~r.H$m°_. ^mJ - 1 (^yJmobemñÌ)
nona H«$. - 2 : gÌ H«$. - 2
OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U {dnUZ g§aMZm
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1)
OmJ{VH$sH$aU
2)
{dnUZ g§aMZm
3)
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma
4)
^maVmVrb n`©Q>Z CÚmoJ
111
gÌ - 2 : KQ>H$ - 1
OmJ{VH$sH$aU
1.0
C{Ôï>`o Ÿ Ÿ>
1.1
àmñVm{dH$
1.2
{df` {ddoMZ
(Globalization)
1.2.1
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm AW© d ñdê$n $
1.2.2
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo H$b
1.2.3
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo n[aUm_
1.3
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
1.4
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d AW©
1.5
ñd`§AÜ``Z eãX d AW©
1.6
gmam§eŸŸ
1.7
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.8
jo{Ì` H$m`©
1.9
A{YH$ dmMmZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.0
C{ÔîQ> ç o
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm
*
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm AW© d ñdê$n `m§Mr ñnï> H$ënZm `oB©b
*
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo H$b ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVrb
*
1.1
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo Mm§Jbo d dmB©Q> n[aUm_ ñnï> H$aVm `oVrb
àmñVm{dH$
gÜ`m V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg d àgma ObX dmhVyH$ d XiUdiUmÀ`m gmoB© `m§_wio {d{dY CËnmXZo
d godm `m§Mm _moR>çmà_mUmda Am§VamîQ´>r` ì`mnma hmoV Amho. OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr ^mJmVrb CËnmXZ
d godm OJmÀ`m BVa H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV CnbãY hmoV AmhoV. `mVyZM OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm
112
{dH$mg Pmbm Amho. 1985 Z§Va ^maVmgh BVa AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr Or {dH$gZerb åhUyZ JUbr OmVmV
Ë`m§Zr Amnbr AW© d Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m {XeoZo ZoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. {d{dY
XoemVrb ì`dhmamVrb AS>Wio Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oMm _moR>m hmV^ma bmJV
Amho. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb {d{dY AS>Wio Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va J°Q>, `wZmo, Am§Vaamï´>r`
ZmUo {ZYr, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ B. gma»`m OmJ{VH$ g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
{d{dY H§$nÝ`m§Mr naXoemVrb Jw§VdUyH$ _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT>br Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dUo d ~mOma{Y{ð>V Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamg àoaUm XoUo ho CÔoe gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho. OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd© Xoem§Zr CXmarH$aU ImOJrH$aUmÀ`m _mJm©Zr
eodQ>r Amnbr AW©ì`dñWm OmJ[VH$rH$aUmH$S>o AmUÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br Amho qH$dm AmUbr Amho.
åhUyZM gÜ`mÀ`m `wJmV OmJ{VH$sH$aU hm eãX nadbrMm ~Zbm Amho.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m AW© d ñdê$n :
{d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ñnï> Ho$bm Amho. "OmJ{VH$sH$aU
åhUOo XoemÀ`m amOH$s` gr_o~mhoa Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§Mm {dñVma H$aUo hmo`.' qH$dm {d{dY Xoem§À`m
AW©ì`dñWm§Mo EH$ÌrH$aU åhUOo OmJ{VH$sH$aU hmo` ! OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m qH$dm d¡pídH$sH$aUmÀ`m
H$mhr n«_wI ì`m»`m nwT>rb à_mUo :
1. OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ : OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo OmJ{VH$aUmMm AW© nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> Ho$bm Amho.
A)
Cn^mo½` dñVy§gh gd© dñVy§darb Am`mV {Z`§ÌU hiyhiy Zï> H$aUo.
~) Am`mV OH$mVrMo Xa H$_r H$aUo.
H$)
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb CnH«$_m§Mo ImOJrH$aU
2. _mëH$_ Am°S>oemoar hm` : ""AW©ì`dñWoMo OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo CËH«$m§Vr hmoV Agboë`m
OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoMm OmJ{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ hmo`.''
3. gr. Q>r. Hw$ar`Z : ""OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo [d{dYVm Agboë`m AZoH$ AW©ì`dñWm§Mm
g_wh Á`m§Mr C{ÔîQ>ço {^Þ AmhoV. `m AW©ì`dñWm§V {d{dY _mJmªZr Am§Va{H«$`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV d
H$mbmZwê$n ~Xb hmoVmV.''
4. ê$gr _moXr : ""OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo Xwhoar dmhVyH$ EH$ åhUOo Iwbr ñnYm© d Z{dZ
V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z dmT>dbobr CËnmXH$Vm d Xwgao åhUOo g§nyU© OJ `m EH$mM ~mOmanoR>oV dñVy§Mr
{dH«$s H$aUo.''
113
~r.H$m°_.^mJ-1 … dm{UÁ` ^yJmob/8
5. ldUHw$_ma qgh : ""{d{dY Xoem§Mr EH$M OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> {Z_m©U H$ê$Z VoWo OJmVrb
gmYZg§nÎmr d ^m§S>dbmMm `mo½` àgma H$aUo.''
6. h°[ag : ""OmJ{VH$sH$aU åhUOo {d{dY dñVy d godm `m§Mo CËnmXZ {dVaU d {dnUZ `m§Mo
dmT>Vo Am§Vaamï>r`rH$aU hmo`.''
darb {d{dY ì`m»`m§dê$Z OmJ{VH$sH$aU g§H$ënZoMr ì`mnH$Vm ñnï> hmoVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamdarb ~§YZo H$_r hmoD$Z Ë`mV dmT> hmoVo. {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$sV dmT> hmoD$Z ^m§S>dbM
_moR>çm à_mUmV CnbãY hmoVo. V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _wŠV àdmhm_wio {dH$mgmg Cn`wŠV dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoVo.
