KQ>H$ 4
H¥$fr_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr Am{U {dnUZ
( Marketing and Prices of Agricultrural Products )
4.0 C{Ôï>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df`-{ddoMZ
4.2.1
H¥$fr {dnUZ : {dnUZ g§aMZm d {dnUZH$m`}, {dnUZIM©, Am{U {dnUZXmof d Cnm`.
4.2.2
eooV_mbmMm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma : \$m`Xo Am{U VmoQ>o, _wŠV ì`mnma Am{U g§a{jV ì`mnma,
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm, eoVrer g§~§{YV H$ama.
4.2.3
H¥$fr qH$_V : CƒmdMZmMo _hËd d ñdén, Am{U n[aUm_.
4.2.4
eoV_mb {df`H$ qH$_V YmoaU : C{Ôï>o, qH$_V d CËnÝZ ñW¡`©, {H$_mZ AmYmaqH$_Vr d
gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V, Am{U gaH$mar qH$dm {ebH$s gmR>m.
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
4.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
4.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©
4.0 C{Ôïo
(Objectives)
:
1
H¥$fr {dnUZ : {dnUZ aMZm d {dnUZ H$m`}, {dnUZ IM©, Am{U {dnUZ Xmof d Cnm` `m§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUo.
2
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, \$m`Xo Am{U VmoQ>o, _wŠV ì`mnma Am{U g§a{jV ì`mnma, OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma
g§KQ>Zm, eoVrer g§~§{YV H$ama `mMr MMm© H$aUo.
3
H¥$fr qH$_VCƒmdMoZmMo _hËd d ñdén, Am{U n[aUm_ Aä`mgUo.
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4 eoV_mb {df`H$ qH$_V YmoaU: C{Ôï>o, qH$_V d CËnÝZ ñW¡`©, {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vr d gaH$mar IaoXr
qH$_V, Am{U gaH$mar qH$dm {ebH$s gmR>m B. Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
4.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
(Introduction)
H¥$fr_Ü`o ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo noaUrnmgyZM {dnUZ à{H«$`m gwé hmoVo.H$maU noaUrÀ`mdoirM H$mnUr d {dH«$sMr
doi VgoM {dH«$sMr nÜXV R>aV AgVo. _mÌ Iè`m AWm©Zo {dnUZmMr gwédmV {nH$ CËnmXZmMo {R>H$mU d
doionmgyZM hmoVo Am{U J«mhH$mn`©§V g§nVo. A{dH${gV ñdénmVrb ~mOma ì`dñWm eoVr d ~mOmanoR>oVrb A{YH$
A§Va dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmÀ`m Anwè`m gmo`r BË`mXr_wio eoVr_Yrb nma§nmarH$ X¥ï>rH$moZ ~Xbbm Zmhr. eoVrg
ì`mnmar ñdén Ambo Zmhr. ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmbm {_iUmè`m qH$_Vr Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V àoaUmXm`r
R>aboë`m ZmhrV. VargwÜXm eoVH$ar CXa{Zdm©hmMo BVa H$moUVohr gmYZ Zgë`m_wio eoVr ì`dgm` na§naoZo H$aVmo
Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~±H$m§Zr eoVr ì`dgm`mbm {dËV nwadR>`mÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY
Ho$boë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m nwaoem ZmhrV hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. ~è`mMdoim eoVr H$Om©darb ì`mOXa eoVH$è`mbm
nadS>Umam ZgVmo Va J«m_rU ^mJmV ~hþVm§er KQ>H$amÁ`mV gmdH$mam§Mm AmYma KoD$Z eoVr {dËV nwadR>`mÀ`m
JaOm ^mJ{dë`m OmVmV. _mÌ gmdH$mam§À`m gm_-Xm_ X§S> d ^oX ZrVrMm à^md eoVrÀ`m Aën CËnmXH$Voda d
eoVH$è`m§À`m Xm[aÐçmda Pmbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. WmoS>Š`mV, nVnwadR>`mÀ`m Anwè`m gw{dYm d eoVH$è`mg
CËnmXZdmT>rgmR>r àoaUmXm`r R>aUmè`m eoV_mb qH$_VrMm A^md `m H$maUm§_wio ^maVr` eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm
Aën am{hbr Amho.
4.2.1 H¥$fr {dnUZ
(Agricultutal Marketing)
gm_mÝ`V: ""~mOmanoR>m'' eãXmMm AW© dñVy IaoXr {dH«$sMr OmJm Agm hmoVmo. AW©emñÌmV _mÌ hr g§km
ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo dmnabr OmVo. dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmnmgyZ Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V hmoUmè`m {H«$`m ~mOma{dH«$sV g_m{dï>
Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s, eoVH$è`m§Zr CËnm[XV Ho$bobm eoV_mb eoVH$è`mÀ`m Kar `oB©n`©§V d Z§Va
Vmo _mb àË`j Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m hmVr nSo>n`©§V Á`m {d{dY à{H«$`m nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV Ë`m gd©M H¥$fr
{dnUZmV g_mdoe hmoVmo.
\«|$M AW©emñÌk Hw$Zm} `m§À`m_Vo ""OoWo dñVwMr IaoXr d {dH«$s hmoVo Ë`m OmJobm ~mOma åhUUo nwaogo Zmhr.
~mOma åhUOo Ago joÌ OoWo J«mhH$ Am{U {dH«o$Vo `m§À`mV _wŠV g§nH©$ Agë`mZo {d{eï> dñVwMr qH$_V ghOnUo
Am{U ËdarV g_mZ hmoÊ`mMr àd¥ËVr AgVo.''
CÚmoJ d H¥$fr `m§À`m {dnUZ à{H«$`oMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm. Ago {Xgbo H$s, CÚmoJmV CËnmXH$mMo
dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmda nwadR>`mda nyU© {Z`§ÌU AgVo. Ë`m_wio dñVwMr qH$_V R>a{dVmZm Ë`mMm gh^mJ AgVmo.
eoVrVrb CËnmXZm~m~V _mÌ Aer A{ZpíMVnUo åhUVm `oUma Zmhr H$maU eoVH$ar dJ© Ag§KQ>rV, A{e{jV d
VmËH$mi eoV_mb {dH«$sMr JaO AgUmam AgVmo. g§KQ>rV ì`mnmar dJm©er eoVH$è`m§Mm g§~§Y `oVmo Am{U {dH«$s
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H$aVmZm Xbmb, AS>Vo Aem _Ü`ñWm§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. `m d¡{MÍ`m_wio eoV_mbmÀ`m {dH«$sMm àíZ
ñdV§ÌnUo {dMmamV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. CËnmXH$mnmgyZ Cn^moŠ`mn`©§V _mb ZoÊ`m_Ü`o Á`m {H«$`m A§V^©wV
AgVmV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe {dnUZmV hmoVmo. H¥$fr_Ü`o ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo noaUrnmgyZM {dnUZ à{H«$`m gwé hmoVo.
H$maU noaUrÀ`mdoirM H$mnUr d {dH«$sMr doi VgoM {dH«$sMr nÜXV R>aV AgVo. _mÌ Iè`m AWm©Zo
nm{hë`mg {dnUZmMr gwédmV {nH$ CËnmXZmMo {R>H$mU d doionmgyZM hmoVo. Am{U J«mhH$mn`©§V g§nVo. A{dH${gV
ñdénmVrb ~mOma ì`dñWm eoVr d ~mOmanoR>oVrb A{YH$ A§Va dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmÀ`m Anwè`m gmo`r
BË`mXr_wio eoVr_Yrb nma§nmarH$ X¥ï>rH$moZ ~Xbbm Zmhr. eoVrg ì`mnma ñdén Ambo Zmhr. ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§À`m
eoV_mbmbm {_iUmè`m qH$_Vr Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V àoaUmXm`r R>aboë`m ZmhrV. VargwÜXm eoVH$ar CXa{Zdm©hmMo
BVa H$moUVohr gmYZ Zgë`m_wio eoVr ì`dgm` na§naoZo H$aVmo Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~±H$m§Zr
eoVr ì`dgm`mbm {dËV nwadR>çmÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY Ho$boë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m nwaoem ZmhrV hr dñVwpñWVr
Amho. ~è`mMdoim eoVr H$Om©darb ì`mOXa eoVH$è`mbm nadS>Umam ZgVmo Va J«m_rU ^mJmV ~hþVm§er KQ>H$amÁ`mV
gmdH$mam§Mm AmYma KoD$Z eoVr {dËV nwadR>`mÀ`m JaOm ^mJ{dë`m OmVmV. _mÌ gmdH$mam§À`m gm_-Xm_ X§S> d
^oX ZrVrMm à^md eoVrÀ`m Aën CËnmXH$Voda, d eoVH$è`m§À`m Xm[aX«`mda Pmbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. WmoS>Š`mV,
nVnwadR>`mÀ`m Anwè`m gw{dYm d eoVH$è`mg CËnmXZdmT>rgmR>r àoaUmXm`r R>aUmè`m eoV_mb qH$_VrMm A^md
`m H$maUm§_wio ^maVr` eoVrMr CËnmXH$Vm Aën am{hbr Amho.
* H¥$fr {dnUZ g§H$ënZm :
(Concept of Agricultutal Marketing)
Á`m {dnUZ ì`dñWoV eoVH$è`m§Mo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmoV Zmhr. g§KQ>rV ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z Ag§KQ>rV Agboë`m
eoVH$è`m§Mr {nidUyH$, Am{W©H$ emofZ hmoV Zmhr Aer ~mOmanoR> d Ë`m{R>H$mUr hmoUmar eoV_mbmMr IaoXr {dH«$s
H$m`©j_ {dnUZ ì`dñWo A§VJ©V g_m{dï> Ho$br OmVo. åhUyZ Aem ~mOmanoR>og CËH¥$ï> {dnUZ nÜXV Ago
åhUVmV.
^maVmVrb eoV_mbmMr {dnUZ ì`dñWm hr Ag§KQ>rV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. gaH$maH$Sy>Z Am{U
ghH$mar ~mOma g{_Ë`mÛmao eoV_mbmMr IaoXr ho XmoZ àH$ma dJië`mg eoV_mbmÀ`m BVa {dnUZ nÜXVr g§KQ>rV
ì`mnmè`m§Zr {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bobr Amho. ^maVr` eoVH$ar Ag§KQ>rV Amho Am{U ì`mnmar dJ© g§KQ>rV Amho. g§KQ>rV
Am{U ì`mnmar dJ© hm Ag§KQ>rV dJm©Mo Am{W©H$ emofU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. eoVH$è`m§Mo Ag§KQ>rV ñdén
Agë`m_wio Am{U ì`mnmardJ© Amnë`m g§KQ>rnUmÀ`m eŠVrda eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmg {H$\$m`Vera ^md àmá
hmoD$ XoV Zmhr. VgoM ~mOmanoR>m_Ü`o eoV_mbmMr _moR>`m à_mUmV AmdH$ dmT>ë`mg eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr_Ü`o
_moR>`m à_mUmV KgaU hmoVo. Am{U AmdH$ H$_r Pmë`mg eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$§_Vr_Ü`o dmT> hmoVo. {dnUZ ì`dñWoda
ì`mnmam§Mo nwU©nUo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmbobo Agë`m_wio H$moUË`m {Xder {H$Vr à_mUmV eoV_mbmMr IaoXr
H$amd`mMr `m~m~V ì`mnmar dJm©Mo {Z`§ÌU {ZU©` {ZpíMV AgVmV. Oa N>moQ>`m eoVH$è`m§À`m _mbmMr {dH«$s
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`©j_ {dH«$s g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m VaM hm àíZ gwQy>Z N>moQ>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm _mbmMr dmOdr qH$_V
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{_iy eHo$b. ghH$mar {dH«$s ì`dñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hm àíZ gmoS>{dUo eŠ` Amho. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar Am{U
_Ü`ñVmH$Sy>Z eoVH$è`m§Mo hmoUmao emofU Wm§~{dVm `oB©b. H$m`©j_ {dH«$s ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rH$moUmVyZ
eoVH$è`m§Zm ~mOma{df`H$ _m{hVrMr CnbãYVm, Amdí`H$ H$O© nwadR>m, gmR>dUyH$sÀ`m gmo`r, XiUdiUmÀ`m
gmo`r, ghH$mar ~mOmag{_Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr, gaH$ma_m\©$V eoV_mbmMr IaoXr Am{U {Z`§{ÌV ~mOmanoR>m§Mr ñWmnZm
hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
* H¥$fr {dnUZmMr C{Ôï>`o $(Objective of
Agricultutal Marketing)
A{bH$S>rb H$mbmdYrV eoVH$è`m§Zm ZdV§ÌkmZmMo _hËd g_Obo AgyZ CXa{Zdm©hmÀ`m eoVr{edm` ì`mnmar
eoVr Ho$br OmVo. `m_wio eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÝZ d amhUr_mZmV gwYmaUm Pmbr Amho. na§Vw ~mOma à{H«$`oVrb dmT>V
OmUmè`m Jw§VmJw§Vr_wio eoVH$ar AZoH$ ~m~VrV {dH«o$Vm åhUyZ An§J Pmbm Amho. Ë`mbm eoV_mb A`mo½` {R>H$mUr
A`mo½` doir d A`mo½` qH$_Vrbm {dH«$s H$amdm bmJVmo. H$m`©j_ {dnUZnÜXVrMr C{Ôï>o Imbrbà_mUo
1. eoV_mb CËnmXH$mbm Mm§Jbm naVmdm {_idyZ XoUo.
2. eoVH$è`m§À`m BÀN>oà_mUo eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gw{dYm Ë`m§Zm nwa{dUo.
3. A§{V_ Cn^moŠVm d eoV_mb CËnmXH$ `m§À`mVrb qH$_V V\$mdV H$_r H$aUo.
4. Cn^moŠË`m§Zm XO}Xma eoV_mb `mo½` qH$_VrV CnbãY H$éZ XoUo.
* H¥$fr{dnUZmMr H$m`} : (Assembling)
eoV_mb CËnmXZ H$aUmao eoVH$ar Am{U A§{V_ J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb A§Vam_wio {dnUZmMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoVo.
eoV_mb CËnmXH$mnmgyZ J«mhH$mn`©§V nmohMÊ`mgmR>r Á`m {H«$`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe {dnUZ H$m`m©V
hmoVmo. àmo. E\²$g©Z `m§À`m _Vo, "H$mi Am{U A§Va `m XmoÝhr g§X^m©V CËnmXH$mnmgyZ Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V _mb
ZoÊ`m_Ü`o Á`m {H«$`m Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe {dnUZ H$m`m©V hmoVmo.(The marketing functions
are those activities necessary to move products ,in time and space, from producers to
consumers)
WmoS>Š`mV {dnUZ H$m`m©V Ë`mgd© à{H«$`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. Á`m_wio dñVwÀ`m CËnmXZmMm
H$mi Am{U ñWmZ `mnmgyZ gwé hmoVmV Am{U A§{V_ J«mhH$mÀ`m IaoXrnmer g§nVmV. àmo. E\²$g©Z `m§À`m_Vo
{dnUZ H$m`m©_Ü`o Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo
1) eoV_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU
(Assembling)
H¥$fr {dnUZ ì`dñWoVrb n{hbr AdñWm åhUOo eoV_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU H$aUo hmo`. N>moQ>`m _mÌoV V`ma
Pmbobo eoVrCËnmXZ EH${ÌV H$éZ Ë`mMr _mÌm dmT>{dUo `mbm EH${ÌH$aUmMo H$m`© åhUVmV. eoV_mbmÀ`m
EH${ÌH$aUmMr JaO Imbrb H$maUmZo {Z_m©U hmoVo
A) ^maVm_Ü`o O_rZ hr dmagm hŠH$mZo {dVarV hmoV Agë`m_wio O_rZrMo {d^mOZ d VwH$S>rH$aU _moR>`m
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à_mUmV hmoVo. _moR>çm YmaU joÌmVrb CËnmXZmnojm bKw d gr_m§V eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mb {dH«$sV AS>MUr {Z_m©U
hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio bhmZ AmH$mamÀ`m eoVr_Yrb WmoSo> WmoSo> CËnmXZ ñdV§ÌnUo {dHyZ IM© d l_ dmT>{dÊ`mnojm
eoV_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU H$éZ Vmo ~mOmamV nmR>{dUo \$m`Xoera R>aVo.
~) àË`oH$ joÌmV V`ma hmoUmè`m eoV_mbmMm XOm© {^ÝZ{^ÝZ AgVmo. Oa AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Mm eoV_mb
EH${ÌV H$éZ R>am{dH$ XOm©à_mUo `mMr àVdmar Ho$br Va J«mhH$m§Zm hdm Agbobm XOm© CnbãY H$éZ XoVm `oVmo.
eoV_mbmbm Mm§Jbr qH$_V {_i{dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. CXmhaUmW©, H$m§ÚmMo CËnmXZ EH${ÌV H$éZ XOm©Zwgma
{d^mJUr Ho$ë`mg _moR>`m AmH$mamMm H$m§Xm hm°Q>ob ì`dgm`mgmR>r Va bhmZ AmH$mamMm H$m§Xm KaJwVr dmnamgmR>r
Ho$bm OmVmo.
H$) AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Mm eoV_mb EH${ÌV Ho$ë`m_wio eoV_mb ^anya à_mUmV O_m hmoVmo. gmh{OH$M Ë`mMr
àVdmar H$_r IMm©V hmoD$ eH$Vo.N>moQ>`mN>moQ>`m joÌmVrb eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mb H$_r à_mUmV CnbãY hmoV
Agë`mZo àVdmar H$aUo I{M©H$ R>aVo.
S>) dmhVwH$sÀ`m X¥ï>rZo eoV_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU \$m`Xoera R>aVo. nwU© Q´>H$ ^éZ _mb nmR>{dUo ho àË`oH$mZo
WmoS>m WmoS>m _mb ñdV§ÌnUo nmR>{dÊ`mnojm Ho$ìhmhr H$_r I{M©H$ AgVo. CXm. gm§Jmobm VmbwŠ`mVrb AZoH$
Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar S>mit~ {Z`m©V H$aVmZm EH${ÌV dmhVyH$ H$aVmV Ë`m_wio A{YH$ \$m`Xm hmoVmo.
B) eoV_mb EH${ÌV Ho$ë`mg à{H«$`m H$aUo gmo`rMo d H$_r I{M©H$ hmoVo. Aën_mÌoV CnbãY Agboë`m
eoV_mbmda à{H«$`m H$aVmZm H$m_o {VM H$amdr bmJVmV d Ë`mgmR>r IMm©V {deof \$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. A{YH$
à_mUmV eoV_mb Agë`mg à{H«$`ogmR>r à_mUmÀ`m ~MVr {_iVmV.
2) eoV_mb àVdmar $:
AmYw{ZH$ {dnUZ ì`dñWoV JwUdËVm d XOm© `mbm {deof _hËd Amho, na§Vw eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m EHy U
ñdénm_wio EH$gmaIm _mb V`ma hmoUo eŠ` Zmhr. EH$mM JmdmVrb {Za{Zami`m eoVmVyZ CËnm{XV hmoUmam
eoV_mb {^ÝZ XOm©Mm AgVmo. _mÌ Cn^moŠË`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m CËnÝZ nmVirZwgma {d{eð> XOm©MmM _mb hdm AgVmo.
åhUyZ eoVr_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m _mbmMo XOm©Zwgma doJdoJio JQ> nmS>bo OmVmV. Mm§Jë`m XOm©À`m
eoV_mbmg "A' XOm© d Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m eoV_mbmg "~' XOm© Va H${Zð> àVrÀ`m eoV_mbmg "H$' XOm© {Xbm OmVmo.
àVdmar_wio Imbrb \$m`Xo hmoVmV.
A) eoV_mbmÀ`m XOm©Zwgma àVdmar Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mMr AmoiI Z_wÝ`mdéZ hmoD$ eH$Vo. J«mhH$mbm gd©
_mb VnmgÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm amhV Zmhr.
~) eoV_mb àVdmar_wio dmhVyH$ IMm©Mr ~MV hmoV.o H$maU àVdmar_wio eoV_mb ~mOmanoR>Vo nmR>{dÊ`mnydr©
Ë`mVyZ H$_r XOm©Mm _mb, H$Mam H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`m_wio dmhVyH$ `mo½` _mb {e„H$ amhVmo. Agm _mb Zmng§V
hmoD$Z naV `oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm \$ma H$_r AgVo.
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H$) eoV_mbmMr àVdmar Ho$ë`m_wio {_iUmar qH$_V Mm§Jbr AgVo. àVdmar Z Ho$ë`mg eoV_mbmMr qH$_V H$_r
amhVo. Ë`mEodOr Oa Mm§Jbm eoV_mb doJim H$mTy>Z WmoS>`m _mÌoV {dH$bm Var Ë`mgmR>r OmñV qH$_V XoÊ`mg
J«mhH$ V`ma AgVmo. ~è`mM doim eoVH$ar àVdmar Z H$aVm eoV_mb {dH$VmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zm H$_r qH$_V {_iVo.
Va ì`mnmar IaoXr Ho$boë`m eoV_mbmMr àVdmar H$éZ A{YH$ qH$_VrV {dH«$s H$aVmV. ì`mnmar bhmZ-bhmZ
à_mUmV eoV_mb EH${ÌV H$éZ Ë`mMr àVdmar H$aVmV d \$m`Xm {_i{dVmV. g_Om, bhmZ eoVH$è`m§H$S>rb
{dH«$s`mo½` Am{YŠ` H$_r Agob Va EH$ÌrH$aU d àVdmar hr H¥$fr CËnÝZ ~mOma g{_{VÀ`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo.
3) à{H«$`m :
(Processing)
AmYw{ZH$ d ì`mnmareoVr nÜXVr_Ü`o {dnUZmÀ`m à{H«$`m H$m`m©g A{YH$ _hËd àmá Pmbobo Amho. "Á`m
{H«$`o_wio eoV_mbmMm Zmed§VnUm H$_r hmoVmo qH$dm Vmo eoV_mb OmñV Cn`moJr ñdénmV ~Xbbm OmVmo Ë`mg
à{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. _mZdr Cn^moJmgmR>r eoV_mb `mo½` ñdénmV `oÊ`mgmR>r {Za{Zami`m eoV_mbmbm H$_rOmñV
à{H«$`oMr JaO AgVo. CXm. Am§~o qH$dm Ho$ir Aer \$io {nH${dUo Am{U Z§Va {dH«$sgmR>r AmUUo EdT>rM à{H«$`m
Ë`mV Amdí`H$ Amho; na§Vw H$mnyg {nH$mgmR>r A{YH$ à{H«$`oMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {OqZJ, gyV H$mT>Uo, H$mnS>
{dUUo BË`mXr à{H«$`m nyU© Pmë`mZ§VaM Vmo Cn^moJmgmR>r `mo½` R>aVmo. eoV_mb à{H«$`oMo Imbrb \$m`Xo {_iVmV.
1. à{H«$`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va eoV_mb OmñV Cn`moJr hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXm. àdmgmV Am§~o ImÊ`mEodOr Am§ã`m§nmgyZ
V`ma Ho$bobm Á`wg KoUo A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
2. à{H«$`m Ho$ë`m_wio dñVyMm XOm© dmT>{dUo eŠ` hmoVo. eoV_mbmMm Zmed§VnUm H$_r H$éZ A{YH$
{Xdg XO}Xma ñdénmV R>odVm `oVmo.
3.
à{H«$`o_wio Iam~ eoV_mb ~mOybm Ho$ë`m_wio Cd©arV eoV_mb Mm§Jbm amhVmo.
4.
à{H«$`_wio n°qH$J Mm§Jbo H$aVm `oVo. AZmdí`H$ _mb ~mOybm H$mT>ë`mZo dmhVyH$ IM© H$_r `oVmo.
5.
Cn^moŠË`mbm Cn`moJr d AmH$f©H$ dmQ>ob Aem ñdénmV dñVy ~mOmamV `oVo.
WmoS>Š`mV eoV_mb {dnUZmVrb à{H«$`m hr AË`§V _hËdmMr AdñWm AgyZ eoV_mbmMr qH$_V dmT>{dÊ`mg
`m_wio _XV hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mbmda à{H«$`m H$éZ {dH«$s Ho$ë`mg _Ü`ñWm§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoD$Z eoVH$è`m§À`m
CËnÝZmV dmT> hmoB©b.
4) dmhVyH$ :
(Transportation)
eoV_mbmMo EH$ÌrH$aU d àVdmar Pmë`mZ§Va à{H«$`onydr© d à{H«$`oZ§Va eoV_mbmMr dmhVyH$ hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r
na§namJV d AmYw{ZH$ Aem XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m dmhZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. eoV_mbmMr dmhVyH$ CËnmXZ {R>H$mUmnmgyZ
Cn^moJmÀ`m {R>H$mUmn`©§V {d{dY AmdñWm§_Ü`o JaOoMr AgVo. gm_mÝ`V: eoVrMo CËnmXZ ~mOmamnmgyZ Xya
A§Vamda hmoVo. eoVH$ar ~mOma`mo½` dmT>mdm ~mOmamV ZoD$Z {dH$Ê`mgmR>r dmhVyH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVmV. eoVr
104
CËnmXZmV {deofrH$aU hmoV AgVmZm Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m VwbZmË_H$ \$m`Úm§Mm {dMma H$éZ bmJdS> Ho$br OmV
AgVmZm dmhVyH$sMo _hËd dmT>V OmVo. à{gÜX aËZm{Jar-XodJS> hmnyg Am§~m Xoem~amo~aM Xoem~mhoahr CnbãY
hmoVmo, qH$dm Am°ñQ´>ob`mMr g\$aM§Xo J«m_rU ~mOmamV CnbãY hmoVmV, `m_mJo dmhVyH$ gmYZm§Mr H$m`©j_Vm {XgyZ
`oVo. ^maVmgma»`m H¥$fràYmZ XoemV eoV_mb dmhVyH$ ~¡bJmS>rnmgyZ {d_mZmn`©§V gd© dmhZm§Zr hmoVo. Ob_mJ©,
^y_mJ© d dm`y_mJm©Zohr eoV_mbmMr dmhVyH$ hmoVo. dmhVwH$sMo gmYZ H$moUVo Amho Ë`mZwgma dmhVwH$sMm IM© H$_rOmñV hmoVmo.
5) eoV_mb g§J«hU
(Storage)
g§Jh« U åhUOo dñVy gmR>dU R>do Ê`mMr {H«$`m hmo`. eoVH$è`mZo CËnmXZ Ho$boë`m eoV_mbmn¡H$s Cn{O{dHo$gmR>r
bmJUmam eoV_mb R>odyZ Cd©arV {dH«$s`mo½` Am{YŠ` JwXm_ì`dñWm Amho Aem {R>H$mUr R>odbo OmVo. eoV_mbmMo
ñdén Zmed§V Amho H$s {Q>H$mD$ `mZwgma erVJ¥ho, JmoXm_o qH$dm BVa {R>H$mUr H$mhr H$mi eoV_mb `mo½` qH$_V
`oB©n`©§V R>odbm OmVmo. qH$_V dmT>rMr àVrjm g§në`mZ§Va hm g§J«{hV eoV_mb {dH«$sgmR>r H$mT>bm OmVmo. Imbrb
H$maUm§_wio eoV_mb gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
à{H«$`m Ho$bobm eoV_mb {dH«$s hmoV Agë`mg à{H«$`oV I§S> nSy> Z`o `mgmR>r eoV_mbmMm g§J«h/gmR>m
H$amdm bmJVmo. CXm. gmIa H$maImZo D$gmnmgyZ gmIa V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`o_Ü`o I§S> nSy> Z`o `mgmR>r H$mhr
D$g à{H«$`ogmR>r V`ma R>odVmV.
