo. bmoH$m§À`m ì`dgm`m§Mm à^md Ë`m§Mm g_yh,
dV©UyH$, AmH$m§jm, {ejU, OrdZe¡br d Ñï>rH$moZ `m gdm©da {XgyZ òVmo.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV OmVrì`dñWoMm à^md H$_r hmoD$Z dJ©ì`dñWoMm CX` Pmbm. ì`pŠVbm OmVrZwgma
àmßV Pmboë`m XOm©EodOr ì`dgm`, {_iH$V, {ejU d H$m¡eëò j_Vm `m§À`m Omoamda g_mOmV
Mm§Jbm XOm© àmßV H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV Pmbobr Amho. VargwÕm àË`jmV H${Zð> OmVrMo bmoH$M hbŠ`m
à{VMo ì`dgm` H$aVmZm {XgVmV Am{U CÀM dJm©Vrb bmoH$M {deof \$m`Xoera d à{Vð>rV ì`dgm`mV
{XgVmV. `m XmoÝhrV H$m§hr AndmX Agbo Var dJ©ì`dñWoV hr H$ï>H$ar bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ hmbmIrMoM
AgVo.
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g_mOmMr ñVarH$aU ì`dñWm Am{U {ejUì`ñWm `m§Mm Am§Vag§~§Y nydunmgZM {XygZ òVmo.
^maVmV nydu ~«m÷Um§Zm Ym{_©H$ d e¡j{UH$ joÌmV loð> ñWmZ Am{U g§Yr {_imbr hmoVr. ~«m÷UoÎma Agm
~hþOZ g_mO {ejUmnmgyZ {XK©H$mi d§{MVM am{hbm hmoVm.
{~«{Q>e H$mi : {~«{Q>em§Zr Amnë`m amOdQ>rV ^maVmV ZdrZ amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, Vm§{ÌH$ d
e¡j{UH$ ì`dñWm àñWm{nV Ho$br. `§ÌCËnmXZnÕVr, CÚmoJY§Xo d ~mOmanoR>m `m§À`m à^mdm_wio ñd`§nyU©
J«m_rU AW©ì`dñVm {dñH$irV Pmbr. B§½b§S>_Üò `§Ìmda V`ma Pmboë`m dñVw ^maVmV {_iy bmJë`m.
Ë`m_wio H$mamJra, ~bwVoXma, AmbwVoXma `m§Mo ì`dgm` Amog nS>bo. eoVrdaMm ^ma dmT>V Mmbbm.
{~«Q>remZr H$m§hr ImU CÚmoJ, Mhm, H$m°\$s, Á`yQ>, CËnmXZ, H$mnS>{JaÊ`m gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Ë`mV H$m_Jma,
V§Ìk, H$maHy$Z, n`©dojH$, ì`dñWmnH$, {heo~Zrg Aer nXo {Z_m©U Pmbr. bmoH$m§Zm Amnbo na§namJV
ì`dgm` gmoSy>Z XoD$Z Vr nXo {_i{dÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV Pmbr. OmVrg§ñWoÀ`m ~§YZmVyZ _wŠV hmoD$Z ZdrZ
ì`dgm`mV {eaH$md H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$ YS>nS> H$ê$ bmJbo. `m{edm` {d{eï> Ago B§J«O {ejU KoD$Z
S>m°ŠQ>a, dH$sb, B§{O{ZAa Ago Zdo à{Vð>rV ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr.
{~«{Q>em§Zr amÁ` H$ma^mamMr Or ZdrZ nÕVr gwê$ Ho$br Ë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ AZoH$ amÁò
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm H$m§hr gÎmm d A{YH$ma {Xbo. aoëdo, nmoñQ>, Vmagodm, N>nmB©`§Ì `m_wio bmoH$m§Mo
nañnag§~§Y dmT>V amhrbo. H$mhr à_mUmV OmVr g§ñWoMr ~§YZo {eWrb Pmbr. H$m`Xo, nmobrg `§ÌUm,
Ý`m`XmZ ì`dñWm `m_wio OmV n§Mm`VtMm à^md H$_r hmoV Jobm.
{~«{Q>em§Zr Iwë`m B§J«Or {ejUmMm àma§^ Ho$bm. Y_©, OmV, d§e, qbJ `mda AmYmarV ôX Z
_mZVm {ejU gdmªgmR>r Iwbo Ho$bo. B§J«Or {ejUmVyZM ^maVmV {ejH$, àmÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar A{YH$mar,
H$_©Mmar, S>m°ŠQ>a, dH$sb `m§Mm EH$ _Ü`_dJ© CX`mg Ambm. `mM H$mimV IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb H${Zð>
OmVtMo bmoH$ Amnbo dS>rbmonmOuV ì`dgm` gmoSy>Z XoD$Z ehm§H$S>o amoOJmamgmR>r OmD$ bmJbo. {~«{Q>em§À`m
{ejUm_wio n[adV©ZmÀ`m EH$m Zì`m ndm©Mm ^maVmV àma§^ Pmbm Agbm Var nwÝhm `m {ejUmMm A{YH$
bm^ ehamVrb _Ü`_ Am{U CÀM dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§ZmM Pmbm. {~«{Q>em§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`H$ma^mamV H$m§hr
^maVr`m§Zm ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ H$m_ XoVm òB©b Aem nÕVrMo {ejU gwê$ Ho$bo. àmW{_H$ {ejUmMm
gmd©{ÌH$ àgma {~«{Q>em§À`m H$mimV Pmbm Zmhr.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va àm¡T> _VXmZ nÕVr, H|$Ð, amÁ` d ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m {ZdS>UwH$m§_wio
_moR>r amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr Pmbr. Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ZdrZ g§ñWm§Mr {Z{_©Vr `m_wio e¡j{UH$ nmÌVoZwgma ZmoH$è`m
{_iy bmJë`m. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gd© amÁ`mZr {ejUàgmambm MmbZm {Xbr. àmW{_H$
{ejU _mo\$V d gŠVrMo Ho$bo. AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Î`m d AmajUmMr VaVyX
Ho$br. Jar~ {dÚmWu Am{U _wbtÀ`m {ejUmgmR>r gmo`r {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. ñdmV§Í` àmßVrZ§Va {ejUmMm
g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ {dH$mg Pmbm.
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B
{ejUmMm ñVarH$aU ì`dñWodarb à^md :
g_mOmÀ`m ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoMm Ogm {ejU ì`dñWoda à^md nS>Vmo. Ë`mà_mUoM {ejUmMm
XoIrb ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoda à^md {XgVmo. Ë`m~m~VMo ñnï>rH$aU nwT>rbn«_mUo B
{ejU ~§XrñV ñVarH$aUmg _wŠV H$aVo :
~§XrñV ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoV ì`pŠVbm OÝ_mdê$Z XOm© àmßV hmoVmo. Á`m OmVr g_wXm`mV ì`pŠVMm
OÝ_ hmoVm Ë`m OmVrMm XOm©M ì`pŠVbm {_iVmo. AZwd§{eH$VoZo {_iUmè`m `m XOm©V ì`pŠVbm Am`wî`â
~XbM H$aVm òV Zmhr. Aem ì`dñWoV {ejU KoÊ`mMm hŠH$gwÕm H$m§hr OmVrZmM AgVmo. CXm.
^maVmV {~«Q>rem§À`m H$mimnydu {ejU hr Ho$di ~«m÷Um§MrM _ŠVoXmar hmoVr. {ó`m Am{U Añn¥í`
OmVrZm {ejU KoÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio EH$ g§KQ>rV gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm XoemV {Z_m©U Pmbr
hmoVr. _mÌ AmYw{ZH$ {ejU ho gdm©gmR>r Iwbo d Y_© {Zanoj AgyZ Ë`mVyZ ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d
d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>H$moZ Am{U AmYw{ZH$ _yëò `m§Mo g§ñH$ma ì`pŠVda hmoVmV. gm_m{OH$ ôXmôX d Ag_mZVm
`m ~m~VMr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr hmoD$Z Ago ôX ZmH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm ì`pŠVV {Z_m©U hmoVo.
WmoS>Š`mV AmYw{ZH$ {ejUm_wio bmoH$m§Zm Iwë`m ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoV {eaH$md H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo.
B
{ejU d Am§VaOmVr` ~§YZo d _`m©Xm :
nma§nm[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV ì`pŠVbm Amnë`m OmVrnojm H${Zð> _mZë`m Joboë`m OmVtÀ`m ì`pŠV
~amo~a ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMr, g§~§Y R>odÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m~m~V OmVrg§ñWoMo {Z`_ H$S>H$ hmoVo.
AmYw{ZH$ {ejUm_wio `m {Z`_mV _moR>çm à_mUmV {e{WbVm Ambr Amho. H${Zð> OmVrMo AZoH$ bmoH$
AmVm d[að> OmVrÀ`m bmoH$mg_doV H$m_ H$aVmV. ho {MÌ àm_w»`mZo ZmJar g_mOmV AmT>iVo. J«m_rU
^mJmV AOyZhr `m~m~VMr {df_Vm H$m§hr à_mUmV {Q>Hy$Z Amho. _mÌ IoS>çmVrb bmoH$ Ooìhm ehamH$S>o
ñWbm§Va H$aVmV Voìhm VoWrb n[apñWVrer Ë`m§Mo g_m`moOZ hmoVo. AemàH$mao {ejUm_wioM bmoH$
OmVrOmVrVrb ôX^mdmnmgyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
B
{ejU d ì`dgm{`H$ J{VerbVm :
{~«Q>renyd© H$mimV ^maVmVrb ì`dgm` AZwd§{eH$ d OmVrda AmYmarV hmoVo. EH$m OmVrV na§naoZo
Ho$bm OmUmam ì`dgm` Xwgè`m OmVrMo bmoH$ H$arV ZìhVo. OmVr à_mUoM ì`dgm`m~m~Vhr loð> H${Zð>VoMr
^mdZm hmoVr. CÀM OmVtMo ì`dgm` n{dÌ g_Obo OmV hmoVo. Va H${Zð> OmVtMo ì`dgm` An{dÌ
g_Obo hmoVo Am{U Ë`m Ë`m ì`dgm`mMm XOm© ì`pŠVZm {_iV Ago.
^maVr` g_mOmMr ì`dgm{`H$ pñWVr AmVm _moR>çm à_mUmda ~Xbbobr Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$aU,
ì`mnmarH$aU d ZmJar H$aUm_wio AZoH$ ì`dgm{`H$ g§Yr {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m~m~V AmVm
OmVrg§§ñWoÀ`m ~§YZm§Mm g§~§Y H$_r Pmbm Amho. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUm_wio AmVm gaH$maM
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bmoH$m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmda ZmoH$è`m XoD$ eH$Vo. OmVrÀ`m loð>Ëdmdê$Z H$moUmbmhr gaH$mar ZmoH$ar {Xbr
OmV Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$ë`m_wio H$mhr ì`dgm`m§Mo ñdê$n ~Xbbo Amho. nydu hbŠ`m àVrMo
g_Obo Jobobo ì`dgm` AmVm d[að> d _Ü`_ OmVrMo bmoH$hr H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. gÜ`m ì`dgm`mMo
loð>Ëd n{dÌ An{dÌVoÀ`m lÕodê$Z R>a{dbo OmV Zmhr. Va Ë`m ì`dgm`mgmR>r H$moUVo {ejU d
à{ejU ¿`mdo bmJVo Am{U Ë`mVyZ hmoUmar Am{W©H$ àmßVr _hÎdmMr g_Obr OmV Amho. `m ì`dgm`mgmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgUmao {ejU H$moUË`mhr OmVrMo ì`pŠV KoD$ eH$Vo. H${Zð> OmVtMo gXñ` Amdí`H$ Ago
{ejU KoD$Z {d{eï> ì`dgm`mV nXmn©U H$ê$ eH$VmV. WmoS>Š`mV AZoH$ ì`dgm` OmVr ì`dñWoÀ`m
~§YZmVyZ _wŠV Pmbo AgyZ Ë`m_wio ì`pŠV¨Mr gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm dmT>V Mmbbr Amho.
AmVm _moR>çm g§»òZo bmoH$ {ejU KoD$Z ZdZdrZ ì`dgm`mV {eaH$md H$arV AmhoV. ehamVrb
bmoH$m§Zm VgoM CÀM d _Ü`_dJu`m§Zm `mMm A{YH$ \$m`Xm Pmbm Agbm Var J«m_rU ^mJmV d H${Zð>
OmVrZm {VVH$m bm^ Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio VoWo g_ñVa gm_m{OH$ J{VebVm VoWo AZw^dmg òVo. AmVm
CÀM OmVrÀ`m H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zr _Ü`_ d H${Zð> g_Obo OmUmao ì`dgm` gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV. Va H${Zð>
OmVrÀ`m H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zm _Ü`_ d loð> g_Obo OmUmao ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV
{ejUm_wio g_mOmV g_ñVa d ñV§^r` J{VerbVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
B
{ejUm_wio Om{Vì`dñWoV Pmbobm ~Xb :
nydu bmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m OmVrMo ì`dgm` Y_© Am{U H$_© åhUyZM pñdH$mabo hmoVo. nU {ejUmMm
àgma OgOgm hmoV Jobm VgVgo H${Zð> d ~bwVoXma OmVrMo bmoH$ ZdrZ ì`dgm`mV nXmn©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
YS>nS> H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Mo O_rZYmaH$ à^mdr OmVrdaMo Adb§~Ëdhr H$_r hmoD$ bmJbo.
OmVn§Mm`VrMr ~§YZo Am{U à^md nydugmaIm am{hbobm Zmhr. _mÌ ~XbË`m n[apñWVrV Amnë`m
OmVr~m§YdmZmhr H$m§hr \$m`Xo {_imbo nm{hOoV. `m hoVyZo àËòH$ OmVrVrb gw{e{jV bmoH$m§Zr _§S>io,
g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m AmhoV. amÁ` d Xoe nmVirda Ë`m§Mo _oimdo d n[afXm Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
Amnë`m OmVrV {ejUmMm àgma ìhmdm Ë`mVyZ bmoH$m§Zm CÀM d Mm§Jbm ì`dgm` Am{U A{YH$mamÀ`m
ZmoH$è`m àmßV ìhmì`mV `mgmR>r {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. {eî`d¥Î`m, {dÚmWu dg{VJ¥ho, e¡j{UH$
gmYZ gm_wJ«r, ñnYm© narjoMr nyd© V`mar B. ì`dñWm Ho$br OmV Amho.
eodQ>r Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, g_mOmV loð> XOm© {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {_iH$V, g§nÎmr, Amdí`H$
AgVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ejU KoD$Z `m gd© ~m~r {_i{dVm òVmV. {ejUm_wio g_mOmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$
ñVaaMZoV _moR>o ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV. e¡j{UH$ g§YrÀ`m g_mZVo~amo~aM g_mOOrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV
g_mZVoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm OmV Amho.
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3.2.2.1 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) g_mOmV H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~rMo dmQ>n {df_ nÕVrZo Pmbobo AgVo.
2) dJ©, nj Am{U XOm©g_yh hr ñVarH$aUmMr n[a_mUo H$moUr gm§{JVbr AmhoV.
3) ^maVmVrb OmVrì`dñWm ho H$moUË`m àH$maMo ñVarH$aU Amho.
4) g_mOmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ ñVaaMZoV H$em_wio ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV.
3.2.3 {ejU Am{U AmYw{ZH$sH$aU :
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr à{H«$`m Amho. S>opìhS> nm±noZmo `m§Zr
Ë`m~m~VMr EH$ ì`m»`m Aer Ho$br Amho H$s, nma§nm[aH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU nyd© g_mOmVrb g§ñWm§Mo
Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Pmboë`m g_mOmVrb g§ñWmà_mUo gm_m{OH$ ê$nm§VaU KSy>Z òUo åhUOo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
hmo`.
Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMr gwadmV àW_ `wamonr` XoemV Pmbr. Ë`m_wio VoWrb bmoH$m§À`m OrdZe¡brV EHy$UM
g_mOmV H$m§hr _hÎdnyU© ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. nyd}H$S>À`m XoemVrb H$m§hr CÀM d _Ü`_dJu` ñVamVrb
bmoH$m§Zr `wamonr` qH$dm nmpíM_mË` OrdZnÕVrMo AZwH$aU H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. Ë`mMm C„oI H$aÊ`mgmR>r
àW_ `wamonrH$aU Am{U nmíMmVrH$aU `m g§H$ënZm dmnaë`m OmD$ bmJë`m nU nwT>o Ë`m EodOr
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm dmnamV Ambr.
`m g§X^m©V X. Zm. YZmJao `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "BVa n[adV©Z à{H«$`m à_mUo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
hr XoIrb EH$ n[adV©Z à{H«$`m Amho. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo OrdZnÕVr d AmMma {dMmam_Üò ~Xb KSy>Z
òVmo. ho n[adV©Z `wamonrH$aU, nmíMmVrH$aUmà_mUo g_mOmVë`m CÀM^«y dJm©nwaVo _`m©{XV ahmV Zmhr.
g§Mma_mÜ`_mÛmao g_mOmVë`m gd© WamVrb ì`pŠV¨da Ë`m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo. Ë`mVyZ ZdrZ H$ënZm d
_Zmod¥ÎmrMm àgma hmoVmo. hm ~Xb gd© g_mdoeH$ AgVmo. BVHo$M Zìho Va AmYw{ZH$sH$aU à{H«$òV
gmVË`mZo n[adV©Z KS>V ahmVo d Ë`mÛmao ì`pŠVì`pŠV¨Mr gm_m{OH$ d _mZ{gH$ J{VerbVm hmM g_mOmMm
ñWm`r^md ~ZVmo. VgoM hm ~Xb bmXbm OmV Zmhr. Va ñdoÀN>oZo pñdH$mabm OmVmo. AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
à{H«$òMm Jm^m Y_©{Zanoj AgVmo.
B
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr d¡{eï>ço :
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMr H$m§hr d¡{eï>ço {XgyZ òVmV. CXm. gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm, gm_m{OH$
{dôXZ, g§aMZmË_H$ {dôXZ d ~Xb, XOm©nÕVrV ~Xb, ZmJarH$aU gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` Midir,
ì`mnH$ d ~hþ{dY {ejU Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`m©Mm {dH$mg hr gd© AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMr d¡{eï>ço
AmhoV. amï´>mamï´>mVrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo `wZmogma»`m g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV.
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B
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr gmYZo :
Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, Y_©{ZanojVm, ZdrZ gm_m{OH$ dJm©Mm CX`, nmpíM_mË`rH$aU,
bmoH$emhrH$aU Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z hr AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr _mÜ`_o AmhoV.
B
{ejU d AmYw{ZH$sH$aU :
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr AZoH$ gmYZo {XgyZ òVmV. `moJ|ÐqgJ `m§À`m _Vo ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo
{ejU ho EH$ AË`§V à^mdr gmYZ Amho. {ejUm_wioM bmoH$m§_Üò amï´>dmX, CXma_VdmX Am{U
ñdmV§Í`m{df`rÀ`m AmH$m§jm J{V_mZ Pmë`m AmhoV. {ejUmVyZM ^maVmV à~moYrV ~wÕrdmXr dJm©Mm
CX` Pmbm. CÀM{e{jV Vê$Um§Zr ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo Ë`mM ~amo~a gm_m{OH$
d gm§ñH¥$VrH$ joÌmVrb gwYmaUmgmR>r AWH$ n[al_ KoVbo.
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hr ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr g§H$ënZm AgyZ g_mOmVrb JwUmË_H$ d n[aUm_mË_H$
~XbmMo {díbofU d _yë`_mnZ Ë`mV Ho$bo OmVo. _Ü``wJrZ g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vrn`ªV g_mOmV
Pmboë`m ~XbmMo dU©Z Ë`mV Ho$bo OmVo. na§nam§À`m n{bH$S>o OmD$Z àJVrgmR>r Vo à`ËZerb AgVo.
H$m§hr g_mOmókm§À`m _Vo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU ho `wamonr` d A_o[aH$Z à{V_mZmda AmYmabobo Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$aU
nmpíM_mË`rH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, `wamonrH$aU `m§À`m VwbZoV AmYw{ZH$sH$aU hr g§H$sU© à{H«$`m AgyZ {VMo
n[aUm_gwÕm g§H$sU©M AmhoV. ~m¡ÕrH$ joÌmV ^m¡{V_ d gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo ~wÕrà_mÊ`dmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ
ñnï>rH$aU Ë`mV A{^àoV Amho. àË`jkmZdmX, à`moJdmX d ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmX ho AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMr
XoUJr Amho. Ym{_©H$ joÌmV Y_©{ZanojVoÀ`m ñdê$nmV AmYw{ZH$sH$aU àJQ> hmoVo. VmËdrH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Vo
_mZdVmdmXr {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVo. ì`pŠV¨À`m Am{U g§ñWm§À`m H$m`©nÕVrV Ë`m_wio J{VerbVm, {deofrH$aU
Am{U {dôXrH$aU {Z_m©U hmoVo. amOH$s` joÌmV Vo bmoH$emhrH$aUmMm nwañH$ma H$aVo.
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo {ejUmg§~Y§ rMo d¡{eï>ç gm§ñH¥$VrH$ ñdê$nmMo Amho. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m joÌmV {ejUm_wio
Á`m _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r Ñï>monVrg òVmV. Ë`m~m~V E. Ama. XogmB© `m§Zr Ago {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbo Amho
H$s, AmYw{ZH$sH$aUm_wio gm§ñH¥$VrH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m à_wI KQ>H$m_Üò {dôXrH$aU dmT>V OmVo. gmjaVoMm
Am{U Y_© {Zanoj {ejUmMm àgma hmoVmo. ~m¡ÕrH$ joÌmV g§ñWmË_H$ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo. ~m¡ÕrH$
~¡R>H$sda AmYmaboë`m {deofrV ^y{_H$m§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo àJVr Am{U gwYmaUm `mda AmYmarV ZdrZ
gm§ñH¥$VrH$ Ñï>rH$moZmMm CX` hmoVmo. ~XbË`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmMo ZdrZ _mJ© CnbãY hmoVmV. ñdV:Mm {dH$mg Am{U Ë`mgmR>r J{V{ebVoMr àoaUm
{_iVo. BVam§Mm AmXa H$aÊ`m~m~VMr OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$sH$aUm_wio g_mOmnwT>o H$m§hr
AmìhmZo XoIrb {Z_m©U hmoVmV. gmVË`mZo ~XbV ahmUmè`m g_ñ`m d JaOm `m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo g§ñWmË_H$ aMZoMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm XoIrb g_mOmV {Z_m©U hmoVo.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...4
B
{ejUmÛmao AmYw{ZH$sH$aU :
{ejU ho AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo EH$ _hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho. AmYw{ZH$sH$aUm_wio bmoH$m§À`m lÕm d
_yëò Am{U Ñï>rH$moZmV ~Xb hmoD$Z AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZwHy$b n[apñWVr
{Z_m©U hmoVo. naXoemV {dH$grV Pmboë`m V§ÌkmZmMm Amnë`m XoemVrb JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. XoemVrb JaOm Am{U g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar KoUmè`m g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§Mm CX` hmoVmo.
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V {ejUmMo H$m`© nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b.
1) na§nam§Zm n`m©` : {ejUmÀ`m àgmam~amo~a g_mOmVrb OwÝ`m ê$T>r na§nam§Mm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mMr
nÕVr _mJo nS>V OmVo Am{U Ë`mEodOr H$moUVr ZmdrÝ`nyU© C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aVm òVrb `mMo _mJ©hr
{ejUmÛmao CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo OmVmV. {ejUm_wioM ì`pŠVÀ`m kmZmÀ`m d _ZmÀ`m H$jm {dñVmarV
hmoVmV. ZdZdrZ à`moJ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm bmoH$m§Zm {ejUmVyZM {_iVo.
2) g_mOrH$aU : g_mOrH$aU åhUOo {ejU hmo`. {ejU ho g_mOrH$aUmMo EH$ à^mdr
_mÜ`_ Amho. g_mOrH$aUmÛmao g_mOmV ZdZdrZ H$ënZm d _yëò àñVm{dV Ho$br OmVmV.
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mJm©V AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m ~m~r Q>mHy$Z XoÊ`m~mVMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ {ejUmVyZM
V`ma hmoVmo.
3) amï´>r` OmUrd OmJ¥Vr : {ejUmVyZ AmXem©Ë_H$ eãXmoMmam§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
_ZmV Xoeào_ {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg Ë`m§Mr _moR>r _XV hmoVo. amï´>r` OmUrd OmJ¥VrMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg Ë`mVyZ
MmbZm {_iVo. bmoH$ Amnë`m JaOm Am{U àíZ `m§Mm amï´>r` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {dMma H$ê$ bmJVmV. Xoe{hVmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo _hÎdmÀ`m _wÚmda amï´>r` gh_Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUM àmoËgmhZ XoV AgVo.
4) CÀM{e{jV A{ÔZ : CÀM {ejU KoD$Z g_mOmV loð> ñWmZ {_i{dÊ`mMm amO_mJ© gd©
bmoH$m§gmR>r Iwbm hmoVo. gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$hr gw{e{jV bmoH$m§Mm AmXe© g_moa R>odVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo AZwH$aU
H$aVmV. na§nam§JV nÕVrMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Amnbo OrdZ_mZ gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb ahmVmV. nXdrn`ªVMo
{ejU KoVboë`m bmoH$m§Mm AmYw{ZH$ loð>OZm_Üò g_mdoe Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
5) g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUmao ZoV¥Ëd : Ho$di {ejU ì`dñWoVyZM emók, V§Ìk, àemgH$ Am{U
ì`dñWmnZVÁk {Z_m©U hmoVmV. d¡{eï>çnyU© kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë` Ë`m§Zm {ejUmVyZM {_iVo.
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>rMo ì`mnH$ àH$ën am~{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY joÌmV, {d{dY nmVirda V§Ìk, {Z`moOZH$V}
Am{U ì`dñWmnH$m§Mr JaO AgVo. g_mOmÀ`m gd© joÌmV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g_ñ`m§er gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
XyaXeu ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO AgVo. {ejU ì`dñWoVyZM `m gdmªMr OS>UKS>U hmoV AgVo.
6) J{VerbVog MmbZm : bmoH$m§À`m _Zmod¥Îmr_Üò Am{U {dMmam_Üò Vm~S>Vmo~rZo ~Xb hmoV
Zgbo Var {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$m§_Üò AnojrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVm òVmV. nma§nm[aH$ g_mOmVrb
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ñVaaMZoV {ejUm_wioM AZoH$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. {ejUm_wio g_ñVa Am{U ñV§^r` J{VerbVobm
MmbZm {_iVo.
{ejUm_wio ì`pŠVbm g_mOmVrb A{YH$m{YH$ CÀM Am{U à{Vð>rV g_Oë`m OmUmè`m ì`dgm`mV
nXmn©U H$ê$Z Amnbm Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ XOm© dmT>{dVm òVmo Am{U A{YH$ daÀ`m gm_m{OH$ dJm©V
àdoe H$ê$Z Amnbm OrdZñVa C§MdVm òVmo. {ejUm_wio ì`pŠV¨À`m A{^d¥Îmr Am{U _yë`mVhr n[adV©Z
KSy>Z òVo. ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmoÝ_wI ~ZVo. Am{U Aer ì`ŠVr daMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
gmVË`mZo YS>nS> H$aVo. AZoH$ ì`pŠV¨À`m ~m~VrV {ejUm_wio Agm ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm Va EH§$Xa
g_mOmVM ì`mnH$ à_mUmda gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm KSy>Z òVo.
gw`mo½` {Z`moOZ Am{U H$m`©j_ A§_b~OmdUr `m§À`m ghmæ`mZo {ejU AmYw{ZH$saH$aUmMo C{Ôð>
gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AW©nyU© gh^mJ KoD$ eH$Vo. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`mÀ`m
H$m`©dmhrgmR>r Amdí`H$ _Zwî`~i {ejUmVyZM V`ma hmoVo. g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUm_Üò {ejUmMr
^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr AgVo.
3.2.3.1 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ.
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) AmYw{ZH$sH$aU à{H«$òMm Jm^m Y_© {Zanoj AgVmo Ago H$moUr åhQ>bo Amho.
2) amï´>mamï´>mVrb nañnag§~§YmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo H$moUVr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmbr Amho.
3) {ejU ho ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo à^mdr gmYZ Amho. Ago H$moUmMo _V Amho.
4) nXdrn`ªVMo {ejU KoVboë`m bmoH$m§Mm H$emV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3.2.4 A) {ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm
(Education and Social Mobility)
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmMo ~§X ñVarH$aU Am{U Iwbo ñVarH$aU Ago XmoZ àH$ma {XgyZ òVmV. Iwë`m
ñVarH$aUmV J{VerbVobm dmd AgVmo. åhUOoM ì`pŠVbm Amnbm gm_m{OH$ XOm© ~XbÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`,
g§Yr Am{U gmo`hr AgVo. åhUyZ Iwë`m ñVarH$aUmV ì`pŠV Amnbm gm_m{OH$ ñVa qH$dm dJ© ~Xby
eH$Vo. ì`pŠVZo Amnbm gm_m{OH$ ñVa ~XbÊ`mÀ`m {H«$òbm J{VerbVm Ago åhUVmV.
Mobility `m
B§J«Or eãXmH$arVm _amR>rV J{VerbVm hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo. {dë`_ ñH$m°Q> `m§Zr
Mobility hm eãXmMm AW© ^m¡{VH$$ qH$dm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ qH$dm gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmVrb gmnoj ~Xb qH$dm
hmbMmb Agm gm§{JVbm Amho. gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$m§hr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo
AmhoV.
1) _°Šg do~a : g_mOmVrb ì`pŠV¨Mo qH$dm JQ>m§Mo g_mOmVrb EH$m ñWmZmnmgyZ qH$dm ñVamnmgyZ
Xwgè`m ñWmZmn`ªV qH$dm ñVamn`ªV Pmbobo n[adV©Z åhUOo gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm hmo`.
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2) hm°Q>©Z Am{U hQ> : ì`pŠVMr EH$m gm_m{OH$ XOm©H$Sy>Z Xwgè`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©H$S>o OmÊ`mMr
{H«$`m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm hmo`.
3) S´>ogba Am{U {dbrg : g_mOmÀ`m EH$m ñVamVyZ Xwgè`m ñVamV hmoUmar ì`pŠV¨Mr hmbMmb
åhUOo gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm hmo`.
darb ì`m»`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s ì`pŠVÀ`m _yi gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmV qH$dm gm_m{OH$
XOm©V ~Xb hmoUo åhUOo J{VerbVm hmo`. ì`ŠVà_mUoM ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoVrb EImÚm g_yhmMo g_m[OH$
ñWmZ qH$dm gm_m{OH$ XOm© ~XbUo åhUOo J{VerbVm hmo`.
B
gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVoMo àH$ma
(Types of Social Mobility) :
gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVoMo Mma àH$ma {XgyZ òVmV.
1) g_ñVa gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm (Horizontal Social Mobility) : Ooìhm EImÚm ì`pŠVÀ`m
qH$dm g_yhmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ñWmZmV qH$dm XOm©V ~Xb hmoVmo nU Ë`mAZwf§JmZo Ë`m ì`pŠVMm qH$dm
g_yhmMm gm_m{OH$ ñVa qH$dm gm_m{OH$ dJ©_mÌ ~XbV Zmhr Voìhm g_ñVa gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm Ago
åhUVmV. {jVrO g_m§Va J{VerbVm Agm eãX hr Ë`m g§X^m©V dmnabm OmVmo. EImÚm dH$sbmZo
àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar pñdH$mabr Va Ë`mÀ`m ì`dgm{`H$ ñWmZmV ~Xb hmoVmo. _mÌ `m XmoÝhr ì`dgm`m§Zm
g_mOmV g_mZ à{Vð>m AgVo Ë`m_wio VoWo ì`pŠVMm gm_m{OH$ dJ© qH$dm ñVa ~XbV Zmhr.
2) ñV§^r` gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm (Vertical Social Mobility) : Ooìhm gm_m{OH$ dJmªÀ`m
loUr aMZoV ì`pŠV qH$dm g_yhm§Mr daÀ`m ñVamVyZ ImbÀ`m ñVamV qH$dm ImbÀ`m ñVamVyZ daÀ`m
ñWamV Aer hmbMmb hmoVo Voìhm ñV§^r` J{VerbVm KS>Vo. ñV§^ra J{VerbVoMo XmoZ àH$ma hmoVmV.
A) CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm (Upward Social Mobility) : H${Zð> qH$dm ImbÀ`m
gm_m{OH$ ñVamVyZ qH$dm dJm©VyZ Ë`mnojm daÀ`m qH$dm loð> XOm© Agboë`m gm_m{OH$ ñVamV qH$dm
dJm©V ì`pŠV qH$dm g_yhmZo àdoe H$aUo åhUOo CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm hmo`. EImXr ì`pŠV
H${Zð> gm_m{OH$ dJm©VyZ _Ü`_ dJm©V qH$dm _Ü`_ dJm©VyZ CÀM dJm©V Amnë`m H$V©¥ËdmZo OmD$Z
nmohmoMVo Voìhm CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm åhUVmV. EImXm àmW{_H$ {ejH$ ñnYm© narjoV èñdr
hmoD$Z {Oëhm{YH$mar Pmbm Va Ë`mMm gm_m{OH$ ñVa C§MmdVmo Am{U CÜd©Jm_r J{V{ebVm KS>Vo.
~) AYmoJm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm (Downward Social Mobility) : EImXr ì`pŠV qH$dm
g_yh daÀ`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©dê$Z ImbÀ`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©da Kgabr åhUOoM H${Zð> nmVirda Ambr
Va AYmoJm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm KS>V.o EImÚm CÀMnXñW A{YH$mè`mbm bmMbwMnVrÀ`m JwÝhçm~Ôb
Vwé§JdmgmMr {ejm Pmbr Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Cn{OdrHo$gmR>r Ë`m§À`mda hbH$sgbH$s H$m_o H$aÊ`mMr doi
Ambr Va AYmoJm_r gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm KSy>Z òVo.
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3) Am§Va{nT>r J{VerbVm (Intergenerational Mobility) : ñV§^r` J{VerbVm XmoZ qH$dm
A{YH$ {nT>çm§À`m H$mimV KSy>Z òD$ eH$Vo. EImÚm Hw$Qw>§~mMm XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ {nT>çm§Mm XOm© ~XbyZ
nyduÀ`m VwbZoV daÀ`m qH$dm ImbÀ`m dJm©V g_mdoe hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXm. g\$mB© H$m_JmamMm _wbJm
g§JUH$ A{^`§Vm hmoD$ eHo$b. dS>rb eoV_Oya AgVrb nU _wbJm gaH$mar A{YH$mar hmoB©b.
Am§Va{nT>rVrb CÜd©Jm_r J{VerbVoMr hr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
4) {nT>r A§VJ©V J{VerbVm (Intragenerational Social Mobility) : EH$mM ì`pŠVÀ`m OrdZmV
KSy>Z òUmar ñV§^r` J{VerbVm åhUOo {nT>r A§VJ©V J{VerbVm hmo`. {ejH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmar
ì`pŠV nwT>rb H$mhr dfm©V _§ÌrnXmda Jobr Va Vr {nT>r A§VJ©V CÜd©Jm_r J{VerbVm AgVo. nU
AmB©dS>rbm§Zr {_i{dbobr g§nÎmr _wbmZr ì`gZmnm`r KmbdyZ Q>mH$br Am{U Z§Va Ë`m§Zm Jar~rV {Xdg
H$mT>mdo bmJbo Va Vr {nT>r A§VJ©V AYmoJm_r J{VerbVm R>aVo.
B
gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm à^mdrV H$aUmao KQ>H$ :
g_mOmVrb J{VerbVm à^mdrV H$aUmao H$mhr KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb. CXm. Ë`mË`m
g_mOmVrb ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n VmR>a Amho H$s Iwbo Amho. VgoM CÚmoJY§ÚmMm {dH$mg Am{U
eharH$aUmMr dmT>, {ejUmÀ`m gmo`r Am{U àgma, {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg, ì`mdgm{`H$
J{VerbVobm dmd, XiUdiU Am{U g§nH©$ _mÜ`_m§Mr CnbãYVm `mdahr J{VerbVm Adb§~yZ AgVo.
g_mOmMr _yë`ì`dñWm Am{U VmËdrH$ Ñï>rH$moZ, VgoM ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr `m gd© KQ>H$mda Ë`m Ë`m
g_mOmVrb J{VerbVoMo à_mU d ñdê$n Adb§~yZ AgVo.
B
{ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm (Education and Social Mobility) :
{ejU d gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmVrb nañnag§~§YmMm gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVoda àË`j à^md {XgyZ
òVmo. {dÚmÏ`mªMr gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r Am{U Ë`m§Mm emioVrb àdoe, Aä`mgH«$_mMr {ZdS>, Ë`m§À`m
AmH$m§jm Am{U {ejU nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va ì`dgm`mVrb nXmn©U `m§Mm g§~§Y AgVmo. {dÚmÏ`m©À`m Amnë`m
^mdr Am`wî`mVrb AmH$m§jm Ë`m§À`m dS>rbm§À`m ì`dgm`mer {ZJS>rV Agy eH$VmV. Ë`m_wioM H${Zð>
OmVtÀ`m Am{U IoS>çmnmS>çmVë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr Üòò d AmH$m§jm Am{U CÀM OmVrÀ`m d ehar {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
AmH$m§jm `mV V\$mdV {XgyZ òVo. darð> dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm H${Zð> dJm©Vrb {dÚmÏ`mªnojm A{YH$
Mm§Jë`m e¡j{UH$ gmo`r gw{dYm Am{U `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Zhr {_iVo. Á`m§À`m nmbH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
Mm§Jbr AgVo Ago {dÚmWu CÀM {ejU KoD$Z Mm§Jbr Am{W©H$ àmßVr Agboë`m à{Vð>rV ì`dgm`mV
nXmn©U H$ê$ eH$VmV. Á`m A{e{jV bmoH$m§Zr eoVr, ì`mnma, ì`dgm` d CÚmoJmV Mm§Jbr Am{W©H$ àmßVr
Ho$br Amho Ë`m§Mr _wbo CÀM {ejU KoVmZm {XgVmV.
H${Zð> ñVamVrb _wbm§Zr CÀM {ejU KoVbo Va Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m doVZmÀ`m ZmoH$è`m {_iy eH$VmV.
Voìhm Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr Am{W©H$ nmVir C§MmdVo. {edm` g_mOmV Ë`m§Mr à{Vð>mhr dmT>Vo. H${Zð> Am{U
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Añn¥í` OmVrVrb _wbm§Mo ^md{ZH$ g_m`moOZ `m~m~V H$m§hr g_ñ`m Agë`m Var {ejU hmM Ë`m§Zm
à{Vð>m Am{U CÀM gm_m{OH$ XOm© {_idyZ XoUmam _mJ© ~Zbm Amho. CÀM {ejU KoVboë`m _{hbm§Zmhr
g_mOmV MmJbm XOm© {_iVmo. H$m§hr Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr Iyn Mm§Jbr AgVo nU Oa Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m _wbm§Zm Mm§Jbo {ejU {Xbo Zmhr Va Ë`m§Zm g_mOmV à{Vð>m {_iV Zmhr.
{dÚmÏ`mªà_mUoM {ejH$m§À`m J{VerbVoMmhr {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mimV g_mOmV
{ejH$m§Zm AmXamMo ñWmZ hmoVo. ~hþg§»` {ejH$ CÀM OmVrVrb Agm`Mo nU AmVm doJdoJiçm àH$maMr
gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_r Agbobo Vê$U {ejH$s noemV Ambo AmhoV. d¡ÚH$s` Am{U A{^`m§{ÌH$s joÌmVë`m
BVH$s Am{W©H$ àmßVr `m ì`dgm`mV Zgbr Var {ejUjoÌ, {ejH$ `m§Zm g_mOmV _mÝ`Vm Am{U à{Vð>m
Amho. CÀM {ejUmÀ`m joÌmV {deof JwUdÎmm AgUmè`m A{Vhþema {ejH$m§Zm g§emoYZmgmR>r _moR>o
Am{W©H$ ghmæ` {_iVo. naXoemV à{ejU, n[afXm Am{U e¡j{UH$ n[ag§dmXmgmR>r OmÊ`mMr g§Yr
{_iVo. {d{eï> {dÚmemIoVrb VÁk åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_iVo. ghm{OH$M Ë`m§Mm XOm© AmUIr C§MmdVmo.
^maVmgma»`m eoVràYmZ XoemVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zm nmpíM_mË` {ejUmVyZM AZoH$ Jmoï>r g_Oë`m.
`m {ejUmVyZ ñdmV§Í`, _mZdVm, g_Vm `m {dMmam§Mr AmoiI Pmbr. {~«Q>rem§À`m H$mimV Y_©, OmV,
qbJ, `m~m~VMo ôXmôX Z _mZVm {ejU KoÊ`mMr g§Yr H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zm {_imbr. {ejUmÀ`m àgmam~amo~a
OmVrì`dñWoMr ì`mdgm{`H$ ~mOy H$_Hw$dV hmoV Jobr. ì`dgm` hm EH$ ñVarH$aUmMm AmYma ~Zbm.
AmYw{ZH$ {ejUm_wio ì`dgm`m§À`m AZoH$ g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`m. Amnë`m OmVtMo nma§nm[aH$ ì`dgm`
gmoSy>Z XoD$Z A{YH$ H$m`Xoera Aem ZdrZ ì`dgm`mH$S>o bmoH$ diy bmJbo. bmoH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
gwYmabr. CÀM XOm© Agboë`m Hw$Qw>§~mer d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y nmpíM_mË` OrdZe¡br, gwYmaUmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZ
`m§À`m AmYmao bmoH$m§Zm g_mOmV à{Vð>m {_imbr. CÜd©Jm_r J{VerbVoMm bmoH$ AZw^d KoD$ bmJbo.
{~«{Q>e amOdQ>rÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV ZdrZ {ejU nÕVrMo Am{W©H$ d BVa \$m`Xo CÀM
OmVrZmM {_imbo. nU Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _Ü`_ d H${Zð> OmVrZr _moR>çm à_mUmV {ejUmH$S>o Ymd
KoVbr. H$m§hr ehamV Y_© d OmVtÀ`m {ZH$fmda _§S>im§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr {ejU g§ñWm§Mr
ñWmnZm H$ê$Z {eî`d¥Î`m Am{U {dÚmWu dñVrJ¥hm§Mr gmo` Ho$br. {d{eï> OmVt_Üò {ejUmMm àgma
H$aÊ`m_Üò Ë`m§Zr Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar Ho$br. _mÌ {dÚmWu àdoe, {ejH$ âVr `mV JwUdÎmonojm BVa
KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎd {Xbo. H$m§hr g§ñWm§Zr CÀM XOm©Mo {ejU d JwUdÎmm `m§Zm àmYmÝ` {Xbo. npãbH$ ñHy$b,
H$mÝìhoQ> ñHy$b Am{U V§Ì{ZHo$VZo gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ {ejUì`dñWoV Zdr loUr aMZm AmH$ma KoD$
bmJbr. CÀM XOm©À`m {ejUmVrb g§Yr~m~V d[að> dJ© Am{U H${Zð> dJ© `m§À`mV ñnYm© gwê$ Pmbr.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ñdmdb§~ZmZo CÀM {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m dmT>V Mmbbr
Amho. ZmoH$ar H$ê$Z {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`m©gmR>r gm`§àembm d _hm{dÚmb`m§Mr gmo` Pmbr. ñdmÜ`m`
_hm{dÚmbò, ~{hñW {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r {ejUmMr gmo` Ho$br Amho. Amnbr e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm dmT>dyZ
nydunojm daÀ`m nXmda OmÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`m§Zm {_iV Amho. ñdH$ï>mda {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r
AZoH$ gw{dYm AmVm CnbãY AmhoV.
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ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {ejUmMm gmd©ÌrH$ àgma Pmbm. KQ>ZoZo ZmJarH$m§Zm AZoH$ hŠH$
àXmZ Ho$bo. àmW{_H$ {ejU gdm©gmR>r _mo\$V d gŠVrMo H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU pñdH$maë`m_wbo IoS>çmnmS>çmV
{ejUmÀ`m gw{dYm {_imë`m. Am{W©H$ Ñï>çm _mJmg {dÚmÏ`m©gmR>r \$s _m\$sMr gmo` Ho$ë`m_wio gd©
OmVtÀ`m Jar~ _wbm§Zm {ejU {_iy bmJbo. {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV am{hboë`m AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVr d
BVa _mJmg dJu`m§À`m {ejUmH$S>o gaH$maZo Img bj nwa{dbo. AZoH$ godm^mdr {ejUg§ñWm§Zr Xoeâ
{ejU àgmamMo H$m_ hmVr KoVbo Amho. Aem g§ñWm§Zm gaH$ma AZwXmZ XoVo.
3.2.4.1 A) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ :
1) H$moUË`m ñVarH$aUmV J{VerbVobm dmd AgVmo.
2) ñV§^r` gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVoMo XmoZ àH$ma H$moUVo AmhoV.
4) ì`dgm`m§À`m AZoH$ g§Yr H$em_wio CnbãY Pmë`m.
4) ^maVmV {ejUmMm gmd©{ÌH$ àgma H$moUË`m H$mimV Pmbm.
3.2.4 ~) {ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z :
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z ho gd© _mZdr g_mOm§Mo EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho. gd© g_mOmV gmÜ`m
AdñWonmgyZ àJV Am¡Úmo{JH$ AdñWon`ªV gmVË`mZo ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. doJdoJiçm g_mOmVrb
n[adV©ZmMr JVr d à_mU `mV WmoS>m\$ma \$aH$ Agob nU H$moUË`mhr ñdê$wnmMo n[adV©ZM KSy>Z òV
Zmhr Agm g_mOM gmnS>V Zmhr. ñW¡`© Am{U n[adV©Z hr g_mOmMr gmnoj Aer d¡{eï>ço AmhoV.
àËòH$ g_mO Ogm ñWra AgVmo VgmM Vmo J{Verbhr AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM Va g_mOemómÀ`m àma§^
H$mimnmgyZ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m Aä`mgmH$S>o g_mOemókmZr bj {Xbo Amho.
Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr g_mOmV ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmBVHo$M g_mOmV n[ad©VZ
KSdyZ AmUUmè`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmbm _hÎd {Xbo hmoVo. H$m°åV Z§VaÀ`m h~©Q>© ñnoÝga, E{_b Sw>aImB©_,
H$mb©_mŠg©, _°Šgdo~a `m g_mOemókmZr n[adV©ZmMo qMVZ d g§emoYZ `mV `moJXmZ {Xbo Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemókmZr Va n[adV©ZmÀ`m Aä`mgmH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo Amho.
B
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr g§H$ënZm :
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m~m~VÀ`m H$m§hr ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
1) h°ar Om°ÝgZ :""_yb^yV AWm©Zo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoVrb ~Xb hmo`.''
In its basic Sence Social Change means change in Social Structure - Harry Johnson
2) {Q>eoba ìhm`Q>Z d h§Q>a : g_mmOÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZmV XO}, g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$
g§aMZoV KSy>Z òUmè`m ~Xbm§Mm gm_m{OH$ n[ad©VZmV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
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Social change consists of alterations in society's social organization, statues,
institutions and social structure.
3) _m°[ag {JÝg~J© `m§À`m _Vo "A{^d¥Îmr Am{U lÕm `m§À`mV hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mmhr gm_m{OH$
n[adV©Z `m g§koV g_mdoe Ho$bm OmUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU `m KQ>H$m_wioM gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {Q>Hy$Z
ahmVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m ~amo~aM Ë`m ~XbVmV.
Term social change must also include changes in attitudes and beliefs in so far as
they sustain insittutions and change with them.
`m{edm` AmUIr H$mhr g_mOemókmZr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m
AmhoV. nU Ë`m gd© ì`m»`m§Mm Ame` g_mZ AgmM Amho. `m ì`m»`m§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z Ago åhUVm
òB©b H$s, gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo H$mhr n¡by AmhoV Vo Ago H$s,
1) gm_m{OH$ _yë`mVrb n[adV©Z.
2) gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm_Yrb n[adV©Z.
3) gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmVrb ~Xb.
4) ^y{_H$mYmaH$m§À`m A{^dÎmr Am{U lÕm_Yrb n[adV©Z.
5) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z d gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z `m§V \$aH$ Amho.
6) n[adV©Z hr VQ>ñV g§H$ënZm Amho.
VgoM gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z hr gmd©ÌrH$ ñdê$nmMr KQ>Zm Amho. àËòH$ g_mOmV n[adV©ZmMr JVr
{^Þ AgVo Am{U n[adV©Z AQ>i, An[ahm`© Aer ~m~ Amho. VgoM n[adV©Z hr VwbZm H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIr
~m~ Amho.
B
{ejU d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
(Eucation and Social Change) :
g_mOmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$ EH$Ì òD$Z g§KQ>rVnUo à`ËZ H$aVmV Voìhm gm_m{OH$
eŠVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m eŠVrZm amOH$s`, Am¡Úmo{JH$, Ym{_©H$ Aem Zm§dmZo g§~moYbo OmVo. {d{dY
joÌm_Üò ZdrZ {dMma d ZdrZ _yë`m§Mo àdV©Z hmoD$Z H«$m§Vr KS>yZ òVo Ë`mVyZ g_mO aMZoÀ`m {d{dY
KQ>H$mV Omo ~Xb KSy>Z òVmo Ë`mbm g_mOemók gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z åhUVmV.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ejU hr XoIrb EH$ _hÎdmMr ì`dñWm _mZbr Jobr Amho. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$
n[adV©ZmgmR>r {ejUmZo nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm Aer Anojm {ejUm~amo~aM BVa joÌmVrb {dMmad§Vm§Zr ì`ŠV
Ho$br Amho. {ejUmVrb `m g_Ï`mªMm emoY AmOÀ`m H$mimV bmJbm Amho Ago Zmhr. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ
AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr {ejUmbm VÎdkmZmMo {H«$`merb A§J _mZbo Amho. Amnbr VmÎdrH$ {dMmagaUr
bmoH$m§À`m ê$O{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {ejUmMm AmYma KoVbm. ^maVmV B§J«Om§Mo amÁ` pñWa Pmë`mZ§Va
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Ë`m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam ZmoH$adJ© {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMmM dmna Ho$bm.
Ë`mZ§Va ZdamîQ´>{Z{_©VrgmR>r _hmË_m Jm§YrZr _ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. {ejU {df`H$ Am`moJmZr
XoemVrb g_ñ`m, Ë`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ Am{U XoemMm {dH$mg `m nmíd©^y_rda {ejUmMm Cn`moJ H$gm
H$ê$Z ¿`mdm `mMm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV {ejU hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z AmUUmar
à^mdr eŠVr Amho ho gd©_mÝ` Pmbo Amho.
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m joÌmV {ejUmMr H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m pñdH$mamgmR>r _XV : g_mOmV Ooìhm H$m§hr ~Xb KSy>Z òVmV
Voìhm {d{dY g§ñWm§Mr aMZm d H$m`©nX²YVr ~XbV AgVo. Ë`mdoir H$m§hr bmoH$m§Mo Aem ~Xbm~amo~a
ghOnUo g_m`moOZ hmoVo. _mÌ H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zm Aem ~Xbm~amo~a OwidyZ KoUo H$R>rU hmoVo. Aemdoir
Mm§Jbo ~Xb gd© bmoH$m§Zr pñdH$mamdoV ho {ejUmMo C{Ôï>ç ~ZVo. ^maVmV ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm
Am{U {ddmhg§ñWoV Pmboë`m ~Xbmer gwg§JVr {Z_m©U H$aUo H$R>rU Pmbo hmoVo. _mÌ Oo WmoS>o gw{e{jV
bmoH$ hmoVo Ë`m§Zr Aem ~XbmMo \$m`Xo Vm~S>Vmo~rZo AmoiIbo hmoVo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {ejUmMm gmd©{ÌH$
àgma Pmbm Am{U Aem ~XbmMo _hÎd Am{U Amdí`H$Vm bmoH$m§Zm nQ>br. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV gm_mÝ`Vm
ho gd©Ì _mÝ` Pmbo Amho H$s, g_mOm_Üò Ooìhm H$m§hr ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr JaO AgVo Voìhm Ë`m
~Xbmbm AZwHy$b Aer _mZ{gH$Vm bmoH$m§_Üò {Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. qH$~hÿZm Vgo Pmbo Zmhr
Va Ë`m ~Xbmbm {damoY hmoUo An[ahm`© AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV {ejUm_wio gm_m{OH$ ~Xbmbm AZwHy$b Aer
nmíd©^y_r g_mOmV {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U ~XbmMm pñdH$ma hmoVmo.
2) n[adV©ZmÀ`m {damoYmda _mV : g_mOmVrb H$m§hr KQ>H$m§Mr g_mOmVrb ZdrZ CnH«$_m§Mm
pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo. _mÌ H$mhr KQ>H$ Aem pñdH¥$Vrbm à{VH$ma H$aVmV. Aem à{VH$mamVyZ
nwT>o OmÊ`mgmR>r {ejU hm EH$ CÎm_ _mJ© Amho. {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo
_hÎd nQ>dyZ gm§{JVbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$ Amnbo nyd©J«h Am{U A§YlÕm Q>mHy$Z XoVmV Am{U H$m§hr
ZmdrÝ`nya© ~m~tMm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mg {gÕ hmoVmV.
3) ~XbmMo {díbofU : g_mOmV hmoUmè`m àËòH$ ~Xbm_wio Zoh_rM ì`pŠV Am{U g_mO `m§Mr
àJVr hmoVo Ago Zmhr. Ooìhm EImÚm ~Xbm_wio Ë`m g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ _yë`mV AnojrV ~Xb hmoVmV
VoìhmM g_mOmMr àJVr hmoVo Ago _mZbo OmoV. åhUyZM n[adV©Zm~m~V {díbofU Q>rH$m Am{U _yë`_mnZ
hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ho$di gw{e{jV ì`pŠVM `m~m~VMr C{MV Aer Q>rH$m H$ê$Z H$m§hr {dœm`H$ gyMZm
H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ho$di {ejUm_wioM ì`pŠVV ~wÕr H$m¡eë`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mMr Ë`mVyZ Mm§Jbo Am{U
Ë`m§À`mVbm \$aH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mMr Am{U H$m§hr _yë`m§Mr àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
n[adV©Zm~m~VMo {díbofU Am{U Q>rH$m `mVyZ A{Zð> ñdê$nmÀ`m ~Xbm§Zm à{V~§Y Ho$bm OmVmo Am{U
`mo½` Aem ~Xbm§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmVo. gd©M g_mOmV Ho$di gw{ejrV Am{U ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmXr
bmoH$m§À`m à`ËZmVyZ Vo eŠ` hmoVo.
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4) ZdrZ ~Xbm§Mm àma§^ : gw{ejrVm§Mm dJ© gmVË`mZo g_H$mbrZ g_mOmMo {díbofU H$arV
AgVmo Am{U dma§dma gwYmaUm~m~V gyMZm H$arV ahmVmo. Ë`m_wio Va gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m MiditZm
àma§^ hmoVmo. ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMm àgma Pmë`mZ§VaM gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m Midir J{V_mZ
Pmë`mMm AZw^d Amho. gw{ejrV Vê$Um§Zr nmpíM_mË` g_mOm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Am{U Amnë`m XoemVrb
g§ñWm~amo~a VwbZm Ho$br Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ambß`m g_mOmVrb AoZH$ A{Zð> gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r na§nam§À`m
{damoYmV bmoH$_V OmJ¥V Pmbo. CXm. ~mb{ddmh, {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmg ~§Xr, gVrMr Mmb, {ó`m§À`m
hŠH$m~m~VMr Ag_mZVm `m ~m~VMr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr bmoH$m§_Üò Pmbr. Ho$di {ejUm_wioM bmoH$m§Zm `m
g§X^m©Vrb ~XbmMr JaO g_OyZ Ambr Am{U Aem àH$mao gd© g_mOmVrb gw{e{jV dJ©M gm_m{OH$
gwYmaUoÀ`m MiditMm àma§^ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVmo Am{U {Z`§ÌUhr H$aVmo.
5) gm_m{OH$ ~XbmMo ZoV¥Îd : gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `mo½` {XeoZo ZoÊ`mgmR>r g_ñ`m~m~VMr
n[anyU© OmU Agboë`m g_W© ZoV¥ÎdmMr JaO AgVo Am{U Ago ZoV¥Îd Ho$di {ejUmVyZM KS>{dbo
OmVmV. g_mOH$ë`mUmÀ`m joÌmVrb H$m`©H$Ë`mªMo Ë`mX¥ï>rZo {ejU Pmbo VaM Vo Mm§Jbo Am{U dmB©Q>
`mVrb \$aH$ g_OyZ KoD$ eH$Vrb. ^maVmVrb {ejUmH$Sy>Z Aer Anojm Ho$br OmVo H$s, Ë`mVyZ
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m àËòH$ Q>ßß`mda g_W© ZoV¥Îd {Z_m©U Pmbo nm{hOo. bmoH$emhrÀ`m èpñdVogmR>r
Ver JaO Amho.
6) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmgmR>r bmoH${ejU : `mo½` nÕVrZo g§KQ>rV Ho$bobr ì`dñWmM bmoH$m§_Üò
gm_m{OH$ ~Xb pñdH$maÊ`mMr j_Vm {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vo. {ejUmÀ`m à^mdmVyZM ì`pŠV Ë`m§À`m
Mmbr[aVr Am{U na§nam§Mo {díbofU H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`mda {Q>H$m H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m MiditZm
ghH$m`© H$ê$ eH$VmV. B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg, A_o[aH$m d a{e`m B. XoemV Oo H«$m§VrH$maH$ gm_m{OH$ ~Xb KSy>Z
Ambo AmhoV Ë`mV {ejU ì`dñWoZo _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho.
7) kmZmÀ`m joÌmVrb àJVr : ZdZdrZ g§emoYZ Am{U emoY ho gd©ñdr {ejUmdaM Adb§~yZ
AgVmV. H$maU Ho$di gw{e{jV ì`pŠVM gd© joÌmVrb Zm{dÝ`mMm emoY KoD$ eH$VmV. A^m¡VrH$
g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àJVrgmR>r hr AemM bmoH$m§Mo ghmæ` {_iVo. kmZmÀ`m joÌmV ZdZdrZ emoY bmJVmV.
Am{U g_mOmH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m Q>rHo$bm Ë`mVyZ CÎma {_iVo. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ bmoH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr
Amdí`H$Vm nQ>Vo Aem àH$mao kmZmÀ`m joÌmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUyZ {ejU gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmbm
hmV^ma bmdrV AgVo.
darb gd© _wÚmdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, {ejUVÁk, {ejH$ Am{U emim `m§À`mV gm_m{OH$
n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr àM§S> eŠVr Amho. XmofnyU© {ejU nÕVr_wio g_mOmV H$m§hr àíZ {Z_m©U
hmoVmV. `mo½` {XeoZo g_mOmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {ejU ì`dñWoH$S>o bj XoÊ`mMr JaO AgVo.
{ejU hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMr EH$_od eŠVr Zgbr Var g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> g_moa R>odyZ
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`mo½` {XeoZo, àm_m{UH$nUo H$m`© H$aUmè`m Á`m Á`m eŠVr d g§ñWm AmhoV Ë`m§Zm {ejU CÎm_ àH$mao
ghH$m`© XoD$ eH$Vo. {ejUmVyZM ~XbmMo ^mî`H$ma Am{U g_mOgwYmaUoMo ZoV¥Îd `m§Mr OS>UKS>U hmoV
AgVo.
3.2.4.1 ~) ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ :
1) g_mOmV ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgBVHo$ _hÎd n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m
KQ>H$m§Zm H$moUr {Xbo.
2) _yb^yV AWm©Zo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoVrb ~Xb Ago H$moUr åhQ>bo
Amho.
3) ^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zm H$moUË`m XmoZ g§ñWmV Pmboë`m ~Xbmer gwg§JVr {Z_m©U H$aUo H$R>rU
Pmbo hmoVo.
4) gw{ejrV dJ© H$moUË`m Midir gwê$ H$aVmo.
3.3 gmam§e (Let us sumup) :
{ejU d g_mO Am§Vag§~§Y `m {Vgè`m àH$aUmV AmnU {ejU Am{U g_mOmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m
à{H«$`m Am{U ì`dñVm `m§À`mVrb nañnag§~§Y d à^mdmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. n{hë`m KQ>H$mÀ`m
Aä`mgmVyZ AmnUmg ho g_OyZ Ambo Amho H$s, Hw$Qw>§~mV ì`ŠVrÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMr gwadmV hmoV Agbr
Var BVa AZoH$ _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`pŠVMo g_mOrH$aU hmoV Agob Var ì`pŠVÀ`m n[anyU© g_mOrH$aUmgmR>r
{ejU ho gdm©V _hÎdmMo _mÜ`_ Amho. {ejUmVyZ ì`pŠVda Oo g§ñH$ma hmoVmV. ì`pŠVbm Or H$m¡eëò
àmßV hmoVmV Ë`mVyZ ì`pŠV ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg Va hmoVmoM {edm` ì`pŠV EH$ g_mO Cn`wŠV KQ>H$
~ZVo.
Xwgè`m KQ>H$m_Üò gm_m{OH$ ñVaaMZoÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ ñVaaMZoMo {ZH$f d àH$ma g_OyZ òVmV.
gÎmm, g§nÎmr, à{Vð>m `m gdmªZmM hì`mem dmQ>Umè`m ~m~r {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejU hm EH$ _mJ© Amho.
Am{U {ejUm_wio g_mOmÀ`m nma§nm[aH$ ñVaaMZoda H$gm à^md nS>Vmo ho g_OVo.
{Vgè`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmYw{ZH$sH$aU à{H«$òMo ñdê$n g_OyZ òVo. {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ, àJV {dMmagaUr
`m§Mm àgma {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoVmo. {ejUm_wio g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmbm MmbZm {_iVo.
H¥$fràYmZ {dH$gZerb g_mOm§Mo {d{dY joÌmVrb AmYw{ZH$sH$aU KS>dyZ AmUVmZm {ejmMr H$er
_XV Pmbr Amho ho g_OyZ òVo.
Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mÀ`m "A' ^mJmV {ejU Am{U J{VerbVm `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y bjmV òVmo. g_mOmVrb
gd© ì`pŠV nydu nojm daMo ñWmZ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio J{VerbVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
g_mOmVrb AZoH$ ñWmZo nydu d§ena§naoZo {_iV hmoVr. nU AmVm ì`pŠVÀ`m H$V¥©Ëdmbm _hÎd Ambo
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Amho. gd© OmVr Y_m©À`m bmoH$m§Zm d[að> dJm©V àdoe {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMm _moR>m AmYma {_imbm
Amho. ho g_OyZ òVo. ~ ^mJmV {ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z `m§Mm Am§Va g§~§Y g_OyZ òVmo.
H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV ~Xb hmoÊ`mg AZoH$ KQ>H$ O~m~Xma Agbo Var {Z`moOZ~Õ nÕVrZo g_mOmV
AnojrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV {ejU H$go ghmæ` H$aVo ho g_OyZ òVo. WmoS>Š`mV {ejU d g_mO
`m§Mm Am§Vag§~§Y nañnaà^md `m ~m~tMoAmH$bZ `m àH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ hmoVo.
3.4 nm[a^mfrH$ g§km :
g_mOrH$aU.
1)
Sociolization -
2)
Stratification - ñVarH$aU.
3)
Modernization - AmYw{ZH$sH$aU.
4)
Mobility - J{VerbVm
5)
Closed Stratification - ~§X
6)
Upward Social Mobility - CÜd©Jm_r
7)
Downward Social Mobility - AYmoJm_r
8)
Social Values - gm_m{OH$
ñVarH$aU
gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVm
gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm.
_yëò.
3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :
3.2.1.1 EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV ì`pŠV Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr AmË_gmV H$aVo.
2) ì`pŠVÀ`m n[anyU© g_mOrH$aUmgmR>r Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMr JaO AgVo.
3) kmZXmZ d H$m¡eëò {Z{_©Vr hr emioMr _yb^yV H$m`} AmhoV.
4) g_mOrH$aU ho emioMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho Ago Sw>aImB©_Zo åhQ>bo Amho.
3.2.2.1 EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) g_mOmV gÎmm, g§nÎmr d à{Vð>m `m§Mo dmQ>n {df_ nÕVrZo Pmbobo AmhoV.
2) dJ©, nj Am{U XOm© g_yh hr ñVarH$aUmMr n[a_mUo _°Šg do~a `m§Zr gm§{JVbr AmhoV.
3) ^maVmVrb OmVr ì`dñWm ho ~§X ñVarH$aU Amho.
4) ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$ ñVaaMZoV {ejUm_wio ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV.
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3.2.3.1 EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) AmYw{ZH$sH$aU à{H«$òMm Jm^m Y_©{Zanoj AgVmo Ago X. Zm. YZmJao `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
2) amï´>mamï´>mVrb nañna g§~§Ym§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo `wZmo gmaIr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmbr
Amho.
3) {ejU ho ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo à^mr gmYZ Amho Ago `moJ|ÐqgJ `m§Mo _V Amho.
4) nXdr n`ªV {ejU KoVboë`m bmoH$m§Mm AmYw{ZH$ loð>OZm_Üò g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3.2.4.1 A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) Iwë`m ñVarH$aUmV J{VerbVobm dmd AgVmo.
2) ñV§^r` gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVoMo CÜd©Jm_r d AYmoJm_r Ago XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.
3) AmYw{ZH$ {ejUm_wio ì`dgm`m§À`m AZoH$ g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`m AmhoV.
4) ^maVmV ñdmV§Í` àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {ejUmMm gmd©{ÌH$ àgma Pmbm.
3.2.4.2 ~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) Am°JñQ> H$m°åQ> `m§Zr g_mOmV ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmBVHo$ _hÎd n[adV©Z
KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m KQ>H$m§Zm {Xbo Amho.
2) _yb^yV AWm©Zo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoVrb ~Xb Ago h°ar Om°ÝgZ `m§Zr
åhQ>bo Amho.
3) ^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zm {ddmhg§ñWm Am{U Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm `m XmoZ g§ñWmV Pmboë`m ~Xbmer
gwg§JVr {Z_m©U H$aUo H$R>rU Pmbo hmoVo.
4) gw{e{jV dJ© gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m Midir gwê$ H$aUo.
3.6 J¥hnmR> (Exercise / Home Assignments) :
1) g_mOrH$aUmMr C{Ôï>o {deX H$am.
2) gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmMr n[aUm_o {deX H$am.
3) AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V {ejUmÀ`m H$m`m©Mr MMm© H$am.
4) {ejU d gm_m{OH$ J{VerbVm `m§À`mVrb nañnag§~§Y ñnï> H$am.
5) gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m joÌmVrb {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m `m~m~V MMm© H$am.
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3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1)
A sociological Approach to Indian Education : Dr. S S. Mathur.
2)
Papers in the Sociology of Education Edited by : M. S. Gore, I.P. Desai, Suma
Chitnis.
3)
B. V. Shah, K. B. Shah : Sociology of Education Rawat Publications.
4)
S. S. Chandra, Rajendra K. Sharma : Sociology of Education Atlantic
Publishers, New Delhi.
5)
S>m°. _. ~m. Hw§$S>bo : e¡j{UH$ VÎdkmZ d e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó, lr {dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo.
6) S>m°. gO}amd gmiw§Io : g_mOemómVrb _yb^yV g§H$ënZm, Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwUo -2.
T
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KQ>H$ : 4
{ejUmMr gmYZo qH$dm _mÜ`_o
(Agencies of Education)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 C{Ôï>o
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ
4.3.1 Hw$Qw>§~
4.3.2 emim
4.3.3 àgma _mÜ`_o (OZg§nH©$ gmYZo)
4.3.4 {ejH$ EH$ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ (H$maU)
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
4.5 gmam§e
4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR>
4.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
4.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
4.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
`m Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr {ejUmMr gmYZo qH$dm _mÜ`_o Aä`mgUma AmhmV. {ejUmMm Ame`
{eH$Umè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda åhUOoM {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _Zmda q~~{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aUmè`m
KQ>H$m§Zm {ejUmMr gmYZo qH$dm _mÜ`_o (Agencies of education) Ago åhUVmV. `mg§X^m©V
Hw$Qw>§~, emim, àgma _mÜ`_o Am{U {ejH$ øm Mma gmYZm§Mo H$m`© Vwåhr øm KQ>H$mV g_OmdyZ KoUma
AmhmV. gmYmaUnUo Hw$Qw>§~ d àgma_mÜ`_o hr gmYZo AZm¡nMm[aH$nUo {ejU XoVmV Va emim d {ejH$
hr gmYZo Am¡nMm[aH$nUo {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV Ago _mZbo OmVo. VWm{n, Hw$Qw>§~ d àgma_mÜ`_o hr
XoIrb AmO g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$m§hr ~m~tMo kmZ Am¡nMm[aH$nUo H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V àË`j - AàË`jnUo
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gh^mJr hmoVmZm {XgVmV. Va emim d {ejH$ hr XmoZ gmYZo Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU XoÊ`m~amo~aM AZoH$
Jmoï>tMo kmZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm AZm¡nMm[aH$nUo XoV AgVmV. {dÚmWu emioV {ejH$mH$Sy>Z AZoH$ Jmoï>r
H$iVZH$iVnUo AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrZo {eH$V AgVmV. `m {R>H$mUr Vwåhr øm Mma gmYZm§Mo ñdê$n d
{ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
4.2 C{Ôï>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm :B
{ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~mMo H$m`© ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
B
{ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUOo emioMr ^y{_H$m {deX H$aVm òB©b.
B
{ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ àgma _mÜ`_m§Mo ñWmZ gm§JVm òB©b.
B
n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :
`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr {ejUmMr {d{dY gmYZo g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. {ddoMZmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r `m
KQ>H$mMo Mma {d^mJ nmS>bo AmhoV. n{hë`m {d^mJmV {ejUmMo gmYZ åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m H$m`m©Mo {ddoMZ
H$aÊ`mV òB©b. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV {ejUmMo gmYZ åhUyZ emioMr ^y{_H$m {deX Ho$br OmB©b. {Vgè`m
{d^mJmV àgma _mÜ`_m§Mo {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb ñWmZ H$m` Amho `mMr MMm© Ho$br OmB©b. Va eodQ>À`m
Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmV n[adV©ZmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m {deX Ho$br OmB©b.
4.3.1 Hw$Qw>§~-{ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ :
Hw$Qw>§~ hr gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMr _yb^yV Aer gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho. _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m
CX²{dH$mgmVrb Hw$Qw>§~ hr n{hbr AdñWm AgyZ gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm AmYma^yV KQ>H$ Amho. H$maU Hw$Qw>§~
ì`ŠVrÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$m_V¥ßVr, ~mbg§JmonU, g_mOrH$aU, _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ g§ajU BË`mXr Va g_mOmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo g§ñH¥$Vr-g§H«$_U, g_mO gmVË` `mgmaIr H$m`} nma nmS>Vo. Hw$Qw>§~mMo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`©
åhUOo ì`ŠVrbm {ejU XoUo ho hmo`. Hw$Qw>§~ hr AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMo EH$ _hÎdnyU© gmYZ _mZbo OmVo.
Hw$Qw>§~mMo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m d d¡{eï>ço WmoS>Š`mV g_OmdyZ
KoUo C{MV R>aob.
B
Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m :
1) _me©b OmoÝg : Hw$Qw>§~ hr b¢{JH$ g§~§Ymda AmYmabobr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AgyZ àOmoËnmXZ d
~mbg§JmonZ hr {VMr H$m`} AmhoV.
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2) qH$~mb `§J : Hw$Qw>§~ hm Agm gm_m{OH$ g_yh Amho, H$s Á`m_Üò EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ nwéf Am{U
EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ {ó`m Amnë`m ñdV:À`m qH$dm XÎmH$ KoVboë`m AnË`mgh {ZXmZ AnËò _moR>r
hmoB©Vmon`ªV Var EH$mM KamV amhVmV.
B
Hw$Qw>§~mMr d¡{eï>ço :
1) {ddmh ~§YZ : XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ {^Þ{b§Jr` ì`ŠVr_Yrb b¢{JH$ åhUOoM d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Ymda
Hw$Qw>§~mMr C^maUr hmoVo.
2) aŠVg§~§Y : Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§_Üò åhUOo nVr, nËZr d Ë`m§Mr AnËò `m§À`mV aŠVg§~§Y
AgVmV. VgoM nVr-nËZrMo Á`m§À`mer aŠVg§~§Y AmhoV Ë`m§À`mer Ë`m§À`m AnË`m§Mo aŠVg§~§Y àñWm{nV
hmVmV. _mÌ _mVm-{nVm d Ë`m§Mr XÎmH$ AnËò d gmdÌ _mVm qH$dm {nVm d Ë`m§Mr AnËò `m§À`mVrb
aŠVg§~§Y Iao ZgyZ J¥hrV Yabobo AgVmV.
3) {Ûnjr`Vm : Hw$Qw>§~ {Ûnjr` g_yh Amho. H$maU Ë`m_Üò {nË`mH$S>rb (H$mH$m, AmË`m B.) d
_mVoH$S>rb (_m_m, _mder B.) ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo.
4) g_mZ {ZdmgñWmZ : gmYmaUV: Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` EH$mM {R>H$mUr {Zdmg H$aVmV. VWm{n,
H$m_Y§ÚmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Vo doJdoJiçm {R>H$mUrhr amhVmV.
5) ^mdZmË_H$Vm : H$m_V¥ßVr, àOmoËnmXZ, dmËgë`, ào_g§nmXZ, d§em{^_mZ, d§ed¥Õr, Am{W©H$
pñWaVm, _mbH$s hŠH$ B. ^md^mdZm Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _wimer AmhoV.
6) AJ«Vm : ì`ŠVrda à^md Q>mH$Ê`mÀ`m à{H«$òV Hw$Qw>§~ AJ«^mJr Amho. H$maU ì`ŠVrMm OÝ_ d
nmbZnmofU Hw$Qw>§~mVM hmoVo. ~mH$sÀ`m g§ñWm§Mm à^md ì`ŠVrda Hww$Qw>§~mZ§Va nS>Vmo.
7) CÎmaXm{`Ëd : BVa H$moUË`mhr g_yh d g§ñWonojm ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~m{df`r A{YH$
O~m~XmarMr OmUrd AgVo. ì`ŠVr Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r dmQ>ob Vmo Ë`mJ d H$ï> H$aÊ`mg V`ma AgVo.
8) {Z`§ÌU : Hw$Qw>§~ ì`ŠVr d g_mO XmoÝhrÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo _hÎdmMo Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY A§JmMo
{Z`§ÌU g_mOmÛmao Ho$bo OmVo.
9) bhmZ AmH$ma : Hw$Qw>§~ gdm©V bhmZ gm_m{OH$ g_yh Amho. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ` g§»`m Ordemór`
{Z`_mZwgma {ZpíMV hmoV Agë`mZo ì`ŠVrbm ñdBÀN>oZwgma Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma dmT>{dVm òV Zmhr.
Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm hr ì`ŠVr d g_mO øm XmoKm§À`mhr Ñ{ï>Zo AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© H$m`} nma nmS>Vo. `m{R>H$mUr
Vwåhr Hw$Qw>§~ {ejUmMo gmYZ åhUyZ nma nmS>rV Agbobo H$m`© åhUOoM Ë`mMo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© g_OmdyZ
KoUma AmhmV.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...5
B {ejUmMo
gmYZ åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~mMo H$m`© :
Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m d d¡{eï>ço Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr {ejUmMo gmYZ åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~ nma
nmS>rV Agbobo H$m`© g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. Hw$Qw>§~mMo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b.
1) Hw$Qw>§~ : AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMo gdm©V à^mdr gmYZ :
{ejU åhUOo ~Xb, {dH$mg qH$dm g§ñH$ma Agm AW© KoVë`mg Hw$Qw>§~ ho AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMo
gdm©V à^mdr Ago gmYZ Amho. AZwH$aU hr {eH$Ê`mMr EH$ _hÎdmMr nÕVr Amho. bhmZ _yb
AZwH$aUmÛmao AZoH$ Jmoï>r {eH$Vo. Am{U Vo AZwH$aU Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVtMo Ho$bo OmVo. ~mbd` ho IynM
g§ñH$maj_ AgVo. ~mbd`mV _wbm§À`m dV©Zmg hdo Vgo diU bmdVm òVo. \«$mB©S>À`m _Vo _wbmÀ`m
^mdr ì`pŠVËdmMr _yg d`mÀ`m nmMì`m dfm©n`ªVM Hw$Qw>§~mV V`ma hmoVo. `m _Vmda H$m§hr Amjon KoVm
òV Agbo Var ~mbd`mV òUmao AZw^d d hmoUmao g§ñH$ma ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠVËdmÀ`m {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m
OS>UKS>Urg _moR>çm à_mUmda H$maUr^yV R>aVmV ho ZmH$maVm òV Zmhr. åhUZyM Hw$Qw>§~mbm gm_m{OH$
OrdZmMr nmR>emim _mZbo OmVo. ào_, ~§YwËd, g§`_, ghH$m`©, ghOrdZ, ghmZw^yVr, g{hîUyVm,
H$V©ì`{Zð>m BË`mXtMo g§ñH$ma Hw$Qw>§~m{edm` BVa H$moUË`mhr g§ñWoV hmoV ZmhrV. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`mV
AH¥${Ì_ ào_ d {Oìhmim AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~ gXñ`m§_Üò godm^md, Ë`mJ, O~m~XmarMr OmUrd B.
gX²JwUm§Mo g§ñH$ma hmoVmV. åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~ ho AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMo gmYZ R>aVo.
2) Hw$Qw>§~ : g_mOrH$aUmMo gmYZ :
Hw$Qw>§~ ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMo _hÎdnyU© gmYZ Amho. AZoH$ g_mOemók {ejU XoUo åhUOo
ì`ŠVrMo g_mOrH$aU H$aUo hmo` Ago _mZVmV. CXm. {~gm§P Am{U {~gm§P `m§À`m _Vo ""{ejU hr
g_mOrH$aUMr g_mZmWu g§km Amho. Am{U {VÀ`m_Üò Aem à{H«$òMm g_mdoe hmoVmo, H$s {OÀ`mÛmao EH$
ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_yh g§ñH¥$VrMr KQ>H$VÎdo Xwgè`mH$S>o g§H«${_V H$aVmo.'' ì`ŠVrMm OÝ_ Am{U g§JmonZ
Hw$Qw>§~mV hmoVo. Hw$Qw>§~ ho ì`ŠVrMo n{hbo gm_m{OH$ n`m©daU AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AmB© dS>rb, ^mD$ ~{hU d
BVa ZmVodmB©H$ `m§À`mer hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§VyZ _yb AZoH$ Jmoï>r {eH$Vo. ImUo{nUo, nmofmI H$aUo,
^mfm ~mobUo, {eï>mMma nmiUo, gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ _yëò AmË_gmV H$aUo, nwT>rb Am`wî`mV nma
nmS>md`mÀ`m {d{dY ^y{_H$m§Mr (CXm. _mVm-{nVm, nVr-nËZr, {dÚmWu-{ejH$, ZoVm-AZw`m`r) Vm|S>
AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo d Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m A{^d¥Îmr, j_Vm, nmÌVm d H$m¡eëò _wbm§_Üò
{dH${gV H$aUo BË`mXr H$m`} Hw$Qw>§~ nma nmS>Vo. åhUyZM H$m°_°{ZAg hm {ejUVÁk ghm dfm©n`ªVÀ`m
_wbmÀ`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmg School of Mother's knee Ago åhUVmo. Va égmoZo Father is natural
teacher and Mother is the natural nurse Aem eãXmV Hw$Qw>§~mMm Jm¡ad Ho$bobm Amho. EH§$XarV
_wbmÀ`m g_mOrH$aUmMm nm`m Hw$Qw>§~mV KmVbm OmVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mV hmoUmè`m g§ñH$mamg "J¥hg§ñH$ma' Ago
åhUVmV. `m g§ñH$mamMm CÔoe _wbmg g§ñH¥$VrVrb {d{dY Jmoï>tMo kmZ H$ê$Z XoD$Z Ë`mbm ^mdr Am`wî`
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ì`dpñWVnUo OJÊ`mg nmÌ d g_W© ~Z{dUo hm AgVmo. ""{ejU åhUOo OrdZmMr V`mar'' Ago
_mZë`mg Ë`mMr gwê$dmV hr Hw$Qw>§~mV hmoV AgVo. AemàH$mao Hw$Qw>§~mMo g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òer åhUOoM
{ejU à{H«$òer K{Zð> ZmVo Amho. åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~ {ejUmMo gmYZ à^mdr gmYZ R>aVo.
3) Hw$Qw>§~ : Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmg ghmæ` H$aUmao gmYZ :
Hw$Qw>§~ ho Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU XoV Zmhr ho Iao. na§Vw Hw$Qw>§~ ho Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmbm qH$dm emioVyZ
{Xë`m OmUmè`m Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmg CÎm_ àH$mao ghmæ` H$aVo. _wbmg emioV KmbUo, Ë`mÀ`m {ejUmda
IM© H$aUo, _wbmÀ`m Aä`mgmH$S>o bj XoUo, Ë`mbm Aä`mgmMr d dmMZmMr gd` bmdUo, Ë`mÀ`m
AmdS>r {ZdS>r nwa{dUo, Ë`mÀ`mVrb gwßVJwUmg dmd XoUo, Ë`mÀ`mVrb H$bmË_H$ àd¥ÎmtZm CÎmoOZ XoUo
BË`mXr H$m`} Hw$Qw>§~M nma nmS>rV AgVo. _wbm§Zr H$moUVm Aä`mgH«$_ {ZdS>mdm åhUOo H$bm, dm{UÁ`,
{dkmZ, A{^`m§{ÌH$s, d¡ÚH$s`, H$m`Xm, H¥$fr, ì`dñWmnZ BË`mXrn¡H$s H$moUË`m emIog àdoe ¿`mdm
`m~m~VMm {ZU©` ~hþVm§er Hw$Qw>§~M KoV AgVo. qH$dm Vo Ë`m~m~V _wbmg _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVo. AmYw{ZH$
Hw$Qw>§~mVrb nmbH$ (_mVm-{nVm) ho ~hþYm CÀM{e{jV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo _wbm§Mm KamV Aä`mg KoUo,
J¥hnmR> nyU© H$aÊ`mg _wbm§Zm _XV H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ AS>MUr gmoS>{dUo BË`mXr H$m`} hr nma
nmS>rV AgVmV. AemàH$mao Hw$Qw>§~ hr Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMr nyaH$ g§ñWm Amho Ago åhUVm òVo.
4) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU :
Hw$Qw>§~ ho ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU XoÊ`mMo à^mdr gmYZ Amho. nma§nm[aH$ g_mOmV Hw$Qw>§~mg `mÑï>rZo
AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd hmoVo. AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMm {nR>çmZ²{nR>çm MmbV Ambobm EImXm ì`dgm` AgVmo.
Am{U Ë`m ì`dgm`mMo àmW{_H$ YS>o _wbo bhmZnUmnmgyZ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb d{S>bYmè`m _§S>irÀ`m hmVmImbr
{Ja{dV AgVmV. J«m_rU d Am{X_ g_mOmV AmOhr eoVr d VËg_ ì`dgm`mMo {ejU _wbm§Zm Hw$Qw>§~M
XoVmZm {XgVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va ZmJa g_mOmVrb AZoH$ ì`dgm`mV (CXm. ì`mnma d godm joÌmVrb
ì`dgm`) XoIrb _wbm§Zm nmbH$m§H$Sy>Z ì`dgm` {ejUm~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z {_iVo. CXm. ì`mnmè`mMr _wbo
bhmZnUmnmgyZ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m XwH$mZmV ì`mnma{df`H$ ì`dhmamMo YS>o KoV AgVmV. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVhr
AZoH$ _wbm§À`m ì`dgm`mMr {Xem hr Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m ì`dgm`mdê$Z {ZYm©[aV hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. CXm.
AmB©dS>rb S>m°ŠQ>a Agboë`m _wbm§Zmhr Vo S>m°ŠQ>a H$ê$ BpÀN>VmV Am{U d¡ÚH$s` {ejU nyU© H$aVmM Vr
_wbo Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m XdmImÝ`mV à°pŠQ>g H$ê$ bmJVmV. AZoH$ dH$sb _§S>irhr _wbmg H$m`ÚmMo {ejU XoD$Z
Amnë`m hmVmImbr d{H$br ì`dgm`mMr à°pŠQ>g H$amd`mg bmdVmV. AWm©V øm Jmoï>r AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV
gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmV AmT>iV ZmhrV. VWm{n, ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Hw$Qw>§~mg AmOhr ~è`mM
à_mUmV _hÎd Agë`mMo bjmV òVo.
5) {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Anojm :
AmO gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV _hÎdnyU© ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m aMZoV d
H$m`m©V XoIrb ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. `m ~XbË`m 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
n[apñWVrV Hw$Qw>§~mMo g§ñH$maj_, ñdén hr _mJo
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nS>V Mmbbo Amho. Ago Agbo Var Hw$Qw>§~mMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd H$_r Z hmoVm Hw$Qw>§~mdarb O~m~Xmar
dmT>VM Mmbbr Amho. {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z nwT>rb Anojm Ho$ë`m OmV AmhoV.
A) Hw$Qw>§~mMr O~m~Xmar : àËòH$ Hw$Qw>§~mZo {ejU hr Ho$di emioMr dm {ejH$m§Mr O~m~Xmar Z
_mZVm Vr Amnbr hr O~m~Xmar Amho Ago _mZyZ _wbm§À`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo.
~) Amamo½`mMr H$miOr : àËòH$ Hw$Qw>§~mZo _wbmÀ`m Amamo½`mMr `mo½` Vr H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo.
Ë`mgmR>r _wbm§Zm ñdÀN>VoÀ`m gd`r bmdUo, nmofH$ Amhma XoUo, ì`m`m_mMr gd` bmdUo, AmOmanUmV
_wbm§Mr godmgwlyfm H$aUo BË`mXr ~m~rH$S>o Hw$Qw>§~mZr bj {Xbo nm{hOo. _wbm§À`m emar[aH$ Amamo½`mMo
g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~mZo _wbm§À`m emar[aH$ {ejUmH$S>o bj nwadmdo.
H$) Z¡{VH$ g§ñH$ma : Hw$Qw>§~mZo _wbm§À`m _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r _wbm§da
Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma Ho$bo nm{hOoV. H$maU AmO emim-_hm{dÚmb`mV {Xbo OmUmao {ejU ho Y_©{Zanoj
(Secular) ñdê$nmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejUg§ñWm øm Ho$di kmZ d _m{hVrMo Zì`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$_U
H$aVmV d Ym{_©H$-Z¡{VH$ {ejU XoÊ`m{df`r CXm{gZVm ~miJVmV. Ë`m_wio Zì`m {nT>r_Üò ~o{eñVnUm
dmT>V Mmbbm Amho. AmYw{ZH$VoÀ`m ZmdmImbr _wbo AZoH$ ì`gZm§À`m d A{Zï> gd`tÀ`m Amhmar
Mmbbr AmhoV. Aem n[apñWVrV Hw$Qw>§~mZo _wbm§Zm {eñVnmbZ, g§`_, Mm[aÍ`, gMmoQ>r, gmYonUm,
Z_«Vm BË`mXr Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mo {ejU XoUo Ano{jV Amho. H$maU AmO Ago {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ~mOmé d
Jëbm^ê$ {ejUg§ñWm XoÊ`mMo Q>mirV AmhoV.
S>) bmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mo {ejU : AmYw{ZH$ OJ ho bmoH$emhr _mZUmao Amho. Ë`m_wio g_Vm,
ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, _mZdVm BË`mXr _wë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma _wbm§da Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbo nm{hOoV.
Y_©ôX, OmVrôX, qbJôX, d§eôX BË`mXtMo CÀMmQ>Z hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mo {ejU d g§ñH$ma
hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _mbH$m§Zr Hw$Qw>§~mV bmoH$emhr dmVmdaU R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r
nmbH$m§Zr CXma_VdmXr d g{hîUy d¥Îmr R>odmdr. _wb ho Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZyZ Ë`mbmhr ñdV§Ì
ì`pŠVÎd d à{Vð>m Amho `mMr OmUrd R>odyZ dmJmdo. Amnë`m AmdS>r {ZdS>r _wbm§da bmXy ZòV. Ë`m§À`m
gwßVJwUm§Zm dmd Úmdm. hþHy$_emhr d¥ÎmrZo Ë`m§À`mer dmJy Zò. {eñVnmbZmda â Úmdm nU Ë`m_Üò
XS>nemhr Zgmdr.
B) g_Ýd`dmXr OrdZmMo {ejU : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV doJmZo n[adV©Z
hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio OwÝ`m d Zì`m {nT>tÀ`m AmMma {dMmamV A§Va nS>V Amho. `mVyZ Ë`m§À`mV g§Kf©
CX²^dV Amho. Aem g§Kfm©À`m pñWVrV _wbo hr An[anŠd d Ag§_Og AgVmV `mMo ^mZ R>odyZ
nmbH$m§Zr "OwZo Vo gmZoo' Z _mZVm OwÝ`m d Zì`mMm `mo½` g_Ýd` gmYmdm. nyd©J«h{dahrVnUo OwÝ`m d
Zì`m Jmoï>tMo _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z Mm§Jë`m OwÝ`m Jmoï>tMo OVZ H$amdo VgoM Mm§Jë`m Zì`m Jmoï>tMmhr
IwbonUmZo ñdrH$ma H$amdm Am{U ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMo {ejU
_wbm§Zm Úmdo.
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4.3.2 emim : {ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ :
Hw$Qw>§~mZ§Va {ejUmMo Xwgao gmYZ åhUOo emim hmo`. emim hr Am¡nMm[aH$nUo {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r
{Z_m©U Ho$bobr Img g§ñWm Amho. {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yV© ñdê$n åhUOo emim hmo`. emim ho
{ejUmMo H$m`© H$go nma nmS>Vo ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r àW_ emim åhUOo H$m` ho nmhÿ.
B emioMr
ì`m»`m :
emioMr {ZpíMV d gd©_mÝ` hmoB©b Aer ì`m»`m XoUo AdKS> Amho. ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo emim hr g§km
~mbdmS>r, àmW{_H$ emim, _mÜ`{_H$ emim (hm`ñHy$b), _hm{dÚmb`, {dÚmnrR> BË`mXrgmR>r dmnaVm
òVo. ì`dhmamV _mÌ emim åhUOo àmW{_H$ {ejU XoUmar g§ñWm Agm AW© KoVbm OmVmo. emim åhUOo
H$m` ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r emioÀ`m ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoUo C{MV R>aob.
1) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio : emim hr {ejUg§ñWoMo _yV© ê$n AgyZ {VÀ`m_Üò ì`ŠVr ^mdr
OrdZ OJÊ`mg Amdí`H$ AgUmar kmZ, H$m¡eëò, gd`r d A{^d¥Îmr BË`mXr Jmoï>r AmË_gmV H$arV
AgVo.
2) Om°Z S>çyB© : _wbm§Mm gw`moJ d Ano{jV {XeoZo {dH$mg ìhmdm `m hoVyZo {d{eï> àH$maMo JwU
g_¥Õ OrdZ d {d{eï> nÕVrÀ`m H¥$Vr d ì`dgm` `m§Mm bm^ H$ê$Z XoUmao Img Ago dmVmdaU åhUOo
emim hmo`.
3) ga nguZZ : emiobm _ybV: kmZàmßVrMo ñWi _mZUo MyH$ Amho. emim åhUOo Aer OmJm
H$s OoWo ì`mnH$ OrdZmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo AË`§V _hÎdmÀ`m Aem d¡{eï>çnyU© d bjUr` H¥$VrMo diU _wbm§Zm
bmdbo OmVo.
4) ~«mD$Z : kmZ d g_mOmVrb bmoH$ `m§À`m àVr gw`mo½` A{^d¥ÎmtMm {dH$mg H$aUmar g§ñWm
åhUOo emim hmo`.
darb ì`m»`mdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, emim hr kmZXmZ H$aUmar _wbm§À`m dV©Zmbm gw`mo½` diU
bmdUmar Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr gm_m{OH$ A{^d¥ÎmrMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUmar g§ñWm Amho.
B emioMr
H$m`} :
emim ho {ejU XoÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© gmYZ Amho. ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r emioMr H$m`} Aä`mgmdr bmJVmV.
emioMr H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo 1) gmjaVoMo {ejU : _wbm§Zm gmja ~Z{dUo åhUOo Ë`m§Zm {b{hÊ`m dmMÊ`mg {eH${dUo,
Aja AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo ho emioMo n{hbo H$m`© Amho. {b{hÊ`m-dmMÊ`mg {eH$Uo hr {H$_mZ e¡j{UH$
JaO Amho. åhUOoM kmZJ«hU H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>rM Amdí`H$ Aer nyd©AQ> Amho.
gmjaVm åhUOo kmZ Zìho Va kmZàmßVrMo EH$ gmYZ Amho. `m gmYZmÀ`m _XVrZo ì`ŠVr {b{IV
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ñdê$nmVrb kmZ J«hU H$ê$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ gmjaVm hm nwT>rb {ejUJ«hU j_VoMm nm`m Amho. Am{U hm
nm`m emioV aMbm OmVmo. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV AÚmnhr nwîH$i bmoH$ {Zaja AmhoV. Aem {Zaja
_mVm{nË`m§À`m nmoQ>r OÝ_Umè`m Zì`m {nT>rbm gmja H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emiodaM òD$Z nS>Vo.
2) kmZXmZ : ì`ŠVrbm {ZgJm©Vrb d _mZdr OrdZmVrb {d{dY KS>m_moS>tMo nÕVera kmZ XoUo
ho emioMo Xwgao H$m`© Amho. AmO kmZàmßVr H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao Amnbm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo hm àËòH$
ì`ŠVrMm _yb^yV A{YH$ma _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio kmZXmZ H$aUo ho emioMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© ~Zbo Amho.
{ejU åhUOoM kmZ {_i{dUo Ago AmO _mZbo OmVo. nydu Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm OrdZmdí`H$
~m~tMo kmZ H$ê$Z XoV Ago. nU AmO gd©M {dÚmemIoV kmZmMm {dñVma àM§S> doJmZo hmoV Amho.
_mZdmZo {_i{dboë`m AZw^dmMm d kmZmMm g§M` gVV dmT>V Joë`mZo kmZmMo dJuH$aU hmoD$Z Ag§»`
doJdoJio {df` CX`mg Ambo AmhoV. øm {df`m§Mo kmZ Zì`m {nT>rbm H$ê$Z XoUo Hw$Qw>§~ d BVa g§ñWm§Zm
eŠ` Zmhr. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ {df`mVrb _yb^yV d AË`mdí`H$ kmZ VÁkm§À`m _m\©$V ZdrZ {nT>rbm
H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m`© emiobm H$amdo bmJV Amho. Ë`m_wio emim ho kmZXmZmMo åhUOoM {ejU XoÊ`mMo
gdm©V à^mdr gmYZ ~Zbo Amho.
3) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU : nydu {Zdm©h Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r H$amd`mÀ`m ì`dgm`mMo {ejU ì`ŠVrbm
Hw$Qw>§~mVM {_iV Ago. AmOÀ`m `wJmV {d{^Þ àH$maMo ì`dgm` CnbãY Pmbo AmhoV. øm ì`dgm`mVrb
{H«$`m-à{H«$`m§Mo, `§Ì-V§Ìm§Mo, H$bm-H$m¡eë`m§Mo {ejU-à{ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm nma nmS>Ê`mg
Ag_W© Amho. Ë`m_wio ho H$m`© nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r O~m~Xmar {ejUg§ñWoda åhUOoM emioda òD$Z
nS>br Amho. AmO eoVr, CÚmoJ, godm øm VrZhr joÌmVrb ì`dgm`m§Mo {ejU XoUmè`m {d{^Þ {ejUg§ñWm
g_mOmV CX`mg Amboë`m AmhoV. `m {ejUg§ñWoVyZ Amdí`H$ Vo {ejU KoVë`mZ§VaM åhUOo Amdí`H$
Vr e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm YmaU Ho$ë`mZ§VaM H$m§hr {d{eï> ì`dgm` ì`ŠVrbm H$aVm òVmV. CXm. d¡ÚH$s`
A{^`m§{ÌH$s, d{H$br, {ejH$s BË`mXr. AmO gmYm H$maHy$Z ìhmd`mMo Agob, hm°Q>ob_Üò doQ>a ìhmd`mMo
Agob Va {d{eï> nÕVrMo {ejU KoUo A{Zdm`© Pmbo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV {d{dY ì`dgm`m§Mo {ejU
XoÊ`mMo H$m`© emiog H$amdo bmJVo.
4) g_mOrH$aU : g_mOemók ho ì`ŠVrg {ejU XoUo åhUOo {VMo g_mOrH$aU H$aUo Ago
_mZVmV Am{U emim ho g_mOrH$aUmMo åhUOoM {ejUmMo EH$ à^mdr gmYZ Amho Agohr _mZVmV.
_wbm§Mo g_mOrH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© emim d {ejH$ AË`§V à^mdrnUo H$arV AgVmV. _wbo emioV
Joë`mda Ë`mMm doJdoJiçm gm_m{OH$ ñVamVrb BVa _wbm§er d {ejH$m§er K{Zð> d {ZË` g§nH©$ òVmo.
Ë`m_wio _wbm§À`m g§nH$m©Mo joÌ {dñVmaVo. emioV _wbmg VÁk {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z g_mO_mÝ` dV©ZàH$ma,
_yëò, A{^d¥Îmr, ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eëò BË`mXr~am~oaM Amnë`m d BVa g_mOmMm B{Vhmg, ^yJmob,
g§ñH¥$Vr, H$bm, H«$sS>màH$ma, {dkmZ BË`mXrMo kmZ H$ê$Z {Xbo OmVo. VgoM amï´>ào_, g_mOgodm, Mm[aÍ`,
gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s BË`mXtMo g§ñH$ma _wbm§da Ho$bo OmVmV. VgoM ^mdr Am`wî`mV nma nmS>md`mÀ`m
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^y{_H$m§Mr nyd©V`marhr emioV H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVo. emioV _wbmbm BVa _wbm§er OwidyZ ¿`mdo bmJVo.
Ë`m§À`mer _wbmbm H$Yr ghH$m`©, H$Yr ñnYm© Va H$Yr g§Kf© H$amdm bmJVmo. ho gd© H$aVmZm Ë`mbm
emioMo {Z`_ d {eñV nmimdr bmJVo. `mVyZM _wbmMm ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. EH§$XarV
emioMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ AmnU H$go dmJmdo, Amnbr O~m~Xmar d H$V©ìò H$er nma nmS>mdrV `mMo kmZ
_wbm§Zm emioV {_iVo d nwT>o gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJÊ`mbm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gd`r, A{^d¥Îmr d nmÌVm
`m§Mm {dH$mg _wbm§_Üò hmoVmo. åhUOoM _wbm§À`m {R>H$mUr gm_m{OH$, g_m`moOZ j_VoMm {dH$mg hmoVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV emim g_mOrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mÀ`m j_VoMm {dH$mg H$aVo.
5) g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«$_U : _wbm§Zm Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrMo kmZ XoD$Z g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m
{nT>rH$S>o g§H«$_U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© emim H$aVo. AmO _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm doJmZo {dH$mg hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio
{VMo g§H«$_U H$aUo BVa g§ñWm§Zm noboZmgo Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio hr O~m~Xmar emiodaM òD$Z nS>br Amho.
g§ñH¥$Vr n[adV©Zerb AgVo. n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$òV emídV d _yb^yV _yë`m§Mr OmonmgUm H$aUo, A{Zï>
Aem H$mb~mø ê$T>rna§nam§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUo d Cn`wŠV Aem ZdrZ Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo Amdí`H$
AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrMo gVV n[aerbZ, _yë`_mnZ, nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Am{U ho H$m`©
emim åhUOoM {ejUg§ñWm H$arV AgVo. g§ñH¥$VrMo g§ajU, g§dY©Z d g§H«$_U H$aUo ho {ejUmMo EH$
àYmZ C{Ôï> AgVo Am{U ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© emim H$arV AgVo.
6) ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo {ejU : nydu ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmMo joÌ AË`§V _`m©{XV hmoVo. Amnbm {Zdm©h
Mmb{dUo d Amnë`m g_wXm`mVrb gm_y{hH$ OrdZmV gh^mJr hmoUo EdT>oM H$m`© ì`ŠVrbm H$amdo bmJo.
AmO _mÌ _mZd g_mOmV AZoH$ g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm d _§S>io CX`mg Ambr AmhoV. `m gdmªÀ`m H$m`m©V
ì`ŠVrbm gh^mJr ìhmdo bmJVo. g_mOmMm d amï´>mMm EH$ O~m~Xma ZmJarH$ åhUyZ AZoH$ H$V©ìò d
O~m~Xmè`m nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV. amÁ`g§ñWoMo H$m`Xo nmimdo bmJVmV. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWonmgyZ
H|${Ð` H$m`Xo_§S>imn`ªVÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV _VXma åhUyZ gh^mJ ¿`mdm bmJVmo. VgoM {d{dY Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$_m§V gh^mJr ìhmdo bmJVo. `mbmM ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Uo Ago
åhUVmV. AmOMr bhmZ _wbohr CÚmMo àm¡T> ZmJarH$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio _wbm§Zm ZmJarH$mMr ^y{_H$m nma
nmS>Ê`mMo {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© emim H$arV AgVo.
7) ì`pŠVJV {^ÞVog dmd XoUo : _wbm§Mo g_mOrH$aU H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI H$ê$Z
XoUo, VgoM Ë`m§Zm ZmJarH$ËdmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mo {ejU XoUo BË`mXr H$m`} emim H$arV Agbr Var `mMm AW©
Agm Zìho H$s, gd© _wbm§Mm {dH$mg EH$mM MmH$moarVyZ Ho$bm nm{hOo. àËòH$ _wbmMr ~w{Õ_Îmm, _Zmod¥Îmr,
AmdS>{ZdS> BVamhÿZ doJir AgVo. _wbmMr hr ì`pŠVJV {^ÞVm {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`Voà_mUo
Ë`mbm {ejU XoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠVÎdmÀ`m {dH$mgmg dmd XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Am{U åhUyZ emim
{d{dY Aä`mgH«$_m§Mr d Aä`mgH«$_oVa CnH«$_m§Mr gmo` H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. "~mbH$H|$Ðr {ejU' ho VÎd
S>moiçmg_moa R>odyZ emioV _wbm§Zm Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`VoZwgma d JaOoZwgma {ejU XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo
OmVmV.
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8) ñdV§Ì àkoMm emoY : ì`pŠVJV {^ÞVoMm {dMma H$arV AgVmZmM àËòH$ _wbm_Üò Agboë`m
ñdV§Ì àkoMm emoY KoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m A§JmÀ`m gwßV H$bmJwUm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© emioV Ho$bo OmVo.
Aer ñdV§Ì àkm Agbobr _wbo WmoS>rM AgVmV. nU hrM _wbo nwT>o XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmMo AmYmañV§^
~ZUmar AgVmV. g_mOmV Ano{jV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmar AgVmV. åhUyZ à{V^mdmZ _wbm§Mm emoY
KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m ñdV§Ì ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© emim H$arV AgVo.
4.3.3 OZg§nH©$ gmYZo (àgma_mÜ`_o) - {ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ :
{ejUmMr gmYZo åhUyZ Hw$Qw>§~ d emim øm XmoZ g§ñWm§Mr H$m`} g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr
OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mo åhUOo àgma _mÜ`_m§Mo {ejUmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ ñdê$n d H$m`© g_OmdyZ KoUma
AmhmV. Ë`mgmR>r àW_ OZg§nH©$ gmYZo åhUOo H$m` ho WmoS>Š`mV g_OmdyZ KoUo `mo½` R>aob.
B OZg§nH©$
gmYZo qH$dm àgma _mÜ`_o åhUOo H$m` ?
Á`m gmYZm§À`m qH$dm _mÜ`_m§À`mÛmao Ag§»` bmoH$m§er g§nH©$ qH$dm g§~§Y àñWm{nV
H$aVm òVmo Ë`m§Zm OZg§nH©$ gmYZo Ago åhUVmV. Q>nmb, Vmam`§Ì, XyaÜdZr, AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z,
{MÌnQ>, d¥ÎmnÌo, gm{hË`, _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ BË`mXr OZg§nH©$ gmYZo AmhoV. `m gmYZm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
{dMma, _Vo, H$ënZm, _m{hVr, kmZ BË`mXtMm g_mOmV àgma H$aVm òVmo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm àgma_mÜ`_o
Agohr åhUVmV.
B OZg§nH©$
gmYZm§Mo H$m`© :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV øm àgma _mÜ`_m§Mm ì`ŠVr d g_mO øm XmoKm§dahr O~aXñV à^md Amho. hr
_mÜ`_o bmoH$m§Zm {d{dY VèhoMo kmZ XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îd {dH$mgmV _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ XoVmV.
~«mD$Z `m§Zr øm gmYZm§Mr nwT>rb VrZ H$m`} gm§{JVbobr AmhoV.
1) bmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo.
2) {d{dY {df`m§Mr AMyH$ _m{hVr XoUo.
3) {ddmÚ _wÚm§da {d{dY àH$maMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ V`ma H$aUo.
hr gmYZo ì`ŠVrbm kmZg§nÞ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m A{^ê$MtZm diU bmdVmV. VgoM Ë`m§À`m
OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmg AmH$ma XoVmV. Ë`m_wio OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mr hr H$m`} e¡j{UH$ g§ñH$mam§Zm nwaH$
d nmofH$ R>aVmV.
AmVm Vwåhr H$m§hr à_wI OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mo {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb H$m`© qH$dm ^y{_H$m
g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
1) gm{hË` :
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{Z{_©Vr d gm{hË` àgmamg doJ Ambm. bmoH$m§da
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g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© gm{hË`mV Amho. ~mbd`mV _wbm§Mr _Zo A{YH$ J«hZerb d g§ñH$maj_
AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm{hË` ho _wbm§À`m kmZmV â Q>mH$Uo, Ë`mZ§m ~hþlyV ~Z{dUo, Ë`m§À`m ~wÕrMm d
{dMmaeŠVrMm {dH$mg H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mVrb gXJþUm§Mr OmonmgZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ ~Z{dUo
BË`mXr H$m`} nma nmS>Vo. Wmoa nwéfm§Mr AmË_M[aÌo, Ame`KZ d emídV _wë`m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmè`m
H$Wm, H$mX§~è`m `m§À`m dmMZmZo _wbm§À`m _ZmV Mm§Jë`m AmMma{dMmam§Mr ~rOo ê$O{dVm òVmV. CÎm_
gm{hË`mÀ`m dmMZm_wio A~moY _ZmÀ`m ~mbH$mMo Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ ZmJarH$m§_Üò ê$nm§Va hmoD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ
{ejUà{H«$òV ~mbgm{hË`mg _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. VWmnr, a§OH$ d CX²~moYH$ Aem ~mbgm{hË`mMm
VwQ>dS>m OmUdVmo. ahñ`H$Wm, e¥§Jma H$Wm, H$m_moÎmoOH$ H$Wm, gd§J _Zmoa§OZmË_H$ {bImU `m§MrM
{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVmZm {XgVo. Aem gm{hË`mMo ~mb_Zmda H$m` Xwîn[aUm_ hmoVmV ho A_o[aH$Z
g_mOemókm§Zr AmH$S>odmargh XmIdyZ {Xbobo Amho. ^maVmV ~mbgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr d {dH«$s (In)
VwbZoZo H$_rM AmT>iVmo. XyaXe©Z, {MÌnQ>, g§JUH$ BË`mXr_wio ~mbH$m§_Üò dmMZm§Mr AmdS> H$_r hmoV
Mmbbr Amho. gm{hË`mMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd {dMmamV KoVm nwT>rb Jmoï>tH$S>o OmUrdnyd©H$ bj {Xbo nm{hOo.
A) doJdoJio d`moJQ> d doJdoJiçm àd¥Îmr {dMmamV KoD$Z ~mbgm{hË` {Z{_©Vr Pmbr nm{hOo d
Ë`mgmR>r gaH$maZo àmoËgmhZ {Xbo nm{hOo.
~) àËòH$ JmdmVM Zìho Va àËòH$ dñVrV qH$dm JëbrV ~mbdmMZmb` CKSy>Z _wbm§Zm dmMZmMr
d kmZ J«hUmMr gd` bmdbr nm{hOo.
H$) gw{e{jV nmbH$m§Zr CÎm_moÎm_ gm{hË` _wbm§Zm nwadyZ Ë`m§Zm Adm§Va dmMZmMr gd` bmdbr
nm{hOo. A{Zï> gm{hË` _wbm§À`m hmVr nS>Uma Zmhr `mMr XjVm KoVbr nm{hOo.
S>) emim§Zr H«${_H$ nwñVH$m§~amo~aM CËH¥$ï> H$Wm, H${dVm, H$mX§~è`m, ZmQ>Ho$, d¡Mm[aH$ J«§W
{dÚmÏ`mªZm AmdOyZ© nwadmdo. WmoS>Š`mV {dÚmÏ`mªda CÎm_moÎm_ g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`©
gm{hË`mV Agë`mZo {ejUà{H«$òV gm{hË`mMo dmMZ H$aÊ`mg nwaogm dmd {_imbm nm{hOo.
2) d¥ÎmnÌo :
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {deofV: bmoH$emhr g_mOmV d¥ÎmnÌo hr bmoH${ejUmMo d bmoH$OmJ¥VrMo EH$
à^mdr gmYZ _mZbo OmVo. d¥ÎmnÌo hr àM{bV KS>m_moS>tMr bmoH$m§Zm VmËH$mi AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmV.
Ë`m§À`mda àH$mePmoV Q>mH$VmV d bmoH$m§Zm OmJ¥V H$aVmV. e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm d¥ÎmnÌo hr bmoH$emhr g_mOmV
nwT>rb H$m`} H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
A) bmoH$_V V`ma H$aUo.
~) bmoH$m§À`m BÀN>mAmH$m§jm ì`ŠV H$aUo.
H$) AÝ`mÀË`mMmamg dmMm \$moS>Uo.
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S>) Bï> Jmoï>tMm nwañH$ma H$aUo.
B) A{Zï> Jmoï>tda {Q>H$m H$aUo BË`mXr.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV d¥ÎmnÌo hr bmoH$m§Mr X¡Z§{XZ JaO ~Zbr Amho. VWm{n, H$m§hr gÝ_mZZr` AndmX
dJiVm ~arM d¥ÎmnÌo hr bmoH$OmJ¥Vr H$aUo, bmoH$_V ~Z{dUo `mEodOr gd§J ~mVå`m XoD$Z bmoH$_V
^S>H$m{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmZm {XgVmV. dñVwpñWVr ñnï> H$aÊ`mEodOr A{Va§OrVnUmda â XoVmV. ñdV:À`m
_Vm§Mo dm ñdV:À`m njmÀ`m YmoaUm§Mo JwUJmZ JmVmV d {damoYH$mÀ`m {dYm`H$ Jmoï>tMrhr qZXmZmbñVr
H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio bmoH${ejU d bmoH$OmJ¥Vr hmoÊ`mEodOr bmoH$_V {dH¥$V hmoVo. `m Jmoï>tMm AOmU d
An[anŠd _wbm§À`m _Zmda A{Zï> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. d¥ÎmnÌmVrb IyZ, Mmoè`m, \$gdm\$gdr BË`mXr.~m~VÀ`m
^S>H$ ~mVå`m dmMyZ _wbm§Mm gX²JwU, àm_m{UH$nUm, AmXe©, CÀM Üòò BË`mXtdarb {dídmg S>i_irV
hmoVmo. åhUyZ d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr Amnë`m ~mVå`m, boI, Q>rH$m BË`mXr~m~V g§`_ d {ddoH$ ~miJbm nm{hOo.
d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr darbà_mUo ZH$mamË_H$ ~mOy Agbr Var {ejUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo d¥ÎmnÌo, {dYm`H$ / gH$mamË_H$
^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV ho ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr. d¥ÎmnÌo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m d {ejH$m§À`mhr kmZmV _moR>r â
Q>mH$VmV. AmO AZoH$ d¥ÎmnÌo hr {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Aä`mgH«$_mda AmYm[aV ñdV§Ì {d^mJ XoVmV. VÁk
{ejH$m§Mo boI à{gÕ H$aVmV. VgoM gm{hË`, H$bm, amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU, H«$sS>m, {dkmZ BË`mXr
joÌmVrb ZdZdo kmZ, {dMma, _yëò, H$ënZm `m§Mr {dÚmÏ`mªZm AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmV. d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo ho \$ma
_moR>o e¡j{UH$ H$m`© Amho.
3) AmH$medmUr (ao{S>Amo) :
AmH$medmUr ho X¡Z§{XZ _Zmoa§OZmMo AË`§V gwb^ Ago gmYZ Amho. AmH$medmUr ho _Zmoa§OZm~amo~aM
{ejUmMohr _hÎdnyU© gmYZ Amho. AmH$medmUrda {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ AgVmV. CXm. ~mVå`m, JmUr,
ì`m»`mZo, MMm©, dmVm©nÌ, lw{VH$m BË`mXr. VgoM bhmZ _wbo, _{hbm, {dÚmWu, eoVH$ar BË`mXtgmR>rhr
Img H$m`©H«$_ AgVmV. `mÑï>rZo AmH$medmUr _Zmoa§OZm~amo~aM lmoË`m§À`m kmZmV _m¡{bH$ â KmbVo.
VWm{n, gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$ AmH$medmUrMm Cn`moJ _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r A{YH$ d {ejUmgmR>r \$maM H$_r
à_mUmV H$aVmV. ~mVå`m, MMm©, ì`m»`mZo, dmVm©nÌ, EoH$Umè`m§Mr g§»`m H$_rM AmT>iVo. Iao nmhVm,
AmH$medmUrda AS>mUr, {e{jV, ~mbHo$, àm¡T> ì`ŠVr, ór-nwéf, J«m_rU ehar Aem gd© dJm©Vrb
ì`ŠVtgmR>r H$m`©H«$_ AgVmV Am{U Ë`mÛmao Ë`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ hmoV AgVo. VgoM _Zmoa§OZmVyZ bmoH${ejUhr
KS>V AgVo. AmH$medmUrZo hr XmoÝhr H$m`} èñdrnUo nma nmS>br AmhoV. gd©M amï´>mV kmZàmßVrgmR>r
AmH$medmUrMm èñdrnUo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. AmH$medmUrdê$Z Img e¡j{UH$ H$m`©H$« _hr
Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV òVmV. Aä`mgmg§~§{YV VgoM Aä`mgoVa ~m~ter g§~§{YV _m{hVr, ì`m»`mZo,
MMm©, g§dmX, VÁkm§Mr _wbmIV BË`mXrÛmao {_iV AgVo. `mgmR>r ~è`mMdoim {ejH$m§Mo d {ejUVÁkm§Mo
ghH$m`© KoVbo OmVo. åhUyZ AmH$medmUrdarb embo` H$m`©H«$_ EoH$Ê`mg {dÚmÏ`mªZm àmoËgmhrV H$aUo
JaOoMo Amho. XoemVrb CËH¥$ï> {ejH$m§À`m kmZmMm Cn`moJ AmH$medmUrÛmao Ag§»` {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$mM
doir H$ê$Z XoVm òD$ eH$Vmo. åhUyZ AmH$medmUrg {ejUmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
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4) {MÌnQ> :
AmH$medmUr ho Ho$di lmì` _mÜ`_ Amho. Va {MÌnQ> ho lmì` VgoM ÑH$ _mÜ`_ Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo
AmH$medmUrnojm A{YH$ à^mdr d n[aUm_H$maH$ Amho. {MÌnQ>mMo AmH$f©U Am~mbd¥Õm§Zm Jar~lr_§VmZm, órnwéfm§Zm øm gdmªZmM Amho. {MÌnQ> ho bmoH$a§OZm~amo~aM bmoH${ejUmMo à^mdr gmYZ
Amho. {MÌnQ>mÛmao g_m`moOZ øm gm_m{OH$ à{H«$òer {_iVrOwiVr AgUmar {ejU à{H«$`m KS>V
AgVo. EImÚm Jmoï>rer EH$ê$n hmoUo d AZwH$aU H$aUo `m nÕVtÛmao ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV ~Xb hmoV
AgVmo. {MÌnQ> nmhÊ`mZo øm XmoÝhr nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mg _wbo {eH$VmV d Amnë`m dV©ZmV ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUVmV. {MÌnQ> nm{hë`mZ§Va _wbo _wbr Amnë`m AmdS>Ë`m H$bmH$mamer EH$ê$n hmoVmV.
Ë`m§À`m dV©ZmMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. åhUOo {MÌnQ>m_wio _wbo Amnë`m dV©ZmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUV
AgVmV. åhUyZM _wbm§À`m _Zmda gwg§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {MÌnQ>mg AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd àmßV
hmoVo. Wmoa nwéfm§Mr OrdZM[aÌo, amï´>ào_, CÀM d CXmÎm Z¡{VH$ _yëò, gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s BË`mXr
{df`mda AmYmabobo {MÌnQ> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z _wbm§À`m dV©ZmV Ano{jV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVm òVmV. VgoM
e¡j{UH$ {MÌnQ> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z OJmVrb {d{dY ^mJmVrb bmoH$OrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>{dVm òVo. Mmby
KS>m_moS>rdarb dmVm©nQ>, Amamo½àjUmMo H$m`©H«$_, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` ì`dhma BË`mXtMr _m{hVr d
kmZ H$ê$Z XoUmao _m{hVrnQ> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z _wbm§À`m kmZmV _moR>r â Q>mH$Vm òVo. {edm` ho kmZ a§OH$ d
amoMH$ nÕVrZo XoVm òVo. nmpíM_mË` XoemV Aem e¡j{UH$ {MÌnQ>m§Mm Cn`moJ emim§_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmda
Ho$bm OmVmo. hOmamo eãXmÛmao Or Jmoï> _Zmda q~~{dVm òV Zmhr Vr Jmoï> Ho$di EH$m {MÌnQ> Ñí`mÛmao
_Zmda q~~{dVm òoVo. åhUyZ {MÌnQ>mg {ejUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎd Amho. {MÌnQ> ho gmYZ AZoH$ àH$mao
{ejH$m§À`m AÜ`mnZ H$m`m©g nyaH$ R>aVo. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m àË`j AZw^dH$joÀ`m nbrH$S>o Agboë`m
Eo{Vhm{gH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$, d¡km{ZH$ KQ>Zm§Mo Vm|S>r kmZ XoÊ`mnojm {MÌnQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Vo {Xë`mg
H$m`_ñdê$nr ñ_aUmV amhÿ eH$Vo. d¡km{ZH$ àJVr, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, A{Zï> ê$T>r na§nam§Mo Xwîn[aUm_
`m§Mo {MÌU d Ë`mÛmao àojH$m§Zr åhUOo {dÚmÏ`mªZr ¿`md`mMm ~moY `mMo `WmW© kmZ e¡j{UH$ {MÌnQ>mÛmao
XoVm òVo. Aä`mgH«$_mer gwg§JV Ago {MÌnQ> {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mg H$_r IMm©V d H$_r doioV EImXr Jmoï>
{dÚmÏ`mªZm {eH${dVm òVo. AemàH$mao {MÌnQ> ho {ejUmMo à^mdr gmYZ Amho.
5) XyaXe©Z :
{MÌnQ>mà_mUoM XyaXe©Z ho ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_ AgyZ Vo {ejUmMo à^mdr gmYZ Amho. AmO
XyaXe©Z øm gmYZmZo A~mbd¥Õm§Zm Ajae: doS>o Ho$bo Amho. {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr, kmZ, {dMma,
_Vo, _yëò, H$ënZm, _wbm§À`m _Zmda q~~{dÊ`mV XyaXe©Z ho IynM n[aUm_H$maH$ gmYZ R>abo Amho.
OJmV H$moR>ohr KS>Umar KQ>Zm Ka~gë`m XyaXe©Zda nmhVm òVo. ~mVå`m, g§dmX, MMm©, _wbmIVr,
ì`m»`mZo, IoimMo gm_Zo, JmUr, Z¥Ëò, g§JrV BË`mXr H$m`©H«$_ XyaXe©Zda nmhVm òVmV d EoH$Vm òVmV.
Ë`m_wio _Zmoa§OZm~amo~aM {ejUhr hmoVo d {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m kmZmV â nS>Vo. H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMo _hÎdnyU©
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Ñí` XyaXe©Zda nmhVm òVo d Ë`mÛmao Omo _Zmda R>gm C_Q>Vmo Vmo A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVmo. åhUyZM
H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>rMo XyaXe©Zda àgmaU H$ê$Z Vr Jmoï> Ag§»` bmoH$m§Zm EH$mM doir AmË_gmV H$amd`mg
bmdVm òVo. {dH${gV amï´>m§_Üò gd©M emim§V XyaXe©ZMr ì`dñWm AmT>iVo. XyaXe©Zda {d{dY {df`m§Mo
nmR> XmI{dbo OmVmV d Ë`mÛmao _wbo kmZ J«hU H$aVmV. XyaXe©Zdarb nmR>mÀ`mdoir {ejH$ ñdV:
{eH$dVmZm {XgVmo. _YyZ _YyZ Vmo {dÚmÏ`mªZm àíZ {dMmaVmo, CÎmaohr gm§JVmo, H$m§hr ~m~VrV à`moJhr
H$ê$Z XmI{dVmo. J¥hnmR>hr XoVmo. Ë`m_wio XyaXe©Zdarb nmR> hm dJm©Vrb nmR>mBVH$mM n[aUm_H$aH$
R>aVmo. WmoS>Š`mV XyaXe©Z_wio àË`j AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© gmYVm òVo. emim _hm{dÚmb`mVrb Aä`mgH«$_
A{YH$ g§nÞ ~Z{dVm òVmV. {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>rhr XyaXe©ZMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. CËH¥$ï> VÁk,
Zm_d§V {ejH$ `m§À`m kmZmMm d AÜ`mnZ H$m¡eë`mMm bm^ EH$mM doir Ag§»` {dÚmÏ`mªZm XoVm òVmo.
{dÚmWu d {ejH$m§Zm nmhmd`mg {_iy Z eH$Umè`m Jmoï>r, KQ>Zm, dñVy, à`moJ dm àmË`{jHo$,
d¡ÚH$emómVrb eó{H«$`m, H¥$fr {df`mVrb CËnmXZ à{H«$`m BË`mXr Jmoï>r XmI{dVm òVmV. AWm©V
XyaXe©ZÛmao AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`m am~{dUo hr _moR>r I{M©H$ Jmoï> Amho. A{dH${gV amï´>mVrb Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o
{deofV: J«m_rU Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o XyaXe©Z gw{dYm CnbãY Zmhr. ^maVmVrb Ag§»` IoS>çmVrb emim§_Üò
ISy>, \$im, Aem gmÜ`m gw{dYmhr nwaoem à_mUmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio XwaXe©ZÛmao AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ hr
Jmoï> gÜ`mVar eŠ` Zmhr. AWm©V, XyaXe©Z ho gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMo e¡j{UH$ gmYZ gÚm Oar hmoD$ eH$V
Zgbo Var Ë`mMm _`m©{XV à_mUmVrb Cn`moJ _mÌ eŠ` Amho.
6) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ :
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZ ho Zì`mZo CX`mg Ambobo EH$ _hÎdmMo gmYZ AgyZ `m gmYZmMm {ejU à{H«$òV
_moR>çm à_mUmda dmna hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. g§JUH$, XiUdiU V§ÌkmZ, ZoQ>dH©$ d B§Q>aZoQ> ho Mma
_m{hVr V§ÌkmZmVrb KQ>H$ AmhoV. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm Cn`moJ _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV hmoD$ bmJbm
Amho. {ejU joÌhr `mbm AndmX Zmhr. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm Cn`moJ AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, {ejU,
à{ejU `m H$m`mªgmR>r à^mdrnUo hmoV Amho. _pëQ>{_{S>`mÛmao {ejH$ EImXm {df` A{YH$ à^mdrnUo
d a§OH$nUo {eH$dy eH$Vmo. g§JUH$mÛmao {Z`§{ÌV hmoUmè`m Eb.gr.S>r. àmoOoŠQ>Ûmao {ejH$ ISy> \$im Z
dmnaVm pŠbï> {df` {dÚmÏ`mªZm gwb^nUo g_OmdyZ XoD$ eH$Vmo. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmVrb H«$m§Vr_wio Xyada
ngaboë`m Ag§»` {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$mMdoir {dñVma {ejU XoUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r dJm©V OmÊ`mMr
JaO am{hbobr Zmhr. AZoH$ {dÚmnrR>o d {ejUg§ñWm Am°ZbmB©Z narjm§Mo Am`moOZ H$ê$ bmJbr AmhoV.
g§JUH$ d B§Q>aZoQ>_wio OJmVrb Hw$R>bohr g§X^© gm{hË` d g§emoYZo {ejH$ d {dÚmÏ`mªZm CbnãY hmoV
AmhoV. VÁk {ejH$m§Mo ì`m»`mZ grS>rÛmao hdm Ë`m {R>H$mUr hdo Voìhm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo eŠ` Pmboo
Amho.
AemàH$mao OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Zm e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm AË`§V _hÎd Amho. na§Vw AmO gm{hË`, d¥ÎmnÌo,
{MÌnQ> d XyaXe©Z hr gmYZo Y§XodmB©H$ bmoH$m§À`m hmVmV Joobr AmhoV. ApíbbVm, AZ¡{VH$Vm d JwÝhoJmar
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OJVmMo dU©Z H$aUmao gm{hË` _moR>çm à_mUmda àH$m{eV hmoV Amho. d¥ÎmnÌo d XyaXe©Z XoIrb AZ¡{VH$Vm
d JwÝhoJmarer g§~§{YV ~mVå`m AË`§V ^S>H$nUo àgm[aV H$arV AmhoV. ~hþVoH$ {MÌnQ>mV d XyaXe©Z
_m{bH$m§_Üò b¢{JH$Vm, qhgmMma, ^«ï>mMma `mg§§~§YrMo Ñíò H$a_UyH$sÀ`m ZmdmImbr AË`§V CWinUo
XmI{dbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio _wbm§À`m _Zmda Xwîn[aUm_ hmoVmV d Vr AemM dV©ZmMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV.
Oa OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mm {ejU àgmamgmR>r `mo½` dmna H$amd`mMm Agob Va darb gd© Anàd¥ÎmrZm
H$R>moanUo Amim KmVbm nm{hOo.
4.3.4 {ejH$ : n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ (H$maU) (Teacher as a change agent) :
{ejUmMr AZoH$ C{Ôï>o AmhoV. g_mOmV Ano{jV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUo ho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ C{Ôï>
Amho. `mg§X^m©V g_mOemók ~«mD$Z åhUVmV H$s, ""ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmar d
Ë`mÛmao EH§$Xa g_mOmVhr n[adV©Z KSy>Z òB©b øm CÔoemZo OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bbr à{H«$`m åhUOo
{ejU hmo`'' {ejUmZo g_mOmV Ano{jV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUVm òVo. H$maU bmoH$m§À`m AmMma{dMmamg
d nañnag§~§Ymg hdo Vgo diU {ejUmÛmao bmdVm òVo. {ejUmÛmao gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm Ogm
OVZ H$aVm òVmo VgmM Vmo ~XbVmhr òVmo d hm ~Xbbobm dmagm nwT>rb {nT>çm§H$S>o g§H«${_V Ho$bm H$s
Ano{jV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUVm òVo. WmoS>Š`mV {ejU hr gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmar EH$
à^mdr eŠVr Amho. Am{U n[adV©ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$m hr AË`§V _hÎdmMr AgVo. H$moUË`mhr
g_mOmV {ejH$ hmM gdm©V à^mdr Ago n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ Amho, n[adV©ZmMm AmYmañV§^ Amho.
g_mOmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AeÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ejH$ H$m` H$aVmo qH$dm H$ê$ eH$Vmo ho nwT>rb
_wÚm§À`m AmYmao g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
1) {ejH$ _wbm§Mo AmXe© :
{ejH$ ho _wbm§Mo AmXe© AgVmV. ~mb_Zo AË`§V g§ñH$maj_ AgVmV. VgoM _wbo hr ~mbd`mV
AZwH$aUerb AgVmV. Hw$Qw>§~mMo _`m©{XV {díd Amobm§Sy>Z _yb Ooìhm emioV nmD$b Q>mH$Vo Voìhm Ë`mMm
g§~§Y {ejH$mer òVmo. _wbm§Zm {eH${dÊ`mMm, Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmg diU bmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {ejH$mg
AgVmo. Ë`m_wio {ejH$ ho {dÚmÏ`mªMo AmXe© ~ZVmV. {ejH$mÀ`m AmMma{dMmamMm, {eH${dÊ`mÀ`m
nÕVrMm, Mm[aÍ`mMm Imob R>gm _wbm§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda C_Q>Vmo. _wbo H$iVZH$iVnUo {ejH$m§À`m
AmMma{dMmamMo AZwH$aU H$ê$ bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio _wbm§À`m dV©Zmg diU bmJVo. Ë`m_Üò ~Xb KSy>Z
òVmo. Oa {ejH$m§Mo AmMma{dMma ho CÀM d CXmÎm AgVrb, {ejH$ hm g_mOmVrb Mm§Jë`m _yë`m§Mo d
dV©ZàH$mam§Mo nmbZ H$arV Agob Va _wbo hr {ejH$mg AmXe© _mZyZ Ë`m _yë`m§Mo d dV©ZàH$mam§Mo
AZwH$aU H$ê$ bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio _wbm§da gwg§ñH$ma hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m dV©ZmV (åhUOoM Zì`m {nT>rV)
Ano{jV ~Xb KSy>Z òVmV d n`m©`mZo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z òÊ`mg MmbZm {_iVo. WmoS>Š`mV
_wbm§À`m Ñï>rZo {ejH$ ho AmXe© ì`ŠVr AgVmV. {ejH$mZo Oa g_mOmbm Ano{jV Agbobr _yëò d
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dV©ZàH$ma AmMaUmV AmUbo Va Ë`mÀ`mÛmao {dÚmÏ`mª_Üòhr Vr _yëò d dV©ZàH$ma ê$O{dVm òVmV d
n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUVm òVo.
2) {ejH$ : _wbm§Mm _mJ©Xe©H$ :
{ejH$ hm _wbm§Mm _mJ©Xe©H$ AgVmo. Vmo _ybm§Zm gd©M ~m~VrV _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVmo. {ejH$
_wbm§À`m A§Jr Agboë`m gwßV JwUm§Mm d j_Vm§Mm emoY KoVmo d Ë`m§Zm n¡by nmS>Ê`mMo H$m_ H$aVmo. VgoM
_wbm§Mr {M{H$ËgH$ d¥Îmr OmJ¥V H$aVmo. Ë`m§Zm `mo½` H$m` d A`mo½` H$m` `mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoVmo. Am{U
A`mo½` Jmoï>tMm Ë`mJ d Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$amd`mg bmdVmo. OwÝ`m, Q>mH$mD$ d H$mb~mø
ê$T>rna§nam§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Ë`mEodOr ZdrZ d ~XbË`m n[apñWVrer gwg§JV Aem Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma
H$aÊ`mg _wbm§Zm ^mJ nmSy> eH$Vmo. CXm. ^maVr` g_mOmVrb ~mb{ddmh, gVràWm, {dYdm{ddmh ~§Xr,
OmVrôX, Añn¥í`VmnmbZ BË`mXr àWm øm A{Zï> AmhoV ho {ejH$ _wbm§Zm nQ>dyZ XoD$ eH$Vmo d Ë`m§Mm
Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mg ào[aV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd, Ý`m` BË`mXr _yëò {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
_Zmda {~§~dyZ {ejH$ g_mOmV Ano{jV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg ghmæ` H$ê$ eH$Vmo. WmoS>Š`mV
`mo½` H$m` A`mo½` H$m` ? H$m` hdo H$m` ZH$mo ? `m~m~V {ejH$ Zì`m {nT>rg `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$Z
{Vbm `mo½` d hì`m Ë`m Jmoï>r ñdrH$maÊ`mg ào[aV H$ê$Z g_mOmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg MmbZm XoD$
eH$Vmo.
3) {ejH$ : EH$ g§emoYH$ :
AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ `m XmoZ à{H«$ò~m~M g§emoYZ øm à{H«$òerhr {ejH$mMm {deofV: _hm{dÚmb`
d {dÚmnrR> ñVamdarb {ejH$mMm K{Zð> g§~§Y òVmo. g_mOmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z AmUÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ
Jmoï>tMr JaO AgVo. H$m§hr ZdrZ Jmoï>tMm emoY AmH$pñ_H$nUo bmJVmo. nU Ago emoY ¹${MVM bmJVmV.
emoY bmJÊ`mgmR>r Img g§emoYZ H$amdo bmJVo. {ejH$ hm Ago g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Zdo kmZ, {dMma, _Vo,
H$ënZm, Ñ{ï>H$moZ emoYyZ H$mTy>Z Ë`mÛmao gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmg MmbZm XoD$ eH$Vmo.
4) {ejH$ : EH$ àgmaH$ :
{ejH$ hm Ho$di g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Zì`m Jmoï>r emoYyZ H$mT>Vmo Ago Zìho Va øm Zì`m Jmoï>tMm g_mOmV
àgma d àMma H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©hr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. gmYmaUnUo gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$ ho "OwZo Vo gmoZo' _mZUmao
AgVmV d Zì`m Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mg V`ma ZgVmV. åhUOoM Ë`m§Mr _Zmod¥Îmr n[adV©Z{damoYr
AgVo. {ejH$ hm Zì`m Jmoï>tMm g_mOmV àgma d àMma H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mr JaO d Cn`wŠVVm nQ>dyZ
XoD$ eH$Vmo d Ë`mÛmao Ë`m§Mr _Zmod¥Îmr n[adV©ZmZwHy$b ~Zdy eH$Vmo.
n[adV©ZmMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {ejH$mÀ`m ^y{_Ho$Mo da Ho$bobo dU©Z ho H$m§hrgo AmXe©dmXr Amho.
`m AmXem©à_mUo dñVwpñWVr AmT>iVoM Ago Zmhr. AZoH$ {ejH$ ho ñdV:M gZmVZr d pñWVrerb
Agë`mMo {XgVo. Zdo kmZ, _yëò, {dMma, H$ënZm, Ñ{ï>H$moU BË`mXtMm Vo IwbonUmZo ñdrH$ma H$aVmVM
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Ago Zmhr. AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ d g§emoYZ `m à{H«$`m§_Üò ZdZdrZ V§Ìo d nÕVr CX`mg òV AmhoV.
na§Vy ~hþVm§er {ejH$ ho Amnbr OwZr nÕVr d V§Ìo gmoS>Ê`mg V`ma ZgVmV. `m{edm` AmUIrZ EH$
Jmoï> åhUOo {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eH${dUo, {ZYm©[aV Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© H$aUo d narjm§Mr V`mar H$ê$Z KoUo EdT>oM
Amnbo H$m`© dm ^y{_H$m _mZVmV. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm n[adV©Zm{^_yI
~Z{dUo, g_mOmbm Zdr {Xem XoUo, g_mOmV Bï> Jmoï>tMm àgma H$aUo BË`mXr H$m`} Amnbr AmhoV Ago
_mZV ZmhrV. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb {ejH$m§Zr Vi_irZo {ejUàgma H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao bmoH$OmJ¥Vr H$aUo
d Zdg_mO {Z{_©Vr H$aUo ho Amnbo Üò` _mZbo hmoVo. AmO _mÌ {ejH$dJ© hr Vi_i d Üò` `mnmgyZ
Xya Jobm Amho. {ejH$ hmoUo hm EH$ noem åhUOo ì`dgm` (Profession) ~Zbm Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejH$ hm
IaoM n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ Amho H$m` Agm àíZ nSy> eH$Vmo. AWm©V `m gd© n[apñWVrg {Zìdi {ejH$
O~m~Xma Zmhr. AmO {ejUjoÌmV AZoH$ Anàd¥Îmr {eaë`m AmhoV. {ejU ho Y§XodmB©H$ bmoH$m§À`m
hmVr Jobo Amho. nydu {ejUàgmamgmR>r Vi_iZo PQ>Umè`m {ejU_h{fªMr OmJm â_gmR> {ejUewëH$
d XoU½`m KoUmè`m {ejUg_«mQ>m§Zr KoVbr Amho. Ë`m§Zr {ejUmMm ~mOma _m§S>bm Amho. {ejH$ âVr
H$aVmZm JwUdÎmoEodOr d{ebo~mOr d bmM `m§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmda à^md nS>V Amho. Ë`m_wio AnmÌ
bmoH$m§Mr {ejH$ nXmda Zo_UyH$ hmoV Amho. ~hþVm§er {ejUg§ñWm øm amOH$maÊ`m§À`m AmhoV. ho amOH$maUr
Amnë`m g§ ñ Wm d {ejH$ `m§ M m dmna Amnë`m amOH$maUmgmR>r H$ê$Z Ko V Amho V .
Am{U d{ebo~mOrZo {Z`wŠVr Pmbobo {ejH$ ho Amnë`m {Zð>m d ~m§{YbH$s amOH$maUr Agboë`m
{ejUg§ñWm MmbH$m§Zm ~hmb H$arV AmhoV. Aem {ejH$mH$Sy>Z g_mO n[adV©ZmMr Anojm H$aUo ì`W©
R>aVo.
{ejUmÛmao g_mO n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMo Agob Va gd©àW_ {ejH$ âVrMr à{H«$`m {ZXm}f
~Z{dbr nm{hOo. {Zìdi Vm§{ÌH$ nmÌVm {dMmamV Z KoVm Üò`{Zð>m, AmXe©, gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s
_mZUmar d nwamoJm_r àd¥ÎmrMo bmoH$ {ejH$ nXmda Ambo nm{hOo. {ejH$mZohr ñdV:_Üò ~Xb KS>dyZ
AmUbo nm{hOoV. g_mOmVrb g_ñ`m§Mo d àíZm§Mo Ë`mZo gVV {ZarjU d n[ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo. g_mOmZo
dm amï´>mZo pñdH$mabobr Üòò {ejH$mZo AJmoXa ñdV: g_OmdyZ KoVbr nm{hOoV Am{U hr Üòò gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo à`moJerbd¥Îmr, nwamoJm_r Ñ{ï>H$moZ, Zm{dÝ`mMm ñdrH$ma, n[adV©ZerbVm BË`mXr
JmoîQ>r AmË_gmV Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. Aem àH$maMm {ejH$ hm {dÚmÏ`mªda `mo½` Vo g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m_Üò
n[adV©Zmg AZwHy$b AgUmè`m A{^d¥Îmr, gd`r d j_Vm {Z_m©U H$ê$ eHo$b. WmoS>Š`mV g_mOmV
n[adV©Z KSy>Z `md`mMo Agob Va àW_ {ejU à{H«$`m hr J{V_mZ Pmbr nm{hOo. Am{U {ejU à{H«$`m
J{V_mZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r `m à{H«$òVrb EH$ KQ>H$ Agbobm {ejH$ hm AJmoXa J{V_mZ Agbm nm{hOo. VaM
{ejH$ hm n[adV©ZmMm XyV, gmYZ dm _mÜ`_ hmoD$ eHo$b. Am{U hr Jmoï> AdKS> Agbr Var AeŠ`
Zmhr.
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4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your progress)
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZ (Multiple Choice questions)
1) Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo ì`ŠVrMo n{hbo gm_m{OH$ n`m©daU Amho ?
A) Hw$Qw>§~
~) eoOmar
H$) emim
S>) gd§JS>r
2) Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo {ejUmMo Am¡nMm[aH$ gmYZ Amho ?
A) Hw$Qw>§~
~) eoOmar
H$) emim
S>) gd§JS>r
3) Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo OZg§nH©$ gmYZmMo H$m`© Amho ?
A) _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo ~) _m{hVr XoUo H$) Ñ{ï>H$moZ V`ma H$aUo S>) darb gd©
4) Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo Ho$di lmì` ñdê$nmMo gmYZ Amho ?
A) XyaXe©Z
~) AmH$medmUr H$) {MÌnQ>
S>) `mn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr
5) Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUVo ÑH$-lmì` gmYZ Amho ?
A) AmH$medmUr ~) gm{hË`
H$) d¥ÎmnÌ
S>) XyaXe©Z
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm (Answer in one sentence)
1) {ejUmMr à_wI gmYZo qH$dm _mÜ`_o gm§Jm.
2) Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m Úm.
3) emim åhUOo H$m` ?
4) OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
5) ~«mD$Z `m§Zr {ejUmMr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.
4.5 gmam§e (Let us Sum up)
`m Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr {ejUmMr à_wI gmYZo Aä`mgbobr AmhoV. Hw$Qw>§~, emim, OZg§nH©$,
gmYZo, {ejH$ hr {ejUmMr à_wI gmYZo AmhoV. gd©àW_ Vwåhr Hw$Qw>§~mMo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© g_OmdyZ
KoVbo Amho. Hw$Qw>§~ ho {ejUmMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo AZm¡nMm[aH$ gmYZ Amho. Hw$Qw>§~ ì`ŠVrMo g_mOrH$aU
H$aVo. Am{U g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV Hw$Qw>§~ ì`ŠVrbm g§ñH¥$VrVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo kmZ H$ê$Z XoVo.
VgoM Hw$Qw>§~ ho Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmg ghmæ` H$aVo. VgoM AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~o AmOhr Amnë`m Zì`m {nT>rVrb
gXñ`m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV. AmOÀ`m ~XbË`m n[apñWVrV _wbm§À`m Amamo½`mMr
H$miOr KoUo Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m emar[aH$ {ejUmH$S>o bj nwadmdo, Ë`m§À`mda Z¡{VH$ g§ñH$ma H$amdoV,
Ë`m§Zm bmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mo {ejU Úmdo, VgoM Ë`m§Zm g_Ýd`dmXr
OrdZmMo {ejU Úmdo BË`mXr Anojm
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Hw$Qw>§~mH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m OmV AmhoV. `mZ§Va Vwåhr emioMo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© Aä`mgbo Amho. _wbm§Zm gmja
H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm {d{dY {df`m§Mo kmZ XoUo, VgoM ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU XoUo, Ë`m§Mo gm_mOrH$aU H$aUo,
ZdrZ {nT>rH$S>o g§ñH¥$VrMo g§H«$_U H$aUo, ZmJ[aH$ÎdmMo {ejUXoUo, _wbm§Vrb ì`ŠVrJV {^ÞVog dmd.XoD$Z
Ë`m§À`mVrb ñdV§Ì àkoMm emoY KoUo BË`mXr H$m`} emim nma nmS>Vo. `mZ§Va Vwåhr gm{hË`, d¥ÎmnÌo,
AmH$medmUr, {MÌnQ>, g§JUH$ d B§Q>aZoQ> øm OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© Aä`mgbobo Amho. hr
gmYZo bmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm {d{dY {df`mdarb _m{hVr nwa{dVmV. VgoM {ddmÚ _wÚm§da.{d{dY
Ñ{ï>H$moZ V`ma H$aVmV. gdm©V eodQ>r Vwåhr {ejH$ hm n[adV©ZmMm KQ>H$ qH$dm gmYZ H$go Amho ho.Aä`mgbo
Amho. {ejH$ ho _wbm§Mo AmXe© d _mJ©Xe©H$ Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m AmMma{dMmamMm à^md {dÚmÏ`mªda.nS>Vmo
d {ejH$mÀ`m AmMma{dMmamMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. ZdrZ kmZ, {dMma, _yëò, H$ënZm, _Vo, Ñ{ï>H$moZ
BË`mXr _wbm§À`m _Zmda q~~dyZ _ybm§Zm n[adV©ZmZwHy$b ~Z{dÊ`mMo H$m`© {ejH$ H$arV AgVmo.
4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check your progress)
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
1) - A, 2) - H$, 3) - S>, 4) - ~, 5) - S>
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao.
1) Hw$Qw>§~, emim, OZg§nH©$ gmYZo hr {ejUmMr à_wI gmYZo AmhoV.
2) _me©b OmoÝg `m§À`m _Vo Hw$Qw>§~ hr b¢{JH$ g§~§Ymda AmYmabobr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AgyZ
àOmoËnmXZ d ~mbg§JmonZ hr {VMr H$m`} AmhoV.
3) ~«mD$Z `m§À`m _Vo kmZ d g_mOmVrb bmoH$ `m§À`m àVr gw`mo½` A{^d¥ÎmtMm {dH$mg H$aUmar
g§ñWm åhUOo emim hmo`.
4) gm{hË`, d¥ÎmnÌo, AmH$medmUr, {MÌnQ>, XyaXe©Z hr OZg§nH©$ gmYZo AmhoV.
5) ~«mD$ZÀ`m_Vo ""ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmar d Ë`mÛmao EH§$Xa g_mOmVhr
n[adV©Z KS>yZ òB©b øm CÔoemZo OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bobr à{H«$`m åhUOo {ejU hmo`.
4.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR> (Exercise / Home Assignment)
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z Ë`mMr e¡j{UH$ H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
2) emim åhUOo H$m` ho gm§JyZ emioMr e¡j{UH$ H$m`} {deX H$am.
3) {d{dY OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§À`m e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©Mr MMm© H$am.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...6
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) Hw$Qw>§~mMo g_mOrH$aUmMo H$m`©.
2) gm{hË` d {MÌnQ> : {ejUmMr gmYZo.
3) {ejH$ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ.
4.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
1) EImÚm àmW{_H$ emiog ôQ> Úm. Am{U VoWrb Aä`mgoVa CnH«$_m_YyZ _wbm§Mo {ejU H$go
hmoVo `m~m~VMr Vw_Mr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdm.
2) doJdoJiçm {ejH$m§À`m _wbmIVr ¿`m d Vo n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ åhUyZ H$arV Agboë`m
H$m`mªMr _m{hVr {bhÿZ H$mT>m.
4.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
1) S>m°. _. dm. Hw§$S>bo (1994), e¡j{UH$ VÎdkmZ d e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó, lr {dÚm àH$meZ
nwUo.
2) S>m°. nmagZrg Z. am. (1987), {ejUmMr VmpÎdH$ d gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m, ZyVZ àH$meZ,
nwUo.
3) àm. Eb. Or. Xoe_wI (2005), {ejUmMo VÎdkmZmË_H$ d g_mOemór` A{Yð>mZ, \$S>Ho$
àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
4) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio (2010), _yb^yV g_mOemó, àH$m{eH$m, gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio,
gm§Jbr.
T
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T
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KQ>H$ : 5
^maVmVrb {ejUmMm {dH$mg
(Development of Education in India)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
5.1 àñVmdZm
5.2 C{Ôï>o
5.3 {df` {ddoMZ
5.3.1 àmMrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU
4.3.2 {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU
4.3.3 ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU
5.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
5.5 gmam§e
5.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
5.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR>
5.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
5.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
5.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
`m Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr ^maVmVrb {ejUì`dñWoMm {dH$mg Aä`mgUma AmhmV. {ejU d
g_mO `m§Mm K{Zð> g§~§Y AgVmo. g_mOmV hmoUmè`m n[adV©Zm~amo~aM {ejUì`dñWoVhr n[adV©Z hmoV
AgVo. H$moUVmhr g_mO pñWVr{eb ZgVmo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV g_mOmV ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. g_mOmMm
{dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z {ejUì`dñWoVhr ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. {VMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo.
{ejUmMr Üòò, {ejUmMm Ame`, {ejUmÀ`m nÕVr d V§Ìo, Aä`mgH«$_mMo ñdê$n BË`mXrV ~Xb
hmoV AgVmV. ^maVmVrb {ejUì`dñWm XoIrb Ë`mbm AndmX Zmhr. ^maVmVrb {ejUì`dñWm hr
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmOn`ªV ~XbV Ambobr Amho. Vr {dH${gV hmoV Ambobr Amho. ^maVr`
{ejUì`dñWoMm AmOn`ªVMm {dH$mg qH$dm ~XbVo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU A) àmMrZ
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H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU, ~) {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU, H$) ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU Ago
VrZ Q>ßno nmSy>Z {VMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
5.2 C{Ôï>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm B
àmMrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb ^maVmVrb {ejUì`dñWoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
B
{~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mVrb ^maVr` {ejUì`dñWoMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
B
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb ^maVr` {ejU ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n {deX H$aVm òB©b.
5.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :
àñVmdZoV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo `m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr ^maVmVrb {ejUmMm {dH$mg g_OmdyZ KoUma
AmhmV. {ddoMZmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r øm KQ>H$mMo VrZ {d^mJ nmS>bo AmhoV. n{hë`m KQ>H$mV àmMrZ H$mimVrb
{ejUmMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV {~«{Q>e H$mbrZ {ejUmMo ñdê$n Aä`mgUma
AmhmV. Va {Vgè`m {d^mJmV ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb {ejUmMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoUma AmhmV.
5.3.1 àmMrZ H$mimVrb {ejU :
gmYmaUV: Am`mªÀ`m AmJ_ZmnmgyZ ho hf©dYmZmÀ`m amOdQ>rn`ªVMm (B.g. 647 n`ªVMm) H$mbI§S>
hm àmMrZ H$mbI§S> _mZbm OmVmo. EdT>çm àXrK© H$mbI§S>mV ^maVr` {ejU nÕVrMo ñdê$n EH$gmaIo
Z amhVm ~XbV Ambobo Amho. àmMrZ H$mimVrb {ejUmMo ~XbVo ñdê$n qH$dm {dH$mg nwT>rb VrZ
CnH$mbI§S> nmSy>Z g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
A) nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ejU, ~) CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ejU, H$) ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ {ejU.
A) nyd©d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ejU (Education in Early Vedic Period)
B.g. nyd© 1200 n`ªVMm H$mbI§S> hm nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S> _mZVmV. `mbmM F$½doXH$mb Agohr
åhUVmV. doXJ«§WmV {deofV: F$½doXmV VËH$mbrZ {ejU{df`H$ _m{hVrMo AàË`j C„oI AmT>iVmV.
nyd© d¡{XH$H$mimVrb {ejUmMo ñdê$n nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
1) {ejU{df`H$ _mJXe©H$ VËdo : nyd© d¡{XH$H$mbrZ {ejUnÕVr hr H$m§hr {ZpíMV Aem
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§da AmYmabobr Amho. n{hbo VÎd Ago hmoVo H$s, OÝ_V: àËòH$ ì`ŠVr hr XodF$U,
{nV¥F$U d F$frF$U Aem VrZ F$UmV AgVo Am{U øm F$Um§VyZ _wŠV hmoUo ho àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMo H$V©ì`
Amho Ago _mZbo hmoVo. `kmXr H$_} H$ê$Z XodF$UmVyZ, {ddmhmÛmao àOmoËnmXZ H$ê$Z (d§egmVË` amIyZ)
{nV¥F$UmVyZ Va {dÚmO©Z H$ê$Z åhUOoM kmZgmYZm H$ê$Z F$frF$UmVyZ _wŠV hmoVm òVo Ago _mZbo hmoVo.
åhUOoM Wmoa F$ftZr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m kmZmMo EH$ {nT>r123456789012345678901234567890121234567
H$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mMo VÎd
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{ejU à{H«$ò_mJo hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV F$frF$UmVyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejU KoUo åhUOoM kmZmMo g§H«$_U
H$aUo ho VÎd {ejUm_mJo hmoVo. Xwgao VÎd åhUOo {dÚmO©Z H$aUo åhUOoM {ejU KoUo ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m
Am`wî`mVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm qH$dm AdñWm _mZbr hmoVr. ì`ŠVrÀ`m Am`wî`mMo ~«÷M`m©l_,
J¥hñWml_, dmZàñWml_ d g§Ý`mgml_ Ago Mma Aml_ åhUOoM Q>ßno _mZbo hmoVo. Am{U ì`ŠVrZo
OrdZmÀ`m n{hë`m Aml_mV åhUOoM ~«÷M`m©l_mV Y_© nwéfmWm©À`m àmßVrgmR>r JwéJ¥hr OmD$Z ^mdr
OrdZmg Cn`wŠV nS>Umao {ejU ¿`mdo VgoM {eñV, g§`_, Mm[aÍ` BË`mXr gX²JwUm§Mo g§dY©Z H$amdo ho
{ZpíMV Ho$bo hmoVo. F$½doXH$mbrZ {ejUmMo {Vgao VÎd åhUOo {ejU ho gdmªgmR>r _wŠV åhUOoM Iybo
hmoVo. ~«m÷U, j{j`, d¡í` d ewÐ Aem Mma dJm©V åhUOoM dUm©V VËH$mbrZ g_mO {d^mJbobm hmoVm
Am{U øm Mmar dUm©Vrb ì`ŠVtZm {ejU KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. nwéfmà_mUoM {ó`m§Zmhr {ejUmMm
A{YH$ma hmoVm. (ór{ejUmMo nwT>o A{YH$ {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.)
2) {ejUmMr Üòò : F$½doXH$mbrZ {ejUmMr Üòò AË`§V ì`mnH$ hmoVr. VËH$mbrZ {ejU
Ho$di nmoQ>mWu ZìhVo. VgoM Vo {Zìdi nwñVH$shr ZìhVo. ì`ŠVrbm ""AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamVyZ kmZmÀ`m
àH$memH$S>o'' KoD$Z OmUo ho {ejUmMo Üò` hmoVo. ì`pŠVÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aUo,
Mm[aÍ` {Z{_©Vr H$aUo, gm_m{OH$ H$V©ìò nma nmS>Ê`mMr j_Vm {dH${gV H$aUo, g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH$VrMo
g§ajU, g§dY©Z d g§H«$_U H$aUo, ì`ŠVrMo gw`mo½` g_mOrH$aU H$aUo BË`mXr CÀM d CXmÎm Üòò
F$½doXH$mbrZ {ejUmMr hmoVr. {dÚm hm {Vgam S>moim _mZbm OmB©. XmoÝhr S>moiçm§Zr Oo {Xgy eH$V Zmhr
Vo øm {Vgè`m S>moiçmZo {XgVo Ago _mZbo OmB©. {dÚo_wioM ì`ŠVrMr àJVr hmoVo d AkmZr _Zwî`mMo
OrdZ newVwë` _mZbo OmB©b. gË`, godm, Z_«Vm, {eñV, g§`_, H$ï>mMr gd`, Y_©nmbZd¥Îmr, ZrVrMr
MmS>, A{VWr gËH$ma BË`mXr gX²JwUm§Mo g§dY©Z H$ê$Z ì`ŠVrMm _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ {dH$mg gmYUo ho
{ejUmMo Üò` _mZbo OmB©b.
3) JwéHw$b nÕVr : `m H$mimV JwéHw$b {ejU nÕVr hmoVr. ZJamnmgyZ Xya ZXr{H$Zmar em§V d
aå` Aem dZmV JwéHw$bm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br OmB©. JwéMo JwéHw$bmVM dmñVì` Ago. _wbJm AmR> Xhm dfm©Mm
Pmë`mda Ë`mÀ`mda "CnZ`Z' ({ejU àma§^mMm) ZmdmMm g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`mbm JwéJ¥hr åhUOoM
JwéHw$bmV {ejUmgmR>r nmR>{dbo OmB©. JwéHw$bmV gw_mao 12 df} amhÿZ {dÚmWu {ejU KoB©. Ë`mbm
JwéHw$bmV AË`§V g§`_r OrdZ OJmdo bmJo. VgoM H$ï>mMr H$m_o H$amdr bmJV. JwéMr godm H$aUo, Ë`mMr
Amkm nmiUo, Jwê$ qZXm Z H$aUo, `kmgmR>r g{_Ym d JmB©gmR>r Mmam Jmoim H$aUo, gmpÎdH$ Amhma KoUo,
gmYo amhUr_mZ R>odUo BË`mXr H$V©ìò {dÚmÏ`m©g nma nmS>mdr bmJV. Jwé hm kmZr, Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ, {Z:njnmVr
Agmdm Aer Anojm Ago. JwéZo {eî`mda nwÌdV ào_ H$amdo, Amnë`mOdirb gd© kmZ {eî`mg XoD$Z
Vmo Amnë`mnojm loð> kmZr hmoB©b `mgmR>r PQ>mdo, gd© {eî`m§Zm g_mZ boImdo, Ë`m§À`mda CÎm_moÎm_
g§ñH$ma H$amdoV Aer Anojm Ago. {eî`mMr AmoiI Jwédê$Z hmoB©. {eî`mÀ`m Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q> dV©ZmMr
O~m~Xmar JwédaM Q>mH$br OmB©. Ë`m_wio Jwé ho Amnë`m {eî`m§da gwg§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm CÎm_/AmXe©
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ZmJarH$ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r PQ>V AgV. {ejU nyU© Pmë`mda {eî` JwéX{jUm XoD$Z ñdJ¥hr naVV Ago d
J¥hñWml_ ñdrH$marV Ago.
4) Aä`mgmMo {df` : Jwé Amnë`m {eî`m§Zm {d{dY {df`m§Mo {ejU XoV Ago. Mma doXm§Mm
Aä`mg H$aUo hm à_wI Aä`mg {df` hmoVm. Ë`mM~amo~a J{UV, Á`mo{Vf, ì`mH$aU, H$ën, N>§Xemó,
{Zê$ŠV `m§Mohr AÜ``Z H$amdo bmJo. {edm` `mn¡H$s EImÚm {df`mV nma§JV ìhmdo bmJo. VgoM emar[aH$
{ejU, {d{dY H$bm, eoVr, newnmbZ `m§Mohr {ejU {Xbo OmB©. earag§dY©Z d ~bmonmgZogmR>r
JwéHw$bmV {eî`m§Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ì`m`m_mMo YS>o {Xbo OmV.
5) Aä`mgmÀ`m nÕVr : F$½doXH$mbrZ kmZ doXm§_Üò Agboë`m F$Mm d íbmoH$ `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
{Xbo OmB©. Ë`m_wio Ë`mdoir doXmä`mg hm nR>Z, _ZZ d qMVZ `m VrZ Q>ßß`mVyZ Ho$bm OmB©. `m H$mimV
Jwê$ _m¡{IH$ nÕVrZo {eî`mg gd© àH$maMo kmZ XoV Ago. Ë`m_wio `m nÕVrV nmR>m§Vamda â Ago.
6) ór{ejU : F$½doXH$mimV ór {ejUmg nyU© dmd hmoVm. Ë`mH$mir "MaU' Zm_ d¡{XH$
AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ g§ñWm hmoVr d {VÀ`mV {ó`m§Zmhr ghO àdoe {_io. _wbm§à_mUo _wbrdahr CnZ`Z
g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`mZ§m JwéJ¥hr {ejUmgmR>r nmR>{dbo OmB©b. {dÚm{W©ZtMo ""~«÷dm{XZr d gYmodYy'' Ago
XmoZ àH$ma hmoVo. n{hë`m àH$mamV {ó`m {ddmh Z H$aVm qH$dm {ddmhmZ§Vahr X¡dr_r_m§gm d VÎdkmZmMm
Aä`mg H$arV. d¡{XH$ `k`mJmMo kmZ {_i{dV. {dídVmam, Amnmb, Kmofm, {ZZmdar, bmonm_wÐm `mgma»`m
{ó`m§Zr doXmÀ`m H$m§hr F$Mm {b{hë`m. A{nembr gma»`m {ó`m Jwé åhUyZhr à{gÕ hmoË`m. _¡Ìo`r,
JmJu, à{MVoÌr, dmMZdr BË`mXr _moR>çm VÎddoÎ`m {ó`m hmoË`m. Ë`m JhZ {df`mda nwéf {dÛmZm~amo~a
dmX{ddmX H$arV. {H$ËòH$ {ó`m kmZXmZ, _§ÌKmof d doXnR>ZmMo H$m`© H$arV. Xwgè`m àH$maÀ`m {ó`m
åhUOo gYmoodYy Ho$di {ddmh hmoB©Vmon`ªV {ejU KoV. Ë`mZ§Va {ddmh~Õ hmoD$Z g§gma H$arV. gmVAmR> dfm©À`m H$mimV Ë`m doX_§Ì, {ZË`Y_©H¥$Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmao _§Ì d àmW©Zm `m§Mo {ejU KoV. {ddmhrV
{ó`m {ZË`Y_© åhUyZ doXnR>Z H$arV, AÜ`© XoV d _§ÌmoÀMmahr H$arV. AemàH$mao nyd© d¡{XH$H$mimV
{ó`m§Zm nwéfmà_mUoM {ejUmMm A{YH$ma hmoVm.
~) CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ejU (Education in Post Vedic Period)
gw_mao B.g. nyd© 1200 Vo B.g. nyd© 600 n`ªVMm H$mbI§S> hm CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S> _mZbm OmVmo.
`mH$mimV Ym{_©H$, amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV _moR>o ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. `m H$mimV `kmXr Ym{_©H$
{dYtMo _hÎd dmT>bo. Ë`m_wio ho {dYr nma nmS>Umè`m ~«m÷Um§Mohr _hÎd dmT>bo. Am`mªÀ`m Q>moiçm
nyd©oH$S>o J§Jm-`_wZoÀ`m Imoè`mn`ªV d X{jUoH$S>o qdÜ` nd©Vmn`ªV ngaë`m. amOoemhr ê$T> hmoD$Z
amÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r bT>m`m gwê$ Pmë`m. dU©ì`dñWm VmR>a Pmbr. {ó`m§Mo ñWmZ d XOm© Kgabm.
{ejUnÕVrVhr _hÎdmMo ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo.
1) {ejU{df`H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo d Üòò : nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimVë`m à_mUoM CÎma d¡{XH$
H$mimVhr F$fr F$UmVyZ _wwŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmO©Z H$aUo123456789012345678901234567890121234567
ho {ejUm_mJrb EH$ àoaH$ VÎd hmoVo. VgoM `m
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H$mimV Mma Aml_mMr ì`dñWm A{YH$ pñWa Pmbr. Am{U ì`ŠVrZo ~«÷M`m©l_mV JwéJ¥hr OmD$Z
{dÚmO©Z H$aUo ho XoIrb ì`ŠVrMo H$V©ì` _mZbobo hmoVo. _mÌ `m H$mimV EH$ _hÎdmMm ~Xb KSy>Z Ambm
Am{U Vmo åhUOo nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimV {ejU ho Mma dUm©gmR>r Iybo hmoVo. CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mimV _mÌ eyÐ
dUm©g {ejU KoÊ`mg ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr. doXJ«§WmMo dmMZ, doX_§ÌmMo nR>Z d ldU H$aÊ`mg, VgoM
g§ñH¥$V ^mfm ~mobÊ`mg d {eH$Ê`mg ewÐm§Zm _ZmB© Ho$br Jobr. VgoM {ó`m§À`m {ejUmdahr AZoH$
{Z~ªY KmbÊ`mV Ambo.
nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimà_mUoM CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mimVrb {ejUmMr Üòò hmoVr. ì`ŠVrMm ~m¡{ÕH$, _mZ{gH$,
emar[aH$ {dH$mg H$aUo, Mm[aÍ`{Z{_©Vr d gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s {Z_m©U H$aUo, gm_m{OH$ O~m~Xmè`m
nma nmS>Ê`mMr j_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo BË`mXr {ejUmMr Üòò hmoVr.
2) Aml_ nÕVr : nyd© d¡{XH$H$mimV Jwê$Hw$b {ejU nÕVr hmoVr. `m nÕVrg H$m§hr _`m©Xm
hmoË`m. Jwé Á`m {df`mV nma§JV Ago Ë`mM {df`mMo kmZ KoD$ BpÀN>Umao {dÚmWu JwéHw$bmV OmV.
{df`m§À`m _`m©Xo_wio JwéHw$bmV òUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªMrhr g§»`m H$_rM Ago. VgoM {dÚmÏ`mªZm Jwê$À`m
KamVM ahmdo bmJV Agë`mZo JwéJ¥hmV WmoS>çmM {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoe Úmdm bmJo. øm gd© AS>MUrda _mV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mimV Aml_nÕVr CX`mg Ambr. EH$ à_wI AmMm`m©À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr
doJdoJiçm {df`mV VÁk Agbobo {dÛmZ F$fr qH$dm AmMm`© EH$Ì òD$Z {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r "Aml_' hr
e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$ê$ bmJbo. Aml_ nÕVr hr JwéHw$b nÕVrMm àJV Q>ßnm hmoVm. am_mÙ_hm^maV øm Aml_m§Mm C„oI AmT>iVmo. CXm. _m{bZr ZXrH$mR>mdarb H$Êd F$frMm Aml_,
Z¡{_Ë`maÊ`mVrb em¡ZH$m§Mm Aml_ (`mV 10 hOma {dÚmWu {ejU KoV Agë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo).
à`mJ òWrb ^maÛmO AmMm`mªMm Aml_ B. {deof à{gÕ hmoVo. OmVH$H$Wm§_Üòhr Vj{ebm d ~Zmag
òWrb Aml_m§Mm C„oI AmT>iVmo. lrH¥$îU d gwXm_m {ejU KoV Agbobm gm§{XnmZr F$frMm Aml_hr
{deof à{gÕ hmoVm.
`mH$mimVhr CnZ`Z g§ñH$mamZ§Va {dÚmÏ`m©g Aml_mV àdoe {Xbm OmB©. {ejUmg àma§^ H$aVmZm
"CfmH$_©' ZmdmMm {dYr Ho$bm OmB©. {dÚmÏ`mªMo {ejU nyU© Pmë`mda Ë`mÀ`mda "g_mdV©Z' ZmdmMm
g§ñH$ma Ho$bm OmB© d _J Vmo ñdJ¥hr naVV Ago.
3) Aä`mgmMo {df` : Aml_mV doXm§À`m Aä`mgm~amo~aM ~«÷{dÚm, B{Vhmg, ZrVremó,
IJmobemó, J{UV, `wÕemó, Jm`Z-dmXZ-ZV©Z BË`mXr {df`m§Mo kmZ {Xbo OmB©. Aml_m_Üò doX{dÚm,
B{Vhmg, X§S>ZrVr, dmVm©emó `m§Mo {ejU {_io Agm C„oI _Zwñ_¥VrV AmT>iVmo. Va Aml_mV doX{dÚm,
X§S>ZrVremó, AW©emó BË`mXtÀ`m Aä`mgmg _hÎd hmoVo Ago H$m¡{Q>ë`mZo åhQ>bo Amho. gmYmaUnUo
Aml_mVrb {dÚmWu doXm~amo~aM Amnmnë`m dUm©À`m ì`dgm`mbm AZwê$n Ago {ejU KoV. ~«h²_U{dÚmWu doX{dÚm, B{Vhmg, N>§Xemó, ì`mH$aU, IJmobemó, Á`mo{Vfemó `m {df`m§Mm, j{Ì` {dÚmWu doX{dÚm, `wÕemó, bîH$ar S>mdnoM, X§S>ZrVremó BË`mXr {df`m§Mm Va d¡í` {dÚmWu doX{dÚm,
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ì`mnma, eoVr, newnmbZ `m {df`m§Mm Aä`mg H$arV. Aml_mV Vm§{ÌH$ d d¡ÚH$s` {ejU hr {Xbo OmB©.
d¡ÚH$s` {ejUmV Am¡fYr JwUY_©, eë`{M{H$Ëgm, amoJ{ZXmZ BË`mXr {df` {eH${dV. Aml_mV doJdoJiçm
{df`m§Mo doJdoJio {d^mJ hmoVo. CXm. ~«÷{dÚoMo {ejU XoUmè`m {d^mJmg ~÷ñWmZ åhUV. amOZrVr,
X§S>emó, AW©emó, ì`mnma `m§Mo {ejU XoUmè`m {d^mJmg {dîUwñWmZ åhUV. eó{dÚm {eH${dUmè`m
{d^mJmg _h|ÐñWmZ, dZñnVrMo kmZ XoUmè`m {d^mJmg gmo_ñWmZ åhUV.
4) Aä`mgnÕVr : `m H$mimV boIZH$bm AdJV Agbr Var kmZ ho _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z nmR>m§Va
nÕVrÛmaoM EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V Ho$bo OmB©. Ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMr ñ_aUeŠVr VëbI
AgUo JaOoMo _mZbo OmB©. Aml_mVrb Aä`mgnÕVrV nwT>rb à_wI Q>ßno hmoVo.
A) ewlwfm : Jwé_wImVyZ kmZàmßVrMr BÀN>m hmoUo hm n{hbm Q>ßnm hmo`.
~) ldU : Jwé_wImVyZ g§Wm KoÊ`mZo {dÚoMm àma§^ hmoV Ago. Ë`mg ldU åhUV.
H$) J«hU : ldU Ho$bobo kmZ AmË_gmV H$aUo åhUOo J«hU.
S>) YmaU : J«hU Ho$bobo kmZmMo ZrQ> AmH$bZ hmoUo åhUOo YmaU hmo`.
B) D$hmnmoh : Jwé~amo~a MMm© H$ê$Z kmZmMr YmaUm nŠH$s H$aUo åhUOo D$hmnmoh hmo`.
\$) {dkmZ : Jwé_wImVyZ EoH$boë`m {df`mMo nyU© kmZ àmßV hmoUo åhUOo {dkmZ hmo`.
J) VÎdm{^{Zdoe : Jwé_wImVyZ EoH$boë`m {df`mMo nyU© kmZ Amnë`m A§Jr {^Z{dUo åhUOo
VÎdm{^{Zdoe hmo`. `m eodQ>À`m Q>ßß`mV {dÚmÏ`m©Mo {d{eï> {df`mMo kmZ n[anyU© Pmbo Ago _mZbo.OmB©.
5) ór{ejU : CÎmad¡{XH$ H$mimV ór{ejUmMm CÎmamoÎma g§H$moM hmoV Jobb
o m {XgVmo. _hmH$mì`m§À`m
H$mimV {ó`m _w»`V: g§JrV, Z¥Ë` `m H$bm§Mo d KaJwVr H$m_mV Cn`wŠV R>aob Aem ñdê$nmMo {ejU
KoV Agmì`mV. `mH$mimV AmÜ`mpË_H$, VmpÎdH$ d d¡ÚH$s` {ejU _w»`V: nwéfM KoV Agë`mMo
{XgVo. amOKamÊ`mVrb H$m§hr {ó`m§Zm bîH$ar {ejU {Xbo OmV Agmdo. nwT>o _wbtda CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma
H$aUo ~§X Pmbo. doXmä`mgmMm hŠH$ {ó`m§Zm ZmH$mabm. amOKamÊ`mVrb {ó`m {ejU KoV. gm_mÝ`
{ó`m _mÌ AS>mUrM am{hboë`m {XgVmV. `m H$mimV ~mb{ddmh àWm gwê$ Pmë`mZo {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMr
g§Yr Xw{_©i hmoV Jobr.
H$) ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ {ejU (Education in Buddhist Period) :
àmMrZ ^maVr` {ejUnÕVrÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb {Vgam Q>ßnm åhUOo ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ {ejU nÕVr hmo`.
gd©gmYmaUnUo Jm¡V_ ~wÕmZr ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mnmgyZ Vo g_«mQ> hf©dY©ZÀ`m amOdQ>rn`ªVMm
H$mbI§S> hm ~m¡Õ Y_m©À`m à^mdmMm H$mbI§S> hmoVm. `m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm
{Vgam Q>ßnm åhUOo {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm ApñVËdmV Ambobm {XgVmo. ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ {ejUmMo ñdê$n
nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
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1) {ejU{df`H$ VÎdo d {ejUmMr Üòò : d¡{XH$ Y_m©Vrb doXàm_mÊ`, `kmV hmoUmar
qhgm, {ZaW©H$ H$_©H$m§S>mMo ñVmo_, dU©ì`dñWm d OmVrì`dñWm BË`mXr Jmoï>tZm {damoY H$ê$Z _mZdr
Xw:ImMm {dZme H$aÊ`mgmR>r d g_Voda AmYmabobr g_mOì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jm¡V_ ~wÕm§Zr
~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. "{Zdm©U' àmßVr ho ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mo Üò` hmoVo. Amnë`m Y_m©Mm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
~wÕm§Zr Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Mo "g§K' (~m¡Õ g§K) ñWmnZ Ho$bo. ~m¡Õ g§KmV àdoe H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm
amhÊ`mgmR>r {dhma qH$dm _R> (~m¡Õ {dhma qH$dm ~m¡Õ _R>) ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. ~m¡Õ {dhmamV amhUmè`m
bmoH$m§Zm ~m¡Õ VÎdkmZmMo {ejU XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. àma§^r "{Zdm©U' àmßVr ho øm
{ejUmMo Üò` hmoVo. ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr {Xjm KoVboë`m bmoH$m§gmR>r ho {ejU _`m©{XV hmoVo. g§gmar ì`ŠVrg ho
{ejU KoVm òV ZìhVo. nU nwT>o ho YmoaU ~Xbmdo bmJbo. H$maU gm_mÝ` OZVog ~m¡ÕY_u` {ejU
{Xë`m{edm` øm Y_m©Mm àgma hmoUma Zmhr ho AmoiIyZ ~m¡Õ {dMmad§Vm§Zr gdmªZm {ejU XoÊ`mg
gwê$dmV Ho$br. CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV ewÐm§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mg ~§Xr hmoVr. ~m¡Õ {dMmad§Vm§Zr {ejUmMm
A{YH$ma gd© dUm©À`m OmVrÀ`m d Y_m©À`m bmoH$m§Zm ~hmb Ho$bm. gwê$dmVrg Ym{_©H$ {ejUmda â
{Xbm Jobm. nwT>o _mÌ ì`mdgm{`H$, Vm§{ÌH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ejU {Xbo OmD$ bmJbo. AemàH$mao ~m¡Õ
H$mimV {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU d bm¡{H$H$sH$aU KSy>Z Ambo. àmMrZ ^maVr` {ejU nÕVrÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb
hm _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm R>abm.
2) {ejUmMo XmoZ ñVa : ~m¡ÕH$mimVrb {ejUmMo àmW{_H$ {ejU d CÀM {ejU Ago XmoZ ñV
hmoVo.
A) àmW{_H$ {ejU : ~m¡Õ _R>mV {Xbo OmB©. AmR> Vo ZD$ dfmªÀ`m _wbmg ~m¡Õ_R>mV {dÚmWu
åhUyZ àdoe {Xbm OmB©. "nã~Om' ZmdmMm {dYr Pmbobo _wb àdoemg nmÌ R>ao. àdoe {Xë`mda _wbmg
"l_U' åhUV. VoWo _wbmg boIZ, dmMZ, J{UV, ~wÕmMo M[aÌ d {dMma `m§Mo {ejU "nmbr' ^mfoVyZ
{Xbo OmB©. _wbmÀ`m d`mÀ`m {dgmì`m dfm©n`ªV ho {ejU Mmbo. {ejU nyU© Pmë`mda "Cng§nXm'
ZmdmMm g_ma§^ hmoB© d _wb ñdJ¥hr naVo. na§Vw Á`mbm "{^jy' ~ZÊ`mMr BÀN>m Ago Vmo H$m`_ñdê$nr
~m¡Õ g§KmV amhÿ eH$V Ago. Ë`mbm Cn‚m`m qH$dm AmMm`© hr CnmYr {Xbr OmB©. {ejU H$mimV
{dÚmÏ`m©g ImUo{nUo, ñZmZ, {ZÐm, nmoemI, Jwégodm, {eñV BË`mXr~m~VMo H$S>H$ {Z`_ nmimdo bmJV.
Jwé d {eî`m§Mo g§~§Y "{nVmnwÌ' g§~§YmgmaIo ào_mMo AgV. Jwé ho {dÛmZ, Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ d g§`_r AgV.
Amnë`mH$S>rb gd© kmZ Vo {eî`mg XoV.
~) CÀM {ejU : ~m¡Õ {dhmamVyZ d _R>mVyZ nwT>o Vj{ebm, dëb^r, Zmb§Xm, {dH«$_erbm B.
_moR>_moR>r {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ Pmbr. `m {dÚmnrR>mVyZ CÀM {ejU {Xbo OmB©. {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm hr
àmMrZ ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb gdm©V àJV Q>ßnm hmoVr. `m {dÚmnrR>mV àdoe {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
{dÚmÏ`mªg "Ûmanarjm' ZmdmMr AË`§V H$R>rU narjm Úmdr bmJo. ~m¡Õg§KmVyZ gdmªÀ`m g§_VrZo {ZdS>bëo `m
{dÛmZ d Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ Aem {^jyH$S>o (Hw$bnVrH$S>o) {dÚmnrR>mMr àemH$s` gyÌo {Xbr OmV. Ë`mÀ`m
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_XVrbm XmoZ _§S>io AgV. EH$ _§S>i {dÚmnrR>mMo X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mO nmhUo, {dÚmnrR> n[agamMr ì`dñWm
R>odUo, B_maVr ~m§YUo, {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {Zdmg d ^moOZmMr ì`dñWm H$aUo Aer àemgH$s` H$m_o H$arV.Ago.
Va Xwgao _§S>i àdoe narjm KoUo, Aä`mgH«$_ R>a{dUo, J«§Wmb`mMr ì`dñWm R>odUo, AmMm`mª_Üò.H$m_mMo
dmQ>n H$aUo Aer e¡j{UH$ H$m_o H$arV Ago. hr XmoÝhr _§S>io d Hw$bnVr amOo d lr_§VmH$Sy>Z AW©ghmæ`
{_i{dV AgV. ~m¡Õ {dÚmnrR>mVyZ ~m¡ÕY_© d VÎdkmZ `m~amo~aM ì`mH$aU, ^mfmemó, {eënH$bm,
g§JrV, IJmobemó, VgoM BVa Y_m©Mr {eH$dU d VÎdo `m§Mo {ejU {Xbo OmB©. qhXy {dÚmnrR>mV
doX{dÚm, g§ñH¥$V, ì`mH$aU, Y_©emó, H$bm, IJmob `m§Mo {ejU {Xbo OmB©b. {dÚmnrR>mVyZ _m¡{IH$
nÕVr (ì`m»`mZ nÕVr), dmX{ddmX, MMm© øm Aä`mgnÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmB©. darb {df`m§{edm`
hñVH$bm (gyVH$VmB©, {dUH$m_, {edUH$m_), dmñVwH$bm, {eënH$bm, {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ, Am¡fYmonMma
d eë`{M{H$Ëgm `m§Mohr {ejU {Xbo OmB©. emar[aH$ V§XwéñVrgmR>r {d{dY Ioi d ì`m`m_ àH$ma `m§Mo
hr {ejU {Xbo OmB©. `m {dÚmnrR>m§VyZ XoemVrb VgoM {dXoemVrb {dÚmWu {ejUmgmR>r òV AgV.
3) à_wI {dÚmnrR>o : àmMrZ ^maVr` {dÚmnrR>m§Mr H$m`©nÕVr ñWwb_mZmZo darbà_mUo hmoVr.
VWmnr àËòH$ {dÚmnrR>mMo doJio ñdê$n d _hÎd hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr à_wI {dÚmnrR>o nwT>rbà_mUoA) Vj{ebm : àmMrZH$mimV Jm§Yma XoemMr amOYmZr Agbobo ho eha B.g. nyd© gmVì`m
eVH$mnmgyZ {dÚoMo H|$Ð åhUyZ {dH${gV Pmbo. amOJ«h, ~Zmag, {_{Wbm, nmQ>brnwÌ B. ehamVrb VgoM
naXoemVyZ {dÚmWu {ejUmgmR>r Vj{eboV òV. d¡ÚH$emó d YZw{d©Úm `mgmR>r Vj{ebm à{gÕ hmoVr.
~«m÷r {bnr, Imamoï´>r {bnr, J«rH$m§Mo ñWmnËèmó d _mZgemó `m§Mmhr Aä`mg `m {dÚmnrR>mV hmoB©.
òWrb H$m§hr Aml_mV gw_mao 5000 BVHo$ {dÚmWu AgV.
~) H$mer : B.g. nyd© gmVì`m eVH$mV qhXwMo doXemó, Y_©emó, VÎdkmZ, VH©$emó, Á`mo{Vf,
IJmobemó BË`mXr {ejU XoUmao ho bmoH${à` {dÚmnrR> hmoVo. qhXwà_mUoM ~m¡ÕY_m©Mo {ejU XoUmao
AmMm`©hr `m {dÚmnrR>mV hmoVo.
H$) Zmb§Xm : {~hmaOdi nmQ>Ê`mnmgyZ 80 {H$._r. da Agboë`m `m {dÚmnrR>mMm {dH$mg B.g.
450 Vo 11 do eVH$ `m H$mbI§S>mV KS>yZ Ambm. gw_mao XrS> {H$._r. bm§~ d 3 Vo 4 {H$._r. é§X Aem
{dñVrU© OmJoV dgboë`m `m {dÚmnrR>mV 7 g^mJ¥ho, gw_mao 200 Imoë`m, {dÚmWu d AmMm`mªMr ñdV§Ì
{ZdmgñWmZo d AZoH$ _yi J«§W Agbobo gwgÁO J«§Wmb` hmoVo. BpËg¨JZr `m àdmemZo `m {dÚmnrR>mV
XoemVrb d naXoemVrb 3000 {dÚmWu {ejU KoV Agë`mMm C„oI Ho$bobm Amho. {d{dY XoemVrb
{dÛmZ ~m¡Õ J«§Wm§Mo {bß`m§Va H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r `m {dÚmnrR>mV òV. ~m¡ÕY_©, d¡{XH$ Y_©, ì`dhmamon`moJr
H$bm `m§Mo kmZ òWo {_iV Ago.
S>) d„^r : ho H$mR>odmS>mVrb ì`mnmamMo d {ejUmMo à{gÕ H|$Ð hmoVo. B.g. 640 À`m gw_mamg
òWo 100 {dhma d 4000 {dÚmWu hmoVo. ~m¡ÕY_m©~amo~aM AW©emó, amÁèmó, J{UV `m§Mo {ejU
{Xbo OmB©. BpËg¨JÀ`m _Vo òWrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm amOXa~mar A{YH$marnXo {_iV.
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B) {dH«$_erbm : nmb KamÊ`mMm g§ñWmnH$ Y_©nmb `mZo AmR>ì`m eVH$mV ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m `m
{dÚmnrR>mV {d{dY B_maVr d J«§Wmbò hmoVr. 12 ì`m eVH$mV Ë`m_Üò gw_mao 3000 {dÚmWu {eH$V
Agë`mMr Zm|X AmT>iVo. `m {dÚmnrR>mV AZoH$ {V~oQ>r {dÚmWu AgV. òWrb {dÛmZm§Zr g§ñH¥$V J«§WmMo
{V~oQ>r ^mfoV AZwdmX Ho$bo. `mV ì`mH$aU, VH©$emó, AÜ`mË_, V§ÌdmX BË`mXtMo {ejU Mmbo. øm
àmMrZ ^maVr` {dÚmnrR>m§Zr {d{dY {df`mVrb kmZmMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z H$ê$Z ^maVr` {dÚoMm
Xoemo{dXoemV àgma Ho$bm.
4) ór{ejU : CÎma d¡{XH$H$mimV ór{ejUmda KmVbobr ~§Xr ~m¡ÕH$mimV CR>br. àma§^r
{ó`m§Zm ~m¡Õg§KmV àdoe XoÊ`mg ~wÕ V`ma ZìhVo. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr ZmIyfrZo Ë`mg nadmZJr {Xbr. Ë`m_wio
~m¡Õ_R>mVyZ {ó`m§Zm åhUOoM {^jwUtZm {ejU {_iy bmJbo. _mÌ ór _R>m§Mr g§»`m Ver H$_rM hmoVr.
Hw$brZ d ì`mnmar dJm©Vrb {ó`m ImOJr {ejU KoV AgV. erb^Îmm[aH$m, à^wXodr, ì`§H$m `m à{gÕ
H$d{`Ìr d bo{IH$m hmoD$Z Joë`m. AÜ`mpË_H$ d VmpÎdH$ kmZ {_i{dbobr "gw_H$m' Zm_H$ {^jwUr
g_mOJ¥VrgmR>r ì`m»`mZo XoV Agë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. g§K{_Ìm§Mo ~m¡ÕY_©àgmamMo H$m`© Va gd©lyVM
Amho. AWm©V `m H$mimV {ó`m§da AZoH$ A{Zï> ~§YZo KmbÊ`mV Amë`mZo {ó{ejUmMm åhUmdm Vgm
àgma hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr.
B àmMrZ
{ejUnÕVrVrb Xmof :
F$½doXH$mi Vo gw_mao Xhmì`m eVH$mn`ªV àmMrZ {ejUnÕVr H$er ~XbV Ambr ho Vwåhr Aä`mgbo
Amho. `m nÕVrV nwT>rb Xmof hmoVo.
1) J«§Wàm_mÊ` : àmMrZ H$mimV Y_©J«§WmVrb {deofV: doXJ«§WmVrb kmZ hoM gË`, gd©loð> d
A§{V_ _mZë`mMo ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmXmEodOr J«§Wàm_mÊ`mg _hÎd Ambo. doX, nwamUo d BVa Y_©J«§WmhþZ
doJio kmZ _m§S>Ê`mMo YmS>g H$moUr Ho$bo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio kmZmÀ`m joÌmV Zdo {dMma CX`mg Ambo ZmhrV.
2) ^m¡{VH$ d gm_m{OH$ emóm§H$S>o Xwb©j : àmMrZ H$mimV Y_©Jwé§À`m hmVr {ejUH|$Ðo hmoVr.
Ë`m§Zr Ym{_©H$ d AÜ`mpË_H$ {ejUmda A{V[aŠV â {Xbm d ^m¡{VH$ d gm_m{OH$ emóm§À`m Aä`mgmH$S>o
~aoMgo Xwb©j Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio àmMrZ {ejU ~aoMgo EH$m§Jr ~Zbo.