VgoM H$m_Jmam§Mm _wŠV g§Mma hmoÊ`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Ago Am{W©H$ YmoaU
Adb§~bo OmVo H$s OoUoH$ê$Z AW©ì`dñWm ~§{XñV AdñWoH$Sy>Z _wŠV AdñWoH$S>o OmÊ`mg gwê$dmV hmoVo.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m n«{H«$`oV _wŠV ~mOma ì`dñWoMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo d gaH$mar ~§YZo H$_r
Ho$br OmVmV. VgoM gaH$maH$Sy>Z {Xbo OmUmao AW©ghmæ` H$_r Ho$bo OmVo. {d{dY gaH$mar CnH«$_m§À`m
ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Ho$br OmVo. Xoem§VJ©V CÚmoJm§À`m gdbVr ~§X H$ê$Z amï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zm gd©
joÌmVrb Jw§VdUwH$sg nadmZJr {Xbr OmVo. Am`mVrdarb ~§YZo H$_r Ho$br OmVmV d {Z`m©Vrghr CÎmoOZ
{Xbo OmVo. MbZ~mOmamVrb MT>CVmamà_mUo MbZmMr qH$_V R>adbr OmVo. VgoM XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm
ñd`§nyU© Z H$aVm OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoer OmñVrV OmñV OmoSy>Z R>odbr OmVo. åhUOoM OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
Am{W©H$ EH$mË_rH$aUm ~amo~a OJmMo OmJ{VH$ IoS>`mH$S>o g§H«$_U hmoV Amho.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmVmn`ªV CnbãY Zgboë`m ~mOmanoR>m gdm©gmR>r CnbãY Pmë`m AmhoV.
bmoH$m§Mr {H«$`meŠVr dmTy>Z OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© C§Mmdbm Amho. Z{dZ V§ÌkmZ, H$m¡eë` `m gma»`m Jmoï>r
OJ^a gdmªZm CnbãY hmoV AmhoV Va bmoH$m§Zm JwUdÎmm Agbobr CËnmXZo CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbr AmhoV.
VooOr, _§XrMr {Vd«Vm XoemXoemZwgma ~XbVo Amho Ë`m_wio H§$nÝ`m VoOr, Agboë`m Xoem§H$S>o diV
AmhoV. H§$nÝ`m§gmR>r ~mOmanoR>m§Mm {dñVma \m`Xoera R>aV Amho Va {d{dY XoemVrb A{V[aŠV g§gmYUm§Mm
`mo½` dmna hmoV Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` {dH$mgmMr àH«$s`m gwê$ Pmbr AmhoM Ë`mM~amo~a
gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z d EH$mË_H$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo Amho.
`mdê$Z Amnë`mbm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo ì`mnH$ d gd©g_mdoeH$ ñdê$n bjmV `oVo.
1.2.2. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo H$b
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma hr H$mhr ZdrZ H$ënZm Zmhr. am_m`U, _hm^maV `mgma»`m nyamVZ _hmH$mì`m§Vhr
Ë`mH$mimV BVa amï´>m§er hmoV Agboë`m ì`mnmamMm CëboI Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV 1970 À`m XeH$mnmgyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm doJmZo gwê$dmV Pmbr. ~hþamï´>r`
H§$nÝ`m d A_oarH$m `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m J{V_mZ Pmbr. A_oarHo$À`m à^mdmImbr
114
Agboë`m Am§Vaamï´>r` _wÐm{ZYr (I.M.E.) d OmJ{VH$ A{YH$mof ho H$O©ghmæ` XoVmZm Á`m AQ>r bmXV
Ë`mVyZ CXmarH$aUmMr H$madmB© H$aÊ`mV `oV Amho. gmopìh`Q> a{e`mMo {d^mOZ Pmë`mZ§Va ñdV: a{e`m
d BVa nyd© `wamonmVrb Xoem§Zr OmJ{VH$saUmMm {ñdH$ma Ho$bm d 1970 nydu AË`§V à^mdr Agbobo
gmå`dmXr VÎdkmZ OdiOdi g§nwï>mV Ambo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gaH$mar {d{Z`moJmMr joÌ
~Xbbr AmhoV. gaH$mao AmVm ñdV: CÚmoJ MmbdV ZmhrV Va ImOJr joÌmbm nmofH$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U
H$arV AmhoV, {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ {dH$mgmgmR>r Jw§VdUyH$ H$aV AmhoV, {ZamoJr ñnYm© d ~mOmanoR>oMo `mo½`
H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mao à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJmVrb {d{dY AW©ì`dñWm§Mo nañnamdb§~Z _moR>çmà_mUmV dmT>bo Amho.
Ë`mMr à_wI H$maUo åhUOo dñVy§À`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mna d godm§_Ü`o Pmbobr dmT>, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma
d godm§_Ü`o Pmbobr dmT>, Am§Vaamï´>r` ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ d V§ÌkmZmMm doJdmZ d ì`mnH$ àgma hmoV
`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ~mOmanoR>m§À`m H$jm gVV {dñVmaV AmhoV. CËnmXZ {H«$`m§Mo doJmZo dmT>V OmUmao
_hÎd d ~mOmarH$aU `m XmoZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à_wI àoaUm AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV doJmZo hmoUmao OmJ{VH$sH$aU
ho àm_w»`mZo {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZm§À`m àJVrda Adb§~yZ Amho. hm {dH$mg ~mOmanoR>m§Zm OJ^a ngaÊ`mg
AZwHy$b ~Zbobm n`m©daUmMm n[aUm_ Amho.