1) eoV_mb h§Jm_mZwgma CËnm{XV hmoV Agë`mZo {~Ja h§Jm_ H$mbmdYrV qH$_Vr dmT>VmV Aemdoir
dmT>Ë`m qH$_VrMm \$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmMr gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
2) \$io, ^mOrnmbm `mgma»`m Zmed§V dñVy OmñV H$mi {Q>Hy$Z _mJUrà_mUo {dH$Vm `mì`mV åhUyZ
Ë`m§Mr gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
3) eoV_mbmMr JwUdËVm qH$dm XOm© dmT>mdm åhUyZ gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo. CXm. \$io {nH${dbr OmVmV
qH$dm hiXrda à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmR>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
4) gmR>dUwH$s_wio h§Jm_r CËnmXZ hmoUmam eoV_mb df©^a ~mOmamV {dH$Vm `oVmo. Aem eoV_mbmbm
Zoh_rnojm OmñV qH$_V {_iUo eŠ` hmoVo.
5) eoVH$è`mZo eoV_mbmMr gmR>dUyH$ Ho$ë`mg JmoXm_ nmdVr {_iVo. eoVH$è`m§Zm amoI n¡emMr JaO
^mgë`mg Vo JmoXm_ nmdVr ~±Ho$H$So> VmaU R>odyZ Ë`mda H$O© KoVmV.
6) {dËVnwadR>m
(Financing)
eoVH$è`m§gh {dnUZ à{H«$`oV gh^mJr AgUmè`m gdm©§Zm {dnUZmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm§_Ü`o n¡emMr JaO
^mgVo. hm JaOoMm gd© n¡gm qH$dm ^m§S>db {dnUZ à{H«$`oVrb KQ>H$ ñdV: IM© H$é eH$V Zgë`mZo {dËV
105
nwadR>`mMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
1) Á`m eoV_mbmda à{H«$`m H$amd`mMr Amho Ë`m§Mr gmR>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>db énmZo {dËV
nwadR>`mMr JaO AgVo.
2) {dnUZ à{H«$`oVrb àË`oH$ Q>ßß`mda A{J«_amer
à{H«$`m `mgma»`m H$m`m©gmR>r {dËV Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
(Advance)
Úmdm bmJVmo. dmhVyH$, gmR>dUyH$,
3) eoV_mb {d{dY ~mOmanoR>m§_Ü`o nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar gmYZo IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dËV Amdí`H$
R>aVo. CXm. S>mqi~, X«mjo `mMr {Z`m©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmH$S>r qH$dm H$mS©>~moS©>Mr ImoH$s bmJVmV, Ë`m§Mr IaoXr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dËVnwadR>m Amdí`H$ AgVmo.
4) A{YH$ qH$_V {_imdr `mgmR>r eoVH$ar JmoXm_mV eoV_mb gmR>dyZ R>odVmV Aemdoir eoVH$è`mMr
à{Vjm dmT>mdr `mgmR>r JmoXm_ nmdVr VmaUmda H$O© CnbãY H$éZ Úmdo bmJVo. `mgmR>r {dËV Amdí`H$ AgVo.
7) eoV_mbmMm {d_m :
(Insurance)
H¥$fr ì`dgm` hm {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Amho. eoV_mb hm Zmed§V Agë`mZo à{H«$`m, dmhVyH$ d gmR>dU `m
Q>ßß`m§da {d_m CVa{dUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. eoV_mb Iam~ hmoUo, eoV_mbmMr Mmoar hmoUo, JmoXm_mbm AmJ bmJUo
BË`mXr_wio OodT>o ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b VodT>r aŠH$_ eoVH$è`m§Zm {d_m H§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>Z {_iVo. {Za{Zami`m àH$maMm
eoV_mb H$_r-OmñV à_mUmV Zmed§V AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m ñdénmZwgma _mbmMm Zme hmoÊ`mMo à_mU d {d_m
hßË`mMm Xa amhVmo.eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV Or CƒmdMZo {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`mZwgma {d_m d ZwH$gmZ ^anmB©Mr
aŠH$_ R>a{dbr OmVo. WmoS>Š`mV eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb qH$_V, CËnmXZ, dmhVyH$, gmR>dU BË`mXr ~m~V {Z_m©U
hmoUmar A{ZpíMVVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmMm {d_m Amdí`H$ AgVmo.
8) eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s
(Selling)
eoV_mbmÀ`m {dnUZ ì`dñWoVrb hr eodQ>Mr AdñWm Amho. Ano{jV qH$_Vrbm JmoS>mD$Z_Yrb eoV_mbmMr
{dH«$s Ho$br OmVo Am{U Ë`m~Ôb eoVH$è`m§Zm amoI n¡emÀ`m ñdénmV _mo~Xbm {_iVmo `m à{H«$`obm eoV_mbmMr
{dH«$s Ago åhUVmV. ñdV:Mm Cn^moJ d eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s `m CÔoemZo CËnmXZmMr {H«$`m hmVr KoVbr OmVo.
Amnë`m eoV_mbmMo {dVaU H$go H$amd`mMo `mMm {ZU©` ñdV: CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar KoVmo. ñdV:À`m Cn^moJmgmR>r,
{~`mÊ`mMr VaVyX, gmdH$mambm YmÝ` ñdénmV _mo~Xbm d Cd©[aV eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s Ho$br OmVo. eoV_mbmMr
{dH«$s Imbrb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo.
1) eoV_mbmMr àVdmar Ho$br Agë`mg _moR>`m ~mOmanoR>oV qH$dm {dXoemV _mJUr {Z_m©U hmoVo. AWm©V
Ë`mgmR>r eoV_mbmMm XOm© Mm§Jbm hdm.
2)
eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnmXZ h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV {dH«$sgmR>r Ambobo Agë`mg H$_r qH$_V {_iVo H$maU
106
h§Jm_ H$mbmdYrV EH$mM àH$maMm eoV_mb AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Zr {dH«$sgmR>r AmUë`m_wio eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m
_mJUrnojm OmñV hmoD$Z qH$_V H$_r amhVo.
3) eoV_mb CËnmXZ {R>H$mUmnmgyZ ~mOmanoR>oMo A§Va OmñV Agë`mg eoVH$ar IoS>`mVM _Ü`ñWm§Zm
eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aVmV.
9) Amdoï>Z
(Packing)
eoV_mb gmo`rñH$a d AmH$f©H$ Aem doï>ZmV {dH«$sgmR>r CnbãY R>odë`mg {dH«$s OmñV qH$_Vrbm hmoB©b.
CXm. S>mit~, X«mjo hm eoV_mb Mm§Jë`m doï>ZmV R>odë`m_wio dmhVyH$sg gwb^ Pmë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oV
Ë`mMr {dH«$s H$aVm `oVo. {dnUZ à{H«$`oV Amdoï>ZmMo _hËd Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVo.
1) eoV_mb doï>ZmV R>odë`m_wio gwQ>gwQ>rV ñdénmV R>odVm `oVmo. eoV_mb Xwa A§Vamdarb ~mOmanoR>oV
nmR>{dVm `oVmo. CXm. H$mngmÀ`m JmR>r, S>mit~ d X«mjmÀ`m noQ>`m.
2)
Amdoï>Zm_wio eoV_mbmbm g§ajU {_iVo. g§^mì` ZwH$gmZ Q>miVm `oVo.
3) Amdoï>Zm_wio WmoS>`mOmJo_Ü`o OmñV dñVy g§J«{hV H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo Ë`m_wio g§J«hUmMm d dmhVyH$sMm
IM© H$_r `oVmo.
4)
eoV_mb doï>ZmV R>odë`m_wio J«mhH$ AmH${f©V hmoD$Z {dH«$s dmT>Vo.
10) {dVaU
(Distribution)
eoVH$è`mZo CËnmXrV Ho$bobm eoV_mb A§{V_ Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r {dVaU {H«$`m _hËdmMr
Amho. {dnUZmÀ`m n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV WmoS>m WmoS>m eoV_mb EH${ÌV Ho$bm OmVmo. Vmo _mb nwÝhm J«mhH$m§À`m
_mJUrZwgma {dVarV H$amdm bmJVmo. {h {H«$`m I{M©H$ Am{U doi bmJUmar Agbr Var Amdí`H$ Amho. `m
{H«$`oV ~è`mMdoim Amdoï>Z, KmD$H$ {dH«$s, {H$aH$moi {dH«$s `mMmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo.
* {dnUZ IM©
(Marketing Cost)
AmnU AmËVmn`©§V {dnUZmMo AW© d H$m`© `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. ho Vw_À`m bjmV Ambo Agob AmVm
AmnU eoV_mb {dnUZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVm IM© `oVmo `mMm {dMma H$é`m.
eoV_mbmMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m n{hë`m H$m`m©nmgyZ eodQ>À`m {dnUZ {dVaUmn`©§VMo H$m`© Aer AmhoV
H$s Or nwU© Pmë`m{edm` {dnUZmMr {H«$`m nma nmS>br Ago åhUVm `oV Zmhr. `m{d{dY H$m`m©§Zm {dnUZmMm EH$
^mJ _mZë`m_wio Vr H$m`o© nwU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Omo IM© H$amdm bmJVmo Ë`m IMm©Mm g_mdoe {dnUZIMm©_Ü`o hmoVmo.
eoV_mb eoVH$è`mnmgyZ A§{V_ Cn^moJmn`©§V nmohMmÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV Or {dnUZmMr {d{dY H$m`©o H$amdr bmJVmV
Ë`m§Mm EHyU IM© åhUOo {dnUZIM© hmo`. `m_Ü`o WmoS>`m WmoS>`m eoV_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU H$aUo, àVdmar,
à{H«$`m, dmhVyH$, gmR>dU, Amdoï>Z `m~amo~aM ~mOmamV eoV_mbmÀ`m àdoemgmR>r Úmdr bmJUmao {d{dY Xa,
107
_Ü`ñW Xbmbm§Mm _mo~Xbm, Y_m©Xm` g§ñWm§Zm XoUJr, eoV_mb Om{hamV IM©, BË`mXr gd© H$m`m©gmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm
IM© H$amdm bmJVmo. eoV_mbmgmR>r Cn^moŠË`mZo {Xbobr qH$_V d àË`jnUo CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iUmar
qH$_V `m XmoÝhrVrb A§Va åhUOo {dnUZì`` hmo`. `mMmM AW© eoV_mbmgmR>r Cn^moŠVm Or qH$_V XoVmo
Ë`m_YwZ CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iUmar qH$_V Oa dOm Ho$br Va Or aŠH$_ {e„H$ amhVo qH$dm `m XmoZ
qH$_VrVrb Oo A§Va AgVo Vo {dnUZì`` XmIdVo. CXm. Jhÿ 2200 én`o à{V q¹$Q>b XamZo A§{V_ Cn^moŠVm
IaoXr H$aVmo _mÌ eoVH$è`mbm àË`jnUo 1500 én`o hmVmV {_iV Agë`mg (2200 -1500) 700 én`o à{V
q¹$Q>b {dnUZ IM© `oVmo. \$imÀ`m CËnmXH$m§Zm `mnojm A{YH$ {dnUZ IM© `oVmo.
* {dnUZ IM© {ZUm©`H$ KQ>H$
(Determents of Marketing Cost)
{dnUZ IM© hm eoV_mb_mbmÀ`m qH$_V {ZpíMVrVrb AË`§V _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho eoV_mbmMr qH$_V
CËnmXZ eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÝZ BË`mXr ~m~tda {dnUZ IMm©Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. {dnUZ IM© {^ÝZ _mbmgmR>r {^ÝZ
`oVmo. {dnUZIM© R>a{dUmao KQ>H$ Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) eoV_mbmMo ñdén : eoV_mbmMo ñdén Zmed§V AgVo. Jhÿ, Vm§Xwi, Ádmar `mnojm \$io, \w$bo,
Aer eoVrCËnmXZo A{YH$ Zmed§V AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H$_r Zmed§V eoV_mbmnojm OmñV Zmed§V eoV_mbmÀ`m
{dnUZ à{H«$`oV {dnUZIM© A{YH$ `oVmo. H$maU \$io, \w$bo {dH«$s hmoB©n`©§V {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo.
2) àVdmar : àVdmarVrb CËnmXZ {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. {ZgJm©V {d{dYVm Agë`m_wio EH$mM
O_rZrV EH$gmaIo {~`mUo, IV, nmUr, d hdm_mZ XoD$Zhr eoVr CËnmXZ _mÌ {^ÝZ àVrMo hmoVo. Aemdoir
eoV_mbmMo XOm©Zwgma dJr©H$aU Amdí`H$ AgVo `mgmR>r {dnUZ IM© H$amdm bmJVmo.
3) gmR>dUyH$ : eoVrVrb CËnmXZ h§Jm_mZwgma hmoVo. {d{eð> h§Jm_mV {d{eð> {nH$mMo CËnmXZ gd©M
eoVH$ar KoV Agë`mZo ~mOmamV EH$mMdoir eoV_mb {dH«$sg `oVmo. `mMm n[aUm_ eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m dmTy>Z
qH$_Vr_Ü`o KQ> KSy>Z `oVo. Aemdoir eoVH$ar qH$_VdmT>rMr à{Vjm H$aVmV d Amnbm eoV_mb JmoXm_mV gmR>dyU
R>odVmV. `mgmR>r {dnUZ IM© `oVmo.
4) ~mOmanoR>oMo A§Va : eoV_mb hm ~mOmanoR>m d Cn^moŠË`mnmgyZ Xwa A§Vamda AgVmo. Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmXZmnojm eoV_mbmMm Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V nmR>{dÊ`mMm dmhVyH$ IM© OmñV AgVmo. eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ bhmZ
à_mUmV {dIwabobo AgVo. {dVaUmMm IM© OmñV AgVmo.
5) J«mhH$mMr ~XbVr ng§Vr : EImÚm eoV_mbmbm J«mhH$mMr _mJUr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mda à{H«$`m
H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mMr àVdmar Mm§Jbr, AmH$f©H$ Amdoï>Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma
Cn^moŠË`mMr _mJUr à{H«$`m Ho$boë`m eoV_mbmbm A{YH$ Agë`mZo {dnUZ IMm©V dmT> hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oVo.
6) {dnUZ d _Ü`ñV : eoV_mb CËnmXZmÀ`m {^ÝZ ñdénm_wio Ë`m§À`m {dH«$sV Xbmbm§Mr ^y{_H$m
_hËdmMr R>aVo. Oa CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar d A§{V_ Cn^moŠVm `m§À`m_Yrb _Ü`ñVm§Mr gmIir _moR>r Agob Va
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{dVaU IM© A{YH$ AgVmo.
7) eoV_mb _mJUr d nwadR>`mMo ñdén: Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmgmaIm eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m {Z`§{ÌV
H$aVm `oV Zmhr. eoV_mb dfm©Vrb {d{eï> h§Jm_mV CËnmXrV hmoVmo. _mÌ eoV_mbmMr _mJUr df©^a gmVË`mZo
AgVo. Ë`m_wio eoV_mbmMm g§J«h H$éZ _mJUrZwgma nwadR>m H$amdm bmJVmo VgoM g§J«hmMm IM© dñVyÀ`m
ñdénmda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo {dnUZ IM© dmT>Vmo.
* {dnUZ aMZm$:
(Marketing Structure)
{dnUZmMo H$m`© {H$Vr H$m`©j_ MmbVo ho {dnUZmÀ`m ñdénmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. eoV_mbmMr IaoXr-{dH«$s
Á`m {R>H$mUr KSy>Z `oVo Ë`m {dnUZ ì`dñWoMo ì`dñWmnZ `mo½` Agë`mg g§nyU© {dnUZ à{H«$`m ì`dpñWVnUo
H$m`©aV amhVo. åhUyZ eoV_mb {dnUZ à{H«$`oV {dnUZ ñdénmbm AË`§V _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. {dnUZ aMZoV
Imbrb KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) ~mOmanoR>m§Mo àH$ma
(Types of Market)
~) eoV_mb {dH«$sÀ`m nÜXVr
H$) ~mOmamVrb _Ü`ñW
(Selling Methods of Agricultural Products)
(Intermedaries in Market)
A) ~mOmanoR>m§Mo àH$ma
(Types of Market)
eoV_mbmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$s ì`dhmam_Ü`o ~mOmanoR>m§Mo àH$ma _hËdmMo AgVmV. eoV_mbmMr IaoXr {dH«$s
H$arV AgVmZm EH$mM {R>H$mUr ~mOmamMo {Za{Zamio àH$ma ApËgËdmV AgVmV. gm_mÝ`nUo {dnUZmMo Imbrb
àH$ma gm§JVm `oVrb
1) àmW{_H$ KmD$H$ ~mOma: àmW{_H$ KmD$H$ ~mOmamMo ñdén EH$m IoSo>JmdmnwaVo _`m©XrV AgVo.
Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ g§~§{YV IoSo>JmdmÀ`m J«m_n§Mm`VrH$So> AgVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr AZoH$ IoS>`m§Mo EH${ÌV ñdénmV
hr ~mOmanoR> H$m`© H$aVo. Ago ~mOma AmR>dS>`mVyZ EH$Xm ^aVmV. hmQ> åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m `m àmW{_H$
KmD$H$ ~mOmamV eoV_mbm~amo~a newMrhr {dH«$s hmoVo.
2) Xwæ`_ KmD$H$ ~mOma: àmW{_H$ ~mOmamnojm ì`mnH$ ñdénmV hm ~mOma AgVmo. `m ~mOmamg _§S>r
qH$dm J§O `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. gmYmaUnUo VmbwH$m qH$dm {OëømÀ`m {R>H$mUr aoëdo qH$dm ~ggodoÀ`m
gmo`rZwgma ehar Aem {R>H$mUr KmD$H$ ~mOma CnbãY AgVmo. `m ~mOmanoR>oVrb ì`dhma XaamoO Mmby AgVmV
Ë`m_wio dmhVyH$ gmYZo, ~±H$s¨J ì`dñWm, g§nH©$ gmYZo, gmR>dUyH$ d à{H«$`m gw{dYm dJ¡ao AZoH$ gmo`tZr`wŠV
Aer hr ~mOmanoR> AgVo.
3) A§{V_ ~mOma: `m ~mOmam_Ü`o eoVH$è`mZo CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s Cn^moŠVm qH$dm
_mbmda à{H«$`m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm hmoD$ eH$Vo Ë`mg A§{V_ ~mOma Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a eoVH$è`mZo
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CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s BVa ^mJmV _mbmMo nwZ{d©VaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r AWdm {dXoer {Z`m©VrgmR>r hr
{dH«$s hmoD$ eH$Vo. A§{V_ ~mOmanoR>oMo ñdén A{Ve` ì`mnH$ AgVo. Á`m{R>H$mUr OhmO, aoëdo, d añVo dmhVyH$
{dH${gV Pmbobr AgVo Aem {R>H$mUr A§{V_ ~mOmamMo Ho$§X« AgVo.
4) {H$aH$moi qH$dm {M„a ~mOma : J«mhH$m§À`m Amdí`H$Voà_mUo H$_r-OmñV g§»`oV eoV_mb
{_iÊ`mMo {R>H$mU åhUOo {M„a qH$dm {H$aH$moi ~mOma hmo`. J«mhH$m§Zm KmD$H$ IaoXrMr JaO Zgë`mg KmD$H$
~mOmamV Z OmVm {H$aH$moi ~mOmamV eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aVmV. Aem ~mOmanoR>m qH$dm {dH«$s H|$X«o JmdmoJmdr
Am{U AZoH$ dmS>çm dñË`m§_YyZ {XgyZ `oVmV.
5) `mÌm-OÌm ~mOma : ^maVmV {d{dY amÁ`m§_Yrb {d^mJmV, IoS>monmS>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m `mÌm d
OÌm ^aVmV. `m `mÌm-OÌm ^aÊ`mMm {ZpíMV H$mbmdYr qH$dm {Xdg AgVmo. Ym{_©H$ _hËdmÀ`m {Xder Ë`m
Jmoï>ter g§~§{YV Jmdmbm OÌm ^aVo. `m OÌm-`mÌm§_Ü`o eoV_mbm~amo~aM OZmdao d BVa eoVrg§~§Yr dñVy d
godm§Mr {dH«$s hmoVo. H$mhr OÌm-`mÌm `m EH$ {XdgmV g§nVmV Va H$mhr AZoH$ {Xdg Mmby amhVmV. CXm.
_hmamï´>mVrb n§T>anya `m {R>H$mUr {dÇ>b-éŠ_rUrMr "AmfmT>r" d "H$mVr©H$s" Aem dfm©VyZ XmoZ doim AmR>dS>çmnojm
OmñV H$mbmdYrÀ`m `mÌm ^aVmV. `m_Ü`o eoV_mbm~amo~aM OZmdam§Mm _moR>m ~mOma AgVmo. {deofV: KmoSo>
IaoXr {dH«$s _moR>`m à_mUmV hmoVo.
6) ghH$mar {dnUZ : {dVaUmMm IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m AZoH$ _mJm©§n¡H$s EH$ _mJ© åhUOo CËnmXZmMr
ghH$mar {dH«$s hmo`. à{H«$`oV J«mhH$ d eoVH$ar `m XmoKm§Mmhr \$m`Xm hmoVmo. _Ü`ñWm§Mo CƒmQ>Z Pmë`mZo CËnmXH$
eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmbm `mo½` d Ý`m` qH$_V {_iVo. ghH$mar {dnUZm_wio _mJUrà_mUo CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm
Amnbm eoV_mb nwa{dUo gmono OmVo. J«mhH$m§Zr dñVybm {Xbobr qH$_V eoVH$è`m§Zm {_idyZ XoUo hr O~m~Xmar `m
g§ñWm§da AgVo.
7) {Z`§{ÌV ~mOma : {Z`§{ÌV ~mOmanoR>oMm H$ma^ma ì`dpñWVnUo MmbÊ`mH$[aVm gaH$mabm àË`oH$
~mOmanoR>oH$[aVm EH$ ~mOma g{_Vr Kmo{fV H$amdr bmJVo. H$m`ÚmZwgma ñWmnZ Pmboë`m `m ~mOma g{_Vr_Ü`o
gaH$ma, CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar, Xbmb, AmS>Vo, ì`mnmar `m§Mo à{V{ZYr AgVmV. _mbmMr IaoXr {dH«$s, gmR>dU,
àVdmar, eoVH$è`m§Zm {dH«o$Ë`m§Zm {Xbobr CMb Aem ì`dhmam§Mo {Z`§ÌU `m ~mOmam_Ü`o `mo½` [aVrZo hmoVo.
~) eoV_mb {dH«$s nÜXVr
(Selling Methods of Agricultural Products)
^maVmV eoV_mbmÀ`m {d{dY ~mOmanoR>m§_Ü`o IaoXr-{dH«$s {Za{Zami`m àH$mao hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr _hËdmÀ`m
nÜXVr Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) hám nÜXV : `m eoV_mb {dH«$s nÜXVrV eoVH$è`m§À`m dVrZo Xbmb qH$dm AmS>Ë`m ì`mnmè`m~amo~a
qH$_V R>a{dVmo. eoV_mbmMr qH$_V R>a{dV AgVmZm hmVmda EH$ H$mnS> Q>mHy$Z ì`mnmar Ë`m AmS>Ë`mÀ`m ~moQ>m§Zm
ñne© H$éZ eoV_mbmMr _mJUr H$aVmV. Aem doir H$mnS>mImbrb {H$Vr ~moQ>m§Zm ñne© Ho$bm ho eoVH$è`m§Zm H$iy
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eH$V Zmhr. åhUOo H$mnS>mÀ`m AmV R>aboë`m qH$_Vr~Ôb eoVH$ar nwU©nUo A§YmamV AgVmo. ì`dhmamVrb
JwáVo_wio AS>Ë`m Am{U ì`mnmar XmoKo {_iyZ eoVH$è`mbm ghO \$gdy eH$VmV.
2) {bbmd nÜXVr : hr hám nÜXVrnojm gmo`rñH$a Amho. `m nÜXVrV eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z eoV_mb
Á`mdoir ~mOmamV OmVmo Ë`mdoir eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aUmao AZoH$ ì`mnmar Amnmnbr qH$_V nwH$maVmV d
gdm©{YH$ qH$_V XoÊ`mg V`ma AgUmè`m ì`mnmè`mbm eoV_mb {Xbm OmVmo.
3) dmQ>mKmQ>r nÜXV : Á`m ì`mnmè`m§Zm eoV_mb IaoXr H$amd`mMm Amho. Ago ì`mnmar gmo`rZwgma
`oD$Z `mo½` dmQ>Umar qH$_V XoD$ eH$VmV. eoVH$è`mÀ`m ~mOyZo Xbmb ~mobUr H$aVmV. hm ì`dhma Xbmb H$arV
Agbm Var eoVH$è`mÀ`m g_moa Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) Z_wZm nÜXV : `m nÜXVr_Ü`o eoVH$è`mZo {dH«$sg AmUboë`m eoV_mbmMo Z_wZo VnmgyZ ì`mnmar
Ë`mMr qH$_V H$aVmV. eoVH$è`mZo eoV_mb nmoË`mVyZ AmUë`mg ì`mnmar {d{dY {R>H$mUr Q>moMm IyngyZ Z_wZm
nmhVmV d qH$_V R>a{dVmV.
5) ~§X {Z{dXm nÜXV: eoVH$è`m§Zr AmUbobm eoV_mb ì`mnmè`m§Zm nmhÊ`mgmR>r R>odVmV. EH$m
{Z{dXoda eoV_mbmMm H«$_m§H$ {Xbobm AgVmo. ì`mnmè`m§Zm V_mbmÀ`m H«$_m§H$mZygma ng§Vr qH$_V {bhmd`mMr
AgVo. \$gdUwH$sMr eŠ`Vm ~arM H$_r Agbobr hr nÜXV {Z`§{ÌV ~mOmanoR>oV A_bmV AmUbr OmVo.
6) _moK_ nÜXV : eoV_mbmÀ`m {dH«$sÀ`m _moK_ nÜXVrV CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar Am{U IaoXr H$aUmè`m
_mb {dH«$sMm Vm|S>r H$ama hmoVmo. na§Vw {dH«$sMr qH$_V {ZpíMV R>adbr OmV Zmhr.
7) {T>J nÜXV : `m nÜXVr_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmMo XOm©Zwgma d g§»`oZwgma {T>J Ho$bo OmVmV.
g§nwU© {T>J {dH«$sgmR>r AmUë`mZo Ë`mMr EH${ÌV qH$_V R>a{dbr OmVo. `m nÜXVrV eoV_mbmMo _moO_mn Ho$bo OmV
Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {T>JmÀ`m AmH$mamdéZ dmX{ddmX H$éZ eoVH$è`m§Zm H$_r qH$_V {Xbr OmVo.
H$) ~mOmanoR>oVrb _Ü`ñW
(Intermedaries in Market)
eoV_mb {dnUZ ì`dñWoV CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar d A§{V_ Cn^moŠVm `m§À`m_Ü`o XbmbmMr qH$dm _Ü`ñWm§Mr
_moR>r gmIir AgVo. eoVH$è`mnmgyZ Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V eoV_mb OmV AgVmZm AZoH$ _Ü`ñWm§À`m hmVmVyZ OmVmo.
àË`oH$OU Amnë`m H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm qH$_VrV g_m{dï> H$arV Agë`mZo Cn^moŠË`mZo {Xbobr qH$_V d CËnmXH$
eoVH$è`m§Zm àË`j {_iUmar qH$_V `m_Ü`o _moR>r V\$mdV AgVo. A{Z`§{ÌV ~mOmanoR>m§_Ü`o _Ü`ñWm§Mr g§»`m
A{YH$ AgVo. _Ü`ñWm§À`m J¡aì`dhmam_wio eoVH$è`mMo Am{W©H$ emofU hmoVo.
1) J«m_rU ì`mnmar : J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ì`mnmar gwJrÀ`m {XdgmV eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r AgVmZm
eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z IaoXr H$aVmo. d df©^a Ooìhm qH$_Vr dmT>VmV V§oìhm KmD$H$ ~mOmamV eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aVmo. hm
ì`mnmar IoS>çmVM amhUmam AgVmo. J«m_rU ì`mnmar eoVH$è`m§Zm {dídmgy d OdiMm dmQ>Vmo. Xbmbm§Mm hñVjon
Zgë`m_wio eoVH$è`mbm Mm§Jbm _mo~Xbm {_iVmo.
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2) {\$aVm ì`mnmar : {\$aVo ì`mnmar Odinmg AZoH$ JmdmVyZ {\$éZ eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aVmV.
Am{U KmD$H$ ~mOmamV IaoXr Ho$bobm eoV_mb {dH$VmV. `m_Ü`o {\$aVo ì`mnmar eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z H$_r {H$§_VrV
eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aVmV Am{U OmñV qH$_Vrbm _moR>`m ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$s H$aVmV. {\$aVo ì`mnmar ~aoMXm
_moR>`m à_mUmV J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ _mb IaoXr H$aV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr dmhVyH$sMr gmYZo AgVmV.
3) H$ƒm AS>Ë`m : eoV_mb {dnUZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Or {d{dY H$m`o© {Z_m©U hmoVmV Vr nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r
eoVH$è`mbm _XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$ÀÀ`m AS>Ë`m H$aVmo. eoV_mbmÀ`m {dH«$snojm Vmo eoV_mb Jmoim H$aUo d
~mOmanoR>oV nmR>{dUo ho à_wI H$m_ H$aVmo.
4) nŠH$m AS>Ë`m : eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb gd© H$m_o nŠH$m AS>Ë`m H$aVmo.
eoV_mb EH${ÌV Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo {dVaU H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nŠH$m AS>Ë`m H$aVmo. H$ÀÀ`m AS>Ë`m eoV_mb Jmoim
H$arV Agë`m_wio eoVH$è`mer g§nH$m©V `oVmo. Va nŠH$m AS>Ë`m Jmoim Ho$boë`m _mbmMr {dVaU H$arV Agë`m_wio
ì`mnmè`m§À`m g§nH$m©V AgVmo.
5) KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo: eoVH$è`m§Zr {dH«$s Ho$bobm eoV_mb A§{V_V: KmD$H$ ì`mnmè`mH$So> EH${ÌV hmoVmo.
Ago KmD$H$ ì`mnmar _moR>`m ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgVmV. J«m_rU ì`mnmar, {\$aVo ì`mnmar, AS>Vo `m§Zr
EH${ÌV Ho$bobm eoV_mb KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo IaoXr H$aVmV Am{U A§{V_ Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V {dVarV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{H$aH$moi ì`mnmè`m§Zm eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aVmV.
6) {H$aH$moi ì`mnmar : {H$aH$moi ì`mnmar hm Zoh_r A§{V_ Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m g§nH$m©V AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m
Amdí`H$VoZwgma eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aVmo. {H$aH$moi ì`mnmar KmD$H$ ì`mnmè`mH$Sy>Z eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$éZ
Cn^moŠË`m§Zm {H$aH$moi ñdénmV _mb {dH«$sMo H$m`© H$aVmo. KmD$H$ ì`mnmamnojm OmñV qH$_Vrbm eoV_mbmMr
{dH«$s H$éZ Z\$m {_i{dVmo.
* H¥$fr {dnUZmMo Xmof$: (Problems of Agricultural Market)
eoV_mbmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$sMm hm EH$ _hËdmMm àH$ma AgyZ Vmo dñVyÀ`m {dH«$sÀ`m ñdénmdéZ d AmH$mamdéZ
{ZpíMV hmoVmo. dñVy ~mOma (Commodity Market) A§{V_ eoV_mbmMm qH$dm CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$ÀÀ`m
eoV_mbmMm AgVmo. ^maVmV Aem àH$maMo dñVy~mOma ho AÝZYmÝ`, ^mOrnmbm, H$m§Xm, ~Q>mQ>m, H$mnyg, Vm§Xyi,
Jhÿ, \$io, BË`mXrMo AmT>iyZ `oVmV. AemàH$maMo ~mOma {H$aH$moi AJa KmD$H$ ñdénmV eoV_mbmMr IaoXr
{dH«$s H$aVmV. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV eoV_mbmÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m AmXmZ gm_J«rÀ`m
g§X^m©Vhr dñVy~mOmamMr ^y{_H$m _hËdmMr _mZbr OmVo. {deofV: ~r - {~`mUo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, O§VyZmeHo$, d
Am¡fYmMr {dH«$s {H$aH$moi d KmD$H$ ñdénmV AZoH$ H§$nÝ`m ^maVmV H$arV AmhoV.
^maVmV {Z`moOZ H$mimV gaH$maZo AÝZYmÝ`m_Ü`o Jhÿ, Vm§Xwi, Ádmar, ~mOar d S>mir BË`mXr eoV_mbmÀ`m
dñVy ~mOmamMm {dH$mg ghH$mar, gaH$mar d ImOJr ñdénmV Ho$bm Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmV AÚmnr X¡{ZH$ d
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AmR>dS>r ~mOmamV AÝZYmÝ`, \$io, ^mOrnmbm, BË`mXrMr IaoXr {dH«$s _moR>`m à_mUmV hmoVo. `m{edm` XoemV
A{bH$So> \$io, ^mOrnmbm, H$mnyg, AÝZYmÝ`, H$m§Xm, ~Q>mQ>m, BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m eoV_mbmMo ñdV§ÌnUo dñVy
~mOma {Z_m©U Ho$bo AmhoV. BVHo$M Zìho Va H$mnyg, Ádmar, Jhÿ, X«mjo, \w$bo, Am§~o, Ho$ir, BË`mXr {d{dY
àH$maÀ`m eoV_mbmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$sgmR>r ñdV§Ì _§S>io {Z_m©U Ho$br AmhoV. Aem àH$maÀ`m _§S>im_m\©$V
eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmg dmOdr ^md àmá H$éZ XoÊ`mMm gmVË`mZo à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Agë`mZo eoVH$è`m§Mo
CËnÝZ d amhUr_mZ C§MdÊ`mg _XV Pmbobr Amho. Ë`mà_mUo eoV_mbmÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r J«mhH$m§Zm hŠH$mMr d
ImÌrera ~mOmanoR> CnbãY Pmbr Amho. WmoS>Š`mV eoVH$ar CËnmXH$ d J«mhH$ `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$mMo Am{W©H$
H$ë`mU gmÜ` H$aÊ`mV dñVy~mOmamMr (Commodity Market) gÚm A§Ë`V _hËdmMr _mZbr OmVo.
* H¥$fr {dnUZmMo Xmof
(Problems of Agricultural Market)
1) d¡`pŠVH$ ñdmW© : ~è`mM doim KmD$H$ ì`mnmar ì`pŠVJV àJVrgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV.
VoWrb ~hþVm§er ì`ŠVr ì`mnmar AmhoV. Vo gd©OU eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z {_iUmè`m eoV_mbmda S>moim R>odyZ AgVmV.
2) Anwao ^m§S>db : IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§Zm eoV_mbmMr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>`m à_mUmV
^m§S>dbmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z AmUbobm eoV_mb {dH$V KoUo. eoV_mbmda à{H«$`m H$aUo Vmo
gmR>dÊ`mgmR>r JmoXm_o ~m§YZo BË`mXrgmR>r ^m§S>dbmMr A{YH$ JaO AgVo. IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm EdT>m n¡gm
eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z qH$dm ^mJ ^m§S>dbmÀ`m AWdm R>odrÀ`m énmZo O_m H$é eH$V Zmhr qH$dm Ë`m§Zm ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z VodT>o
H$O©hr {_iV Zmhr.
3) nVnwadR>m g§ñWm§er ñnYm© : A{bH$So> ~è`mM nVnwadR>m g§ñWm eoV_mbmMr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aVmZm
AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§Zm Ë`m§À`m ñnY}bm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.
4) g^mgXm§Mr CXm{gZVm : IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§Mo Oo eoVH$ar g^mgX AgVmV Ë`m§Zm g§ñWo~m~V
\$mago AmH$f©U Zgë`mZo Vmo Amnbm eoV_mb IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§_m\©$V Z {dH$Vm Vmo BVa _mJm©Zo {dHyZ Q>mH$VmV.
5) A{Z`mo{OV {dH$mg: IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§À`m {Z`moOZ H$mimV R>adbobo bj nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ñWmnZ Pmë`m AmhoV. IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg ìhmdm Ë`m_mJMm CÔoe hmoVm.
6) EH$gwÌVoMm A^md : IaoXr {dH«$s g§K, àmW{_H$, _Ü`dVr© g§K, Zm\o$S> `m {d{dY nmVirdarb
IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§Mr EH$gwÌVonUmMm A^md Ë`m§À`m àJVrÀ`m _mJm©Vrb AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
7) dmhVyH$ gmo`rMm A^md : eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mb {dnUZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r, H$m`m©b`mH$So> dmhÿZ
AmUÊ`mgmR>r dmhVyH$ gmo`rMr gmYZo CnbãY ZgVmV. ~aoM eoVH$ar Amnbm _mb {\$aË`m ì`mnmè`m§Zm {dH$VmV.
AZoH$ eoVH$ar Amnbm _mb eoVm_Ü`oM {dH$VmV. AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Mo eoV_mbmMo à_mU H$_r Agë`m_wio Vo
IoS>çmVM {dH$VmV.
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E_.E.^mJ-1 … H¥$fr AW©emñÌ / 8
8) à{H«$`m gmo`rMm A^md : H$mnyg, Á`yQ>, hiX, ^yB©_wJ, ^mV `mgma»`m AZoH$ eoV_mbmda
à{H«$`m Ho$ë`mZ§VaM _mbmbm Mm§Jbr qH$_V {_iy eH$Vo. IaoXr {dH«$s g§ñWm§H$So> ^m§S>dbmA^mdr à{H«$`m
{df`H$ gmo`r CnbãY Zgë`mZo g^mgXm§À`m eoV_mbbm `mo½` ^md {_iV Zmhr.
* H¥$fr{dnUZmMr Cnm``moOZm (Measures of Agricultural
Market)
eoVr{dH$mg d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg `m§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Agë`mZo H¥$fr_mb IaoXr{dH«$sg AË`§V _hËd àmá
Pmbo Amho. eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>ë`m_wio Ë`mMm Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ CÚmoJY§Xo Am{U godmjoÌmda hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio
eoVrMo d eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÝZmV dmT> Pmbr Amho. H¥$fr_mb IaoXr-{dH«$sVrb Xmof Xwa H$aUo JaOooMo Amho. `m_wio
eoVH$è`m§Mo hmoV Agbobo emofU Wm§~ob. Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVr_Ü`o gwYmaUm hmoB©b. `mgmR>r Imbrb Cnm`
`moObo AmhoV.
1) ~mOma {df`H$ kmZ : gaH$maH$Sy>Z AZoH$ dñVw§À`m ~mOmanoR>|Mr nmhUr Ho$br OmVo. ~mOmamVrb
`oUmè`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr, qH$_V, Am{U {dH«$s à_wI ehamVrb ~mOmam^mdm{df`r _m{hVr ao{S>Amo, XwaXe©Z,
dV©_mZnÌo, _m{gHo$, d BVa à{gÜXr _mÜ`_mÛmao eoVH$è`mn`©§V nmohM{dbr OmVo. `m_Ü`o gaH$mar Adhbm§Mm
g_mdoe AgVmo.
2) qH$_V ñW¡`© : gaH$ma doimodoir eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_V Omhra H$aVo. Ë`m§Zm h_r qH$_V Ago
åhUVmV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mbmÀ`m ^mdm~Ôb h_r {_iVo. Am{U ~mOmamVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV
ñW¡`© am{hë`mZo eoVH$è`m§À`m pñWVrV ~Xb hmoD$Z amhUr_mZ C§MmdVo.
3) dm`Xm ~mOma : gaH$maZo H$mhr dñVy§gmR>r dm`Xo ~mOmambm nadmZJr {Xbr Amho. `m_Ü`o H$mOy,
Ea§S>rÀ`m {~`m, hiX, _rao, ~Q>mQ>o, BË`mXr dñVy§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gZ 1997-98 _Ü`o ^maV gaH$maZo AZoH$
H$mhr dñVy§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm. Ë`m_Ü`o H$m°\$s, H$mnyg, Ea§S>r Vob, Am{U Á`yQ> `m§À`m dm`Xo~mOmambm _mÝ`Vm
{Xbr.Ë`m_wio {Z`m©V dmT> doJmZo Pmbr.
4) AmYma qH$_V : ^maVmV XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm {deofV: JmoaJar~m§Zm ñdñV XamZo AÝZYmÝ` CnbãY
H$éZ XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m amhUr_mZm_Ü`o gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaUàUmbr (P.D.S.) ApñVËdmV
Ambr. XmarX«` aofoImbrb bmoH$m§Zm aoeqZJÀ`m XwH$mZmVyZ AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m H$_r {H$§_Vr_Ü`o Ho$bm OmVmo.
Xoem_Yrb eoV_mbmbm `mo½` ^md {_imdm `mgmR>r ^maV gaH$ma qH$_V Omhra H$aVo Ë`mbmM AmYma qH$_V Ago
åhUVmV. eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ {H$Vrhr à_mUmV dmT>bo Var eoV_mbmg `mo½` ^md {_iVmo Am{U eoVH$è`mMo
ZwH$gmZ Q>mibo OmVo.
5) {Z`§{ÌV ~mOmanoR>m : eoV_mb {dH«$s ì`dñWoVrb Xmof Xwa H$éZ eoV_mbmbm Mm§Jbr qH$_V
{_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ~mOmamVrb J¡a ì`dhmam§Zm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm Mm§Jbr dmJUyH$ XoÊ`mgmR>r
gaH$maZo AWdm ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm§Zr ^maV gaH$maÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma d H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXrZwgma ñWmnZ Ho$bobm
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~mOma åhUOoM {Z`§{ÌV ~mOma hmo`. ^maV gaH$maÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {Z`§{ÌV ~mOma EH$m dñVygmR>r AWdm
dñVy§À`m g_whmgmR>r Aem {Z`§{ÌV ~mOmam§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br OmVo.
6) eoV_mb {Z`m©V : ^maV gaH$maZo eoV_mbmÀ`m {Z`m©Vr_Ü`o dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmda AZwXmZ
{Xbo Amho. VgoM doimodoir AmYma qH$_Vrhr Omhra H$aV Amho.A{bH$So>M ^maVr` eoV_mbmMo {Z`m©Vr_Ü`o dmT>
hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo Amho.
7) dOZ d _mnm§Mm dmna : eoV_mbmÀ`m Ag§KQ>rV ~mOmanoR>oV _moR>`mà_mUmda ImoQ>r d {^ÝZ
àH$maMr dOZ d _mno dmnabr OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Mr _moR>r \$gdUyH$ hmoV Amho. `m_wio dOZ hr H$_r
XmI{dbo OmVo Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mÀ`m _mbmbm Iwn H$_r qH$_V {Xbr OmVo. åhUyZ `mdaVr Cnm` åhUyZ ^maV
gaH$maZo dOZ _mnmV EH$énVm AmUÊ`mgmR>r 1939 _Ü`o H$m`Xm Ho$bm.
8) àVdmar H$aUo : eoV_mbmMm XOm© bjmV KoD$Z _mbmMr dJ©dmar Z Ho$ë`mg ~mOmamVrb Xbmbm§Zm
H$_r à{VÀ`m _mbmV ^ogi H$éZ CËnmXH$ d Cn^moŠVo `m§Mr \$gdUyH$ hmoV AgVo. eoV_mbmbm Mm§Jë`m qH$_Vr
{_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmMr dJ©dmar H$éZ Mm§Jë`m à{VMm _mb ~mOmamV ZoD$Z {dH$Uo. `m_wio eoV_mbmbm
Mm§Jë`m {H$_Vr {_iyZ eoVH$è`mMo CËnÝZ dmT>Vo ho bjmV KoD$Z ^maV gaH$maZo A°J_mH©$ (AGMARK) Agm
{eŠH$m C_Q>{dbm OmVmo.
* ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
* [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwU© H$am.
1
H¥$fr {dnUZmMr .......................... C{Ôï>`o AmhoV
1) Mm§Jbm naVmdm 2) H$_r naVmdm 3) H$_rqH$_V
2
4) darbn¡H$s gd©
H¥$fr{dnUZmMr Imbrbn¡H$s ........................ H$moUVr H$m`} AmhoV.
1) eoV_mbmMo EH${ÌH$aU 2) eoV_mb àVdmar 3) à{H«$`m H$aUo 4) darbn¡H$s gd©
3
eoV_mbmÀ`m {dnUZ ì`dñWoVrb hr .....................eodQ>Mr AdñWm Amho.
1) eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s 2) dmhVyH$
4
3) à{H«$`m
4) Amdoï>Z
{dnUZ aMZoV Imbrbn¡H$s ..................... KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1) ~mOmanoR>m§Mo àH$ma 2) eoV_mb {dH«$sÀ`m nÜXVr 3) ~mOmamVrb _Ü`ñW 4)darbn¡H$s gd©
5
eoV_mb {dH«$snÜXVrMm Imbrbn¡H$s ............. hm àH$ma Amho.
1) J«m_rU ì`mnmar 2) H$ƒm AS>Ë`m 3) KmD$H$ {dH«o$Vo 4) hám nÜXV
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4.2.2 H¥$frdñVyMm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma$: (International Trade of Agricultrual Commodities)
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio àË`oH$ XoemMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ, hdm_mZ, Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVr_Yrb d¡{dÜ`
{^ÝZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m Ë`m XoemVrb ZmJarH$m§À`m gd© JaOm§Mr nwV©Vm hmoB©b Aer H$moUVrhr pñWVr ZgVo.
Aemdoir nañnamdb§~ZmMr pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U nañna ghH$m`© AQ>i ~ZVo. AZoH$ doim EImXr dñVy
godm§Mr {Z{_©Vr ñdXoemV H$aVm `oD$Z gwÜXm BVa Xoem§_Ü`o VwbZoZo Oa Vr dñVy ñdñV H$_r CËnmXZIMm©V V`ma
hmoV Agob Va Aem dñVy Am`mV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma KSy>Z `oVmo. {dH$gZerb Xoem_Ü`o
gmYZgm_J«r _w~bH$à_mUmV Amho. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ Z Ho$ë`m_wio gmYZgm_wJ«rMm dmna hmoV
Zmhr. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma KSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va {dH$gZerb Xoe {dH${gV XoemVyZ AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr Am`mV
H$aVmV d H¥$fr AmYm[aV _mb {Z`m©V H$aVmV.
* Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMo \$m`Xo
(Merits of International Trade) :
1) H$m`©j_ CËnmXZ : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio doJdoJi`m XoemV doJdoJi`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$_r
IMm©V hmoVo. XoemVrb ñWm{ZH$ AZwHy$b Z¡g{J©H$ d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr_wio CËnmXZ H$m`©j_VoZo hmoVo.
2) CËnmXZmV {deofrH$aU : {d{eï> XoemV {d{eï> dñVyMo CËnmXZ hmoV amhVo. Ë`m_wio Aem CËnmXZmV
Xoembm {deofrH$aUmMo \$m`Xo {_iyZ CËnmXZ H$_r IMm©V _moR>`m à_mUmV hmoVo. hm \$m`Xm ì`mnmamV gh^mJr
AgUmè`m gd© Xoem§Zm {_iVmo.
3) CËnmXZmMo H|$X«rH$aU : {d{eï> XoemV {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr_wio {d{eï> dñVyÀ`m
CËnmXZmMo H|$X«rH$aU hmoVo. Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m godm d H$ƒm _mb CnbãY hmoVmo. {d{eï> CËnmXZmV g§emoYZ
H$aVm `oVo Ë`m_wio H$_r IMm©V CËV_ XOm©Mo CËnmXZ H$aVm `oVo. åhUyZ {Z`m©V Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m dñVyMr qH$_V
H$_r amhVo d {Z`m©V dmT>Vo.
4) bmoH$m§Mo H$ë`mU : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio OJmVrb gd©M Xoem§Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dñVy ñdñV,
XO}Xma Am{U nwaoem à_mUmV {_iVmV. Xoem§Zm ñdV: Á`m dñVy CËnmXrV H$aVm `oV ZmhrV Aem dñVy {dXoemVyZ
{_idVm `oVmV. `m_wio amhUr_mZmV dmT> hmoVo. Am{U bmoH$m§Mo H$ë`mU dmT>Vo.
5) ~mOmanoR>m§Mm {dñVma : XoemVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ`m dñVy§Zm doJdoJi`m XoemVrb ~mOmanoR>m
CnbãY hmoVmV. XoemV Á`m dñVy§Mo A{V[aŠV CËnmXZ hmoVo Ë`m dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V H$aVm `oVo Am{U Á`m dñVy§Mm
XoemV VwQ>dS>m OmUdVmo Ë`m dñVy§Mr Am`mV H$aVm `oVo. `mVyZ ~mOmanoR>m§Mm {dñVma hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm
àoaUm {_iVo.
6) {dH$gZerb XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm : {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm Am`mVr_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m CXm. V§ÌkmZ, ^m§S>dbr gmYZo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, {d_m, ~±H$s¨J, BË`mXr godm {_iVmV.
VgoM {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm eoV_mb, H$ƒm _mb, I{ZOg§nËVr d _Zwî`~i BË`mXtMr {Z`m©V H$éZ naH$s`
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MbZ {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mVyZ {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_iVo.
7) _ŠVoXmar H$_r hmoVo : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio OJmVrb doJdoJi`m XoemVyZ {d{dY àH$maÀ`m
XO}Xma d AmH$f©H$ dñVy ñdñV qH$_Vrbm CnbãY hmoVmV.
8) gmYZgm_J«rMm dmna dmT>Vmo : Am`mVr_wio XoemVrb CÚmoJ§mZm Amdí`H$ AgUmam H$ƒm _mb,
V§ÌkmZ BË`mXr CnbãY hmoVo VgoM {Z`m©Vr_wio XoemVrb CËnmXZmbm d H$ÀÀ`m _mbmbm _mJUr dmT>Vo `mVyZ
EHyU CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm amoOJma {_iVmo.
9) AmnËVr H$mimV em§VVm : Xoembm XwîH$mi, _hmnya, ^yH§$n, MH«$sdmXi, BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H $AmnËVrV
Am`mVr_wio AÝZYmÝ`, Am¡fY, H$mnS> BË`mXrMm nwadR>m hmoVmo. VgoM `wÜX H$mimV eñÌmÌ, XméJmoim, BË`mXr
CnbãY Pmë`mZo XoemMo naH$s` AmH«$_UmnmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo.
10) Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`© : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio EH$_oH$mg Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m dñVy d godm
CnbãY hmoVmV. AmnËVrH$mimV _XV hmoVo. `mVyZ e¡j{UH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, BË`mXr joÌmV XodmUKodmU
dmT>Vo.
11) Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© : XoemV MbZdmT>rMr n[apñWVr Agob Va Xoembm Am`mVrÛmao Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m
dñVy {_i{dVm `oVmV. åhUyZ dmT>Umè`m qH$_V nmVirda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo. MbZKQ>rÀ`m H$mimV {Z`m©VrÛmao
A{V[aŠV CËnmXZ naXoer nmR>{dVm `oVo. åhUyZ dñVy§Mm nwadR>m `mo½` à_mUmV amhVmo.
12) Xoe g_ñ`m gmoS>dy eH$Vmo : H$moUVmhr Xoe Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio Xw{_©i AgUmao CËnmXZ KQ>H$
d dñVy {_idyZ Amnë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dy eH$Vmo.
* Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMo VmoQ>o
(Demerits of International Trade) :
1) ~më`mdñWoVrb CÚmoJm§Zm hmZrH$maH$ O_©Z AW©emók \«o$S´>rH$ brñQ> `m§Zr ~më`mdñWoVrb
CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m X¥ï>rH$moZmVyZ Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmambm {damoY Ho$bm. {dH$gZerb XoemVrb CÚmoJ Zì`mZo
ñWmnZ Pmbobo AgVmV. åhUOo Vo {dH$mgmÀ`m X¥ï>rZo ~më`mdñWoV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm nwaogo gm_Ï`© d n[an¹$Vm
gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ajUmMr JaO AgVo. {dH$gZerb XoemVrb ZdrZ CÚmoJm§Zm {dH${gV XoemVrb Mm§Jë`m
àH$mao àñWm{nV Pmboë`m CÚmoJm~amo~a ñnYm© H$aUo A{Zdm`© ~ZVo.
2) AW©ì`dñWoMm Ag_Vmob {dH$mg : AW©ì`dñWoV Ho$di VwbZmË_H$ bm^ Agboë`m CÚmoJm§Mm
{dH$mg hmoVmo. Á`m CÚmoJm§Zm VwbZmË_H$ IM© bm^ {_iV Zmhr Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio A{V[aŠV
CÚmoJ EH$m ~mOybm Va A{V_mJmg CÚmoJ Xwgè`m AW©ì`dñWoV ApñVËdmV `oVmV.
3) Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVrMm èhmg : àË`oH$ XoemOdi I{ZOVob, bmoI§S>, nmobmX BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H$
gmYZg§nËVrMm gmR>m _`m©XrV AgVmo. VgoM `m gmYZg§nËVrMr nwZ{Z{_©Vr eŠ` ZgVo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio
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Aem gmYZg§nËVrMo _wi gmaU {Z`m©VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dXoemV hmoVo. Am{U Xoembm Ë`mMm gmR>m g§nwï>mV
`oÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
4) Am{W©H$ ApñWaVm : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio EH$m XoemVrb Am{W©H$ KQ>Zm§Mo Xwgè`m XoemV
ñWbm§Va hmoVo. EH$m Am{W©H$ A[að>m§Mo BVa XoemV ñWbm§Va hmoVo. Am{U EImÚm Xoem§Zm CX^dbobr Am{W©H$ _§Xr
OJmVrb gd© amï´>m§V ngaVo.
5) {dKmVH$ nañna Adb§~Z : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio ^m¡Jmo{bH$ l_ {d^mJUr d {deofrH$aU
KS>dyZ AmUbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio amï´>mamï´>mVrb nañnamdb§~Z AdmOdr à_mUmV dmT>Vo. Xoem§Zr AË`mdí`H$
dñVygmR>r BVa amï´>mda Adb§~yZ Agy Z`o.