3) na§nam{à`Vm : na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo kmZ VodT>oM Mm§Jbo Agm {dMma ê$T> hmoD$Z ZdrZ
kmZemIm§À`m Aä`mgmH$S>o Xb©j Pmbo. Ë`m_wio kmZmMm nwaogm {dñVma Pmbm Zmhr.
4) _ŠVoXmar : óreyÐm§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maë`mZo {ejU joÌmV CÀMdUu` nwéfm§Mr
{deofV: ~«m÷Um§Mr _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U Pmbr d ~hþOZ g_mO AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV {IVnV nS>bm.
5.3.2 {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU (Education in British Period) :
àmMrZ ^maVmVrb {ejUmMm {dH$mg Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmVrb
{ejU nÕVrMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm ho g_OmdyZ KoUma123456789012345678901234567890121234567
AmhmV.
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VwH$s© bmoH$m§Zr H$m°ÝñQ>°pÝQ>Zmonb ehamMm Vm~m KoVë`mZ§Va `wamonmVyZ nyd©oH$S>rb Xoem§H$S>o OmUmam
IwîH$sMm _mJ© ~§X Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio `wamo{n`Z bmoH$m§Zr nyd}H$S>rb Xoem§H$S>o OmUmao Ob_mJ© emoYÊ`mg
gwê$dmV Ho$br. `mVyZM nmoVw©JrO Ibmer dmñH$mo-X-Jm_m `mZo 27 _o 1498 amoOr ^maVmH$S>o OmUmam
Ob_mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>bm. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_©VrZo nmoVw©JrO, S>M, \«|$M, B§J«O BË`mXtZr H§$nÝ`m
ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m d Vo ^maVmV Ambo. ^maVmVrb ì`mnma d àXoe `mda dM©ñd {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mV
g§Kf© Pmbm. `m g§Kfm©V B§J«O {dO`r Pmbo. Am{U B§J«O B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr ^maVmV amOdQ> gwê$
Pmbr. nmoVw©JrOmZr Jmoì`mV Va \«|$MmZr nm±S>oMarV Amnmnë`m amOdQ>r ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. gmYmaUnUo 1757
À`m ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©Vrb {dO`mZo ^maVmV B§J«Or dm {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm nm`m KmVbm d hr gÎmm 1947
n`ªV {Q>Hy$Z am{hbr. gw_mao 150 dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mi {Q>H$boë`m øm {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rMm ^maVr`
g_mOmda bjUr` à^md nS>bm Am{U ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV Am_ybmJ« n[adV©Z KSy>Z
Ambo. ^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ joÌhr `mbm AndmX am{hbo Zmhr. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$
{ejU nÕVrMm nm`m KmVbm. nmíMmË` XoemVrb kmZ, {dkmZ, VÎdkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m§Mo {ejU B§J«Or
^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ XoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {ejUnÕVrMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm ho
nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
1) {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Mo e¡j[UH$ H$m`© :
nmoVw©JrO, S>M, B§J«O, \«|$M BË`mXtZr ^maVmV Amnbm O_ ~g{dë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m _XVrZo d
àmoËgmhZmZo AZoH$ {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$ ^maVmV Ambo d Ë`m§Zr {¼ñVr Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Amnbo
Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© gwb^ ìhmdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ^maVmV {ejUàgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio {¼ñVr
Y_©àgmaH$m§Zm ^maVmVrb AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMo àdV©H$ åhUVm òVo. øm {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§À`m {ejU
àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©Mo ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVo.
A) nmoVw©JrO {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Mo H$m`© : nmoVw©JrOm§Zm ^maVmV gd© àW_ àmW{_H$ {ejU
gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr Jmodm, Xrd, X_U, hþ~ir, H$moMrZ, {MVJm§d BË`mXr {R>H$mUr àmW{_H$ emim gwê$
H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò nmoVw©JrO ^mfm, ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm `m§À`m~amo~aM hñVH$bm, eoVr, J{UV d amo_Z H°$Wm{bH$
n§WmMo {ejU XoUo gwê$ Ho$bo. ^maVr` _wbm§Zm _mo\$V {ejU {Xbo. nmoVw©JrO {¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Zr B.g.
1575 _Üò Jmodm òWo EH$ _hm{dÚmb` hr gwê$ Ho$bo. VgoM ~m§Xam òWohr EH$ _hm{dÚmb` gwê$ Ho$bo.
`m _hm{dÚmb`mV b°{Q>Z d nmoVw©JrO ^mfm, ì`mH$aU, g§JrV, Y_©emó, VH©$emó `m§Mo {ejU {Xbo
OmB©. AemàH$mao nmoVw©JrO {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr ^maVmV àmW{_H$ emim d _hm{dÚmbò gwê$ H$ê$Z
AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMm nm`m KmVbm.
~) S>Mm§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : 17 ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmV Amboë`m S>Mm§Zr ~§Jmb_Yrb MrZgwam d
hþJir òWo d _ÐmgÀ`m (MoÞB©À`m) {H$Zmè`mda ZmJnÅ>_ òWo H$maImZo C^mabo d Amnë`m H$maImÝ`mVrb
n[agamV Ë`m§Zr emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m emim§Mm Cn`moJ S>Mm§Zr Y_©àgmamgmR>r Ho$bm
Zmhr. S>Mm§Zr {gbmoZ_Üò (lrb§Ho$V) EH$ _hm{dÚmb`hr gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo.
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H$) \«|$Mm§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : \«|$Mm§Zr nm±S>oMar, _m{h, H$m{bH$V, R>mUm, M§ÐZJa `m{R>H$mUr
àmW{_H$ emim gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`m§_Üò gd© Y_m©À`m _wbm§Zm àdoe {Xbm. `m emim§V ^maVr` {ejH$m§H$Sy>Z
ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoV {ejU {Xbo OmB©. Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªZm ^moOZ, nmoemI, nwñVHo$ B. _mo\$V nwa{dbr OmV.
\«|$Mm§Zr nm±S>oMarV EH$ _mÜ`{_H$ emimhr gwê$ Ho$br d {VÀ`mV \«|$Mm§Mr _ybo d ^maVr` A{YH$mè`m§Mr
_wbo {ejU KoV AgV.
S>) S>oZ bmoH$m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : S>oÝ_mH©$_YyZ Amboë`m S>oZ bmoH$m§Zr lram_nya, {ÌMZmnëbr,
\$moQ>© g|Q>, _Ðmg BË`mXr {R>H$mUr àmW{_H$ emim H$mT>ë`m. Ë`m§Zr "Q´>mZŠ`y~ma' òWo 1716 _Üò
àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU XoUmar g§ñWm H$mT>br. VgoM _Ðmg_Üò EH$ "Y_©Xm` emim' hr H$mT>br.
S>oZ {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr _wpñb_ bmoH$m§À`m àmW{_H$ {ejUmH$S>ohr {deof bj {Xbo. VgoM Ë`m§Zr
^maVr`m§Zm B§J«Or ^mfm {eH${dÊ`mMrhr gmo` Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr V{_i ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mgmghr àmoËgmhZ {Xbo.
V{_i eãXH$moehr àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr ~m`~bMo V{_i d VobJw ^mfm§V AZwdmX Ho$bo.
B) B§J«O {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : BVa {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§à_mUoM B§J«O {¼ñVr
Y_©àgmaH$m§Zrhr 1813 Vo 1833 `m H$mimV ^maVmV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àmW{_H$ emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
Y_©àgma hm _w»` CÔoe Agë`mZo `m emim§VyZ ~m`~bÀ`m Amä`mgmda â Ago. Ë`m{edm` J{UV,
ì`mH$aU, B{Vhmg, ^yJmob BË`mXtMo ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm§VyZ {ejU {Xbo OmB©. `m emimV EH${ejH$ nÕVr
~mOybm R>odyZ àËòH$ {df`mgmR>r doJio {ejH$ AgV. {ejU _mo\$V Ago. `wamo{n`Z _wbo, Y_mªVarV
^maVr` _wbo, A°½bmoB§{S>`Z _wbo `m§Zm `m emioV àmYmÝ` Ago. B§J«O Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr Amnë`m emim§gmR>r
ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVHo$M àH$m{eV Ho$br. øm Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr nwT>o _Ðmg, _w§~B©, ~§Jmb øm àm§VmV Y_m©W©
{dÚmbò ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§_Üò B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§À`m _wbm§Zm _mo\$V {ejU XoÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm Ho$br.
2) B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m amOdQ>rVrb e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg :
A) MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> : {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$ S>m°. H¡$ao, dmS>© d _me©_Z `m§Zr qhXw d _wpñb_ `m§À`m
{damoYmV _VàXe©Z H$aUmao EH$ nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$ë`mZo qhXw-_wpñb_m§Zr ~§Jmb_Üò X§Jbr gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
Ë`m_wio JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© q_Q>mo `mZo øm Y_©àgmaH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV Q>mHy$Z Y_©àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©g ~§Xr
KmVbr. `m {damoYmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMm ^maVmVrb EH$ godm{Zd¥Îm A{YH$mar Mmëg© J«±Q> `m§À`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr B§½b§S>_Üò Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr Am§XmobZ Ho$bo. J«±Q>Zo nmpíM_mË` kmZ-{dkmZ ^maVr`m§Zm B§J«Or
_mÜ`_mVyZ Úmdo d {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ^maVmV àgma H$amdm Ago gwM{dbo. n[aUm_r 1813 _Üò H§$nZrZo
1813 _Üò MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> (gZXr H$m`Xm) g§_V Ho$bm. `m A°ŠQ>Zwgma ^maVr`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar H§$nZr gaH$mada Q>mH$br d H§$nZrZo Xadfu EH$ bmI énò ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmda IM©
H$amdoV, VgoM {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Zm ^maVmV Y_©àgmamgmR>r nadmZJr Úmdr Ago R>a{dbo.
~) {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_m{df`r dmX : {ejUàgmamg _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1823 _Üò "OZab
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H$m¡pÝgb Am°\$ npãbH$ BÝñQ´>ŠeZ'' `m ZmdmMr g{_Vr Zo_br d {VÀ`mH$S>o EH$ bmI én`m§Mm \§$S>
gmon{dbm. hm \§$S> ^maVr`m§Zm nmpíM_mË` nÕVrMo {ejU B§J«Or _mÚ_mVyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r IM© H$amdm Ago
_mZUmam EH$ JQ> (A±½br{gñQ> nmQ>u) {Z_m©U Pmbm. `m JQ>mV amOm am__mohZ am°` d H$m§hr B§J«O J¥hñW
hmoVo. `mCbQ> hm \§$S> na§namJV nÕVrMo ^maVr` {ejU g§ñH¥$V, \$magr, Aa~r `m ^mfm§VyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
dmnamdm Ago _mZUmam Xwgam EH$ JQ> (Amo[aE§Q>°{bñQ> nmQ>u) {Z_m©U Pmbm. `m dmXmVyZ VmoS>Jm åhUyZ
H§$nZr gaH$maZo B§J«OrÀ`m Aä`mgm~amo~aM nm¡dm©Ë` ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mg CÎmoOZ XoUo d nmpíM_mË` emór`
kmZ nm¡dm©Ë` ^mfoV ^mfm§VarV H$aUo `mgmR>r hm \§$S> IM© H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. Ë`mZwgma ^maVr`m§Zm
nmpíM_mË` gm{hË` d {dkmZ `m§Mo kmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r 1817 _Üò ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m qhXy H$m°boObm (ào{gS>oÝgr
H$m°boO) AZwXmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. VgoM gaH$maZo H$bH$Îmm, AmJ«m d {Xëbr òWo g§ñH¥$V _hm{dÚmbò gwê$
Ho$br.
H$) _oH$m°boMm àñVmd : 1828 _Üò bm°S>© {dë`_ H°$ìh|{S>e ~o{Q>§J JìhZ©a OZab åhUyZ
^maVmV Ambm. JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV n{hbm H$m`Xm gXñ` åhUyZ Wm°_g dmq~½Q>Z
_oH$m°bo `mMr {Z`wŠVr Pmbr. ~oqQ>JZo _oH$m°bog {ejU g{_VrMm AÜ`j åhUyZ Zo_bo. Mm°Q>©a A°ŠQ>Zwgma
EH$ bmI énò {ejUmda H$go IM© H$amdoV `mda VgoM BVahr dmXJ«ñV {df`m§da ~|{Q>JZo _oH$m°bog
gëbm XoU`mMo gwM{dbo. Ë`mZwgma _oH$m°boZo EH$ àñVmd V`ma Ho$bm. `m àñVmdmV Ë`mZo ""^maVr`m§Zm
nmpíM_mË` nÕVrMo {ejU B§J«O _mÜ`_mVyZ Úmdo. VgoM ^maVmVrb nma§nm[aH$ {ejU ho nmpíM_mË`
{ejUmnojm Xwæ`_ àVrMo Agë`mZo Vo XoD$ Zò. nmpíM_mÎ` {ejUmMm CÔoe g\$b H$aÊ`mBVnV
^maVr` ^mfm {dH${gV Pmboë`m Zgë`mZo g§ñH¥$V d Aa~r ^mfoVrb nwñVH$ N>nmB© ~§X H$amdr. _wpñb_
d g§ñH¥$V H$m°boOog ~§X H$amdrV, qhXw-_wpñb_ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Xë`m OmUmè`m {eî`d¥Î`m ~§X H$amì`mV.
gaH$mar \§$S> \$ŠV B§J«Or {ejUmgmR>r IM© H$amdm.'' BË`mXr Cnm``moOZm gwM{dë`m. amOm am__mohZ
am°` d AÝ` nwamoJm_r gwYmaH$m§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmVrb AkmZ, A§YlÕm, A{Zð> ê$T>r na§nam BË`mXtMo
CÀMmQ>Z H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r _oH$m°boÀ`m àñVmdmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$amdr
åhUyZ gaH$mada XS>nU AmUbo. n[aUm_r gaH$maZo nmpíM_mÎ` nÕVrMo {ejU XoÊ`mMo CàH$_ gwê$
Ho$bo. VWm{n, H$m§hr B§J«O, _wpñb_ d qhXy bmoH$m§Zr _oH$m°boÀ`m àñVmdmg {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio gaH$maZo
1839 _Üò _oH$m°boÀ`m àñVmdmV WmoS>mgm ~Xb Ho$bm. Am{U g§ñH¥$V d Aa~r ^mfoVrb nm¡dm©Ë`
{ejUmda H$m§hr aŠH$_ IM© H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. _mÌ emim-H$m°boO_Yrb {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ B§J«OrM
am{hbo Ago R>a{dbo. àemgZmV ImbÀ`m ñVamda "H$maHy$Zr' H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§J«O ^mfm OmUUmao ^maVr`
CnbãY ìhmdoV `mgmR>r B§J«Or _mÜ`_mMo YmoaU gaH$mabm Cn`wŠV R>abo. n[aUm_r B§J«Or {ejU
KoUmè`m ^maVr`m§Mr g§»`m dmTy> bmJbr.
S>) {ejU{df`H$ {PanÊ`mMm {gÕm§V (Filteration Theory of Education) : `m H$mimV
{ejUmda H$_rVH$_r IM© H$aUo ho H§$nZr gaH$maMo YmoaU hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma gd© ^maVr`m§Zm {ejU Z XoVm
Ho$di WmoS>çmM ^maVr`m§Zm åhUOoM CÀMdJm©g {ejU
Úmdo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _m\©$V AmnmoAmnM
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{ejU ImbÀ`m dJm©n`ªV nmohMob Agm {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm. `mbmM {ejUmMm {PanÊ`mMm
{gÕm§V Ago åhUVmV. CÀM dJm©VyZ {ejU nmPaV ({PanV) ImbÀ`m dJm©n`ªV nmohmoMob `m {gÕm§Vmg
AZoH$ {¼ñVr {_eZar, B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo H$m§hr g§MmbH$, _oH$m°bo BË`mXtZr nmqR>~m {Xbm. VWmnr
àË`jmV hm {gÕm§V ImoQ>m R>abm. H$maU {ejU KoVboë`m dJm©Zo {ejUmMm Cn`moJ \$ŠV ñdV:À`m
ñdmWm©gmR>r åhUOo ZmoH$è`m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm. ImbÀ`m dJm©g {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Ë`mZo Ho$bo
Zmhr. åhUyZ gaH$maZo 1854 _Üò `m {gÕm§VmMm A{YH¥$VnUo Ë`mJ Ho$bm. VWm{n, ì`dhma _mÌ hm
{gÕm§V {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm eodQ> hmoB©Vmon`ªV {Q>Hy$Z am{hbm. _mÌ Am½`«mMm boâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a Ooåg Wm°_g d
_w§~B©Mm JìhZ©a Epë\$ÝñQ>Z `m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJmV {ejU àgma hmoÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$ emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
Epë\$ÝñQ>ZZo nwÊ`mV g§ñH¥$V H$m°boO Va _w§~B©V B§{O{ZA[a¨J d _o{S>H$b ñHy$b gwê$ Ho$bo.
B©) Mmb©g dyS>Mm I{bVm : 1853 _Üò MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>À`m ZwVZrH$aUmMr doi Ambr Voìhm
^maVmVrb {ejU{df`H$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m g_ñ`m§da Cnm``moOZm gyM{dÊ`mgmR>r H§$nZr
gaH$maZo {Z`m_H$ _§S>imMm AÜ`j Mmb©g dyS> `mÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br. `m g{_VrZo
^maVmVrb {ejUmMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$bm. ^maVr` {dÛmZm§er MMm© H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr {ejU{df`H$ _Vo
OmUyZ KoVbr. Am{U Ë`mAmYmao EH$ Ahdmb V`ma Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmVrb {e\$maerda AmYm[aV Ago
e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 18 Owb¡ 1854 amoOr H§$nZrÀ`m g§MmbH$m§Zr Omhra Hoo$. `mbmg dyS>Mm I{bVm
(Wood's Despatch) Ago åhUVmV. `m I{bË`mVrb à_wI {e\$magr nwT>rbà_mUo hmoË`m.
1) ^maVr`m§Zm {ejU XoUo hr H§$nZr gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar Amho.
2) ^maVr`m§Zm nmpíM_mÎ` {ejU XoUo d Ë`mÛmao H§$nZr gaH$mabm {dídgZr` d gj_ _Zwî`~i
nwa{dUo ho {ejUmMo Üò` Agmdo.
3) ^maVr`m§Zm nmpíM_mÎ` kmZ, {dkmZ, gm{hË`, H$bm, VÎdkmZ `m§Mo kmZ {Xbo Omdo.
4) àmW{_H$ {ejU Xoer ^mfm§_YyZ Va CÀM {ejU B§J«Or_YyZ {Xbo OmVo.
5) n§Om~, ~§Jmb, _w§~B©, _Ðmg d CÎma-npíM_ àXoe `m nmM àm§VmV bmoH${ejU {d^mJ
ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr O~m~Xmar bmoH${ejU g§MmbH$mda gmondmdr. øm g§MmbH$m§À`m _XVrg
Cn{ejU g§MmbH$, emim {ZarjH$, ghmæ`H$ emim {ZarjH$ hr nXo {Z_m©U H$amdrV.
6) b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m YVuda H$bH$Îmm, _Ðmg d _w§~B© òWo {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$amdrV. `m
{dÚmnrR>mV EH$ {gZoQ> ñWmnZ H$amdo. Hw$bJwé d CnHw$bJwé hr nXo gaH$maZo âmdrV.
7) ^maVmV {ejUg§ñWm§Mr H«$_~Õ _m§S>Ur
Universities - Colleges - High schools -
Middle schools - Indigenous Primary schools `m
H«$_mZo H$amdr.
8) gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm H¥$Vr`wŠV d ì`dhmamon`moJr {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo. Ë`mgmR>r
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gaH$maZo e¡j{UH$ gmo`rgw{dYm, AZwXmZ, {eî`d¥Îmr, doVZ AZwXmZ, J«§Wmbò, à`moJemim
B. CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmì`mV.
9) {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU g§ñWm H$mT>mì`mV.
10) ór{ejUmg MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo AZwXmZ Úmdo.
11) e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm _wgb_mZ _mJmgbobo Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {ejU Úmdo.
12) nm¡dm©Ë` gm{hË` d ^mfm§À`m {dH$mgmg àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
13) gw{e{jV bmoH$m§Zm àmYmÝ`mZo gaH$mar ZmoH$ar Úmdr.
14) {ejUg§ñWm Y_©{Zanoj Agmì`mV. gaH$mar ZmoH$ar XoVmZm Y_m©Mm {dMma H$ê$ Zò. BË`mXr
dyS>À`m I{bË`mVrb darb {e\$maetMr JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© S>bhm¡grZo A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br. `m
I{bË`mZo ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ {ejU nÕVrMm nm`m KmVbm åhUyZ H$m§hrOU dyS>À`m IbrË`mg ""^maVr`
{ejUmMr _°¾mMmQ>m©'' Ago åhUVmV.
3) amUrÀ`m amOdQ>rVrb e¡j{UH$ {dH$mg :
1857 Mm CR>md e_ë`mZ§Va ^maVmVrb B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr amOdQ> ~aImñV Pmbr ^maVmda
B§½b§S>À`m amUrMr amOdQ> gwê$ Pmbr. `m amOdQ>rV ^maVmVrb {ejUmMm Pmbobm {dH$mg nwT>rb
_wÚm§À`m AmYmao g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
A) dyS>À`m I{bË`mMr A§_b~OmdUr : dyS>À`m I{bË`mVrb {e\$maerà_mUo nwT>o 1857
_Üò H$bH$Îmm, _w§~B©, _Ðmg òWo {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ Ho$br. VgoM àËòH$ àm§VmV {ejU ImVo gwê$ H$ê$Z
{ejU g§MmbH$, Cng§MmbH$, emim VnmgUrg BË`mXtMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. _w§~B©, _Ðmg, bmhmoa òWo
1857 _ÜòM d¡ÚH$s` _hm{dÚmbò gwê$ Ho$br. gaH$maMm nmR>t~m d AZwXmZ {_iy bmJë`mZo
g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr _wbtgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. H$m§hr _wpñb_ ZoË`m§Zr _wpñb_m§gmR>r emim H$mT>ë`m.
Ë`m_wio ór{ejU d _wpñb_m§Mo {ejU gwê$ Pmbo d {ejU gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohMÊ`mg _XV
Pmbr.
~) h§Q>a Am`moJ : dyS>À`m I{bË`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr_wio _mÜ`{_H$ d CÀM {ejUmMr àJVr
Pmbr hmoVr. _mÌ àmW{_H$ {ejUmH$S>o gaH$maMo Xwb©j Pmbo hmoVo. H$maU dyS>À`m I{bË`mVrb àmW{_H$
{ejUm~ÔbÀ`m {e\$maer nmb©_|Q>Zo A_mÝ` Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. åhUyZ àmW{_H$ VgoM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMr
gÚ:pñWVr H$m` Amho ? `m {ejUmÀ`m àgmamgmR>r H$moUË`m Cnm``moOZm H$amì`mV ? {ejUjoÌmV
ImOJr g§ñWm§Zm CÎmoOZ Úmdo H$m` ? {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©V {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§À`m emim§Mo ñWmZ
H$m` Agmdo ? BË`mXr àíZm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§Yr {e\$magr H$aÊ`mgmR>r JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>©
[anZ `mZo {dë`_ h§Q>a `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr 20 gXñ` (`m_Üò 15 B§J«O d 5 ^maVr`) Agbobm
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EH$ Am`moJ Zo_bm. (3 \o$~«wdmar 1882) `m Am`moJmZo {d{dY àm§VmVrb e¡j{UH$ pñWVrMr nmhUr
H$ê$Z, {ejUVÁkm§À`m ôQ>r KoD$Z, XmoZeo OUm§À`m gmjr KoD$Z Amnbm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. `m
AhdmbmVrb à_wI {e\$maer nwT>brà_mUo hmoË`m.
1) àmW{_H$ {ejU : àmW{_H$ {ejU OrdZmon`moJr ìhmdo d Ë`mMm gmd©{ÌH$ àgma ìhmdm,
J[a~ d _mJmgboë`m OmVrO_mVrn`ªV Vo nmohMdmdo, {dÚmWu ñdmdb§~r hmoÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m
Aä`mgH«$_mV H¥$fr, {dkmZ, Amamo½`, J{UV, CÚmoJ, H$bm `m§Mm g_mdoe ìhmdm, àmW{_H$ {ejUmg
gaH$maZo n¡gm d gmYZo nwadyZ CÎmoOZ Úmdo. àmW{_H$ {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU XoUmar _hm{dÚmbò H$mT>mdrV.
2) _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU : _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m H$m`m©VyZ gaH$maZo _wŠV hmoD$Z Vo H$m_ ImOJr
g§ñWm d ì`ŠVrH$S>o gmondmdo. gaH$mar _mÜ`{_H$ emim ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ`g§ñWm§H$S>o hñVm§VarV H$amì`mV.
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejU àgmamgmR>r gaH$maZo "ghmæ`Vm AZwXmZ' Úmdo. _mÜ`{_H$ emim§Zm IMm©gmR>r ewëH$
AmH$maVm `mdo. _mÜ`{_H$ emim§Vrb Aä`mgH«$_ "A' Am{U "~' Aem XmoZ àH$maMm Agmdm. "A'
Aä`mgH«$_mV gm{hË`mMm g_mdoe Agmdm d nwT>o {dÚmnrR>r` {ejU KoD$ BpÀN>Umè`m§ZmM Ë`m_Üò
àdoe Úmdm. "~' Aä`mgH«$_mV ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmMm g_mdoe Agmdm. ì`dgm` H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m§ZmM
Ë`m_Üò àdoe Úmdm. Á`m_wio Vo ñdmdb§~r hmoVrb. _mÜ`{_H$ {ejH$m§gmR>r _Ðmg d bmhmoa à_mUo
BVaÌhr à{ejU _hm{dÚmbò gwê$ H$amdrV. _mV¥^mfm d B§J«Or ^mfm `m XmoÝhrMohr kmZ _mÜ`{_H$
ñVamda Úmdo.
3) CÀM {ejU : _hm{dÚmb`m§Zm {Xbo OmUmao AZwXmZ ho {ejH$ g§»`m, _hm{dÚmb`m§Mm IM©,
ñWm{ZH$ JaOm BË`mXtMm {dMma H$ê$Z Úmdo. Aä`mgH«$_mV {d{dYVm Agmdr. `wamo{n`Z {dÚmnrR>mV
{eH$boë`m§Zm àmYmÝ`mZo {ejH$ åhUyZ _hm{dÚmb`mV Zo_mdo. hþema {dÚmÏ`mªZm naXoemVrb {ejUmgmR>r
{eî`d¥Îmr Úmdr. _hm{dÚmb`mV ì`m»`mZ_mbm Am`mo{OV H$amì`mV. CÀM{ejU _mo\$V Zgmdo.
CÀM{ejUmnmgyZ gaH$maZo A{bßV ahmdo. BË`mXr.
4) {deof {ejU : ór{ejUmgmR>r AZwXmZ Úmdo. _wbtÀ`m emioV {ó`m§ZmM {ejH$ åhUyZ
Zo_mdo. Jar~ _wbtZm {eî`d¥Îmr Úmdr. _wbtgmR>r doJdoJiçm _mÜ`{_H$ emim Agmì`mV. _wpñb_
emim§Zm àmoËgmhZ d AZwXmZ Úmdo. _wpñb_ g§»`m OmñV Agob VoWo {_S>b ñHy$b d hm`ñHy$b H$mT>mdrV.
_wpñb_ emim§V _wpñb_ emim VnmgUrg Zo_mdoV. _wpñb_ {dÚmÏ`mªZm àmW{_H$ Vo CÀM {ejUmn`ªV
{eî`d¥Îmr Úmdr. _wpñb_m§À`m B§J«Or {ejUmda â Úmdm B. _mJmgboë`m OmVrO_mVrÀ`m _wbm§Zm
gaH$mar emioV âVr H$amdo. Am{Xdmgr _wbm§Zm _mo\$V {ejU Úmdo. Am{XdmgtMr ^mfm hr {ejUmMo
_mÜ`_ Agmdo. Am{XdmgtMo {ejU gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar Agmdr.
5) Ym{_©H$ {ejU : gaH$mar emim§_YyZ Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoD$ Zò. ImOJr {ejUg§ñWm Ym{_©H$
{ejU XoD$ eH$Vrb. nU Ë`m§Zr gaH$mar _XVrMr Anojm R>oD$ Zò. Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm§Zm
_XV H$aVmZm gaH$maZo Ho$di Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`©M {dMmamV ¿`mdo.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...7
h§Q>a Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer gaH$maZo ñdrH$maë`m. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1884 _Üò H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m e¡j{UH$
YmoaUmMr T>mo~i _mJ©Xe©H$ ê$naofm åhUyZ øm {e\$maer àm§{VH$ gaH$maZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Xadfu
e¡j{UH$ àJVrMm Ahdmb V`ma hmoD$ bmJbm.
H$) 1904 Mm {dÚmnrR> H$m`Xm : bm°S>© H$P©Z (1899 Vo 1904) `mZo ^maVmVrb {dÚmnrR>m§Mr
nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Wm°_g a°bo `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr
EH$ Am`moJ Zo_bm. `m Am`moJmÀ`m AhdmbmÀ`m AmYmao H$P©ZZo 21 _mM© 1904 amoOr ""^maVr`
{dÚmnrR> H$m`Xm'' g§_V Ho$bm. `m H$m`ÚmZo 1) {gZoQ> gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r H$ê$Z {gZoQ>_Üò
{dÚmnrR>mVrb {ejH$m§Zm àmYmÝ` {Xbo. 2) _hm{dÚmb` ñWmnZogmR>r AgUmao {dÚmnrR> _mÝ`VoMo
{Z`_ H$S>H$ Ho$bo. 3) {dÚmnrR>m§Zm g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xbm. 4) àmÜ`mnH$ d àdŠVo `m§À`m
Zo_UyH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {dÚmnrR>mg {Xbm. 5) {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m àmXo{eH$ gr_m R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
JìhZ©a OZabbm {Xbm. `m H$m`ÚmZo {dÚmnrR>mda gaH$maMo H$S>H$ {Z`§ÌU KmVbo. åhUyZ ^maVr`m§Zr `m
H$m`Úmg {damoY Ho$bm.
bm°S>© H$P©ZZo àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmV XoIrb gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mZo Xoer
^mfm§Zm _hÎd XoUo, J«§Wmbò d à`moJemim§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo. ór{ejUmgmR>r AZwXmZ XoUo, nmÌVmYmaH$
{ejH$ Zo_Uo, ì`mdgm{`H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ {ejU XoUo, hþema {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Î`m XoUo BË`mXr Cnm`
`moObo hmoVo. H$P©Z hm H$Å>a gm_«mÁ`dmXr Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm hr EH$ amOH$s` Ioir
Amho Ago _mZyZ ^maVr`m§Zr Ë`mÀ`m gwYmaUm§Zm {damoYM Ho$bm.
S>) g°S>ba Am`moJ : JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© Moåg\$S>© `mZo H$bH$Îmm {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m g_ñ`m g_OmdyZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r Zo_boë`m (1917) g°S>ba Am`moJmZo H$bH$Îmm {dÚmnrR>m~amo~aM BVahr {dÚmnrR>m§À`m
g_ñ`m§Mm VgoM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z nwT>rb {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. 1) B§Q>a{_{OEQ>Mo dJ©
ñdV§Ì AgmdoV d Ë`m_Üò _mV¥^mfoVyZ {ejU Úmdo. 2) _mÜ`{_H$ d B§Q>a{_{OEQ> {ejUmda ""Xwæ`_
{ejU _§S>imMo'' {Z`§ÌU Agmdo. 3) nXdr Aä`mgH«$_ VrZ dfm©Mm Agmdm. 4) ór{ejUmgmR>r
ñdV§Ì _§S>i Agmdo. 5) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmda â Úmdm. 6) hm`ñHy$bn`ªV {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Xoer
^mfm d Ë`mnwT>rb {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ B§J«Or ^mfm Agmdo. 7) {ejH$m§Zm à{ejU XoUmar _hm{dÚmbò
dmT>dmdrV. B. gaH$maZo øm {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m. nU Am{W©H$ AS>MUr_wio Ë`m {XeoZo \$maer dmQ>Mmb
Pmbr Zmhr. 1919 À`m _m±Q>o½`y Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmZo {ejU ImVo gmonrd H$ê$Z Ë`mMm H$ma^ma
^maVr` _§Í`mÀ`m hmVr gmon{dbm.
B) gmOªQ> `moOZm : ^maV gaH$maMm {ejU{df`H$ EH$ `moOZm V`ma Ho$br. `m `moOZoV nwT>rb
VaVwXr hmoË`m. 1) 6 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm§Zm _mo\$V d gŠVrMo {ejU Úmdo. 2) gd©M {dÚmÏ`mªZm
hm`ñHy$b_Üò àdoe Z XoVm 11 Vo 17 d`mÀ`m Xaå`mZ Á`m§Zr {deof M_H$ XmI{dbr Amho Aem§ZmM
hm`ñHy$b_Üò àdoe Úmdm. 3) hm`ñHy$b_Yrb {dÚmÏ`mªn¡H$s gw_mao 10 Q>ŠHo$ _wbm§ZmM _hm{dÚmb`mV
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àdoe Úmdm. 4) B§Q>a{_{OEQ>Mm dJ© _mÜ`{_H$ emim§Zm OmoS>mdm. 5) _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {ejU VrZ
dfm©Mo Agmdo. 6) Vê$Um§Zm emar[aH$ {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r "Z°eZb `wW _yìh_|Q>' gwê$ H$amdr. 7) AÜ`mnZ
nÕVr d narjm§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$amdo. 8) ~w{Õ_mZ ì`ŠVr
{ejH$s noemH$S>o dimì`mV åhUyZ {ejH$m§Mo doVZ dmT>dmdo. BË`mXr.
`m H$mimV ñdmV§Í` bT>m {ZUm©`H$ Q>ßß`mda Agë`mZo gmOªQ> `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr Zmhr.
_mÌ ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo `mVrb H$m§hr VaVwXr ñdrH$maë`m.
\$) ^maVr`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV AZoH$ ^maVr` g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr d amï´>r`
MidirVrb ZoË`m§Zr {ejUàgmamMo H$m`© Hoo$bo. _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr nwUo ehamV _wbtgmR>r (1848)
Añn¥í`m§gmR>r emim H$mT>ë`m (1951) ga gæ`X Ah_X ImZ `m§Zr _wamXm~mX òWo nm{e©`Z emim
(1857) H$mT>br. A{bJT> òWo (1870) hm`ñHy$b d nwT>o EH$ H$m°boO (1875) H$mT>bo. nwÊ`mV
{MniyUH$a, {Q>iH$ d AmJaH$am§Zr amï´>r` {ejU XoUmar "Ý`y B§p½be ñHy$b' hr emim (1880)
H$mT>br. nwT>o øm ZoË`m§ZrM S>oŠH$Z EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r ñWmnZ H$ê$Z \$½`w©gZ d BVa H$m°boOog H$mT>br.
ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVtZr A°½bmo d¡{XH$ H$m°boOMr ñWmnZm (1884) Ho$br. ñdm_r lÕmZ§XmZo JwéHw$b
nÕVrÀ`m emim H$mT>ë`m. A°Zr ~oP§Q> `m§Zr ~Zmag òWo g|Q´>b qhXy H$m°boO (1898) H$mT>bo. aqdÐZmW
Q>mJm|am§Zr em§{V{ZHo$VZMr ñWmnZm (1901) Ho$br. VgoM Ë`m§Zr {díd^maVr {dÚmnrR> (1921), lr{ZHo$VZ
(1922), J«m_rU emim (1924), øm {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. _h{f© Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d}Zr AZmW
~m{bH$ml_ (1896), qhJUo _wbtMr emim (1907) d nwT>o ñdV§Ì _{hbm {dÚmnrR> (1916) ñWmnZ
Ho$bo. n§{S>V _XZ_mohZ _mbdr` `m§Zr ~Zmag qhXy {dÚmnrR> (1916) H$mT>bo. 1920 _Üò nwÊ`mV
{Q>iH$ _hm{dÚmb` ñWmnZ Pmbo d 1921 _Üò Ë`mMo énm§Va {Q>iH$ _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR>mV Pmbo. _.
Jm§YrZr 1937 _Üò Amnbr {ejU {df`H$ dYm© `moOZm _m§Sy>Z _wbm§Zm Z¡{VH$ d ñdmdb§~r ~Z{dUmao
{ejU {Xbo Omdo Ago gwM{dbo.
{~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV ~hþg§»` ^maVr` ZoË`m§Zr amï´>ào_ {Z_m©U H$aUmao {ejU ^maVr`m§Zm Xoer ^mfm§VyZ
{Xbo Omdo `mda â {Xbobm {XgVmo.
B {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>rVrb {ejUmMr d¡{eï>ço :
1) {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV ^maVmV nmpíM_mË` YVr©Mo {ejU-V§ÌkmZmMo B§J«Or _mÜ`_mVrb {ejU
^maVmV gwê$ Pmbo.
2) {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV órewÐm§Zmhr {ejUmMm A{YH$ma {_imbm d {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU Pmbo.
3) {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV Ym{_©H$ {ejU _mJo nS>ob d Y_©{Zanoj {ejU nÕVr gwê$ Pmbr.
4) B§J«Or {ejU KoVboë`m ^maVr`m§Zm ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd, _mZdVm `m nmíMmË` _yë`m§Mr
AmoiI Pmbr d Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g_mOmVrb A{Zï> àWm Zï> H$ê$Z g_mOgwYmaUm KS>dyZ
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99
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AmUÊ`mgmR>r ~hþOZ g_mOmV {ejUàgma H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo.
5) {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV ñdmV§Í`àmßVrgmR>r Midi H$aUmè`m ZoË`m§Zr ^maVr`m§À`mV amï´>ào_ {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r "amï´>r` {ejU' hr g§H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z Ë`mgmR>r {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m.
6) {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Amnë`m gÎmoer EH${Zð> am{hb Aem _Zmod¥ÎmrMm ^maVr`m§Mm dJ© V`ma
H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM amÁ`H$ma^mamV H$maHy$Zr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aob Agm nm§T>anoer` dJ©
V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Or {ejUàgmamda â {Xbm.
5.3.3 ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb {ejU
(Education in Post-independence
Period) :
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va Xoembm Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, {df_Vm, AÞYmÝ` Q>§MmB©, AZmamo½`, AñdÀN>Vm,
AkmZ, {ZajaVm, A§YlÕm, ê$T>r{à`Vm, X¡ddmXr d¥Îmr BË`mXr g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. `m gd©
g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$ê$Z XoemMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo AZoH$ CnH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bo. `m
CnH«$_m§_Üò {ejU àgmamg _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV KSy>Z Amboë`m e¡j{UH$
{dH$mgmMo {MÌ nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm òB©b.
A) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVyXr : ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmZo bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm ñdrH$mabr. bmoH$emhr
èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r d Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwOmU d O~m~Xma ZmJarH$m§Mr
JaO AgVo d Ago ZmJ[aH$ {ejUmÛmaoM V`ma hmoD$ eH$VmV `mMr KQ>Zm§H$mam§Zm OmUrd hmoVr. åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zr {ejUàgmamg nmofH$ R>aVrb Aem nwT>rb VaVwXr amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$ë`m.
1) H$b_ 29 ~ Zwgma amÁ`mÛmao qH$dm amÁ`m_m\©$V {_iUmè`m AZwXmZmda Mmbboë`m
{ejUg§ñWm§V Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao àdoe ZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr.
2) H$b_ 30 Zwgma ^m{f©H$ d Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`m§H$ g_yhm§Zm Ë`m§À`m ng§Vrà_mUo {ejUg§ñWm
ñWmnÊ`mMm d Mmb{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho.
3) H$b_ 45 Zwgma 14 df} d`mn`ªVÀ`m gd© _wbm_wbtZm _mo\$V d gŠVrMo {ejU XoÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr.
4) H$b_ 46 Zwgma g_mOmVrb Xw~©b KQ>H$m§À`m {deofV: AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVrÀ`m e¡j{UH$
d Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Ym§Mr amÁ`mZo {deof H$miOr KoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo Amho.
darb VaVwXrdê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmV {ejU hr amÁ`mMr KQ>ZmË_H$ O~m~Xmar
~Zbr Amho. VgoM gdmªZm {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho.
~) e¡j{UH$ Am`moJm§Mr ñWmnZm : {ejUmMm XOm© C§MdÊ`mgmR>r d {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU
R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo doimodoir {d{dY Am`moJ d g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m {e\$maetMr
A§_b~OmdUr Ho$bobr Amho.
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1) S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ Am`moJ : ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va CÀM {ejUmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r
Zo_boë`m S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ {dÚmnrR> AmmoJmZo (1948) ""ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg, g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«$_U d g§dY©Z,
{dÚmÏ`mªMm ~m¡{ÕH$, emar[aH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ d Z¡{VH$ {dH$mg, Am§Vaamï´>r` gX²^mdZoMm {dH$mg, g_Vm,
ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd d Ý`m` øm bmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mm {dH$mg '' BË`mXr CÀM {ejUmMr Üòò _mZbr. Am{U
hr Üòò gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.
B
CÀM {ejUmV ~w{Õ_mZ ì`ŠVr {ejH$ åhUyZ AmH${f©V ìhmì`mV åhUyZ {ejH$m§Zm AmH$f©H$
doVZ d AÝ` gmo`rgw{dYm nwa{dUo.
B
AÜ`mnZmMm XOm© gwYmÊ`mgmR>r ì`m»`mZo, ànmR> (Tutorials), COiUr dJ©, MMm©gÌo, gwgÁO
J«§Wmbò d à`moJemim Aem gw{dYm nwa{dUo.
B
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gm_mÝ` d ì`mdgm{`H$ A{^ê$Mr bjmV KoD$Z Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma H$aUo.
B
emór` g§emoYZmg AJ«H«$_ XoUo.
B
ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmda â XoUo.
B
CÀM {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ àmXo{eH$ ^mfm Agmdo, VWm{n qhXr d B§J«Or ^mfm§Mohr AÜ``Z
H$aUo.
B
narjm nÕVrV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r narjm _§S>io ñWmnZ H$aUo.
B
{dÚmWu H$ë`mU _§S>io ñWmnZ H$aUo.
B
ór{ejUmÀ`m gmo`rgw{dYm dmT>{dUo.
B
J«m_rU _hm{dÚmbò d {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$aUo.
B
CÀM {ejUmgmR>r gaH$maZo AZwXmZ XoUo BË`mXr.
Am`moJmÀ`m darb VaVwXtMr gaH$maZo A§_b~OmdUr Ho$ë`mZo ñdmV§Í`moÎmaH$mimV CÀM {ejUmMm
PnmQ>çmZo àgma Pmbm.
2) _wX{b`ma Am`moJ :
""bmoH$emhr ZmJ[aH$Îd, ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m`©j_Vm, {dÚmÏ`mªMo ì`pŠV_Îd d ZoV¥Ëd `m§Mm {dH$mg
H$aUo ho _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMo Üò` _mZyZ hr Üòò gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb {e\$magr Ho$ë`m.
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMm H$mbmdYr gmV df} Agmdm. 11 Vo 17 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm_wbtZm
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejU Úmdo.
B
B
_mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ gmYmaUV: _mV¥^mfm dm àmXo{eH$ ^mfm Agmdo.
B
_mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdarb Aä`mgH«$_mV XmoZ ^mfm, gm_m{OH$ emóo, J{UV, gm_Ý` {dkmZ,
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hñVì`dgm`, emar[aH$ {ejU, H$bm d g§{JV, H¥$fr, dm{UÁ`, V§ÌkmZ Ago {d{dY {df` g_m{dï>
AgmdoV.
B
nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r nmR>çnwñVH$ g{_Vr J{R>V H$amdr.
B
AÜ`mnZmgmR>r H¥${Verb d àH$ën nÕVtMm dmna H$amdm.
B
àËòH$ _mÜ`{_H$ emioV gwgÁO J«§Wmb` d à{e{jV J«§Wnmb Agmdm.
B
EopÀN>H$ ñdê$nmV Ym{_©H$ {ejU Úmdo. Mm[aÍ`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmao Z¡{VH$ {ejU Úmdo.
B
emioV Aä`mgnyaH$ CnH«$_ am~dmdoV. VgoM _mJ©Xe©Z d g_wnXoeZ gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
B
{dÚmÏ`mªZm Amamo½` godm CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdr d Ë`m§Zm emar[aH$ {ejU Úmdo.
B
emim§À`m gXñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mda Cnm` gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r {ZarjH$ Zo_mdoV BË`mXr.
gaH$maZo øm {e\$magtMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$ë`mZo _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmVrb Xmof Xya hmoÊ`mg _XV
Pmbr.
3) H$moR>mar Am`moJ : àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ d {dÚmnrR>r` øm {VÝhr ñVamdarb VgoM OrdZmÀ`m
gd© joÌmVrb {ejUmMm EH${ÌV {dMma H$ê$Z {ejUmMr JwUdÎmm d XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r 1964 _Üò
S>m°. S>r. Eg. H$moR>mar Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am`moJmZo ""{ejUmÛmao CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo,
gm_m{OH$ d amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo, {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò gm_m{OH$ d amï´>r` godmd¥Îmr {Z_m©U H$aUo,
XoemMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU KS>dyZ AmUUo, gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ d AmÜ`mpË_H$ _yë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo, Ym{_©H$
g{hîUyVm {Z_m©U H$aUo BË`mXr {ejUmMr Üòò _mZyZ Vr gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.
Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr à_wI {e\$maer nwT>rbà_mUo B
Am`moJmZo {ejUmMm ZdrZ AmH¥$Vr~§Y nwT>rbà«_mUo gwM{dbm : 1 Vo 3 dfm©Mo nyd© àmW{_H$
{ejU, 10 dfm©Mo gm_mÝ` {ejU, 2 dfm©Mo CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU, 3 dfm©Mo nXdr
{ejU Am{U 2 qH$dm 3 dfm©Mo nXì`wÎma {ejU.
B
{ejH$mMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r d ~w{Õ_mZ `wdH$ {ejH$s noemH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm AmH$f©H$ doVZ, ~T>Vr, {Zd¥Îmr bm^, Aem gw{dYm Úmì`mV.
B
{ejH$mgmR>r à{ejU ì`dñWm H$amdr. godm§VJ©V à{ejUmMm {demb H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVbm
Omdm.
B
àËòH$ ~mbH$mg {H$_mZ 7 dfm©Mo Mm§Jbo d Cn`wŠV àmW{_H$ {ejU Úmdo d Vo _mo\$V d
gŠVrMo Agmdo.
B
gd© {ejU {dZmewëH$ XoÊ`mMo C{Ôï> S>moiçmg_moa R>odyZ amï´>mZo dmQ>Mmb H$amdr.
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B
gdmªZm {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdr. Ë`mgmR>r An§J, {ó`m _mJmgboë`m
OmVrO_mVr `m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r Img VaVwXr H$amì`mV. {ejUmVrb àmXo{eH$ Ag_Vmob
Xya H$amdm.
B
JwUdÎmmnyU© nmR>çnwñVHo$ d AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ gm_J«r H$_r qH$_VrV CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdo.
nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{_©VrgmR>r amÁ`ñVamda EImXo ñdm`Îm _§S>i {Z_m©U H$amdo.
B
{dÚmnrR>m§Mm {dH$mg H$amdm. Ë`m§Zm nyU© ñdm`ÎmVm Úmdr. H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>o d _hm{dÚmbò
ñWmnZ H$amdrV.
B
ì`mdgm{`H$, Vm§{ÌH$ d A{^`m§{ÌH$s {ejUmMm {dñVma H$amdm.
B
{dkmZ {ejU d g§emoYZmH$S>o A{YH$ bj Úmdo.
B
àm¡T> {ejU, {Za§Va {ejUmMo CnH«$_ gwê$ H$amdoV. BË`mXr.
H$moR>mar Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerda AmYm[aV ^maVmZo Amnbo n{hbo e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 1968 _Üò
à{gÕ Ho$bo. {ejUmMm ZdrZ AmH$Vr~§Y, CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMo ì`mdgm{`H$aU, H$m`m©Zw^d,
g_mOgodm, nwñVH${Z{_©Vr, {ejH$m§Mo gwYm[aV doVZ_mZ, H¥$fr {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZm, {Ì^mfgyÌ, Xw~©bm§Mo
{ejU, ór{ejU, {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñdm`ÎmVm BË`mXr {e\$magtMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Va
H$m§hr {e\$maetMr A§eV: A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmg doJir
{Xem àmßV Pmbr.
H$) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUo : {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo doimodoir amï´>r`
e¡j{UH$ YmoaUo Omhra Ho$br AmhoV.
1) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 1986 : amOrd Jm§Yr gaH$maZo ho YmoaU Omhra Ho$bo. `m YmoaUmV
nwT>rb VaVwXr gyM{dë`m.
B
gdmªZm {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU XoUo.
B
àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ d CÀM {ejUmMr nwZa©MZm H$aUo.
B
{ejH$m§À`m à{ejUmV AmYw{ZH$Vm AmUUo.
B
amï´>r` CËnÞmÀ`m 6 Q>ŠHo$ BVH$s Jw§VUyH$ {ejUmV H$aUo.
B
àm¡T> {ejU d {Za§Va {ejUmda â XoUo.
B
{ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amï´>r` gmYZg§nÎmrMm `mo½` {dH$mg d dmna H$aUo.
B
{ejUnÕVr g_mOm{^_yI ~Z{dUo.
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B
Aä`mgH«$_mV ""ñdmV§Í`bT>m, g§{dYm{ZH$ O~m~Xmè`m, amï´>r` Apñ_Vm, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$
dmagm, g_VmdmX-bmoH$emhr-Y_©{ZanojVm, ór-nwéf g_mZVm, n`m©daU g§ajU, gm_m{OH$
AS>gam§Mo {Z_y©bZ, bhmZ Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmXe©, d¡km{ZH$ _Zmod¥ÎmrMr ê$OdUyH$'' øm Xhm Jm^m^yV
KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aUo.
B
Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmMr nwZa©MZm H$aUo.
B
~mbg§JmonZ d {ejU `m§À`mV g_Ýd` gmYUo.
B
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>o, Xya{ejU {d^mJ, J«m_rU {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$aUo.
B
~w{Õ_mZ {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r ZdmoX` {dÚmbò ñWmnZo.
B
nXdr d ZmoH$ar `m§Mr \$maH$V H$aUo BË`mXr.
1968 À`m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmV Á`m ~m~r èñdr hmoD$ eH$ë`m ZmhrV Ë`m§Mr XIb 1986 À`m
YmoaUmV KoVbr Jobr. `m YmoaUmV AZoH$ e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m d ZmdrÝ`nyU© Jmoï>tMm {dMma Ho$bm Amho. `m
YmoaUmMr A§_b~OmdUr gwê$ AgyZ Vr nyU©nUo èñdr Pmë`mg ^maVr` {ejUnÕVrV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb
{XgyZ òB©b.
2) gwYm[aV amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 1992 : 1986 À`m amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmÀ`m
A§_b~OmdUrMo d n[aUm_m§Mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z H$ê$Z ho gwYm[aV amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU 1992 _Üò Omhra
Ho$bo. Ë`m_Üò nwT>rb {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.
B
e¡j{UH$ àemgZ d {Z`moOZ `m_Üò {ejUVÁkm§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo.
B
e¡j{UH$ àemgZ d n`©dojUmV godm§VJ©V godH$m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo.
B
amîQ´>r` ñVamdarb A) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afX (NCERT) ~) amï´>r`
e¡j{UH$ {Z`moOZ d àemgZ g§ñWm (NIEPA) H$) {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ (UGC) `m VrZ
g§ñWm§Mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z H$aUo.
B
MMm©gÌo, H$m`©emim, ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ BË`mXrdarb IM© ^«m_H$ AgyZ Vmo embo` gmYZ
gw{dYm§gmR>r H$amdm.
B
CÀM {ejUmda Ho$bm OmUmam A_mn IM© H$_r H$ê$Z Vmo gm_mÝ` {ejUmH$S>o didmdm.
B
e¡j{UH$ YmoaU R>a{dë`mZ§Va Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m {dÎmmMr ì`dñWm H$amdr.
darb gwYm[aV e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H¥${VH$m`©H«$_ {ZpíMV Ho$bm.
Ë`m_Üò e¡j{UH$ àemgZmV gwYmaUm H$aUo, gŠVrMo àmW{_H$ {ejU èñdr H$aUo, {ejUmÀ`m
{d{dY ñVam§da _wbtMm gh^mJ dmT>{dUo, gmjaVm àgmamgmR>r àmW{_H$ {ejU, AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU
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d àm¡¡T> {ejU `m {VÝhr _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aUo. {dÚmÏ`mªMr emioVrb g§»`m d CnpñWVr {Q>H${dUo,
embo` nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z H$aUo BË`mXr ~m~tMm g_mdoe Amho.
3) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 2001 : 1986 À`m amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmV d Ë`mda AmYm[aV
1992 À`m gwYm[aV e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmV Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo Xa nmM dfmªZr {ejU nÕVrMo nwZ{d©bmoH$Z
H$amd`mMo hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma Zmoìh|~a 2000 _Üò amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo gwYm[aV Aä`mgH«$_
AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bm. Am{U gßQ>|~a 2001 _Üò hm Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>m Omhra Ho$bm. OZVoÀ`m
Amem AmH$m§jm, amï´>mnwT>rb AmìhmZo, g§{dYmË_H$ ~m~r, OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m g_ñ`m,
~Xbbobo gm_m{OH$ g§X^©, {dkmZV§ÌkmZmVrb àJVr BË`mXr ~m~tMm {dMma øm Aä`mgH«$_mV Ho$bm
Amho. 1986 À`m d 1992 À`m amï´>r` YmoaUmVrb _yi AmamIS>çmVrb ñWwbê$n VÎdm§er hm Aä`mgH«$_
AmamIS>m gwg§JV R>odbm Amho. amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ d à{ejU n[afXoZo V`ma Ho$bobm Aä`mgH«$_
S>mi
o çm§g_moa R>do Zy amÁ`m§Zr Amnbr ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVr bjmV KoD$Z `m Aä`mgH«$_m§er Amnbo Aä`mgH«$_
gwg§JV R>odmdoV Aer Anojm Amho.
`m Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>çmV nmM àH$aUo AgyZ n{hë`m àH$aUmV Aä`mgH«$_ V`ma H$aVmZm
{dMmamV ¿`md`mÀ`m ~m~r d g§nH©$ `m§Mr MMm© Ho$br Amho. Xwgè`m àH$aUmV àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$
ñVamdarb Aä`mgH«$_mMo g§KQ>Z Va {Vgè`m àH$aUmV CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdarb Aä`mgH«$_mMo
g§KQ>Z `m§Mr MMm© Ho$br Amho. Mm¡Ï`m àH$aUmV {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m àJVrMo _yë`_mnZ H$go H$amdo `mMr Va
nmMì`m àH$aUmV Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>çmMo aMZmH$m¡eë` d Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr `m~m~VMr MMm©
Ho$br Amho.
`m AmamIS>çmV ZdrZ kmZ, {dkmZ d H$m¡eë` `m§Mm Aä`mgH«$_ A§V^m©d H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r
"AJ«Ur Aä`mgH«$_' hr ZdrZ g§H$ënZm _m§S>br Amho. VgoM amï´>r` ñVamda e¡j{UH$ XOm©Mo {Z`§ÌU
Ho$bo Omdo `m hoVyZo "amï´>r` _yë`_mnZ g§KQ>Zm' ñWmnÊ`mMr VaVwX Ho$br Amho. {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmbm g_m§Va _wŠVemim qH$dm _wŠV Aä`mg nÕVrMr H$ënZm _m§S>br
Amho. àmW{_H$ ñVamda Amamo½`Xm`r {ejU d CËnmXH$ OrdZ H$m¡eë` hm ZdrZ {df` g_m{dï>
Ho$bm Amho. d[að> àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamda {dkmZmÀ`m OmoS>rbm V§ÌkmZ {df`mMm g_mdoe Ho$bm
Amho. g§ñH¥$V d naH$s` ^mfm Aä`mgUo, CÀM àmW{_H$ ñVamda ""ì`mdgm{`H$ emIm Aä`mgH«$_''
{Z_m©U H$aUo, {df` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` XoUo, H«o${S>Q> nÕVr Adb§~Uo, gVV _yë`_mnZ H$aUo BË`mXr
~m~tMmhr g_mdoe `m Aä`mgH«$_ AmamIS>çmV Ho$bm Amho. øm ~m~r ^maVr` {ejUnÕVrV H«$m§Vr
KS>{dUmè`m AmhoV.
S>) ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmVrb {ejUmMr d¡{eï>ço : ^maVmV ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV {ejUmMm
{dH$mg hmoV Mmbbm Amho. `m {dH$mgmMo ñdê$n g_OÊ`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmVrb {ejUmMr R>iH$
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1) {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU : na§namJV ^maVmV Ho$di CÀM OmVtZmM {deofV: {ejU KoÊ`mg
~§Xr hmoVr. {~«{Q>em§Zr {ejU gdmªgmR>r Iwbo Ho$bo Varhr {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV \$maM WmoS>çm ^maVr`m§Zm
{ejU {_imbo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va _mÌ {ejU hr amÁ`mMr O~m~Xmar ~Zbr. Ë`m_wio gdmªZm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r
gaH$maZo ~mbdmS>çm, A§JUdmS>çm, àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ emim, _hm{dÚmbò, {dÚmnrR>o, amÌemim,
V§Ìemim, Am¡Úmo{JH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmMr H|$Ðo, gmjaVmàgmamgmR>r àm¡T> {ejU H|$Ðo BË`mXr
{ejUg§ñWm§Mo Xoeâ Omio C^mabo. Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm {ejU KoVm `mdo åhUyZ {eî`d¥Îmr, dømnwñVHo$ d
JUdoe `m§Mo dmQ>n, dgVrJ¥ho, _Yë`m gwÅ>rV ^moOZ, e¡j{UH$ àdmgmgmR>r gdbV, ImOJr
{ejUg§ñWm§Zm AZwXmZ BË`mXr gmo`rgw{dYm nwa{dë`m OmV AmhoV. {ejU àgmamgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm
(ISy> \$im `moOZm, gd© {ejU A{^`mZ, {dÚmWu XÎmH$ `moOZm, _wbtZm _mo\$V {ejU B.) am~{dë`m
OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {ejUàgmamg _moR>r MmbZm {_imbr Amho. B.g. 1951 _Üò ^maVmV Ho$di
18.3% BVHo$ gmjaVoMo à_mU hmoVo Vo 2001 _Üò 65.38% Q>ŠŠ`mda nmohMbo Amho. `mdê$Z {ejU
àgmamMr H$ënZm òVo. B.g. 2010 _Üò H|$Ð gaH$maZo 14 dfm©n`ªVÀ`m _wbm_wbtZm _mo\$V d gŠVrMo
{ejU XoÊ`mMm H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejU àgmamg _moR>r MmbZm {_iUma Amho.
2) {d{dY àH$maMo {ejU : na§namJV ^maVmVrb {ejU ho àm_w»`mZo Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo
Va {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV àm_w»`mZo àemgH$s` H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV AgUmam H$_©Mmar dJ© V`ma
H$aUmao {ejU {Xbo OmB©. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va _mÌ {d{dY Am`moJm§À`m {e\$maer d amï´>r` e¡j{UH$
YmoaUmVrb VaVwXr `m§Zm AZwgê$Z {ejUmMm g_Vmob {dñVma H$aÊ`mda â {Xbm OmV Amho. H$bm,
dm{UÁ`, gm_m{OH$ d Z¡g{J©H$ emóo, H¥$fr, H$m`Xm, ì`dñWmnZ, V§ÌkmZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$, A{^`m§{ÌH$s,
d¡ÚH$s`, g§JUH$, _m{hVr-V§ÌkmZ, AdH$me BË`mXr {d{dY {dÚmemIm§Vrb {ejU {Xbo OmV Amho.
Ë`m_wio AmO ^maVmV {d{dY àH$maMo {ejU CnbãY Pmbo AgyZ ^maVr` ~w{Õ_mZ d CÀM{e{jV
`wdH$m§Zm XoemV d naXoemVhr amoOJmamÀ`m AmH$f©H$ g§Yr {_iy bmJë`m AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV naH$s` {dÚmnrR>m§Zm ^maVmV Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo Agë`mZo AmO AZoH$
naH$s` {dÚmnrR>m§Zr ^maVmV Amnbo Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio naH$s` {dÚmnrR>m§er ^maVr`
{dÚmnrR>m§Zm ñnYm© H$aUo A{Zdm`© hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Amnbm XOm© gwYmamdm bmJUma Amho.
3) {ejUmÀ`m C{Ôï>çm§V ~Xb : kmZg§nXm, kmZg§dY©Z, Mm[aÍ`{Z{_©Vr, gm_m{OH$ ~m§YrbH$s,
amï´>r` ^mdZm d amï´>ào_ {Z{_©Vr, Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm BË`mXr {ejUmÀ`m à_I C{Ôï>o _mZbr
OmVmV. gd© e¡j{UH$ Am`moJm§Zr d amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUm§Zr {ejUmÀ`m øm C{Ôï>m§da â {Xbobm Amho.
VWmnr, ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmV gÎmm, g§nÎmr, amoOJma BË`mXtÀ`m àmßVrgmR>r {ejUmg _hÎd Amnë`mZo
{ejUmMr darb C{Ôï>o ì`dhmamV _mJo nS>V Mmbbr AmhoV. kmZmEodOr _m{hVr g§nmXÊ`mV _hÎd Ambo
Amho. ZmoH$ar {_i{dUo, {Zdm©h Mmb{dUo, H$[aAa KS>{dUo, ì`pŠVJV _hÎdmH$m§jm nyU© H$aUo BË`mXr
C{Ôï>m§À`mnyVugmR>r {ejU KoVbo OmV Amho. narjoVrb JwUm§ZmM e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm _mZbo OmV Amho.