{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio àM§S> _moR>çm à_mUmV dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU `mdarb IM©
H$_r Pmbm Amho. `mM narUm_ åhUyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aU doJmZo hmoV Amho. 1930 gmbmer VwbZm H$aVm
gÜ`mMm gmJar dmhVwH$sMm IM© 50% H$_r Pmbm Amho. hdmB© dmhVwH$sMm IM© 1/6 Pmbm Amho Va
g§Xoe dhZmMm IM© Ho$di 1% BVH$mM Pmbm Amho. 1960 gmbmer VwbZm Ho$ë`mg g§JUH$mMr
qH$_V 1990 gmbr 1/125 BVH$s hmoVr Va 2000 gmbr hr qH$_V AmUIr 80% KQ>br V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
àJVr_wio doi d A§Va KQ>bo Amho narUm_r Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma d Jw§VdUyH$ `m darb IM© H$_r Pmbm
Amho VgoM OmJVrH$ ñVamda CËnmXZm§Mo g_Ýd` d g§`moOZ H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. CXm. \$moS>©
H§$nZrÀ`m bo_ZH$maMo S>rPmBZ O_©ZrMo Amho. na§Vw VrMr B§OrZ Am°ñQ´>o{b`mV V`ma hmoVo. V§ÌkmZmMm
{dH$mg d OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wioM Ago OmJ{VH$ CËnmXZ eŠ` Pmbo Amho. EH$_oH$m§er g§b¾ AW©ì`dñWm§À`m
CX`m_wio H$mhr Am{W©H$ {H«$`m§À`m ~m~VrV Am§Vaamï´>r` {g_m d A§Vao `m§Mm AW© d _hÎd OdiOdi
g§nbm Amho.
_m[hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrb CÎmw§J ^amar d V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg `m§Zm Oa AmnU OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ`m
àoaUm Ago _mZbo Va OmJVrH$ ñVamdarb ~mOmanoRm {^_wI gwYmaUm§Zm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m g§ñWmË_H$
àoaUm Ago _mÝ` H$amdo bmJob GATT d WTO À`m aMZo_Ü`o AZoH$ Xoe gÜ`m ì`mnmamVrb H$a d
BVa AS>Wio H$_r H$ê$Z Iwë`m/_wŠV ~mOmanoR>oMm pñdH$ma H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV n[aUm_r ì`mnma d
Jw§VdUyH$sV _moR>çm n«_mUmda dmT> hmoV Amho. VgoM nyduÀ`m H|${Ð` {Z`mo{OV AW©ì`dñWm§Mohr Iwë`m
115
AW©ì`dñWoV ê$nm§Va hmoV Amho. d OmJ{VH$ ñVamda EH$M OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg
gwê$dmV Pmbr Amho.
~hþamï´> H§$nÝ`m (MNC'S) `m OJm{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à[H«$`og JVr_mZ H$aÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aë`m
AmhoV. 1996 gmbr OJ^amV gw_mao 40 hOma ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m hmoË`m d Ë`m§À`m OJ^a 2,80,000
emIm d H$m`m©b`o hmoVr. gZ 1997 _Ü`o Ho$dià_wI 100 ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm ì`mnma hm OJmÀ`m EHy$U
ì`mnmamÀ`m OdiOdi 33% hmoVm. `mdfu OJ^amVrb EHy$U WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$s n¡H$s 80% Jw§VdUyH$
hr Ho$di ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mr hmoVr OJ^a hmoUmè`m EHy$U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m XodmUKodmUrÀ`m 70% XodmUKodmU hr ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`mM H$arV AgVmV. OJmV gÜ`m 8,89,416 ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio 1970 gmbmnmgyZ Am§Vaamï´>r` Jw§VdUyH$sV _moR>çm à_mUmda dmT> Pmbr
Amho. Xa {Xder hmoUmam EHy$U naH$s` MbZmMm ì`dhma 1980 gmbr 200 {~br`Z S>m°ba BVH$m
hmoVm Va 2000 gmbr Vo ghm nQ>rZo dmT>bm hm ì`dhma amoOÀ`m dñVy d godm§À`m Am§Vamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m
gw_mao 70 nQ>rZo OmñV Amho 1950 gmbr OmJVrH$ {Z`m©V gw_mao 60 {~br`Z S>m°ba BVH$s hmoVr Vr
1970 gmbr gw_mao 300{~br`Z S>m°ba Pmbr. 2004 hr {Z`m©V gw_mao 9200 {~br`Z S>m°ba BVH$s
Pmbr. OJ^amVrb WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ 1990 gmbr gw_mao 2,00,000 {_br`Z S>m°ba BVH$s hmoVr
Vr 2000 gmbr gw_mao gmV nQ>rZo dmTy>Z gw_mao 14,63,000 {_br`Z S>m°ba BVH$s Pmbr hmoVr.
{dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMr àJVr, CËnmXZ dmT> d OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJ^a Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV _moR>çm
à_mUmV ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. {dH$grV Xoe _Oyam§da AmYmarV CÚmoJ {dH$gZerb Xoem§_Ü`o ñWbm§VarV
H$aV AmhoV. {eV`wÕm§À`m g_mßVrZ§Va CËnmXZmV _moR>çmà_mUmV dmT> Pmbr d OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV
_moR>r ñnYm© {Z_m©U Pmbr Ë`m_wio AZoH$ _moR>çm H§$nZr OmJVrH$ ~mOmanoR>oVrb ñdV:Mo ñWmZ d
{dídmghm`©V {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r BVa H§$nÝ`m§Mm Vm~m KoUo qH$dm {dbrUrH$aU H$ê$Z KoUo `mg gwê$dmV
Ho$br Amho. CXm. {gQ>r~±H$, Q´>°ìhbg© d S>m`_ba ~|P `m§Mo {dbrZrH$aU MCI d {~«Q>re Q>obrH$m°_ `m§Mo
{dbrZH$aU BË`mXr.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV {dH$grV amï´>o _hÎdmMr ^y_rH$m ~OmdV AmhoV. 1996 gmbr
{dH$grV amï´>m§Zr OJmÀ`m EHy$U ì`mnmaÀ`m 81.7% {Z`m©V Ho$br hmoVr. Or-7, pñdËPab±S>, pñdS>Z
d ZoXab±S> `m Xoem§Zr OJmVrb EHy$U WoQ> narH$s` Jw§VdUyH$r n¡H$s 85% JwVdUyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. Ago
{dH$grV XoeM Am§Vaamï´>r` XodKodrMo {Z`_ ~ZdV AgVmV d VoMo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo gdm©V _moR>o
bm^mWu AmhoV Va OJmMr Am{W©H$ gÎmm Ë`m§À`mM hmVr Amho.