6) Cn^moŠË`m§Zm Anm`H$maH$ : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_Ü`o dñVyÀ`m Am`mV {Z`m©Vrda H$moUVrhr
~§YZo ZgVmV Ë`m_wio _mZdr Amamo½`mg KmVH$ dñVyÀ`m ì`mnmamg àmoËgmhZ {_iVo. M¡ZrÀ`m d Amamo½`mg
KmVH$ dñVy§À`m Am`mVrVyZ ì`mnmadJm©bm A{YH$ Z\$m {_iVmo.
7) amernVZ : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio {d{dY XoemVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm§_Ü`o ñnYm© dmT>Vo. Am{U
Ë`mMm bm^ gdm©§Zm hmoVmo Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo na§Vy àË`jmV {ZH$mon ñnY}EodOr A{Zï> ñnYm© dmT>rg bmJVo.
amernVZ hm Ë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. Ho$di naH$s` ~mOmanoR> hñVJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr Xoe {d{eï> dñVy
naXoemV àË`j CËnmXZ IMm©nojm H$_r qH$_Vrbm {dH$VmV. na§Vw Ë`mMdoir ñdXoemV _mÌ A{YH$ qH$_Vrbm
{dH$br OmVo.
8) {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Zm hm{ZH$maH$ : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVyZ CX^dUmè`m bm^mMo {dVaU {dH${gV
Am{U {dH$gZerb amï´>m§V Ý`mæ` nÜXVrZo hmoV ZgVo. H$maU {dH$gZerb amï´>o VmJ, Mhm, H$mnS>, Vob{~`m,
BË`mXrMr {Z`m©V H$aVmV. Aem dñVy§Zm àmW{_H$ dñVy åhUVmV. na§Vw `m amï´>m§Zm {dH${gV amï´>m§H$Sy>Z ^m§S>dbr
d BVa Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy§Mr Am`mV H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Mm _moR>`m à_mUmda VmoQ>m hmoVmo.
* OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm
(World Trade Organization) :
30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1947 _Ü`o 23 amï´>m§Zr (J°Q)> - ì`mnma d OH$mV {df`H$ gd©gmYmaU H$ama (General
Agreement on Trade and Tarrif - GATT) ñWmnZ Ho$bm. J°Q>À`m àË`oH$ VrZ dfm©§Zr 30 {XdgmÀ`m ~¡R>H$m
hmoV AgV, 1986 n`©V J°Q>À`m 7 \o$è`m nwU© Pmë`m 8 dr ~¡R>H$ Cé½do (X. A_o[aH$m) `oWo 1986 bm Mmby
Pmbr. Vr 1986 Vo 1992 n`©§V Mmby amhÿZhr 7 ì`m \o$arVrb H$mhr àíZm_wio gh_V Pmbr Zmhr. `mM
H$mbmdYrV 100 hþZ A{YH$ ~¡R>H$m Pmë`m `m ghm dfm©V ghm dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrVrb {ZîH$f© Am°W©a S§>Ho$b
`m§Zr _m§S>bm `mbmM S§>Ho$b àñVmd -_gwXm åhUVmV. hm àñVmd OgmÀ`m Vgm ñdrH$maUo qH$dm nwU©V: ZmH$maUo
Ago gm§{JVbo. `mVyZ 1 OmZodmar 1995 bm OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm (WTO) ApñVËdmV Ambr. Am{U
(NEP) S§>Ho$b _gyXm XmoÝhrhr doJdoJio AmhoV. gÜ`m 159 Xoe OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMo gXñ` AmhoV.
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* OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMr C{Ôï>o
(Objectives of WTO)
1.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wio Xwa H$éZ Iwbm ì`mnma àñVm{dV H$aUo.
2.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb {d^oX nÜXVtZm Amim KmbUo.
3.
gdm©{YH$ CnH«$_ amï´> H$b_mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
4.
H$amamZwgma OH$mVrMo à_mU H$_r H$éZ OH$mVrMo CƒmQ>Z H$aUo.
5.
{dH$gZerb XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg ghmæ` H$aUo.
6.
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamMm {dñVma KS>dyZ AmUUo.
7.
g^mgX amï´>mVrb ì`mnmam~m~V H$bh gmoS>{dUo
8.
H$amamV gh^mJr Pmboë`m amï´>mg ì`mnmamV ZwH$gmZ hmoV Agob Va Ë`mbm ì`mnmamVyZ ^anmB© XoUo.
* OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMo AZwHyb n[aUm_ $:
1) ì`mnmamVrb CXmarH$aU : `m g§KQ>Zo_wio OJmVrb gd© Xoem§Zr ì`mnmamV CXmarH$aUmMm _mJ©
ñdrH$mabm. `m_wio _wŠV ~mOmanoR>m ApñVËdmV Amë`m.
2) Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU : Am`mV _mbmdarb OH$mVr H$_r Ho$ë`m_wio Xoem§VJ©V CÚmoJmMr dmT> ìhm`bm
_XV Pmbr. CÚmoJàYmZ amï´>m§Zr g§doXZerb joÌm§Zm Cƒ OH$mVrnmgyZ g§ajU {Xbo. gwVrH$mnS>, dmhVyH$sMr
gmYZo, H$mVS>r, a~a, àdmgr gmYZo BË`mXrdarb OH$mVr H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z hmoVmo.
3) H¥$fr CËnmXZo : gd© Am¡Úmo{JH$ Xoem§Zr eoVr CËnmXZmdarb Mmby OH$mVrMr ~§YZo H$_r H$aÊ`mg
_mÝ`Vm {Xbr. AW©ghmæ`mVrb KQ> hr CXmarH$aUmMr n{hbr nm`ar hmo`. Ë`m_wio H$m`©j_ CËnmXH$m§Zm AW©ì`dñWoV
g§Yr {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo.
4) OH$mVoVa à{V~§Y : AË`§V Anm`H$maH$ ì`dhma EopÀN>H$ {Z`m©V {Z`§ÌUo gwì`dpñWV ~mOmamMr
_m§S>Ur d VemM Cnm``moOZm `mda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV `oB©b.
5) H$mnS> CÚmoJ : ~hþV§Ì dñÌmoÚmoJ d V`ma H$mnS>{Z{_©Vrdarb Am`mV H$moQ>m R>a{dUmar {Û-ñVar`
~mobUr ~§X Ho$br OmVrb.
6) ZdrZ joÌm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z : `m H$amam_wio àW_M godoVrb Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, ~m¡[X²YH$ Jw§VdUyH$,
_mb_ËVm A{YH$ma VgoM ì`mnmag§~§{YV Jw§VdUwH$ d Cnm` `m{df`r {Z`_ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
7) ~m¡{X²YH$ ñdm{_ËdmMo A{YH$ma : ~m¡[X²YH$ ñdm_rËdmÀ`m A{YH$mamMr g§~{§ YV ì`mnmamMm `m
H$amamV A§V^© md H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_wio noQ>Q§ >, Q´>So >_mH©$, H$m°nramBQ> `mgma»`m ~m¡[X²YH$ ñdm{_ËdmMo ajU H$aÊ`mV
Ambo.
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8) ì`mnmamg§~§{YV J§VdUwH$ Cnm` : `m X¥ï>rZo _moR>`m à_mUmda ì`mnmamda {Z`§ÌUmbm à{V~§Y
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
9) ~iH$Q> {Z`_ : H$amamV dñVy _wë` KQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©ghmæ` `mMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZo
Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌmV {Z`_ ~iH$Q> Pmbo.
10) S§>ntJ {damoYr Cnm` : S§>Ho$b àñVmdm_Ü`o S§>ntJ{damoYr H$m`©nÜXVr A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Am{U
nmaXe©H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr d ZdrZ {Z`_ gwé H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
11) Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©ghmæ` : H$amamZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©ghmæ`mÀ`m {Z`_mV _hËdmMo ~Xb H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. {Z`m©V AW©ghmæ`mbm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {edm` àg§Jr Am`mV AW©ghmæ`mbmhr à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Ë`mgmR>r CÚmoJàYmZ Xoemnojm {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r A{YH$ H$mbmdYr XoÊ`mV Ambm.
12) {dH$gZerb Xoemdarb n[aUm_ : ì`mnmamÀ`m CXmarH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUm_wio ~hþg§»` {dH$gZerb
Xoem§Zm A{YH$ bm^ Pmbm Amho. ~mOmam{^_wI dmVmdaU Agë`m_wio Xoemnojm H$m`©j_ eoVr {Z`m©VXma Xoem§Mm
CXmarH$aUm_wio A{YH$ \$m`Xm Pmbm
13) H¥$fr CÚmoJ {Z`m©V : ^maVmVrb eoVr AmYmarV CÚmoJmVrb {Z`m©V A{YH$ à_mUmV dmT>ob
Ë`m_wio Xoembm naH$s` MbZmMr àmár hmoB©b.
* OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMo à{VHy$b n[aUm_ :
1) godoVrb ì`mnmamV VmoQ>m : ~±H$s¨J, {d_m, Q>o{bH$å`w{ZHo$eZ BË`mXr godm§À`m ~m~VrV àJV
Xoem§Mr VwbZm H$aVm {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm H$_r bm^ hmoVmo. H$maU `m joÌmV àJV Xoe àJV V§ÌmMm dmna H$aVmV
d _moR>`m à_mUmdarb ~MVrMm bm^ hmoVmo.
2) ~hþV§Vw H$amamMm gmnoj bm^ : H$moQ>`mÀ`m _`m©Xo_wio {dH$gZerb XoemMo AmH$ma_mZ _`m©XrV
am{hë`mZo gmnoj bm^ H$_r {_iVmo.
3) CËnmXZ XOm©Mm AmJ«h : _mZdr hŠH$, n`m©daUmMo g§ajU, ñdñV _Oya nwadR>m, `mgma»`m
dmXmÀ`m {df`mMm {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m ì`mnmamer g§~§Y OmoS>bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Aem Xoem§À`m {Z`m©Vrda
~§YZo bmXbr OmVmV.
4) AZwXmZmMr VaVyX Anyar : `m H$amamV bhmZ eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya `m§À`mH$So> \$mago bj XoÊ`mV
Ambo Zmhr. dmñV{dH$ Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ AW©ghmæ`mMr JaO AgVo. Ago AW©ghmæ` AmXmZmÀ`m ñdénmV XoÊ`mV
`mdo. S§>Ho$b àñVmdmV VaVwXrV bd{MH$Vm Zmhr.
5) gmd©O{ZH$ dmQ>n nÜXVrH$So> Xwb©j : Jar~m§Zm {Xbmgm XoUmar nÜXV åhUyZ gmd©O{ZH$ dmQ>n
nÜXVrbm _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. na§Vw `m H$amamV Ë`mH$So> Xwb©j Pmbo Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWoVrb IaoXr
120
H$aÊ`mÀ`m d ~mOmamVrb qH$_Vrbm {dH$Ê`mÀ`m VaVwXrH$So> Xwb©j Pmbo Amho. gÜ`m ~mOmamVrb dmT>Ë`m
qH$_VtMm Jar~m§À`m amhUr IMm©da A{Zï> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. S§>Ho$b àñVmdmV Jar~m§Zm AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m
H$aVmZm nmofU C{Ôï>mer g§~§{YV H$gmoQ>rMr ñnï> ì`m»`m AmT>iV Zmhr. ^maVmgma»`m XoemV AZoH$m§Mr ^yH$ hr
~hþVm§er bmoH$m§Mr gËda g§~§{YV ~m~ åhUyZ bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo.
6) OrdrVm§Mm noQ>§Q> A`mo½` : gd© OrdrV àH$mam{df`r dZñnVr d gwú_ O¡{dH$ `m§Mm g_mdoe
g§~§{YV hŠH$mMr VaVyX A`mo½` dmQ>Vo. Vo g§emoYZ dmQ>V Zmhr Va Vr Z¡g{J©H$ XoUJr AgVo Vmo emoY Zìho Va
emoYmà_mUo Ë`mMr `mo½` Aer ì`m»`m H$aVm `oV Zmhr. {edm` noQ>§Q> H$m`ÚmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~gob Ago Ë`mMo
dV©Zhr H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m {ZnOÊ`mMr nÜXV AgV Zmhr. Aem pñWVrV Ë`mg§~§YrV _ŠVoXmarMm hŠH$
H$gm XoVm `oB©b. `m à{H«$`oV WmoS>m\$ma ~Xb Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm ZdrZ åhUVm `oB©b. CXmhaUmW©, hiXrMo noQ>§Q>
{_{g{gnr _oS>rH$b g|Q>abm {_imbo hmoVo nU hiXrMm JwUY_© ^maVr`m§Zm nwdr©nmgyZ _mhrVr hmoVm ho ^maVr`
{dkmZ d g§emoYZ n[afXoZo nwamì`mgh {gÜX Ho$ë`mZo A_oarHo$Mo noQ>§Q> aÔ Pmbo. ^{dî`mV Aem g_ñ`m~m~V
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmag§KQ>ZoZo Cnm` emoYbo nm{hOoV.
7) Ag_mZ ñnYm© : _moR>r ñnYm© eŠVr Agboë`m {dH${gV Xoem§er {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm ñnYm© H$amdr
bmJVo. Iwë`m ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wio Xwa H$aÊ`mÀ`m g~~r Imbrb eoVrbm AmYma XoÊ`mMr nÜXVr _moS>rV
H$mT>br OmVo. na§Vw ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§À`m H$ma^mamda H$moUVohr {Z`§ÌU ZgVo. VgoM àJV amï´>mH$So> O¡{dH$ noQ>§Q>
{df`H$ gm_Ï`©erb eŠVr AgVo. Ë`mÀ`mer ñnYm© H$aUo {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.
8) Am§Vaamï´>r` X~md JQ> : `m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$amamV amï´>r` {ZU©` KoÊ`mÀ`m Hw$dVrda hþHw$_V
JmO{dÊ`mgmR>r Iyn OmJm Amho. CXmhaUmW©, ~m¡ÜXrH$ g§nXm hŠH$mMm g§nwU© dU©nQ> amï´>r` hþHw$_VrImbyZ CMbyZ
Vmo H$R>moa Am§Vaamï´>r` {eñVrImbrb {df` ~ZdÊ`mV Ambm Amho. VgoM godm ì`mnmamMr ì`m»`m _wŠV nÜXVrZo
H$éZ Vmo godoVrb ì`mnmamdarb gd©gmYmaU H$ama H$joV AmUÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mà_mUo amï´>r` Jw§VdUyH$
Am§Vaamï´>r` {eñVrMm {df` ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Aem VaVwXt_wio {dH$gZerb Xoem§Mo AhrV hmoVo.
9) ~hþ_VmMm AZmdí`H$ AmJ«h : J°Q> A§VJ©V H$Yr _V^oX Pmë`mg gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo V§Q>`mMm
{ZdmS>m Ho$bm OmB©. àË`oH$ Xoembm g_mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmV Ago na§Vw OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoZo ho ñdén Zï>
Ho$bo. Ë`mEodOr 3%~hÿ_VmÀ`m {eñVrMm VmoS>Jm H$mT>bm. dada nmhVm `mV A`mo½` H$mhr Zmhr Ago dmQ>Vo.
na§Vw àË`jmV àJV Xoem§À`m gm_Ï`©dmZ Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrZo d gm¡XmeŠVrZo AZoH$ bhmZ {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm
~hÿ_VmgmR>r ^mJ nmS>Ê`mg d X~md AmUÊ`mg H$R>rU OmVo.
10) _§{Ì_§S>i nmVirdarb AZmdí`H$ H$mbmdYr : J°Q> `§ÌUoV _§{Ì_§S>i nmVirdarb ~¡R>H$sV
\$magm H$mbmdYr OmV Zgo. Ë`m_wio àJV Xoem§Zm bharà_mUo Amnbo A{YH$ma joÌmV ~Xb H$aVm `oV Zgo. na§Vw
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$amamZwgma _§{Ì_§S>i n[afX {H$_mZ XmoZ dfm©VyZ EH$Xm KoÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho.
Ë`m_wio àJV Xoembm Amnë`m BÀN>oà_mUo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg g§Yr {_iVo. Ë`m_wio hr g§KQ>Zm XoemÀ`m
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gmd©^m¡_Ëdmda H$m`XoeranUo AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
* OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMo {d{dY H$ama
(Agreement)
1) eoVr g§~§Yr H$ama (Agreement on Agriculture) : `m H$amamÝd`o OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m
ñWmnZoÀ`m ghm dfm©Z§Va {dH${gV Xoem§Zr gamgar 36% Am{U {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zr 10 dfm©_Ü`o gamgar 24%
Am`mVewëH$m_Ü`o H$nmV H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. H$nmVrgmR>r 1986-88 ho nm`m^yV df©
_mZÊ`mV Ambo. darbà_mUo Am`mVewëH$mMo à_mU R>adV AgVmZmM Am`mV H$moQ>m Xoem§VJ©V {Xbr OmUmar
AZwXmZo, {Z`m©V AZwXmZo aÔ H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMr VaVyX eoVr{df`H$ H$amamV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m AË`ën
{dH${gV XoemV ì`dhmaVmobmÀ`m Ag_VmobmMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`mg `m gdbVrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmB©b `m
VaVwXr_wio eoV_mbmÀ`m ì`mnmamV {dñVma KSy>Z `oB©b.
A) Xoem§VJ©V AW©gmhmæ`mV KQ> (Domestic Subsidy) : {dH$gZerb XoemVrb eoV_mbmda EHy
U AW©gmhmæ` XoVmZm eoV_mb qH$_VrÀ`m 10% qH$_Vrnojm A{YH$ Agy Z`o. Ë`mgmR>r XoemVrb AmYma
qH$_Vr {dMmamV KoVë`m nm{hOoV. ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z gÜ`m AmYmaqH$_VrÀ`m 5.2% AW©gmhmæ` {Xbo OmVo.
Aën CËnÝZ JQ>mVrb ì`ŠVr Am{U Jar~ eoVH$ar `m§Zm `m AW©gmhmæ`mV {dMmamV KoVbo OmD$ Z`o. 2.5%
hoŠQ>anojm H$_r eoVr AgUmè`m§Mm `m Jar~m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
~) {Z`m©V AZwXmZmV KQ>> : {dH$gZerb XoemH$Sy>Z {Z`m©Vrbm Oo àË`j AW©gmhmæ` {Xbo OmVo Ë`mV
`oË`m ghm dfm©V _moR>r H$nmV Ho$br nm{hOo. A§XmOnÌH$s` IMm©À`m 36% d g§»`mË_H$ X¥ï>`m 24% Agmdr.
{dH$gZerb XoemZo 10 dfm©V 24 % d 14% n`©§V Ho$br OmB©b.
H$) gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWm : gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWoÀ`m ImÚmÝZmda Oo AW©gmhmæ` Ho$bo
OmVo Vo nmofU C{Ôï>mZoM Ho$bo Omdo. emgZmZo AÝZYmÝ`mMo gmR>o {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r YmÝ` ~mOmamVyZ Vo Mmby
qH$_Vrbm {dH$V ¿`mdo Ë`mMr àË`j {dH«$s ~mOma qH$_Vrnojm H$_r qH$_Vrbm Ho$br OmD$ Z`o. Vr XoemVrb
JmoaJar~m§ZmM gdbVrÀ`m XamV YmÝ` CnbãY H$éZ XoÊ`mV `mdo.
S>) ~r-{~`mUo Am{U gwú_Ord `mgmR>r {deof hŠH$ ; noQ>§Q> EH$m{YH$ma : `m àñVmdmZwgma
dZñnVrÀ`m ~r-{~`mUo noQ>§Q>Mm A{YH$ma g§emoYZ H$m`m©V 20 df©o amhrb.
2) Jw§VdUyH$ g§~§{YV H$ama (TRIMS) : {dXoer Jw§VdUyH$sda bmXbo OmUmao {Z~©§Y d {Xbr OmUmar
XwOm^mdr dmJUyH$ Xwa hmoD$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` Jw§VdUyH$sMm àdmh Iwbm hmoÊ`mgmR>r åhUOoM {dXoer Jw§VdUyH$sbm Xoer
dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Jw§VdUwH$sg§~§YrMo H$ama H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$sda nwT>rb nmM
~§YZmZo (TRIMS) Zwgma bmXVm `oUma ZmhrV.
A) ñWm{ZH$ _mbmMr AQ> : {dXoer Jw§VdUyH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Omo _mb CËnm{XV Ho$bm OmB©b Ë`m_Ü`o
ñWm{ZH$ H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm {d{eï> _`m©Xon`©§V dmna H$aUo.
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~) Am`mV _mbmdarb {Z~©§Y : {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$ H$aUmè`m H§$nÝ`m§H$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m `m
{Z`m©VrÀ`m à_mUmV Am`mVrg nadmZJr XoUo.
H$) ì`mnma g§VwbZ AQ> : {Z`m©V hmoUmè`m CËnmXZmÀ`m {d{eï> à_mUmn`©§V Am`mVrg nadmZJr XoUo.
S>) {d{Z_` _`m©Xm : {dXoer Jw§VdUyH$ AgUmè`m CÚmoJmVyZ àmá hmoUmè`m {dXoer MbZmÀ`m {d{eï>
à_mUmV Ë`m CÚmoJmg {dXoer MbZ dmnaÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoUo.
B) ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMr AQ> : {dXoer Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUmè`m H§$nZrg {VÀ`m
CËnmXZmMm {d{eï> ^mJ ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$s H$aÊ`mMr gŠVr H$aUo.
`m H$amam_wio {dXoer H§$nÝ`m H$moUË`mhr ~§YZm{dZm Am{U CËVaXm{`Ëdm{dZm Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
àmá hmoUma Amho. OnmZ Am{U nwd©Am{e`m amï´>m§H$Sy>Z {Z_m©U Pmboë`m ñnY}bm Vm|S>XoÊ`mgmR>r 1980 _Ü`oM
A_o[aHo$Zo (TRIMS) >Mmdmna Ho$bobm hmoVm. J°Q> H$amamÀ`m MM}À`m AmR>ì`m \o$arV (Cé½do) A_o[aHo$Zo (TRIMS)
Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm. Ë`mVrb VaVwXr_wio Xoembm nwaH$ CÚmoJm§Zm CËVoOZ, naH$s` MbZmMr àmár, {Z`m©V dmT>,
ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ `mn¡H$s H$mhrhr bm^ {_iUma ZmhrV.CbQ> `oWo H$_dbobm Z\$m, ì`mO, am°`ëQ>r BË`mXr {dXoemV
H$moUË`mhr AmS>H$mR>r{edm` ZoVm `oD$ eHo$b. Iwë`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va ^maVmZo XoemV
{dXoer Jw§VdUyH$ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU Am{U naH$s` MbZ {Z`§ÌU H$m`ÚmV A_wbmJ« ~Xb Ho$bobm
Amho. naH$s` MbZ {Z`§ÌU H$m`ÚmÀ`m OmJr naH$s` MbZ ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm AmUbm Jobm Amho. EImÚm
{d{eï> joÌmV {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$sbm nadmZJr {Xë`mda {VMm à{VHyb n[aUm_m§Zm amoIZo (TRIMS) VaVyXr_wio
AmVm eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. {deof Vkm§À`m _Vo Ë`m_wio XoemMo Am{W©H$ gmd©^m¡_Ëd YmoŠ`mV `oUma Amho.OmJ{VH$
ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m (TRIMS) gXñ` amï´> `m `moOZo_wio OJmVrb Jw§VdUwH$Xmam§Zm H$moUË`mhr XoemV H$moUË`mhr
joÌmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY hmoB©b. EdT>oM Zìho Va ñdXoer g§ñWm Am{U naH$s` g§ñWm Agm
H$moUVmhr ^oX H$aV ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mo {Z`_ Am{U YmoaUo gdm©§Zm gmaIr AgVmV.
3) H$mnS> d H$nSo>{df`H$ H$ama (Agreement on Textile and Clothings) :
`m H$amamZwgma 1 OmZodmar 2005 n`©§V H$mnS>darb Am`mVewëH$ Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdo bmJob.
1974 nmgyZ ApËgËdmV Ambobm M. F. A. Zwgma darb VaVwXr bmJw Agob. gwVrH$mnS> Am{U V`ma H$mnS>
`m§À`m {Z`m©Vr~m~VMr VaVyX S§>Ho$b àñVmdmV àW_M g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ømZwgma ~hÿ{dYr gwVr ì`mnmamMo
H$ama H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. AënH$mbrZ d {XK©H$mbrZ ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Var gwVr ì`mnma H$ama
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {dH$gZerb XoemV `m CÚmoJmda A{Zð> n[aUm_ hmoD$ bmJë`mg {~Ja OH$mV Cnm`mMr
A§_b~OmdUr H$amd`mMr Amho. `m_Yrb H$mnS> CÚmoJ {dH${gV hmoB©b Aer Anojm Amho. S§>Ho$b àñVmdmZwgma
gXñ` Xoem§Zr Amnë`m ~mOmamV BVa XoemVrb H$mnS> d dñÌm§À`m Am`mVrda H$moUVohr {Z~©§Y bmXbo AmhoV ho
hm àñVmd bmJw Pmë`mnmgyZ 60 {XdgmÀ`m AmV BVa gXñ` amï´>m§Zm H$idm`Mo Amho.
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4) ~m¡ÜXrH$ g§nXm A{YH$ma (Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property
Rights-TRIPS)
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m dmXJ«ñV H$amamn¡H$s hm EH$ AË`§V _hËdmMm H$ama Amho. ~m¡ÜXrH$ g§nXm
A{YH$ma TRIPS H$amamZwgma Am¡Úmo{JH$ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmVrb H$moUË`mhr dñVy{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m `mda noQ>§Q>
XoÊ`mV `oB©b `mbm TRIPS H$amam_Ü`o eoVr, CÚmoJ, d O¡dV§ÌkmZ joÌmMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
{dH${gV XoemZo ñdV:Moo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r J°Q>À`m MM}À`m Cé½do \o$arV ~m¡ÜXrH$ g§nXm A{YH$ma
H$amamMm g_mdoe Ho$bm. Ë`mAmYr ~m¡ÜXrH$ g§nXm {df`H$ ~m~rMo {Z`_Z 1883 À`m n°arg g§_VrZwgma hmoV
hmoVo. 1967 _Ü`o Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. n°arg g§_VrZwgma dñVw{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$`oda noQ>§Q> {Xbo
OmB©. ^maVmVrb 1970 Mm noQ>§Q> H$m`Xm g_Vmob Agm g_Obm OmVmo. Ë`mZwgma XoIrb dñVw{Z{_©VrÀ`m
à{H«$`oda noQ>§Q> {Xbo OmV Ago. ^maVr` noQ>§Q> H$m`ÚmZo H¥$fr, Am¡fYo, O¡{dH$ g§gmYZo, AÝZnXmW© VgoM
amgm`{ZH$ à{H«$`m§Zr V`ma hmoUmè`m dñVy§Zm noQ>§Q> Z XoVm "à{H«$`m noQ>§Q>' XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$bobr hmoVr. na§Vw {Q´>ßg
H$amamÝd`o dñVy, dZñnVr, O¡{dH$ g§gmYZo, Am¡fYo, {~`mUo, agm`Zo AmXr gdm©§Zm "dñVy noQ>§Q>' XoUo ~§YZH$maH$
Ho$bo. ^maVmZo Amnë`m noQ>§Q> H$m`ÚmV 2005 _Ü`o ~Xb H$éZ "dñVy noQ>§Q>' XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$br. 1 OmZodmar
2005 nmgyZ WTO g^mgX Xoem§Zm TRIPS H$ama bmJy Pmbm Amho.
TRIPS
H$amamVrb "dñVw noQ>§Q>' nÜXVr_wio EH$Xm Ë`m dñVyMo noQ>§Q> {Xë`mZ§Va g§emoYZ H$éZ Vr dñVy
Xwgè`m nÜXVrZo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm _mJ©M ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {d{dY _mJm©§Zr kmZ{Z{_©VrMm Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma
{dH${gV Xoem§À`m g§Hw${MV ñdmWm©_wio {hamdyZ KoÊ`mV Ambm. {dH${gV Xoe Am{U ZdCXma_VdmXr AW©doËVo Á`m
ñnYm© VËdmMm AmJ«h YaVmV, TRIPS H$ama hm Ë`mÀ`mXoIrb {damoYr Amho. "à{H«$`m noQ>§Q>' nÜXVr_wio AZoH$
CËnmXH$ EH$M dñVy doJdoJi`m nÜXVrZo V`ma H$éZ ~mOmamV {dH«$sgmR>r AmUV. Aem CËnmXH$m§_Ü`o ñnYm©
amhVo Am{U Cn^moŠË`m§Zmhr dñVw{ZdS>rMr g§Yr {_iV Ago. (H$maU à{H«$`m noQ>§Q> nÜXVr_wio EH$ dñVy {d{dY
à{H«$`m dmnéZ {Z_m©U Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`mbm doJdoJi`m à{H«$`m dmnéZ V`ma EH$M dñVy na§Vy
{d{dY énmV CnbãY hmoV Agë`mZo {ZdS>rÀ`m A{YH$ g§Yr amhVmV. CbQ>njr, dñVy noQ>§Q> {_imboë`m
dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmMm BVa CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm A{YH$ma ZmH$maë`mZo noQ>§Q>YmaH$m§Mr dñVy IaoXr H$aUo Cn^moŠË`m§Zm
~§YZH$maH$ R>aVo. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§Zm dñVy {ZdS>rÀ`m g§YrnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo bmJVo) Ë`m_wio dñVyÀ`m q§H§$_Vrhr
`mo½` Am{U ñnYm©Ë_H$ nmVirda amhVmV. dñVynoQ>§Q> A{YH$mam_wio EH$mM CËnmXH$mbm Vr dñVy CËnmXrV
H$aÊ`mMm d {dVaUmMm A{YH$ma {_imbm Am{U Ë`m dñVyda Ë`mMr _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U hmoB©b n[aUm_r ^m§S>dbr
AW©emñÌmÀ`m ñnYm©VËdmg haVmi \$mgbm OmVmo.
TRIPS
H$m`ÚmMm gdm©{YH$ ^rfU n[aUm_ Am¡fYo Am{U eoVrjoÌmda hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho.
nwdr© EH$mM AmOmadaMr AZoH$ Am¡fYo ~mOmamV CnbãY Agm`Mr. TRIPS H$m`ÚmÝd`o AmVm EH$m CËnmXH$mH$So>
Ë`m {d{eï> AmOmamÀ`m Am¡fYmMo CËnmXZ d {dVaU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amhrb. AmO 70% nojm A{YH$
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AmOmam§Mr Am¡fYo noQ>Q§ > H$éZ KoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV Aem Am¡fYm§Mo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r noQ>Q§ >YmaH$ Am¡fY{Z_m©Ë`mbm
àM§S> aŠH$_ Úmdr bmJob. Ë`mVyZ Am¡fYm§À`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o AZoH$ nQ>tZr dmT> KSy>Z `oB©b. Ë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ`
bmoH$m§Zm Am¡fYm§À`m A^mdr CnMmam§Zm _wH$mdo bmJob. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb Am{U A{dH${gV Xoem§da
`mMm \$maM J§^ra n[aUm_ KSy>Z `oUma Amho. Aem Xoem§_Ü`o bmoH$g§»`oMr ~hþbVm AgVo. Ë`mVrb ~arM _moR>r
bmoH$g§»`m Xm[aX«`aofoIrb d H$_r CËnÝZ JQ>mV _moS>Vo. Aem bmoH$g§»`obm dmT>rd qH$_VrMr Am¡fYo nadSy>
eH$V ZmhrV. dñVwV: ^maVmMm {dMma H$aVm TRIPS H$m`Xm bmJy hmoÊ`mÀ`m AmYr `oWo Am¡fY{Z{_©Vr CÚmoJ
doJmZo àJVr H$aV hmoVm. 1996-97 _Ü`o `m CÚmoJmZo 2,386 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo {dXoer MbZhr ^maVmbm {_idyZ
{Xbobo hmoVo. TRIPS H$m`Úm_wio EH$m ~mOybm ^maVmgma»`m XoemVrb Am¡fY{Z{_©Vr CÚmoJ g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bm
Amho; Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm \$ma _moR>`m bmoH$g§»`obm Am¡fYm§À`m gwajonmgyZ d§{MV hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm
Amho.
* _wŠV ì`mnma
(Free Trade)
""Á`m ì`mnmamÀ`m YmoaUmV Xoer d naH$s` _mbmV H$gbmhr ^oX^md Z _mZVm naH$s` _mbmÀ`m Am`mVrda
{Z~©§Y bmXbo OmV ZmhrV. VgoM Xoer _mbmÀ`m {Z`m©Vrbm H$gbohr àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmV Zmhr `mg _wŠV ì`mnma
åhUVmV.''
H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m à{V~§Ym§Zm {Z`§ÌUmbm VgoM àmoËgmhZm§Zm _wirM ñWmZ Zmhr. _mÌ ì`mdhm[aH$
X¥ï>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg `mMr à^mdrnUo A§_b~mOmdUr H$aÊ`mV AZoH$ AS>Wio `oVmV. {deofV: Am`mV{Z`m©Vrda H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo H$a ~g{dbo ZmhrV Va gaH$maÀ`m CËnÝZmV ^a nS>Uma Zmhr. åhUyZ gaH$maZo
CËnÝZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVrb Ago H$mhr H$a AmH$maÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. H$maU amï´>mMo g§ajU ho
g_¥ÜXrnojm A{YH$ _hËdmMo Amho. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV CËnÝZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mabm AË`ën à_mUmV
g§§ajH$ H$a AmH$maÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. amï´>mMo g§ajU ho gdm©{YH$ _hËdmMo Agë`mZo _wŠV ì`mnma amï´>r`
g§ajUmÀ`m X¥ï>rZo KmVH$ Agob Va Ë`mda {Z~©§Y KmVbo nm{hOoV.
* _wŠV ì`mnmamMo g_W©Z $:
1) amOH$s` d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m : Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌmV dñVy§À`m XodKodrda {Z~©§Y ZgUo hr EH$
ñdm^m{dH$ d Z¡g{J©H$ ~m~ Amho. amOH$s` d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m øm _mZd{Z{_©V AgVmV. amOH$s` YmoaUm§_wio d
`wÜXm_wio ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m ~Xby eH$VmV. `mMm AW© XoemÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d amOH$s` gr_m øm H¥${Ì_ R>aVmV.
Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$éZ XmoZ Xoem§Vrb dñVy§À`m XodKodrda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo ho AZ¡g{J©H$ R>aob d Ë`mMo g_W©Z H$aVm
`oUma Zmhr.
2) bm^Xm`H$ : _wŠVì`mnmamMo VËd Adb§{~bo Va XoemVrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«r ^m§S>db Am{U
_Zwî`~i `m§Mo VwbZmË_H$ IMm©À`m {gÜXm§Vmer gwg§JV Aem àH$maMo dmQ>n KSy>Z `oVo. {Za{Zami`m Xoem§Vrb
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n[apñWVr {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmg AZwHyb AgVo. Ë`m_wio XoemV Á`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ gmnojoZo
H$_r IMm©V qH$dm A{YH$ bm^Xm`H$ [aVrZo H$aVm `oVo. Aem dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmV {deofrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo Am{U
Á`m dñVy XoemV CËnmXZ H$aUo BVa Xoem§À`m VybZoV A{YH$ IMm©Mo AgVo qH$dm H$_r {H$\$m`Vera AgVo Aem
dñVy§Mr Am`mV Ho$br OmVo. Aem[aVrZo dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V d Am`mV _wŠVnUo Pmë`mg XmoZhr Xoem§Mm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.
XoemV Iwë`m ì`mnmamMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabobo Agob Va XoemV CËnmXZ Z hmoUmè`m dñVy§Mr naXoemVyZ {H$\$m`VeranUo
Am`mV H$éZ XoemVrb J«mhH$m§Zm Ë`m `mo½` qH$_Vrbm CnbãY H$éZ XoVm `oVmV.
3) {deofrH$aU : H$mhr Xoem§V {d{eï> dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m Z¡g{J©H$ XoU½`m
bm^boë`m AgVmV. Ë`m {d{eï> dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr {dnwbVm AgVo. gmh{OH$M, Ë`m
dñVyMm CËnmXZ IM© g§~§{YV XoemV H$_r `oVmo. {edm` VoWrb gmYZgm_J«rMm _hËV_ d H$m`©j_ dmna Pmë`mZo
XO}Xma dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$_r IMm©V hmoVo. gmh{OH$M, Vr dñVy BVa amï´>m§Zmhr H$_r {H$§_VrV CnbãY hmoVo.
T>mŠ`mMr _b_b, MoÝZB©Mo H$mnS>, nmoVw©JmbMr X«mjmnmgyZ ~Z{dbobr Xmé qH$dm ^maVmVrb Á`yQ>À`m dñVy XoemV
_moR>`m à_mUmda `oD$Z _moR>`m à_mUmdarb CËnmXZmMo d gyú_ l_{d^mJUrMo bm^ g§~§{YV Xoembm {_iVrb.
{d{dY Xoem§Vrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVrMm CXm. H$ƒm _mb, hdm_mZ, Hw$eb l{_H$ BË`mXtMm nwaonya dmna hmoD$Z
XoemoXoer CËnmXZmMo {deofrH$aU hmoD$Z Ë`mMo bm^ ì`mnmamV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m Xoem§Zm {_iVrb. åhUyZ Iwë`m
ì`mnmamMo YmoaU OJmÀ`m X¥ï>rZo {hVH$maH$ R>aVo.
4) ñnYm©eŠVr : _wŠV ì`mnmamMm gd©M Xoem§Zr ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Va XoemV CËnmXZ hmoUmè`m dñVyMr
H$moUË`mhr XoemV {dH«$s hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio g§~§{YV dñVyMr ~mOmanoR> {dñVmaVo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV
gh^mJr hmoUmè`m amï´>mVrb CËnmXZ V§ÌmV gwYmaUm KSy>Z `oVo. Am§Vaamï´>r` ñnYm© dmT>ë`mZo l{_H$m§À`m
H$m`©j_VoV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo. J«mhH$m§À`m {ZdS>rbm ^anya dmd Agë`mZo àË`oH$ J«mhH$ loð> XOm©À`m d qH$_V
H$_r Agboë`m dñVyMr IaoXr H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZmMm XOm© C§MmdVmo. CbQ>, Á`m CÚmoJmMm CËnmXZ
IM© VwbZoZo OmñV Amho d CËnmXZmMm XOm© Ag_mYmZH$maH$ Amho Ago CÚmoJ ~§X nS>VmV. WmoS>Š`mV
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñnYm© dmT>ë`mg CËnmXZmMm XOm© C§MmdVmo d CËnmXZ IM© H$_r `oV Agë`mZo J«mhH$m§Zm H$_r
{H$§_Vrbm dñVy§Mm Cn^moJ KoVm `oVmo.
5) amï´>r` CËnÝZ : _wŠV ì`mnmamÀ`m pñWVrV àË`oH$ Xoe Amnë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§Mm
n`m©á[aVrZo Cn`moJ H$é eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio dñVwén CËnmXZ dmT>Vo. H$moUË`mhr {Z~ªYm{edm` dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V hmoV
Agë`mZo amï´>r` CËnÝZmV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
6) EH$m{YH$maemhrbm Amim : _wŠV ì`mnmam_wio ì`mnma dJm©Vrb ñnYm© dmT>V.o Ë`m_wio EH$m{YH$maemhr
amoIbr OmVo. dñVy§À`m {H$_Vr à_mUmnojm OmñV R>odyZ AWdm H$_r XOm©À`m dñVy§Mr {dH«$s H$éZ J«mhH$m§Mo emofU
H$aVm `oV Zmhr. _wŠV Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_wio ì`mnmamVrb A{Zï> àWm§Zm nm`~§X ~gyZ _ŠVoXmar {Z`§{ÌV hmoVo.
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7) CËnmXZmV dmT> : gd©M Xoem§Zr _wŠV ì`mnma Adb§~ Ho$ë`m_wio àË`oH$ XoemÀ`m CËnmXZmbm
OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> CnbãY hmoVo. Cƒ XOm©À`m d H$_r IMm©V CËnmXZ hmoUmè`m dñVy§Mo àË`oH$ Xoe _moR>`m
à_mUmda CËnmXZ H$aVmo. Ë`m dñVy§Zm OmJ{VH$ _mJUr dmT>Vo Am{U _mJUr dmT>ë`m_wio àË`oH$ XoemVrb
CËnmXZmV _moR>r dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
8) ~mOmanoR>m§V dmT> : gd©M Xoem§Zr _wŠVì`mnmamMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`m_wio EH$m XoemV CËnmXZ hmoUmè`m
dñVy gd©M XoemV {dH$ë`m OmVmV. gmh{OH$M, amOH$maUm_wio AWdm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m§_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m
q^Vr/AS>Wio Xya hmoVmV. àË`oH$ dñVy OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr ~mOmamV {dH$br OmV Agë`m_wio àË`oH$ dñVybm
OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> àmá hmoVo. J«mhH$m§Zm hì`m Ë`m dñVy IaoXr H$aVm `oVmV. Ë`m_wio Ogm CËnmXH$m§Zm amñV
\$m`Xm {_iVmo. VgoM J«mhH$m§Zmhr _hËV_ g_mYmZ {_i{dUo eŠ` hmoVo.
9) CËnmXZ V§Ì : Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌmV Vrd« ñnYm© Agë`mZo CÚmoJnVtZm d ì`mnmè`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m
XOm©À`m dñVy H$_r {H$§_Vrbm {dH$mì`m bmJVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z CËnmXZ V§ÌmV gVV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ hmoVmo.
10) VwbZmË_H$ IM© {gÜXm§VmMm dmna: _wŠV ì`mnma hm VwbZmË_H$ IM© {gÜXm§VmMm Z¡g{J©H$
Cn{gÜXm§V Amho. `m {gÜXm§VmZwgma àË`oH$ Xoe naamï´>mVyZ AgmM _mb Am`mV H$aVmo H$s, Omo Ë`m XoemV H$_r IMm©V
CËnmXZ hmoVmo.
11) CËnmXZ KQ>H$ : CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm {_iUmè`m _mo~Xë`m§Mm {dMma H$aVm Iwë`m ì`mnmamMo YmoaU
ñdmJVmh© R>aVo. `m YmoaUmZwgma àË`oH$ CËnmXZ KQ>H$ Zoh_r {H$\$m`Vera CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mgmR>r dmnabm OmVmo.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Agm _hËV_ _mo~Xbm {_iUo eŠ` hmoVo. `mMm AW© `m YmoaUmV ì`mOmMo Xa, _OwarMo Xa,
I§S> ho Ë`m Ë`m KQ>H$m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoZwgma R>aV AgVmV. KQ>H$ ~mOmamV nwU© ñnYm© {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo
EImÚm KQ>H$mbm Ë`mÀ`m dmOdr _mo~Xë`mnojm H$_r _mo~Xbm {_imbm Va Vmo KQ>H$ Ë`m ì`dgm`mVyZ ~mhoa
nSo>b d gd©Ì CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm amñV _mo~Xbo {_iyZ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo {d{dY Cn`moJmV `wŠV dmQ>n KSy>Z `oVo.
12) g§Vmofm{YŠ`mV dmT> : _wŠV ì`mnmam_wio XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m hmVMr dñVy OmD$ Z`o åhUyZ {Vbm
Or OmñVrVOmñV qH$_V XoÊ`mg V`ma AgVmV. Ë`mnojm àË`jmV Vr dñVy Ë`m§Zm H$_r {H$_VrV CnbãY hmoVo.
Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`m§À`m EHy U g§Vmofm{YŠ`mV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo. àË`oH$ Cn^moŠË`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m AmdS>rZygma dñVy§Mr
{ZdS> H$aVm `oVo. Cn^moŠË`m§Zm loð> XOm©À`m dñVy _m\$H$ {H$_VrV {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m EHy U g_mYmZmV
_moR>r dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
* _wŠV ì`mnmamÀ`m {damoYr _wÔo :
1) Xoe{hVmbm KmVH$ : OJmVrb amï´>mZ§ r _wŠV ì`mnmamMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Va àJV XoemVrb CÚmoJm§_Yrb
CËnmXZ Pmboë`m dñVy BVa gd© Xoem§_Ü`o {dH«$sgmR>r `oVrb. {dH$gZerb XoemV CËnmXZ Pmboë`m dñVy àJV
127
XoemVrb ñdñV, AmH$f©H$ ñnY}V {Q>HyZ amhUma ZmhrV. Ë`m_who XoemVrb CÚmoJ ~§X nS>VmV, ~oH$mar dmT>Vo,
AW©ì`dñWm {dñH$irV hmoVo. Jar~, {dH${gV amï´>mbm Iwbm ì`mnma _maH$ R>aVmo.
2) _wŠV ì`mnmamMr J¥{hVo : _wŠVì`mnma nmgyZ {_iUmao \$m`Xo ho AZoH$ J¥hrVm§da AmYmabobo
AmhoV. XoemVrb CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr nyU© J{VerbVm, ~mOmanoR>oVrb nyU© ñnYm©, qH$_V `§ÌUoMo ApñVËd
BË`mXr hr J¥hrVo àË`jmV AmT>iV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio `m J¥hrVmda AmYmabobo Iwë`m ì`mnmamMo bm^ àË`jmV
{_iV ZmhrV.
3) VwbZmË_H$ IM© {gÜXm§V Aì`dhm`© : _wŠVì`mnmamMo VËd ho VwbZmË_H$ IM© {gÜXm§Vmda
AmYmabobo Amho. Ë`mZwgma àË`oH$ Xoe H$mhr R>am{dH$ dñVy§À`m ~m~VrVM {deofrH$aU H$aVmV. na§Vw Ë`m_wio BVa
CËnmXZmH$So> Xwb©j H$aVmV. eoVràYmZ Xoe eoVrÀ`m {deofrH$aUmH$So> bj XoVmV Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m
~m~VrV Vo _mJo nS>VmV.
4) Ag§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr g_ñ`m : {Za{Zami`m Xoem§Zr _wŠVì`mnmamMm A§JrH$ma H$éZ
Ë`mMr àm_m{UH$nUo A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br Va ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {deofrH$aU KSy>Z `oB©b. Ë`m_wio XoemV H$mhr {d{eï>
CÚmoJm§MrM dmT> hmoB©b. `m_YwZ Ag§Vw{bV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo. g_Om, EImÚm XoemMr
AW©ì`dñWm EH$-XmoZ CÚmoJm§daM Adb§~yZ Agob Am{U Ë`m CÚmoJm§V Am{W©H$ _§XrMo g§H$Q> Ambo Va Ë`m
XoemMr g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWm YmoŠ`mV `oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
5) naH$s` Xoem§da Adb§~yZ : XoemZo VoWrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVrMm Cn`moJ H$éZ H$_rVH$_r
IMm©V dñVy CËnmXZ H$éZ Vr BVa Xoem§Zm H$_r {H$§_VrV CnbãY H$éZ Úmdr ho _wŠV ì`mnmaZrVrMo _yi VËd
hmo`. na§Vy Omon`©§V XmoZ Xoem§Mo amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ g§~§Y {R>H$ AmhoV Vmon`©§V ho YmoaU XmoÝhr Xoem§Zm bm^Xm`H$
R>aob. na§Vw amOH$s` g§~§Y {~KS>ë`mg BVa Xoem§VyZ dñVy§Mr Am`mV ~§X hmoB©b Am{U Iyë`m ì`mnmamMo YmoaU
amï´>r` gÝ_mZmbm _maH$ R>aob.
6) Amamo½`mbm hm{ZH$maH$ : {Zh©ñVjon ZrVr J¥hrV Yabr Amho. åhUOo gaH$ma Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrda
H$moUVrhr ~§YZo KmbrV Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`m_wio KmVH$ Am{U A{Zï> dñVy§À`m ì`mnmamg àmoËgmhZ {_iVo. Amdí`H$
dñVy§EodOr Xmé, A\w, Jm§Om, ~«mD$Z ewJa BË`mXr Amamo½`KmVH$ dñVy§À`m Am`mVr_Ü`o ì`mnmar dJm©bm A{YH$
Z\$m {_iV AgVmo. gmh{OH$M, _mXH$ dñVy§Mr A{Z~©§YnUo Am`mV dmT>ë`mZo bmoH$m§Mm Aem dñVy§Mm Cn^moJ
dmT>Vmo. bmoH$ ì`gZmYrZ hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo.
7) Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVrMm J¡aCn`moJ: EImÚm XoemV bmoI§S>, nmobmX, H$moigm, I{ZO Vob
`mgma»`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$éZ XrK©H$min`©§V Ë`m§Mr {Z`m©V Ho$ë`mg Ë`m XoemVrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVr H$mhr
H$mimZ§Va g§nwï>mV `oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUOo BVa Xoem§Vrb bmoH$m§À`m JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r XoemVrb
Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nËVrMm J¡aCn`moJ hmoVmo.
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8) {dnwbVoÀ`m g_ñ`m : Xoem§À`m CËnmXZmV àM§S> dmT> KSy>Z `oVo. _mJUrMm {dMma Z H$aVm
dmT>bobr CËnmXZmMr nmVir H$m`_ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU Vgo Ho$bo Zmhr Va ~oamoOJmarMo g§H$Q>
{Z_m©U hmoVo åhUyZ CËnmXZ {dnwb Ë`m_wio _mJUrÀ`m _mZmZo nwadR>m A{YH$ hmoD$Z AË`wËnmXZmMr pñWVr {Z_m©U
hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo. `mbmM {dnwbVoÀ`m g_ñ`m Ago åhUVmV.
9) JioH$mny ñnYm© : Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m joÌmVrb ñnYm© A{YH$ Vrd« hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ JioH$mny
ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo. Amnbm _mb {dXoemV {dH$Ê`mgmR>r AZoH$ Xoem§Zr AdnwO§ ZmMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo
Agë`mMo {XgVo.
10) g§ajU gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrV AS>MU : àË`oH$ Xoembm em§VVoMr JaO AgVo. na§Vw {d{dY
amï´>m§V em§VVm amhÊ`mgmR>r Xoe bîH$ar X¥ï>rZo gm_Ï`©dmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. XoemMo bîH$ar gm_Ï`©
dmT>{dÊ`mH$[aVm XoemV g§ajU gm{hË`mMo _w~bH$ CËnmXZ Amdí`H$ R>aVo. _wŠV ì`mnmamÀ`m YmoaUmMm Adb§~
Ho$ë`m_wio Aën{dH${gV Xoem§Zm BVa CÚmoJm§à_mUoM g§ajU gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmao CÚmoJ C^maÊ`mV
AS>MUr `oVmV. `m_wio Aën{dH${gV Xoe Am{W©H$ X¥ï>rZo Xw~io amhVmV. bîH$ar Xw~©bVm åhUOo amOH$s`
Jwbm_{Jarg XoÊ`mV `oUmao {Z_§ÌU hmo`.
* g§a{jV ì`mnma$:
(Protected Trade)
g§a{jV ì`mnma `mMm AW© Xoer CÚmoJm§Mo naXoer CÚmoJm§nmgyZ g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdrH$mabo OmUmao YmoaU
hmo`. H$_r {H$§_VrÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m Am`mVrda {Z`§ÌU bmXÊ`mMo C{Ôï> åhUOo Cƒ {H$§_VrÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m
Xoer CÚmoJm§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo hmo`. `mgmR>r {dXoer dñVy§da OH$mVr AmH$méZ Ë`m Xoer dñVy§nojm _hmJ hmoVrb
Aer I~aXmar KoVbr OmVo. `mgmR>r AZoH$ _mJm©§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.
* g§a{jV ì`mnmamMo KQ>H$ :
1) ì`mnmaeVr© - XoemÀ`m ì`dhmaeofmVrb Ag_Vmob XwéñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmVo. `mMm AW©
OH$mVr ì`mnmaeVr©V gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUVmV. H$maU naXoer{Z`m©VXmam§Zm H$mhr ^mJ Am`mV OH$mVrÀ`m
ñdénmV Úmdm bmJVmo. AWm©V, XoemÀ`m d naXoer _mJUr nwadR>`mÀ`m gmnojVoda Am`mV OH$mV bmXÊ`mZo
XoemÀ`m ì`mnmaeVr© gwYmaÊ`mMo Adb§~yZ AgVo. Omo Xoe {d{eï> dñVy§Mr _moR>`m g§»`oZo Am`mV H$aVmo Vmo Xoe
Am`mV H$a AmH$maÊ`mÀ`m Mm§Jë`m pñWVrV AgVmo d Vmo Ë`mÀ`m ì`mnmaeVr© gwYmé eH$Vmo. _mÌ Á`m XoemÀ`m
dñVyMr _mJUrMr g§»`m H$_r AgVo Ë`m Xoem§Zm ho H$R>rU AgVo.
2) gm¡Xm - Xoem§er ì`mnma dmQ>mKmQ>rVrb gm¡ÚmgmR>r OH$mVr Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Oar Am§Vaamï´>r`
ì`mnma AÝ`moÝ` VËdmda AmYm[aV Agbm Var OH$mVrMm dmna hË`ma åhUyZ H$éZ BVa Xoem§Zm Ë`m§À`m OH$mVrMo
Xa H$_r H$aÊ`mg _Z di{dbo OmVo AJa namd¥ËV Ho$bo OmVo.
3)
Adny§OZ - S§>qnJ `mMm AW© XoemVrb {H$§_Vrnojm H$_r {H§$_VrV {dXoer ~mOmamV CËnmXZ {dH$Uo
129
E_.E.^mJ-1 … H¥$fr AW©emñÌ / 9
hmo`. AWm©V, dmhVyH$ d BVa IM© bjmV KoD$Z Ago Ho$bo OmVo. S§>qnJMo Ü`o` AgVo H$s, Aën {H$_VrV dñVy
{dHyZ {dXoer ~mOmanoR> ì`mnUo. n[aUm_r, Am`mVrbm ñnYm© H$aUmè`m CÚmoJg§ñWm Zï> hmoVmV. V§oìhm Aem
CÚmoJg§ñWm§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ OH$mVr AmH$maë`m OmVmV. `m_wio Am`mV Xoem§Vrb CËnmXZmÀ`m
{H$§_Vr dmT>VmV Am{U S§>qnJMm YmoH$m Q>mibm OmVmo.
4) {d{dYVm {Z_m©U : Xoem§VJ©V CÚmoJmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ajU YmoaUmMm AmYma hdm AgVmo AW©
AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg g_Vmob hdm Ë`mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m gd© joÌm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm nm{hOo.eoVr d H$maImZXmar
CÚmoJm§Mo naXoer ñnY}nmgyZ ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo.
5) ~më`mdñWoVrb CÚmoJmZm g§ajU : gZ 1790 _Ü`o AboŠPm§S>a h°{_ëQ>ZZo {gÜXm§V _m§S>bm
Am{U gZ 1885 _Ü`o \«o$S>[aH$ {bñQ> `m§Zr Vmo bmoH${à` ~Z{dbm. Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm VwbZmË_H$ bm^
{_iUma Zmhr. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm n`m©á AmH$ma_mZ àmá H$amdo bmJVo. Á`m`moJo Vo A{YH$ H$m`©j_VoZo d ñnYm©Ë_H$nUo
H$m`© H$aVrb d H$_r {H$§_VrV CËnmXZ H$aVrb. g§ajUmMr JaO `mgmR>rhr AgVo H$s, ~mbmoÚmoJmH$So> gmYZgm_J«rMm
àdmh OmUo gwH$a hmoB©b Am{U VmËnwaË`m H$mimV Cn^moŠVo A{YH$ {H$§_VrMm ~moOm ghZ H$aVrb. Aem
CÚmoJm§Vrb JwV§ dUwH$snmgyZ ImOJr naVmì`mnojm gm_m{OH$ naVmdm A{YH$ Agob `m Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mÀ`m VËdmda
AmYm[aV AgVo.
6) gm_m{OH$ : eoVr AJa bmoI§S>-nmobmX, AdOS> CÚmoJ, drO, `§Ìgm_J«r agm`Z AmXr ì`yhaMZoÀ`m
X¥ï>rZo _hËdmÀ`m Aem CÚmoJm§Zm gm_m{OH$ _hËd AgVo. Ë`m§Zm g§ajU XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. _yb^yV CÚmoJm§Mm
{dH$mg Am{U gm_m{OH$X¥ï>`m _hËdmÀ`m CÚmoJm§Zm Am`mV H$amZo g§ajU {XboM nm{hOo. Vo XoemÀ`m ì`mnmar
YmoaUmMo EH$ _hËdmMo C{Ôï> AgVo.
7) amoOJma : g§ajUmgmR>rMm Zoh_rMm _wÔm åhUOo ~oamoOJmarda Cnm` H$aUo hmo`. Am`mVrda OH$mVr
bmXë`mZo Am`mV KQ>Vo Am{U Am`mV ñnYm©Ë_H$ CÚmoJm§Vrb àË`j amoOJmarbm àmoËgmhZ XoVo. `m n[aUm_mZo
Am`mV-ñnYm© CÚmoJmda Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m BVa CÚmoJm§Vrb amoOJmarbm MmbZm {_iVo Am{U Am`mV n`m©`
CÚmoJm§Mm {dñVma hmoUo eŠ` hmoVo.
8) ì`mnmamMm g_Vmob : ì`mnmamMm g_Vmob hm `m H$ënZoda AmYm[aV Amho H$s, Am`mVrda
{Z`m©VrMo Am{YŠ` OH$mVr AmH$maë`mZo {Z_m©U ìhmdo Ago Am{YŠ` XoemV gmoZo-Mm§Xr AmUVo. Am`mVrdarb
{Z`m©VrÀ`m Am{YŠ`mZo {Z`m©V joÌmÀ`m {dñVmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo amoOJmar d CËnÝZ dmT>Vo Am{U OH$mVr AmH$méZ
Am`mVrV KQ> KS>dyZ AmUVm `oVo. CËnÝZmVrb dmT>rZo H$O©{Z{YÀ`m nwadR>`mV dmT> hmoVo. Á`m`moJo ì`mOXamV KQ>
hmoVo. Am{U Jw§VdUyH$sbm àoaUm {_iVo. n[aUm_r, A{YH$ amoOJma d CËnÝZ {Z_m©U hmoVo.
9) l{_H$ CnOr{dH$m $: EH$m XoemVrb Cƒ doVZ {_iUmè`m l{_H$m§Zr CËnmXZ Ho$boë`m dñVy§Mr
Xwgè`m Xoem§Vrb H$_r-doVZ KoUmè`m l{_H$m§Zr CËnmXZ Ho$boë`m dñVy§er ñnYm© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ Cƒ
130
doVZ Xoem§VJ©V dñVy§Mo Aën-doVZ Am`mV dñVynmgyZ OH$mVr AmH$méZ g§ajU H$amdo.
10) XoemV n¡gm R>odUo : `mMo g_W©Z H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo OmVo H$s, AmnU {dXoemVrb dñVy d godm
{dH$V KoVmo Voìhm Ë`mgmR>r Úmì`m bmJUmè`m n¡emZo XoemVrb n¡gm H$_r hmoVmo. `m_wio bmoH$m§Zr XoemV V`ma
hmoUmè`m CÚmoJmVyZ dñVy d godm {dH$V KoVë`mg Ë`mgmR>r Úmdm bmJUmam n¡gm XoemVM amhrb. XoemVrb n¡gm
~mhoa OmÊ`mMm _wÔm Zmhr. `mMm AW© Oo§ìhm AmnU XoemV CËnmXZ Pmboë`m dñVy KoVmo Vo|oìhm AmnUmg dñVy d
n¡gm XmoÝhrhr {_iVmV.
(~) {~Ja-Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ :
1) g§a{jV : amï´>r` g§ajUmÀ`m nm`mÀ`m _wÔ`mdéZ CÚmoJm§À`m g§ajUmMo YmoaU Xoembm ñdrH$mamdo
bmJVo. Oa Xoe Ë`mÀ`m eoVr d Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m Amdí`H$VogmR>r Xwgè`m Xoem§da Adb§~yZ am{hbm Va
`wÜXmgma»`m doir Vo XoemÀ`m {hVmÀ`m X¥ï>rZo AË`§V KmVH$ AgVo. hm _wÔm g§nËVr gmR>{dUo d lr_§V ~ZUo
`mgmR>r dmnabm OmV Zmhr. Oa Xoe Ë`mMo ñdmV§Í` ajU H$aÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV Zgob. `mgmR>r A°S>_ pñ_W
åhUVmV, ""g_¥ÜXr (g§nËVr) nojm g§ajU Mm§Jbo AgVo."" åhUyZ XoemZo OodT>o eŠ` Agob VodT>o ñd`§nyU©
~Zmdo. Oar Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmV VmoQ>m ghZ H$amdm bmJbm Var Á`m amï´>r` g§ajUmgmR>r Amdí`H$
AgVmV. {deofV: amï´>r` g§ajUmgmR>r H$mhr dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmbm g§ajU Úmdo bmJVo Ogo emñÌmMo CËnmXZ d
Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV CÚmoJm§V ñd`§nyU©Vm hdr AgVo. AWm©V, XoemÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r g§nyU© ñd`§nyU©Voda Omoa XoUo
eŠ` ZgVo. Á`m`moJo Xoem§VJ©V CÚmoJ AH$m`©j_ ~ZVrb d Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb bm^mbm _wH$mdo bmJob.
`mgmR>r eñÌo d XméJmoim `m§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r àË`j Am{U AàË`j
g§ajU XoUo `mo½` R>aVo.
2) gwa{jVVm : XoemÀ`m {d{dY ZrVrÀ`m ajUmgmR>r d bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m H$mhr dJm©gmR>r AJa H$mhr
CÚmoJm§gmR>r g§ajUmMo g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo, Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo OmVo H$s, `m Jmoï>r Iwë`m ì`mnmamV AX¥í` hmoVmV
Am{U Ë`m§Mo ajU ho amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_rda Ho$bo OmVo. hm Aem [aVrZo _m§S>bm OmVmo H$s,
eoVH$è`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r (ajUmgmR>r) Amdí`H$ Amho. eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m Am`mVrda eoVr H$a AmH$maë`mg Vo
eoVH$è`m§gmR>r \$m`ÚmMo R>aVo. Á`m`moJo Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r dmOdr {H$§_VrMo AmídmgZ XoVm `oVo,
Ë`mMr ^a^amQ> hmoVo. àË`oH$ XoemMm eoVr hm AmYmañV§^ AgVmo `mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Mr ^a^amQ> Amdí`H$ AgVo.
eoVr hr _hËdmMr AgVo. Á`mnmgyZ _mZdOmVrbm emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ ZdM¡VÝ` àmá hmoVo. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr
{H$§_VrZo {dXoer ñnYm©§nmgyZ eoVrMo g§ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo.
ñdXoer CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU :
1) ì`mnmaeVr© : ì`mnmaeVr©§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r XoemZo OH$mVr AmH$maë`mg Ë`mg nwT>rb A{Zï>
n[aUm_m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. ì`mnmaeVr© gwYmaVmV nU OH$mV AmH$maUmè`m XoemÀ`m ì`mnmamMo AmH$ma_mZ
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KQ>Vo. OH$mV AmH$maë`mZo Xoem§Vrb Cn^moŠË`m§Zm Am`mV dñVygmR>r A{YH$ qH$_V Úmdr bmJVo. BVa Xoem§H$Sy>Z
Oemg Vgo CËVa {Xbo OmVo. Aem arVrZo A{YH$ OH$mVr AmH$maë`mZo Cn^moŠË`m§À`m g_mYmZmV KQ> hmoVo.
ì`mnmamÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmVrb KQ>rZo Xoem§VJ©V gmYZgm_J«rMo A`mo½` dmQ>n hmoVo. Oemg Vgo dmJë`mZo XmoÝhr
Xoem§À`m AW©ì`dñWobm OH$mVr YmoH$m {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
2) ~mbmoÚmoJ g§ajUmgmR>r : ho AdKS> AgVo H$s, H$moUË`m CÚmoJmbm g§ajU XoÊ`mMm {ZU©`
¿`mdm. H$maU àË`oH$ CÚmoJmMr gwédmV ~më`mdñWoVyZ hmoVo. dmñVdmV ~mbmoÚmoJmMr {ZdS> H$aUo AË`§V H$R>rU
AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ XyaX¥ï>r Agmdr bmJVo. Ë`m CÚmoJmg Amdí`H$ aMZmË_H$ ~m~r Agmì`m bmJVmV.
~mbmoÚmoJmg g§ajU {Xbo AgVm Ago {ZpíMV Ho$bo nm{hOo H$s, {ZpíMV H$mbmdYrZ§Va Vo g§ajU H$mTy>Z ¿`mdo.
Oo§ìhm Vmo CÚmoJ VéU hmoVmo åhUOo àñWm{nV hmoVmo Vmo naXoer ñnY}bm Vm|S> XoÊ`mg g_W© hmoB©b. nU `mo½` Aem
H$gmoQ>r{dZm ho R>a{dUo H$R>rU hmoVo.EH$Xm CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU {Xbo H$s, Ë`m_Ü`o ñdmWr© {hVg§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
Oo ho H$a H$_r H$aÊ`mg dm Xya H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoV ZmhrV. Oar `m CÚmoJmMm ^mJ Ë`mÀ`m nm`mda C^m amhÊ`mg
g_W© Pmbm Var OH$mVrÀ`m Aml`mZo AZoH$ àñWm{nV H$_r {H$\$m`Vera ^mJ AgVmV Oo H$a Xya H$aÊ`mV
AS>MUr {Z_m©U H$aVmV. H$mhr CÚmoJnVr Oo g§ajUmImbr _ŠVoXmar Z\$m {_i{dVmV Vo H$a Xya H$aÊ`mg V`ma
hmoV ZmhrV. åhUyZ Vo H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm bmM XoVmV. XoemVrb gd©gmYmaU amOH$maUr ^«ï> AgVmV.
3) amoOJmar : Ooìhm Am`mV-ñnYm© CÚmoJmVrb ~oH$mar H$_r hmoVo nU Vr {Z`m©V CÚmoJmV dmT>Vo. Oa
Am`mVrÀ`m KQ>rÀ`m H$maUmZo {Z`m©VrV H$_r-A{YH$ g_mZVoZo KQ> hmoVo. Á`m`moJo amoOJmarÀ`m _wÔ`mMm hoVy
nwU©nUo {Zén`moJr hmoVmo. Voìhm g§ajUmË_H$ OH$mVr bmXyZ amoOJma dmT>{dUo eŠ` ZgVo.
4) ì`mnmamMm g_Vmob : gd©M Xoem§Zr `mM {Z`_mMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Va H$moUmbmhr bm^ hmoUma
Zmhr. VgoM XrK©H$mi Am`mVrdarb {Z`m©VrMo Am{YŠ` Mmby R>odVm `oV Zmhr. gmoÝ`mMm A§Vaàdmh {H$§_Vr
dmT>drb d ~mø«àdmh {H$§_Vr KQ>drb. åhUyZ XrK©H$mbmV {Z`m©V hr Am`mVr~amo~a AgbrM nm{hOo. Ë`mMà_mUo
`m H$mbmV ì`mnmamÀ`m g_Vmob _wÔ`mbm H$mhrhr AW© Zmhr. H$maU Xoem§_Ü`o gmoÝ`mMr _wŠV hmbMmb Zmhr.
5) l{_H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm : dñVyÀ`m {H$§_Vr \$ŠV doVZXamZo {ZpíMV hmoVmV d l{_H$ hmM \$ŠV
CËnmXZmMm KQ>H$ Amho. nU dmñVd ho Amho H$s, dñVy§Mr {Z{_©Vr KQ>H$m§À`m g§`moJmZo hmoVo. l{_H$ O_rZ d
^m§S>db `m§À`mgh ^mJrXma AgVmo. ho \$ŠV l_àYmZ dñVy H$s, H$_r-doVZ l{_H$ AgVmV. VoWo Cƒ-doVZ
l{_H$mnojm IM© bm^ hmoVmo. dmñVdmV Cƒ doVZ Cƒ CËnmXH$Vo_wio {Xbo OmVo. åhUyZ OoWo l{_H$m§Mr
CËnmXH$Vm OmñV AgVo Aem Xoem§V CËnmXZmMm EH$H$ IM© H$_r-doVZ Xoem§nojm H$_r AgVmo. n[aUm_r, O§oìhm
Cƒ doVZ Xoem§V EH$H$ IM© H$_r AgVmo V§oìhm Vo Aën-doVZ Xoem§er ñnYm© H$é eH$VmV.
6) XoemV n¡gm gmR>dUo : OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr Xoembm Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamMm bm^ àmá hmoUma Zmhr.
Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmnojm H$_r qH$_V AgUmè`m Xoem§VyZ dñVy IaoXr Ho$ë`m OmVmV Aem doir Xoem§Vrb CÚmoJmVrb
dñVy IaoXr Ho$ë`mZo Cn^moŠË`m§Mm VmoQ>m hmoVmo. VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV {dXoer XoUr XoÊ`mgmR>r Xoer MbZm§Mm
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dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. dmñVdmV dñVygmR>r dñVy {Xë`m OmVmV Am{U XoUo Am§Vaamï´>r` MbZmV (CXm. S>mb
° a) {Xbo
OmVo.
7) Xoer ~mOmamV dmT> : Xoem§VJ©V ~mOmamMm {dñVma {dXoer ~mOmamVrb {Z`m©VrZo hmoVmo. O§oìhm
OH$mV H$amÀ`m AmH$maUrZo Am`mV {Z`§{ÌV Ho$br OmVo Vo§ìhm {Z`m©V KQ>Vo H$maU BVa Xoehr Oemg Vgo dmJVmV.
Ë`mMà_mUo Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXH$ Xoem§VJ©V CÚmoJmVrb CËnmXZm§Mr A{YH$ qH$_V AmH$maVmV. Ë`m_wio Cn^moŠË`m§Mm
VmoQ>m hmoVmo.
8) CËnmXZ IM© g_mZ : Oa OH$mV H$amMm dmna Oemg Vgm Ho$ë`mg BVa Xoem§H$Sy>Z H$m`©j_
Xoem§VJ©V {Z`m©V CÚmoJm§Zm hmZr nmohMVo. VgoM Aem YmoaUmZo CËnmXZmMm A{YH$ IM© AgUmè`m AH$m`©j_
CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU {Xbo OmVo. gmam§e, ^oXmË_H$ YmoaU AH$m`©j_ CËnmXH$ {damoYr H$m`©j_ CËnmXH$ `m§À`m ~mOyZo
AgVo Am{U gd©gmYmaU Cn^moŠË`m§À`m {damoYr AgVo.
* ñd`§: AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
1) J°Q>Mr ñWmnZm .................... gmbr Pmbr.
1) 29 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1947 2) 30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1947 3) 30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1949 4) darb n¡H$s Zmhr
2) J°Q>Mo ñWmnZm Pmbr Ë`mdoiog .................. XoegXñ` hmoVo.
1) 47
2) 22 3) 24 4) 23
3) OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMr .................. gmbr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
1) 1 OmZodmar 1995 2) 2 OmZodmar 1994 3) 7 OmZodmar 1993 4) 1 OmZodmar 1991
4) OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMr ....................... C{Ôï>`o AmhoV.
1) OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamMm {dñVma 2) g^mgX XoemVrb dmX {_Q>{dUo
3) O¡d{d{dYVoMo g§ajU
4) darb n¡H$s gd©
5) Imbrbn¡H$s .................. ho OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMm H$ama Amho.
1) eoVr g§~§Yr H$ama 2) Jw§VdUyH$sg§~§Yr H$ama 3) ~m¡ÜXrH$ H$ama 4) darb gd©
4.2.3 H¥$fr_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr
(Agricultural Prices)
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo _Ü`o AÝZYmÝ` d Vob{~`m§À`m qH$_Vr _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrMm n[aUm_ eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÝZmda hmoVmV. qH$_VrVrb ~Xbm_wio ^maVr` H¥$fr AW©ì`dñWoV AS>MUr
{Z_m©U hmoVmV H$maU VoWo CËnmXZ ho bhar _mÝgyZda Adb§~yZ AgVo eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o h§Jm_r, dm{f©H$,
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d {XK©H$mbrZ CƒdMZo KSy>Z `oVmV. eoVr hm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb CËnÝZ d amoOJmamMm à_wI ñÌmoV Amho
{dH$gZerb AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o eoVrVrb amoOJma{Z{_©VrMr ^y{_H$m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamgmR>r _hËdmMr R>aVo. eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrMo _hËd Imbrbà_mUo.
1) gd©gmYmaU qH$_V ñW¡`©$: gd©gmYmaU qH$_VnmVir A{YH$ à_mUmda eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vrda
Adb§~yZ AgVo eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb dmT> qH$dm KQ> gd©gmYmaU qH$_VnmVirV dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$aVo
gd©gmYmaU qH$_VnmVir hr KmD$H$ qH$_V {ZX}em§H$mVrb ~XbmÀ`m AmYmamda _moObr OmVo. KmD$H$ qH$_V
{ZX}em§H$ V`ma H$aVmZm H¥$fr eoV_mb qH$dm eoV_mbmÀ`m 15% ^ma {Xbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio H¥$fr qH$_VrVrb
~Xb hm KmD$H$ qH$_V {ZX}em§H$mV ~Xb H$aVmo Ë`m_wio gd©gmYmaU qH$_VnmVir ~XbVo.
2) eoVH$è`m§Zm `mo½` _mo~Xbm : {dH$gZerb XoemVrb AW©ì`dñWo_Yrb H¥$fr joÌmMr ^y{_H$m
_hËdmMr Amho. XoemVrb 64% bmoH$ àË`j AàË`jnUo eoVrda AmYm[aV AmhoV. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb
gVV d {XK©H$mbrZ dmT> J«mhH$mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo H$ë`mUmV KQ> H$aUmar AgVo CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`mÀ`mX¥ï>rZo _hËdmMr
AgV eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb ~Xb d ~XbmMm n[aUm_ eoVH$è`mÀ`m amhUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©da {XgyZ `oVmo.
3) H¥$frCËnmXZ dmT>rg àmoËgmhZ : eoV_mb qH$_Vr Aem Agmì`mV H$s, Ë`m_Ü`o CËnmXZIMm©~amo~a
eoVH$è`m§Zm g_mZ Z\$m {_imbm nmhrOo. Aem ñdénmÀ`m qH$_VYmoaUm_wio H¥$fr CËnmXZdmT>rg àmoËgmhZ
{_iVo. H¥$frCËnmXZdmT>r_wio dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`oMr AÝZYmÝ`mMr JaO nwU© hmoD$Z AW©ì`dñWm ñd`§nwU© hmoVo.
4) {nH$mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr ~§YmVrb ~Xb : eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr_wio eoVH$è`mÀ`m {nH$mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr~§YmV
~Xb hmoVmo. Á`m {nH$mMr qH$_V gmVË`mZo dmT>V AgVo Aem {nH$mÀ`m bmJdS>rV dmT> hmoVo Va BVa {nH$mÀ`m
bmJdS>rV KQ> hmoVo. gd© {nH$m§À`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o ñW¡`© Agë`mg {d{dY {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ KoVbo OmD$ eH$Vo.
5) J«mhH$mMo H$ë`mU : gmVË`mZo eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb dmT> J«mhH$m§À`m amhUr_mZ IMm©V dmT>
H$aVo `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ J«mhH$mMo H$ë`mU KS>Vo. A{dH${gV Xoem_Ü`o AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZmÀ`m _mJUrMr
qH$_V bd{MH$Vm OmñV amhVo `mMm AW© Jar~ bmoH$m§À`m CËnÝZmVrb {H$ñgm AÝZYmÝ` d Cn^moJmgmR>r
dmnabm OmVmo. åhUyZ eoV_mb qH$_VrVrb dmT> qH$dm KQ> J«mhH$mMr dmT> H$aVo.
6) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg : eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vrda Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Adb§~yZ AgVmo. CÚmoJmgmR>r
dmnabm OmUmam eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m {H$_Vr_Ü`o gmVË`mZo _moR>`m à_mUmV dmT>Pmë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmVrb
IM© dmT>Vmo gmh{OH$M Ë`mMm n[aUm_ qH$_V dmTy>Z _mJUr KQ>ë`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmbm AS>Wio {Z_m©U
hmoVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb ~XbmMm n[aUm_ Am¡Úmo{JH${dH$mgmda hmoVmo.
* H¥$fr qH$_V CƒmdMZmMo ñdén :
(Fluctations of Agricultural Prices)
1) h§Jm_r CƒmdMZ - (Seasonal Fluctations) h§Jm_r CƒmdMZm§À`m ñdénm_Ü`o EH$m dfm©À`m
H$mbmdYrVrb ~XbmMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y {XgyZ `oVmo. CXm. Am§ã`m§Mr {dH«$s A{YH$ à_mUmV _mM© Vo Owb¡ _{hÝ`mV
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hmoVo H$maU Am§~o CËnmXZ ho h§Jm_r CËnmXZ Amho. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb h§Jm_r ~Xb {Z`{_V AmH¥$Vr~§YmMo
Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ^{dî`mVrb CËnmXZmMm A§XmO KoUo gmo`rMo OmVo. _mJUrÀ`m VwbZoZo H¥$fr eoV_mbmMm
nwadR>m h§Jm_mV ~XbmZo KmD$H$ d {H$aH$moi CƒmdMZo KSy>Z `oVmV. h§Jm_r qH$_Vr ~Q>mQ>o, nmbo^mÁ`m, \$io,
H$m§Xm, d BVa AZoH$ H¥$fr CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV bmJy nS>VmV. ~mOmamVrb AnwU©Vm d eoV_mbmMo Zmed§V ñdén
`m_wio H¥$fr eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$§_VrV A{YH$ CƒmdMZo KSy>Z `oVmV. h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m
VwbZoV nwadR>m A{YH$ Pmë`m_wio qH$_Vr H$_r hmoVmV. `mCbQ> {~Ja h§Jm_ H$mbmdYrV eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m
VwbZoV nwadR>m KQ>ë`mZo qH$_Vr dmT>VmV. eoVH$è`m§À`m X¥ï>rZo {dMma H$aVm h§Jm_mMm H$mbmdYr eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_Vr H$_r {_iVo Va J«mhH$mMm {dMma H$aVm {~Ja h§Jm_mV OmñV qH$_V _moOmdr bmJVo.
2) MH«$s` CƒmdMZo (Cyclical Fluctuations)$: eoV_mbmÀ`m qH§$_VrVrb CƒmdMmZmMm Xwgam
àH$ma Amho. `m_Ü`o MH«$s` CƒmdMZo ho ì`mnmaMH«$mMo CËV_ CXmhaU Amho. MH«$s` CƒmdMZo_Ü`o AW©ì`dñWoV
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr R>am{dH$ H$mbmdYrV dmT>ë`m AgË`m Va Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mbmdYrV Ë`m_Ü`o KQ> KSy>Z `oVo
qH$_Vr CVaVmZm {XgVmV. åhUOo gmYmaUnUo 3 Vo 5 dfm©À`m H$mbmdYr {dMmamV KoVë`mg eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrVrb VoOr H$_r hmoD$Z KgaUrg gwédmV hmoVo. H$mbm§VamZo eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o _§Xr `oVo. `mXmoÝhr
AdñWm {_iyZ hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Zm MH«$s` ~Xb Ago åhUVmV.
3) {XK©H$mbrZ CƒmdMZo (Secular Fluctations)$: {XK©H$mbmdYrV eoV_mbmÀ`m CËnÝZmV
dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoUo `mbm {XK©H$mbrZ CƒmdMZo Ago åhUVmV. {XK©H$mbrZ CƒmdMZmMo CËV_ CXmhaU åhUOo
J«mhH$ qH$_V {ZX}em§H$mZwgma amhUr_mZmÀ`m IMm©Vrb pñWa dmT> hmo`. Oa dfm©V amhUr_mZ IMm©Vrb ~Xb
{dMmamV KoVë`mg Vmo pñWa XamZo dmT> hmoV Amho. {XK©H$mbrZ CƒmdMZmMo Xwgao CXmhaU {XK©H$mbmdYrV
bmoH$g§»`m gai qH$dm pñWa XamZo dmT>Vo. ^maVmVrb Joë`m 10 Vo 15 dfm©Vrb YmÝ` CËnmXZmVrb pñWa d¥ÜXr.
* eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb CƒmdMZo :
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb CƒmdMZo hr eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m d eoV_mbmgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr `mda
Adb§~yZ AgVmV. eoV_mbmMr _mJUr hr bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m XamZo dmT>V Agë`m_wio {VMm A§XmO H$aVm
`oVmo; na§Vw eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m hm hdm_mZmda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo ~XbUmam AgVmo. gmh{OH$M eoV_mbmÀ`m
nwadR>`mVrb ~Xbm_wio qH$_VrV CƒmdMZo {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
AW©ì`dñWoVrb gd©gmYmaU qH$_V nmVir hr eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vrda Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio XoemÀ`m
AW©H$maUmV eoV_mb qH$_Vr AË`§V _hËdmÀ`m g_Oë`m OmVmV. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr {Za§VanUo Am{U doJmZo
dmT>V Joë`mg gd©gmYmaU qH$_V nmVir dmTy>Z ^mddmT> KSy>Z `oVo Am{U Ë`mMo Xwîn[aUm_ g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWobm
ghZ H$amdo bmJVmV, ho AmnU Jobo df©^a nmhV Ambmo AmhmoV. `mCbQ> eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr H$_r hmody
bmJë`m åhUOo eoVH$è`m§Mo CËnÝZ H$_r hmodyZ amhUr_mZmMm XOm© d H$m`©j_Vm `m§À`mda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
eoV_mb CËnmXZ dmT>rMr àoaUm H$_r hmodyZ BVa CÚmoJm§Zm bmJUmè`m H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMm VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
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åhUyZM eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr {d{eï> _`m©Xo_Ü`o pñWa amhUo g_mOmÀ`m ì`mnH$ {hVmgmR>r d XoemÀ`m gdm©§{JU
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho.
* eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV CƒmdMZo hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo :
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa AgUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ AgVo; na§Vw hdm_mZmVrb ~XbmZwgma qH$dm h§Jm_mZwgma
eoV_mb qH$_VrV ~Xb hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. eoV_mbmMr _mJUr df©^a gmVË`mZo AgVo, na§Vw CËnmXZ {d{eï>
h§Jm_mV hmoV Agë`m_wio h§Jm_mV qH$_Vr H$_r amhVmV. Va {~Ja h§Jm_ H$mbmdYrV qH$_Vr dmT>VmV. eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrV nwT>rb H$maUm§_wio CƒmdMZo KSy>Z `oVmV.
1) eoV_mbmÀ`m nwadR>`mVrb ~Xb : ^maVmV ObqgMZmÀ`m Ho$di 38 Q>ŠHo$ eoVrgmR>r gw{dYm
AmhoV. Cd©[aV eoVr hr _mÝgyZ nmdgmda Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio bhar _mÝgyZZwgma eoV_mb CËnmXZmV MT>CVma {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a _hmnya, A{Vd¥ï>r, XwîH$mi, {nH$m§darb {d{dY amoJ BË`mXr H$maUm§_wio eoV_mbmMo
CËnmXZ H$_r hmoVo. Am{U Ë`mMm eoV_mbmÀ`m nwadR>`mda à{VHw$b à^md nS>Vmo. Aemdoir _mJUrÀ`m VwbZoV
nwadR>m KQ>ë`m_wio qH$_VdmT> KSy>Z `oVo. Va AZwHy$b Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr_wio eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ dmT>ë`mg
_mJUrnojm nwadR>m dmTy>Z qH$_Vr Kgé bmJVmV.
2) eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrV ~Xb : eoV_mbmMr _mJUr hr bmoH$g§»`oVrb dmT> d bmoH$m§À`m CËnÝZmVrb
dmT> `m_wio dmT>Vo. `mMm n[aUm_ eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> hmoÊ`mg hmoVmo. eoV_mbmÀ`m nwadR>`mÀ`m VwbZoZo
_mJUr dmT>V Agë`mg qH$_Vr OmñV amhVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb ~Xbmda XoemÀ`m Am`mV{Z`m©VrMmhr à^md nS>Vmo.
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU : ^maVmVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU ho eoVrVyZ CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m H$ƒm _mbmÀ`m
nwadR>`m_wio KSy>Z Ambo Amho. CXm. gmIa, Á`yQ>, H$mnS> BË`mXr CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmZo eoV_mbmÀ`m g§aMZobm
à^m{dV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wio CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m {nH$mImbrb joÌ H$_r hmodyZ
ì`mnmar {nH$m§À`m bmJdS>rV dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
4) amOH$mofr` YmoaU : emgZmÀ`m amOH$mofr` YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV ~Xb hmoÊ`mda
hmoVmo. Á`mdoir XoemVrb dmñVd CËnmXZmVrb dmT>rnojm n¡emÀ`m nwadR>`mVrb dmT> A{YH$ hmoVo Ë`mdoir
qH$_VdmT> hmoV.o ^maVmV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§da àM§S> IM© hmoV Agë`mZo n¡emÀ`m nwadR>`mV dmT> hmodZy eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrV dmT> hmoVo.
5) _m¡{X«H$ YmoaU $: [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m nVYmoaUmMm eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VnmVirda Zoh_rM n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ñdñV nV YmoaU Agë`mg åhUOo ~±H$XamV KQ>, H$O© KoÊ`mda {Z~©§Y {e{Wb Aem YmoaUm§_wio
ì`mnmè`m§Zr gmR>o~mOrbm àmoËgmhZ {_iVo. Ë`m_wio qH$_V dmT>Vo. eoV_mbmÀ`m {H§$_VrVrb dmT>rbm {Z`§ÌU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo nV {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m {ZdS>H$ gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho.
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6) nm`m^yV gw{dYm§V dmT> : eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r d `mo½` qH$_V nmVirgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm nV,
{dnUZ, dmhVyH$, JmoXm_, {d_m BË`mXrÀ`m gw{dYm h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV CnbãY H$éZ {Xë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wio
eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmbm `mo½` qH$_V {_ion`©§VMr à{Vjm j_Vm dmT>Vo.
7) `mo½` qH$_V YmoaUmMm A^md :eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb CƒmdMZmMo _hËdmMo H$maU åhUOo,
gaH$maÀ`m `mo½` qH$_V YmoaUmMm A^md hmo`. gaH$ma ~è`mM doim YmoaU AmIyZhr H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
nwaoer nmCbo Z CMbë`m_wio eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV dmT> qH$dm KQ> hmoV AgVo. `mgmR>r gaH$maZo CËnmXZ IM©
Am`mV dñVwMr qH$_V `mda AmYm[aV {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_V àemgH$s` qH$_V eoV_mbmMr Am`mV {Z`m©V
BË`mXr YmoaUo `mo½` nÜXVrZo R>a{dë`mg qH$_V YmoaU `mo½` amhrb.
8) Ag§KQ>rV {dnUZ : ^maVmV eoV_mbmMm CËnmXH$ eoVH$ar hm Ag§KQ>rV d A{e{jV Agë`m_wio
g§KQ>rV ì`mnmar dJm©H$Sy>Z Ë`m§Mo emofU hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z H$_r qH$_VrV eoV_mb IaoXr Ho$bm OmVmo. d
{d{dY _Ü`ñWm§_wio A§{V_V: Cn^moŠË`mg _hmJ nS>Vmo.
* [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwU© H$am.
1) gd©gmYmaU qH$_V nmVirV ....................... KQ>H$ ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
1) J«mhH$mMo H$ë`mU 2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg 3) eoVH$è`m§Zm `mo½` _mo~Xbm 4) darb gd©
2) eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV CƒmdMoZMr..................... H$maUo AmhoV.
1) eoV_mbmÀ`m nwadR>`mVrb ~Xb
2) eoV_mbmÀ`m _mJUrV ~Xb
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU
4) darbn¡H$s gd©
3) eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb CƒmdMZo hr ........................`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.
1) eoV_mbmMm nwadR>m
2) eoV_mbmgmR>r _mJUr
3) eoV_mbmgmR>r _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m 4) darbn¡H$s Zmhr.
4) KmD$H$ qH$_V {ZX}em§H$ V`ma H$aVmZm H¥$fr eoV_mb .....................^ma {Xbm OmVmo
1) 15%
2) 1%
3) 40%
4) 50%
5) H¥$fr qH$_V CƒmdMZmMo Imbrbn¡H$s ............... ñdén AmhoV.
1) h§Jm_r ~Xb
2) MH«$s` CƒmdMZo
4.2.4 eoV_mb qH$_V YmoaU
3) {XK©H$mbrZ CƒmdMZo 4) darb gdª
(Agricultural Price Policy)
eoV_mbmg `mo½` ^md {_imë`mg eoVH$è`m§Zm OmñV CËnÝZ {_iwZ Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaVo. Ë`mM
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~amo~a `mo½` qH$_Vr_wio eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>rg MmbZm {_iVo. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa am{hë`mg eoVrMm
{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m qH$_Vr pñWa ahmì`mV `mgmR>r XoemV eoV_mb{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr Amdí`H$Vm
Amho. eoV_mb qH$_V YmoaUmMr eoVr {dH$mgmV _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m Amho. Ë`m_wio qH$_Vr_Yrb MT>-CVmamda
{Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo.
* eoV_mb {df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>o (Objectives of Agricultural Price Policy)
eoV_mb {df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>o Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV
1) AmXmZmÀ`m qH$_Vr {~Ja AmXmZm§À`m qH$_Vr `m_Ü`o `mo½` g_Ýd` amIUo VgoM eoVr dñVy d
Am¡Úmo{JH$ dñVy `m_Yrb ì`mnmaeVr©V g_Ýd` amIUo `m XmoÝhrhr joÌmVrb qH$_VrV Vrd« ñdénmMo ~Xb Z
hmoD$Z XoUo.
2) {d{dY {nH$m§À`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o `mo½` g§~§Y amIUo H$s OoUoH$éZ {d{dY {nH$m§À`m dmT>Ë`m _mJUrer
JaO nyU© H$aVm `oB©b.
3) eoV_mbmVrb _`m©{XV qH$_V Cƒ dMZmÛmao eoVH$è`m§À`m d J«mhH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ bm^mV `mo½`
g_Ýd` g§nmXZ H$aUo.
4)
qH$_V dmT>rVrb M{H«$` CƒdMZo H$_r H$aUo d eoV_mb qH$_VrVrb h§Jm_r CƒdMZo {H$_mZ
5)
XoemVrb {d{dY àXoemVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV g_mZVm amIUo.
6)
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r hmoUmè`m dmT>rd gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©_wio hmoUmar gd©gmYmaU qH$_VdmT> pñWa
H$aUo.
R>odUo.
7) eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mb CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m eoVr AmXmZmÀ`m qH$_Vr d eoV_mbmÀ`m {dH«$s
qH$_Vr `m§À`mV `mo½` g_Ýd` R>odUo.
8) XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mm g_Vmob Amhma d CÚmoJmgmR>r AgUmar H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMr JaO nwU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{d{dY dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo.
9)
J«mhH$m§Mr Cn^mo½` dñVy ñdñV XamV IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr AmdS> {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo.
* qH$_V d CËnÝZ ñW¡`©
( Price and Income Stability)
eoVrMo CËnmXZ {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio ~mOmamVrb _mJUrbm AZwgéZ CËnmXZmV g_m`moOZ
H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo. H$mhrdoim CËnmXZ{df`H$ {ZU©`m_wio qH$_Vr_Yrb ApñWaVobm hmV^ma bmJVmo, Va CËnmXZ
d qH$_Vr_Yrb ~Xbm_wio CËnÝZmV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. eoV_mbmMo qH$_V {ZYm©aU ~mOmamVrb _mJUr
138
nwadR>`mÀ`m n[apñWVrZwgma hmoD$ XoUo `mo½` Zmhr H$maU Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mMo CËnÝZM Zìho Va g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMo
ñW¡`©M YmoŠ`mV `oVo. eoVràYmZ AW©ì`dñWobm `mo½` {Xem XoÊ`mgmR>r OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$éZ eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrÀ`m nmVirV pñWaVm AmUUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
* qH$_V pñWarH$aUmMm AW©$:
(Meaning of Price Stabilization)
dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o hmoUmao Vrd« ñdénmMo ~Xb _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Am{U qH$_V dmOdr nmVirbm
{Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Or OmUrdnyd©H$ ZrVr AmIbr OmVo {Vbm µqH$_VrÀ`m pñWarH$aUmMo YmoaU Ago
åhUVmV.eoVrÀ`m ~m~VrV, CËnm{XV _mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV Oa Vrd« ñdénmMr KQ> Pmbr Va eoVH$è`m§Mo Am{W©©H$
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. `mCbQ> eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV Vrd« ñdénmMr dmT >Pmë`mg Cn^moŠË`mbm OmñV qH$_V _moOmdr
bmJë`mZo Ë`mMo Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU H$_r hmoVo.
* qH$_V ñW¡`m©Mr C{Ôï>`o
(Objectives of Price Stabilization)
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV ñW¡`© àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r C{Ôï>`o nwT>rbà_mUo 1) eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb h§Jm_r CƒmdMZo H$_rV H$_r H$aUo.
2) eoVrVyZ CËnmXZ hmoUmè`m dñVy Am{U eoVrÀ`m JaOm `m§À`mV `mo½` qH$_V g_Ýd` àñWm{nV H$aUo.
3) eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb OmñVrMr d EH$m§Jr n[adV©Zo {Z`§{ÌV H$aUo.
4) eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV hmoUmè`m ì`mnmar {nH$m§Mr {Z`m©V nmVir {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
5) XoemVrb {d{dY àXoemVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
6) CÚmoJmbm nwaogm H$ƒm _mb d bmoH$g§»`obm nwaogo Cn^mo½` dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ eoVrVyZ CËnmXrV H$aUo.
* qH$_V pñWarH$aUmMo Cnm`
(Measures of Price Stabilizations)
1) CËnmXH$m§gmR>r : eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV Or {Za{Zamir CƒmdMZo hmoVmV Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§À`m
CËnÝZmV ApñWaVm `oVo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m _mbmMo dmOdr _yë` {_iUo Amdí`H$ Amho. qH$_V
pñWarH$aUm_wio Ë`mbm {d{eï> qH$_VrMr h_r {_iyZ CËnÝZmV ñW¡`© `oVo.
2) Cn^moŠË`m§gmR>r : AÝZYmÝ` hr gdm©§Mr AË`mdí`H$ JaO Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr qH$_V {d{eï> _`m©Xonojm
OmñV hmoUo `mo½` Zmhr. VgoM H$maImÝ`mgmR>r H$ƒm_mb åhUyZ dmnaë`m OmUmè`m eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr
dmT>ë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmMrhr qH$_V dmT>ob d nwÝhm Cn^moŠË`mMoM ZwH$gmZ hmoB©b. Cn^moŠË`m§Mr IaoXreŠVr
H$m`_ R>odÊ`mgmR>r qH$_V ñW¡`© Amdí`H$ Amho.
3) CËnmXZ dmT> : eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmda AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mgXa Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ^maVmV Z¡g{J©H$
~Xbm_wio CËnmXZmV ~Xb hmodyZ qH$_V ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZ eoV_mbmÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r
139
qH$_V ñW¡`© AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
4) {dH«$s`mo½` A{YŠ`mgmR>r : eoVr_Ü`o Jw§Vboë`m bmoH$g§»`oMo à_mU H$_r Pmbo Var CËnmXZ H$_r
ìhm`bm ZH$mo. eoVH$è`m§Zr CXa{Zdm©hmnojm A{YH$Mo Ho$bobo CËnmXZ åhUOo {dH«$s`mo½` Am{YŠ` hmo`. eoV_mbmbm
Mm§Jbr qH$_V {_imë`mg {dH«$s`mo½` Am{YŠ` dmT>Vo.
5) nrH$mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr~§YmV ~Xb : XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm~amo~a g_mOmÀ`m JaOm dmT>V OmVmV.
Ë`m_wio nma§nm[aH$ {nH$mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr~§YmV ~Xb H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. `mo½` qH$_V YmoaUmMm dmna H$éZ gaH$maZo
Amdí`H$ Aem CËnmXZmgmR>r AmH$f©H$ qH$_Vr {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mg nrH$mÀ`m AmH¥$Vr~§YmV ~Xb H$aVm `oVmo.
6) joÌr` g_mZVogmR>r : Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmda CËnmXH$m§Mo {Z`§ÌU Agë`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnÝZ
dmT>rMr àd¥ËVr AgVo. Va eoVr CËnmXZ {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Agë`m_wio eoVH$è`mMo CËnÝZ A{ZpíMV AgVo.
hr {df_Vm Xya H$éZ CÚmoJ d eoVr joÌmV g_mZVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmbm amñV qH$_V {_iUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. gmh{OH$M qH$_V ñW¡`© d CËnÝZ ñW¡`© {Z_m©U hmoVo.
* {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_VrMo YmoaU :
(Minimum Support Price Policy)
eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVrda Ho$bobo H$ï> dm`m OmUma ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$ï>mMm `mo½` _mo~Xbm {_imd`mg
hdm. `mX¥ï>rZo Ë`m§Zr CËnmXZ Ho$boë`m _mbmbm gaH$maH$Sy>Z AmYma qH$_VrMr h_r {_iUo `mbm {H$_mZ AmYma
{H$_VrMo YmoaU Ago åhUVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVr ì`dgm`mV A{YH$m{YH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$éZ eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU d
AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m eoV_mbmbm {H$_mZ qH$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo YmoaÊ A{YH$ `eñdr R>aVo.
eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_mZ {H$_VrMr h_r XoÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§~Uo `mMm AW© eoV_mbmMr ~mOmamV OodT>r AmdH$
hmoB©b Vmoo gd© eoV_mb h_rXËV {H$_mZ {H$_Vrbm IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maZo ñdrH$maUo hmo`. Ë`m_wio
àË`j ~mOmamVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr øm h_rXËV qH$_VnmVirnojm H$_r hmoUma ZmhrV Aer Anojm AgVo.
eoV_mbmÀ`m h_rXËV {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vr R>a{dVmZm AZoH$ KQ>H$ {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV. CXm.
eoV_mbmÀ`m Iwë`m ~mOmamVrb {H$_Vr g§~§{YV _mbmer ñnYm©iy {nH$m§Mm _mo~Xbm, bmJdS>rMm IM© BË`mXr.
Aem {H$_mZ {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Cn^moŠË`m§À`m {hVmH$So> bj Úmdo bmJVo.
{H$_mZ AmYma qH$_VrMo ho YmoaU AZoH$ dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. CXm. Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi,
Ádmar, ~mOar, _H$m hr AÝZYmÝ`mMr {nHo$ Va D$g, H$mnyg, Á`yQ>, V§~mIy hr ì`mnmar {nHo$. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrb
~XbVr n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z 1964 nmgyZ `m AmYma {H$_VrV dma§dma dmT> Ho$br OmVo Amho.
gaH$maZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m AmYma {H$_VrMm bm^ eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmMr `mo½` Aer {dH«$s
ì`dñWm gd©Ì Agbr nm{hOo. g_Om, h_rXËV {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vrnojm eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr H$_r Pmë`mg
Ë`m {d^mJmVrb gd© eoVH$è`m§Mm eoV_mb `m {H$_Vrbm IaoXr H$aÊ`mMo A{^dMZ gaH$maZo {Xbo nm{hOo.
Ë`mgmR>r gd©Ì emgH$s` `§ÌUm g‚m Agbr nm{hOo.
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eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>Z AmYw{ZH$sH$aU KSy>Z `oÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_VrMr Amdí`H$Vm
Amho. na§Vw hm EH$_od KQ>H$ Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho Ago Zmhr. g_Om AmYw{ZH$ eoVH$s AmXmZo CnbãY
ZgVrb qH$dm eoVH$è`m§Mr _Zmod¥ËVr nma§nm[aH$ eoVmbm AZwHyb Agob qH$dm hr AmYw{ZH$ AmXmZo Iyn IMr©H$
AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mg bmoH$ V`ma hmoUma ZmhrV. åhUOo Ho$di AmYma {H$_VrMo YmoaU eoVr
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmbm O~m~Xma AgV Zmhr.
{H$_mZ AmYma {H$_VrÀ`m YmoaUm_wio XrK©H$mimV eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr pñWa amhVrb Aer h_r gaH$maH$Sy>Z
eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iVo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Mr IaoXreŠVr dmTy>Z eoVH$s CËnmXZmV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
* {H$_mZ AmYma^yV qH$_VYmoaUmMr C{Ôï>o :
(Objectives of Minimum Support Price)
1) CËnmXH$mMo ajU H$aUo .
2) {d{dY {nH$mMo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ H$aUo.
3) eoVr CËnmXZmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUUo.
4) eoVH$è`m§À`m _mbmbm ~mOmamV AmUÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ H$aUo.
5) {H$§_VrVrb A{V[aŠV dmT>r{déÜX Cn^moŠË`mMo g§ajU H$aUo.
* AmYma qH$_VrMr H$m`}$:
(Fuctions of Minimum Support Prices)
1) eoVH$è`m§Zm eoV_mbmgmR>r {H$_mZ {H$_VrMr emídVr XoUo.
2) eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_VrV MT>CVma hmoD$ Z XoUo.
3) eoVrVrb CËnmXZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
4) ~hþg§»` eoVH$ar CËnmXZ bhmZ à_mUmda CËnmXZ H$aVmV.
5) eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnmXZmV pñWaVm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
6) {nH$mImbrb joÌmVrb _moR>o ~Xb Q>miUo.
7) CËnmXZdmT>rbm àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
* gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V :
(Procurement Price)
^maV gaH$ma Á`m {H$_Vrg YmÝ`mMr IaoXr H$aV AgVo Aem {H$_VtZm gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V åhUVmV.
gm_mÝ`nUo Aem qH$_Vr {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vrnojm OmñV d ~mOmamVrb qH$_Vrnojm H$_r AgVmV. gaH$mar
IaoXr qH$_Vt_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm CËnmXZ dmT>rMr àoaUm {_iVo. gaH$ma eoVH$è`m§H$S>rb AÝZYmÝ` Á`m XamZo IaoXr
H$aVo Aem {H$_VrZm gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V Ago åhUVmV. gm_mÝ`V: gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_Vr `m {H$_mZ AmYma
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{H$_Vrnojm WmoS>`m OmñV na§Vw àË`j ~mOma {H$_Vrnojm H$_r AgVmV. eoVr{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoV gaH$ma
AZoH$ {nH$m§À`m {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aVo. XoemVrb eoVH$ar d J«mhH$ VgoM H¥$fr AmYm[aV CÚmoJm§Mr JaO bjmV
KoD$Z øm {H$_Vr Omhra Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m_Ü`o Vm§Xwi, Jhÿ, Ádmar, ~mOar, _H$m, ha^am, Vya, _wJ, CS>rX, D$g,
^yB©_yJ, gmo`m~rZ, gy`©\wb, Vri, H$mnyg, VmJ, V§~mIy BË`mXr {nH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gaH$mabm `m IM© d
qH$_V {e\$maer_wio g_Vmo{bV d EH$mpË_H$ qH$_V YmoaU AmIyZ g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m àJVrbm MmbZm XoVm
`oVo. Ë`mM~amo~a CËnmXH$ d Cn^moŠË`m§Mm CËgmh amIbm OmVmo. D$g, H$mnyg, V§~mIy, Vob{~`m BË`mXr ZJXr
{nH$m§À`m qH$_Vr gaH$ma R>a{dVo Ë`mM~amo~a Mhm, H$m°\$s, a~a _gmë`mMo nXmW© BË`mXtÀ`m {H$_Vr R>a{dVmZm
Am§Vamï´>r` ~mOmamVrb {H$_Vr {dMmamV KoVë`m OmVmV. H$maU `m _i`m§À`m CËnmXZmMr {Z`m©V hmoV AgVo.
Caboë`m eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr øm ~mOmamVrb _mJUr-nwadR>`mZwgma R>aVmV. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m {H$_Vr {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1965-66 _Ü`o AemoH$ _ohVm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr AÝZYmÝ` Mm¡H$er g{_Vr Zo_br hmoVr. `m
g{_VrZo qH$_V pñWarH$aUmgmR>r g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. Eb. Ho$. Pm. `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br hmoVr. `m "Pm' g{_VrZo eoV_mb {H$_V Am`moJmMr (Agricultural Price
Commission) ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mMr gaH$maZo ËdarV A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br. gÜ`m
`m Am`moJmbm eoVr{df`H$ IM© qH$_V Am`moJ (Agricultural Costs & Pricess Commission) Ago
g§~moYbo OmVo. eoV_mbmÀ`m àemgH$s` {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aVmZm eoVr joÌmV gwYm[aV V§ÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm
Omdm d CËnmXZmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo eoVH$è`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {_imdo hr ~m~ bjmV KoVbr OmVo. O_rZ d
AÝ` CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mm n`m©á dmna ìhmdm hm hoVy AgVmo. qH$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aVmZm g§~§{YV _mbmMm _mJUrnwadR>m Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamVrb qH$_V, pñWVr BË`mXr KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m {H$_VrMo amhUrIMm©da,
CÚmoJm§À`m IM© aMZoda Am{U gd©gmYmaU qH$_VnmVirda H$m` n[aUm_ KSy>Z `oVrb, ho gd© KQ>H$ {dMmamV
KoVbo OmVmV. {H$_Vr R>adVmZm Ë`mVrb ^yVH$mimVrb àd¥ËVr {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m Omhra Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`mV
{H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vr qH$dm h_rXËV {H$_Vr _hËdmÀ`m R>aVmV. `m{edm` `m H${_eZH$Sy>Z nwT>rb {H$_Vr
Omhra Ho$ë`m OmVmV. gaH$ma H$mhr {nH$m§À`m {H$_Vrg H$m`Xoera XOm© XoV AgVo. Aem {H$_VtZm d¡Ym{ZH$
{H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vr Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ^maV gaH$maZo D$g Am{U VmJ `m§À`m `màH$mao Omhra Ho$ë`m AmhoV
gaH$maZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m `m {H$_Vrnojm H$_r {H$_Vrbm IaoXr Ho$ë`mg Vmo H$m`Xoera XIbnmÌ JwÝhm g_Obm
OmVmo. Ago H¥$Ë` ~oH$m`Xoera R>aVo. Ë`m_wio gaH$maZo EH$ R>adyZ {Xboë`m {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vrnojm H$moUË`mhr
H$maImÝ`mbm H$_r {H$_VrZo D$g IaoXr H$aVm `oV Zmhr. àg§Jr `mnojm OmXm qH$_V XoD$Z H$maImÝ`m§H$Sy>Z
D$gmMr IaoXr hmoV AgVo.
ñdñV YmÝ` XwH$mZm§_m\©$V gaH$ma Á`m {H$_Vrbm OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Mm nwadR>m H$aVo Aem {dH«$s {H$_Vrbm
dmQ>n {H$_Vr Ago åhUVmV. gaH$mar IaoXr {H$_Vrnojm dmQ>n {H$_Vr H$_r AgVmV. J«mhH$ {hVmMm {dMma H$éZ
AW©gmhmæ` XoV AgVo.
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gaH$mar qH$dm {ebH$s gmR>m à{H«$`m
(Buffer Stock Operation)
{Z`moOZ Am`moJmÀ`m _o 1972 À`m ~¡R>H$sV gaH$mar qH$dm {e„H$s gmR>m hr g§H$ënZm àW_ _m§S>Ê`mV
Ambr. ^maVr` AÝZ _hm_§S>imVrb AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m gmR>`mMo VrZ àH$mamV dJr©H$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
1) {ebH$s gmR>m
(Buffer Stock)
2) {H«$`mË_H$ gmR>m
(Operation Stock)
3) A{V[aŠV gmR>m
(Surplus Stock)
AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m {ebH$sgmR>r qH$_VrVrb CÀ`dMZo {Z`§{ÌV R>odÊ`mgmR>r AÝZYmÝ`mMr IaoXr d {dH«$s
H$aÊ`mer g§~§{YV Amho. AW©ì`dñWoVrb AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m qH$_Vr KQ>V AgVmZm {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vrnojm
~mOma qH$_Vr H$_r hmody bmJë`m H$s gaH$ma AÝZYmÝ`mMr IaoXr H$aUo d Ooìhm AW©ì`dñWoVrb AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m
qH$_Vr dmTy> bmJë`mg AÝZYmÝ`mMm {e„H$s gmR>m {dH«$sg H$mTy>Z nwadR>m dmT>{dbm OmVmo.
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_V pñWarH$aUmgmR>r XoemÀ`m gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV `oUmam YmÝ`mMm gmR>m åhUOoM
gaH$mar qH$dm {ebH$s gmR>m hmo`. ^maVr` AÝZ _hm_§S>i d Zm\o$S> `m XmoZ g§ñWm Amdí`H$ AÝZYmÝ`mMm gmR>m
H$[aV AgVmV. Am{U Ë`m gmR>`mMm dmna CËnmXZmMr Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U Pmë`mda Ho$bm OmVmo. gÜ`m gaH$maH$So>
XmoZ dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrn`©§V nwaob EdT>m AÝZYmÝ`mMm gmR>m {e„H$ Amho.
AÝZYmÝ`mMm {ebH$s gmR>m gaH$mar JmoXm_o d gmR>mJ¥hm§_Ü`o R>odbm OmVmo d hm gmR>m gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU
àUmbrVyZ {dVarV Ho$bm OmVmo. XoemVrb Jar~m§À`mgmR>r gaH$ma ñdñV YmÝ` XwH$mZmVyZ AÝZYmÝ`mMo {dVaU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmR>m H$aVo. AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m nwadR>`mV H$mhr H$maUmZo Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U Pmë`mg nwadR>m {Z`§{ÌV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maH$Sy>Z {ebH$s gmR>m dmnabm OmVmo.
{ebH$s gmR>m nÜXVrMr _wb^yV d¡{eï>`o :
1) Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>mV AÝZYmÝ`mMr CnbãYVm H$éZ XoUo. XwîH$mi, Amdf©Z àdU, _hmnya Aem Z¡g{J©H$
g§H$Q>mV H$mhr àXoemV AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m Anwam hmoV Agë`mg Ë`mg§~§YrV àXoembm {ebH$s gmR>`mVyZ
YmÝ`mMm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) eoVrVrb CËnmXZ ho h§Jm_r ñdénmMo AgVo. h§Jm_mV AÝZYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m _mJUrnojm OmñV
am{hë`m_wio qH$_Vr KQy> bmJVmV. Aemdoir gaH$ma {ebH$s gmR>m V`ma H$aVo Am{U {~Ja h§Jm_ H$mbmdYrV
_mJUr nojm nwadR>m H$_r hmoD$ bmJë`mg ñdñV YmÝ` {dVarV Ho$bo OmVo.
3) qH$_V pñWa amIÊ`mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o {ebH$s gmR>m AË`§V _hËdmMm AgVmo hm gmR>m ñdñV
YmÝ` XwH$mZm_m\©$V Jar~m§Zm {dVarV Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Jar~m§Zm qH$_V dmT>rMm Ìmg hmoV Zmhr.
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4) eoVr CËnmXZmV pñWaVm{ebH$s gmR>m hm gaH$maH$Sy>Z A{V[aŠV AÝZYmÝ` AgUmè`m àXoemVyZ
Q>§MmB© AgUmè`m àXoemV {dH«$s Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio qH$_Vr_Ü`o àXoemàXoem_Ü`o g_mZVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
5) {ebH$s gmR>`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr_wio gaH$mabm _moR>`mà_mUmV {dËVr` ^ma nS>Vmo. na§Vy Jar~m§À`m
AÝZYmÝ` gwa{jVVogmR>r {ebH$sgmR>m Amdí`H$ Amho.
6) {ebH$s gmR>m YmoaUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m _mJUr nwadR>`mV g_Vmob amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm OmVmo. Xoem§VJ©V ~mOmanoR>oV qH$_Vr KQ>V AgVmZm gaH$ma YmÝ` IaoXr H$aVo. d Xoem§VJ©V ~mOmanoR>oV
qH$_Vr dmT>V AgVmZm {ebH$s gmR>`mMo {dH«$s H$aVo.
* eoVr{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr gmYZo
(Instrument of Agriculture Price Policy)
^maV gaH$maZo Adb§{~boë`m eoV_mb {df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUm_Ü`o AZoH$ Cnm`m§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bobm Amho.
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa R>odÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rH$moZmVyZ ^maV gaH$maZo Imbrb gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bobm Amho.
1) {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vr :
(Minimum Support Price)
eoVH$è`m§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrda n[aUm_ H$aUmao _hËdmMo KQ>H$ åhUOo eoV_mbmMo CËnmXZ Am{U Ë`mbm
{_iUmar qH$_V ho hmoV. eoVH$è`m§Zr CËnmXrV Ho$boë`m eoV_mbmg qH$_VrMr gaH$maH$Sy>Z {XK©H$m{bZ h_r
{_iUo `mg {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_V åhUVmV. `m qH$_VrZwgma {XK©H$mimV eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr pñWa amhVrb.
Aer gaH$maH$Sy>Z eoVH$è`m§Zm h_r {_iV AgVo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m_Ü`o {nH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r {dídmg {Z_m©U
hmoVmo. {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vr eoV_mb CËnmXZ IMm©da AmYmarV AgVmV.
2) gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V :
(Procurement Prices)
^maV gaH$ma Á`m {H$_Vrg YmÝ`mMr IaoXr H$aV AgVo Aem {H$_VtZm gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V åhUVmV.
gm_mÝ`nUo Aem qH$_Vr {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vrnojm OmñV d ~mOmamVrb qH$_Vrnojm H$_r AgVmV. gaH$mar
IaoXr qH$_Vt_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm CËnmXZ dmT>rMr àoaUm {_iVo. eoVr{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
3) H$m`Xoera {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vr :
(Stautory Minimum Support Prices)
XoemMo gaH$ma H$mhr {R>H$mUÀ`m qH$_Vrg H$m`Xoera XOm© XoV AgVo. qH$dm Á`m {nH$mÀ`m {H$_Vr gaH$ma
H$m`ÚmZwgma R>adV AgVo Aem qH$_VtZm H$m`Xoera {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vr Ago åhUVmV. gaH$maZo R>a{dboë`m
H$m`Xoera {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vrnojm H$_r {H$_Vrbm g§~§{YV {nH$mMr IaoXr Ho$ë`mg Aem àH$mao H¥$Ë`
~oH$m`Xoera _mZbo OmVo. Ë`m_wioM gmIa H$maImÝ`m§Zm D$gmMm Xa {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_Vrnojm H$_r XoVm `oV
Zmhr. Vob{~`mÀ`m qH$_VrgwÜXm `mM nÜXVrZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m AmhoV.
4) gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr :
(Public Distrubution System)
gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbrÛmao gaH$ma g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zm AÝZYmÝ`mMr ñdñV qH$_VrV {dH«$s
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H$aVo. gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_Vrnojm ñdñV YmÝ` XwH$mZmVrb qH$_Vr H$_r AgVmV. `m_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrb qH$_V
nmVir pñWa amIÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. gaH$maÀ`m qH$_V YmoaUmMo gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaUàUmbr ho _hËdmMo gmYZ Amho.
5) gaH$mar gmR>m :
(Buffer Stock)
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_V pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoemÀ`m gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV `oUmam YmÝ`mMm gmR>m åhUOoM
gaH$mar qH$dm {ebH$s gmR>m hmo`. ^maVr` AÝZ _hm_§S>i d Zm\o$S> `m XmoZ g§ñWm Amdí`H$ AÝZ YmÝ`mMm
gmR>m H$aV AgVmV. Am{U Ë`m gmR>`mMm dmna CËnmXZmMr Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U Pmë`mda Ho$bm OmVmo. gÜ`m
gaH$maH$So> XmoZ dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrn`©§V nwaob EdT>m AÝZ YmÝ`mMm gmR>m {e„H$ Amho.
6) gmR>dUyH$ qH$dm JmoXm_ ì`dñWm :
(Warehousing or Godown Facilities)
^maVmVrb eoVr CËnmXrV _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maH$Sy>Z dmnabo OmUmao _hËdmMo gmYZ
Amho. eoVr CËnm{XV _mbmg ~mOmam_Ü`o _mJUr {Z_m©U hmoB©n`©§V _mbmMr gmR>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm
JmoXm_mMr _XV hmoV AgVo.
7) nV{df`H$ gw{dYm : ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zm H$_r ì`mOXamZo H$Om©Mm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo
AZoH$ à`ËZ Ho$bobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m _mbmMm gmR>m H$aVm `oVmo. Á`mdoir Mm§Jë`m qH$_Vr
AgVrb Ë`mdoir Ë`m_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aVm `oVo. n[aUm_V: eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o ñW¡`© {Q>Hw$Z amhVo.
* eoVr{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMo _wë`_mnZ
(Evaluation of Agriculture Price Policy)
^maV gaH$maZo eoVH$è`mÀ`m eoV_mbmbm `mo½` qH$_V {_iÊ`mgmR>r eoVr{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUo am~{dbobr
AmhoV. `mMm \$m`Xm eoVH$è`m§À`m Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r Pmbm AgyZ H¥$fr CËnmXZmV dmT>Pmbr Amho. _mÌ `m
YmoaUmÀ`m H$m`©nÜXVr~m~V Imbrb _`m©Xm AmhoV :
1) `mo½` qH$_V {ZpíMVr_Ü`o AS>MUr :
gm_mÝ`nUo CËnmXZ IMm©nojm OmñV qH$_V _J hr qH$_V ~mOmamVrb qH$_Vrnojm H$_r Agbr Var Ë`m
qH$_Vrbm `mo½` qH$_V åhQ>bo OmVo. ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z CËnmXZ IMm©da AmYmarV `mo½` qH$_V {ZpíMVr hmoUo
Amdí`H$ AgVo. na§Vw emgZmbm XoemVrb {d{dY àXoemVrb CËnmXZ IMm©V {^ÝZVm Agë`m_wio àemgH$s`
qH$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr AmhoV.
2) {d{dY {ZH$fm_Ü`o g_Ýd`mMm A^md :
gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥$fr IM© d _wë` Am`moJmZo AZoH$ {ZH$fmMm Adb§~ Ho$bobm
Amho. _mÌ {d{dY amÁ`mV d {d{dY {nH$mV Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVrZwgma CËnmXZ IMm©V V\$mdV AmT>iyZ `oVo.
g_Ýd`mMm A^md {XgyZ `oVmo.
145
E_.E.^mJ-1 … H¥$fr AW©emñÌ / 10
3) bKw d gr_m§V eoVH$è`mH$So> Xwb©j :
^maVmV eoV_mb {df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMm àm_w»`mZo _moR>`m d lr_§V eoVH$è`m§Zm A{YH$ \$m`Xm Pmbobm
Amho. H$maU XoemVrb _moR>o eoVH$arM CËnmXrV _mbmMr ~mOmamV A{YH$ à_mUmV {dH«$s H$arV AgVmV. bKw d
gr_m§V eoVH$è`m§H$So> ~mOma `mo½` dmT>mdm Zgë`m_wio qH$_V YmoaUmMm \$m`Xm hmoV Zmhr.
4) ^mOrnmë`m§À`m qH$_Vr_Yrb dmT> :
eoVrCËnmXrV _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa R>do Ê`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maV gaH$maMo qH$_V YmoaU An`er R>abo Amho.
gZ 2009 _Ü`o ^mOrnmë`m§À`m d AÝZYmÝ`m§À`m qH$_Vr àM§S> dmT>ë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_Ü`o gaH$maMm hñVjon
ZmhrM, {Z`§ÌUgwÜXm Zmhr. n[aUm_V: AÝZYmÝ` d ^mOrnmë`mÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoV Amho.
5) gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbrV C{Udm :
^maVmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU nÜXVr_Ü`o AZoH$ C{Udm AmhoV. Vm§Xwi, Jhÿ d BVa {ZH¥$ï> YmÝ`mMm nwadR>m
EdT>rM gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU nÜXVr _`m©XrV Amho. `mnÜXVr_Yrb YmÝ`mMm nwadR>m Anwam Amho. gXa ì`dñWoMm
àemgH$s` IM©hr OmñV Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU nÜXVr_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo AÝZYmÝ`
Aën qH$_VrV bmoH$m§Zm X`m`bm hdo.
6) ^mddmT>rMr àd¥ËVr :
H¥$fr_mb IM© d qH$_V Am`moJmZo (CACP) àË`oH$ dfr© IaoXr qH$_Vr_Ü`o dmT> H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo
gaH$mabm {e\$mag Ho$bobr Amho. Ë`m_wio eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr gmVË`mZo dmT>V AmhoV. n[aUm_V: AW©ì`dñWoV
^mddmT>rMr pñWVr Amho. qH$_V Am`moJ eoVr CËnmXrV _mbmMm IM© d Ë`mMr qH$_Vr `mda AmYmarV qH$_Vr
R>adV AgVmZm `m XmoÝhr_Ü`o g§~§Y {XgyZ `oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^mddmT>rMr àd¥ËVr {Z_m©U hmoVo.
7) J«m_rU Jar~m§da n[aUm_ :
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr gmVË`mZo dmT>boë`m AmhoV. _mÌ eoV_Oya d J«m_rU
^mJmVrb H$mam{Jam§Zm {Xbr OmUmar _Oyar d _mo~Xë`m_Ü`o \$maer dmT>Pmbobr Zmhr. {d{dY OrdZmon`moJr
dñVw§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m_wio EH$sH$So> bmoH$m§À`m amhUr_mZ IM© dmT>bobm Amho. Va XwgarH$So> J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
Jar~, eoV_Oya, Aën^yYmaH$, H$mam{Ja, BË`mXtZm {_iUmè`m _mo~Xë`mV dmT>Pmbr Zgë`m_wio CnbãY
CËnmXZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {Q>H${dUo H$R>rU OmVo.
8) àJV amÁ`m§Zm AZwHw$b :
XoemVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m AmYma qH$_Vr R>adVmZm eoV_mbIM© d qH$_V Am`moJ àJV amÁ`m§_Yrb CËnmXZ
IM© {dMmamV KoVo. Ë`mdéZM eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr R>aVmV. Aem qH$_Vr XoenmVirda bmJw Ho$ë`m OmVmV. na§Vw
`m qH$_Vr XoemVrb gd© amÁ`m§À`m CËnmXZ IMm©Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aV Zgë`m_wio AàJV amÁ`m_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§Mo
146
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVrda Ho$bobo H$ï> dm`m OmUma ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$ï>mMm `mo½` _mo~Xbm
{_imd`mg hdm. `mX¥ï>rZo Ë`m§Zr CËnmXZ Ho$boë`m _mbmbm gaH$maH$Sy>Z AmYma qH$_VrMr h_r {_iUo `mbm
{H$_mZ AmYma {H$_VrMo YmoaU Ago åhUVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zr eoVr ì`dgm`mV A{YH$m{YH$ Jw§VdUyH$ H$éZ eoVrMo
`m§{ÌH$sH$aU d AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m eoV_mbmbm {H$_mZ qH$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo YmoaÊ A{YH$
`eñdr R>aVo. eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_mZ {H$_VrMr h_r XoÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§~Uo `mMm AW© eoV_mbmMr ~mOmamV
OodT>r AmdH$ hmoB©b Vmoo gd© eoV_mb h_rXËV {H$_mZ {H$_Vrbm IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gaH$maZo ñdrH$maUo
hmo`. Ë`m_wio àË`j ~mOmamVrb eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr øm h_rXËV qH$_VnmVirnojm H$_r hmoUma ZmhrV Aer
Anojm AgVo.
eoV_mbmÀ`m h_rXËV {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vr R>a{dVmZm AZoH$ KQ>H$ {dMmamV ¿`mdo bmJVmV. CXm.
eoV_mbmÀ`m Iwë`m ~mOmamVrb {H$_Vr g§~§{YV _mbmer ñnYm©iy {nH$m§Mm _mo~Xbm, bmJdS>rMm IM© BË`mXr.
Aem {H$_mZ {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Cn^moŠË`m§À`m {hVmH$So> bj Úmdo bmJVo.
{H$_mZ AmYma qH$_VrMo ho YmoaU AZoH$ dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. CXm. Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi,
Ádmar, ~mOar, _H$m hr AÝZYmÝ`mMr {nHo$ Va D$g, H$mnyg, Á`yQ>, V§~mIy hr ì`mnmar {nHo$. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrb
~XbVr n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z 1964 nmgyZ `m AmYma {H$_VrV dma§dma dmT> Ho$br OmVo Amho.
gaH$maZo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m AmYma {H$_VrMm bm^ íeoVH$è`m§Zm {_iÊ`mgmR>r eoV_mbmMr `mo½` Aer
{dH«$s ì`dñWm gd©Ì Agbr nm{hOo. g_Om, h_rXËV {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_Vrnojm eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr H$_r
Pmë`mg Ë`m {d^mJmVrb gd© eoVH$è`m§Mm eoV_mb `m {H$_Vrbm IaoXr H$aÊ`mMo A{^dMZ gaH$maZo {Xbo
nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r gd©Ì emgH$s` `§ÌUm g‚m Agbr nm{hOo.
eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>Z AmYw{ZH$sH$aU KSy>Z `oÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ AmYma {H$_VrMr Amdí`H$Vm
Amho. na§Vw hm EH$_od KQ>H$ Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho Ago Zmhr. g_Om AmYw{ZH$ eoVH$s AmXmZo CnbãY
ZgVrb qH$dm eoVH$è`m§Mr _Zmod¥ËVr nma§nm[aH$ íeoVmbm AZwHyb Agob qH$dm hr AmYw{ZH$ AmXmZo Iyn IMr©H$
AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mg bmoH$ V`ma hmoUma ZmhrV. åhUOo Ho$di AmYma {H$_VrMo YmoaU íeoVr
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmbm O~m~Xma AgV Zmhr.
{H$_mZ AmYma {H$_VrÀ`m YmoaUm_wio XrK©H$mimV eoV_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr pñWa amhVrb Aer h_r gaH$maH$Sy>Z
eoVH$è`m§Zm {_iVo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Mr IaoXreŠVr dmTy>Z eoVH$s CËnmXZmV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
* Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwU© H$am.
1) Imbrbn¡H$s eoVr{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr .................. gmYZo AmhoV.
1) {H$_mZ AmYma qH$_V 2) gaH$mar IaoXr qH$_V 3) gaH$mar gmR>m 4) darbn¡H$s gd©
147
2) {H$_mZ AmYma^yV qH$_VYmoaUmMr C{Ôï>`o.....................AmhoV.
1) _`m©{XV qH$_V CƒdMoZ 2) gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr
3) M{H«$` CƒdMZo H$_r H$aUo
4) darbn¡H$s gd©
3) ^maVr` AÝZ _hm_§S>imVrb AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m gmR>`mMo .............. àH$mamV dJr©H$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
1) {ebH$sgmR>r
2) {H«$`mË_H$ gmR>m
3) A{V[aŠV gmR>m
4)darbn¡H$s gd©
4) AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1965-66 _Ü`o.......................`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr
AÝZYmÝ` Mm¡H$er g{_Vr Zo_br hmoVr.
1) AemoH$ _ohVm
2) M§X«H$m§V _ohVm 3) gr. a§JamOZ 4) darbn¡H$s Zmhr.
5) AÝZYmÝ` {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r .......... gmbr g{_Vr Zo_br.
1) 1960-61
4.3 gmam§e
2) 1965-66 3) 1969-70 4) 1974-75
(Summary)
1) eoV_mbmÀ`m {dnUZ H$aUo ho AmYw{ZH$ d ì`mnmareoVrÀ`m X¥ï>rZo AË`§V _hËdmMo AgyZ `m_Ü`o
AZoH$ {H«$`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gd© H$m`m©Mo _hËd gmaIo Zgbo Var CËnmXZmMo ñdén eoVr CËnmXZmVrb àJVr
BË`mXrZwgma {d{dY H$m`© H$_r-OmñV à_mUmV Amdí`H$ AgVmV. H¥$fr_Ü`o ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo noaUrnmgyZM
{dnUZ à{H«$`m gwé hmoVo.H$maU noaUrÀ`mdoirM H$mnUr d {dH«$sMr doi VgoM {dH«$sMr nÜXV R>aV AgVo. _mÌ
Iè`m AWm©Zo nm{hë`mg {dnUZmMr gwédmV {nH$ CËnmXZmMo {R>H$mU d doionmgyZM hmoVo. Am{U J«mhH$mn`©§V
g§nVo. A{dH${gV ñdénmVrb ~mOma ì`dñWm íeoVr d ~mOmanoR>oVrb A{YH$ A§Va dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmÀ`m
Anwè`m gmo`r BË`mXr_wio eoVr_Yrb nma§nmarH$ X¥ï>rH$moZ ~Xbbm Zmhr. eoVrg ì`mnma ñdén Ambo Zmhr. ^maVr`
eoVH$è`m§À`m eoV_mbmbm {_iUmè`m qH$_Vr Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V àoaUmXm`r R>aboë`m ZmhrV. VargwÜXm eoVH$ar
CXa{Zdm©hmMo BVa H$moUVohr gmYZ Zgë`m_wio eoVr ì`dgm` na§naoZo H$aVmo Amho.
2) OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZÀo `m ñWmnZoÀ`m ghm dfm©ZV§ a {dH${gV Xoem§Zr gamgar 36 :Am{U {dH$gZerb
Xoem§Zr 10 dfm©_Ü`o gamgar 24:Am`mVewëH$m_Ü`o H$nmV H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. H$nmVrgmR>r
1986 - 88 ho nm`m^yV df© _mZÊ`mV Ambo. darbà_mUo Am`mVewëH$mMo à_mU R>adV AgVmZmM Am`mV
H$moQ>m Xoem§VJ©V {Xbr OmUmar AZwXmZo, {Z`m©V AZwXmZo aÔ H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMr VaVyX eoVr{df`H$ H$amamV H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Amho. Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌmVrb {d{dY godm§Mm d H$amam_Ü`o àW_M g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. {d_m, ~±qH$J,
dmhVyH$, Q>o{bH$å`w{ZHo$eÝg, g„m{df`H$ n`©Q>Z, {dËVr` godm, hdmB© dmhVyH$, OhmO dmhVyH$, H$a_UyH$
BË`mXtMm g_mdoe H$amamV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mZwgma godm{df`H$ ì`mnmamV ^oXm^oX Z H$aUo, {dXoer ì`ŠVr d
g§ñWm `m§Zm Xoem§VJ©V g§ñWm§à_mUo gmoB©-gdbVr XoUo d godm ~mOmanoR> gdm©§gmR>r Iwbr H$aUo `m§Mm g_mdoe
148
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. godm, CËnmXZ {dVaU {dH«$s BË`mXtMm `mV g_mdoe AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o nmaXe©H$Vm amIbr
OmB©b.
3) ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo _Ü`o AÝZYmÝ` d Vob{~`m§À`m qH$_Vr _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV eoV_mbmÀ`m
qH$_VrMm n[aUm_ eoVH$è`m§À`m CËnÝZmda hmoVm §_VrVrb ~Xbm_wio ^maVr` H¥$fr AW©ì`dñWoV AS>MUr {Z_m©U
hmoVmV H$maU VoWo CËnmXZ ho bhar _mÝgyZda Adb§~yZ AgVo eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o h§Jm_r, dm{f©H$, d
{XK©H$mbrZ CƒdMZo KSy>Z `oVmV eoVr hm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb CËnÝZ d amoOJmamMm à_wI ñÌmoV Amho {dH$gZerb
AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o eoVrVrb amoOJma{Z{_©VrMr ^y{_H$m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamgmR>r _hËdmMr R>aVo.
4) eoV_mbmg `mo½` ^md {_imë`mg eoVH$è`m§Zm OmñV CËnÝZ {_iwZ Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaVo.
Ë`mM ~amo~a `mo½` qH$_Vr_wio eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>rg MmbZm {_iVo. eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr pñWa am{hë`mg eoVrMm
{dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m qH$_Vr pñWa ahmì`mV `mgmR>r XoemV eoV_mb{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr Amdí`H$Vm
Amho. dñVyÀ`m qH$_Vr_Ü`o hmoUmao Vrd« ñdénmMo ~Xb _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Am{U qH$_V dmOdr nmVirbm
{Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Or OmUrdnyd©H$ ZrVr AmIbr OmVo {Vbm µqH$_VrÀ`m pñWarH$aUmMo YmoaU Ago
åhUVmV.eoVrÀ`m ~m~VrV, CËnm{XV _mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV Oa Vrd« ñdénmMr KQ> Pmbr Va eoVH$è`m§Mo Am{W©©H$
ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. `mCbQ> eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrV Vrd« ñdénmMr dmT>Pmë`mg Cn^moŠË`mbm OmñV qH$_V _moOmdr
bmJë`mZo Ë`mMo Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU H$_r hmoVo.
4.4) nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
(Key Words)
1) {dnUZ : {Z{_©V dñVy CËnmXZ ñWimnmgyZ Cn^moŠË`mn`©§V nmohM{dÊ`mMm ì`dgm` åhUOo {dnUZ hmo`.
2) ~mOma qH$_V : _mJUr d nwadR>m `m§À`m g§VwbZmbm Agbobr dñVyMr qH$_V åhUOo ~mOma qH$_V hmo`.
3) AmYma qH$_V : h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mimV dñVwÀ`m nwadR>`mV dmT>Pmë`m_wio dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV _moR>`m à_mUmV
KQ> hmoD$ Z`o `mgmR>r gaH$ma dñVwMr qH$_V Omhra H$aVo Ë`m qH$_Vrg AmYma qH$_V åhUVmV.
4) qH$_V CƒmdMZo : {d{eï> H$mimV AW©ì`dñWoVrb dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV Ooìhm gVV ~Xb hmoVmo Voìhm Ë`mg
qH$_V CƒmdMZo åhUVmV.
5) ^mdpñWaH$ gmR>m : dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV hmoUmam ~Xb Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Á`m dñVwMm gaH$ma gmR>m H$aVo Ë`mg
^mdpñWaH$ gmR>m åhUVmV.
* ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao
4.2.1 1) eoV_mb CËnmXH$mbm Mm§Jbm naVmdm {_idyZ XoUo 2) darbn¡H$s gd© 3) eoV_mbmMr {dH«$s 4)
149
darbn¡H$s gd© 5) hám nÜXV
4.2.2 1) 30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1947 2) 23 3) 1 OmZodmar 1995 4) darb n¡H$s gd© 5) darb gd©
4.2.3 1) darb gd© 2) darb gd© 3) eoV_mbmgmR>r _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m 4) 15: 5) darb gd©
4.2.4 1) darbn¡H$s gd© 2) darbn¡H$s gd© 3) darbn¡H$s gd© 4) AemoH$ _ohVm 5) 1965-66
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ :
A) {XKm©oËVar àíZ :
1)
H¥$fr {dnUZmMr H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
2)
H¥$fr {dnUZmMr g§aMZm ñnï> H$am.
3)
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMo AZwHyb d à{VHyb n[aUm_ ñnï> H$am.
4)
eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_VrVrb CƒmdMZm§Mr H$maUo g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.
5)
H¥$fr qH$_V YmoaUmMo C{Ôï>o ñnï> H$am
6)
AmYma^yV qH$_VrMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
~) {Q>nm {bhm :
1)
{dnUZ IM©
2)
eoVr{df`H$ qH$_V YmoaUmMr gmYZo
3)
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>ZoMr C{Ôï>o
4)
eoV_mb qH$_VrVrb CƒmdMZm§Mo _hËd
5)
H¥$fr qH$_V YmoaU
4.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© :
1. Agrawal A. N. (1981), Indian Agriculture - 2 nd Revised Edition, Vikas Publishing
House Pvt. Ltd
2. Mamoria C. B.(1979), Agricultural Problemss of India-9th Edition, Kitab Mahal
Allahabad.
3. Sharma A. N. (1984),Economics Structure of Indian Agricultures - Himalaya
Publishing House, Bombay.
150
4. Kahlon A. S. and Tyagi D. S. (1983), Agricultural Price Policy in India, Allies
Publishers Private Limited-New Delhi.
5. Acharya S. S. & Agrawal N. L.(2009) Agricultuer Marketing in India, Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi
6. Memoria C. B. & Trapathi B. B. (2007), Agricultural Problems of India -26th Edition,
Kitab Mahal Allahabad.
7. Gowda, N. K. (1998) 'Agricultural Development' Published by Mangal Deep
Publication, Jaipur
8. Bansal, P. C. (1986) 'Economic Problems of Indian Agriculture', Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi.
151