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4) {ejU _hmJbo : nydu {ejU àgmamgmR>r Vi_irZo PQ>Umè`m {ejU _h{fªMr OmJm AmO
â_gmR> {ejUewëH$ d XoU½`m KoUmè`m {ejUg_«mQ>m§Zr KoVbr AgyZ Ë`m§Zr {ejUmMm ~mOma _m§S>bm
Amho. VgoM OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV gaH$maZo {ejUmdarb AZwXmZ H$_r Ho$ë`mZo d {ejUmÀ`m
ImOJrH$aUmda â {Xë`mZo {ejU _hmJ Pmbo Amho. n[aUm_r gm_mÝ` {dÚmWu CÀM{ejUmnmgyZ
d§{MV amhÊ`mMm YmoH$m dmT>bm Amho.
5.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your progress) :
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZ (Multiple Choice questions) :
1) doXH$mimV {ejU àma§^m{df`rMm H$moUVm g§ñH$ma hmoVm ?
A) g_mdV©Z
~) CnZ`Z
H$) nw§gdZ
S>) `mn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
2) H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVr`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H§$nZr gaH$mada Q>mH$br ?
A) gZXr H$m`Xm ~) {~b Am°\$ amB©Q>
H$) {dÚmnrR> H$m`Xm S>) `mn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
3) ^maVr` {ejUmMr _°¾mMmQ>© H$moUmg _mZbo OmVo ?
A) h§Q>a Am`moJ
~) g°S>ba Am`moJ
H$) dyS>Mm I{bVm
S>) gmOªQ> `moOZm.
4) _wX{b`ma Am`moJ H$moUË`m ñVamdarb {ejUmer g§~§{YV Amho ?
A) àmW{_H$
~) _mÜ`{_H$
H$) {dÚmnrR>r`
S>) darb gd©.
5) nXdr d ZmoH$ar `m§Mm g§~§Y H$moUË`m amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmV VmoS>Ê`mV Ambm Amho ?
A) 1986 À`m
~) 1991 À`m
H$) 2001 À`m
S>) `mn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm. (Answer in one sentence)
1) ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ {dÚmnrR>mMr Zmdo gm§Jm.
2) H$moUË`m JìhZ©a OZabZo h§Q>a Am`moJ Zo_bm ?
3) aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoam§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m {ejUg§ñWm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
4) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$moUË`m H$b_mZo 14 dfo© d`mn`ªVÀ`m _wbm_wbtZm _mo\$V d gŠVrMo {ejU
XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda Q>mH$br Amho ?
5) gd© ñVamdarb d gd© joÌmVrb {ejUmMm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVm Am`moJ Zo_bm ?
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5.5 gmam§e (Let us Sum up)
`m nmMì`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr ^maVmVrb {ejUmMm {dH$mg Q>ßß`m-Q>ßß`mV Aä`mgbobm Amho. n{hë`m
Q>ßß`mV àmMrZ H$mimV {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm ho Aä`mgbo Amho. nyd© d¡{XH$ H$mimV åhUOo
F$½doXH$mimV F$frF$UmVyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejU KoUo Amdí`H$ _mZbo OmB©. `m H$mimV Mma dUm©Vmb
ì`ŠVtZm d {ó`m§Zmhr {ejUmMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. `m H$mimV JwéHw$bnÕVrMo {ejU hmoVo. CnZ`Z
g§ñH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va ì`ŠVr JwéÀ`m J¥hr OmD$Z doX, J{UV, Á`mo{Vf, ì`mH$aU BË`mXtMo {ejU KoV Ago.
nwT>o CÎmad¡{XH$ H$mimV ewÐm§Zm d {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm Jobm. `mH$mimV Aml_nÕVr
CX`mg Ambr. Aml_mV {d{dY F$ftÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr ì`ŠVr doXmä`mg ~amo~aM Amnmnë`m dUmªÀ`m
ì`dgm`mbm AZwê$n Ago {ejU KoV AgV. `mH$mimV àm_w»`mZo _m¡{IH$ nÕVrÛmao {ejU {Xbo OmB©.
nwT>o ~m¡ÕH$mimV ewÐm§Zm d {ó`m§Zmhr {ejUmMm A{YH$ma {_imbm. `mH$mimV Vj{ebm, H$mer, Zmb§Xm,
dëb^r, {dH«$_erbm Aem _moR>_moR>r {dÚmnrR> ApñVËdmV Ambr. Ë`m_Üò Xoemo{dXoemVrb {dÚmWu
{ejU KoV AgV. gmYmaUV: Zdì`m eVH$mn`ªV ~m¡Õ {ejUnÕVr ApñVÎdmV hmoVr.
15 ì`m d 16 ì`m eVH$mV `wamo{n`Z bmoH$ (nmoVw©JrO, S>M, \«|$M, B§J«O) ^maVmV Amë`mda
^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ {ejU nÕVrMr gwê$dmV Pmbr. gwê$dmVrg `wamo{n`Z {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr Amnë`m
Y_© àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©V nmofH$ R>aob AemnÕVrZo Ë`m§Zr ^maVr`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
nwT>o B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr amOdQ> gwê$ Pmë`mda H§$nZr gaH$maZo MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> ZmdmMm H$m`Xm g§_V H$ê$Z
Xadfu ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmda 1 bmI IM© H$aÊ`mMo {ZpíMV Ho$bo. nwT>o _°H$mboÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma d
dwS>À`m I{bË`mZwgma ^maVr`m§Zm B§J«Or _mÜ`_mVyZ nmpíM_mÎ` kmZ XoÊ`mMo YmoaU {ZpíMV Ho$bo. nwT>o
^maVmVrb {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Zo_boë`m h§Q>a Am`moJmZo àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ d {dÚmnrR>,
{ejUm{df`r AZoH$ {e\$magr Ho$ë`m. 1904 _Üò bm°S>© H$P©ZZo {dÚmnrR> H$m`Xm H$ê$Z {dÚmnrR>mda
H$S>H$ {Z`§ÌUo KmVbr. nwT>o 1917 _Üò g°S>ba Am`moJmZo {dÚmnrR> d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUm{df`r H$m§hr
{e\$maer Ho$br. 1944 _Üò gmOªQ> `moOZm V`ma Ho$br. nU `m `moOZoVrb VaVwXr A§_bmV Amë`m
ZmhrV. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr d amï´>r` MidirVrb ZoË`m§Zr ^maVr`m§Zm {ejU
XoÊ`mgmR>r {ejUg§ñWm gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoV AZoH$ VaVwXr Ho$ë`m. CÀM
{ejUmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1948 _Üò S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ Am`moJ Zo_bm. Va _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMm
XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r _wX{b`ma Am`moJ Zo_bm. nwT>o 1964 _Üò gd© ñVamdarb d gd© joÌmVrb {ejUmMm
{dMma H$ê$Z {ejUmMm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r H$moR>mar Am`moJ Zo_bm. `m {VÝhr Am`moJmÀ`m _hÎdnyU©
{e\$maetMr gaH$maZo A§_b~OmdUr Ho$ë`mZo {ejU àgmamg _moR>r MmbZm {_imbr. {ejUmMm {dH$mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo 1986, 1992 d 2001 _Üò amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUo Omhra H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb
{e\$magtMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br. Ë`m_wio ^maVmV {ejUàgma doJmZo hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. {ejUàgmamgmR>r
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gaH$maZo e¡j{UH$ gmo`rgw{dYm§Mm gImob {dñVma Ho$bm Amho. AmO ^maVmV gd© àH$maMo {ejU CnbãY
Pmbo AgyZ gaH$maV\}$ AZoH$ e¡j{UH$ `moOZm am~{dë`m OmV AmhoV.
5.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check your progress) :
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
1) - ~,
2) - A,
4) - ~,
5) - A.
3) - H$,
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao.
1) Vj{ebm, Zmb§Xm, dëb^r, {dH«$_erbm BË`mXr.
2) bm°S>© [anZ.
3) em§{V{ZHo$VZ, {díd^maVr, lr{ZHo$VZ, J«m_rU emim.
4) 25 ì`m H$b_mZo.
5) H$moR>mar Am`moJ.
5.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR> (Exercise / Home assignment)
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) àmMrZ H$mimVrb {ejUmMm {dH$mg ñnï> H$am.
2) {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rVrb {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmMr MMm© H$am.
3) ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmV {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m Cnm``moOZm {deX H$am.
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) F$½doXH$mbrZ {ejU.
2) ~m¡ÕH$mbrZ {dÚmnrR>o
3) {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`©.
4) h§Q>a Am`moJ
5) H$moR>mar Am`moJ.
6) amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 1986.
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5.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action)
B
amYmH¥$îUZ Am`moJ, _wX{b`ma Am`moJ, H$moR>mar Am`moJ `m§Mo Ahdmb {_idm d Ë`m§Mo gyú_
AÜ``Z H$am. Am{U Ë`m Ahdmbm§Vrb H$moUH$moUË`m VaVwXtMr A§_b~OmdUr Pmbobr Zmhr
`mMr Zm|X H$am.
B
amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 1986; gwYm[aV amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 1992 Am{U amï´>r`
e¡j{UH$ YmoaU : 2001 `m§Mo gwú_ AÜ``Z H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò Vwåhmbm H$moUË`m ÌwQ>r OmUdVmV
Ë`m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am.
5.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
1) eoIa JUoe, eodVoH$a emaXm d Omoer emo^Zm (2002) - ^maVr` {ejUmMm B{Vhmg _¥Ê_`r àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX.
2) _moZh OmYd, AmaVr ^mogbo d àmMr ganmoVXma - ^maVr` {ejUmMm B{Vhmg - \$S>Ho$
àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
3) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio (2006), ^maVr` g_mO - aMZm Am{U n[adV©Z, àH$m{eH$m gm¡.
_m`mXodr I§S>mJio, gm§Jbr.
4)
Agarwal J. C. (1993) - Landmarks in the History of Modern Indian Education Vikas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
T
T
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KQ>H$ : 6
amÁ` Am{U {ejU
(State and Education)
{d^mJ - 1
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejU Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg
(Basic Education and Social Development)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 C{ÔîQ>o
1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ
1.3.1
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMm B{Vhmg
1.3.2
^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMr YmoaUo
1.3.3
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMr `moOZm
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
1.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 àñVmdZm : (Introduction):
gXaÀ`m àH$aUm_Üò AmnU amÁ`mMr {ejU {df`H$ ^y{_H$m H$er Agm`bm nm{hOo d Ë`mZwgma
Vr Amho H$m? ho g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
{ejU hm H$moUË`mhr g_mO ì`dñWoMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AgVmo. {ejUm{edm` (AZm¡nMm[aH$/
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Am¡nMm[aH$) g_mO ì`dñWoMo ApñVËd A~m{YV amhmUo eŠ` ZgVo. åhUyZ {ejU ho _mZdmMr _yb^yV
JaO Amho ho bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. AmOn`ªV H$moUË`mhr gä` g_mOì`dñWoV _mZdmÀ`m _yb^yV JaOm
^mJdÊ`mgmR>rMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m emídV ì`dñWoH$S>oM Amho. H$maU _mZdr g_mO EH$g§Y R>odm`Mm
Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m H$mhr _yb^yV JaOm§Mr h_r amÁ`mZo KoUo JaOoMo AgVo. {ejU hr gwÕm _yb^yV JaO
Am{U g_mO EH$g§Y R>odÊ`mMo _mÜ`_ Agë`mZo emgZmbm `mH$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo EdT>o gmono Zmhr.
^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©VgwÕm AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr {ejU hr gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar Amho, Ago
åhQ>bo Amho. H$maU Ë`m{edm` g_mZ gm_m{OH$ _yë` V`ma H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. Oa g_mZ gm_m{OH$
_yëò V`ma Pmbr ZmhrV Va gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` YmoŠ`mV òB©b. åhUyZ {ejU ho amÁ`m§Zr Ë`mÀ`m OZVobm
XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$am`bmM nm{hOo. AÝ`Wm EH$g§K g_mOì`dñWm {Q>Hy$Z amhmUma Zmhr. ^maVr` {ejU
ì`dñWobm àXrK© B{Vhmg Amho. ^maVm_Üò àmMrZ H$mimV {ejU ì`dñWm H$m`©j_[aË`m Mmby hmoVr.
na§Vw {~«Qr>em§À`m AmJ_ZmZ§Va `m_Üò Am_wbmJ« ~Xb KSyZ Ambo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ^maVr` {ejU
ì`dñWoda Pmbm. Ë`mM H$mimV ñdXoer {ejUmMo àmê$n {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mbmM _ybmoÚmoJr
{ejU àmê$n Agohr åhUVmV.
gXa àH$aUmV ^maVmVrb ñdmV§Í`nyd© d ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m {ejU ì`dñWog§~§Yr AmnU Aä`mg
H$aUma AmhmoV.
^maVm_Üò ñdmV§Í`nyd© Am{U ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gm_m{OH$ JaOm bjmV KoD$Z ^maVmMr ñdV:Mr e¡j{UH$
YmoaUo R>adÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. gXa àH$aUm_Üò AmnU VrZ KQ>H$m§_Üò `mMm AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV.
Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m ~XbË`m H$mimV Amnë`mg_moa AgUmè`m AmìhmZm§Mmhr n[aM` H$ê$Z
KoUma AmhmoV.
H$moUË`mhr _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV {ejU ì`dñWoMo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo Amho. g_mOmV
ApñVËdmV AgUmar {ejU ì`dñWm gd© ì`ŠVrÀ`m g_mdoeH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ApñVËdmV AgUo JaOoMo
AgVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV hr Anojm H$aUo BVHo$ gmono Zmhr. Ago Agbo Var ^maVmgma»`m
XoemV Aer ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>rMm à`ËZ ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Zr Ho$bm hmoVm.
`mbmM "_ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMo àmê$n' Ago åhUVmV.
`m àmê$nmMm _w»` CÔoe {~«{Q>e H$mimV AgUmè`m {ejU ì`dñWoMo narjU H$aUo d Ë`m_Üò
`mo½` ~Xb H$ê$Z _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m [Ma§VZ {dH$mgmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo hm hmoVm. Vo AmnU WmoS>Š`mV
g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
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1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço : (Objectives):
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm :
·
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMm AW© g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
·
^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e {ejUmMr Üò`YmoaUo g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
·
^maVmVrb _ybmoÚmoJr {ejU `moOZoMr VËdo OmUyZ KoVm òVrb.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject matter) :
{ejUmMm _w»` CÔoe gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mo g§H«$_U H$aUo d g_mOmMm B{Vhmg, na§nam, ZdrZ
{nT>rH$S>o hñVm§V[aV H$aUo hm Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a gm_m{OH$ OmUrd V`ma H$aUo d Mm[aÍ` g§nÝZ ZmJ[aH$
KS>dUo hm Amho. {ejUm~amo~aM H$mhr {H$_mZ ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë` {eH$dUohr _hÎdmMo Amho.
1.3.1 _ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMm nyd©B{Vhmg
(Antecedents of Basic Education) :
_hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Zr gd© àW_ _yb^yV {ejUmÀ`m àmê$nmMr ê$naofm _m§S>br. Á`m_Üò amîQ´>r`
J«m_rU {ejUmMm CÔoe Hw$eb H$m_Jma V`ma H$aUo d amîQ´>r` gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mo OVZ H$aÊ`mda â XoUo
hm hmoVm. `mg§~§YrMm _gwXm 1937 _Üò e¡j{UH$ n[afXoXaå`mZ _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm hmoVm. Z§Va S>m°.
PmH$sa hþgoZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbrb g{_VrZo hm _gyXm ñdrH$maÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br. `mZ§Va `m
_gwÚmbm "dYm© `moOZm' qH$dm _yb^yV {ejU `moOZm `m ZmdmZo AmoiIÊ`mV òD$ bmJbo.
_yb^yV {ejUmMo ZdrZ àmê$n V`ma H$aÊ`mMm _w»` CÔoe {~«{Q>em§Zr am~dboë`m {ejU ì`dñWoVrb
CUrdm Xya H$ê$Z ^maVr` g_mOmbm bmJy nS>ob, Aer gd© g_mdoeH$ {ejU ì`dñWm {dH${gV H$aUo
hm hmoVm. Á`m_wio ^maVr` g_mOmV amîQ´>r` ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b d ^maVr` g_mOmVrb
g_ñ`m/àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mg hmV^ma bmJob. `mgmR>r gd© àW_ AmnU {~«{Q>e H$mimVrb ^maVr` {ejU
ì`dñWoMr WmoS>Š`mV AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.
1.3.2 ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMr YmoaUo
(Aims of British Education
System in India) :
1. ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo {ejU ì`dñWm hr {~«{Q>em§Mo
gm_«mÁ` {df`H$ YmoaU bjmV KoD$Z am~dbr OmV hmoVr. Á`m_Üò {~«{Q>e na§nam, àWm, gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, amOH$s` OrdZmMo g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. na§Vw `m_Üò ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m
_yb^yV JaOm§H$S>o OmUrdnyd©H$ Xwb©j H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m {ejU ì`dñWoMm _w»` CÔoe
^maVmda amÁ` H$aUo hmM hmoVm.
2. {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMo _w»` YmoaU d Üò` ho B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo ì`mnma {df`H$ hoVy gmÜ`
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...8
H$aUo ho hmoVo. åhUyZ VÎdV: ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm H$moUVmhr hoVy `m {ejU ì`dñWo_Üò
ZìhVm. Ë`mM~amo~a {¼íMZ Y_m©À`m àgmamgmR>r bmJUmao Am{W©H$ ~i CnbãY H$aUo hm hr `m
_mJo CÔoe hmoVm.
3. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVmV {ejU ì`dñWm Ë`m§À`m Üò` YmoaUmZwgma
dmT>dÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. Á`m_Üò {~«{Q>e H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao ghmæ`H$ Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U
H$aUo, {~«{Q>e Ý`m` ì`dñWogmR>r bmJUmao dH$sb V`ma H$aUo, {~«{Q>em§Zm _XV H$aUmao S>m°ŠQ>a
V`ma H$aUo Á`m_wio ^maVmV amÁ` H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mg AS>MUr OmUdUma ZmhrV. åhUoM WmoS>Š`mV
{ejU ìæmdñWoÛmao \$ŠV {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mgmR>r _XV H$aUmao S>moHo$ V`ma H$aUo hmo`.
B ^maVmVrb
{~«{Q>e {ejUm{df`r {Q>H$m (Criticism of British Education in India).:
g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m CnOV àd¥Îmr {dH${gV H$aUo, ZdrZ g^mgXm§Mo gm_m{OH$sH$aU H$aUo
åhUOoM Ë`m g_mOmMr _yë`, na§nam§Mo {ejU XoUo d Ë`m _yë`m§Mo AmË_gmVrH$aU H$aUo ho {ejU
ì`dñWoV _hÎdmMo AgVo. na§Vw {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoV Ago H$moUVohr Üò` Agë`mMo {XgyZ òV
ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` bmoH$ Amnë`mM g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmnmgyZ Xya OmV hmoVo. _hmË_m
Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo ""`m {ejU ì`dñWoVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr gmYmaU _OwamEdT>m AZw^d
qH$dm H$m¡eë` {_idy eH$V Zmhr. ~§X ImobrVrb {ejU ì`ŠVrÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r nyaH$ R>é
eH$V Zmhr. åhUOoM {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWm CnOVM MwH$sMr Amho Am{U Vr ^maVmda bmXÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Amho. Á`m_wio ^maVmMr {ejU ì`dñWmhr H$_Hw$dV hmoV Amho''.
_hmË_m Jm§YtZr Ë`m§À`m "`§J B§{S>`m' `m nwñVH$mV {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoda {Q>H$m Ho$br Amho.
Á`m_Üò Ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWm hr _mZdmbm _mZdmnmgyZ Xya R>odUmar Amho. Á`m_Üò ì`ŠVr
Aghmæ` Am{U X¡ddmXr hmoVo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. `mMm _yi Jm^m Ag_mYmZr àd¥Îmr_Üò dmT H$aUo hmM
Amho. `m àH$maÀ`m {ejU ì`dñWo_wio ì`ŠVrJV d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrb gmVË` ho _moS>H$irg Ambo
hmoVo. `m Aem àH$maÀ`m {ejU ì`dñWo_wio ^maVr` g_mOmV H«y$a, Owb_r, Jwbm_r, T>m|JrnUm dmT>V
hmoVm. ^maVr` na§nam§Mm, àWm§Mm Ad_mZ H$ê$Z {~«{Q>e H$go {dOoVo AmhoV ho _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m
{ejU ì`dñWoVyZ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. `mVyZ H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo ZoV¥Ëd, ghH$m`© ^mdZm, {eñV {eH$dbr
OmV ZìhVr.
1.3.3 _ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmMr `moOZm
(The Scheme of Basic Education) :
^maVr` g_mOmMm _w»` KQ>H$ åhUOo J«m_rU g_mO hmo`. Á`m_Üò ^maVmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$
gÜ`m J«m_rU ì`dgm`mV Jw§Vbobo AmhoV. åhUyZ ^maVmVrb amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaUmV `m KQ>H$mMm g_mdoe
hmoUo JaOoMo Amho, Ago _hmË_m Jm§YtMo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ `m gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$mÀ`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z
^maVmMr ñdV:Mr {ejU ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV AgUo H$mimMr JaO Amho, Ago Jm§YrOtZm dmQ>V hmoVo.
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B _ybmoÚmoJr
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
{ejU `moOZoMr VÎdo (Principles of Basic Education Scheme) :
g_mOmVrb gd© 7 Vo 14 d`moJQ>mVrb gd© _wbm§Zm/_wbtZm _mo\$V Am{U gŠVrMo {ejU XoUo
åhUOoM Jm§YrOtÀ`m _Vo EoÀN>rH$ {ejU ho H$mhrhr Üò` gmÜ` H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr åhUyZ _mo\$V
Am{U gŠVrMo {ejU gdmªZm {_iUo JaOoMo Amho.
_mV¥^mfm hr {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ Agmdo. Á`m_wio {ejUmMr _yëò AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr
òUma ZmhrV d ñdV:À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmaemnmgyZ _wbo Xya OmUma ZmhrV. åhUyZ {ejU ho
_mV¥^mfoVyZM {Xbo nm{hOo.
{ejU à{H«$òÀ`m H$mimV l_mda/_ohZVrda AmYm[aV CËnmXH$ ñdê$nmMo H$m`© H$aUo ho H|$ÐñWmZr
Agmdo. Á`m_Üò {ejU \$ŠV ~wÕrMo Zgmdo Va emar[aH$ l_mbmhr Ë`m_Üò _hÎdmMo ñWmZ
Agbo nm{hOo.
`m gmV dfmªÀ`m H$mimVrb {ejU ñd`§ gmøVoda AmYm[aV Agbo nm{hOo. åhUOoM `mMr
O~m~Xmar nyU©nUo g_mOmZo KoVbr nm{hOo. Á`m_wio AmnU {ejU ì`dñWoÛmao gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mo
g§H«$_U ì`dpñWV[aË`m gd© ì`ŠVrH$S>o hmoB©b. `m AmË_gmV Ho$boë`m _yë`m§Mm \$m`Xm g_mO
ì`dñWm {Ma§VZ {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg hmoB©b.
{ejU ì`dñWoV ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr ^mdZm {dH${gV H$aUo ho _hÎdmMo C{ÔîQ Agmdo.
{ejU ho ^maVr` ì`ŠVr_Üò gm_m{OH$ EH${OZgrnUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUmao Agmdo.
`m_Üò ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U na§nam, g_mZ Üò` Am{U AmH$m§jm `mMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda â
{Xbm nm{hOo.
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejU ì`dñWoMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo Üò` åhUOo ZdrZ ghH$m`m©da AmYm[aV gm_m{OH$
ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo Á`m_Üò gË` Am{U Aqhgm hr _yëò H|$ÐñWmZr AgVrb. `m g§X^m©V
Jm§YrOr åhUVmV H$s, ehamVrb bmoH$ {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWo_wio Jwbm_ ~ZV AmhoV Am[U
Amnë`mM XoemVrb Jar~ IoSy>V bmoH$m§Mr {nidUyH$ H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm
dmT>VM Amho åhUyZ _ybmoÚmoJr {ejU ho ^maVr` g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z _m§S>bo.Amho.
B _ybmoÚmoJr
{ejUmMr Üòò (dYm© àmê$n) (Aims of Basic Education Wardha Model) :
1. _ybmoÚmoJr {ejU ì`mdgm{`H$ gj_Vm dmT>dÊ`mg _XV H$aVo.
2. g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo.
3. gm_m{OH$ H$m`©j_Vm {dH${gV H$aUo.
4. _wbm§À`m eŠVrMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo.
5. Mm[aÍ` {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
6. ì`{ŠVËdmMr ñd`§ OmUrd {dH${gV H$aUo B. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
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B _ybmoÚmoJr
{ejUmMr _w»` VÎdo
(Cardinal Principals of Basic Education) :
1. Amamo½` g§nÝZVm, emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo.
2. {Q>H$mË_H$ d¡Mm[aH$Vm {dH${gV H$aUo.
3. dñVwpñWVr OmUyZ KoUo d H$m¡eë` {dH$mg H$aUo.
4. gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmbm àmYmÝ` XoUo Ver àd¥Îmr {dH${gV H$aUo.
5. gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ {dH${gV H$aUo.
6. Z¡{VH$ Mm[aÍ` KS>dUo B.
1.4 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your progress) :
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. _ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmÀ`m àménmVrb amîQ´>r` J«m_rU {ejUmMm CÔoe H$moUVm?
2. _ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmÀ`m ZdrZ àíZmMm _w»` CÔoe H$moUVm?
3. ^maVmVrb [~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMm _w»` CÔoe H$m` hmoVm?
4. _yb^yV {ejU ì`dñWoVrb ^mfoMo _mÜ`_ H$m` Agmdo Ago hmoVo?
1.5 gmam§e :
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejU ho AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb gË`mMr nwZ_mªS>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho. `m
àmê$nm_wio AmnUmg ^maV Xoe gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`[aË`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© R>odÊ`mg _XV Pmbr
Amho. Ë`m_wio AmnUmg 1947 bm ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mg d Z§Va EH$g§Y amhÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. `m ~m~VrV
{Q>H$mhr Pmbr Amho. `m àmê$nmbm ^mdZmË_H$, amOH$s`, Aì`dhmarH$ Agohr åhQ>bo Amho.
1.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao (Answers to check Your Progress) :
1
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmÀ`m àmê$nmVrb amîQ´>r` J«m_rU {ejUmMm CÔoe Hw$eb H$m_Jmam~amo~aM
amîQ´>r` gm_m{OH$ _yë`m§Mo OVZ H$aUo hm hmoVm.
2
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejUmÀ`m ZdrZ àmê$nmMm CÔoe {~«{Q>eH$mbrZ ^maVr` {ejUmVrb CUrdm
H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z ^maVr` g_mOmbm bmJy nS>ob Aer {ejU ì`dñWm {dH${gV H$aUo hmoVm.
3
^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMm _w»` CÔoe ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ` YmoaU _O~yV
H$aUo hmoVm.
4
_ybmoÚmoJr {ejU ì`dñWoVrb {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ _mV¥^mfm Agmdo ho hmoVo.
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1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment) :
1. ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e {ejU ì`dñWoMr YmoaUo ñnîQ> H$am.
2. _ybmoÚmoJr {ejU `moOZoÀ`m VËdmMr Am{U Üò`m§Mr MMm© H$am.
1.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflextion and Action) :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimVrb {ejU nÕVr Am{U YmoaU d _ybmoÚmoJr {ejU nÕVr `m§Mm g§~§Y
Aä`mgyZ nhm.
1.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
♦
Basu A. N. 1947 :Education in Modern India Oriental Book Co.
♦
Bhatia H. R. 1954 : What Basic Education means Bombay, Oriental Longmans
♦
Gandhi M. K. 1951 : Basic Education, Ahmedabad, Navjivan.
♦
Gandhi M. K. 1922 : Ethical Religion, Madras Ganesan.
♦
Gandhi M. K. 1921 : Hind Swaraj, Madras Ganesan.
♦
Gandhi M. K. : India of My Dreams.
♦
Gandhi M. K. 1949 : Non-Violence in peace and war, Vols. I & II. Ahmedabad
Navajivan.
♦
Gandhi M. K. 1949 : To the Students, Ahmedabad, Navjivan.
♦
Gandhi M. K. 1953 : Towards New Education, Ahmedabad, Navjivan.
♦
I. B. Varma 1969 : Basic Education A Reinterpretation, Sri Ram Mehra & Co.
{d^mJ - 2
{ejUmMo amîQ´>r` YmoaU
(National Policy on Education)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm:
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 C{ÔîQ>o
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1
1968 Mo amîQ´>r` {ejU {df`H$ YmoaU
2.3.2
1986 Mo amîQ´>r` {ejU {df`H$ YmoaU (1992 À`m XwéñVrgh)
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2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 ñd`§ -AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZmMr CÎmao
2.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
2.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
2.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
2.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction):
^maVr` g_mOmV {ejU Zoh_rM _hÎdmMo _mZbo Amho. ^maV ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirVrb _hmZ
ì`ŠVtZrhr ^maVr` {ejUmMo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo _mZbo Amho. {ejUm{edm` amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg hmoUo AeŠ`
Amho Ago _mZbo Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YtZr ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgm~amo~a l_ `m KQ>H$mbm _yb^yV {ejUmV
_hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo Amho åhUOoM ñdmV§Í`mnyduhr ^maVmVrb _hmZ ì`ŠVtZr {ejUmÀ`m joÌmV _hÎdmMo
{dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV ho AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
2.2 C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives):
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm
B
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVr` {ejU ì`dñWoV Pmbobo ~Xb Aä`mgVm òVrb.
B
{deofV: 1968 d 1986 À`m {ejU YmoaUmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVm òB©b.
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject - matter):
{ejU ho H$moUË`mhr g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$mimZwê$n Ë`m_Üò ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUUo d g_mOmÀ`m ~XbË`m JaOm bjmV KoUo ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo AgVo. ^maVmV ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va
{ejU ì`dñWoV Am_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo AmhoV. Ë`mMm AmnU WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm `m KQ>H$m_Üò
KoUma AmhmoV.
2.3.1 1968 Mo amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaU (National Education Policy - 1968) :
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmV {ejUmMr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m bjmV KoD$Z ^maV gaH$ma d
amÁ` gaH$ma `m§Zr _hÎdnyU© H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. {ejUmÀ`m g§~§YrMo àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo
gd©àW_ 1948-49 _Üò {dÚmnrR> {ejU Am`moJmMr University, Education Comission ñWmnZm
Ho$br. Am{U Z§Va 1852-53 _Üò _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU Am`moJmMr (Secondary Education Comission)
Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer bmJy H$aÊ`mgmR>
r d n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Zr _m§S>boë`m {dkmZ
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{dH$mg {df`rMo {ejU am~dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV. `mZ§Va 1964-66 _Üò `m nyduÀ`m Am`moJmÀ`m
{e\$maerÀ`m A_b~OmdUrMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
`m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maerZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo gm_m{OH$ g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo d ^maVr`
g_mOmMr Cƒ gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm {Q>H$dÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo ZdrZ {ejU YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mMo R>adbo. Á`m_Üò
Z¡{VH$ gm_m{OH$ d Vm§{ÌH$ {ejUm~amo~a d¡km{ZH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm g_mdoe Ho$bm. {ejU ì`dñWoVyZ VÁk
ñÌr d nwéf V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao amîQ´>mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m`©j_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo R>adbo. `m gd©
~m~r bjmV KoD$Z 1968 _Üò gd©ì`mnH$ amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaU (National Policy On Education)
R>adÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_Üò {deof H$ê$Z Imbrb ~m~tMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
1. _mo\$V Am{U gŠVrMo {ejU (Free and Compulsory Education) :
^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 45 Mr n[anyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wŠV Am{U gŠVrMo {ejU gd© 14
dfmªn`ªVÀ`m _wbm§Zm XoÊ`mgmR>r `m YmoaUmZwgma emgZmZo _wŠV Am{U gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmbm àmYmÝ`
XoÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. `mgmR>r `mo½` H$m`©H«$_ AmIÊ`mMo R>adbo. H$s Á`m_wio 14 dfmªn`ªVÀ`m gd©
{dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU KoVm òD$ eHo$b. KQ>Zm XwéñVrZ§Va Vo H$m`Xm `mÀ`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV
Amybo Amho.
2. {ejH$mMo {ejU
(Education of Teacher) :
{ejUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ {ejH$m§À`m kmZmMm ñVa C§M{dÊ`mMo (upgradation)
YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo H$s Á`m_wio ì`mdgm{`H$ gj_Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoD$ eHo$b. H$s
Á`m_wio {ejH$mbm O~m~Xma ì`ŠVr åhUyZ g_mOmV _mZmMo ñWmZ {_iy eHo$b.
3. ^mfm§Mm {dH$mg
(Development of Languages)
:
gm§ñH¥$VrH$ doJionU OnÊ`mgmR>r àmXo{eH$ ^mfm§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo
R>adbo. `mZwgma àËòH$ amÁ`mZo ^mfoÀ`m dmnamMo {ÌgwÌr àmê$n ñdrH$mabo.
4. {ejUmÀ`m g§YrMr g_mZVm
(Equalisation of Educational Opportunities) :
`mZwgma {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr gdmªZm g_mZ nmVirda CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo
R>adbo. àmXo{eH$ {df_Vm H$_r H$ê$Z `mo½` e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aUo d gwg§JV amîQ´>r` {dH$mgmbm
nwaH$ {ejU XoUo. gd© emim§_Yrb XOm© gwYmaÊ`mMo H$m`© hmVr KoÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. ñÌr {ejUmgmR>r
{deof à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMohr `m Am`moJmV gwMdÊ`mV Ambo. g_mOmVrb d§{MV, Xw~©b KQ>H$mÀ`m
{ejUmgmR>rhr {deof à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo R>adbo.
`m gd© ~m~t~amo~aM amîQ´>r` godm H$m`©H«$_mMr gwédmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. d¡km{ZH$ {ejU d
g§emoYZ `mMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. `mM~amo~a eoVr Am{U CÚmoJ `mg§~§YrMo {ejU
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ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo. gd© {ejUmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m YmoaU R>adÊ`mMo
R>adbo. àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ d {dÚmnrR>r` {ejU gdmªn`ªV nmohmoMdÊ`mgmR>r ì`yhaMZm H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. gmjaVoMm àgma Am[U àMma H$aÊ`mMo YmoaUmV g_m{dîR>rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ~m¡{ÕH$
{ejUm~amo~aM IoimÀ`m {ejUmdahr bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo.
`m gd© ~m~tMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$ê$Z amîQ´> {Z{_©Vr_Üò `wdH$m§Zm g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo
R>adbo. H$s Á`m_wio AI§S> ^maV Xoe {d{dYVm AgyZhr EH$Ì R>odÊ`mgmR>rMo nyU© à`ËZ 1968 À`m
YmoaUmV ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `mZ§Va AmVmn`ªV AmnU 1986 bm ZdrZ {ejU YmoaU
ñdrH$mabo. Ë`mV 1992 bm H$mhr ~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV. Vo AmnU g{dñVa KQ>H$mV Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
2.3.2
{ejUmMo amîQ´>r` YmoaU
(National Policy On Education - 1986-1992) :
ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Üò gd©àW_ gd©ì`mnH$ {ejUmMo amîQ´>r` YmoaU 1968 bm ñdrH$maÊ`mV
Ambo. Ë`mZ§Va OwÝ`m YmoaUmMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z A{YH$ gd©g_mdoeH$ {ejUmMo YmoaU 1986 bm
ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo d Ë`mZ§Va 1992 bm Ë`m_Üò H$mhr gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m AmhoV. `m gd©
YmoaUm_Üò gmVË` Am{U gwg§JVVm Ambr Amho.
gXa KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU Ama§^rÀ`m 1968, 1986 d Z§Va 1992 _Üò Ho$boë`m ~Xbmg{hV gd©
g_J« {ddoMZ "{ejUmMo ZdrZ amîQ´>r` YmoaU' åhUyZ MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV.
g§gXoZo Xwgao {ejUmMo amîQ´>r` YmoaU _o 1986 _Üò ñdrH$mabo. Ë`mZ§Va 1990 _Üò `m YmoaUmMm
AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r AmMm`© am__yVu `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr g{_VrZo Zo_Ê`mV Ambr H$s Á`m_Üò OwÝ`m
YmoaUmV H$mhr XwéñË`m gwM{dÊ`mMo Ano{jV hmoVo. `m H${_Q>rZo Amnbm Ahdmb {S>g|~a 1990 _Üò
gmXa Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) À`m {dZ§VrZwgma 1991 bm
`m gd© XwéñË`m§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r OZmY©Z `m g{_VrZo Amnbm Ahdmb OmZodmar 1992 bm gmXa
Ho$bm. `mZwgma _yiÀ`m 1986 À`m YmoaUmV H$mhr ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbo.
gXa àH$aUmV 1986 À`m gwYm[aV (1992 bm gwYmaUogh) amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaUmda AmnU
MMm© H$aUma AmhmoV. XoemÀ`m ~XbË`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ JaOmZwgma {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gd© gw{dYm§Mm
\$m`Xm gd© ñVamn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r `m {ejU YmoaUmV ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. gXa amîQ´>r` {ejU
YmoaU XII ‹(12) ^mJmV _m§S>mÊ`mV Ambo Amho. AmnU ho WmoS>Š`mV g_OyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUma
AmhmoV.
1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
^maVmV ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gdm©V àW_ 1968 bm Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ejU YmoaUmbm gwédmV Pmbr. `m_Üò
amîQ´>r` àJVr, ZmJ[aH$ g_^mdZm Am{U amîQ´>r` EH$mË_VoMo _O~wVrH$aU `mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m
`moOZoV {ejU ì`dñWoMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U {deof H$ê$Z {ejU ì`dñWoÀ`m gd© ñVamda
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gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. `m_Üò {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmÀ`m dmnamdahr bj H|${X«V
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {ejU Am{U Z¡{VH$ gm_m{OH$ _yë`mÀ`m g§dY©Zmda â XoÊ`mV Ambm.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m {ejUmda {deof â XoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gd© Xoeâ
10+2+3 hm n°Q>Z© ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambm. Vmo AmOhr MmbyM Amho. {ejUmÀ`m g§YrÀ`m g_mZVoda â
XoÊ`mV Ambm. Y_©{ZanojVm, g_mOdmX, bmoH$emhr, ì`mdgm{`H$ Zr{V_yëò ho ~XbË`m H$mimZwgma
_O~yV H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m g§H$ënZoda â XoÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr _yë`m§Mo OVZ
`mdahr â XoÊ`mV Ambm.
2 {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m Am{U _w»` gma
(The Essense and Role of Education):
ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U ^m¡{VH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r _hÎdnyU© AgUmao {ejU gdmªgmR>r _yb^yV
JaO åhUyZ XoÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV à{VnmXrV Ho$bobo Üò` JmR>Ê`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì
{dMmamÀ`m ì`ŠVr {Z_m©U H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mV d¡km{ZH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ {dH${gV H$aUo d amîQ´>r` EH$mË_Vm
dmT>rg bmdUmao {ejU XoÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñd`§nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$
{ejUm~amo~aM g§emoYZ joÌmV Am_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>dÊ`mV Ambo. `m_Üò XoemÀ`m ^{dî`mgmR>r
{ejUmVrb Jw§VdUyH$sda â XoÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo.
3 . {ejUmMr amîQ´>r` ì`dñWm (National System of Education) :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z {ejU ì`dñWm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV
Ambo. gd©ñVamVrb bmoH$m§Zm _yë`m{YpîR>V {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r OmV, Y_©, n§W, qbJ, àXoe {Zanoj
{ejU XoÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIÊ`mV Ambr Am{U Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr gÜ`mn`ªV Mmby R>odÊ`mV Amë`mMo
{XgyZ òVo. àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmda {deof â XoÊ`mV Ambm. _yb^yV {ejUmV ^maVr`
g§ñH¥$VrMo g§dY©Z, g_mZVm, bmoH$emhr, gm_m{OH$ AS>Wio Xya H$aUo, H|$Ð, Hw$Qw>§~ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma d
d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm dmna `mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. gd© {ejU H$m`©H«$_ H$moUË`mhr nyd©J«hXy{fV à_mUmda
MmbUma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr KoÊ`mV Ambr. ^maV Zoh_rM "{díd ho EH$ Hw$Qw>§~ Amho' `m YmoaUmMo
AZwH$aU H$aUmam Agë`mZo hr _yëò ZdrZ {nT>r_Üò éOdyZ eoOmarb d BVa Xoemer ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mMo
VÎd gdmªn`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. g_mZVm dmT>rgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm
H$_r H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m_Üò {ejUmÀ`m g§YrÀ`m g_mZVodahr â XoÊ`mV Ambm. àm¡T>
gmjaVm, àmW{_H$ {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU d Xya {ejUmMm g_mdoe `m YmoaUmV Ambm.
1976 À`m ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm XwéñVrZwgma {ejU ho _hÎdnyU© {df`mÀ`m gwMrV g_m{dîQ>
H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va {ejU {df`mbm ì`mnH$Vm XoÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. Oar {ejU ì`dñWoMo YmoaU
R>adÊ`mV amîQ´>r` nmVirda Mm§Jbo à`ËZ Pmbo Agbo Var àË`jmV A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar
`§ÌUm, AW©nwadR>m d O~m~XmarMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mamV H$aÊ`mgmR>r YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mV
Ambo. `m_Üò H|$Ð emgZmZo OmñV ^ma CMbÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bobo Amho.
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4 . g_mZVogmR>r {ejU (Education For Equality) :
g_mZVogmR>r {ejU g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ag_mZVm åhUOo H$m`? ho g_OyZ KoUohr JaOoMo Amho.
^maVr` g_mOmV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$, àmXo{eH$ Am{U qbJôXmda AmYm[aV
AgUmè`m Ag_mZVoMr H$mhr CXmhaUo AmhoV. H$mhtZm H$mhr H$maUmZo ^maVmV doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§Zm
Ë`m§Mo hŠH$, A{YH$ma ZmH$mabobo hmoVo. Ë`mda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmÀ`m g§YrMr g_mZVm {Z_m©U
H$aUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo hmoVo. hr Ag_mZVm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMm dmna H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
4.1 ñÌr nwéf g_mZVogmR>r {ejU (Education For gender Equality) : ^maVmV
qbJôXmda AmYm[aV {df_Vm hm ZdrZ {df` Zmhr. nma§n[aH$ Y_©J«§WmZwgma pñÌ`m§Zm {ejU XoUo dÁ`©
_mZbo hmoVo. åhUyZ {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm {ó`m {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zm _w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r
à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. H$s Á`m_wio ñÌr g~brH$aUmbm MmbZm {_imbr Amho. ñÌr gmjaVoÀ`m g§X^m©V
{deof bj XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. pñÌ`m§Zm amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr_Üò dmT> Ho$ë`mZo AmO ñÌr nwéfm~amo~a
gd©M joÌmV H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgV Amho.
4.2 AZwgy{MV OmVtMo {ejU (Education of Scheduled Castes) : ^maVr`
g_mOì`dñWoVrb dU© ì`dñWoV gdm©V ImbMm ñVa åhUOo "X{bV g_mO' hmoVm. `m g_mOmbm
^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWoZo eVH$moZ²eVHo$ A{YH$mamnmgyZ, hŠH$mnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo hmoVo. AmOhr H$mhr
à_mUmV ho ApñVËdmV Amho. na§Vw `m gd© ~m~tda {dMma H$ê$Z gd© AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm _w»`
àdmhmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m {ejUmda â XoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. Vo `m YmoaUm_Üò g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. X{bV dJm©gmR>r Img gdbVr XoÊ`mMr VaVyXhr `m YmoaUmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. åhUyZM AmO
AmnU H$mhr AZwgy{MV OmVrVrb ñÌr-nwéf g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV Amë`mMo {XgyZ òVmV.
4.3 AZwgy{MV O_mVtMo {ejU (Education of Scheduled Tribes) : AZwgy{MV
OmVr Am{U AZwgy{MV O_mVr_Üò _w»` \$aH$ åhUOo AZwgy{MV OmVr g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m gm{ZÜ`mVM
naH$s` am{hë`m Va AZwgy{MV O_mVr àñWm{nV g_mO ì`dñWonmgyZ ^m¡Jmo{bH$[aË`m A{bßV hmoË`m.
AZwgy{MV O_mVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$, gd©g_mdoeH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r {ejU ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo
gmYZ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zmhr {deof gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo. na§Vw AmOhr Á`m à_mUmV
Am{XdmgtMm {dH$mg ìhm`bm nm{hOo hmoVm VodT>m Pmbobm Zmhr. gmjaVoMo à_mU \$maM H$_r Amho.
ZmoH$ar_Üòhr à_mU H$_r Amho. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm AmUIr OmñV bj XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. H$maU àñWm{nV
g_mOmÀ`m ^mfoVrb {ejU KoUo Ë`m§Zm EdT>o gmono Zmhr åhUyZ _mV¥^mfoVyZ H$mhr H$mi {ejU XoUo JaOoMo
Amho.
4.4 e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgboobo BVa KQ>H$ d joÌo
(Educationally other
Backward Sections and Areas) : g_mOmVrb e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm BVa _mJmgboë`m BVa Imbrb
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KQ>H$mÀ`m gd©g_mdoeH$ {ejUmdahr â XoÊ`mV Ambm. Ogo - Aëng§»`mH$, An§J, BVa Am{W©H$ d
gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgbobo dJ© B.
5. doJdoJù`m ñVamdarb {ejUmMo nyZg©ªKQ>Z
(Reorganisation of Education at
Different Stages):
`m_Üò _yb Am¡nMm[aH$ emioV OmÊ`mnydr©À`m {ejUmMmhr g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mM~amo~a
àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmV _yb H|${ÐV {ejUmMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambm. emimgmR>r `mo½`
gmoB©-gw{dYm, _wbm§gmR>r AZm¡nMm[aH$ {ejU XoÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo.
ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUm~amo~aM Cƒ {ejUm_Üò Am_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>dyZ Ambo. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>r` {ejU Am{U Xya {ejUmMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. J«m_rU {dÚmnrR>mM§r ñWmnZm
`mdahr â XoÊ`mV Ambm.
6. Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U ì`dñWmnZ {ejU
(Technical and Management Education):
g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmMm dmT>Vm dmna bjmV KoD$Z Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U
ì`dñWmnZ {ejUmMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. H$maU `m {ejUmMr gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmVrb ^y{_H$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMr Amho. Á`m_wio CnbãY AgUmè`m kmZm_Üò dmT> H$aUo d `m
kmZmMm \$m`Xm g_mOmÀ`m gd© ñVamn`ªV nmohmoM{dUo eŠ` hmoB©b. `mgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ Q´>ñQ> ñWmnZ
H$aUo, ZdrZ emoYmbm CÎmoOZ XoUo, g§emoYZ d {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoUo, {d{dY g§ñWm§_Üò nañna
ghH$m`© H$ama ñWmnZo B.
7. ì`dñWm H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo
(Making the System Work) :
{ejU ì`dñWm `mo½` nÕVrZo H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð d amÁ` `m§À`mV g_Ýd`mMr ^y{_H$m
R>adUo. {ejU joÌ `mo½` ~w{Õd§Vm§À`m {dMma à{H«$òVyZ MmbdUo. {ejUmMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ d ì`dñWmnZ
`mÀ`mgmR>r amÁ`- H|$Ð YmoaU R>adUo d ì`dñWm H$m`m©pÝdV R>odUo `mgmR>r `mo½` AmamIS>m V`ma
H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
8. {ejUmMm Ame` Am{U à{H«$`m `mMr COiUr H$aUo
(Reorientationg the
Content and Process of Education) :
`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo Imbrb JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe doimodoir hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ - ~XbË`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aUo. Ë`mM~amo~a _yë` {ejU, ^mfm g§dY©Z, nwñVH$ {Z{_©Vr Am{U J«§Wmbò ñWmnZm~amo~aM e¡j{UH$
V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mMm dmna H$aUo. {ejU d ~XbVo n`m©daU `m§À`m~m~V ZdrZ OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUo.
bmoH$g§»`m {ejU XoUo, J{UV d {dkmZ {df`mMm g_mdoe gd© {ejUmV H$aUo. Ë`mM~amo~a ~m¡ÕrH$
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{ejUm~amo~aM IoimÀ`m {ejUmdahr â XoÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo. {ejU à{H«$òV "`moJm'À`m {ejUmMm
g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. narjm nÕVrV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo.
9. {ejH$
(The Teacher) :
{ejH$ hm g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ - gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë` {Z{_©VrVrb _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Agë`mZo,
{ejH$ g_wXm`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gd© Amdí`H$ {ZU©` emgZmZo KoÊ`mMo R>adbo. {ejH$m§Zm g_mOmV
_mZmMo ñWmZ amhÊ`mgmR>r gd© H$miOr emgZmZo KoÊ`mMmhr {ZU©` `m YmoaUmV KoVbm Amho. `mo½` nmÌ
{ejH$m§Mr âVr H$aUo, {Z`_mà_mUo ~T>Vr XoUo, AmH$f©H$ nJma XoUo, Á`m_wio ZdrZ bmoH$ `m ì`dgm`mH$S>o
diVrb `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo `mMm g_mdoehr H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
10. {ejUmMo {Z`moOZ
(Management of Education):
^maVmVrb {ejU ì`dñWoMo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r YmoaUmË_H$ {Z`moOZ R>adUo, ~XbË`m gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoUo, {ejU d gm_m{OH$ JaOm `m§Mm Vmi_oi ~gdUo B.
`mgmR>r amîQ´>r` nmVirda Cƒ {ejU g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo d amÁ` nmVirda hr Aem g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm
H$ê$Z XmoÝhrV g_Ýd` R>odÊ`mgmR>r `§ÌUm am~dUo B. `mgmR>r {ejU joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m BÀNw>H$
ñd`§godr godm^mdr (Voluntary) g§ñWm§Mr _XV KoUo. `m gdmªgmR>r à_mX g{_VrMo JR>Z H$aUo, ho
R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.
11. g§gmYZo Am{U nyZ_yy©ë`m§H$Z
(Resources and Review):
`m KQ>H$m_Üò {ejU YmoaU A§_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r g§gmYZmMr CnbãYVm, dmna Am{U {Z`moOZ
H$aÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mM~amo~a R>am{dH$ H$mimZ§Va `m gd© à{H«$`mMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMr VaVyXhr
`m YmoaUmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
12 ^{dî`
(The Future) :
^{dî`mVrb ~XbË`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ JaOm bjmV KoD$Z àñVwV {ejU ì`dñWoV
~Xb H$aÊ`mMm _mZg `m YmoaUm_Üò g_m{dîQ Ho$bm Amho.
Aem nÕVrZo AmnU A{Ve` WmoS>Š`mV ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ YmoaU g_OmdyZ KoVbobo
Amho.
2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
(Check Your Progress)
1. {dÚmnrR> {ejU Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmbr?
2. ^maVmMo n{hbo amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaU Ho$ìhm R>adbo?
3. ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$moUË`m H$b_mZwgma àmW{_H$ {ejU _wŠV Am{U gŠVrMo H$aÊ`mMo
gwMdbo Amho?
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4. 1986 Mo ZdrZ amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaU {H$Vr ^mJmV _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo Amho?
5. 1986 À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZdrZ {ejU YmoaUmV H$moUË`m JmoîQ>rda â XoÊ`mV Ambm? amîQ´>r`
àJVr, ZmJ[aH$Ëd g_^mdZm, amîQ´>r` EH$mË_VoMo _O~wVrH$aU.
6. 1986 À`m ZdrZ {ejU YmoaUmZwgma Xoeâ H$moUVm n°Q>Z© ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambm?
2.5 gmam§e :
^maVr` {ejU ì`dñWm hr \$ma OwZr Agbr Var ñdmV§Í`àmárnyduMr {ejU ì`dñWm `m_Üò
\$aH$ H$aUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. H$maU ñdmV§Í`nydr©Mr ^maVr` {ejU ì`dñWm MmVwdUm©Vrb H$mhr
R>am{dH$ dUm©Mr _ŠVoXmar hmoVr. Vr {ejU ì`dñWm ~§{XñV ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$m`© `m {ejU ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z Pmbo ZìhVo. Oar Vr {H$Vrhr gwYm[aV Agbr Var `m
ì`dñWoV g_mOmVrb ewÐ hm EH$ KQ>H$ Om{Udnyd©H$ ~mOybm R>odbm Agë`mZo Vr g_mdoeH$ ZìhVr.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Amnë`m XoemVrb àËòH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§da {~«{Q>em§Mm à^md nS>ë`mZo AmnU
{ejU ì`dñWmhr g_mdoeH$ ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_Üò gd© g_mO KQ>H$m§Zm g_mZ g§Yr {_iob
Ago {ejU YmoaU am~{dbo Amho. Ë`mVM {ejUmMo n{hbo amîQ´>r` YmoaU 1968, Xwgao amîQ´>r` {ejU
YmoaU 1986 `m_Üò gdmªZm {ejUmÀ`m g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check Your Progress) :
1
{dÚmnrR> {ejU Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm 1948-49 bm Pmbr.
2
^maVmMo n{hbo amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaU 1968 bm R>adbo.
3
^maVmÀ`m amÁ` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 45 Zwgma àmW{_H$ {ejU _wŠV Am{U gŠVrMo H$aÊ`mMo
gwMdbo Amho.
4
1986 Mo {ejU YmoaU 12 ^mJmV _m§S>bo Amho.
5
1986 À`m amîQ´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmV amîQ´>r` àJVr, ZmJ[aH$Ëd g_^mdZm, g_VogmR>r
{ejU B. ~m~r§da â XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
6
1986 À`m e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmZwgma Xoeâ 10+2+3 hm n°Q>Z© ñdrH$mabm Amho.
2.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Excercise/Home Assignment)
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao V`ma H$am.
1. 1968 À`m amîQ´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr MMm© H$am.
2. 1986 À`m amîQ´>r` e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr MMm© H$am.
3. ^maVr` {ejU nÕVrMr ^y{_H$m Am{U _w»123456789012345678901234567890121234567
` gma ñnîQ> H$am.
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2.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV {ejUmMo ~mOmarH$aU Pmë`mZo Ë`mg§~§Yr {ejUmMr _w»` VÎdo d
YmoaUo ~mOybm nS>V AmhoV ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r CÀM {e{jV dJm©Vrb ^«îQ>mMmar ì`ŠVr OmUyZ ¿`m.
2.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Recommended Readings):
1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India. Accessed on 26/07/10 from
Google. com.
2.
http://www.google.co.in/search?hl=en&ei=zkNNTKSsGsmUrAeSyc
C6Dg&q=new+education+policy+document&start=30&sa=N.Accessed on
26/07/10 from Google .Com
3.
http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe86-mod92.pdf. Accessed on 26/07/10
from Google.Com
4
http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe-1968.pdf .Accessed on 26/07/10 from
Google.com.
{d^mJ - 3
OmJ{VH$sH$aU, ImOJrH$aU Am{U {ejU
(Globalisation, Privatisation and Education)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 C{ÔîQ>o
3.3 {df` - {ddoMZ
3.3.1
OmJ{VH$sH$aU ì`m»`m
3.3.2
^maV, OmJ{VH$sH$aU ImOJrH$aU Am{U {ejU
3.3.3
OmJ{VH$ {ejUmMm gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ
3.4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
3.5 gmam§e
3.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
3.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
3.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
3.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
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3.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
^maV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV Iè`m AWm©Zo 1991 À`m Z§VaM CVabm Amho. àW_ Am{W©H$
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Iwbr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJY§Xo, ì`mnma
`mbm MmbZm {_iy bmJbr. H$mbm§VamZo CÚmoJmbm d ì`mnmambm bmJUmao _Zwî`~i gj_ _mZdr g§gmYZ
CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mabm Amnbo {ejU YmoaU ~Xbmdo bmJbo. n[aUm_V: {ejUm_Üò CXmarH$aUmMm
ÑîQ>rH$moZ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§ñWm§~amo~a {ejU {df`H$ H$ama
Ho$bo. d A§VJ©V {ejU ì`dñWm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Mmby Ho$bo AmhoV. `m gXa KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU
WmoS>Š`mV OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m` ho nmhÿ d Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVr` {ejU nÕVrV Pmbobo ~Xb
Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
3.2 C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg
B
OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m` ho g_OyZ KoVm òB©b
B
OmJ{VH$sH$aU à{H«$òbm ^maVr` {ejU ì`dñWoZo {Xbobm à{VgmX g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
B
{ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMo ^maVr` g_mOmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Preservation of subject matter) :
gd©àW_ AmnU OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm AW© g_OyZ KoD$. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr ì`m»`m g_OyZ KooD$.
3.3.1 OmJ{VH$sH$aUÀ`m ì`m»`m
(Definition of Globalisation) :
OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gd©àW_ AmnUmg `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© g_OyZ KoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À`m OmJ{VH$rH$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV
AmT>mdm Imbrbà_mUo KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
1. Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology : 'Globalization is a process in which
the international influences based on everything from political and Trade ties to shared
music, clothing styles and Mass Media.'
ãb°H$dob {S>ŠeZar Am°\$ gmoem°bm°OrZwgma, ""OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho, Á`m_Üò
gd©M joÌm_Üò Ogo amOH$s` Am{U ì`mnma g§~§YmnmgyZ g§JrV, amhUr_mZ Am{U OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_
`mda Am§VaamîQ´>r` à^md dmT>V Amho.''
2. According to S. K. Misra and V. K. Puri's: ''Globalization means integrating
the economy of a country with the world economy.
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Eg. Ho$. {_lm Am{U ìhr. Ho$. nwar `m§À`m _Vo, ""OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo Amnë`m XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm
OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoer gwg§JV H$aUo hmo`''. OmJ{VH$sH$aU øm g§H$ënZoMm AW© Ho$di Am{W©H$
ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ _m§S>bm OmV Ago. na§Vw gÜ`m hr g§H$ënZm gd©M joÌmV n[aMrV hmoV Amho. åhUyZ Zo_Ho$
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m à{H«$ò_Üò gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U n`m©daUr` joÌmV
nañnamdb§{~Ëd dmT>V Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a ^m§S>dbmMr J{VerbVm dmTy>Z {_iÊ`mgmR>r OmJ{VH$ Am{W©H$
g§ñWm {dH${gV hmoV AmhoV. `m Am{W©H$ g§ñWm ^m§S>dbmÀ`m AmYmao Amnbr Jw§VdUyH$ `mo½` {R>H$mUr
H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ `mo½` naVmdm {_idÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV `mbmM gmÜ`m ^mfoV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr
à{H«$`m Ago åhUVm òB©b.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§ñWm Ogo OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma
g§KQ>Zm (World Trade Organisation) Am{U Am§VaamîQ´>r` ZmUo{ZYr (International Monetary
Fund) _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV amîQ´>r` gr_m Ywga hmoV AmhoV.
åhUOoM Xya Xya {R>H$mUr KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mm n[aUm_ ñWm{ZH$ OrdZmda hmoV AgVmZm {XgV Amho.
`m_wio ñWi-H$mimMo AmHw§$MZ Pmë`mMo {XgV Amho. ho {dídMr _mPo Ka hr g§H$ënZm {Xdg|{Xdg
dmT>rg bmJV Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV EH$gmaIonUm
òÊ`mMr pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. H$maU àmXo{eH$ d amîQ´>r` g§ñH¥$Vr nojm _mZd g§ñH¥$Vr hr `m
g§H$ënZoV _hÎdmMr R>aV Amho. `m à{H«$ò_wio "Z ^yVmo Z ^{dî`Vr' Ago Jw§VmJw§VrMo nañnamdb§{~Ëd
dmT>V Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òMo gdm©V _hÎdmMr Amdí`H$Vm åhUOo CXmarH$aU d ImOJrH$aU
`m{edm` H$moUVmhr Xoe `m à{H«$òV gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV OmñV
^m§S>db d {dH${gV V§ÌkmZ AgUmè`m CÚmoJm_wio CËnmXZmV XOm© $d qH$_V `m ~m~V bKy qH$dm BVa
Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ ñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. _moR>çm CÚmoJmV CËnmXZ IMm©da _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z`§ÌU R>odbo
OmVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXrV _mb XOm© {Q>H$dyZ H$_r {H$_VrV CnbãY hmoVmo. na§Vw `m à{H«$òMm gdm©V _moR>m
YmoH$m åhUOo EH$Xm H$m Ë`m§Mr Ë`m EImÚm dñVy CËnmXZ joÌmV EH$m{YH$maemhr (monopoly) {Z_m©U
Pmbr, ñnY©H$ g§nbo H$s hiyhiy `m CÚmoJY§ÚmH$Sy>Z hdr Ver qH$_V dñVy {dH«$sVyZ {_idVmV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV ^maV g_m{dîQ> PmbobmM Amho. n[aUm_r OmJ{VH$ XOm©À`m CÚmoJmV
ZmoH$arÀ`m g§Yr {_idm`À`m AgVrb qH$dm Xoer (indegenous) CÚmoJ, AW©g§ñWm, ì`dgm` {Q>H$dm`Mo
AgVrb Va Ë`m Hw$dVrMm _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg Amnë`m XoemV {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. hr JaO
nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoenmVirda CÀM {ejUmV {deofV: ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU joÌmV Am_wbmJ« ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUUo JaOoMo Amho. _mÌ emgZmbm EdT>m IM© H$aUo nadS>Umao Zmhr. H$maU ì`mdgm{`H$ CÀM
{ejU KoUmam dJ© ~hþVm§er _Ü`_dJ© Amho. Am{U Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o CÀM {ejUmgmR>r bmJUmam IM© H$aÊ`mMr
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j_Vm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a emgZmÀ`m hohr bjmV Amho H$r, Jar~ dJ©/_mJmgdJ© Omo AOyZhr {ejUmÀ`m
àdmhmV Zmhr Ë`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo Va gm_m{OH$ O~m~Xmarhr nma nmS>br Ago hmoB©b. åhUyZ ^maV
gaH$maZo CÀM {ejUmÀ`m ImOJrH$aU à{H«$òbm MmbZm XoÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Amho. Ë`m_wio Omo
_Ü`_ dJ© IM© H$ê$ eH$Vmo Vmo CÀM nXñW ZmoH$ar {_idy eH$Vmo d Ë`mnmgyZ Xoembm H$aê$nmZo n¡gmhr
{_iVmo. åhUOoM emgZmZo {ejUmÀ`m ImOJrH$aUm~m~V CXma_VdmXr YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Amho. `mMm
EH$ \$m`Xm Pmbm Amho Vmo åhUOo Á`m§À`mH$S>o Am{W©H$ IM© CMbÊ`mMr V`mar Amho Ago H$mhr _Ü`_dJu`
emgZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m gm_m{OH$ YmoaUmÀ`m {di»`mnmgyZ A{bßV AmhoV Ë`m§Zm H$mhrgm {Xbmgmhr
{_imbm Amho.
3.3.2 ^maV, OmJ{VH$sH$aU ImOJrH$aU Am{U {ejU
(India, Globalisation
Privetication and Education) :
Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maV 1991 nmgyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV CVabm Amho. Ë`m_wio AmOMr
Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr gwYmabr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a {ejU joÌmVhr Am_wbmJ« ~Xbm KSy>Z òV Amho. naXoer
{dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ^maVmVrb àXoem~Ôb gH$mamË_H$ nmD$b ^maVmZo KoVbo Amho. CÀM {ejUmÀ`m
ImOJrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òbmhr MmbZm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Á`m_wio emgZmMm CÀM {ejUmdarb IM©
H$_r hmoV Amho. n[aUm_r hm n¡gm àmW{_H$ {ejUmH$S>o didÊ`mV òV Amho. `m_wio CÀM {ejU KoUo
gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m AmdmŠ`m~mhoa OmV Amho.
^maVr` {ejUmMo ZyVZrH$aU d Zdg§OrdZrH$aUmMo à`ËZ ^maVmV Mmby AmhoV. na§Vw ^maVr`
{ejU nÕVrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUUo ho EH$ AmìhmZ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r 1986 À`m amîQ´>r` {ejU YmoaUmV
H$mhr ~Xb Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a Cƒ {ejUmVrb gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ènmb g{_Vr
Zo_Ê`mV Ambr Amho. `m_Üò ^maVmVrb Cƒ {ejU joÌmVrb emIm§Mm g_Ýd` H$aÊ`mMo AmìhmZM
Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {ejU joÌmV g_Ýd` nÕVr d {dH$mg KS>dUo hohr AmìhmZo AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo H$mhr \$m`Xo AmhoV Va H$mhr VmoQ>ohr AmhoV. OmJ{VH$rH$aUm_wio ñnYm© dmT>Vo.
ñnYm© dmT>ë`mZo àËòH$ joÌmV Jw§VmJw§V dmT>Vo. na§Vw Ë`mMm \$m`Xm OmñV lr_§V dJm©bm Oar hmoV Agbm
Var gd© gm_mÝ`m§Zmhr H$mhr à_mUmV hmoVmo. `m à{H«$òV VmoQ>m åhUOo bhmZ CÚmoJm§Zm ApñVËd {Q>H$dUo
AdKS> hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJ ZîQ> Pmë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ A{YîR>mZ AgUmao ì`dgm` ZîQ> hmoV
AmhoV. Jar~ bmoH$m§nojm lr_§V bmoH$m§Zm lr_§V hmoÊ`mgmR>r AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {_iV Amho. `mnojmhr
àËòH$ g_mOmÀ`m H$mhr Anojm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmH$Sy>Z AmhoV. Ë`m åhUOo _mZdr hŠH$mMo g§ajU, JwUmË_H$
{ejU, n`m©daU g§ajU, _mZdr {dH$mgmÀ`m {ZX}em§H$mV dmT> hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r OmJ{VH$sH$aU
Pmë`mg Ë`mMm \$m`Xm gdmªZm {_iob Aer ì`dñWm hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. na§Vw {ejU hr EH$ gm_m{OH$
~m§{YbH$s OnUmar ì`dñWm Amho. Oa øm ì`dñWoMo ImOJrH$aU CXmarH$aU Pmbo Va Amnë`m XoemVrb
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb Xar dmT>V OmB©b `mV e§H$m Zmhr.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...9
3.3.1 ImOJrH$aU :
gmd©O{ZH$ åhUOo Á`mda gdmªMr (g_mOmMr) _mbH$s AgVo Va `m CbQ> ImOJr åhUOo Á`mda
EH$mM ì`ŠVrMr Hw$Qy>§~mMr, JQ>mMr _mbH$s AgVo. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ hr g_mOmbm CÎma Xm{`Ëd AgUmao
AgVmV. Va ImOJr joÌmMm _w»` CÔoe ^m§S>dbmV dmT> H$aUo d H$mhr R>am{dH$ ì`ŠVr, Hw$Qw>§~, JQ>
`m§À`m {hVmMo ajU H$aUo AgVmo.
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$moUË`mhr AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV _yb^yV hŠH$mMr Om{Ud d g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
amÁ` g§ñWoMo AgVo. `mV àm_w»`mZo ZmJarH$m§À`m _wb^yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mMo d Vem g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr amÁ` g§ñWoMrM AgVo. na§Vw Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m g_mOmV `m gd© JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
O~m~Xmar emgZ ì`dñWoMr Agbr Var emgZ ì`dñWm `m gd© JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mV èñdr Pmboë`m
Zmhr. åhUyZ H$mhr O~m~XmarMr H$m`} ImOJr ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm `m§À`m _m\©$V nyU© H$arV Amho.
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo g_mOdmXr-^m§S>dbemhr {dH$mgmMo àmê$n ñdrH$mabo
Ë`mV g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr joÌmbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mMo YmoaU R>adbo. Ë`mZwgma
âV gaH$maZo ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmbm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§{~bo Amho. Ë`mà_mUo /
ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _wb^yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ H${Q>~Õ Amho. na§Vw ~XbË`m Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` n[apñWVrV ^maVmZo doJdoJiçm godm d gw{dYm `m§Mo ImOJrH$aUm_m\©$V nyU©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo 1991 _Üò OmJ{VH$sH$aU, ImOJrH$aU,
CXmarH$aU ho àmê$n ñdrH$mabo Amho. `mV àm_w»`mZo ImOJr joÌmbm _moH$im hmV XoÊ`mMo R>adbo.
{ejU ho gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb _hÎdmMo joÌ ImOJr CÚmoJmbm Iwbo Ho$bo Amho. H$maU ^maV hm Xoe
2020 _Üò {dH${gV amï´> hmoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV AJ«oga Amho. Ë`m_wio \$ŠV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ ho {ejU
ì`dñWm H$m`m©ÝdrV d {Z`§ÌrV H$aÊ`mV gj_ hmoUma Zmhr. `mMr Om{Ud R>oD$Z ImOJr joÌmbm {ejUmV
g§Yr {Xbr Amho. `mMo H$mhr \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o AmhoV ho AmnU ñnï> H$aUma AmhmoV.
{ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU
(Privatization of Educatin) :
{ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`mMm _w»` CÔoe åhUOo emgZmMm {ejUm{df`rMm ~Xbbobm Ñï>rH$moZ
hmo`. ^maV gaH$maZo AÞ, dó, {Zdmam `mM ~amo~a {ejU hr Mm¡Wr _wb^yV JaO bjmV KoD$Z gÜ`m
àmW{_H$ {ejUmMo _mo\$V d gŠVrMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Amho. Ë`m_wio àmW{_H$ {ejUmda hmoUmam IM©
dmT>bm Amho. gm_m{OH$ JaO åhUyZ ho _hÎdmMo Amho. na§Vw CÀM {ejU hr _wb^yV JaO Agbr Var
CÀM {ejU KoUmao OmñVrV OmñV ZmJ[aH$ _Ü`_dJu` Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm ho ewëH$ ^ê$Z KoUo nadS>Ê`mgmaIo
Amho ho bjmV Amë`mZo Aën {ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU ho VÎd emgZmZo Adb§{~bo Amho.
{ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU hr OmJ{VH$ KQ>Zm Amho. OJmVrb {dH${gV Xoem§_Üò {ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU
^maVmnojm OmñV à_mUmV Amho. (University News - 2005)
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B
OnmZ_Üò EHy$U 684 {dÚm{nR>mn¡H$s 512 {dÚmnrR> ImOJr AmhoV.
B
A_o[aHo$_Üò EHy$U 2346 {dÚmnrR>m§n¡H$s 1752 {dÚmnrR> ImOJr AmhoV.
B
{\$br{nÝg _Yrb EHy$U {dÚmnrR>m§À`m 80% {dÚmnrR> ImOJr AmhoV.
`mM~amo~a {dH${gV XoemVrb EHy$U CÀM {ejUmVrb gh^mJmMo à_mU 50% nojm OmñV Amho.
Va {dH$gZ{eb d A{dH${gV amï´>m_Üò ho à_mU A{Ve` H$_r Amho.
^maVmVrb {ejUmÀ`m ImOJrH$aUmMo \$m`Xo Am{U VmoQ>o
(Merits and Demerits of
Privatization of Education in India)
VmoQ>o :
1) {ejUmÀ`m ImOJrH$aUm_wio gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb {ejU ì`dñWm H$_Hw$dV hmoV Amho.
2) J[a~ Am{U _mJmg dJm©Vrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm `m_Üò gh^mJr hmoUo nadS>Umao Zmhr.
3) ImOJr H$maUm_wio _mZdr {OdZmMm ^m¡{VH$ XOm© ~amo~aM Z¡{VH$ XOm© KgaV Amho.
4) ImOJr g§ñWmMm CÔoe OmñV gm_m{OH$ ZgyZ ^m§S>dbr Amho.
5) g_mOdmXr {dMmamMr KgaU hmoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm ImOJrH$aUmVyZ _O~yV hmoV Amho.
6) Z¡{VH$ _wë`mnojm ì`ŠVrJV ñWm`r _wë` ZmJ[aH$m_Üò ê$Odbr OmV AmhoV.
7) gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm Z¡{VH$Ñï>çm hV~b H$aUmar ì`dñWm Amho.
8) CÀM dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm n¡em_wio nXì`m {_idUo gmono Pmbo Amho.
9) {ejUmbm ~mOmamMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo Amho.
10) amï´>r` Om{UdoÀ`m _wë`m§Mo g§H«$_U ImOJr g§ñWm g§H«${_V H$aÊ`mV Anèr R>aV AmhoV.
\$m`Xo :
1) gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dñWm Am¡nMm[aH$VoV Jw§Vbr Agë`m_wio `m g§ñWm_Üò CÀM XOm© H$_r hmoV
Amho. Ë`m_wio ImOJr joÌ {ejUmV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V Amho.
2) ImOJr g§ñWm§Zm e¡j{UH$ ñdm`ÎmVm Agë`m_wio Aä`mgH«$_ AÚmdV AmhoV.
3) _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmmM dmna `m g§ñWm_Üò OmñV Amho.
4) g_mOmÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUm_Üò _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ImOJr g§ñWm nma nmS>V AmhoV.
5) CÚmoJmÀ`m ~XbË`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z à{ejU d gd© gmYmaU {UjUmMm JwUmË_H$ XOm©
Mm§Jbm Amho.
6) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr _moR>çmà_mUmV
CnbãY AmhoV.
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3.3.3 OmJ{VH$ [ejUmMm gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ
(Social Approach to Global
Education) :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m _wimVM gm_mÝ` (Jar~) _mUgmbm Ý`m` XoUmar Zmhr. H$maU hr à{H«$`m
Mmby hmoÊ`mMr YmoaUo hr CÀM nmVirda R>aVmV. Ë`m§Mm gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m OrdZ_mZm{df`r ÑîQ>rH$moZ
ñnîQ> ZgVmo.
AWm©VM OmJ{VH$sH$aU ho ^m§S>dbr d¥ÎmrMo Amho. hr ^m§S>dbr àd¥Îmr Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$r`
Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV CVaV Amho. na§Vw AmnU OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m ZmdmImbr gd©M ñdrH$maV
AmhmoV. `mMm \$m`Xm {dH$gZ{eb Xoem§Zm hmoV Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho òUmam H$miM R>adob. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m
à[H«$òMm àMma Am{U àgma H$aÊ`mV OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V Amho. hr
^y{_H$m _wimVM ôX^mdmMr Am{U AÝ`m`mMr Amho. H$maU gm_m{OH$ OrdZ ho Ë`m {d{eîQ> àXoemVrb
^m¡Jmo{bH$ KQ>H$mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb gd© joÌmMo CXmarH$aU Ho$ë`mg gd© g_mO
gmaImM à{VgmX XoVrb ho åhUUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{eîQ> g_mOmVrb {d{eîQ> doJio
g_mO OrdZ ApñVËdmV amhUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AmVmÀ`m amÁ`, amîQ´> `m g§H$ënZm§Mo ApñVËd YmoŠ`mV
òÊ`mMr ^rVrhr Amho. g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m d g_mO EH$g§K R>odÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV {ejUmMr ^y{_H$m
Zoh_rM _hÎdmMr AgVo. Oa {ejUm_Üò CXmarH$aU dmT>bo Va {ejU ho \$ŠV ì`mnmar ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ
{Xbo OmB©b. n¡gm AgUmaoM {ejU KoD$ eH$Vrb d AmUIr OmñV n¡gmhr {_idy eH$Vrb. nU
Á`mÀ`mH$S>o n¡gm Zmhr Ë`m§Zm ho nadS>Uma Zmhr. n[aUm_r Vo _mJmgboboM amhVrb. n[aUm_r gm_m{OH$
{df_Vm dmT>ob d gm_yXm{`H$ gm_m[OH$ OrdZmbm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoB©b. H$maU {ejUmMm _w»` CÔoe
kmZmMm àgma H$aUo, kmZ {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U gm_wXm{`H$ godm XoUo Á`m_wio amîQ´> {Z{_©Vrbm _XV hmoVo.
gm_m{OH$ kmZ ho H$Yrhr {Zanoj ZgVo Va Vo ñWi, H$mi, gmnoj AgVo. Ë`m_wio hr O~m~Xmar naH$s`
{ejU g§ñWm Amnë`m XoemV nma nmSy> eH$Vrb H$m `mMm {dMma hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. åhUyZ {ejUmÀ`m
CXmarH$aUmMo YmoaU ^maV gaH$maZo A{Ve` H$miOrnyd©H$ hmVmiUo JaOoMo Amho.
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress) :
1. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m gm§Jm?
2. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmnU namdb§~r hmoV AmhmoV H$s ñdmdb§~r?
3. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb H$moUË`mhr XmoZ g§ñWm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm ?
4. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio amîQ´>, amÁ` gr_m Ywga hmoV AmhoV H$s JS>X hmoV AmhoV?
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3.5 gmam§e :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m _wimVM ^m§S>dbr àd¥ÎmrZo {dH${gV hmoUmar Amho. Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m
à{H«$òV g_m{dîQ> hmoUmè`m Xoem§Zr hr à{H«$`m \$ma H$miOrnyd©H$ ñdrH$maUo JaOoMo Amho. Am{W©H$
ì`dñWoV Pmbobo ~Xb {ejU ì`dñWoV ~Xb H$aÊ`mg dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr H$aV AmhoV. na§Vw ^maVmgma»`m
XoemV g§nyU© {ejU ì`dñWm ~XbÊ`mMr Anojm gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$aUo ho eŠ` Zmhr. åhUyZ gaH$maZo
ImOJrH$aUmMm _mJ© Adb§{~bm Amho. Ë`m_wio ImOJr g§ñWm dmT>V AmhoV. `m ImOJr g§ñWm
^m§S>dbXmam§À`m Agë`mZo ^m§S>dbrd¥Îmr `m§À`m_Üò Amho. Ë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVr `m g§ñWm§V
{ejU KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. n[aUm_r Vmo {ejU àdmhmÀ`m ~mhoa Joë`m_wio Ë`mMm {dH$mg Iw§Q>bm Amho.
Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm dmT>VM Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr à{H«$`m lr_§V-Jar~ Xar
dmT>dUmarM Amho H$m H$m` hr {^Vr {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. åhUyZ gaH$maZo hr à{H«$`m A{Ve` H$miOrnyd©H$
hmVmiUo JaOoMo Amho. AÝ`Wm XoemMo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ñdmñÏ` YmoŠ`mV òÊ`mMr {^Vr Amho.
3.6 ñd` AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :
1. OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo Amnë`m XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoer gwg§JV H$aUo.
2. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmnU namdb§~r ~ZV AmhmoV.
3. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV
IMF d WTO `m
XmoZg§ñWm _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV.
4. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio amï´>-amÁ` {g_m Yyga hmoV AmhoV.
3.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Exercise/Home Assignment) :
1. OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.
2. OmJ[VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV ^maVmMo ñWmZ ñnîQ> H$am.
3. OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U {ejUmMo ImOJrH$aU `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$am.
3.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
1991 Z§Va ^maVmÀ`m {ejU YmoaUmV Pmbobo ~Xb VnmgyZ nhm.
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$.
3.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
(Recommended Readings) :
1
Dr. Rohini Sahni and Sumita Kale GATS and Higher Education - The Journey
so far Department of Sociology University of Pune, Occasional Paper Series
-1 , p.p. 1-40.
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2.
Rangarajan C 2003: Globalisation: Concepts and Concerns, The Hindu,
Karnataka edition 10 January.
3.
Shripad S. Bolashetty 2005: Trade in Indian Higher Education Service
Sector: Implications of WTOs and GATS in UNIVERSITY NEWS: A Weekly
Journal of Higher Education. Vol. 43 No.36. pp 36-43 September 05-11, 2005.
4.
Sharma A P 2005: Privatizing Professional Education: With Reference to India
and the United States in UNIVERSITY NEWS: A Weekly Journal of Higher
Education. Vol. 43 No.48. pp 43-48 November 28-December 04- 2005.
T
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KQ>H$ : 7
^maVr` {ejUmVrb gm_m{OH$ àíZ
(Social Issues in Indian Education)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
7.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 C{Ôï>o
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
7.3.1 e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm
7.3.2 qbJ Am{U Ag_mZVm : {ejU, amoOJma Am{U ZoV¥Ëd
7.3.3 _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U {ejU
7.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
7.5 gmam§e
7.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
7.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR>
7.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
7.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
7.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
`m gmVì`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr ^maVr` {ejUmVrb {d{dY gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV.
^maVr` {ejUjoÌmVrb gdm©V _hÎdmMm àíZ åhUOo ^maVmV amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gdmªZm {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr
{Xbobr Amho. VWm{n, àË`j ì`dhmamV _mÌ {d{dY ñVamda e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr Ag_mZVm qH$dm {df_Vm
AÚmnhr _moR>çm à_mUmda {XgyZ òVo. åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr Vwåhr e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm {Z_m©U hmoUo
H$m Amdí`H$ Amho ho g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. ^maVr` g_mOmV qbJôX gd©M joÌmV AÚmnhr _moR>çm
à_mUmda AmT>iVmo. hm qbJôX EH$ _moR>m gm_m{OH$ àíZ Amho. `m àíZmMo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr
^maVr` g_mOmV {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Ëd `m VrZ joÌmV qbJôXmÀ`m AmYmao {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Ag_mZVm
qH$dm {df_Vm Aä`mgUma AmhmV. eodQ>r Vwåhr _mZdr hŠH$ d {ejU `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV.
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7.2 C{Ôï>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm.
B
e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm `m gm_m{OH$ àíZmMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
B
qbJôXm_wio ^maVmVrb {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Ëd `m VrZ joÌmV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Ag_mZVoMo
ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
B
_mZdr hŠH$ d {ejU `m§À`mVrb g§~§YmMo ñdê$n {deX H$aVm òB©b.
7.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :
^maVr` {ejUmVrb gm_m{OH$ àíZ g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r øm gmVì`m KQ>H$mMo VrZ {d^mJ nmS>bobo
AmhoV. n{hë`m {d^mJmV e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm `m gm_m{OH$ àíZmMr MMm© Ho$br OmB©b. Xwgè`m
{d^mJmV qbJôXm_wio ^maVmVrb {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Ëd `m VrZ joÌmV {Z_m©U Pmbobr Ag_mZVm
ñnï> Ho$br OmB©b. Va {Vgè`m {d^mJmV _mZdr hŠH$ d {ejU `mMr MMm© Ho$br OmB©b.
7.3.1 e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm (Equality of educational opportunity) :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AÞ, dó d {Zdmam `m§À`mà_mUoM {ejU d Amamo½` øm XoIrb _mZdmÀ`m
_yb^yV JaOm _mZë`m OmVmV. ì`ŠVrMm d n`m©`mZo g_mOmMm {dH$mg qH$dm àJVr KSy>Z òÊ`mgmR>r
g_mOmVrb gdmªZm {ejUmMr g§Yr {_imbr nm{hOo. Á`m g_mOmV qH$dm XoemV gw{e{jVm§Mo à_mU
A{YH$ AgVo Vmo g_mO qH$dm Xoe A{YH$ àJV Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. åhUOoM e¡j{UH$ àJVr dm
{ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU hr g_mOmÀ`m qH$dm XoemÀ`m àJVrMr nyd©AQ> _mZbr OmVo. Am{U øm nyd©AQ>rMr
nyV©Vm hmoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmVrb gdmªZm {ejU KoÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY Agbr nm{hOo.
VWm{n, ^maVmVrb {ejUjoÌmV H$_mbrMr Ag_mZVm qH$dm {df_Vm AmT>iVo. àñVmdZoV
åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gdmªZm {ejU KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~hmb Ho$bobm Amho.
VgoM gdmªZm {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr {deofV: g_mOmVrb Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Mm e¡j{UH$ d
gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda Q>mH$bobr Amho. Ago Agbo Var
àË`j ì`dhmamV _mÌ e¡j{UH$ joÌmV gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV gaH$mabm AÚmn nwaogo
è àmßV Pmbobo Zmhr Ago IoXmZo Z_yX H$amdo bmJVo. ^maVr` {ejU joÌmVrb hr {df_Vm ñWwb_mZmZo
VrZ ñVamda AmT>iVo.
1) ór nwéfmVrb e¡j{UH$ {df_Vm : ^maVr` g_mO nwéfàYmZ Agë`mZo {ó`m§nojm nwéfm§Zm
gd©M ~m~VrV àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {XgyZ òVo Am{U AmOhr hr àd¥Îmr ~è`mM
à_mUmV {Q>Hy$Z Amho. "Mwb d _yb' hoM {ó`m§Mo H$m`©joÌ _mZyZ Ë`m§Zm àXrK© H$mi {ejUmMm A{YH$ma
ZmH$mabm. n[aUm_r ^maVr` {ó`m {Zaja d AS>mUr 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
am{hë`m. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMm
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A{YH$ma {_imbm. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ór{ejUmg _moR>r MmbZm XoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio órgmjaVoMo
à_mU hiyhiy dmT>V Mmbbo Amho. hm ~Xb ñdmJVmh© Amho. VWm{n, nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV {ó`m§À`m
gmjaVoMo à_mU AÚmnhr H$_rM Amho. B.g. 2001 À`m OZJUZoZwgma XoemV nwéf gmjaVoMo à_mU
75.85% Va órgmjaVoMo à_mU 54.16% BVHo$ hmoVo. `mdê$Z ór-nwéfmVrb e¡j{UH$ {df_Vm
bjmV òVo. ^maVr` {ó`m {d{dY ñVamV {d^mJboë`m AmhoV. CÀM OmVrVrb {ó`m§À`m VwbZoV AZwgy{MV
OmVr O_mVrVrb {ó`m§_Üò VgoM ehar {ó`m§À`m VwbZoV J«m_rU {ó`m§_Üò {ZajaVoMo à_mU A{YH$
Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmV emioV àdoe Z KoUmè`m _wbtMo à_mU Am{U emioVyZ JiVr hmoUmè`m _wbtMo à_mU
AÚmnhr qMVmOZH$ Ago Amho. ^maVr` g_mOmV {ó`m§Zm g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mg
{ejUì`dñWobm AÚmn Ano{jV è {_imbobo Zmhr.
2) CÀM OmVr d H${Zð> OmVrVrb e¡j{UH$ {df_Vm : ^maVr` g_mO CÀM OmVr d H${Zð>
OmVr Aem ñVarH$aUmV {d^mJbobm Amho. {ó`m§à_mUoM H${Zð> OmVtZmhr na§naoZo {ejU KoÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H${Zð> OmVr XoIrb {Zaja d AS>mUr am{hë`m. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV
H${Zð> OmVtZmhr {ejU KoÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr. Am{U ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va H${Zð> OmVr_Üò {ejU
àgma ìhmdm åhUyZ emgZmZo Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ gmo`r gw{dYm nwa{dë`m. VWm{n CÀM OmVtÀ`m VwbZoV H${Zð>
OmVr_Üò XoIrb AÚmn {ZajaVoMo à_mU _moR>o Amho.
3) J«m_rU d ehar ^mJmVrb e¡j{UH$ {df_Vm : ^maVmVrb ehar {d^mJmÀ`m VwbZoV
J«m_rU {d^mJ ~amMgm A{dH${gV / _mJmg am{hbobm Amho. {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {ejUàgmamMo H$m`©
àm_w»`mZo ehar {d^mJmV H|$ÐrV Pmbo. Ë`m_mZmZo J«m_rU {d^mJ Cno{jVM am{hbm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gaH$maZo
IoS>monmS>r {ejUg§ñWm gwê$ H$ê$Z J«m_rU OZVog {ejU XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU
^mJmVhr {ejU àgma hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. VWm{n, ehar {d^mJmÀ`m VwbZoV J«m_rU {d^mJmV AÚmnhr
{ZajaVm _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho.
AemàH$mao ^maVr` g_mOmV {d{dY ñVamda e¡j{UH$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va VÎdV: ^maVmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho.
àË`j ì`dhmamV _mÌ `m g§YrMm bm^ KoUo AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Zm ({ó`m, AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr, J«m_rU
bmoH$ BË`mXr) eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` {ejUjoÌmV {df_Vm / Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr
Amho.
B g_mZ
e¡j{UH$ g§Yr XoÊ`mMr JaO :
^maVmV gd© ZmJarH$m§Zm {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho. hr JaO
nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm òVo.
1) g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo : ^maVmV Am{W©H$ VgoM gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho.
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R>r {df_Vm Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma,
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eoVrjoÌmVrb Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr, ehamVrb PmonS>nÅ>rVrb
bmoH$ BË`mXr dJ© Xm[aÐçmV {IVnV nS>bobo AmhoV. `mCbQ> H$maImZXma, amOH$maUr _§S>ir, CÀM
nXñW ZmoH$aemhr, ~S>o ~mJmB©VXma eoVH$ar øm dJm©Vrb _yR>â _§S>ir Eofmoam_mV bmoiV AmhoV. Am{W©H$
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Mr AemnÕVrZo A§_b~OmdUr Pmbobr Amho, H$s Á`m_wio lr_§V A{YH$ lr_§V Va
Jar~ A{YH$ Jar~ hmoV Mmbbo AmhoV. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Y_©, OmV, qbJ BË`mXrÀ`m AmYmao _moR>m
ôX^md Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. hr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm
Zï> H$ê$Z g_Vm d Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gdmªZm {ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr XoUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU
{ejUm_wio ì`ŠVrbm gÎmm, g§nÎmr, à{Vð>m d CÀM gm_m{OH$ XOm© àmßV H$aVm òVmo ho AmO {gÕ Pmbobo
Amho. åhUOoM {ejUm_wio CÜd©Jm_r gm_m{OH$ J{V{ebVog MmbZm {_iVo d Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$
ôX^md qH$dm {df_Vm Zï> H$ê$Z g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
2) bmoH$emhrÀ`m èñdrVogmR>r : ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemZo bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bobm
Amho. Ë`mZwgma amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ joÌmV bmoH$emhr ñdê$nmÀ`m g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m
AmhoV. øm g§ñWm§Mm H$ma^ma Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r gwOmU, gw{e{jV H$m`©j_ d H$V©ì`VËna ZmJ[aH$m§Mr
JaO AgVo. Ago ZmJarH$ {ejUmÛmao KS>{dVm òVmV. Am{U Ë`m_wio gdmªZm g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr
CnbãY hmoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
3) _Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg : XoemMm {dH$mg gmÜ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>db d Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr
à_mUoM CÎm_ JwUdÎmm Agboë`m _Zwî`~imMr JaO AgVo. gw{e{jV, à{e{jV, {ZamoJr, CÚmoJr,
g¥OZerb, nwamoJm_r, {dH$mgm{^_wI, YmS>gr, _hÎdmH$m§jr, Xoeào_r BË`mXr JwUm§Zr `wŠV Agbobo
_Zwî`~i XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ago _Zwî`~i {ejUmZo {Z_m©U H$aVm òVo. ^maVmV
ânya _Zwî`~i Amho. nU Ë`mMr JwUdÎmm AË`§V {ZåZ XOm©Mr Amho. H$maU ~hþg§»` bmoH$ ho AS>mUr,
{Zaja, A§YlÕm, X¡ddmXr, ê$T>r{à` AmhoV. åhUyZ _Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r gdmªZm
{ejUmMr g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY hmoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
4) ñdV§Ì àkoMm emoY : g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr {Xë`mZo g_mOmVrb gd© ñVamVrb àkmd§VmMm /
~w{Õd§Vm§Mm emoY KoVm òVmo. Ë`m§À`m A§JÀ`m JwUH$m¡eë`m§Mm dm j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$aVm òVmo. Am{U
{d{eï> joÌmV {d{eï> nÕVrMo H$m_ H$aUmao {deofVÁk {Z_m©U H$aVm òVmV. `mo½` OmJogmR>r `mo½` _mUgo
(Proper men for proper places) CnbãY hmoVmV. Aer _mUgo Amnmnë`m joÌmV Zdo kmZ, Zdo
{dMma, Zì`m H$ënZm _m§S>VmV. åhUOoM gdmªZm {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`mg CËH¥$ï> emók,
V§Ìk, amOH$maUr, g_mOH$maUr, BË`mXtMm emoY KoUo eŠ` hmoVo d Ë`m§Mm XoemÀ`m àJVrgmR>r dmna
H$aVm òVmo.
5) amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r : ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va XoemV amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U
H$aUo Amdí`H$ ~Zbo. H$maU XoemV {d{^Þ d§emMo, Y_m©Mo, OmVrMo, O_mVrMo, ^mfoMo d àm§VmMo bmoH$
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AgyZ Ë`m§Mo doJdoJio g_yh d Cng_yh AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr OrdZnÕVr d {hVg§~§Y Ho$di nañnamhÿZ {^ÞM
ZgyZ H$m§hr ~m~rV Vo nañna{damoYrhr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Aem {d{^Þ ì`ŠVr, g_yh d Cng_yh `m§À`mV
amï´>r` EoŠ` d EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo d {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo ho XoemnwT>rb EH$ à_wI Üò` Amho. Am{U ho Üò`
gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo {ejU ho EH$ à^mdr _mÜ`_ Amho. H$maU {ejUmÛmao {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _Zmda
bhmZnUmnmgyZM EH$Vm, g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwÎd, _mZdVm, Y_©{ZanojVm, Ý`m`, ghOrdZ, g{hîUyVm
BË`mXr _wë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma H$aVm òVmV. VgoM Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrb gd© àH$maMo ôX^md d nyd©J«h Zï> H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`mV AmnU gd© EH$mM amï´>mMo KQ>H$ AmhmoV hr ^mdZm ê$O{dVm òVo. åhUyZ amï´>r` EoŠ` {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gdmªZm g_mZ ñdê$nmV {ejUmMr g§Yr {_imbr nm{hOo.
g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr {_iÊ`m~m~V òUmè`m AS>MUr :
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr gdmªZm g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr {_iy eH$V ZmhrV.
H$maU `m à{H«$òÀ`m _mJm©V AZoH$ AS>MUr AmhoV. `m AS>MUtZmM e¡j{UH$ Ag_mZVoMr qH$dm
{df_VoMr H$maUo Ago åhUVm òVo. øm AS>MUr dm H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) e¡j{UH$ àoaUm§Mm A^md : na§namJV ^maVmV {ejU KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ho$di CÀM
OmVtZm {deofV: ~«m÷Um§ZmM hmoVm. Am{U ñÌrewX²«mgh ~hþOZ g_mOmg {ejU KoÊ`mg ~§Xr hmoVr.
Ë`m_wio eoH$S>mo dfm©nmgyZ {ó`m, ewÐ dUm©Mo bmoH$ åhUOoM H${Zð> OmVrMo bmoH$, Am{Xdmgr bmoH$,
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb eoVr joÌmVrb bmoH$ BË`mXr {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV am{hbo. Ë`m_wio Vo {Zaja, AS>mUr d
na§nam{à` am{hbo. Ë`m_wio ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va {ejUmMr g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$Z XoIrb AZoH$m§Zm {ejUmMo
_hÎd H$ibobo Zmhr. {ejU ¿`mdo Aer àoaUm Ë`m§Zm {_iy eH$br Zmhr. {ejU KoUo ho nwéfm§Mo H$m_
Amho Ago {ó`m åhUVmV. Va {ejU ho CÀMOmVrgmR>r AgVo, AmnUmbm H$m` H$amd`mMo Amho {ejU
Ago AZoH$ H${Zð> OmVr _mZVmV. {ejU ehar bmoH$m§Zr ¿`mdo, _mVrV am~Umè`m Amåhmbm {ejU
KoÊ`mMr H$m` JaO Amho Ago eoVr joÌmer g§~§{YV AgUmao ~aoM bmoH$ _mZVmV. Agm Ñ{ï>H$moZ AgUmao
nmbH$ Amnë`m _wbm_wbtÀ`m {ejUm{df`r CXmgrZ AgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV e¡j{UH$ àoaUm§Mm A^md
e¡j{UH$ Ag_mZVog H$maUr^yV R>abm Amho.
2) Xm[aÐç : ^maVmV Xm[aÐç _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho. gw_mao 30-40 Q>ŠHo$ Hw$Qw>§~o Xm[aÐçaofoImbr
AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm nmoQ>mgmR>r AhmoamÌ H$ï> H$amdo bmJVo. AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~mZm amoOramoQ>rMm àíZ ôS>gmdVmo. Ë`m_wio
_wbm§Zm emioV KmbÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Zm AWm©OZmÀ`m H$m_mV Jw§V{dUo (Jwao amIUo, eoVmV H$m_mg bmdUo,
_mob_Oyar H$aUo, ^rH$ _mJUo B.) A{YH$ \$m`Xoera dmQ>Vo. J«m_rU Hw$Qw>§~mV _wbtZm KaH$m_mgmR>r,
bhmZ ^md§S>o gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r Va _wbm§Zm Jwao amIUo, eoVmVrb bhmZ H$m_o H$aUo `mgmR>r dmnabo OmVo.
n[aUm_r _wbm_wbtZm emioV KmbUo, Ë`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r IM© H$aUo ho X[aÐr nmbH$m§Zm ZH$mogo dmQ>Vo.
AZoH$ _mJmg OmVrO_mVr øm nmoQ>mgmR>r gVV ñWbm§Va H$arV amhVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _wbm§Zm {ejUmMr
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g§Yr {_iy eH$V Zmhr. `mCbQ> lr_§Vm§À`m _wbm§Zm CÎm_ e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm {_iVmV. EH§$XarV XoemVrb
Am{W©H$ Xm[aÐç ho e¡j{UH$ Ag_mZVoMo à_wI H$maU R>abo Amho.
3) e¡j{UH$ gmo`rgw{dYm§Mr H$_VaVm : ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gaH$maZo {ejU àgmamgmR>r _moR>çm
à_mUmda e¡j{UH$ gmo`rgw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mda â {Xbobm Amho. VWm{n, gVV dmT>V OmUmè`m
bmoH$g§»ò_wio øm gmo`rgw{dYm Anwè`m nS>V AmhoV. AZoH$ IoS>çmV EH${ejH$s emim AgyZ EH$M
{ejH$ n{hbr Vo Mm¡Wr n`ªVÀ`m dJmªZm {eH${dVmo. VÁk {ejH$, emioÀ`m Imoë`m, ISy>, \$im,
nwñVHo$, ZH$meo, H«$sS>m§JU, IoimMo gm{hË`, dgVrJ¥ho BË`mXtMr _moR>r H$_VaVm Amho. Aem emim§_Üò,
d¥ÎmnÌo, ao{S>Amo, Q>r.ìhr. g§JUH$ Aem _mÜ`_m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr. ehamVrb ImOJr emim§Mr pñWVr
Mm§Jbr Amho. VWm{n ZJanm{bH$m d _hmZJanm{bH$m§À`m emim§_Üò Anwar {dÚmWu g§»`m AmT>iVo. øm
emim§_Üòhr e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm OmUdVo. lr_§Vm§À`m _wbm§Zm CÎm_ {ejU {_iVo. _mÌ Jar~m§Mr
_wbo `mnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV. J«m_rU d Am{Xdmgr joÌmV CÀM {ejU XoUmè`m g§ñWm (_o{S>H$b,
B§{O{ZA[a¨J, ì`dñWmnZ BË`mXr) Odinmg ZmhrV. ehamVrb Aem g§ñWm§_Üò Amnë`m _wbm§Zm
nmR>{dUo Jar~ nmbH$m§Zm eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. J«m_rU nmbH$ _wbtZm {ejUmgmR>r Xyada nmR>{dÊ`mg V`ma
ZgVmV. AZoH$ IoS>çm§n`ªV nwaoem dmhVyH$ gw{dYm nmohMboë`m ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Am{Xdmgr d J«m_rU
_wbo-_wbr, Mm§Jë`m {ejUg§ñWmn`ªV nmohMy eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m àkoMm, H$bmJwUm§Mm j_Vm§Mm
nwaonya {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ehar ^mJmVrb _wbm§Zm VwbZoZo Mm§Jë`m e¡j{UH$ gmo`rgw{dYm CnbãY
hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr e¡j{UH$ àJVr hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV e¡j{UH$ gmo`r gw{dYm§À`m H$_VaVo_wio {ejUmÀ`m
g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mg AS>Wio òVmV.
4) {ejUmMo ì`mnmarH$aU : {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV d ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m n{hë`m EH$-XmoZ XeH$mV
{ejU àgmamgmR>r Vi_irZo H$m`© H$aUmao AZoH$ {ejU _hfu, {ejU ào_r _§S>ir, {ejH$ d {ejU
g§ñWm hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zr {ejUàgma ho g_mOgodoMo A§J _mZbo hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ {ejUmMo _moR>çm
à_mUmda ì`mnmarH$aU KSy>Z Ambo Amho. {ejUg§ñWm H$mT>Uo hm EH$ \$m`Xoera Y§Xm ~Zbm Amho.
â_gmR> {ejU ewëH$ AmH$maUo, àdoemgmR>r XoU½`m KoUo, Aem _mJm©Zr AmYw{ZH$ {ejU g_«mQ>
({ejUg§ñWm MmbH$) nmbH$m§Mr Ajae: byQ> H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {ejU ho _hmJ Pmbo Amho.
lr_§Vm§À`m _wbm§ZmM {ejU KoUo eŠ` hmoV AgyZ Ho$di Jar~M Zìho Va _Ü`_ dJm©Vrb _wbm§Zmhr
{ejUmgmR>r {deofV: CÀM {ejUmgmR>r IM© H$aUo nadS>oZmgo Pmbo Amho. `mbm AQ>H$md H$aUo
gaH$mabmhr eŠ` hmoB©Zmgo Pmbo Amho. H$maU ~hþg§»` {ejUg§ñWmMmbH$ ho _§Ìr, ImgXma, Am_Xma
d BVa amOH$maUr _§S>ir dm Ë`m§Mo AmßV{_Ì AmhoV. hr _§S>ir ZmoH$aemhrbm Amnbogo H$ê$Z {ejUmMr
XwH$mZo _moR>çm \$m`XoeranUo Mmb{dV AmhoV.
AemàH$mao {ejUmMo ì`mnmarH$aU _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmë`mZo gdmªZm g_mZ ñdê$nmV e¡j{UH$
g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©V AS>ga {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho.
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B g_mZ
e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$amd`mMr Cnm``moOZm :
g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr JaO d Ë`m_mJm©Vrb AS>Wio g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va
AmVm Vwåhr hr g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr Cnm``moOZm H$amd`mg hdr ho
WmoS>Š`mV Aä`mgUma AmhmV. `mg§X^m©V nwT>rb Cnm``moOZm gyM{dVm òB©b.
1) gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVr : ^maVmgma»`m {df_J«ñV g_mOì`dñWoV gdmªZr g_mZ e¡j{UH$
g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVr A_bmV AmUUo hm gdm©V à^mdr Cnm` R>aob. ^maVmV
CÀMdJm©Vrb _wbo hr Amdí`H$ Ë`m gd© e¡j{UH$ gmo`r gw{dYm§Zr `wŠV Aem B§J«Or _mÜ`_m§À`m emimV
{eH$VmV. _Ü`_dJu`m§Mr _wbo hr XoIrb ~è`mn¡H$s CÎm_ pñWVr Agboë`m ImOJr emim§_YyZ {eH$VmV.
Va Jar~m§Mr _wbo hr Oo_Vo_ e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm Agboë`m gaH$mar emim§_YyZ (ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmÛmao
Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m) d Am{XdmgtMr _wbo hr AË`§V X`Zr` AdñWm Agboë`m Aml_emim§_YyZ
{ejU KoVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOì`dñWoVrb {df_VoMo / ôX^mdmMo {MÌ emimì`dñWoVhr {XgyZ òVo. hr
{df_Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoemV g_mB©H$ emim nÕVr gwê$ Ho$br nm{hOo. H$moR>mar Am`moJ d 1986 Mo
e¡j{UH$ YmoaU `m_Üò gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. H$moR>mar Am`moJmZo gm_mB©H$ emim
nÕVrMr g§H$ënZm nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>br Amho. ""gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVr åhUOo OoWo gd© _wbm§Zm g_mZ
JwUdÎmoMo {ejU OmV, ^mfm, qbJ, Am{W©H$ pñWVr, gm_m{OH$ XOm©, emar[aH$ d ~m¡ÕrH$ j_Vm `mMm
ôX^md dm njnmV Z H$aVm {Xbo OmVo.'' {ejUmMo VÎdkmZ Ago gm§JVo, H$s lr_§V d Jar~ `m§Mr _wbo
EH$mM gm_mB©H$ emioV {eH$br nm{hOoV. Ë`m_wio gdmªZm g_mZ {ejUmMr g§Yr {_iob. EdT>oM Zìho
lr_§Vm§À`m _wbm§ZmXoIrb g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$ dmñVdVoMo d gm_m{OH$ {d{dYVoMo _hÎd d _yë` bjmV
òB©b. {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU d bmoH$emhrH$aU hmoÊ`mgmR>r gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVrg AZÝ`gmYmaU
_hÎd Amho. AWm©V `m{R>H$mUr gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVr åhUOo gÚmÀ`m ZJanm{bH$m, _hmZJanm{bH$m d
{Oëhm n[afXm `m g§ñWm§Zr Mmb{dboë`m XOm©{dhrZ d JbWmZ H$ma^ma Agboë`m emim nÕVr Agm
AW© A{^àoV Zmhr. Va CÎma A_o[aH$m, H°$ZS>m, B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr, BQ>br, OnmZ Aem AZoH$ XoemV
gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©da AmYm[aV Agboë`m emimnÕVr A{^àoV Amho. WmoS>Š`mV gdmªZm g_mZ e¡j{UH$
g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r gm_mB©H$ emim nÕVr am~{dbr nm{hOo.
2) n[aga emim nÕVr : gdmªZm g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r n[aga qH$dm eoOmar
emim nÕVr am~{dbr nm{hOo. åhUOo _wbm§Zm {ejU ho Ë`m§À`m KamÀ`m eoOmar dm n[agamVM CnbãY
Pmbo nm{hOo. IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb Jar~m§À`m d Am{XdmgtÀ`m _wbm§Zm emioV OmÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {H$._r.Mr
nm`nrQ> H$amdr bmJVo. Va ehamVrb _wbm§Zm gm`H$b, [ajm, ñWm{ZH$ ~ggodm dm aoëdogodm `m§Mm dmna
H$amdm bmJVmo. `m_Üò _wbm§Mo emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ hmb hmoVmV. Xyada OmÊ`mòÊ`mV ~amM doi OmVmo.
Mm§Jë`m emioV {eH$Ê`mgmR>r AZoH$ _wbm§Zm KamnmgyZ / JmdmnmgyZ XyaÀ`m emioV KmVë`mZo ~mbd`mV
H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ghdmgmg _wH$mdo bmJVo. ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r CÎm_ JwUdÎmoÀ`m H$m`©j_VoZo Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m
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n[aga emim ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. Ë`m_wio AmB©dS>rbm§Zm Amnbr _wbo {ejUmgmR>r n[agam~mhoaÀ`m
XyaÀ`m emim§_Üò nmR>dmdrV Ago dmQ>Uma Zmhr. gmYmaUV: KamnmgyZ EH$ {H$._r. A§Vamda àmW{_H$
emim, XmoZ-VrZ {H$._r. A§Vamda _mÜ`{_H$ emim Va nmM {H$._r. A§Vamda CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ emim
ñWmnZ H$amì`mV d Ë`m n[agamVrb gd© ñVamVrb _wbm-_wbtZm Ë`m_Üò A{Zdm`©nUo àdoe Úmdm.
åhUOo Aem emim§_Üò gdmªZm g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY hmoB©b.
3) nwaogr e¡j{UH$ gmYZgm_J«r nwa{dUo : AmO emgZ IoS>çmnmS>çmn`ªV e¡j{UH$ gmYZgm_J«r
nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ `moOZm / CnH«$_ am~{dV Amho. nU dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»òÀ`m Ñï>rZo øm `moOZm
Anwè`m nS>V AmhoV. {edm` Aem `moOZm§_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmda ^«ï>mMma hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio JaOy§Zm Ë`m§Mm
bm^ {_iV Zmhr. åhUyZ e¡j{UH$ gmo`r gdbVr d gmYZgm_J«r nwadyZ Ë`m§_Üò Amdí`H$ Vr dmT>
doimodoir (JaOoZwgma) Ho$br nm{hOo Am{U Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr àm_m{UH$nUo hmoB©b
`mMr I~aXmar KoVbr nm{hOo.
4) Xw~©b KQ>H$m§H$S>o {deof bj XoUo : gdmªV g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r BVa
KQ>H$m§~amo~aM Xw~©b KQ>H$m§H$S>o {deof bj {Xbo nm{hOo. {ó`m, AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr, BVa
_mJmgdJ© ho Xw~©b KQ>H$ _moR>çmà_mUmda {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r
{deof `moOZm am~dyZ Ë`m§Zm AW©ghmæ` {eî`d¥Î`m, e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`, dgVrJ¥ho Aem gw{dYm nwa{dë`m
nm{hOoV. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `mg§X^m©V `m dJm©Vrb nmbH$m§Mm {ejU{df`H$ nma§nm[aH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~XbUohr
JaOoMo Amho. Amnë`m _wbm_wbtZm {ejU XoUo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$go Amdí`H$ Amho ho Ë`m§Zm nQ>dyZ
{Xbo nm{hOo. EH$Xm H$m nmbH$m§Zm {ejUmMo _hÎd nQ>bo H$s Vo H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV _wbm_wbtMo
{ejU nyU© H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm hmoVrb.
5) gŠVrMo d _mo\$V {ejU : ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb 45 ì`m H$b_mÝdò gdmªZm _mo\$V d
gŠVrMo àmW{_H$ {ejU XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZmda Q>mH$bobr Amho. VgoM 86 ì`m KQ>Zm XwéñVrZo
Ago {ejU {_iUo hm àËòH$ ~mbH$mMm A{YH$ma R>a{dbm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r 2009 _Üò _mo\$V d
gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmMm hŠH$ XoUmam H$m`Xmhr g§_V Ho$bm Amho. `m gd© VaVwXtMr H$m`©j_VoZo, {Zð>oZo d
àm_m{UH$nUo A§_b~OmdUr gaH$maZo Ho$br nm{hOo Am{U Ë`mH$m_r godm^mdr g§ñWm, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V},
{ejH$, {ejU g§ñWmMmbH$, nmbH$ øm gd© KQ>H$m§Zrhr gaH$mabm `mo½` Vo ghH$m`© Ho$bo nm{hOo.
_mo\$V d gŠVrMo àmW{_H$ {ejU ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` Pmë`mZ§Va nwT>o Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo _mÜ`{_H$, CÀM_mÜ`{_H$,
_hm{dÚmb`rZ, {dÚmnrR>r` `m ñVamdarb _mo\$V {ejUmMo C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.
Ë`mgmR>r {ejUmdarb IMm©Mr VaVyX dmT>{dbr nm{hOo. H$moR>mar Am`moJmZo åhQ>ë`mà_mUo H$m`©emim,
MMm©gÌo, Aä`mg Xm¡ao, à{ejU, {e~rao BË`mXtÀ`m ZmdmImbr hmoUmam ^«m_H$ IM© e¡j{UH$ gmo`r
gdbVrH$S>o di{dbm nm{hOo.
6) Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ : gdmªZm g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©V Xm[aÐç hm
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à_wI AS>Wim Amho. Ë`m_wio Xm[aÐç {Z_©wbZmÀ`m `moOZm à^mdrnUo d àm_m{UH$nUo am~{dë`m nm{hOoV.
àËòH$ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _yb^yV JaOm nyU© hmoVrb `mÑï>rZo amoOJmad¥Õr Ho$br nm{hOo. Xw~©b KQ>H$m§À`m AÞ,
dó, {Zdmam øm JaOm ì`dpñWVnUo nyU© Pmë`m VaM Vo {ejUmH$S>o diVrb ho dmñVd bjmV KoVbo
nm{hOo. Cnmer _mUgmg {ejUmMo _hÎd C_OUo H$R>rU AgVo. åhUyZ àW_ bmoH$m§À`m {Zdm©hmMr
ì`dñWm Ho$br nm{hOo.
7) àm¡T> {ejU : ^maVmV AÚmnhr gw_mao 35% Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$g§»`m {Zaja Amho. {Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm
{ejUmMo _hÎd H$iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vo Amnë`m nmë`m§À`m {ejUm{df`r CXm{gZ ahmVmV. åhUyZ
àW_ Aem {Zaja àm¡T>m§Zm gmja ~Z{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho. AWm©V gmja ~Z{dUo åhUOo {Zìdi Aja
AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo ({b{hÊ`mdmMÊ`mg {eH${dUo) ZgyZ AjakmZmVyZ Zdo kmZ, Zdo {dMma, Zì`m
H$ënZm AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mMr _Zmod¥Îmr {dH${gV hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m_wwio àm¡T> {ejUmMm H$m`©H«$_
Vi_irZo am~{dbm nm{hOo. àËòH$ gw{e{jV ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`m g§nH$m©Vrb EImXXwgè`m {Zajamg
gmja H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maë`mg {ZajaVoMo CÀMmQ>U hmoÊ`mg doi bmJUma Zmhr.
darb Cnm``moOZm am~{dë`mg g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
7.3.2 qbJ Am{U Ag_mZVm : {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Îd
(Gender and Inequalities :
Education, Employment and Leadership) :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m n{hë`m {d^mJmV "e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm' Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr ^maVmVrb
"qbJ Am{U Ag_mZVm' `m _wÚm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV. ^maVr` g_mOmV OmVrôXmà_mUo qbJôX
hr _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>iVmo. OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV qbJôX Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio qbJôXmÀ`m
AmYmao Ag_mZVm qH$dm {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo. `m{R>H$mUr Vwåhr {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Îd
øm VrZ joÌmV qbJôXm_wio H$er Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho ho g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. g_mOmVrb
gd© ì`ŠVtMm XOm© g_mZ _mZbm OmV Zmhr. H$mhtMm XOm© loð> Va H$mhtMm XOm© H${Zð> _mZbm OmVmo. hm
ôX^md {d{dY {ZH$fm§À`m CXm. d`, dU©, OmV, d§e BË`mXtÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bm OmVmo. "qbJ' hm hr
AgmM EH$ {ZH$f Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m qbJmÀ`m AmYmao hr loð>-H${Zð> Agm ôX Ho$bm OmVmo. qbJôX
åhUOo ór-nwéf ôX hmo`. qbJ hm Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ Amho. _mÌ qbJôX hm _mZdr {Z{_©V Amho. ghOrdZmgmR>r
ór d nwéf `m XmoKm§Mohr _hÎd gmaIoM Amho. Ë`m_wio C^`Vm§À`m ~m~VrV loð>-H${Zð> Agm ôX H$aUo
`mo½` R>aV Zmhr. VWm{n gd©M g_mOmV Agm H$_rOmñV à_mUmV ôX^md Ho$bm OmVmo. H$m§hr _moOŠ`m
Am{X_ g_mOm§Mm AndmX dJiVm OJmVrb gd©M g_mO nwéfàYmZ AmhoV. Aem g_mOmV nwéfm§Zm
AZoH$ {deof A{YH$ma {Xbo Va {ó`m§Zm _mÌ Aem A{YH$mamnmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo. Ë`m_wio OrdZmÀ`m
{d{dY joÌmV qbJôXm_wio {d{dY Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV. ^maVr` g_mO XoIrb `mbm
AndmX Zmhr. ^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM ór-nwéf Agm ôX H$ê$Z {ó`m§Zm nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo
AZoH$ A{YH$ma {Xbo Jobo ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV qbJôXmda AmYmabobr
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Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. `m{R>H$mUr Vwåhr {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Îd øm VrZ joÌmVrb qbJôXm_wio
{Z_m©U Pmbobr Ag_mZVm g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
A) qbJôX Am{U e¡j{UH$ Ag_mZVm :
^maVr` g_mOmV qbJôXm_wio _moR>r e¡j{UH$ Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. hr Ag_mZVm
g_OmdyZ KoVmZm àW_ qbJôX d {ejU `m~m~V ^maVmVrb n[apñWVr H$er ~XbV Ambobr Amho
`mMm WmoS>Š`mV Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm KoUo C{MV R>aob.
d¡{XH$H$mimV nwéfmà_mUoM {ó`m§Zmhr {ejU KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. Ë`mH$mir "MaU' Zm_H$
{ejU g§ñWoV _wbmà_mUoM _wbtZmhr ghO àdoe {_io. _wbm§à_mUoM _wbtdahr "CnZ`Z' g§ñH$ma
Ë`m§Zm JwéJ¥hr {ejUmgmR>r nmR>{dbo OmB©. doXH$mimV {dÚmWuZtMo "~«÷dm{XZr' d "gYmodYy' Ago XmoZ
àH$ma hmoVo. n{hë`m àH$mamVrb {ó`m {ddmh Z H$aVm {H§$dm {ddmhmZ§Vahr X¡dr_r_m§gm d VÎdkmZmMm
Aä`mg H$arV. AZoH$ {ó`m§Zr doXm§À`m H$m§hr F$Mm {b{hë`m. H$m§hr {ó`m Jwé ({e{jH$m) åhUyZhr H$m_
H$arV. {ó`m nwéfm§~amo~a VmpÎdH$ MM}V d dmX{ddmXmV ^mJ KoV. Xwgè`m àH$maÀ`m {ó`m _mÌ {ddmh
hmoBV© mon`ªVM {ejU KoV. Ë`mZ§Va {ddmh~Õ hmoD$Z g§gmamV nS>V. AWm©V {ddmhmZ§Vahr {ó`m§Zm nVrg§_VrZo
{d{dY H$bm§Mo {ejU JoÊ`mMr _w^m hmoVr.
nwT>o _hmH$mì`m§À`m H$mimV {ó`m§À`m {ejU KoÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMm g§H$moM Pmbm. Ë`m§Zm àm_w»`mZo
JrV, g§JrV, Z¥Ë` d J¥hH$m`m©V Cn`moJr R>aob AgoM {ejU {Xbo OmD$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr VmpÎdH$ d
AÜ`mpË_H$ {ejU KoÊ`mda {Z~ªY Ambo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ho$di CÀM KamÊ`mVrbM {ó`m§Zr {ejU
KoVbobo {XgVo.
Ë`mZ§Va ñ_¥VrnwamUmÀ`m H$mimV ór{ejUm{df`rMm ^maVr` g_mOmMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmUIrZ g§Hw${MV
Pmbm. {ó`m§Mo CnZ`Z ~§X Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm doXmä`mg ZmH$mabm. amOKamÊ`mVrb {ó`m H$m§hr à_mUmV
gm{hË` d H$bm§Mo {ejU KoD$ eH$V AgV Ago H$m_gwÌmVrb C„oImdê$Z {XgVo. `m H$mimV ~mb{ddmhmMr
àWm ê$T> Pmbr. Ë`m_wio _wbtMo {ddmh bdH$aM hmoD$ bmJë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mg ~§Xr Pmbr. hr
pñWVr gmYmaUnUo {~«{Q>e amOdQ> pñWa hmoB©Vmon`ªV {Q>Hy$Z am{hbr.
{~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMr Xmao Iwbr Pmbr. 1824 _Üò A_o[aH$Z {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§Zr
_w§~B©V _wbtgmR>r n{hbr emim H$mT>br. Va _hmË_m \w$b|Zr 1848 _Üò nwUo òWo Va n§{S>V B©ídaM§Ð
{dÚmgmJa `m§Zr 1949 _Üò H$bH$Îmm òWo _wbtgmR>r emim H$mT>br. nwT>o AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr
{ejUg§ñWm H$mTy>Z ór{ejUàgmamg MmbZm {Xbr. {~«{Q>e gaH$maZohr ór{ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©g
_XV Ho$br. 1854 À`m dyS>À`m I{bË`mV ór{ejU hr gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar _mZbr. Ë`m_wio ór{ejUmMm
hiyhiy àgma hmoD$ bmJbm. àma§^r {ó`m§Zm àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU {Xbo OmB©b. 1882 nmgyZ
Ë`m§Zr CÀM {ejU KoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. n[aUm_r eoH$S>mo df} {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV am{hboë`m {ó`m
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{ejU KoD$ bmJë`m. Ë`m_wio ór gmjaVoMo à_mU hiyhiy dmTy> bmJbo. B.g. 1901 _Üò ór gmjaVm
à_mU 0.62% hmoVo. Vo 1941 _Üò 7.30 Pmbo.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ñÌr{ejUmg _moR>r MmbZm XoÊ`mV Ambr. AZoH$ amÁ`mV _wbtZm CÀM _mÜ`{_H$
n`ªVMo (B. 12 dr n`ªVMo) {ejU _mo\$V Ho$bo. _wbtZr {ejU ¿`mdo åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m nmbH$m§Zm Am{W©H$
_XV XoUo, _wbtgmR>r ñdV§Ì emim-_hm{dÚmbò, dgVrJ¥ho H$mT>Uo, {ddm{hV {ó`m§Zm gmo`rMo hmoVrb
Ago Aä`mgH«$_ gwê$ H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm ì`dgm` {ejU XoUo Aem gmo`rgw{dYm nwa{dë`m OmD$ bmJë`m.
Ë`m_wio ór{ejUàgmamg JVr {_imbr. AmO _wbm§à_mUoM _wbr XoIrb H$bm, dm{UÁ`, {dkmZ,
d¡ÚH$s`, A{^`m§{ÌH$s, H¥$fr, H$m`Xm Aem {d{dY emIm§Mo {ejU KoD$ bmJë`m AmhoV. AmO nmbH$
{deofV: gw{e{jV nmbH$ _wbtÀ`mhr {ejUmH$S>o AmñWoZo bj XoD$ bmJbo AmhoV. hr Jmoï> {ZpíMVnUo
ñdmJVmh© Amho.
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV órgmjaVoMo à_mU doJmZo dmT>V Agbobo {XgVo. VWm{n, nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV
órgmjaVoMo à_mU AmOhr H$_rM Amho. _wbtÀ`m VwbZoV AmOhr _wbm§À`m {ejUmg A{YH$ àmYmÝ`
{Xbo OmVo. åhUOoM {ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV qbJôX Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio ór-nwéf ñVamda e¡j{UH$
Ag_mZVm {XgyZ òVo. hr Ag_mZVm nwT>rb AmH$S>odmardê$Z bjmV òVo.
OZJUZm df©
EHy$U gmjaVm
nwéf gmjaVm
órgmjaVm
1951
18.3%
27.2%
8.9%
1961
28.3%
40.4%
15.3%
1971
34.5%
46.0%
22.0%
1981
41.4%
53.4%
28.5%
1991
52.2%
64.1%
39.3%
2001
65.4%
75.9%
54.2%
darbAmH$S>odmardê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, nwéfm§À`m gmjaVoÀ`m VwbZoV órgmjaVoMo à_mU AÚmn
~aoM H$_r Amho. 2001 À`m OZJUZoMm {dMma H$aVm XoemVrb gw_mao 35% nwéf ho {Zaja AmhoV Va
gw_mao 46% {ó`m øm {Zaja AmhoV.
qbJôXmda AmYmabobr e¡j{UH$ Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr nwT>rb H$maUo AmhoV.
1) àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ ór{ejUmg ~§Xr hmoVr. "Myb d _yb' hoM órMo H$m`©joÌ _mZbo hmoVo.
Ë`m_wio AOyZhr AZoH$ nmbH$m§Zm _wbtZm {ejU XoÊ`mMr JaO dmQ>V Zmhr. AZoH$ nmbH$
{deofV: J«m_rU nmbH$ _wbtÀ`m {ejUm{df`r CXmgrZ AmhoV. _wbrMm bdH$amV bdH$a
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...10
{ddmh Ho$bm H$s Amnbr O~m~Xmar g§nbr Ago Vo _mZVmV. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ nmbH$ {ddmh
Owion`ªVM _wbrbm {eH${dVmV. {ddmh Owibm H$s {VMo {ejU AÜ`m©da ~§X H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio
_wbtMo emioVyZ JiVrMo à_mU _moR>o Amho.
2) Am{W©H$Ñï>çm Jar~ nmbH$ _wbrÀ`m {ejUmEodOr _wbm§À`m {ejUmg àmYmÝ` XoVmV. Vo
_wbtZm emioV Z KmbVm KaH$m_, bhmZ ^md§S>m§Mm gm§^mi, IoS>çmV Jwao gm§^miUo, eoVmV
am~Uo, `mgma»`m H$m_mgmR>r Ow§nVmV. n[aUm_r _wbr {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV ahmVmV.