1.2.3 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo n[aUm_ :
gÜ`m OJmVrb ~hþg§»`m Xoem§Zr Amnë`m AW©ì`dñWm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m {XeoZo Zoë`m AmhoV.
116
`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{W©H$, ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌm~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ d
AÝ` joÌm§dahr _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_wio `m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUmMo {d{dY Xoem§À`m
AW©ì`dñWoda d BVa joÌm§darb Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q> n[aUm_m§Mr MMm© H$aUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho.
A) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo Mm§Jbo n[aUm_ (JwU qH$dm \ m`Xo)
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUmÀ`m Adb§~mZo {d{dY Xoem§Zm nwT>rb _hÎdmMo \m`Xo àmßV Pmë`mMo
{XgyZ `oVmV.
1) Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`m©V dmT> : {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV Xoem§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV Am§Vaamï´>r`
ghH$m`© {_imë`m {edm` Ë`m§Zm ñdV:Mm {dH$mg gmYZo eŠ` Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJ Odi
Ambo Amho. Ë`m_wio {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV Xoem§Zm {dH${gV Xoem§Mo ghH$m`© bm^mV Amho dmhVyH$
XiUdiU d _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌmV Pmboë`m {dbjU àJVr_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda ghH$m`© H$aUo
gmono Pmbo Amho. `mMm \$m`Xm {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV Xoem§Zm hmoV Amho.
2) Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oMr CnbãYVVm :
{d{dY Xoem§À`m Xoem§VJ©V CËnmXZmbm Am§Vamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oMr CnbãYVm OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. {d{dY XoemVrb AZoH$ dñVy, CËnmXZo d godm nma§nm[aH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. Ë`mZm
OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV _moR>r _mJUr Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nydu Aem dñVy d godm§Mm BVa amï´>mV
ì`mnma H$aÊ`mV AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m AS>MUr hmoË`m. `m AS>MUr d Ë`m§À`m ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wio
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio H$_r Pmbo AmhoV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr Va ho AS>Wio nyU©nUo Zï> Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
{d{dY Xoem§Vrb CËnmXZm§Zm OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR> CnbãY Pmbr Amho.
3. naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sV dmT> :
{d{dY {dH$gZerb d A{dH${gV amï´>mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ, godm joÌ, {d{dY nm`m^yV joÌmV
nwaoí`m à_mUmV àJVr Pmbr Zmhr H$maU `m joÌmV nwaoem à_mUmV Jw§VdUyH$ hmoVmZm {XgV ZìhVr. na§Vw
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio `m {d{dY joÌmV naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$rbm MmbZm {_iyZ Ë`mMm \$m`Xm {dH$gZerb
d A{dH$grV amï´>m§Zm hmoV Amho.
4. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm àoaUm {_iVo :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio _wŠVì`mnma, Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>oMr CnbãYVm d naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ `m_wio
OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd© Xoem§À`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm àoaUm {_imbr Amho. OmJ{VH$rH$aUm_wio hmoUmè`m
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm \$m`Xm A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm hmoD$Z VoWrb bmoH$m§À`m {OdZ_mZmV
gwYmaUm Pmë`mMo AmT>iVo. Ago Agbo Var {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Zr d A{dH$grV amîQ´>m§Zr Amnbm
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Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§da \ mago Adb§~yZ Z amhVm ñdmdb§~ZmMm _mJ©
pñdH$maUo Mm§Jbo.
5 OJ Odi `oV Amho :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oZo Am§VamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamdarb ~§YZo H$_r Pmbr AmhoV. Am§Vaamï´>r`
~mOmanoR> gdmªZm CnbãY Pmbr Amho. naH$s` ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mr OJ^a Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>br Amho.
Ë`m_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`© d gm_§Oñ` dmT>bo Amho. dmhVyH$ XiUdiU, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrb
A^yVnyd© H«$m§VrZo kmZmMm àgma _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio Xoem§À`m {g_m nwgQ> hmoVmZm
AmT>iV AmhoV. n[aUm_r OJ Odi `oV Amho.
6. OmJ{VH$ EH$ÌrH$aU hmoV Amho :
OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Zo_wio OmJ{VH$ EH$ÌrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m hmoV Amho. OmJ{VH$ g_«mÁ`dmXmÀ`m
H$mimV {d{dY gm_«mÁ`dmXr Xoe Ë`m§À`m Vmã`mVrb Xoe d dgmhVtMr ì`mnma, ^m§S>db d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m
ghmæ`mZo bw~mS>UyH$ d {nidUyH$ H$arV AgV Ë`m§Zm Xm[aÐ`mV R>oD$Z ñdV:Mm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYV
AgV. na§Vw OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ho Xmof Q>mibo Jobo d OmJ{VH$ EH$ÌrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr.
OJmMr nwZ©aMZm hmoD$Z {dH$mg hmoV Amho. OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamVrb AS>Wio Xya hmoD$Z OmJ{VH$ ghH$m`©
dmT>bo Amho. Ë`m_wio A{dH$grV amï´>m§Mm {deofV: {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Mm Am{W©H$$ {dH$mg _moR>çm
à_mUmda hmoV Amho.
7. ñnYm©eŠVr dmT>Vo :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ì`mnmamdarb ~§YZo d {Z`§ÌUo Xya Ho$br OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio dñVy, ^m§S>db
V§ÌkmZmMm _wŠV àdmh {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm Amnbr ñnYm©eŠVr
dmT>dÊ`m{edm` BVa H$moUVmhr n`m©` {eëbH$ am{hbm Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Xoem§Zm ñdV:Mm
{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoV Amho.
8. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV dmT> :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo ì`mnmamdarb ~§YZo Xya Pmë`mZo Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV dmT> hmoV Amho. ^maV,
MrZ, X{jUH$mo[a`m, ~«mPrb, AO]{Q>Zm, Aa~amï´>o `m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m {Z`m©VrV OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
dmT> Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. {Z`m©V dmT>rMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg hmoV Amho.
9. CËnmXZ j_VoMm `mo½` dmna :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio {d{dY Xoem§Vrb dñVy, CËnmXZo d godm ~mOmanoR>oV CnbãY hmoV AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio Xoem§VJ©V dñVy, CËnmXZo d godm `m§Zm _moR>r ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m OmJ{VH$ñnY}V {Q>Hy$Z
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amhÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZm§Mm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`m~amo~a CËnmXZ j_VoMm nyU©dmna H$ê$Z ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Ago Ho$bo
VaM ñnYo©V pQ>H$md YaUo eŠ` hmoVo. {d{dY joÌmV CËnmXZ à_mU dmT>ë`mZo _moR>çm à_mUmV A§VJ©V ~MV
hmoVo. `mMm \$m`Xm XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWobm hmoVmo d ñWyb amï´>r` CËnmXZ d¥ÕrMm Xa dmT>Vmo.
10. bmoH$m§À`m àd¥ÎmrV ~Xb hmoV Amhoo :
OmJ{VH$sH$aU bmoH$m§À`m n«d¥ÎmrV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$maUr^yV R>aV Amho. nmpíM_mË`
{dH$grV XoemVrb {d{dY dñVy§À`m Am`mVrZo AZoH$ {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV amï´>mVrb bmoH$m§À`m
Am`wî`H«$_mV ~Xb Pmbm Amho. `m XoemVrb bmoH$ nmpíM_mË` H$nS>o, amhUr_mZ, gd`r `m§Mo AZwH$aU
H$arV AmhoV. nmpíM_mË` dñVy§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV H$aV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio OwÝ`m dñVyy H$mb~mô`
R>ê$Z ZdrZ dñVyMm dmna dmT>V Amho. {d{dY XoemVrb H$m_Jmam§À`m dV©ZmVhr ~Xb hmoV Amho.
åhUOoM OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio bmoH$m§À`m àd¥ÎmrV ~Xb hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oV Amho.
11. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr XodmUKodmU :
{dH${gV, A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb amï´>mVrb Am{W©H$XarMo à_wI H$maU CnbãY V§ÌkmZmVrb
\ aH$ ho Amho. gÜ`m OJ^a gVV ZdZdrZ g§emoYZ hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio ZdrZ V§Ìo d CËnmXZ nÕVr
{Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. `mMm narUm_ åhUyZ CËnmXZo d gmYZgm_wJ«r {dH$grV hmoV AmhoV. na§Vw Jar~ d
{dH$gZerb amï´>m§Zm Ago Im{M©H$ V§ÌkmZ {dH$grV H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r `m Z{dZ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m XodmUKodmUrMr AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio
Jar~ d {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Zm ho AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ CnbãY hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ d Am{W©H$
àJVrbm hmV^ma bmJV Amho.
12. ì`dñWmnZ H$m¡eë`mV gwYmaUm :
AW©ì`dñWm§À`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio d gwYmaUm§_wio BVa amîQ´>mVrb CËH¥$ï> H$m¡eë` d H$m`©j_Vm
AgUmao V§Ìk, ì`dñWmnH$ ho A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb XoemV `oVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo kmZ H$m_
H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr, Ë`m§Mm AZw^d `m§Mm \ m`Xm A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb amï´>mVrb V§Ìk d ì`dñWmnH$
`m§Zm hmoVmo d Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m ì`dñWmnZ H$m¡eë`mV gwYmaUm hmoVo.
13. _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§Mm {dñVma :
_moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§Zm Amnbr H$m`©H$jm {dñVmaÊ`mgmR>r OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio H§$nÝ`m§À`m {dñVmamVrb {d{dY AS>Wio H$_r Pmbo d Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm OJ^a
{dñVma hmoV Amho. _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m ZdrZ dñVy, ^m§S>db d V§ÌkmZ AmUVmV. `m H§$nÝ`m§À`m J§wVdUwH$sZo
CÚmoJ, ~m§YH$m_ ì`mnma `m ì`dgm`m§Zm MmbZm {_iVo. VgoM ^m§S>dbmMr H$_VaVm AgUmè`m Xoem§Zm
`m ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mr _moR>r _XV {_iVo.
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14. H$m_Jmam§Mr J{Vj_Vm d CËnmXZj_Vm `mV dmT> :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Vk, Hw$eb d AZw^dr H$m_Jmam§Mm g§Mma _wŠV hmoV Amho `m{edm` H§$nÝ`m§Zm
Ë`m§À`mOdi Agboë`m `§Ìgm_wJ«rMm d _Zwî`~imMm `mo½` d OmñVrVOmñV Cn`moJ H$aVm `oD$ bmJbm
Amho. Ë`m_wio H§$nÝ`m§Zm CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aVm `oUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. VgoM Amdí`H$ AgUmao V§ÌkmZ
{Z_m©U H$aUo qH$dm Am`mV H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Vk, Hw$eb d AZw^dr H$m_Jmahr BVa
XoemVyZ H§$nÝ`m§Zm CnbãY hmoV AmhoV.
15. BVa bm^ :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo XoemÀ`m {dXoer MbZmMm gmR>m dmT>Vmo. XoemVrb CËnÞmÀ`m {dVaUmVrb
{df_Vm H$_r hmoVo. Aem n«H$maMo {d{dY \$m`Xo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmnmgyZ àmßV hmoVmV.
~) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo dmB©Q> n[aUm_ (Xmof/VmoQ>o)
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AZoH$ gH$maË_H$ Jmoï>r KS>V Agë`mVar Ë`mMo H$mhr YmoHo$hr AmhoV. `m
YmoŠ`m§H$S>o {deof bj XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. {dH$grV Xoem§nojm {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV Xoem§Zm
OmJ{VH$saUmM VmoQ>o OmñV ghZ H$amdo bmJV AmhoV. OmJ{VH$rH$aUmMo à_wI Xmof/YmoHo$/dmB©Q> n[aUm_
nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
1. dmT>Vm H$O©~mOmarnUm :
OJmVrb Jar~, H$O©~mOmar Xoem§Zr Ooìhm OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$H$S>o _XV _m{JVbr Voìhm Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m nwU©aMZoÀ`m AQ>rdaM OmJm{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo _XV Ho$br. H$O©~mOmarnUm_wio _oŠgrH$mo, ^maV,
~«mPrb, AO]{Q>Zm BË`mXr gma»`m AZoH$ amï´>m§Zr Am{W©H$ nwU©aMZm H$m`©H«$_ am~dUo ^mJ nS>bo Amho.
{dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV amï´>o OmJ{VH$sH$aUmnydr©M H$Om©V ~wS>mbobr hmoVr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio `m
Xoem§H$Sy>Z {Z`m©V dmT>Ê`mEodOr Am`mV dmT>Ê`mMrM eŠ`Vm OmñV Amho. `m dmT>boë`m Am`mVr_wio
{dXoer XoUr XoÊ`mgmR>r {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV amï´>m§Zm nwÝhm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJV Amho. Ë`m_wio `m
Xoem§Mm H$O©~mOmarnUm dmT>bm Amho.
2. {OdKoUr ñnYm© :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV Xoem§Mr ~mOmanoR> _moR>çm ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zm
Iwbr Pmbr. `m H§$nÝ`m§Zr Amnë`m O~aXñV {d{H«$H$m¡eë`mZo d H$_r qH$_VrZr {dH$gZerb d
A{dH$grV Xoem§Mr ~mOmanoR> Vmã`mV KoVbr Amho. Ë`m_wio Xoer H$n§Ý`m§Zm _moR>çm ñnY}bm gm_moao Omdo
bmJV Amho. {d{dY Xoer H§$nÝ`m `m ñnY}V VJ Yê$ eH$V ZmhrV. `m n[aUm_ åhUyZ {dH$gZerb
d A{dH$grV amï´>m§Vrb ñdXoer CÚmoJY§Úmda dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoV Amho.
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3. lr_§V amï´>m§Mr OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoda nH$S> :
{dH$grV amï´>mVrb ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mo à^wÎd OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJ^amVrb gd© ~mOmanoR>m§da
{Z_m©U Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio {dH$grV amï´>m§Zm àm_w»`mZo A_oarHo$bm OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoda ñdV:Mr KÅ>
nH$S> ~gdUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho. {dH$grV Xoe Á`m§Mr bmoH$g§»`m OJmÀ`m Ho$di 17% Amho Ago Xoe
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJmMo ZoV¥Îd H$aV AmhoV d Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m àJVrgmR>r Adb§~ Ho$boë`m YmoaUmMm
Caboë`m 83% bmoH$m§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoUma Amho `mMm Vo {dMmahr H$aV ZmhrV.
4. dmT>Vm M§JidmX :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Am`mVrdarb {Z~ªY H$_r Pmbo AmhoV. n[aUm_r M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy _moR>çm
à_mUmda CnbãY hmoV AmhoV. CnbãY gmYZg§nÎmrMm Cn`moJ Amdí`H$ dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r H$aÊ`mEdOr
M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy CËnmXrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmV Amho. {dH$grV amï´>m§à_mUoM M§JidmXr àd¥Îmr {dH$gZerb
d A{dH$grV amï´>mVhr {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. n[aUm_r Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm {OdZmdí`H$ Jmoï>tMm VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U
hmoV Amho.
5. ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mr dmT>Vr _ŠVoXmar :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m d amï´>r` H§$nÝ`m Agm H$moUVmhr \ aH$ H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m Xyag§Mma, ~±{H$J, n`©Q>Z, Amamo½`, _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZ dmhVyH$
B. gma»`m joÌmV _moR>çm à_mUmda Jw§VdUyH$, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr nÕV, Om{hamV H$aÊ`mMr nÕV,
BË`mXr_wio Ë`m _moR>çm à_mUmda `e {_idV AmhoV d Ë`m§Mr OmJVrH$ ~mOmanoR>oda _ŠVoXmar dmT>br
Amho. {dbrZrH$aU H$ê$Z `m H§$nÝ`m Amnbm ì`mn, {dñVma d VmH$X dmT>dVM AmhoV.
6. _wb^yV gmo`r-gw{dYm§H$S>o Xwb©j
OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ {d{dY Xoem§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mr AW©ì`dñWm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m
{XeoZo ZoÊ`mMo ~§YU KmbV Amho. na§Vw _yb^yV gmo`r-gw{dYm CnbãY H$aÊ`mda ^a Úmdm Agm AmJ«h
OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ H$aVmZm {XgV Zmhr. A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb XoemV nmUr, Amamo½` {ejU, añVo B.
gma»`m _yb^yV Jmoï>rV Jw§VdUyH$ hmoÊ`mnojm àXwfU H$aUmè`m Amamo½`mg KmVH$ Aem CÚmoJmV Jw§VdUyH$
hmoV Amho Oo `m Xoem§Zm KmVH$ Amho.
7. {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm hmoUmam VmoQ>m :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamdarb ~§YZo H$_r hmoD$Z OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma dmT>bm Amho.
`m hmoUmè`m EHy$U OmJ{VH$ ì`mnmamV {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV amï´>m§Mm {hñgm A{Ve` H$_r Amho.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio A{dH$grV, {dH$gZerb Xoem§Mr {Z`m©V dmT>Ê`mEodOr Am`VM dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio
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`m Xoem§Zm VmoQ>m hmoÊ`mMrM eŠ`Vm OmñV Amho.
8. àË`j{dXoer, Jw§VdUwH$sVrb AS>Wio :
XoemVrb Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` ApñWaVoMm [Xa§JmB© J¡aì`dhma, ZmoH$aXmam§Mr àd¥Îmr
B.Jmoï>tMm hr àË`j {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$sVrb AS>Wio `m Ñï>rZo {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. A{dH$grV d
{dH$gZerb XoemV ho gd© AS>Wio H$_r OmñV à_mUmV AmT>iVmVM. Ë`m_wio Jw§VdUwH$Ûma Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` dmVmdaUmMm {dMma H$ê$ZM {ZU©` KoVmV. A_o[aH$Z Jw§VdUwH$Xma bm°{Q>Z A_o[aH$m
d {MZ_Ü`o Jw§VdUyH$sg CÎgwH$ AgVmV. Va OnmZr Jw§VdUwH$Xma Am¾o` A{e`mV Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVmV.
9. Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm èhmg :
OmJ{VH$sH$aU Z§Va {d{dY XoemVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr Am`mV Ho$br Jobr.
Ë`m_wio `m gmYZg§nÎmrMm _moR>çm à_mUmda èhmg hmoV Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va {dfwd¥Îmr` ^mJmVrb
dZg§nÎmrMo 55%nojm OmñV ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Amho. OJmVrb dZjoÌo doJmZo H$_r hmoV AmhoV. O¡d{d{dYVm
YmoŠ`mV Ambobr Amho. na§Vw {dH$grV Xoe `mH$S>o \$mago bj XoV ZmhrV. `m Xoem§H$Sy>Z {d{dY KmVH$
dm`y _moR>çm à_mUmda dmVmdaUmV gmoS>Ê`mV `oV AmhoV. ho Xoe Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$Mè`mMo T>rJ A{dH$grV
XoemV hbdVmV. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmda Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr d n`m©daUmMr hmZr hmoV Amho.
10. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mm {damoY :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ d CËnmXZ nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio ~oH$mar
dmT>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb XoemV l_~mOmamV \ maer bd{MH$Vm AmT>iV
Zmhr. `oWo à{ejU d {ejUmÀ`m gmo`r Anwè`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio EH$m CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm BVa
CÚmoJmV H$m_ {_iy eH$V Zmhr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va amoOJma ~Xb H«$_àmßV R>aVmo Am{U hm ~Xb
eŠ` Z Pmë`mZo ~oH$mar dmT>Vo Amho.
11. eoVr ì`dgm`mdarb A{Zï> n[aUm_ :
~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`m H$amaeoVr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV. `m_wio ~r-{~`mUo,
IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ Ë`mM~amo~a eoVr CËnmXZ `m Xmohm|da `m ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm Vm~m `oB©b. H§$nÝ`m§À`m
_mJUr ZwgmaM eoVH$è`m§Zm CËnmXZ ¿`mdo bmJob d Ë`m§Zr {Xbobm ^mdM ¿`mdm bmJob.`mMm n[aUm_
åhUyZ A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§Vrb bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Mo ApñVËd g§nob. H§$nÝ`m§Zm Amdí`H$
H$ÀÀ`m _mbmMoM CËnmXZ KoVë`mZo AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ KQ>yZ Ë`mMr Am`mV H$amdr bmJob. `m§{ÌH$sH$aUm_wio
eoVrjoÌmVhr ~oH$mar dmT>V Amho. CVrg§dY©ZmÀ`m V§ÌmZo eoVr à`moJemioV ~§X hmoB©b VgoM eoVrMr
H$maImZXmar hmoB©b. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio IVo, eoVr, AdOmao `mdarb g~{gS>r hr H$_r hmoV Amho. `m
gdmªMm VmoQ>m AZoH$ XoemVrb eoVrì`dgm`mbm ghZ H$amdm bmJUma Amho.
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12. {dH${gV amï´>m§Mr XwßnQ> ^y{_H$m :
{dH${gV amï´>o OmJ{VH$sH$aU, _wŠVñnYm© ~mOma{Y{ð>V AW©ì`dñWm BË`mXtgmR>r {dH$gZerb d
A{dH${gV BË`mXtgmR>r {dH$gZerb d A{dH${gV amï´>m§da {d{dY _mJmªZr Xm~md Q>mH$V AmhoV. ñdV:
{dH${gV amï´>o ñdV:À`m CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§~rV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {dH$gZerb d
A{dH$grV amîQ´>m§Mr ~mOmanoR> {dH$grV amï´>m§Zm Iwbr Agbr Var {dH$grV amï´>m§À`m ~mOmanoR> _mÌ BVa
amï´>m§Zm ghOnUo CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV. åhUOoM {dH$grV amï´>o XþÅ>nr> ^y_rH$m Adb§~Zy AmhoV. Or Ho$di
Ë`m§À`mM \ m`ÚmMr Amho.
13. gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[aUm_ :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio {dH$grV amï´>Vrb M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy BVa amï´>m§Zm ghO CnbãY hmoV AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio {dH$gZerb Xoe d A{dH$grV XoemVrb ImZnmZ, H$nS>o,{OdZnÕVr OrdZ_yë`o `m§À`mda
n[aUm_ hmoV Amho. nma§nm[aH$ _yë`o d g§ñH¥$Vr Zï> hmoV Amho. Vê$U dJ© g_¥Õ na§nam {dgaV Amho d
A`mo½` MmbrarVrMm ~ir R>aV Amho.
14. gm_«mÁ`dmXmMm ZdrZ àH$ma :
18 ì`m d 19ì`m eVH$mV dgmhVrda amÁ` H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr bw~mS>UyH Ho$br OmV Ago. gÜ`m
21 ì`m eVH$mV _mÌ hoM H$m_ {dH$grV amîQ´>mVrb ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m H$arV AmhoV.{dH$grV Xoe
{dH$gZerb A{dH$grV XoemVrb Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr d l_eŠVr `m§Mm dmna ñdV:À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r
H$aV AmhoV. hm gm_«mÁ`dmXmMmM EH$ ZdrZ àH$ma Amho.
15. {dH$mgmMr Ag_mZVm :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va {dH$grV Xoe A{YH$ g_¥Õ hmoV AmhoV Va {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV
Xoem§À`m n[apñWVrV _mÌ \$magm \$aH$ nS>bobm {XgV Zmhr. `m{edm` EH$mM XoemVrb H$mhr R>am{dH$
bmoH$m§À`m àM§S> lr_§Vr_wio amï´>r` CËnÞ d XaS>moB© CËnÞ dmT>ë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo na§Vw ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§À`m
Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrda H$moUVmhr n[aUm_ Pmbobm AmT>iV Zmhr. EH$m ~mOybm {dH$grV amï´>mVrb bmoH$
lr_§Vr_wio _moR>çm EoemoAmam_mV ahmV AmhoV Va {dH$gZerb d A{dH$grV XoemVrb Xm[aÐ` aofoImbrb
bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmV H$moUVmhr \$aH$ nS>bobm Zmhr. åhUOoM OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio hmoUmè`m {dH$mgmV
_moR>çm à_mUmV Ag_mZVm AmT>iVo.
1.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr g§km H$moUË`m KQ>H$mer g§~§YrV Amho?
A) Am{W©H$
~) àmH¥${VH$
H$) Ym{_©H$
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S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamVrb ~§YZm§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo?
A) OmñV hmoVmV ~) H$_r hmoVmV H$) H$m`_ amhmVmV
S) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
3.OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Am§Vamï´>r` ì`mnmamda H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho?
A) H$_r Pmbm
~) pñWa amhrbm H$) dmT> Pmbr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr>
4. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gaH$maH$Sy>Z {Xbo OmUmè`m AW©ghmæ`mda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo?
A) dmT>Vo
~) H$_r hmoVo H$) pñWa amhVo
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
5. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mg Imbrbn¡H$s H$moU gdm©YrH$ O~m~Xma Amho?
A) ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m
~) bKwCÚmoJ
H$) ñWm{ZH$ H§$nÝ`m
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
6. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV H$moUVr amï´>o _hÎdmMr ^y_rH$m ~OmdV AmhoV?
A) {dH$grV
~) A{dH$grV
H$) {dH$gZerb
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
7. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo gdm©V _moR>o bm^mWu H$moUVr amï´>o AmhoV?
A) {dH$grV
~) A{dH$grV
H$) {dH$gZerb
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
8.OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oda H$moUmMr _ŠVoXmar dmT>br Amho?
A) gaH$mar H§$nÝ`m
~) ñWm{ZH$ CÚmoJ H$) ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
9. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV H$moUË`m ~mOmaì`dñWoMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo?
A) ~§{XñV
~) _wŠV
H$) {Z`§ÌrV
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
10. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm WoQ> naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo?
A) H$_r hmoVo
~) pñWa amhVo
H$) dmT> hmoVo
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
1.4 nm[a^m{fH eãX d AW© :
1) CËnmXZ - {d{Z`_ _yë` AgUmè`m dñV§yMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m
2) eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU- _mZdr l_ d OZmdam§Mo l_ øm§À`m EodOr `m§{ÌH$H$aU eoVr CËnmXZmgmR>r
dmna H$aUo.
3) Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ - XoemVrb CËnmXH$ gmYZgm_J«rMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z {ZpíMV Ho$bobr C{ÔîQ>ço
R>am{dH$ _`m©XV gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
4) Am¡Úmo{JH$aU YmoaU - gaH$maMo CÚmoJY§Xm ~XbMo YmoaU
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5. {dXoer MbZ - naXoemV dmnaVm `oVo eŠ` Agbobo MbZ
6. _ŠVoXmar - dM©ñd AgUmar ~mOmanoR
7. J°Q> - OH$mVr d ì`mnmamg§~§Yr H$ama
8. _wŠVì`mnma - {dXoer dñVyda A{V[aŠV H$a Z bmdUmar d ^oX^md Z H$aUmar ì`mnma{ZYr
1.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
1) A) Am{W©H$ >
2) ~) H$_r hmoVmV
3) H$) dmT> Pmbr
4) ~) H$_r hmoVo
5) A) ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m
6) A) {dH$grV
7) A) {dH$grV
8) H$) ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`m
9) ~) _wