H
I
HHHHH B+
Accredited by NAAC
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm
]r. H$m°_. ^mJ-2
K
J
© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2008
~r. H$m°_. (n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm) ^mJ - 2 H$[aVm
gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr.
àVr : 1600
n
àH$meH$ :
S>m°. amO|Ð X. H$m§H$[a`m
Hw$bg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
n
_wÐH$ :
lr. E. Eg². _mZo,
à^mar AYrjH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
n
_wIn¥îR> gOmdQ> :
àVrH$ {à§qQ>J gpìh©gog, H$moëhmnya.
ISBN- 978-81-8486-043-6
H
Xya oejU H|$Ð AmoU oedmOr odÚm[rR> `m]ÔcMr _mohVr [wT>rc [Î`mda o_iy eH{$c.
oedmOr odÚm[rR>, odÚmZJa, H$m{ëhm[ya - 416 004. (^maV)
H
Xya oejU [nafX - B§oXam Jm§Yr amîQ->r` _w·V odÚm[rR>, Zdr oXëcr `m§À`m odH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gmohË`mMr oZo_©Vr H{$cr
Amh{.
(ii)
Xya oejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[ya
n VÁk go_Vr n
àm. (S>m°.) _m{UH$amd gmiw§Io
S>m°. amO|Ð X. H$m§H$[a`m
Hw$cg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
Hw$cJwê$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
n
gëcmJma go_Vr n
_m. àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
S>m°. amO|Ð X. H$m§H$[a`m
Hw$cg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
lr. ~r. Eg. nmQ>rc
Hw$cJwê$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) E. E. S>m§Jo
g§MmcH$, _hmodÚmc` d odÚm[rR> odH$mg _§S>i,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
lr. E. gr. nmodma
àm. (S>m°.) CÎm_amd ^moB©Q>o
à. narjm {Z`§ÌH$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
cmc ~hmÔÿa emñÌr _mJ©, ^maVr {dÚmnrR>, nwUo.
S>m°. E. EZ. Omoer
S>m°. ~r. nr. gm~io
g§MmcH$, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
"AWd©àgmX' Q>r-3, 32/11, Vmam~mB© nmH©$, H$moëhmnya.
S>m°. (lr_Vr) dmg§Vr amg_
lr. Oo. Ama. OmYd
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$emñÌo, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
S>m°. Ho$. EZ. gm§Jio
A{YîR>mVm, H$cm {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
A{YîR>mVm, {ejUemñÌ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
S>m°. Q>r. ~r. OJVmn
àm. (S>m°.) ìhr. Eg. nmQ>rc
àm. S>m°. (lr_Vr) gr_m `odco (gXñ` g{Md)
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
A{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
g§Mm{cH$m,
Xya {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
àm. (S>m°.) Eg. E. ~mar,
g§MmcH$, Xya oejU Hw$d|[w odÚm[rR>, H$Zm©Q>H$
n
Aä`mg_§S>i : ì`mdgmo`H$ AW©emñÌ n
AÜ`j - lr. Eg. Eg. [mQ>rc
odd{H$mZ§X H$m°c{O, Vmam]mB© [mH©$, H$m{ëhm[ya.
l
lr. EZ. ]r. OmYd
l
l
lr. E_. Or. ]aJwc{
l
lr.]r. Ama. Jw§S>J{
l
lr. ]r. H{$. _mZ{
AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°c{O, H$mg{Jmd, Vm. dmidm, oO. gm§Jcr.
l
S>m°. Ama. E_. Vw§Jma{
g§MmcH$, _hmamîQ-> BpÝñQ>Q>çQy > Am°\$ c{]a ñQ>S>rO,
S>r. gr. am{S>, [mc}, _w§]B©.
AmQ>©g, gm`Ýg A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°c{O, cm{U§X, oO. gmVmam.
l
lr. S>r. Eg. Vm§]m{iH$a
[r. ìhr. [r. _hmodÚmc`, VmgJm§d, oO. gm§Jcr.
[Ù^yfU S>m.° dg§VamdXmXm [mQ>rc _hmodÚmc`, VmgJmd, oO. gm§Jcr
l
lr. E_. ]r. dmK_m{S>{
AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°c{O, 51, `mX{Jm{[mi [{R>, gmVmam.
gmJa oZdmg, gYZ hm`ñHy$cOdi, JS>qh½cO, oO. H$m{ëhm[ya
l
lr. [r. EZ. Vm{S>H$a
lr. ]r. H{$. _mZ{
E. gr. E_. B©, Q>ëy g, Ûmam _wJ§ r Bc{·Q->rH$ëg, B-10/11 (2),
E_.Am`.S>r.gr., ^m{gar-[wU{-411 026.
S>m°. ]m]mgmh{] Am§]{S>H$a _hmodÚmc`, [{R>-dS>Jm§d,
Vm. hmVH$U§Jc{, oO. H$m{ëhm[ya.
(iii)
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odÚm[rR>,
H$m{ëhm[ya
n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
KQ>H$ H«$.
coIZ gh^mJ
1. àm. Eg. Eg. nmQ>rc
1
{ddoH$mZ§X H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya.
2. àm. ~r. Ho$. _mZo
2
Hw$gy_VmB© amOmam_~mny nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, Bñcm_nya.
3. S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXo
3, 7
H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rc H$m°coO, Bñcm_nya, {O. gm§Jcr.
4. àm. S>m°. (gm¡.) VoOpñdZr _wS>oH$a
4
H$_cm H$m°coO, amOmam_nwar, H$moëhmnya.
5. lr. E. Oo. XogmB©
5
`ed§Vamd MìhmU dmaUm _hm{dÚmc`, dmaUmZJa
6. lr. E_. ~r. dmK_moS>o
6
H$cm, dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmc`, `mXmoJmonminoR, gmVmam.
7. S>m°. g§Vmof `mXd
8
^maVr {dÚmnrR>mMo BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ _°ZoO_|Q>, H$moëhmnya.
n
g§nmXH
n
àm. Eg. Eg. nmQ>rc
àm. (S>m°.) Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc
{d^mJà_wI, ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ,
{ddoH$mZ§X H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya
Aj` ~r-6, Vmam Q>oaog,
Eg.Eg.gr. ~moS>© Odi, g_«mQ> ZJa, H$moëhmnya.
(iv)
àñVmdZm
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xya {ejU H|$Ðm_m\©$V ~r. H$m°_. ^mJ-2 À`m ""n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr`
ì`dñWm'' `m Aä`mgH«$_mda ñd`§ AÜ``Z gm{hË` (SIM) åhUyZ ho nwñVH$ dmMH$m§Zm CncãY H$ê$Z
XoVmZm Amåhmg _Zmo_Z AmZ§X hmoV Amho.
dm{UÁ` d ì`dñWmnZ Aä`mgH«$_mV ""n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm'' hm {df` gd©ñneu
_hÎdmMm R>aVmo. `m nwñVH$mV EHy$U AmR> KQ>H$ AmhoV. Ë`mV n¡gm d {dÎm ì`dñWm `m§Mm g§H$ënZmË_H$
{dMma, {dÎmnwadR>m-AW© d ì`mßVr, ì`mnmar ~±H$m, àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m, {dH$mg ~±H$m d ~±Ho$Va
{dÎmr` g§ñWm, ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$, g§ñWmË_H$ H$O©nwadR>çmVrc AS>MUr, VgoM ì`mOXam§Mo d¡{dÜ`
Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ ~±qH$J nÕVr `mda Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr XoUmar àH$aUo AmhoV.
g§H$ënZmË_H$ ñnîQ>Vm, gmononUm, ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJ, g¡Õm§{VH$ d gm§p»`H$s ñnîQ>rH$aU,
`m§Mm dmna `m coIZmV n`m©ßV ñdê$nmV Ho$cm Amho. coIZ emñÌmoŠV, {~ZMyH$ d AÚmdV H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ gd©M coIH$m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. àË`oH$ àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>r ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`, nm[a^m{fH$
eãX d coIZmgmR>r dmnacoë`m d A{YH$À`m dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§Wm§Mr gyMr {Xcr Amho.
Xya{ejU H|$ÐmÀ`m g§~§{YV Aä`mgH«$_mÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ho nwñVH$ {ZpíMVM Cn`wŠV R>aoc.
nwñVH$ A{YH$ Cn`wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r dmMH$m§Zr `mo½` Vo g§X^© XodyZ {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xya {ejU H|$ÐmÀ`m
g§MmcH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYmdm hr {dZ§Vr.
`m gm{hË`mÀ`m àH$meZmV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m coIH$m§Mo, Xya {ejU H|$ÐmMo A{YH$mar d
H$_©Mmar VgoM {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmc`mVrc gd© ghH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§Mo _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.
H$moëhmnya
àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc
Owc¡, 2008
g§nmXH$
(v)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
1
n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm
1
2
{dÎmnwadR>m
20
3
ì`mnmar ~±H$m
40
4
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m/{d^mJr` J«m_rU ~±H$m
68
5
{dH$mg ~±H$m Am{U ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm
86
6
^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$
118
7
g§ñWmË_H$ H$O©nwadR>çmVrc g_ñ`m d YmoaUo Am{U ì`mOXa
145
8
ì`mdhm[aH$ ~±H$s¨J VÎdo
166
(vii)
n
odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :
àË`{H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc
]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Ü`{ H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.
3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm
Amh{.
ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV
Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ
Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü`{ oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm
ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{
Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ'
C[`w·V R>aVrc.
(viii)
(Study Tool)
åhUyZ
KQ>H$ : 1
n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm
(Money and Financial System)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1.1 C{ÔîQ>o
1.2 àñVmdZm
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 ~±H$ `m eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr
1.3.2 ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr
1.3.3 B§½c§S>_Yrc AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr
1.3.4 _wÐoMr ì`m»`m
1.3.5 n¡emMr H$m`}
1.3.6 n¡emMm nwadR>m
1.3.7 CÀMeŠVr n¡gm
1.3.8 CÀdeŠVr n¡emMm Cn`moJ
1.4 gmam§e
1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z
1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r
1.1 C{ÔîQ>o :
1. ~±H$ `m eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr nmhUo.
2. ~±H$m§À`m CËH«$m§VrMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
3. _wÐm `m eãXmMm AW©emñÌr` AW© nmhUo.
4. _wÐoÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
5. n¡emÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
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1
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 1
6. n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$ Aä`mgUo.
7. n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmÀ`m gmYZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
8. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm AW© nmhmUo
9. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMo _hÎd Aä`mgUo.
1.2 àñVmdZm :
AmYw{ZH$ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma n¡em^modVr H|${ÐV Pmcoco AgVmV. Ë`m_wio n¡gm `m KQ>H$mcm AW©ì`dñWoV
AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. OJmVrc {dH${gV XoemZm ~±H$m§Mo OodT>o _hÎd dmQ>Vo, VodT>oM _hÎd
{dH$gZerc XoemZm dmQ>Vo. CËnmXZ à{H«$`m Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgyZ ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr {^ÝZ
AgVmV. øm {^ÝZ KQ>H$m§Zm EH${ÌV AmUyZ CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV gmVË` R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© ~±H$m H$arV AgVmV.
CËnmXZ, {d^mOZ, Cn^moJ, {d{Z_` BË`mXr joÌmV ~±H$m§Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU© AgVo. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmV ~±H$m§Zm ^mJrXmar H$ê$Z KoVë`mIoarO XoemMr gdmªJrU àJVr gmYUo Aí`H$ AgVo. ~MVrcm CÎmoOZ
XoUo, Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dUo, ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m¡eë` {Z_m©U H$ê$Z ì`dgm` g§KQ>Zm dmT>{dUo, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm doJ
dmT>{dUo BË`mXr _hÎdmMr H$m`} ~±H$m H$arV Agë`mZo, ~±H$m AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoMm AmYmañV§^ AgVmV Ago
åhQ>ë`mg J¡a hmoUma Zmhr.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 ~±H$ `m eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr :
~±H$ `m eãXmÀ`m ì`wËnÎmr~m~V doJdoJù`m VÁkm§Zr Amncr _Vo _m§S>cr AmhoV. H$m§hr VÁkm§À`m _Vo ~±H$
Bank hm B§J«Or eãX Banc qH$dm Banco `m BQ>m{c`Z eãXmnmgyZ Amcocm Amho. Banch qH$dm Bank
`m eãXmMm Iam AW© ~gmd`mMm ~mH$ Agm Amho. BQ>cr_Ü`o nydu Á`y cmoH$ cm|~mS>u ZmdmÀ`m añË`mda,
~mH$mda n¡go R>odyZ n¡go H$Om©D$ XoUo, ZmÊ`mMr AXcm~Xc H$aUo BË`mXr ì`dhma H$arV AgV. åhUyZ Banc
qH$dm Banco `m eãXmnmgyZ ~±H$ (Bank) hm eãX AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ê$T> Pmcm. ~±H$a åhUyZ
ì`dhma H$aUmao gmdH$ma cmoH$m§Mr XoUr XoÊ`mV A`eñdr Pmco Va Ë`m ~mH$mMr _moS>VmoS> H$ê$Z \o$Hy$Z XoV AgV.
`mdê$ZM {XdmiImoa Bankrupt eãX ê$T> Pmcm Ago _V ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV `oVo. H$m§hr VÁkm§À`m _Vo BQ>m{c`Z
eãX Monte _m±Q>o dê$Z ~±H$ hm eãX Amcm Agmdm. Monte qH$dm Mound åhUOo T>rJ. Am{W©H$ ì`dhma
VoOrMm qH$dm gwairV hmoÊ`mgmR>r T>rJ^a n¡emMr JaO AgVo, åhUOoM ~±H$ hm eãX ~±H$mo qH$dm _m±Q>o `m
eãXmdê$Z Amcm Agmdm. BQ>crÀ`m ~è`mM ^yàXoemda O_©ZrMr gÎmm hmoVr, Ë`m_wio O_©Zr ^mfoMm BQ>m{c`Z
^mfoda \$ma _moR>m à^md nS>cc
o m hmoVm. Ë`mH$mir BQ>m{c`Z cmoH$ {ZË`mMo ì`dhma H$aVmZm BQ>m{c`Z eãXmEodOr
O_©Z ^mfoV Banck hm eãX Amho; na§Vw Banck hm O_©Z eãX BQ>m{c`Z cmoH$mZr ZrQ> dmnacm Zmhr. Banck
hm O_©Z eãX Banco Agm dmnê$ cmJco. nwT>o Banco hm eãX \«|$M ^mfoV {eê$Z VoWo Banco `m eãXmMo
Banke Ago ê$nm§Va Pmco. nwT>o Banke hm eãX B§J«Or ^mfoV {eacm d Banke `m eãXmÀ`m eodQ>r Agcocm
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2
e eãX B§J«Or ^mfoV {ZKyZ Jocm d B§J«OrV hm eãX Bank åhUyZ ê$T> Pmcm. VoWyZ Vmo AmOAIoa Bank hm
eãX VgmM am{hcm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV ~±H$ `m eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmrMr H$Wm Aer Amho. darc XmoZ H$Wmn¡H$s H$moUVr
~amo~a H$moUVr MwH$sMr `mMr MMm© AmnU H$aÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m_wio AW©emñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmV
{dMmamV ^a nS>Uma Amho, Ago Zìho. Varhr ~±qH$JMm ì`dgm` `wamonI§S>mV _Ü``wJmnmgyZ MmcV Amcm Amho
Ago XmIdyZ XoVm `oVo.
1.3.2 ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr
(Evolution of Money)
~±H$m§À`m CËH«$m§VrMm B{Vhmg A{Ve` _Zmoa§OH$ Amho. ~±qH$JMm CJ_ d {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg {ZpíMVnUo
_Ü``wJmnmgyZ cmdVm `oV Agcm Var ~±H$ ì`dgm` _Ü``wJmnydugwÕm MmcV hmoVm Ago XmIdyZ XoVm `oVo.
1. ~°{~cmoZ :~±qH$JMm ì`dgm` B. g. nyd© 2000 dfm©nydu ~°{~cmoZ_Ü`o {dH${gV Pmcocm hmoVm. ~°{~cmoZ_Ü`o
XodimMm Cn`moJ nwOmar ~±Ho$à_mUo H$arV AgV. ~°{~cmoZ_Yrc nwOmar _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy d g§nÎmr gwa{jV
R>odÊ`mH$[aVm ñdrH$maë`m OmV AgV. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr Amnco H$m`©joÌ dmT>{dco Am{U gmoZo Mm§Xrgma»`m g§nÎmrMm
Cn`moJ H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV `ody cmJcm, VgoM KoVcoë`m H$Om©da MH«$dmT> XamZo ì`mO AmH$maco OmV Ago.
~°{~cmoZ_Yrc A{VàmMrZ B{O~r ~±H$ (Igibi Bank) Va AmYw{ZH$ ~±Ho$ BVH$sM {dH${gV Pmcocr hmoVr.
2. J«rg_Yrc ~±H$ ì`dgm` :~°{~cmoZà_mUoM J«rg Am{U BQ>cr_Ü`o ~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg Pmcocm hmoVm. ~±qH$JMm Mm§Jë`m àH$mao {dH$mg
hmoÊ`mg Á`y cmoH$m§Zr Mm§Jcr _XV Ho$cr. J«rg_Ü`o ~°{~cmoZ XoemVrc cmoH$m§À`m à_mUo XodimMm Cn`moJ "~±H$'
åhUyZ H$arV AgV. J«rg_Ü`o _moR>_moR>çm Xodmc`mZm _moR>çm ~±H$m§Mo ñdê$n àmßV Pmco hmoVo. XodimVrc nwOmar
Am{W©H$ XcmcrMo ì`dgm` H$arV AgV. Xodmc`mVrc nwOmè`mZr cmoH$m§À`m R>odr gwa{jV R>odÊ`mMr gmo` `m
XodimVyZ Ho$cr hmoVr. cmoH$m§À`m R>odrVyZ BVamZm H$O} {Xcr OmV hmoVr qH$dm Zmhr ho {ZpíMV Zmhr, na§Vw
Xodmc`mMr g§nÎmr _mÌ BVamZm ì`mOr {Xcr OmV Ago.
H$m§hr H$mcmdYrZ§Va cmoH$m§Mr Y_m©darc lÕm ZîR> Pmcr. cmoH$mZr XodimMm Cn`moJ ~±Ho$à_mUo H$aÊ`mg
~§X Ho$co. nwOmè`mZr Am{W©H$ XcmcrMm ì`dgm` ~§X Ho$cm. _mÌ ImOJr ì`mnmè`m§Zr J«rg_Ü`o R>odr ì`mOr
ñdrH$maÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$cm. `m R>odr Vo A{YH$ ì`mOmÀ`m XamZo BVamZm H$Om©D$ Xody cmJco. Aem àH$mao ~±qH$J
nÕVr J«rg_Ü`o ApñVËdmV Amcocr {XgyZ `oVo.
3. amo__Yrc ~±H$ ì`dgm` :J«rg à_mUoM amo__Ü`o ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg Pmcocm hmoVm. na§Vw amo__Ü`o XodimMm Cn`moJ ~±H$m§gmR>r
H$aÊ`mV Amcocm Zmhr. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§à_mUo nydu amo__Ü`o ~±H$m àñWm{nV Pmcoë`m hmoË`m. ~±H$m R>odr ñdrH$marV
d cmoH$m§Zm H$O} XoV. R>odrda ì`mO {Xco OmV Ago. `m ~±H$m _w»`V… ImOJr ñdê$nmÀ`m hmoË`m, Am{U `m
~±H$m§À`m H$m`©àUmcrda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `mdo åhUyZ {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. amo_gm_«mÁ`mMm AñVmZ§Va _Ü`
`wamonmV pñWa d à~i amOgÎmm am{hcr Zmhr. _Ü` `wamonmV gVV `wÕo hmoV Agë`mZo ~±H$m§Mr àJVr IwQ§ >cr. VgoM
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3
`m H$mimV cmoH$m§À`m _Zmda Ym{_©H$ {dMmagaUrMm O~aXñV nJS>m hmoVm, Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ n¡go H$Om©D$
XoUo nmn g_Oco OmV Ago. darc XmoZ H$maUm_wio ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$cm Zmhr.
H«$mD$Wa `m AW©emñÌkmÀ`m _Vo ì`mnmar, gmdH$ma d gmoZma ho {VKo AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mo nyd©O
AmhoV. ~mamì`m eVH$mV Á`y cmoH$m§Zr ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mMo nwZé‚mrdZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$co Amho. Á`y cmoH$m§Zr
ImOJr ~±H$m {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. gwédmVrg BQ>cr_Ü`o ImOJr ~±H$m {Z_m©U Pmë`m Ë`mZ§Va \«$mÝg, B§½c§S>, ~opëO`_
`m XoemV ~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg Pmcocm Amho. {d{dY XoemVrc gaH$mamZr ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV ^mJ KoÊ`mMo YmoaU
ñdrH$maë`mZo gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m CX`mg Amë`m.
4. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr gwédmV :AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr gwédmV âcmoaoÝg `oWo 14 ì`m eVH$mV Pmcr Ago åhUVmV. âcmoaoÝg_Yrc gmdH$ma
Ho$di ZmÊ`mMr AXcm~Xc H$aÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$arV ZgV Va AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§à_mUo R>odr pñdH$marV Am{U n¡go
H$Om©D$ XoV AgV. `m§À`mVrc ~S>u (Bardi), A°H$sAmOwAmocr (Acciaguoli), n¡éP (Peruzzi) {nÅ>r (Pitti)
`mgmaIo ì`mnmar `wamon_Ü`o ~±H$a (Banker) qH$dm gam\$ åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVo. `m H$mimV AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$
ì`dgm` gwê$ Pmcocm hmoVm. _mÌ gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m ApñVËdmV ZìhË`m, åhUOoM ~±H$ ì`dgm` ImOJr
ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. `mMmM AW© ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aUmao cmoH$ ì`mnmar hmoVo. AYw{ZH$ ~±H$m `m ImOJr ì`mnmè`m§À`m
_mcH$sÀ`m ZgyZ ^mJYmaH$m§À`m _mcH$sÀ`m AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mm ì`dgm` àma§^ _w»`V… nmpíM_mÎ`
XoemVyZ Pmcm. darc {dYmZ Oar Iao Agco Var AmnUmg ho {dgê$Z MmcUma Zmhr H$s, AmO Á`m ~±H$m AmnU
nmhmV AmhmoV, Ë`m ~±H$m _w»`V… B§½c§S>_Yrc ~±H$m§À`m YVuda ñWmnZ Pmë`m AmhoV.
1.3.3 B§½c§S>_Yrc AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr
B§½c§S>_Ü`o AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§À`m CËH«$m§VrMm Aä`mg nwT>rc Q>ßß`mVwZ H$aVm `oVmo.
1. ì`mnmar qH$dm gaH$mar ~±H$a
(Royal Exchanger)
AH$amì`m eVH$mV B§½c§S>_Yrc OJ‚moVm n{hë`m {dë`_ amOmZo Á`y ì`mnmè`m§Zm qH$dm gam\$mcm Amnë`m
XoemV `odyZ ñWm{`H$ hmodyZ ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$co. amOmZo Ho$coë`m AmdmhZmZwgma AZoH$ Á`y
ì`mnmar d gam\$ B§½c§S>_Ü`o Joco d VoWo Ë`m§Zr BVa ì`dgm`mà_mUo ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg Ho$cm. H$maU Á`y
ì`mnmè`m§À`mda ì`mO KodyZ H$O© XoÊ`m~m~V H$moUVohr Ym{_©H$ ~§YZ ZìhVo. {dë`_ amOmZo Ë`m§Zm gaH$mar ~±H$a
åhUyZ Zo_co hmoVo. Á`y ì`mnmar Om{_ZrÀ`m VmaUmda H$O} XoV, H$Om©~amo~a Vo ZmUr ~XcyZ XoÊ`mMm ì`dgm`
H$arV, Ë`m§Zm B§½c§S>_Ü`o H$moR>ohr ñdV§ÌnUo ^«_U H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xco hmoVo. _mÌ {Xcoë`m gdcVr~m~V Ë`mcm
{_imcoë`m CËnÞmn¡H$s R>am{dH$ {hñgm amOmcm Úmdm cmJV Ago. na§Vw ~mamì`m eVH$mV Á`y~Ôc Ûof^mdZm
{Z_m©U Pmcr, Ë`mZm {Xcoë`m gdcVr d A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mZm amOmH$Sy>Z cw~S>Ê`mV Amco.
1290 _Ü`o Á`yZm B§½c§S>_Ü`o `oÊ`mg d ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg ~§Xr KmcÊ`mV Amcr. Á`y ì`mnmar B§½c§S> gmoS>y Z
Joë`mZo {Z_m©U Pmcocr nmoH$ir ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r BQ>cr XoemVrc cm|~mS>u àm§VmVrc cmo~m§S>u ì`mnmar nwT>o Amco
Ë`m§Zr B§½c§S>_Yrc ~°qH$J ì`dgm`mÀ`m dmT>rg _XV H$ocr. cm|~mS>u ~±H$a n¡emMr AXcm~Xc H$aUo Am{U
CÚmoJmZm H$O} XoÊ`mMr H$m`} H$arV. cm|~mS>u ~±H$aZr gaH$macm Ë`m H$mimV ~arM aŠH$_ H$Om©D$ {Xcr hmoVr.
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4
{Vgè`m ES>dS>© amOmZo Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$Om©D$ KoVcocr aŠH$_ naV H$aÊ`mMo ZmH$maë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mda
à{VHy$c n[aUm_ Pmcm. cmo~m§S>u ~±H$aMr OmJm nwT>o B§½cre ì`mnmè`m§Zr KoVcr. B§½cre ì`mnmar ZmÊ`mMr
AXcm~Xc H$aUo, H$O} XoUo, gaH$mar ~±H$a BË`mXr ñdê$nmMr H$m_o H$ê$ cmJco.
2. gmoZma ~±H$a :
AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm nm`m KmcÊ`mMo H$m`© B§½c§S>_Yrc ì`mnmar d gmoZmamZr Ho$co Amho. 14 ì`m
eVH$mV Am{U 15 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg B§½c§S>_Yrc ì`mnmè`mZr Am{U gmoZmamZr gaH$mar ~±H$a åhUyZ
H$m`© H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. B§½c§S>_Yrc B§{½ce ì`mnmè`mZr cmoå~mS>u ì`mnmam~amo~a àW_ ñnYm© Ho$cr Am{U
Ë`mZm {damoY Ho$cm. cm|~mS>u ì`mnmè`mda ~§YZo KmcÊ`mV Amë`mZo Ë`mZr B§½c§S>_YyZ ñWcm§Va H$aÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$cr. gaH$mar ~±H$a åhUyZ H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§{½ce ì`mnmar nwT>o gagmdco Am{U Ë`m§Zr cm|~mS>u ~±H$aMr OmJm
^ê$Z H$mT>cr. B§½cre ì`mnmè`mZr ì`mnmamV àM§S> Z\$m {_i{dcm hmoVm Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ~±H$aMm ì`dgm` H$aUo
eŠ` Pmco. B§½cre gmoZma d ~±H$a Á`y d cm|~mS>u ì`mnmè`mà_mUo ZmÊ`mMr AXcm~Xc H$aUo, cmoH$m§À`m R>odr
ñdrH$maUo, aH$_m H$Om©D$ XoUo, BVa XoemV n¡gm nmR>dyZ XoUo Aer H$m`} H$ê$ cmJco.
17 ì`m eVH$mV B§½c§S>_Yrc ì`mnmar d ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$ Amnë`mH$S>rc gmoZo, Mm§Xr `mgma»`m _m¡ë`dmZ
YmVy ñdê$nmVrc {eëcH$ gwa{jVVogmR>r B§½c§S>_Yrc Q>m§H$gmirV R>odrV AgV. n{hcm amOm Mmc©gcm hdr
Agcocr aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMo nmc©_|Q>Zo ZmH$maë`mZo Mmc©gZo c§S>Z Q>m°da_Yrc gmoZo, Mm§Xr, ê$no OßV Ho$co. na§Vw `m
AZw^dmVyZ ì`mnmar ehmUo Pmco Am{U Ë`m§Zr Amncmn¡gm c§S>ZQ>m°da _Ü`o Z R>odVm Vmo R>odÊ`mH$arVm gmoZmamMm
Aml` KoVcm. gmoZmamZr J«mhH$m§Mo gmoZo gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r ~§XrñV Aem Imoë`m V`ma Ho$ë`m d R>odr gwa{jV
ahmì`mV åhUyZ aIdmcXmamMr Zo_UyH$ H$arV. R>do r R>do ë`m~Ôc gmoZma Ë`m§Zm nmdVr XoV AgV. `m nmdVrV Ago
dMZ {Xco hmoVo H$s, nmdVr XmI{dë`mg Ë`m ì`ŠVrcm _mJoc Ë`mdoir n¡go naV Ho$co OmVrc Agm _OHy$a Ago.
n¡go gwa{jV R>odë`m~Ôc Vo WmoS>ogo n¡go AmH$marV AgV.
cmoH$m§À`m R>do r gmoZmam§À`m Odi _moR>çm à_mUmda O_m hmody cmJë`m. R>do r O_m Pmë`m~Ôc Vo nmdVr Xody
cmJco, gmoZmamZm AZw^dmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ Amco H$s O_m Pmcoë`m R>odr ~è`mM H$min`ªV Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nSy>Z
AgVmV åhUyZ `m R>odrMm Ë`mZr dmna H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. gmoZma cmoH$m§À`m R>odrMm Cn`moJ ñdV…À`m
O~m~Xmarda BVamZm H$O} XoÊ`mg H$ê$ cmJco. gmoZma EHy$U R>odrn¡H$s {d{eîR> aŠH$_ ñdV…Odi R>odrV d BVa
R>odrMr aŠH$_ ì`mnmar, H$maImZXma `m§Zm H$Om©D$ XoV. gmoZmamZr Amnë`m Odirc R>odrV dmT> hmoÊ`mH$[aVm Vo
R>odrda ì`mO Xody cmJco, gmoZmamZr Amnë`m ì`dgm`mV nwT>o McZ {Z{_©Vrcm àma§^ Ho$cm, gmoZmamZo {Xcoë`m
nmdË`mda cmoH$m§Mm {dídmg dmTy> cmJë`mZo, gmoZmam§À`m nmdË`mZm nwT>o McZmMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmco, `m nmdË`m
AmVm ì`mnmar AmngmVë`m XodKodrMo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ê$ cmJco. gmoZmamdarc {dídmgmMm \$m`Xm KodyZ,
gmoZmamZr AmVm àË`j nmdVr Z XoVm Vo ì`mnmè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`mda AmXoenÌo qH$dm MoH$ H$mT>Ê`mg àd¥Îm H$ê$
cmJco. AmXoe nÌH$mÛmao R>odrXma Amnë`m F$UH$moZm n¡go XoÊ`mg gmoZmamZm gyMZm Xody cmJco, gmoZmamZr Amnë`m
Odirc, R>odrnojm OmñV nmdË`m N>mnyZ KodyZ Ë`m BVamZm H$Om©D$ XoVmZm dmnê$ cmJco Am{U Ë`mVyZM Ë`m§Zr
McZ{Z{_©Vr gwê$ Ho$cr, AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m Or H$m`} H$aVmV Vr H$m`} B§½c§S>_Yrc gmoZmamZr Q>ßß`m Q>ßß`mZr Ho$cocr
{XgyZ `oVmV.
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5
3. ImOJr ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm :
gmoZma ~±H$m cmoH$mà_mUoM amOmcm _moR>çm à_mUmda H$O} XoV. `m gmoZmamZr B§½c§S>À`m amOmcm _moR>çm
à_mUmda H$O} {Xcr hmoVr Am{U ho H$O© naV H$aÊ`mMo Xwgè`m Mmc©g amOmZo ZmH$maco, Ë`m_wio gmoZma `m§À`mda
AmnÎmr H$mogicr, gmoZmamH$S>rc R>odr naV _mJÊ`mg R>odrXmamZr gwédmV Ho$cr, Ë`m_wio gmoZmam§Mr n[apñWVr
A{YH$ {~H$Q> Pmcr, ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mda Ë`mMm à{VHw$c n[aUm_ Pmcm. `mVyZ gmoZma ~±H$m§da gaH$maMo {Z`§ÌU
Agmdo Ago cmoH$m§Mo _V ~Zco. ~±H$ ì`dgm` Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m hmVr Z amhVm Vmo g§ñWoH$S>o Omdm Ago _V ì`ŠV
Ho$co Omdy cmJco, Ë`mM H$mimV 1556 _Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV ~±H$ Am°\$ ñdrS>Z, 1584 _Ü`o ~±H$ Am°\$
ìhmoZm©g `m ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmcr. gaH$maZo 1694 _Ü`o ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½c§S>Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr Am{U `m ~±Ho$cm
McZ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm. 1751 _Ü`o ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½c§S>da gaH$mar H$Om©Mr ì`dñWm nmhÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcr. øm ~±H$o cm hiyhiy _Ü`dVu ~±H$o Mo ñWmZ àmßV Pmco. nU `m ~±H$m§_i
w o BVa ~±H$m§À`m
àJVrÀ`m _mJm©V _mÌ AS>Wio {Z_m©U Pmco, 1826 _Yrc Am{W©H$ AmnÎmr_wio `m ImOJr ~±H$m ~wS>më`m.
4. g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr ~±H$m :
1826 À`m AmnÎmrMm {dMma H$ê$Z gaH$maZo àW_ g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr g§ñWm§Zm ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mMr
nadmZJr {Xcr. g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr ~±H$m§Mr O~m~Xmar A_`m©{XV hmoVr. `m ~±H$m§Zm McZ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma
XoÊ`mV Amcm. 1833 À`m ~±qH$J H$m`ÚmZwgma ImOJr d g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr ~±H$m§À`m McZ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma
ZîQ> Pmcm, åhUyZ `m ~±H$m§Zr OmñVrV OmñV R>odr {_i{dÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$cm. 1858 _Ü`o A_`m©{XV O~m~XmarMo
VÎd H§$nÝ`m§Zm cmJy Ho$co, Ë`m_wio B§½c§S>_Yrc ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mcm ñW¡`© àmßV Pmco. 1877 Z§Va chmZ chmZ
~±H$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU hmodyZ _moR>çm ~±H$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U ìhmdr Ago _V à^mdr Pmco, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ AmO
B§½c§S>_Ü`o gdm©V _moR>çm nmM ~±H$m AgyZ Ë`m§À`m AZoH$ emIm§Mo Omio XoemV d naXoemV ngaco Amho.
B§½c§S>_Yrc ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr d {dH$mg H$gm Pmcm `mMo _m{_©H$ dU©Z H«$mD$WaZo nwT>rc àH$mao Ho$co Amho,
"AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mo ì`mnmar, gmdH$ma Am{U gmoZma ho VrZ nyd©O AgyZ ~±H$s¨J ì``hmamV `m {VKm§Mm ^mJ
_hÎdmMm hmoVm.
^maVmVrc ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr àJVr
OJmVrc BVa Xoemà_mUoM ^maVmV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm CJ_ \$ma nyduÀ`m H$mimV Pmcocm {XgyZ `oVmo.
^maVmMm A§VJ©V d ~mø ì`mnma _moR>m hmoVm, `m ì`mnmè`m§Zm n¡go XoUo, Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z n¡go dgyc H$aUo, BË`mXr
H$m_o nydunmgyZ `m XoemV gwê$ hmoVr. H$m¡{Q>ë`mÀ`m AW©emñÌmV ì`mOmÀ`m Xam{df`r CëcoI AmT>iVmo. 12 ì`m
eVH$mV ì`mnmar hþ§S>çm§Mm ì`dhma gwê$ Pmcm. ^maVmÀ`m gd© IoS>çmV d _moR>çm ehamV gmaH$mamH$Sy>Z H$O© KoV
VgoM gmdH$mamZm gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` à{VîR>m hmoVr. gmdH$ma doJdoJù`m amOm§Zm H$moQ>çmdYr én`m§Mr H$O}
XoV, gmdH$ma n¡emÀ`m XodKodrà_mUoM gmoZo Mm§Xr IaoXr {dH«$sMo ì`dhma H$arV Agë`mZo Ë`mZm gam\$s noT>çm
Agohr g§~moYÊ`mV `oB© d Ë`mZm gam\$, lm°\$, eoR>, gmdH$ma _hmOZ, ImoV, JwOa BË`mXr ZmdmZr AmoiIco
OmVo. gmdH$mar noT>çm _w»`V… nwT>rc H$m_o H$arV - 1) R>odr ñdrH$maUo, 2) McZmMr AXcm~Xc, 3) hþ§S>çm§Mo
ì`dhma, 4) ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Zm H$O} XoU,o 5) Xoem§VJ©V d {dXoer ì`mnmamcm H$O©naw dR>m H$aUo, 6) gmoÝ`m Mm§XrMr
IaoXr {dH«$s.
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6
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nmíMmË` ~±H$ ì`dgm`mcm àma§^
^maVmV 18 ì`m d 19 ì`m eVH$mV AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m ñWmnZ hmoÊ`mg gwadmV Pmcr. `m ~±H$m§Mo XmoZ ^mJ
nmS>Vm `oVrc.
A) EOÝgr J¥hmZr ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m ~±H$m ~) ì`mnmar VÎdmda ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m ~±H$m
1. EOÝgrJ¥¥hmZr ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m ~±H$m :
17 ì`m eVH$mV B§J«Om§Mm ^maVmer ì`mnma gwê$ Pmcm. gwédmVrg XoemV gmdH$ma noT>rer Ë`m§Mo XodmU
KodmUrMo g§~§Y hmoVo, na§Vw B§J«O ì`mnmar d ^maVr` gmdH$ma `m§À`m gd`rV \$aH$ hmoVm. B§J«O d ^maVr`
gmdH$mamZm ì`dhma H$aVmZm ^mfoMr AS>MU `oV Ago, Ë`mVyZM 18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V, H$cH$Îmm d _w~§ B©
`oWrc {~«{Q>e EOÝgrJ¥hmZr ~±H$ ì`dgm`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. AcoŠPm§S>a Am{U H§$nZr `m EOÝgr J¥hmer g§~§YrV
Agocrcr qhXwñWmZ ~±H$ B.g. 1770 _Ü`o H$cH$Îmm `oWo ñWmnZ Pmcr. hr ^maVmVrc n{hcr `wamonr` ~±H$ hmo`.
Ë`mZ§Va EOÝgr J¥hmer g§~§YrV Agcoë`m {H$Ë`oH$ ~±H$m A_`m©{XV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmda ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV
Amë`m, na§Vw ì`mnmamer g§~§Y, gÅ>o~mOrMo ì`dhma, gXmof ì`dñWmnZ Am{U n¡emMm J¡admna `m_wio AZoH$ ~±H$m
~wS>më`m.
2. BcmIr qH$dm ào{gSo>Ýgr ~±H$m :
1886 _Ü`o {X OZac ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr ~±H$ ApñVËdmV Amcr. _`m©{XV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmda
ñWmnZ Pmcocr hr n{hcr g§`Šw V ^m§S>dcr ~±H$ hmo`. 19 ì`m eVH$mV VrZ BcmIr qH$dm ào{gS>Ýo gr ~±H$m CX`mg
Amë`m.
1. 1806 gmcr ~±H$ Am°\$ ~§Jmc
2. 1840 gmcr ~±H$ Am°\$ ~m°å~o
3. 1843 gmcr ~±H$ Am°\$ _Ðmg
B.g. 1860 _Ü`o _`m©{XV O~m~XmarÀ`m VÎdmda AZoH$ ~±H$m ñWmnZ Pmë`m hmoË`m, na§Vw A_o[aH$Z
`mXdr `wÕmÀ`m H$mimV, H$mngmÀ`m gÅ>o~mOrV `mn¡H$s AZoH$ ~±H$m ~wS>më`m. BcmIr ~±H$m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr
Zoh_rMr H$m_o H$arV, gaH$maMr ~±H${df`H$ H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr _ŠVoXmar Ë`m§Zm {_imcr. Vr H$mTy>Z KoVë`mZ§Va
gaH$maÀ`m `m ~±Ho$H$S>o Agcocm n¡gm {~Zì`mOr dmnaÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. B.g. 1902
_Ü`o {VÝhr BcmIm ~±H$m§Mo {dcrZrH$aU H$ê$Z B§{n[a`c ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. hrM ~±§H$
1955 _Ü`o "ñQ>oQ> ~±H$' Pmcr.
3. ^maVr` g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr d Am¡Úmo{JH$ ~±H$m§Mm CX` :
A_o[aH$Z `mXdr `wÕm_wio ^maVr` H$mnyg ~mOmamV VoOr Amcr Ë`m_wio AZoH$ ~±H$m§À`m ñWmnZog CÎmoOZ
{_imco. B.g. 1881 _Ü`o "Am¢Y H$_{e©Ac ~±H$' hr n{hcr ^maVr` g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr ~±H$ ñWmnZ Pmcr.
Ë`mZ§Va 1894 gmcr n§Om~ Z°eZc ~±H$, 1901 _Ü`o nrnëg ~±H$, `m ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. nrnëg
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7
~±H$ CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmda _XV H$arV, 19 ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmV ñdXoer Midi gwê$ Pmcr, Ë`mVyZ
~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, ~±H$ Am°\$ ~amoS>m, ~±H$ Am°\$ åh¡gya BË`mXr ~±H$m gwê$ Pmë`m. n{hë`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV
~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg _§X Pmcm. n{hë`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va ^maVmV AZoH$ ~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg Pmcm. Ë`mn¡H$s B.g. 1918
gmcr ñWmnZ Pmcocr Q>mQ>m B§S>pñQ´>`c ~±H$ hr _w»` Am¡Úmo{JH$ ~±H$ hmo`. Xwgè` _hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV `wÕImMm©V
Pmcocr àM§S> dmT>, dmT>Vm McZnwadR>m, cmoH$m§À`m H«$`eŠVrV dmT> BË`mXr H$maUm§Zr ~±H$m§Mm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg
_XV Pmcr. B.g. 1969 _Ü`o 14 _moR>çm ~±H$m d 1980 _Ü`o 6 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco.
Ë`m_wio ^maVmV gmd©O{ZH$ ~±qH$J joÌmMm {dH$mg Pmcocm {XgyZ `oVmo.
1.3.4 _wÐM
o r ì`m»`m :
AW©ì`dñWm hr {Z`mo{OV Agmo H$s A{Z`mo{OV Agmo qH$dm {_l Agmo, AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoV n¡emcm
AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. "_wÐm `m eãXmg n¡gm McZ qH$dm Money ho eãX n`m©`r eãX åhUyZ
dmnaÊ`mV `oVmV. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` BË`mXr joÌmVrc H$m`m©Mm g§~§Y n¡emer `oVmo. OJmVrc gd©
ì`dhmamÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr n¡gm pñWa AgyZ gd© Am{W©H$ ì`dhma n¡emÀ`m AmYmamda MmcVmV. Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmMo
_moO_mn n¡emV Ho$co OmVo. ì`ŠVrH$S>o AgUmè`m n¡emÀ`m ê$nmV AgUmè`m g§nÎmrdê$Z g_mOmV Ë`mMm XOm©
{ZpíMV hmoVmo. n¡gm `m KQ>H$m_wio OJmV `wÕo Pmcr, {d{dY Am{W©H$ emoY cmJco, _wÐ_o i
w Mo Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m
g§»`oV dmT> Pmcr. WmoS>Š`mV _mZdmÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë`yn`ªVÀ`m gd© KQ>Zmer n¡gm {ZJS>rV Amho.
n¡emMr qH$dm _wÐoMr ì`m»`m
(Definations of Money)
AZoH$ AW©emñÌkm§Zr d coIH$m§Zr Amnë`m J«§WmV _wÐoÀ`m ì`m»`m {Xcoë`m AmhoV. na§Vw gd©_mÝ` d
n[anyU© Aer EH$hr ì`m»`m gmnS>V Zmhr. _wÐoÀ`m H$mhr à_wI AW©VÁkm§Zr Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo 1. gocrJ_Z : ""_wÐm hrEH$ Aer dñVy Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü`o gd© gmYmaU ñdrH$m`©Vm hm JwU AgVmo.''
(Money is the thing that possesses general acceptability)
2. hmQ>©c {dXg© : ""n¡gm VmoM, Omo n¡emMo H$m`© H$aVmo.''
3. H«$mD$Wa : ""Á`m dñVyMm {d{Z_` _mÜ`_ åhUyZ ñdrH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo Am{U Omo _yë`_mnZmMo Am{U
_yë`g§M`mMo H$m`© H$aVmo, Ë`mg n¡gm åhUmdo.''
4. àmo. Ho$Ýg : ""_wÐm hr Aer dñVy Amho H$s, Or {Xë`mZo H$Om©Mo H$ama d _yë`mMo H$ama \o$S>co OmVmV,
Am{U {OÀ`m ñdê$nmV gm_mÝ` IaoXreŠVrMm gmR>m Ho$cm OmVmo Aem dñVyg n¡gm åhUVmV.''
5. S>r. EM. am~Q>©gZ : ""dñVyÀ`m ~Xë`mV qH$dm ì`dgm`mMr BVa ñdê$nmMr XoUr XoÊ`mÀ`m
~Xë`mV Á`mMm _moR>çm à_mUmda ñdrH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo Ë`mg n¡gm åhUmdo.''
n¡emMr ì`m»`m H$arV AgVmZm, gd©_mÝ`Vm, n¡emMo Cn`moJ, XoUr ^mJ{dÊ`mMo gmYZ, _yë` g§J«hmMo
gmYZ Am{U g_mOmVrc {d{dY KQ>H$mV CËnÝZ dmQ>n H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ {dMma _m§S>coco AmhoV.
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8
1.3.5 n¡emMr H$m`}
(Functions of Money)
n¡emMr H$m`} qH$dm AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoV n¡emMr H$m`} `m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm nañnamer {ZJS>rV AmhoV.
VgoM AmOÀ`m n¡emda AmYmarV AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o n¡gm {d{dY ñdê$nmMr H$m`} H$arV AgVmo Am{U hr gd© H$m`}
AmnUmg EdT>r Cn`wŠV AgVmV H$s n¡emMr H$m`} H$moUVr `mMm ñnîQ> {ZX}e H$aUo AmnUmg eŠ` hmoV Zmhr,
åhUyZ Ago åhUVm `oB©c H$s ""EImÚm {d{eîR> g_mOmV {d{Z_`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mMo, _yë`_mnUmMo d _yë`g§J«hmMr
H$m`} H$aÊ`mgmR>r Or dñVy gdm©Zw_Vo dmnaÊ`mV `oVo d H$\©$ \o$SrgmR>r gd©Ì ñdrH¥$V hmoVo Vr dñVy åhUOo n¡gm
hmo`.'' Aem àH$maMr ì`m»`m hr n¡emÀ`m H$m`m©da Adc§~yZ Agë`m_wio n¡emÀ`m H$m`m©g§~§Yr g{dñVa MMm©
H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. àmo. {H$Zco øm§Zr n¡emÀ`m H$m`m©Mo nwT>rcà_mUo 3 àH$ma Ho$co AmhoV.
A) _w»` AWdm àmW{_H$ H$m`}
~) gmhmæ`H$ AWdm Xwæ`_ H$m`}
H$) g§^mì` qH$dm AmH$pñ_H$ H$m`}
A) àmW{_H$ AWdm _w»` H$m`} :
_wÐoMr hr H$m`} _yc^yV _mZcr AmhoV. H$maU hr H$m`} _wÐoH$Sy>Z {VÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmV àË`oH$ XoemV,
gd©H$mimV d pñWVrV nma nmS>cocr {XgyZ `oVmV, àmW{_H$ H$m`m©Mo XmoZ CnàH$ma AmhoV.
A) {d{Z_` _mÜ`_ :- dñVw§Mr XodKod H$aVmZm {OMm _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJ hmoVmo, Ë`m dñVycm
{d{Z_`-_mÜ`_ Ago åhUVmV. dñVw{d{Z_`mVrc JaOm§À`m Xwhoar g§`moJmMr AS>MU n¡emÀ`m dmnam_wio Xya
Pmcr. Amnë`mOdi Agcocr dñVy {dHy$Z Amcoë`m n¡emVyZ Amdí`H$ dñVy IaoXr H$aVm `oVmV, n¡emÛmao XmoZ
dñVy§Mr AXcm~Xc qH$dm {dZr_` H$aVm `oVmo.
Á`m dñVycm {d{Z_` _mÜ`_ åhUyZ H$m`© H$amd`mMo Amho, Ë`m dñVyMm gdm©H$Sy>Z ñdrH$ma hmoUo Amdí`H$
Amho. {d{Z_` n¡emÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Pmë`mg {d{Z_`mMo IaoXr d {dH«$s Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV
gd© {d{Z_`o n¡emÛmaoM nma nmS>cr OmVmV.
~) _yë`_mnZmMo gmYZ :- dñVy d godm øm§À`m qH$_Vr R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m`© n¡emcm H$amdo cmJVo. n¡gm
ho dñVyMo _yë` _moOÊ`mMo à_mU^yV gmYZ Amho. dñVyÀ`m àË`oH$ JwUmMo EH$ R>am{dH$ _mn g_mOmZo {ZpíMV
Ho$coco AgVo. CXm. cm§~r _moOÊ`mgmR>r _rQ>a, dOZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r {H$cmoJ«m_, Ðì` nXmWm©H$arVm {cQ>a, BË`mXr
_mno gd©_mÝ` AmhoV, Ë`mMà_mUo dñVy d godm§Mo _yë` _moOÊ`mH$[aVm n¡emMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. dñVw§Mo _yë`
Ooìhm n¡emV _moOco OmVo V|ìhm n`m©`mZo n¡emMo _yë` AmnmoAmn dñVyV _moOco OmVo. dñVyÀ`m qH$_V nmVirV
~Xc Pmë`mg n¡emÀ`m _yë`mVhr AmnmoAmn ~Xc hmoVmo. _yë`_mnZmMo H$m`© n¡emcm H$amdo cmJVo, Ë`m_wio
{hemo~ R>odÊ`mMo H$m`©hr n¡emcmM H$amdo cmJVo. n¡emÀ`m dmnam_wio {d{Z_`mVrc gd© AS>MUr Xya Pmë`m
AmhoV. dñVwÀ§ `m _yë`mV hmoUmè`m ~Xcm§À`m _mZmZo _wÐMo o _yë` A{YH$ pñWa AgVo, åhUyZ _wÐHo $Sy>Z _yë`_mnZmMo
H$m`© A{YH$ g_mYmZH$maH$ nma nmS>co OmVo.
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9
~) ghmæ`H$ AWdm Xwæ`_ H$m`} :
g_mOmMr EH$m {d{eîR> Q>ßß`mn`ªV Am{W©H$ àJVr Pmë`mdaM n¡emcm _yë`g§M`mMo d ^{dî`H$mcrZ XoUo
\o$S>Ê`mMo gmYZ åhUyZ H$m`} H$amdr cmJV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm Xwæ`_ H$m`} Ago åhQ>co OmVo.
A) _yë`g§J«hmMo H$m`© :- n¡emÛmao _yë`g§J«hmMo H$m`© Ho$co OmVo, _yë`g§J«h hm ^{dî`H$mimgmR>r
AgVmo, Am{U Ago ho g§J«hU dV©_mZ H$mimV H$amdo cmJVo. n¡emÀ`m {R>H$mUr H«$`eŠVr Agë`m_wio H$moUVrhr
dñVy d godm IaoXr H$aVm `oVmV. n¡emÀ`m `m d¡{eîQ>çm_wio dñVyMm gmR>m H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mnojm, n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV
g§nÎmr gmR>dyZ R>odUo \$m`ÚmMo d gmo`rMo AgVo, gmR>dyZ R>occoë`m n¡emVyZ ^{dî`H$mimV Amdí`H$ dñVy d
godm IaoXr H$aVm `oVo. n¡emMo ho H$m`© ì`dpñWV hmoÊ`mH$arVm n¡emMo _yë` pñWa Agco nm{hOo, n¡emH$Sy>Z
_yë`g§M`mMo H$m_ Ho$co OmV Agë`mZo _mc_Îmm, g§nÎmr, `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ n¡emH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. n¡gm ñdê$nmV
cmoH$ gmoZo, Mm§Xr, McZ, ZmUr BË`mXrMm g§J«h H$aVmV, H$maU Ë`mV amoIVm A{YH$ AgVo `m CcQ> O_rZ Ka,
dmhZo `mV amoIVm H$_r AgVo, H$maU Ë`mMo hñVm§Va Vm~S>Vmo~ H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
~) ^{dî`H$mcrZ XoUo \o$S>Ê`mMo gmYZ :- CYmarMo ì`dhma ho AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoMo _hÎdnyU©
d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. AZoH$ H$amamg ^{dî`H$mimV n¡go Úmd`mMo AgVmV. CYmarMo qH$dm H$Om©À`m ì`dhmamV AmO
OodT>r aŠH$_ CYma KoVcocr AgVo VodT>rM aŠH$_ nwT>o naV H$amdr cmJVo. BVa H$moUË`mhr dñVyÀ`m VwcZoV
n¡emMo _yë` A{YH$ pñWa Agë`m_wio ho H$m`© n¡emÛmao ì`dpñWV nma nmS>co OmVo. `m H$m`m©_wio _mZdmcm CYmar
Am{U CgZdmarMo ì`dhma H$aUo, Ë`mÛmao Amnë`m JaOm§Mr nyVu H$aUo eŠ` Pmco.
H$) n¡emMo ñWmZm§Va :- g§nÎmrMo ñWmZm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¡emMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. n¡gm EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ
Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr ghO KodyZ OmVm `oVmo, AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV YZmXoe, S´>mâQ>, BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ nÕVrZo Xwgè`m emIoVrc
ImË`mda n¡go ^aUo eŠ` Pmco Amho. g§nÎmr ñWmZm§Va H$aUo ho EH$ n¡emMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho.
S>) g§^mì` qH$dm AmH$pñ_H$ H$m`} :- {d{Z_`mMo _mÜ`_, _yë`g§J«hmMo gmYZ, _yë` g§M`mMo
gmYZ, ^{dî`H$mcrZ XoUr \o$S>Ê`mMo gmYZ, n¡emMo ñWmZm§Va Aer Or H$m`} Ho$cr OmVmV Ë`m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ H$m`©
åhUVmV. `m H$m`m©{edm` n¡gm AmH$pñ_H$ H$m`} H$aVmo, AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m àJV AdñWoV n¡emcm ZdrZ H$m`} nma
nmS>Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar ¿`mdr cmJVo. ZdrZ H$m`} _w»` qH$dm Xwæ`_ H$m`m©À`m AZwf§JmZo {Z_m©U hmoV Agë`mZo
Ë`mZm AZwf§{JH$ H$m`} Ago åhUVmV.
1) amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMo dmQ>n :- ^y_r, l_, ^m§S>dc g§`moOH$ ho CËnmXZmMo à_wI Mma KQ>H$ AgyZ
Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo dñVy d godm§Mo CËnmXZ Ho$co OmVo, Ë`m§Mo n¡emVrc _yë` åhUOo amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ hmo`. CËnmXZ
KQ>H$m§À`m H$m`m©Mm _mo~Xcm n¡emV {Xcm OmVmo. `mMmM AW© amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMo dmQ>n CËnmXZ KQ>H$m_Ü`o H$aUo
n¡em_wioM eŠ` Pmco.
2) nVn¡emMm AmYma :- ì`mnmar ~±H$m nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. g_mOmVrc OmñVrV OmñV
ì`dhma XoUr KoUr hr MoH$, hþ§S>r, {d{Z_` {~c d BVa nVn¡emÛmao H$aVm `oVmV d Ë`mMo _yë` n¡emVM R>aVo.
nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr hr n¡emÀ`m AmYmamdaM hmoV AgVo. OJmMr Am{W©H$ àJVr àm_w»`mZo nVn¡emÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo
Pmcr Amho. n¡emÀ`m Cn`moJm_wioM ~±H$m§Zm nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm àmßV Pmcr.
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10
3) gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVoMo VÎd :- n¡emÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {Za{Zamù`m dñVy§Mr gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVoV g_mZVm
AmUyZ Cn^moŠVm _hÎm_ g_mYmZ {_idy eH$Vmo. VgoM {d^mOZmMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V CËnmXZH$m`m©V
cmdyZ g§`moOH$ _hÎm_ Z\$m {_idy eH$Vmo.
4) YZmcm d ^m§S>dcmcm gm_mÝ`ê$n XoUo :- n¡emÀ`m Cn`moJm_wio gd© àH$maMo YZ d ^m§S>dc
A{YH$ Cn`wŠV Pmco Amho. g§nÎmr qH$dm ^m§S>dc ho n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV R>odë`mg Ë`mMr amoIVm d JVr{ecVm
dmT>Vo d Ë`m_wio `mo½` H$m`m©H$arVm `mo½` {R>H$mUr Ë`mMm Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. n[aUm_r g§nÎmr d YZmMr
Cn`mo{JVm d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Vo.
1.3.6 n¡emMm nwadR>m
(Money Supply)
_mZdr CËH«$m§VrMo Oo H$m§hr _hÎdmMo Q>ßno AmhoV, Ë`mVrc n¡emMm _Zwî`mcm cmJcocm emoY hm EH$ Amho.
_mZdr {dH$mgm~amo~a Ë`mÀ`m JaOm dmT>V Joë`m, Am{U Ë`m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r n¡emMm emoY cmJcm. n¡emMr _mJUr
{d{dY H$maUmgmR>r Ho$cr OmVo, n¡emÀ`m _mJUrZwgma n¡emMm nwadR>m hmoUo AË`§V JaOoMo AgVo, n¡emÀ`m _XVrZo
àË`oH$ _Zwî` d gaH$ma _mZdr H$ë`mUmMm OmñVrV OmñV à`ËZ H$arV AgVo. XoemVrc {d{Z_`, ~MV,
JwV§ dUyH$, ~±H$m, Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnma BË`mXr JmoîQ>r n¡em_wio eŠ` Pmë`m AmhoV. McZ nwadR>m `m g§H$ënZo~m~V
AW©emñÌkm_Ü`o _V^oX AmhoV. McZ nwadR>çmMr AË`§V H$mQ>Ho $moa g§H$ënZm ñdrH$macr AgVm, McZnwadR>çm_Ü`o
gd© àH$maMr ZmUr, McZr ZmoQ>m, Am{U ~±H$mH$S>rc _mJUr R>odr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Am{U McZnwadR>çm~m~V
ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm ñdrH$macr AgVm McZnwadR>çmVrc darc KQ>H$m~amo~a ì`mnmar ~±H$m d {dÎmg§ñWmH$S>rc
_wXV R>odrMmhr g_mdoe H$amdm Agm Ñ{îQ>H$moU ñdrH$macm Amho. McZnwadR>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V cmoH$m§À`m dmnamV
AgUmè`m McZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. McZ nwadR>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V à{gÕ AW©VÁk {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_Z `m§Zr "CÀMm{YH$ma
McZ' hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr Amho. McZnwadR>çmÀ`m H$mQ>oH$moa g§H$ënZoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmam McZnwadR>m M1 Zo
Xe©{dë`mg, Ë`m_Ü`o _mJUr R>odr, ~±H$m ì`{V[aŠV BVa KQ>H$mH$S>o AgUmao McZ `m§Mm g_mdoe H$amdm cmJVmo.
M2 Zo ì`ŠV hmoUmam ì`mnH$ McZnwadR>m hm M1 _Yrc KQ>H$ d ~±H$m§H$S>rc _wXV ~§X R>odr `m§À`mVyZ R>aVmo,
n[aUm_V… McZnwadR>çmda nwT>rc KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`m_Ü`o ~±H$m§_m\©$V hmoUmam McZnwadR>m cmoH$m§Mr
amoI n¡gm Odi ~iJÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr, ~±H$m§Mo amoIVm JwUmoÎma BË`mXr. EImXm {d{eîR> doir EHy$U n¡emMm gmR>m
Am{U AW©ì`dñWocm Ho$cm OmUmam n¡emMm nwadR>m `mV \$aH$ nS>Vmo. n¡emMm nwadR>m EImÚm {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrgmR>r
{dMmamV KoVcm AgVm, Ë`m_Ü`o ZmUr, H$mJXr McZ Am{U cmoH$m§À`m ~±Ho$Vrc _mJUr R>odr `m§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
EH$m {d{eîR> H$mcI§S>mMm {dMma Ho$cm Va n¡emMm nwadR>m hr àdmhr g§H$ënZm Amho. n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çm_Ü`o
àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$maÀ`m _wÚm§Mm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. XoemVrc McZmMr g§»`m Am{U XoemVrc McZmMm
^««_UdoJ, McZmMm ^«_U doJ åhUOo McZmMr {d{Z_` JVr hmo`. EH$m {d{eîR> H$mimV Vmo n¡gm AZoH$Xm IM©
Ho$cm OmVmo. H$maU Vmo EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m hmVmVyZ Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m hmVmV OmV AgVmo. {d{eîR> dfm©V _wÐoMm
EH$H$ IMm©À`m à{H«$`oV EH$m hmVmVyZ Xwgè`m hmVmV OmVmZm {OVŠ`m gamgar g§»`oZo OmB©c Ë`mcm n¡emMm
^«_UdoJ Ago åhUVmV. cmoH$m§Odi Agcoë`m n¡emÀ`m gmR>çmcm n¡emÀ`m ^«_UdoJmZo JwUco åhUOo n¡emMo
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11
_mnZ H$aVm `oVo. {\$eaÀ`m _VmZwgma {d{eîR> H$mcI§S>mV n¡emMm àdmh hm
`oWo
M=
cmoH$mOdirc n¡gm
V=
n¡emMm ^«_U doJ
MV
~amo~a AgVmo
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$ :
AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoV n¡gm hr Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~m~ Agë`m_wio n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo AmhoV
`m~m~V n¡gm{df`H$ {dícofU H$aÊ`mMo XmoZ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ AmhoV.
A) nma§nm[aH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ qH$dm g§Hw${MV Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
~) AmYw{ZH$ qH$dm {dñVmarV Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
A) nma§nm[aH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ :
`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmZwgma n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$ åhUOo - 1) {dYrJ«mø n¡gm CXm. ZmUr d McZr ZmoQ>m
2) ~±H$ {Z{_©V n¡gm.
1. {dYrJ«mø qH$dm McZr n¡gm :hm n¡gm H$m`Xoera McZ Agë`m_wio Ë`mcm CÀMÎma n¡gm qH$dm eŠVremcr n¡gm Ago åhUVmV.
gaH$maÛmao XoemVrc n¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H|$Ð gaH$ma Am{U _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mm Amho. XoemVrc
McZmMr {Z{_©Vr gaH$ma_m\©$V H$aÊ`mV `oVo. XoemVrc OZVoÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma McZ{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
A) ZmUr :- XoemVrc McZmV àË`jnUo Agcocr ZmUr hr McZmMm nwadR>m {Z{íMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_hÎdnyU© R>aVmV. ^maVmV gÜ`m 25 n¡go, 50 n¡go, 1 é., 2 é., 5 én`mMr ZmUr McZmV AmhoV. hr ZmUr
nydu gmoZo d Mm§Xr d BVa _m¡ë`dmZ YmVynmgyZ ~Z{dcr OmV. AmO BVa YmVwÀ`m ñdê$nmV hr ZmUr V`ma Ho$cr
OmVmV, øm ZmÊ`mda doJdoJio eãX Am{U _m{hVr hr XoIrc N>mncr OmVo.
~) H$mJXr McZ :- ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoV àm_w»`mZo 1 én`m, 2 én`o, 5 én`o, 10 én`o, 20 én`o,
50 én`o, 100 én`o, 500 én`o, 1000 én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>m McZmV AmhoV. `m gd© ZmoQ>mZm H$mJXr McZ Ago
åhUVmV. OJmVrc gd©M XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV H$mJXr McZmg AË`§V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. H$_r aH$_oMo
Am{W©H$ ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmÊ`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. Va _moR>çm aH$_oMo Am{W©H$ ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$mJXr McZmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
H$mJXr McZmMo àm{V{ZYrH$ H$mJXr McZ Am{U na{dV©Zr` H$mJXr McZ Ago XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
n{hë`m àH$mamV gmoÝ`mMm gmR>m Odi ~miJyZ gmoÝ`mÀ`m gmR>çmÀ`m qH$_Vr EdT>oM McZ {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVo.
hm àH$ma dV©_mZ H$mimV eŠ` Zgë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. Xwgam àH$ma _mÌ gd©Ì AmT>iyZ `oVmo. ""_¡ YmaH$H$mo gm¡
én`o AXm H$aZoH$m dMZ XoVm hÿ±'' Ago {dYmZ 100 én`mÀ`m _yë`mÀ`m ZmoQ>m§da {c{hcoco AgVo, Ë`mda [aPìh©
~±Ho$À`m JìhZ©aMr ñdmjar AgVo. `mcm n[adV©Zr` H$mJXr McZ Ago åhUVmV. gaH$ma ñdV…Odi gmoÝ`mMm
{d{eîR> gmR>m R>odyZ Ë`mnojm A{YH$ aH$_oÀ`m H$mJXr ZmoQ>m McZmV AmUVo. ^maVmV AmO {H$_mZ amIrd {ZYr
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12
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nÕVrMm McZ{Z{_©VrgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. {H$_mZ amIrd {ZYr nÕVr_Ü`o {H$_mZ _`m©Xm 200 H$moQ>r
én`mMr R>a{dÊ`mV Amcr Amho. Ë`mV 115 H$moQ>r én`mMo gmoZo d 85 H$moQ>r én`o {dXoer amo»`m_Ü`o R>odÊ`mV
`oVo. H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m g§_ÎmrZo {dXoer amIrd {ZYr Z R>odcm Var Mmcy eH$Vo.
2. ~±H$ {Z{_©V n¡gm :ì`mnmar ~±H$m Mmcy R>odr `m H$O© \o$S>Ê`mgmR>r MoH$Ûmao hñVm§VarV H$arV Agë`m_wio `m R>odrZm gm_mÝ`V…
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMm KQ>H$ _mZVmV. EHy$U McZ nwadR>çmV _mJUr R>odrMo à_mU {dH${gV XoemV \$ma _moR>o Amho.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§_Ü`o R>odcoë`m Á`m R>odr Ho$ìhmhr H$mT>Vm `oVmV, Aem R>odrZm _mJUr R>odr Ago åhUVmV. `m R>odr
MoH$Ûmao {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> qH$dm amoI ñdê$nmV H$mT>Vm `oVmV. ~MV R>odrMo à_mU XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV {H$Vr Amho,
ho gm_mÝ`nUo XoemVrc cmoH$m§Zm ~±H$m§À`m AgUmè`m gd`r, ~±qH$J godoMr CncãYVm d àgma, gaH$maMo
H$a{df`H$ YmoaU BË`mXr KQ>H$mda Adc§~yZ AgVo. {dH${gV Xoem_Ü`o OZVoMm amoI aH$_oMm ì`dhmamgmR>r
dmna H$aÊ`mMr gd` H$_r Agë`m_wio ~MV R>odrMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. ^maVmV MoH$Ûmao ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMo
à_mU dmT>V Amho.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m ì`dhmamVyZ nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m amoI aH$_oÀ`m JaOm
^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hr à_mUmV amoI aŠH$_ Odi R>odyZ ~mH$s R>odrMm dmna H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV. ~±H$m§H$S>o
AgUmè`m àmW{_H$ R>odrÀ`m AmYmao ~±H$m H$O} XoVmV. H$O© XoVmZm H$O©XmamÀ`m Zm§do VodT>r aŠH$_ VmËH$mi {Xcr
OmV Zmhr, Va H$O©XmamÀ`m Zmdo VodT>r aŠH$_ _mJUr R>odrÀ`m ñdê$nmV R>odcr OmVo. Aem R>odr `m Xwæ`_
AgVmV. Aem Xwæ`_ R>odrÀ`m AmYmao ì`mnmar ~±H$m nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV, Ë`mVyZ n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m R>odrÀ`m nmMnQ> H$O} XoVmV `mMm AW© ì`mnmar ~±H$m nmMnQ> nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aVmV. nVn¡emÀ`m
{Z{_©Vr_wio ì`dhmamV n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V XoemVrc gd© ~±H$m gh^mJr
hmoV AgVmV.
n¡emMm nwadR>m Am{U
M1, M2, M3
Am{U
M4
Mm AW© d Ë`m§Mo ~XcV OmUmao _hÎd -
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V XmoZ Ñ{îQ>H$moUmMm {dMma H$adm cmJVmo.
1) g§Hw${MV Ñ{îQ>H$moU 2) ì`mnH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moU
1) g§Hw${MV Ñ{îQ>H$moU :- g§Hw${MV Ñ{îQ>H$moUmZwgma n¡emMm nwadR>m åhUOo _Ü`dVu ~±H$ Am{U H|$Ð
gaH$maZo N>mncocm Am{U OZVoOdi AgUmao McZ d ZmUr VgoM ~±Ho$H$S>o AgUmè`m _mJUr R>odr hmoV.
2) ì`mnH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moU :- OZVoOdi AgUmao McZ d ZmUr, ~±Ho$H$S>o AgUmè`m _mJUr R>odr,
nmoñQ>mVrc ~MV ImVr Am{U _wXV R>odr `m gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
n¡emMm nwadR>m gmYZo
M1, M2, M3
Am{U
M4
H$moUË`mhr jUr AW©ì`dñWoV Agcocr n¡emMr EHy$U g§»`m åhUOo n¡emMm nwadR>m hmo`. n¡emÀ`m
nwadR>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V AW©emñÌkm_Ü`o EH$_V Zmhr. Ë`mZr n¡emÀ`mg§X^m©V M1, M2, M3 Am{U M4 Ago Mma
àH$ma nmS>co AmhoV.
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13
MS =
n¡emMm nwadR>m.
M=
n¡gm d
S=
nwadR>m
1) M1 : gZmVZ AW©emñÌkmZr n¡emÀ`m {d{Z_`mÀ`m H$m`m©cm àmYmÝ` {Xco Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo n¡emMm
nwadR>m åhUOo AW©ì`dñWoVrc cmoH$mOdirc McZ (ZmUr + H$mJXr McZ) d ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc _mJUr R>odr
hmo`. _mJUr R>odrVrc aŠH$_ H|$ìhmhr H$mT>Vm `oVo. WmoS>Š`mV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc _mJUr R>odr + H$mJXrn¡gm +
ZmUr `m§Mm g_mdoe M1 _Ü`o Ho$cm OmVmo. M1 _Ü`o _wXV R>odrMm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmV Zmhr.
2) M2 : AW©emñÌk {\$ea `m§Zr n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV AË`§V _mocmMr ^a KmVcr Amho.
{\$eaÀ`m _Vo n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMm {dMma H$aVmZm \$ŠV M1 Mm {dMma H$ê$Z MmcV Zmhr H$maU AW©ì`dñWoV
amoI n¡em~amo~a nVn¡gm H$m`© H$arV AgVmo. nVn¡gm XoemVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmV. ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m nVn¡emcmM M2 Ago åhUVmV.
{\$eaÀ`m _Vo n¡emMm EHy$U nwadR>m {dMmamV KoVmZm n¡emÀ`m ^«_UdoJmMm {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo
n¡emcm JVr AgVo. n¡emMr JVr åhUOo {d{eîR> EH$H$ R>am{dH$ H$mimV {H$Vr doim hñVm§VarV hmoVo ho gm§JUo
hmo`. CXm. 100 én`m§Mr ZmoQ> {XdgmH$mR>r 5 ì`ŠVtÀ`m hmVmVyZ OmV Agoc Va n¡emMr JVr 5 g_Omdr d
Ë`mZwgma n¡emMm nwadR>m é. 500 hmoVmo (amoI n¡gm x n¡emMr JVr) {\$eaÀ`m _Vo amoI n¡emcm JVrAgVo, VerM
JVr nVn¡emcm AgVo, Ë`m_wio n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMm {dMma H$aVmZm, nVn¡emÀ`m JVrMm/^«_UdoJmMm {dMma
Ho$cm nm{hOo. {\$eaÀ`m _Vo, MS = M1 V1 + M2 V2
n¡emMm nwadR>m = amoI n¡emMr g§»`m x amoI n¡emMr JVr + nVn¡emMr g§»`m x nVn¡emMr JVr
3) M3 : AmYw{ZH$ AW©emñÌk {_ëQ>Z {H«$S>_Z `m§Zr n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMr A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ì`m»`m
Ho$cocr Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo OZVoH$S>rc/cmoH$mH$S>rc amoI aŠH$_ + _mJUr R>odr + _wXV R>odr `m§Mm g_mdoe
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV H$amd`mg nm{hOo. H$maU _wXVR>odr_Ü`o R>odcocr aŠH$_ R>odrXma nm{hOo Voìhm H$mTy> eH$Vmo.
\$aH$ BVH$mM H$s _wXV R>odrVrc a¸$_ H$mT>VmZm ì`mOmMm Ë`mJ H$amdm cmJVmo. Aemdoir ì`mnmar ~±H$m
R>odrXmamcm R>odrda H$O} XoVmV d Ë`m§Mr JaOnyU© H$aVmV. _wXV R>odr_Ü`ohr amoIVm AgVo, {edm` `m R>odrda
R>odrXmamZm CËnÞ {_iVo åhUyZ M3 _Ü`o Aem R>odtMmhr {dMma n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çm~m~V ìhmdm Ago {_ëQ>Z
{\«$S>_Z `mZm dmQ>Vo.
4) M4 : A{cH$S>À`m H$mimV n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V AmYw{ZH$ AW©emñÌk Jwc} Am{U em° Ago
_mZVmV H$s n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV darc KQ>H$m{edm` ~MV ~±H$mH$S>rc R>odr, VgoM ~±Ho$Va Am{W©H$ R>odr d BVa
qOXJr Assets `m§Mmhr g_mdoe ìhmdm. Ë`mcmM Ë`mZr M4 Ago Zmd {Xco Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo _wXV R>odr_Ü`o
amoIVm AgVo, åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV Ho$cm OmVmo, VgoM amoIo, ^mJ d BVa qOXJr
`m§À`mVgwÕm amoIVm AgVo, åhUyZ `m§Mmhr g_mdoe n¡emÀ`m EHy$U nwadR>çmV Pmcm nm{hOo. H$maU _wXV R>odrMo
amoIVoV énm§Va H$aVm `oVo, VgoM ^mJamo»`m§Mo ê$nm§Va amoIVoV H$aVm `oVo. Vac g§nÎmr åhUOo M4 hmo`.
Aem àH$mao n¡gm d n¡emMm nwadR>m hr g§H$ënZm H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV gVV ~XcV Amho. n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çm~m~V,
Ago åhUVm `oB©c H$s M1 H$Sy>Z M4 H$S>o OmVmZm n¡emÀ`m VacVoÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> hmoV OmVo. Ë`m_wio _mJUr
R>odr, _wXV R>odr Am{U nmoñQ>mVrc ~MV R>odrV dmT> hmoVo, ~±H$m§Mr H$O} XoÊ`mMr j_Vm dmT>Vo, n¡emÀ`m amoIVoV
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14
dmT> hmoVo. ho MH«$ gVV {\$aV amhVo. àË`j ì`dhmamV
nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
1.3.7 CÀMeŠVr n¡gm
M3 `m
H$ënZoMm dmna [aPìh© ~±H$ H$arV Agë`mMo
(High Powered Money)
AW©ì`dñWoVrc CÀMeŠVr n¡gm åhUOo OZVoH$S>rc ZmoQ>m d ZmUr d ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc {d{dY amIrd
{ZYr hmo`. CÀMeŠVr n¡em_Ü`oM nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nVn¡emÀ`m
nwadR>çmV dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r CÀMeŠVr n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV hmoUmam
~Xc, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc CÀMeŠVr n¡emÀ`m gmR>çmda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>o CÀMeŠVr n¡gm
A{YH$ Agoc Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m A{YH$ nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV Ë`m_wio n¡emÀ`m EHy$U nwadR>çmV dmT>
hmoVo. `mCcQ> ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>o CÀMeŠVr n¡gm H$_r Agoc Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nVnwadR>çmda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
Ë`m_wio McZmVrc EHy$U n¡emMm nwadR>m H$_r hmoVmo. [aPìh© ~±H$ H$m`ÚmZwgma àË`oH$ ì`mnmar ~±Ho$cm Ë`m§À`m
Odi O_coë`m EHy$U R>odtn¡H$s R>am{dH$ {hñgm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Odi R>odmdm cmJVmo. (Legal Cash Reserve)
VgoM ImVoXmam§À`m R>do tÀ`m _mJUrMr nyVV© m H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoI n¡gm ~±H$m§Odi R>do mdm cmJVmo, Ë`mg amIrd {ZYr
Ago åhUVmV. amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> Pmë`mg ~±H$m§H$S>rc R>odrMr aŠH$_ H$_r hmoVo. ~±H$m H$O} H$_r
XoVmV, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoVo. `mCcQ> amoI amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV KQ> Pmcr Va
~±H$m§Odi H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ n¡gm {eëcH$ amhVmo, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ì`mnmar ~±H$m A{YH$ nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr
H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio McZmVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> hmoVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc CÀMeŠVr n¡emV àm_w»`mZo, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm H$m`ÚmZwgma _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$V R>odmdm
cmJUmam amoI n¡gm, d ImVoXmam§À`m R>odtÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r R>odmdm cmJUmam n¡gm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m R>odrXmamÀ`m R>odrÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r cmJUmam amoI n¡gm hm cmoH$m§À`m amoI
n¡emÀ`m _mJUrda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. gm_mÝ`V… ì`mnmar ~±H$m Ë`m§À`m R>odrXmam§À`m R>odrÀ`m nyV©VogmR>r Amdí`H$
AgUmè`m n¡emnojm OmñV n¡gm ñdV…H$S>o ~miJVmV, VgoM ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$O©XmamZm Ë`m§À`m _mJUrnojm H$_r
H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV, H$maU Ë`mZm amoIVm gm§^mimdr cmJVo. WmoS>Š`mV AW©ì`dñWoVrc nVn¡emMm nwadR>m
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc H$m`Xoera amIrd {ZYr d Ë`m§Zm ~miJmdm cmJUmam amoI {ZYr `m§À`m à_mUmdê$Z R>aV
AgVmo.
1.3.8 CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm Cn`moJ
CÀMeŠVr n¡gm XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$d¥Õr d {dH$mgm_Ü`o _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>rV AgVmo. CÀMeŠVr
n¡emV KQ> Pmcr H$s, XoemVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m H$_r hmodyZ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm doJ _§XmdVmo. CcQ> CÀMeŠVr
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmë`mg XoemVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo, {d{dY joÌmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>Vo; cmoH$m§Mr
H«$`eŠVr dmTy>Z dñVy d godmZm _mJUr `oVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_, CËnmXZ, amoOJma, CËnÝZ, Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>Z
AW©ì`dñWoV VoOrMo dmVmdaU V`ma hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV cmoH$m§À`m H«$`eŠVrV dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$aUo ho CÀMeŠVr
n¡emda Adc§~yZ AgVo. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMo Cn`moJ123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890
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15
1) nVn¡emMm AmYma : ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr A{YH$ nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aUo AWdm nVn¡emMm nwadR>m H$_r
H$aUo `m XmoÝhr JmoîQ>r CÀMeŠVr n¡emda AmYm[aV AgVmV. AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmcr H$s
cmoH$m§Mr H«$`eŠVr dmT>Vo, ~±H$m§H$S>rc R>odrV dmT> hmoVo, Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr H$O} XoÊ`mMr j_Vm dmTy>Z nVn¡emÀ`m
{Z{_©VrV dmT> hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV CÀMeŠVr n¡gm dmT>cm H$s ì`mnmar ~±H$m A{YH$ à_mUmV nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr
H$aVmV.
2) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg _XV : ^m§S>dc hm Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrMm nm`m Amho Ago åhQ>co OmVo. {d{dY
joÌmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ hr ^m§S>dcmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. Voìhm {dH$mgmg àoaUm XoUo, Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrMm Xa dmT>{dUo,
{d{dY àH$ënmZm {ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z ho CÀMeŠVrn¡em_wioM eŠ` hmoVo.
3) ^mddmT>rda {Z`§ÌU : XoemV McZdmT>rMm doJ A{YH$ Agoc Va ^mddmT> hmoVo. ^mddmT>rMo
AW©ì`dñWoda n[aUm_ hmoVmV. Voìhm ^mddmT>rda {Z`§ÌU R>do Ê`mgmR>r XoemVrc n¡gm d nVn¡gm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. McZdmT>rda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±H$ g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$
nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVmo.
CÀMeŠVr n¡emÀ`m àdmhmVrc ~Xc
(Sources of Change in High Power Money)
CÀMeŠVr n¡emÀ`m g§H$ënZoV cmoH$mH$S>rc ZmoQ>m d ZmUr, ~±H$m§H$S>rc amIrd {ZYr Am{U BVa R>odtMm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. McZmVrc 1 én`mMr ZmoQ> d ZmUr H|$ÐgaH$maMo {dÎmImVo H$mT>Vo, Va McZmVrc 2 én`mnmgyZ
1000 én`mn`ªVÀ`m BVa ZmoQ>m [aPìh© ~±H$ McZmV AmUrV AgVo. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm àdmh R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m_
H|$Ð gaH$ma d [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$arV AgVo. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm _moR>m àdmh hm XoemÀ`m _Ü`dVu
~±Ho$_m\©$V {Z_m©U Ho$cm OmVmo.
XoemVrc McZ{Z{_©Vrda H|$ÐgaH$maMo {Z`§ÌU Agco Var Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© [aPìh© ~±H$
H$arV AgVo. McZ{Z{_©VrMm A{YH$ma H|$Ð gaH$ma d [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm Agcm Var, H$moUVo McZ Odi
~miJmd`mMo ho OZVm R>a{dV AgVo. H$maU McZmV 1 én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>m d ZmUr A{YH$ AgVrc Va Ë`mMm
ñdV…Odi _moR>m gmR>m Z H$aVm, cmoH$ Ago McZ [aPìh© ~±H$ H$mT>rV Agcoë`m McZmV énm§Va H$aVrc. `m
CcQ> McZmV 1 én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>m d ZmUr H$_r AgVrc Va [aPìh© ~±H$ H$mT>rV Agcoë`m McZmMo 1 én`mÀ`m
ZmoQ>m d ZmUr `m_Ü`o énm§Va H$aVrc. WmoS>Š`mV CÀMeŠVr n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda A{YH$ à^md [aPìh© ~±Ho$Ûmao
{Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m McZmMm AgVmo. åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmda CÀMeŠVr n¡emMo
AW©ì`dñWoVrc H$m`© Adc§~yZ AgVo. CÀMeŠVr n¡gm AW©ì`dñWoVrc McZ à_mU, amoI {ZYr à_mU, amIrd
{ZYr à_mU ì`mOXa, ~±H$Xa BË`mXr KQ>H$mda Adc§~yZ AgVmo.
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16
1.4 gmam§e :
1) ~±H$ Bank ~±qH$JMm ì`dgm` `wamonI§S>mV _Ü``wJmnmgyZ Pmcocm Amho, ~°{~cmoZ, J«rg, amo_,
BQ>cr d B§½c§S> `m XoemV ~±qH$J ì`dgm` \$manydunmgyZ gwê$ Pmcocm hmoVm Ago B{Vhmg gm§JVmo.
2) B§½c§S>_Yrc AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo Pmcocr Amho. CXm. gaH$mar ~±H$a, gmoZma
~±H$a, ImOJr ~±H$m, g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr ~±H$m BË`mXr.
3) nmíMmË` XoemV 18 ì`m d 19 ì`m eVH$mV AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm hmoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. Ë`m
~±H$m
A) EOÝgr J¥hmZr ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m ~±H$m ~) ì`mnmar VÎdmda ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m ~±H$m
4) _wÐm : _wÐm `m eãXmg n¡gm
gd©gmYmaU ñdrH$m`©Vm hm JwU AgVmo.
Money
Ago åhUVmV. _wÐm hr EH$ Aer dñVy Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü`o
5) n¡emMr H$m`} :- 1) àmW{_H$ H$m`} - A) {d{Z_` _mÜ`_, ~) _yë`_mnZmMo gmYZ.
2) gmhmæ`H$ AWdm Xwæ`_ H$m`} - A) _yë`g§J«hmMo gmYZ, ~) nVn¡emMm AmYma, H$) n¡emMo ñWmZm§Va.
3) g§^mì` qH$dm AmH$pñ_H$ H$m`} - A) amîQ´>r` CËnÞmMo dmQ>n, ~) nVn¡emMm AmYma, H$) gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVoMo
VÎd, S>) YZmcm qH$dm ^m§S>dcmcm gm_mÝ` ê$n `oUo.
6) n¡emMm nwadR>m :- McZnwadR>çm_Ü`o gd© àH$maMr ZmUr, McZr ZmoQ>m, ~±H$m§H$S>rc _mJUr R>odr,
ì`mnmar ~±H$m d {dÎmnwadR>m g§ñWm§H$S>rc _wXV R>odr `m gdmªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. n¡emMm EHy$U nwadR>m `m KQ>H$mda
Adc§~yZ AgVmo.
7) n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$ :- 1) {dYrJ«mø n¡gm - A) McZmVrc ZmUr, ~) H$mJXr McZ. 2)
~±H$ {Z{_©V n¡gm (nVn¡gm), n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMr gmYZo M1, M2, M3 Am{U M4.
8) CÀMeŠVr n¡gm (High Powered Money) : AW©ì`dñWoVrc CÀMeŠVr n¡gm åhUOo OZVoH$S>rc
ZmoQ>m d ZmUr d ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc {d{dY amIrd {ZYr hmo`. CÀMeŠVr n¡em_Ü`oM nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr
eŠVr AgVo. AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV hmoUmam ~Xc, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc CƒeŠVr n¡emÀ`m
gmR>çmda Adc§~yZ AgVmo.
9) CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm Cn`moJ :- CÀMeŠVr n¡gm XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ d¥Õr d {dH$mgm_Ü`o _hÎdmMr
^y{_H$m nma nmS>rV AgVmo. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm Cn`moJ 1) nVn¡emMm AmYma, 2) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg _XV, 3)
^mddmT>rda {Z`§ÌU.
10) CƒeŠVr n¡emÀ`m àdmhmVrc ~Xc :- CÀMeŠVr n¡emMm àdmh R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H|$Ð gaH$ma d
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$arV AgVo. [aPìh© ~±H$o À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmda CÀMeŠVr n¡emMo AW©ì`dñWoVrc
H$m`© Adc§~yZ AgVo.
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17
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ...2
1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
_wÐm - McZmVrc ZmUr, ZmoQ>m åhUOo n¡gm.
~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr - ~±H$ ì`dgm` OJmV H$gm {dH${gV Pmcm `mMm B{Vhmg.
gmdH$mar noT>çm - n¡emMr XodKod H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm.
{d{Z_` - dñVyMr XodmU KodmU H$aUo.
_yë`g§J«h - IaoXreŠVr gmR>dyZ R>odUo.
nVn¡gm - ì`mnmar ~±H$m R>odrÀ`m AmYmao {Z_m©U H$arV Agcocm n¡gm.
^«_UdoJ - n¡emMr JVr, McZmMr {d{Z_` JVr.
{dYrJ«mø n¡gm - H$m`Xoera McZ.
CÀMeŠVr n¡gm - OZVoH$S>rc ZmUr, ZmoQ>m d ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc amIrd {ZYr.
{Xdmio H$mT>Uo - ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odcoë`m R>odr ~±H$m§Zr naV Z H$aUo. ~±H$ ~wS>Uo.
1.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) [aH$må`m OmJm ^am
1. ............... ~±H$ nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV.
2. ^maVmVrc _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$cm .................... Ago Zmd Amho.
3. gZ .................. _Ü`o 14 _moR>çm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco.
4. ....................... ~±Ho$Mo 1955 _Ü`o ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$V énm§Va H$aÊ`mV Amco.
5. ....................... AW©VÁkmZo CÀMm{YH$ma McZ hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr.
CÎma :- 1) ì`mnmar 2) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m 3) 1969 4) B§{n[a`c 5) {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_Z.
~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.
1. XoemVrc n¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H|$Ð gaH$ma d _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mm Amho.
2. 100 én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>oda amîQ´>nVrMr ghr AgVo.
3. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMm nm`m KmcÊ`mMo H$m`© B§½c§S>_Yrc ì`mnmar d gmoZmamZr Ho$co.
4. ~±qH$JMm CJ_ d {dH$mg 20 eVH$mV Pmcm.
5. nydu ~°{~cmoZ d J«rg_Ü`o cmoH$ XodimMm Cn`moJ "~±H$m' åhUyZ H$arV.
6. 1 én`mMr ZmoQ> d ZmUr H|$Ð gaH$maMo {dÎmImVo H$mT>Vo.
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18
7. CÀMeŠVr n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda nVn¡emMo à_mU Adc§~yZ AgVo.
CÎmao :- 1) ~amo~a 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a 4) MyH$ 5) ~amo~a
1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. n¡gm åhUOo H$m`? n¡emMr H$m`} ñnîQ> H$am.
2. ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr H$er Pmcr Ë`mMo dU©Z H$am.
3. n¡gm åhUOo H$m`? n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$ gm§Jm.
4. CÀMeŠVr n¡gm åhUOo H$m`? CÀMeŠVr n¡emÀ`m àdmhmVrc ~Xc ñnîQ> H$am.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1. n¡emMr àmW{_H$ H$m`} gm§Jm.
2. CƒeŠVr n¡gm.
3. n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo KQ>H$
4. n¡emMr Xwæ`_ H$m`}
5. B§½c§S>_Yrc AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mr CËH«$m§Vr
6. CÀMeŠVr n¡emMo Cn`moJ.
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
~±qH$J VÎd d ñdê$n : àm. _mohZ gam\$
n¡gm, ~±qH$J Am{U amOñd : S>m°. J§JmYa H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rc
AmYw{ZH$ ñWyc AW©emñÌ : àm. am_ Xoe_wI
~±qH$J A°ÊS> \$m`ZmÝg : S>m°. Omoer, S>m°. S>m§Jo
n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm : S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. Eg. gr. Omoer, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
Modern Banking : M. C. Vaish
Modern Banking, Trade and Public Finance : M. V. Vaish
Money and Financial System : Dr. P. C. Jain and S. S. Varma
A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m - àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc (g§nmXH$), \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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19
KQ>H$ : 2
2.1 {dÎmnwadR>m
(Finance)
2.1.1 C{ÔîQ>ço :
1. {dÎmnwadR>m hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.
2. AW©ì`dñWoVrc {dÎmnwadR>çmMo _hÎd Aä`mgUo.
3. {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m àH$mam§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUo.
4. {dÎmr` ì`dñWoMo AÜ``Z H$aUo.
5. {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>oMr H$m`} g_OyZ KoUo.
6. {dÎmr` XñVEodOm§Mm AW© g_OyZ KoUo.
2.1.2 àmñVm{dH$ :
{dÎm qH$dm AW©nwadR>m hr Amnë`m Zoh_rÀ`m dmnamVrc g§H$ënZm Amho. X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmam_Ü`o EImXm
CÚmoJ ì`dgm` H$moUr gwê$ Ho$cm Agë`mg AmnU Ë`m ì`{ŠVcm ghOnUo {dMmaVmo H$s CÚmoJmgmR>r H$moUr
{dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm? {H$Vr Ho$cm? {dÎmnwadR>m {H$Vr dfmªgmR>r Amho? dJ¡ao... `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ago g_OyZ `oVo H$s
{dÎmnwadR>m hr g§H$ënZm ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda A{Ve` _hÎdmMr Amho. {dÎm qH$dm AW© `m eãXmcm B§J«Or_Ü`o
Finance hm eãX Amho. hm eãX _yi c°{Q>Z ^mfoVrc Finis `m eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmcm Amho. Am{W©H$ ì`dhma
nma nmS>Uo qH$dm XodmU KodmUrMr à{H«$`m nyU© H$aUo `m_Ü`o {dÎm hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVmo.
_mZd hm Amnë`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{dY Am{W©H$ _yë`o {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m
Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§_Ü`o Am{U Am{W©H$ _yë`m§_Ü`o JVr_mZVm Am{U OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© {dÎm hm KQ>H$
H$aV AgVmo. {dÎm hm KQ>H$ _mZdmÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamÀ`m àË`oH$ KQ>H$mcm gmW© H$aUmam AgVmo Am{U Vmo Ë`m
àË`oH$ KQ>H$m_Ü`o MoVZm {Z_m©U H$aVmo. åhUyZ Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s _mZdmÀ`m earamV aŠV Á`mà_mUo
{H«$`mercVm {Z_m©U H$aVo Ë`mMà_mUo Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV {H«$`mercVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ {dÎm hm KQ>H$ H$aV
AgVmo. XoemÀ`m gd©M joÌmV H$m`©aV AgUmè`m g§ñWm§_Ü`o {dÎm/AW© hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
2.1.3 ì`m»`m :- AW© :
1) {~«Q>m{ZH$m {dídH$mof : ""n¡go ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r gm_J«rMm nwadR>m hmoÊ`mgmR>r H¥$Vr åhUOo {dÎm hmo`.''
2) amoZg ~Z©g : ""CÚmoJ AWdm ì`dgm`mcm Amncr C{ÔîQ>ço nyU© H$aVmZmM {Z_m©U hmoUmar XoUr
^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam {ZYr C^maÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo {dÎmnwadR>m hmo`.''
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20
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3)
"Finance is the management of monetary affairs of a compeny. It includes,
i) determining what has to be paid & when, ii) raising the money on the best
terms available, iii) devoting the available funds to the best uses" - Paul
Hasing.
{dÎmnwadR>çmcm ì`mdhm[aH$ ^mfoV H$O©nwadR>m Agohr åhUVmV. EImXm CÚmoJ, ì`dgm` gwê$ H$aVmZm,
qH$dm `moOZm AmIVmZm {d{dY _mJmªZr {ZYr C^macm OmVmo. `mgmR>r {d{dY AQ>r AgVmV, Ë`m AQ>tZwgma hm
KoVcocm {ZYr naV H$amdm cmJVmo. `m gd© à{H«$`ocm {dÎmnwadR>m qH$dm AW©nwadR>m Ago åhUVmV. AemàH$maMm
{dÎmnwadR>m {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoV AgVmo. {dÎmnwadR>m hm eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, dmhVyH$
XiUdiU, BVa ì`dgm`, dJ¡a|gmR>r hmoV AgVmo. `m AZwf§JmZo {dMma H$aVm {dÎmnwadR>çmMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU©
AgVo.
2.1.4 {dÎmnwadR>çmMr ^y{_H$m/_hÎd :
{dÎmnwadR>m qH$dm AW©nwadR>çmMr ^y{_H$m AW©ì`dñWoV A{Ve` _hÎdmMr AgVo. AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {d{dY
joÌm_Ü`o {dÎmnwadR>m _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m H$aV AgVmo. nwT>rc _wÚm§dê$Z AW©nwadR>m {H$Vr _hÎdmMm Amho qH$dm
H$moUVr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vmo Vo g_OyZ `oVo.
1. eoVr joÌmcm Cn`wŠV :H$moUË`mhr AW©ì`dñWoV eoVrjoÌ _hÎdmMo AgVo. ^maVmgma»`m AW©ì`dñWoV eoVr hm nm`m^yV ì`dgm`
Amho. `m eoVr ì`dgm`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r eoVH$è`m§nmgyZ gaH$man`ªV gd©M KQ>H$m§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m Cn`moJmMm
AgVmo. eoVH$ar ì`{ŠVJV nmVirda {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {d{ha IwXmB©, {d{ha XwéñVr, nmB©n cmB©Z,
{R>~H$ qH$dm Vwfma qgMZ `moOZm, Q´>°ŠQ>a qH$dm BVa AdOmam§Mr IaoXr H$aUo dJ¡ao ~m~r nyU© H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r
eoVH$ar amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m, gaH$mar ~±H$m, H¥$fr ~±H$m, gaH$ma, ImOJr gmdH$ma `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {dÎmnwadR>m KoVmo.
eoVH$è`m§à_mUoM eoVr {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ ghH$mar eoVrg§ñWm, qgMZg§ñWm, {dnUZg§ñWm,
eoVr_mcà{H«$`m g§ñWm, gmIaH$maImZo dJ¡ao g§ñWm {dÎmnwadR>çmMm dmna H$aVmV. `mMà_mUo gaH$magwÕm eoVr
{dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm hmVr KoV AgVo. YaUm§Mr ~m§YUr, qgMZmMo _Ü`_, cKw àH$ën, H¥$fr g§emoYZ
àH$ën BË`mXr. `mgmR>rhr gaH$macm {dÎmnwadR>çmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
2. CÚmoJY§Úm§Mm {dH$mg :eoVrà_mUo CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m Cn`moJmMm AgVmo. CÚmoOH$ CÚmoJY§Úm§Mr `moOZm
V`ma H$aVmZm gd©àW_ {ZYr CncãY H$gm H$am`Mm `mMm {dMma H$aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m hm KQ>H$ Cn`wŠV
R>aVmo. OmJm IaoXr H$aUo, B_maV C^maUo. `§ÌmMr IaoXr H$aUo. KmD$H$ XamV _moR>çm à_mUmV H$ÀMm _mcmMr
IaoXr H$aUo, CÚmoJg§ñWoMm {dñVma H$aUo, CÚmoJg§ñWoMr ZdrZ emIm gwê$ H$aUo, Xwgar CÚmoJg§ñWm IaoXr H$aUo
`m H$maUm§gmR>r CÚmoOH$mcm {dÎmnwadR>çmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. AW©ì`dñWoV Hw${Q>a CÚmoJ, _Ü`_ CÚmoJ, _moR>o CÚmoJ
`m§Mm {dH$mg H$amd`mMm Agoc Va {dÎmnwadR>m _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. {dÎmnwadR>m JaOoZwgma Amdí`H$ à_mUmV `mo½`
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21
doioV CncãY Pmcm Va CÚmoJmMr CËnmXZj_Vm nyU©nUo dmnamV `oVo Am{U Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZdmT>rcm
Am{U {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo Am{U CÚmoJY§ÚmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. `m {dH$mgmcm JVr XoÊ`mMo H$m_ {dÎmnwadR>m
H$aVmo.
3. `moOZm gmH$maÊ`mgmR>r :eoVH$ar, CÚmoOH$, ì`mdgm{`H$, ì`mnmar ho g_mOm_Yrc _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. Amn-Amnë`m joÌmV
Vo ì`dgm`mMo àdV©H$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV AgVmV. ì`dgm`mÀ`m CËH$fm©gmR>r qH$dm {dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {d{dY
`moOZm S>moŠ`mV AmIyZ H$mJXmda Ë`mMm AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$cocm AgVmo. `m `moOZm àË`j H¥$Vr_Ü`o `oÊ`mgmR>r
{dÎmnwadR>m Pmcm Zmhr Va Aer `moOZm àË`jmV gmH$maV Zmhr. åhUyZ {d{dY joÌmV àdV©H$m§Zr V`ma Ho$coë`m
ì`mdgm{`H$ `moOZm ApñVËdmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m hm KQ>H$ Cn`moJmMm R>aVmo.
4. _yc^yV CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg :Á`m CÚmoJm§À`m_wio BVa CÚmoJì`dgm`m§Zm MmcZm {_iVo, Ë`m§Zm _yc^yV qH$dm nm`m^yV CÚmoJ åhUVmV.
cmoI§S>, nmocmX, drO, D$Om©, B§YZ, aoëdo, OhmO, añVo-_hm_mJ© ~m§YUr ho _yc^yV CÚmoJ ì`dgm` AmhoV.
ImOJr qH$dm gaH$mar joÌmV `m CÚmoJm§Mr gwédmV H$aVmZm {dÎmnwadR>m _XV H$aVmo. CXm. ^maV gaH$maÀ`m
Vmã`mVrc CÚmoJm§Zm OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, Am§VaamîQ´>r` {dH$mg g§ñWm (IDA) `m§Zr {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm. ImOJr
H§$nÝ`m§Zm ^m§S>dc~mOma, ~±H$m `m§À`m_m\©$V {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm. ImOJr H§$nÝ`m§Zm ^m§S>dc~mOma, ~±H$m `m§À`m_m\©$V
{dÎmnwadR>m hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV _yc^yV CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
5. CÚmoJmVrc _mc_ÎmoMm n`m©ßV dmna :H$moUË`mhr CÚmoJg§ñWoV CncãY gmYZ-gm_J«rMm n`m©ßV dmna hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo qH$~hþZm CÚmoJg§ñWoMo
Vo à_wI C{ÔîR> AgVo. CÚmoJg§ñWoH$S>o O_rZ, OmJm, B_maV, `§Ìo, CnH$aUo, g§emoYZemim, H$m`©emim, H$ÀMm
_mc BË`mXr KQ>H$ AgVmV `m gdmªMm dmna n¡emÀ`m CncãYVoda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. Amdí`H$VoZwgma ho
^m§S>dc CncãY Z Pmë`mg `m gmYZm§Mm nyU© dmna hmoV Zmhr. Amdí`H$ AgUmam {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY Pmë`mg
`m gmYZm§Mm àË`j dmna gwê$ hmoD$Z nwano ay dmna hmoD$ cmJVmo. åhUyZ {dÎmnwadR>m _hÎdnyU© Amho. ghH$mar Am{U
gaH$mar joÌmV AZoH$ àH$ën {dÎmnwadR>m JaOoBVH$m hmoV Zgë`mZo gmYZgm_J«rMm n`m©ßV dmna H$ê$ eH$coco
ZmhrV.
6. añVo Am{U _hm_mJ©~m§YUr :AW©ì`dñWoV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r añVo Am{U _hm_mJ© _hÎdmMo AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m ~m§YUrgmR>r _moR>çm
à_mUmV {ZYrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Agm {ZYr {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ C^m H$aVm `oVmo. _w§~B©-MoÝZB©H$mocH$Îmm-{Xëcr `m ehamZm OmoS>Umao _hm_mJ©, amÁ`mA§VJ©V amÁ`_mJ© `m§Mr ~m§YUr ImOJr joÌmÀ`m ghH$m`m©VZy
Pmcr. `m ImOJr g§ñWm§Zm {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWm, _hm_§S>io ImOJr ~±H$m `m§Zr {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cocm Amho. añVo_hm_mJ©~m§YUr `m§À`mà_mUoM aoëdo_mJmªMr ~m§YUr-{dñVma H$aUo. ~§Xam§Mr ~m§YUr H$aUo `mgmR>rhr {dÎmnwadR>m
hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm Amho.
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7. CËnmXZmgmR>r àoaUm :{d{dY àH$maMo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm CËnmXH$ Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ `m§Zm {dÎm hm KQ>H$ XoV AgVmo.
gÜ`mMo CËnmXZ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo gwê$ R>odUo, CËnmXZmV Zm{dÝ` AmUUo. gVV g§emoYZ H$aUo, J«mhH$m§Mo
g_mYmZ H$aUo, CËnmXZmMm {dñVma H$aUo, Xwæ`_ Am{U CnCËnmXZmcm àoaUm XoUo `m gd© ~m~r CËnmXZà{H«$`oV
g_m{dîR> AgVmV. `m AZwf§JmZo CËnmXZà{H«$`m gVV {H«$`merc amhÊ`mgmR>r {dÎm hm KQ>H$ _XV H$aUmam R>aVmo.
{dÎm hm KQ>H$ CncãY hmoUma Zgoc Va CËnmXZmMr àoaUm ZîQ> hmoVo. åhUyZ CËnmXZà{H«$`m A{daV gwê$ amhmdr
`mgmR>r {dÎm hm KQ>H$ Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
8. gm_w{hH$ JaOm§Mr nyVV© m H$aUo :g_mOmÀ`m Á`m JaOm gm_w{hH$ qH$dm EH${ÌV AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm gm_w{hH$ JaOm åhUVmV. drO-{Xdm~Îmr,
{ejU, Amamo½`, ZmJar g§ajU, H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWm, H«$sS>m, H$a_UyH$ dJ¡ao. Aem JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo hr
gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar AgVo. `mgmR>r gaH$macm {dÎmnwadR>m Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. `mgmR>r Á`m `moOZm AgVmV
Ë`m§À`mgmR>r gaH$ma {d{dY _mJmªZr {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY H$aVo.
9. {dnUZ H$m`m©g _XV :dñVy-godm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z J«mhH$m§n`ªV Cn^moJmgmR>r Ë`m§Mr CncãYVm H$aUo hr {dnUZmVrc _hÎdmMr
à{H«$`m Amho. {dnUZ qH$dm {dH«$sì`dñWmnZmV AZoH$ KQ>H$ AgVmV. _mcmMr IaoXr, gmR>dUyH$, à{H«$`m,
dmhVyH$, {dH«$s dJ¡ao `m gd© KQ>H$mer gc½Z AgUmè`m AZoH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§gmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m _hÎdnyU© AgVmo.
`mo½` doir Amdí`H$ AgUmam {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY Pmcm Va {dH«$sMr-{dnUZmMr {H«$`m A{YH$ J{V_mZ hmoVo.
10. ñd`§amoOJmamcm MmcZm :eoVr, CÚmoJ-ì`mnma-godm `m§À`mà_mUo ñd`§amoOJma _hÎdmMm Amho. ^maVmV J«m_rU ^mJmVrc _Zwî`~imMm
nwaonya dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñd`§amoOJma _hÎdmMo AmhoV. H$cmHw$ga, H$m¡eë`, H$m`©j_Vm AgUmam dJ© Ho$di {dÎm
hm KQ>H$ Zgë`mZo {H«$`merc hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. {dÎmnwadR>m Pmë`m_wio ñd`§amoOJmamcm MmcZm {_iVo. N>moQ>o-_moR>o
CÚmoJ-ì`dgm` gwê$ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. [ajm, Q>°Šgr, àdmgr dmhVyH$ dmhZo, doëS>tJ dŠg©, drQ>^Å>r,
{ecmB©H$m_, a§JH$m_ `mgma»`m Ag§»` H$maUmgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m Pmë`mZo ñd`§amoOJmamcm MmcZm {_imcr Amho.
11. emgZmg _XV :{dÎm `m KQ>H$mMm emgZmcm {d{dY _mJmªZr Cn`moJ hmoVmo. {d{dY àH$ën, `moOZm, H$m`©H«$_ `m§À`m
nyU©ËdmgmR>r gaH$macm {dÎmnwadR>çmMmM AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. `m{edm` {dÎmnwadR>m PnmQ>çmZo Pmë`mg
AW©ì`dñWoV eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma Am{U BVa joÌm§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo, `m joÌm§_YyZ emgZmcm {d{dY àH$maMm
H$a {_iVmo. `mVyZ gaH$ma g_mO{hVmMr H$m`} nma nmS>Vo. AemàH$mao {dÎm `m KQ>H$mMr emgZmcm _XV hmoV
AgVo.
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12. g_Vmoc {dH$mg H$aUo :AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg àmXo{eH$ nmVirda g_VmocrV R>odÊ`mgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>çmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. _mJmg
^mJmV CÚmoJ-ì`dgm` gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma {d{dY _mJmªZr {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
`mVyZ _mJmg ^mJmV CÚmoJm§À`m dmT>rcm MmcZm {_iyZ {dH$mgmV g_Vmoc {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg {dÎmnwadR>çmMr _XV
hmoVo.
13. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©`mV ^y{_H$m :H$moUË`mhr CÚmoJ AWdm ì`dgm`mV {ZU©` KoVmZm "{dÎm' `m KQ>H$mcm H|$Ðr^yV ñWmZ AgVo. ZdrZ `moOZm
àH$ën gwê$ H$aUo, {dñVma H$aUo, g_m`moOZ H$aUo, doVZH$ama cmJy H$aUo, CËnmXZV§Ì ~XcUo `mgma»`m
KQ>H$m§À`m g§X^m©V {ZU©` KoVmZm {dÎmnwadR>çmMm {dMma AJ«H«$_mZo H$amdm cmJVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV {dÎm hm KQ>H$ AË`§V _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Vmo. AmO 21 ì`m
eVH$mV "Am{W©H$ {dH$mg' ho _hÎdmMo KmofdmŠ` R>acoco Amho. Ë`m_wio {dÎm hm KQ>H$ CËnmXZmV A{V_hÎdmMm
Am{U VmH$XdmZ R>acm Amho. gd© ì`mdgm{`H$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMm {dÎm hm H|$Ðq~Xy Amho.
2.1.5 {dÎmnwadR>çmMo àH$ma
(Kinds of Finance)
{dÎmnwadR>çmMo qH$dm AW©nwadR>çmMo {d{dY àH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV 2.1.5.1 A) _wXVrZwgma {dÎmnwadR>m 1. XrK©_wXV {dÎmnwadR>m
2. _Ü`__wXV {dÎmnwadR>m 3. Aën_wXV {dÎmnwadR>m
2.1.5.2 ~) {dXoer ì`mnmamg {dÎmnwadR>m
1. _mc {Z`m©VrnyduMm {dÎmnwadR>m 2. _mc {Z`m©VrZ§VaMm {dÎmnwadR>m
2.1.5.3 H$) Am§VaamîQ´>r` {dÎmnwadR>m
2.1.5.4 S>) BVa _mJmªZr {dÎmnwadR>m
2.1.5.1 _wXVrZwgma {dÎmnwadR>m :{dÎmnwadR>m {H$Vr H$mcmdYrgmR>r AWdm {H$Vr dfmªgmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo Ë`mZwgma hmoUmè`m {dÎmnwadR>çmcm
_wXVrZwgma {dÎmnwadR>m åhUVmV. `m_Ü`o Aën, _Ü`_ Am{U XrK©_wXV Ago VrZ àH$ma AgVmV.
2.1.5.1 A) XrK©_wXVr {dÎmnwadR>m :Omo {dÎmnwadR>m gm_mÝ`V… 10 dfmªnj
o m OmñV H$mcmdYrgmR>r C^macm OmVmo Ë`mcm XrK©_Xw VrMm {dÎmnwadR>m
Ago åhUVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWocm H$m§hr {d{eîQ>> KQ>H$m§_Ü`o _moR>r Jw§VdUyH$ H$amdr cmJVo Am{U Vr Jw§VdUyH$
XrK©H$mimgmR>r qH$dm H$m`_ñdê$nr R>odmdr cmJVo. CXm. O_rZ, OmJm, `§Ìo, _moR>r CnH$aUo, g§emoYZg§ñWm,
B_maVr `m§_Ü`o H$amdr cmJUmar Jw§VdUyH$ XrK©H$mimgmR>r AgVo. XrK©_wXVrgmR>r cmJUmam {dÎmnwadR>m nwT>rc
_mJmªZr C^macm OmVmo.
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XrK©_wXVr {dÎmnwadR>çmMo _mJ© :1) ^m§J^m§S>dc (Share Capital) : EImXr CÚmoJg§ñWm C^r H$aVmZm g§ñWoMo gm_mÝ` ^mJ {dH«$scm
H$mT>co OmVmV. {d{eîR> qH$_VrMo Am{U _wXVrMo ho ^mJ {dH$co OmVmV. Ago ^mJ IaoXr H$aUmar àË`oH$ ì`ŠVr
g§ñWoMr _mcH$ hmoVo. g§ñWoMo ApñVËd Agon`ªV Jw§{dcocr aŠH$_ g§ñWoH$S>oM amhVo.
2) AJ«hŠH$ ^mJ (Preference Share) : Aem ^mJm_Ü`o (eoAg©_Ü`o) Jw§V{dcocr aŠH$_
_wXVrZ§Va naV {_iÊ`mMm hŠH$ amhVmo Ë`mcm AJ«hŠH$ ^mJ åhUVmV. ho ^m§S>dc H$Om©D$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo,
VgoM `m ^mJm§Zm {d{eîQ> XamZo cm^m§ehr {Xcm OmVmo. CÚmoJ g§ñWocm, ì`dgm` g§ñWocm AJ«hŠH$ ^mJmÛmao XrK©
H$mimgmR>r {ZYr C^maVm `oVmo.
3) g§{MV {ZYr (Retained Earnings) : CÚmoJg§ñWocm qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWocm Xadfu Omo Z\$m
hmoVmo Ë`mVrc H$mhr {hñgm {d{dY {ZYtÀ`m ñdê$nmV gmR>dyZ R>odcm OmVmo Ë`mcm g§{MV {ZYr Ago åhUVmV.
hm {ZYr g§ñWocm Ooìhm JaO dmQ>oc Ë`mdoir ^m§S>dc åhUyZ dmnaVm `oVmo. _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo hm {ZYr
ì`dgm`g§ñWoMm ñdV…MmM AgVmo Ë`m_wio Ë`mda ì`mO Úmdo cmJV Zmhr. amIrd {ZYr, Kgmam, Y_m©Xm` {ZYr
`m ñdê$nmV hm {ZYr g§{MV H$ê$Z R>odcm OmVmo.
4) H$O©amoIo (Debentures) : ì`dgm` g§ñWoZo qH$dm CÚmoJ g§ñWoZo {d{eîR> _wXVrZo naV H$aÊ`mÀ`m
AQ>rda Amnë`m ghr Am{U {eŠŠ`m{Zer {Xcocm H$Om©Mm XñVEodO åhUOo H$O©amoIm hmo`. Agm H$O©amoIm
VmaU KoD$Z AWdm VmaUm{edm` {Xcm OmVmo. AemàH$maMo H$O©amoIo {dHy$Z ì`dgm` g§ñWm {dÎmnwadR>m C^maVo.
H$O©amoIohr {d{dY àH$maMo AgVmV. naVrMo, {~ZnaVrMo, gwa{jV, Agwa{jV, H$O©amoIo Ago àH$ma AgVmV.
^m§S>dc C^maÊ`mMm H$O©amoIo hm EH$ _hÎdmMm _mJ© Amho.
5) {dÎmnwadR>m g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z H$O© C^maUr (Loan from Financial Institutions) : ^maVr`
^m§S>dc ~mOmamV XrK©H$mcrZ {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmè`m {d{dY {dÎmr`g§ñWm Am{U _hm_§S>io AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
XrK©_wXVrMo ^m§S>dc R>am{dH$ ì`mOXamZo H$Om©D$ ñdê$nmV KoVco OmVo. ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$, amÁ`
{dÎmnwadR>m _hm_§S>i, ^maVr` nVnwadR>m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i, cKwCÚmoJ {dH$mg ~±H$, `w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$
B§{S>`m, ^maVr` Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm CÚmoJ-ì`dgm` g§ñWm§Zm nmM Vo n§Mdrg dfm©À`m _wXVrZo
H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV.
6) ì`mnmar ~±H$m (Commercial Banks) : amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m, ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m `m
~±H$mgwÕm CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`m§Zm XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. eoVrjoÌmgmR>r Zm~mS>©, amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m,
^y-{dH$mg ~±H$m, {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ~±H$m {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV.
7) YmS>gr CnH«$_mgmR>r H$O©nwadR>m : H$m§hr H$m`©j_, ~wÕr_mZ CÚmoOH$, ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m§hr YmS>gr
àH$ën A§_cmV AmUy BpÀN>VmV na§Vw Ë`m§Zm ~mOmamV ^m§S>dc {_iV Zmhr. Aemdoir H$mhr g§ñWm Aem
CÚmoOH$m§gmR>r YmoH$m nËH$ê$Z YmS>gmZo {dÎmnwadR>m (Venture Capital) H$aVmV. H$O©amoIo IaoXr H$ê$Z, WoQ>
H$O© XoD$Z qH$dm H$Om©cm h_r XoD$Z AemàH$maMm {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
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8) _mc_Îmm IaoXr H$amamZo {dÎmnwadR>m : H$m§hr doim CÚmoJg§ñWocm Amdí`H$ AgUmar _mc_Îmm
{dÎmg§ñWm H$ama H$ê$Z IaoXr H$ê$Z XoVo. gmYZgm_J«r, _mc_Îmm, `§Ìgm_J«r `m§Mm dmna ì`dgm`g§ñWm H$aVo,
na§Vw Ë`mMr _mcH$s {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWoH$S>o AgVo. H$m`ÚmÀ`m A{YZ amhÿZ Ago H$ama H$aÊ`mV `oVmV.
9) gmd©O{ZH$ R>odr : hm ^m§S>dc C^maUrMm gmonm _mJ© Amho. `m_Ü`o nmM df} qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV
_wXVrgmR>r OZVoH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maë`m OmVmV. \$ŠV CÎm_ Zmdcm¡{H$H$ Am{U à{VîR>m AgUmè`m g§ñWmM
`m_mJm©Zo H$O© C^maUr H$ê$ eH$VmV.
10) crO \$m`ZmÝgtJ : `m_Ü`o AW©nwadR>m H$aUmar g§ñWm crO H$amamZo _mc_Îmm IaoXr H$ê$Z
ì`dgm`mg dmnaÊ`mgmR>r XoVo `m _mc_ÎmoMr _mcH$s AW©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWoH$S>oM amhVo. na§Vw _mc_Îmm
dmnaUo, Kgmam, ì`mO AmH$maUr `m g§X^m©Vrc Am`H$a H$m`ÚmVrc VaVrXtMm \$m`Xm ì`mdgm{`H$mcm {_iVmo.
2.1.5.1 ~) _Ü`_ _wXVrMm {dÎmnwadR>m
(Medium Term Finance)
gm_mÝ`V… EH$ df© Vo nmM df} `m H$mcmdYrgmR>r C^maÊ`mV `oUmè`m {dÎmnwadR>çmcm _Ü`_ _wXVrMm
{dÎmnwadR>m Ago åhUVmV. XrK©_wXVrgmR>r Á`m _mJmªZr {dÎmnwadR>m C^macm OmVmo Ë`mVrcM H$mhr _mJmªÛmao _Ü`_
_wXVrZo {dÎmnwadR>m C^macm OmVo. Vo _mJ© nwT>rcà_mUo 1) ^mJ ^m§S>cdmcr {dH«$s
2) AJ«hŠH$ ^mJm§Mr {dH«$s 3) H$O©amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s
4) {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z H$O©
5) amIrd {ZYr
6) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z H$O©
7) gmd©O{ZH$ R>odr
2.1.5.1 H$) Aën _wXVrZo {dÎmnwadR>m
(Short Term Finance)
gd©gmYmaUnUo EH$ df© qH$dm Ë`mnojm H$_r H$mcmdYrgmR>r Omo AW©nwadR>m hmoVmo Ë`mcm AënH$m{cZ
{dÎmnwadR>m Ago åhUVmV. CÚmoJg§ñWm qH$dm ì`dgm` g§ñWocm IoiË`m ^m§S>dcmMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m
AënH$mcrZ {dÎmnwadR>çmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. AënH$mcrZ {dÎmnwadR>çmgmR>r Imcrc _mJmªMm dmna hmoVmo.
1) ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z {dÎmnwadR>m :AënH$m{cZ {dÎmnwadR>çmMm _hÎdnyU© ómoV åhUOo ì`mnmar ~±H$ hmo`. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, H$O}, A{YH$fm©Mr
gdcV, AmJmD$ aŠH$_, _mcVmaU H$O}, hþ§S>r ì`mnma dJ¡ao _mJmªZr {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z
hmoD$ eH$Umè`m {dÎmnwadR>çmMo _mJ© nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.
i) H$O© (Loans) : ~±H$m Amnë`mH$S>o Jmoim Pmcoë`m R>odrÀ`m aH$_oMm H$mhr {hñgm H$Om©D$ {ZYrgmR>r
dmnaVmV. H$O©Xmamer `mo½` Ë`m AQ>tgh H$ama H$ê$Z _§Oay H$O©aŠH$_ H$O©XmamÀ`m H$O©ImË`mda O_m Ho$cr OmVo.
ì`dgm`g§ñWocm {dÎmnwadR>çmMm hm _hÎdmMm _mJ© Amho.
ii) amoIH$O© (Cash Credit) : H$Om©MmM hm EH$ ^mJ Amho. `m_Ü`o CÚmoOH$-ì`dgm`g§ñWm `m§Zm
{d{eîR> H$O©aŠH$_ _§Oya Ho$cr OmVo Am{U gXaMr aŠH$_ H$O©ImË`m_Ü`o O_m H$aÊ`mV `oVo. `mn¡H$s OodT>r
aŠH$_ H$O©Xma CMcUma Agoc VodT>çmdaM ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr H$aÊ`mV `oVo. gagH$Q> g§nyU© aH$_oda ì`mO
AmH$maUr hmoV Zgë`mZo hm {dÎmnwadR>m _mJ© nadS>Vmo.
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26
iii) A{YH$f© (Over Draft) :`mcm A{YH$f© gdcV åhUVmV. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$V Mmcy ImVo AgUmè`m
ImVoXmamg hr gdcV {_iVo. ImË`mda {OVH$s aŠH$_ AgVo Ë`mnojm OmXm aŠH$_ {d{eîR> _`m©Xon`ªV H$mT>Vm
`oVo. CXm. Mmcy ImË`mda EImÚm ì`mdgm{`H$mMo é. 50,000/- AmhoV na§Vw Ë`mcm é. 80,000/- Mr JaO
Amho Va Ë`mcm OmXm é. 30,000/- H$mT>Ê`mMr gdcV {_iVo. `mgmR>r gm_mÝ`V… H$O©amoIo, ^mJ, R>odnmdË`m
VmaU KoVë`m OmVmV.
iv) _mc VmaU H$O© : CÚmoOH$ qH$dm ì`mnmar dJm©cm V`ma _mc, H$ÀMm _mc, eoVr_mc `m§À`m VmaUmda
H$O© CncãY hmoVo. _mcmMr {dH«$s hmoVmM H$O© aŠH$_ naV H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
v) hþ§S>r ì`dhma : ì`mnmar ~±H$m ì`mnmè`m§Zm hþ§S>çmMr IaoXr H$ê$Z qH$dm H$ga H$mnyZ KoD$Z aŠH$_
CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. {dÎmnwadR>çmMm hm VmËnwaVm gmoB©ñH$a _mJ© Amho.
2) ì`mnmar nV :ì`mnmar nV hm CYmar ì`dhmamMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. EImXm nwadR>mXma CÚmoJg§ñWocm qH$dm ì`mnmar g§ñWocm
H$mhr {Xdgm§gmR>r aŠH$_ ^mJ{dÊ`mMr gdcV XoVmo. XoUr nwT>o T>H$ccr OmVmV åhUyZ `mcm {dÎmnwadR>çmMo gmYZ
åhUVm `oVo. gdcVrÀ`m H$mimV CÚmoJg§ñWm XoUo AgUmar aŠH$_ dmnaV AgVo. CÚmoJg§ñWm Am{U nwadR>mXma
`m§À`m_Ü`o {dídmg {OVH$m OmñV Agoc {VVH$m hm ì`dhma A{YH$ à_mUmV hmoVmo. ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda `m
_mJm©Mm Adc§~ _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV AgVmo. ~è`mM doim ì`mnmar nV hr ì`mnmar hþ§S>çm H$mTy>Z {Xcr OmVo.
3) J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z AmJmD$ aH$_m XoUo :
H$m§hr CÚmoJg§ñWm {d{H«${df`H$ H$ama H$aVmZm J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z R>am{dH$ aŠH$_ O_m H$ê$Z KoVmV. _moR>r `§Ìo,
_Ü`_ `§Ìo, drO, COm© CÚmoJmVrc _moR>r `§Ìo, ~m§YH$m_ joÌmVrc CnH$aUo BË`mXr dñVy§Mr _mJUr Zm|XdVmZm
J«mhH$ CËnmXH$mH$S>o AmJmD$ aŠH$_ ^aV AgVmo. {dÎmnwadR>çmMm hm EH$ gmoB©ñH$a _mJ© Amho.
2.1.5.2 {dXoer ì`mnmamg {dÎmnwadR>m :{dXoer ì`mnmamgmR>r nwT>rc nÕVrZo {dÎmnwadR>m hmoVmo i) _mc{Z`m©VrnyduMm {dÎmnwadR>m : {Z`m©VXma ì`mnmar, ì`mnmar g§ñWm `m§Zm hm {dÎmnwadR>m hmoV
AgVmo. {Z`m©VXmamH$S>o {dXoer ì`mnmar, g§ñWm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z _mcmÀ`m _mJUrMo {ZpíMV h_rnÌ Agoc Va Aem
{Z`m©VXmamZm ì`mnmar ~±H$m d BVa {dÎmr` g§ñWm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV `mcm {Z`m©VrnyduMm {dÎmnwadR>m åhUVmV.
AemàH$maMr H$O} gd©gmYmaUnUo ghm _{hÝ`m§n`ªVMr AgVmV. {Z`m©VXmamZo Ho$coco H$ama. ì`mnmè`mÀ`m
JwXm_mVrc {Z`m©VrgmR>r V`ma AgUmam _mJ©, BVa VmaUJhmU, {Z`m©V nV h_r _§S>imMr coIr h_r `mgma»`m
XñVEodOm§da {dÎmr` g§ñWm {Z`m©VXmam§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV.
_mc{Z`m©VrZ§VaMm {dÎmnwadR>m : _mcmÀ`m {Z`m©VrZ§Va H$m§hr {deîR> XñVEodOmÀ`m AmYmao
{dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. {Z`m©V _mcmÀ`m nmdË`m, H$ama, _mcmÀ`m Zm|XnmdË`m, gaH$maH$Sy>Z {_imcocr h_r
H$mJXnÌo `mgma»`m XñVEodOm§À`m AmYmamda {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV {dXoer ì`mnmamcm {Z`m©Vrnydu Am{U {Z`m©VrZ§Va {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. hm {dÎmnwadR>m
AënH$mcrZ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo.
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ii)
2.1.5.3 Am§VaamîQ´>r` {dÎmnwadR>m
Am§VaamîQ´>r` nmVirdê$Zhr CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm {d{dY g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dÎmnwadR>m hmoV AgVmo. Am§VaamîQ´>r`
{dÎmnwadR>çmMo _mJ© nwT>rcà_mUo 1) Am§VaamîQ´>r` {dÎmr` g§ñWm : Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va H$m§hr {dÎmr` g§ñWm Am§VaamîQ´>r` em§VVm Am{U
Am{W©H$ ghH$m`© `m hoVyZr gwê$ Pmë`m. `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm {d{dY XoemVrc gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U g§`wŠV CÚmoJ,
ì`dgm`m§Zm XrK©H$mcrZ Am{U _Ü`_ _wXVrMm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV. OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ (IBRD), Am§VaamîQ´>r`
ZmUo{ZYr (IMF) Am{e`mB© {dH$mg ~±H$, Am§VaamîQ´>r` {dÎmnwadR>m _hm_§S>i dJ¡ao {dÎmr` g§ñWm {dH$gZerc
Xoem§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV. hm {dÎmnwadR>m Xhm Vo Vrg dfmªgmR>r AgVmo. YaUm§Mr, H$mcì`m§Mr ~m§YUr, drO,
D$Om©, B§YZ, aoëdo, OhmO nmUrnwadR>m, PmonS>nÅ>r {Z_w©cZ, dJ¡a|gmR>r hm {dÎmnwadR>m AJ«H«$_mZo hmoVmo.
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$m : Xoem§VJ©V ì`mnmar ~±H$m§à_mUo Am§VaamîQ´>r` nmVirda H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`mnmar ~±H$m
hm CÚmoJ ì`dgm` g§ñWm§gmR>r _hÎdmMm {dÎm _mJ© Amho. `m ~±H$m {dXoer McZmÀ`m ñdê$nmVhr {dÎmnwadR>m
H$aVmV.
2.1.5.4 {dÎmnwadR>çmMo BVa àH$ma :
darc {d{dY àH$mam§~amo~aM {dÎmnwadR>çmMo BVahr H$m§hr _mJ© AmhoV.
1) gwédmVrÀ`m ^m§S>dcmgmR>r _XV : `mcm ~rO^m§S>dcmgmR>rMr _XV Agohr åhUVmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$
joÌmV H$m¡eë`, j_Vm, nmÌVm Am{U {dídmgmh©Vm AgUmè`m CÚmoOH$m§Zm {dÎmr` g§ñWm CÚmoJ gwê$ H$aVmZm
^m§S>dc nwa{dVmV. ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$, cKwCÚmoJ ~±H$, amÁ` {dÎm_hm_§S>i `m§À`mH$Sy>Z AemàH$maÀ`m
~rO^m§S>dcmMm nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo. `m ^m§S>dcnwadR>çmda ì`mO Z AmH$maVm godmH$a AmH$macm OmVmo.
CÚmoJmÀ`m j_VoZwgma H$O©\o$S>rÀ`m AQ>r Am{U _wXV R>aVo.
2) {dZmVmaU H$O} : {dH$mg ~±H$m, {dÎmr` __hm_§S>io, cKwCÚmoJ ~±H$, Zm~mS>© `m§À`mH$Sy>Z AZoH$
CÚmoJm§Zm, àH$ënm§Zm H$moUVohr VmaU Z KoVm ^m§S>dcnwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
3) Am{W©H$ gdcVr : Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gaH$ma Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmV ^m§S>dc{df`H$ AZoH$
gdcVr XoVo. AZwXmZ, CËnmXZ H$a, {dH«$sH$a, Am`H$a `m§_Ü`o gdcVr {_iVmV. dmhVwH$, gmR>dUyH$, {Z`m©V
`m_Ü`ohr {d{dY Am{W©H$ gdcVr {_iVmV. `m gdcVr {_iUo åhUOo EH$àH$maMm {dÎmnwadR>mM g_Ocm
OmVmo.
darcà_mUo {dÎmr` ~mOmamV Aën-_Ü`_ Am{U XrK©_wXVrZo {dÎmnwadR>m hmoV AgVmo. `mVrc {d{dY
_mÜ`_mÛmao ^m§S>dc{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m JVr_mZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. Am§VaamîQ´>r`
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z _moR>çm àH$ënm§gmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
ooo
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28
2.2 {dÎmr` aMZm
(Financial System)
2.2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV g_mOmVrc ì`{ŠV, {d{dY àH$maMo ì`mdgm{`H$, Am{U CËnmXZg§ñWm, emgZ
`m§Mm EH${ÌV gh^mJ AgVmo. `m KQ>H$m§À`m~amo~a McZ{ZYr qH$dm n¡gm hm EH$ KQ>H$ AgVmo. McZ {dH$mgmMr
à{H«$`m JVr_mZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. ì`{ŠV, {d{dY CËnmXZ Am{U {dH«$s`§ÌUoVrc g§ñWm, gaH$ma `m§Zm
McZ{ZYtMr JaO AZoH$ H$maUm§gmR>r AgVo. `mMmM AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s CËnmXZ, Cn^moJ, {dVaU `mgmR>r
AW©ì`dñWoV {dÎmnwadR>m Amdí`H$ AgVmo. `mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoV {dÎmnwadR>çmMr A{Ve` `mo½` nÕVrZo H$m_
H$aUmar `§ÌUm Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m gd© ~m~tMm {dMma {dÎmr` aMZm `m g§H$ënZoÛmao H$aÊ`mV `oVmo.
2.2.2 {dÎmr` aMZoMm AW© :
{dÎmr` aMZm `m g§H$ënZoV ~MV Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ ho XmoZ H|$Ðr^yV KQ>H$ AmhoV. `mdê$Z {dÎmr` aMZoMm
AW© nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo ""XoemVrc ~MV-Jw§VdUyH$, {dÎmr` XñVEodO Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§Mr EH${ÌV H$m`©aV AgUmar à{H«$`m
åhUOo {dÎmr` aMZm hmo`.''
{dÎmr` aMZo_Ü`o ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io, {d_m H§$nÝ`m, ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr, `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm
H$m`©aV AgVmV. ì`{ŠV Am{U g§ñWm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmar ~MV `m g§ñWm Jmoim H$aVmV, A{YH$ ~MVrgmR>r
àmoËgmhZ XoVmV. Jmoim hmoUmar aŠH$_ {dH$mg H$m`m©gmR>r, CËnmXZH$m`m©gmR>r, BVa {Z{_©Vrj_ _yë`m§gmR>r
Amdí`H$ KQ>H$m§Zm nwa{dcr OmVo. CÚmoOH$ ì`mnmar, gaH$ma `m§Zm ~MVrVyZ Jmoim hmoUmar aŠH$_ Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r
{dÎmnwadR>m åhUyZ CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo. AemàH$maÀ`m {dÎmnwadR>çm_wio CËnmXZdmT>rcm àoaUm {_iVo.
amoOJmag§Yr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z CËnÝZnmVir dmT>Vo `mVyZ Cn^moJ dmT>Vmo Am{U Ë`m~amo~aM ~MVr_Ü`ohr dmT> hmoVo.
hr gd© à{H«$`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ J{V_mZ H$aVo.
2.2.3 {dÎmr` ì`dñWoMo KQ>H$ (Components of Financial System) :
{dÎmr` aMZo_Ü`o H$O© XoUo Am{U KoUo åhUOoM {dÎmnwadR>çmMr XodmU-KodmU hm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.
ì`ŠVr, CÚmoJg§ñWm, ì`mnmar g§ñWm, emgZ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$Om©D$ {ZYrgmR>r _mJUr AgVo. ^maVr` {dÎmr` aMZoV
{dÎmnwadR>m hm H¥$frjoÌ, CÚmoJjoÌ, godmjoÌ Am{U emgZ `m§À`mgmR>r hmoV AgVmo. ^maVr` {dÎmr` aMZoV {dÎmr`
_Ü`ñW g§ñWm d _hm_§S>io Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m ho XmoZ _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.
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29
2.2.3.1 {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW g§ñWm Am{U _hm_§S>io
(Financial Institutions) :
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m g§K{Q>V {d^mJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m gd© {dÎmr` g§ñWm Am{U _hm_§S>io `m§Zm {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW
Ago åhUVmV. AW©ì`dñWoV g§KQ>rV joÌmV H$O} KoUmao Am{U H$O} XoUmao `m§À`m_Ü`o _Ü`ñW åhUyZ `m g§ñWm/
_hm_§S>io H$m_ H$arV AgVmV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW Ago åhUVmV. `m_Ü`o [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr
gdm}ÀM g§ñWm AgyZ {VÀ`mM {Z`§ÌUmImcr BVa gd© g§ñWm H$m_ H$aVmV. `m gd© _Ü`ñW g§ñWm {dÎmr`
aMZoVrc _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr ñdV§ÌnUo Imcrcà_mUo -
1) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m :{dÎmr` aMZoVrc hr gdm}ÀM g§ñWm åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ hr XoemMr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m_
H$aVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ 1934 gmcr ImOJr joÌmV gwê$ Pmcr. 1949 _Ü`o ~±Ho$Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU Pmco. 1949 À`m
~±qH$J H$m`ÚmZwgma [aPìh© ~±H$ ~±qH$J joÌmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aVo. gaH$maMr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aUo, nVYmoaUmMr
AmIUr H$ê$Z A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo, {dXoer {d{Z_`mMo ì`dhma nmhUo, McZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo d {Z`§ÌU
H$aUo, AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m gd© joÌm§Vrc _m{hVr-AmH$S>odmar Jmoim H$ê$Z àH$m{eV H$aUo, {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm KoUo
`mgmaIr _hÎdnyU© H$m`} [aPìh© ~±H$ H$aVo. AW©ì`dñWoV McZnwadR>çmMm doJ {Z`§{ÌV H$ê$Z ~MV-Jw§VdUyH$
à_mUmV dmT> H$aÊ`mEdT>r [aPìh© ~±H$ à`ËZ H$aVo. {d{dY joÌm§gmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m gwa{iVnUo CncãY hmoD$Z
Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U _mZdr gmYZgm_J«rMm n`m©ßV dmna hmoÊ`mÀ`mÑ{îQ>Zo [aPìh© ~±H$ Amnë`m nV{df`H$ YmoaUmMr
A§_c~OmdUr H$aVo. ^maVmVrc g§KQ>rV joÌmVrc {dÎmnwadR>çmV JVr_mZVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo
`moJXmZ A{Ve` _hÎdnyU© R>aco Amho.
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$m :{dÎmr` aMZoVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. _Ü`_ Am{U AënH$m{cZ {dÎmnwadR>çmV
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo `moJXmZ A{Ve` _mocmMo R>acoco Amho. amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m, BVa ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m,
ImOJr ~±H$m, {dXoer ~±H$m `m§Zr Amnë`m emIm§Mm {dñVma H$ê$Z J««m_rU Am{U ZmJar ^mJmV {d{dY CÚmoJì`dgm`, CnH«$_, àH$ën, `moOZm `m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm Amho. eoVr, cKw-Hw${Q>a CÚmoJ
ñd`§amoOJma, ~m§YH$m_, _Ü`_ CÚmoJ, {dH«$sg§ñWm à{H«$`m CÚmoJ, A{^`m§{ÌH$s ì`dgm` dJ¡a|gmR>r ì`mnmar
~±H$mMm {dÎmnwadR>m Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. J«m_rU Am{U ZmJar ^mJmV emIm {dñVma Pmë`m_wio ~MVrcm
àmoËgmhZ {_imco Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r `m ~MVr_YyZ {ZYr Jmoim hmoD$ eH$cm.
3) {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io :ñdmV§Í` {_iÊ`mnydu ^maVmV H$mhr à_mUmV _moR>o CÚmoJ ApñVËdmV hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va AZoH$ _moR>o CÚmoJ
gwê$ Pmco. `m _moR>çm {dñVmamÀ`m CÚmoJm§Zm XrK©H$mimgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>çmMr JaO hmoVr. Vr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
1948 Z§Va {d{dY àH$maMr {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV AmcrV. ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>m
_hm_§S>i (IFCI-1948), Am¡Úmo{JH$ nVnwadR>m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i (ICICI-1955), ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$
{dH$mg ~±H$ (IDBI-1964), ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwZa©MZm ~±H$ (IRBI-1971, amÁ` {dÎm _hm_§S>i (SFC) amÁ`
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i `mgma»`m {dÎmr` _hm_§S>im§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m gd© _hm_§S>imÀ`m
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dVrZo {d{dY àH$maÀ`m _Ü`_ Am{U _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Zm XrK©H$mcrZ {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. AmO XoemZm
{XgUmam Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg `m _hm_§S>imÀ`m _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U ^m§S>dcnwadR>çmVyZ Pmcm Amho. `mn¡H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$
nVnwadR>m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>imMo énm§Va 2002 _Ü`o Am`.gr.Am`.gr.Am`. ~±Ho$_Ü`o Pmco. VgoM
^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo énm§Vahr Am`.S>r.~r.Am`. ~±Ho$V Pmco Amho.
4) {d_m H§$nÝ`m :^maVr` {dÎmr` aMZoV {d_m H§$nÝ`m§Mo ñWmZ AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwajm {Z_m©U
H$aUo, VgoM {dH$mgmgmR>r ^m§S>dc{ZYr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo `m H$m_mV {d_m H§$nÝ`m AJ«oga AmhoV. `m_Ü`o
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ^maVr` Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i (LIC) Am{U ^maVr` gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§S>i `m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. 1998 Z§Va ImOJr {d_m H§$nÝ`m§À`m g§»`oVhr dmT> Pmcr. gÜ`m ~OmO g_wh, Q>mQ>m g_wh
Ý`y`m°H©$ _°Šg cmB©\$ BÝewaÝg, Am`.gr.Am`.gr.Am`. àwS>oÝerAc, ~OmO-E{cA°P `mgma»`m ImOJr H§$nÝ`m
H$m`©aV AmhoV.
5) å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>g² :gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§À`m ^mJ^m§S>dcmV Amncr JwV§ dUyH$ H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVo. Aem ^mJ^m§S>dcmV
Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr å`À`wAc \§$S>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr. gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr
å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>m_Ü`o gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ n¡go Jw§V{dVmV Am{U {_iUmam cm^ Jw§VdUwH$sÀ`m à_mUmV Jw§VdUyH$
H$aUmè`m§Zm XoÊ`mV `oVmo. `w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> H§$nZr `m_Ü`o AJ«go a hmoVr. `w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$
B§{S>`mZo `wQ>rAëg ~±H$ gwê$ Ho$cr. {VMoM énm§Va AŠgrg ~±Ho$V Pmco Amho.
6) Zm~mS>©
(NABARD) :-
eoVr joÌmcm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmar {eIa g§ñWm åhUyZ Zm~mS>©Mm CëcoI H$amdm cmJVmo. "amîQ´>r` H¥$fr
Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$' (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development "NABARD") `m ZmdmZo 1982 _Ü`o `m ~±H$o Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. [aPìh© ~±H$o À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr hr ~±H$
eoVr Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVo. Zm~mS>© eoVr {dH$mgmcm WoQ> {dÎmnwadR>m H$aV Zmhr. amÁ`
ghH$mar {eIa ~±H$, {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$, {d^mJr` J«m_rU ~±H$m, nVnwadR>m g§ñWm `m§À`m_m\©$V
{dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo.
7) nmoñQ> Am°{\$g :{dÎmr` aMZoV nmoñQ> Am°{\$g hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm Amho. Q>nmc H$Moè`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ OZVoH$S>rc n¡gm
~MVrÀ`m ñdê$nmV Jmoim H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. nmoñQ>m_m\$©V {d{dY R>od `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m, gmd©O{ZH$
^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr (Public Provident Fund - PPF) `mÛmao _moR>çm à_mUmV ~MVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mV
Amë`m.
nmoñQ>mà_mUoM amîQ´>r` J¥h{Z_m©U ~±H$o H$Sy>Zhr _moR>o `moJXmZ {dÎmnwadR>çm_Ü`o AmT>iVo. J¥h{Z_m©U ì`dgm`mcm
hr ~±H$ {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVo.
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2.2.3.2 {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW g§ñWm§Mr H$m`} :
XoemÀ`m {dÎmr` aMZoMo _Ü`ñW KQ>H$ åhUyZ Á`m {d{dY g§ñWm H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m§Mr MMm© AmnU Ho$cr
Amho. `m g§ñWm nwT>rc H$m`} H$aVmV.
1) ~MVr Jmoim H$aUo :{dÎmnwadR>çm_Ü`o ~MVrVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam {ZYr _hÎdmMm AgVmo. AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{dY ñVam_Ü`o
AgUmè`m ~MVXmam§H$Sy>Z `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm ~MVr Jmoim H$aVmV, àm_w»`mZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {d_m H§$nÝ`m,
å`wÀ`wAc \§$S²>g, ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr, nmoñQ> Am°{\$g `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm ~MVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo gdm©{YH$ H$m_
H$aVmV.
2) ^m§S>dc C^maUr :XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV ^m§S>dc{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m g§ñWm H$aVmV {dÎmr`-g§ñWm, _hm_§S>io,
{dH$mg ~±H$ ~m±S²>g {dH«$scm H$mT>VmV, BVa g§ñWm ~MVrVyZ ^m§S>dc C^maUr H$aVmV.
3) {dH$mgmV _mJ©Xe©Z :XrK© _wXVrZo {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmar _hm_§S>io Am{U {dÎmr`g§ñWm Ho$di {dÎmnwadR>m Z H$aVm CÚmoJm§Zm
_mJ©Xe©Z, g„m XoUo hr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>VmV. ~mOmamMr gÜ`mMr pñWVr, ~XcUmao ñdê$n, CËnmXZmgmR>r
~XcUmar _mJUr, CËnmXZj_Vm, V§Ì{dkmZ dJ¡ao {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m ~m~V {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr `m {dÎmr`
g§ñWm§H$S>o AgVo Ë`mMm dmna CÚmoJ joÌ H$aVo. Joë`m n§Yam dfm©V ^maVmV B§YZ, drO, _hm_mJ©~m§YUr,
Q>o{cH$å`w{ZHo$eZ `m§gma»`m joÌmZm Iyn g§Yr Amho. `mMr OmUrd ~è`mM à_mUmV {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm Pmcr Am{U
Ë`mAZwf§JmZo g§~§{YV CÚmoJjoÌm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `mdê$Z {dÎmr` _Ü`ñWg§ñWm {dH$mgmV gh^mJr
AmhoV ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.
4) H$O©ì`dhma H$aUo :{dÎmr` _Ü`ñW g§ñWm {dH$mg àH$ënm§gmR>r eoVr-CÚmoJ, godmjoÌ `m§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. {dÎmr`
_hm_§S>io _moR>çm CÚmoJm§gmR>r H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ImOJr ~±H$m _Ü`_ Am{U Aën_wXVrMm
H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. H$O© XoÊ`m~amo~aM _moR>çm àH$ënm§À`m, CÚmoJm§À`m H$Om©cm h_r XoÊ`mMo H$m_hr `m _Ü`ñW
g§ñWm H$aVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ImOJr ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m `m AënH$mcrZ Am{U _Ü`__wXVrgmR>r H$O©nwadR>m
H$aVmV. H¥$fr {dH$mg, J«m_rU {dH$mg `mgmR>r Zm~mS>©À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr H$O©nwadR>m hmoVmo. amîQ´>r` J¥h{Z_m©U ~±H$
J¥h~m§YUrgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVo.
5) ~MVrMr {dídmgmh©Vm :{dÎmr` aMZoVrc _Ü`ñW g§ñWm§Zr ~MVXmam§_Ü`o {dídmgmh©Vm {Z_m©U Ho$cocr Amho. amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m,
Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i, nmoñQ>, å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>g² `m_Ü`o ~MV H$aUo hr gwa{jV g_Ocr OmVo. g§KQ>rV ^maVr`
{dÎmr` aMZoMo ho _moR>o `e Amho. AemàH$maMr gwa{jVVm {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo {dÎmr` g§ñWm ~MVd¥Õrcm àmoËgmhZ
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XoD$ eH$ë`m AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV ~MVXmam§_Ü`o {dídmgmh©Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© `m _Ü`ñW g§ñWm§Zr
Ho$co Amho.
6) CÚmoJm§À`m _mcH$sV gh^mJ :{dÎmr` g§ñWm _moR>çm CÚmoJg§ñWm§Mo ^mJ^m§S>dc IaoXr H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem CÚmoJg§ñWm§À`m _mcH$s_Ü`o
{dÎmr` g§ñWm {hñgm {_i{dVmV. {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m `m gh^mJm_wio gm_mÝ` ~MVXma ì`ŠVr CÚmoJm§À`m
_mc_ÎmoMm AàË`jnUo _mcH$ ~ZVmV.
7) R>do r Am{U H$Om©Vrc gwa{jVVm :{dÎmr` g§ñWm N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm R>odrXmam§H$Sy>Z R>odr Jmoim H$aVmV, Ë`m§Zm ~MVrgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoVmV. Jmoim
Pmcocm hm gd© {ZYr amoIVm Am{U gwa{jVVm gm§^miyZ H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r dmnacm OmVmo. hr gd© à{H«$`m nma
nmS>VmZm R>odrXmam§À`m R>odr gwa{jV R>odë`m OmVmV. {edm` {Xcocr H$O} ì`mOmgh naV KoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar nma
nmS>cr OmVo. H$m`ÚmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ hr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>cr OmVo.
2.2.4 {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m
(Financial Markets)
{dÎmr` ~mOmanoR> hm {dÎmr` aMZoMm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. Á`m ~mOmamV {d{dY àH$maMo ^m§S>dc
CncãY hmoVo Ë`m ~mOmanoR>ocm {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR> Ago åhUVmV qH$dm Á`m ~mOmanoR>oV pñWa ^m§S>dc Am{U IoiVo
^m§S>dc CncãY hmoVo. Ë`m ~mOmamcm {dÎmr` ~mOma Ago åhUVmV. {dÎmr` ~mOmamV gd©gmYmaUnUo nwT>rc ~m~r
g_m{dîQ>> AgVmV - g§ñWm§À`m ^mJm§Mr {dH«$s H$aUo, amo»`m§Mr IaoXr d {dH«$s H$aUo, ~±Ho$V R>odr R>odUo Am{U
H$mT>Uo, ~±Ho$Vrc EH$m ImË`mVyZ Xwgè`m ImË`mV n¡go ñWmZm§VarV H$aUo. `m ~m~tZm EH${ÌVnUo {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>
Ago åhQ>co OmVo. {dÎmr` ~mOmamMo ZmUo~mOma Am{U ^m§S>dc-~mOma Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV.
2.2.4.1 ZmUo~mOma
(Money Market)
Á`m ~mOmamV Aën_wXVrÀ`m H$Om©Mo ì`dhma MmcVmV Ë`mcm ZmUo~mOma Ago åhUVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m,
{dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ì`{ŠV, g§ñWm, emgZ `m§Zm _mJUrZwgma H$O©naw dR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. ^maVr` ZmUo~mOma
g§KQ>rV Am{U Ag§KQ>rV Aem XmoZ {d^mJmV {d^mJcm Amho. gmdH$ma, gam\$s noT>rdmco Oo H$O©ì`dhma H$aVmV
Ë`mg Ag§KQ>rV ZmUo~mOma åhUVmV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr H$m`©aV AgUmè`m gd© ~±H$m, {dÎmr`
g§ñWm, ImOJr ~±H$m, {dXoer ~±H$m `m§Mm g_mdoe g§KQ>rV ZmUo~mOmamV H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. `m gd© g§ñWm [aPìh©
~±H$o À`m {Z`_mà_mUo Aën_wXVrÀ`m H$Om©Mo ì`dhma H$aVmV. `m ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Aën_wXVrÀ`m
H$Om©Mo ì`dhma Ho$co OmVmV. gm_mÝ`V… n§Yam {Xdg Vo EH$ df© `m _wXVrMo ho H$O©ì`dhma AgVmV. ì`{ŠV,
CÚmoJg§ñWm, ì`mnmar g§ñWm, godm g§ñWm, {ejUg§ñWm, dmhVwH$g§ñWm, BVa gd© CnH«$_erc g§ñWm `m H$O} KoV
AgVmV.
gd©gmYmaUnUo {dÎmnwadR>çmMr AW©ì`dñWoV Or ^y{_H$m qH$dm _hÎd AgVo, VgoM _hÎd ZmUo~mOmamMohr
AgVo. ZmUo~mOmam_wio McZmMo ì`dhma JVr_mZ hmoVmV, eoVr, CÚmoJ ì`mnma, dmhVyH$, XiUdiU `m joÌm§Zm
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~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ...3
àmoËgmhZ {_iVo. `m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm JVr {_iVo, g_Vmoc Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. g§KQ>rV
ZmUo~mOma {OVH$m Mm§Jcm Agoc {VVHo$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm Amnco nV{df`H$ YmoaU Mm§Jë`mnÕVrZo A§_cmV
AmUVm `oVo.
^maVr` ZmUo~mOmamV gmdH$ma, gam\$r noT>rdmco `m§Mo ApñVËd _moR>o Amho. Ë`m_wio Ag§KQ>rV ZmUo~mOmamMm
à^md Agë`mMo OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mOmMo Xa, VmaUmMo ñdê$n, H$O©VmaU _`m©Xm, ì`mOmMo Xa dJ¡a|À`m_Ü`o
V\$mdV AmT>iVo.
2.2.4.2 ^m§S>dc ~mOma
(Capital Market) :
Á`m ~mOmamV XrK©H$mcrZ H$Om©Mo ì`dhma hmoVmV Ë`m ~mOmamcm ^m§S>dc ~mOma Ago åhUVmV. `m
~mOmamV _moR>çm CÚmoJg§ñWm, H§$nÝ`m, _hm_§S>i,o H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$ma, {dÎmr` g§ñWm, ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {dH$mg
~±H$m `m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. H|$Ð gaH$ma cmoh-nmocmX, B§YZ, drO, D$Om©, aoëdo, OhmO, _hm_mJ©~m§YUr
`mgma»`m àH$ënm§gmR>r XrK© _wXVrMr H$O} KoVo, ImOJr H§$nÝ`mgwÕm ^mJm§Mr {dH«$r H$aUo. XrK©_wXVrMo H$O© KoUo
ho ì`dhma H$arV AgVmV. XoemÀ`m nm`m^yV joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ^m§S>dc~mOmamMo `moJXmZ _moR>o Amho. YaUo,
H$mcdo, drOàH$ën, B§YZ, aoëdo, _hm_mJ©, OhmO CÚmoJ `mgma»`m àH$ënm§Mm {dH$mg ^m§S>dc~mOmamVrc
ì`dhmam_wio Pmcm Amho. ~MV Am{U Jw§VdUwH$scm àmoËgmhZ XoUo, {dH$mgmMm nm` KmcUo, gmYZgm_J«rMm
n`m©ßV dmna H$aUo, Jw§VdUwH$sÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUo `mgma»`m {d{dY ~m~r ^m§S>dc ~mOmam_wio eŠ`
Pmë`m AmhoV.
^m§S>dc ~mOmamMm ^mJ ~mOma (Stock Market) hm EH$ ^mJ Amho. goŠ`w[aQ>rO A°ÊS> EŠñM|O ~moS>©
Am°\$ B§{S>`m (go~r SEBI) À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr `mVrc ì`dhma MmcVmV. {dÎmr`g§ñWm, CËnmXZg§ñWm `m§À`m
^mJm§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s `m ~mOmamV MmcVo. _w§~B©, {Xëcr, MoÞB©, H$mocH$Îmm `mgh XoemV gmoim eham§_Ü`o eoAa
_mH}$Q> MmcVo. g§JUH$ àUmcr_wio `m ~mOmamVrc ì`dhma A{Ve` JVr_mZ Pmco AmhoV.
2.2.5 {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>M
o r H$m`}
(Functions of Financial Market)
{dÎmr` ~mOmanoR> nwT>rc H$m`} H$aVo :1) ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr :AW©ì`dñWoV {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Amdí`H$ AgUmao ^m§S>dc CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m`© {dÎmr`
~mOmanoR>oÛmao H$aÊ`mV `oVo. g_mOmV {d{dY ñVam_Ü`o AgUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z ~MVr Jmoim Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§_m\©$V `m Jmoim Ho$coë`m R>do r eoVr, CÚmoJ, godm ì`dgm`, ñd`§amoOJma, {d{dY àH$ën `m§À`mgmR>r
CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m OmVmV. ^m§S>dc ~mOmamV {d{dY H§$nÝ`m§À`m ^mJm§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s MmcVo `m ~mOmamV
X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV _moR>r CcmT>mc hmoV AgVo. å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr _moR>çm à_mUmV ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr
hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV AW©ì`dñWoV JVr_mZVm amhÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dÎmr` ~mOmamV ^m§S>dcmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMo
H$m`© A{daVnUo gwê$ AgVo. `m_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrc ^m§S>dc JVr_mZ ~Zco qH$dm àdm{hV ~Zco.
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2) {dH$mgmcm AW©nwadR>m :XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Pmcm nm{hOo `mÑ{îQ>Zo gd© KQ>H$ à`ËZerc AgVmV. eoVr, CÚmoJ, XrK©H$mcrZ
_yc^yV àH$ën, godmì`dgm` dJ¡ao joÌm§Zm ^m§S>dcmMr JaO AgVo. `m joÌm§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao ^m§S>dc
{dÎmr` ~mOmamVyZ CncãY hmoVo. ^m§S>dc ~mOmamV ^mJm§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s ì`dhma hmoV AgVmV. H§$nÝ`m§Zm
Ë`mVyZ ^m§S>dc {_iVo. `m{edm` {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z XrK©H$mcrZ AW©nwadR>m hmoV AgVmo. H¥$frjoÌmcm
Zm~mS>©À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr Aën Am{U _Ü`_ _wXVrMm {dÎmnwadR>m hmoVmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ eoVrCÚmoJ-ì`dgm` `m§Zmhr {dÎmnwadR>m qH$dm AW©nwadR>m {dÎmr` ~mOmamVyZ CncãY hmoVmo.
3) {dÎmr` ì`dñWoMr àJVr :{dÎmr` ~mOmamV {d{dY g§ñWm H$m`©aV AgVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io, {dH$mg ~±H$m, H¥$fr
~±H$m, å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>g² BË`mXr g§ñWm§À`m H$m`©àUmcrV gmVË` amhdo, {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr gVV àJVr hmoV amhdr,
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr àJVr ZmUo~mOma Am{U ^m§S>dc ~mOma `m§À`m àJVr~amo~a amhdr `mÑ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dÎmr`
~mOmanoR>ocm H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. {dÎmr` ~mOmamV dmnaco OmUmao XñVEodO Mm§Jë`mnÕVrZo dmnaVm `mdoV.
ì`dhmam_Ü`o JVr_mZVm Agmdr, XñVEodO ì`dhmamV nmaXe©H$Vm Agmdr `mÑ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>
H$m`©aV AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV {dÎmr` ì`dhmamV AgUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr gVV àJVr hmoV amhdr Am{U {dÎmr`
ì`dñWm H$m`©j_ ìhmdr `mgmR>r {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR> H$m`© H$aVo.
4) ~MVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU Am{U J{V_mZVm :XoemVrc ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar ~MV {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© hr
~mOmanoR> H$aVo. Ë`mgmR>r {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m ~MV`moOZm {dídmgmh© ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVrc Agm à`ËZ Ho$cm
OmVmo. {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmH$f©H$ `moOZm AmIV AgVmV, {dÎmr` ì`dhmamV Am{U ~mOma`§ÌUoV {dídmgXe©H$
dmVmdaU Agoc Va ZmJ[aH$m§Mr ~MVH¥$Vr dmT>Vo, AemàH$maÀ`m ~MVdmT>rg àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMo H$m`© {dÎmr`
~mOmanoR> H$aVo.
5) Am{W©H$ {eñV Am{U ajU :{dÎmr` ~mOmamV ~MV Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ser {ZJ{S>V AgUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamg§X^m©V
AgUmar {eñV cmJcr nm{hOo. {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo ì`dhma nmaXe©H$ AgVrc Va Am{W©H$ {dídmg {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUmè`m g§ñWm, ì`{ŠV `m§Mm AmË_{dídmg dmT>Vmo. {dÎmr` ~mOmamV Am{W©H$ {eñVrMo dmVmdaU
{Z_m©U Pmë`mZo R>odrXma Am{U Jw§VdUyH$Xma `m§À`m {hVmMo ajU hmoVo. {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>ocm Ë`mÑîQ>rZo H$m`©j_
amhdo cmJVo.
6) {dH$mgmcm àoaUm :XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>oVyZ hmoVo. _moR>o àH$ën, YaUo, H$mcdo,
B§YZ, drO, D$Om©, cmoh-nmocmX, {g_|Q>, I{ZOo, aoëdo_mJ©, _hm_mJ©, ~§Xam§Mr ~m§YUr dJ¡ao àH$ënm§gmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgUmao ^m§S>dc {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>oVyZ C^maco OmVo. _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§Zm {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z {dÎmnwadR>m
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hmoVmo. ^mJm§Mr {dH«$s H$ê$Z Aem g§ñWm {ZYr C^maVmV. `m{edm` _Ü`_ CÚmoJ, cKwCÚmoJ, ì`mnmar g§ñWm `m§Zm
ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ImOJr ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {dÎmnwadR>m hmoVmo. {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>
{dH$mgmer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoVo. Ë`m_wio Z¡g{J©H$, _mZdr Am{U ^m§S>dc{df`H$
KQ>H$ {H«$`merc hmoD$Z XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo.
WmoS>Š`mV {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR> XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWocm ì`mnH$ à_mUmV JVr XoVo. {dÎmr` aMZoMo KQ>H$
EH$g§Y R>oD$Z ~mOmamV {eñV~ÕVm AmUcr OmVo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr ^maVr` {dÎmr`
~mOmanoR>oZo XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmV _moR>o `moJXmZ {Xco Amho.
2.2.6 {dÎmr` gmYZo
(Financial Instruments)
{dÎmr` gmYZo hr {dÎmr` aMZoV Am{U ~mOmamV _hÎdmMr AmhoV. `m gmYZm§Zm {dÎmr` XñVEodO Agohr
åhUVmV. Á`m gmYZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo Am{W©H$ ì`dhma nma nmS>co OmVmV Ë`m§Zm {dÎmr` gmYZo Ago åhUVmV. `m
gmYZm§Zm {aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr A{YH¥$V _mÝ`Vm AgVo. `m gmYZm§À`m ghmæ`mZo ~mOmamV n¡gm C^m H$aUo qH$dm
^mJ{dUo `m ñdê$nmMo ì`dhma Ho$co OmVmV. ^maVr` {dÎmr` ~mOmamV nwT>rc {dÎmr` gmYZo dmnacr OmVmV.
1) _mJUr n¡gm
(Call Money)
Ho$di EH$m {XdgmÀ`m _wXVrgmR>r H$O© C^maUrgmR>r AWdm XoÊ`mgmR>r dmna Ho$cm OmUmam n¡gm åhUOo
_mJUr n¡gm hmo`. amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m, ImOJr ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, Zm~mS>© dJ¡ao {dÎmr` g§ñWm _mJUr n¡gm `m
gmYZmMm Adc§~ H$ê$Z H$Om©Mr C^maUr H$aVmV. gm_mÝ`V… _mJUr n¡emMm nwadR>m qH$dm H$Om©D$ aH$_m XoÊ`mMo
H$m`© Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i, gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§S>i, å`wÀ`wAc \§$S²>g, _moR>çm ImOJr {dÎmr` g§ñWm
H$aVmV. _mJUr n¡emMo ì`dhma [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m ImË`mÛmao hmoVmV. CXm. Zm~mS>©cm Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>imH$Sy>Z Xhm
cmI én`o nm{hOo AgVrc Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$Vrc ImË`mda _hm_§S>i Zm~mS>©À`m ZmdmZo YZmXoe qH$dm noAm°S>©a
H$mT>Vo, VmËH$mi Zm~mS>©À`m ImË`mda gXa aŠH$_ O_m hmoVo.
2) H$mofmJma nÌo :H|$Ð gaH$maZo KoVcocr aŠH$_ naV XoÊ`mMr {Xcocr coIr h_r åhUOo H$mofmJma nÌ qH$dm H$mofmJma hþ§S>r
hmo`. Aer nÌo n§Yam {Xdgm§nmgyZ EH$ df© _wXVrn`ªV AgVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m hþS§ >çm VmaU R>do Zy H$O© {Xco OmVo
qH$dm KoVco OmVo. AënH$mcmgmR>r AemàH$maMo {dÎmr` ì`dhma _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmV.
3) ì`mnmar hþ§S>çm :EH$m ì`mnmè`mZo Xwgè`m ì`mnmè`mcm {d{eîR> _wXVrV aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMr {Xcocr coIr h_r åhUOo ì`mnmar
hþ§S>r hmo`. Aem àH$maÀ`m hþ§S>çm _wXVrnydu ì`mnmar ~±Ho$H$S>o O_m H$ê$Z Amncr aŠH$_ naV KoVcr OmVo.
Ë`mgmR>r hþ§S>r KoUmar ~±H$ Amncr H$ga qH$dm H${_eZ H$mnyZ KoVo. `mM dQ>coë`m hþ§S>çm§da AmUIr H${_eZ
KoD$Z ~±H$m ì`mnmè`m§Zm H$O} XoD$ eH$VmV. WmoS>Š`mV ì`mnmar hþ§S>çm hm {dÎmr` ~mOmamVrc _hÎdmMm XñVEodO
Amho.
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4) ì`mnmar XñVEodO :A{VAënH$mimgmR>r, qH$dm AënH$mimgmR>r ì`mnma H$aUmè`m g§ñWm {d{dY XñVEodO dmnaVmV.
ì`mnmarg§ñWm g§KQ>Zm, H§$nÝ`m ho AmngmVrc ì`dhmanyU© H$aUo, ZyVZrH$aU H$aUo `mH$[aVm EH$_oH$m§da H$mT>cëo `m
hþ§S>çm, O§J_ _mc_ÎmoMr Zm|XUrnÌo, hŠH$nÌo, JwXm_m§Mr ñdrH¥$VrnÌo, ^{dî`H$mcrZ H$ama Aem XñVEodOm§Mm
dmna {dÎmr` ì`dñWogmR>r Ho$cm OmVmo. Aem ì`dhmam§V {H$Vr à_mUmV H$O©ì`dhma ìhmdoV `mMr _`m©Xm [aPìh©
~±H$ {ZpíMV H$aVo. VgoM Aem XñVEodOm§da {dÎmr` ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H§$nÝ`m§Mr nmÌVm {ZpíMVr [aPìh© ~±H$
H$aVo.
5) R>odrMo XmIco :R>odnmdË`m `m gmYZmMm dmna {dÎmì`dñWoVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`mH$S>rc O_m
R>odrMm XmIcm V`ma H$ê$Z XmIë`mV {c{hcoë`m aH$_oÀ`m {d{eîQ> à_mUmV H$ga XoD$Z Amnë`mnojm _moR>çm
~±H$m§Zm hñVm§VarV H$aVmV, åhUOoM {dH$VmV. ì`ŠVr, _moR>çm ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm Aem R>odXmIë`m§Mr IaoXr
H$aVmV. `m XmIë`m§Mr _wXV VrZ _{hÝ`m§nmgyZ EH$ dfm©n`ªV AgVo. `m ì`dhmamda [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU
AgVo.
6) gh^m{JËdmMo XmIco :Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U ì`mnma joÌmV ^mJrXmar_Ü`o ì`dgm` MmcVmV. EImÚm g§ñWoÀ`m ^mJrXmamcm ^m§S>dcmMr
JaO Agoc Va Vmo ^mJrXma Amncm ^mJhŠH$ EImÚm ~±Ho$cm VmËnwaË`m H$mimgmR>r {dH$Vmo. åhUOoM Ë`m
{d{eîR> _wXVrgmR>r g§~§{YV ì`dgm`mV ~±H$ ^mJrXma AgVo. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV JaO ^mgë`mg hr ~±H$
Xwgè`m ~±Ho$cm Amncm gh^mJmMm hŠH$ {dHy$ eH$Vo. Aem àH$maMm gh^mJ XmIcm qH$dm ^mJrXmarMm XmIcm
Xwgè`m ~±Ho$cm {dHy$Z n{hcr ~±H$ Amncr OmoIr_ H$_r H$aVo. KoVcoco ^m§S>dc _wXVrnydu R>acoë`m ì`mO qH$dm
H${_eZgh naV H$ê$Z _yiMm ^mJrXma Amncm hŠH$ gmoS>dyZ KoVmo.
7) g§KQ>Zm A§VJ©V R>odtMo XñVEodO
g§ñWm qH$dm H§$nÝ`m Amnë`mH$S>rc A{V[aŠV {ZYr Amnë`m g§~§YmV AgUmè`m BVa g§ñWm§Zm JaOoZwgma
XoVmV. AemàH$maMo ì`dhma H$aVmZm XodKodrMr R>odnmdVr dmnacr OmVo. XodmUKodmUrÀ`m ì`dhmamV AgUmar
hr R>odnmdVr åhUOo {dÎmr` XñVEodO g_Ocm OmVmo. AemàH$maMo {dÎmr` XodKodrMo ì`dhma ho Ë`m g§ñWm qH$dm
H§$nÝ`m§nwaVo _`m©{XV AgVmV. Aem ì`dhmam§À`m ~m~VrV [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm \$maer _m{hVr ZgVo Ë`m_wio [aPìh©
~±H$ g§KQ>ZmA§VJ©V R>odtÀ`m ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU R>oD$ eH$V Zmhr.
8) nwZI©aoXr ì`dhma :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr ì`mnmar ~±H$m hþ§S>çm§Mr nwZI©aoXr Am{U {dH«$sMo ì`dhma H$aVmV. g_Om
EImÚm ì`mnmè`mZo EH$m {d{eîR> ~±Ho$cm Amncr hþ§S>r {dH$cr Ë`mZ§Va g§~§{YV ~±H$ _wXVrnydu Vr hþ§S>r Xwgè`m
EImÚm ~±Ho$cm {dHy$ eH$Vo. `m AWm©Zo gXaMr hþ§S>r hm {dÎmr` ì`dhmamMm XñVEodO R>aVmo.
darcà_mUo {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>oV {d{dY àH$maMo XñVEodO qH$dm {dÎmr` gmYZo Agë`mMo {XgVo. ì`mnmar
~±H$m, g§ñWm, CÚmoJg§ñWm, ì`ŠVr, ì`mnmar ho gd© KQ>H$ `m {dÎmr` gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z H$O© XodmUKodmUrMo
ì`dhma H$aV AgVmV.
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2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :1. {dÎmnwadR>m : H$O©nwadR>m qH$dm ^m§S>dcnwadR>m
2. ^mJ^m§S>dc : g§ñWoÀ`m ^m§S>dcmVrc {hñgm
3. {dÎmr` aMZm : ~MV-Jw§VdUyH$sMr EH${ÌV aMZm
4. {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW : AW© ì`dñWoVrc {dÎmr` g§ñWm Am{U _hm_§S>io
5. ZmUo~mOma : AënH$m{cZ H$O©ì`dhmamMr ~mOmanoR>
6. ^m§S>dc~mOma : XrK©H$mcrZ H$O©ì`dhmamMr ~mOmanoR>
7. {dÎmr` XñVEodO : H$O© ì`dhmamgmR>r dmnacr OmUmar _mÝ`VmàmßV H$mJXnÌo qH$dm XñVEodO.
2.4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :A) Imcrc dmŠ`o MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
1. {dÎmnwadR>m AW©ì`dñWoVrc AS>Wim Amho.
2. {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$di _wXVrZwgma AgVmo.
3. AënH$mcrZ {dÎmnwadR>m EH$ dfm©nojm H$_r H$mimgmR>r AgVmo.
4. {dÎmr` ì`dñWoV [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr gdm}ÀM Amho.
5. H¥$fr {dÎmnwadR>m "Zm~mS>©' Ûmao hmoVmo.
6. ZmUo~mOmamV XrK©H$mcrZ H$O©ì`dhma MmcVmV.
7. _mJUr n¡gm ho {dÎmr` gmYZ Zmhr.
CÎmao :- 1) MyH$ 2) MyH$ 3) ~amo~a 4) ~amo~a 5) ~amo~a 6) MyH$ 7) MyH$
~) [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.
1. {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io hr ............... H$mcrZ {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmV.
2. ................. hm ^m§S>dc C^maUrMm gmonm _mJ© Amho.
3. "Zm~mS>©' hr ..................... ~±H$ Amho.
4. {dÎmr` ~mOmamda ................. Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
CÎmao :- 1) XrK© 2) gmd©O{ZH$ R>odr 3) H¥$fr
4) [aPìh© ~±H$
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38
H$) gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1. {dÎmr` aMZoMo AW©ì`dñWoVrc _hÎd {deX H$am.
2. {dÎmnwadR>çmMo à_wI àH$ma WmoS>Š`mV {chm.
3. {dÎmr` aMZoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.
4. {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>oMr H$m`} {chm.
5. {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>oMr H$m`} {chm.
S>) Q>rnm {chm.
1. {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>
2. ZmUo~mOma
3. ^m§S>dc ~mOma
4. {dÎmr` _Ü`ñW
5. {dÎmr` XñVEodO
6. {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io
B©) joÌr` H$m`© :
Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>imÀ`m ñWm{ZH$ H$m`m©c`mg ^oQ> XodyZ Ë`m§Mo H$m`© g_OyZ ¿`m.
2.5 g§X^© gyMr
1.
Money and Financial System : Dr. P. C. Jain and S. S. Verma
2.
Indian Economy : Datta and K. P. M. Sundharam
3.
Financial Management : Kuchal
4.
Fundamentals of Financial : Prasanna Chandra Management
5. n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm : S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E. gr. Omoer, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
6. A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m : àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc (g§nmXH$), \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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39
KQ>H$ : 3
ì`mnmar ~±H$m
(Commercial Banking)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.1 C{ÔîQo
3.2 àmñVm{dH$
3.3 ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mr ì`m»`m
3.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr H$m`}
3.5 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo _hËd
3.6 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMm Vmio~§X
3.7 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$_Îmm-Ë`mMr H$maUo d Cnm``moOZm
3.8 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr d Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xm
3.9 gmam§e
3.10 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mm AW©
3.11 ñd`§_² AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ d CÎmao
3.12 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
3.13 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
3.1 C{Ôï>o :
1) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMm AW© ñnï> H$aUo.
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr H$m`} Aä`mgUo
3) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo AW©ì`dñWoVrc _hËd Aä`mgUo
4) ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m Vmio~§XmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
5) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm-Ë`mMr H$maUo d Cnm``moOZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
6) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr d Ë`mdarc _`m©Xm Aä`mgUo
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40
3.2 àmñVm{dH$ :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m {d{Îm` g§ñWm hmoV. cmoH$m§Mm n¡gm R>oCZ `oUo d Ë`mMr gwa{jV H$miOr KoUo, VgoM
cmoH$m§Zr n¡gm naV _mJVmM Ë`m§Zm XoUo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. "~±H$' (Bank) hm eãX ~±Š`y'
(Banque) `m J«rH$ eãXmnmgyZ Amcocm Amho. ~°Š`y åhUOo "~mH$' (Bench) nydr©À`m H$mir "Á`y' cmoH$
BQ>cr_Yrc cm|~mS>u añË`mda ~mH$mda ~gyZ n¡go ì`mOmZo XoÊ`m KoÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$arV AgV. Ë`mg "
Banco ' Ago åhQ>co OmV Ago, `m Banco nmgyZ Bank hm eãX Amcm Amho 'Banco' åhUOo ~mH$mda
~gyZ n¡í`mÀ`m XodmU KodmUrMo ì`dhma H$aUo hmo`. VgoM O_©Z eãX Banc åhUOo g§`wŠV ^m§S>dcr g§ñWm
hmo`. Ë`mZwgma Bank åhUOo n¡emMr XodmU KodmU H$aUmar g§ñWm Agm AW© A{^àoV Amho.Bank `m
eãXmnmgyZ 'Bankrupt' hm eãX Amcm, Ë`mMm AW© {XdmiImoa Agm Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mir ~mH$mda ~gyZ
ì`dhma H$aUmè`m EImÚm ì`mnmè`mMo {Xdmio {ZKmco Va Ë`mÀ`m ~mH$mMr _moS>VmoS> H$ê$Z VwH$S>o Ho$co OmV
AgV. Ë`mdê$Z Bankrupt {XdmiImoa hm eãX ê$S> Pmcm.
AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$s¨J ì`dgm`mMo _yi nwamVZ H$mimV gm§nS>co. {X. Ý`y Q>oñQ>m_|Q> ñnîQ> H$aVo H$s Ooê$gco_
_§{XamV nwamVZ H$mimV n¡emMr XodmU KodmU H$aUmao cmoH$ hmoVo. BgdrgZnyd© 2000 À`m H$mimV, nwamVZ
J«rg_Ü`o "B\o$gg²' "S>oë\$s', d "Am°{cånr`m' _§{XamMm Cn`moJ cmoH$m§Mo n¡go gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r, VgoM n¡emMo
ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. Ë`m _§{XamMo nwOmar (Priests) {d{Îm` _Ü`ñW åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV hmoVo.
_Ü``wJmV `wamonI§S>m_Ü`o Á`y cmoH$ n¡gm ì`mOmZo XoUo-KoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV hmoVo. nwamVZ H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$mMm
{dH$mg n¡emÀ`m XodmU KodmUrer {ZJS>rV hmoVm. VgoM VËH$mcrZ amOgÎmm§À`m {ZH$S>rÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm n¡gm XoUo d ~Xë`mV VËH$mcrZ amOgVm§Zr Ë`m§Zm H$Om©Mr XodmU KodmU H$aÊ`mMo hŠH$ ~hmc Ho$co. `m
~m~V "A°S>_ pñ_W' åhUVmo,"" gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimVrc BQ>crVrc ~±H$m, OoWo Ë`m§Zm ~±H$ ho Zmd {_imco, Ë`m
{d{Îm` H§$nÝ`m hmoË`m.....H$O© XoUo d Ë`m OoWo ñWmnZ Pmë`m VoWrc ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mam§Zm H$O} CncãY H$ê$Z XoV
hmoË`m'' Ë`mZ§Va XrK©H$mimV ~±H$m ñWmnZ Pmë`m d Ë`m§Zr ~±qH$J ì`dhma gwê$ Ho$co, na§Vw Ë`mnydu Aem
ì`dhmam§Mm Ë`m§Zr {dMma Ho$cm ZìhVm. ("Adam Smith observed,"The earliest banks of Italy
where the name began, were finance Companies.. to make loans to and float loans
for the government of cities in which they were formed'...."After these banks had
been long established they began to do what we call banking business, but at first
they never thought of it") AmOÀ`m ñdê$nmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm BQ>cr _Ü`o gZ 1157 _Ü`o
"{X ~±H$ Am°\$ ìho{Zg' `m ZmdmZo gwê$ Pmcr Ë`mZ§Va "{X ~±H$ Am°\$ ~m{g©cmoZm d ~±H$ Am°\$ {OZoìhm gwê$ Pmcr.
nwT>o 17 ì`m eVH$mV "~±H$ Am°\$ A°_oñQ>aS>°_ d 1694 _Ü`o ~±H$ Am°\$ B½c§S> ñWmnZ Pmcr. Ë`mZ§Va nwT>o 19
ì`m eVH$mV AmYw{ZH$ ì`mnmar ~±H$m gwê$ Pmë`m.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m ZmUo ~mOmamVrc {dÎmnwadR>çmMo EH$ _hËdmMo gmYZ hmoV. Ë`m Z\$m {_i{dUmè`m ì`mnmar
g§ñWm hmoV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m _mJUr R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV. R>odrXmamÀ`m ImË`mda Ë`m R>odr O_m H$aVmV d
R>odrXmamZo _mJUr H$aVmM Ë`mcm Ë`m naV {Xë`m OmVmV. AWdm MoH$ ê$nmZo BVam§À`m Zmdmda O_m Ho$ë`m
OmVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m BVa {d{Îm` g§ñWmnojm nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m g§X^m©V doJù`m AgVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$mVrc R>odtMo
g_mOmV n¡í`mMo ê$nmZo g§McZ hmoD$Z Ë`mÛmao nV{Z{_©Vr hmoVo, Va BVa {d{Îm` g§ñWm_Yrc R>odtMo g§McZ
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41
g_mOmV hmoV Zmhr d Ë`mÛmao nV{Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr. åhUOoM ~±H$m nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV Va BVa {d{Îm` g§ñWmÛmao
nV{Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr.
3.3 ì`mnmar ~±H$oMr ì`m»`m :
AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m ~hþ{dY H$m`} H$arV Agë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$oMr gwñnï> Aer EH$M
ì`m»`m XoVm `oV Zmhr. ì`mnmar ~±H$ åhUOo H$m`? `m~m~V {d{dY AW©emñÌkm§Zr doJdoJù`m ì`m»`m {Xë`m
AmhoV. Ë`mnwT>rc à_mUo hmoV.
1) Am°Šg\$S>© {S>ŠeZar _Ü`o ~±H$ `m eãXmMr nwT>rc ì`m»`m {Xcr Amho. ""n¡í`mMr XoIaoI H$aUo d
gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Vmo J«mhH$mÀ`m AmXoemà_mUo Ë`mZm XoÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ Ho$cocr g§ñWm åhUOo ~±H$
hmo`.'' darc ì`m»`m g§Hw${MV AgyZ Vr ~±Ho$Mo nV{Z{_©Vr H$m`© {dMmamV KoV Zmhr.
2) H«$mD$WaÀ`m _Vo, ""~±H$ hr Aer g§ñWm Amho H$s Á`m§À`m Odi A{YH$ n¡gm Amho qH$dm Oo cmoH$
Amnë`m CËnÞmVyZ n¡emMr ~MV H$aVmV Ë`m§À`m H$Sy>Z Vmo Jmoim H$ê$Z JaOy cmoH$m§§Zm H$Om©D$ XoVo'' g_mOmVrc
cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z R>odr AWdm ~MVrÛmao n¡gm Jmoim H$ê$Z Vmo JaOy cmoH$m§Zm H$O©ê$nmZo XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aUmar g§ñWm
åhUOo ~±H$ hmo`. Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
3) dm°ëQ>a cr\$À`m_Vo, ""~±H$ hr EH$ Aer ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm AgVo H$s Or cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z R>odr
YmaU H$aVo (ñdrH$maVo) d MoH$Zo _mJUr H$aVmM naV H$aVo''.
4) Ama.Eg. go`g©²À`m_Vo, ""~±H$ hr EH$ Aer g§ñWm H$s OrMr H$Oo© (R>odr) gmd©{ÌH$[aË`m Xwgè`m
ì`ŠVtMr H$O} ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r AWdm AmnmngmVrc ì`dhma nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r ñdrH$macr OmVmV.''
5) {X ~±H$sJ H§$nZr A°ŠQ> 1949 Zwgma ~±H$ åhUOo ""Or g§ñWm H$O} AWdm Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r
cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV R>odr pñdH$maVo, d _mJUr H$aVmM qH$dm MoH$, S´>mâQ> VËg_ AmXoemZwgma naV
H$aVo Ë`m g§ñWog ~±H$ åhUVmV.''
darc ì`m»`m§dê$Z ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s ~±H$ åhUOo Or R>odr pñdH$maVo, H$OmªMr XodmU KodmU H$aVo, nV{Z{_©Vr
H$aVo d Amnë`m ì`dhmamgmR>r n¡em ~amo~aM MoH$,S´>mâQ>, AmXoe `m gma»`m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Mo
Am{W©H$ ì`dhma nma nmS>Umar g§ñWm hmo`.''
3.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr H$m`} :
AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ àH$maMr H$m`o© nma nmS>mdr cmJVmV. àmo. go`g©Zo ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr H$m`} nwT>rc eãXmV dU©Z Ho$cr
AmhoV. ""gd©gm_mÝ`nUo ~±Ho$À`m ì`dhmam_Ü`o amoI n¡emVyZ R>odr {Z_m©U H$aUo, Am{U ~±Ho$À`m R>odtMo n¡emV
ê$nmV§a H$aÊ`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. EImXr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Xwgar ì`ŠVr AWdm g§ñWoH$S>o R>odr hñVmV§arV
H$aUo, hþ§S>çm, gaH$mar ~m°ÝS> `mÀ`m ~Xë`mV R>odr XoUo, ì`mnmè`m§H$Sy>Z n¡go naV H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {_i{dUo
dJ¡ao.'' AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm nwT>rc _hËdmMr H$m`} nma nmS>mdr cmJVmV.
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42
1) R>odr Jmoim H$aUo : cmoH$m§nmgyZ R>odr Jmoim H$aUo ho ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo àmW{_H$ H$m`} Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H$m
VrZ àH$maÀ`m R>odr cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Jmoim H$aVmV.
i)
{d{eï> _wXVrÀ`m R>odr :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m {d{eï> H$mcmdYrÀ`m R>odr Jmoim H$aVmV, Ë`m R>odtMr _wXV 1 df©,2 df}, AWdm 5 df}
qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV XoIrc AgVo. `m R>odr Ë`m§Mr _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu cmoH$m§Zm H$mTy>Z KoVm `oV ZmhrV. `m R>odtda
~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {Xcm OmUmam ì`mOXa BVa R>odtnojm OmñV AgVmo. `m àH$maÀ`m R>odtZm _wXV R>odr Ago åhUVmV. `m
R>odtMm H$mcmdYr OodT>m _moR>m VodT>m R>odtda {Xcm OmUmam ì`mO Xa XoIrc OmñV AgVmo. _wXV g§në`mZ§Va
R>odrXmam§Zm ì`mOmg{hV R>odtMr aŠH$_ naV {Xcr OmVo. _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu `m R>odr naV _m{JVë`mg ~±H$
R>odrXmam§Zm X§S> åhUyZ ì`mO Xa H$_r H$aVo.
ii)
Mmcy R>do r :
`m R>odtZm Mmcy R>odr AWdm _mJUr H$aVmM naV {_iUmè`m R>odr Ago åhUVmV. R>odrXma Ë`mcm JaO
cmJoc Ë`mdoir `m R>odtMr aŠH$_ H$mTy>Z KD$ eH$Vmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m àH$maÀ`m R>odtda ì`mO XoV ZmhrV.
H$maU `m R>odr ~±H$m Amnë`mOdi Zoh_r amoI ñdê$nmV ~miJVmV d R>odrXmamZo _mJUr H$aVmM Ë`m naV {Xë`m
OmVmV. `m R>odtMr ~±H$mZm Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVm `oV Zmhr. `m àH$maÀ`m R>odr àm_w»`mZo ì`mnmar cmoH$ ~±Ho$V R>odVmV
`m R>odr ~±H$mMr Xo`Vm d R>odrXmamMr _Îmm/g§nÎmr AgVmV.
iii)
~MV R>odr :
`m àH$maÀ`m R>odt~m~V ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$m§hr ~§YZo cmXcr OmVmV. CXm. `m R>odtMr aŠH$_ R>odrXmam§Zm EH$m
AmR>dS>çmV {d{eï> à_mUmVM H$mT>Vm `oB©c. R>odrXmam§Zm ~±H$ MoH$ XoVo d MoH$ÛmaoM R>odrXmam§Zm hr aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm
`oB©c. `m R>odtda {Xcm OmUmam ì`mOXa Aën AgVmo. `m àH$maÀ`m R>odt_wio XoemVrc Aën ~MVrV dmT> hmoVo.
Aem àH$mao ì`mnmar ~±H$m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m R>odr OZVoH$Sy>Z Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV.
2) H$O} XoUo
~±H$mZr R>odrXmam§H$Sy>Z Jmoim Ho$coë`m R>odr ~±Ho$À`m {VOmoarV gmR>dyZ R>odë`m OmV ZmhrV Va ~±H$m
R>odrXmam§À`m EHy$U R>odtn¡H$s XaamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamgmR>r cmJUmar amoI ñdê$nmV R>oD$Z Cd©arV aŠH$_ cmoH$m§Zm
H$O©ê$nmZo XoD$Z ì`mOmÛmao CËnÝZ {_i{dVmV. H$O© XoVmZm ~±H$m H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z gmoZo, Mm§Xr, Xm{JZo, gaH$mar
amoIo, eoAg©² O_rZ, B_maVr dJ¡ao dñVy VmaU åhUyZ ñdrH$maVmV. ~±H$m H$O©Xmam§Zm, gm_mÝ` H$O} n¡emÀ`m
ñdê$nmV XoVmV, VgoM amoI H$O} H$O©XmamZo VmaU R>odcoë`m _ÎmoÀ`m {d{eï> à_mUmV amoI ñdê$nmV H$O©
KoUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm H$O© XoVmV. `m àH$mamV H$Om©Mr gd© aŠH$_ EH$X_ H$O©Xmamcm {Xcr OmV Zmhr Va Vr
Ë`mÀ`m ~±H$ ImË`mda O_m Ho$cr OmVo d H$O©Xmamcm ~±Ho$Zo _§Oya Ho$coë`m à_mUmnojm A{YH$ aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm `oV
Zmhr.
H$Om©Mm {Vgam àH$ma åhUOo "A{YH$f© H$O}' hmo`. Ë`m§ZmM Á`mXm CMc gdcV Ago XoIrc åhUVmV.
H$m§hr doim ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m {dídmgy J«mhH$m§Zm A{YH$f© H$Om©Mr gdcV XoVo. MoH$À`m ghmæ`mZo `m
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H$Om©Mo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr XoVo Á`mXm KoVcoë`m aH$_oda H$O©Xmamcm ì`mO Úmdo cmJVo.
hþ§S>çm dR>{dUo hm H$Om©Mm Mm¡Wm àH$ma hmo`. ì`mnmar ~±H$m hþ§S>çm dR>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV. hþ§S>çm
dR>{dUo hm XoIrc ~±H$mÀ`m H$Om©Mm EH$ àH$ma Amho.EImÚm hþ§S>r YmaH$mcm hþ§S>r dR>dyZ n¡go hdo Agë`mg
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Vr hþ§S>r R>oD$Z KoVmV d H${_eZ H$mnyZ KoD$Z Ë`mcm Mmcy qH$_VrZwgma n¡go {Xco OmVmV. hþ§S>rMr
_wXV g§në`mZ§Va ~±H$m Á`m ì`ŠVrZo hþ§S>r {Xcocr AgVo Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z hþ§S>rMo n¡go dgyc H$aVmV.
_mJUr H$aVmM naV Ho$cr OmUmar qH$dm Aën gyMZm H$Oo© ~±H$m ì`mnmar d CÚmoOH$m§Zm `m àH$maMr H$Oo©
XoVmV. ~±Ho$Zo _mJUr H$aVmM qH$dm Aën _wXVrÀ`m gwMZoZo hr H$O} ~±Ho$cm naV H$amdr cmJVmV. ~±H$m Aem
H$Om©da ì`mO AmH$mê$Z CËnÝZ {_i{dVmV.
darc àH$maMr H$O} ~±H$m cmoH$m§Zm XoD$Z ì`mnma, eoVr d BVa ì`dgm`m§À`m {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aVmV.
3) {Z{YMr Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo : ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`mOdirc H$m§hr n¡gm gaH$mar amoIo, d BVa
_mÝ`Vm àmßV amo»`m§_Ü`o Jw§V{dVmV d Ë`mda ì`mO {_i{dVmV. `m Jw§VdUwH$sda {_iUmao ì`mOê$nr CËnÝZ \$ma
AmH$f©H$ ZgVo na§Vy `m amo»`m_Ü`o OmñV amoIVm d YmoŠ`mnmgyZ OmñV g§ajU {_iVo. åhUyZ ~±H$m gaH$mar
amo»`m§_Ü`o H$m§hr à_mUmV aŠH$_ Jw§V{dVmV.
4) MoH$ nÜXVrÀ`m dmnamg àmoËgmhZ : ì`mnmar ~±H$m cmoH$m§Zm MoH$Mr gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z XoD$Z
{d{Z`_ _mÜ`_mMo EH$ ñdñV d _hËdmMo gmYZ CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. MoH$Ûmao ì`dhma H$aUo d XoÊ`m KoÊ`mMo
ì`dhma {_Q>{dUo amoI aH$_onojm gmo`rñH$a Amho. MoH$ ho ZmUo ~mOmamVrc EH$ _hËdmMo nV-gmYZ Amho.
5) àm{V{Z{YH$ godm : ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§gmR>r H$m§hr àm{V{ZYrH$ godm H$arV AgVmV,
Ë`m à{V{ZYr AWdm _Ü`ñW åhUyZ H$m`} H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$m J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z {d{eï> à_mUmV H${_eZ KoVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m J«mhH$m§gmR>r Imcrc godm nwa{dVmV.
A) {ZYtMo hñVmV§aU :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§À`m {ZYtMo hñVmV§aU EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r
Ë`m ~±H$ S´>mâQ>, MoH$, dMZ {MR²>R>çm, _oc Q´>mÝg\$a, Q>o{cJ«m\$sH$ Q´>mÝg\$a dJ¡ao gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVmV. VgoM
J«mhH$m§gmR>r ì`mO ^aUo, cm^m§e, I§S>, dJ©Ur, {då`mMo háo ^aUo `mgma»`m godm nwa{dVmV. Ë`m~Ôc Ë`m
J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z Aën à_mUmV H${_eZ KoVmV.
~) {ZYr Jmoim H$aUo :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Mr BVa ~±H$mH$Sy>Z `oUo Agcocr aŠH$_ AWdm {ZYr J«mhH$m§À`mdVrZo Jmoim
H$ê$Z Vmo J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mda O_m H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.
H$) {dídñV, dQ>_wIË`ma d H$m`©H$mar g§ñWm :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§gmR>r {dídñV, dQ>_wIË`ma d H$m`©H$mar g§ñWm qH$dm A_§c~OmdUr
H$aUmar g§ñWm åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo. H$m§hr J«mhH$m§À`m ~m~VrV J«mhH$m§Mr A§Vr_ BÀN>m (Wills) ñdV:H$S>o R>oD$Z
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KoVmV d J«mhH$mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m BÀN>oZwgma J«mhH$m§Mr _mc_Îmm AWdm g§nÎmr dmQ>Ur AWdm {dëhodmQ>
cmdÊ`mMo H$m_ ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV. åhUOo J«mhH$m§À`m A§Vr_ BÀN>oMr A_§c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ì`mnmar
~±H$m H$aVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm H$m`©H$mar AWdm A_§c~OmdUr H$aUmar g§ñWm Ago åhUVmV.
S>) àmßVr H$a gëcmJma :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm àmßVr-H$am-~m~V gëcm XoÊ`mMo, J«mhH$m§Mm àmßVr H$a ^aÊ`mMo H$m_
H$aVmV. VgoM àmßVrH$a Vkm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmV, J«mhH$m§Zm àmßVr-H$amMm naVmdm {_idyZ XoÊ`mg _XV
H$aVmV.
B) à{V{ZYr AWdm _Ü`ñW :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m J«mhH$m§gmR>r à{V{ZYr AWdm _Ü`ñW åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. J«mhH$m§Mo nmgnmoQ>©, àdmgr
{V{H$Q>o {_idyZ XoUo, hdmB© AWdm g_wÐ_mJ} àdmg H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$mH$[aVm OmJm amIyZ R>odUo J«mhH$mgmR>r
eoAg©Mr IaoXr, {dH«$s H$aUo, eoAg©²Mm cm^m§e Jmoim H$ê$Z J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mda O_m H$aUo `mgmaIr H$m`}
ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV.
6) {dXoer McZmMr IaoXr-{dH«$s :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m {dXoer McZmMr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV. gm_mÝ`V: {dXoer McZmMr IaoXr
{dH«$s H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ {dXoer {d{Z_` ~±H$m H$arV AgVmV. na§Vw ^maVmV H$m§hr ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoIrc ho H$m_
H$aVmV.
7) ì`mnmamcm {dÎmnwadR>m :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m ì`mnmar hþ§S>çm dQ>dyZ A§VJ©V d Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamcm _XV H$aVmV. VgoM ~±H$m
ì`mnmè`m§Zm AënH$mcrZ H$Oo© XoVmV. Ë`mgmR>r ì`mnmar nÌo VmaU åhUyZ KoVcr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio A§VJ©V d ~mø
ì`mnma dmT>rcm MmcZm {_iVo.
8) nV{Z{_©Vr H$aUo :
AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$Om©Mr XodmU KodmU H$aVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zm Ooìhm§ H$Oo© XoVmV
Voìhm§ Vr amoI aH$_oV Z XoVm Vr J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mda O_m Ho$cr OmVmV. åhUOo ~±H$ J«mhH$mcm {Xcoco H$O©
J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mda O_m H$ê$Z R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV, J«mhH$ JaOoZwgma Ë`m R>odrVrc WmoS>rWmoS>r aŠH$_ H$mTy>Z
KoV Zmhr, Vmo n`ªV ~±H$m Vr aŠH$_ BVam§Zm H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVmV.åhUyZ Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s ""ì`mnmar ~±H$m
H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV d R>odrVyZ H$O} {Z_m©U H$aVmV'' ~±Ho$À`m `m H$m`m©_YyZ n¡gm AW©ì`dñWoV H$Oo© d
R>odrÀ`mê$nmZo {\$aV amhVmo. Ë`m_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. EH$mMr R>od Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrMo H$O©,
Xwgè`mMr R>od {Vgè`m ì`ŠVrMo H$O© Aer nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m {Z_m©U H$ê$Z ~±H$m AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m
nwadR>çmV dmT> KS>dZy AmUVmV. `mcmM nV{Z{_©Vr Ago åhUVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m nV{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m
{dH$mgmcm _XV H$aVmV.
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9) BVa H$m`} :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m darc H$m`m©ì`{V[aŠV AmUIr H$m§hr H$m`} H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm BVa H$m`} Ago åhUVmV.
hr H$m`} nwT>rc hmoV.
A) _m¡ë`dmZ dñVwgmR>r gwa{jV {VOmoar/cm°H$g© gw{dYm
~±H$m J«mhH$m§gmR>r dñVy,XmJXm{JZo , eoAg© _hËdmMo XñVEodO dJ¡ao dñVy R>odÊ`mgmR>r gwa{jV cm°H$g©²
{VOmoar gw{dYm nwa{dVmV. Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm dm{f©H$ \$s AmH$maVmV.
~) àdmgr MoH$ XoUo
~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zm àdmgr MoH$Mr gw{dYm Cnc~Y H$ê$Z XoVmV Ë`m_wio àdmgmV amoI aŠH$_ Odi
~miJë`m_wio Oo YmoHo$ {Z_m©U hmoVmV,Ë`mnmgyZ J«mhH$m§Zm g§ajU {_iVo.
H$) hþ§S>çm ñdrH$maUo d J«mhH$m§Mr _m{hVr XoUo
~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§gmR>r H$m§hr doim hþ§S>çm ñdrH$maVmV,Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoVmo. ~±Ho$Zo hþ§S>r
ñdrH$maë`mg {VMr ZmUo~mOmamVrc amoIVm dmT>Vo d J«mhH$m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.
S>) AmH$S>odmar Jmoim H$aUo d {d{Îm` ~m~r g§~§Yr gëcm XoUo
AmOÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m ~±H$m, ì`mnma dJ¡aog§~§Yr AmH$S>odmar
Jmoim H$ê$Z Vr cmoH$m§À`m _m{hVrgmR>r àH$m{eV H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ ~m~tMr _m{hVr {_iVo,
Ë`mdê$Z Amnco ì`mnmar YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mg cmoH$m§Zm _XV hmoVo. VgoM ~±H$m cmoH$m§Zm Am{W©H$ ~m~r{df`H$ gëcm
XoVmV. Ë`m§Zm AW©ì`dñWoVrc gd© A{W©H$ KS>m_moS>rMr _m{hVr AgVo.
B) H§$nZr amo»`m§Mr h_r
AZoH$doim ImOJr H§$nÝ`m Amnco amoIo {dH«$sg H$mT>VmV. ~±H$m ho amoIo {dH$V KoÊ`mMr h_r XoVmV. ~±H$mZr
amoIo {dH$V KoÊ`mMr h_r KoVë`mg gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$ XoIrc Ë`m H§$nÝ`mMo amoIo IaoXr H$aVmV. ~±H$ h_r_wio
amo»`m§Mr {dídmgmh©Vm dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$ `m amo»`m§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV. amoIo {dH«$sÀ`m h_r~Ôc ~±H$m ImOJr
H§$nÝ`mH$Sy>Z Aënà_mUmV H${_eZ KoVmV.
10) gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ C{XîQ>m§Mr nwV©Vm
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZ{ec XoemV ì`mnmar ~±H$m gaH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMr gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$
CXrï>m§Mr nwV©Vm H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmV. CXm. ^maVmV amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m nVnwadR>çm_Ü`o gdm©V OmñV dmQ>m
CMcVmV. Aën^yYmaH$ d gr_m§V eoVH$è`m§Zm, J«m_rU H$mam{Ja, cKw d Hw$Q>ra CÚmoOH$, {H$aH$moi {dH«o$V,
dJ¡a|Zm gdcVrÀ`m XamZo H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo, VgoM Am{Xdmgr d Jar~ cmoH$m§Zm AënXamZo H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo
Aer gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H$m`© H$aVmV.
Aemar{VZo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoemÀ`m {dÎmì`dñWoV AË`§V _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV.
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Ë`m {d{Îm` _Ü`ñWmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmSy>Z XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm _XV H$arV AmhoV.
3.5 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo _hËd
(Importance of Commercial Banks)
ì`mnmar ~±H$m {dH${gV,{dH$gZ{ec d A{dH${gV Xoem§À`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV AmOÀ`m H$mimV AË`§V
_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>rV AmhoV. Ë`m XoemÀ`m ZmUo ~mOmamMm AË`§V _hËdmMm KQ>H$ hmoV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m
AW©ì`dñWoVrc \$ma _moR>çm n¡emÀ`m ^mJmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aVmV. ~MVrcm CÎmoOZ XoD$Z AW©ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dc
{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m J{V_mZ H$aVmV. {dH${gV XoemV ~MV dmT>dyZ ^m§S>dc {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m doJdmZ H$aVmV.
VgoM AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m _moR>çm à_mUmVrc _m¡ÐrH$sH$aUm_wio ~±H$mMo H$m_ gmono AgVo, na§Vy {dH$gZerc d
A{dH${gV XoemVrc AW©ì`dñWm§Mo g§nyU© _m¡ÐrH$sH$aU Pmcoco ZgVo. Vo H$_r à_mUmV KSy>Z Amcoco Agë`m_wio
Xoem§À`m ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`oV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Aem XoemV ~MV Jmoim H$ê$Z ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vrcm
MmcZm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV. Mm§Jë`m ì`mnmar ~±H$ àUmcr{edm` Am{W©H$ àJVr H$ê$ eH$V
Zmhr. Mm§Jë`m d gwÑT> ì`mnmar ~±H$ àUmcr {edm` A{dH${gV XoemV ~MVrg MmcZm {_iV Zmhr, d
^m§S>dc{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`ocm doJ `oV Zmhr. AW©ì`dñWoVrc CËnmXZ dmT>rg MmcZm XoUmam ^m§S>dc hm EH$ KQ>H$
Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H>m AW©ì`dñWoVrc gwßV ^m§S>dcmMo gw`mo½` dmQ>n d dmna H$ê$Z CËnmXZdmT>rg MmcZm XoVmV.
XoemMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ì`mnmar ~±H$mZr nwa{dcoë`m ^m§S>dcmda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. {dH${gV XoemV Am{W©H$
d¥ÜXrMm CÀMXa amIÊ`mV ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr ^y{_H$m _hËdmMr Amho. {dH$gZerc d A{dH${gV XoemV ì`mnmar
~±H$mZm AË`§V _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr cmJVo. Ë`m XoemVrc AW©ì`dñWm§Mo nma§nm[aH$ (OyZo) ñdê$n
~XcyZ Ë`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ ê$n XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm H$amdm cmJVmo. nV nwadR>çmÛmao eoVr. H$maImZXmar,
ì`mnma, d BVa ì`dgm`mV AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ, CËnmXZmÀ`m Zì`m nÜXVr, AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìo dJ¡a|Mm dmna H$ê$Z
AW©ì`dñWm§Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU KS>dyZ AmUVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc AW©ì`dñWm§_Yrc ^y{_H$m Imcrc _wÚm§Ûmao ñnï> hmoVo.
1) ~MVrg àmoËgmhZ :
ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm XoemVrc ~MVrg CÎmoOZ XoD$Z g_mOmVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV ~MV Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo
_hËdnyU© H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m g_mOmVyZ ~MV Jmoim H$ê$Z Ë`mMm dmna CËnmXH$ H$m`m©gmR>r Ho$cm
OmVmo. ~MVr_YyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m CËnmXH$ Jw§VdUyH$ {Z_m©U H$aVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m R>odr Jmoim H$ê$Z ~MV {Z_m©U
H$aVmV. `m R>odrVyZ nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`oÛmam AW©ì`dñWoVrc nVnwadR>çmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUVmV. hr n¡emÀ`m
nwadR>çmVrc dmT> CËnmXH$ H$m`m©V Jw§VdyZ XoemÀ`m CËnmXZdmT>rcm MmcZm XoVmV. Aemar{VZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m
_mJUr R>odr Ûmao AW©ì`dñWoV _moR>çm à_mUmV Am{W©H$ ì`dhma H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoVmV.
2) ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr
A{dH${gV XoemV ~MVrMm Xa H$_r AgVmo. Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, H$_r CËnÝZ dJ¡ao H$maUm_wio `m XoemVrc
~MVrMm Xa H$_r AgVmo. VgoM ~±{H$J gw{dYm§À`m H$_VaVo_wio ~MVrg CÎmoOZ {_iV Zmhr, n[aUm_r ~MVrMm
Xa H$_r amhVmo. XoemVrc ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr ~MVrda Adc§~yZ AgVo, ~MVrMm Xa _moR>m Va ^m§S>dc {Z{_©VrMm
Xa XoIrc _moR>m AgVmo `m CcQ> ~MVrMm Xa H$_r Agoc Va ^m§S>dc {Z{_©VrMm Xa XoIrc H$_r AgVmo.
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ì`mnmar ~±H$m ~MVrg àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z _moR>çm à_mUmV ~MV Jmoim H$aVmV, d XoemVrc ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vrg
MmcZm {_iVo.
3) _m¡ÐrH$sH$aU :
A{dH${gV XoemVrc AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`o _m¡ÐrH$sH$aU H$_r à_mUmV KSy>Z Amcoco AgVo. _m¡ÐrH$sH$aU
åhUOo AW©ì`dñWoVrc gd© Am{W©H$ ì`dhma n¡í`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$aUo hmo`. A{dH${gV XoemV "dñVw {d{Z_`
nÜXVr' _moR>çm à_mUmV àMcrV AgVo. `m AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü`o dñVy-dñVy_Ü`o ì`dhma _moR>çm à_mUmV MmcVmV.
EH$m dñVygmR>r Xwgar dñVw {Xcr OmVo. dñVy§À`m {d{Z_` ì`dhmamV n¡í`mMm dmna Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. A{dH$[gV
XoemVrc dñVy{d{Z_` nÜXVr AWdm A_m¡Ð«mH$sH$aU XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m A{dH${gV XoemV J«m_rU d _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmV Amnë`m emIm CKSy>Z n¡em_Ü`o OmñVrV OmñV
ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg MmcZm XoVmV. Ë`m_wio A{dH${gV XoemVrc AW©ì`dñWm§Mo _m¡ÐrH$sH$aU KSy>Z `oÊ`mg
MmcZm {_iVo, A§{V_V: Ë`m_wio A{dH${gV XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo.
3) _m¡ÐrH$ YmoaU :
_m¡ÐrH$ YmoaU åhUOo XoemMo Mc{df`H$ YmoaU hmo`. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV McZ{df`H$ YmoaU
_hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo, d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm JVr XoVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m ghH$m`m©{edm` AWdm gwÑT> d
Mm§Jë`m ì`mnmar ~±H$ àUmcr{edm` XoemMo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dUo d Ë`mMr A_§c~OmdUr H$aUo eŠ`
hmoV Zmhr. ì`mnmar ~±H$m ZmUo ~mOmamV H$m`©aV AgVmV, _m¡Ð«rH$ YmoaU R>a{dVmZm `oUmao g§ñWmË_H$ AS>Wio Ë`m
Xya H$aVmV, d _m¡ÐrH$ YmoaUmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmV.
4) eoVr {dÎmnwadR>m :
A{dH${gV XoemV eoVr hm _yc^yV ì`dgm` AgVmo, na§Vy Vmo _mJmgcocm ì`dgm` Amho. eoVrMm {dH$mg
Pmë`mg A{dH${gV Xoem§À`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo. eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV
nVnwadR>çmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. AënH$mcrZ, _Ü`_ d XrK©H$mcrZ H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© ì`mnmar ~±H$m
H$aVmV. Ë`mda AmH$macm OmUmam ì`mO Xa H$_r AgVmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m J««m_rU g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ JaOm
^mJ{dVmV. McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr gw`mo½` A§_c~OmdUr H$ê$Z eoVr d J«m_rU {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoVmV.
5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>m :
XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. Ooìhm§ XoemV _moR>o CÚmoJ, _wc^yV d
AdOS> CÚmoJ, _Ü`_ CÚmoJ Am{U cKw d Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ {dH${gV Pmcoco AgVmV Voìhm§ XoemMm Am¡Úmoo{JH$
{dH$mg hmoVmo. XoemÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gw`mo½` d _moR>çm à_mUmV {dÎmnwadR>çmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m _moR>çm d cKw CÚmoJm§Zm gd© àH$maMm (Aën, _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMm)ŸH$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. VgoM
CÚmoJm§Zm {d{eï> _wXVrMr H$O} XoVmV. ZdrZ CÚmoJm§Zm XoIrc H$O©nwadR>m H$ê$Z CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm
MmcZm XoVmV.
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6) {Z`m©Vrg {dÎmnwadR>m :
XoemÀ`m {Z`m©VrV _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> KSdyZ AmUZo ho àË`oH$ XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMo EH$ C{Ôï>
AgVo. {Z`m©V àmoËgmhZ ho naH$r` McZ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQr>>Zo _hËdmMo AgVo. {Z`m©Vrg Am{W©H$ _XV H$ê$Z
d H$O©nwadR>m H$ê$Z {Z`m©V dmT>rg MmcZm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV.
7) ZdrZ emoY :
ZdZdrZ emoY cmD$Z Zdo V§ÌkmZ, AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìo, CËnmXZmÀ`m Zì`m nÜXVrMm dmna H$ê$Z XoemÀ`m
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoVm `oVo. Ë`mgmR>r eoVr, H$maImZXmar d godm joÌmV ZdrZ emoY cmdUo _hËdmMo
AgVo. ew§nrQ>aÀ`m _Vo, ~±H$mÀ`m _XVr{edm` ZdrZ emoY cmdUo eŠ` ZgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m CÚmoOH$m§Zm ñdñV
d nwaogm H$O©nwadR>m H$ê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§emoYZmcm MmcZm XoVmV. {dH${gV XoemV ~±H$m g§emoYZmg H$O©nwadR>m
H$aVmV. na§Vw A{dH${gV XoemVrc CÚmoOH$m§Zm ~±H$mÀ`m Am{W©H$ _XVr{edm` g§emoYZ hmVr KoUo eŠ` ZgVo.
åhUyZ ~±H$m A{dH${gV XoemVrc g§emoYZmg MmcZm XoÊ`mgmR>r {deof cj XoVmV d H$O© nwadR>m H$aVmV.
8) àmYmÝ` joÌmg {dÎmnwadR>m :
A{dH${gV XoemV H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`m_Ü`o ~±H$mZm OmñV YmoHo$ AgVmV. àm_w»`mZo eoVr joÌ d J«m_rU
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Zm H$O©nwadR>çmV A{YH$ YmoHo$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio `m joÌm§Zm H$O© nwadR>m H$aÊ`mg ~±H$m \$maem
CËgwH$ ZgVmV, `mCcQ> CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, dJ¡ao joÌmVrc H$O©nwadR>çmV H$_r YmoHo$ Agë`m_wio Ë`mjoÌm§Zm
H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mg àmYmÝ` XoVmV. na§Vw XoemÀ`m gdmª{JU Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r àmYmÝ` joÌo åhUyZ, eoVr
joÌ, cKwCÚmoJ J«m_rU {dH$mgmcm H$O©nwadR>m H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m YmoHo$ nËH$ê$Z A{dH${gV
XoemVrc `m àmYmÝ` joÌm§Zm H$O© nwadR>m H$aVmV d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoVmV.
9) ñdñV n¡gm YmoaUm :
A{dH${gV XoemV ì`mnmar ~±H$m ñdñV n¡gm YmoaUmMm Adc§~ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio {d{dY joÌm§Zm H$_r
ì`mOXamV H$Oo© CncãY hmoVmV. n[aUm_r A{dH${gV XoemV {d{dY joÌm§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm
MmcZm {_iVo.
10) gwÑT> ~±H$s¨J àUmcr :
A{dH${gV Xoem§À`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gwÑT> d ~iH$Q> ~±H$s¨J àUmcr XoemV ApñVËdmV AgUo
_hËdmMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r emIm ~±H$r§J nÜXVr, `w{ZQ> ~±qH$J nÜXVr, ApñVËdmV Agcr nm{hOo. `m ~±H$mZr
ñdñV, gw`mo½` H$O©nwadR>m YmoaUmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm nm{hOo. gd© àH$maMm gd© joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm nm{hOo.
H$m`©j_ ì`dhma H$ê$Z XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm ì`mnmar ~±H$m hmV^ma cmdy eH$VmV.
11) ~±H$s¨J gd`r
(Banking Habits)
A{dH${gV XoemVrc cmoH$m§Zm ~±H$s¨JÛmao ì`dhma H$aÊ`mÀ`m gd`r ZgVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m {d{dY àH$maMo
Am{W©H$ Am{_fo XmIdyZ cmoH$m§Zm H$mQ>H$ga H$aUo, ~MV H$aÊ`mMr gd` cmdVmV. ~±H$m ~MV H$aUmao cmoH$ d
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~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 4
Jw§VdUyH$Xmam_Ü`o _Ü`ñW åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. Aemar{VZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m cmoH$m§Zm ~±H$mÛmao ì`dhma H$aÊ`mÀ`m
gd`r cmdVmV. Ë`m_wio XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm _XV hmoVo.
darc _wÚm§À`m MM}dê$Z {XgyZ `oVo H$s ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _mocmMr H$m_{Jar H$arV
AmhoV.
3.6 ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X
(Balance Sheet of a commercial Bank)
ì`mnmar ~±H$ hr EH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm AgVo. Ë`m_wio BVa ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWmn«_mUo ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm
Xo{Ic H$m`ÚmZwgma R>am{dH$ A§VamZo (dfm©VyZ EH$ doim) Amnë`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMm Vmio~§X cmoH$m§À`m
_m{hVrgmR>r àH$m{eV H$amdm cmJVmo. Vmio~§XmÀ`m {dícofUmZ§Va ~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMr Iar n[apñWVr
g_OVo. ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X ~±Ho$Mr _mc_Îmm d Xo`Vm Xe©{dVmo. ^maVmV dfm©VyZ EH$ doim ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amncm
Vmio~§X àH$m{eV H$aVmV. ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo {_i{dcocr _mc_Îmm d ~±Ho$Mr Xo`Vm (XoUr) `mMm
Vnerc Xe©{dUmao nÌH$ hmo`.'' {H$§dm ""{d{eï> H$mimVrc ~±Ho$Mr _mc_Îmm d Xo`Vm Xe©{dUmao nÌH$ åhUOo
~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X hmo`.'' ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. EH$m ~mOycm (S>mì`m) ~±Ho$Mr Xo`Vm qH$dm XoUr
Xe©{dcocr AgVmV Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm (COì`m) ~±Ho$Mr _mc_Îmm Xe©{dcocr AgVo. ~±Ho$cm Or XoUr AgVmV
Vr Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcocr AgVmV. Va _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOycm ~±Ho$À`m _mcH$sMr _mc_Îmm qH$dm {_imcoco
CËnÝZ Xe©{dcoco AgVo. ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X {Û-Zm|Xr {hemo~ nÜXVrZo _m§S>cocm AgVmo. Vmio~§XmVrc _mc_Îmm d
Xo`Vm XmoÝhr ~mOy g_mZ Xe©{dcoë`m AgVmV.
1) Xo`Vm :
Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm ~±Ho$cm Á`m§Mr XoUr Úmd`mMr AgVmV Vo KQ>H$ g_m{dï> AgVmV. ~±Ho$cm BVam§Mo XoUo
Úmdo cmJVo, ~±H$ Oo XoUo XoÊ`mg ~m§Yrc AgVo Vo gd© KQ>H$ ~±Ho$À`m Xo`Vo_Ü`o g_m{dï> AgVmV ho KQ>H$ nwT>rc
hmoVo.
1) ^m§S>dc : ~±Ho$Mo ^m§S>dc nwT>rc àH$maMo AgVo.
A) A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc : A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc åhUOo eoAg©² {dH«$sÛmao ~±H$ Oo ^m§S>dc Jmoim H$ê$ eH$Vo
Ë`mMr _hÎm_ _`m©Xm hmo`. ~±Ho$À`m KQ>ZmnÌH$mV hr _`m©Xm Z_wZ Ho$cocr AgVo.~±{H$§J H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±Ho$cm
Ë`m_Ü`o dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$aVm `oVo ~±H$ EH$mMdoir ho gd© ^m§S>dc cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z Jmoim H$arV ZgVo, Va
JaOoZwgma Ë`mMr C^maUr Ho$cr OmVo.
~) {dH«$sgH$mT>coco ^m§S>dc : A{YH¥$V ^mJ-^m§S>dcmn¡H$s OodT>o ^m§S>dc eoAg©²À`m ê$nmZo {dH«$sg
H$mT>coco AgVo Ë`mg {dH«$sg H$mT>coco ^m§S>dc Ago åhUVmV.
H$) {dH«$s Pmcoco ^m§S>dc : ~±Ho$Zo {dH«$sg H$mT>coë`m ^m§S>dcmn¡H$s Oo ^m§S>dc eoAg©²À`m ê$nmZo
{dH$co Jococo AgVo Ë`mg {dH«$s Pmcoco ^m§S>dc Ago åhUVmV.
S>) dgyc ^m§S>dc : ~±Ho$Zo {dH«$s Ho$coë`m ^m§S>dcmn¡H$s OodT>o ^m§S>dc n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~±Ho$H$S>o
O_m Pmcoco AgVo Ë`mg dgyc ^m§S>dc Ago åhUVmV. ~±Ho$Zo {dH«$s Ho$coë`m EHy$U ^m§S>dcmMo H$m§hr doim
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EH$X_ n¡go dgyc hmoV ZmhrV Va Vo hßË`m hßË`mZo dgyc Ho$co OmVmV. åhUyZ ~±Ho$Zo {dH«$s Ho$coë`m ^m§S>dcm
n¡H$s OodT>çm ^mJmMo ^m§S>dc ~±Ho$H$S>o O_m Pmcoco AgVo Ë`mg dgyc ^m§S>dc Ago åhUVmV.
~±H$m Amnë`m ^mJm§À`m (eoAg©) {dH«$sÛmao OZVoH$Sy>Z ^m§S>dcmMr C^maUr H$aVmV. ^m§S>dcmMo {d{dY
àH$mao ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm S>mdrH$S>o Xe©{dcoco AgVmV.
2) amIrd {ZYr :
amIrd {ZYr hm Xwgam KQ>H$ Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcm OmVmo. àË`oH$ ~±H$ gmR>>coë`m Zâ`mÛmao amIrd
{ZYrMr C^maUr H$aVo. ~±H$ `m {Z{YMm dmna AZno{jV VmoQ>o Zmhrgo H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVo. ^maVr` ~±qH$J
H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±Ho$Mm amIrd {ZYr hm {VÀ`m dgyc ^m§S>dcmEdT>m Agcm nm{hOo. H$m`ÚmZwgma àË`oH$ ~±Ho$Zo
Amnë`m dm{f©H$ Zâ`mÀ`m 20% Z\$m amIrd {ZYrH$S>o dJ© Ho$cm nm{hOo. ~±Ho$Mm amIrd {ZYr OodT>m OmñV
VodT>r ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr ~iH$Q> AgVo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§Mm ~±Ho$darc {dídmg XoIrc OmñV AgVmo.
3) R>odr :
~±Ho$À`m Xo`Vo_Ü`o gd© àH$maÀ`m R>odtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~±Ho$H$S>o AgUmè`m R>odr IoiVo ^m§S>dc åhUyZ
dmnaë`m OmVmV. EH$yU R>odtn¡H$s H$m§hr R>odr X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrc amoI ñdê$nmV R>odyZ Cd©arV R>odr H$O}
XoÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm amoIo IaoXrgmR>r dmnaë`m OmVmV.
4) BVa ~±H$mMr H$O} :
EImÚm ~±Ho$Zo BVa ~±H$mH$Sy>Z Or H$O} KoVcocr AgVmV Vr Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcr OmVmV. ì`mnmar
~±H$m àm_w»`mZo AgmYmaU n[apñWVrV {aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O} KoVmV, Vr Ë`m§Mr Xo`Vm AgVo.
5) XoUr Agcocr ~rco :
~±Ho$cm XoUr Agcocr {~co hr ~±Ho$À`m Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcocr AgVmV. Amnë`m gmYZ gm_J«rVyZ
~±H$mZm hr {~co Úmdr cmJVmV.
6) J«mhH$m§À`mdVrZo Jmoim Ho$cr OmUmar {~co :
~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo {~co Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV. `m {~cm§Mr aŠH$_ J«mhH$m§À`m
~±Ho$Vrc ImË`mda O_m Ho$cr OmVmV. Vr {~co ~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m§Àm ImË`mda O_m Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vr ~±Ho$À`m Xo`VoÀ`m
~mOycm Xe©{dcr OmVmV. VgoM hr J«mhH$ {~co Jmoim H$aÊ`mnydu ~±Ho$À`m _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOyg Vmio~§XmV
Xe©{dcocr AgVmV. åhUOo hr {~co XmoÝhr ~mOycm (Xo`Vm d _mc_Îmm) Xe©{dcocr AgVmV.
7) hþ§S>çm§Mr ñdrH¥$Vr d _mÝ`Vm :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo hþ§S>çm ñdrH$maVmV, Voìhm§ Ë`m hþ§S>çmMr aŠH$_ XoÊ`mg ~±H$m
O~m~Xma AgVmV. Ë`m_wio hþ§S>çm XoUo ~±Ho$À`m Xo`Vo_Ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$cr OmVmV. hþ§S>çmMr aŠH$_ Ooìhm ~±H$
J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z dgyc H$aVo Voìhm§ Vr _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcr OmVo.
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8) AmH$pñ_H$ Xo`Vm :
Or Xo`Vm AmH$pñ_H$[aË`m {Z_m©U hmoVo d VrMr ~±Ho$cm nyd©H$ënZm ZgVo Vr Xo`Vo_Ü`o Vmio~§XmV g_m{dï>
AgVo.
9) Z\$m qH$dm VmoQ>m :
~±Ho$Zo df©^amV Oo ì`dhma Ho$coco AgVmV d Ë`mnmgyZ ~±Ho$cm Omo Z\$m {_imcocm AgVmo Vmo ^mJYmaH$m§Zm
Xo` AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOycm g_m{dï> AgVmo.
_mc_Îmm :
~±H$m§À`m dm{f©H$ Vmio~§XmV COì`m ~mOycm ~±Ho$Mr _mc_Îmm Xe©{dcocr AgVo. ~±Ho$Zo ^mJm§Mr {dH«$sH$ê$Z
Oo ^m§S>dc O_m Ho$coco AgVo Ë`m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ H$er Ho$cr Amho, Ë`mMo d{J©H$aU _mc_Îmo_Ü`o g_m{dï> AgVo.
~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV _mc_Îmo_Ü`o Imcrc KQ>H$ g_m{dï> AgVmV.
1) amoI n¡gm :
àË`oH$ ~±H$o cm Amnë`m EHy$U R>do tn¡H$s H$m§hr R>do r amoI n¡í`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV X¡Z{§ XZ ì`dhma nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r
R>odmì`m cmJVmV. H$maU ~±Ho$H$S>o XaamoO H$m§hr R>odrXma Amnco n¡go _mJÊ`mgmR>r `oVmV. ~±Ho$cm AZw^dmZo _m{hV
AgVo H$s XaamoO {H$Vr R>odrXma aŠH$_ _mJÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$H$S>o `oVmV. Ë`mdê$Z ~±H$ XaamoO {H$Vr aŠH$_ amoI
ñdê$nmV R>odm`Mr Vo R>a{dVo, Ë`mg amoI amIrd {ZYr Ago åhUVmV. VgoM ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$m§hr amoI amIrd n¡gm
BVa ~±H$m qH$dm [aPìh© ~±Ho$V R>odVmV. Ë`mMm dmna ~±Ho$cm AMmZH$ n¡í`mMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.
hm amoI amIrd {ZYr AWdm n¡gm ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcocm AgVmo.
2) _mJUr H$O} :
~±Ho$Zo H$m§hr H$O} Aer {Xcocr AgVmV H$s ~±Ho$Zo Ë`m§Mr _mJUr H$aVmM cmoH$m§Zm Vr ~±Ho$cm naV H$amdr
cmJVmV. `m àH$maMr H$Oo© OmñVrV OmñV 15 {Xdg _wXVrMr {Xcocr AgVmV. _mJUr H$O} VrZ àH$maMr
AgVmV. 1) 1 {Xdg _wXVrMr 2) nyd©gyMZm Z XoVm _mJUr Ho$cr OmUmar H$O} 3) AënH$mcrZ 15 {Xdg
_wXVrMr H$O}. hr H$O} Vmio~§XmV _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOycm Xe©{dcr OmVmV.
3) dR>{dcoë`m hþ§S>çm :
~±H$m hþ§S>çmMr _wXV g§në`m Z§Va Ë`m§Mr aŠH$_ hþ§S>çm XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z dgyc H$aUma AgVo. ì`mnmar
~±Ho$cm hþ§S>rMr _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu n¡emMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg Ë`m [aPìh©~±Ho$H$S>o dR>dyZ aŠH$_ Jmoim Ho$cr
OmVo. åhUyZ hþ§S>çm _mc_Îmo_Ü`o g_m{dï> Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
4) J«mhH$m§À`mdVrZo Jmoim Ho$cr OmUmar {~co :
~±H$ J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo {~co Jmoim H$arV AgVo. Omo n`ªV hr {~co ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Jmoim Ho$cr OmV ZmhrV, Vmo
n`ªV Vr ~±Ho$Mr _mc_Îmm AgVo d Jmoim Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vr Xo`Vm R>adVmV. åhUyZ hr {~co Xo`Vm d _mc_Îmm `m
XmoÝhr ~mOycm Xe©{dcocr AgVmV.
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5) Jw§VdUyH$ :
~±Ho$cm Z\$m {_idyZ XoUmè`m gd© _mc_Îmm§Mm g_mdoe Jw§VdUyH$s_Ü`o hmoVmo. ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV {d{dY
àH$maÀ`m Jw§VdUyH$s g_m{dï> AgVmV. gaH$mar d ImOJr amo»`m§_Yrc Jw§VdUyH$sMm g_mdoe `m_Ü`o hmoVmo.
6) H$O} :
~±Ho$Zo cmoH$m§Zm Or {d{dY _wXVrMr H$O} {Xcocr AgVmV, Ë`mnmgyZ ~±Ho$cm CËnÝZ {_iVo åhUyZ ~±Ho$Zo
{Xcocr H$O} hr ~±Ho$Mr CËnmXH$ _mc_Îmm AgVo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Zo {Xcocr H$O} hr Vmio~§XmV _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOycm
Xe©{dcocr AgVmV.
8) B_maVr, \${Z©Ma d BVa _mc_Îmm :
`m àH$mamV ~±Ho$À`m Mc d AMc _mc_ÎmoMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_Ü`o ~±Ho$Mr B_maV, \${Z©Ma, ñQ>oeZar d
BVa ñWm§da _mc_ÎmoMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`mMo _yë` ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV _mc_ÎmoÀ`m ~mOy_Ü`o Xe©{dco OmVo.
nwT>rc VŠVm ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X Xe©{dVmo
~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X nÌH$
Xo`Vm(Liabilities)
1)
A)
~)
H$)
S>)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
^m§S>dc
A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc
{dH«$sg H$mT>coco ^m§S>dc
{dH$co Jococo ^m§S>dc
dgyc ^m§S>dc
amIrd {ZYr
R>odr
BVa ~±H$mMr H$O}
Xo` {~co
J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo Jmoim
Ho$cr OmUmar ~rco
pñdH¥$V ~rco d hþ§S>çm
AmH$pñ_H$ Xo`Vm
Z\$m d VmoQ>m
_Îmm/_mc_Îmm
1)
A)
~)
2)
3)
4)
5)Ÿ
6)
7)
8)
(Assets)
amoI n¡gm
~±Ho$H$S>o AgUmam amoI n¡gm
[aPìh© ~±H$ qH$dm BVa ~±H$mH$S>o AgUmè`m R>odr
_mJUr H$O}
dR>{dcoë`m hþ§S>çm
J«mhH$m§À`mdVrZo Jmoim Ho$cr OmUmar ~rco
Jw§VdUyH$
H$O}
{ñdH¥$V ~rco d hþ§S>çm
B_maVr, \${Z©Ma d BVa ñWmda _mc_Îmm
Vmio~§XmMo _hËd :
Aemar{VZo ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV ~±Ho$Mr `oUr d XoUr Xe©{dcocr AgVmV. ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§Xmdê$Z ~±Ho$Mr
Am{W©H$ pñWVr g_OVo. ~±Ho$À`m àJVrMr H$ënZm `oVo. ~±H$ H$moUË`m _mJmªZr CËnÝZ {_i{dVo d IM© H$gm
H$aVo. ~±Ho$Zo {d{dY ~m~t_Ü`o Ho$cocr Jw§VdUyH$ `m§Mr H$ënZm `oVo. ~±Ho$Mr Jw§VdUyH$ CËnmXH$ Amho H$s Zmhr Vo
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g_OVo. VgoM ~±Ho$Mr H$Oo©, ~±Ho$Mr AZwËnmXH$ _mc_Îmm H$moUVr Amho, Vo g_OVo, Ë`mdê$Z ^{dî`mV ~±Ho$Zo
H$moUË`m àH$maMo YmoaU ñdrH$mamdo `mMo nydm©Zy_mZ H$aVm `oVo. ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr R>odrXma d ^mJYmaH$m§Zm
g_OÊ`mg Vmio~§X Cn`wº$ R>aVmo. Ë`mdê$Z cmoH$ ~±Ho$V R>odr R>odm`À`m H$s Zmhr Vo R>a{dVmV. VgoM ~±Ho$À`m
Vmio~§Xmdê$Z ~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ ñWo`m©Mr H$ënZm `oVo, ~±Ho$Mr àJVr g_OVo.
3.7 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr AZwËnmXH$ _mc_Îmm/_Îmm/H$O}
AZwËnmXH$ _mc_Îmm åhUOo H$m`?
gZ 1991 _Ü`o ^maVmV ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mZwgma {d{Îm`joÌmV g§aMZmË_H$
gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. ~±H$m d {d{Îm` g§ñWm H$m`©j_ hmoÊ`mgmR>r d ~XcË`m AW©ì`dñWoMr AmìhmZo
nocÊ`mgmQ>r {d{Îm` gwYmaUm hmVr KoÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mgmR>r ^maVgaH$maZo gZ 1991 _Ü`o E_. Zaqghamd
`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZo ^maVmVrc {d{Îm` gwYmaUm~m~V AZoH$ {e\$maer Ho$ë`m
Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ {e\$mag AZwËnmXH$ H$O}/_Îmog§~§Yr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ~±H$mZr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm emoYyZ Ë`mgmR>r
VaVyX H$ê$Z Vr _Îmm H$_r H$amdr Ago `m g{_VrZo ñnï> Ho$co.
""AZwËnm{XV H$O}/_Îmm åhUOo Á`m H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ H$O©Xmam§H$Sy>Z dgyc Pmcocr Zmhr qH$dm _wÔcmMr
aŠH$_ AWdm ì`mOmMr aŠH$_ AWdm _wÔc d ì`mO Xmohm|Mr aŠH$_ dgyc Pmcocr Zmhr qH$dm WH$sV am{hcocr
Amho, Aer H$O} hmoV'' 31 _mM© 2004 nmgyZ ~±H$m§À`m AZwËnmVH$ _Îmm§Mm H$mcmdYr 180 {Xdgmdê$Z 90
{Xdg Ho$cm Amho. Zaqgh_² g{_VrZo ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm 5% OmñV Agy Z`o Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho.
~±H$mMr _Îmm 4 àH$mamV d{J©H¥$V Ho$cr Amho.
1) à_mUrV _Îmm/H$O} :
`m àH$maÀ`m H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ AWdm ì`mOmMr aŠH$_ qH$dm _wÔc d ì`mOmMo hßVo WH$sV ZgVmV Aem
H$Om©Mr CËnmXH$ H$O} AWdm à_m{UV _Îmm Ago åhUVmV. à_mUrV _ÎmogmR>r 0.25% VaVyX ~±H$m§Zr H$amdr
Aer {e\$mag Zaqgh_² g{_VrZo Ho$cr.
2) Xwæ`_ à_mUrV _Îmm/H$O} :
Á`m H$Om©Mo _wÔc d ì`mOmMo hßVo 12 _{hÝ`mnojm H$_r H$mcmdYrgmR>r WH$sV AgVrc Aem H$OmªMm dm
_ÎmoMm g_mdoe Xwæ`_ à_mUrV _Îmm/H$Om©_Ü`o H$aVmV. `m _ÎmogmR>r ~±H$mZr Amnë`m Zâ`mVrc 10%
VaVyXrMr {e\$mag Zaqgh_² g{_VrZo Ho$cr.
3) e§H$mñnX _Îmm/H$O} :
Or _Îmm/H$O} AZwËnmXH$ åhUyZ d[J©H¥$V Ho$ë`mZ§Va 12 _{hÝ`mÀ`m H$mimV Xwæ`_ à_mUrV åhUyZ
am{hcr AgVrc qH$dm 2 dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mi AZwËnmXH$ am{hcr AgVrc, Ë`m§Zm e§H$mñnX H$O}/_Îmm Ago
åhUVmV. VgoM Á`m _ÎmoMo _yë` {dH«$sHo$ë`m Z§Va 50% nojm H$_r Pmcoco AgVo. Ë`m§Zm e§H$mñnX _Îmm/H$O}
Ago åhUVmV. `m _ÎmogmR>r H$mcmZwgma20% Vo 50%, 1 df} n`ªV 20% , 3 df} n`ªV 30% d 3 dfm©nojm
OmñV H$mimgmR>r 50% VaVwXrMr {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho.
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4) ~wS>rV _Îmm/H$O} :
Or _Îmm/H$OmªMo {dH«$s_yë` ZJÊ` AgVo qH$dm Or _Îmm/H$O} nyU©nUo qH$dm A§eV: VmoQ>çmV Jococr
AgVmV qH$dm 3 dfm©nojm OmñV H$mcmdYr_Ü`o AZwËnmXH$ AgVrc d Á`m§Mr aŠH$_ ~±Ho$Zo H$_r Ho$cocr ZgVo
Ë`m§Zm ~wS>rV _Îmm/H$O} Ago åhUVmV. AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$O© `m§Mm ~±Ho$À`m Am{W©H$ Amamo½`mda J§^ra n[aUm_
hmoVmo. hr H$O} ~±H$mZm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo CËnÝZ {_idyZ XoV ZmhrV AWdm Aem _ÎmonmgyZ ~±H$mZm nwZdm©namgmR>r
qH$dm CËnÝZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {ZYr CncãY hmoV Zmhr, Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$Mm Z\$m KQ>V OmVmo, d ^m§S>dc n`m©ßVVoda
à{VHy$c n{aUm_ KSy>Z `oVmo. Zaqgh_² g{_VrZo ~yS>rV _ÎmogmR>r 100% VaXyV ~±H$mZr H$amdr Ago åhQ>co Amho.
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ H$O} (%)
df©
EHy$U AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$O}
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
11.8
23.6
19.5
17.8
17.4
14.9
13.80
13.91
12.61
11.01
9.72
8.21
5.84
3.96
gmYZ : [anmoQ>© Am°Z Q´>|S> A°ÝS> àmoJ«og Am°\$ ~±H$sJ 1992-93 Vo 2005-06 VŠVm H«$. 3.1 gmd©O{ZH$
joÌmVrc ~±H$mMr EHw$U AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$O} Xe©{dVmo. gZ 1993 Vo 2006 `m H$mimV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc
~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm 3.96% Vo 23.6% `m {H$_mZ d H$_mc _`m©XoV hmoVr. gZ 1994 `m dfm©nmgyZ
^maVmVrc gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm 23.6% nmgyZ Vo 3.96% Aer gmVË`mZo KQ>V
Joë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
VŠVm H«$. 3.2 gZ 1996-97 Vo 2003-04 `m H$mcmdYrVrc ^maVmVrc {d{dY ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$
_Îmm Xe©{dVmo.
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55
VŠVm H«$. 3.2
^maVmVrc {d{dY ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$O} (%)
~±H$m
EHy$U AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm(H$O})
1996-97
2003-04
1. amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m
19.05
13.99
2. ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
15.81
14.08
3. ZdrZ ImOJr
2.63
4.15
4. OwÝ`m ImOJr ~±H$m
10.71
11.25
5. naH$s` ~±H$m
4.29
6.99
ñÌmoV :- CMIE - Mo {d{dY àH$meZo
VŠVm H«$. 3.2 ^maVmVrc {d{dY ~±H$m§Mr gZ 1996 97 d 2003-04 `m dfm©Vrc AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/
H$Oo© Xe©{dVmo. gZ 1996-97 _Ü`o gdm©V OmñV EZ.nr.E. amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m§Mr 19.05% hmoVr. Va gdm©V
H$_r ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$mMr 2.63% hmoVr. gZ 2003-04 `m dfm©V ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr EZ. nr.E.
gdm©V OmñV 14.80% hmoVr Va ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$mMr gdm©V H$_r 4.29% hmoVr
AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$OmªMr H$maUo : Zaqgh_² g{_VrÀ`m _Vo ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr
H$maUo Imcrcà_mUo AmhoV.
A§VJ©V KQ>H$ :1) ~oO~m~Xma H$O} : ~±H$m H$m§hr doim gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Zr àoarV hmoD$Z A`mo½`, ~oO~m~Xma cmoH$m§Zm
H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. Aem H$OmªMr aŠH$_ dgyc hmoUo H$R>rU AgVo.
2) gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` hñVjonm_wio H$m§hr cmoH$m§Zm H$O} XoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co OmVo. VgoM Ë`m§Zm H$O©
dgycrV gyQ>/gdcV {Xcr OmVo, Ë`m_wio H$Om©Mr WH$~mH$s dmT>Vo.
3) ~±H$mÛmam H$Om©Mo A`mo½` _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.
4) H$O© _§Oyarg Cera cmdUo
5)Ÿ ~±Ho$À`m CËnmXZ IMm©V dmT> hmoUo
6) doiImD$,n[aUm_H$maH$ ZgUmao d I{M©H$ H$m`Xoera Cnm` `moOUo
7) A`mo½` H$O©XmamMr {ZdS> H$aUo
8) gaH$maMr H$O©_m\$s `moOZm
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56
9) H$O©dgycr nÜXVrVrc C{Udm d ÌyQ> r
10) cmoH$m§Mr H$O©naV\o$S> Z H$aUmè`m d¥Îmr_wio ñdoÀN>oZo WH$~mH$sXma hmoUo
11) H$Om©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mMr H$_Hw$dV nÜXVr
~mø KQ>H$ : H$m§hr ~mø KQ>H$ XoIrc ~±H$mÀ`m AZwËnmXH$ _Vog O~m~Xma AgVmV. Vo Imcrc à«_mUo AmhoV.
1) Am{W©H$ _§Xr : AW©ì`dñWoV Am{W©H$ _§Xr Amë`mg cmoH$m§Mo CËnÝZ H$_r hmoD$Z ~±H$mMr H$O} naV
Ho$cr OmV ZmhrV, WH$~mH$s {Z_m©U hmoD$Z AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
2) Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr : XoemV nya, XwîH$mi, ^yH§$n A{Vd¥ï>r, Adf©U dJ¡ao H$maUm_wio XoemVrc
CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoD$Z cmoH$m§Mo CËnÝZ H$_r hmoVo. ~±H$ H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Z hmoD$Z AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ AmOmarnU : Am¡Úmo{JH$ AmOmarnUm_wio CÚmoOH$m§Mo CËnÝZ KQy>Z ~±H$mMr H$Oo© WH$sV
hmoVmV.
4) H$ÀÀ`m_mcmMr AZwncãYVm : CÚmoJY§ÚmZm cmJUmam H$ÀMm_mc CncãY Z Pmë`mg CÚmoJ Y§Xo
~§X nS>VmV. CËnmXH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo d ~±H$mMr H$O} naV Ho$cr OmV ZmhrV.
5) Vm§{ÌH$ AS>Wio : OyZo V§ÌkmZ, OyZr `§Ìo drO nwadR>m I§S>rV hmoUo, dJ¡ao H$maUm_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmXZmV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV d CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo. n[aUm_r CÚmoOH$m§Mo CËnÝZ KQy>Z ~±H$m§Mr H$O}
WH$~mH$sV OmVmV.
6) H$Om©Mm Xwgè`m H$maUmgmR>r dmna: H$O©Xmam§Zr Á`m H$maUmgmR>r H$O© KoVco Amho Ë`mgmR>r
H$Om©Mm dmna Z H$aVm Xwgè`m H$maUmgmR>r H$Om©Mm dmna Ho$ë`mg ~±H$mMr H$O} WH$~mH$sV OmVmV d AZwËnmXH$
_Îmm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$OmªMo ì`dñWmnZ qH$dm Cnm``moOZm : [aPìh© ~±H$ d ^maV gaH$maZo ~±H$mMr
H$O} AZwËnmXH$ hmoD$ Z`oV åhUyZ nwT>rc Cnm` `moOco AmhoV.
1) H$O© dgwcr cdmX : Zaqgh_² g{_VrZo AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ doiImD$
H$m`Xo{ea Cnm` `moOZoEodOr H$m`©j_ H$O© dgycr à{H«$`oda ^a {Xcm Amho. H$O© dgycrÀ`m H$moQ>m©Vrc Xmì`m§Mm
{ZH$mc cmJÊ`mg XrK© H$mcmdYr cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$mMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. ^maV gaH$maZo gZ 1993 _Ü`o ËdarV
H$O©dgycr H$aÊ`mgmR>r cdmXmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H$m`Xm nmg Ho$cm Amho. `m H$m`ÚmV nwÝhm gZ
2000 _Ü`o Xwê$ñVr H$ê$Z cdmXmcm H$m`Xo{ea A{YH$ma {Xco d ~±H$mÀ`m H$OmªMr dgwcr Vm~S>Vmo~ ìhmdr
Aer gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho.
2) _mc_Îmm nwZa©MZm H§$nZr : gaH$maZo [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm N>mZUr d nwZa©MZm H§$nZr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma {Xco AmhoV, Ë`mZwgma ~±H$mÀ`m H$OmªMr N>mZUr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo EH$
H§$nZr ñWmnZ H$amdr Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo BVa ~±H$mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo Aer
H§$nZr ñWmnZ Ho$cr Amho. hr H§$nZr ~±H$mÀ`m H$OmªMr N>mZUr H$ê$Z d nwZa©MZm H$aVo, Ë`m_wio AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm
{Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg à{V~§Y hmoVmo.
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57
3) {d{Îm` _mc_ÎmoMr gwa{jVVm, nwZa©MZm d A_§c~OmdUr H$m`Xm : ^maV gaH$maZo gZ
2002 _Ü`o AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ hm H$m`Xm Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio ~±H$mMr H$O© dgycr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`Xoera ~mOy _O~yV hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±H$mZm H$moQ>m©Mr nm`ar Z MT>Vm ñdV:H$S>o JhmU
Agcocr _Îmm Vmã`mV KoD$Z {dH$Vm `oVo.
4) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$Om©Mr nwZa©MZm : gZ 2001 _Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$Om©oMr nwZa©MZm à{H«$`m gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Amcr Ë`mMm CÔoe AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm H$_r H$aUo hmAmho. `m àH$mamV AZwËnmXH$ H$O© AgUmè`m _moR>çm
H§$nZrMo ì`mOXa àW_ nmgyZ H$_r H$ê$Z, _wXV dmT>dyZ H$m§hr gyQ> XoD$Z dJ¡ao _mJmªZr H$O© H$_r Ho$co OmVo d Vo
ZdrZ Amho Ago J¥hrV Yê$Z Vo à_mUrV (Standard) Ho$co OmVo. `m Cnm`mÛmao 71 àH$aUm§Mr 30 OyZ 2003
_Ü`o 53776 H$moQ>rMr WH$sV H$O} à_mUrV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
5) Ëd[aV Xwê$ñVr H¥$Vr `§ÌUm : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo AZwËnmXH$ H$Om©g§~§Yr ËdarV Xwê$ñVr H¥$Vr `§ÌUm
ñWmnZ H$ê$Z AZwËnmXH$ H$Om©g Amim KmcÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm hr `§ÌUm XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mJcr Amho.
A) gŠVrMr H¥$Vr : `m_Ü`o ~±H$ AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deofH¥$Vr `moOZm hmVr KoVo d
ZdrZ AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm§Mm Ë`m_Ü`o g_mdoe H$aVo. VgoM ~±H$ Amnë`m H$O© YmoaUmMm AmT>mdm KoVo. nVYmoaUmÀ`m
XOm©V gwYmaUm H$aVo, H$O©dgycrMm dma§dma AmT>mdm KoVo. VgoM H$O©Xmamdarc H$moQ>m©Vrc IQ>co H$m`©j_VoZo
hmVmiVo. H$Om©Vrc YmoŠ`m§Mo gw`mo½` ì`dñWmnZ H$aVo. VgoM H$Om©da ~§YZo AmUVo.
~) {ddoH$s H¥$Vr : `m_Ü`o ~±H$mÀ`m emIm {dñVmamg [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr nyd© nadmZJr KoVcr OmVo,
cm^m§e XoUo ~§X H$aVo, VgoM CnemImVrc ^m§S>dc H$_r H$aVoo.
6) ^maVr` nV _m{hVr _§S>i : AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm/H$OmªÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmMm hm ^mJ Amho. EH$m
~±Ho$MmWH$~mH$sXma hm Xwgè`m ~±Ho$Mm XoIrc WH$~mH$sXma AgVmo. nU ho WH$~mH$sXma gdmªZm g_OV ZmhrV.
åhUyZ `m _§S>imMr ñWmnZm gZ 2001 _Ü`o ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo BVa g§ñWmÀ`m _XVrZo Ho$cr. ho _§S>i
~±H$m d {d{Îm` g§ñWm_Ü`o AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVrMo AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aVo. ~±H$m d {d{Îm`
g§ñWm `m _§S>imcm Amncr _m{hVr H$i{dVmV.
3.8 ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr d Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xm :
"hmQ>©co {dXaÀ`m _Vo ì`mnmar ~±H$m nV{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o gh^mJ KoVmV. na§Vy S>m°. dm°ëQ>a cr\$ d S>m°. H°$ZZÀ`m
_Vo nV{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o R>odrXmam§Mm gh^mJ AgVmo. ~±H$m nV{Z{_©VrgmR>r R>odrXmam§Mm n¡gm dmnaVmV. Oa gd©
R>odrXmamZr EH$mM doir ~±Ho$Vrc gd© n¡gm H$mTy>Z KoVcm Va YZH$mo AgUmè`m gd© ~±H$m AS>MUrV `oVrc.
dm°ëQ>a {c\$ d ES>drZ H°$ZZ åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo ~±H$m Ë`m§À`mH$S>rc R>odtnojm OmñV H$O} XoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
nV{Z{_©Vr H$aUo ho ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo EH$ à_wI H$m`© Amho. ~±H$mZm nV{Z{_©VrMm H$maImZm åhQ>co OmVo.
Voìhm§ ~±H$m nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV Voìhm§ Ë`m cmoH$m§Zm H$O} XoVmV, `m H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV d R>odrVyZ H$O}
{Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVmV, Ë`m_YwZ ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. ~±H$m \$ŠV n¡emMm nwadR>m
H$aUmè`mM ZgVmV Va Ë`m n¡gm {Z_m©U H$aUmao H$maImZo XoIrc AgVmV, Ago àmo. go`g©² åhUVmV.
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~±H$mMr _mJUr H$O} hr n¡emgmaIo H$m_ H$aVmV. àË`oH$ R>odrXma n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r MoH$Zo ì`dhma H$aVmV.
Vo MoH$ BVa ~±H$m ñdrH$maVmV, Ë`m_YyZ nV{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. XoemVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV _mJUr R>odtMo à_mU \$ma
_moR>o AgVo. ~±H$ R>odrV ~Xc Pmë`mg g_mOmVrc n¡emÀ`m gmR>çmV XoIrc ~Xc hmoVmo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m XmoZ _JmªZr nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. 1) H$O} XoD$Z d 2) amo»`m§Mr IaoXr H$ê$Z ~±Ho$À`m R>odr
g§nyU© ~°§H$s¨J nÜXVr_Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AgVmV. ~±Ho$Zo {Xcoë`m àË`oH$ H$Om©nmgyZ R>od {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo.
~±H$mZr H$O© _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m_YwZ R>od {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$O} d R>odtMr {Z{_©Vr EH$mM doir Ho$cr OmVo. ~±H$mH$S>o
Á`m R>odr O_m hmoVmV Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr R>odr amoI n¡emV R>odë`m OmVmV. ~±H$ hm amoI n¡gm X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma nma
nmS>Ê`mgmR>r dmnaVmV. AZoH$ dfm©À`m AZw^dmdê$Z XaamoO {H$Vr n¡gm amoI ñdê$nmV R>odm`Mm ho ~±Ho$cm _m{hV
AgVo, VodT>m n¡gm amoI ñdê$nmV Odi R>odyZ Cd©[aVR>odrMr aŠH$_ cmoH$m§Zm H$O© åhUyZ {Xcr OmVo. gd©M
R>odrXma EH$mM doir ~±Ho$H$S>o Amnë`m R>odr _mJÊ`mgmR>r `oV ZmhrV. H$m§hr cmoH$ R>odr H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Va H$m§hr
cmoH$ R>odr R>odÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$V `oVmV. åhUyZ ~±H$ Amnë`m R>odrn¡H$s WmoS>çm R>odr amoI n¡emV R>oD$Z Cd©[aV aH$_m
H$O©Xmam§Zm H$O©ê$nmZo XoVo. ~±H$ ho H$O© H$O©Xmam§Zm amoI n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV Z XoVm Ë`m§§Mo ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vo d Ë`m
ImË`mda H$Om©Mo n¡go O_m H$aVo. H$O©Xmamcm n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r MoH$ ~yH$ XoVo, H$O©Xma JaOoZwgma ImË`mdarc
n¡go H$mT>VmV. åhUOoM ~±H$m H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV d `m R>odr nwÝhm cmoH$m§Zm H$O} åhUyZ {Xë`m OmVmV.
Ë`mM à_mUo ~±H$m amo»`m§Mr IaoXr H$aVmV d {dH«o$Ë`mcm Ë`m§Mo MoH$ XoVmV amoI n¡go XoV ZmhrV. MoH$ ho
J«mhH$m§Zm n¡go XoÊ`mMo dMZ AgVo. ho MoH$ BVa ~±H$mH$S>o R>>odr åhUyZ R>odco OmVmV Ë`m_YyZ R>odr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m
OmVmV d amoIo {dH«o$Ë`m§Mr nV {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo. `m R>odr H$O©ê$nmZo BVam§Zm XoD$Z nV{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr R>>odtda AmYmacocr AgVo. _mJUr R>odr XmoZ _JmªZr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV
1) J«mhH$m§Zr n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV R>odcoë`m R>odr, Ë`m§Zm "àmW_{H$ R>odr' Ago åhUVmV. `m àmW{_H$ R>odtÀ`m
AmYmao "Xwæ`_ R>odr' H$O} d Jw§VdUyH$sVyZ {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. àmW{_H$ R>odr AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m
nwadR>çmV dmT> H$arV ZmhrV Va \$ŠV amoI n¡emMo ê$nmV§a R>odrê$nr n¡emV H$aVmV na§Vy H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r d
Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmW{_H$R>odr EH$ _hËdmMo gmYZ AgVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m Xwæ`_ R>odtÀ`m AmYmao
nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV.Xwæ`_ R>odr MoH$À`m ghmæ`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV, VgoM Ooìhm§ H$O©Xma ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© KoVmo
Voìhm§ Xwæ`_ R>odr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ooìhm§ ~±H$ EImÚm ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maVo Voìhm§ Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr ^mJ BVa
ì`ŠVtZm H$O© åhUyZ {Xcm OmVmo Va Cd©[aV ^mJ ~±H$ Amnco X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r amoI ñdê$nmV
Odi R>odVo, Ë`mg amoI amIrd {ZYr Ago åhUVmV. J«mhH$m§Zm n¡go XoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo dmnacm OmVmo. Va {H$_mZ
H$m`Xoera amIrd {ZYr _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o {dZm ì`mO R>odcm OmVmo. Cd©arV R>odr J«mhH$m§Zm H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r
dmnaë`m OmVmV.
nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`oV VrZ KQ>H$ gh^mJr AgVmV, 1) ~±H$ 2) R>odrXma 3) H$O©Xma. R>odrXma Amnco n¡go
~±Ho$V R>odtÀ`m ê$nmZo R>odVmo. ~±H$ `m R>odtn¡H$s amoI amIrd n¡gm Amnë`mH$S>o R>oD$Z Cd©[aV n¡go H$O© åhUyZ
H$O©Xmamcm {Xco. H$O©Xma Vo n¡go Ë`mM ~±Ho$V AWdm Xwgè`m ~±Ho$V R>od åhUyZ R>odVmo.Vr ~±H$ Ë`m R>odr n¡H$s H$m§hr
n¡gm amoI ñdê$nmV R>odVmo. Vr ~±H$ Ë`m R>odr H$mhr n¡gm amoI ñdê$nmV R>oCZ Cd©[aV n¡gm EImÚm H$O©Xmamcm H$O©
åhUyZ XoVo, Vmo H$O©Xma Amnco n¡go nwÝhm H$moUË`m Var ~±Ho$V R>od åhUyZ R>odVmo, Vr ~±H$ Ë`m R>odrVyZ H$moUmcm Var
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59
H$O© XoVo Aemar{VZo R>odrVyZ H$O} d H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z_m©U hmoVmV d _yi R>odrÀ`m {H$VrVar A{YH$ nVn¡gm
AW©ì`dñWoV {Z_m©U hmoVmo. `m à{H«$`oV AW©ì`dñWoVrc gd© ~±H$m gh^mJr Pmcoë`m AgVmV. hr nV {Z{_©VrMr
à{H«$`m R>odrXma, ~±H$, H$O©Xma `m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o dVw©imH$ma g§~§Y Xe©{dVo. Aemar{VZo àmW{_H$ R>odrVyZ Xwæ`_ R>odr
d Xwæ`_ R>odrVyZ àmW{_H$ R>odr d nwÝhm Xwæ`_ R>odr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z nV {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo, Ë`m_wio
AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> KSy>Z `oVo.
nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m nwT>rc CXmhaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm `oVo.
nV {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m
~±H$
ZdrZ/àmW_{H$ R>odr
_mJUr R>odr
Xwæ`_ R>odr (H$O})Ÿ
A
1000
200
800
~
800
160
640
H$
640
128
512
S>
512
102.40
409.60
B
409.60
81.90
327.70
5000
1000
4000
g_Om EH$m R>odrXmamZo A ~±Ho$V 1000 ê$n`mMr R>od R>odcr Va A ~±Ho$cm XaamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamgmR>r 20%
R>odr amoI ñdê$nmV R>odmì`m cmJVmV Ago J¥hrV Yê$ (gd© ~±H$m amoI amIrd n¡gm 20% R>odVmV Ago _mZy. A
~±H$ Ë`mn¡H$s 200 ê$. amoI amIrd {ZYr (n¡gm) ñdV: Odi R>oCZ Cd©arV 800 é. Xwgè`m H$O©Xmamcm H$O©
åhUyZ XoVo. Xwgam H$O©Xma ~-~±Ho$V Amnco 800ê$. H$O© R>od åhUyZ R>odVmo. ~-~±H$ Ë`mn¡H$s 20% aŠH$_
åhUOo 160 ê$. Amnë`mH$S>o amoI amIrd {ZYr åhUyZ R>odVo d Cd©arV 600 ê$. {Vgè`m H$O©Xmamcm H$O© åhUyZ
XoVo. {Vgam H$O©Xma Amnco 600 ê$. H$-~±Ho$V R>od åhUyZ R>odVmo. H$-~±H$ Ë`mn¡H$s 20% aŠH$_ åhUOo 128
ê$. Amnë`mH$S>o amoI n¡gm R>odVo Cd©arV 512 ê$. Mm¡Ï`m ì`ŠVrcm H$O© S>-~±H$oV R>od åhUyZ 102.40 ê$. amoI
n¡gm Odi ~miJVo d Cd©arV 409.60 ê$. nmMì`m ì`ŠVrcm H$O© åhUyZ XoVo. nmMdr ì`ŠVr Vo 409.60 ê$.
H$O© B©-~±Ho$V R>od åhUyZ R>odVo. B-~±H$ Ë`mn¡H$s 20% aŠH$_ åhUOo 81.90 ê$. amoI n¡gm Odi R>odyZ Cd©arV
327.70 ê$. H$O© H$moUmcm Var H$O© åhUyZ XoVo, Vr ì`ŠVr H$moUË`mVar ~±Ho$V Vo n¡go R>od åhUyZ XoVo Aem[a{VZo
Xwæ`_ R>odr eyÝ` hmoB© n`ªV EH$mMr R>od Xwgè`mMo H$O©, Xwgè`mMo H$O©, {Vgè`mMr R>od `m nÜXVrZo R>odrVyZ H$Oo© d
H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z _yi àmW{_H$ R>odrnmgyZ 5000 ê$. nV{Z{_©Vr AW©ì`dñWoV hmoVo. hr nV{Z{_©Vr
JwUH$ à{H«$`o_wio KSy>Z `oVo. _yi àmW{_H$ R>odrÀ`m nmM nQ> nV{Z{_©Vr/n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o
dmT> KSy>Z `oVo, `mcmM ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr Ago åhUVmV.
Imcrc gyÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nV{Z{_©Vr Xe©{dVm `oVo.
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60
K=
`m gyÌmV,
K=
n¡gm JwUH$
=_mJUr H$Om©Mm Xa/~±H$mMm amoI amIrd n¡gm
darc CXmhaUmV =20%
K=
1
K = ____
20
100
1
K = _____
1
5
k=5
EHy$U n¡emMm nwadR>m/nV{Z{_©Vr= àmW{_H$ R>od • n¡gm JwUH$
= 1000• 5
= 5000 ê$.
Aemar{VZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m 100 ê$n`mÀ`m àmW{_H$ R>odrVyZ 5000 ê$n`o BVH$m nV n¡gm {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m nV {Z{_©Vrdarc _`m©Xm : (Limitations on Credit creation):
ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m nV{Z{_©Vrda Imcrc H$maUm§_wio _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
1) g§nyU© R>odr H$O©ê$nmZo {Xë`mg : ~±H$mZr Amnë`mH$S>o O_m Pmcoë`m g§nyU© R>odr amoI amIrd n¡gm
ñdV: Odi Z R>odVm H$O© åhUyZ {Xë`mg ~±Ho$H$S>o A{V[aŠV amIrd {Z{Y {eëcH$ amhV Zmhr. (A{V[aŠV
am{Id {ZYr n¡gm eyÝ` amhVmo) Ë`m_wio R>odr H$_r hmoD$Z nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
2) amoI n¡emMr JiVr : ~±Ho$H$S>o AgUmam amoI n¡gm ~±{H$§J joÌmÀ`m ~mhoa Joë`mg ~±Ho$À`m nV
{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Zmhr.
3) McZ {df`H$ YmoaU : _Ü`dVu~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmda nV{Z{_©Vr Adc§~yZ AgVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$H$S>o {H$_mZ amIrd n¡gm {H$Vr R>odmdm ho XoemMr _Ü`dVr© ~±H$ R>a{dVo. _Ü`dVu
~±Ho$Zo ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odm`À`m amIrd {ZYrV dmT> Ho$ë`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm H$Om©gmR>r H$_r
n¡gm CncãY hmoVmo, Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoVo.
4) H$Om©Mr _mJUr d VmaU : nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m ì`mnmar ~±H$mH$S>o Agcoë`m cmoH$m§À`m H$Om©À`m
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61
_mJUrda d H$O} KoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agcoë`m VmaUmÀ`m CncãYVoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. cmoH$m§Mr H$Om©Mr
_mJUr OmñV Agë`mg d Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ VmaU CncãY Agë`mg nV{Z{_©VrV dmT> hmoVo. `mCcQ>
cmoH$m§Mr H$Om©g Agcocr _mJUr H$_r d `mo½` Vo VmaU CncãY Zgë`mg nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nSy>Z Vr _§XmdVo
5) cmoH$m§À`m R>odr : cmoH$m§À`m R>odtda XoIrc ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr Adc§~yZ AgVo. cmoH$m§À`m
R>odtMo à_mU OmñV Agë`mg nV{Z{_©Vr OmñV hmoVo.CcQ> R>odtMo à_mU H$_r Agë`mg àmW{_H$ R>od§Mo à_mU
KQ>Vo d nV[Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m _§XmdVo.
6) amoI amIrd {ZYr JwUmoÎma : ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Zo _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odmd`mÀ`m H$m`Xoera amIrd
{ZYrMo à_mU/JwUmoÎma _moR>o Agë`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r R>odr H$_r à_mUmV CncãY hmoVmV.
Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr _§XmdVo.
7) cmoH$m§À`m ~±qH$J gd`r: cmoH$m§À`m ~±Ho$Ûmao ì`dhma H$aÊ`mÀ`m gd`rda nV{Z{_©Vr Adc§~yZ
AgVo. cmoH$m§Zr Amnco ì`dhma amoI n¡emEodOr MoH$ À`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$ë`mg nV{Z{_©Vr dmT>Vo. `mCcQ>
MoH$EodOr amoI n¡emÀ`m ghmæ`mZo cmoH$m§Zr ì`dhma Ho$ë`mg nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>VmV d Vr _§XmdVo.
8) ~±Ho$Mr {dídmgmh©Vm : ~±H$m§Mr {dídmgmh©Vm d ~±Ho$_Ü`o R>odë`m OmUmè`m R>odtÀ`m gwa{jVVoda
XoIrc nV{Z{_©Vr Adc§~yZ AgVo. cmoH$m§_Ü`o Agcocm ~±Ho$~m~VMm {dídmg d Amnë`m n¡emMr gwa{jVVm
cmoH$m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmQ>V Agë`mg cmoH$ ~±Ho$V _moR>çm à_mUmV R>odr R>odVmV. n[aUm_r nV{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm
à_mUmV hmoVo. `mCcQ> cmoH$m§_Ü`o ~±Ho$~m~VMr {dídmgmh©Vm H$_r Pmë`mg Amnco n¡go ~±Ho$V R>odUo cmoH$m§Zm
gwa{jV dmQ>V Zmhr, Ë`m_wio cmooH$ ~±Ho$V R>odr R>odV ZmhrV, n[aUm_r nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nSy>Z Vr _§XmdVo.
9) ì`mOXa : ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr ì`mOmÀ`m Xamda Adc§~yZ AgVo. ~±H$mZr H$Om©darc ì`mOmMo Xa
H$_r Agë`mg ~±H$mZm H$Oo© XoUo \$mago cm^Xm`H$ R>aV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m H$O} XoÊ`mg \$maí`m CËgwH$
ZgVmV. n[aUm_r nV{Z{_©Vr _§XmdVo. `mCcQ> ì`mOXa OmñV Agë`mg ~±H$mZm _moR>çm à_mUmV Z\$m {_iVmo
Ë`m_wio ~±H$m _moR>çm à_mUmV H$O} XoD$Z nV{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV H$aVmV.
10) ^m§S>dc ~mOma d Am{W©H$ dmVmdaU : XoemV cmoH$m§Zm Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>dc ~mOmamV
AZwHy$c AWdm Mm§Jco dmVmdaU Zgoc Va cmoH$m§Mr J§wdUyH$ H$_r amhÿZ ~±H$ H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$_r amhVo.
n[aUm_r nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m _§XmdVo.
11) {d{dY ~±H$mVrc ghH$m`© : XoemVrc g§nyU© ~±qH$J àUmcr_Ü`o ghH$m`© Agë`mg nV{Z{_©Vr
_moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo. `mCcQ> doJdoJù`m ì`mnmar ~±H$mV ghH$m`© Zgë`mg nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m gd© ~±H$mMo g§`wŠV H$m`© AgVo. gd© ~±H$mZr nV{Z{_©VrV dmT> Ho$ë`mg EImXr ~±H$ nV
{Z{_©VrV KQ> H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. XoemVrc {d{dY ~±H$mV ghH$m`© Zgë`mg nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
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62
3.9 gmam§e :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m {d{Îm` g§ñWm hmoV. cmoH$m§Mm n¡gm R>Co Z KoUo d Vmo gwa{jV R>do Uo, VgoM cmoH$m§Zr n¡gm naV
_mJVmM Ë`m§Zm Vmo XoUo. ~±H$ hm eãX "~±Š`y' (Banque) `m J«rH$ eãXmnmgyZ Amcm Amho. ~±Š`y åhUOo ~mH$.
nyduÀ`m H$mir Á`y cmoH$ ~mH$mda ~gyZ n¡emMr XodmU-KodmU H$arV AgV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$ åhUOo n¡emMr XodmU
KodmU H$aUmar g§ñWm Agm AW© Amho.
~°§H$m åhUOo H$m`? ho ñnï> H$aÊ`mgm§R>r {d{dY AW©emñÌkm§Zr {d{dY ì`m»`m {Xë`m Ë`m§Mm _{VVmW©
nwT>rc à_mUo Amho. ~±H$ åhUOo Aer g§ñWm H$s Or R>odr ñdrH$maVo H$OmªMr XodmU KodmU H$aVo, nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVo
d ì`dhmamgmR>r n¡em~amo~aM MoH$, S´>mâQ>, AmXoe dJ¡ao gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ ì`dhma nma
nmS>Umar g§ñWm hmo`.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m {d{dY H$m`} H$aVmV. Vr nwT>rc à_mUo - R>odr Jmoim H$aUo, _wXV R>odr ñdrH$maUo, Mmcy R>odr,
~MV R>odr, ñdrH$maUo, H$O© XoUo, hþ§S>çm dR>{dUo, {ZYtMr Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo, MoH$ dmnamg àmoËgmhZ XoUo,
àm{V{ZYrH$ godm nwa{dUo, {ZqYMo hñVm§VaU, {ZYr Jmoim H$aUo, CËnÝZH$a gëcmJma, à{V{ZYr AWdm _Ü`ñW
åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUo,{dXoer McZmMr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aUo, ì`mnmamcm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUo, nV{Z{_©Vr H$aUo, VgoM
BVa AZwf§JrH$ H$m`} H$aUo, Ë`m_Ü`o cm°H$g©² gw{dYm nwa{dUo, àdmgr MoH$ XoUo, hþ§S>çm ñdrH$maUo, Am§H$S>odmar
Jmoim H$aUo, Am{W©H$ gëcm XoUo, H§$nZr amo»`m§Mr h_r XoUo, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ CXrï>m§Mr nwV©Vm H$aUo BË`mXr
H$m`o© ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$aVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`mÑï>rZo AW©ì`dñWoV A§Ë`V _mocmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmV. ~MVrg
àmoËgmhZ, ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr, AW©ì`dñWoMo _m¡ÐrH$sH$aU, _m¡X«rH$ YmoaUmMr A_§c~OmdUr, eoVH$s {dÎmnwadR>m,
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>m, {Z`m©Vrg AW©nwadR>m, ZdrZ emoY d g§emoYZmg Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMr A_§c~OmdUr,
eoVH$s {dÎmnwadR>m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadQ>m, {Z`m©Vrg AW©nwadR>m, ZdrZ emoY d g§emoYZmg Am{W©H$ _XV,
AJ«Ur joÌmg {dÎmnwadR>m, ñdñV n¡gm YmoaU, ~iH$Q> ~±qH$J àUmcr, ~±qH$J gd`r cmoH$m§Zm cmdUo BË`mXr
H$m`m©_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo {d{eï> H$mimV Ho$coë`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamÛmao ~±Ho$Zo {_i{dcocr
_Îmm d ~±Ho$Mr Xo`Vm (XoUr) Xe©{dUmao nÌH$ hmo`.~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§Xmcm XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. 1) Xo`Vm d 2)
_Îmm/_mc_Îmm. hm Vmio~§X {ÛZm|Xr {hemo~ nÜXVrZo _m§S>cm OmVmo. Vmio~§XmV S>mì`m ~mOycm Xo`Vm Va COì`m
~mOycm _Îmm Xe©{dcr OmVo. ~±Ho$À`m Xo`VoV ^m§S>dc d Ë`mMo {d{dY àH$ma A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc, {dH«$sg H$mT>coco
^m§S>dc, {dH$coco ^m§S>dc, dgyc ^m§S>dc, amIrd {ZYr, R>odr, BVa ~±H$mMr H$O}, Xo` AgUmar ~rco,
J«mhH$m§À`mdVrZo Jmoim Ho$cr OmUmar ~rco, ñdrH¥$V ~rco d hþ§S>çm, AmH${ñ_H$ Xo`Vm, Z\$m d VmoQ>m `m KQ>H$m§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo Va _ÎmoÀ`m ~mOyg amoI n¡gm, ì`mnmar ~±H$m d {aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o qH$dm BVa ~±H$mH$S>o AgUmè`m
R>odr, _mJUr H$O}, dR>{dcoë`m hþ§S>çm J«mhH$m§À`mdVrZo Jmoim Ho$cr OmUmar {~co, Jw§VdUyH$, H$O}, ñdrH¥$V {~co
d hþ§S>çm, B_maVr, \${Z©Ma d BVa ñWmda _mc_Îmm BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr AZwËnmXH$ _mc_Îmm åhUOo Á`m H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z dgyc Pmcocr ZgVo, _wÔc
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63
qH$dm ì`mO AWdm _wÔc d ì`mO XmoÝhr dgyc Pmcocr ZgVo Aer H$O} hmoV. ~±H$m§Mr H$O}/_Îmm {H$Vr H$mi
WH$sV am{hcocr AmhoV Ë`mdê$Z AZwËnmXH$ _ÎmoMo d{J©H$aU Mma JQ>mV Ho$co Amho. 1) à_mUrV _Îmm/H$O} 2)
Xwæ`_ à_mUrV _Îmm/H$O} 3) e§H$mñnX _Îmm/H$O} d 4) ~yS>rV _Îmm/H$O}.
AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg nwT>rc H$maUo O~m~Xma AgVmV. H$OmªMo A`mo½` _yë`_mnZ, gm_m{OH$
d amOH$s` hñVjon, ~oO~m~Xma ì`ŠVtZm H$O}, H$Om©g Cera, ~±Ho$À`m IMm©V dmT>, doiImD$ d I{M©H$
H$m`Xoera Cnm`. gaH$maMr H$O©_m\$s `moOZm, H$O© dgycrVrc ÌyQ>r d CUrdm cmoH$m§Mr H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Z
H$aÊ`mMr OmUrd nyd©H$ d¥Vr d H$O© _yë`_mnZmMr H$_Hw$dV nÜXVr, VgoM Am{W©H$ _§Xr, Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr,
Am¡Úmo{JH$ AmOmarnU, H$ÀÀ`m _mcmMr AZwCncãYVm, Vm§{ÌH$ AS>MUr, H$Om©Mm Xwgè`mM H$maUmgmR>r dmna
dJ¡ao.
AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc Cnm` `moOco OmVmV. H$O© dgwcr cdmX Zo_Uo, _mc_Îmm
nwZa©MZm H§$nZr, {d{Îm` _mc_ÎmoMr gya{jVVm, nwZa©MZm d A_§c~OmdUr H$m`Xm, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$Om©Mr nwZa©MZm,
ËdarV Xwê$ñVr H¥$Vr `§ÌUm, gŠVrMr H¥$Vr, {ddoH$s H¥$Vr, ^maVr` nV _m{hVr _§S>i dJ¡ao.
nV{Z{_©Vr H$aUo åhUOo cmoH$m§nmgyZ R>odr {_i{dUo d Ë`m H$O© ê$nmZo XoD$Z _yi R>odrnojm {H$VrVar A{YH$
n¡gm AW©ì`dñWoV {Z_m©U H$aUo hmo`. ì`mnmar ~±H$m R>odrVyZ H$O} d H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z nV{Z{_©Vr
H$aVmV d AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUVmV. nV{Z{_©Vr H$Oo© XoCZ d amo»`m§Mr IaoXr
H$ê$Z Ho$cr OmVo. nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`oV R>odrXma, d H$O©Xma ho VrZ KQ>H$ g_m{dï> AgVmV. R>odrXma Amnco n¡go
R>od åhUyZ ~±Ho$V R>odVmo. ~±H$ Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr n¡go amoI ñdê$nmV X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamgmR>r ñdV:Odi Q>oCZ Cd©arV
n¡go H$O} åhUyZ cmoH$m§Zm {Xcr OmVmV. Ë`m_YwZ nV{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. nV{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o àmW{_H$ R>odrVyZ Xwæ`_ R>odr
{Z_m©U hmoVmV. d AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> hmoVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m nV{Z{_©Vrda nwT>rc H$maUm§Zr _`m©Xm nS>VmV. g§nyU© R>odr ~±Ho$Zo H$O©ê$nmZo {Xë`mg,
amoI n¡emcm JiVr cmJë`mg, McZ {df`H$ YmoaU, H$Om©Mr _mJUr d VmaU, cmoH$m§À`m ~±qH$J gd`r, ~±Ho$Mr
{dídmgmh©Vm, ì`mO Xa, ^m§S>dc ~mOma d Am{W©H$ dmVmdaU, {d{dY ~±H$mVrc ghH$m`©, dJ¡ao.
3.10 nm[a^mfrH$ eãXm§Mm AW©
1) ì`mnmar ~±H$
=
R>odr d H$O} `m§Mr XodmU KodmU H$aUmar g§ñWm
2) ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X
=
~±Ho$Mr _Îmm d Xo`Vm Xe©{dUmao nÌH$
3) _Îmm
=
g§nÎmr
4) Xo`Vm
=
XoUr
5) A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc
=
~±Ho$À`m KQ>ZmnÌH$mZwgma ~±Ho$Zo Jmoim H$amd`mÀ`m ^m§S>dcmMr
_hÎm_ _`m©Vm
6) {dH«$sg H$mT>coco ^m§S>dc =
A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dcmMm {dH«$sg H$mT>cocm {hñgm
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64
7) {dH«$s Pmcoco ^m§S>dc
=
~±Ho$Mo eoAg©ê$nmZo {dH$co Jococo ^m§S>dc
8) dgyc ^m§S>dc
=
~±Ho$Zo {dH«$s Ho$coë`m ^m§S>dcmn¡H$s n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~±Ho$H$S>o
O_m Pmcoco ^m§S>dc
9) AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm
=
Or H$O} dgyc Pmcocr ZmhrV qH$dm Á`m H$OmªMo _wÔc d
ì`mO WH$sV Amho Aer H$O}
10) nV{Z{_©Vr
=
R>odr d H$Om©Ûmao n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> H$aUo
3.11 ñd`§_² AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ d CÎmao
A) Jmicoco eãX ^am
1) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr àmMrZ H$mimV...............XoemV {Z{_©Vr Pmcr
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$m.................^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV.
3) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMm Vmio~§X åhUOo...................Xe©{dUmao nÌH$ hmo`.
4) ~±Ho$Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc åhUOo.....................hmo`.
5) AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm åhUOo.......................hmo`.
6) à_mUrV _Îmm åhUOo....................hmo`.
7) Xwæ`_ n«_mUrV _Îmm åhUOo..............hmo`.
8) e§H$mñnX _Îmm åhUOo .....................hmo`.
9) ~yS>rV _Îmm åhUOo ..............hmo`.
10) nV{Z{_©Vr åhUOo R>odrVyZ................{Z_m©U H$aUo
CÎmao : 1) BQ>cr 2) ~MV 3) _Îmm d Xo`Vm 4) ^m§S>dc Jmoim H$aUè`mMr H$_mc _`m©Xm
5) _wÔc d ì`mOmMr aŠH$_ WH$sV AgUmar H$O}
6) _wÔc d ì`mO WH$sV ZgUmar H$O}
7) 12 _{hÝ`mnojm H$_r H$mimV WH$sV AgUmar H$O}
8) 2 dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mi WH$sV AgUmar H$O}
9) 3-dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mi WH$sV AgUmar H$O}
10) H$O} d H$Om©_YyZ R>odr
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65
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ...5
~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm
1) R>odr Jmoim H$aUo ho ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo H$m`© Zìho
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$m hþ§S>çm dR>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.
3) ì`mnmar ~±H$m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z `oVmo.
4) ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X {ÛZm|Xr {hemo~ nÜXVrda AmYmacocm AgVmo.
5) AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm 5 àH$maMr AgVo.
6) H$O© dgycr cdmXmMr ñWmnZm AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm EH$ Cnm` Amho.
7) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr R>odr d H$O} `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§da Adc§~yZ AgVo.
8) ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m amoI n¡gm _moR>çm à_mUmV Odi ~miJÊ`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>Vo.
9) ~±Ho$Mr {dídmgmh©Vm H$_r Pmë`mg nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoVo.
10) ^m§S>dc ~mOmamMm ~±H$mÀ`m nV{Z{_©Vrda n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.
CÎmao :
1) MyH$
2) ~amo~a
3) ~amo~a
4) ~amo~a
5) MyH$
6) ~amo~a
7) ~amo~a
8) ~amo~a
9) ~amo~a
10) MyH$
3.13 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6Ÿ)
àíZ 7
1)
3)
5)
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ {VMr H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mr XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrc ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X åhUOo H$m`?
AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm åhUOo H$m`? {VMo àH$ma gm§Jm
AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm åhUOo H$m`? {VMr H$maUo d Cnm` `moOZm ñnï> H$am.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m gm§JyZ Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xm ñnï> H$am.
Q>rnm {chm.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr H$m`}
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo AW©ì`dñWoVrc _hËd
~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X
4) AZwËnmXH$ _Îmm
nV{Z{_©Vrdarc _`m©Xm.
3.13 joÌr` H$m`© :
Vw_Mo ImVo AgUmè`m ~±Ho$Mm 2006-07 Mm Vmio~§X VnmgyZ {Q>ßnU V`ma H$am.
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66
3.13 : A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1)
'M.C.Vaish,' "Money, Banking, Trade and Public Finance. Wiley eastern
Limited New Delhi
2)
'K.K. Dewtt,' "Modern Economic Theory." S.Chand & Company Ltd" New
Delhi
3)
'M.L.Seth', " Monetary Economics" Lakshmi Narain Agarwal Educational
Publishers Agra-3
4)
'Dr. B.N. Ghosh, "Modern Macro Economics" Theory & Policy Himalaya
Publishing House, Delhi
5)
'D.M.Mithani' "Money Banking International Trade and Public Finance"
Himalaya Publishing House New Delhi
6)
'Ravishankar Kumar Shngh' "Indian Banking And financial Sector Reforms"
Vol. I and II Abhijeet Publications New Delhi.
7)
J. F. Patil, Tamhankar, Sahasrabuddhi - Macro Economics,
\$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya.
8)
àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc (g§nmXH$) A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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67
KQ>H$ - 4
A) àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m/{d^mJr` J«m_rU ~±H$m
(Regional Rural Banks)
C{ÔîQ>ço
1.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm d ñdê$n Aä`mgUo.
2.
àm`moOH$ ~±Ho$Mr O~m~Xmar g_OmdyZ KoUo.
3.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mr ^m§S>dc aMZm ì`dñWmnZ OmUyZ KoUo.
4.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr C{ÔîQ>ço Aä`mgUo.
5.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr H$m`} g_OmdyZ KoUo.
6.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr àJVr Aä`mgUo.
7.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoUo.
8.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r `moOcoë`m Cnm`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
àmñVm{dH$ :
^maVmVrc EHy$U cmoH$g§»`on¡H$s 70 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$g§»`m J«m_rU ^mJmV amhVo. J«m_rU ^mJmMr àJVr
Pmë`m{edm` Iè`m AWm©Zo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg gmÜ` hmoUma Zmhr. Am{U J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg
gmÜ` H$amd`mMm Agoc Va J«m_rU ^mJmV g§ñWmË_H$ nVnwadR>m hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. 1972 _Ü`oM ~±H$s¨J
H${_eZZo J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m ñWmnZoMr H$ënZm _m§S>cr hmoVr. `m g§X^m©V A{YH$ {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1975 gmcr
E_. Zaqgh_² `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr "J«m_rU ~±H$ Aä`mgJQ>mMr' {Z`wŠVr Ho$cr. `m JQ>mÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma
gßQ>|~a 1975 _Ü`o àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVcm. \o$~«wdmar 1976 _Ü`o àmXo{eH$
J«m_rU ~±H$ H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm d ñdê$n :
2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, Jm§Yr O`§Vr{Z{_Îm 5 àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. CÎma àXoemV
_moamXm~mX ` JmoaInya, h[a`mUmV {^dmZr, amOñWmZ_Ü`o O`nya d npíM_ ~§Jmc_Ü`o _mcS>m `oWo Ë`m ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`m AZwH«$_o qg{S>Ho$Q> ~±H$, ^maVr` ñQ>oQ> ~±H$, n§Om~ Z°eZc ~±H$, `wZm`Q>oS> H$_{e©`c ~±H$,
`wZm`Q>oS> ~±H$ `m§Zr nwañH¥$V Ho$ë`m hmoË`m.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m `m J«m_rU ^mJmV H$m`© H$aVmV. àË`oH$ àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mr EH$ àm`moOH$ ~±H$
AgVo. àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` d H|$Ð gaH$ma nwT>mH$ma KoVo. àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mo joÌ
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68
_`m©{XV AgVo. Ë`m_Ü`o EH$ AJa A{YH$ {Oëøm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. `m ~±H$m \$ŠV chmZ d gr_m§V eoVH$ar,
J«m_rU H$mamJra, eoV_Oya BË`m{X KQ>H$m§Zm H$O© XoD$ eH$VmV. `m ~±H$m§À`m H$Om©darc ì`mOXa Ë`m amÁ`mVrc
àmW{_H$ ghH$mar g§ñWm§À`m ì`mOXamnojm A{YH$ AgVm H$m_m Z`o.
àm`moOH$ ~±Ho$Mr O~m~Xmar :
àmXo{eH$ ~±Ho$À`m 1987 À`m XwéñVrà_mUo ^m§S>dc, H$_©Mmar {Z`wŠVr, à{ejU, ì`dñWmnH$s` gëcm
B. H$m`} gwadmVrMr 5 df} àm`moOH$ ~±Ho$Zo H$amd`mMr AmhoV.
àm`moOH$ ~±H$m àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$g nwT>rc àH$mao _XV H$aVmV.
1.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m ^mJ ^m§S>dcmV gh^mJr hmoUo.
2.
ì`dñWmnH$s` ñdê$nmMr _XV XoUo.
3.
ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$_©MmardJ© CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
4.
H$_©Mmè`m§À`m à{ejUmMm IM© H$aUo.
5.
nwZAW©nwadR>m `moOZoImcr Am{W©H$ _XV XoUo.
6.
Jw§VdUwH$s~m~V gëcm XoUo.
àË`jmV darc àH$maMr _XV gwadmVrÀ`m 5 dfmªgmR>rM Úmd`mMr Agcr Var Z§VaÀ`m H$mimVhr hr
_XV àm`moOH$ ~±H$m nwa{dV Agë`mMo {XgVo.
^m§S>dc :
àË`oH$ {d^mJr` ~±Ho$M A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc 1 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo AgVo Vo 100 én`m§Mm 1 ^mJ Ago 1 cmI
^mJmV {d^mJcoco AgVo. {dH«$sg H$mT>coco d dgyc ^m§S>dc 25 cmI én`m§Mo AgVo. `m ^m§S>dcmVrc 50
Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m àm`moOH$ ~±H$, 35 Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m H|$ÐgaH$ma d 15 Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m amÁ` gaH$ma CMcVo. 1987 Z§Va
H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z `m ~±H$m§Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc 5 H$moQ>r én`o Am{U dgyc ^m§S>dc 1 H$moQ>r én`o
H$aÊ`mV Amco.
ì`dñWmnZ :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mm gd©gmYmaU ì`dhma d X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmda XoIaoI R>odÊ`mgmR>r g§MmcH$
_§S>imMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$cr OmVo. g§MmcH$ _§S>imV ZD$ ì`ŠVtMm g_mdoe AgVmo. Ë`mn¡H$s 1 AÜ`j AgVmo.
Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ H|$Ð gaH$maÛmao Ho$cr OmVo. Cacoë`m AmR> g§MmcH$m§n¡H$s VrZ g§MmcH$ H|$Ð gaH$maÛmao Zo_co
OmVmV; XmoZ g§MmcH$m§Mr Zo_UyH$ amÁ`gaH$ma H$aVo, VrZ g§MmcH$m§Mr {Z`wŠVr àm`moOH$ ~±H$ H$aVo. g§MmcH$
_§S>imMr _wXV nmM df} AgVo. EHy$U g§MmcH$m§Mr g§»`m 15 nojm OmñV Agy Z`o. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am{U Zm~mS>©cm
àË`oH$s EH$m g§MmcH$mMr {Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho. Zm~mS>©À`m ñWmnZoZ§Va àmXo{eH$
J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mo gd© A{YH$ma Zm~mS>©H$S>o XoÊ`mV Amco.
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69
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr C{ÔîQ>o :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr C{ÔîQ>o nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrc.
1.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrc cKw d gr_mÝV eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya, H$mamJra, chmZ CÚmoOH$, chmZ ì`mnmar `m§Zm
nVnwadR>m H$aUo.
2.
J«m_rU ^mJmV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm doJ dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
3.
J«m_rU OZVocm ~MVrMr gd` cmdUo.
4.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrc OZVoMr gmdH$mamÀ`m nmemVyZ _wŠVVm H$aUo.
5.
àmXo{eH$ Ag§VwcZ Xya H$aUo.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m nwT>rc H$m`} H$aVmV.
1.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrc chmZ d gr_mÝV eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya `m§Zm d¡`{ŠVH$ AJa Ë`m§À`m JQ>mg H$O} Am{U
A{J«_o XoUo.
2.
H$mamJra, chmZ CÚmoOH$, chmZ ì`mnmar BË`mXr ì`dgm`mVrc cmoH$m§Zm H$O} d A{J«_o {Xcr OmVmV. ho
ì`dgm` CËnmXH$ AgmdoV `mH$S>o cj {Xco OmVo.
3.
AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVtÀ`m JaOm nmhyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Img nVnwadR>m `moOZm AmIUo d Ë`m§À`m
ñd`§amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
4.
Xw~©c d Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV JQ>mVrc cmoH$m§gmR>r Img nVnwadR>m `moOZm AmIUo d Ë`m§À`m A{W©H$
CÝZVrgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
5.
R>odr ñdrH$maUo d BVa ~±qH$J {df`H$ H$m`} àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m H$aVmV.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr àJVr :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmë`mnmgyZ `m ~±H$m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJmV g§ñWmË_H$ nVnwadR>m dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar Ho$cr Amho. AmO 196 àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m 23 amÁ`m§_YyZ 14500 emIm§Ûmao
H$O©nwadR>çmMo H$m`© H$arV AmhoV. `m ~±H$m§Zr Ho$coë`m EHy$U H$O©nwadR>çmn¡H$s 95 Q>ŠHo$ H$O© nwadR>m Xw~©c
KQ>H$m§Zm Ho$cm Amho. 90 Q>ŠHo$ emIm Á`m {R>H$mUr ~±H$m§À`m gmoB© ZìhË`m VoWo CKS>ë`m AmhoV. àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU
°~±H$m§Mr à«JVr Imcrc VŠË`mdê$Z ñnîQ> H$aVm `oB©c.
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70
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr àJVr
Vnerc
_mM© 1999
_mM© 2003
196
196
2. ~±H$m§À`m emIm
14,499
14,500
3. R>odr (H$moQ>r é.)
27,065
48,500
4. H$O} (H$moQ>r é.)
11,355
21,773
1. àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr g§»`m
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m g_ñ`m :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Zm nwT>rc g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo.
1.
g§KQ>ZmË_H$ g_ñ`m :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§da àm`moOH$ ~±H$, Zm~mS>©, H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$ma `m§Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. `m gdmªÀ`m
H$m`m©V EH$gyÌVm `oV Zmhr. àm`moOH$ ~±H$ d amÁ` gaH$ma `m§Mo `mo½` ghH$m`© {_iV Zmhr. `m ~±H$m§Zm _`m©{XV
joÌmV H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mr `mo½` H$m`©àUmcr Zmhr. VÁk d Hw$ec H$_©MmardJ© àmßV hmoV Zmhr.
2.
dgwcrMr g_ñ`m
`m ~±H$m§Zm H$O©dgwcrÀ`m H$m_mV \$mago `e àmßV Pmcoco Zmhr. H$mhr ~±H$m§À`m ~m~VrV dgwcrMo à_mU
55 Q>ŠŠ`m§n`ªV Amho. gXmof H$O© dmQ>n, XoIaoIrMm A^md, dgwcrg§~§Yr CXmgrZVm, H$Om©Mm A`mo½` dmna,
amOH$s` hñVjon, XwîH$mi d nya BË`mXr H$maUm§Zr H$O©dgwcrMr g_ñ`m J§^ra ~ZV Amho.
3.
àM§S> ZwH$gmZ :
gZ 1994-95 _Ü`o AW©_ͧ `m§Zr Oo A§XmOnÌH$s` ^mfU Ho$co Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr Agm CëcoI Ho$cm H$s 196
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§n¡H$s 150 ~±H$m 5 dfm©V EH$Xm hm hmoB©Zm ZwH$gmZrV hmoË`m. H$mhtZr amIrd {ZYrMm dmna
Ho$cm Va H$mhtZr R>odr g§n{dë`m hmoË`m. `m ZwH$gmZrMr AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV - H$Om©Mr dgwcr hmoV Zmhr.
gmVË`mZo emIm {dñVma Ho$ë`mZo IM© dmT>Vmo nU Ë`m_mZmZo CËnÝZmV dmT> Zmhr. à{e{jV ZmoH$adJm©Mr H$_VaVm
BË`mXr.
4.
ì`dñWmnH$s` g_ñ`m :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m `m {Oëhm ñVamda H$m`©H$aUmè`m chmZ g§ñWm AgVmV. àm`moOH$ ~±H$ hr
ì`dñWmnH$ à{V{ZYtMr {Z`wŠVr H$aVo. na§Vw hm H$_©MmardJ© ñdV§Ì nÕVrZo {ZU©` KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. `m ~±H$m§À`m
g§MmcH$m§À`m ~¡R>H$m {Z`{_V hmoV ZmhrV. AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mo {Z`§ÌU Agë`mZo {ZU©`mgmR>r {dc§~ cmJVmo.
g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r Cnm` `moOZm :
Zaqgh_² g{_Vr d Iwómo `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr Zo_coë`m eoVr nVnwadR>m qghmdcmoH$Z g{_VrZo `m ~±H$m
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71
àm`moOH$ ~±Ho$V AWdm Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m Xwgè`m ì`mnmar ~±Ho$V gm_rc H$amì`mV Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho. na§Vw
E_. Ec. Xm§Vdmcm `m§À`m_Vo hm g_ñ`odarc Cnm` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Zm gÑT> ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Imcrc Cnm` gwM{dco OmVmV.
1.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Zm Amnco H$m`©joÌ dmT>{dÊ`mg nadmZJr Úmdr.
2.
~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©da cj R>odÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì `§ÌUm C^r H$aUo.
3.
`m ~±H$m§Zm Zì`mZo ^m§S>dc nadR>m H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
4.
J«m_rU OZVoÀ`m ~MVrÀ`m gd`rV dmT> H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ `m ~±H$m§Zr H$amdoV Am{U ~MVrer {ZJS>rV
nVnwadR>m H$amdm.
J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m {dH$mgmV àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m _hÎdnyU© H$m`© H$ê$ eH$VmV Ë`m_wio `m ~±H$m§À`m
g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r gaH$maZo A{YH$ cj nwadmdo.
ñd`§…AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
àíZ 1 : EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
A.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m ñWnmZoMm H$m`Xm Ho$ìhm H$aÊ`mV Amcm ?
~.
^maVmV àW_ {H$Vr Am{U H$moR>o àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m ñWmnZ Pmë`m ?
H$.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m H$moU-H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Zm H$O© XoD$ eH$VmV ?
S>.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$go Ho$co OmVo ?
B.
^maVmV gÜ`m {H$Vr àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m ApñVËdmV AmhoV.
àíZ 2 : MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
A.
àË`oH$ àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mr EH$ àm`moOH$ ~±H$ AgVo.
~.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±Ho$Mo joÌ ì`mnH$ AgVo.
H$.
^m§S>dc, H$_©Mmar {Z`wŠVr, à{ejU, ì`dñWmnH$s` gëcm B. H$m`} gwadmVrMr 10 df} àm`moOH$
~±Ho$Zo H$amd`mMr AgVmV.
S>.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m ^m§S>dcmVrc 50 Q>ŠHo$ dmQ>m [aPìh© ~±H$ CMcVo.
B.
1987 Z§Va àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc 5 H$moQ>r én`o d dgyc ^m§S>dc 1 H$moQ>r
én`o H$aÊ`mV Amco.
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72
{dÚmnrRr>` ñdê$nmMo àíZ :
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mr C{ÔîQ>o d H$m`m©Mo g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$am.
2.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
3.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m åhUOo H$m` ? {VÀ`m g_ñ`m ñnîQ> H$ê$Z Ë`mdarc Cnm``moOZm gm§Jm.
{Q>nm {chm :
1.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m
2.
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m§Mo H$m`© d àJVr.
g§X^© :
1.
RBI, Report on Trade and Progress of Banking in India, 1989-90.
2.
Rudra Datt and K. P. M. Sundharm - "Indian Economy" 54th Edition - 2006 S.
chand and company Ltd. New Delhi.
3.
S. K. Mistra and U. K. Puri - "Indian Economy" 23th Edition, Himalaya Publishing
House, New Delhi.
4.
S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc, S>m°. nr. ~r. Hw$cH$Uu, S>m°. E. Eg. _hm{S>H$, S>m°. EZ. Ho$. nmQ>rc, àm. ìhr. ~r.
H$H$S>o, ""^maVr` ~±H$s¨J'' 1994, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
5.
S>m°.J§JmYa H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rc, àm. gm§Jio, àm. ndma, àm. aH$s~o - ""^maVr` ~±H$s¨J ì`dñWm'' - 2002
M¡VÝ` npãcHo$eZ, Zm{eH$.
6.
S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E. gr. Omoer - ""n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm'' 2006, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya.
7.
àm. Ho$. E_. ^mogco, àm. Ho$. ~r. H$mQ>o - ""^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm'' 2004 \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
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73
~) H¥$fr Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r amîQ´>r` ~±H$/Zm~mS>©
(National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development) NABARD)
CÔoe :
1.
Zm~mS>©À`m ñWmnZoMr nmíd©^y_r OmUyZ KoUo.
2.
Zm~mS>©Mr ^m§S>dcaMZm g_OmdyZ KoUo.
3.
Zm~mS>©Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$go Ho$co OmVo ho nhmUo.
4.
Zm~mS>©Mr H$m`} g_OmdyZ KoUo.
5.
Zm~mS>©Mr H$m_{Jar OmUyZ KoUo.
àmñVmdZm$ :
^maVr` eoVr ì`dgm`mcm AàË`j H$O©nwadR>m ^maVr` {aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. eoVrcm
H$O©naw dR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$o Zo ñdV§Ì eoVr nVnwdaR>m {d^mJ ñWmnZ Ho$cm. H$Om©gmR>r nwZ{d©Îm godm CncãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mgmR>r 1963 _Ü`o "H¥$fr nwZ{d©Îm Am{U {dH$mg _hm_§S>i' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. na§Vw eoVr Am{U J«m_rU
joÌmcm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmZm AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV hmoVo. Ë`mda Cnm``moOZm gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r {aPìh©
~±Ho$Zo EH$ g{_Vr Zo_cr. Ë`m g{_VrZo H¥$fr d J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r EH$ amîQ´>r` nmVirda ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$amdr
Aer à_wI {e\$mag Ho$cr.
Zm~mS>©Mr ñWmnZm :
XoemV H$m`©aV AgUmè`m gmd©O{ZH$ d ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar g§ñWm eoVr d J«m_rU joÌmcm H$O©nwadR>m
H$arV Agë`m Var Ë`m§Mo H$m`© Anwao hmoVo. ^maVmgma»`m eoVràYmZ Xoemcm H¥$fr Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mg gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m {eIa ~±Ho$Mr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. VgoM VÁk g{_Ë`m§Zrhr Ë`m {df`rMr {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.
Ë`mZwgma 12 Owc¡ 1982 _Ü`o cmoH$g^oV ñdV§Ì {dYo`H$ g§_V H$ê$Z Zm^mS>©Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. hr
~±H$ J«m_rU ^mJmV cKwCÚmoJ, hñVmoÚmoJ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ VgoM BVa ì`dgm`m§Zm AW©ghmæ` H$aoc. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo
eoVr H$O©nwadR>çmMo H$m`© H$aoc. ghH$mar nVnwadR>m aMZoMr {eIa ~±H$ åhUyZ Zm~mS>© {deof O~m~Xmar nma
nmS>Vo.
Zm~mS>©Mo ^m§S>dc :
Zm~mS>©Mo gwadmVrMo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc 500 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo hmoVo. dgyc ^m§S>dc 100 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo hmoVo.
1999 _Ü`o ho ^m§S>dc 2000 H$moQ>r én`m§n`ªV dmT>{dÊ`mV Amco. ~±Ho$À`m EHy$U ^m§S>dcmn¡H$s 50 Q>ŠHo$ ^mJ
^m§S>dc [aPìh© ~±H$ nwa{dVo d 50 Q>ŠHo$ ^mJ^m§S>dc ^maV gaH$ma nwa{dVo. `m ~±Ho$cm ^maV gaH$ma VgoM
OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ AW©nwadR>m H$aVo. hr ~±H$ Iwë`m ~mOmamV {ZYr C^mê$ eH$Vo. amîQ´>r` H¥$fr nV {ZYr (XrK©H$mcrZ
{ZYr) d amîQ´>r` H¥$fr nV{ZYr (pñWarH$aU {ZYr) `mVyZ H$mhr aŠH$_ dJ© H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. AënH$mcrZ
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74
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^m§S>dcmgmR>r d IoiË`m ^m§S>dcmgmR>r hr ~±H$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$da Adc§~yZ AgVo. Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V Zm~mS>©À`m
^m§S>dc Am{U {ZYrV àM§S> dmT> Pmcr Amho.
Zm~mS>©Mo ì`dñWmnZ :
Zm~mS>©Mm H$ma^ma 16 g§MmcH$ _§S>imH$Sy>Z nm{hcm OmVmo. Ë`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr nwT>rcà_mUo Ho$cr OmVo.
1.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm S>oß`wQ>r JìhZ©a hm ~±Ho$Mm MoAa_Z AgVmo.
2.
[aPìh© ~±H$ 3 g§MmcH$ Zo_Vo.
3.
H|$Ы gaH$ma 3 g§MmcH$ {Z`wŠV H$aVo.
4.
ghH$mar ~±H$m§_Yrc 2 Am{U ì`mnmar ~±H$m§_Yrc 1 VÁk g§MmcH$ {Z`wŠV H$aVmV.
5.
amÁ` gaH$mao 2 g§MmcH$ {Z`wŠV H$aVmV.
6.
J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm d J«m_rU {dH$mg `mg§~§{YV 2 VÁk.
7.
EH$ _°ZoqOJ S>m`aoŠQ>a
8.
EH$ nyU©doi S>m`aoŠQ>a AgVmo.
Zm~mS>©Mr H$m`} :
Zm~mS>©Mr à_wI H$m`} nwT>rcà_mUo 1.
nwZA©W© nwadR>m :
H¥$frjoÌ, cKwCÚmoJ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ, hñVH$cm ì`dgm` BË`m{X joÌm§Zm Zm~mS>© nwZA©W©nwadR>m H$aVo. Ë`mÛmao
H¥$fr joÌ d CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$ J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg gmYcm OmVo.
2.
H$O©nwadR>m :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo nadmZJr {Xcoë`m amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m, J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$m, ^y{dH$mg ~±H$m, BVa g§ñWm§Zm
Zm~mS>© Aën, _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVo.
3.
amÁ` gaH$macm XrK©_wXVrMr H$O} :
ghH$mar nVnwadR>m g§ñWm§Mo ^mJ-^m§S>dc IaoXr H$aVm `mdo `mgmR>r Zm~mS>© amÁ` gaH$macm 20 df}
_wXVrMr H$O} XoVo.
4.
H¥$fr d J«m_rU {dH$mg g§ñWm§Zm ghmæ` :
H|$Ð gaH$maZo nadmZJr {Xcoë`m H¥$fr d J«m_rU {dH$mgmer g§~§{YV g§ñWm§À`m ñWmnZoÀ`m H$mimV ^mJ^m§S>dc C^maUrgmR>r Zm~mS>© _XV H$aVo. VgoM `m g§ñWm§Zm XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>mhr H$aVo.
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75
5.
H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ`gaH$ma d {Z`moOZ _§S>i `m§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYUo :
XoemVrc H¥$frjoÌ, cKwCÚmoJ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ `m§Mm {dH$mg VgoM J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r H|$ÐgaH$ma, amÁ`gaH$ma,
{Z`moOZ _§S>i d BVa g§ñWm H$arV Agcoë`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYUo.
6.
VnmgUrMr O~m~Xmar :
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, Am{U àmW{_H$ ghH$mar g§ñWm§À`m H$m`m©Mr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar Zm~mS>©Mr AgVo.
7.
g§emoYZ d {dH$mg {ZYr :
eoVr joÌmVrc g§emoYZmg MmcZm {_imdr. J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo àH$ën V`ma H$amdoV `mgmR>r Zm~mS>©Zo
g§emoYZ d {dH$mg {ZYr ñWmnZ Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mVyZ Zm~mS>© Am{W©H$ _XV XoVo.
8.
J«m_rU gw{dYm§Zm _XV :
eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU, cKwnmQ>~§Ymao àH$ën, d¥j g§dY©Z d \$cmoÚmZ àH$ën `mgmR>r Zm~mS>© _moR>çm
à_mUmV _XV H$aVo.
Zm~mS>©Mr H$m_{Jar :
J«m_rU ^mJmVrc eoVrjoÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r nVnwadR>m H$aUo, cKw CÚmoJ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ `m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r
à`ËZ H$aUm`m g§ñWm§_Ü`o Zm~mS>© {eIa ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo. Zm~mS>©H$Sy>Z Ho$cocr H$m_{Jar nwT>rcà_mUo
gm§JVm `oB©c.
1.
Aën_wXVrMr H$O} :
gZ 1999-2000 _Ü`o eoVr ì`dgm`mcm 8,160 H$moQ>r én`m§Mm Aën_wXVrMm h§Jm_r H$O©nwadR>m
Ho$cm. gZ 2003-04 _Ü`o hm H$O©naw dR>m 8,820 H$moQ>r én`m§Mm Pmcm. `m H$Om©da ~±H$ Zoh_rÀ`m ì`mOXamnojm
3 Q>ŠHo$ H$_r ì`mOXa AmH$maVo.
2.
20 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_ :
Zì`m 20 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_mA§VJ©V chmZ d {g_mÝV eoVH$ar VgoM Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV JQ>mVrc
cmoH$m§Zm AënH$mcrZ H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo. Agm H$O©nwadR>m {d{eîR> Q>ŠHo$dmarV H$aUo
~±H$m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.
3.
_Ü`_ _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m :
eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r _Ü`_ _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
4.
XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m :
ghH$mar g§ñWoMo ^mJ IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm~mS>© amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm XrK©_wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVo.
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76
5.
nwZ{d©ÎmH$Om©V dmT> :
amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m Am{U àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m Am{U àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m `m§Zm Zm~mS>©H$Sy>Z Aën
d _Ü`_ _wXVrMm nwZ{d©Îm nwadR>m hmoVmo. OyZ 2002 À`m AIoarg Zm~mS>©Zo amÁ` ghH$mar ~±H$m Am{U àmXo{eH$
J«m_rU ~±H$m§Zm 6590 H$moQ>r én`m§Mo nwZ{d©Îm H$O© {Xco. amÁ` ghH$mam§Zm Xw~©c ghH$mar g§ñWm d ~±H$m§Mo eoAg©
IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm~mS>©H$Sy>Z {deof _XV Ho$cr OmVo.
IVo Am{U BVa eoVr AmXmZo `m§À`m IaoXr, gmR>dUyH$ d {dVaU `mgmR>r VgoM CËnmXZ d {dH«$s
ì`dñWogmR>r {dUH$a g§ñWm Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ ghH$mar g§ñWm Zm~mS>©Zo 2001-02 _Ü`o EHy$U 12000 H$moQ>r
én`m§Mm nwZ{d©Îm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm Amho.
6.
EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg `moOZo A§VJ©V _XV :
EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg `moOZoA§VJ©V J«m_rU ^mJmVrc H$_Hw$dV JQ>mcm cKwqgMZ, eoù`m-_|T>çm
damh nmcZ, _ñË`ì`dgm`, N>moQ>o ì`mdgm` `mgmR>r nwZ{d©Îm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVo.
7.
eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmg àmYmÝ` :
Zm~mS>©Zo nwZ{d©Îm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmZm eoVrÀ`m `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmcm àmYmÝ` {Xco Amho. EHy$U nwZ{d©Îm
nwadR>çmn¡H$s 28 Q>ŠHo$ H$O© `m H$maUmgmR>r {Xco Amho.
8.
_mJmg àXoem§Mm {dH$mg :
Á`m amÁ`mV eoVrMm {dH$mg H$_r à_mUmV Pmcm Amho Aem amÁ`mV eoVr joÌmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>mdr
`mgmR>r Zm~mS>©Zo Img cj nwa{dco Amho. {dÎm nwadR>çmn¡H$s 50 Q>ŠHo$ {dÎmnwadR>m _mJmg amÁ`m§Zm Ho$cm Amho.
CÎma àXoe, {~hma, amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe, Amo[agm `m§Zm gdm©{YH$ \$m`Xm {_imcm Amho.
9.
J«m_rU nm`m^yV {dH$mg {ZYrMr ñWmnZm :
gZ 1995-96 _Ü`o Zm~mS>©Zo J«m_rU nm`m^yV {dH$mg {ZYrMr {Z{_©Vr H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$cr.
`m {ZYr_YyZ J«m_rU nm`m^yV gw{dYm§gmR>r ghmæ` Ho$co OmVo. _moR>o OcqgMZ àH$ën, añVo, nmUr ì`dñWmnZ
`moOZm, nya{Z`§ÌU `m ~m~tgmR>r H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVo.
gZ 1995 Vo 31 _mM© 2004 n`ªV J«m_rU nm`m^yV {dH$mg {ZYr_YyZ añVo Am{U nyc {Z{_©VrgmR>r
16,300 H$moQ>r én`o, OcqgMZ àH$ënm§gmR>r 12,140 H$moQ>r én`o, BVa CÔoem§gmR>r 6,240 H$moQ>r én`o Ago
EHy$U 34,680 H$moQ>r én`o _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. 2003-04 _Ü`o 7,827 `moOZm§gmR>r 7,605 H$moQ>r é.
IM© H$aÊ`mV Amco.
10. ghH$mamÀ`m nwZa©dZogmR>r à`ËZ :
Zm~mS>©Zo XoemV ghH$mamMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. àmW{_H$ H¥$fr nVnwadR>m g§ñWm§Mr nwZa©MZm
Ho$cr. _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mo nwZd©gZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$cr Amho.
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77
Zm~mS>©À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ :
Zm~mS>©À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aUmè`m IwñÌmo g{_VrÀ`m _Vo Zm~mS>©Zo nwZ{dÎm nwadR>çmMo H$m_ AË`§V
CÎm_[aVrZo nma nmS>co Amho. eoVr joÌ, cKwCÚmoJ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ `mgmR>r Ho$coë`m H$O©nwadR>çmZo J«m_rU ^mJmMm
{dH$mg gmÜ` hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr Amho. na§Vw ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mr hmoUmar {nN>ohmQ> Zm~mS>©cm amoIVm Amcocr Zmhr.
Zm~mS>©Zo H$mhr amÁ`mV Mm§Jco H$m`© Ho$co Amho. na§Vw H$mhr amÁ`m§V Xwc©j Pmcoco AmT>iVo. Varhr eoVr Am{U
J«m_rU {dH$mgmV Zm~mS>© _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdV Amho `mV e§H$m Zmhr.
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
àíZ 1 : EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
A)
Zm~mS>©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmcr ?
~)
Zm~mS>©cm ^m§S>dc nwadR>m H$moUmH$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmVmo ?
H$)
Zm~mS>©À`m g§MmcH$ _§S>imV {H$Vr gXñ` AgVmV ?
S>)
Zm~mS>©Zo eoVr g§emoYZmgmR>r d J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r H$moUVm {ZYr ñWmnZ Ho$cm Amho ?
àíZ 2 : MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
A)
ghH$mar nVnwadR>m aMZoMr {eIa ~±H$ åhUyZ Zm~mS>© H$m`© H$aVo .
~)
Zm~mS>©À`m EHy$U ^m§S>dcmn¡H$s 50 Q>ŠHo$ ^mJ^m§S>dc [aPìh© ~±H$ d 50 Q>ŠHo$ ^mJ^m§S>dc ^maV
gaH$ma nwa{dVo.
H$)
AënH$mcrZ ^m§S>dcmgmR>r d IoiË`m ^m§S>dcmgmR>r Zm~mS>© amÁ` gaH$mam§da Adc§~yZ AgVo.
S>)
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm S>oß`wQ>r JìhZ©a hm Zm~mS>©Mm MoAa_Z AgVmo.
B)
Zm~mS>©H$Sy>Z \$ŠV XrK© _wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
{dÚmnrR>r` ñdê$nmMo àíZ :
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1.
Zm~mS>©À`m H$m`m©Mo g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$am.
2.
eoVr {dH$mg Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc Zm~mS>©Mo `moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$am.
Q>rnm {chm
1.
Zm~mS>©
2.
Zm~mS>©Mr H$m_{Jar
3.
Zm~mS>©Mr ^m§S>dcaMZm d ì`dñWmnZ.
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78
g§X^© :
1.
RBI, Bulletin May 1999, P. 688.
2.
S. K. Mistra, V. K. Puri - "Indian Economy" 23rd Edition, Himalaya Publishing
House, New Delhi.
3.
Rudra Datt and K. P. M. Sundharam - 54th Edition 2006, S. chand and company
Ltd., New Delhi.
4.
S>m.° gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E. gr. Omoer - ""n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm'' 2006 \$S>H$o àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
5.
àm. Ho$. E_. ^mogco, àm. Ho$. ~r. H$mQ>o ""^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm'' 2004, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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79
H$) AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZm
(Lead Bank Scheme)
C{ÔîQ>o :
1.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr nmíd©^y_r Aä`mgUo.
2.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMm AW© OmUyZ KoUo.
3.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMo CÔoe g_OmdyZ KoUo.
4.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr H$m`} H$moUVr AmhoV ho nhmUo.
5.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr g_OmdyZ KoUo.
6.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoÀ`mg_ñ`m/Xmof OmUyZ KoUo.
àmñVm{dH$ :
_mJrc àH$aUmV AmnU ì`mnmar ~±H$m CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, ì`dgm` joÌmgmR>r AZoH${dY H$m`} H$aVmV ho
nm{hco. `m ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV AË`§V _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmSy> eH$VmV `mMr OmUrd
Pmë`mZ§Va gaH$maZo 1967 _Ü`o ì`mnmar ~±H$m§da gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU KmVco. XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d ì`mnmar
~±H$m `m§Mm `mo½` g_Ýd` gmYUo, XoemVrc J«m_rU ^mJmn`ªV ~±H$s¨J gw{dYm nmohM{dUo, _hÎdmÀ`m joÌm§Zm
H$O©nwadR>m CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo hm gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUm_mJrc hoVy hmoVm. na§Vw `m {Z`§ÌUmZo hoVynyVu \$maer hmoUma
Zmhr. ho cjmV Amë`mZ§Va 19 Owc¡ 1969 _Ü`o 14 à_wI ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m amîQ´>r`rH$aUmMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV
Amcm. XoemÀ`m g§nUy © Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Oo AZoH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amco Ë`mn¡H$s AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aUo
hm EH$ _hÎdnyU© {ZU©` hmoVm.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr nmíd©^y_r :
^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrc àmXo{eH$ {df_Vm d Ag_Vmoc H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z {_imdo `mgmR>r
amîQ´>r` nV _hm_§S>imZo S>m°. YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$m Aä`mgJQ>mMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. `m Aä`mgJQ>mZo Amncm Ahdmc 1969 _Ü`o gmXa Ho$cm. Ë`mdoir EHy$U nVnwadR>çmn¡H$s 83 Q>ŠHo$
nVnwadR>m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmV hmoVm. nU XoemVrc 617 Jmdm§Vm Am{U 5000 IoS>çm§_YyZ ~±H$s¨J
gw{dYm CncãY ZìhË`m. S>m°. YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcrc Aä`mgJQ>mZo ^maVmVrc ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Zr "àmXo{eH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ' (Regional Approach) ñdrH$mamdm Aem àH$maMr gyMZm Ho$cr. åhUOoM
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr Amncr gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr ~mOy {dMmamV KoD$Z àmXo{eH$ Ñ{îQ>Zo, {Oëhm hm KQ>H$ H|$Ðr^yV
_mZmdm. Ë`m {OëømMm gdmªJrU Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ g_Vmoc àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ~±H$m§Mm {dñVma d
Ë`m ÑîQ>rZo H$O©nwadR>m H$amdm. hm Ahdmc [aPìh© ~±Ho$nwT>o gmXa Ho$ë`mZ§Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo E\$. Ho$. E\$. Z[a_Z
`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZohr JmS>Jri `m§MmM Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ñdrH$mê$Z AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Mr
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80
`moOZm _m§S>cr. `m XmoÝhr g{_Ë`m§À`m gyMZm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 1969 À`m AIoarg AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Mr
`moOZm (Lead Bank Scheme) Omhra Ho$cr.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMm AW© :
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r {Oëhm hm KQ>H$ _mZÊ`mV `mdm. EH$m {OëømÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV EH$m ~±Ho$Mm
nwT>mH$ma d {VMo ZoV¥Ëd Aer AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr _yc^yV H$ënZm Amho. {OëømVrc BVa ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm
`m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm AmIUo d Ë`m am~{dUo ho AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Mo H$m`© Amho.
1969 À`m AIoarg hr `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m `moOZoZwgma 14 amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m, ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ d
{VÀ`m gmV g§c½Z ~±H$m Am{U VrZ ImOJr ~±H$m `m§À`m_Ü`o XoemVrc 336 {Oëho {d^mJyZ Úmd`mMo Ë`m_YyZ
_w§~B©, H$cH$Îmm, MoÞB© hr _hmZJao d {Xëcr, nm±S>oMar Am{U Jmodm ho H|$Ðem{gV àXoe dJi{dÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV
Amco. ~±Ho$Zo H$m`©joÌ dmQy>Z KoVmZm Ë`m ~±Ho$Mm AmH$ma, ~±Ho$H$S>rc gmYZ gm_J«rMr CncãYVm, {OëømMr
g§c½ZVm B. {dMma H$amdm. AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Zo Ë`m {OëømMr gdmªJrU nhmUr H$ê$Z VoWrc eoVr {dH$mg, cKwCÚmoJ
VgoM BVa ì`dgm`mMr àJVr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {dMmamV KoD$Z {OëømMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm Am{U Ë`m {OëømÀ`m EHy$U H$O© {df`H$ JaOm ^mJdmì`mV.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMo CÔoe :
1.
{OëømVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m d BVa {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§À`m H$m_H$mOm_Ü`o gwgyÌrH$aU H$aUo.
2.
{OëømV emIm {dñVma, _mJ©Xe©Z d XoIaoIrMo H$m_ A{YH$ à^mdrnUo H$aUo.
3.
H$O© ì`dhma d ~±H$s¨J ì`dhma `m K{ZîR> g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$aUo.
4.
{OëømVrc gmYZ gm_J«rMo gd}jU H$ê$Z ~MVrg àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
5.
{OëømVrc eoVr d eoVrda AmYm[aV CÚmoJ, cKw CÚmoJ `m§À`m {dH$mgmg ghmæ` H$aUo.
6.
{OëømÀ`m {dH$mgmVrc AS>Wio Xya H$aUo.
7.
{Oëhm nmVirdarc Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Zm JVr XoUo.
8.
{Oëhm nmVirdarc emgH$s` A{YH$mar Am{U ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm `m§À`mV gwgyÌrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUUo.
AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} :
AJ«Ur ~±H$ ì`mnmar g§K ZoVm (Consortium Leader) åhUyZ H$m`© H$arV AgVmZm nwT>rc H$m`} H$aVo.
1.
{OëømMm Am{W©H$ Ahdmc V`ma H$aUo :
Amnë`m {OëømMm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ Agm gImoc d gdªH$f Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m AmYmao
Ahdmc V`ma H$aUo `m AhdmcmÀ`m AmYmao {OëømÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {ZU©` KoVm `oVmV. CXm. {OëømVrc
H$moUË`m ^mJmV ~±H$m§À`m Zì`m emIm CKS>Vm `oVrc, H$moUË`m ^mJmV {H$Vr R>odr Jmoim hmoVrc, H$moUË`m ^mJmV
CÚmoJY§Xo dmT>Vrc, H$moUË`m ^mJmV {H$Vr à_mUmV nVnwadR>çmMr JaO Amho BË`mXr.
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81
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ...6
2.
{OëømÀ`m Am{W©H$ gd}jUmV gmVË` :
{OëømMo Am{W©H$ gd}jU EH$XmM H$ê$Z MmcV Zmhr. Va Vem àH$maÀ`m gd}jUmMr O~m~Xmar AJ«Ur
~±Ho$Zo H$m`_Mr KoVcr nm{hOo. Xadfu AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Zo gd}jU Ho$ë`mg {OëømMr Am{W©H$ àJVr {H$VnV Pmcr
Amho, Ë`mV H$m` C{Udm am{hë`m AmhoV `mMm _mJmodm KoVm `oVmo.
3.
{Oëhm nV `moOZm V`ma H$aUo :
{OëømVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m, gaH$mar ~±H$m `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo dm{f©H$ nV`moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AJ«Ur
~±Ho$cm nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. {Oëhm nV`moOZm `mMm AW© {OëømVrc eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma BË`mXr joÌm§Zm
nwT>rc dfu {H$Vr nVnwadR>çmMr JaO Amho Ë`m {df`rMm A§XmO hmo`. {OëømVrc gd© ~±H$m§Zr nVnwadR>çmMr
O~m~Xmar KoVcr nm{hOo.
4.
{Oëhm nmVirda gëcmJma g{_VrMr {Z`wŠVr H$aUo :
{OëømVrc nVg§ñWm§Mo à{V{ZYr, {d{dY ~±H$m§Mo d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo à{V{ZYr, emgH$s` A{YH$mar-`mV
n§Mm`V g{_VrMo Am{U {Oëhm n[afXoMo à{V{ZYr `m§Mr {Oëhm ñVamda gëcmJma g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr OmVo.
{Oëhm{YH$mar g{_VrMo nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmV. `m g{_Vrda XmoZ O~m~Xmè`m AgVmV.
A)
{OëømVrc gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYUo.
~)
{OëømVrc gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm Am{U ghH$mamMr doJdoJir {dH$mg ImVr
`m§À`mV g_Ýd` gmYUo.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr :
gZ 1970 nmgyZ AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr gwê$ Pmcr. gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV `m `moOZoMo ñdê$n
ñnîQ> Zgë`mZo ~±qH$J joÌmV Jm|Yi d J¡ag_O ngacm. na§Vw `moOZoMm `mo½` Vnerc {_imë`mda H$m`©dmhr gwê$
Pmcr. _mM© 1978 n`ªV gd© AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Zr {Oëhm nV`moOZm V`ma Ho$ë`m na§Vw Ë`m `moOZm§da AZoH$ {Q>H$m
H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
1.
eoVr joÌmcm nV`moOZm§_Ü`o `mo½` ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Amco Zmhr.
2.
nV `moOZm V`ma H$aVmZm ghH$mar g§ñWm§Zm `mo½` ñWmZ d _hÎd XoÊ`mV Amco Zmhr.
3.
{OëømÀ`m {dH$mg `moOZm d nV `moOZm `m§À`m_Ü`o `mo½` Vmo g_Ýd` gmYcocm ZìhVm.
gZ 1981-82 `m dfm©_Ü`o {Oëhm nV`moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°Z B§{S>`mZo Zdr
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo _m§S>cr Ë`mZwgma {Oëhm na `moOZm V`ma H$amì`mV Ago gm§JÊ`mV Amco. ~±H$m§Zr nwT>rc ~m~r
cjmV ¿`mì`mV Aer gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
1.
{OëømVrc ~oH$mar d AY©~oH$mar H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
2.
{OëømVrc Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc ì`ŠVtMo CËnÝZ dmT>{dUo.
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82
3.
{Oëøm_Ü`o l_àYmZ àH$ën gwê$ H$aUo.
4.
{Oëøm_Ü`o H¥$fr joÌmV CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
5.
{OëømVrc Aën^yYmaH$ d gr_mÝV eoVH$ar `m§À`m àJVrMr `moOZm V`ma H$aUo.
6.
{OëømVrc ^y_rhrZ eoV_Oya, AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr BË`mXr Xw~©c KQ>H$m§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm
V`ma H$aUo.
7.
nV`moOZm Am{W©H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ ÑîQ>çm `mo½` nm`mda C^r Agmdr.
{OëømVrc H¥$fr joÌmcm hmoUmè`m nVnwadR>çmn¡H$s 50 Q>ŠHo$ nVnwadR>m chmZ d gr_mÝV eoVH$è`m§Zm
H$amdm. J«m_rU ^mJmgmR>r H$O© R>odr à_mU 60 Q>ŠHo$ H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$cr.
2001 dfm©À`m AIoan`ªV AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoImcr XoemVrc 576 {Oëøm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm
hmoVm. ^maVmVrc àË`oH$ amÁ`mV AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Mo H$m`© C{ÔîQ>m§nojm OmñV Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc gd© ~±H$m `m
`moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mV {H«$`merc hmoË`m.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoVrc Xmof/g_ñ`m :
AZoH$ VÁkm§À`m _Vo AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoV H$mhr à_wI Xmof AmT>iVmV.
1.
AdmñVd nV `moOZm :
AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Zr Amnë`m {OëømgmR>r V`ma Ho$coë`m nV`moOZm AdmñVd ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. àË`jmV
{Oëhm nV`moOZm hr emñÌewÕ nm`mda AmYmacocr Agcr nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r {OëømVrc EHy$U ~±H$m d
AW©nwadR>m g§ñWm, Ë`m§Mr nVnwadR>çmMr j_Vm, Am{W©H$ {dñVmamMr j_Vm `m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$ZM nV`moOZm
V`ma H$amd`mg hdr.
2.
`mo½` g_Ýd`mMm A^md :
{OëømVrc gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm, gaH$mar {dH$mg ImVr `m§À`mV `mo½`
g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mg AJ«Ur ~±H$m An`er R>aë`mMr Q>rH$m Ë`m§À`mda H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
3.
_yc^yV gmoB© gw{dYm§Mm A^md :
AZoH$ {OëømV AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Zm {dH$mgmMo H$m`© H$aÊ`mg Amdí`H$ Aer ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVr ZgVo.
dmhVyH$, XiUdiU, JwXm_ ì`dñWm, {d_m g§ñWm, ~mOmanoR>m BË`mXtÀ`m gmoB©-gw{dYm CncãY Zgë`mZo
AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Zm _`m©{XV ñdê$nmV `e {_imco Amho.
4.
CÚmoOH$VoMm A^md :
{Oëhm nV`moOZm d Ë`m am~{dÊ`mgmR>r {Oëhm nmVirda H$ënH$, {H«$`merc ZoV¥Ëd VgoM CÚmoOH$Vm
Agmdr cmJVo. na§Vw AZoH$ {OëømV Aem ZoV¥ËdmMm d CÚmoOH$VoMm A^md OmUdVmo Ë`m_wio nV`moOZm `eñdr
hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
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83
5.
à{e{jV VÁk d AZw^dr H$_©Mmè`m§Mm A^md :
AZoH$ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>o nwaogm à{e{jV VÁk dJ© CncãY Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo EImXr Zdr `moOZm am~{dV
AgVmZm AZw^dr H$_©MmardJ© cmJVmo Aem H$_©Mmè`m§Mmhr Aä`mg Amho. Ë`m_wio `mo½` nÕVrZo H$m`©dmhr
H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr `oV AmhoV.
6.
gXmof Vm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ gd}jU :
{OëømMo Vm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ gd}jU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$ec H$_©MmardJ© AJ«Ur ~±H$m§H$S>o Zgë`mZo Ho$coë`m
gd}jUmV Xmof AmT>iVmV.
7.
BVa ~±H$m§À`m ghH$m`m©Mm A^md :
AJ«Ur ~±H$ hr Ho$di ZoVm ~±H$ AgVo. {Vcm BVa ~±H$m§Zr d AW©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zr `mo½` Vo
ghH$m`© XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. na§Vw ~±H$m d AW©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Zm ghH$m`© XoV ZmhrV.
8.
A`mo½` nÕVrZo {Oëho dmQ>n :
H$mhr ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm An[a{MV {Oëho {Xcoco AgVmV. Ë`m An[a{MV {Oëøm§er AJ«Ur ~±H$m§Mm g§nH©$
ZgVmo. Aem {OëømV H$m_ H$aUo AJ«Ur ^±H$m§Zm H$R>rU OmVo.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoV Oar H$mhr Xmof Agco Var Amnë`m {OëømMo `mo½` nÕVrZo Am{W©H$ d Vm§{ÌH$
gd}jU H$ê$Z emñÌewÕ Aer {Oëhm nV`moOZm V`ma Ho$ë`mg VgoM {OëømVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m d BVa {dÎmr`
g§ñWm§_Ü`o `mo½` g_Ýd` gmYë`mg hr `moOZm `eñdr hmoD$ eH$Vo.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
àíZ 1 : EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
A)
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr Ho$ìhmnmgyZ gwê$ Pmcr ?
~)
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoV {Oëhm d KQ>H$ _mZÊ`mV `oVmo.
H$)
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoVyZ gwadmVrg _w§~B©, H$cH$Îmm, MoÝZB© hr _hmZJao d {Xëcr, nm±S>oMar Am{U
Jmodm ho H|$Ðem{gV àXoe dJiÊ`mV Amco.
S>)
{Oëhm nmVirdarc gëcmJma g{_VrMo {Oëhm{YH$mar ho g{Md AgVmV.
B)
{OëømÀ`m Am{W©H$ gd}jUmV gmVË` R>odco OmVo.
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84
{dÚmnrR>r` ñdê$nmMo àíZ
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
2.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMo CÔoe d H$m`©dmhr g{dñVa gm§Jm.
3.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
{Q>nm {chm :
1.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZm
2.
AJ«Ur ~±Ho$Mr H$m`}
3.
AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZoÀ`m g_ñ`m.
g§X^© :
1.
"The Lead Bank Scheme : Progress and Perspetive", R. B. I. Bulletin, Nov.
1970.
2.
Rudara Datt and K.P. M. Sundharam - "Indian Economy" 54th Edition - 2006 S.
chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3.
S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc, S>m°. nr. ~r. Hw$cH$Uu, S>m°. E. Eg _hm{S>H$, S>m°. EZ. Ho$. nmQ>rc, àm. ìhr. ~r.
H$H$S>o- ""^maVr` ~±H$s¨J'' 1994 \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
4.
S>m°. J§JmYa H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rc, àm. gm§Jio, àm. ndma, àm. aH$s~o, ""^maVr` ~±H$s¨J ì`dñWm'' 2002
M¡VÝ` npãcHo$eZ, Zm{eH$.
5.
S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E. gr. Omoer - ""n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm'' 2006, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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85
KQ>H$ : 5
{dH$mg ~±H$m Am{U ~±Ho$Va {d{Îm` g§ñWm
(Development Banks and Non-banking Financial Institution)
5.0 àñVmdZm
(Introduction):
_mJrc àH$aUm_Ü`o AmnU ^maVmVrc àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU ~±H$m, ~±H$ AJ«Ur `moOZm ( nwT>mar ~±H$ `moOZm)
d amï´>r` H¥$fr Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$ `m§À`m ~Ôc _m{hVr KoVcr. AmVm. AmnU `m àH$aUm_Ü`o ^maVmVrc
{dH$mg ~±H$m, ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§À`m~Ôc _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV. {edm` ^maVmVrc A{Z`§{ÌV H$O©
~mOma d Ë`mMo _w»` KQ>H$ gmdH$ma d gam\$s noT>rdmco `m~Ôc _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUma AmhmoV.
5.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
(Objectives):
ho àH$aU {dÚmÏ`m©Zo AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoVco Va Ë`mcm
1. {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr ì`m»`m, Ë`mMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço. {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr H$m`}, ^maVmVrc {dH$mg ~±H$mMr aMZm
H$er Amho gm§JVm `oB©c.
2. ^maVmVrc à_wI {dH$mg ~±H$mMr _m{hVr gm§Jy eHo$c
3. ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$moUË`m ho Vmo gm§Jy eHo$c.
4. ì`mnmar ~±H$m d ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm `mVrc \$aH$ Vmo gm§Jy eHo$c.
5. ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWoMo àH$ma (dJuH$aU) Vmo gm§Jy eHo$c.
6. ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço Vmo {deX H$ê$ eHo$c
7. AW©ì`dñWoVrc {~Ja ~±H$sJ {dÎmr` g§ñWoMo _hÎd gm§Jy eHo$c.
8. AW©ì`dñWoVrc H$O©~mOmamMo A) {Z`§ÌrV ~) A{Z`§{ÌV H$O©~mOma Ago dJr©H$aU H$m Ho$co OmVo ho
{dÚmWr© gm§Jy eHo$c.
9. gmdH$ma d gam\$s noT>rdmco `m§À`m ì`m»`m Vmo gm§Jy eHo$c.
10. gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço, H$m`} d Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Vrc Xmof {deX H$ê$ eHo$c.
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86
5.2 {dH$mg ~±H$m Am{U ~±Ho$Va {d{Îm` g§ñWm
(Development Banks and Non-banking Financial Institution)
5.2.1 àñVmdZm :
Or {dÎmr` g§ñWm àm_w»`mZo R>odr pñdH$maUo d Ho$O© XoUo hr H$m`} H$aVo Ë`mcm AmnU "~±H$' Ago åhUVmo.
~±Ho$À`m H$m`m©dê$Z d Ë`mÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z ~±Ho$Mo AZoH$ àH$ma nmS>co OmVmV. CXm. ì`mnmar ~±H$. Jw§VdUyH$
~±H$, ~MV ~±H$, {d{Z_` ~±H$, {dH$mg ~±H$ dJ¡ao `mdê$Z ho cjmV `oB©c H$s {dH$mg ~±H$ hr EH$ ~±Ho$À`m AZoH$
àH$mamn¡H$s EH$ àH$maMr ~±H$ Amho.
`wamo{n` XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr KSy>Z `oV hmoVr Ë`m doir VoWo {dH$mg ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m CXm.
1822 _Ü`o ~o{ëO`__Ü`o Aer ~±H$ ñWmnZ Pmcr. \«$mÝg_Ü`o 1852, OnmZ _Ü`o 1920 _Ü`o, H°$ZS>mV
1944 _Ü`o, B§½cS>_Ü`o 1945 _Ü`o Am{U ^maVmV 1948 _Ü`o Aer ~±H$gwê$ Pmcr.
5.2.2 ì`m»`m àm. ec} ~moñH$s""~±{H§$J {Z`_mZwgma, Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm {dH$mgj_ àH$ënm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m d BVa ~±{H$§J godm
nwa{dUmè`m {d{Îm` g§ñWocm {dH$mg ~±H$ Ago åhUVmV- (Boskey) ~moñH$s `m§À`m ì`m»`oZwgma Aer {dÎmr`
g§ñWm ~±{H$J {Z`_mZwgma H$m`© H$aVo Am{U H$O© _mJUmè`m àH$ënm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Oo àH$ën ^{dî`H$mimV
Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm VJ Yê$Z amhÿ eH$Vrc qH$dm `eñdr hmoD$ eH$VmV Ë`m§Zm H$O© nwadÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo. VgoM
Ë`m§Zm BVa ~±{H$J godm hr _mo~Xcm KodyZ CncãY H$ê$Z XoVo Aer {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUOo {dH$mg ~±H$ hmo`.
{dH$mg ~±H$ ì`m»`m :
àm. {dë`_ S>m`_§S> - ""ZdrZ CÚmoJm§Mo àd©VZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm ^m§S>dc nwadR>m H$aUo d Ë`mÛmao
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg gmYUo hr à_wI H$m`} H$aUmè`m g§ñWocm {dH$mg ~±H$ Ago åhUVmV.''
S>m°. Ho$. ìhr. à^mH$a -""g§`moOH$s` YmoŠ`mV gh^mJr hmoUmar Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmVmdaUmà_mUo YmoaUmV
gw`mo½` ~Xc H$aUmar Am{U Zì`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ënm§Zm CÎmoOZ XoUmar ~hþCÔo{e` g§ñWm åhUOo {dH$mg ~±H$
hmo`.
lr. ~r. Ho$. _XmZ - ""XoemVrc CÚmoJo m§Zm Ho$di ^m§S>dc nwadR>m Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`dñWmnH$s`
gëcm XodyZ {dH«$s d ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r ghmæ` nwa{dUmar g§ñWm åhUOo {dH$mg ~±H$ hmo`.
darc ì`m»`odê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©c H$s, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmcm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r, XrK©H$mcrZ
^m§S>dc nwadR>m H$ê$Z CÚmoOH$m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$, ì`dñWmnZ {df`H$ d AÝ` ~m~r{df`r _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$Z n`m©`mZo
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmcm JVr XoUmar {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUOo {dH$mg ~±H$ hmo`.
{dH$mg ~±H$ hr XoemVrc CÚmoJY§Xo, ì`mnma joÌ, eoVr joÌ `mVrc g§ñWm§Zm XrK© _wXVrMr H$O} XoÊ`mÀ`m
hoVyZo ñWmnZ Ho$cr OmVo. EImXr Zdr CËnmXZ g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aUo, {H§$dm àñWm{nV CËnmXZ g§ñWoMm {dñVma
H$aUo, CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo `mgmR>r _Ü`_ dm XrK© _wXVrMo H$O© XoUo, Ë`m§À`m ^mJ ^m§S>dcmMr IaoXr H$aUo,
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87
H$O©amo»`mMr IaoXr H$aUo, d Ë`m§Mo ^mJ^m§S>dc, H$O©amoIo, {dH«$sg _XV H$aUo ,AÝ` ~±qH$J godm Ë`m§Zmnwa{dUo
`m hoVyZo {dH$mg ~±H$m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `oVmV. H$m§hr XoemV {dH$mg ~±H$m ImOJr joÌmV Va H$m§hr XoemV Ë`m
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _XV H$aUmè`m `m ~±H$mZm
{dH$mg ~±H$ Ago g§~moYco OmVo. `m ~±H$m Á`m CËnmXZ g§ñWog H$O© XoVmV dm Am{W©H$ _XV H$aVmV Ë`m g§ñWm
ì`dpñWV Mmc{dë`m OmVrc. `mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ AS>MUr gmoS>{dUo, Ë`m§Zm gëcm d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo B.
H$m_o ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVmV, n[aUm_r Ë`m g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo. AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg KSy>Z `oVmo Ë`m_wio
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrc ^mJrXma åhUyZ {dH$mg ~±H$ AmoiIë`m OmVmV.
5.2.3 {dH$mg ~°H$m§Mr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço :
(Features of Development Banks)
1) hr EH$ {d{Îm` g§ñWm Amho : cmoH$m§Zm ñdV:Mo ^mJ ^m§S>dc, H$O©amoIo {dHy$Z n¡go O_m H$aVo d Vo {d{eï>
[aVrZo H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVo. hr ~±qH$J {Z`_mZwgma H$m_ H$aUmar {dÎmr` g§ñWm Amho.
2) ~hþCÔoer` {d{Îm` g§ñWm : ZdrZ àH$ën gwê$ H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoUo, ^m§S>dc C^maUrg _XV H$aUo,
`§Ìo, dmhZo IaoXr H$aUog _mJ©Xe©Z, H$maImZm Mmc{dÊ`mg gëcm XoUo, _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo, H$ÀMm _mc
IaoXr H$aUaog, nŠH$m _mc {dH«$s H$aUog _mJ©Xe©Z-àH$ënm§À`m {d{dY H$m`m©gmR>r _XV H$aUmè`m `m
~±H$m AmhoV.
3) ì`mdgm{`H$ g§ñWm§Zm _Ü`_ d XrK©H$mcrZ H$O© nwadR>m H$aVo : H$O© _mJUr H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Mm
Aä`mg H$ê$Z gj_ AmhoV Aem g§ñWmZm _Ü`_ d XrK©H$mcrZ _wXVrMo H$O© XoVo
4) cmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maV ZmhrV : ì`mnmar ~±Ho$à_mUo `m ~±H$m cmoH$mH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maV ZmhrV.
gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm `m ~±Ho$V Mmcy ImVo, ~MV ImVo, AmdVu ImVo gwê$ H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
5) Vk Aer {d{Îm` g§ñWm Amho : `m ~±Ho$H$S>o CÚmoJ, ì`mnma d H¥$frjoÌmVrc Vk Aem ì`{ŠV§Mr Zo_UyH$
Ho$cr OmVo d Ë`m§Mr _XV KoVcr OmVo. Ë`m§À`m gë`mZo `m ~±H$m Amncm H$ma^ma H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio
H$O©Xmam§Zm _m\$H$ \$s _Ü`o Ë`m§Mm _mocmMm gëcm {_iy eH$Vmo.
6) {dH$mgmgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m : `m ~±H$m AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aVmV. Oo àH$ën AW©ì`dñWoV
Cn`wŠV AmhoV, Oo gwê$ hmodyZ ñdV: VJ Yê$ eH$Vrc, BVa CÚmoJm§Zm ghmæ`^yV R>ê$ eH$VmV Ë`m§Zm `m
~±H$m _XV H$aVmV.
7) à_wI CÔoe AW©ì`dñWoVrc Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dUo d CnH«$_ercVocm CÎmoOZ XoUo : `m ~±H$m
àñWm{nV g§ñWm§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV H$aVmVM nU Ë`m§Mm à_wI ^a Z{dZ àH$ën C^maÊ`mg CÎmoOZ XoUo,
Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dUo, Ë`m§Zm gëcm XoUo, _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo d Vo àH$ën `eñdrnUo H$go MmcVrc `mH$S>o cj
XoUo `mda Amho.
8) H¥$Vrda ^a : `m ~±H$m Ho$di {dÎmnwadR>çmda Wm§~V ZmhrV CÚmoOH$mZo H$moUVm àH$ën {ZdS>mdm, Vmo Hw$R>o
gwê$ H$amdm, `§Ìo H$moRy>Z IaoXr H$amdrV, Vr H$er ~gdmdrV, CËnmXZ H$go ¿`mdo, ì`dñWmnZ H$go H$amdo,
nŠH$m _mc H$moR>o {dH$mdm B. ~Ôc g§`moOH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mda cj nwa{dVmV. Á`m àH$ënm§Zm H$O©
Úmd`mMo Amho Vmo àH$ën `eñdr ìhmdm, Ë`mMm AmXe© BVam§Zr ¿`mdm `m Ñï>rZo `m ~±H$m H$m_ H$aVmV.
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9) ZdrZ Am{U chmZ g§`moOH$mZm CÎmoOZ XoUo : Oo g§`moOH$ Amncm cKw d Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ Mm§Jcm
Mmc{dVmV Ë`m§Zm ^oQy>Z, CÎmoOZ XodyZ Ë`m§À`m CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg ìhmdm, _moR>çm à_mUmVrc CËnmXZ
g§ñWm gwê$ ìhmdr `mgmR>r ~±H$oMo Vk cj nwa{dVmV.
10) XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ C{Ôï>m§er gwg§JV C{ÔîQ>ço pñdH$mê$Z H$O© XoUo
: {d{eï> doir AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$moUVo àH$ën Cn`wŠV AmhoV ho cjmV KodyZ Ë`m àH$ënm§Zm àmYmÝ`
XoUo, ZH$mo Agcoë`m àH$ënmZm H$O© ZmH$maUo,
11) ~MV d JwV§ dUyH$ dmT>rg CÎmoOZ : Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ àH$ën {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm `mo½` gëcm d _mJ©Xe©Z
H$ê$Z Vo àH$ën `eñdr H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo, `m_wio Zdmo{XVmZm CÎmoOZ {_iVo n[aUm_r `m ~±Ho$_wio
AW©ì`dñWoVrc ~MV d Jw§VdUwH$sg CÎmoOZ {_iVo.
12) gmd©O{ZH$ {hV gmYZo hm CÔoe : CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, eoVr, godm ì`mdgm` `m joÌmVrc VgoM ImOJr,
gmd©OZrH$ joÌ, qH$dm A{dH$erV àXoe- `m joÌm§V àm_w»`mZo Zì`mZo gwê$ hmoUmè`m d Cn`wŠV àH$ënm§Zm
Am{W©H$ _XV. gëcm d _mJ©Xe©Z XodyZ Vo àH$ën `eñdr H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo d Ë`m_wio AW©ì`dñWoMm
{dH$mg eŠ` ìhmdm Agm Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm CÔoe AgVmo.
5.2.4 {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mr H$m`}
1) CËnmXZ g§ñWoMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ÑîR>çm gj_ àH$ënm§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo. gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$
C{ÔîR>m§er gwg§JV àH$ënmZm H$O© XoUo.
2) CËnmXZ g§ñWmZm Omo{I_ ^m§S>dc (Risk Capital) nwa{dUo.
3) àH$ënm§Zm _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMm H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo
4) CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m ^mJ^m§S>dcmV d H$O©amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo
5) CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m ^m§S>dcm§Mr, H$O©amo»`mMr {dH«$s H$aÊ`mV gh^mJr hmoUo.
6) H$O© _§Oya Ho$coë`m àH$ënm§Zr C^macoë`m H$Om©cm d H$mcm§VamZo Xo` Agcoë`m aŠH$_m§Mr J°a§Q>r XoUo
7) àH$ënm§Zm Vm§{ÌH$, ì`dñWmnZ {df`H$, ~mOma{df`H$, H$m_Jma {df`H$ _m{hVr XoUo, ì`dñWmnZmg
_mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo
8) {dH$mgj_ àH$ënm§Mm emoY KoUo d Ago àH$ën gwê$ H$aÊ`mg àdV©H$m§Zm CÎmoOZ XoUo, Ë`m§Zm H$O© nwadR>m
H$aUo.
9) {dH$mg àH$ën V`ma H$aUo, Aem àH$ënm§Mr C^maUr Pmë`mda Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo.
10) Vkm§Mr Zo_UyH$- Á`m àH$ënm§Zm H$O© {Xco Amho Ë`m joÌmVrc Vkm§Mr ~±Ho$V Zo_UyH$ H$aUo dm Ë`m§Mm
gëcm {_idyZ Vmo àdV©H$m§Zm CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
11) g§emoYZ d gdo©jUmMo H$m_ H$aUo
12) g_Ýd`H$mMo H$m_- eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma B. joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm, _XV H$aUmè`m g§ñWm,
AÝ` {dH$mg g§ñWm- B. _Ü`o g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aUo.
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89
5.2.5 ^maVmVrc {dH$mg ~±H$mMr aMZm
{dH$mg ~±H$m
↓
↓
↓
eoVr joÌ
A) Xoe ñVa NABARD
~) amÁ`ñVa LDBS
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ
A) XoeñVamda i) _moR>o CÚmoJ
↓
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma
EXIM
IFCI, IDBI, IIBI, ICICI
(1955 TO 2002)
ii) chmZ
CÚmoJmgmR>r SIDBI
~) amÁ`ñVa SFCS , SIDCS
^maVmV ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m à`ËZm_wio CnamoŠV {d{dY {dH$mg ~±H$m ñWmnZ
Pmë`m AmhoV.
1) eoVr joÌmVrc {dH$mg ~±H$m:
eoVr joÌmVrc àH$ënm§Zm ghmæ` H$aUè`mgmR>r Xoe ñVamda NABARD (1982) g§ñWm gwê$ Ho$cr Amho.
Va amÁ` ñVamda nydr© ^y{dH$mg ~±H$m (Land Development Banks) H$m`© H$aV hmoË`m. Ë`m§ZmM AmVm
AmnU amï´>r` H¥$fr Am{U J«m_rU {Oëhm {dH$mg ~±H$ Ago åhUVmo.
2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrc {dH$mg ~±H$mH|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m à`ËZm_wio _moR>o àH$ën gê$ H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>m
_hm_§S>i IFCI(1948), ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$ IDBI(1964), ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$
IIBI(1971) ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ nVnwadR>m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i ICICI(1995 to 2002) 2002 nmgyZ
øm g§ñWm ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV Amho. `m ~±H$m Am{U chmZ CÚmoJ gwê$ H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r chmZ
CÚmoJ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$ SIDBI (1990) gwê$ Ho$cr. amÁ` gaH$mam§ZrXo{Ic Amnë`m amÁ`mVrc
àH$ënm§Zm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>io SIDCS d amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ Jw§VdUyH$
_hm_§S>io SIICS ñWmnZ Ho$cr Amho.
3) {dXoer ì`mnmamgmR>r^maVmÀ`m {dXoer ì`mnmamV dmT> ìhmdr d ì`mnmamg {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` {Z`m©V Am`mV ~±H$
EXIM (1982) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Amho.
daVr CëcoI Ho$ë`mà_mUo H$m§hr {dH$mg ~±H$m Xoe ñVamda H$m`© H$aV AmhoV. Va H$m§hr amÁ`ñVamda H$m_
H$arV AmhoV. `m ì`{V[aŠV H$m§hr {dÎmr` g§ñWm, ~MV ~±H$m åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV nU Ë`m g§ñWm CËnmXZ
g§ñWm§Zm {d{Îm` _XV CncãY H$ê$ZXoV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zmhr {dH$mg ~±H$m Ago ñdê$n àmá hmoVo. CXm.
`w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m (UTI) , ^maVr` Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i (LIC) gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§S>i (GIC)
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5.2.6 à_wI {dH$mg ~±H$m :
AmnU AmVm ^maVmVrc à_wI {dH$mg ~±H$mMr _m{hVr Kody `m.
5.2.6.1 ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>m _hm_§S>i/Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm _hm_§S>i
(Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd.) IFCI
^maV gaH$maZo `m _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Owc¡ 1948 _Ü`o Ho$cr.`mMo ^mJ^m§S>dc IDBI, eoS>çwc ~±H$m,{d_m
H§$nÝ`m, BVa {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§Zr IaoXr Ho$co Amho. 1993 nmgyZ `m _hm_§S>imMo ê$nm§Va gmd©O{ZH$ _`m©{XV
H§$nZrV H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. BVa {dH$mg ~±H$m§Zm nyaH$ åhUyZ `m ~±Ho$Mo H$m`© gwê$ Amho. ñdV:Mo H$O©amoIo
{dHy$Z, OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {dXoer McZ H$Om©dy KodyZ, nmM dfm©nojm OmñV _wXVrÀ`m R>odr ñdrH$mê$Z qH$dm
[aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© KodyZ Amncr {dÎmr` gmYZo dmTdyZ ho _hm_§S>i {dH$mgmgmR>r H$O© XoVo.
H$m`o© 1) CËnmXZ g§ñWocm (gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr) OmñVrV OmñV 25 df} _wXVrMr H$O} XoUo qH$dm {VVŠ`m
_wXVrMo H$O© amoIo IaoXr H$aUo.
2) CËnmXZ g§ñWoZo Iwë`m ~mOmamV C^macoë`m 25 dfm©nojm H$_r _wXVrÀ`m H$Om©Mr h_r XoUo
3) CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo ^mJ^m§S>dc, H$O©amoIo B. VmËnwaVo IaoXr H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m {dH«$sMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.
4) CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo ^mJ, amoIo {dH«$sMr h_r XoUo Am{U doiàg§Jr Vo IaoXr H$aUo.
5) Am`mVXmam§À`m dVrZo {dc§{~V XoUr XoÊ`mMr h_r XoUo.
6) _Ü`_ d _moR>çm CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZ, g§J«hU, à{H«$`m, {eqnJ, ImUH$m_, hm°Q>oc B. H$m`©
H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV H$aUo.
7) én`o AWdm {dXoer McZmV H$O© XoUo.
ho _hm_§S>i H$O© XoVmZm nwT>rc ~m~r {dMmamV KoVo1) AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo àH$ënmMo _hËd
2)
àH$ën C^maUrMm IM© Am{U ^{dî`mV VJ Yê$Z amhÊ`mMr j_Vm/`mo½`Vm
3) H$Om©~m~V VmaU åhUyZ {Xcoë`m ~m~rMo ñdê$n
4) CËnmXZ V§Ì Am{U H$ÀMm _mc `mMr CncãYVm
5) CËnmXZ hmody eH$Umè`m _mcmMm XOm© Am{U Ë`mMr Xoemcm AgUmar Amdí`H$Vm.
6) ì`dñWmnZmMr `mo½`Vm - BË`mXr
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91
_hm_§S>imMo H$m`© :
XoemV gd©àW_ `m joÌmV ({dH$mg ~±{H$§J) `m g§ñWoMo nXmn©U Pmco Amho. g§ñWoZo A{YH$ MmoI§XinUo
H$m`© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. 1) H$O} :- 1948 Vo _mM© 1996 n`ªV 10, 300 H$mo. ê$. H$O© _§Oya Ho$co.
B. g. 2000 -2001 _Ü`o 2120 H$mo. é. {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm hmoVm. 2) CÚmoJmMm {dH$mg :- `m _§S>imZo
{Xcoë`m {dÎmnwadR>çm_wio H$mnS>, H$mJX, agm`Zo, IVo, {g_|Q>, ImÚnXmW©, _moQ>mar. `§Ìo, H$mM, a~a CÚmoJmV
CËnmXZ g§ñWm gwê$ hmodyZ Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>co. 3) ^m§S>dcmMr C^maUr :- _moR>çm CËnmXZ g§ñWm gwê$ H$aV
AgVmZm ^m§S>dcmMr H$_VaVm ^mgV AgVo. `m _hm_§S>imZo AZoH$ àH$ënm§Zm Ago ^m§S>dc C^o H$aÊ`mg _XV
Ho$cr 4) à{ejUmMr gmo` :- {dÎmr` g§ñWo_Yrc H$_©Mmè`m§Zm à{ejU XoÊ`mMr gmo` Ë`m_wio {dH$mgm{^_yI
~±Ho$À`m {ejUmMr gmo` Pmcr. 5) OmoIr_ ^m§S>dc à{Vð>mZ : _mM© 1975 nmgyZ ZdrZ g§`moOH$mZm Aën
ì`mOmZo dm H$_r ì`mO XamV H$O© {_iÊ`mMr gmo` `m _m\©$V H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho. 6) g§`moOH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z :
{Xëcr `oWo àH$ën godr ~±H$s¨J Am{U g§c½Z godm§Mm {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z ZdrZ g§`moOH$mZm àH$ën H$go V`ma
H$amdoV, àH$ënIM© ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r gmYZgm_J«r H$er C^mamdr `mMo _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co OmV Amho.
5.2.6.2 ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ nV d Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i (ICICI) :
Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (1955 to 2002)
ImOJr joÌmVrc {dH$mg ~±H$ åhUyZ ^maV gaH$maZo 1955 _Ü`o `m _hm_§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.
{dH${gV XoemVrc ^m§S>dcXmam§Zr (B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$m) ImOJr {dH$mg ~±Ho$cm _XV H$aÊ`mMr V`mar Xe©{dcr
hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo ghmæ` {_idyZ ho _hm_§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$co. A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc 25 H$moQ>r é. hmoVo Vo 100 H$mo. ê$.
n`ªV dmT>{dco Amho. 1 H$moQ>r ^mJ^mS>d§c B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$m B. XoemVrc ì`ŠVrd g§ñWmZr KoVco Amho. OmJ{VH$
~±Ho$Zo 10 X. c.S>m°cg© aŠH$_oMo H$O© {Xco Amho. 1963 n`ªV ho H$O© 50 Xe cj S>m°cg© BVHo$ hmoVo.
^maVmVrc,H|$ÐgaH$ma, g§ñWm, CÚmoJnVr VgoM naH$s` g§ñWm, `m§Zr ^mJ _m§S>dc KoVco Amho.
H$m`} :1) ImOJr CËnmXZ g§ñWm C^maUrg _XV H$aUo - Aem g§ñWm C^maUrg , {dñVmamg, AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmg
_Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMo H$O© XoUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_^mJmV gh^mJr hmodyZ _XV H$aUo. 2) ImOJr CËnmXZ
g§ñWo_Ü`o ^maVr` cmoH$m§Mr, naH$s` cmoH$m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ ìhmdr åhUyZ à`ËZ H$aUo 3) ImOJr joÌmVrc
CËnmXZdmT> H$ê$Z amoOJmamMr g§Yr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U ì`dñWmnZ{df`H$ ghmæ` nwa{dUo 4)
ImOJr joÌmVrc JwV§ dUyH$sMr g§Yr Agoc Va Ë`m§À`mH$S>rc H$Om©Mr h_r KoU.o 5) ImOJrjoÌmVrc {dH$mgeŠ`
àH$ënm§Zm ^m§S>dc nwa{dUo, {H$_mZ eoAa-^m§S>dc IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maUo, Ë`m§Zm naH$s`
McZmVrc H$O© nwa{dUo. 6) naH$s` {dÎmr` g§ñWm§er K{ZîR> g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUo.
_hm_§S>imMr H$m_{Jar :1) H$O}- 1955 Vo 1998 n`ªV _hm_§S>imZo 1,07,000 H$moQ>r é. H$O} _§Oya H$ê$Z Ë`mn¡H$s
63,900H$mo. é. H$O© {Xco hmoVo. 2000-01 _Ü`o 31360 H$mo. é. d nwT>rc dfu 25830 H$mo. é. H$O© dmQ>n
Ho$co hmoVo. 2) ^maVr` d {dXoer McZmV _XV- én`mÀ`m d na{H$` McZm_Ü`o _§Oya àH$ënm§Zm H$O©
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CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco Amho. 3) ^mS>onÅ>m H$O© - àH$ënm§Zm ^mS>oIaoXr nÜXVrZo H$O© {Xco Amho. åhUOo
àH$ënmg dñVy cmJVmV CXm. `§Ìo, CnH$aUo B. Ë`mM dñVyÀ`m VmaUmda H$O© XoUo. {d{dY àH$ënm§Zm gw_mao
2000 H$mo. ê$n`m§Mr ^mS>onÅ>m _§Oya Ho$cm Amho. 4) _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmV CÚmoJ - A{cH$S>rc H$mimV
_hm_§S>imZo _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmV C^maë`m OmUmè`m àH$ënm§Zm CÎmoOZ {Xco 5) BVa H$m`} - _MªQ> ~±{H$§J
{d^mJ gwê$ Ho$cm, å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> gwê$ Ho$cm. {H«$grc nVXOm© g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
à`ËZ Ho$co. ~±Ho$V ê$nm§Va - _mM© 2002 _Ü`o `m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo ê$nm§Va ì`mnmar ~±Ho$_Ü`o Pmco Amho. Vr
AmVm {dH$mg ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV Zmhr nU gd©ì`mnr ~±H$ ~Zcr Amho.
5.2.6.3 ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$
(The Industrial Development Bank of India- IDBI)
^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrc CËnmXZ gñWocm XrK© _wXVrMo H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r Owc¡ 1964 _Ü`o `m ~±Ho$Mr
^maV gaH$maZo ñWmnZm Ho$cr. gwadmVrcm RBI Mr EH$ ghmæ`H$ g§ñWm åhUyZ H$m`© nU 1976 nmgyZ EH$
ñdm`Îm g§ñWm åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV Amho. XoemÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ aMZoV Or ÌwQ>r Agoc Vr cjmV KodyZ, Vr Xya
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo ho `m ~±Ho$Mo à_wI H$m`© Amho. XoemVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$mMr {eIa ~±H$ åhUyZ hr
~±H$ H$m_ H$aV Amho. Ë`mX¥ï>rZo `m ~±Ho$cm ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma {Xco AmhoV.
H$m`} 1) {eIa ~±H$ Agë`mZo, ^maVr` CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo, ZdrZ àH$ën ñWmnZogmR>r
`moOZm V`ma H$aUo, Ë`m A_§cmV AmUZo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ aMZoVrc CUrdm Xya H$aUo.
2) XoemVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMm {dñVma H$aUo, Ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo `mgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ d àemgZ{df`H$
_XV H$aUo.
3) emgZmÀ`m _mÝ`VoZwgma ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm _hm_§S>i, d amÁ` {dÎm_§S>im§Zm nwZ{d©ÎmnwadR>m
H$aUo
4) {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§À`m H$m`m©_Ü`o g_Ýd` gmYZo
5) CÚmoJ g§X^m©V {S>~|Mg© d ~m°ÝS> IaoXr {dH«$sg _XV H$aUo.
6) XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r- ~mOmanoR>, Jw§VdUyH$, Vm§{ÌH$ àJVr, AW©emñÌr` _m{hVr B. ~Xc _m{hVr
O_dyZ g§emoYZmË_H$ H$m`© H$aUo d Ë`mMm cm^ XoemVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmcm àmá H$ê$Z XoUo.
cm eoAg©, H$O©amoIo {dHy$Z, H§$nÊ`m§À`m R>odr pñdH$mê$Z RBI d gaH$ma `m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$O© KodyZ
Amnë`m gmYZgm_J«r dmT> H$aVm `oVo . 2000-2001 _Ü`o `m ~±Ho$H$S>o 71,783 H$mo. é. O_m hmoVo. _mM©
2001 n`ªV EHy$U é. 2,23,134 H$mo. é. Am¡Úmo{JH$ nV ghmæ` `m ~±Ho$Zo Ho$co hmoVo. gZ. 2003-04 _Ü`o
~±Ho$Zo àË`j H$O© dmQ>n 37875 H$mo. é. Ho$co hmoVo.
IDBI
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93
XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrc `moJXmZ - Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm nwadR>çmVrc _hËdmMr ~±H$ åhUyZ `m
g§ñWocm ñWmZ Amho. `m ~±Ho$Zo Ho$coë`m {dÎmr` _XVrMo nwT>rc VrZ JQ>mV dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
A) Am¡Úmo{JH$ CnH«$_m§Zm àË`j {dÎmr` ghmæ`- BVa {dH$mg ~±Ho$er ñnYm© Q>miyZ hr ~±H$
CÚmoJg§ñWm§Zm H$O© XoUo, h_r KoUo, eoAg©, H$O©amoIo IaoXr H$aUo `m _mJm©Zo _XV H$aVo. AIoaMm H$O©XmVm
({Zdm©UrMm H$O©XmVm) åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ g§`moOH$m§Zm AS>MUrÀ`m H$mimV {d{Îm` ghmæ`
{_iyZ Vo Amnë`m CÚmoJmV VJ Yê$ eH$co
~) CÚmoJm§Zm AàË`j {dÎmr` ghmæ` - hr ~±H$ amÁ` ñVamdarc {dÎmr` g§ñWm, amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$
{dH$mg _§S>i, ì`mnmar ~±H$m B. nwZ{d©VnwadR>m H$aVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmcm ghmæ`
{_iVo.Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$Om©da nwZ{d©Îm hþ§S>çm dQ>{dUo, {dÎmr` g§ñWmÀ`m g_^mJmV d amo»`mV gh^mJr hmoUo ~rO
^m§S>dc nwa{dUo `m _mJm©Zo AàË`j _XV {Xcr OmVo.
H$) _mJmg ^mJm§Zm ghmæ` - _mJmgcoë`m àXoemV, amÁ`mV CÚmoJ àH$ën ñWmnZogmR>r {d{Îm` d
{~Ja {dÎmr` Cnm` `m ~±Ho$Zo `moOco AmhoV. CXm. VoWrc àH$ënm§Zm gdcVrÀ`m XamV d XrK© _wXVrZo àË`j
{dÎmr` _XV XoUo, VoWrc àH$ënm§Zm gdcVrÀ`m XamV nwZ{d©ÎmmMo ghmæ` XoUo, hw§S>r nwZd©Q>mdmÀ`m gdcVr, gj_
àH$ën {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ ghmæ` XoUo dJ¡ao. `m ~±Ho$Zo CÚmoJ Zgcoë`m {OëømgmR>r EH$ {deof `moOZm V`ma
Ho$cr d Vr am~{dcr, n[aUm_r VoWo CÚmoJ gwê$ hmody eH$co.
5.2.6.4 ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$
(Industrial Insvestment Bank of India- IIBI )
EImXr CËnmXZ g§ñWm gyê$ hmoVo nU AZoH$ AS>MUr_wio Vr Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm {H$\$m`VeranUo Mmcy amhmV
Zmhr. {Vcm VmoQ>m ghZ H$amdm cmJVmo. `m pñWVrV Vr cdH$aM ~§X nS>Ê`mÀ`m pñWVrV `oV.o Aem CËnmXZg§ñWocm
`mo½` Vo _mJ©Xe©Z d Am{W©H$ ghmæ` XoÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo E{àc 1971 _Ü`o ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwZa©MZm
_hm_§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. {VMo _mM©« 1985 _Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ nwZa©MZm ~±H$ Industrial Reconstruction
Bank Of India Ago ZdrZ Zm§d {Xco. Am{U _mM© 1995 _Ü`o nwÝhm Zmd ~XcZy ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$
Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$ (IIBI) Ago Zmd {Xco.
hr ~±H$ Ho$di H$O© XoUmar ~±H$ ZgyZ Á`m CËnmXZ g§ñWm AmOmar AmhoV Ë`m g§ñWm§À`m g_ñ`m§Mm gdmª{JU
{dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m AS>MUr Xya H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`m CËnmXZ g§ñWoMr nwZ©aMZm d nwZd©gZ H$aUmar ~±H$ Amho.
AmOmar CËnmXZ g§ñWoMo AmOmanU (VmoQ>m) Xya H$ê$Z Vr Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm gj_ H$er hmoB©c `mH$S>o cj XoUmar
{dH$mg ~±H$ Amho. `m Ñï>rZo {dÎmnwadR>m, Vm§{ÌH$ Am{U ì`dñWmnH$s` ghmæ`, dmhVyH$ d IaoXr {dH«$s {df`H$
gmo`r, H$m_Jma àíZ gmoS>{dUo B. ~m~VrV gëcm d _mJ©Xe©Z nwa{dVo. AmÎmmn`ªV `m ~±Ho$Zo AZoH$ ~§X nS>coë`m
~§X nS>Ê`mÀ`m AdñWoV Agcoë`m gwVrH$mnS> {JaÊ`m, A{^`m§{ÌH$s d ImU ì`dgm` `m joÌmVrc CËnmXZ
g§ñWmZm g§{OdZr {Xcr Amho. Ë`m_wio ~oH$mar nmgyZ hOmamo H$m_Jma ~Mmdco, dm`m OmUmar Jw§VdUyH$ Cn`moJmV
Amcr. AW©ì`dñWoMm \$m`Xm Pmcm.
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94
5.2.6.5 ^maVr` cKwCÚmoJ {dH$mg ~±H$
(Small Industries Development Bank of India- SIDBI)
XoemVrc cKwCÚmoOH$m§Zm CÚmoJ gwê$ H$am`cm _XV H$aUmar ""^maVr` cKwCÚmoJ {dH$mg ~±H$'' hr nyU©Vm:
^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±Ho$À`m _mcH$sMr AgyZ {VÀ`m {ZX}emà_mUo H$m`© H$aVo. H|$Ð gaH$maZo 1988-89
À`m AW©g§H$ën _m§S>Vo doir `m ~±Ho$Mr KmofUmHo$cr d 2 E[àc 1990 nmgyZ hr {dH$mg ~±H$ gwê$ Pmcr. chmZ
CÚmoJm§À`m joÌmV H$O© nwa{dUmar {eIa g§ñWm åhUyZ hr ~±H$ H$m`© H$aV Amho. ^maVmVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m,
ghH$mar ~±H$m, àmXo{eH$ ~±H$m, amÁ`{dÎmnwadR>m _hm_§S>io Am{U cKwwCÚmoJ {dH$mg _§S>io `m§À`m H$m`m©V
g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ hr {dH$mg ~±H$ H$aV Amho.
H$m`} 1)
cKwCÚmoJm§Zm H$O© XoUmè`m àmW{_H$ g§ñWmZm nwZA©W©nwadR>m H$aUo
2) XoemVrc KcwwCÚmoJm§Zm Aën d _Ü`_ _wXVrMr H$O} XoUo
3) cKwCËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`mdoir {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m h§þS>çm dQ>{dUo qH$dm hþ§S>çm§Mm nwZd©Q>md
H$aUo.
4) {d{dY {ZYrVyZ (amï´>r` _mcH$s {ZYr, _{hcm CÚmoJ {ZYr, _{hcm {dH$mg {ZYr, ~rO ^m§S>dc
{ZYr) CÚmoOH$m§Zm ~rO ^m§S>dc d gdcVrMr H$O} XoUo
5) cKw CÚmoOH$m§Zm Amnë`m _mcmMr {Z`m©V H$aVm `mdr `m Ñï>rZo H$O} XoUo.
6) cKw CÚmoOH$m§Zm _mc_Îmm IaoXr, Xcmcr ì`dhma, H$ÀMm_mc IaoXr, nŠH$m_mc {dH$Uo B.
ì`dhmamV _XV H$aUo.
SIDBI
Mm {dÎmnwadR>m (H$moQ>r ê$n`o)
Vnerc
1990-91
1994-95
2000-01
_§Oya H$O}
2410
4000
10820
àË`j H$O© nwadR>m
1840
3390
6440
1090 nmgyZ `m {dÎmr` g§ñWoZo Mm§Jcr H$m_{Jar nmanmS>cr Amho. H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo,[dÎmr` g§ñWm_Ü`o
g_Ýd` gmYUo, hþ§S>çm dQ>{dUo, hþ§S>çmMr nwZd©Q>mdUr H$aUo, {d{dY {ZYrVyZ cKwCÚmoOH$m§Zm _XV H$aUo `m
_wio cKwCÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmcm _XV hmoV Amho.
5.2.6.6 amÁ` {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io
(State Financial Corporations=SFCS)
Amnë`m XoemV AZoH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`o AmhoV. amÁ` gaH$maZo Amnë`m amÁ`mVrc CËnmXZ g§ñWmZm {dÎmr`
_XV d _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo 1951 _Ü`o amÁ` {dÎmr` _hm_§S>i H$m`Xm Ho$cm d Ë`mZwgma gd©
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95
amÁ`m_Ü`o (Oå_y Am{U H$mí_ra gmoSy>Z) Ago _hm_§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. àË`oH$ amÁ`mVrc amÁ` {dÎmr`
_hm_§S>i ho Amnë`m amÁ`mVrc CËnmXZ g§ñWmZm, àm_w»`mZo chmZ d _Ü`_ à_mUmVrc CËnmXZ g§ñWmZm _XV
H$aVo. gÜ`m 18 amÁ`m_Ü`o Aer _hm_§S>io ñWmnZ Pmcr AmhoV.Ë`m§Mo ^mJ^m§S>dc ho amÁ` gaH$ma, [aPìh©
~±H$, amï´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m, H§$nÝ`m, ghH$mar ~±H$m Am{U ImOJr cmoH$ `mZr {dH$V KoVco Amho.
`m _hm_§S>imMo ñdê$n ho ~è`mM à_mUmV IFCI gmaIoM Amho. àH$ënm§Zm 25 df} _wXVrn`ªVMo H$O}
XoUo, Ë`m§À`m H$Om©Mr h_r KoUo, EH$m g§ñWocm H$_mc 10 cj é. H$O© XoUo, ( gÜ`m hr _`m©Xm gmd© g§ñWm d
ghH$mar g§ñWmZm 60 cj é., ImOJr g§ñWogmR>r 15 cj é. R>a{dcr Amho)
SFCS
Vn{ec
Mr H$m_{Jar
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2001-02
_§Oya H$O} (H$moQ>r é.)
370
1860
2800
2080
H$O© dmQ>n (H$moQ>r é.)
250
1270
2000
1760
5.2.6.7 amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>io
(State Industrial Development Corporations=SIDCS)
^maVmVrc amÁ`gaH$mam§Zr 1060 Z§Va, Amnë`m amÁ`mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.
1960 _Ü`o àW_Vm {~hma _Ü`o Z§Va BVa amÁ`mV Aer _hm_§S>io ñWmnZ Pmcr. _mM© 2002 n`ªV 28
amÁ`m_Ü`o Am{U H|$ÐemgrV àXoem_Ü`o Aer _hm_§S>io ñWmnZ Pmcr AmhoV.
amÁ`mVrc cKw d _Ü`_ CËnmXZ g§ñWocm H$O© XoUo, Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ _m{hVr nwa{dUo, Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$Ë`m
gmoB© nwa{dUo, _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmVrc àXoemV Ë`m§Mr gwê$dmV H$aUo, g_Vmoc Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aUo `m
ÑïrZo 28 amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _§S>imZr H$m`© gwê$ Ho$co Amho.
SIDCS
Mr H$m_{Jar (H$O} H$moQ>r én`o_Ü`o)
Vn{ec
1980-81
1990-91
2000-01
2001-2
_§Oya H$O}
19
216
2080
2100
H$O© dmQ>n
11
125
1660
1720
5.2.6.8 ^maVr` {Z`m©V-Am`mV ~±H$
(The Export- Import Bank of India- Exim Bank)
^maVmÀ`m {dXoer ì`mnmamg ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo 1OmZodmar 1982 _Ü`o, IDBI Mr EH$
emIm åhUyZ hr ~±H$ ñWmnZ Ho$cr `m {dH$mg ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`© åhUOo ^maVmV {dXoer dmnamV Jw§Vcoë`mZm
{dÎmr` ghmæ` H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYZo d Ë`m§Zm nwZ{d©Îm gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
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96
EŠPr_ (Exim) ~±Ho$Mo dgyc ^m§S>dc 440 H$mo. ê$. Amho n¡H$s 100 H$mo. ê$. ^maV gaH$maZo {Xco
AmhoV. EŠPr_ ~±H$ Amnco {dÎmr` {ZYr A) H|$Ð gaH$ma d RBI H$Sy>Z H$O© KodyZ qH$dm AZwXmZ {_idyZ ~)
{dXoer {dÎmr` g§ñWoH$Sy>Z H$O© KodyZ H$) `wamo-S>m°ca ~mOmamVyZ {ZYr C^mê$Z S>) ^maVmV H$O©amoIo {dHy$Z
dmT>dy eH$Vo.
EŠPr_ ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} :
1) ^maV d BVa Xoe `m_Ü`o dñVy d godm§À`m Am`mV-{Z`m©Vrg H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo 2) ^maVmVrc
{Z`m©VXmamnwT>o `oUmè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo g_ÝdrV Am{U nyaH$ Ñï>rH$moZ ñdrH$maUo 3) ^maVmVyZ
^m§S>dcr dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V dmT>mdr `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo 4) ^maVmÀ`m {Z`m©Vr {df`r A§XmO H$ê$Z Ë`mgmR>r nyaogm
{dÎm nwadR>m ìhmdm `mH$S>o cj nwa{dUo. 5) {dXoer ì`mnmamV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m H§$nÝ`m§Mo ñQ>m°H$, eoAg©,
{S>~|Mg© B. {dH«$s H$aVmZm h_r KoUo. 6) {dXoer ì`mnmamg _XV H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Zm nwZ{d©V nwadR>m H$aUo,
Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`dñWmnH$s` _XV H$aUo.
EŠPr_Mr H$m_{Jar :
1) {dXoer ì`mnma dmT>rgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo _XV Ho$cr Amho. 1996 n`ªV \§$S>oS> A{gñQ>§Q> gw{dYm ê$nmV 2470
H$mo. ê$. {Xco Ë`m_wio agm`Zo, H$mnS> {Z{_©Vr `§Ìo, dmhVyH$ gmYZo, drO{Z{_©Vr `m_Yrc {Z`m©V dmT>Ê`mg
_XV Pmcr.
2)
{~Ja {ZYr _XV - {dXoer ì`mnmamV XoUo XoÊ`mMr h_r Úmdr cmJVo. hr ~±H$ ^maVr` {Z`m©VXma /
H$amaXma `m§À`mgmR>r {dXoer McZmMr h_r XoVo. 1982 _Ü`o 102 H$mo. ê$. ~±Ho$Zo h_r {Xcr hmoVr. Va
Z§Va Vr h_r KQ>V Joocr H$maU AZoH$ AS>MUr CX²^dë`m.
3) {dXoer {dÎmr` g§ñWoMr _XV - OmJVrH$ ~±H$, Am{e`mB© {dH$mg ~±H$, Am{\«$H$Z {dH$mg ~±H$ `m§À`m
ghH$m`m©Zo {dÎmnwadR>çmV dmT> Ho$cr Amho.
4) {dÎmr` `moOZm - {Z`m©VXmam§Zm én`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV H$O© XodyZ CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mg _XV, àJV XoemVrc
~mOmanoR>m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` {Z`m©VXmam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z XrK©H$mcrZ {Z`m©Vrg _XV, {Z`m©V ì`mnmar
J¥hm§Zm {dH«o$Vm {dH$mg `moOZm§À`m ì`yhaMZm V`ma H$aÊ`mg _XV Ho$cr Amho.
5.3 ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm qH$dm ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` _Ü`ñV (NBFI)
(Non-Banking Financial Institutions)
Á`m g§ñWm cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z {d{dY ñdê$nmV n¡go O_m H$aVmV Am[U JaOy ì`ŠVrZm g§ñWm `m§Zm H$O© ê$nmZo
CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV nU Ë`m§Mr Zm|XZr ~±qH$J H$m`ÚmZwgma H$ocr OmV Zmhr (Ë`m§Mr Zm|XUr H§$nZr H$m`ÚmZwgma
hmoVo) Aem g§ñWm H$Om©dy {ZYr nwa{dUmao Am{U H$Om©dy {ZYr _mJUmao `m§Zm EH$Ì AmUUmè`m g§ñWm qH$dm
{dÎmr` ì`dñWoMo g§H$cH$ _mZë`m OmVmV.
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97
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ...7
RBI À`m
1997 (Xwê$ñV) H$m`ÚmZwgma
NBFI åhUOo
A) H§$nZr AgUmar {dÎmr` g§ñWm
~) {VMm _w»` ì`dgm` {d{dY `moOZmÛmao R>odr ñdrH$maUo d JaOy ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWmZm H$O} XoUo hm Amho;
H$) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m nyd© nadmZJrZo Omhra Ho$cocr H$moUVrhr ~±Ho$Va g§ñWm.
darc à_mUo NBFI åhUOo Á`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm ^mS>o-IaoXr-{dÎm, J¥h {dÎm, J§wVdUyH$, H$O}, CnH$aUo
^mS>çmZo XoUo, nañna {ZYr B. gmR>r.cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z dJ©UrÀ`m ê$nmZo n¡gm O_m H$aVmV d JaOy cmoH$m§Zm H$O}
nwa{dVmV Aem g§ñWm hmoV.
5.3.1 ~±H$ d NBFI `m§Mm g§~§Y :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m {dÎmr` g§ñWmM AmhoV, Ë`m g§ñWm ~±qH$J {Z`_mZwgma, XoemVrc _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m
{Z`§ÌUmZwgma H$m`© H$aVmV NBFI `m g§ñWm Xo{Ic {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmhoV. nU Ë`m§Mr Zm|XUr H§$nZr H$m`ÚmZwgma
Pmcocr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm RBI Mo {Z`§ÌU qH$dm AmXoe cmJy hmoV Zmhr. nU Ë`m g§ñWm cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z
doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmV ~MV O_m H$aVmV d H$Om©Mr JaO AgUmè`m§Zm Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r H$O©ê$nmZo CncãY H$ê$Z
XoVmV. Ë`m XmohmoVrc \$aH$ nwT>rc à_mUo Amho.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m
1) ~±qH$J H$m`} àYmZ AmhoV.
2) R>odr {ñdH$maUo, H$O} XoUo `mda cj
1)
2)
3) EH${OZer g§ñWm
4) àH$ma-ì`mnmar ~±H$m, gh.~±H$m
{d{Z_` ~±H$m, J«m_rU ~±H$m
5) nV {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV
6) R>odtMr gwa{jVVm _hËdmMr
7) Aën _wXVrMr H$O}, ZmUo~mOmamer g§~§Y
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8) R>odr pñdH$mê$Z Ë`m MoH$, pñcnÛmao H$mT>Vm `oVmV 8)
~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm
EH$m {d{eï> H$m`m©cm àmYmÝ` XoUmè`m AmhoV.
_Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrÀ`m R>do r ñdrH$maUo d {d{eï>
H$maUmgmR>rM H$O© XoUo
~hþ{dY àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm
àH$ma-{dH$mg ~±H$m, Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m,
nmoñQ> Am°\$sg, ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr
nV {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV.
Jw§VdUyH$sda OmñV naVmdm XoÊ`mda ^a
gd© _wXVrMr H$O}, ZmUo d ^m§S>dc ~mOma
`m§À`mer g§~§Y
MoH$Mm dmna H$ê$Z n¡go H$mT>Vm `oV ZmhrV
5.3.2 ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWoMo d{J©H$aU~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo àH$ma - AW©ì`dñWoV ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm AZoH$ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr H$m`} XoIrc
{d{dY ñdê$nmMr AmhoV. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc XoemV Ë`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Amho. J«m_rU, ehar ^mJmV
VgoM àË`oH$ amÁ`mV H|$ÐemgrV àXoemV Ë`m g§ñWm H$m`© H$aV AmhoV. Ë`mMo d{J©H$aU nwT> rcà_mUo Ho$co OmVo.
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98
NBFIS
↓
↓
↓
Ag§KQ>rV g§ñWm
1) {ZYr
2) {MQ>\§$S>g²
3) {dÎm H§$nZr
4Ÿ) Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm
g§K{Q>V g§ñWm
1) {dH$mg ~±H$m IFCI, IDBI dJ¡ao
2) Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m UTI,CIC,GIC
3) {deofrH¥$V Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m- HDFC
TFCL, IRFC dJ¡ao
4) nmoñQ> Am°\$sg
5) ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr, noÝeZ \§$S>
6) nañna ghmæ` g§ñWm (å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>g)
A) Ag§KQ>rV g§ñWm : Á`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm Ag§KQ>rV AmhoV, Ë`m ñdV§Ì nUo H$m_ H$aVmV, nañnamV ghmæ`
ZgVo Aem g§ñWm- Ë`mnwT>rc à_mUo AmhoV.
1) {ZYr : Aën qH$_VrMo ^mJ (A§e_yë` ê$.10) R>odyZ, H§$nZr H$m`ÚmZwgma Zm|XUr H$ê$Z {ZYr C^m Ho$cr
OmVo. `m H§$nÝ`m X{jU ^maVmV AmhoV. g^mgXmH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm Ka, gmoZo IaoXr,
OS>Odmhra `mgmR>r qH$dm Ë`m§À`m VmaUmda H$O} XoVmV. c½Z. OwÝ`m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> `mgmR>r H$O} XoVmV.
2) {MQ>\§$S>g² : H$m§hr cmoH$ EH$Ì `oVmV. JQ> ñWmnZ H$aVmV d JQ>mVrc cmoH$mH$Sy>Z H$O© hdo Agoc Ë`m§À`m
ZmdmZo {MR>çm Q>mH$VmV d Á`mcm {MÇ>r cmJoc Ë`mcm H$O© {Xco OmVo. Xa_hm {H§$dm AmR>dS>çmcm {Z`{_V
dJ©Ur O_r Ho$cr OmVo. gh^mJr cmoH$m§Zm O_m aŠH$_ H$O© ê$nmZo {Xcr OmVo. Ago {MQ>\§$S>g² gwadmVrcm
Vm{_iZmSy> Am{U Ho$ai amÁ`mV {ZKmco. AmVm Aem g§ñWm BVa amÁ`mVhr {XgyZ `oVmV.
3) {dÎm H§$nZr : ñdV…Mo ^mJ^m§S>dc gw_mao 1 cm. ê$ d ^mJ {dHy$Z n¡go O_m Ho$co OmVmV. AmH$f©H$ ì`mO
XamÀ`m ê$nmZo R>odr O_{dVmV d ñdV:À`m BÀN>oà_mUo ì`mnmar, ì`mdgmB©H$, {\$aVo {dH«o$Vo, N>moQ>o CÚmoOH$
`m§Zm H$O} XoVmV. Á`m§Zm ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$O© {_iV Zmhr Vo cmoH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z OmXm ì`mOXamZo H$O} KoVmV.
`mg§ñWm§Mr RBI H$S>o Zm|XUr hmoV Zmhr.- H$m§hr aŠH$_ gÅ>o~mOrgmR>rhr dmnacr OmVo.
4) Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm : Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z n¡gm O_m H$ê$Z Vmo amoIo~mOmamV {H§$dm H§$nÝ`m§À`m
H$O©amo»`mV Jw§V{dUmè`m g§ñWm. n{hcr Aer g§ñWm 1933 _Ü`o B§S>pñQ´>`c BÝìhoñQ>_|Q> Q´>ñQ> `m ZmdmZo
ñWmnZ Pmcr. Z§Va BVa g§ñWm {ZKmë`m. gw_mao 600 Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. Ë`m g§ñWm
ImOJr _`m©{XV H§$nZr `m ñdê$nmV AmhoV. CXm. {X. Q>mQ>m Q´>ñQ> H§$nZr, {~cm©, S>mc{_`m, Jmo`ZH$m, Oo.
Ho$. JQ> `m g§`moOH$m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m Aem g§ñWm AmhoV.
~Ÿ) g§KQ>rV{dÎm g§ñWm : Á`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm g§KQ>rV AmhoV nañnamer ghmæ` H$aVmV. AÝ` {dÎmr` g§ñWoer
Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y `oVmo Aem g§ñWm. `mV nwT>rc KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
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99
1) {dH$mg ~±H$m- XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg _XV H$aUmè`m [dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§Mm AmnU g{dñVa Aä`mg
Ho$cm Amho.
2) Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m- Á`m g§ñWm cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z dJ©UrÀ`m ê$nmZo, hßË`mÀ`m ê$nmZo n¡go O_m H$aVmV d O_m
Pmcocm n¡gm Amnë`m BÀN>oà_mUo BVaÌ Jw§V{dVmV. CXm. ^maVr` KQ>H$ {dídñW (Unit Trust of
India) cmoH$m§Zm `w{ZQ> {dHy$Z O_m Pmcoco n¡go amoIo ~mOmamV Jw§V{dVo, CËnmXZg§ñWm§Zm H$O© XoVo. ^maVr`
Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i (LIC) d gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§S>i (GIC) `m g§ñWmXoIrc {då`mÀ`m dJ©UrÛmao
n¡go O_m H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVmV.«
3) {deofrH¥$V Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m - H$m§hr {dÎmr` g§ñWm EH$m H$m`m©cmM àmYmÝ` XodyZ Ë`m_Ü`o àm{dÊ`
g§nmXZ H$ê$Z H$m_ H$aVmV. CXm. Ka ~m§YUo, n`©Q>Z ì`dgm`, dJ¡ao Housing Development
Finance Corporation hr g§ñWm Ka ~m§YUo `m H$m`m©cm àmYmÝ` XodyZ n¡emMr CcmT>mc H$aVo VgoM
Tourism Finance Corpration hr n`©Q>Zmda cj H|$ÐrV H$aVo, Indian Rail Finance
Corporation (^maVr` aoëdo {dÎmr` _hm_§S>i) aoëdo S>~o, aoëdo B§{OZ ~m§YUo `mgmR>r H$O} XoVo.
4) nmoñQ> Am°\$sg - ^maV gaH$maÀ`m Q>nmc d Vma ImË`mMo Omio Xoe^a ngaco Amho. nmoñQ> Am°\$sg_YyZ
R>odr ñdrH$maë`m OmVmV. 1982 nmgyZ nmoñQ> Am°\$sg ~MV ~±Ho$Ûmao R>odr O_m Ho$ë`m Omdy cmJë`m B.g.
2003 n`ªV 3,11,782 H$mo. ê$. R>odr nmoñQ>mV O_m Pmë`m. hr aŠH$_ Q>nmc d Vma ImË`mÀ`m
{Z`_mZwgma Jw§V{dcr OmVo.
5) ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr- CËnmXZ g§ñWoV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmè`mH$Sy>Z _m{gH$ nJmamÀ`m {d{eï> Q>ŠHo$
aŠH$_ ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYrV O_m Ho$cr OmVo. emgH$s`, {Z_emgH$s` H$_©Mmar {edm` ImOJr joÌmVrc
H$_©Mmè`m§Mr aŠH$_ ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYrV O_m hmoVo.gZ 1995-96 n`ªV 25,438 H$mo.ê$a. `m {ZYrV
O_co hmoVo. `m{ZYrVrc aŠH$_ gaH$macm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV Jw§V{dÊ`mgmR>r CncãY hmoVo.
6) nañna {ZYr- nañna cm^ {dÎmr` H§$nÝ`m- (Mutual Funds) cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z {d{dY Jw§VdUyH$
`moOZoImcr dJ©Ur O_m H$ê$Z Vr amoIo~mOmamV Jw§V{dUo qH$dm H§$nÝ`m§À`m H$O©amo»`mV Jw§V{dUo d gh^mJr
cmoH$m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV naVmdm {_idyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio CÚmoOH$m§Zm ^m§S>dcr ghmæ`
{_iVo d Ë`m§Mm \$m`Xm Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zmhr {_iVmo.
5.3.3 ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1) AmH$mamZo chmZ g§ñWm- NBFI `m AmH$mamZo, ì`márZo chmZ AgVmV. H$m§hr g§ñWm {Z{MVM
_moR>çm nU AmhoV CXm. ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr, noÝeZ {ZYr dJ¡ao nU ~hþVoH$ ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmH$mamZo
chmZ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr aMZm gmonr d gwQ>gwQ>rV AgVo. Ë`m§À`m ì`dñWmnZmMm IM© H$_r AgVmo.
2) H$_r ^m§S>dcmV H$m`© - `m àH$maÀ`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo ñdV…Mo ^m§S>dc H$_r AgVo. R>odrda
OmñVì`mO XoUo {H§$dm Jw§VdUyH$sda OmñV naVmdm XoÊ`mMo Am{_f XmI{dë`mZo Ë`m§Zm OmñV R>odr, {dÎmr` gmYZo
O_m H$aVm `oVmV. ~±H$onojm OmñV naVmdm XoUo eŠ` Zgoc Va Ë`m§Zm R>odr O_m H$aUo H$R>rU hmodyZ Ë`m§Mo
ApñVËdhr YmoŠ`mV `oVo.
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100
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3) ghOnUo H$Om©Mr CncãYVm- ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {dH$mg ~±H$m, `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Á`m§Zm H$O© {_iV Zmhr
qH$dm nwaogo H$O© {_iV Zmhr Aem doir ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWm NBFI H$Sy>Z H$O© KoÊ`mH$S>o diVmV. H$_r H$mJXnÌo.
MQ>H$Z H$O© {_iÊ`mMr gmo` hmoVo. Ë`m_wio cKw d Hw$Q>ramoÚmoOH$, chmZ ì`mdgmB©H$, {H$aH$moi ì`mnmar
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$O© KoVmV.
4) Agwa{jV H$O} -`m g§ñWm§Mr H$O} hr OmoI_rMr H$O} AgVmV. AZoH$ doim Anwè`m VmaUmda
qH$dm Agwa{jV VmaUmda H$O© {Xco OmVo {~Ja VmaUr H$O}hr {Xcr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio H$O© dgwcr AS>MUrMr R>ê$
eH$Vo.
5) H$Om©Mo ê$nm§Va - ~è`mM {dÎmr` g§ñWm gwadmVrcm Aën_wXVrMo dm _Ü`_ _wXVrMo H$O© XoVmV.
H$O© doioV naV {_imco Zmhr Va Ë`mMr doimodoir _wXV dmT>{dcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ d H$mcmdYr d
ì`mOmMm Xa hr dmT>V OmVmo.
6) g§ñWm-g§ñWmV g§nH$m©Mm A^md- ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm AZoH$ AmhoV. 1996 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mr
g§»`m 39450 hmoVr. Ë`mVrc _moR>çm g§ñWmMr g§»`m _moOH$sM hmoVr. ~hþg§»` chmZ AmH$mamÀ`m g§ñWm
hmoË`m. ~hþg»§ ` chmZ AmH$mamÀ`m g§ñWm§_Ü`o nañnamV g§nH©$ Zmhr, ñdV§ÌnUo H$ma^ma, AënH$mcrZ \$m`ÚmH$S>o
cj Ë`m_wio Ë`m XrK©H$mi VJ Yê$Z amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV.
7) dm[f©H$ _m{hVr, Vmio~§X- _moOŠ`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm dJië`m Va ~hþg§»` g§ñWm Amnë`m hremo~
VnmgyZ KoU,o dm{f©H$ Vmio~X§ à{gÜX H$aUo, _m{hVr n«{gÜX H$aUo `mH$S>o Xwcj
© H$aVmV. R>do rXmam§À`m gwa{jVVoÀ`m
Ñï>rZo ho `mo½` Zmhr, R>o{dXma A§YmamV amhVmV. g§ñWm ~§X nS>cr Va Ë`m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.
8) AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {d{dY JaOm§Mr nwV©Vm - eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, godm ì`dgm` B. ~amo~aM
Cn^moJ, {ejU, Ka ~m§YUo, dmhZ IaoXr, CnH$aUo IaoXr, Amamo½` B. H$maUmgmR>r cmoH$m§Zm H$Om©Mr JaO
^mgVo. Á`m Á`m joÌmV H$O© XodyZ OmXm ì`mO Xa {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Ë`m Ë`m joÌmV H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{dÎmr` g§ñWm {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`m_wio JaOocm H$O© {_iy eH$Vo.
9) ñdV§ÌnUo YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mg dmd - ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWocm (RBI) Mr ~§YUo, AmXoe nmimdo
cmJV ZmhrV. H§$nZr H$m`ÚmZwgma Zm|XUr H$amdr cmJVo nU ^m§S>dcmMr _`m©Xm, Zâ`mMr VaVyX nyd© {ZYr
~mOycm H$mT>Uo, Vmio~§X VnmgyZ KodyZ Vmo à{gÜX H$aUo, H$mQ>oH$moa {hemo~ R>odUo B. ~m~V ~§YZo ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio
AZoH$ g§ñWm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. JwánUo Amncm H$ma^ma H$aVmV.
10) àm{dÊ` àmá g§ñWm - H$m§hr {~Ja {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$mQ>H$garZo d {hemo~r d¥ÎmrZo Amncm H$ma^ma
H$aVmV. Amnë`m H$m_mV àm{dÊ` g§nmXZ H$aVmV {H$ Á`m_wio ~MVXma d H$O© KoUmao cmoH$ `m Xmohm|Mm \$m`Xm
hmoVmo. Ago àm{dÊ` Z {_i{dUmè`m g§ñWm VJ Yê$ eH$V ZmhrV.
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101
5.3.4
{~Ja ~±{H$§J {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo AW©ì`dñWoVrc _hËd/~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWoMo
AW©ì`dñWoVrc _hËd :
1) ~MVXmam§Mm \$m`Xm - A) Oo ~MV H$aUmao cmoH$ AmhoV Ë`m§Mr ~MV `m g§ñWm gwa{jVnUo
Jw§V{dVmV. ~) ~MV Xmam§Zm amoIVm {_idyZ XoVmV UTI `w{ZQ>Mr {dH«$s, LIC nm°crgrda H$O© {_i{dUo H$)
AÝ` \$m`Xo LIC nm°crgr_wio {då`mMo \$m`Xo GIC AmJ, Mmoar, AnKmV `mnmgyZ gwa{jVVm, ^mJ, H$O©amoI,o `w{ZQ>
`m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s gwc^nUo hmoVo.
2) Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§À`m Ñï>rZo \$m`Xo - A) nwaoem à_mUmV `mo½` XamZo H$O© {_iÊ`mMr gmo` ~)
{d{dY g§ñWm-Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm \$m`Xm {_i{dUo eŠ` hmoVo H$) chmZ d Xw~©cmZm, Zdmo{XVmZm H$O© {_i{dUo
eŠ` hmoVo. S>) ñWmda _mc_Îmoda-Ka, dmhUo,{Q>H$mdy dñVy, nJma VmaU `mda H$O© {_i{dUo
3) AW©ì`dñWocm {_iUmao \$m`Xo - A) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm JVr ~) ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$s_Ü`o
daÀ`m nmVirda g_mZVm JmR>Uo eŠ` H$) ~MVrMo AZoH$ _mJ© CncãY-R>odr,{d_m CVa{dUo,`w{ZQ> IaoXr
H$aUo, eoAg© dm H$O©amoIo {dH$V KoUo, n`©Q>Z, Amamo½`,Ka {_i{dUo, ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr, noÝeZ dJ¡aogmR>r
~MV.S>) AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmMo cjU-Xoe^a {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$m`©j_nUo H$m`© H$aUo ho {dÎmr`
gwYmaUm§Mo cjU Amho.
4) ^m§S>dc~mOmamVrc ñW¡`©- {d{dY g§ñWm§_wio {d{dY ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` gmYZo CncãY hmoVmV.{d{dY
g§ñWm§Zm {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWo_wio Amnë`m H$O©{df`H$ JaOm ^mJ{dVm `oVmV. Ë`m_wio H$Om©Mr _mJUr d nwadR>m
`mV _moR>r V\$mdV {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. ^m§S>dc~mOmamMo ñW¡`© {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
5) {deofrH¥$V g§ñWm§Mo \$m`Xo - {~Ja {dÎmr` g§ñWm {d{eîQ> H$m`m©gmR>r ñWmnZ hmoVmV. CXm.
{då`mgmR>r LIC, AmJ, AnKmV {dê$ÜX GIC, eoAa~mOmamVrc Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r UTI å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>,
Ka~m§YUrgmR>r HDFC n`©Q>ZmgmR>r TFCI dJ¡ao `m g§ñWm {deofrH$aU H$ê$Z Amnë`m H$m_mV àm{dÊ`
{_i{dVmV Ë`mMo \$m`Xo gdm©ZmM {_iVmV.
darc \$m`Xo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r d XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm doJ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r NBFI da RBI Mo `mo½`
à_mUmV {Z`§ÌU hdo, Ë`m§À`m H$ma^mamd `mo½` {Z`§ÌU R>odUmar `§ÌUm hdr nañna g§ñWmV ghH$m`© hdo.
5.3.5 ^maVmVrc H$m§hr ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm :
~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm qH$dm _Ü`ñW hr g§H$ënZm Iyn ì`mnH$ Amho. Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV d g§KQ>rV joÌmVrc
AZoH$ {dÎmr` g§ñWm Ë`m_Ü`o `oVmV. (nU amoIo ~Oma d {d_m H§$nÝ`m `m gma»`m _moQ>çm à_mUmda ì`dhma
H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Mm `mV g_mdoe hmoV Zmhr Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$co OmVo.(lrYa Xoenm§S>o, {dZm`H$ Xoenm§S>o-{dÎmr`
g§ñWm Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOma-{h_mc` npãcqeJ hmD$g ) chmZ à_mUmV ì`dhma H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§ñWm, ~MV
g§ñWm, Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm, J¥h{Z_m©U g§ñWm BË`mXtMm `mV A§V^m©d hmoVmo. `m g§ñWm ñdV:Odirc amoI aŠH$_
XodyZM H$O© Xody eH$VmV. {dH$mg ~±H$m, Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m, nañna ghmæ` g§ñWm `m§Mm A§V^m©d ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr`
g§ñWoV hmoVmo. `m àH$mam_Ü`oM AmnU {dH$mg ~±H$mMr _m{hVr KoVcr Amho. AmVm H$m§hr Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m, nañna
ghmæ` g§ñWm `m§Mr _m{hVr Kody`m.
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102
5.3.5.1 ^maVr` KQ>H$ àÝ`mg qH$dm ^maVr` KQ>H$ {dídñW (The Unit Trust of India-UTI):
N>moQ>çm ~MVXmam§Mr ~MV O_m H$ê$Z Vr CËnmXZ g§ñWm§À`m ^mJ^m§S>dcmV, H$O©amo»`mV Jw§V{dUmar
g§ñWm åhUyZ 26 Zmoìh|~a 1963 cm ^maVr` KQ>H$ àÝ`mg UTI Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. gmd©O{ZH$
joÌmVrc hr _hËdmMr Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm Amho. H$ma^ma nmhÊ`mgmR>r 9 {dídñV Zo_co OmVmV. RBI H$Sy>Z
AÜ`jm§Mr Zo_UyH$ hmoVo. VgoM H$m`©H$mar AÜ`jmMr Zo_UyH$ hmoVo. {edm` 4 {dídñV Zo_co OmVmV. EH$
{dídñV LIC H$Sy>Z, SBI H$Sy>Z EH$ Am{U XmoZ {dídñV ^mJ^m§S>dc {dH$V KoUmè`mH$Sy>Z {ZdS>co OmVmV.
gwadmVrcm UTI Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>dc 5 H$mo. ê$ (RBI, SBI, d LIC Mm dmQ>m 80%) hmoVo. `w{ZQ>g {dHy$Z
O_m hmoUmam n¡gm ho _moR>o gmYZYZ Amho. Owc¡ 2002 _Ü`o UTI À`m ì`dñWmnZmImcrc _mc_ÎmoMo _yë`
57,629 H$mo. ê$. hmoVo.
UTI
Mr C{ÔîQ>ço -
1) gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zm ~MVrMr gd` cmdUo, Ë`m§Mr ~MV EH$Ì H$aUo- `w{ZQ>g {dHy$Z ~MV EH$Ì H$aUo
2) ~MVrMo Jw§VdUyH$sV ê$nm§Va H$aUo- CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m ^mJ^m§S>dcm§V Jw§V{dUo.
3) Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«rMm OmñVrV OmñV dmna H$aUo- O_{dcocm n¡gm Aem àH$ënm§Zm H$Om©dy Úmd`mMm
H$s Á`m_wio Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm H$m`©j_ dmna hmoB©c.
4) amoOJma CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo- Jw§VdUyH$sg CÎmoOZ XodyZ amoOJma dmT>{dUo.
5) gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm amoIo ~mOmamVrc ì`dhmamMo \$m`Xo {_idyZ XoUo- O_m Pmcocm {ZYr H$m`©j_nUo eoAa
~mOmamV Jw§VdyZ Ë`mdarc \$m`Xm Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm {_idyZ XoUo.
UTI
Mr H$m_{Jar -
Zo AZoH$ `moOZm (gw_mao 72 `moOZm) Omhra H$ê$Z (CXm.U.S 1964 Ulip ) cmoH$mH$Sy>Z àM§S>
{ZYr O_m Ho$cm. gw_mao 25 cj Jw§VdUyH$ Xmam§Zr `moOZoV ^mJ KoVcm d g§ñWoZo 74,291 H$moQ>r ê$n`o. OyZ
2000 n`ªV O_{dco hmoVo. ^maV gaH$maZo Jw§VdUyH$ Xmam§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ gwa{jV amhrc `mMr H$miOr KoVë`mZo
àM§S> {ZYr O_m Pmcm. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ñnYm© dmT>cr, eoAa ~mOmamV 2001 _Ü`o _§Xr
Amcr Am{U UTI Mr gXmof Jw§VdUyH$, ^maV gaH$maZo UTI cm _XV H$aÊ`mMo ZmH$maë`mZo `m g§ñWoZo `w{ZQ>
IaoXr {dH«$sda ~§Xr KmVcr, n[aUm_r UTI À`m {dœmgmcm VS>m Jocm. `w{ZQ> _Yrc Jw§VdUyH$ åhUOo gwa{jVVm,
VacVm, dmT>Vm cm^m§f, ^m§S>dcmMr d¥ÜXr Ago g{_H$aU hmoVo Vo ^§Jco. 2005 Z§Va UTI Zo ì`dñWmnZ,
Jw§VdUyH$sV gwYmaUm Ho$cr Amho, nU nyduBVH$m cmoH$m§Mm à{VgmX {_i{dVm Amcm Zmhr.
UTI
EH$X§arV UTI `w{ZQ>Mr {dH«$s H$ê$Z Omo {ZYr O_m Ho$cm Ë`mVrc aŠH$_ CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm H$Om©dy XoUo,
eoAg©, H$O©amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo, ñdV:Mr _mc_Îmm C^r H$aUo `mgmR>r dmnacm OmVmo. nwT>rc VŠVm UTI Mr
Jw§VdyH$ Xe©{dVmo.
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103
UTI
Mr Jw§VdUyH$ (H$moQ>r ê$n`o)
Vn{ec
OyZ 1999
OyZ 2000
OyZ 2002
H§$nÝ`m§_Yrc Jw§VdUyH$
56841
(89.4%)
6707
(10.6%)
63548
66967
(90.2%)
7324
(9.8%)
74291
50202
(87.1%)
7428
(12.9%)
57629
AÝ` Jw§VdUyH$
EHy$U
(g§X^©
Money and Financial Systems-Dr.P.K.Deshmukh-P.P 275)
5.3.5.2 ^maVr` Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i : (
Life Insurance Corporationof India)
:
^maVmV 1818 nmgyZ Am`wî`mMm {d_m CVa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$co OmV Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎmaH$mimV {d_m
H§$nÝ`mVrc ñnYm© g§ndyZ 1956 _Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV gaH$maZo EH$M g§ñWm (LIC) ñWmnZ Ho$cr d BVa gd©
H§$nZrMo Xm`rËd Ë`m H§$nZrH$S>o gwnyV© Ho$co (LIC) Mr _ŠVoXmar Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaU H$mimn`ªV {Q>H$cr. nmoñQ>c
{d_m ì`dgm` Mmc{dcm OmVmo nU Ë`mMo à_mU \$ma H$_r hmoVo. 2000 Z§Va AZoH$ Xoer {dXoer {d_m H§$nÝ`m
H$m_ H$arV AmhoV nU (LIC) hr Ë`m_Ü`o AJ«oga Amho. (LIC) Mr H$m`}
1) cmoH$m§À`m Am`wî`mMm {d_m CVa{dUo- {d_oYmaH$mcm {då`mMo g§ajU XodyZ Ë`mcm Am{W©H$ gwa{jVVm
{_idyZ {Xcr OmVo. {då`mÀ`m hßË`mÀ`m ê$nmZo H$§nZrcm gVV CËnÝZ {_iV amhVo. {ZYr O_Vmo Vmo BVaÌ
Jw§V{dVm `oVmo.
2) {d_o XodyZ ~MVrMr gd` cmdUo-XjVm hoVy gmR>r {d_m CVa{dcm OmVmo.
3) ~MVrMo EH$ÌrH$aU H$aUo
4) gaH$macm H$O© XoUo- {d_m hßË`mMr aŠH$_ O_Vo Ë`mVyZ H$O© XoUo
5) gaH$mar g§ñWm_Ü`o d àH$ënm_Ü`o Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo.
6) {d_oYmaH$m§Zm Ka ~m§YUrgmR>r H$O© XoUo.
7) ghH$mar d ImOJr àH$ënm§Zm H$O© XoUo. H§$nÝ`m§À`m H$O© amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo
(LIC)ŸMo _w»` H$m`m©c` _w§~B© `oWo AgyZ gmV {R>H$mUr joÌr` H$Moè`m AmhoV. 100 eham_Ü`o {d^mJr`
H$Moè`m d 2048 emIm H$m`m©c`o AmhoV. ^maVm~mhoa {\$Or, _m°[a{eAg, B§½cS> `oWohr Ë`m§Mr H$m`m©c`o
AmhoV. {då`mMo n¡go O_m H$aUo, _wXV g§ncoë`m§Mo n¡go naV H$aUo, {d_oYmaH$mMo XoUo doioda XoUo, gwajrV
Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo Ë`mgmR>r ^mJ^m§S>dcmV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mEodOr H§$nÝ`m§À`m H$O© amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMo
YmoaU ñdrH$maco Amho. Am`w{d©_m joÌmVrc EH$ {dœgZr` g§ñWm Agm Zmdcm¡H$sH$ {_i{dcm Amho. {d_m
ì`dgm` ImOJr joÌmcm Iwcm Pmcm Agcm Var LIC Mo ñWmZ {Q>Hy$Z Amho. 14.11 H$moQ>r cmoH$m§Mm {d_m
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104
CVa{dcm Amho Am{U EH$ÌrV {d_m aŠH$_ 1,64,574 H$moQ>r én`o O_{dcr Amho. 2002-03 _Ü`o EH${ÌV
aŠH$_ 2,81,000 H$mo. ê$. hmoVr.
1984 OyZ n`©V 8,8576 H$mo. ê$. Mr Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$cr hmoVr. Va 1995-96 _Ü`o 11577 H$mo. ê$.,
2002-03 _Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV 1,80,565 H$moQ>r ê$n`o, ImOJr joÌmV 2129 H$mo. ê$. åhUOo EH$ÌrV
1,82,694 H$mo. ê$n`mMr Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$cr hmoVr. Xadfu _wXV g§ncoë`m {då`mMo qH$dm Xo` {då`mMo n¡go H§$nZr
naV H$aVo. CXm. 1995-96 _Ü`o {d_m YmaH$m§Mo 8955 H$mo. ê$. naV {Xco hmoVo. {d_m ì`dgm`mÛmao {H$Vr
_moR>r Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVm `oVo ho `mdê$Z cjmV `oB©c.
5.3.5.3 ^maVr` gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§S>i
(General Insurance Corporation of India- GIC)
_mZdr Am`wî`mÀ`m {då`mIoarOMo {då`mMo ì`dgm` AZoH$ ImOJr H§$nÝ`m H$aV hmoË`m. Amnë`m XoemV
1971 _Ü`o gaH$maZo Am`wî`mÀ`m {då`m Io[aOÀ`m {d_m ì`dgm`mMo amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$co d Zmoìh|~a 1972 _Ü`o
^maVmMo gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§S>i (GIC) ñWmnZ Ho$co. 68 ^maVr` d 45 {dXoer gd©gmYmaU {d_mH§$nÝ`m§Mo
EH$ÌrH$aU Ho$co. 1 OmZodmar 1973 _Ü`o GIC Mo H$m`© gwê$ Pmco.
Mo {d_m CVa{dÊ`mMo H$m_ ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo Amho. _mc dmhVyH$, dmhVyH$ gmYZo, `§Ìo, {Q>H$mdy
dñVy, _mc_Îmm,> AmJ à{V~§YH$, Mmoar à{V~§YH$, gmJar dmhVyH$, AnKmV {d_m, WS>© nmQ>u {d_m Aem àH$maMo
{d_o CVa{dco OmVmV. ho H$m_ `mo½` àH$mao ìhmdo `mgmR>r GIC À`m Mma Xwæ`_ H§$nÝ`m {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m Ë`m nwT>rc
à_mUo 1) amï´>r` {d_m H§$nZr _`m©{XV-National Insurance Company Ltd 2)Ý`w B§{S>`m A°í`waÝg
H§$nZr {c_rQ>oS> -New Indin Assurance Copany Ltd. 3) Amo[aEÝQ>c \$m`a A°ÝS> BÝewaÝg H§$nZr
{c_rQ>oS> Oriental Fire and General Insurance Company Ltd. 4)`wZmEQ>oS> B§{S>`m BÝewaÝg H§$nZr
{c_rQ>oS> United India Insurance Company Ltd.
GIC
gZ 2002 _Ü`o gd©gmYmaU {d_m ì`dgm` (amï´>r`rH$aU) Xwê$ñVr _§Oya Ho$ë`m Z§Va GIC hr {VÀ`m 4
Xwæ`_ H§$nÝ`m§nmgyZ doJir H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. GIC gVV nwZ{d©V ì`dgm` H$aVo. B. g. 2001-02 _Ü`o
(GIC) Zo 418 H$mo. ê$.{dÎmr` ghmæ` H§$nÝ`m§Zm _§Oya Ho$co d 308 H$mo. ê$. dmQ>n Ho$co.
5.3.5.4 nañna {ZYr/å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>/Mutual Fand
XoemVrc ~MVXmamH$Sy>Z ~MV O_m H$ê$Z Vr {d{dY Jw§VdUyH$ `moOZoImcr CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Mo ^mJ d
H$O©amoIo IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaUo Am{U amoIo ~mOmamVrc VoOr-_§Xr `mMm dmna H$ê$Z Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm
\$m`Xm{_idyZ XoUmar _Ü`ñV g§ñWm åhUOo nañnY {ZYr/å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> hmo`. ì`{ŠVJV[aË`m Amncr ~MV
A{YH$ naVmdm {_ioc Aem {R>H$mUr Jw§V{dcr OmVo. XoemVrc ^m§S>dc~mOmamV CËnmXZ H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg©Mo Xa
gVV ~XcV AgVmV. H$m§hrdoim, {d{eï> H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg© H$_r XamV {dH$co OmVmV Va H$m§hr H$mimV Ë`m§Mo
XadmT>coco AgVmV. eoAg© ~mOmamVrc (amoIo ~mOma) MT> CVmamMm \$m`Xm {_i{dÊ`mV ì`{ŠVcm _`m©Xm
nS>VmV nU hoM H$m_ EImÚm g§ñWoZo Ho$co Va, Vr g§ñWm Vkm§À`m _XVrZo eoAg©Mo Xa H$_r AgVmZm Mm§Jë`m
H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg© _moR>çm à_mUmV IaoXr H$ê$ eH$Vo Am{U VoOrÀ`m H$mimV OmXm XamZo eoAg© {dHy$Z _moR>m
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105
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\$m`Xm {_idy eH$Vo. cmoH$m§Mm n¡gm Aem H$m_mgmR>r dmnaUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWocmM å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> Ago
åhUVmV.
AZoH$ Jw§VdUyH$Xma EH$Ì `odyZ å`wÀ`w§Ac \§$S> ñWmnZ H$aVmV. Aem g§ñWocm B§½cS>_Ü`o `w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Ago
åhUVmV. ^maVm_Ü`ohr (UTI) Zo `mMr gwadmV Ho$cr 1986 _Ü`o (UTI) Zo å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> `moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr.
Ë`mZ§Va BVa AZoH$ ~±H$m§Zr d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zr å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> gwê$ Ho$co. CXm. ñQ>oQ> ~±H$, H°$Zam ~±H$, B§{S>`Z
~±H$, ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, n§Om~ Z°eZc ~±H$, ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXm, `m§À`m ~amo~a ImOJr joÌmVrc nm`mo{Z`a,
Šdm±Q>_J«moW H$moR>mar å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>, àwS>Ýg, Am°J©Z ñQ>oÝco dJ¡ao.
XoemVrc amoIo ~mOma hm AË`§V g§doXZerc AgVmo. amoIo ghOnUo IaoXr {dH«$s H$aVm `mdoV `mgmR>r
ñQ>m°H$ _mH}$Q> gwê$Ho$co OmVmV. å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>mMo ì`dhma `m ñQ>m°H$ _mH©o$Q>_Ü`o Ho$co OmVmV. Á`m CËnmXZ H§$nÝ`m
CÎm_ H$m_ H$aV AgVmV Ë`m§Mo eoAg© O|ìhm H$_r qH$_VrV {_iVmV V|ìhm Ë`m§Mr IaoXr Ho$cr OmVo. `mgmR>r
å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> Vkm§Mr _XV KoVo. qH$dm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o ^m§S>dc ~mOmamVrc Vk ì`ŠVr AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo
amo»`m§Mr IaoXr Ho$cr OmVo. H$m§hr H$§nÝ`m Amnco ZdrZ eoAg© OwÝ`m eoAa YmaH$m§Zm H$_r qH$_VrV eoAg©
{dH$V AgVmV. eoAa ~mOmamV O|ìhm _moR>r VoOr `oVo Aem doir OmXm qH$_Vrcm eoAg© {dHy$Z Z\$m {_i{dcm
OmVmo. eoAa ~mOmamV Ag§»` CËnmXZ H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg©Mr IaoXr {dH«$s Ho$cr OmV oË`m doir gd©M H§$nÝ`m§À`m
eoAg©Mo Xa gma»`m à_mUmV ~XcV ZmhrV. H$m§hrMo Xa H$_r Va H$m§hrMo Xa dmT>VmV. å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> Amnë`m
{ZYrÛmao {d{dY eoAg©Mr IaoXr H$aV Agë`mZo, Ë`m§Zr IaoXr Ho$coë`m eoAg©À`m Xam_Ü`o \$ma _moR>r V\$mdV
nS>V Zmhr åhUOoM eoAa ~mOmamVrc YmoŠ`mda _mV H$ê$Z AWdm H$_rV H$_r VmoQ>m ìhmdm d H$_mc \$m`Xm
{_idmdm `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV.
H$m`} :1) ~MVXmamH$Sy>Z Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r ~MV EH$ÌrV H$aUo
2) ~MV{ZYr eoAa ~mOmamV Jw§V{dUo
3) Vkm§À`m _XVrZo eoAa ~mOmamMo \$m`Xo {_i{dUo d YmoHo$ H$_r H$aUo
4) CËnmXZ H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg©, H$O©amoIo IaoXr H$aUo Ë`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aUo
5) O_{dcoë`m {ZYrMm H$m`©j_VoZo dmna H$aUo, H$s Á`m_wio H$m`©j_ CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm CÎmoOZ {_iVo.
6) g§ñWocm {_iUmam \$m`Xm, g§ñWocm ~MV CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho Ë`m à_mUmV {d^mJyZ XoUo
å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>mÀ`m `moOZm-nwT>rc XmoZ `moOZm AgVmV.
A) ~§{XñV {ZYr/ H$mc{g{_V `moOZm (Close Ended Funds) R>am{dH$ H$mimgmR>r, {d{eï> aŠH$_
~MVXmamH$Sy>Z O_m Ho$cr OmVo. CXm. 1000 H$mo. ê$. 5 dfm©gmR>r O_m H$aUo gh^mJr hmoUmè`m
~MVXmamH$Sy>Z n¡go KoUo d Vo {d{eï> àH$mao Jw§V{dUo, eoAg© H$O©amoIo {dH$V KoUo- _wXVrA§Vr-{H$Vr
aŠH$_oda {H$Vr Z\$m Pmcm ho H$mT>co OmB©c d Ë`m à_mUo gh^mJr cmoH$m§Zm cm^m§e {Xcm OmB©c.
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106
~) Iwcm {ZYr/_wŠVÛma `moOZm (Open Ended Funds): O|ìhm ~MVXmamcm Amnë`m BÀN>oà_mUo
XaamoO {H$Vrhr `w{ZQ>Mr IaoXr qH$dm {dH«$s H$aVm `oVo- `w{ZQ>Mr {d{eîR> qH$_V AgVo Vr XaamoO
~mOmaXamà_mUo ~XcV AgVo. Á`m§Zm ho `w{ZQ> IaoXr H$amd`mMo AgVmV. Ë`m§Zr {d{eð> XmaZo Vo IaoXr
Ho$co Va Omo {ZYr O_Vmo Ë`mMm dmna H$ê$Z eoAg©, H$O©amoIo IaoXr Ho$co OmVmV. {ZYrVrc O_m n¡emÀ`m
{hemo~mZwgma eoAg©, H$O©amo»`m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s Ho$cr OmVo. `moOZoMm IM© O_m dOm OmVm, dfm©À`m
AIoarcm `w{ZQ>da cm^m§e Omhra Ho$cm OmVmo.
^maVmVrc å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>mMm {dH$mg 1986 nmgyZ ^maVmV å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>mcm gwê$dmV Pmcr. gwadmVrcm H$m§hr \§$S>g gwê$ Pmco nU Ë`m_Ü`o
\$maer dmT> Pmcr Zmhr H$maU Ë`mdoir ì`mOmMo Xa OmñV Agë`mZo ~MVXma ~±Ho$V R>odrÀ`m ê$nmZo qH$dm
gaH$maÀ`m amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aV hmoVo. eoAa ~mOmamVrc Jw§VdUyH$snojm R>od R>odyZ ì`mO {_i{dUo gmB©Mo
dmQ>V hmoVo.
gZ 1998-99 nmgyZ å`wÀ`wAc \§$S> dmTy> cmJco H$maU ^maVr` eoAa ~mOmamV VoOr `ody cmJcr.
å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>m§Zr Jw§VdUyH$sda OmñV cm§^me Úm`cm gwê$dmV Ho$cr. ~MVXma, R>odrXma Ë`m§MoH$S>o diy cmJco.
1995-96 _Ü`o gd© å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>m§Mm {ZYr 480 H$mo. ê$. hmoVm. 1999-2000 _Ü`o Vmo 15,400 H$mo. ê$.
Pmcm. nU nwÝhm nwT>À`mM dfr© gaH$maZo Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV ~Xc Ho$cm. \§$S>mdarc cm^m§f H$amV dmT> Ho$cr
Ë`m_wio \§$S>mZr Jw§VdUyH$sdarc cm§^mfXa KQ>{dcm, R>odrXma KSy> cmJco. Ë`mVM eoAg© _mH}$Q>_Ü`o Ho$VZ nm[aI
àH$aU KS>co; eoAa ~mOmamV _§Xr Amcr. å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>mda à{VHy$c n[aUm_ Pmco. 2005-2006 Z§Va
eoAa ~mOmamV gwYmaUm Pmë`m. å`wÀ`wAc \§$S>m§Mr g§»`m dmTy> cmJcr.
5.4 A{Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma (Unregulated Credit Market):
H$O© ~mOmamV, H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$aUmao d H$Om©Mm nwadR>m H$aUmè`m Aem gd© KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
gh^mJr hmoUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mo Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo XmoZ JQ>mV d{J©H$aU H$aVm `oVo A) {Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma ~)
A{Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma.
A) {Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma :
AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡gm (Ðì`{df`H$) {df`H$ ~m~r g§X^m©Vrc gdm}ƒ g§ñWm åhUOo Ë`mXoemVrc _Ü`dVr©
~±H$ hmo`. _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emMr _mJUr d n¡emMm nwadR>m `mda {Z`§ÌU Agm`cm hdo.
H$Om©dy n¡go nwa{dUmè`m g§ñWm§da _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU Agoc Va Ë`mcm AmnU {Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma Ago
åhUVmo. `m_Ü`o H$O© nwadR>m H$aUmè`m ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {d{Z_` ~±H$m, {dH$mg ~±H$m, J«m_rU ~±H$m
B.{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
~) A{Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma :
AW©ì`dñWoVrc H$O© nwa{dUmam Omo KQ>H$ _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr ZgVmo. Omo ñdV:À`m BÀN>oà_mUo
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107
H$O© nwadR>çmMo H$m_ H$aVmo Aem KQ>H$m§Zm {_iyZ A{Z`§{ÌV H$O© ~mOma Ago åhUVmV. Amnë`m XoemV Ago
AZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. CXm. gmdH$ma, gam\$s noT>rdmco, {ZYr, {^gr, {MQ>\§$S> dJ¡ao.
A{Z`§{ÌV H$O©~mOmam_Ü`o daVr Z_yX Ho$ë`mà_mUo Oar AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV Agcm Var AmnU
gmdH$ma, gam\$s noT>rdmco `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm g{dñVa {dMma H$ê$
5.4.1 gmdH$ma (Moneylenders) :
Or ì`{ŠV Amnë`mOdi AgUmè`m {eëcH$ n¡emVyZ Xwgè`mcm H$Om©dy n¡go XoVo Aer ì`ŠVr åhUOo
gmdH$ma hmo`. Aer ì`{ŠV ñdV:À`m CËnÝZmVyZ H$O© CncãY H$ê$Z XoB©c qH$dm Xwgè`mH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$mê$Z
Ë`mVyZ H$O© CncãY H$ê$Z XoB©c. ñdV:À`m ~imda H$O} XoUo, dgyc H$aUo `mMr Omo{I_ ñdrH$maVo, H$Om©à_mUo
ì`mO AmH$maVo, dgycr, {hemo~, Zm|Xr R>odVo qH$dm Vm|S>r {hemo~ Ho$cm OmVmo. Aer H$m_o gmdH$ma H$aVmV.
1) B§[S>`Z g|Q´>c ~±qH$J EÝH$dm`ar H${_Q>r- ""gmdH$ma åhUOo Aer ì`{ŠV H$s, {OMm àmW{_H$
ì`dgm` ~±{H$§J ZgVmo Va Vr \$ŠV H$O©nwadR>çmMm ì`dgm` H$aVo.''
2) S>m°. Ec. gr. O¡Z- ""gmdH$ma åhUOo Aer H$moUVrhr ì`{ŠV qH$dm ImOJr g§ñWm H$s Or H$O}
XoVo na§Vy ghgm R>odr pñdH$maV Zmhr qH$dm hþ§S>çmMm ì`dhma H$aV Zmhr.''
_mZdr g_mOmÀ`m B{VhmgmBVH$m gmdH$mar ì`dgm`hr OwZm Amho. gmdH$mar ì`dgm`mMo \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o
AmhoV. nU Ë`m ì`dgm`mVrc VmoQ>çm§er VwcZm H$aVm \$m`Xo H$_r AmhoV Ë`m_wio gmdH$mar ì`dgm` H$_r
ìhmdm, {H$§~hþZm Vmo ~§X ìhmdm `mgmR>r àË`oH$ XoemVrc _Ü`dVr© ~±H$m à`ËZ H$aV AgVmV. gmdH$ma ñdV:À`m
BÀN>oà_mUo, H$moUmcmhr, H$moUË`mhr ì`mO XamZo H$O} XoVmo, Ë`mMr gm_-Xm_-X§S> `m ê$nmZo dgwcr H$aVmo,
{hemo~ R>odV Zmhr, Zm|Xr R>odV Zmhr, Ë`mÀ`mda H$moUmMohr {Z`§ÌU AgV Zmhr. Vmio~§X _m§Sy>Z Vo H$moUmcm
Xmd{dV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`mda _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo qH$dm AÝ` H$moUmMo {Z`§ÌU ZgVo. ImoQ>o {hemo~ R>odyZ H$O©Xmamcm
cw~mS>Vmo, Ë`mÀ`mda X~md AmUVmo Ë`mMo emofU H$aVmo. gmdH$mar ì`dgm`mVrc Xmof Xya Ho$co Va Vmo ì`dgm`
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo {hVmdh R>aoc.
5.4.2 gam\$s noT>rdmco
(Indigenous Bankers):
^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m ñWmnZ hmoÊ`m AJmoXa, \$ma nydunmgyZ H$O© nwadR>çmMo H$m_ gmdH$mam~amo~aM
gamOr noT>rdmë`mH$Sy>Z hmoV hmoVo. gam\$s noT>rdmcoho BWco a{hdmer hmoVo d {nT>çmZ{nT>çm Vmo Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm`
hmoVm åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm EVÔoer` ~±H$g© Ago g§~moYco OmVo. 1930 _Ü`o ^maVmVrc EHy$U H$O© nwadR>çmn¡H$s
90% H$O} noT>rdmco d gmdH$ma `m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoV hmoVm. Ë`m§Mm {hñgm 1978 _Ü`o 50 %Pmcm d AmVm Vmo
15% n`ªV Imcr Amcm Amho. `mMm AW© H$O©nwadR>çmV Ë`m§Mm à^md H$_r Pmcm Agcm Var _hËd nyU©nUo
H$_r Pmco Zmhr.
5.4.2.1 ì`m»`m- gam\$s noT>rdmco H$moU?
S>m°. Ec. gr. O¡Z (1929): ""H$O} XoÊ`m~amo~aM R>odr pñdH$maUmar AJa hþ§S>çm§Mm ì`dhma H$aUmar
AJa XmoÝhrhr ì`dhma H$aUmar ì`{ŠV qH$dm ImOJr g§ñWm åhUOo gam\$s noT>rdmco hmoV'' {hM ì`m»`m 1929
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108
_Yrc
The Central Banking Inquiry Committee Zo
pñdH$macr hmoVr.
~r. gr. Kmof- ""hþ§S>rMm ì`dhma H$aUmar ì`ŠVr AJa ImOJr g§ñWm åhUOo gam\$s noT>rdmco hmoV, Vo
R>odr pñdH$mamdoV AJa Z pñdH$mamoV.''
Or. Ec. H$maH$c - ""hþ§S>r ì`dgm` H$aUmao cmoH$ åhUOo gam\$s noT>rdmco cmoH$ hmoV, Ago cmoH$ R>odr
pñdH$maUo d H$O} XoUo hr H$m`} H$amoV AWdm Z H$amoV''
darc ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoVë`m Va gam\$s noT>rdmco åhUOo Oo cmoH$ AWdm Or g§ñWm hþ§S>r ì`dhma H$aVo
(hþ§S>r {chÿZ H$O} XoVo qH$dm hþ§S>r dQ>dyZ n¡go XoVo) Ago cmoH$ R>od pñdH$maUo, H$O© XoUo hm ì`dgm`hr H$aVrc
AWdm H$aUma ZmhrV.
5.4.2.2 gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço
1) àXrK© B{Vhmg d na§nam- {d{eï> cmoH$ hþ§S>r ì`dhma H$aVmV Vmo Ë`m§Mm {nT>çmZ{nT>çm gwê$ AgUmam
ì`dgm` Amho. Ë`m_wio chmZnUrM ì`dgm`mMo ~miH$S>y> Ë`m§Zm {_iVo. nyU© _m{hVr {_iVo. A§JmV
ì`dgm`mMo H$g~ {Z_m©U hmoVo.
2) {d{eð> g_mOmMm ì`dgm`- hþ§S>r ì`dhma hm _madmS>r, eoÅ>r, _wcVmZr, IÌr, ~moham, O¡Z, JwOamVr,
lm°\$ `m g_mOmVrc cmoH$mH$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmVmo. dS>rcmOuV dmagm Vo nwT>o Mmc{dVmV.
3) àmXo{eH$ H|$ÐrH$aU - _madmS>r noT>çm _w§~B©, H$mocH$Îmm, eoÅ>r noT>çm, X{jU ^maVmV, O¡Z noT>çm H$m§hr
ehamV AmT>>iVmV._w§~B©, H$mocH$Îmm, {Xëcr, MoÝZB©, Ah_Xm~mX `m ehamV ho noT>rdmco AmOhr O_
~gdyZ AmhoV. IÌr noT>çm n§Om~mV AmhoV.
4) J«m_rU ^mJmV ZmhrV- gam\$s noT>rdmco ì`mnma _moR>çm à_mUmV MmcVmo VoWo AmhoV. Vo J«m_rU ^mJmV
H$m_ H$aV ZmhrV nU \$ma WmoS>o cmoH$ eoV_mcmÀ`m dmhVyH$sV g§~§YrV AmhoV.
5) emIm {dñVma - gam\$s noT>rdmco Amnë`m emIm BVa ehamV gwê$H$aVmV d `m emIoÛmao hþ§S>r ì`dhma
H$aVmV. emIoMm H$ma^ma {dídmgy "_w{Z_' qH$dm "Jw_mñVm' _m\©$V nm{hcm OmVmo.
6) ì`dgm`rH$ d Aì`mdgm{`H$ noT>rdmco- Á`m§Mm ~±qH$J hm EH$_od ì`dgm` AgVmo. Ë`m§Zm ì`mdgm`rH$
noT>rdmco Am{U hþ§S>r ì`dhmam~amo~aM AÝ` ì`dgm` Vo H$aV AgVrc Va Ë`m§Zm Aì`mdgmB©H$ noT>rdmco
Ago åhUVmV.
7) g§KQ>Zm- noT>rdmco EH$mH$s H$m_ H$aV ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm§Zm "_hmOZ' Ago
åhUVmV. Amnë`m AS>MUr, qH$dm CncãY hmoUmar g§Yr `m ~Ôc g§KQ>rVnUo MMm©, {dMma H$aVmV.
g§KQ>Zo_m\©$V gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d Ý`m`XmZ {df`H$ Jmoï>r Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
8) gam\$r noT>rdmco EH${OZer ZmhrV- Oar Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm Agë`m Var Ë`m OmVrZwgma doJù`m AmhoV.
Ë`m§À`m nÜXVr, g§KQ>ZoMo {Z`_ doJio, hþ§S>r {chrÊ`mMo àH$ma doJio, H$ga H$mnÊ`mMm Xa doJim AgVmo.
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109
5.4.2.7 gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§Mr H$m`} :
gam\$s noT>rdmco Amncm ì`dgm` AË`§V AZm¡nMm[aH$ nÜXVrZo Mmc{dVmV. Amnë`m Kar qH$dm H$m`m©c`mV
ñdV:AJa _w{Z_m\©$V JaOy ì`{ŠV§Zm, g§ñWm§Zm H$m§hr VmaU KodyZ qH§$dm n[a{MV ì`{ŠV~m~V {dZmVmaUhr H$O©
XoVmV. H$O© XoVmZm F$UH$mo H$Sy>Z H$Om©À`m aŠH$_oMr hþ§S>r {chÿZ KoVmV. qH$dm n[a{MVm§À`mH$S>rc hþ§S>çm H$adyZ
Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMo n¡go XoVmV. H$O©Xmamcm AO© dm {dZ§Vr H$aÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. XñVEodO gmXa H$amdo cmJV ZmhrV.
_moOŠ`mM {hemo~mÀ`m døm, EImX Xwgam ZmoH$a `m§À`mghmæ`mZo Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm` MmcVmoo. {hemo~VnmgUr,
Ahdmc gmXa, OmhramV~mOr Ago àH$ma ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio H$_r IMm©V Ë`m§Zm Amncm ì`dhma H$aVm `oVmo.
eŠ`Vmo Ë`m§Mo ì`dhma AmoiIrÀ`m ì`ŠVr dm g§ñWm~amo~a AgVmV.{dídmgnmÌVm `mda {dg§~yZ H$m_ H$aVmV
Ë`m_wio H$O© ~wS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo.
noT>rdmco nwT>rc H$m`} H$aVmV.
1) R>odr pñdH$maUo :
noT>rdmco eŠ`Vmo ñdV:Mm, Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mm, ñd{H$`m§Mm, {_Ìm§Mm n¡gm dmnaVmV. Ë`m§Mo H$m`m©c`, emIm `m
Am¡Úmo{JH$, ì`mnmar ehamOdi Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mOdi R>o{dÀ`m ê$nmZo ~amM n¡gm O_m hmoVmo. gwa{jVVm d
H$Om©Mr JaO `m_wio H$m§hr cmoH$ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o R>odr R>odVmV.
Am{Ic ^maVr` J«m_rU nVnwadR>m nmhUr ( 1951) AhdmcmZwgma 67% noT>rdmco R>odr ñdrH$maV hmoVo.
Ë`m R>odrXmamn¡H$s 40% R>odrXma ì`mnmar hmoVo. R>odrMr _wXV, aŠH$_ `mZwgma Ë`mdarc ì`OmMm Xa ~XcVmo.
noT>rdmë`m§Zm JaO dmQ>cr Va Vo OmXm ì`mOXa XodyZ R>odr pñdH$maVmV. R>od nmdVr {Xcr OmVo Ago Zmhr.
Ë`m§À`mOdirc nwñVH$mVrc Zm|X _hËdmMr _mZcr OmVo. JaOoZwgma Vo ì`mnmar ~±Ho$H$Sy>Zhr H$O© H$mT>VmV.
2) H$O} XoUo :
gam\$s noT>rdmco JaOy ì`{ŠV§Zm, g§ñWm§Zm H$O© XoVmV. Vo Aën dm _Ü`_ _wXVrMo H$O© XoVmV. A§VJ©V
ì`mnma, _mc, `§Ìo IaoXrgmR>r Vo H$O© XoVmV. AmoiIrÀ`m CÚmoJnVrcm, ì`mnmè`mcm, H$mam{Jamcm, eoVH$è`m§Zm
H$O© XoVmV. H$O© XoVmZm H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z coIr dMZ{MÇ>r {chÿZ KoVcr OmVo. _moR>çm aŠH$_ogmR>r gaH$mar ~m±S>
nonaMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo, hþ§S>rMm dmna H$ê$Z H$O© {Xco OmVo. H$m§hr doim eoVO_rZ, B_maV, `§Ìo, dmhZo,
OS>Odmhra `m§À`m VmaUmdahr H$O© XoVmV. AWm©V Ë`mdarc ì`mOmMm Xa gdmªZm gmaIm ZgVmo. H$Om©Mr aŠH$_,
VmaU Am{U H$moUË`m H$maUmgmR>r H$O© nm{hOo `mZwgma ì`mOXa ~XcVmo. ì`mOXa hm ~±H$mÀ`m ì`mOXamnojm
OmñV AgVmo.
3) hþ§S>r ì`dhma :
hþ§S>r {chÿZ H$O© XoUo AJa hþ§S>r dQ>dyZ H$O© XoUo hm noT>rdmë`m§Mm ì`dgm` {deof Amho. hþ§S>r åhUOo EH$m
ì`{ŠVZo Xwgè`m ì`{ŠVg n¡go XoÊ`m~Ôc {Xcocm coIr AmXoe hmo`. ghr H$aUmar ì`{ŠV hmAmXoe _mÝ` H$aVo.
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110
hþ§S>rMm Z_wZm
H$moëhmnya
{XZm§H$
_mJUr Ho$ë`mda, _o
`mg AJa dmhH$mg é.
(Ajar én`o
) 10 % ì`mOXamZo gd© _yë` naV H$amdo.
hþ§S>r pñdH$maUmè`mMr ghr
hþ§S>r {chÿZ XoUmè`mMr ghr
h§þS>r hr EH$mM àH$maÀ`m _OHw$amMr AgV Zmhr. àË`oH$ noT>rdmco Amnco d¡{eð> åhUyZ BVamnojm doJù`m
nÜXVrMr _OHw$am§Mr hþ§S>r V`ma H$aVmo. Ago Agco Var hþ§S>r _Ü`o {H$Vr aŠH$_, H$moUË`m ì`mOXamZo, {H$Vr
H$mcmdYrgmR>r KoVcr Amho, `mMm Vn{ec d KZH$mo `m§Mr Ë`mda ghr AgVo. noT>rdmë`m§À`m hþ§S>çm 31 ì`m
{Xder, 91 ì`m {Xder, 361 ì`m {Xder Xo` AgVmV.
noT>rdmco hþ§S>r {chÿZ qH$dm BVam§À`m hþ§S>çm dQ>dyZ H$O© XoVmV hþ§S>r Á`m ì`mOXamZo dQ>{dcr OmVo Ë`mcm
hþ§S>çm dQ>{dÊ`mMm ~mOma Xa Ago åhUVmV. hþ§S>tV Z_yX Ho$coë`m Xamnojm ~mOmaXa OmñV AgVmo. hþ§S>çm§Mo
AZoH$ àH$ma AmhoV. CXm. Xe©Zr hþ§S>r (hþ§S>r XmI{dë`mda Ë`mMo n¡go naV XoUo) _wXVr hþ§S>r- ({d{eð> _wXVrZ§Va
n¡go Úmdo cmJVmV.) ehmOmoJ hþ§S>r (_mÝ`da ì`{ŠVÀ`m ZmdmZo V`ma Ho$cocr) Zm_OmoJ hþ§S>r (Á`mÀ`m ZmdmZo
hþ§S>r {chrcr Amho Ë`mcm n¡go XoUo) dJ¡ao
noT>rdmë`m§Zm OmñV n¡emMr JaO dmQ>cr Va Vo dQ>{dcoë`m hþ§S>çm ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ `m§À`mH$S>o XodyZ
(hþ§S>r nwÝhm dQ>dyZ) Ë`mda n¡go {_i{dVmV nU eŠ`Vmo ñdV:Odirc gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$ZM Vo ì`dgm`
H$aVmV.
5.4.2.4 gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§À`m H$m`m©Vrc Xmof :
1) _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU Zmhr : noT>rdmco R>odr pñdH$maUo, H$O} XoUo hr H$m`} H$aVmV åhUOo ~±H$s¨J
ì`dgm` H$aVmV nU Ë`m§À`mda [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU Zmhr. amoIVm {H$Vr ~miJmdr, am{Id {ZYrMo
JwUmoÎma,{hemo~ VnmgyZ KoUo, Ahdmc à{gÜX H$aUo B. ~m~V H$moUVoM ~§YZ Ë`m§À`mda Zmhr.
2) gZmVZr Ñï>rH$moU d nma§nm[aH$ nÜXV : noT>rdmë`m§Mm ì`dgm` d§ena§naoZo d nyduÀ`mM nÜXVrZo
Mmc{dcm OmVmo. gmMo~§XnUm AgVmo. H$ënH$Vm d Zm{dÝ` `m§Mm A^md AgVmo. Zdo ~Xc AmË_gmV
H$aÊ`mMr V`mar ZgVo. hþ§S>rMm Z_wZm ~XcZo, ~±H$ pñdH¥$Vr KoUo `mg V`mar ZgVo. {hemo~mMr OwUr
nÜXV, _moS>r{cnrMm dmna, JwáVm R>odcr OmVo
3) ~±qH$J d {~Ja ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mMr gai{_gi : AZoH$ noT>rdmco ~±{H$§J ì`dgm` d BVa ì`dgm`
CXm. ñdV:Mm ì`mnma, CÚmoJ, dmhVwH$ ì`dgm` dJ¡ao H$aVmV nU Ë`m XmohmoV doJionUm H$aV ZmhrV.
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111
BH$S>Mm n¡gm {VH$S>o, VoWrc n¡gm ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV dmnaVmV.Ë`m_wio Vo H|$ìhm AS>MUrV `oVrc ho
gm§JVm `oV Zmhr. R>o{dXma AS>MUrV `ody eH$VmV.
4) ì`mOmMo OmñV Xa : gm_mÝ`Vm ì`mnmar ~±H$m dm AÝ` {dÎmr` g§ñWm `m§Mo H$Om©darc, hþ§S>r dQ>mdmMo Oo
Xa AmhoV Ë`mnojm noT>rdmë`m§Mo ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmV. ehamZwgma hþ§S>r ì`dhmamMo Xa ~XcVo AgVmV.
ì`mOXa OmñV Agë`mZo F$UH$moMm VmoQ>m hmoVmo.
5) g§KQ>rV joÌmer g§nH©$ H$_r : AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mer Ë`m§Mm g§nH©$ H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio ~±qH$J
ì`dgm`mVrc gwYmaUm Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mV {XgyZ `oV ZmhrV. Amncm n¡gm ~±Ho$V R>odUo, JaO ^mgë`mg
~±Ho$H$Sy>Z n¡go KoUo `mda Vo {dg§~yZ ZgVmV. ñdV:À`m {dÎmr` gmYZm§Mm, ñdV:À`m _Ouà_mUo dmna
H$aVmV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Ë`m§À`mgmR>r AZoH$ `moOZm am~{dë`m CXm. A) 6 _o, 1937 Mr `moOZmAàË`j g§nH©$ `moOZm ~X 1962 Mr àË`j g§nH©$ `moOZm `mcm Ë`m§Zr à{VgmX {Xcm Zmhr. H$) 1972
À`m ~±{H§$J H${_eZZo gwM{dcoë`m {e\$maerZmhr Ë`m§Zr _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Zmhr- ñdV§ÌnUo ì`dgm` H$aUo
`mcmM Ë`m§Mr ng§Vr Amho.
6) R>odr dmT>{dÊ`mH$S>o Xwc©j : gam\$s noT>rdmco H$m`©j_VoZo Amncm ì`dgm` H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm`IM©
H$_r AgVmo, XjVoZo H$O© dgwcr H$aVmV, J«mhH$mer {_ÌËdmMo ZmVo OmoS>VmV. doir Adoir H$O© CncãY
H$ê$Z XoVmV. nU ñdV:À`m {dÎmr` gmYZmÛmaoM ì`dgm` H$aVmV. R>odr AmH${f©V H$ê$Z Amncm ì`dgm`
dmT>{dV ZmhrV. R>o{dXmam§À`m R>odrda Vo {dg§~yZ ahmV ZmhrV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mMm {dñVma hmoV
Zmhr.
7) hþ§S>r ~mOmamÀ`m {dH$mgmV gh^mJ Zmhr : noT>rdmë`m§Mm hþ§S>r ì`dhma _hËdmMm nU ^maVmVrc hþ§S>r
~mOmamMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr gh`moJ {Xcm Zmhr. Amncm gdVm gw^m Ë`m§Zr {Q>H$dyZ R>odcm.
hþ§S>rgmR>r ñQ>±n nonaMm dmna,{d{eï> nÜXVrMm _OHy$a dmnaUo, ~±H$ pñdH¥$Vr KoUo, hþ§S>çm nwZd©Q>mdmMr gmo`
B. Jmoï>rV Ë`m§Zr gh_Vr Xe©{dcr Zmhr.
8) à^mdr g§KQ>ZoMm A^md : {d{eï> noT>rdmë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm AmhoV nU Ë`m chmZ g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. gd©
noT>rdmco gh^mJr hmoVrc Aem ì`mnH$ g§KQ>Zm ZmhrV. ~hþVoH$ noT>rdmco ñdV§ÌnUo ì`dgm` H$aVmV.
Ë`m§Mm EH$_oH$mer \$magm g§~§Y ZgVmo. Vo EH$_oH$mda Hw$aKmoS>r H$aÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ H$aV ZmhrV. g§KQ>rV
H¥$Vr KS>V Zmhr Ë`m_wio gmYZ g§nÎmrÀ`m J{VercVoda d H$Om©À`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmV _oi ~gÊ`mda
à{VHy$c n[aUm_ KS>Vmo.
gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§Mo ^{dVì` :
{nT>çmZ {nT>çm {d{eð> ì`dgm` H$aV Agë`mZo ~è`mM noT>rdmë`m§Zr Amnë`m ì`dgm`mV O_ ~g{dcm
Amho. ~±{H§$J ì`dgm`mV ~Xc hmoV AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma noT>rdmë`m§Zrhr H$m§hr ~Xc pñdH$maco AmhoV. AW©ì`dñWoVrc
Ë`m§Mm à^md H$_r Pmcm Amho. ehar ^mJmV H$m§hr Zm_d§V noT>rdmco hþ§S>r ì`dhma H$aV AmhoV. d ^{dî`mVhr Vo
Amncm ì`dgm` H$aV amhVrc H$maU ñd^m§S>dcmda, ñdV:À`m H$V©wËdmda Vo Adc§~yZ AmhoV. EH$ ì`dgm`
åhUyZ Vmo Ë`m§Zr {Q>H$dyZ R>odcm Amho. Amoi{IÀ`m ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm, `m§Zm Vo JaOoZwgma, {dZmVmaU {dÎm ghmæ`
H$aVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ì`dgm`mcm dmd Amho.
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5.4.3 MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm (Check your Progress) :
1) H$O© _mJUmè`m àË`oH$ ì`{ŠV qH$dm g§ñWocm {dH$mg ~±H$m H$O© nwa{dVmV
2) CËnmXZ g§ñWoÀ`m H$ÀMm _mc IaoXrg, H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ XoÊ`mg {dH$mg ~±H$m H$O© nwa{dVmV.
3) H$O© KoUmè`m g§ñWocm {dH$mg ~±H$m AÝ` gw{dYm _mo\$V CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV.
4) {dH$mg ~±H$m åhUOo AW©ì`dñWoVrc Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m ^m{JXma g§ñWm.
5) {dH$mg ~±H$m_wio XoemVrc CÚmoJY§Xo dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
6) {dH$mg ~±H$m CËnmXZ g§ñWocm _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrMr H$O} CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV.
7) ì`mnmar ~±H$m d {dH$mg ~±H$m `m§À`m H$m`m©V g_mZVm Amho.
8) AW©ì`dñWoVrc JaOoà_mUo CËnmXZ Z H$aUmè`m àH$ënm§Zm {dH$mg ~±H$m H$O© nwadR>m H$aV ZmhrV.
9) {Z`m©V d Am`mV ~±H$ hr EH$_od {dH$mg ~±H$ ^maVmÀ`m {dXoer ì`mnmamg _XV H$aÊ`mg ñWmnZ
Ho$cr Amho.
10)
ICICI hr
{dH$mg ~°§H$ åhUyZ gÜ`m H$m_ H$aV Amho.
11) AmOmar CËnmXZ g§ñWm§Zm gj_ ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r IFCI à`ËZerc Amho.
12) amÁ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _§S>i _moR>çm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ`m§Zm {dÎmr` ghmæ` H$aVo.
13) ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ nV d Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>imMm g_mdoe ì`mnmar ~±Ho$V hmoVmo.
14) ^maVmVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m AmXoemZwgma H$m_ H$aVmV.
15) ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWoda [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU Amho.
16) EImÚm {d{eï> H$m`m©da cj H|$ÐrV H$ê$Z Ë`mV àm{dÊ` {_i{dUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUOo ~±Ho$Va
{dÎmr` g§ñWm hmo`.
17) {ZYr, {MQ>\§$S>g `m g§KQ>rV ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmhoV.
18) Amnë`m XoemV g§KQ>rV ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm AcrH$S>rc H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV.
19) ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm dmT>ë`m Va AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m àJVrcm JVr {_iVo.
20) H$Om©Mr JaO AgUmè`m§Zm ~±Ho$ nojm ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Aën XamZo H$O© {_iVo.
21) ~hþg§»` ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm, gj_ d {XK©H$mi H$m_H$aUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm AmhoV.
22) ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWo_wio H$O©Xmam§Zm H$O© {_i{dÊ`mMo AZoH$ _mJ© Iwco hmoVmV.
23) ^maVr` Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>imMm g_mdoe nydu ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWoV Ho$cm OmV hmoVm nU AmVm
Ë`mMm g_mdoe Jw§VdUyH$ g§ñWm åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
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~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 8
24) ^maVr` gd©gmYmaU {d_m _hm_§Si ho AmVm \$ŠV nwZ{d©V nwadR>çmMo H$m_ H$aV Amho.
25) eoAa ~mOmamVrc YmoHo$ H$_rV H$_r H$ê$Z VoWrc \$m`Xm OmñV à_mUmV {_idUmar {dÎmr` g§ñWm
åhUOo nañna {ZYr hmo`.
26) H$O© ~mOma åhUOo H$Om©dy n¡emMm nwadR>m H$aUmao d H$Om©dy n¡emMr _mJUr H$aUmao gd© KQ>H$ hmoV.
27) Á`m {dÎm nwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm XoemVrc _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmV ZgVmV Ë`m§Zm A{Z`§ÌrV
H$O© ~mOma Ago åhUVmV.
28)Ÿ A{Z`§ÌrV H$O© ~mOmamÀ`m ApñVËdm_wio _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmcm nyU© `e {_iV
Zmhr.
29) Á`m ì`ŠVrMm àmW{_H$ ì`dgm` ~§°qH$J ZgVmo nU Vr H$O© XoÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$aVo Ë`mcm gmdH$ma
Ago åhUVmV.
30) gmdH$mar ì`dgm`mVrc Xmof Xya Ho$co Va Vmo ì`dgm` AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo {hVmdh R>aoc.
31) gam\$s noT>rdmco `m§Zm à{XK© B{Vhmg d na§nam Amho.
32) gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§Mm _wŠV ì`dgm` ~±qH$J ñdê$nmMm Amho.
33) gam\$s noT>rdmë`m§Zm Amncm ì`dgm` gwê$ H$am`cm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr nadmZJr cmJVo.
34) gam\$s noT>r dmë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mda [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo nyU© {Z`§ÌU Amho.
35) hþ§S>r åhUOo F$UH$moZo YZH$mocm {d{eï> aŠH$_ XoÊ`m{df`r {Xcocm AmXoe AgVmo.
36) hþ§{S>V Z_wX Ho$coë`m Xamà_mUo hþ§S>r dQ>{dÊ`mMm Xa R>a{dcm OmVmo.
37) gam\$s noT>rdmco Amnë`m ì`dgm`mV AË`mYw{ZH$Vm Adc§~V AmhoV.
5.4.7 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check Your Proqress)
1) MyH$
2) MyH$
3) MyH$
4) ~amo~a
5) ~amo~a
6) ~amo~a
7) MyH$
8) ~amo~a
9) ~amo~a
10) MyH$
11) MyH$
12) MyH$
13) MyH$
14) ~amo~a
15) ~amo~a
16) MyH$
17) ~amo~a
18) MyH$
19) ~amo~a
20) ~amo~a
21) MyH$
22) MyH$
23) ~amo~a
24) ~amo~a
25) ~amo~a
26) ~amo~a
27) ~amo~a
28) ~amo~a
29) ~amo~a
30) ~amo~a
31) ~amo~a
32) ~amo~a
33) MyH$
34) MyH$
35) MyH$
36) MyH$
37) MyH$
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114
gmam§e :
XoemVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ~°§qH$J {Z`_mZwgma H$m_ H$aVmV d Ë`m§À`mda _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
Ë`m§À`m gmaIoM H$m_ H$aUmè`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm nU Ë`m§À`mda _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU ZgVo, Ë`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm
Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ àH$ën {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm H$O} d BVa godm nwa{dVmV Ë`m§Zm {dH$mg ~±H$m Ago åhUVmV.
nwamo{n` XoemV àW_V: {dH$mg ~±H$m {Z_m©U Pmë`m, ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV, gaH$maÀ`m à`ËZm_wio ^maVmV
{dH$mg ~±H$m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. {dH$mg ~±H$mMr d¡{eîQ>ço d H$m`} ì`mnmar ~±Ho$nojm doJir AmhoV. ^maVmV, H$m§hr
{dH$mg ~±H$m Xoe ñVamda Va H$m§hr amÁ` ñVamda H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. (ICICI) dJiVm BVa {dH$mg ~±H$m
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV AmhoV.
n¡emMr XodKod H$aUmè`m Á`m g§ñWm _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmV ZmhrV Ë`m {dÎmr` g§ñWocm ~±Ho$Va
{dÎmr` g§ñWm qH$dm _Ü`ñW Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m AmhoV. CXm. Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrc, {ZYr,
{MQ>\§$S>g, {dÎm H§$nZr dJ¡ao Am{U g§KQ>rV joÌmV {dH$mg ~±H$m, Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m,{deofrH¥$V Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m
dJ¡ao. ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m dmT>r_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm doJ
dmT>m`cm _XV hmoVo.
AW©ì`dñWoVrc Oo KQ>H$ dm g§ñWm H$Om©dy aŠH$_oMr _mJUr H$aVmV d Oo KQ>H$ H$Om©dy aŠH$_oMm nwadR>m
H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm EH${ÌVnUo H$O© ~mOma Ago åhUVmV. `m H$O©~mOmamVrc, H$O© nwadR>m H$aUmè`m Aem Á`m
KQ>H$mda _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU ZgVo Ë`m§Zm A{Z`§ÌrV H$O© ~mOma Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o gmdH$ma d gam\$s
noT>rdmco `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vo XmoÝhrhr KQ>H$ ImOJr[aË`m d ñdV§ÌnUo H$O© XoÊ`mMm ì`dhma H$aVmV.
Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mMo H$m§hr \$m`Xo d H$m§hr VmoQ>o AmhoV nU Ë`m§À`m ì`dgm`mVrc Xmof Xya H$aVm Amco ZmhrV.
AW©ì`dñWoVrc Ë`m§Mm à^md H$_r hmoV Amho. H$maU g§KQ>rV H$O© nyadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm dmT>{dë`m OmV
AmhoV.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1) Or g§ñWm àm_w»`mZo R>odr pñdH$maVo Am{U H$O} XoVo Ë`mcm ~±H$ Ago åhUVmV.
2) Or ~±H$ H$O© _mJUmè`m àH$ënm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z, gj_ àH$ënm§Zm H$O© XoVo, BVa godm CncãY H$ê$Z
XoVo Aem ~±Ho$cm {dH$mg ~±H$ Ago åhUVmV.
3) Á`m g§ñWm, n¡emMr XodKod H$aVmV Ë`m§Mr Zm|XUr H§$nZr H$m`ÚmZwgma Pmcocr Amho, Ë`m§À`mda _Ü`dVu
~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU ZgVo {edm` Ë`m§Zr EImÚm H$m`m©V àm{dÊ` {_i{dco Amho, Ë`m§Zm ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm
Ago åhUVmV.
4) H$Om©Mm nwadR>m H$aUmè`m Á`m ì`{ŠV qH$dm g§ñWoda XoemVrc _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU ZgVo Ë`m§Zm
A{Z`§ÌrV H$O©~mOma Ago åhUVmV.
5) ñdV:À`m {dÎmr` gmYZmVyZ, ñdV:À`m _Ouà_mUo H$O© nwadQ>m H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm gmdH$ma Ago
åhUVmV.
6) Á`m ì`{ŠV hþ§S>çm V`ma H$ê$Z qH$dm hþ§S>çm dQ>dyZ H$O© XoVmV Ë`m§Zm gam\$s noT>rdmco Ago åhUVmV.
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115
KQ>H$ - 6
6.1) ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$
(Reserve Bank of India)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
6.1.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
6.1.2 àmñVm{dH$
6.1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
6.1.3.1
6.1.3.2
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ^m§S>dc
6.1.3.3
6.1.3.4
6.1.3.5
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo amQ´>r`rH$aU
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ì`dñWmnZ
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr H$m_H$mO H$m`m©c`o
6.1.3.6
6.1.4 gmam§e
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr H$m`}
6.1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
6.1.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
6.1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
6.1.1 C{ÔîQ>o
1) [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m ñWmnZoMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoUo.
2) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm AW© g_OyZ KoUo.
3) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} Aä`mgUo.
6.1.2 àmñVm{dH$
XoemÀ`m ~±qH$J ì`dñWoV _Ü`dVu ~±H$ hr gdm}ÀM g§ñWm AgVo. amîQ´>mÀ`m McZ ì`dñWocm d ~±qH$J
ì`dñWocm `mo½` {Xem XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$da AgVo. åhUyZ 1930 _Ü`o ^maVr` _Ü`dVu ~±H$
ì`dgm` g{_VrZo XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Aer {e\$mag
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118
Ho$cr. 1934 _Ü`o "[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>' H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma 1 E{àc, 1935 nmgyZ
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Aer ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. én`m§Mr Xoem§VJ©V d Am§VaamîQ´>r` qH$_V pñWa
amIÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. VgoM XoemVrc ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV gygyÌVm, g_Ýd`,
{Z`_~ÕVm XoÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV
Amcr.
H|$Ð gaH$ma d _Ü`dVu ~±H$ `m§À`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV OdiMm g§~Y§ Agcm nm{hOo `m hoVZy o ^maV gaH$maZo
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m amîQ´>r`H$aUmMm {ZU©` KoVcm. 1 OmZodmar 1949 nmgyZ [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr ^maV
gaH$maÀ`m _mcH$sMr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$arV Amho.
6.1.3.1 [aPìh© ~±H$o Mr ñWmnZm
1934 cm [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`m A°ŠQ>Zwgma 1 E{àc, 1935 nmgyZ [aPìh©
~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ~±H$ ñWmnZ Pmcr.
6.1.3.2 [aPìh© ~±H$o Mo ^m§S>dc
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo EHy$U ^m§S>dc 5 H$moQ>r én`o hmoVo. ho ^m§S>dc Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r 100 én`m§Mm 1 `mà_mUo
5 cmI ^mJ {dHy$Z ^m§S>dcmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. ho ^mJ^m§S>dc cmoH$m§Zr IaoXr Ho$co hmoVo. `m ~±Ho$cm
ImOJr ^mJYmaH$m§Mr ~±H$ g_OÊ`mV Amco hmoVo.
6.1.3.3 [aPìh© ~±H$o Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU
H|$Ð gaH$ma d _Ü`dVu ~±H$ `m§À`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV OdiMm g§~Y§ Agcm nm{hOo `m hoVZy o ^maV gaH$maZo
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m amîQ´>r`rH$aUmMm {ZU©` KoVcm. 1948 _Ü`o ~±Ho$À`m amîQ´>r`rH$aUmMm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV
Amcm. 1 OmZodmar, 1949 nmgyZ "[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m' ^maV gaH$maMr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`} H$arV Amho.
6.1.3.4 [aPìh© ~±H$o Mo ì`dñWmnZ
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo ì`dñWmnZ g§MmcH$ _§S>imH$Sy>Z nm{hco OmVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m ì`dhmamda
gd©gmYmaU XoIaoI R>odUo d ~±Ho$cm `mo½` Ago _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo `m{df`rMr O~m~Xmar g§MmcH$ _§S>imMr Amho.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm JìhZ©a hm g§MmcH$ _§S>imMm à_wI AgVmo. VgoM Vmo ~±Ho$Mm gdm}ÀM A{YH$mar AgVmo. ~±Ho$À`m
g§MmcH$ _§S>imV EHy$U 20 à{V{ZYr AgVmV.
Ë`m_Ü`o EH$ JìhZ©a, Mma S>oß`yQ>r JìhZ©a, Mma g§MmcH$ (ñWm{ZH$ _§S>imÛmao {Z`wŠV), 10 g§MmcH$
åhUyZ d EH$ gaH$mar A{YH$mar ^maV gaH$maH$Sy>Z {Z`wŠV Ho$co OmVmV. ho 10 g§MmcH$ CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, ghH$ma
`m joÌmVrc VÁk AgVmV. gaH$mar A{YH$mar eŠ`Vmo ^maV gaH$maÀ`m AW©ImË`mMm g{Md AgVmo. JìhZ©a
Am{U S>oß`wQ>r JìhZ©a `m§Mm H$m`©H$mc 5 dfmªMm AgVmo.
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119
6.1.3.5 {aPìh© ~±H$o Mo H$m_H$mO (H$m`m©c`o)
^maVmMm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ {dñVma cjmV KoD$Z nyd©, npíM_, X{jU d CÎma Aem Mma {d^mJmV {d^mJUr
H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. _w§~B©, H$cH$Îmm, _Ðmg, Am{U {Xëcr `m {R>H$mUÀ`m àË`oH$ {d^mJmgmR>r àmXo{eH$
ñWm{ZH$ _§S>io ñWmnZ ococr AgyZ àË`oH$ ñWm{ZH$ _§S>imV 5 g^mgX AgVmV. Ë`mMm H$mcmdYr 4 dfmªMm
AgVmo. {aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo H$ma^mamÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r ^maVmV {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr H$m`m©c`o d emIm CKS>ë`m AmhoV.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`m©c` _w§~B© `oWo Amho.
^maVm~mhoa c§S>Z `oWohr EH$ H$m`m©c` Amho. ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ JQ>mVrc ~±H$m§Zm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV
Amcocm Amho.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`m©c` _w§~B© `oWo Amho `m H$m`m©c`mV gmoB©gmR>r doJdoJio {d^mJ AmhoV.
1) àemgZ d H$_©Mmar 2) {heo~ d IM© 3) H¥$fr nVnwadR>m 4) ~±qH$J ì`dhma 5) nV {Z`moOZ
6) Am¡Úmo{JH$ nVnwadR>m 7) {ZarjU {d^mJ 8) H$m`Xo {d^mJ 9) Am{W©H$ {d^mJ 10) gm§p»`H$s {d^mJ
11) g{Mdm§Mm {d^mJ 12) {~Ja ~±qH$J H§$nÝ`m 13) {d{Z_` {Z`§ÌU BË`mXr.
`mVrc àË`oH$ {d^mJmgmR>r EH$ à_wI A{YH$mar AgVmo.
6.1.3.6 [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr H$m`}
(Functions of R.B.I.)
A) {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ d ~) {dH$mgmË_H$ H$m`} H$amdr cmJVmV.
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr ^maVmMr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ Agë`mZo XoemVrc gdm}ÀM {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUyZ `m
~±H$o cm {d{dY àH$maMr H$m`} H$amdr cmJVmV. [aPìh© ~±H$o cm {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ d {dH$mgmË_H$ H$m`} H$amdr cmJVmV.
1) McZ {Z{_©Vr
(Issue of Notes)
^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm H$mJXr McZ N>nmB© d {ZJ©_Z `m§Mm EH$m{YH$ma àmßV Pmcocm Amho. ^maVmV
1957 n`ªV à_mU {ZYr nÕV ApñVËdmV hmoVr. na§Vw `m nÕVr_wio AS>MU {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio {dídV {ZYr
nÕV ApñVËdmV AmUcr Amho. ñdV§Ì McZ {d^mJm_m\©$V H$mJXr ZmoQ>m§Mr N>nmB© Ho$cr OmVo. ^maVr` [aPìh©
~±H$ 2 én`o d Ë`mnojm OmXm qH$_VrÀ`m ZmoQ>m N>mnVo CXm. 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 d 1000 dJ¡ao.
^maVmV {ZajaVoMo à_mU OmñV Agë`m_wio ZmoQ>m AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm AmH$ma Ë`mdarc {S>PmB©Z d a§J
doJdoJio R>odÊ`mV Amco AmhoV.
1957 nmgyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {H$_mZ amIrd {ZYr nÕVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm Amho. `m nÕVrZwgma [aPìh©
~±Ho$H$S>o gmoZo Am{U J§JmOir `m ñdê$nmV McZmcm AmYma åhUyZ é. 200 H$moQ>rMm {H$_mZ {ZYr R>odcm OmV
Amho. Ë`mVrc 115 H$moQ>r é. {ZYr hm gmoÝ`mV d ~mH$sMo {dXoer McZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV R>odmdm cmJVmo. McZ
{d^mJmMr _mc_Îmm d Xo`Vm doJir R>odcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio McZ {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o gwgyÌVm Amho.
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120
2) gaH$maMr ~±H$
(Banker to Government)
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr ^maV gaH$maMr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`} H$arV Amho. ^maVmV H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ`
gaH$ma Aem XmoÝhr gaH$mam§Mr ~±{H$§JMr H$m_o [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm H$amdr cmJVmV. [aPìh© ~±H$ gaH$maMr ~±H$a,
gëcmJma åhUyZ H$m§hr H$m`} H$arV Amho.
1) amÁ` gaH$ma d H|$Ð gaH$ma `m§À`m dVrZo McZ ñdrH$maUo. VgoM gaH$maMr `oUr Agcoë`m aH$_m
dgyc H$aUo.
2) amÁ` gaH$ma d H|$Ð `m§À`mdVrZo n¡go XoUo.
3) gaH$maÀ`m n¡em§Mo EH$m ImË`mVyZ Xwgè`m ImË`mV ñWcm§Va H$aUo.
4) gaH$maMr ~±H$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr {eëcH$ aŠH$_ gm§^miUo.
5) gmd©O{ZH$ H$Om©Mr ì`dñWm H$aUo.
6) amÁ` gaH$ma d H|$Ð gaH$maMr n¡emMr VmËnwaVr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r 90 {Xdg _wXVrMr H$O} XoUo.
7) gaH$maMo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§ñWm§da à{V{ZYr nmR>{dUo.
8) naH$s` {d{Z_`mMo ì`dhma gm§^miUo.
9) gaH$macm Am{W©H$ d ~±qH$J àíZm~m~V gëcm XoUo.
gaH$maÀ`m {d{dY g_ñ`m~m~V _XV H$aUo `mV gmd©O{ZH$ H$O© C^o H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm V`ma H$aUo;
JwV§ dUyH$ H¥${f nVnwadR>m, ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mm H$O©naw dR>m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ nVnwadR>m ~±H$m§À`m nVnwadR>çmMm AW©ì`dñWoda
hmoUmam n[aUm_ BË`mXr àíZm§da, g_ñ`m§da Aä`mg H$ê$Z _XV H$aUo.
3) ~±H$m§Mr ~±H$
(Banker's Bank)
^maVmVrc ~±H$ ì`dñWoV [aPìh© ~±H$ hr gdm}ÀM g§ñWm Amho. XoemVrc ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV `mo½` AmH$ma,
àH$ma d {Xem XoÊ`mMo H$m`© [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm H$amdo cmJVo. VgoM XoemVrc ~±H$ ì`dñWocm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z d _XV
H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar [aPìh© ~±Ho$da Amho.
XoemVrc ~±H$ ì`dgm`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo d Ë`m§Zm `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$Z J«m_rU d _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmV
~±H$godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ à`ËZ H$arV AgVo. ~±qH$J {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±qH$J ì`dhmamda
{Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio [aPìh© ~±H$ ~±Ho$Mr ~±H$ åhUyZ H$mhr H$m`} H$arV AgVo.
1) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m d ghH$mar ~±H$m§À`m R>odr ñdrH$maUo.
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m emIm {dñVmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
3) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm d ghH$mar ~±H$m§Zm Aën_wXVrMr H$O} XoUo.
4) ~±H$m§Zm hþ§S>çmÀ`m nwZd©Q>{dÊ`mMr gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
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5) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm {dXoer McZ CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
6) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©da XoIaoI R>odUo.
7) ~±H$m§À`m {H$_mZ ^m§S>dc d amIrd {ZYr `mda {Z~ªY KmcUo.
8) ~±H$m§À`m amoIVoV Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~Xc H$aUo.
9) AH$m`©j_ ì`mnmar d ghH$mar ~±H$m§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU d {dcrZrH$aU `m{df`r {ZU©` KoUo.
10) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vrda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
11) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
12) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm AS>MUrÀ`m doir `mo½` VmaUmda Aën_wXVrMr H$O} XoUo.
XoemVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm AS>MUrÀ`m doir [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Am{W©H$ _XV hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§H$Q>
H$miMm ÌmVm åhUyZhr `m ~±Ho$cm H$m`© H$amdo cmJVo.
4) nV{Z`§ÌU
(Credit Control)
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo ho _hÎdmMo H$m`© Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, R>odr
ñdrH$maUo d H$O} XoUo `m Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVyZ nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aVmV. XoemVrc ~±H$m§Mr àJVr Oer hmoV
OmVo Ë`m à_mUmV nVn¡gm dmT>V AgVmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$cocm n¡gm JaOoÀ`m à_mUmV Agoc Va \$magm
àíZ {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr nU A{V[aŠV n¡gm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mg AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZ nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr dmT>{dV AgVmV Voìhm [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm hñVjon
H$ê$Z nVn¡emda {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo cmJVo. BVa XoemVrc _Ü`dVu ~±H$m§à_mUoM [aPìh© ~±H$ {d{dY gmYZm§Mm
Cn`moJ H$ê$Z nV{Z`§ÌU H$arV AgVo.
1949 À`m ~±qH$J {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmZwgma H$mhr {Z`§ÌUo R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcocm Amho. Ë`mZwgma
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m 1) g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU `m gmYZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nV {Z`§ÌU H$arV AgVo.
1956 À`m nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m JwUmË_H$ gmYZmMm dmna H$aÊ`mMm OmXm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcm Ë`m_wio
JwUmË_H$ gmYZ à^mdrnUo dmnaÊ`mV `oD$ cmJco.
1) g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU - 1) ~±H$Xa YmoaU, 2) Iwë`m ~mOmamV amo»`m§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s,
3) amoH$S> {ZYrVrc ~Xc qH$dm amIrd {ZYrVrc ~Xc.
2) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU - 1) VmaU d H$O© `mVrc Jmim R>a{dUo, 2) {d{eîQ> C{ÔîQ>m§gmR>r H$O} d
Ë`m§Mr _`m©Xm R>a{dUo, 3) ^oXmË_H$ ì`mO XamMo YmoaU, 4) H$Om©Mo dmQ>n, 5) àË`j H$madmB©, 6) Z¡{VH$
g_OmdUo, 7) à{gÕr XoUo.
~±qH$J joÌmVrc gdm}ÀM g§ñWm Agë`mZo Vr nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© n[aUm_H$maH$[aË`m gj_nUo nma nmS>rV
Amho.
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5) {dXoer {d{Z_`mMo {Z`§ÌU
(Control of Foreign Exchange Reserves)
XoemÀ`m McZmMm A{YH¥$V {d{Z_` Xa {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar [aPìh© ~±Ho$da AgVo. Ë`m_wio
{d{Z_` Xa pñWa R>odÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc H$m`} H$amdr cmJVmV.
A) {d{Z_` Xa pñWa R>odUo - XoemMr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ åhUyZ ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm XoemÀ`m McZmer
BVa XoemÀ`m McZmMm AgUmam {d{Z_` Xa pñWa R>odÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo gVV à`ËZ H$amdo cmJVmV. {dXoer
McZmMm _mJUr d nwadR>m `mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo VgoM {dXoer McZmMr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$ê$Z {d{Z_` Xa pñWa
R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm Am§VaamîQ´>r` ~mOmamVrc n[apñWVrMm gVV Aä`mg H$ê$Z {d{Z_`
Xa pñWa R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
~) {d{Z_` {Z`§ÌU - XoemVrc {d{Z_` {Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© [aPìh© ~±Ho$g H$amdo cmJVo. 1947 _Ü`o
{Z`§ÌU naH$s` McZ {Z`§ÌU H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va `m H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo
nwaogo A{YH$ma [aPìh© ~±Ho$g XoÊ`mV Amco. gmoZo Mm§XrMr Am`mV H$aUo d {Z`m©U H$aUo, VgoM naH$s` McZmMr
Am`mV d {Z`m©U H$aUo `mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr nadmZJr ¿`mdr cmJVo. naH$s` McZ {Z`§ÌU H$m`ÚmV 1973
_Ü`o XwéñVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. Ë`m H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±Ho$g gmoZo-Mm§Xr d {dXoer McZ gmR>çmMo ajU H$aÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco AmhoV.
6) {dXoer McZ {Z`_Z
XoemÀ`m McZmMm A{YH¥$V {d{Z_` Xa {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m ~±Ho$H$S>o
AgVo. Ë`m_wio naH$s` McZmg AgUmar _mJUr d nwadR>m `mda {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ R>am{dH$ XamZo naH$s` McZmMr
IaoXr-{dH«$s H$ê$Z gmR>dyZ R>odmdo cmJVo. ^maVr` {Z`m©VXmam§Zm d ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm {_iUmao naH$s` McZ
H$m`ÚmZwgma én`mÀ`m ~Xë`mV [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o Úmdo cmJVo. [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o {d{dY naH$s` McZo CncãY
AgVmV.
Am§VaamîQ´>r` ZmUo{ZYrÀ`m gd© g^mgX Xoem§À`m McZmMr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm
~§YZH$maH$ Amho. \o$am EodOr \o$_m FEMA {dXoer {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ hm H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Amcocm Amho. Ë`m
H$m`ÚmZwgma {dXoer {d{Z_`mMo {Z`§ÌUmEodOr ì`dñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm H$amdo cmJVo.
7) ~±H$m§Zm hþS§ >r nwZd©Q>mdmMr gmo` d H$O©naw dR>m
[aPìh© ~±H$ ~±H$m§Zm H$O©nwadR>m CncãY H$ê$Z XoVo. VgoM hþ§S>çmMm nwZd©Q>md [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o H$aVmV. VgoM
hþS§ >çm§À`m VmaUmda [aPìh© ~±H$o H$Sy>Z H$O© KoVmV. ~±H$m§Mr VmËnwaVr _mJUr nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r, ì`dgm` {dñVmamÀ`m
JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r, VoOrÀ`m h§Jm_mVrc JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z hþ§S>çm dQ>dyZ ^m§S>dc KoVm
`oVo. ^maVmV H$mT>coë`m Am{U ^maVmV Xo` AgUmè`m hþ§S>çm IaoXr H$aÊ`mMm [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV
Amcm Amho. `m hþ§S>çm ì`mnmamg§~§YrÀ`m H$m`Xoera ì`dhmamVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Agë`m nm{hOoV.
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~) {dH$mgmË_H$ H$m`}
Xoemcm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va {Z`moOZmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m C{ÔîQ>mcm _hÎd àmßV
Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dH$mgmË_H$ H$m`} nwT>rcà_mUo [aPìh© ~±H$ nma nmS>rV Amho.
1) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am{U eoVrcm H$O©naw dR>m
eoVrMm {dH$mg Pmë`m{edm` XoemMm {dH$mg hmoUma Zmhr åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo eoVrcm H$O©nwadR>m
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ""H¥$fr nVnwadR>m'' {d^mJ ñWmnZ Ho$cm Amho. `m ImË`m_m\©$V eoVr ì`dgm`mcm hmoUmè`m
H$O©nwadR>çmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. ghH$mar ~±H$m, ^y{dH$mg ~±H$m, ì`mnmar ~±H$m BË`mXr Ë`m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z
Ho$co OmVo. VgoM eoVrcm H$O©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m {d{dY g§ñWm§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo.
1952 _Ü`o A{Ic ^maVr` J«m_rU nVnwadR>m nmhUr g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZo eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r
Ho$coë`m gd© gyMZm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr. A{Ic ^maVr` Jw_mX _hm_§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. eoVrcm
H$O©nwadR>m gwc^ nÕVrZo ìhmdm åhUyZ amîQ´>r` eoVr (XrK©H$mcrZ) {ZYr Am{U amîQ´>r` eoVr H$O© {ZYr C^maco
AmhoV. Ë`m {ZYrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AàË`j[aË`m H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
eoVr nVnwadR>çmMr XrK©H$mcrZ JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r 1963 _Ü`o H¥$fr nwZ{d©Îm d {dH$mg _hm_§S>imMr
ñWmnZm Ho$cr Amho.
J«m_rU ^mJmV ~±{H$JÀ`m OmñVrV OmñV gmo`r CncãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Zm J«m_rU ^mJmV emIm {dñVma
H$aÊ`mg _XV Ho$cr Amho. nV nwadR>çmMr dmT>Vr JaO cjmV KoD$Z 1982 _Ü`o amîQ´>r` H¥$fr Am{U J«m_rU
{dH$mg ~±H$ NABARD Zm~mS>©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ eoVrcm H$O©nwadR>m H$aUmè`m gd© g§ñWm§Zm
nwZ{d©ÎmmMr gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho.
2) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am{U CÚmoJm§Zm H$O©naw dR>m
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmcm {deof _hÎd Amho. OcX Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r ^m§S>dcmMr JaO
AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r XrK© _wXVrMo ^m§S>dc CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m C^maUrV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo
à`ËZ Ho$co AmhoV. `w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m, amÁ` {dÎmr` _hm_§S>io, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$ (1964) ^maVr`
Am¡Úmo{JH$ AW©nwadR>m _hm_§S>i, ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ nV d Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i, ^maVr` cKy CÚmoJ {dH$mg ~±H$
`m g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr Amho. `m g§ñWm§À`m ghmæ`mZo CÚmoJ {dH$mgmgmR>r ^m§S>dc CncãY (H$O©nwadR>m)
Ho$cm OmVmo.
3) Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmacm H$O©naw dR>m
^maVmMm {Z`m©V ì`mnma dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ {Z`m©VXmam§Zm ^m§S>dcnwadR>m H$aVo. {Z`m©VXmam§Zm
gdcVrÀ`m XamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m hþ§S>çm§Mm nwZd©Q>md H$aUo, nwZ{d©ÎmmMr gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
BË`mXr H$m`} H$arV AgVo. 1982 _Ü`o Am`mV {Z`m©V ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m ~±Ho$_m\©$V ì`mnma
dmT>{dÊ`mg _XV Ho$cr OmVo.
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4) hþ§S>r ~mOmamMr gmo`
XoemVrc KmD$H$ ~mOmamMm {dH$mg hþ§S>çm§À`m ~mOmamda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. hþ§S>r ~mOma hm ZmUo~mOmamMm
A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho Ë`m_wio [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 1952 _Ü`o ^maVmV hþ§S>r ~mOma `moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr. `m `moOZoV
AgUmè`m ÌwQ>r Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970 _Ü`o ZdrZ hþ§S>r ~mOma `moOZm gwê$ Ho$cr.
5) {ZagZ H|$ÐmMr `moOZm
[aPìh© ~±H$ XoemVrc ~±H$m§Zm {ZagZ H|$ÐmMr gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. XoemVrc ~±H$m§Zm AmnmngmVrc
ì`dhma gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r {ZagZ H|$Ðm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {ZagZ H|$Ðm§Mr gmo` Ho$cr Amho.
Á`m {R>H$mUr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr emIm Zmhr Ë`m {R>H$mUr ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZagZ H|$Ðm§Mr
gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z XoVo.
6) à{ejU gmo`r
~±qH$J joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m godH$ dJm©Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm doimodoir à{ejU XoÊ`mMr
JaO AgVo Vr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo 1954 _Ü`o _w§~B© `oWo EH$ Q´>oqZJ H$m°coO gwê$ Ho$co Amho.
eoVrer g§~§YrV nwUo `oWo 1969 _Ü`o H$m°coO Am°\$ A°{J«H$ëMac ~±qH$J gwê$ Ho$co Amho. nwUo `oWo Z°eZc
BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ ~±H$ _°ZoO_|Q> Am{U _Ðmg `oWo ""~±H$g© ñQ>m\$ H$m°coO gwê$ Ho$coco Amho. `m g§ñWmVyZ ~±H$
H$_©Mmè`m§Zm ~±qH$J ì`dhmamg§~§YrMo à{ejU {Xco OmVo.
7) AJ«H$« _ joÌm§Zm nVnwadR>m
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nVnwadR>çmV AJ«H«$_ joÌm§Mr g§H$ënZm ê$T> H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Ho$co Amho.
eoVr, cKyCÚmoJ, Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ, dmhVyH$ ì`dgm`, ñd`§amoOJma BË`mXrMm g_mdoe AJ«H«$_ joÌmV Ho$cm OmVmo.
XoemVrc Jw§VdUyH$, CËnmXZ, amoOJma, amhUr_mZ, `mV OcX dmX H$aÊ`mgmR>r AJ«H«$_ joÌmMm {dH$mg _hÎdmMm
Amho.
8) g§H$cZ, g§emoYZ d àH$meZ
[aPìh© ~±Ho$cm Amnco McZ {df`H$ YmoaU R>admdo cmJVo d Amdí`H$VoZwgma Ë`mV ~Xc H$aÊ`mgmR>r
gm§p»`H$s` _m{hVr g§H$crV H$amdr cmJVo. g§H$crV Pmcoë`m _m{hVrMo emñÌmoŠV nÕVrZo {dícofU d {ddaU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo gm§p»`H$s {d^mJ Am{U Am{W©H$ {d^mJ Ago ñdV§Ì XmoZ {d^mJ gwê$ Ho$co AmhoV.
g§H$crV Ho$cocr _m{hVr 1) ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>H$c gpßc_|Q> d 2) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ~wco{Q>Z, 3) [anmoQ>© Am°Z
H$aÝgr A°ÊS> \$m`ZmÝg, 4) [anmoQ>© Am°Z Q´>|S> A°ÊS> àmoJ«og Am°\$ ~±qH$J BZ B§{S>`m, 5) [aìøy Am°\$ {X H$moAm°nao{Q>ìh _yìh_|Q> BZ B§{S>`m BË`mXr àH$meZmÛmao à{gÕ Ho$cr OmVo. `m _m{hVr_wio XoemVrc Am{W©H$ d ~±qH$J
ì`dhmamMr H$ënZm hmoVo d Ë`mAmYmao {d{dY YmoaUm§Mr A_c~OmdUr H$aVm `oVo.
AemàH$mao [aPìh© ~±H$ Amncr {Z`_ZmË_H$ Am{U {dH$mgmË_H$ ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVo. XoemÀ`m
gdmªJrU Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`} H$arV AgVo.
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6.1.4 gmam§e
1) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr XoemVrc gd© ~±H$m§Mr d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr ~±H$ Amho.
2)Ÿ McZ {Z{_©Vr _ŠVoXmar [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mH$S>o Amho.
3) gaH$maMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ hr ~±H$ H$m`© H$aVo.
4) naH$s` McZmMm gm§^mi d Ë`mMo `mo½` dmQ>n [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$aVo.
5) nV{Z`§ÌU ho {Z`_ZmË_H$ H$m`© Amho.
6.1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) CÎmao {chm.
1) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr {Z`_ZmË_H$ H$m`} {chm.
2) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ~±Ho$Mr {dH$mgmË_H$ H$m`} {chm.
3) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo AmH$S>odmar _m{hVr à{gÕ Ho$ë`m_wio H$moUmMm H$gm \$m`Xm hmoVmo Vo {chm.
~) nwT>rc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {chm. ( x ) qH$dm (P )
1) [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm McZ {Z{_©VrMr _ŠVoXmar {Xcocr Amho. ( )
2) ^maVmMr [aPìh© ~±H$ McZmV Agcoë`m ZmoQ>m N>mnVo. ( )
3) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo eoVr, CÚmoJ BË`m{X joÌmV {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© åhUOo {dH$mgmË_H$
H$m`© hmo`. ( )
6.1.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1) B§pån[aAc ~±H$ - ^maVmV 1934 n`ªV _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} H$aUmar ~±H$
2) NABARD - amîQ´>r` eoVr Am{U J«m_rU {dH$mg ~±H$
3)
FEMA -
{dXoer {d{Z_` ì`dñWmnZ H$m`Xm.
6.1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1) S>m°. XmñVmZo, àm. JmoS>~moco, àm. JrV, "ì`mdgm{`H$ AW©emñÌ, _w§~B©, goR> àH$meZ.
2) S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr.E. gr. Omoer, "n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm : \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
3) S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc, (g§nmXH$) - A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
4) lr. Xoenm§S>o, A{YH$moe Am{U ZmUo~mOma.
ooo
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6.2) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo nV{Z`§ÌU
(Credit Control of Reserve Bank)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
6.2.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
6.2.2 àmñVm{dH$
6.2.3 {df` {ddoMZ
6.2.3.1
nV {Z`§ÌUmMr C{ÔîQ>o
6.2.3.2
nV {Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo
A)
g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU
~)
JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU qH$dm {ZdS>H$ qH$dm doMH$ nV{Z`§ÌU
H$)
JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmdarc _`m©Xm
6.2.4 gmam§e
6.2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
6.2.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
6.2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
6.2.1 C{ÔîQ>o
1) nVMcZ {Z`§ÌU åhUOo H$m`? Vo g_OyZ KoVm `oB©c.
2) nVMcZ {Z`§ÌUmMr {d{dY gmYZo H$moUVr `m{df`r _m{hVr {_ioc.
3) nVì`dhmam§Mr EHy$U Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§er `mo½` gm§JS> H$er KmVcr OmVo Vo g_Ooc.
4) nVnwadR>m `mo½` à_mUmV hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho g_Ooc.
6.2.2 àmñVm{dH$
XoemVrc EHy$U n¡gm hm {d{YJ«mø n¡gm d nVn¡gm `m XmoZ KQ>H$mV {d^mJcocm AgVmo. {d{YJ«mø n¡emMr
{Z{_©Vr [aPìh© ~±H$ H$arV Agë`mZo Ë`mMr _`m©Xm Vr ñdV… R>a{dV AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr
H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m n¡emda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© [aPìh© ~±H$ H$arV AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$S>rc amoI n¡gm
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127
H$_rOmñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ Amnë`m AZoH$ A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$arV AgVo. ho A{YH$ma åhUOo
nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo AmhoV.
[aPìh© ~±H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z EHy$U nVn¡emMm nwadR>m {Z`§{ÌV H$arV AgVo.
AW©ì`dñWoVrc EHy$U nVn¡emMm nwadR>m Amdí`H$VoZwgma H$_r-OmñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ ~±H$aoQ>, Iwë`m
~mOmamVrc IaoXr-{dH«$s, amIrd {ZYrV ~Xc BË`mXr g§»`mË_H$ gmYZm§~amo~a JwUmË_H$ gmYZm§Mm EH${ÌVnUo
dmna H$aVo. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo `m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$gm Ho$cm `mMm Aä`mg nwT>rcà_mUo.
6.2.3 {df` {ddoMZ
nV{Z`§ÌUmMm AW©
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z nVMcZmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m§À`m nV{df`H$ ì`dhmam§da {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ nVMcZ
{Z{_©Vr Amdí`H$Vonojm H$_r AJa OmñV hmoD$ Z`o `mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Or H$miOr KoV AgVo. nV
ì`dhmamMr EHy$U Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m g§»`oer `mo½` àH$mao gm§JS> KmcUo åhUOoM nV {Z`§ÌU hmo`.
Oê$arnojm OmñV nVMcZ {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Va Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ qH$Vr dmT>Ê`mda hmoVmo qH$dm
Amdí`H$Vonojm H$_r nVMcZ {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Va AW©ì`dñWoV _§XrMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`mda
{Z`§ÌU R>odUo åhUOo nV{Z`§ÌU hmo`.
6.2.3.1 nVMcZ {Z`§ÌUmMr C{ÔîQ>o
1) {d{Z_`Xam§_Ü`o ñW¡`© amIUo
2) {d{dY ì`dgm`m§À`m Am{W©H$ JaOm `mo½`àH$mao nyU© H$aUo.
3) qH$_VnmVir {ñWa R>odUo.
4) ì`mnma McZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ Ë`m§Mr {Vd«Vm H$_r H$aUo.
5) ZmUo ~mOmamV ñW¡`© amIUo.
6) Am{W©H$ àJVr gmÜ` H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUo.
6.2.3.1 nVMcZ qH$dm nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo
AW© ì`dñWoÀ`m JaOoZwgma nVn¡emVrc dmT> qH$dm KQ> H$aUo Ano{jV AgVo. Ë`mÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ [aPìh© ~±H$
Am°\$ B§{S>`m nVnwadR>m {Z`§ÌU Am{U {Z`_Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY nV gmYZm§Mm dmna H$arV AgVo. Vr XmoZ
gmYZo åhUOo A) g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU, ~) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU qH$dm {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌU hmoV.
A) g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m ñWmnZoZ§Va g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr
{Z_m©U Ho$coë`m nVMcZmÀ`m g§»`oda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrcm g§»`mË_H$ nVMcZ {Z`§ÌU Ago åhUVmV.
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AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o Amdí`H$VoZwgma nVMcZmMo `mo½` Ago à_mU R>odUo ho g§»`mË_H$ nVMcZ {Z`§ÌUmMo gmYZ
hmo`.
g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r VrZ àH$maÀ`m gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. Vr gmYZo nwT>rcà_mUo1) ~±H$Xa, 2) Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc amo»`m§À`m IaoXr {dH«$sMo ì`dhma, 3) amIrd {ZYrMo ~XcVo JwUmoÎma
g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUm_Ü`o H$moUË`mhr {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrV EHy$U nVMcZmMr g§»`m {H$Vr Agmdr,
ømMm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.
1) ~±H$Xa YmoaU
^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r ~±H$XamMm dmna H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. ~±H$Xa ho [aPìh©
~±Ho$À`m H$m`ÚmVrc 49 ì`m {d^mJmV Z_yX Ho$coco Amho Ë`mMm AW© Z_yX Ho$cocm Amho.
A) ""[aPìh© ~±H$ Á`m ì`mOXamZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm _mÝ`VmàmßV hþ§S>çm§Mr nwZd©Q>dUwH$sMr qH$dm H$Om©Mr
gmo` CncãY H$ê$Z XoVo qH$dm BVa _mÝ`VmàmßV amo»`m§da H$O} XoVo Ë`m Xamg ~±H$Xa åhUVmV.''
~±H$Xa YmoaU ho "~±H$ Am°\$ B§½c§S>' Zo 1839 _Ü`o àW_ dmnacoco Amho. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ñWmnZonmgyZ `mMm
dmna Ho$cocm Amho.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mZr dQ>{dcoë`m hþ§S>çm§Mo nwZd©Q>Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm [aPìh© ~±H$ H$O} CncãY H$ê$Z XoVo åhUyZ
Ë`mcm nwZd©Q>mdmMm Xa Agohr åhUVmV.
~) ~±H$XamMr H$m`©nÕVr - ZmUo~mOmamVrc n¡gm-nVn¡gm `m§À`m nwadR>çmMr pñWVr nmhÿZ [aPìh©
~±Ho$cm ~±H$XamMo YmoaU R>admdo cmJVo. ~±H$XamMr H$m`©dmhr H$er hmoVo Vo nwT>rcà_mUo 1) ~±H$XamV dmT> - ZmUo~mOmamV ì`mnmar ~±H$m _moR>çm à_mUmV nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$arV AgVrc Va
Ë`m_wio ^mddmT> hmoV Agoc d AW©ì`dñWocm Vr AS>MUrMr hmoV Agoc Va [aPìh© ~±H$ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m
nV{Z{_©Vrda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$XamV dmT> H$aVo. ~±H$Xa dmT>ë`mZo ì`mOXamV dmT> hmoVo Ë`m_wio H$O} _hmJ
hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$_r hmoVo. nVn¡gm H$_r {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
2) ~±H$XamV KQ> - ~mOmanoR>oV nVn¡emÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo à_mU H$_r Agoc Am{U AW©ì`dhmam§Zm MmcZm
XoÊ`mgmR>r nVn¡emÀ`m {Z{_©Vrcm MmcZm Úmd`mMr Agoc, Va [aPìh© ~±H$ ~±H$XamV KQ> H$aVo. ~±H$ XamV KQ>
Ho$ë`mZo ZmUo~mOmamVrc ì`mOXa H$_r hmoVmV. H$_r ì`mOXamZo H$O} CncãY Pmë`mZo _mJUr dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio
nVn¡gm OmñV {Z_m©U hmoVmo. ~±H$Xa YmoaUm_wio - qH$_VñW¡`©, {d{Z_`mVrc ñW¡`© gmR>o~mOr, d gÅ>o~mOr
øm§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo eŠ` hmoVo.
~±H$Xa 1951 nmgyZ 2008 n`ªV gVV ~XcV R>do cocm Amho. 1951 _Ü`o 3 Q>ŠHo$ hmoVm. Va 8 Am°ŠQ>m~o a
1991 nmgyZ ~±H$Xa 12 Q>ŠHo$ Ho$cm hmoVm d 2001 nmgyZ ~±H$XamV KQ> H$ê$Z 6.5 Q>ŠHo$n`ªV H$_r H$aÊ`mV
Amcocm Amho. 2008 _Ü`o ~±H$Xa 8 Q>ŠHo$ H$aÊ`mV Amcocm Amho.
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~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 9
~±H$Xa Am{U ~mOma ì`mOXa `m§À`mdarc Ano{jV n[aUm_m~Ôc hm°Q>´ o d Ho$Ýg `m§Mr {damoYr _Vo AmT>iVmV
hm°Q´>o -"AënH$mcrZ ì`mOXa à^mdr AgVmo Ago à{VnmXZ H$aVmV'. d
Ho$Ýg - "XrK©H$mcrZ ì`mOXamMo g_W©Z H$aVmV.'
~±H$aoQ>Mo YmoaU ñdrH$maco AgVm AZoH$ Amdí`H$ AQ>tMo nmcZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. nU àË`jmV Ë`m
AQ>tMo nmcZ Z Pmë`m_wio ~±H$aoQ> YmoaUmda AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
3) ~±H$Xa YmoaUmdarc _`m©Xm - ~±H$Xa YmoaU {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrVM n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo åhUOo
Ë`mda _`m©Xm nS>VmV Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo 1) ~±H$m§Odirc amoI aŠH$_ - O|ìhm ~±H$m§Odi OmñV aŠH$_ Agoc Va ~±H$m OmñV à_mUmV
nVMcZ {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m§Zm OmXm H$O} XoÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$da Adc§~yZ ahmdo cmJV Zmhr. XoemVrc
~±H$ Ooìhm Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ AgVmV ~±H$Xa YmoaUmMm à^md nS>V Zmhr.
2) ~±H$m§Odirc nVnÌm§Mr {dnwcVm - {d{dY àH$maMo amoIo, hþ§S>çm qH$dm _mÝ`Vm nmÌ {~co `m§Mr
g§»`m {dnwcà_mUmV Zgoc Va ~±H$m§Zm nwZ{d©ÎmnwadR>m hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr d ~±H$aoQ> ho gmYZ Anojoà_mUo
`eñdrhr hmoUma Zmhr.
3) gwg§KQ>rV ZmUo~mOma - ~±H$XamV ~Xc Pmë`mda ~mOma ì`mOXamV ghO d ñdm^m{dH$ ~Xc hmoV
AgVrc VaM ~±H$Xa gmYZ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. Ë`mgmR>r gwgK§ Q>rV ZmUo~mOmamMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. gwgK§ Q>rV
ZmUo~mOma Zgoc Va ~±H$Xa YmoaU `eñdr hmoV Zmhr.
4) ~±H$Xa d Jw§VdUyH$ `mVrc g§~§Y - ~±H$Xa dmT>ë`mg n[aUm_ åhUyZ H$Om©darc BVa Xa dmTy>Z
cmoH$m§Zr H$_r H$O} KoVcr nm{hOoV d n[aUm_V… Jw§VdUwH$sda IMm©da ~§YZ Amco nm{hOo. nU cmoH$m§Zr Oa
ñdV…Odirc n¡gm Jw§V{dcm Va H$O© KoÊ`mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr.
5) ì`mdgm{`H$ YmoaU - {d{dY joÌmVrc cmoH$ ~±H$Xa YmoaUmcm {H$VnV à{VgmX XoVmV `mda ho
YmoaU Adc§~yZ AgVo. VoOrÀ`m H$mimV qH$_Vr dmTy>Z Z\$m hmoV AgVmo. ì`mOmMo Xa dmT>Vo Agco Var H$O}
KoD$Z Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo \$m`Xoera R>aVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$Xa dmTy>Zhr H$O} KoÊ`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoV Zmhr. `mCcQ>
_§XrÀ`m H$mimV Z\$m hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r Pmcocr AgVo. ~±H$Xa H$_r Pmcm, ì`mOXa H$_r Pmcm Var H$O}
KoD$Z Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mMm YmoH$m nËH$aV ZmhrV Ë`m_wio H$Om©cm _mJUr `oV Zmhr. ~±H$Xa YmoaU `eñdr hmoD$
eH$V Zmhr.
~±H$ Xa YmoaUmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm {d{dY H$maUm§_wio _`m©{XV hmoVo. Varhr gmYZ [aPìh© ~±H$ `m gmYZmMm
gmVË`mZo dmna H$arV Amho.
2) [aPìh© ~±H$o Mo Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc H$O©amo»`m§À`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMo YmoaU
~±H$ Xa YmoaU gmYZ à^mdr R>aV Zgë`m_wio Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc amo»`m§Mm IaoXr-{dH«$sMm ì`dhma
H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
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""XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoVrc McZmMo à_mU dmT>{dUo qH$dm H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Zo
gaH$mar amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aUo qH$dm IaoXr H$aUo `m _wc^yV CÔoemZo dmnacoë`m nV {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m gmYZmg Iwë`m
~mOmamVrc ì`dhma Ago åhUVmV.''
[aPìh© ~±H$ H$m`ÚmVrc {d^mJ 17 _Yrc VaVwXrZwgma gaH$mar H$O©amoIo, gmoZo, naH$s` McZ d naH$s`
H$O©amoIo `m§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcocm Amho. `m VaVwXrZwgma Ooìhm AW©ì`dñWoV
McZdmT> PmcocrAgoc Voìhm [aPìh© ~±H$ Iwë`m ~mOmamV amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s H$ê$ eH$Vo d nV {Z`§ÌU H$ê$ eH$Vo.
nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZm§Mm dmna nwT>rcà_mUo A) [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s - AW©ì`dñWoV A{V[aŠV nVnwadR>m Pmë`mZo ^mddmT> hmoD$Z
XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ ñW¡`m©cm hmoUmam g§^mì` YmoH$m Q>miÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ nVn¡emMm g§H$moM H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©`
KoVo. Ë`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ amoIo {dH«$sg H$mT>Vo ho amoIo ~±H$m IaoXr H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr amoIVm KQy>Z Ë`m§À`m
nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm nS>Vo.
~) [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z amo»`m§Mr IaoXr - AW©ì`dñWoV nVnwadR>m H$_r Pmë`mZo AW©ì`dñWoV _§XrMr
eŠ`Vm AgVo. Voìhm nVn¡emMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ amo»`m§Mr IaoXr H$aVo. Voìhm cmoH$m§À`mH$S>o
n¡emMr g§»`m dmT>Vo VgoM ~±H$m§H$S>o n¡gm dmT>Vmo Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Zm nV{Z{_©Vr nydunojm A{YH$ hmoVo.
H$) [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc ì`dhmam§Mr C{ÔîQ>o1) ~±H$Xa YmoaU n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r nmíd©^y_r {Z_m©U H$aUo
2) A{V[aŠV n¡gm ~mOmam_Ü`o gm_mdyZ KoUo
3) CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r d `wÕ IMm©gmR>r ñdñV n¡gm CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo
4) ^m§S>dcmMr {Z`m©V Wm§~{dUo
5) ZmUo~mOmamVrc h§Jm_r Q>§MmB© H$_r H$aUo.
6) [aPìh© ~±H$ H$O©amo»`m§À`m qH$_Vr pñWa R>odVo.
[aPìh© ~±H$ H$O©amo»`m§À`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMm ì`dhma H$arV AgVo. Voìhm Ë`m ì`dhmamda H$mhr _`m©Xm
nS>VmV.
S>) _`m©Xm - _`m©Xm nwT>rcà_mUo
1) ZmUo~mOma d ^m§S>dc ~mOmamÀ`m àJVrMm Q>ßnm - XoemVrc ZmUo~mOma VgoM ^m§S>dc ~mOma
{dH${gV Agoc Va nV{Z`§ÌU `eñdr hmoD$ eH$Vo. amoIo~mOma AàJV Agoc Va ho gmYZ à^mdr R>aV Zmhr.
2) _Ü`dVu ~±H$o Mr gj_Vm - _Ü`dVu ~±H$o Zo nwae
o m à_mUmV amoIo {dH«$s Ho$cr nm{hOo. VaM ho gmYZ
à^mdr R>aVo. amo»`m§Mr IaoXr H$aVmZm _Ü`dVu ~±H$H$S>o nwaogm {ZYr AgUo Oê$a AgVo. amo»`m§À`m IaoXr {dH«$sMo
ì`dñWmnZgwÕm H$m`©j_nUo Pmco nm{hOo. [aPìh© ~±H$ `m gd© ~m~VrV gj_ Agoc Va ho gmYZ `eñdr R>aVo.
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3) [aPìh© ~±H$ d BVa ~±H$m `m§À`mVrc g§~Y
§ - [aPìh© ~±H$o À`m amo»`m§À`m IaoXr-{dH«$scm `mo½` Vmo
à{VgmX XoÊ`mMo gm_§Oñ` BVa ~±H$m§Zr XmI{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo VaM gmYZmMm à^md KS>Vmo. na§Vw ~±H$m§Mo
g§~§Y `mo½` ZgVrc Va gmYZ ho à^mdr R>aV Zmhr.
4) nVMcZ{Z{_©VrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {Zê$n`moJr - nVMcZ g§H$moM H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc
H$O©amo»`m§À`m IaoX YmoaUmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. nU nVMcZmMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ho YmoaU Cn`wŠV R>aocM
Ago gm§JVm `oV Zmhr.
darc _`m©Xm§Mm {dMma H$aVm Iwë`m ~mOmamVrc amo»`m§À`m IaoXr-{dH«$sMo ì`dhma `m gmYZmMm n[aUm_
_`m©{XV AgVmo d åhUyZM ~è`mM doim ~±H$aoQ> YmoaUmcm nyaH$ åhUyZ Ë`mMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo.
3) amIrd {ZYrMo ~XcVo à_mU qH$dm amoI {ZYrà_mU
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vrda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m A{YH$mamV ~±H$m§À`m amIrd {ZYrV
~Xc H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`mH$S>rc EHy$U R>odtMm EH$ {d{eîQ> ^mJ [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o O_m H$arV
AgVmV. Ë`mcm amIrd {ZYr Ago åhUVmV.
1933 _Ü`o A_o[aHo$V gmYZm§Mm dmna gd©àW_ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`mZ§Va ^maVmVhr Ë`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mV
Amcm. àË`oH$ ~±Ho$cm R>odrÀ`m {d{eîQ> à_mUmV amoI amIrd {ZYr [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odUo ^mJ AgVo. Ë`mVyZM
nV{Z`§ÌU H$aUo [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm eŠ` AgVo.
cm°S>© Ho$Ýg `m§À`m _Vo - amoI {ZYr à_mUmV ~Xc H$aUo ho nVMcZ {Z`§ÌUmMo EH$ {deof Ago à^mdr
gmYZ Amho.
n{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r `m gmYZm§Mm dmna [aPìh© ~±H$ nwT>rc V§ÌmZwgma H$aVo.
A) amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> - ~±H$m§H$S>o _moR>çm à_mUmV amoI{ZYr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr JaOonojm
A{YH$ nV{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Va AW©ì`dñWoÀ`mÑîQ>rZo ho KmVH$ AgVo. åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±H$ amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV
dmT> H$aVo. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§H$S>rc amoI {ZYrV KQ> hmoVo. ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr j_Vm H$_r hmoD$Z nVn¡gm H$_r hmoVmo.
~) amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV KQ> - nVn¡emMm {dñVma Oa AW©ì`dñWm _§XrH$S>o OmUma Agoc Va
AW©ì`ñWocm McZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ CcmT>mc dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z A{YH$ nV{Z{_©Vr hmoUo Amdí`H$
AgVo. Voìhm [aPìh© ~±H$ amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV KQ> H$aVo Voìhm ~±H$m§H$S>o {ZYr OmñV amhVmo. Ë`m_wio nVn¡gm
OmñV {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
H$) C{ÔîQ>o - amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xc `m gmYZmÀ`m dmnamà_mUo nwT>rc C{ÔîQ>o AmhoV.
1) g§nyU© ~±qH$J joÌmcm amoIVoMr h_r d {XdmiImoarnmgyZ ~MmdmË_H$ ì`dñWm XoUo.
2) _§XrÀ`m H$mimV AW©ì`dñWocm àoaUm XoUo d VoOrÀ`m H$mimV nVn¡emMm {dñVma H$aUo `mgmR>r
Cn`wŠV Amho.
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S>) amoI {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xc _`m©Xm - amoI {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xc ho gmYZ nwU©V… [aPìh©
~±Ho$À`m {Z`§ÌUmV AgVo. na§Vw Ë`mda _`m©Xm nS>VmV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo1) ~±H$m§Odi amoI {ZYr - ~±H$m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ AgVrc Va Ë`m ñdV…Odi A{V[aŠV amoI
{ZYr R>ody eH$VmV. `m n[apñWVrV {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xc H$ê$Zhr ho gmYZ à^mdr R>aV Zmhr.
2) ~±H$m§H$S>rc naH$s` McZ gmR>m - ~±H$m§H$S>o naH$s` McZmMm gmR>m nwaoem à_mUmV Agoc Va
~±H$m§Zm amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmVrc ~Xcm§Mo H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoV ZmhrV.
3) H$O©Xmam§Mm à{VgmX - H$O©Xma H$O© KoÊ`mg ZmIyf AgVrc Va Anojoà_mUo nVnoemMm {dñVma
hmoV Zmhr.
4) ~±H$m§À`m H$O© XoÊ`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm - [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo amIrd {ZYrMo à_mU H$_r Ho$co Va
na{Z{_©VrMr j_Vm dmT>oc d Ë`m H$O© XoÊ`mg V`ma hmoVrc nU ~±qH$J joÌmV A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo Voìhm
amoI {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV AMmZH$ ~Xc H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio H$O© XoÊ`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm nS>Vo.
5) nVMcZmMr _mJUr - amoI {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xc H$ê$Z ~±H$m§À`m nVMcZ {Z{_©VrÀ`m j_Voda
n[aUm_ hmoVmo. na§Vw Ë`mMr àË`j A§_c~OmdUr _mÌ H$Om©À`m cd{MH$Voda Adc§~yZ AgVo.
6) ~±H$o Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm§da n[aUm_ Zmhr - ~±H$o Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm amoI {ZYr à_mUmMm {Z`_ cmJy
ZgVmo. Ë`m§À`m ì`dhmam§da amoI {ZYr ~XcmÀ`m à_mUmMm H$mhrhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©VrgmR>r
Ë`m§Mr _XV hmoVo.
7) ì`mOê$nr CËnÝZ H$_r - ~±H$m§Zr amoI {ZYr à_mUmZwgma amoI aŠH$_ O_m Ho$ë`m_wio ì`mO H$_r
{_iVo. ì`mOê$nr CËnÝZ H$_r Pmë`m_wio H$Om©da ì`mO dmT>Vo.
darcà_mUo nVMcZ {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m g§»`mË_H$ gmYZmMm {dMma Ho$cm na§Vw `m {VÝhr gmYZmÀ`m {d{dY
_`m©Xm AmhoV Ë`m_wio H$moUVohr EH$ gmYZ à^mdr R>aV Zmhr. `mgmR>r JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZmMm dmna
H$amdm cmJVmo Vmo nwT>rcà_mUo-
~) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo
àñVmdZm - ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc XoemV nV{Z`§ÌUmMr g§»`mË_H$ gmYZo _`m©XrV R>aVmV. g§»`mË_H$
nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZm_wio XoemVrc EHy$U McZnwadR>m qH$dm nVnwadR>m H$_r OmñV hmoVmo. na§Vw Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r
`mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV McZnwadR>m CncãY hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. VgoM AZmdí`H$ McZnwadR>m qH$dm nVnwadR>m
CncãY hmoUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr cmJVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mcm {Xcoë`m A{YH$mamZwgma {ZdS>H$
nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo dmnacr OmVmV. 1949 À`m ~±qH$J {Z`§ÌU H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$c_ 21 Zwgma [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$
B§{S>`m `m ~±Ho$cm {Xcoë`m A{YH$mamZwgma ~±H$m§À`m H$O©ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo.
_hm`wÕmZ§Va _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m _m¡{ÐH$ ì`dñWmnZmV Pmcoë`m {dH$mgmVyZ JwUmË_H$ gmYZo CX`mg Amcr
Am{U Ë`m§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV ê$T> Pmcm. nVn¡emMm "dmna Am{U hoVy' `mda JwUmË_H$ gmYZm§Mr C^maUr
Pmcr Amho. nVnwadR>m H$moUmcm, H$emgmR>r, {H$Vr Am{U Ho$ìhm `mMr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmV Agë`mZo `mcm {ZdS>H$
nV{Z`§ÌU Ago åhUVmV.
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"AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{eîQ> H$m`m©gmR>r qH$dm {d{eîQ> joÌmgmR>r nVnwadR>çmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo åhUOo JwUmË_H$
nVMcZ {Z`§ÌU hmo`.'
JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr AZoH$ gmYZo AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$ë`m_wio {d{eîQ> joÌmVrc qH$dm Cn`moJmgmR>r
nVMcZmMm Cn`moJ H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. `m AWm©Zo hr JwUmË_H$ nVMcZ {Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo {d^oXmË_H$ AgVmV.
Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr C{ÔîQ>o nwT>rcà_mUo {Xcocr AmhoV.
A) C{ÔîQ>o :
1) nVnwadR>çmÀ`m {d{dY hoVy_Ü`o ^oX^md H$ê$Z _hÎdmÀ`m H$maUm§gmR>r nVnwadR>m CncãY H$ê$Z
XoUo.
2) {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$Om©gmR>rMo VmaU, Jmim, AmXoe ì`mOXa d naV\o$S>rMr nÕVr `m{df`r AmXoe
XoUo.
3) Cn^moJ H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo.
4) H$moUË`m VmaUmda H$O} ÚmdrV Am{U H$moUË`m VmaUmda H$O} XoD$ Z`oV.
5) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©ì`dhmam_wio R>odrXmam§Mo {hVg§~§Y Zoh_r gwa{jV amhVrc `mÑîQ>rZo AmXoe XoUo.
6) ^mddmT> amoIÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.
7) à{VHy$c ì`dhmaeof XwéñV H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo.
~) {ZdS>H$ qH$dm JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr A§_c~OmdUr
~±qH$J {Z`_Z H$m`Xm 1949 Zwgma {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMm A{YH$ma [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm {_imcocm Amho.
Xwgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV `mMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Amcm.
1965 _Ü`o [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {d{dY gdcVr AgUmao {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMo YmoaU Omhra Ho$co.
1970 _Ü`o ImÚVoc, AÞYmÝ`, H$mnyg BË`mXr dñVy§À`m VmaUmdarc H$Om©gmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Jmim d
ì`mOXa dmT>{dcm. {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌU A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ Ho$co.
1987 _Ü`o {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmV Amdí`H$VoZwgma \o$a\$ma Ho$co AmhoV.
OrdZmdí`H$ dñVwg§ mR>r H$O©naw dR>m H$_r ìhmdm d Ë`m§Mr gmR>~o mOr hmoD$ Z`o `m hoVZy o ho YmoaU pñdH$maÊ`mV
Amco.
H$) {ZdS>H$ qH$dm JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo
JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo nwT>rcà_mUo 1) H$O© d VmaU `m_Yrc Jmim R>a{dUo - ~±H$m gwa{jV H$O} XoVm§Zm `mo½` àH$maMo VmaU KoVmV.
VmaU ho AMc d Mc ñdê$nmMr AgVmV.
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~±H$m§H$S>o VmaU åhUyZ R>odcoë`m dñVw§À`m _wë`mEdT>o H$O© ~±H$m XoV ZmhrV. Ë`mnojm H$_r H$O} {Xcr
OmVmV. CXm. VmaU dñVyMo _yë` (Mc VmaU) 5000 é. Amho. Va Ë`mda 80% H$O© ~±Ho$Zo Úmd`mMo R>a{dco
Va H$O©Xmamcm 4000 é. H$O© {_ioc. AMc VmaU Agoc Va 60% H$O© {Xco OmB©c.
""VmaUmMo _yë` d H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ ømVrc \$aH$ åhUOoM VmaUd H$O© ømVrc Jmim hmo`. darc CXm. hm
Jmim 20% Amho AMcÀ`m ~m~VrV 40% Amho.
VmaUmMr aŠH$_ d H$O© øm§À`m Jmù`m_Ü`o \$aH$ H$ê$Z _Ü`dVu ~±H$ nVMcZ {Z`§ÌU H$aVo. darc
CXmhaUmV Jmù`mV dmT> Ho$cr d Vmo 20% dê$Z 30% n`ªV dmT>{dcm Va H$O© H$_r {Xco OmB©c. `mD$cQ>
Jmim H$_r H$ê$Z 10% Ho$cm Va H$Om©D$ aŠH$_oV dmT> hmoB©c.
`mMmM AW© VmaUmMr _yë` _`m©Xm H$_r Ho$cr Va nVMcZ OmñV hmoVo d _`m©Xm dmT>{dcr Va nVMcZ
H$_r {Z_m©U hmoVo.
2) Cn^moJ H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌU Amnë`m ~hþ{dY JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moŠË`m§Zm {d{dY dñVy§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. {d{dY {Q>H$mD$
dñVy, Q>r.ìhr., ñHy$Q>g©, g§JUH$ `mgmaIr gmYZo KoÊ`mgmR>r H$Om©Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. ~±H$m Aer H$O}
CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. Aer H$O} OmñV CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr Va _moR>çm à_mUmda _mJUr `oD$Z nVMcZ {Z{_©Vr
OmñV hmoVo. H$O} {Xë`m_wio Cn^mo½` dñVy§Mr _mJUr dmTy>Z Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vrhr dmT>VmV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm Cn^mo½`
H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mCcQ> Cn^mo½` H$O} cmoH$m§Zr OmXm ¿`mdrV Ago AgVo Voìhm Cn^mo½`
H$Om©~m~VÀ`m AQ>r {eWrc Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
Cn^mo½` H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌU nwT>rcà_mUo Ho$co OmVo.
1) Cn^moJ H$O© naV\o$S>rMm hßVm {ZpíMVr~m~V {ZU©` KoUo.
2) Cn^moJ H$O© `moOZoVrc dñVy§Mr g§»`m H$_r-OmñV H$aUo.
3) Cn^moJ H$Om©darc ì`mOXamV ~Xc H$aUo.
4) H$O© KoD$Z dñVy {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$mcm H$m§hrVar {H$_mZ amoI aŠH$_ ^amdr cmJVo Ë`mV ~Xc
H$aUo.
3) H$Om©Mo dmQ>n XoemVrc ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m EHy$U H$Om©da _`m©Xm KmcUo ho H$O©dmQ>nmMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> AgVo.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z Aem H$OmªÀ`m _`m©Xm {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. àË`oH$ ~±Ho$cm {H$Vr H$O© [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z
CncãY H$ê$Z {Xco OmB©c Vo {ZpíMV Ho$co OmVo. Ago H$O©ì`dhma H$arV AgVmZm ~±Ho$Mo EHy$U ì`dhma, {d{dY
joÌm§Zm Úd`mMo H$O© B. AZoH$ ~m~rMm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio EHy$U nVMcZmÀ`m g§»`oda AmnmoAmnM
_`m©Xm nS>VmV. H$moUË`m joÌmcm nVnwadR>m H$amdm d Vmo {H$Vr à_mUmV Agmdm ho {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
[aPìh© ~±Ho$cm AgVmV. H$Om©Mo dmQ>n XmoZ àH$mao Ho$co OmVo.
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A) ~Xcj_ Jw§VdUyH$ _`m©Xm ~) ~XcVm ^m§S>dc _mc_Îmm JwUmoÎma à_mU `màH$mao H$O© dmQ>n Ho$co
OmVo.
4) Z¡{VH$ g_OmdUr - [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m à_wIm§À`m ~¡R>H$m KoD$Z ~±Ho$Mo
YmoaU g_OmdyZ XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. 1949 Z§Va `m gmYZm§Mm Amdí`H$VoZwgma dmna Ho$cm Amho. ì`mnmar
~±Ho$À`m à_wIm§À`m ~¡R>H$m KoD$Z, MMm© d nÌmÛmao _m{hVr XoD$Z Z¡{VH$ g_OmdUr Ho$cr Amho.
[aPìh© ~±H$ Imcrcà_mUo ho gmYZ dmnaVo.
1) ~±H$m§Zm AmdmhZ - gd© ~±H$m§Zm {dZ§Vr H$aVo. nVnwadR>çmMm AZmdí`H$ d J¡admna hmoUma Zmhr.
VgoM Anwam qH$dm A{V[aŠV nVnwadR>m hmoUma Zmhr. `mMr XjVmKoVcr OmVo.
2) ~±H$m§Mo nXm{YH$mar d àemgH$s` VÁk `m§À`mer MMm© - ~±H$m§Mo nXm{YH$mar, àemgH$s` VÁk
`m§Mo MMm©gÌ Am`mo{OV Ho$co OmVo. `m_Ü`o [aPìh© ~±H$ Amnco Ü`o`YmoaU ñnîQ> H$aVo.
3) {Z`{_V H$mcm§VamZo ~±H$m§Zm n[anÌH$ nmR>dUo - _Ü`dVu ~±H$ gd© ~±H$m§Zm nm{jH$, _m{gH$,
Ì¡_m{gH$ _wXVrZo EH$ n[anÌH$ nmR>dyZ nVYmoaUmg§~§Yr gd© ~±H$m§Zm ñ_aU Ho$co OmVo.
ho YmoaU [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr à{VîR>m, {VMo BVa ~±H$m§er AgUmao g§~§Y, ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z {_iUmao ghH$m`© BË`mXr
~m~tda `m gmYZmMo `e Adc§~yZ AgVo.
5) àË`j H$madmB© - ~±H$m§Zr H$moUË`m joÌm§Zm H$O} ÚmdrV, H$moUË`m joÌm§Zm H$O} XoD$ Z`oV øm~m~V
[aPìh© ~±H$ AmXoe XoVo. Ë`m AmXoemZwgma ~±H$m§Zr AmXoemMo nmcZ Z Ho$ë`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$m§da àË`j H$madmB©
H$aVo. àË`j H$madmB©_Ü`o hþ§S>çm§Mo nwZd©Q>Z H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoUo, nwZd©Q>ZmgmR>r X§S>mË_H$ ì`mOXa AmH$maUo,
{d{eîQ> _`m©Xonojm OmñV H$O© XoUo BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. àË`j H$madmB© ho gmYZ JaOoZwgma Adc§{~co OmVo.
ho gmYZ dmnaÊ`mMr nÕV - `m nÕVrV [aPìh© ~±H$ ~±H$m§da nwT>rc àH$maMr H$madmB© H$aVo.
1) g§~§{YV ~±H$m§Zm nwZd©Q>UmdirMr gmo` ZmH$maUo.
2) amIrd {ZYr d ^m§S>dcmnojm OmXm {dÎm ghmæ` [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z KoVco Agoc Va Ë`m ~±Ho$cm
AW©ghmæ` Z H$aUo.
3) A`mo½` ~±H$ ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m ~±H$m§À`m ì`dhmamda ~§Xr KmcUo.
darcàH$mao [aPìh© ~±H$ àË`j H$madmB© gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVo.
6) à{gÕr - [aPìh© ~±H$ {d{dY àH$maMr _m{hVr, AmH$S>odmar g§H${cV H$ê$Z à{gÕ H$arV AgVo.
Aer AmH$S>odmar CncãY Pmë`m_wio BVa ~±H$m Ë`mZwgma ~±Ho$À`m YmoaUmer gwg§JV Ago Amnco H$O©{df`H$
YmoaU R>a{dVmV. `m YmoaUmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m g§doXZerc Agë`m nm{hOoV. [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z
à{gÕ Ho$cr OmUmar _m{hVr gm_mÝ`V… nwT>rc àH$maMr AgVo.
1) gmßVm{hH$ - `mV gd© ~±H$m§Mr Xo`Vm d _mc_Îmm `mMo {ddaU {Xco OmVo.
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2) _m{gH$ - nVnwadR>m d ì`mdgm{`H$ n[apñWVrMo g_mcmoMZ.
3) dm{f©H$ - g§nyU© ~±qH$J joÌmÀ`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ZmUo~mOma, gmd©O{ZH$ Am`ì``, ì`mnma, CÚmoJ
d eoVr McZ nwadR>m BË`mXr ~hþ{dY Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm A{YH¥$V Ahdmc.
darc àH$maMr _m{hVr {Xë`mZ§Va ~±Ho$À`m ì`dhmamMr _m{hVr cmoH$m§Zm hmoVo. cmoH$ Ë`mZwgma Am{W©H$
{ZU©` KoVmV. {dH${gV XoemV ho gmYZ Cn`wŠV R>aco Amho. _mÌ {dH$gZ{ec XoemV _mÌ ho gmYZ à^mdr _mZco
OmV Zmhr.
darc C{ÔîQ>m§da AmYm[aV Ago AmXoe H$mTy>Z [aPìh© ~±H$ JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU H$aVo. [aPìh© ~±H$
AmXoemÛmao nV{Z`§ÌU H$arV Agë`m_wio ho gmYZ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. Varhr H$m§hr `mda _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
H$) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUm§À`m _`m©Xm
nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ {d{dY JwUmË_H$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVo. Ë`m§Mm dmna H$arV AgVmZm H$mhr
_`m©Xm nS>VmV.
1) ~±Ho$Va {dÎmg§ñWm§À`m ~m~VrV Cn`wŠV Zmhr - ~±Ho$Va {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m ì`dhmamV ho gmYZ
Cn`wŠV R>aV Zmhr. Ho$di ~±H$m§À`m ~m~VrV Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
2) àË`j H$O© dmnamda {Z`§ÌU AeŠ` - ~±H$m§Zr H$O} H$moUË`m joÌm§Zm d {H$Vr à_mUmda ÚmdrV
øm ~m~VrV {Xcoë`m H$Om©da JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oUo eŠ` hmoVo nU
Ë` H$Om©Mm dmna àË`jmV H$gm Ho$cm OmVmo ømda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oV Zmhr.
3) ~±H$m§Mo A`mo½` YmoaU d H$m`©dmhr - ~è`mM doim ~±H$m Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmda
nVnwadR>m H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m Zm|Xr A`mo½` àH$mao R>odVmV. CXm. gÅ>o~mOr, gmR>o~mOr B.gmR>r H$O} XoD$Z Vr CËnmXH$
H$m`m©gmR>r {Xcr Aer XmI{dcr OmVmV.
4) A`mo½` {heo~ nÕVr - ì`mnmar ~±H$m ~Zdm~Zdr H$ê$Z ñdV…À`m J«mhH$m§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV.
na§Vw H$mJXmonÌr Zm|X A`mo½` nÕVrZo H$aVmV åhUOo A`mo½` {hemo~ nÕVr A_cmV AmUVmV. Ë`m_wio JwUmË_H$
gmYZ dm`Ê`mV AS>MUr `oVmV.
5) emIm ~±qH$J_Ü`o à^mdr - JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU ho emIm ~±qH$J nÕVr_Ü`o à^mdr R>aVo. _mÌ
EH$md`dr ~±H$ nÕVrV \$mago n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aV Zmhr.
[aPìh© ~±H$ d BVa ~±H$m `m§À`mVrc g§~§Y ghH$m`© d g_Ýd` `mda JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMo `e Adc§~yZ
AgVo. Ë`m_wio H$mhr _`m©Xm Agë`m Var ho gmYZ nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho.
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6.2.4 gmam§e
1) nV {Z`§ÌU åhUOo EHy$U Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§À`m g§ñWoer `mo½` àH$mao gm§JS> KmcUo åhUOo nV{Z`§ÌU
H$aUo hmo`.
2) nV {Z`§ÌUmMr gmYZo dmnê$Z nVn¡emMo à_mU dmTy> {Xco Va Ë`mg nV{dñVma Ago åhUVmV.
`mCcQ> nVn¡emÀ`m {Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm KmVcr Va nVg§H$moM Ago åhUVmV.
3) ~±H$Xa - [aPìh© ~±H$ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm XoV Agcoë`m H$Om©darc ì`mOXa H$_rOmñV H$ê$Z
nV{Z`§ÌUH$aVo.
4) [aPìh© ~±H$ nVg§H$moM H$aÊ`mgmR>r amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aVo. Va nV{dñVma H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoIo [aPìh© ~±H$
IaoXr H$aVo.
5) amoI {ZYr à_mUmV ~Xc H$aUo - ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm [aPìh© ~±H$ H$m`ÚmZwgma EHy$U R>odrn¡H$s H$mhr
aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV R>odÊ`mMm AmXoe H$aVo.
6) AW©ì`dñWoV {d{eîQ> H$m`m©gmR>r qH$dm {d{eîQ> joÌm§Vrc nVnwadR>çmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo åhUOo
JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU hmo`.
7) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU dmnamV H$mhr _`m©Xm nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio gmYZ _`m©{XV à_mUmV à^mdr R>aVo.
6.2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
1) WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm.
A) ~±H$aoQ> åhUOo H$m`?
~) g§»`mË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr H$moUVrhr XmoZ gmYZo {chm.
H$) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr H$moUVrhr Mma gmYZo {chm.
S>) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m _`m©Xm {chm.
B) ~±H$m§Mm nVn¡gm {Z{_©VrMr g§»`m H$_rOmñV H$aUmao gmYZ åhUOo JwUmË_H$ gmYZ ho ñnîQ> H$am.
6.2.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1) nV{Z`§ÌUmMo g§»`mË_H$ gmYZ - ~±H$m§Zr {Xcocr H$O} H$moUË`m CÔoemH$[aVm dmnacr Ë`m{df`r
{Z~ªY KmcUo hmo`.
2) JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU - ~±H$m§Zr {Xcocr H$O} H$moUË`m CÔoemH$[aVm dmnamdr Ë`m{df`r {Z~ªY KmcUo
hmo`.
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3) Jmim - H$Om©gmR>r R>odcoco VmaU d Ë`mda {_iUmao H$O© ømVrc à_mU.
4) ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm - Á`m g§ñWm R>odr pñdH$mê$Z H$O} XoVmV na§Vw ì`dhmamgmR>r R>odtda YZmXoe
H$m`ÚmZwgma XoD$ eH$V Zmhr Aer g§ñWm - CXm. g§M`Zr, {nAacog \$m`ZmÝg B.
6.2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1) lr. d¡Ú ^m. h. - "~±qH$J H$m`Xo d ì`dhma nÕVr'
2) lr. Xoenm§S>o lr. Am. - A{YH$mof Am{U ZmUo~mOma.
3) àm. S>m°. nmQ>rc Oo. E\$. - A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
4) S>m°. Omoer gr. Oo., lr. Omoer E. gr. - "n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
5) lr. ^mogco, H$mQ>o - "^maVr` ~±qH$J', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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139
6.3) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU
(Monetary Policy of RBI)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
6.3.1 C{ÔîQ>ço
6.3.2 àmñVm{dH$
6.3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
6.3.3.1
McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMm AW©
6.3.3.2
McZ{df`H$ YmoaU
6.3.3.3
McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
6.3.4 gmam§e
6.3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
6.3.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
6.3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
6.3.1 C{ÔîQ>o
1) {aPìh© ~±H$ocm n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo.
2) _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU ho {dH${gV XoemÀ`m ~m~VrV `mo½` R>aVo ho nmhUo.
3) _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmer {ZJS>rV AgVo ho nmhUo.
4) qH$_VñW¡`© d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg `mgmR>r _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaUmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
6.3.2 àmñVm{dH$
_m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU ho gm_mÝ` Am{W©H$ C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda {Z`§ÌU R>odVo.
Ë`m YmoaUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `oVo. `m àH$aUmV [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m
McZ{df`H$ YmaUmMm C{ÔîQ>m§Mm, Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.
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6.3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
6.3.3.1 McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMm AW©
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m àJVr~amo~aM "McZ{df`H$ YmoaU' {dH${gV Pmco Amho.
"[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo XoemVrc McZnwadR>çmda {Z`§ÌU åhUOo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU hmo`' `m_Ü`o n¡gm d nVn¡gm
`m§Mm nwadR>m, ì`mOmMo Xa, {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo H$O©{df`H$ YmoaU BË`mXrMm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo.
n¡emMm EHy$U nwadR>m, n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMr aMZm, ì`mOmÀ`m XamMr nmVir, {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo H$O©{df`H$
YmoaU BË`mXr ~m~rMm g_mdoe åhUOo McZ{df`H$ qH$dm _m¡ÐrH$ YmoaU hmo`.
1) Eg.Ec.EZ. qgh - ""Ho$di nV{Z`§ÌU H$aUo EdT>çmnwaVr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo O~m~Xmar _`m©{XV
Zmhr. {dH$gZerc AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o n¡emMm nwadR>m Am{U nVnwadR>m `m§Mm {Z`{_VnUo {dñVma hmoV Jocm nm{hOo
Am{U _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Zo {dH$mgm~amo~a {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m nVJaOm nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. `m n[apñWVrV _Ü`dVu
~±Ho$Zo n¡emMm nwadR>m Am{U nVnwadR>m `m_Ü`o AemnÕVrZo gwYmaUm Ho$cr nm{hOo H$s, CÚmoJ ì`mnma `m joÌmÀ`m
JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mMr ImÌr {Xcr nm{hOo. VgoM AZwËnmXH$ Am{U gÅ>o~mOr C{ÔîQ>m§gmR>r n¡emMm dmna {Z`§{ÌV
Ho$cm nm{hOo. `m_wioM nV{df`H$ YmoaU Ago åhUVmV.''
2) MH«$dVu g{_Vr - "qH$_V ñW¡`©, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, cm^m§Mo g_mZ dmQ>n Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`
hr ^maVmVrc McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr C{ÔîQ>o AgUo åhUOoM McZ{df`H$ YmoaU.
3) dm`. doUw Jmonmc aoÈ>r - ""^maVmV qH$_V ñW¡`© Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mg `m XmoZ C{ÔîQ>m§Zm McZ
YmoaU am~{dVmZm A{YH$ _hÎd XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. dmñVd YmoaU ho Ë`m doiÀ`m n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z
`m XmoZ C{ÔîQ>m§_Ü`o g_Vmoc gmÜ` H$aUmao AgVo. na§Vw Ago H$aVmZm ^mddmT>rMm Xa nwaogm {Z`§ÌUmV amhrc
`mMr I~aXmar KoVcr OmVo.''
6.3.3.2 [aPìh© ~±H$o Mo McZ{df` YmoaU
^maVmMr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ d McZ ì`dñWoVrc gdm}ÀM g§ñWm `m ZmË`mZo ^maVmMo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU
R>a{dUo, nV am~{dUo `mMm A{YH$ma [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mcm Amho.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ^maVmZo OcX Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. `moOZoÀ`m
IMm©gmR>r `mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV nVnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` McZ{df`H$ YmoaU Amdí`H$ AgVo.
XoemVrc ñW¡`© Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hr C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r McZ{df`H$ YmoaU am~{dÊ`mV `oVo.
XoemVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m d nVn¡emMm nwadR>m {Z`§{ÌV R>odUo d McZdmX H$_r H$ê$Z Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm
XoVm `oVo.
^maV XoemV 1952-55 Am{U 1966-67 `m H$mimV Am{W©H$ _§Xr gmdaÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo
McZ{df`H$ YmoaU Cn`moJr R>acoco Amho. VgoM 1975-76 _Ü`o ^maVmVrc McZdmT>rMr Vrd«Vm H$_r
H$aÊ`mgmR>r McZ{df`H$ YmoaU am~{dÊ`mV Amco.
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[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU åhUOo `mV g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe
Amho.
6.3.3.3 [aPìh© ~±H$o À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, McZ{df`H$
YmoaU `eñdrnUo A_cmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr C{ÔîQ>o _hÎdmMr R>aVmV Vr nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrc.
1) {dH$mgmÀ`m à_mUmV Amdí`H$ {VVH$m n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>{dUo d CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo {dH$gZerc AW©ì`dñWoMm OgOgm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z `oD$ cmJVmo VgVer n¡emMr _mJUr dmT>Vo. Vr
_mJUr nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>dmdm cmJVmo. åhUOo [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMm Adc§~
H$ê$Z n¡emMm EHy$U nwadR>m Amdí`H$VoZwgma H$_r qH$dm OmñV H$aUo hmo`. ^maVmVrc EHy$U n¡gm d nVn¡gm
Amdí`H$VoZwgma CncãY H$aUo hmo`.
2) CËnmXZ H$m`m©cm àoaUm d qH$_VnmVirda {Z`§ÌU - OgOgm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z `oÊ`mg
_XV hmoVo Am{U à{H«$`ocm JVr àmßV hmoVo VgVgm n¡emMm nwdR>m dmT>dmdm cmJVmo. dmñVd CËnmXZ nmVirV
hmoUmè`m dmT>r~amo~a n¡emÀ`m nwadR>mV dmT> Pmcr Zmhr Va qH$_VnmVir Imcr `oV AgVo åhUyZ {dH$gZerc
AW©ì`dñWoV _m¡{ÐH$ YmoaUmÛmao n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV Aem [aVrZo ~Xc KS>dZy AmUmdoV H$s, Á`m_wio qH$_VnmVir
Imcr Z `oVm hiyhiy dmT>V amhrc Am{U CËnmXZmcm àoaUm {_ioc. eoVr d CÚmoJ d AÝZ joÌmV A{YH$m{YH$
Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`mg d CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mg àoaUm {_ioc.
3) ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ - [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo EH$ _w»`
C{ÔîQ> åhUOo XoemV ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$ gVV dmT>mdr d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_imcr `m ÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ
H$aÊ`mV Amcoco AmhoV. ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$scm àmoËgmhZ {Xë`m_wio CËnmXZnmVir dmT>V AgVo åhUyZ [aPìh©
~±H$ gVV à`ËZ H$arV §gVo.
4) Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r {dÎmr` gmYZgm_wJ«r Jmoim H$aUo - {dH$gZerc AW©ì`dñWoV Jw§VdUyH$
nmVir C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r gmYZgm_J«r n[aUm_H$maH$[aVrZo O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m YmoaUmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. XoeVrc
J[a~r Am{U ~oamoOJmar H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
5) AJ«H«$_ joÌmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dUo - {dH$gZerc AW©ì`dñWoV McZ YmoaUmZo {dÎmr`
gmYZgm_J«r Jw§V{dUo ghO eŠ` AgVo. AJ«H«$_ joÌmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r {dÎmr` gmYZgm_J«r _hÎdmMr
AgVo åhUyZ ho McZYmoaUmMo d¡{eîQ>ç _hÎdmMo Amho.
6) {Z`§{ÌV {dH$mg d ñW¡`m©{Y{îQ>V {dH$mg - {dH$gZerc AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m ~m~VrV {dH$mgmÀ`m
gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV ^mddmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. pñWa gmYZm_Yrc Jw§VdUwH$s_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrc
n¡emMm nwadR>m _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>Vmo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ dñVy d godm§Mr _mJUr dmT>Vo. hr _mJUr
^mddmT>rÀ`m X~mdmV namdVuV hmoVo. ^mddmT>rMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ gÅ>o~mOrcm MmcZm {_iVo. ~MV H$_r hmoVo
n[aUm_V… CËnmXH$ Jw§VdUwH$sda à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m n[apñWVrV [aPìh© ~±H$ qH$_VnmVir hiyhiy dmT>V
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amhÊ`mgmR>r Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r OmXm n¡gm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r n¡emÀ`m g§»`oV dmT> H$aVmZm ^mddmT>m{VaoH$s
{Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoVcr OmVo.
7) [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU - ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo McZ{df`H$ YmoaU
{ZpîH«$` ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`mH$mimV n¡gm ghO CncãY hmoV Ago. na§Vw 1951 Z§Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo g{H«$`
McZ{df`H$ YmoaU ñdrH$maco. Ë`m_wio g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ho YmoaU g{H«$`
McZ{df`H$ YmoaU pñdH$maco.
àm. am°~Q>©gZ `m§À`m _Vo ""n¡gm hm _mZdmÀ`m AZoH$ gwIg_mYmZmMm AmYma Amho. nU Ë`mda Oa {Z`§ÌU
R>odco Zmhr Va Vmo _mZdmÀ`m {dZmemMo H$maU R>aVmo.''
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda {Z`§ÌU R>do Ê`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMm
dmna H$aVo.
McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo _yë`_mnZ [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr C{ÔîQ>o {H$VnV gmÜ` Pmcr. ~±Ho$À`m ñWmnZonmgyZ
Am{U àm_w»`mZo ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ~±H$o À`m J{Verc d ZmdrÝ`nyU© McZ{df`H$ YmoaUm_wio ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWocm
{d{dY cm^ {_imco AmhoV. ì`mOmÀ`m XamV cd{MH$Vm Amcocr Amho. ~±H$m§À`m emIm {dñVma Pmë`m d
cmoH$m§Zm ~±qH$J ì`dhmamMr gd` cmJcr Amho.
Var H$mhr ~m~VrV ho YmoaU An`er R>aco Amho. XoemVrc qH$_V nmVir pñWa R>odÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV d
Ag§K{Q>V ZmUo~mOma Amnë`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr AmUÊ`m~m~V ~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmcm An`e Amco
Amho. VgoM H$mhr C{Udm nwT>rcà_mUo1) ^maVmVrc McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmcm nañna{damoYrnUm Amho.
2) AJ«H«$_joÌm§Mr ì`mßVr _moR>r Agë`mZo McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm _`m©{XV hmoV Amho.
3) ^maVmV gVV McZdmT> hmoV Amho.
4) H|$Ы gaH$maMo dmT>Vo H$O©ì`dhma Ë`m_wio ho YmoaU Aì`dhmar dmQ>Vo.
5) H$mù`m n¡emMm dmT>V OmUmam à^md Amho.
6) Ag§KQ>rV ZmUo~mOmamda n[aUm_ Pmcocm Zmhr.
7) OcX Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d qH$_V nmVir pñWa R>odUo nañna{damoYr C{ÔîQ>o Amho.
8) AmOmar CÚmoJm§Zm gdcVrZo H$O} XoUo.
6.3.4 gmam§e
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r 1982 _Ü`o {aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo gwI_` MH«$dVu
`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr g{_Vr Zo_cr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr {e\$maer Ho$ë`m Ë`mdê$Z Amnë`m YmoaUmV ~Xc Ho$cm.
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[aPìh© ~±Ho$V ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcr AgyZ McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmÀ`m gmÜ`m~m~V _m{hVr Jmoim
H$ê$Z Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmÛmao n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMm g§H$moM Am{U {dñVma `mda {Z`§ÌU R>odco OmVo.
6.3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
_m¡{ÐH$ YmoaU - McZ{df`H$ YmoaU
nVn¡gm - ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z R>odrVyZ H$O©, H$Om©VyZ nVR>od {Z_m©U Ho$cocm n¡gm hmo`.
qH$_VnmVir - ~mOmamVrc dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr
AJ«H«$_joÌ - àmYmÝ`mZo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r R>a{dcoco joÌ
H$mim n¡gm - A`mo½` ì`dhmamVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocm {~Z{hemo~r n¡gm.
6.3.6 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) 1)
2)
3)
4)
~) MyH$
1)
2)
3)
4)
McZ{df`H$ YmoaU åhUOo H$m`?
McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr C{ÔîQ>o.
McZ{df`H$ YmoaU Am{U {H$_VnmVir pñWa R>odUo `m{df`r WmoS>Š`mV {chm.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo g{H«$` McZ{df`H$ YmoaU g§H$ënZm {chm.
H$s ~amo~a {chm. ( x ) qH$dm (P )
{aPìh© ~±Ho$cm McZr ZmoQ>m {ZJ©_rV H$aÊ`mMm EH$m{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. ( )
{dH$mgmÀ`m à_mUmV Amdí`H$ VodT>m n¡gm CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho C{ÔîQ> YmoaUmMo Amho. (
`m YmoaUmZo qH$_V nmVir {ñWa R>odVm `oVo. ( )
`m YmoaUmZo XoemMm OcX Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo. ( )
)
6.3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1)
2)
3)
4)
^mogco H$mQ>o - "^maVr` ~±qH$J', \$S>Ho àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
_mhmoao am. `m - "_m¡{ÐH$ AW©emñÌ', {h_mc` npãcqeJ hmD$g, _w§~B©.
àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc - "A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E. gr. Omoer - "n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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144
KQ>H$ - 7
g§ñWmË_H$ H$O©nwadR>çmVrc g_ñ`m d YmoaUo Am{U ì`mOXa
(Problems and Policies of Allocation of Institutional Credit and Interest Rates)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
7.1 C{ÔîQ>o
7.2 àmñVm{dH$
7.3 gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌmVrc H$O©nwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m
7.4 Am§VajoÌr` d Am§Va{d^mJr` H$O©nwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m
7.5 _moR>çm d chmZ H$O©XmamÀ`m g_ñ`m
7.6 gZ 1969 Z§Va ~±H$m§À`m amîQ´>r`H$aU nyd© d amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§VaÀ`m H$m`©nÕVr_Yrc g§Kfm©Ë_H$
X~mdmMo ì`dhma
7.7 ^maVmVrc {d{dY ì`mOXa
7.8 gmam§e
7.9 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mm AW©
7.10 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
7.11 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
7.12 joÌr` H$m`©
7.13 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
7.1 C{ÔîQ>o
1) {dÎmr` g§ñWmÀ`m H$O©nwadR>çmVrc g_ñ`m d YmoaUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo
2) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌmVrc g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
3) Am§VajoÌr` d Am§Va{d^mJr` H$O© nwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m Aä`mgUo.
4) chmZ d _moR>çm H$O©XmamÀ`m g_ñ`m Aä`mgUo.
5) amîQ´>r`H$aUnyd© d amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§VaÀ`m ~±H$m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrVrc ~Xc Aä`mgUo.
6) ^maVmVrc {d{dY ì`mOXa d Ë`m§Mr g§aMZm Aä`mgUo
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145
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 10
7.2 àmñVm{dH$
XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d {dÎmnwadR>m `m XmohmoV YZ g§~§Y AgVmV. Vo EH$_oH$m§da Adc§~yZ AgVmV.
nwaoí`m d `mo½` {dÎmnwadR>çm_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z `oVmo, Va Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_wio {dÎmnwadR>m H$aUmè`m
g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg KSy>Z `oVmo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m Q>ßß`mV {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg Ho$cm OmVmo,
ZdrZ CnH«$_ hmVr KoVco OmVmV, Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dc {Z{_©Vrcm MmcZm {_iVo. {d{dY joÌm§Mm {dH$mg KSy>Z `oD$Z
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo. AemarVrZo {dÎmnwadR>m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$`oVrc EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$
Amho.
OcX Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r {dÎmnwadR>m _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. eoVr, CÚmoJY§Xo, ì`dgm`, ì`mnma, godm
ì`dgm` `m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r nwaogm$ d gwa{jV {dÎmnwadR>m Amdí`H$ AgVmo. XoemVrc {dÎmr` aMZm g§KQ>rV
ñdê$nmMr Agoc Va AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{dY joÌm§Zm nwaogm d ì`dpñWV {dÎmnwadR>m hmoVmo. {dÎmr` aMZoV ì`mnmar
~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m, {dH$mg ~±H$m Am{U _hm_§S>io `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo d Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V
AW©ì`dñWoVrc doJdoJù`m joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m hmoVmo. `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm Amncr {dÎmnwadR>çmMr YmoaUo R>adV
AgVmV. XoemÀ`m _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Zo R>a{dcoë`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmcm AZwf§JrH$ YmoaU `m {dÎmr` g§ñWm
pñdH$maVmV. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mm AndmX dJiVm ImOJr joÌmVrc {dÎmr` g§ñWm Zâ`mÀ`m
AnojoZo H$m`©aV AgVmV d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo Ë`m Amncr {dÎmnwadR>m YmoaUo R>a{dVmV. `m g§ñWm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmZm
àW_ Amnë`m H$Om©Mr gwa{jVVm {dMmamV KoVmV. {Xcoco H$O© ì`mOmgh naV {_ioc H$s Zmhr, `mMm gd© àW_
{dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. Á`m ì`ŠVrcm qH$dm g§ñWocm H$O©nwadR>m H$amd`mMm AgVmo Ë`m§Mr nV d naV\o$S> j_Vm
{dMmamV KoVcr OmVo d Z§Va H$O©ì`dhma Ho$cm OmVmo. VgoM Á`m àH$ënmcm H$O©naw dR>m H$amd`mMm AgVmo Ë`mMr
gË`Vm, dmñV{dH$Vm, Am{U ì`dhm`©Vm Vnmgcr OmVo. {dÎmnwadR>m g§ñWm AW©ì`dñWoVrc H$moUË`mhr EH$mM
joÌmcm H$O©nwadR>m H$arV ZmhrV Va {d{dY joÌmZm H$O©nwadR>m H$arV AgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r cmJy Ho$co OmUmao {ZH$f
XoIrc doJdoJio AgVmV. CXm. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJrjoÌmVrc CÚmoJg§ñWm§Zm {Xcr OmUmar H$O} doJdoJù`m
{ZH$fmZwgma {Xcr OmVmV. T>mo~i_mZmZo ho {ZH$f nwT>rcà_mUo AgVmV. gwa{jVVm, H$O©XmamMr Am{W©H$ Hw$dV
d H$O©\o$S> j_Vm, gw`mo½` VmaU, H$O© KoUmè`mMr nV, H$Om©Vrc {d{dYVm, àH$ënmMr `epñdVm d ì`dhm`©Vm
dJ¡ao.
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m H$O©dmQ>nmVrc g_ñ`m :
~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm ì`ŠVr AWdm g§ñWm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVmZm AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo.
H$m§hrdoim gaH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV ~Xc hmoVmo, Ë`m YmoaUmcm AZwgê$Z {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm H$O©nwadR>çmMo
{Z`_, ì`mOXa, _wXV dJ¡a|_Ü`o ~Xc H$amdm cmJVmo. Am{W©H$ VoOr Agoc Va [aPìh© ~±H$ Amnë`m _m¡ÐrH$
YmoaUmÛmao AW©ì`dñWoVrc n¡emMm nwadR>m H$_r H$aÊ`mMm {ZX}e ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm XoVo. `mCcQ> Am{W©H$
_§Xr Agoc Va n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>{dÊ`mMm {ZX}e XoVo Ë`mZwgma {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm Amnco {dÎmnwadR>m YmoaU R>admdo
cmJVo.
H$m§hrdoim {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m YmoaUmV amOH$s` hñVjon hmoVmo. CXm. gaH$ma {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm àmYmÝ` joÌm§Zm
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146
H$_r d gdcVrÀ`m XamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe XoVo. H$m§hr doim eoVH$ar, CÚmoOH$ `m§Mr H$O} _m\$ H$aVo,
Ë`mMm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ {dÎmnwadR>m g§ñWm§À`m Zâ`mda hmoVmo d H$m§hr {dÎmr` g§ñWm AS>MUrV `oVmV.
~±H$m/{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zr Á`m CÚmoJmcm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cocm AgVmo Aem CÚmoJmcm AW©ì`dñWoV EImXm
qH$dm AZoH$ ñnY©H$ {Z_m©U hmoVmV, Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ~±H$m§Zr H$O} {Xcoë`m CÚmoJmda à{VHy$c hmoVmo d ~±H$m§Mr H$O}
dgyc hmoÊ`mV AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
AZoH$doim Ago KSy>Z `oVo H$s {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zr H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cocr CÚmoJg§ñWm/CÚmoJY§Xm AmOmar nS>Vmo.
Ë`m_wio {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m H$Om©Mr dgycr Wm§~Vo d {dÎmr` g§ñWm YmoŠ`mV `oVo.
gaH$ma H$m§hr doim eoVr, cKw d J«m_rU CÚmoJ, J«m_rU H$mamJra dJ¡ao KQ>H$m§Zm àmYmÝ` joÌo åhUyZ {dÎmr`
g§ñWm d ~±H$m§Zm gdcVrÀ`m XamZo {d{eîQ> à_mUmV H$O©naw dR>m H$aÊ`mg gm§JVo, Ë`m_wio ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWmZm
H$_r ì`mOXamV H$O} Úmdr cmJVmV, n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mm Z\$m KQ>Vmo d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr H$_Hw$dV ~ZVo, Ë`m_wio
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr H$O} WH$Ê`mMm YmoH$m CX²^dVmo.
H$m§hr doim ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mo ì`mOXa gaH$ma {ZYm©arV H$aVo d Ë`m ì`mOXamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mg
~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm ^mJ nmS>Vo. Ë`mMm ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m Zâ`mda à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoVmo d ~±H$m§Mr
AW©j_Vm KQ>Vo.
XoemÀ`m g_Vmoc Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gaH$ma ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm _mJmgcoë`m ^mJmVrc eoVr,
CÚmoJ d ì`dgm`m§Zm ^anya d Aën ì`mOXamZo H$O©naw dR>m H$aÊ`mMm {ZX}e XoV.o Ë`mMm ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m
Z\$m j_Voda à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z Aì`dhm`© (Non Viable) àH$ënm§Zm H$O} {Xcr OmVmV, n[aUm_r Ë`m
Am{W©H$ AS>MUrV gmnS>VmV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ d gyknUo {d{eîQ>
{ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao {dÎmnwadR>m H$amdm cmJVmo. AÝ`Wm Ë`m§Zm {dÎmnwadR>çmV darc g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmV eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, _wc^yV godm BË`mXr joÌm§Zm H$O©naw dR>m H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ì`mnmar
~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {dH$mg ~±H$m H$arV AmhoV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌmV nVnwadR>çmÀ`m
g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m, gaH$maZo ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm àmYmÝ` {Xco, Ë`m_wio ImOJr joÌmnojm
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc H$O©nwadR>çmg OmñV _hÎd {Xco. ~±H$m§Zr H$moUmcm, {H$Vr d H$moUË`m ì`mOXamZo H$O}
ÚmdrV? H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$er Agmdr? H$O©_m\$s H$er Agmdr? `mgma»`m _wÚm§À`m AZwfJ§ mZo gVV {dMma_§WZ
Mmcy AgVo. gZ 1950 Vo 1990 n`ªV AW©ì`dñWm ~§XrñV Am{U {Z`§{ÌV ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. Ë`mH$mimV
{dÎmnwadR>çmda gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mm à^md hmoVm. gZ 1991 Z§Va Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm H$m`©H$« _m§VJ©V
~±H$s¨J d {dÎmr` joÌmV ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmcr. Ë`m§Zm {dÎmnwadR>çm~m~V ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV Amco.
Ë`m_wio gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr joÌmVrc ~±H$m {d{dY ImOJr CÚmoJm§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV H$O©nwadR>m H$arV AmhoV.
WmoS>Š`mV, H$Om©Mo dmQ>n, H$O©{df`H$ YmoaUo, H$Om©Mr naV\o$S>, WH$~mH$s dJ¡ao g§X^m©V AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U
Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm {dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m H$O©dmQ>nmVrc g_ñ`m Ago åhUVmV.
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147
7.3 gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌmVrc {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmV {_l AW©ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm. {_l AW©ì`dñWoV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌ
EH$mMdoir H$m`©aV AgVo. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ åhUOo Ago CÚmoJY§Xo H$s Á`m§Mr _mcH$s, ì`dñWmnZ Am{U {Z`§ÌU
gaH$maH$S>o AgVo. Va ImOJr joÌmMo ì`dñWmnZ, _mcH$r d {Z`§ÌU ImOJr ì`ŠVr AWdm g§ñWoH$S>o AgVo.
ImOJr joÌmcmM dm{UÁ` joÌ Ago XoIrc åhUVmV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemV _yc^yV d AdOS> CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r d _yc^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo d XoemÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Amdí`H$ CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm àmYmÝ` {Xco. gZ 1956 À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmZ§Va gmd©O{ZH$
CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm JVr {_imcr. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`m_mJo nwT>rc C{ÔîQ>o hmoVr. XoemMm OcX
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUZo. {dH$mgmgmR>r {dÎmr` gmYZgm_J«r {Z_m©U H$aUo, amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ d g§nÎmrMo
nwZdm©Q>n KS>dyZ AmUZo, amoOJma dmT>rcm MmcZm XoUo, XoemMm g_Vmoc Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUZo, cKw d
nyaH$ CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoUo, {Z`m©V dmT> d Am`mV n`m©`rH$aUmcm MmcZm XoUo dJ¡ao C{ÔîQ>o
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm XoÊ`mV Amcr. `m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyV©VogmR>r gaH$maZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm MmcZm
{Xcr d AZoH$ CÚmoJ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. gZ 1951 _Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV \$ŠV 5 CÚmoJ
hmoVo. 2004 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mr g§»`m dmTy>Z 242 BVH$s Pmcr. `mM H$mimV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ 29 H$moQ>r
én`o dê$Z 3,49,209 H$moQ>r é. BVH$s dmT>cr.
XoemVrc ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$joÌmVrc ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$moUË`m joÌmcm {dÎmnwadR>çmV àmYmÝ`
Úmd`mMo Vo R>a{dVmV. drO, D$Om©{Z{_©Vr, B§YZ OhmO ~m§YUr, aoëdo, _wc^yV d AdOS> CÚmoJ, VgoM g§ajU
d S>mdnoMmË_H$ CÚmoJ dJ¡a|_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMm à^md hmoVm. gaH$maZo AZoH$ CÚmoJm§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU Ho$co d
AZoH$ CÚmoJ gaH$mar joÌmV gwê$ Ho$co. gZ 1990 n`ªV ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm {dH$mg ~±H$m, dJ¡a|Zr
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dÎmnwadR>m Ho$cm. Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZm_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcmM AJ«H«$_mZo
{dÎmnwadR>m hmoB©c Aer YmoaUo am~{dcr. gaH$maZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV {d{dY CÚmoJY§Xo gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU
d ì`dñWmnZ hmVr KoVco, Ë`m_wio XoemVrc ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zr gya{jVVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc
CÚmoJm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>çm_Ü`o àmYmÝ` {Xco. VgoM ^maV gaH$ma d [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo XoIrc H$O©nwadR>çmV gmd©O{ZH$
joÌmg àmYmÝ` Úmdo Ago gyM{dco. n[aUm_r EHy$U {dÎmnwadR>çmV ImOJr joÌmcm H$_r dmQ>m {_imcm d ImOJr
joÌmH$S>o Xwc©ú` Pmco. ImOJr joÌmZo `m H$O©{ZVrcm {damoY Ho$cm. gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌmcm
H$O©nwadR>çm_Ü`o ^oX H$aVo, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm Aën ì`mOXamZo H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo. `mCcQ> ImOJr
joÌmVrc CÚmoJm§Zm OmXm XamZo H$O} {Xcr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio ImOJr joÌmMm CËnmXZ IM© dmTy>Z Ë`mMm à{VHy$c
n[aUm_ ImOJr joÌmda Pmcm. gaH$maÀ`m H$O©{df`H$ YmoaUm_wio ImOJr joÌmcm ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mr H$O}
_hmJ Pmcr.
H$mcm§VamZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc AoZH$ CÚmoJ VmoQ>çmV Joco, H$m§hr AmOmar nS>co, Ë`m§Mr CËnmXZj_Vm d
H$m`©j_Vm KQ>cr, Va H$m§hr CÚmoJm§Mo Zâ`mMo à_mU IynM H$_r Pmco. Varhr gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm H$O©nwadR>m
H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm§da X~md hmoVm. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc KQ>Vm Z\$m, AH$m`©j_Vm, AmOmar
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148
CÚmoJm§Mr _moR>r g§»`m dJ¡ao H$maUm_wio Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr ZmOyH$ ~Zcr d Ë`mMm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ ~±H$m d
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m H$O©dgycrda Pmcm. Ago Agco Var XoIrc H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV {dÎmnwadR>m ImOJr
joÌmH$S>o diUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm KoVcr. n[aUm_r IDBI, IFCI `mgma»`m _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m
H$aUmè`m g§ñWm YmoŠ`mV Amë`m. gaH$maH$Sy>Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm {dÎmnwadR>çmV PwH$Vo _mn {_imë`m_wio
dm{UÁ` joÌmV (ImOJr joÌ) Ag_mYmZ ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV Amco. dm{UÁ` joÌmcm H$O©nwadR>çmV Xwæ`_ ñWmZ
{_imë`m_wio `m joÌmcm JaOoBVH$m n¡gm CncãY Pmcm Zmhr. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm H$_r ì`mOXamZo {dÎmnwadR>m
hmoV AgVmZm ImOJr joÌ _mÌ OmXm ì`mO XoV hmoVo. hr g_ñ`m gaH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ {ZVr_wio {Z_m©U Pmcr.
gZ 1991 _Ü`o Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mV Amcm, Ë`m_Ü`o ^maVmV ImOJrH$aUmMo YmoaU
ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amco d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmEodOr ImOJr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Amco. ImOJrH$aU
à{H«$`o_wio ImOJr CÚmoJ, ImOJr {dÎmr` g§ñWm d ~±H$m `m§Mr g§»`m dmT>cr. {dÎmr` ~mOmamV ñnYm© dmT>cr.
H$O©nwadR>çm~m~V ì`mdgm{`H$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`m_wio Á`m joÌmV OmñV Z\$m {_iVmo, Ë`m
joÌmVrc H$O©nwadR>çmg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Amco. Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm H$m`©H«$_m_wio {dÎmnwadR>çmdarc gaH$maMr
~§YZo H$_r Pmcr, ì`mOXamdarc ~§YZo H$_r H$aÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV, ImOJr joÌmV ñnYm© dmT>ë`m_wio ImOJr
CÚmoJ Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ hmoV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AmVm ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm~amo~aM ImOJr
joÌmcm XoIrc _moR>çm à_mUmV H$O©nwadR>m H$arV AmhoV, OoWo OmñV Z\$m VoWo OmñV H$O©nwadR>m ho VÎd ì`mnmar
~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWmZr A§{JH$maco Amho.
Imcrc VŠVm ImOJr joÌmVrc {dÎmnwadR>çmV Pmcoco ~Xc Xe©{dVmo.
VŠVm H«$. 7.1
^maVmVrc ImOJr joÌmcm H$O©nwadR>m
df©
EHy$U Xoem§VJ©V
CËnmXZmÀ`m Q>ŠHo$
1980
25
1985
30
1990
30
1995
29
2000
32
2001
33
2002
37
2003
37
2004
41
2005
47
ñÌmoV : RBI Report on Currency and
VŠVm H«$. 7.1 ^maVmV gZ 1980 Vo 2005 `m
H$mimV EHy$U Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m {H$Vr Q>ŠHo$ H$O©nwadR>m
ImOJr joÌmcm Pmcm Vo Xe©{dVmo. gZ 1980 _Ü`o gd©
àH$maÀ`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z ImOJr joÌmcm ^maVmÀ`m EHy$U
Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m 25% H$O©nwadR>m Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va
gZ 2005 n`ªV Vmo gVV dmT>V Joë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. gZ
1985 _Ü`o Vmo 30% BVH$m Pmcm Va gZ 2002 nmgyZ Vmo
gmVË`mZo dmTy>Z 2005 _Ü`o Vmo EHy$U Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m
47% BVH$m Pmcm. ImOJrH$aUm_wio ImOJr joÌmÀ`m
H$O©nwadR>çmV dmT> KSy>Z Amcr.
Finance 2005-06
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149
7.4 Am§VajoÌr` d Am§Va {d^mJr` {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m
XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm AZoH$ joÌm_Ü`o {d^mJcocr AgVo, AW©ì`dñWoV AZoH$ joÌo d CnjoÌo H$m`©aV
AgVmV. CXm. eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma joÌ, J«m_rU d ehar joÌ, ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ, dJ¡ao ^maVmV
AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$s¨J nÕVrMr gwédmV {~«{Q>e H$mimV Pmcr. VËH$mcrZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m AJ«H«$_mZo ImOJr joÌmcm
ì`ŠVrJV ñdê$nmV Aën _wXVrMm {dÎmnwadR>m H$arV AgV. {deofV… Ë`m ì`mnma d CÚmoJ joÌmgM àm_w»`mZo
H$O©nwadR>m H$arV hmoË`m. gZ 1969 _Ü`o ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU hmoB©n`ªV hr pñWVr H$m`_ hmoVr.
gd©gmYmaUnUo 80% nojm OmñV {dÎmnwadR>m `m XmoZ joÌm§Zm hmoV hmoVm. eoVr joÌmcm Ho$di 2 Vo 3 Q>ŠHo$
{dÎmnwadR>m hmoV Amho. ~±H$m§À`m amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va `m H$O© nwadR>m YmoaUm_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xc Pmcm. nwT>rc
VŠVm {d{dY joÌm§Zm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§_m\©$V Pmcoë`m H$O©nwadR>çmMo à_mU Xe©{dVmo.
VŠVm H«$. 7.2
joÌ{Zhm` ~±H$ H$O©nwadR>m
(Q>ŠHo$)
df}
eoVrjoÌ
CÚmoJjoÌ
ì`mnmajoÌ
àmYmÝ`joÌ
cKwCÚmoJ
1951
2.10
34.00
36.00
--
--
1968
2.20
60.60
19.20
--
--
1969
14.00
52.20
10.00
--
7.9
1990
18.1
17.40
11.80
40.10
14.9
2000
9.9
46.5
15.6
35.00
--
2005
10.8
38.80
11.20
38.20
7.5
ñÌmoV :
RBI - Currency and Finance 2005-06, RBI - Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India.
VŠVm H«$. 7.2 {d{dY joÌm§Zm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z 1951 Vo 2005 `m H$mimV Pmcocm H$O©nwadR>m
Xe©{dVmo. darc VŠË`mV gmo`rgmR>r ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrc à_wI joÌoM {dMmamV KoVcr AmhoV.
1) eoVrjoÌ :
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr H¥$fr joÌmH$S>o Xwc©ú` Ho$co hmoVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m 1969 nydu H$O©nwadR>m
H$arV ZìhË`m. na§Vw gZ 1969 À`m amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va eoVr d nyaH$ joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mMm {ZX}e {Xcm,
Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§À`m amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm eoVrcm H$O©nwadR>m dmT>ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. gZ 1951 _Ü`o
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z eoVr joÌmcm EHy$U H$O©naw dR>çmÀ`m \$ŠV 2.1 Q>ŠHo$ H$O©naw dR>m Pmcm hmoVm. gZ 1968 _Ü`o
Vmo 2.2% BVH$m Pmcm. gZ 1969 _Ü`o Vmo dmTy>Z 14%, gZ 1990 _Ü`o 18.1% gZ 2000 _Ü`o 9.9%
Va 2005 `m dfm©V Vmo 10.8% Pmcm. åhUOo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va H¥$fr {dÎmnwadR>çmV dmT>
Pmcr.
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150
2) CÚmoJjoÌ :
amîQ´>r`H$aUnyd© H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m CÚmoJ joÌmg H$O©nwadR>m H$arV hmoË`m. gZ 1951 _Ü`o ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Zr CÚmoJjoÌmcm (_moR>o d _Ü`_ CÚmoJ) EHy$U H$O©nwadR>çmÀ`m 34.0% H$O© nwadR>m Ho$cm hmoVm, gZ
1968 _Ü`o Vmo dmTy>Z 60.60% BVH$m Pmcm. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV _mÌ Vmo KQ>V Jocm. gZ 1969 _Ü`o
52.20%, gZ 1990 _Ü`o 17.40%, gZ 2000 _Ü`o 46.5% d 2005 `m dfm©V 38.80% BVH$m
Pmcm. gZ 1969 Vo 2005 `m H$mimV CÚmoJjoÌmMm H$O©nwadR>m gZ 1968 À`m H$O©nwadR>çmer VwcZm H$aVm
Vmo KQ>V Jocm.
3) ì`mnmajoÌ :
gZ 1951 Z§Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m ì`mnma joÌmcmM _moR>çm à_mUmV AënH$mcrZ H$O© nwadR>m H$arV hmoË`m.
gZ 1951 _Ü`o ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr ì`mnmajoÌmcm Ë`m§À`m EHy$U H$O©nwadR>çmn¡H$s 36% H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm.
Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m dfm©V _mÌ Vmo KQ>V Joë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. (VŠVm H«$. 7.2) gZ 1968 _Ü`o 19.10%, gZ 1969
_Ü`o 10.00%, gZ 1990 _Ü`o 11.80%, gZ 2000 _Ü`o 15.6% d 2005 `m dfm©V 11.20%
H$O©nwadR>m ì`mnmajoÌmcm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
4) àmYmÝ` joÌ :
XoemÀ`m g_Vmoc Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gaH$maZo ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrc gd© joÌmMm g_mZ {dH$mg
H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU AmIco. VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm Or joÌo Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgcocr hmoVr CXm. eoVr, d eoVr nyaH$
CÚmoJ, cKw CÚmoJ joÌ, J«m_rU {dH$mg dJ¡ao joÌo àmYmÝ` joÌo åhUyZ Omhra ocr d Ë`m joÌm§Zm àmYmÝ`mZo
H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm gm§{JVco. gZ 1969 Z§Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr àmYmÝ` joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m gwê$
Ho$cm. gZ 1990 _Ü`o EHy$U H$O©nwadR>çmÀ`m 40.10%, gZ 2000 d 2005 _Ü`o AZwH«$_o 35% d
38.20% H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm. åhUOo amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va àmYmÝ`joÌm§À`m H$O©nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmcr.
AemarVrZo amîQ´>r`H$aUnyd© d amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{dY joÌm§Zm hmoUmè`m H$O©
nwadR>çmV ~Xc Pmcm. eoVr, cKwCÚmoJ d àmYmÝ` joÌmÀ`m H$O©naw dR>çmV amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va H$O©naw dR>m dmT>ë`mMo
{XgyZ `oVo. eoVr joÌ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z gZ 1969 nydu Xwc©jrV hmoVo, gZ 1969 Z§Va eoVr H$O©nwadR>çmV
cjUr` dmT> Pmcr.
Am§Va{d^mJr` H$O©nwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m :
Am§Va{d^mJr` H$O©nwadR>m åhUOo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Ûmao ^maVmVrc {d{dY àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmV d amÁ`mV
hmoUmam H$O©nwadR>m hmo`. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>çmMm amÁ`{Zhm` AmT>mdm KoVë`mg Ë`m_Ü`o Ag_mZVm
{XgyZ `oVo. H$m§hr amÁ`mV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr OmñV H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm Va H$m§hr amÁ`mV Vmo H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
nwTrc VŠVm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr ^maVmVrc {d{dY {d^mJm§Zm Ho$cocm H$O©nwadR>m Xe©{dVmo.
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151
VŠVm H«$. 7.3
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm ^maVmVrc J«m_rU d ehar ^mJmVrc H$O©nwadR>m
(EHy$U Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m Q>ŠHo$)
ñÌmoV :
df}
J«m_rU
ehar
1981
13.0
20.0
1991
17.3
24.8
2001
15.8
31.1
2005
22.3
45.0
RBI - Report on Currency & Finance 2005-06
darc VŠVm ^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$mZr J«m_rU d ehar {d^mJmV gZ 1981 Vo 2005 `m H$mimV EHy$U
Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmÀ`m {H$Vr Q>ŠHo$ H$O©naw dR>m Ho$cm Vo Xe©{dVmo. gZ 1981 Vo 2005 `m H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr
J«m_rU ^mJmV AZwH«$_o 13.0, 17.3%, 15.8% d 22.3% H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm Va ehar ^mJmV `mM H$mimV
Vmo AZwH«$_o 20%, 24.8%, 31.10% d 45% H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mV Amcm. åhUOoM ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr
ehar^mJmÀ`m VwcZoV J«m_rU ^mJmV \$maM H$_r H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm. H$O©nwadR>çmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr ehar
{d^mJmcm Zoh_rM PyH$Vo _mn {Xco Va J«m_rU ^mJmH$S>o \$mago cú` {Xco Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m J«m_rU
d ehar {d^mJmV Ag_mZVm/{df_Vm {XgyZ `oVo.
Imcrc VŠVm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr ^maVmVrc {d{dY ^m¡Jmo{cH$ {d^mJm§Zm Ho$cocm H$O©nwadR>m Xe©{dVmo. nwT>rc
VŠË`mV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$Om©Mo R>odter AgUmao {d^mJdma JwUmoÎma Xe©{dco Amho.
VŠVm H«$. 7.4
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr {d^mJdma {Xcoë`m H$Om©Mo R>odter JwUmoÎma
df}
CÎma joÌ
CÎmanyd© joÌ
nyd© joÌ
_Ü` joÌ
npíM_ joÌ
X{jU joÌ
_mM© 2003
55.5
48.2
42.8
38.6
71.5
71.2
_mM© 2004
56.8
33.7
45.2
39.9
63.2
72.7
_mM© 2005
62.2
44.6
50.4
45.8
71.8
83.9
_mM© 2006
65.5
39.3
49.7
45.2
91.5
83.6
60
41.45
47.02
42.37
74.42
77.85
gamgar
ñÌmoV :
RBI - Report on Trend and progress of Banking in India 2005-06.
darc VŠË`mdê$Z {XgyZ `oVo H$s _mM© 2003 Vo _mM© 2006 `m H$mimV ^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z X{jU
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152
joÌmV AgUmè`m amÁ`m§Zm gdm©V OmñV åhUOo gamgar 77.85% H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm Va CÎmanyd© joÌmVrc
amÁ`m§Zm gdm©V H$_r 41.45% gamgar H$O©naw dR>m Ho$cm. X{jU joÌmV AmÝY«àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$, Ho$ai, Vm{_iZmSy>,
cj{Ûn d nm±S>oMar `m amÁ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Joë`m 35 dfm©À`m H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr X{jUr amÁ`m§Zm
gdm©{YH$ H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm. Va CÎmanyd© {d^mJmV AéUmMc àXoe, Amgm_, _{Unya, _oKmc`, {_Pmoam_,
ZmJmc±S> d {Ìnyam `m amÁ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Joë`m 35 dfm©V `m amÁ`m§Zm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z VwcZoZo H$_r
H$O©nwadR>m Pmcm.
VgoM npíM_joÌmVrc amÁ`m§Zm gamgar 74.42%, CÎma joÌmV 60%, nyd© joÌmVrc amÁ`mV 47.02%
d _Ü` joÌmVrc amÁ`mV gamgar 42.37% H$O© nwadR>m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr 1981 Vo 2008 `m H$mcmdYrV Ho$cm.
`mMm AW© Agm hmoVmo H$s ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Joë`m 35 dfm©Vrc H$O©nwadR>çmV {d^mJ{Zhm` Ag_mZVm
{XgyZ `oV.o H$m§hr amÁ`m§Zm OmñV Va H$m§hr amÁ`m§Zm H$_r H$O©naw dR>m Ho$cm Joë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©naw dR>çmV
{d^mJr` Ag_Vmoc {XgyZ `oVmo.
nwT>rc VŠVm ^maVmVrc _moR>çm amÁ`m§Zm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr gZ 1969, 2005 d 2006 `m dfm©V Ho$cocm
H$O©nwadR>m Xe©{dVmo. Vm{_iZmSy>, _hmamîQ´>, AmÝY«àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$ `m amÁ`mV VwcZmË_H$[aË`m OmñV H$O©nwadR>m
Ho$ë`mMo Xe©{dVmo Va CÎma àXoe, {~hma, Amgm_, nyd}H$S>rc amÁ`m§Zm H$_r H$O©nwadR>m Ho$ë`mMo Xe©{dVmo.
VŠVm H«$. 7.5
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm amÁ`{Zhm` H$O©nwadR>m
amÁ`o
1969
2005
2006
AmÝY«àXoe
4.0
83.3
82.0
Amgm_
0.4
41.9
42.0
{~hma
1.7
31.4
30.2
JwOamV
6.4
60.9
56.4
h[a`mUm
0.7
63.2
57.4
H$Zm©Q>H$
4.7
80.5
76.80
Ho$ai
2.5
57.7
61.7
_Ü`àXoe
2.0
61.2
60.0
_hmamîQ´>
30.0
75.9
101.4
Amo[agm
0.5
74.7
65.2
n§Om~
1.6
49.7
NA
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153
amOñWmZ
1.2
76.5
78.4
Vm{_iZmSy>
10.2
105.4
105.9
CÎmaàXoe
5.0
42.2
42.0
n. ~§Jmc
17.3
56.8
57.20
ñÌmoV : 1) Statistical Outline of India 2002-04
2) RBI - Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2005-06.
Q>rn :- gZ 1969 Mr AmH$S>odmar ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr {Xcoë`m EHy$U H$Om©er amÁ`m§Zm {Xcoë`m H$Om©Mr Q>ŠHo$dmar
Xe©{dVo Va 2005 d 2006 `m dfm©Mr mH$S>odmar ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$Om©Mo R>odrer AgUmao JwUmoÎma Xe©{dVo.
7.5 _moR>çm Am{U chmZ H$O©Xmam§À`m g_ñ`m :
^maVmV ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. cKw-_Ü`_ Am{U _moR>o CÚmoJ `m§À`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r {Z`moOZmV VaVyXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ago Agco Var `m gd© ~m~tMm gdm©{YH$ \$m`Xm _moR>çm
Am{U _Ü`_ CÚmoJm§Zm Pmcm. cKwCÚmoJm§Mo AW©ì`dñWoVrc ñWmZ _hÎdmMo AgyZhr Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Anojoà_mUo
cj XoÊ`mV Amco Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUm§_Ü`o cKwCÚmoJm§gmR>r H$m§hr CËnmXZo amIrd R>odÊ`mV Amcr. {d{dY
amÁ`m§_Yrc amÁ` {dÎm _hm_§S>im_m\©$V cKwCÚmoJm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m {ZX}emZwgma
cKwCÚmoJm§Zm AJ«H«$_ joÌmV g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. Ë`m§Zm H$_r ì`mOXamZo {dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo.
cKwCÚmoJ {dH$mg ~±H$ `m joÌmgmR>r ñdV§ÌnUo {dÎmnwadR>m H$aVo, amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m§_Ü`o cKwCÚmoJm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì
{dÎmnwadR>çmMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. AJ«Ur ~±H$m, {d^mJr` J«m_rU ~±H$m `m§À`m_m\©$Vhr cKwCÚmoJm§gmR>r
{dÎmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. WmoS>Š`mV cKwCÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r gaH$ma {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm
am~{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. EdT>o AgyZhr _moR>çm-_Ü`_ CÚmoJm§Zm Á`m ghOVoZo {dÎmnwadR>m CncãY hmoVmo
{VVŠ`m ghOnUo cKwCÚmoJm§Zm {dÎmnwadR>m hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio cKwCÚmoJm§À`m {dÎm{df`H$ g_ñ`m AmOhr H$m`_
AmhoV. cKwCÚmoOH$m§À`m qH$dm chmZ H$O©Xmam§À`m g_ñ`m nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmV.
1) chmZ H$O©XmamH$S>o `mo½` VmaU ZgVo.
2) chmZ H$O©XmamMr ~mOmamVrc nV H$_r AgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m JaOoBVHo$ H$O© doioda CncãY hmoV
Zmhr.
3) H$Om©cm `mo½` h_r {_iV Zmhr Ë`m_wio ~±H$m-{dÎmr` g§ñWm H$O© {dVaUmMm YmoH$m nËH$aV ZmhrV.
4) J«m_rU ^mJmVrc AZoH$ CÚmoJm§_Ü`o {heo~ Am{U Zm|Xr ì`dpñWV ZgVmV Ë`m_wio Zo_Ho$ {H$Vr H$O© Úmdo
Vo g_OV Zmhr. chmZ H$O©XmamH$S>o ì`dñWmnZmMo H$m¡eë` H$_r AgVo. EImÚm Am{W©H$ àg§Jmcm chmZ
ì`mdgm{`H$ g_W©nUo Vm|S> XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aem H$O©Xmam§gmR>r H$O© XoUo ~±H$m§À`m Ñ{îQ>Zo
YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVo.
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5) chmZ H$O©Xmam§Mr H$O©dgwcr H$aUo H$R>rU AgVo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm Ë`m§À`mda X~md
AmUVm `oV Zmhr.
6) amÁ` {dÎm_hm_§S>io Am{U cKwCÚmoJ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i `m§Mm H$O©dgwcrg§X^m©Vrc AZw^d \$magm
g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m-{dÎmr` g§ñWm chmZ H$O©Xmam§Zm H$O© ghOnUo XoV Zmhr.
chmZ H$O©Xmam§er VwcZm H$aVm _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Zm AWdm H$O©Xmam§Zm H$O©{dVaU H$aUo ~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr`g§ñWm
`m§Zm gmo`rñH$a AgVo. AWm©V _moR>çm H$Omª_Ü`ogwÕm {d{dY AS>MUr AgVmV.
7.6 gZ 1969 Z§Va ~±H$m§À`m amîQ´>r`H$aU - nyd© d amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§VaÀ`m H$m`©nÕVr_Yrc
g§Kfm©Ë_H$ X~mdmMo ì`dhma
^maVmV nydunmgyZ ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mÀ`m ~m~VrV gVV {dMma_§WZ hmoV Amcoco Amho. ~±H$m§Mo ñdê$n H$go
Agmdo? ~±H$m§Zr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV H$moUVr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr? emIm§Mm {dñVma H$gm H$amdm? `m _wÚm§À`m
AZwf§JmZo gVV {dMma_§WZ hmoV AgVo. `mZwgma ~±H$m§da gaH$maMo dM©ñd Agmdo H$s ImOJr joÌmMo dM©ñd
Agmdo `m~m~VrVhr AZoH$ _Vàdmh {Z_m©U Pmco. `m gd© KQ>H$m§À`m g§X^m©V Omo d¡Mm[aH$ Am{U H¥$Vrerc g§Kf©
AgVmo Am{U Ë`mVyZ X~md {Z_m©U Ho$cm OmVmo Ë`mcmM g§Kfm©Ë_H$ X~mdmMo ì`dhma Ago åhUVmV.
~±H$ amîQ´>r`rH$aUmÀ`mnyduMo X~mdmMo ñdê$n :
19 Owc¡ 1969 amoOr gaH$maZo ImOJr joÌmVrc Mm¡Xm _moR>çm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU Ho$co. ñdV§Ì
H$m`Xm H$ê$Z ImOJr joÌmVrc `m ~±H$m gaH$maZo Vmã`mV KoVë`m. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm `m_mJo _moR>r nmíd©^y_r
hmoVr. ~±H$ Am°\$ ~§Jmc (1809), ~±H$ Am°\$ _Ðmg (1840), ~±H$ Am°\$ ~m°å~o (1843) `m VrZ {d^mJr`
~±H$mMo EH${ÌH$aU H$ê$Z 1920 _Ü`o B§{n[a`c ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 1904 Z§Va XoemV ImOJr
~±H$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>cr. `m gd© ImOJr ~±H$m ImOJr CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, godmg§ñWm `m§Zm H$O©{dVaU H$aV hmoË`m.
`m gd© ~±H$m§da ImOJr CÚmoOH$ Am{U ì`mnmar `m§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo Am{U {~«{Q>e gaH$maMo `mH$S>o Xwc©j hmoVo.
`m_wio ImOJr ~±H$m J«m_rU ^mJmV H$O©{dVaU Am{U emIm{dñVma H$aV ZìhË`m. J«m_rU ^mJmcm hoVynyd©H$
Xwc©{jV R>odcoco hmoVo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemV Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_Vm
àñWm{nV H$aUo ho Amnco C{ÔîQ> hmoVo. eoVr, cKwCÚmoJ, J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo àH$ën, nmUrnwadR>m, eoVr_mc à{H«$`m
CÚmoJ, J«m_rU ñd`§amoOJma `mgmR>r H$O} {Xcr nm{hOoV, AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr, Am{Xdmgr, J«m_rU _{hcm,
Xw~©c, {ZamYma, Aën^yYmaH$ `m gdmªZm ~±H$m§Zr {dH$mgmgmR>r ghmæ` Ho$co nm{hOo Agm X~md dmT>V Jocm Am{U
`m X~mdmVyZ 1969 gmcr ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`rH$aU Pmco.
amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§VaMo X~mdmMo ñdê$n :
amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va ~±H$m§Zr Vrd«« {damoY Ho$cm Varhr gaH$maZo ñdV§Ì H$m`Xm H$ê$Z `m ~±H$m ñdV…À`m Vmã`mV
KoVë`m. Ë`m_wio `m gd© ~±H$m§da gaH$maMr _mcH$s àñWm{nV Pmcr. ~±H$m§Zm gaH$maÀ`m Ü`o`YmoaUmZwgma H$m_
H$amdo cmJco. J«m_rU ^mJmV emIm {dñVmamda ^a XoÊ`mV Amcm. H$OmªgmR>r KoVë`m OmUmè`m VmaUm_Ü`o
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{e{WcVm Amcr. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$m§Zr Mmirg Q>ŠHo$ H$O©{dVaU J«m_rU ^mJmV AJ«H«$_ joÌmcm Ho$co
nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ KmcÊ`mV Amco. `mn¡H$s 18% H$O© eoVrcm, 10% Hw${Q>CÚmoJm§Zm, 10% H$O} gm_m{OH$
Xw~©c KQ>H$m§Zm ÚmdrV Aer VaVyX Pmcr. WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rc ~m~tgmR>r ~±H$m§À`m H$m_H$mOmda X~md `oV am{hcm.
1) ~±H$m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJmV emIm {dñVma H$amdm.
2) J«m_rU {dH$mgmcm H$O©nwadR>m H$amdm.
3) Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ Xw~©c KQ>H$m§Zm H$O} ÚmdrV.
`m X~mdm_wio ~±H$m§Mo ^m§S>dc _moR>o CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, ehar {d^mJ `m§À`mH$S>oM Z OmVm J«m_rU ^mJmH$S>o
diy eH$co. `mgmR>r ~±H$m§À`m H$m_H$mOmda Zoh_r X~md R>odmdm cmJcm. `mcmM ~±H$ amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§VaMo
X~mdmMo ì`dhma Ago åhUVmV.
7.7 ^maVmVrc {d{dY ì`mOXa
(Various Interest Rates in India)
^maVr` ZmUo~mOmamV doJdoJio ì`mOXa AmT>iyZ `oVmV. ì`mOXa doJdoJio AgÊ`mMr AZoH$ H$maUo
AmhoV. Jw§VdUyH$sVrc YmoHo$, H$O©XmamMr H$O© naV H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, Jw§VdUyH$sMr _wXVnyVu, ~mOmamVrc
n[apñWVr, H$Om©Mo AmH$ma_mZ dJ¡ao. AW©ì`dñWoVrc ì`mOXamMr g§aMZm hr gd© àH$maÀ`m ì`mOXamMm EH${ÌV
n[aUm_ AgVo.
{d{eîQ> H$mimgmR>r n¡emMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r F$UH$mo YZH$mocm Or qH$_V XoVmo Ë`mg ì`mOXa Ago
åhUVmV. ì`mO åhUOo H$m` ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY AW©emñÌkm§Zr ì`mOmÀ`m doJdoJù`m ì`m»`m {Xë`m
AmhoV. "àmo. {dH$gocÀ`m' _Vo ""^m§S>dcmV CËnmXH$Vm hm JwU Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m Cn^moJm~Ôc ~{jg åhUyZ
H$O©XmamZo {Xcocr aŠH$_ åhUOo ì`mO hmo`.'' "_o`aÀ`m _Vo', ""H$Om©D$ aH$_oÀ`m dmnam~Ôc {Xcocr qH$_V
åhUOo ì`mO hmo`.'' àmo. H$mìh©aÀ`m _Vo, ""^m§S>dcmÀ`m _mcH$mcm {_iUmao CËnÝZ åhUOo ì`mO hmo`.'' Va
"Ho$ÝgÀ`m' _Vo, ""amoIVoMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mMo ~{jg åhUOo ì`mO hmo`.'' EH§$XarV ì`mO åhUOo ^m§S>dcmÀ`m
(n¡emÀ`m) dmnam~Ôc ^m§S>dcmÀ`m _mcH$mcm {Xcm OmUmam _mo~Xcm Ÿ& qH$_V åhUOo ì`mO hmo`. AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o
^m§S>dcmÀ`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmÀ`m g_Vmocmdê$Z ì`mOmMm Xa R>aVmo. ^m§S>dcmMr _mJUr d nwadR>m åhUOo
H$m`? `mdêZ ì`mOXam~m~V nwT>rc VrZ {gÕm§V gm§{JVco AmhoV.
1) gZmVZdmÚm§Mm {gÕm§V, 2) ZdgZmVZdmÚm§Mm H$Om©D$ aH$_oMm {gÕm§V d 3) Ho$ÝgMm {gÕm§V.
ì`mOXa ho EH$ _hÎdmMo g_J«cjr Am{W©H$ Mc Amho, Oo AW©ì`dñWoVrc ~MV d Jw§VdUwH$sda n[aUm_
H$aVo. ì`mOXamV ~Xc Pmcm H$s XoemVrc ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$sV Xo{Ic ~Xc KSy>Z `oVmo. AW©ì`dñWoV {H$aH$moi
d dmñVd ì`mOXa àMcrV AgVmV. {H$aH$moi ì`mOXa ho F$UH$mo/H$O© KoUmar ì`ŠVr YZH$mo/H$O©XoUmè`m
ì`ŠVrcm XoV AgVo. AW©ì`dñWoV {H$aH$moi ì`mOXa Imcrc ~m~tda AmH$maco OmVmV.
1) gaH$mar amoIo
2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Mo amoIo
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWmVrc R>odr
4) ~±Ho$Vrc R>odr dJ¡ao.
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{dÎmr` ~mOmamV R>odtMr amoIVm, R>odrVrc YmoHo$, R>odtMr d H$OmªMr _wXV dJ¡ao KQ>H$m§_wio ì`mOmMo doJdoJio
Xa AmT>iZy `oVmV. Á`m _VoV OmñV amoIVm AgVo Ë`mda {_iUmam ì`mOmMm Xa H$_r AgVmo. VgoM Á`m _VoÀ`m
Jw§VdUyH$sV OmñV YmoHo$ AgVmV, Ë`mda {_iUmam ì`mOmMm Xa OmñV AgVmo. ì`mOmMm amoH$S> àmYmÝ` àd¥Îmr
{gÕm§V Jw§VdUyH$ _VoMr _wXVnyVu d ì`mOXa `m Xmohm|V "YZ g§~§Y' AgVmV gd©gmYmaUnUo _wXVnyduMm
H$mcmdYr H$_r Agoc Va Aem _mc_ÎmoV OmñV amoIVm AgVo d OmñV amoIVm AgUmè`m _Voda {_iUmam
ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo. ì`mOXam~m~VMm Anojm {gÕm§V (The Expectation Theory) ñnîQ> H$aVmo H$s,
XrK©H$mcrZ ì`mOXa hm Mmcy H$mimVrc Aën _wXV ì`mOXa d ^{dî`H$mcrZ Ano{jV Aën_wXV ì`mOXa `m§Mm
"^y{_Vr _Ü`' (Geometrical Mean) AgVmo. "~mOma I§S> {gÕm§V' (Market Segment Theory) ñnîQ>
H$aVmo H$s Aën _wXV ~mOma d XrK©_wXV ~mOmamVrc H$O© _Îmm doJdoJir _wXV AgUmè`m H$Om©Mo ~mOma ñdV§Ì
AgVmV. Aën _wXV ì`mOXa d XrK©_wXV ì`mOXamV H$moUVohr g§~§Y ZgVmV. "ì`mOXamMr _wXV g§aMZm'
(Term Structure of Internet rate) `m ~m~V ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUmam EH$M (unique) {gÕm§V ApñVËdmV
Zmhr Va Ë`m~m~VMo AZoH$ {gÕm§V AmhoV. ~±Ho$Vrc R>odr VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm OmñV amoIVm AgUmè`m AgVmV d
Ë`m_Ü`o YmoHo$ ZgVmV. Ë`mda AgUmam ì`mOmMm Xa H$_r AgVmo. CÚmoJg§ñWm§H$S>o R>odë`m OmUmè`m R>odrV OmñV
YmoHo$ AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`mda {_iUmam ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmo. gaH$mar amo»`m§_Ü`o XoIrc H$_r YmoHo$ AgVmV,
n[aUm_r Ë`mda {_iUmam ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo. `mCcQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ amo»`mV YmoHo$ OmñV AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`mda
{Xcm OmUmam ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmo. Aem[aVrZo YmoHo$, amoIVm d _wXV `m VrZ KQ>H$m§Zwgma ì`mOXamV {^ÝZVm
AmT>iyZ `oVo.
darc ì`mOXam{edm` AmUIr XmoZ àH$maMo ì`mOXa ~mOmamV AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
1) ~±H$aoQ>
(Bankrate)
d _mJUr H$Om©darc ì`mOXa
(Call Money Rate)
~±H$aoQ> åhUOo _Ü`dVu ~±H$ BVa ~±H$m§Zm {Xcoë`m H$Om©da Omo ì`mOXa AmH$maVo Vmo Xa hmo`. Va _mJUr
H$O} ì`mOXa åhUOo ZmUo~mOmamV doJdoJù`m ~±H$m 1 {XdgmgmR>r EH$_oH$m§Zm H$O} XoVmV. ~±H$m§Zm H$m§hr doim 1
{XdgmgmR>r H$Om©Mr JaO ^mgVo. Aem 1 {Xdgr` H$Om©da YZH$mo ~±Ho$Zo F$UH$mo ~±Ho$cm AmH$macocm ì`mOXa
åhUOo _mJUr H$O} ì`mO Xa Ago åhUVmV.
ì`mOXamMo àH$ma
(Kinds of Interest Rates)
1) amoIo ì`mOXa
(Bond Rates)
2) R>odrdarc ì`mOXa
3) H$Om©Mo ì`mOXa
(Lending Rates)
4) àem{eV ì`mOXa
5) ~mOmar ì`mOXa
(Deposit Rates)
(Administered Rates)
(Market determined Rates)
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157
1) amoIo ì`mOXa
(Bond Rate) :
H$O©amoIo XmoZ àH$maMo AgVmV. 1) gaH$mar amoIo d 2) ImOJr amoIo. `m amo»`m§da gaH$ma (amÁ` d H|$Ð)
AWdm ImOJr g§ñWm§Zr Omo ì`mOXa R>a{dcocm AgVmo. Ë`mg amoIo ì`mOXa Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr doim H|$Ð
gaH$ma AWdm amÁ` gaH$mao Amnë`m Am{W©H$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r amoIo {dH«$sg H$mT>VmV, Ë`m§À`m _wXVr H$_r
A{YH$ AgVmV. `m amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUmè`mgmR>r gaH$maZo {d{eîQ> ì`mOXa Omhra Ho$cocm AgVmo. gaH$mar
AWdm ImOJr amoIo åhUOo H$Om©Mr nmdVr AWdm dMZnÌ AgVo. Ë`mda H$Om©Mr nmdVr aŠH$_, Ë`mMr _wXV,
ì`mOmMm Xa d _wXVnyVuZ§Va {_iUmar EHy$U aŠH$_ {c{hcocr AgVo. amo»`m§Mr _wXV g§në`mZ§Va gaH$ma AWdm
ImOJr CÚmoJg§ñWm Á`m§Zr amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s Ho$cocr AgVo Vo Ë`m amo»`m§Mr ì`mOmghrV EHy$U aŠH$_ JwV§ dUyH$Xmamg
XoÊ`mg ~m§Yrc AgVmV. gaH$mar amo»`m§_Ü`o YmoHo$ H$_r AgVmV VgoM amoIVm OmñV AgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`mda {Xcm
OmUmam ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo. VgoM gaH$maÀ`m H$O©C^maUrMm IM© H$_r ahmdm, VgoM gaH$ma {d{dY g§ñWm§Zm
H$_r ì`mOXamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$arV AgVo. åhUyZ gaH$mar amo»`mdarc ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo.
VgoM ~mOmamV [acm`Ýg B§S>ñQ´>r, {Q>ñH$mo, Q>oëH$mo `mgma»`m ImOJr joÌmVrc H§$nÝ`m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg
~±H$, `w{ZQ> Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `mgma»`m g§ñWm Amnë`m Am{W©H$ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aVmV. `m amo»`m§_Ü`o gaH$mar amo»`m§nj
o m VwcZmË_H$[aË`m OmñV YmoH$o , H$_r amoIVm Agë`m_wio
Ë`mda {Xcm OmUmam ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmo. gaH$mar d {Z_gaH$mar amo»`mV Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$ë`mg gaH$maH$Sy>Z
CËnÝZ H$amV Jw§VdUyH$Xmamcm gyQ> {Xcr OmVo. _moR>çm Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm ho amoIo \$m`Xoera R>aVmV.
2) R>odrdarc ì`mO :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m, amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, nmoñQ> dJ¡ao g§ñWm§_Ü`o cmoH$ Amnë`mH$S>rc amoIVm aŠH$_
R>odtÀ`m ê$nmZo R>oaVmV. R>odr doJdoJù`m _wXVrÀ`m AgVmV, _mJUr R>odr, Aën_wXV, _Ü`_ _wXV d XrK©
_wXVrÀ`m R>odr. ~±H$ nmoñQ> ImË`mVrc R>odt_Ü`o gwa{jVVm OmñV AgVo OmoIr_ H$_r AgVo. _mJUr R>odr ~±Ho$Zo
naV _mJVmM Ë`m§Mr naV\o$S> Ho$cr OmVo. `m R>odr ~MV ImË`mda R>odcoë`m AgVmV. åhUyZ `m R>odtda {Xcm
OmUmam ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo. R>odtMr _wXV Og Oer OmñV hmoV OmVo, VgVgm Ë`m§Mm ì`mOXa XoIrc _moR>m
AgVmo. H$maU Ë`m§Mr amoIVm H$_r AgVo. ~±H$m cmoH$m§À`m R>odtda Omo ì`mOXa XoVmV, Vmo _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m
~±H$aoQ>da AmYmarV AgVmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo ~±H$m d nmoñQ>mVrc ~MVrda R>odtÀ`m _wXVnyVu H$mcmdYrZwgma
ì`mOmMm Xa 6% nmgyZ 10% n`ªV AmOÀ`m H$mimV AmH$macm OmVmo.
AZoH$doim _moR>çm Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm CXm. Q>oëH$mo, {Q>ñH$mo, [acm`Ýg B§S>ñQ´>r `mgma»`m ImOJr joÌmVrc
g§ñWm XoIrc Amnë`m Am{W©H$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r OZVoH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maVmV. `m R>odtda {Xcm OmUmam
ì`mOXa ~±H$ R>odrVrc ì`mOXamnojm OmñV AgVmo. H$maU ~±H$m§nojm ImOJr g§ñWm§H$S>rc R>odt_Ü`o gwa{jVVm
H$_r d YmoHo$ OmñV AgVmV. ImOJr g§ñWm R>odtda {^ÝZ {^ÝZ ì`mOXa AmH$maVmV. hm ì`mOXa R>odtMr _wXV
d ImOJr CÚmoJg§ñWm§Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr `mda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m chmZ H§$nÝ`mnojm OmñV
ì`mOXa XoVmV. ~±H$ R>odrdarc ì`mOXamV [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m McZ{df`H$ YmoaUmZwgma ~Xc hmoV AgVmo.
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3) H$Om©Mo ì`mOXa
(Lending Rates)
H$O© ì`mOXa åhUOo ~±H$m§Zr Or doJdoJù`m _wXVrMr H$O} cmoH$m§Zm {Xcocr AgVmV, Ë`mda ~±H$m§Zr
AmH$macocm ì`mOXa hmo`. H$Om©da ~±H$m ì`mOmMo Oo Xa AmH$maVmV Vo nwT>rc VrZ KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoD$Z
AmH$macoco AgVmV. 1) H$Om©Mr amoIVm, 2) H$Om©Mr gwa{jVVm d 3) H$Om©À`m naV\o$S>rMm H$mcmdYr. `m
KQ>H$m§Zwgma ~±H$m H$Om©da H$_r-OmñV ì`mOmMm Xa AmH$marV AgVmV. H$Om©Mr amoIVm d gwa{jVVm OmñV
Agoc Va ì`mOXa H$_r AmH$maco OmVmV `mCcQ> amoIVm d gwa{jVVm H$_r Agë`mg ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmo.
VgoM Á`m H$Om©_Ü`o OmñV Omo{I_/YmoHo$ AgVmV Ë`mda OmñV ì`mOXa AmH$macm OmVmo, Va H$_r OmoIr_/
YmoHo$ AgUmè`m H$Om©da H$_r ì`mOXa ~±H$m AmH$maVmV. gZ 1994 n`ªV ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$Om©darc ì`mOmMo Xa
R>a{dVmV.
4) àem{gV/{ZYm©[aV ì`mOXa
(Administered Rates of Interest)
Ooìhm ì`mOmMo Xa ~mOma `§ÌUoH$Sy>Z Z R>aVm Vo XoemÀ`m _m¡ÐrH$ A{YH$ma AgUmè`m g§ñWoH$Sy>Z R>a{dco
OmVmV Ë`mg àem{gV/{ZYm©arV ì`mOXa Ago åhUVmV. gZ 1961 Vo 1985 `m H$mimV ^maVmVrc ì`mOXa
~mOma `§ÌUoH$Sy>Z Z R>a{dco OmVm _m¡ÐrH$ A{YgÎmoH$Sy>Z (R.B.I.) R>a{dco OmV hmoVo. ì`mnmar d ghH$mar
~±H$m§À`m R>odr d H$Om©darc ì`mOmMo Xa _m¡ÐrH$ gÎmoH$Sy>Z R>a{dco OmV AgV. gZ 1969 Z§Va ^maVmV ho Xa
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mH$Sy>Z R>a{dco OmV hmoVo. _moR>çm ~±H$m, chmZ ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {d^mJr` ~±H$m,
Am¡Úmo{JH$ amoIo, àmYmÝ` ^mJ, `mdarc ì`mOmMo Xa [aPìh© ~±H$ R>a{dVo. VgoM _mJUr R>odr d H$Om©darc
ì`mOmMo Xa ^maVr` ~±H$s¨J Agmo{gEeZ R>a{dVo. Q´>oOar ~rc d XrK© _wXV gaH$mar amo»`mdarc ì`mOXa gaH$ma
R>a{dVo. VgoM [aPìh© ~±H$ {d{dY H$Om©Mo ì`mOXa R>a{dVo. {d{dY {dÎmr` gmYZm§darc ì`mOmMo Xa {aPìh© ~±H$
R>a{dVo. ghH$mar ~±H$m R>odrdarc ì`mOmMo OmñV Xa R>a{dVmV d ì`mnmar ~±H$m§nojm H$_r ì`mOXamZo H$O©nwadR>m
H$aVmV.
ì`mOmMo Xa {ZYm©arV H$aÊ`mMr nwT>rc H$maUo hmoV.
1) Ano{jV ì`mOXamnojm àË`jmVrc ì`mOXa OmñV hmoD$ Z`oV åhUyZ ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc Xoem_Ü`o
ì`mOmMo Xa H$_r Agco nm{hOoV. Ë`m_wio XoemVrc ^m§S>dc {Z{_©VrMm Xa pñWa amhrc. pñWa ^m§S>dc
{Z{_©Vr Xa Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm XoVmo.
2) gaH$macm _moR>çm à_mUmV ^m§S>dcmMr JaO AgVo ho ^m§S>dc H$_r ì`mOmZo CncãY ìhmdo åhUyZ ì`mOXa
àem{gV Ho$co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio gaH$maÀ`m H$O©C^maUrMm IM© H$_r amhVmo.
3) {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWoV gaH$ma H$m§hr joÌm§À`m {dH$mgmcm àmYmÝ` XoVo, `m joÌm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$_r
ì`mOXamV ^m§S>dc CncãY ìhmdo åhUyZ ì`mOXam§Mo {Z`§ÌU Ho$co OmVo.
4) VgoM H$O} d R>odrgmR>r AgUmar AZmdí`H$ ñnYm© Q>miÊ`mgmR>r, gd© ~±H$m§Vrc ì`mOXamV gmaIonUm
`oÊ`mgmR>r, R>odr d H$O} VgoM BVa ~mOmamVrc ì`mOXa gmaIo R>odÊ`mgmR>r d [aPìh© ~±Ho$cm ~±H$aoQ>_Ü`o
dma§dma H$amdo cmJUmao ~Xc Q>miÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Am{W©H$ YmoaU `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`mOXa {Z`§{ÌV Ho$co
OmVmV.
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XoemVrc _m¡ÐrH$ gÎmocm ì`mOXamV ~Xc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm AgVmo. _m¡ÐrH$ A{YgÎmm gd©
àH$maÀ`m R>do r, H$O}, ~MVr, _wXV R>do r, AmdVu R>do r, ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z {d{dY joÌmg {Xë`m OmUmè`m H$Om©Mo ì`mOXa
CXm. eoVr, CÚmoJ. cKw d Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ {Z`m©V BË`mXr joÌmg ~±H$m§Zr {Xcoë`m H$Om©darc ì`mOmMo {Z`§ÌU _m¡ÐrH$
gÎmm H$aVo. H$m§hr doim gaH$ma ~±H$m§Zm àmYmÝ` joÌo, J«m_rU {dH$mg dJ¡ao joÌm§Zm H$_r ì`mOXamZo H$O} XoÊ`mMm
AmXoe XoVo. `m joÌm§Zm H$_r ì`mOmZo H$O} {_imdrV åhUyZ ì`mOXam§Mo {Z`§ÌU Ho$co OmVo. àem{gV ì`mOXam_wio
A{dH${gV XoemV ~MVrcm MmcZm {_iVo.
5) ~mOmar ì`mOXa
(Market determined Interest Rates)
~mOmar ì`mOXa åhUOo H$Om©Mr _mJUr d H$Om©Mm nwadR>m `m XmoZ KQ>H$mdê$Z {dÎmr` ~mOmamV R>aUmam
ì`mOXa hmo`. `m ì`mOXamda H$Om©Mr _mJUr d nwadR>m `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm à^md AgVmo. H$Om©Mr _mJUr OmñV
d nwadR>m H$_r (D>S) Aer pñWVr Agë`mg ~mOmamVrc ì`mOmMo Xa OmñV AgVmV. `m CcQ> H$Om©Mr _mJUr
H$_r d nwadR>m OmñV (S>D) Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmë`mg ~mOmamVrc ì`mOXa H$_r AgVmo. `mCcQ>
H$Om©Mr _mJUr d nwadR>m XmoÝhr g_mZ (D=S) Agë`mg ~mOmamV R>aUmam ì`mOXa g_Vmoc ì`mOXa
(Equilibrium rate of Interest) åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. AerM n[apñWVr R>odr, hþ§S>çm, H$O©amoIo, {d{dY
_wXVrMr H$O} ~±H$m-~±H$m§Vrc H$O} dJ¡ao KQ>H$m§À`m ~m~VrV AmT>iyZ `oVo. darc KQ>H$m§À`m ~m~VrV ~mOmamV
R>aUmao ì`mOXa dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr Oem dñVyÀ`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aVmV VgoM ~mOmar ì`mOXa ho darc
KQ>H$m§À`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aVmV. Á`m {R>H$mUr H$Om©Mr _mJUr d nwadR>m XmoÝhr g_mZ hmoVmV,
Ë`m{R>H$mUr ~mOmamV ì`mOmMm Xa R>aVmo.
Imcrc VŠVm ~mOmamV R>aUmè`m ì`mOXamMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmo.
VŠVm 7.6
H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$Om©Mm nwadR>m
H$moQ>r én`o
H$moQ>r én`o
ì`mOXa
100
50
OmñV
100
100
g_Vmoc ì`mOXa
100
200
H$_r
gmo~VÀ`m VŠË`mV H$Om©Mr _mJUr 100 d nwadR>m 50
H$moQ>r é. Agë`mZo H$Om©Mr H$_VaVm nwadR>m H$_r
am{hë`mZo {Z_m©U hmoVo d ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmo. Ooìhm
H$Om©Mr _mJUr 100 d nwadR>m 100 H$moQ>r é. hmoVmo
Voìhm§ ~mOmamV g_Vmoc ì`mOXa R>aVmo. ~mOmamV H$Om©D$
aH$_oMr _mJUr 100 H$moQ>r é. d nwadR>m 200 H$moQ>r
é. Pmë`mg nwadR>m dmT>ë`m_wio ~mOmamV ì`mOmMm Xa
H$_r hmoVmo.
~mOmamV H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr _mJUr d nwadR>m Á`m {R>H$mUr g_mZ hmoVmV, Ë`m {R>H$mUr ì`mOmMm Xa R>aVmo.
ho nwT>rc AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dco Amho.
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160
`
S>D
D
OmñV
ì`mOXa
AmH¥$VrV j-Ajmda H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr
_mJUr d nwadR>m Am{U `-Ajmda ì`mOXa
Xe©{dcm Amho. AmH¥$Vr DD- dH«$ H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr
_mJUr d SS dH«$ H$Om©D$ aH$_oMm nwadR>m Xe©{dVmo.
AmH¥$VrV DD dH«$mcm SS dH««$ E q~XyV N>oXVmo,
Ë`m_wio 'E' q~XyV H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr _mJUr d nwadR>m
XmoÝhr g_mZ hmoVmV. (D=S) d 'OR' hm g_Vmoc
ì`mOXa ~mOmamV àñWm{nV hmoVmo. `mdoir
H$O©nwadR>m OM d H$O©_mJUrhr OM EdT>rM
AgVo
S
E
D=S
ì`mOXa
R
S
D>S
D
H$_r ì`mOXa
O
j
M
H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr _mJUr d nwadR>m
AemarVrZo ^maVmV {d{dY ì`mOXa AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
VŠVm H«$. 7.7
^maVmVrc {d{dY ì`mOXa
~m~
(% dm{f©H$)
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1998-99 _mM© 2003
1. ~±H$ aoQ>
5-6
9.00
10.0
8.0
6.00
2. _mJUr H$O} Xa
6.38
7.12
11.49
7.83
4.50
3. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m R>odrdarc Xa
6-6.5
7.5-8.5
9-10
9-11
3-8
-
-
-
8.57
4.57
7-8.5
16.5
16.5
12.14
5-17.5
6. H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m amo»`m§darc Xa
-
7.03
11.41
11.86
4.79
7. H$mnm}aoQ> ~m°ÝS>darc Xa
-
-
-
-
5.54
4. Q´>oOar ~rc aoQ>
5. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$Om©Mm ì`mOXa
ñÌmoV : Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, R.B.I. various issues.
7.8 gmam§e :
XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm H$O©nwadR>m XmohmoV YZ g§~§Y AgVmV. Vo XmoÝhr nañnamda
Adc§~yZ AgVmV. ~±H$m§À`m {dÎmnwadR>çm_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrc eoVr, H$maImZXmar, ì`mnma, godm joÌ dJ¡ao
joÌmVrc Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>Z Ë`m joÌm§Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo, amîQ´>r` CËnÞmV dmT> hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KSy>Z `oVmo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$O} XoVmZm H$m§hr {ZH$f cmJy H$aVmV Ë`m {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao H$moUmcm H$O} Úmd`mMr Vo
R>a{dVmV. ho {ZH$f nwT>rc hmoV, H$Om©Mr gwa{jVVm, H$O©XmamMr H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, `mo½` VmaU,
H$Om©Vrc {d{dYVm, H$O©XmamMr nV, àH$ën `eñdr hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm dJ¡ao.
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161
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 11
ì`mnmar ~±H$m AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{dY joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo.
gaH$maÀ`m A{W©H$ YmoaUmVrc ~Xc, [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo McZ {df`r YmoaU, amOH$s` hñVjon, H$O© {Xcoë`m
CÚmoJmcm ñnY©H$ {Z_m©U hmoUo. CÚmoJm§Mo AmOmarnU, àmYmÝ` joÌm§Zm gdcVrÀ`m XamVo H$O©nwadR>m gaH$maZo
R>adyZ {Xcoco ì`mOXa, Aì`dhm`© àH$ën dJ¡ao H$maUm_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm YmoŠ`mV `oVmV `m gd©
g_ñ`m Q>miyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm H$O} Úmdr cmJVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m BVa joÌm~amo~aM gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌmVrc CÚmoOH$m§Zm XoIrc H$O©nwadR>m
H$aVmV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gaH$maZo XoemÀ`m OcX Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV AZoH$ CÚmoJY§Xo gwê$
Ho$co, Ë`m§Zm àmYmÝ`mZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm gm§{JVco, Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr gdcVrÀ`m XamZo
_moR>çm à_mUmV gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc CÚmoJm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm d ImOJr joÌmH$S>o ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo
H$O©nwadR>çm~m~V Xwc©j Pmco. n[aUm_r ImOJr joÌmMm Ano{jV {dH$mg Pmcm Zmhr. H$O©nwadR>çmÀ`m `m
YmoaUmcm ImOJr joÌmZo {damoY Ho$cm. gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr joÌmV H$O©nwadR>çm~m~V ^oX Ho$cm OmV hmoVm.
gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJmcm H$_r ì`mOXa AmH$macm OmV hmoVm, Va VwcZoZo ImOJrjoÌmcm OmñV ì`mOXa AmH$macm
OmV hmoVm, n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mm CËnmXZIM© dmT>cm. `m YmoaUmcm ImOJr joÌmZo {damoY Ho$cm. gZ 1951 Vo 1991
n`ªV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo H$O©nwadR>m YmoaU darcà_mUo hmoVo, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmg àmYmÝ` d ImOJr joÌmH$S>o Xwc©j,
Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>çmV g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. H$mcm§VamZo AZoH$ gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ AmOmar
nS>co d ì`mnmar ~±H$m YmoŠ`mV Amë`m. gZ 1991 À`m Iwë`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>m
YmoaUmVrc {Z~ªY H$_r H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m AmVm ImOJr joÌmg _moR>çm à_mUmV H$O©nwadR>m
H$arV AmhoV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrc {d{dY joÌm§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmV. CXm. eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma godm
joÌ, cKwCÚmoJ, àmYmÝ` joÌo dJ¡ao amQ´>r`H$aUnyd© H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m ì`mnma d CÚmoJ joÌmgM H$O©nwadR>m
H$arV hmoË`m Va eoVr joÌmcm H$O} XoV ZìhË`m, Ë`m_wio eoVr joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm {Ii ~gcr. eoVr hm ^maVmMm
_w»` ì`dgm` Amho. Ë`mH$S>o Xwc©j Pmco hmoVo. åhUOo ñdmV§Í` nyd© H$mimVrc ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>çmMo
ñdê$n nwT>rcà_mUo hmoVo. 1) ~±H$ H$O©nwadR>çmV dmT>, 2) CÚmoJ d ì`mnmar joÌm§Zm _hÎd, 3) eoVr joÌmH$S>o
Xwcj
© dJ¡a.o gZ 1969 _Ü`o gaH$maZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU Ho$co, VoìhmnmgyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©naw dR>çmMo
ñdê$n ~Xcco. amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va eoVr, cKwCÚmoJ d àmYmÝ` joÌo `m joÌmVrc H$O©nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmcr. Va
ì`mnma d CÚmoJ joÌmÀ`m H$O©nwadR>çmV KQ> Pmcr.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z ^maVmVrc {d{dY {d^mJmV Omo H$O©naw dR>m Pmcm Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o Ag_Vmoc {XgyZ `oVmo.
J«m_rU ^mJmcm VwcZoZo ehar ^mJmnojm H$_r H$O©nwadR>m AmO XoIrc {XgyZ `oVmo. VgoM ^maVmVrc npíM_ d
X{jU {d^mJmVrc amÁ`m§Zm BVa {d^mJmnojm OmñV H$O©nwadR>m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr Ho$cm Va CÎmanyd© joÌ d
_Ü`joÌmVrc amÁ`m§Zm gdm©V H$_r H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm Amho. VgoM _hmamîQ´>, AmÝY«àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$ d Vm{_iZmSy> `m
amÁ`m§Zm BVa amÁ`m§À`m VwcZoV OmñV H$O©nwadR>m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr Ho$cm Va CÎma àXoe, {~hma, Amgm_ d
nyd}H$S>rc amÁ`m§Zm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr H$_r H$O©nwadR>m Ho$cm.
_moR>çm d chmZ H$O©XmamMm {dMma H$aVm ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z _moR>çm d _Ü`_ H$O©Xmam§Zm OmñV H$O} {Xcr
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162
Va chmZ H$O©Xmam§Zm H$_r H$O} {Xë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. ^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m amîQ´>r`H$aUmnydu ì`mnma d CÚmoJm§ZmM
Aën_wXVrMm H$O©nwadR>m H$arV hmoË`m. H$O©nwadR>çm_Ü`o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmMm OmñV à^md hmoVm. 19 Owc¡ 1969
_Ü`o gaH$maZo ImOJr joÌmVrc 14 _moR>çm ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>m
YmoaUmV ~Xc Pmcm. amîQ´>r`H$aUmnydu eoVr, J«m_rU ^mJ, cKwCÚmoJ `m§Zm ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$O} XoV ZìhË`m.
amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va gaH$maZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm darc KQ>H$m§Zm H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co. VmaUm_Ü`o {e{WcVm
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$m§Zr 40% H$O©nwadR>m AJ«H«$_ joÌm§Zm H$amdm Ago ~§YZ KmVco. J«m_rU
^mJmV emIm {dñVma, J«m_rU ^mJmcm H$O©nwadR>m H$aUo, Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm Xw~©c KQ>H$m§Zm H$O} XoUo Agm
X~md gaH$maZo ~±H$m§da {Z_m©U Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z eoVr d J«m_rU ^mJmcm H$O©nwadR>m gwê$ H$ocm.
^maVr` ZmUo~mOmamV {d{dY àH$maMo ì`mOXa AmT>iyZ `oVmV. R>odtMr amoIVm, R>odrVrc YmoHo$, H$Om©Mr d
R>do tMr _wXV `m_wio ì`mOXa doJdoJio AmT>iZy `oVmV. Á`m H$Om©V/_ÎmoV OmñV YmoH$o AgVmV VoWo ì`mOXa OmñV
AgVmo. `mCcQ> H$_r YmoHo$, amoIVm d gwa{jVVm AgUmè`m H$O© d R>odrda H$_r ì`mOXa {_iVmo. ì`mOXamMo
àH$ma nwT>rc hmoV 1) R>odrdarc ì`mOXa, 2) H$Om©Mo ì`mOXa, 3) àem{gV ì`mOXa, 4) ~mOmar ì`mOXa. ~±H$m
cmoH$m§À`m R>odrda Oo ì`mO XoVmV Ë`m§Zm R>odrdarc ì`mOXa Ago åhUVmV. {Xcoë`m H$Om©da ~±H$m Omo ì`mOXa
AmH$maVmV Ë`mg H$Om©darc ì`mOXa Ago åhUVmV. àem{gV ì`mOXa åhUOo gaH$maZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$coco AWdm
R>adyZ {Xcoco ì`mOXa hmo`. Va ~mOmar ì`mOXa åhUOo ~mOmamV n¡emÀ`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aUmao ì`mOXa
hmo`.
7.9 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mm AW©
1) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ - Á`m joÌmV CÚmoJY§Xo gaH$mar _mcH$sMo AgVmV.
2) ImOJr/ì`mnmar joÌ - Á`m joÌmV CÚmoJY§Xo ImOJr ì`ŠVr/g§ñWoÀ`m _mcH$sMo AgVmV.
3) amîQ´>r`H$aU - gaH$maMr _mcH$s àñWm{nV H$aUo.
4) àem{gV ì`mOXa - gaH$ma AWdm gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo _m¡{ÐH$ A{YgÎmoZo R>a{dcoco ì`mOXa
5) ~mOmar ì`mOXa - n¡emÀ`m _mJUr d nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aUmam Xa.
6) amoIo ì`mOXa - gaH$mar AWdm ImOJr H$O© amo»`mda {Xcm OmUmam ì`mOmMm Xa.
7.10 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
A) Jmicoco eãX ^am.
1) {dÎmnwadR>m d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Xmohm|V ................... g§~§Y AgVmV.
2) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmda ....................... Mr _mcH$s AgVo.
3) ^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amîQ´>r`H$aU .......................... _Ü`o Pmco.
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163
4) amîQ´>r`H$aUmnydu ì`mnmar ~±H$m ................. d ............... joÌm§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV H$O©naw dR>m
H$arV hmoË`m.
5) àem{gV ì`mOXa åhUOo ................... Zo {ZYm©arV Ho$cocm ì`mOXa hmo`.
CÎmao 1) YZ
2) gaH$maMr
3) 19 Owc¡ 1969 4) ì`mnma d CÚmoJ joÌm§Zm 5) gaH$ma
~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.
1) gaH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV ~Xc Pmë`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>çmV g_ñ`m CX²^dVmV.
2) amîQ´>r`H$aUmnydu ì`mnmar ~±H$m gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmcm ImOJr joÌmnojm OmñV H$O©nwadR>m H$arV hmoË`m.
3) gZ 1991 Z§Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm ImOJr joÌmVrc H$O©nwadR>m dmT>cm.
4) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Am§VajoÌr` d Am§Va {d^mJr` H$O©nwadR>çmV Ag_Vmoc {XgyZ `oV Zmhr.
5)
ì`mnmar ~±H$m amîQ´>r`H$aUmnydu H$O©nwadR>çm~m~V chmZ Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§H$S>o Xwc©j H$arV hmoË`m.
6) amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va eoVr, cKwCÚmoJ d àmYmÝ` joÌm§Zm H$O©naw dR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`mnmar ~±H$m§da gaH$maMm
X~md {Z_m©U Pmcm.
7) àem{gV ì`mOXa ~mOma `§ÌUoH$Sy>Z R>aVmV.
CÎmao 1) ~amo~a
6) ~amo~a
2) ~amo~a
3) ~amo~a
4) MyH$
5) ~amo~a
7) MyH$
7.11 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
1. g§ñWmË_H$ {dÎmnwadR>m åhUOo H$m`? gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ d ImOJr joÌm~m~V H$O©dmQ>nmÀ`m g_ñ`m
gm§Jm.
2. {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m Am§VajoÌr` d Am§Va{d^mJr` g_ñ`m ñnîQ> H$am.
3. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§darc amîQ´>r`H$aUnyd© d amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m X~mdmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.
4. ì`mOXa åhUOo H$m`? ì`mOXamMo {d{dY àH$ma gm§Jm.
5. Q>rnm {chm.
1) g§ñWmË_H$ H$O©nwadR>çmMo {ZH$f
2) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$O©nwadR>çmVrc g_ñ`m
3) chmZ d _moR>çm H$O©Xmam§À`m {dÎmnwadR>çmÀ`m g_ñ`m
4) àem{gV ì`mOXa
5) ~mOmar ì`mOXa
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164
7.12 joÌr` H$m`©
Amnë`m ~±Ho$VyZ {d{dY _wXVrÀ`m R>odrdarc ì`mOXa d {d{dY _wXVrÀ`m d ñdê$nmÀ`m H$Om©darc
ì`mOXam§Mm VŠVm V`ma H$am.
7.13 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.
'M. L. Seth', "Monetary Economics Laxmi Narain Agarwal Publishers, Agra.
2.
'L. M. Bhole', "Financial Institutions & Markets." The McGraw Hill Company
Ltd., New Delhi.
3.
'G. S. Gupta', "Macro-Economics", The McGraw Hill Company Ltd., New
Delhi.
4.
'Dr. P. K. Deshmukh', "Money and Financial System", Phadake Prakashan,
Kolhapur.
5.
'R. Datt & KPM Sundhram', "Indian Economy" S. Chand & Company Ltd.,
New Delhi.
6.
àm. S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rc (g§nmXH$) - A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
ooo
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165
KQ>H$ : 8
ì`mdhm[aH$ ~±qH$J VÎdo
(Practical Banking Operations)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
8.1 àñVmdZm
8.2 C{ÔîQ>o
8.3 ~±H$ J«mhH$
8.4 ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr, ImVo ~XcrMr Am{U ~§X H$aÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr
8.5 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>, Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a, _oc Q´>mÝg\$a, McZj_ XñVEodO
8.6 ~±Ho$Mo hŠH$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
8.7 H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©, {Za§Va àXmZ `moOZm, B©-~±qH$J, AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$J
8.8 gmam§e
8.9 ñd`§… AÜ``Z àíZ
8.10 joÌr` H$m`©
9.11 g§X^©
8.1 àñVmdZm :
21ì`m eVH$mVrc AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m dmQ>MmcrV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hm AË`§V _hÎdnyU© g_Ocm
OmVmo. {dH${gV, {dH$gZerc XoemMr àJVr Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm{edm` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. XoemÀ`m àJ{V_Ü`o
nma§nm[aH$ Am{U AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§Mm qghmMm dmQ>m Amho. AmYw{ZH$ Am{U J{V_mZ AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m
_hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. CÚmoOH$, ì`mnmar d gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mm EH$ _hÎdmMm
Xwdm åhUyZ ~±H$m _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. ^maVr` ~±H$m Am{U ~±qH$J ì`mdgm`mMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg
Ago {XgVo H$s `m joÌmV \$ma _moR>o ~Xc Pmco AmhoV, hmoV AmhoV Am{U AmUIr ~Xc Ano{jV AmhoV.
^maVmVë`m ~±H$m Zì`m V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aVmZm {XgVmV. g§JUH$sH¥$V ~±qH$J_wio ~±H$ ì`dhmamVrc H$m`©j_Vm
Va dmT>crM, Ë`mM~amo~a J«mhH$m§Zm {d{dY godm d CËnm{XVo nwadUo d emgZmMo {dÎmr` ì`dhma gm§^miUo hr
gwc^ hmoV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©, E{Q>E_ Am{U B©-~±qH$J `m àJV godm J«mhH$m§Zm
nwa{dV AmhoV, Ë`m_wio CÚmoOH$, ì`mnmar VgoM gm_mÝ` J«mhH$ `m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoÊ`m~amo~aM AW©ì`dñWm A{YH$
J{V_mZ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoV Amho. {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>, Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a, _oc Q´>mÝg\$a `m godm_wio ~±qH$J ì`dhma
A{YH$m{YH$ gwc^ d OcX hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoV Amho. Ago Agco Var _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ AmYm[aV ~±H$ ì`dhma
ê$OÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$m§À`m gdB©_Ü`ohr Ë`m àVr gH$mamË_H$ ~Xc hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
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8.2 C{ÔîQ>o :
1) J«mhH$m{^_wI ~±H$ godm§Mo _hÎd g_OmdyZ KoUo.
2) ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Uo, hñVm§VaU H$aUo Am{U ~§X H$aUo `m à{H«$`m g_OmdyZ KoUo.
3) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>, Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a, _oc Q´>mÝg\$a `m gmYZm§Mr AmoiI H$aUo.
4) ~±Ho$Mo hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
5) H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©, EQ>rE_, B©-~±qH$J `m V§ÌkmZ AmYm[aV ~±H$ ì`dhmam§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z
KoUo.
8.3 ~±H$ J«mhH$
A{cH$S>À`m H$mimV ^maV gaH$ma, ~±H$ ì`dñWmnZ Am{U [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m§Mr ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrc
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm {Za{Zamù`m AË`mYw{ZH$ godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ñnYm© gwê$ Amho.
Ë`mgmR>r ~±H$m _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmda A{YH$m{YH$ IM© dmT>dV AmhoV Am{U Amnë`m XO}Xma godm A{YH$m{YH$
J««mhH$m§Zm nwadyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda J««mhH$ Amnë`mH$S>o AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV. J«mhH$m§Zm
AË`mYw{ZH$ gmoB© nwadÊ`mMm à`ËZ ImOJr Am{U naXoer ~±H$m§~amo~aM gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrc ~±H$m, ì`mnmar ~±H$m
Am{U ghH$mar ~±H$mgwÕm H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. àË`j ~±Ho$À`m emIoV Z OmVmhr ~±Ho$Mo ImVoXma Amnco gd©
ì`dhma Ka dm Am°{\$gmV ~gë`m~gë`m g§JUH$mMr ~Q>Uo Xm~yZ H$ê$ eH$Vrc. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ ~±Ho$Mo
J«mhH$hr V§Ì àdrU hmoÊ`mMr Anojm Amho. g_mOmVrc gd© ñVamVrc doJdoJù`m J«mhH$m§Zm AË`mYw{ZH$ godm
nwadyZ Ë`m§À`mer gwg§dmX gmYÊ`mMo EH$ _moR>o AmìhmZ AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m§g_moa Agoc.
~±H$m `m OmñVrV-OmñV Z\$m {_idÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m AgVmV. g_mOmVrc gd©M WamVyZ
{d{dY ì`{ŠV d g§ñWmZr Jmoim Ho$cocm n¡gm {d{dY R>odtÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~±H$m§_Ü`o R>odcm OmVmo. {d{dY ñdê$nmV
O_m Ho$coë`m R>odrVyZ ~±H$m g_mOmVrc JaOy$ ì`ŠVr, ì`mnmar, CÚmoOH$, H$maImZXmam§Zm H$O© XoVmV. `m ~±H$m
OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_idÊ`mgmR>r R>odrXmam§À`m R>odrda {Xë`m OmUmè`m ì`mOXamnojm ~±H$m§Zr {Xcoë`m H$Om©da
OmXm ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV Z\$m {_iVmo. ~±H$m n¡gm Jmoim H$aVmZm J«mhH$m§Zm
{d{dY àH$maÀ`m gmoB© Am{U gdcVr XoVmV. J««mhH$m§Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m gmoB© Am{U gdcVr XoVmV. J«mhH$m§Zm
{d{dY gdcVr {Xë`m_wio A{YH$m{YH$ ImVoXma ~±Ho$H$S>o AmH${f©V hmoV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Mm {dídmg
g§nmXZ H$ê$Z n¡emMm {d{Z`moJ `mo½` nÕVrZo H$aÊ`mg ~±H$m§Zm _XV hmoVo.
~±H$m§Mo _wc^yV qH$dm àmW{_H$ H$m`© åhUOo OZVoÀ`m R>odr ñdrH$maUo qH$~hþZm `mM CÔoemZo ~±H$m§Mm OÝ_
Pmcm Amho. lr_§V, _Ü`_ d gm_mÝ` OZVoH$Sy>Z OmñVrV OmñV R>odr pñdH$maVm `mì`mV åhUyZ ~±H$m AZoH$
àH$maÀ`m godm J«mhH$m§Zm nwa{dV AgVmV, ~±H$m doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m ImË`mda R>odr ñdrH$maV AgVmV Ë`m_Ü`o
Mmcy R>od ImVo, ~MV R>od ImVo, _wXV~§X R>od ImVo, Amd{V© R>od ImVo Am{U BVa R>od ImË`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
Mmcy R>od ImË`mdarc ì`dhma Zoh_rM Mmcy AgVmV. ì`mnmar, CÚmoOH$, CËnmXH$, ghH$mar g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$
g§ñWm, H$maImZXmam§Zm `m ImË`mMm X¡Z§{XZ CcmT>mcrgmR>r OmñVrV OmñV dmna H$aVm `oVmo. J«mhH$m§À`m Ñ{îQ>Zo
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167
`m ImË`mda {eëcH$ aH$_onojm OmXm aH$_oMr CMc H$aVm `oVo åhUOo A{YH$f© gdcVtMm (Over draft
facilities) \$m`Xm KoVm `oVmo. gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§Zm ~MVrMr d H$mQ>H$garMr gd` cmdÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ~MV
R>od ImË`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo Am{U `m ImË`mVrc R>odr R>odrXmam§À`m _mJUrà_mUo naV H$aÊ`mMr h_r ~±H$m§Zr
{Xcocr AgVo. `m ImË`mV aŠH$_ {H$Vrhr doim ^aVm `oVo, ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z gm_mÝ`nUo 15 {Xdgm§À`m _wXVrnmgyZ
Vo 1 dfm©À`m _wXVrn`ªV Aën _wXVrÀ`m R>odr Va 1 dfm©nmgyZ 5-10 dfm©nojm OmñV _wXVrgmR>r XrK© _wXVrÀ`m
R>odr pñdH$maë`m OmVmV. R>odr pñdH$maÊ`m~Ôc R>odrXmamcm R>od nmdVr {Xcr OmVo. `m ImË`mVrc R>odr ~±Ho$À`m
Ñ{îQ>Zo d J«mhH$m§À`m Ñ{îQ>Zo OmñV \$m`Xoera AgVmV. Amd{V© R>odr Ë`mM~amo~a e¡j{UH$ R>odr, ew^_§Jc R>odr,
cInVr R>od Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m R>odr AmH$f©H$ ì`mOXa XodyZ AmH${f©V Ho$coë`m AgVmV.
Ë`mM~amo~a ~±H$m gmYo H$O©, amoI H$O© Am{U BVa àH$maMr H$O} XoD$Z J«mhH$m§Mr godm H$aVmV. J«mhH$m§Zm
~±H$m àm{V{ZYrH$ Cn`wŠVVoMr Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$m`} H$ê$Z doJdoJù`m godm nwadV AgVmV.
~±H$m§À`m J«mhH$ godm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r 1975 _Ü`o Vcdma g{_Vr Am{U 1990 _Ü`o JmoB©nmo[a`m g{_Vr
^maV gaH$maZo {Z`wŠV Ho$ë`m. `m XmoÝhr g{_Ë`m§Zr ~±H$m§À`m J«mhH$ godm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY _hÎdmÀ`m
{e\$maer Ho$coë`m AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo Vcdma g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer 1) é. 10,000/- nojm OmñV Xe©Zr _wë`mÀ`m S>r.S>r.da ~±Ho$À`m XmoZ A{YH$mè`m§À`m gøm KoVë`m
nm{hOoV.
H
2) _wXV R>odrMr _wXV g§në`mZ§Va Ë`m R>odrXmamcm gwMZm XoUo.
3) Ooìhm J«mhH$m§Mo nmg~wH$ ~±Ho$V amhVo qH$dm {dgaVo, Voìhm Vo nmg~wH$ J«mhH$mcm nmoñQ>mZo nmR>dÊ`mMr
ì`dñWm H$amdr.
H
JmoB©nmo[a`m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer 1) ~±H$m§Zr chmZ qH$_VrÀ`m ZmoQ>m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm.
2) ~±H$m§Zr Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm goë\$ cm°H$aMr ì`dñWm ghOmghOr Am{U H$_r {H$_Vrg CncãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.
3) ~±H$ ì`dgm` dmT>{dÊ`mg Am{U J«mhH$m§Zm CÎm_ godm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m§Zr ñdV…Mr
à{V_m C§M{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.
4) ~±H$m§Zr J«mhH$m§Zm godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoVmZm doioMo H$mQ>oH$moanUo ~§YZ nmico nm{hOo.
5) J«mhH$m§Zm A{YH$ godm§Mm cm^ {_idyZ XoVmZm naJmdMm é. 5,000 Mm YZmXoe VmVS>rZo O_m Ho$cm
nm{hOo.
6) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m _moR>çm emIm§VyZ "AmnUmg _XV hdr Amho H$m?' Ago ñdV§Ì H$mD§$Q>a ~±Ho$Zo gwê$ H$amdo.
7) \$mQ>Š`m ZmoQ>m ñdrH$maÊ`mg§~§Yr ~±H$m§Zm H$m`ÚmZwgma AmXoe ÚmdoV.
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8.4 ~±H$o V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr, H$m`©dmhrMr, ImVo ~XcmMr Am{U ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr
H$m`©nÕVr
~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m`©nÕVr :
~±H$ J«mhH$mcm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr, H$m`©dmhrMr, ImVo ~XcmMr Am{U ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr
_m{hV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. R>odrXmamcm R>od R>odVmZm qH$dm H$O©Xmamcm H$O© H$mT>VmZm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>mdo
cmJVo. g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrcm dm g§ñWocm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m`©nÕVr g_OmdyZ ¿`mdr cmJVo. ImVo
CKS>Umè`mg ImVoXma Ago g§~moYco OmVo. ImVoXma ~ZÊ`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> ~m~tMr nyV©Vm H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`m
JmoîQ>r nwT>rcà_mUo 1) Á`mg ImVo CKS>md`mMo Amho, Ë`mg {d{hV Z_wÝ`mV ""ImVo CKS>Ê`mMm AO©'' H$amdm cmJVmo. gXa AO©
ñdrH$maë`mZ§VaM ~±H$ d J«mhH$ `m§Mo Xaå`mZ coIr H$ama hmoVmo.
2) ImVo CKS>VmZm ^aUm nmdVrÛmao
(Pay-in-slip)
~±Ho$V Amdí`H$ n¡go ^amdo cmJVmV.
3) ImVoXmamg ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m AOm©g_doV, ñdV…Mo Zmd, nÎmm Am{U Z_wÝ`mMr ghr AgUmao H$mS>©
(Specimen Signature Card) ^ê$Z Úmdo cmJVo.
4) ImË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma Amdí`H$ H$mJXnÌo OmoS>mdr cmJVmV. Ë`mV \$moQ>mo d aoeZ H$mS>© (nÎ`mÀ`m
nwamì`mgmR>r) XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
5) ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu ~±Ho$Zo ImVoXmamMr EonV, Mm[aÍ`, gMmoQ>r Vnmgcr nm{hOo. AÝ`W… MoH$Mr \$gdUyH$
hmoB©c, n¡go ~wS>Vrc, ~±Ho$Mr à{VîR>m YmoŠ`mV `oB©c Ë`mgmR>r XmoZ ì`ŠVtMr Zmdo g§X^© åhUyZ Úmdr
cmJVmV.
~±Ho$V ImË`mÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma AOm©Mm Z_yZm AgVmo. VWm{n ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mÀ`m AOm©À`m
Z_wÝ`m_Ü`o nwT>rc ~m~r A§V^y©V hmoVmV.
1) {d{eîQ> ñdê$nmMo ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r ~±Ho$cm {dZ§Vr H$amdr cmJVo.
2) ImVo CKS>VmZm {H$Vr aŠH$_ R>odcr OmUma Amho (AmdVu AJa _wXV R>od) `mMm Vnerc Úmdm cmJVmo.
3) ImVoXmamMm g§nyU© nÎmm, d`, ì`dgm` BË`mXrMr nyV©Vm H$amdr cmJVo.
4) ImVo H$moUmÀ`m Zmdo amhrc, ImË`mÛmao H$moU ì`dhma H$arc `mMm CëcoI H$amdm cmJVmo.
5) ImVoXmamÀ`m Z_wÝ`mÀ`m gøm Úmì`m cmJVmV.
6) ImVoXmamMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr {e\$mag AWm©V, gXa ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$Mr ImVoXma AgUo JaOoMo
Amho.
7) ImË`mMm dmagXma H$moU amhrc `mMm CëcoI.
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""~MV ImVo AO© Z_wZm''
(H. O. State Bank of India)
Branch - Laxmipuri, Kolhapur.
Dear Sir,
I/we declare that State Bank of India Saving Banks Rules have been read by
we/us & that I/we accept them as binding upon me/us.
I/we also declare that the Account will be operated upon & the balance will be
payable to ............................................... of us.
If the account be closed before the completion of one year I/we agree to pay a
charge of Rs. ............................ to cover the cost of Pass book.
Yours Faithfully
(Signature)
~MV ImË`mÀ`m AOm©À`m _mJrc ~mOyMm Vnerc
Operation Instructions Full Name
1. .....................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................
Standing Instructions :
Specimen Signatures
1. .....................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................
Introduced by ............................ Occupation ......................... Account No...............
Address .......................................................... Date .................................................
ImË`mMm ~Xc
(Transfer of Account)
ImVoXma ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vmo. H$mcm§VamZo An[ahm`© H$maUm§_wio Xwgè`m Jmdr/ehar Omdo cmJë`mg
(ZmoH$arMr ~Xcr Pmë`mg) Vmo ImVoXma Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`m Xwgè`m Jmdr/ehar Agcoë`m emIoV ImVo ~Xcy eH$Vmo.
CXm. Hw$. amo{hUr `m§Mo ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, _w§~B©, _w»` H$m`m©c` `oWo ImVo Amho Vr H$moëhmnya `oWrc emIoV
ImË`mMr ~Xcr H$ê$ eH$Vo. AWm©V gXa ImË`mMr ~Xcr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc Q>ßß`mVyZ Omdo cmJVo.
1) Hw$. amo{hUrZo Amnco ImVo H$moëhmnyaÀ`m ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m emIoV ~Xcr H$ê$Z Úmdo Aem {dhrV
Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$amdm.
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2) Hw$. amo{hUrZo AOm©gmo~V nmg~wH$ d MoH$~wH$ (Z dmnacoco MoŠg) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m _w»`
H$m`m©c`mV gmXa H$amdoV.
3) gXa AO© d AZwf§{JH$ XñV EodO {_iVmM ~±H$ Hw$. am{hUrÀ`m ImË`mdarc R>odrÀ`m ì`mOmMm {heo~
H$arc. Vnerc nmg~wH$m_Ü`o {c{hcm OmB©c Am{U eodQ>r Account Transferred to Kolhapur
Branch on ................ Agm eoam _maoc _mÌ nmg~wH$ Hw$. amo{hUrH$S>o naV H$aoc Am{U {eëcH$ MoŠg
ZîQ> H$aoc.
4) darc gd© Zm|Xr ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, _w»` H$m`m©c` _w§~B© ~±Ho$À`m coOa nwñVH$mV H$aVo.
5) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m _w»` H$m`m©c` Hw$. am{hUrÀ`m ImË`mÀ`m ~Xcr g§X^m©V H$moëhmnyaÀ`m emIoH$S>o
EH$ S>o{~Q> McZ nmR>drc.
6) darc H$mJXmonÌr nwV©Vm Ho$ë`mZ§Va _w»` H$m`m©c` Hw$. amo{hUrMm ImVo CKS>Ê`mMm AO©, Z_wZm ghrMo H$mS>©
H$moëhmnya emIoH$S>o nmR>{dc, Ë`m_wio _w§~B©_Yrc Hw$. amo{hUrMo ImVo ~§X hmo[c.
7) H$moëhmnya_Yrc emIm Amdí`H$ H$mJXnÌmÀ`m AmYmao amo{hUrÀ`m Zmdo ZdrZ ImVo CKS>oc
8) Hw$. amo{hUr H$moëhmnya_Yrc ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mer XodmZ-KodmU H$aoc.
ImVo ~§X H$aUo
(Closing of Account)
^maVr` g§{dYmZmYmao, ~±H$ {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmÛmao emIoVrc ImVo, ImVoXma ~§X H$ê$ eH$Vmo. gXa ImVo ~§X
H$aÊ`mMr nwT>rc H$maUo Agy eH$VmV.
1) ImVoXmamMo amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU ~Xcco Agë`mg.
2) ~±Ho$Vrc A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar `m§À`mH$Sy>Z `mo½` dmJUyH$ {_imcr Zmhr Va.
3) _wXV ~§X R>odrMr _wXV g§në`mg.
4) ImVoXmamZo AZoH$ ~±H$m§Zm ~wS>{dco Agoc Va Ý`m`mc` hþHw$_mYmao ImVo ~§X hmoD$ eH$Vo.
5) ~±Ho$Mo {Z`_-ì`mOXa A_mÝ` Agë`mg.
6) ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr e§H$mñnX dmQ>ë`mg.
7) ~±H$gwÕm ~±H$ {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmYmao `mo½` Ë`m H$mJXnÌm§À`m AmYmao ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$ê$ eH$Vo (CXm.
A`mo½` dV©UyH$, c~mS>r, ~Zdm~Zdr AmYmao.)
8) ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg qH$dm ImVoXma doS>m, ^«{_îQ> ^mgë`mg, Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z, d¡ÚH$s`
à_mUnÌmÀ`m AmYmao dmagXmam§À`m Zmdo ImVo ~Xcco OmB©c.
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171
ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr :
1) ImVoXmamZo ~±Ho$H$S>o ~±Ho$À`m Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$amdm.
2) AOm©gmo~V nmg~wH$ d Z dmnacoco MoŠg OmoS>mdoV.
3) ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m {Xdgmn`ªV ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr Ho$cr OmB©c. ImVoXmamg gd© aŠH$_ ì`mOmghrV
naV Ho$cr OmB©c. _mÌ Xaå`mZ ~±H$ "AZwf§{JH$ IM©' åhUyZ Aën aŠH$_ H$nmV H$aVo.
4) n¡go naV {Xë`mZ§Va ~±H$, nmg~wH$ n{hë`m n¥îR>mda eoam _maVo Account Closed Ë`mM àH$maMr
Zm|X coOa ~wH$m_Ü`o Ho$cr OmVo VgoM nmg~wH$mV {eëcH$ H$mhr Zmhr Agm eoam _macm OmVmo.
8.5 {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>, Q>{o cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>Ýg\$a, _oc Q´>mÝg\$a, McZj_ XñVEodO
AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m Ho$di àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMo H$m`} nma nmS>Umè`m g§ñWm ZmhrV Va `m{edm` XoemVrc ~±H$m
`m \$ŠV g§nÎmr gmR>dÊ`mMr {R>H$mUo ZgyZ Ë`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmYZ gm_J«rMm g§J«h
H$aUmar {R>H$mUo AmhoV. AmOÀ`m ~±H$m `m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ åhUyZ g§nyU©
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m gd©M joÌmZm Am{W©H$ ghH$m`© H$aUmar g§ñWm _mZcr OmVo. åhUyZM R>odr ñdrH$maUo d H$O} XoUo
`m àmW{_H$ H$m`m© ì`{V[aŠV J«mhH$m§À`m d g_mOmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>Zo Or H$m`} nma nmS>cr OmVmV Ë`mZm Xwæ`_ H$m`} Ago
åhUVmV. Aem Xwæ`_ H$m`m©_Ü`o nVnÌmÀ`m n¡emMr XodmZ KodmU, eoAg© d H$O©amo»`m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s,
{dídñVmMr ^y{_H$m Am{U aH$_m§Mo ñWmZm§Va H$aUo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
J«mhH$m§À`m N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm aH$_m H$_rVH$_r IMm©V d OmñVrVOmñV gwa{jVVoV EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m
{R>H$mUr n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© ~±H$m ghOmghOr nma nmS>VmV. n¡go AÝ` {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr gwa{jV
nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r MoH$, S´>mâQ>, _oc, Q´>mÝg\$a (M.T.) Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a (T. T.) `m§gma»`m nVgmYZm§Mm dmna
H$aVmV. `m godoH$[aVm AË`ën _mo~Xcm KoVcm OmVmo.
AmYw{ZH$ `wJmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$m`©j_Vm é§XmdV AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo ~±H$ J««mhH$m§Zm ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m
Xwæ`_ godm nwadVo. Ë`m_Ü`o {deofVm H$_rV H$_r H$mcmdYrV H$_rV H$_r IMm©V EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m
{R>H$mUmH$S>o n¡go nmR>dÊ`mMr gw{dYm nwa{dcr OmV Amho. åhUOoM ~±H$ {df`H$ H$m`©àUmcr_Ü`o n¡emÀ`m
ñWmZm§Va nÕVrg AmJio-doJio _hÎd g§nmXZ Pmco Amho. n¡em§Mo ñWmZm§Va, gd©gm_mÝ`V… nwT>rc VrZ nÕVrÛmao
Ho$co OmVo.
(A) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>
(Demand Draft)
(~) _oc Q´>mÝg\$a
(Mail Transfer)
(H$) Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a
{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>
(Telegraphic Transfer)
(Demand Draft)
AmYw{ZH$ J{Verc AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o _{ZAm°S>©aZo n¡go nmR>{dUo I{M©H$ d YmoŠ`mMo Amho. åhUyZM H$_rV
H$_r IMm©V H$_rV H$_r doioV n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> `m gmYZmMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>
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172
åhUOo J«mhH$m§À`m {dZ§VrZwgma ~±Ho$À`m EH$m emIoZo, Xwgè`m emIog n¡go XoÊ`mMm {Xcocm AmXoe hmo`.
{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> àM{cV `§ÌU 1) ~±Ho$_Ü`o ImVo AgUmar AJa ZgUmar ì`ŠVr {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> IaoXrH$[aVm {d{eîQ> N>mnrc Z_wÝ`mV AO©
H$aVo d `m AOm©da H$moUË`m emIoda S´>´ mâQ> hdm Amho, aŠH$_, Á`mÀ`m Zmdo S´>mâQ> H$mT>md`mMm Amho Ë`mMo
g§nyU© Zmd d nÎmm B. Mm CëcoI Ho$cm OmVmo.
2) gXa AO©XmamH$Sy>Z AO© gmXa H$aVmZm OodT>r aŠH$_ nmR>dmd`mMr VodT>r aŠH$_ Am{U H${_eZ ~±Ho$V
^aco OmVo.
3) ~±H$ {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> V`ma H$aVo (aoIm§{H$V) gXa {S>_m§S> S´´>mâQ> nmoîQ>mZo Xwgè`m ~±Ho$H$S>o nmR>{dcm OmVmo.
4) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> AXm Ho$ë`mZ§Va EH$ emIm Xwgè`m emIog g§Xoe nmR>{dVo. Xaå`mZ Á`mÀ`m Zmdo {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>
H$mT>cm Agoc Aer ì`ŠVr S´´>mâQ> ~±Ho$V O_m H$aVo. n[aUm_r g§~§YrV emIoH$Sy>Z n¡go {_iVmV.
5) {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>À`m S>mì`m ~mOyÀ`m _mÏ`mda NOT OVER Rs. .................. Agm CëcoI AgVmo.
{edm` S´´m>âQ>darc _OHy$a _{eZZo N>mncm OmVmo.
{S>_m§S> S´>mâQ>Mm Z_wZm
No. Amg 114
NOT OVER Rs. 1000/BANK OF INDIA
KOLHAPUR
Date 28-04-2008
Draft on Mumbai Branch
in favour of Mr. Desai S.S.
on account of Miss.
Rohini
Code No. X22
No. Amg. 113
28-04-08
On demand pay to the order of Mr. S. S. Desai the sum
of Rs. 1,000/- only for the value received
Rs. 1,000/To
BANK OF INDIA
KOLHAPUR BRANCH
Accountants
_oc Q´>mÝg\$a
For
BANK OF INDIA
........................ Agent
....................... Accountant
(Mail Transfer)
{H$Ë`oH$Xm {S>_m§S> S´´>mâQ> Jhmi hmoVmo, I{M©H$ R>aVmo. Aemdoiog n¡emMr OcX nmR>dUr H$_rV H$_r doioV
d H$_r IMm©V H$amd`mMr Pmë`mg _oc Q´>mÝg\$aMm dmna H$aUo \$m`Xoera R>aVo. `m àH$mam_Ü`ogwÕm {S>_m§S>
S´>mâQ>Mm Z_wZm AO© dmnacm OmVmo d EH$ ~±H$ CXm. ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, _w§~B© emIm, H$moëhmnyaÀ`m emIoÀ`m Zmdo
""H«o${S>Q> ZmoQ>'' V`ma H$aVo. g§~§{YV emIoH$S>o nmR>dVo. Á`m H«o${S>Q> ZmoQ>da Á`m ì`ŠVrg n¡go nmR>dmd`mMo Ë`mMo
Zmd, ImVo H«$_m§H$, aŠH$_ Am{U n¡go nmR>{dÊ`mMo Zmd Z_yX Ho$co OmVo. VWm{n, Á`mg n¡go nmR>dmd`mMo Ë`mMo
ImVo Zgë`mg ~±H$ MoH$ nmR>{dVo. MoH$ dQ>dyZ n¡go {_iVmV.
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173
_oc Q´´>mÝg\$aMr H«o${S>Q>-ZmoQ> Z_wZm
~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, _w~§ B© emIm
CREDIT NOTE
Kolhapur Branch
Mail to
Dept. DD/MT/TT
MT. Mumbai-113
Credit Note No. 3980
Credit under advice to the saving Bank A/c.
No. 321 of Mr. S. S. Desai with you
Remitter-Miss Rohini
Accountant
Total
Rs.
Paise
1,000
--
1,000
--
Manager
Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a
Q>o{cJ«m{\$H$ Q´>mÝg\$a `m àH$mamV n¡go VmVS>rZo nmR>{dco OmVmV. EH$ ~±H$ Xwgè`m ~±Ho$g ""{d{eîQ> aŠH$_,
{d{eîQ> ì`{ŠVg Úm'' Ago VmaoZo H$i{dVo. `m_Ü`ogwÕm N>mnrc ñdê$nmMm AO© H$amdm cmJVmo. nmR>dmd`mMo n¡go
d VmaoMm IM© ^amdm cmJVmo. Z§Va EH$ ~±H$ Xwgè`m ~±H$o g gm§H$o {VH$ ^mfoV n¡go XoÊ`m{df`r H$i{dVo. Q>{o cJ«m\$Mm
AmXoe {_iVmM, Q>o{cJ«m\$darc Cëco{IV aŠH$_ g§~§YrV ì`ŠVrÀ`m ImË`mda O_m Ho$cr OmVo. g§~§{YV ImVo
Zgoc Va g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVcr OmVo Am{U VX²Z§Va aŠH$_ AXm Ho$cr OmVo.
McZj_ XñVEodO
AmYw{ZH$ àJV ~±qH$J joÌmV, àJV V§ÌmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmV Amho. Am{W©H$ CcmT>mcr_Ü`o àË`oH$ ~±H$
ImVoXmamÀ`mdVrZo XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMo ì`dhma H$aVmZm "McZj_ XñVEodO' `m nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$arV AgVo.
`m_Ü`o EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z McZnÌH$ H$mT>co OmVo d Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Vo ñdrH$maco OmVo. McZnÌH$
H$m`ÚmÝd`o dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r Am{U MoH$Mm g_mdoe McZj_ XñVEodOm§VJ©V Ho$cm OmVmo.
McZj_ gmYm XñVEodO H$m`ÚmÀ`m Voamì`m H$c_mZwgma dmhH$mg qH$dm AmXoemZwgma n¡go {_iUmar
dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r Am{U MoŠg hr McZnÌHo$ hmoV. Xm{`ËdmMm coIr nwamdm åhUOo McZj_ XñVEodO hmo` Am{U
dmhH$Xo` d AmXoeXo` Agcocr dMZ{MÇ>r, hþ§S>r qH$dm MoH$ åhUOoM McZj_ XñVEodO hmo`.
McZj_ XñVEodOmMo à_wI àH$ma
A) hþ§S>r
(Bill of Exchange)
~) MoH$ qH$dm YZmXoe
H$) dMZ{MÇ>r
(Cheque)
(Promissary Note)
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174
^maVmVrc McZj_ XñVEodO H$m`ÚmZwgma, ""EImÚm {ZpíMV {d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrg qH$dm dmhH$mg, {d{eîQ>
aŠH$_ {dZmAQ> XoÊ`m~Ôc, dMZXmË`mZo ñdghrZo Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrg {Xcocm coIr AmXoe åhUOo hþ§S>r hmo`.''
hþS§ >rMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o hþS§ >r A§VJ©V {d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrg n¡go XoÊ`m~m~V coIr hþH$y _ / AmXoe {Xcm
OmVmo. hþ§S>rVrc aŠH$_ {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMr AgVo. g§{X½Y ZgVo. hþ§S>rg McZj_ XñVEodOmMo ñdê$n àmßV
hmoÊ`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> aH$_oMm _wÐm§H$ (Stamp) dmnamdm cmJVm.
hþ§S>çm XmoZ àH$maÀ`m AgVmV. Xoem§VJ©V hþ§S>çm Am{U {dXoer hþ§S>çm. amîQ´>mVrc A§VJ©V ì`mnmamV XoUrKoUr MwH$Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r, IaoXr-{dH«$s ì`dhma gwairV nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Xoem§VJ©V hþ§S>çm dmnaë`m OmVmV. Va
{dXoer ì`mnmam§VJ©V `oUr-XoUr ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Á`m hþ§S>çm dmnaë`m OmVmV, Ë`m§Zm ""{dXoer hþ§S>çm'' åhUVmV.
McZj_ XñVEodO H$m`Xm ghmì`m H$c_mZwgma, {d{eîQ> aH$_oda H$mT>coco Am{U _mJUr H$aVmjUr Xo`
AgUmar hþ§S>r åhUOoM MoH$ hmo`. ~±H$ J«mhH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o MoH$ nmR>{dVmV. hm MoH$ Vmo ñdV… gmXa H$aVmo qH$dm
{JèhmB©H$m_m\©$V gmXa Ho$cm OmVmo. MoH$ åhUOo EH$ coIr H$amaM hmo`. _mÌ YZmXoe AJa MoH$ gmXa H$aVmM
~±Ho$g n¡go Úmdo cmJVmV MoH$ {JèhmB©H$m_m\©$V nmR>{dcm Agë`mg g§~§{YVmÀ`m Zmdo MoH$ H$mT>cm OmVmo.
Am{W©H$ CcmT>mcr_Ü`o YZmXoemMm {d{Z`moJ Ho$ë`mg {d{dY \$m`Xo {_iy eH$VmV. CXm. n¡go AXm
Ho$ë`mMr nmg~wH$mV Zm|X hmoVo, ~±Ho$Vrc n¡emg gwa{jVVm, cm^àXVm cm^Vo. ~±H$ J«mhH$ d ~±H$ `m§À`m_Ü`o
l_mMr, doioMr ~MV hmoVo, J¡aì`dhmamg Amim ~gVmo.
hþ§S>r Am{U MoH$ `mVrc \$aH$
hþ§S>r
MoH$
1. hþ§S>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo H$mT>cr OmVo.
1. MoH$ ~±Ho$À`m Zmdo H$mT>cm OmVmo.
2. ì`ŠVrg hþ§S>r ñdrH$mamdr cmJVo.
2. ~±Ho$g MoH$ ñdrH$maÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo.
3. hþ§S>rMo n¡go Ëd[aV qH$dm {d{eîQ>
H$mcm§VamZo {_iVmV.
3. MoH$Ûmao Ëd[aV n¡go {_iVmV.
4. hþ§S>rMo aoIm§H$Z hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
4. MoH$Mo aoIm§H$Z hmoD$ eH$Vo.
5. hþ§S>rMo n¡go Wm§~dmdoV Agm AmXoe
XoVm `oV Zmhr.
5. MoH$Mo n¡go Wm§~{dÊ`mMm AmXoe XoVm `oVmo.
6. hþ§S>r~m~V ñQ>°ån S>çyQ>r ^amdr cmJVo.
6. MoH$~m~V ñQ>°ån S>çyQ>r ^amdr cmJV Zmhr.
7. hþ§S>r~m~V _wXVrZ§Va gm_mÝ`V… VrZ
AZwJ«h {XZmMr (Grace Days)
gdcV {_iVo.
7. MoH$~m~V AZwJ«h {XZ
gdcV {_iV Zmhr.
(Grace Days)
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175
^maVmVrc McZj_ H$m`ÚmZwgma, {d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrg qH$dm {VÀ`m AmXoemZwgma AJa Omo YmaU H$aUmam
Agoc Ë`mg Ë`mZo _mJUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va "{d{eîQ> aŠH$_ {dZmAQ> XoÊ`mMo EH$m ì`ŠVrZo {Xcoco coIr dMZ åhUOoM
dMZ{MÇ>r hmo`.' dMZ{MÇ>r coIr ñdê$nmMr AgVo, Ë`m_Ü`o {dZmAQ> n¡go XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co OmVo. Ë`mda dMZ
XoUmè`mMr ghr AgVo. gXa ghr `mo½` aH$_oÀ`m {V{H$Q>mda Ho$cr OmVo. coIr ñdê$nmÀ`m dMZ{MÇ>rg H$m`ÚmMm
AmYma AgVmo.
dMZ{MÇ>rMm Z_wZm
_w§~B©
{X. 25-06-2008
Hw$. amo{hUr ~~Zamd `mXd am. H$amS> `m§g dMZ{MÇ>r {chÿZ XoUma gm¡. gwf_m gwaoe Y_},
_w§~B©.
_r AmO {X. 25-06-2008 amoOr AmnUmH$Sy>Z EHy$U EH$ hOma én`o (é. 1,000/-)
\$ŠV Xagmc Xa eoH$S>m 10 Q>ŠHo$ ì`mO XamZo KoVco AmhoV. gXaMr aŠH$_ AmnU _mJUr H$amc
Ë`mdoir qH$dm AmnU Á`m ì`ŠVrg gm§Jmc Ë`m ì`ŠVrg XoÊ`mMo _r dMZ XoVmo.
é. 1,000/-
{V{H$Q>mda ghr
gm¡. gwf_m gwaoe Y_}
8.6 ~±H$o Mo hŠH$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
~±Ho$Mo hŠH$ qH$dm A{YH$ma
1. n¡emMm {d{Z`moJ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ : gd©gmYmaUnUo ~±qH$J {Z`_mZwgma EImXr ì`ŠVr AJa
g§ñWm ~±Ho$V n¡go O_m H$ê$ eH$Vo qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vo. `m{edm`, H$moUË`m ImË`mV R>od
R>odm`Mr `m~m~VMo ImVoXmamg ñdmV§Í` AgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a ~±Ho$Vrc ImË`mMm {d{Z`moJ H$aVmZm ImVoXma
~±Ho$À`m {Z`_m§Mm AmYma KoVmoM. Xaå`mZ ImVoXmamZo \$ŠV R>od R>odcr Am{U nwT>rc H$mimV H$moUVmhr ì`dhma
Ho$cm Zmhr Va ~±H$ ñdV…À`m A{YH$mam_Ü`o R>odrMm {d{Z`moJ H$ê$ eH$Vo.
2. ~±Ho$Mm YmaUm{YH$ma : EImÚm ì`ŠVrg H$O© {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{eîQ> dñVy AJa _mc_Îmm VmaU
R>odmdr cmJVo. g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$Om©Mr Omon`ªV naV\o$S> hmoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV gXa dñVyda ~±Ho$cm H$m`Xoera
A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.
3. ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU Am{U ^anmB© H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma : {H$Ë`oH$Xm R>odrXma Amnë`m gmo`rgmR>r
XmoZnojm A{YH$ ~±H$m§VyZ ImVo CKS>Vmo. qH$dm EH$m ~±Ho$V EH$mnojm A{YH$ ImVr CKS>Vmo. Xaå`mZ ~±H$ Am{U
ImVoXma `m§À`m_Ü`o ~±Ho$À`m A{YH$ma{damoYr H$ama Pmcocm Zgoc Va ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU Am{U ^anmB© H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma ~±Ho$g àmßV hmoVmo. Agm _Vàdmh {ZXe©Zmg `oVmo. _mÌ àË`jmV gÜ`m EImXr ì`ŠVr EH$m ~±Ho$V
EH$mnojm A{YH$ ImVr CKSy> eH$Vo qH$dm EH$mnojm A{YH$ ~±H$m§V EH$mnojm OmñV ImVr CKSy> eH$Vo.
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176
4. ì`mO d H${_eZ AmH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma : ~±Ho$Zo {Xcoë`m H$Om©da ì`mO AmH$maVmZm ~±Ho$Mm
IM© d Ano{jV Zâ`mg àmYmÝ` {Xco OmVo. VgoM H$Om©D$ aH$_oMr {d{eîQ> _wXVrV naV\o$S> Pmcr Zmhr Va
g§~§{YV H$Om©D$ aH$_oÀ`m ì`mOmda ì`mO AmH$maco OmVo. ~±H$m§Mo ì`mOm~amo~a Xwgao _hÎdmMo CËnÝZ gmYZ
åhUOo H${_eZ hmo`. ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m ~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m godm nwa{dVmV. Ë`m godm§Mm
_mo~Xcm `m ZmË`mZo H${_eZMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo.
5. nwamì`mg§~§Yr H$m`ÚmZo {Xcocm A{YH$ma : ImVoXma ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr qH$dm ì`ŠVr-g§ñWm qH$dm
g§ñWm-g§ñWm§VJ©V EImXm IQ>cm Mmcy Agoc Va ~±H$o g {ZË` ì`dhmamVrc Zm|X nwñVHo$ nwamdm åhUyZ H$moQ>mV© hOa
H$aÊ`mMr gŠVr H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
6. ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma : ImVoXmamg ~±H$ {Z`_ d ì`mO Xa _mÝ` Zgë`mg, ~±H$
H$_©Mmè`m§H$Sy>Z A`mo½` godm nwa{dë`mg, ~±Ho$~m~V A{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmë`mg ImVo ~§X H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM
~±H$mgwÕm ImVoXmamMo n¡go doimodoir dgyc hmoV ZgVrc, ImË`mda ~±H$ H$m`Úmnojm H$_r {eëcH$ Agoc qH$dm
ImVoXmamMo dV©Z Aàm_m{UH$ Agoc Va ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$ê$ eH$Vo.
~±Ho$À`m O~m~Xmè`m :
1. J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`mMr JwßVVm amIÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar : _ycV… ~±H$m§Mo ì`dhma ImOJr d JmonZr`
ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. ImVoXmamÀ`m ì`dhmamMr BVam§Zm _m{hVr nwa{dcr Va EH$m ~mOyZo ImVoXmamMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVoM.
Ë`m{edm` Xwgè`m ~mOyZo ~±Ho$Mr ~mOmamVrc nV ImcmdVo. `m AdñWoV ~±H$ A{YH$mar, H$_©Mmar Am{U
g§MmcH$ nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm ""~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$m§Mr _m{hVr JwßV R>odrZ'' Aer enW ¿`mdr cmJVo. VWm{n g_mOmÀ`m
{hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ~±H$ J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`m{df`r nwT>rc H$maUm§gmR>r _m{hVr nwa{dVo.
A) CËnÝZ _mc_Îmm H$a{df`H$ H$m`Xo, AÝ` JwÝho emoYÊ`mgmR>r, Ý`m`mc`mg nwamdm gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r JwßV
_m{hVr nwadmdr cmJVo.
~) H$Om©Mr dgwcr H$aÊ`mgmR>r, gmd©O{ZH$ {hVg§~§YmMr OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r...
H$) H$m`Xoera dmagm hŠH$mZwf§Jo _mc_ÎmoMo hñVm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r...
S>) H$O© h_rXmamZo H$O©XmamMr _m{hVr _m{JVcr Va...
2. J«mhH$mÀ`m MoH$Mo n¡go XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar : ~±qH$J {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±H$ J«mhH$mZo MoH$Ûmao
n¡emMr _mJUr Ho$cr Va n¡go XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ~±Ho$Mr AgVo. VWm{n, gXaMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>VmZm ~±Ho$Zo
nwT>rc XjVm KoVcr nm{hOo. MoH$Mm ^aUm `mo½` Amho H$m? MoH$ ~±Ho$À`m _wXVrV gmXa Ho$cm Amho H$m? A{YH$f©
gdcVrÀ`m ~m~V aŠH$_ gdcVrÀ`m ~mhoa Amho H$m? ImË`mda nwaoer aŠH$_ {eëcH$ Amho H$m ?
3. _`m©Xm H$m`ÚmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmar O~m~Xmar : H$m`Xoera VaVyXrZwgma H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z `oUo Agcoco
n¡go dgyc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, YZH$mog VrZ dfm©À`m H$mimV Omar H$amdm cmJVmo. AÝ`Wm YZH$moMm n¡go
dgwcrMm hŠH$ g§nwîQ>mV `oVmo. _mÌ ~±Ho$Vrc Mmcy qH$dm ~MV ImË`mVrc aH$_oMr J«mhH$mZo _mJUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va
Ëd[aV nyU© H$amdr cmJVo. Ë`mCcQ> _wXVrÀ`m R>odr {d{eîQ> H$mimZ§Va H$mT>Vm `oVmV. {edm` J«mhH$mZo R>odrMo
ZyVZrH$aU Ho$co Va R>odrMr H$mc_`m©Xm dmT>{dcr Va _mÌ _`m©Xm H$m`Xm Omar hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
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177
~r.H$m°_. ^mJ-2 n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` ì`dñWm ... 12
8.7 H«$o {S>Q> H$mS>,© S>{o ~Q> H$mS>,© {Za§Va àXmZ `moOZm, B©-~±qH$J Am{U AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$J
H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© : A_o[aHo$Vrc \«°$H$crZ ~±Ho$Zo 1951 _Ü`o àW_M H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© hr AË`§V Zm{dÝ`nyU©
`moOZoMm àma§^ Ho$cm. 1958 _Ü`o A_o[aH$Z EŠñàog H§$nZr d XmoZ _moR>çm ~±H$m§Zr H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© XoÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$cr. BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ V§ÌmZo n¡go KoUo d n¡go XoUo gmoB©ñH$a Pmë`m_wio Ë`mgmR>r ßcmñQ>rH$ H$mS>m©Mm dmna gwê$ Pmcm.
H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© nÕVr åhUOo J«mhH$ Am{U H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© XoUmè`m ~±H$m§_Yrc nV ì`dñWm hmo`. H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©
Ago EH$ ßcmñQ>rH$Mo H$mS>© AgVo H$s, Oo {d{eîQ> Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$ê$Z {d{eîQ> aŠH$_ ImË`mV O_m H$ê$Z
Á`mÀ`m AmYmao d Á`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo dñVy d godm CYmarda IaoXr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo {~c H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©À`m AmYmao
H$ê$Z ~±Ho$_m\©$V ^mJ{dco OmVo. ~±H$m J«mhH$m§Zr IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy d godm§Mr aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
ñdrH$maVmV.
H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© XoUmè`m ~±Ho$g d H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mg {d{dY ñdê$nmMo \$m`Xo {_iVmV, Ë`m_Ü`o H«o${S>Q>
H$mS>m©À`m gmo`r_wio doioMr ~MV hmoVo Am{U EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m H$mcmdYrgmR>r n¡gm dmnamd`mg {_iVmo. H$mS>©
YmaH$mcm n¡go ZgVmZm XoIrc dñVy Am{U godm§Mr Am{U amoI n¡em§Mr JaO ^mJdVm `oVo. IaoXr Ho$coë`m dñVy§Mo
{~c _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m VmaIocm {Xco Var Mmcy eH$Vo. AZw^dr d hþema ~±H$ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m kmZmMm nwaonya
dmna H$ê$Z ~±H$ ì`dgm` dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©À`m gmoB©_wio AZoH$ ZdrZ J«mhH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o AmH${f©V H$aVm
`oVmV. H$mS>©YmaH$mcm Amnë`m ì`dhmamV H$mhr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`mg `m H$mS>m©Mm nwamì`mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoD$
eH$Vmo. Ë`mM~amo~a hm°Q>oëg, gwna ~mOma, {d_mZVi `m§gma»`m {R>H$mUr ~±Ho$Zo ì`dñWm Ho$ë`mg Aem {R>H$mUr
H$mS>©YmaH$mZm àmYmÝ`mZo godm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo. H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© IaoXr H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m
C§Mmdë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mV EH$ Am{W©H$ {eñV {Z_m©U hmoVo.
Oar H«o${S>Q> H$mS>m©Mo {d{dY ñdê$nmMo \$m`Xo Agco Var Ë`mMo H$mhr VmoQ>ohr AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o H«o${S>Q> H$mS>m©da
Ho$co OmUmao ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r \$maM {dc§~ cmJVmo. H$mS>Y© maH$mMo H«$o {S>Q> H$mS>© Jhmi Pmë`mg ZdrZ H$mS>©
H$mT>Ê`mMm IM© g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrcm IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. H$mS>©YmaH$mcm dñVy d godm CYmarda IaoXr H$aVm `oV
Agë`mZo J«mhH$mÀ`m n¡emMr CYinÅ>r H$aÊ`mMr gd` cmJVo.
S>o{~Q> H$mS>© : S>o{~Q> H$mS>© ho H«o${S>Q> H$mS>m©nojm doJù`m àH$maMo H$mS>© Amho. Á`mà_mUo H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mcm
{d{eîQ> H$mimgmR>r H«o${S>Q> h_r {_iVo. Ë`mà_mUo S>o{~Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mcm H«o${S>Q> gw{dYm§Mm cm^ {_iy eH$V Zmhr.
S>o{~Q> H$mS>© àmßVrMr à{H«$`m hr H«o${S>Q> H$mS>m©à_mUoM AgVo.
S>o{~Q> H$mS>© åhUOo Á`m H$mS>m©Mm dmna n¡go ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`mZ§Va VodT>r aŠH$_ Vw_À`m ~±H$ ImË`mVyZ
IMu Q>mH$cr OmVo qH$dm S>o{~Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mÀ`m ImË`mV n¡go ^mJ{dcocr aŠH$_ S>o{~Q> Q>mH$cr OmVo. S>o{~Q>
H$mS>m©Mo àË`j S>o{~Q> H$mS>© Am{U {dc§{~V S>o{~Q> H$mS>© Ago dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
S>o{~Q> H$mS>m©Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrc
1. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© YmaH$mZo ì`dhmamÀ`m Zm|XrMm CVmam _mJUr Ho$ë`mg ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z {_iy eH$Vmo.
2. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© ho Á`m§Mo ~±Ho$V ImVo Amho Aem ì`ŠVrcm ho H$mS>© {Xco OmVo.
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3. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© Mmoarg Joë`mg qH$dm Jhmi Pmë`mg H$mS>©YmaH$mZo ~±Ho$cm Ëd[aV _m{hVr {Xcr nm{hOo.
4. S>o{~Q> H$mS>© YmaH$mcm {_imcoë`m ì`{ŠVJV AmoiI Z§~amÀ`m
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo.
(PIN)
À`m AmYmao aŠH$_ ImË`mVyZ
5. `m gw{dYoMm cm^ hmoUmè`m H$mS>©YmaH$mg {Xdgmcm H$_rV H$_r 100 é. qH$dm OmñVrV OmñV 1,000 é.
À`m _`m©XoV ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Vm `oVrc.
6. S>o{~Q> H$mS>m©Mr gw{dYm aÔ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mS>©YmaH$mZo ~±Ho$Vrc ImVo ~§X H$amdo cmJVo.
7. S>o{~Q> H$mS>m©Mr gw{dYm KoUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm dñVyÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r OmñV aŠH$_ Odi R>odmdr cmJV Zmhr.
8. S>o{~Q> H$mS>©YmaH$mg ImË`mV {H$_mZ {d{eîQ> aŠH$_ R>odë`m{edm` `m gw{dYoMm cm^ KoVm `oV Zmhr.
{Za§Va àXmZ `moOZm :
(Automated Teller Machines or All Time Money - ATM)
~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$mcm 24 Vmg n¡gm CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m gmo`rcm gd©H$mi aH$_oMr gmo` Ago åhUVmV.
gd©gmYmaUnUo ~±H$m ~§X Pmë`m_wio J««mhH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Vm `oV ZmhrV qH$dm Ë`m J«mhH$mcm
ImË`mV n¡gohr ^aVm `oV ZmhrV. J«mhH$mcm ~±Ho$Mr doi J¡agmoB©Mr Agë`mg qH$dm XyaÀ`m A§Vamda Agë`mg
Ë`m§MoM n¡go Ë`m§Zm {_iy eH$V Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV {Za§Va àXmZ `moOZm åhUOoM EQ>rE_ AË`§V Cn`wŠV
R>aVo. `m gmo`r_wio J«mhH$ Ho$ìhmhr n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo qH$dm ImË`mV n¡go ^ê$ eH$Vmo. hr nÕVr g§JUH$mda
AmYmacocr Amho. J«mhH$m§À`m gmo`rgmR>r AZoH$ ~±H$m eoAa ~mOma, gwna ~mOma, aoëdo ñQ>oeZ, {d_mZVi B.
{R>H$mUr A°Q>mo_o{Q>H$ Q>oca _erZ ~g{dcoco AgVo. AmOÀ`m ~±qH$J {dídmVrc E.Q>r.E_. hr EH$ AË`mYw{ZH$
d doJdmZ godm _mZcr OmVo.
E.Q>r.E_. H$mS>m©gmo~V ng©Zc Am`S>|Q>r{\$Ho$eZ (PIN) {Xcm OmVmo. ~±H$m `m `moOZoVrc H$mS>©YmaH$m§H$Sy>Z
{d{eîQ> Z_wÝ`mVrc \$m°__© Ü`o _m{hVr ^ê$Z KoVmV. `m \$m°__© Ü`o H$mS>Y© maH$mMo Zmd, Ë`m§À`m KaMm d H$m`m©c`mMm
nÎmm, ~±Ho$V gwê$ Agcoë`m Mmcy qH$dm ~MV ImË`mMm Z§~a, Q>o{c\$moZ Z§~a, Z_wZm gøm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
nyU© _m{hVr ^ê$Z {Xë`mZ§Va H$mS>©YmaH$mcm Z§~a {_iVmo. {_imcoë`m Z§~aMr _erZ_Ü`o Zm|X Ho$cr OmVo Am{U
Ë`m Z§~aMr JwßVVm nmimdr cmJVo.
EQ>rE_ godoMo AZoH$ \$m`Xo {_iVmV. Ë`m_Ü`o J«mhH$mcm Amnë`m ImË`m_Ü`o {H$Vr {eëcH$ Amho, ho
nmhVm `oVmo. Ooìhm H$mS>©YmaH$mcm n¡emMr JaO Agoc Ë`mM doir ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Vm `oVmV. åhUOo _moR>çm
~±H$m§Zr 24 Vmg n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMr gmo` Ho$cr Amho. EQ>rE_ H$mS>©YmaH$mcm ñdV…À`m ImË`mMm CVmam KoÊ`mgmR>r
_erZ_Ü`o H$mS>© T>H$cyZ ñQ>oQ>_|Q> ~Q>Z Am{U ImVo Z§~a Q>mB©n Ho$ë`mg ImË`mMm CVmam {_iVmo. H$mS>©YmaH$mcm
EH$m ImË`mVyZ Xwgè`m ImË`mV n¡go hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mMr gmo` EQ>rE__wio hmoVo. H$mhr ~±H$m§Zr Aer gw{dYm
{Z_m©U Ho$cr Amho.
^maVm_Ü`o ßcmpñQ>H$ ñdê$nmVrc n¡emMo ì`dhma (CXm. H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>©) dmT>V Agë`m_wio
dmT>Ë`m g§»`oZo EQ>rE_ godm H|$Ð {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. ho ì`dhma H$go dmT>V AmhoV ho nwT>rc AmH$S>odmardê$Z
cjmV `oD$ eHo$c.
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179
~±Ho$Mm àH$ma
EQ>rE_Mr g§»`m
ñdV…À`m emIoV BVa {R>H$mU
EHy$U
amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m
3205
1567
4772
ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$er g§c½Z JQ> ~±H$m
1548
3672
5220
ImOJr joÌmVrc OwÝ`m ~±H$m
800
441
1241
ImOJr joÌmVrc ZdrZ ~±H$m
1883
3729
5612
naXoer ~±H$m
218
579
797
EHy$U
7654
2988
17642
`m godoMo \$mago Xmof {XgyZ `oV Zgco Var gmdY{Jar åhUyZ EQ>rE_ H$mS>© YmaH$m§Zr Imcrc JmoîQ>tMr XjVm
KoVcr nm{hOo. EQ>rE_ H$mS>© ho H$mS>©YmaH$m~amo~a Zoh_r Odi Agco nm{hOo. ImË`mVyZ Aem H$mS>©YmaH$mg EH$m
doir OmñVrV OmñV 5,000 én`m§Mr CMc H$aVm `oVo. Ago H$mS>© nmUr, AmJ, _°½Zo{Q>H$ dñVy, Yya `m§nmgyZ Xya
R>odco nm{hOo. EImÚm H$mS>©YmaH$mcm EQ>rE_Mr gmo` ZH$mo Agë`mg Vo H$mS>© ~±Ho$g naV H$amdo cmJVo. na§Vw Aem
H$mS>m©Mo hñVm§Va H$aVm `oV Zhr B.
B-~±qH$J
(E-Banking)
^maVr` ~±qH$J ì`dñWo_Ü`o V§ÌkmZmMm dmna dmT>V Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVr` ~±H$m dmT>Ë`m à_mUmV
g§JUmMm dmna H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Amnë`m 2004-05 À`m {XemXe©H$ AhdmcmV {Xcocr
Imcrc AmH$S>odmar _hÎdnyU© Amho.
amîQ´>r`rH¥$V ~±H$m§_Yrc g§JUH$sH$aUmMr Q>ŠHo$dmar (_mM© 31, 2005 AIoa)
1. AJmoXaMo g§JUrH$aU Agcoë`m (nU H$moAa gmoë`yeZ Zgcoë`m) emIm
60,00
2. H$moAa ~±qH$J àUmcr (gmoë`yeZ) AgUmè`m emIm
11,00
3. g§nyU© g§JUrH$aU Pmcoë`m emIm (1 A{YH$ 2)
71,00
4. A§eV… g§JUH$sH$aU Pmcoë`m emIm
21,80
B-~±qH$J åhUOo ~±Ho$Zo {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m {d{dY godm§Mm cm^ KoÊ`mgmR>r B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aUo. B-~±qH$J
(Electronic Banking) ho B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dH${gV Pmcoco EH$ AË`mYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Amho. ~±Ho$V n¡go
^aUo qH$dm ImË`mVyZ n¡go H$mT>Uo qH$dm aŠH$_ EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr nmR>{dUo. B-~±qH$JÀ`m
V§ÌkmZm_Ü`o ~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$m§cm ~±H$oer ì`dhma H$aVmZm B§Q>aZoQ>Mm dmna H$aVm `oVmo. B-~±qH$JMm Cn`moJ hm do~
Am{U e{ŠVemcr B§Q>aZoQ>À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$cm OmVo. do~ Am{U B§Q>aZoQ>À`m gmhmæ`mZo ~±H$m§Zr CncãY H$ê$Z
{Xcoë`m godm `m Mmodrg VmgmgmR>r {Xë`m OmVmV.
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gZ 2000 _Ü`o ^maVm_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ nV Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i ~±Ho$Zo BZ{H$ZoQ> `m ZmdmZo B§Q>aZoQ>
~±qH$JMr godm XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. hr godm KmD$H$ Am{U gm_wXm{`H$ J«mhH$m§Zm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo.
åhUyZ {VMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o nwT>rcà_mUo {XgyZ `oVmV.
\$m`Xo 1. ~±H$m§Zr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcoë`m godm§Mo XanÌH$ ~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$m§Zm nmhVm `oVo.
2. B-~±qH$JÛmao ~±H$m§Zm H$_rV H$_r IMm©V J«mhH$m§Zm godm CncãY H$ê$Z XoVm `oVmV. Ë`m_wio BVa
H$moUË`mhr EO§Q>mZm H${_eZ Úmdo cmJV Zmhr.
3. B-~±qH$J_Ü`o nma nmS>ë`m OmUmè`m ì`dhmamVyZ \$gdo{JarMo à_mU AË`ën AgVo.
4. B-~±[H§$JÀ`m godo_wio J«mhH$m§Zm AÚ`mdV Aem V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aVm `oVmo.
VmoQ>o 1. B§Q>aZoQ>Mr {Z`_mdcr gwa{jVVm d AS>Wio B. ~m~VrV ^m¡Jmo{cH$ d ñWm{ZH$ g§doXZm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio
J«mhH$m§Zm AmoiIÊ`mV AS>MUr `oVmV.
2. B-~±qH$Jda AZoH$ ~oH$m`Xoera ~§YZo AmhoV.
3. B-~±qH$J_Ü`o EH$mM J«mhH$mMo XmoZ {^Þ ~±H$m§_Ü`o ImVo Agë`mg EH$m ImË`mVrc aŠH$_ Xwgè`m
ImË`mV hñVm§Va hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
4. ~±Ho$Mr g§JUH$ godm gj_ Agë`m{edm` B-~±qH$JMm dmna H$aUo AeŠ` Amho.
^maVmV 1991 Z§Va ~±qH$J joÌmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ~±qH$J ì`dñWm gÑT> ~±H$ì`dñWm {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$JMr g§H$ënZm ê$O{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$J qH$dm d¡pídH$
(Universal) ~±qH$J åhUOo ì`mnmar ~±H$m Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©Mo EH${ÌH$aU hmo`. åhUOoM {d_m
CVa{dUo, Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo Am{U H$O©amo»`m§Mm ì`mnma H$aUo B. H$m`} ~±qH$J H$m`m©À`m EH${ÌH$aUm_wio nma nmS>cr
OmD$ eH$VmV. AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$m `m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm J«mhH$m§Zm XoVmV.
8.8 gmam§e
nma§nm[aH$ ~±qH$J ì`dñWm hr R>odr ñdrH$maUo, H$O} XoUo Am{U nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo Am{U BVa
AmZwf§{JH$ H$m`m©nwaVr _`m©{XV hmoVr. ~è`mMXm nma§nm[aH$ ~±qH$J_Yrc H$m`©nÕVr Jw§VmJw§VrMr Ago. na§Vw
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmg§X^m©V 1990 _Ü`o ^maVmZo ñdrH$macoë`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§_wio {dÎm ~mOmamV ImOJr Am{U
naXoer g§ñWm§Zm àdoe {_iy cmJcm. Ë`m_wio ñnYm© dmTy> cmJcr. ~±qH$J ì`dñWo_Ü`o dmT>Ë`m à_mUmV g§JUH$mMm
dmna dmTy> cmJcm. g§JUH$sH¥$V ~±qH$J_wio ~±H$ ì`dhmamVrc H$m`©j_Vm Va dmT>crM, Ë`mM~amo~a J«mhH$m§Zm
{d{dY godm CËnm{XVo nwadUo d emgZmMo {dÎmr` ì`dhma gm§^miUohr gwc^ hmoV Amho. Ago Agco Var _m{hVrV§ÌkmZ AmYm[aV ~±H$ ì`dhma éOÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$m§À`m gd`t_Ü`ohr Ë`m àVr gH$mamË_H$ ~Xc hmoUo JaOoMo
Amho.
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181
8.9 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ
1. ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Uo, Vo Mmc{dUo, Ë`mMo ñWcm§Va H$aUo d ImVo ~§X H$aUo `m~Ôc _wÔogyX _m{hVr Úm.
2. ~±Ho$À`m H$m`Xoera hŠH$m§Mr MMm© H$am.
3. ~±Ho$À`m H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmè`m§Mr MMm© H$am.
4. n¡emMo ñWmZm§Va
(Transfer)
H$aÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr ñnîQ> H$am.
5. Q>rnm {chm.
1. ~±H$ J«mhH$
2. H««o${S>Q> H$mS>©
3. S>o{~Q> H$mS>©
4. B©-~±qH$J
5. EQ>rE_
8.10 joÌr` H$m`© :
ñWm{ZH$ amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±Ho$VyZ XodmU-KodmUrer g§~§{YV gd© \$m°åg© {_idm d g_OyZ ¿`m.
8.11 g§X^©
1.
Lalwani S. J. (Ed.) (1993) : Changing Profile of Indian Banking, New Delhi,
Radha Publications.
2.
Report on Indian ATM Industry (May 2007) : Mumbai, Banknet Publications.
3.
Vaish M. C. (1984) : Modern Banking, Mumbai RBSA Publishers.
4.
White paper on Banking Systems Survey (2004) : Mumbai Banknet Publications.
5. OmYd E_. ~r. (2005) : ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$m`} A{YH$mofU d {d{Îm` ~mOmanoR>m, H$moëhmnya, \$S>Ho$
àH$meZ.
6. Omoer aqdÐ (1978) : "AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`', H$moëhmnya, AO~ nwñVH$mc`.
7. JmoS>go dg§V (E{àc-OyZ 2006) : "^maVr` ~±qH$J_Yrc _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMm {dñVma', g_mO à~moYZ
n{ÌH$m, df© 44, A§H$ : 174, nmZ Z§. 202-207.
8. nmQ>rc Oo. E\$. (2005) "A{YH$mofU d {d{Îm` ~mOmanoR>m', g§nm{XV, H$moëhmnya, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ.
9. nmQ>rc Oo. E\$. d BVa (1994), "^maVr` ~±qH$J', H$moëhmnya, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ.
ooo
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182