3) AZoH$ nmbH$ Amnë`m g_wXm`mV (JmdmV / ehamV) Á`m B`Îmon`ªV {ejU CnbãY Amho
Vmon`ªV _wbtZm {eH${dVmV. nwT>rb {ejUmgmR>r naJmdr _wbtZm nmR>{dUo YmoH$mXm`H$ g_OVmV.
Ë`m_wio _wbtMo {ejU AÜ`m©daM gwQ>Vo.
4) _wbJr OmñV {eH$ë`mg {Vbm OmñV {eH$bobm Zdam emoYmdm bmJUma d Vmo OmñV hþ§S>m
_mJUma åhUyZ {Vbm Z {eH${dbobo ~ao Agohr AZoH$ nmbH$ {deofV: H${Zð> dJm©Vrb nmbH$
g_OVmV.
B qbJôX
Am{U amoOJma joÌmVrb Ag_mZVm :
qbJôXm_wio e¡j{UH$ joÌmV {Z_m©U Pmbobr Ag_mZVm Vwåhr g_OmdyZ KoVbobr Amho. Ë`mZ§Va
AmVm Vwåhr qbJôXm_wio amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmV H$er Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho ho Aä`mgUma
AmhmV.
_mJo Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo ^maVmV nwéfàYmZ ì`dñWm Agë`mZo OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV ór-nwéf
Agm ôX åhUOoM qbJôX Ho$bobm {XgyZ òVmo. gd©M joÌmV nwéfm§Zm àmYmÝ` {Xbobo AgyZ {ó`m§Mo
ñWmZ Xwæ`_ _mZbo Jobobo Amho. amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmVhr _moR>çm à_mUmda qbJôX Ho$bm OmVmo. H¥$fr,
CÚmoJ, godm BË`mXr amoOJmamMr joÌo AgyZ øm joÌmV amoOJma H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr_Üò nwéfm§Mo à_mU
A{YH$ AgyZ {ó`m§Mo à_mU Ë`m_mZmZo IynM H$_r AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmVhr qbJôXm_wio
Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. hr Ag_mZVm AmnUmg nwT>rbà_mUo g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mV {ó`m§Zm Am{W©H$ joÌmV ~aoM A{YH$ma hmoVo. Am`© ^maVmV Ambo Voìhm Vo
newnmbZ AdñWoVrb ApñWa OrdZ OJV hmoVo. AZm`m©er Ë`m§Zm gVV g§Kf© H$amdm bJmV Agë`mZo
nwéf `wÕmV Jw§Vbobo AgV. Ë`m_wio KaH$m_ d ~mbg§JmonZm~amo~aM {ó`m H$mnS> {dUUo, `wÕ gm{hË`
~Z{dUo, Jwam§Mr H$miOr KoUo Aer H$m_o H$arV. Ë`m_wio {ó`m§Mo OrdZ Am{W©H$Ñï>çm namdb§~r ZìhVo.
nwT>o ñ_¥VrnwamUmÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` ~Zbm. eoVr_wio g_mOOrdZmg ñW¡`© bm^bo.
eoVr ì`dgm`mg g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~ nÕVr Cn`wŠV R>abr. Hw$Qw>§~ à_wI nwéfm§À`m hmVr Hw$Qw>§~mMr gÎmm Ambr.
nwéfm§À`m ì`mdgm{`H$ O~m~Xmè`m dmT>ë`m. ì`dgm`m{Z{_Îm nwéfm§Mm ~amM doi Hw$Qw>§~m~mhoa ì`VrV
hmoD$ bmJbm. {edm` Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`g§»`m dmTy> bmJbr. Ë`m_wio {ó`m§darb H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$m_mMo AmoPo
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dmT>bo. n[aUm_r {ó`m KaH$m_mVM A{YH$ Jw§VyZ amhÿ bmJë`m. "Myb d _yb' hoM Ë`m§Mo H$m`©joÌ ~Zbo.
n[aUm_r Kam~mhoa nSy>Z amoOJma H$aUo qH$dm AWm©O©Z (n¡go {_i{dUo) H$aUo Ë`m§Zm AeŠ` Pmbo.
AemàH$mao na§namJV ^maVr` g_mOmV nwéfmZo AWm©O©Z H$amd`mMo d órZo KaH$m_ d ~mbg§JmonZ
H$amd`mMo Ago qbJôXmda AmYmabobo l_{d^mOZ àM{bV Pmbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va {ó`m§Zr ZmoH$ar
ì`dgm` H$ê$Z n¡gm H$_mdUo ho Aà{Vð>oMo qH$dm H$_rnUmMo _mZbo OmD$ bmJbo. {ó`m§Zr Kam~mhoa Z
nS>Uo ho Hw${bZVoMo qH$dm ImZXmZrnUmMo bjU _mZbo Jobo. n[aUm_r {ó`m amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmnmgyZ
d§{MV amhÿ bmJë`m. AemàH$mao ^maVmV qbJôXm_wio amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmV Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _mÌ darb {MÌ ~XbÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ór{ejUmMm
àgma, ì`ŠVrdmXmMm à^md, CÀM OrdZ_mZmMr Anojm, dmT>Vr _hmJmB© BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z
{ó`m§Zr Kam~mhoa nSy>Z AWm©O©Z H$aUo \$m`Xoera dmQy> bmJbo Amho. b½ZmÀ`m ~mOmamV H$_mdË`m _wbrg
VwbZoZo A{YH$ _mJUr Ambr. Ë`m_wio ZmoH$ar {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r YS>nSy> bmJbo. Ë`m_wio {ó`m AmO
CÚmoJ, gaH$mar-{Z_gaH$mar H$m`m©bò, ~±H$m, {ejUg§ñWm, _Zmoa§OZ H|$Ðo, BË`mXr_Üò amoOJma H$ê$
bmJë`m AmhoV. H$m§hr {ó`m Va {d{dY joÌmV CÀMnXmda H$m_ H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV. {ó`m§Zm amOoJma
H$aUo eŠ` ìhmdo åhUyZ emgZmZo H$m§hr Img VaVwXrhr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. CXm. g_mZ doVZ A{Y{Z`_ 1976 Zwgma g_mZ H$m_ H$aUmè`m órnwéfmg g_mZ doVZ XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bo Amho. H$maImZm
{Z`§ÌU A{Y{Z`_ - 1948 Zwgma ór H$m_Jmam§gmR>r H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñdV§Ì àgmYZJ«ho, Ë`m§À`m
~mbH$m§gmR>r nmiUmJ¥ho Aem gw{dYm nwa{dUo, Ë`m§Zm AdOS> AmoPo CMbÊ`mg Z bmdUo, amÌr 10 Vo
nhmQ>o 5 `mH$mimV (amÌnmir) H$m_mg Z R>odUo Aem VaVwXr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. VgoM {ó`m§Zm ~mi§VnUmMr
nJmar aOm d BVa gmo`r gw{dYmhr {Xë`m OmV AmhoV. emgH$s` H$_©Mmar Agboë`m nVrg hr ~mi§VnUmV
nËZrMr godm gwlyfm H$aVm `mdr åhUyZ nJmar aOm XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. `m gd© Jmoï>tMm à^md
nSy>Z AmO {ó`m Kam~mhoa nSy>Z amoOJma H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV.
Ago Agbo Var nwéfm§Mr VwbZm H$aVm amoOJma H$aUmè`m {ó`m§Mo à_mU AÚmnhr IynM H$_r Amho.
XoemVrb EHy$U H$m`©eŠVr_Üò (Work force) ór H$m_Jmam§Mo à_mU nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV AÚmnhr H$go
H$_r Amho ho nwT>rb H$moï>H$mdê$Z bjmV òVo.
df©
nwéf H$m_Jmam§Mo à_mU
ór H$m_Jmam§Mo à_mU
1971
87.00%
13.00%
1981
74.11%
25.89%
1991
71.43%
28.57%
2001
70.00%
30.0%
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qbJôXm_wio amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Ag_mZVm bjmV òÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb _wÔo Aä`mgUo
C{MV R>aVo.
1) XoemVrb amoOJma H$aUmè`m EHy$U {ó`m§n¡H$s ~hþg§»` {ó`m øm AZm¡nMm[aH$ joÌmV H$m_
H$aVmV. Am¡nMm[aH$ joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m§Mo à_mU nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV H$_r Amho. 1995 _Üò
EHy$U órH$m_Jmamn¡H$s 64% {ó`m eoVrjoÌmV, 16% {ó`m CÚmoJjoÌmV Va 20% {ó`m øm godm
joÌmV H$m_ H$arV hmoË`m.
2) {ó`m§Mm H$m_mVrb gh^mJ
^mJmV 10% BVH$m hmoVm.
(Participation in work)
hm J«m_rU ^mJmV 26% Va ehar
3) J«m_rU ^mJmV eoVr joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m EHy$U {ó`m§n¡H$s 55% {ó`m øm \$ŠV eoV_Oya
AmhoV. eoVH$ar (Cultivators) ZìhoV.
4) ~hþg§»` órH$m_Jma _w»` (Main) H$m_Jma ZgyZ gr_m§V (Marginal) H$m_Jma AmhoV. Á`m
H$m_Jmamg dfm©Vrb 6 _{hÝ`mnojm A{YH$ H$mi amoOJma AgVmo Ë`mg _w»` H$m_Jma åhUVmV. Va
Á`m§Zm dfm©VyZ IynM H$_r H$mi (short period) amoOJma CnbãY AgVmo Ë`m§Zm gr_m§V H$m_Jma åhUVmV.
`mMmM AW© Agm H$s, nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV {ó`m§Zm AënH$mi amoOJma g§Yr CnbãY AgVmV.
5) V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio {ó`m§Mm amoOJma H$_r hmoV Amho. CXm. H¥$fr joÌmV H$mnUr, _iUr,
^m§JbUr, Aem H$m`m©gmR>r `§Ìo {ZKmë`mZo J«m_rU {ó`m§Mm amoOJma KQ>V Agë`mMo {XgVo.
6) _hÎdmMo åhUOo XoemVrb ~hþg»§ ` {ó`m H$m_ H$aVmV. nU Ë`m§Mr A{YH¥$V Zm|X AmT>iV.Zmhr.
7) {ó`m§Zm amoOJma H$aUo gwb^ ìhmdo åhUyZ emgZmZo Ho$boë`m H$m`Xoera VaVwXtMm bm^ AZoH$
ór H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iV Zmhr. CXm. H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmZwgma _mÝ` Ho$bobo ~mi§VnUmg§~Y§ rMo bm^ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r
{ó`m§Mr Zmdo hOoar nwñVH$mV Z Zm|XUo, ImoQ>r Zmdo bmdUo, AmB© EodOr A{ddm{hV _wbrMo Zmd bmdUo
Aem ŠbwßË`m _mbH$_§S>ir `moOVmZm {XgVmV. g_mZ H$m_mg g_mZ doVZ XoÊ`mMm H$m`Xm AgyZhr
ImOJr joÌmV AZoH$ {ó`m§Zm nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV H$_r doVZ {Xbo OmVo. eoVr joÌmV nwéfm§Zm {Xë`m
OmUmè`m _OwarÀ`m {Zå_r _Owar {ó`m§Zm XoÊ`mMm àKmV {XgyZ òVmo.
8) amoOJma H$aUmè`m {ó`m§Zm H$_mdVr ór (working woman) Am{U J¥{hUr (House wife)
Aem Xwhoar ^y{_Ho$Mm VmU ghZ H$amdm bmJVmo. åhUOo Kam~mhoa nSy>Z AWm©O©ZmMo H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo d
Kar Amë`mZ§Va ñd`§nmH$, ~mbg§JmonZ, nVr d BVa ZmVodmB©H$m§Mr godm H$aUo Aerhr H$m_o H$amdr
bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m A{Vl_mZo àM§S> WH$VmV. Ë`m§Mo Amamo½` T>mgiVo. ~hþg§»` nwéf
ZmoH$ar-ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m nËZrg KaH$m_mV _XV H$aUo AÚmnhr H$_rnUmMo _mZVmV. KaH$m_ ho
~m`H$m§MoM H$m_ Amho AerM Ë`m§Mr AmOhr g_OyV Amho. Ë`m_wio H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m§Mr àM§S>
Ymdni hmoVo.
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9) amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmVrb AmUIrZ EH$ ór-nwéf Ag_mZVm åhUOo nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV {ó`m§Zm
H$_r H$mi amoOJma {_iVmo. H$maU Omon`ªV ór Vê$U AgVo Vmon`ªV {Vbm amoOJma {_iVmo. OgOgo órMo
d` dmT>Vo VgVgo {VÀ`m amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr H$_r hmoV OmVmV. nwéfm§Zm _mÌ VwbZoZo dmT>Ë`m d`mVhr
~è`mn¡H$s amoOJma CnbãY hmoVmo. {ó`m§À`m Ñï>rZo AmUIrZ EH$ An_mZñnX ~m~ åhUOo _m°S>oqbJ,
[agoßg{ZñQ>, goëg Jëg©, EAa hmoñQ>og BË`mXr åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmè`m {ó`m§gmR>r e¡j{UH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$
nmÌVo~amo~aM gw§Xa d Vê$U AgUo hr nmÌVm Agmdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio gm¢X`© d Vmê$Ê` Amogabo H$s
Ë`mZ§m ~oamoOJma ìhmdo bmJVo.
10) amoOJma H$aUmè`m ~hþVoH$ {ó`m§Zm Amnbr H$_mB© nVrÀ`m hdmbr H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`m§À`m
g§_Vr{dZm Ë`m Amnbr H$_mB© IM© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. åhUOoM amoOJma H$aUmè`m {ó`m Am{W©H$Ñï>çm
ñdmdb§~r AgVmV hr g_OyV ~è`mM à_mUmV ^«m_H$ Amho Ago {XgVo.
AemàH$mao ^maVmV qbJôXm_wio amoOJmamÀ`m joÌmV {d{dY VèhoÀ`m Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m
AmT>iVmV.
B qbJôX
Am{U ZoV¥Îdm~m~VMr Ag_mZVm :
qbJôXm_wio {ejU d amoOJma øm XmoZ joÌmV H$er Ag_mZVm AmT>iVo ho Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm
Vwåhr qbJôX d ZoV¥Îdm~m~VMr Ag_mZVm g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
^maVmV (Am{U OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©M g_mOmV) àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ nwéfàYmZ g_mOì`dñWm
Agë`mZo OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV nwéfm§Zm {ó`m§nojm A{YH$ A{YH$ma {Xbobo AgVmV. nwéfm§Zm gmd©O{ZH$
OrdZmV _wŠVnUo gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo Jobo Va {ó`m§À`m gh^mJmda _mÌ AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbo
Jobo. Ë`m_wio OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmVrb ZoV¥Ëd nwéfm§H$S>o Ambo Am{U {ó`m§ _mÌ ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m g§YrnmgyZ
d§{MV am{hë`m. àXrK©H$mimnmgyZ {ó`m§Mo H$m`©joÌ ho "Myb d _wb' EdT>oM {ZYm©[aV Ho$ë`mZo {ó`m
Hw$Qw>§~m~mhoarb OrdZmnmgyZ ~hþVm§er A{bßVM am{hë`m. {ó`m§Mo H$m`©joÌ Oar Hw$Qw>§~mnwaVoM _`m©{XV
Ho$bo Agbo Var gwÕm Hw$Qw>§~m§VJ©V ZoV¥Îd H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {ó`m§Zm ZìhVm d AmOhr \$magm Zmhr.
H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmnmgyZ amOH$s` OrdZmn`ªV gd©M joÌmV nwéfm§Mo ZoV¥Îd {XgyZ òVo Am{U {ó`m§Zm
ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr ZmH$mabobr {XgVo. Ë`m_wio BVa joÌmà_mUoM ZoV¥Îdm~m~Vhr qbJôXmda AmYmabobr
Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. hr Ag_mZVm g_OÊ`mgmR>r {ó`m§À`m ZoV¥Îdm~m~VMm Eo{Vhm{gH$
AmT>mdm g§{jßV ñdê$nmV AmnU KoUma AmhmoV.
àmMrZ VgoM _Ü``wJmV ^maVmV amOoemhr hmoVr. amOH$s` joÌmV nwéfm§MoM dM©ñd hmoVo. {ó`m§Zm
amOH$maUmV d g_mOH$maUmV ^mJ KoÊ`mg _ZmB© hmoVr. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Zm ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr {_iV Zgo.
amOmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va amOnwÌ bhmZ Agë`mg {dYdm amUr amOnwÌmg JmXrda ~gdyZ amOH$s` H$ma^ma
nmhr. åhUOo {Vbm ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr {_io. VWm{n {VMo ZoV¥Îd ho {Za§Hw$e ZìhVo. Aem amUrbm àYmZ,
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goZmnVr, gaXma, amOKamÊ`mVrb nwéf ZmVodmB©H$ `m§À`m gëë`mZoM dmJmdo bmJo. AWm©V H$m§hr _moOŠ`m
{ó`m§Zr CXm. a{P`m gwbVmZ, amUr H$Um©dVr, Mm§X{~~r, amUr MÞå_m, amUr ^dmZr B. amOH$s` ZoV¥Îd
g_W©nUo Ho$bobo AmT>iVo. VgoM H$m§hr {ó`m§Zr CXm. {OOm~mB©, A{hë`m~mB© hmoiH$a, AmZ§Xr~mB©
noedm, amUr bú_r~mB© B. amOH$maUmV Amnë`m H$V¥©ËdmMm R>gm C_Q>{dbm. hr AndmXmË_H$ CXmhaUo
dJiVm àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {~«{Q>e amOdQ> àñWm{nV hmoB©Vmon`ªV {ó`m§Zm ZoV¥ÎdmMr \$magr g§Yr bm^bobr
{XgV Zmhr. amOH$s` joÌmà_mUoM Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, Ym{_©H$ joÌmVhr {ó`m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd CX`mg òD$
eH$bo Zmhr. H$maU AWm©O©Z H$aUo ho nwéfm§Mo H$m`© _mZë`mZo Am{W©H$ joÌmV {ó`m nwT>o òD$ eH$ë`m
ZmhrV. {ejUmMm d Ym{_©H$ H¥$Vo nma nmS>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Zgë`mZohr {ó`m§Zm {ejU d Ym{_©H$
~m~VrV ZoV¥ËdmMr g§Yr {_iy eH$br Zmhr.
{~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr {_imë`mZo Ë`m Kam~mhoa nSy>Z ZmoH$ar Y§Xm H$ê$ bmJë`m.
gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV gh^mJr hmoD$ bmJë`m. _hmË_m Jm§YrH$S>o ñdmV§Í` MidirMo ZoV¥Îd Amë`mda
{ó`m§Mm hm gh^mJ dmT>V Jobm. øm MidirÀ`m H$mimV A°Zr ~oP§Q>, gamoOZr Zm`Sy> øm H$m±J«og
g§KQ>ZoÀ`m AÜ`jm Pmë`m. _mXm_H$m_m, gabmXodr, {àVrbVm dS>çma Aem {ó`m H«$m§VrH$maH$ MidirV
gh^mJr Pmë`m. amOHw$_mar A_¥Vm H$m¡a d BVa XmoZ {ó`m§Zr Jmob_oO n[afXoV à{V{Z{YËd Ho$bo. àm§{VH$
{ZdS>UyH$m_Üò (1937 À`m) H$m§hr {ó`m {ZdSy>Z Amë`m H$mhr _§Ìr d Cng^mnVrhr Pmë`m. 1942
À`m bT>çmV Aê$Um Amg\$ Abr, gwMoVm H¥$nbmZr, Cfm _ohVm `m§Zr ^y{_JV amhyZ ZoV¥Îd Ho$bo. AmPmX
qhX goZoV H°$ßQ>Z bú_rÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr _{hbm nWH$ ñWmnZ Ho$bo. AemàH$mao na§naoZo ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m
g§YrnmgyZ d§{MV Agboë`m {ó`m§Zm {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV ñdmV§Í` MidirÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr
{_imbr. na§Vw hr g§Yr Ho$di _yR>â CÀM{e{jV d ehamVrb {ó`m§nwaVrM _`m©{XV hmoVr. gd©gm_mÝ`
{ó`m øm ZoV¥ÎdmnmgyZ eoH$S>mo _¡b Xya hmoË`m.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo qbJôX Zï> H$ê$Z {ó`m§Zmhr nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo A{YH$ma
d ñdmV§Í` ~hmb Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio {ó`m§Mm gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrb gh^mJ dmTy> bmJbm. AZoH$ {ó`m
{ZdS>UyH$m bT>dyZ Am_Xma, ImgXma, _§Ìr hmoD$ bmJë`m. n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoV {ó`m§Zm ñdrH¥$V
gXñ` åhUyZ KoÊ`mMr VaVwX H$m§hr KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zr Ho$br. Ago Agbo Var Ho$di \$maM WmoS>çm {ó`m§Zm
ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr {_imbr. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Á`m§Zm hr g§Yr {_imbr Ë`m {ó`m§Zmhr nwéfm§À`m _VmZwgma
dmJmdo bmJo. Ë`m_wio Amnbo ZoV¥ÎdJwU XmI{dÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`m§Zm \$magr {_iV ZìhVr. åhUyZ {ó`m§Zm
ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr {_imdr åhUyZ ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` Ë`m§Zm amIrd OmJm XoÊ`mMr VaVwX KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZwgma 73 ì`m KQ>Zm XwéñVrZo J«m_rU ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmV (n§Mm`V amÁ`mV)
Va 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo ehar ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmV (ZJanm{bH$m d _hmZJanm{bH$m) {ó`m§Zm
1/3 OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. VgoM gan§M, g^mnVr, {Oëhm n[afX AÜ`j, ZJanm{bH$m
AÜ`j, _hmnm¡a hr nXo hr {ó`m§gmR>r amIrd R>odbr. Ë`m_wio ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda {ó`m§Zm ZoV¥Îd
H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr _moR>çm à_mUmda CnbãY Pmbr Amho.123456789012345678901234567890121234567
`m AmajUmÀ`m YmoaUm_wio {ó`m§Mm amOH$s`
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gh^mJ _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>bm Amho. Ë`m ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmV ZoV¥Îd H$ê$ bmJë`m AmhoV.
Ë`m§Mr ^rVr, g§H$moM d CXm{gZVm hiyhiy Zï> hmoV Mmbbr Amho. {ó`m Amnbo àíZ d g_ñ`m
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r YS>nSy> bmJë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ZoV¥Îd hiyhiy {dH${gV hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. AmO
{ejUg§ñWm d emgH$s` ZmoH$è`mVhr {ó`m§Zm amIrd OmJm {_imë`mZo H$m§hr {ó`m§Zm e¡j{UH$,
àemgH$s`, Am{W©H$ joÌmV ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. VWm{n, nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV ór
ZoV¥ÎdmMo à_mU AënM Amho.
B {ó`m§À`m
ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m _mJm©Vrb AS>Wio :
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmV {ó`m§Zm ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr {_iy bmJbr Amho. nU Ë`m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmÀ`m _mJm©V
nwT>rb AS>Wio AmT>iVmV.
1) OmJ¥VrMm A^md : {ó`m§Zm ZoV¥ÎdmMr g§Yr CnbãY Pmbr Agbr Var ~hþg§»` {ó`m§Zm øm
g§YrMr OmUrd Zmhr. Amnë`m A{YH$mam{df`r Ë`m OmJ¥V ZmhrV. CÀMdJm©Vrb WmoS>çm {ó`m§ZmM
AmOhr ZoV¥Îd g§Yr bm^V Amho. H${Zð> dJm©Vrb {ó`m `m g§YrnmgyZ AmOhr Xya AmhoV.
2) nwéfm§Mo dM©ñd : {ó`m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWoV ZoV¥Îd {_imbo Agbo Var àË`jmV _mÌ
{ó`m§À`m KamVrb nwéf (nVr, gmgam, Xra BË`mXr)M ì`dhmamV ZoV¥Îd H$aVmZm {XgVmV. {ó`m§Mo
ZoV¥Îd ho Zm_Ymar {XgyZ òVo.
3) nwéfm§Mm {damoY : {ó`m§Zm ZoV¥Îd XoÊ`mg nwéfm§Mm AmOhr _moR>m {damoY {XgVmo. _{hbm§Zm
amIrd OmJm {Xë`mZo Amnbr g§Yr hþH$Vo Ago nwéfm§Zm dmQ>Vo åhUyZ Vo ór ZoV¥Îdmg AghH$m`© dm {damoY
H$aVmV. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmà_mUoM {dYr_§S>imVhr {ó`m§Zm amIrd OmJm XoÊ`mMo {dYo`H$ AÚmnhr
g§_V hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr. `m_mJo nwéfm§Mr {damoYr d¥ÎmrM Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
4) Xm[aÐç : ^maVmV Xm[aÐç _moR>çm à_mUmda Amho. X[aÐr Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _{hbm§Zm àn§M
Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r _mob_Oyar H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV ZoV¥Îd H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`mZ§m {_iy
eH$V Zmhr. Aem {ó`m {Zaja d AS>mUr AmhoV. ZoV¥Îd H$aUo ho nwéfmMo H$m_ Ago Ë`m _mZVmV.
n[aUm_r ZoV¥ÎdmMm {dMma hr Ë`m§À`m _ZmV òV Zmhr.
5) namdb§~r : ~hþg§»` {ó`m øm Am{W©H$Ñï>çm nwéfmdb§~r AmhoV. nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$VrVrb
_yë`m§Mm d na§nam§Mm Ë`m§À`mda _moR>çm nJS>m Amho. J¥{hUrMr ^y{_H$m gmoSy>Z AÝ` H$m§hr H$amdo Ago
Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m nwéfm§Mo ZoV¥Îd {Z_yQ>nUo _mÝ` H$aVmV.
darb à_wI H$maUm§_wio ^maVmV ZoV¥Îdm~m~V ór-nwéf Ag_mZVm _moR>çm à_mUmda {Z_m©U Pmbobr
{XgyZ òVo. ñWwb_mZmZo H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV {ó`m§Mo à_mU ho 50% À`m Odinmg AgVo. Ago AgyZhr
{ó`m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWoV Ho$di 1/3 OmJmM amIrd {Xboë`m AmhoV. `mdê$Z ZoV¥Îdm~m~VMr
Ag_mZVm bjmV òVo. Am_Xma, ImgXma, _§Ìr `m nXmda nwéfm§À`m VwbZoV {ó`m§Mr g§»`m AmOhr
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AJXrM ZJÊ` Agë`mMo {XgVo. EImÚm amÁ`mVrb 40-50 _§Í`m§_Üò Ho$di XmoZ-Mma {ó`m§ _§Ìr
AgVmV. Am{U Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AJXrM Jm¡U ñdê$nmMr ImVr {Xbr OmVmV. H|$ÐemgZmÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imVhr
Odinmg AerM pñWVr {XgyZ òVo. Am{W©H$ joÌmVhr nwéfm§MoM dM©ñd Amho. XoemVrb EHy$U H$m`©JQ>mV
(Task force) {ó`m§Mo à_mU Ho$di 30% Amho. àemgH$s` d e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrb CÀMnXo hr àm_w»`mZo
nwéfm§H$S>oM AmhoV. Ë`m_wio VoWohr {ó`m§Mo ZoV¥Îd AënM Amho.
B
Cnm``moOZm :
ZoV¥Îdm~m~VMr ór-nwéf Ag_mZVm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb Cnm``moOZm gwM{dVm òVrb.
1) ór {ejU àgmamMr JVr dmT>dyZ {ó`m§_Üò Ë`m§À`m hŠH$m§Mr / ñdmV§Í`mMr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr
KS>dyZ AmUbr nm{hOo.
2) nwéfm§Mr _Zmod¥Îmr ~Xbbr nm{hOo. ór-nwéf g_mZVoMo VÎd Ë`m§À`m _Zmda q~~dÊ`mgmR>r
{d{dY CnH«$_ am~{dbo nm{hOoV.
3) {ó`m§darb A{Zï> éT>r na§nam§Mo AmoPo Zï> Ho$bo nm{hOo. Zdo kmZ, {dMma, H$ënZm, _yëò
BË`mXtZr {ó`m§Zm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr nm{hOo.
4) {ó`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mam§Mr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r {deof à{ejU H$m`©H«$_
am~{dbm nm{hOo.
7.3.2 _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U {ejU
(Human Rights and Education) :
`m {Vgè`m {d^mJmV Vwåhr _mZdr hŠH$ d {ejU `m~m~V OmUyZ KoUma AmhmV. OJmVrb gd©
_mZd hŠH$ d à{Vð>m `m~m~VrV g_mZ AmhoV. _mZd åhUyZ OJmVrb gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ AgyZ Ë`m§Zm
H$m§hr hŠH$ {ZgJ©V:M àmßV hmoVmV Ago _mZbo OmVo. ì`ŠVrbm Amnbm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r
Aem hŠH$m§Mr JaO AgVo. ho hŠH$ ì`ŠVrg OÝ_V:M àmßV hmoVmV d Vo ZmH$maÊ`mMm H$moUmbmM
A{YH$ma Zmhr Ago _mZbo OmVo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda H$m`Úm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z _mZdmMo ho {ZgJ©XÎm
hŠH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. `m hŠH$m§ZmM gmYmaUnUo _mZdr hŠH$ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. g§`wŠV
amï´>g§K `m Am§Vaamï´>r` g§KQ>ZoV 1945 _Üò _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJ ñWmnZ Ho$bm. `m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m
KmofUmnÌmà_mUo _mZdr hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í`{df`H$ Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m Am`moJmda
gmon{dbo Amho. 10 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr Am§Vaamï´>r` {dYo`H$mMm _gwXm g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m Am_gônwT>o
_m§S>bm. g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m gXñ` amï´>m§Zr `m _gwÚmg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. åhUOoM g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmZo _mZdr
hŠH$mMr gZX 10 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr ñdrH$mabr. _mZdr hŠH$m~m~V OmJê$H$Vm dmT>mdr åhUyZ 10
{S>go§~a hm {Xdg OJmV gd©Ì _mZdr hŠH$ {Xdg åhUZy gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
B
_mZdr hŠH$mMo àH$ma :
_mZdr hŠH$mÀ`m gZXoV {d{dY A{YH$ma {Xbo Amho
V. Ë`mMo XmoZ àH$ma nmS>Vm òVmV.
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1) ZmJar Am{U amOH$s` hŠH$ : `m_Üò ì`ŠVrMo OrdrV, ñdmV§Í` d gwa{jVVm, Jwbm_{Jar
d `mVZmnmgyZ _wŠVVm, H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZVm, _Z_mZr AQ>H$, ñWmZ~ÕVm d hÔnmar `mnmgyZ g§ajU
Ý`m` gwZmdUrMm A{YH$ma, _mb_ÎmoÀ`m ñdm{_ÎdmMm A{YH$ma BË`mXr hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2) Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ : `m_Üò H$m_mMm hŠH$, g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r g_mZ
doVZ {_idÊ`mMm hŠH$, g_mYmZH$maH$ OrdZ OJÊ`mMm hŠH$, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV _wŠVnUo
gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Am{U {ejU KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ BË`mXr hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
B
{ejUmMm hŠH$ :
{ejUmÀ`m hŠH$mMr MMm© _mZdr hŠH$m§À`m OmJ{VH$ KmofUmnÌm_Üò Ho$bobr Amho. `m
KmofUmnÌmVrb H$b_ 26 _Üò àËòH$ _mZdmg {ejU KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Amho Ago Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho.
ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aUo d ì`pŠVMr à{Vð>m OnUo, _mZdr hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í`m{df`r AmXa
dmT>{dUo, ì`ŠVrbm g_mOmV H$m`©j_VoZo gh^mJr hmoUo, amï´>mamï´>m§V Am{U dm§{eH$, _mZdr` d Ym{_©H$
g_yhmV gm_§Oñ` d _¡{ÌnyU© g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUo Am{U g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m
H$m`m©g àmoËgmZ {_iUo ho CÔoe gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$mg {ejUmMm hŠH$ Agbm nm{hOo Ago _mZdr
hŠH$m§À`m KmofUmnÌmV Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho. `m KmofUmnÌmZo {ejU{df`H$ ôX^md Zï> H$aÊ`mMo AmdmhZ
gXñ` amï´>m§Zm Ho$bobo Amho. Ë`mZwgma nwéfm§à_mUoM {ó`m§Zmhr {ejUmMm hŠH$ {Xbobm Amho. H$b_ 28
Am{U 29 _Üò _wbm§À`m {ejU{df`H$ hŠH$mMr MMm© Ho$bobr Amho. g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m gXñ` amï´>m§Zr
àmW{_H$ {ejU gŠVrMo d _mo\$V H$amdo. _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU, CÀM {ejU, ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU ho gd©
_wbm§Zm ghOàmßV hmoB©b Aer ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV `mdr. _wbmn`ªV e¡j{UH$ _m{hVr d g§Yr gwb^nUo
nmohMdmì`mV. emioVrb JiVrMo à_mU amoImdo Agohr Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho. {ejUmÀ`m hŠH$mg§X^m©V
`wZoñH$moer ghH$m`© H$ama Ho$bobm Amho. e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm AgUmao YmoaU gd© gXñ` amï´>m§Zr
am~dmdo Agm H$ama 1962 _Üò `wZoñH$mo_Üò Ho$bobm Amho. `m H$amamMm ^§J EImÚm amï´>mZo Ho$ë`mg
Ë`m{déÕ Xwgao amï´> `wZoñH$moH$S>o VH«$ma H$ê$ eH$Vo Am{U _J `wZoñH$mo Ë`mda VmoS>Jm H$mT>Vo. VmoS>Jm Z
{ZKmë`mg Am§Vaamï´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMo _V KoVbo OmVo.
B
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU d {ejU :
_mZdr hŠH$m§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$ A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo g§ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m
hŠH$m§~m~VMo {ejU XoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. `mg§X^m©V g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmZo _mZdr hŠH$m§Mr bmoH$m§Zm _m{hVr
H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _mo{h_ gwê$ Ho$br. _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo bmoH$m§Zm kmZ H$ê$Z XoUo hm `m _mo{h_oMm CÔoe
hmoVm. 1993 _Üò `wZoñH$moZo _mZdr hŠH$ d bmoH$emhr {ejU `m {df`mda Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afXoMo
Am`moOZ Ho$bo hmoVo. VgoM 1995 Vo 2005 ho XeH$ _mZdr hŠH$ {ejUmMo XeH$ åhUyZ gmOao H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. gd© ñVamdarb d gd© àH$maÀ`m {ejUmV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo {ejU g_m{dï> H$aUo, ñWm{ZH$,
àmXo{eH$, Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda _mZdr hŠH$ {ejUmMo CnH«$_ am~{dUo, Ë`mg§~§YrMo gm{hË` d gmYZo
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{dH${gV H$aUo, _mZdr hŠH$mÀ`m {ejUàgmamgmR>r OZg§nH©$ gmYZm§Mm ì`mnH$ dmna H$aUo, _mZdr
hŠH$mMm OmhraZm_m A{YH$m{YH$ ^mfm§VyZ àH$m{eV H$aUo Ago CnH«$_ øm XeH$mV am~{dbo Jobo.
B
{ejUmMm hŠH$ d ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV _yb^yV hŠH${df`H$ VaVwXtMm g_mdoe H$aVmZm _mZdr hŠH$mMr gZX {dMmamV
KoVbobr Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 41 AÝdò àËòH$mg {ejU {_iÊ`mMm hŠH$ CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`mda Q>mH$br Amho. H$b_ 45 AÝdò 15 dfm©n`ªVÀ`m àËòH$ _wbmg _mo\$V d
gŠVrMo {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmarhr amÁ`mda Q>mH$bobr Amho. H$b_ 46 AÝdò Xw~©b
KQ>H$m§À`m (AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVrÀ`m) e¡j{UH$ hŠH$m§Mr H$miOr amÁ`mZo ¿`mdr Ago gwM{dbo
Amho. 86 ì`m amÁ`KQ>Zm XwéñVrZwgma {ejU hm _yb^yV hŠH$ _mZÊ`mV Ambm Amho. 2010 _Üò
ZwH$VoM H|$ÐgaH$maZo 14 dfm©n`ªVÀ`m ~mbH$mg gŠVrMo d _mo\$V {ejU {_iUo hm Ë`mMm _yb^yV hŠH$
R>a{dUmam H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bobm Amho. darb VaVwXrdê$Z ^maVmV {ejU hm _yb^yV hŠH$ ~Zbm Amho ho
ñnï> hmoVo. `m hŠH$mMr n[aUm_H$maH$nUo A§_b~OmdUr hmoUo ho XoemnwT>rb EH$ _moR>o AmìhmZ Amho.
7.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your progress) :
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZ gmoS>dm.
1) B.g. 2001 À`m OZJUZoZwgma ^maVmV ór gmjaVm à_mU {H$Vr Q>ŠHo$ hmoVo ?
A) 54.16 ~) 58.18
H$) 75.85
H$) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
2) H$moUË`m amÁ`KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo {ejU hm ~mbH$mMm _yb^yV hŠH$ R>a{dbm Amho ?
A) 80 dr ~) 86 dr
H$) 100 dr S>) 105 dr
3) _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr H$moUË`m nwÊ`mV _wbtMr n{hbr emim gwê$ Ho$br.
A) 1824 ~) 1848
H$) 1854
S>) 1882
4) n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWoV {ó`m§Zm {H$Vr Q>ŠHo$ OmJm amIrd R>odë`m AmhoV ?
A) 1/3
~) 2/3
H$) 1/4
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
5) _mZdr hŠH$ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmbr.
A) 1940 ~) 1942
H$) 1944
S>) 1945
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) g_mB©H$ emim nÕVr åhUOo H$m` ?
2) doXH$mimV {dÚmWuZrMo H$moUVo XmoZ àH$ma hmoVo ?
3) H$maImZm {Z`§ÌU A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ìhm g§_V Pmbm
?
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4) H$moUË`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo ZJanm{bHo$V d _hmZJanm{bHo$V {ó`m§Zm 1/3 OmJm amIrd R>odë`m
AmhoV ?
5) H$moUVm {Xdg _mZdr hŠH$ {XZ åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo ?
7.5 gmam§e (Let us sum up) :
`m gmVì`m AÜ``Z KQ>H$mV Vwåhr e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm, qbJ Am{U Ag_mZVm Am{U
_mZdr hŠH$ d {ejU øm VrZ ~m~tMr MMm© Aä`mgbobr Amho. ^maVmVrb {ejUjoÌmV ór-nwéf,
CÀM d H${Zð> OmVr Am{U Jm_rU-ehar {d^mJ øm VrZ ñVamda e¡j{UH$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbobr
AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVmV g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo,
bmoH$emhr nÕVr èñdr H$aUo, _Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg H$aUo, ñdV§Ì àkoMm emoY KoUo d amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm
{Z_m©U H$aUo `mgmR>r g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. VWm{n, Ë`m_mJm©V e¡j{UH$ àoaUm§Mm
A^md, Xm[aÐç, e¡j{UH$ gmo`rgw{dYm§Mr H$_VaVm, {ejUmMo ì`mnmarH$aU BË`mXr AS>Wio AmhoV.
g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§Yr CnbãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r g_mB©H$ emim nÕVr, n[aga emim nÕVr, nwaoer e¡j{UH$
gm_J«r, nwa{dUo, gŠVrMo d _mo\$V {ejU XoUo, Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ H$aUo, àm¡T> {ejUmMm àgma
H$aUo BË`mXr Cnm``moOZm am~{dë`m nm{hOoV. `mZ§Va Vwåhr {ejU, amoOJma d ZoV¥Ëd`m VrZ joÌmV
qbJôXm_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Ag_mZVm g_OmdyZ KoVë`m AmhoV. `m VrZhr joÌmV nwéfm§Mo dM©ñd
AgyZ {ó`m§Zm Jm¡U ñWmZ {Xbobo AmT>iVo. eodQ>r Vwåhr _mZdr hŠH$ d {ejU `m _wÚmMo ñdê$n
g_OmdyZ KoVbo Amho. _mZdr hŠH$mÀ`m gZXoV {ejU {_iUo hm àËòH$ _mZdmMm _yb^yV hŠH$
_mZbobm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVhr 14 dfm©n`ªVÀ`m àËòH$ ~mbH$mg {ejU {_iUo hm Ë`mMm
_yb^yV hŠH$ _mZbobm Amho.
7.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
1) - A, 2) - ~, 3) - ~, 4) - A, 5) - S>
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao.
1) g_mB©H$ emim nÕVr åhUOo OoWo gd© _wbm§Zm g_mZ JwUdÎmoMo {ejU OmV, ^mfm, qbJ,
Am{W©H$ pñWVr, gm_m{OH$ XOm©, emar[aH$ d ~m¡ÕrH$ j_Vm `m§Mm ôX^md dm njnmV Z
H$aVm {Xbo OmVo.
2) ~«÷dm{XZr d gYmodYy ho doXH$mimV {dÚmWrZtMo XmoZ àH$ma hmoVo.
3) 1938 _Üò H$maImZm {Z`§ÌU A{Y{Z`_ g§_V Pmbm.
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4) 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwéñVrZo ZJanm{bHo$V d _hmZJanm{bHo$V {ó`m§Zm 1/3 OmJm amIrd R>odë`m
AmhoV.
5) 10 {S>g|~a hm {Xdg _mZdr hŠH$ åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
7.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / ñdmÜ`m`
(Exercise / Home Assignment)
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm `m àíZmMo {ddoMZ H$am.
2) qbJôXm_wio {ejU joÌmV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Ag_mZVoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
3) _mZdr hŠH$ Am{U {ejU `mVrb g§~§Y {deX H$am.
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) g_mZ e¡j{UH$ g§YrMr g_mZVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr Cnm``moOZm.
2) qbJôX Am{U amoOJma.
3) qbJôX Am{U ZoV¥Ëd
4) _mZdr hŠH$.
7.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection & Action) :
1) Vwåhr AmgnmgÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm ôQ> Úm. Am{U Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mV {XgyZ òUmè`m qbJôXmMr CXmhaUo
{bhÿZ H$mT>m.
2) _mZdr hŠH$mMm gmd©{ÌH$ Om{haZm_m dmMyZ H$mT>m Am{U Ë`m_Üò {Xboë`m {d{dY hŠH$m§Mr
Zm|X H$am.
7.9 A{YH$ dmMZ àíZ
(Suggested Readings) :
1) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio (1998), ^maVr` g_mO, àH$m{eH$m, gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio, gm§Jbr.
2) S>m°. AaqdX XwImZo d S>m°. brZm X|S>onm§S>o (2008) àJV e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó {ZË` ZyVZ
àH$meZ, nwUo.
3)
D. S. Khari (2009), Women Empowerment in India, ALP Books, New Delhi.
4)
U. N. Gupta (2004), The Human Rights, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi.
T
T
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KQ>H$ : 8
g_mOgwYmaH$ : {ejU{df`H$ {dMma Am{U `moJXmZ
(Social Reformers : Thoughts on Education and Contribution)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
8.1 C{Ôï>o
8.2 àñVmdZm
8.3 {df` {ddoMZ
8.3.1 _hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo
8.3.2 amOfu emhÿ _hmamO
8.3.3 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
8.3.4 H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb
8.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
8.5 gmam§e
8.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
8.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J¥hnmR>
8.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
8.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
8.1 àmñVm{dH$ (Introduction) :
`m eodQ>À`m AmR>ì`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr ^maVmVrb à_wI gm_m{OH$ gwYmaH$m§Mo {ejU {df`H$ {dMma
d Ë`m§Mo {ejU àgmamVrb `moJXmZ `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV. "{ejU d g_mO' `m nonaMm
Aä`mg H$aVmZm g_mO gwYmaH$m§À`m e¡>j{UH$ {dMmam§Mm d H$m`m©Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
^maVr` g_mOmV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {ejUmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. Ë`mÑï>rZo
19 ì`m eVH$mV d 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V ^maVmV hmoD$Z Jobobo Oo AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$ AmhoV
Ë`m_Üò _hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a d H$_©dra ^mD$amd
nmQ>rb øm Mma _hmamï´>r`Z g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mo {dMma d `moJXmZ _moR>o Amho. øm Mma g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m
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{dMmam§Mm d H$m`m©Mm à^md nSy>Z ^maVr` g_mOmV aMZmË_H$ d H$m`m©Ë_H$ n[adV©Zmg OmoaXma MmbZm
{_imbr. Ë`m_wio øm KQ>H$mV Vwåhr øm Wmoa g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m e¡j{UH$ {dMmamMm d `moJXmZmMm
(e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©Mm) Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmV.
8.2 C{Ôï>o (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmbm.
B
_hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
B
amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
B
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ {deX H$aVm òB©b.
B
H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Mo {ejU{f`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ gm§JVm òB©b.
8.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject-matter) :
`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
{df` {ddoMZmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r øm KQ>H$m§Mo Mma {d^mJ nmS>bo AmhoV. n{hë`m {d^mmJV _hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd
\w$b|Mo Xwgè`m {d^mJmV amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo {Vgè`m {d^mJmV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Va
Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZmMr MMm© Ho$bobr Amh.
8.3.1 _hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo :
Aën M[aÌ : ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrMo àUoVo Agbobo Wmoa _mZdVmdmXr {dMmad§V _hmË_m
Á`mo{Vamd JmoqdXamd \w$bo ho 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb gd©loð> Ago g_mO gwYmaH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ nwUo
ehamOdirb YZH$dS>r `m Jmdr EH$m _mir Hw$Qw>§~mV 20 \o$~«wdmar 1827 amoOr Pmbm. d`mÀ`m Ad¿`m
13 ì`m dfu Ë`m§Mm {ddmh gm{dÌr~mBªer 1840 _Üò Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo {ejU {¼ñVr Y_©àgmaH$m§À`m
emioV Pmbo. Ë`m_wio {¼ñVr Y_m©Vrb _mZdVmdmXr {dMmam§Mm à^md Ë`m§À`mda nS>bm Am{U _mZdVmdmXr
^y{_Ho$VyZ Ë`m§Zr _{hbm, Añn¥í`, H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya `m§À`mgh ~hþOZm§Mr Xw:Io Xya H$ê$Z
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m H$m`m©bm Am`wî`â dmhÿZ KoVbo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr _{hbm d Añn¥í`m§gmR>r emim
gwê$ Ho$ë`m. gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao bmoH$OmJ¥VrMo H$m`© Ho$bo. ór ewÐmgh ~hþOZm§À`m
AS>rAS>MUr [~«{Q>e gaH$manwT>o _m§S>ë`m VËH$m{bZ gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ àíZm§Mm Ahmnmoh H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr _moR>r gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. V¥Vr` aËZ (ZmQ>H$) {edmOr _hmamOm§Mm nmodmS>m, ~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~,
eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>, Bemam, Jwbm_{Jar, gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_© B. J«§W {b{hbo. Ë`m§Zr 1877 Vo 1882
`m H$mbmdYrV nwUo ZJanm{bHo$Mo g^mgX åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo. VgoM Amnbm CXa{Zdm©h Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r
d g_mOH$m`m©g n¡gm CnbãY ìhmdm åhUyZ ~m§YH$m_ R>oHo$XmamMm ì`dgm` Ho$bm Aem `m Wmoa
g_mOgwYmaH$mMm 28 Zmoìh|~a 1890 _Üò _¥Ë`y Pmbm.123456789012345678901234567890121234567
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_hmË_m Á`mo{Vamd \w$bo `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma :
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m gd© joÌmV Ogo gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ B.
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo. `m {R>H$mUr AmnU àW_ Ë`m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma Aä`mgUma
AmhmV Am{U Ë`mZ§Va {ejU àgmamgmR>r Ho$bobo H$m`© g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo
{ejU{df`rMo {dMma Ë`m§À`m Jwbm_{Jar, ~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~, `m J«§WmV VgoM Ë`m§Zr h§Q>a-{ejU Am`moJmg
{Xboë`m {ZdoXZmV nmhd`mg {_iVmV. Ë`m§Mo ho {dMma AmnUmg nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm
òVrb.
1) {ejU : g_mO gwYmaÊ`mMo EH$ gmYZ
_hmË_m \w$bo ho {ejUmg g_mOmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo EH$ à^mdr gmYZ _mZVmV.
{ejUmÛmao Zd g_mO {Z{_©Vr H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b Agm Ë`m§Mm ÑT>{dídmg hmoVm. OmVôX d qbJôX
`m_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobr gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Zï> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ g_Voda AmYmabobr g_mOì`dñWm
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ór ewÐmgh ~hþOZ g_mOmg {ejU XoD$Z ehmUo Ho$bo nm{hOo Agm \w$bo `m§Mm
AmJ«h hmoVm. {ejUmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$aVmZm \w$bo `m§Zr A{dÚo_wio åhUOoM AkmZm_wio H$m` AZW© hmoVmo
ho nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>bo Amho Vo åhUVmV,
{dÚo{dZm _Vr Jobr, _Vr {dZm ZrVr Jobr, ZrVr{dZm JVr Jobr, JVr{dZm {dÎm Jobo, {dÎmm{dZm ewÐ
IMbo BVHo$ AZW© EH$m A{dÚoZo Ho$bo. darb CŠVrdê$Z _hmË_m \w$bo ho gd© g_ñ`m§Mo _yi A{dÚoV
(AkmZmV) Amho Ago _mZrV Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. g_mOmVrb AkmZmMm Zme Ho$ë`m{edm` g_mOgwYmaUm
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z hmoUma Zmhr. Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. g_mOgwYmaUm åhUOo H$m` ho ñnï> H$aVmZm
Vo åhUVmV g_mOmVrb ImbÀ`m ñVamVrb bmoH$m§Zm åhUOo Añn¥í` eoVH$ar H$m_Jma ~hþOZ B. Zr
{eHy$Z ehmUo hmoUo Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m` AË`mMmam§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoUo. Ë`m§Mo OrdZ gwIr
H$aUo hmo`. Ë`m§À`m _Vo g_mOmVrb gd© bmoH$ Omon`ªV {eHy$Z ehmUo hmoV ZmhrV Vmon`ªV Ë`m§Zm Jwbm_mgmaIo
dmJ{dbo OmB©b. WmoS>Š`mV _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr {ejUmg gm_m{OH$ gwYmaÊ`mMo d n`m©`mZo n[adV©ZmMo
gmYZ _mZbobo Amho.
2) ór {ejUmg§~§YrMo {dMma :
na§namJV nwéfàYmZ ^maVr` g_mOmV {ó`m§da AZoH$ {Z~ªY KmVbo hmoVo. {ó`m§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mg
~§Xr hmoVr. órZo {ejU KoVë`mg {Vbm d¡Yì` àmßV hmoB©b, Vr dm_ _mJm©g bmJob, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm CÜdñV
hmoB©b Aem AZoH$ J¡ag_OyVr gZmVZr _§S>itZr d Y_©_mVªS>mZr g_mOmV nga{dë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio
^maVr` {ó`m AZoH$ eVHo$ AS>mUr, {Zaja d A§YlÕ am{hë`m. {ejUmA^mdr Ë`m nwéfm§À`m Jwbm_
~Zë`m. Ë`m§Mr pñWVr AË`§V X`{Z` Pmbr. Aem n[apñWVrV _hmË_m \w$b|Zr ór {ejUmMm OmoaXma
nwañH$ma Ho$bm. ór hr Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmYma AgVo, {Vbm {ejU XoUo åhUOo {VÀ`m _wbm§Zm d n`m©`mZo gd©
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Hw$Qw>§~mg {ejU XoUo hmo`. ho AmoiIyZ Á`mo{V~m§Zr ór {ejUmMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr. nwéfmà_mUoM ór hr
_mZd AgyZ {Vbmhr ñdmV§Í` Amho. _J Ë`m§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mg ~§Xr H$m Agm àíZ Ë`m§Zr CnpñWV Ho$bm.
_wbm§da g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm `mo½` diU bmdÊ`mgmR>r àW_ AmB© {eH$br nm{hOo Ago _V Á`mo{V~m§Zr
_moR>çm Ü`¡`m©Zo d Vi_irZo VËH$mbrZ gZmVZr g_mOmg_moa _m§S>bo.
3) Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmg§~§YrMo {dMma :
nma§nm[aH$ ^maVr` g_mOmV {ó`m§à_mUoM ewÐm§Zmhr {ejUmg ~§Xr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ewÐ bmoH$ åhUOoM
Añn¥í` ho AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV eoH$S>mo df} {IVnV nS>bo hmoVo. AS>mUr Añn¥í` OmVrda CÀM OmVtZr
AZoH$ A{Zï> {Z~ªY bmXbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§Mr pñWVr Jwbm_mgmaIr Pmbr hmoVr. `m Jwbm_{JarVyZ
Ë`m§Zm _wŠV H$aÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© H$moUVm Agob Va Vmo åhUOo Ë`m§Zm {ejU XoUo hmo` Ago \w$b|Zr
gd©àW_ à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Omon`ªV Añn¥í` {ejU KoV ZmhrV Vmon`ªV Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mdarb AÝ`m`
AË`mMmamMr OmUrd hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mdarb Añn¥í`VoMm H$b§H$ nwgbm OmUma Zmhr, Añn¥í`m§Zm
{ejU {Xë`mg Vo Jwbm_{JarMo OmoIS> PwJmê$Z XoVrb. Ë`m_wio CÀM OmVrMo dM©ñd g§nwï>mV òB©b.
g_mOmVrb OmVrôX Zï> hmoB©b Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoB©b Ago _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr {dMma
_m§S>bo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V _hmË_m
\w$bo `m§Zm B§J«O A{YH$mar _°H$mboMm ""S>mD$ZdS>© {\$ëQ´>oeZ Woar'' _mÝ` ZìhVr. daÀ`m dJm©g {ejU
{Xë`mg Vo {PanV {PanV ImbÀ`m dJm©n`ªV nmohMob. g_mOmVrb daÀ`m dJm©Mo bmoH$ ehmUo Pmë`mg
ImbÀ`m dJm©Mohr bmoH$ ehmUo hmoVrb Agm hm _oH$m°boMm {gÕm§V \w$b|Zm _mÝ` ZìhVm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo
daÀ`m dJm©Vrb bmoH$ {eH$bo Var Vo ImbÀ`m bmoH$m§À`m {ejUmH$S>o bj XoUma ZmhrV. CbQ> ImbÀ`m
dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm Jwbm_ ~ZdVrb d n[aUm_r gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm dmT>VM OmB©b Ago \w$bo `m§Zm dmQ>V
hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmMm OmoaXma nwañH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Am`wî`â H$ï> KoVbo.
4) eoVH$ar-H$m_Jma dJm©À`m {ejUmg§~§YrMo {dMma :
ór ewÐmà_mUoM _hmË_m \w$bo `§mZr eoVH$ar H$m_Jma `m H$ï>H$ar dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§À`m {ejUmMm
nwañH$ma Ho$bm. `m dJm©Vrb _wbm§Zm CXa{Zdm©h Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`dgm` {ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo. åhUOo Vr
dm__mJm©bm bmJUma ZmhrV. JwÝhoJma ~ZUma ZmhrV d g_mOmMo ñW¡`© {Q>Hy$Z amhrb Ago {dMma Ë`m§Zr
_m§S>bo. ì`dgm` {ejUm_wio bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ gwYmaob g_mOmV Ë`m§Zm à{Vð>m àmßV hmoB©b {edm`
amï´>r` CËnÞ hr dmT>ob Agm \w$b|Zm {dídmg hmoVm.
5) àmW{_H$ {ejUm{df`rMo {dMma :
_hmË_m \w$b|Zr h§Q>a A`moJmg {Xboë`m {ZdoXZmV àmW{_H$ d CÀM {ejUm{df`rMo Ë`m§Mo {dMma
_m§S>bobo AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV ehamVrb ~«m÷U à^w Aem CÀM OmVrVrb _wbm§Zm àmW{_H$ {ejU {_iVo.
_mÌ IoS>çmVrb eoVH$è`m§À`m _wbm§Zm Vo {_iV Zmhr. eoVH$è`m§Zmhr Ago dmQ>Vo, H$s AmnUmg {ejUmMr
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JaO Zmhr. åhUyZ Vo Amnë`m _wbm§Zm eoVmV, KamV, Jwao gm§^miUo `mgmR>r am~dyZ KoVmV. åhUyZ
gaH$maZo d`mÀ`m 12 dfm©n`ªVÀ`m _wbmgmR>r Var {ejU gŠVrMo H$amdo Ago \w$b|Mo _V hmoVo. `mgmR>r
gaH$maZo emim§Mr g§»`m dmT>dmdr, {eî`d¥Î`m Úmì`mV, ~jrgo R>odmdrV VgoM ~«m÷UoÎma {ejH$
Zo_mdoV Ago \w$b|Zr gaH$mabm gwM{dbo. ~«m÷U {ejH$ ~hþOZm§À`m _wbm§Zm AmñWoZo {eH$dUma ZmhrV.
åhUyZ àmW{_H$ emioVrb {ejH$ ho eoVH$ar dJm©Vrb AgmdoV d Vo à{e{jV hr AgmdoV. VgoM
àmW{_H$ emioVrb {ejU ho {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ^mdr OrdZmg Cn`wŠV R>aUmao Agmdo åhUyZ àmW{_H$
emioVrb Aä`mgH«$_mV boIZ, dmMZ, {hemo~, B{Vhmg, ^yJmob, ì`mH$aU, eoVrMo kmZ, ZrVr, Amamo½`
BË`mXtMm g_mdoe H$amdm Ago \w$b|Mo _V hmoVo.
6) CÀM {ejUm{df`rMo {dMma :
_hmË_m \w$b|À`m _Vo ^maVmVrb CÀM {ejU AÚmn ~më`mdñWoV Amho. Ë`m_wio gaH$maZo Ë`mgmR>r
AZwXmZ Úmdo, ho {ejU gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr Agmdo, CÀM {ejUmMm bm^ Pmboë`m ~«m÷Um§ZmM
VodT>çm gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m {_iVmV. BVam§Zm {_iV ZmhrV åhUyZ gaH$maZo gmYmaU OrdZmVrb JaOm nyU©
H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Cn`moJr R>aUmao {ejU _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ Úmdo. Ë`mgmR>r _hm{dÚmb`mVrb Aä`mgH«$_mV
Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`dhmamon`moJr {ejUmMm A§V^m©d H$amdm. bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY hmoB©b Ago ì`dgm`
{ejU XoÊ`mV `mdo. Ë`m_wio gw{e{jV _§S>ir ZmoH$è`m§À`m _mJo Z bmJVm EImXm CÚmoJY§Xm H$ê$Z
Amnbm {Zdm©h Mmb{dVrb, CÀM {ejUmV d gaH$mar ZmoH$è`mV ~«m÷Um§Mr AgUmar {_amgXmar Zï>
H$ê$Z BVa OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zmhr Ë`m_Üò {eaH$md H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr gaH$maZo CnbãY H$ê$Z Úmdr Ago hr
\w$b|Zr gwM{dbo.
Aem àH$mao \w$bo `m§Zr ór ewÐmgh ~hþOZ g_mOmg {ejUmMr g§Yr XoD$Z Ë`m§Mr CÞVr H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar gaH$maZo pñdH$mamdr Ago {dMma _m§S>bo.
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo {ejU joÌmVrb `moJXmZ d H$m`© :
_hmË_m \w$bo ho Ho$di {dMmad§V ZìhVo Va H¥$Vrerb H$m`©H$V} hmoVo. Amnbo e¡j{UH$ {dMma àË`j
H¥$VrV CVa{dÊ`gmR>r Ë`m§Zr órewÐmgh ~hþOZ g_mOmV {ejU àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b.
1) ór {ejU :
A{Zð> ê$T>rna§nam§Zr OIS>boë`m {ó`m§Mm CÕma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {ejU XoUo hmM àmW{_H$
Cnm` Amho ho AmoiIyZ \w$b|Zr ór {ejUmg MmbZm {Xbr. Ë`mgmR>r 14 OmZodmar 1848 amoOr nwUo
ehamV {^S>o `m§À`m dmS>çmV _wbtMr n{hbr emim gwê$ Ho$br. VWmnr, gXa emioV {e{jH$m {_ioZm
åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnbr nËZr gm{dÌr~mB©g Kar {eH$dyZ V`ma Ho$bo Am{U _J Ë`m§Zm Ë`m emioV {e{jH$m
åhUyZ Zo_bo. gZmVZr ~«m÷U _§S>irZm \w$bo nVrnËZrÀ`m øm H$m`m©V AZoH$ AS>MUr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...11
{edm` Ë`m§Zm àM§S> Ìmg {Xbm. VWmnr `m XmoKm§Zr Z S>J_JVm Amnbo H$m`© ZoQ>mZo d YmS>gmZo MmbyM
R>odbo AemàH$mao \w$bo `m§Zr _hmamï´>mV ór {ejUm§Mr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr.
2) Añn¥í` {ejU :
{ó`m§à_mUoM Añn¥í`m§Zmhr {ejU XoD$Z ehmUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r _. \w$b|Zr 15 _o 1948 amoOr
dmZdS>rÀ`m _hmadmS>çmV EH$ emim gwê$ Ho$br. Á`mo{V~m§Zm bhmZnUr gm§^miboë`m gJwUm~mB©Zm Ë`m
emioV {e{jH$m åhUyZ Zo_bo. nU Oo_Vo_ 4 Vo 5 _{hZoM hr emim Mmbbr d nwT>o ~§X Pmbr. na§Vw
{Zame Z hmoVm _. \w$b|Zr 1851 _Üò nwÊ`mVrb _hmadmSçmV Añn¥í`m§Mr emim H$mTy>Z VoWohr
gm{dÌr~mB©ZmM {e{jH$m åhUyZ Zo_bo. Aem àH$mao Añn¥í`moÕmamgmR>r \w$b|Zr {ejUmMm _mJ© Adb§{~bm.
3) àm¡T>emim Am{U amÌ emim :
~hþOZ g_mO Xm[aÐçmV Agë`mZo bmoH$m§Zm nmoQ>mgmR>r {Xdgâ H$ï> H$amdo bmJo. Ë`m_wbo {ejU
KoÊ`mgmR>r g§Yr {_iV Zgo. Aem àm¡T> {Zajam§Zm gmja H$aÊ`mgmR>r \w$bo `m§Zr àm¡T> emim d amÌ emim
gwê$ Ho$ë`m. `m emioV àm¡T>m§Zr `mdo d {ejU ¿`mdo åhUyZ \w$bo bmoH$m§À`m Kar ñdV: OmD$Z Ë`m§Zm
emioV òÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$arV AgV.
4) Aä`mgH«$_ {Z{_©Vr :
_. \w$bo d gm{dÌr~mB© `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m emioVrb _wbm§Mo n`m©daU Ë`m§Mr j_Vm, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nmíd©^y_r
Am{W©H$ JaOm B. ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z _wbm§gmR>r Img doJio Ago Aä`mgH«$_ ~Z{dbo. hgV IoiV _wbo
{eH$Vrb {eH$Ê`mMr à{H«$`m hr AmZ§X XoUmar R>aob. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ ZdZdo à`moJ Ho$bo. CnH«$_
am~{dbo `mdê$Z hr e¡j{UH$ g_mOemó d e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó `m§Mr Ë`m§Zm CÎm_ OmU hmoVr ho bjmV
òVo.
5) {ejH$m§gmR>r à{ejU :
\w$b|À`m H$mimV nwÊ`mVrb ~hþVoH$ emimVrb {ejH$ ho à{e{jV ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio Vo _wbm§Zm `mo½`
nÕVrZo {eH$dy eH$V ZìhVo. {ejH$ hm à{e{jV Agmdm `mgmR>r \w$bo AmJ«hr AgV. Ë`m§Zr 1948 Vo
1852 `m H$mimV nwUo ehamV d n[agamV gw_mao 20 emim H$mT>ë`m hmoË`m. `m emioVrb {ejH$
à{e{jV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ñdV:M EH$ AÜ`mnH$ {dÚmb` gwê$ Ho$bo.
AemàH$mao eoH$S>mo df} AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV {IVnV nS>boë`m ór ewÐm§Zm \w$boZr {ejUmMr H$dmS>o
Iwbr Ho$br. gZmVZr ~«m÷Um§Zr Ë`m§À`m dS>rbm§Mo (JmoqdXamdmMo) H$mZ âbo d \w$b|Zr d{S>bm§Zr emim
~§X H$aÊ`mMr dm Ka gmoS>Ê`mMr Amkm Ho$br. VWm{n, \w$b|Zr Ka gmoS>bo nU {ejU àgmamMo Amnbo d«V
Am`wî`â MmbyZ R>odbo.
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8.3.2 amOfu emhÿ _hmamO :
AënM[aÌ :
_hmË_m \w$b|Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr Xwgao Wmoa g_mOgwYmaH$
amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ Aä`mgUma AmhmV. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZMo
g§ñWm{ZH$ AgyZhr amOmon^moJmV a__mU Z hmoVm amOgÎmoMm Cn`moJ ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r
H$aUmam amOm åhUyZ N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo Zmd AOam_a Pmbo Amho. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr _. \w$bo `m§Mo
gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© nwT>o Mmb{dbo. Aem øm g_mOgwYmaH$ amOmMm OÝ_ 26 Owb¡
1874 _Üò H$mJb ({O. H$moëhmnya) òWrb KmQ>Jo KamÊ`mV Pmbm. _mVm{nVm amYmamUr d O`qgJamd
`m§Zr Amnë`m nwÌmMo Zmd èd§Vamd R>odbo. nwT>o 17 _mM© 1884 amoOr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m _hmamUr
AmZ§Xr~mB©Zr èd§Vbm XÎmH$ KoD$Z Ë`mMo "emhÿ' Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$bo. emhÿ§Mo {ejU amOH$moQ>_Yrb
amOHw$_ma H$m°boO_Üò Pmbo. nwT>rb {ejU ga \«o$Oa `m `wamo{n`Z {ejH$mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Pmbo.
nwT>o 2 E{àb 1894 amoOr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMr gwÌo emhÿ§Zr pñdH$mabr. Amnë`m
g§ñWmZmVrb {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV Ym{_©H$ d
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm am~{dÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr 1911 _Üò gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr Va 1918
_Üò Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ Midirg _moR>r MmbZm {Xbr. Am{U ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m
CÕmamgmR>r Am`wî`â H$m`© Ho$bo. Aem øm bmoH$moÎma amOmMm _¥Ë`y 6 _o 1922 amoOr Pmbm. AmVm AmnU
Vwåhr amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma :
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`mà_mUoM emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr {ejU hoM ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m CÕmamMo gdm©V à^mdr
gmYZ Amho ho AmoiIbo hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV {ejUàgmamMr Midi am~{dbr.
{ejUm{df`rMo Ë`m§Mo {dMma AmnUmg Ë`m§À`m ^mfUmVyZ d H¥$VrVyZ {XgyZ òVmV. Ë`m§Mo {ejU{df`H$
{dMma nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm òVrb.
1) e¡j{UH$ {dMmam_mJrb àoaUm :
N>. emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m {ejU{df`H$ {dMmam_mJrb àoaUm hr _hmË_m \w$bo d ñdm_r X`mZ§X
gañdVr `m§Mo H$m`© hmoVo. ór ewÐmgh ~hþOZmÀ`m CÕmamgmR>r {ejU àgmamMr Midi _hmË_m \w$bo
`m§Zr am~{dbr. N>. emhÿ§Zrhr Ë`m§MmM {H$Îmm {Ja{dbm. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV gËèmoYH$
g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. \w$bo à_mUoM emhÿ ho X`mZ§XmÀ`m H$m`m©Zo à^m{dV Pmbo hmoVo. ñdm_r X`mZ§XmZr
{ejUmMm hŠH$ gdmªZm Amho Ago à{VnmXZ H$ê$Z gd© OmVrY_m©À`m ór-nwéfm§Zm {e{jV H$aÊ`mMo
H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m `m H$m`m©nmgyZ emhÿ§Zr àoaUm KoD$Z {ejUàgmamg dmhyZ KoVbo Am{U Am`©
g_mOmMr hr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV ñWmnZm Ho$br.
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2) {ejU : g_mO CÞVrMo gmYZ :
N>. emhÿ§Zr {ejU ho g_mO CÞVrMo à^mdr gmYZ _mZbo. Amnë`m g§ñWmZmVrb Xw~©b, X{bV,
X[aÐr, bmoH$m§Zm {ejU {Xë`m{edm` Ë`m§Mr d n`m©`mZo g_mOmMr CÞVr hmoUma Zmhr ho emhÿ§Zr AmoiIbo
hmoV.o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g_mOmVrb VËH$mbrZ e¡j{UH$ pñWVrMo gwú_ {ZarjU Ho$bo hmoV.o ^yVH$mimVrb
^maVr` g_mOmVrb e¡j{UH$ pñWVrda ^mî` H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV ""{ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV Am_Mm
JVH$mb åhQ>bm åhUOo B{VhmgmVrb EH$ A§Ymar amÌ Amho. \$ŠV EH$mM OmVrZo {dÚoMo _ŠVm KoVbm
hmoVm. _Zw d Ë`mÀ`m_mJwZ Pmboë`m emóH$mam§Zr Ë`m-Ë`m doiÀ`m Üò`mbm AZwgê$Z {Za{Zamiçm
OmVtÀ`m ì`dhmamV ~§YZH$maH$ Ago {Z~ªY KmVbo. ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm {dÚm_§XramMo XadmOo.~§X
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. åhUyZ {ejUmÀ`m nm`mdaM gd© g_mOmMr CÞVr H$aVm òB©b. `mdê$Z ho bjmV òVo,
H$s {ejUm{edm` g_mOmMr CÞVr hmoUma Zmhr Ago emhÿ§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. åhUyZ Vo åhUVmV ""{ejUmZoM
Am_Mm VaUmonm` Amho Ago _mPo R>m_ _V Amho. {ejUm{edm` H$moUË`mhr XoemMr CÞVr hmoUma.Zmhr.''
3) gdmªgmR>r {ejU :
na§namJV ^maVmV {ejU KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hm Ho$di CÀM OmVtZmM {deofV: ~«m÷Um§Zm hmoVm.
BVa OmVtZm {ejU KoÊ`mg ~§Xr hmoVr. hr Jmoï> _hmË_m \w$bo à_mUoM N>. emhÿ§Zmhr IQ>H$V hmoVr. åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zr {ejU ho gdmªZm CnbãY Pmbo nm{hOo Ago AmJ«hmZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Omon`ªV ^maVmVrb àËòH$
ór-nwéfmg {ejU {_iV Zmhr, Vmon`ªV ^maV ñdV§Ì, g_¥Õ, EH$Ord d ~bdmZ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr Ago
emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo R>m_ _V hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV ^maVr` g_mOmV {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU Pmbo nm{hOo Ago
Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.
4) ñdamÁ`mgmR>r {ejU :
N>. emhÿ§À`m H$mimV ñdamÁ`mMr Midi EH$m {d{eï> Q>ßß`mda òD$Z nmohmoMbr hmoVr. AmO Zm
CÚm ñdamÁ` {_iUma `mMr Ë`m§Zm ImÌr hmoVr. VWm{n, ñdamÁ`mMr gwÌo pñdH$maÊ`mgmR>r gm_mÝ` bmoH$
gw{e{jV Agbo nm{hOoV, {ejUmÛmao Vo gwg§ñH$m[aV Pmbo nm{hOoV Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. AÝ`Wm ñdamÁ`mMr
gwÌo hr _wR>â gw{e{jV ~«m÷UdJm©À`m hmVr OmVrb d ho bmoH$ ~hþOZm§Zm Amnë`m Jwbm_{JarV R>odVrb,
Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. åhUyZ ñdamÁ`mgmR>r boH$m§Zm {eHy$Z ehmUo Ho$bo nm{hOo. Aer Ë`m§Mr R>m_
g_OyV hmoVr. `mg§X^m©V EH$m ^mfUmV Vo åhUVmV, ""_mÂ`m a`VoV àm_m{UH$ d CÀM {ejUmMm àgma
H$aÊ`mMr _mPr BVH$s OmoamZo IQ>nQ> Mmbbr Amho. `mdê$Z eŠ` {VVŠ`m bdH$a a`Vog ñdamÁ`
XoÊ`mMo _mPo YmoaU Amho, ho Amnë`m Ü`mZr òB©bM. _mPr gd© àOm _amR>r {Vgar B`Îmm Var {eHy$Z
V`ma Pmbr AgVr Va Ë`m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mamMo hŠH$ AmZ§XmZo XoD$Z _r AmOM {dlm§Vr KoVbr AgVr.''
5) bmoH$emhrgmR>r {ejU :
N>. emhÿ ho amOo Agbo Var Vo bmoH$emhr àd¥ÎmrMo amOo hmoVo. AmÊUmgmho~ bÇ>o åhUVmV, H$s _hmamO
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ho ñd^mdmZo IaoIwbo bmoH$emhr àdÎmrMo hmoVo. gw{e{jV bmoH$ à{V{ZYtÀ`mH$S>o amOH$s` gÎmm gon{dÊ`mMr
Ë`m§Mr V`mar hmoVr. åhUyZ eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma, {ó`m, Añn¥í` `m gdmªZm {ejU XoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm Vi_i
bmJyZ am{hbr hmoVr. {eH$bobo bmoH$ EH$Ì òVmV, Ë`m§À`mV EoŠ` {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U ho EoŠ` bmoH$emhrH$S>o
KoD$Z OmVo Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. gmd©{ÌH$ {ejUmVyZ bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U Pmbr nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zm
dmQ>o. bmoH${ejUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr bmoH$emhr àXrK©H$mi {Q>Ho$b Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm.
6) OmVrôX d Añn¥í`VmnmbZ {Z_y©bZmgmR>r {ejU :
^maVr` g_mO OmVrôXm_wio nmoIabobm hmoVm. OmVrôXm_wio Añn¥í`VmnmbZ CX`mg Ambo hmoVo.
OmVrÀ`m AmYmao _mUgm-_mUgmV {^§Vr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z àM§S> gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. hr
{df_Vm Zï> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H${Zð> OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zm {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo
Ago N>. emhÿ§Mo R>m_ _V hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r A{daV H$ï> KoVbo. AemàH$mao
N>. emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo e¡j{UH$ {dMma hmoVo.
N>. emhÿ§Mo {ejU{df`H$ H$m`© qH$dm `moJXmZ :
N>. emhÿ§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma nm{hë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr Ë`m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ H$m`© åhUOo
{ejU àgmamgmR>r {Xbobo `moJXmZ g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. Ë`m§Mo {ejUmVrb `moJXmZ nwT>rbà_mUo
gm§JVm òB©b.
1) gŠVrMo _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejU :
{ejUàgmam{edm` gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm hmoUma ZmhrV ho AmoiIyZ N>. emhÿ§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV
nm`m^yV {ejU åhUyZ àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m H$m`m©g àma§^ Ho$bm. Omon`ªV ~hþOZ g_mOmg {ejU {Xbo
OmV Zmhr Vmon`ªV {ejU {_imboë`m ~«m÷Um§Mr _ŠVoXmar Zï> hmoUma Zmhr d ~hþOZm§Mo Xm[aÐç, AkmZ,
A§YlÕm Zï> hmoUma ZmhrV ho AmoiIyZ N>. emhÿ§Zr 1913 _Üò Amnë`m amÁ`mV gŠVrÀ`m _mo\$V
{ejUmMr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. 1917 _Üò Ë`m§Zr Ë`mgmR>r 1 bmI 20 hOma én`m§Mr VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr.
VgoM àËòH$ IoS>çmV àmW{_H$ emim gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò _wbm_wbtZm nmR>{dÊ`mMr gwMZm JmdH$m_Jmam§Zm
d nmbH$m§Zm {Xë`m. 1918 Vo 1922 H$mimV 420 àmW{_H$ emim gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò CÀM OmVrÀ`m
_wbm§~amo~a ~bwVoXmam§À`m d Añn¥í`m§À`m _wbm§Zmhr EH$Ì ~gdyZ {ejU Úmdo Agm dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>bm.
Ë`m_wio øm emim åhUOo {ejU XoÊ`mMo d OmVrôX Zï> H$aÊ`mMr H|$Ðo R>abr.
2) CÀM {ejU :
N>. emhÿ§Zr Ho$di àmW{_H$ {ejUmH$S>oM bj nwa{dbo Zmhr Va CÀM {ejUmH$S>ohr bj {Xbo.
àmW{_H$ {ejUm_wio bmoH$ Ho$di gmja hmoVrb nU ehmUo hmoUma ZmhrV ho Ë`m§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zr CÀM {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r amOmam_ hm`ñHy$b d amOmam_ _hm{dÚmb`mH$S>o nwaonya bj {Xbo. Ë`m§Zm
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Am{W©H$ ghmæ`hr {Xbo. `m hm`ñHy$b_Üò Añn¥í`m§Zm àdoe KoÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. AZoH$ hmoVH$ê$
{dÚmÏ`mªZm naXoer {ejUmgmR>r _XV Ho$br. nwÊ`mVrb S>oŠH$b {ejU g§ñWog d {edmOr _amR>m g§ñWog
_mJ©Xe©Z d _XV {Xbr.
3) dg{VJ¥hm§Mr ñWmnZm :
IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªZm ehamV òD$Z CÀM {ejU KoVm `mdo åhUyZ N>. emhÿ§Zr
H$moëhmnyamV doJdoJiçm OmVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r AZoH$ dg{VJ¥ho gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`m§_Üò Ë`m§À`m amhÊ`mImÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br. H$moëhmnya~amo~aM Ah_XZJa, Zm{eH$, nwUo `m ehamVrb dg{VJ¥ho gwê$
Ho$br. Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m IMm©VyZ XmoZ dgVrJ¥ho H$mT>br. Ë`m_wio _hmamOm§Zm
dg{VJ¥hmË_H$ {ejU `moOZoMo à^mdr nwañH$V} _mZbo OmVo.
4) ^mfm {ejU :
N>. emhÿ§Zm _mV¥^mfo{df`r Iyn ào_ d A{^_mZ hmoVm. OZ_mUgmV {ejUàgmamgmR>r _mV¥^mfmM
dmnabr nm{hOo Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. åhUyZ _amR>rbm Ë`m§Zr àmW{_H$ {ejUmV àmYmÝ` {Xbo.
VWm{n, g§ñH¥$V hr _amR>rMr OZZr Agë`mZo _amR>rbm àm¡T>Ëd àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr e§H$amMm`mªÀ`m
_R>mV g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m {ejUmMr gmo` gd© OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r Ho$br. CÀM {ejUmV B§J«OrMo _hÎd ho
OmUV hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr B§J«Or ^mfoÀ`m AÜ``ZmH$S>ohr bj nwa{dbo.
5) bmoH$mon`moJr H$m`m©À`m emim§Mr ñWmnZm :
_hmamOm§Zr {ejU àgmamMr Midi OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV nga{dbr. bmoH$m§À`m Cn`moJmÀ`m
H$m`mªMo {ejU XoUmè`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.
1) nwamo{hV emim : Ym{_©H$ joÌmV ~«m÷U dJm©Mr _ŠVoXmar Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r d BVa OmVtZm
Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r N>. emhÿ§Zr ""lr {edmOr j{Ì` {dÚmb`'' ZmdmMr emim gwê$ Ho$br. `m
emioVyZ à{e{jV Pmboë`m ~«m÷UoÎma OmVrÀ`m nwamo{hVm§H$Sy>Z Ym{_©H$ {dYr H$adyZ KoVbo.
2) nmQ>rb emim : JmdmMm H$ma^ma nmhUmam nmQ>rb hm Ý`m`r àd¥ÎmrMm, g_Vmob {dMmamMm,
àm_m{UH$, {Z:ñdmWu d kmZr Agmdm `m hoVyZo N>ÌnVr§Zr nmQ>rbH$sÀ`m H$m`m©Mo {ejU XoUmar emim gwê$
Ho$br.
3) g¡{ZH$s emim : AmYw{ZH$ `wÕV§ÌmV {ejUmMr AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho ho AmoiIyZ _hmamOm§Zr
àËòH$ g¡{ZH$ hm gw{e{jV Agbm nm{hOo. Ë`mbm `wÕemómdarb nwñVHo$ dmMVm Ambr nm{hOoV `m
CÔoemZo Ë`m§Zr "BÝ\§$Q´>r ñHy$b' ZmdmMr g¡{ZH$ {ejU XoUmar emim H$mT>br.
4) CÚmoJ emim : _hmamOm§Zr CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m {ejUmMo _hÎd AmoiIyZ 1912 _Üò "O`qgJamd
KmQ>Jo Q>opŠZH$b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>' hr V§Ì{ejU emim H$mT>br.
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5) g§ñH¥$V emim : g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMo AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ gd© OmVrY_m©À`m
bmoH$m§Zm {_imdm åhUyZ AZoH$ ^mfm§Mr OZZr Agboë`m g§ñH¥$VMo {ejU XoUmar emim H$mT>br. VgoM
g§ñH¥$V {eH$Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Am{W©H$ _XV hr nwa{dbr.
6) gËèmoYH$ emim : _hmamOm§Zr gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr 1911 _Üò ñWmnZm Ho$br. nwT>o
Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m d gm_m{OH$ g_VoÀ`m àñWmnZogmR>r 1913 _Üò Ë`m§Zr gËèmoYH$ emim gwê$
Ho$br. ~hþOZ g_mOmV d¡{XH$ na§naoMm {dMma éO{dUo d dmT>{dUo ho `m emioMo C{Ôï> hmoVo.
7) `wdamO emim : àOoÀ`m {hVmMr gX¡d H$miOr KoUmar amÁ`H$V} V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r N>ÌnVtZr
`wdamOm§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r "`wdamO emim' H$mT>br d nwT>o `m emioV gaXma d Ohm{JaXmam§À`m
_wbm§Zmhr àdoe {Xbm. `m emioV ^mfm, emó, eoVr, CÚmoJ `m {f`m§Mo {ejU {Xbo OmB©b. ñdmdb§~Z
àOm{hV, OZgodm B. gX²JwUm§Mr OmonmgZm ìhmdr Aer _hmamOm§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr. Aem àH$mao _hmamOm§Zr
{ejUjoÌmg ârd `moJXmZ {Xbo.
8.3.3 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a :
AënM[aÌ :
S>m°. {^_amd am_Or C\©$ ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho Ho$di ^maVmVrbM Zìho Va Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamdarb
Zm_m§{H$V Ago {dMmad§V d g_mOgwYmaH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 14 E{àb 1891 amoOr _Ü` àXoemVrb _hÿ
`m Jmdr _hma OmVrV Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU XmnmobrV, _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU gmVmè`mV Pmbo.
E{b{\$ñQ>Z hm`ñHy$b _YyZ Vo _°{Q´>H$Mr Va E{b{\$ÝñQ>Z _hm{dÚmb`mVyZ ~r. E. narjm C{ÎmU© Pmbo.
nwT>o g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`m _XVrZo H$mob§{~`m {dÚm{nR>mV (A_o[aH$m) E_. E. d nrEM.S>r. `m
nXì`m {_idyZ ^maVmV Ambo d ~S>moXm g§ñWmZmV ZmoH$ar H$ê$ bmJbo. nU VoWo Añn¥í` åhUyZ VwÀN>VoZo
dmJ{dbo OmV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr Vr ZmoH$ar gmoS>br d _w§~B©V {gS>Zoh°_ H$m°boO_Üò àmÜ`mnH$ ~Zbo. nwT>o
N>. emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo B§½b§S>bm OmD$Z AW©emómVrb E_.Eñgr, S>r.Eñgr d ~°[añQ>a `m
nXì`m {_i{dë`m d ^maVmV òD$Z _w§~B© hm`H$moQ>m©V d{H$br ì`dgm` gwê$ Ho$bm. Z§Va _w§~B©À`m
gaH$mar bm° H$m°boO_Üò àW_ àmÜ`mnH$ d Z§Va àmMm`© åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. `mM H$mimV Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$m`m©g gwê$dmV Ho$br. Añn¥í`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r {d{dY Midir d gË`mJ«h gwê$
Ho$bo. Amnë`m {dMmamÀ`m àgmamgmR>r _yH$Zm`H$, ~{hîH¥$V ^maV, g_Vm d OZVm Aer d¥ÎmnÎmo gwê$
Ho$br. VgoM ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$maUr g^m, ñdV§Ì _Oya nj, Am°b B§{S>`m eoS>yëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZ BË`mXrMr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1926 Vo 1936 n`ªV Vo _w§~B© {d{Y_§S>imMo gXñ` hmoVo. Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Vo
Jmob_oO n[afXog hOa am{hbo. _hmË_m Jm§Yr§er nwUo H$ama H$ê$Z Añn¥í`m§gmR>r {dYr_§S>imV amIrd
OmJm {_i{dbr. ìhmB©g am°`À`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV H$m_Jma _§Ìr åhUyZ hr H$m_o Ho$br. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va
XoemMo n{hbo H$m`Xo_§Ìr Pmbo. VgoM KQ>Zm _gwXm g{_VrMo AÜ`j åhUyZ amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z{_©Vr_Üò
_hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xbo. 1956 _Üò qhXy Y_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$mabm. Ë`mZ§Va AënmdYrVM
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Ë`m§Mo 6 {S>g|~a 1956 bm {ZYZ Pmbo. Aem øm bmoH$moÎma nwéfm§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d H$m`© Vwåhr
Aä`mgUma AmhmV.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd ho Aï>n¡by hmoVo. Vo Ogo g_mOgwYmaH$, amOH$maUr,
AW©emók, KQ>ZmVk hmoVo VgoM Vo EH$ {ejUVk hr hmoVo. kmZmMo {ejUmMo _hÎd Ë`m§Zm nwaonwa C_Jbo
hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr {dÚobm Amnbo X¡dV _mZyZ {dÚo{edm` _mUgmbm em§Vr Zmhr d _mUwgH$s hr Zmhr
Ago Vo åhUV. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr {ejUmMo Üò`, {ejUmMm Ame`, {dÚmWu d {ejH$ H$go AgmdoV
{ejUmMo _hÎd BË`mXr~m~V Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bobo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma nwT>rbà_mUo
_m§S>Vm òVmV.
1) e¡j{UH$ VÎdkmZ :
hOmamo df© AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV {IVnV nS>boë`m Amnë`m Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§Zm {ejU XoD$Z ehmUo
Ho$ë`m{edm` Ë`m§Mm CÕma hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`m§Mr Jwbm_{Jar g§nwï>mV òUma Zmhr. `mMr ~m~mgmho~m§Zm
OmUrd hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© hmVr KoVbo. Amnbo {ejU {df`H$ VÎdkmZ ñnï>
H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV ""{ejU ho n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ Amho'' {ejUm_wio _mZdmg AmË_gÝ_mZ d gm_m{OH$
à{Vð>m àmßV hmoVo. {d{dY gX²JwUm§Mr àmßVr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _mUyg åhUyZ gwIr OrdZ H$go OJmdo ho H$iVo.
{ejUm_wio Zì`m OJmMr AmoiI hmoVo. àkm {eb d H$ê$Um `m§Mm gwaoI g§J_ gmYUmao {ejU ì`ŠVrbm
{Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zr _yë`m{Yð>rV åhUOoM Z¡{VH$ ~¡R>H$ Agboë`m {ejUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. g_Vm,
ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd, Ý`m` øm bmoH$emhr _yë`m§da AYmabobr g_mOì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zm
Z¡{VH$ {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. `m g§X^m©V Vo åhUVmV. ""bmoH$emhr èñdr
H$amd`mMr Agob Va g_mO Z¡{VH$ _yë`m{Yð>rV {ejUmÛmao g§ñH$m[aV Pmbm nm{hOo. bmoH$emhrgmR>r
gw{e{jV g_mOmMr {ZVmV§ JaO Amho. {e{jV, Z¡{VH$ d _yë`m{Yð>rV g_mOmVrb bmoH$emhr A{YH$
èñdr R>aVo.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Mm {ejUmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ AË`§V {dYm`H$ d aMZmË_H$ Agm hmoVm.
g_mOmMm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` `m§Zr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUyZ Vo {ejUmH$S>o nmhVmV.
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Zm ""{eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm d g§Kf© H$am'' Agm g§Xoe {Xbm. {ejUmÛmao g§KQ>Z
dmT>bo nm{hOo d g§KQ>rVnUo AÝ`m` AË`mMmam{déÕ g§Kf© Ho$bm nm{hOo VaM g_mOmV H«$m§Vr KSy>Z òB©b
Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo.
WmoS>Š`mV {ejUmÛmao g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd øm _yë`m§da AmYmabobr g_mOaMZm àñWm{nV
hmoD$ eH$Vo Ago VÎdkmZ Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bo. {ejUmÛmao X{bVm§Zm ñdm{^_mZ, AmË_gÝ_mZ d AmË_moÕma
gmÜ` H$aVm òB©b Agm {dídmg Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVm.
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2) àmW{_H$ {ejUm{df`rMo {dMma :
àmW{_H$ {ejU ho nm`m^yV {ejU Amho. ~mb_Zmda gX²JwUm§Mo g§ñH$ma H$aUo hm àmW{_H$
{ejUmMm hoVy Agmdm Ago ~m~mgmho~m§Mo _V hmoVo. Vo åhUVmV ""àmW{_H$ {ejUmMo Iao Üò` ho
ì`ŠVrbm Ho$di gmja H$aUo ho Zgmdo Va Iè`m AWm©Zo Vr {e{jV hmoD$Z nwT>rb Am`wî`mV XoIrb kmZ
{_i{dV amhrbr nm{hOo'' Oo bmoH$ {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm AkmZr AmhVo Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMo _hÎd H$iV Zmhr.
åhUyZ àmW{_H$ {ejU ho gŠVrMo H$amdo. VgoM Vo _mo\$V Agmdo Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. Á`m bmoH$m§Zm
\$s XoUo eŠ` Amho Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z \$s KoD$Z Jar~m§À`m {ejUmMm IM© ^mJdmdm, Agm Cnm` Ë`m§Zr
gwM{dbm. AkmZ, A§YlÕm, ê$T>r na§nam, Xm[aÐç, emofU BË`mXtZo J«mgboë`m bmoH$m§Zm _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr àmW{_H$ {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. VWmnr VËH$m{bZ n[apñWVrV àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr
_moR>r hoigm§S> hmoV hmoVr. {ejUmda Ho$di XaS>moB© Mm¡Xm AmUo IM© Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. Mm¡Wr B`Îmo n`ªV
gw_mao 82% JiVrMo à_mU hmoVo. åhUOoM àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m àgmamÀ`m JVr IynM _§X hmoVr åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zr àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maZo CMbbr d ho {ejU gŠVrMo H$amdo Agm {dMma Ë`m§Zr
_m§S>bm.
3) CÀM {ejU{df`rMo {dMma :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr CÀM {ejUm{df`r XoIrb Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bobo AmhoV. {~«{Q>e
amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV CÀM {ejUmMr pñWVr AË`§V dmB©Q> hmoVr. Ë`m_wio CÀM {ejUmV YmoaUmË_H$ d
H$m`m©Ë_H$ ~Xb Pmbo nm{hOoV Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. {dÚmnrR>mV àemgH$m§Mo Zìho Va {dÛmZ _§S>itMo dM©ñd
Agmdo. VoWo kmZg§nmXZ d kmZ àgmamMo H$m`© Mmbmdo. {dÚmnrR>mZo g_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m XadmOmn`ªV CÀM
{ejU nmohMdmdo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. {dÚmnrR>m§Mo _yë`m§H$Z ho Ho$di kmZg§nmXZmÀ`m AmYmao Z H$aVm
Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbHo$À`m AmYmao ìhmdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. {dÚmnrR>mZo Ho$di narjm KoÊ`mMo H$m`© Z
H$aVm Vr AmYw{ZH$ kmZmMr d {dkmZmMr H|$Ðo ìhmdrV. VgoM XoemVrb XrZ-X{bVm§Zm d {nS>rV d§{MVm§Zm
CÀM {ejUmMm bm^ Pmbm nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o.
4) ór {ejUmMm nwañH$ma :
~m~mgmho~m§Zr ór {ejUmMm OmoaXma nwañH$ma Ho$bm. _wbm§à_mUoM _wbtZmhr {ejU Úmdo Agm
{dMma Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bm. _hmS>À`m MdXma ViçmÀ`m doir _Zw ñ_¥VrMo XhZ H$aVmZm {ó`m§Zm CÔoeyZ Vo
åhUVmV H$s, _wbtZm {ejU Úm. kmZ ho ór`m§Zm hr Amdí`H$ Amho. _wbr {eH$ë`m VaM ^maVmMr ^mdr
{nT>r Mm§Jbr {Z_m©U hmoB©b. ór{ejUàgma ìhmdm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ _{hbm n[afXm§Mo Am`moOZ H$ê$Z
ór {ejU{df`H$ R>amd g§_V H$ê$Z KoVbo. {ó`m§Zm gŠVrMo d _mo\$V {ejU Úmdo Ë`m§À`mgmR>r
{ó`m§Zm doJir dgVrJ¥ho AgmdrV Agm Ë`m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmoVm.
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5) {dÚmWu d {ejH$m{df`rMo {dMma :
~m~mgho~m§Zr {dÚmWu d {ejH$m{df`r XoIrb Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bobo AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV
{dÚmWu hm {ejUà{H«$òMm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho. Ë`mMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aUo ho {ejUmMo Üò` AgVo.
{dÚmWu H$gm Agmdm ho ñnï> H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV, H$s {dÚmÏ`m©bm ñdV:bm {ejUmMr AmñWm Agbr
nm{hOo. VgoM Vmo Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ hr Agbm nm{hOo. kmZ d Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ {dÚmWuM `mo½`-A`mo½`VoMm
{dMma H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Ago {dÚmWu V`ma Pmë`mg g_mO n[adV©Z Ëd[aV KSy>Z òB©b Agm AmemdmX Vo
ì`ŠV H$aVmV. {dÚmWu Ë`m§Mo H$V©ì` H$go nma nmS>VmV `mdaM g_mOmMo ^{dVì` Adb§~yZ Amho Ago Vo
åhUVmV.
{ejH$ H$gm Agmdm ho ñnï> H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV H$s, emim ho n{dÌ ñWmZ AgyZ VoWo _wbm§À`m
_Zmda gwgñ§ H$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. VgoM Mm§Jbo ZmJ[aH$ KS>{dUo ho emioMo H$m`© Amho. ho H$m`© nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r
g_Vmob ~wÕrMo, {Z:njnmVr d Wmoa _ZmMo {ejH$ Agbo nm{hOoV. {ejH$ dJ© hm amï´>ê$nr aWmMm
gmaWr Amho. Vo åhUVmV ~«m÷U _§S>ir ImbÀ`m OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Mm {VañH$ma H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m ~m¡{ÕH$
àJVr {df`r ~o{\$H$sa AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm newVyë` _mZVmV. ~«m÷U bmoH$m§Zm Ago gm§JVmV, H$s {ejU KoUo
ho Vw_Mo H$m_ Zìho, Vw_Mo H$m_ _Oyar H$aUo ho Amho. {ejU \$ŠV ~«m÷UmZoM ¿`mdo åhUyZ ~«m÷Um§À`m
hmVr {ejUmMr gwÌo Xody ZòV åhUOoM Ë`m§Zm {ejH$ H$ê$ Zò Ago ~m~mgmho~ åhUVmV.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo e¡j{UH$ `moJXmZ qH$dm H$m`} :
nma§nm[aH$ ^maVmV {ó`m d Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Vo AS>mUr,
X[aÐr d gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$Ñï>çm AàJV am{hbo. CÀM OmVtZr Ë`m§À`m AkmZmMm \$m`Xm KodyZ
Ë`m§À`mda Jwbm_{Jar bmXbr. {ó`m d Añn¥í`m§À`m Jwbm_{JarÀ`m e¥§Ibm VmoS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {ejU
XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho ho AmoiIyZ ~m~mgmho~m§Zr {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© hmVr KoVbo. Ë`m§Mo {ejUjoÌmVrb
`moJXmZ nwT>rbà_mUo 1) ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$m[aUr gôMr ñWmnZm :
X{bVmoÕma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m (1924) `m gôZo X{bVm§À`m {ejUmgmR>r _hÎdnyU©
H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr. X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r dg{VJ¥ho, J«§Wmbò, Aä`mgH|$Ðo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ d eoVremim gwê$
H$aÊ`mMo C{Ôï> R>odbo. Ë`mZwgma gmobmnya òWo dg{VJ¥h gwê$ H$ê$Z X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Zdmg, ^moOZ,
H$nS>o, {ejUgm_wJ«r Aem gw{dYm nwa{dë`m. `m dg{VJ¥hmg gmobmnya ZJanm{bHo$H$Sy>Z AZwXmZhr
{_i{dbo. X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm kmZàmßVr ìhmdr åhUyZ `m gôZo "gañdVr {dbmg' ZmdmMo EH$ _m{gH$
gwê$ Ho$bo d _Zmoa§OZmMo {h{S>g àH$ma BË`mXr nmgyZ X{bVm§Zm Xya R>odÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`m§Mr _Zo {dYm`H$
H$m`m©H$S>o di{dÊ`mgmR>r `m gôZo ""_hma hm°H$s Šb~'' gwê$ Ho$bm.
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2) {ejU g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm :
X{bVm§_Üò {ejU àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m~mgmho~m§Zr X{bV {ejUg§ñWm§Mr 1928 _Üò ñWmnZm
Ho$br. _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU KoÊ`mg Ag_W© Agboë`m X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r nmM dg{VJ¥ho gwê$ H$ê$Z
Ë`mgmR>r _w§~B© gaH$maH$Sy>Z dm{f©H$ 9000/- énò AZwXmZ {_i{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m g§ñWoZo CMbbr.
nwT>o gaH$mar AZwXmZ H$_r nSy> bmJë`mZ§Va ~m~mgmho~m§Zr _wpñb_ d nmaer Y_©Xm` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z Am{W©H$
ghmæ` {_i{dbo.
3) nrnëg EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm :
X{bVmgh gd©M KQ>H$m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ~m~mgmho~m§Zr (Owb¡ 1945) amoOr _w§~B©V
"{gÕmW© H$m°boO' H$mT>bo. Amnbr {ejUg§ñWm d _hm{dÚmbò Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r ~m~mgmho~m§Zr {ejU
ào_r Agboë`m {dÛmZm§Zm nmMmaU Ho$bo. _amR>dmS>çmgma»`m _mJmg ^mJmV ñdV§Ì {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zr H$WZ Ho$bo hmoVo. nwT>o Ago {dÚmnrR> {ZKmbo d Ë`mg ~m~mgmho~m§Mo
Zmd XoÊ`mg Omo {damoY Pmbm Ë`mdê$Z gd©Um§Mr X{bVm§{damoYr _Zmod¥Îmr AÚmnhr {Q>Hy$Z Agë`mMo
{XgyZ Ambo.
4) BVa à`ËZ :
1927 _Üò ~m~mgmho~m§Zr àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr JVr dmT>mdr åhUyZ d emioVrb JiVrMr g_ñ`m
gwQ>mdr åhUyZ gaH$maZo àmW{_H$ {ejU _mo\$V d gŠVrMo H$amdo d Ë`mdarb IM© dmT>dmdm Aem gyMZm
gaH$maë`m Ho$ë`m. Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUm{df`r gdUmªZm Vi_i ZìhVr. Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªZm Vo Ka
^mS>çmZo XoV ZgV {XboM Va â_gmR> ^mS>o KoV. Aemdoir ~m~mgmho~ Aem {nS>rV {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
_XVrg òV d Ë`m§Mr ì`dñWm bmdyZ XoV. gaH$mar Amkm AgyZhr gdU© OmVrMo {ejH$ Añn¥í`
_wbm_wbtZm emioV àdoe XoV ZgV. {Xë`mg dJm©~mhoa ~g{dV. \o$Hy$Z N>S>r _marV. Aem gmÜ`mgmÜ`m
g_ñ`m§dahr ~m~mgmho~m§Zr bT>o C^mabo.
AemàH$mao ~m~mgmho~m§Zr {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© Ho$bo. nU Ë`m§Mo ho H$m`© Ho$di X{bV dJm©nwaVo
_`m©{XV ZìhVo. {ó`m, H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar d AÝ` nrS>rVJ«ñVm§À`m {ejUmgmR>rhr Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo.
Am§~oS>H$am§À`m {ejUàgmamÀ`m H$m`m©Zo X{bV MidirMm CX` Pmbm. àma§^r hr Midi Ho$di
_hma OmVr nwaVrM _`m©{XV hmoVr. nwT>o OgOgm {ejUàgma hmoD$ bmJbm VgVgo BVa X{bV OmVrO_mVr
hr g§KQ>rV hmoD$Z Amnë`m Ý`m` hŠH$gmR>r g§Kf© H$ê$ bmJë`m. åhUOo X{bV MidirMm {dñVma
Pmbm.
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8.3.4 H$_©dra ^mD$amd nm`Jm|S>m nmQ>rb :
{ejUmMr J§Jm IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb ~hþOZm§À`m PmonS>çm§n`ªV nmoh{dUmao H$_©dra ^mD$amd nm`Jm|S>m
nmQ>rb ho EH$ Wmoa {ejUVk d g_mOgwYmaH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 22 gßQ>|~a 1886 amoOr Hw§$^moO, {O.
H$moëhmnya `m Jmdr O¡Z Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbm. B.g. 1902 _Üò Ë`m§Mo {ejU H$moëhmnyamV gwê$ Pmbo. nU
_°{Q´>H$ Zmnmg hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo {ejU Wm§~bo. 1913 bm Ë`m§Mo b½Z Pmbo. N>. emhÿ§Zr gËèmoYH$ Midi
H$moëhmnyamV gwê$ Ho$br d 1914 Vo 1922 `m H$mimV ^mD$amdm§Zr gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMo H$m`©H$V} åhUyZ
H$moëhmnyamV gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©g gwê$dmV Ho$br. {ejUàgmamVyZ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo ~hþOZ g_mOmV {ejU àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r XwYJm§d, {O. gm§Jbr òWo "XwYJmd {dÚmb` àgmaH$
_§S>i' hr g§ñWm 1910 _Üò ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g§ñWo_m\©$V "XwYJmd {dÚmWu Aml_' ho dg{VJ¥h
H$mT>bo. nwT>o Zob} d H$mbo òWohr dgVrJ¥ho ñWmnZ Ho$br. nwT>o 1919 _Üò H$mbo, Vm. H$amS, {O. gmVmam
òWo a`V{ejU g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. nwT>o `m g§ñWoMo H$m`m©b` gmVmam ehamV hb{dbo. `m g§ñWoÀ`mdVrZo
gmVmè`m_Üò N>ÌnVr emhÿ ~mo{S>ªJ Am{U {gbìha Á`w{~br Q´>oqZJ H$m°boO, _hmamOm g`mOramd hm`ñHy$b
Am{U N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°boO BË`mXr emIm gwê$ Ho$ë`m. AemàH$mao Ë`m§Zr kmZJ§Jm IoS>çmnmS>çmn`ªV
nmohM{dbr. Ë`mÀ`m {ejUàgmamMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ço åhUOo Ë`m§Zr ""H$_dm d {eH$m'' hr `moOZm gwê$
H$ê$Z dg{VJ¥ho Mmb{dbr d {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdmdb§~r ~Z{dbo. gd© OmVrY_m©À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm EH$Ì
amhÊ`mg {eH${dbo d OmVrôX {Z_y©bZmg MmbZm {Xbr. Aem `m H$_©`moJr AmÊUm§Mm _¥Ë`y 9 _o 1956
amoOr Pmbm.
^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma :
^mD$amdm§Zr H$moUË`mhr {dÚmnrR>mMr nXdr KoVbobr ZìhVr. VgoM Ë`m§Zr {ejUmdarb J«§Wm§Mo
AÜ``Z Ho$bobo ZìhVo. Vo ñdV:bm {ejUVÁkhr _mZrV ZìhVo. VWm{n, AZw^dmVyZ Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo
{ejU{df`H$ {dMma V`ma Pmbobo hmoVo. N>. emhÿZr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV gwê$ Ho$boë`m gËèmoYH$
MidirV H$m`© H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r {ejUmMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho ho
nQ>bo. AS>mUr OZVog gwImMo {Xdg `md`mMo AgVrb Va Ë`mgmR>r {ejU hmM am_~mU Cnm` Amho ho
Ë`m§À`m bjmV Ambo. `mVyZM Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo Ago {ejUm{df`rMo {dMma {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m§Mo ho {dMma
nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.
1) ñdmdb§~r {ejU :
{ejU hr gwIr OrdZmMr Jwé{H$ëbr Amho ho ^mD$amdm§Zm nQ>bo hmoVo. nU J[a~r_wio ~hþOZ
g_mOmg {ejU KoVm òV ZìhVo. Ë`mdoir ~«m÷U_§S>ir {^jm _mJyZ {ejU nyU© H$arV. ho ^mD$amdm§Zm
_mÝ` ZìhVo. {ejUmÀ`m AmS> J[a~r òVm H$m_m Zò ho Ë`m§Zm nQ>bo hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ñdmdb§~r {ejU
nÕVrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. {dÚmÏ`mªZm l_ H$ê$Z {ejU ¿`mdo Ago Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo. Vo åhUVmV ""Aao
XodmZo Vwåhmbm XmoZ hmV {Xbo AmhoV. YS>YmH$Q> àH¥$Vr {Xbr Amho. H$m_ H$am, Km_ Jmim d Ë`mÀ`m
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_mo~Xë`mV H$m°boOMo {ejU ¿`m.'' l_mMo _hÎd gm§JVmZm Vo {dÚmÏ`mªZm åhUVmV, ""_wbm§Zm ñdV:bm
Jar~ g_Oy ZH$m. Vwåhr Vw_À`m d{S>bm§À`m n¡emda {eH$V Zmhr Va ñdV:À`m gm_Ï`m©Zo {eH$Vm. Vwåhr
\$s XoV Zmhr, nU \$s nojm OmñV l_mÀ`m ê$nmZo XoVm. {ejU nyU© Pmë`mdahr l_mMr à{Vð>m Onm.''
WmoS>Š`mV {dÚmÏ`mªZr H$ï> H$ê$Z ñdV:À`m {h_Vrda {ejU ¿`mdo, Ë`mgmR>r BVamda Adb§~yZ amhÿ Zò
Ago {dMma ^mD$amdm§Zr _m§S>bo.
2) ñdm{^_mZ :
^mD$amd ho AË`§V ñdm{^_mZr hmoVo. {dÚmWu XoIrb ñdm{^_mZr {ZnObo nm{hOoV Agm Ë`m§Mm
AmJ«h hmoVm. {dÚmÏ`mªZr H$moUmnwT>ohr bmMma hmoD$ Zò, ñdV:À`m l_mda nm{hOo Vo gmÜ` H$amdo Amnbm
ñdm{^_mZ H$Yrhr gmoSy> Zò. ñdm{^_mZ JhmU Z Q>mH$Vm {ejU nyU© H$amdo. OJmV à{Vð>oZo OJmdo Agm
g§Xoe Ë`m§Zr {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Xbm.
3) ñdmV§Í` :
^mD$amd ho ñdmV§Í`mMo ^moŠVo hmoVo. Or _mZgo ñdmdb§~r d ñdm{^_mZr AgVmV Vr ñdmV§Í` ào_r
AgVmV. Ago Ë`m§Mo R>m_ _V hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`ào_r {dÚmWu KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m
{R>H$mUr ñdV§Ì àkoMm {dH$mg Pmbm nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o, åhUyZ ñdV§Ì {dMmagaUr ho Ë`m§À`m
{ejU{df`H$ {dMmam§Mo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç R>aVo.
4) {ejUmMr JaO :
^mD$amdm§Zm {ejUmMr JaO qH$dm _hÎd C_Jbobo hmoVo. `m g§X^m©V Vo åhUVmV, ""{ejU hm gd©
gwYmaUm§Mm nm`m Amho.'' {ejU ho _mUgmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo _yi Amho. {ejUmZo _mUyg ~hþlyV Am{U
{ddoH$s ~ZVmo. {ejUmMm àgma Pmë`m{edm` g_mO OmJ¥V hmoUma Zmhr. Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, nmaV§Í`,
bmMmar, OmVrôX, Añn¥í`VmnmbZ BË`mXtMo {Z_y©bZ {ejUmZoM hmoB©b Agm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm.
åhUyZ {ejU Amdí`H$ Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o. WmoS>Š`mV, g_mOmÀ`m CÞVrgmR>r {ejUmMr JaO
Amho Ago ^mD$amdm§Mo {dMma hmoVo.
5) {dÚmÏ`mª{df`rMo {dMma :
{dÚmWu hm ñdmdb§~r, ñdm{^_mZr, H$ï>miy, CÚmoJr, Mm[aÍ`g§nÞ, gwgñ§ H¥$V, AÝ`m`m{déÕ bT>Umam,
{OÔr, ~mUoXma d ñdV§Ìd¥ÎmrMm Agmdm Ago ^mD$amdm§Zm dmQ>o. Amnë`m g§ñWoVyZ O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$
V`ma ìhmdoV Aer Ë`m§Mr _ZmoH$m_Zm hmoVr. {ejU nyU© Ho$boë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm CÔoeyZ Vo åhUVmV,
{eH$boë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr IoS>çmV OmD$Z CÎm_ eoVr H$amdr, {dnyb YmÝ` {nH$dmdo, A_mn CËnmXZ
dmT>dmdo. Ë`mgmR>r A§J_ohZV H$amdr. {Zì`©gZr Agmdo, ZdrZ emooY d V§Ìo `mH$S>o Xwb©j H$ê$ Zò.
Á`m§Zm eoVr Zgob Ë`m§Zr Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ejU ¿`mdo. H$maHy$Z hmoÊ`mnojm CÚmoJY§Xo H$mT>mdoV åhUyZ {dÚmÏ`mªZr
{Zìdi nmoemIrnUm gmoSy>Z nS>ob Vo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr V`mar R>odmdr.
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6) {ejH$m{df`rMo {dMma :
{ejH$ H$gm Agmdm `m~m~VrVhr ^mD$amdm§Zr Amnbo {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV, {ejH$
hm gpÀN>b, gX²{dMmar, l_mMr à{Vð>m dmT>{dUmam Agmdm, àmW{_H$ {ejH$mMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
gwYmabr nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zm g_mOmV à{Vð>m {_imbr nm{hOo Ago Ë`mZ§m dmQ>o. {ejH$m§{df`r Vo åhUVmV,
_mPm AmXe© {ejH$ hm Ë`m IoS>çmVbm AmXe© J«m_godH$, AmXe© J«m_Zm`H$ Agbm nm{hOo. {ejH$ hm
{Zìdi nX{dYa d kmZmMr nmonQ>n§Mr H$aUmam Zgmdm Va _Z d _ZJQ> _O~yV Agbobm Agmdm,
AS>mUr ~hþOZmg kmZXmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Üò`mZo ào[aV Pmbobm Agmdm. OZVoMm {ejH$ hm OZVoVyZM
{Z_m©U Pmbm nm{hOo.
H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Mo {ejUjoÌmVrb `moJXmZ / H$m`© :
H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rbm§Mo e¡j{UH$ {dMma g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr Ë`m§Mo {ejUjoÌmVrb
`moJXmZ qH$dm H$m`© g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. H$_©dra ^mD$amd _°{Q´>H$bm Zmnmg Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo nwT>rb
{ejU Wm§~bo d Ë`m§Zr {Zdm©hmgmR>r {H$bm}ñH$a H$maImÝ`mV ZmoH$ar nËH$abr. VWmnr, H$maImZXma
_§S>ir J[a~ H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU H$aVmV ho Ë`m§À`m bjmV Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ZmoH$arMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. Am{U
a`Vobm {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© A§{JH$mabo. Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b.
1) {ejUg§ñWoMr ñWmnZm :
{ejU ho g_mOmÀ`m CÞVrMo _hÎdnyU© gmYZ _mZyZ ^mD$amdm§Zr gd© àW_ "XwYJmd' {O. gm§Jbr
`m Jmdr "XwYJmd {dÚmàgmaH$ _§S>i' hr {ejU g§ñWm 1910 _Üò ñWmnZ Ho$br. Am{U `m g§ñWoÀ`mdVrZo
"XwYJmd {dÚmWu Aml_' ho dgVrJ¥h H$mT>bo. nwT>o Zob} d H$mbo `m Jmdrhr AerM dgVrJ¥ho gwê$ Ho$br.
^mD$amd ho N>. emhÿ§Zm Amnbo Jwé _mZrV. N>ÌnVtZr gwê$ Ho$boë`m gËèmoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m MidirV
^mD$amd g{H«$` H$m`©H$V} hmoVo. `m MidirMr n[afX 1919 _Üò H$mbo (Vm. H$amS>, {O. gmVmam) `m
Jmdr âbr. `m n[afXoV J«m_rU ^mJmV {ejUàgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm
{dMma Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bm. `m {dMmamVyZM a`V {ejUg§ñWm H$mbo òWo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. nwT>o 1924
_Üò hr g§ñWm gmVmam òWo hb{dbr. ^mD$amdm§Zr 40 AmOrd godH$m§Zm O_dyZ `m g§ñWo_m\©$V Ë`m§Zr
_hmamï´>â AZoH$ àmW{_H$, _mÜ`{_H$ emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. nwT>o _hm{dÚmbòhr gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
AemàH$mao ^mD$amdm§Zr a`V {ejU g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ejUmMr J§Jm _hmamï´>mVrb IoS>çmnmS>çmn`ªV
nmohM{dbr.
2) dgVrJ¥hm§Mr ñWmnZm :
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _wbm§Zm {ejU KoVm `mdo åhUyZ ^mD$amdm§Zr Ë`m§À`m {ZdmgmMr d ^moOZmMr
ì`dñWm ìhmdr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr gmVmè`mV EH$ dgVrJ¥h ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `m dgVrJ¥hmg Ë`m§Zr "N>ÌnVr emhÿ
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~mo{S>ªJ' Ago Zmd {Xbo. `m dgVrJ¥hmV gd© OmVr Y_m©À`m _wbm§Zm àdoe {Xbm. ^mD$amd d Ë`m§À`m nËZr
bú_r~mB© `m§Zr `m dgVrJ¥hmgmR>r Amnbo VZ-_Z-YZ An©U Ho$bo. EH$m {~H$Q> àg§Jr bú_r~mBªZr
Amnbo _§JigwÌ {dHy$Z _wbm§À`m ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br. bú_r~mBªÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va ^mD$amdm§Zr
Ë`m§À`m Zmdo ""gm¡. bú_r~mB© _o_mo[a`b EÁ`wHo$eZ \§$S>'' gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ Jar~ d JaOy {dÚmÏ`mªZm
{~Zì`mOr H$O© XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br. nwT>o a`V {ejUg§ñWoÛmao Aer AZoH$ dgVrJ¥ho gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. N>. emhÿ§Zr doJdoJiçm OmVrgmR>r doJdoJir dgVrJ¥ho H$mT>br hmoVr. ^mD$amdm§Zr _mÌ
EH$mM dgVrJ¥hmV doJdoJiçm OmVr Y_mªÀ`m _wbm§Zm àdoe XoD$Z OmVrôX d Y_©ôX {Z_y©bZmMo H$m`©
gwê$ Ho$bo.
3) H$_dm Am{U {eH$m `moOZm :
IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb Jar~ eoVH$ar d H$m_Jma `m§À`mH$S>o _wbm§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m {Zdmg
d ^moOZmMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¡go ZìhVo. Ë`m§Mo {ejU Wm§~y Zò åhUyZ ^mD$amdm§Zr "H$_dm Am{U
{eH$m' hr A{^Zd `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. g§ñWoV {eH$Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ^mD$amdm§Zr eoVmV H$m_ H$aUo,
{dhra ImoXUo, IS>r \$moS>Uo Aer H$m_o {Xbr. Ë`m§À`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`m§À`m {ejUmMr d {ZdmgmMr gmo`
Ho$br. ^mD$amdm§Zr `m `moOZoVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _Zmda ñdmdb§~ZmMo d l_mMo g§ñH$ma Ho$bo. {ejUmgmR>r
BVam§H$S>o hmV ngaÊ`mEodOr ñdV: Km_ JmiyZ {ejU nyU© H$aÊ`mMm YS>m ^mD$amdm§Zr `m `moOZoÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm KmbyZ {Xbm. ""ñdmdb§~r {ejU hoM Am_Mo ~«rX'' ho Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {ejU
g§ñWog KmofdmŠ` R>do bo. ^mD$amdm§À`m øm H$_dm d {eH$m `moOZoMo AZwH$aU Z§Va BVa AZoH$ {ejUg§ñWm§Zr
Ho$bo. AmO AZoH$ _hm{dÚmb`mV d {dÚmnrR>m_Üò ^mD$amdm§Mr hr `moOZm am~{dbr OmVo. `m `moOZo_wio
Ag§»` Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªZm Amnbo {ejU nyU© H$aVm Ambo.
4) g_mOmH$Sy>Z Am{W©H$ _XV :
^mD$amdm§Zr Amnë`m {ejUg§ñWogmR>r d dgVrJ¥hmgmR>r n¡gm CnbãY ìhmdm `mgmR>r åhUyZ
g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z {ZYr Jmoim Ho$bm. ^mD$amdm§À`m H$m`m©Mr _hVr nQ>boë`m AZoH$ Wmoa
_§S>itZr ñdIyfrZo Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV nwa{dbr. _hmË_ Jm§Yr, JmS>Jo _hmamO, \$bQ>UMo g§ñWm{ZH$ N>.
emhÿ, ½dmëhoaMo qeXo BË`mXr Zm_d§Vm§Zr ^mD$amdm§Zm AW©ghmæ` Ho$bo. ho AW©ghmæ` O_rZ, n¡gm,
B_maV, YmÝ` BË`mXr énmV Ho$bo Jobo. ^mD$amdm§Zr IoS>monmS>r {\$ê$Z gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ê$n`m XmoZ
én`m§Mr VgoM _wR>â YmÝ`mMr _XVhr ñdrH$mabr.
AemàH$mao ^mD$amdm§Zr ñdmdb§~Z l_à{Vð>m ñdm{^_mZ `m VËdm§da AmYmabobr {ejUàgmamMr
Midi _hmamï´>mV am~{dbr. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm Jm¡ad åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm gaH$maZo "nÙ^yfU' hm {H$Vm~ {Xbm.
Va nwUo {dÚm{nR>mZo "S>r. {bQ>' hr nXdr {Xbr.
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8.5 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your progress) :
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZ (Multiple choice questions)
1) nwUo ehamV _hmË_m \w$b|Zr _wbtMr emim Ho$ìhm H$mT>br.
A) 1848
~) 1851
H$) 1853
S>) 1855
2) doJdoJiçm OmVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r doJdoJir dgmhVrJ¥ho H$moUr H$mT>br.
A) _. \w$bo
~) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a H$) amOfu emhÿ
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
3) nrnëg EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br ?
A) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ~) _. \w$bo
H$) H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb S>) amOfu emhÿ
4) "H$_dm Am{U {eH$m hr `moOZm H$moUr am~{dbr.
A) amOfu emhÿ
~) H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb
H$) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a S>) _hmË_m \w$bo.
5) ór {ejUmMm nwañH$ma H$moUr Ho$bm ?
A) _. \w$bo
~) amOfu emhÿ
H$) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a
S>) darb gd©
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm (Answer in one sentence)
1) Añn¥í`m§gmR>r n{hbr emim H$moUr gwê$ Ho$br ?
2) nwamo{hV emim H$moUr H$mT>br ?
3) ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$marUr g^m H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$br ?
4) H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m {ejUg§ñWoMo Zmd H$m` Amho ?
5) gËèmoYH$ g_mO hr Midi H$moUr gwê$ Ho$br ?
8.6 gmam§e (Let us sum up) :
`m AÜ``Z KQ>H$mV Vwåhr _. \w$bo, amOfu emhÿ, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am{U H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb øm
Mma g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mo {ejUmg§~§YrMo {dMma Am{U Ë`m§Zr {ejU joÌmV {Xbobo `moJXmZ g_OmdyZ
KoVbobo Amho. _. \w$bo ho {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rVrb AJ«JÊ` Ago g_mOgwYmaH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr {ejU ho
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ _mZyZ ór eyÐmgh ~hþOZ g_mOmg {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo Ago {dMma
órewÐmgmR>r emim H$mT>ë`m. VgoM eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma `m§À`m _wbm§Zmhr {ejU {_imbo nm{hOo Ago
à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr Aä`mgH$ H$gm Agmdm, {dÚmWu d {ejH$ H$go AgmdoV, `m~m~Vhr Amnbo
{dMma _m§S>bo. àm¡T>m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r AÜ`mnH$ {dÚmb` H$mT>bo. _. \w$bo à_mUoM amOfr© emhÿ§Zr
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{ejU ho n[adV©ZmMo gmYZ _mZyZ g_mOmÀ`m CÞVrgmR>r, ñdamÁ`mgmR>r, bmoH$emhr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r,
OmVrôX d Añn¥í`Vm nmbZ {Z_©ybZmgmR>r Amnë`m H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV {ejU àgmamMr Midi
am~{dbr. Ë`m§Zr gŠVrMo _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV doJdoJiçm
OmVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r doJdoJir dgmhVrJ¥ho ñWmnZ Ho$br. VgoM ^mfoÀ`m {dH$mgmg MmbZm XoÊ`mMo
à`ËZ Ho$bo. `m{edm` _hmamOm§Zr nwamo{hV, nmQ>rb, g¡{ZH$ `wdamO `m§À`mgmR>r emim H$mT>ë`m. Vm§{ÌH$
{ejUmgmR>r CÚmoJ emim H$mT>ë`m. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr X{bVm§À`m CÕmamgmR>r {ejUàgmamMr Midi
am~{dbr. g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd, Ý`m` `m bmoH$emhr _yë`m§da AmYmabobr g_mOì`dñWm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr X{bV, {ó`m, H$m_Jma BË`mXtZm {ejUmÛmao gwg§ñH$m[aV H$aÊ`mMr
JaO à{VnmXZ Ho$br Am{U {ejUàgmamgmR>r nrnëg EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. _. \w$bo,
amOfu emhÿ `m§À`m H$m`m©nmgyZ ñ\y$Vu KoD$Z H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Zr ñdmdb§~Z, ñdm{^_mZ,
l_à{Vð>m d ñdV§Ìd¥Îmr `m _yë`m§da AmYmaboë`m {ejUmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r a`V {ejUg§ñWm
ñWmnZ H$ê$Z IoS>monmS>r emim, hm`ñHy$b d _hm{dÚmbò d dgmhVrJ¥ho gwê$ Ho$br. H$_dm d {eH$m
`moOZm am~dyZ Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñdmdb§~r {ejUmMo YS>o {Xbo.
8.7 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress) :
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
1) - A,
2) - H$,
4) - ~,
5) - S>
3) - A,
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao.
1) _hmË_m \w$bo.
2) amOfu emhÿ
3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
4) a`V {ejUg§ñWm
5) _hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$bo.
8.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ / J«hnmR> (Exercise / Home Assignment)
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma ñnï> H$am.
2) amOfu emhÿ§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma d `moJXmZ ñnï> H$am.
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E_.E.^mJ-1, g_mOemó {ejU Am{U g_mO ...12
3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m {ejU{df`H$ {dMmam§Mr MMm© H$am.
4) H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ {dMma {deX H$am.
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) _hmË_m \w$b|Mo {ejUàgmamVrb `moJXmZ.
2) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo {ejUmVrb `moJXmZ.
3) H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§Mo {ejUjoÌmVrb `moJXmZ.
8.9 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
B
B
_. \w$bo amOfu emhÿ, S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am{U H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§À`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm
H$m`m©Mm Vn{ebmZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm ^maVr` g_mOmda nS>bobm à^md g_OmdyZ
¿`m d Ë`mAmYmao EH$ {Q>nU V`ma H$am.
^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg g{dñVanUo dmMm.
8.10 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
1) àm. Eb. Or. Xoe_wI (2005) - {ejUmMo VËdkmZmË_H$ d g_mOemór` A{Yð>mZ,
\$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
2) àmMm`© am. Vw. ^JV (2001) {ejUmVrb Wmoa {dMmad§V, M¡VÝ` àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Jm¡ad J«§W. (nwZ_w©ÐU 1999) àH$meH$ - g{Md, _hmamï´> amÁ`
gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©.
4) _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>_` - g§nmXH$, `. {X. \$S>Ho$ - _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` Am{U
g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©.
♣♣♣
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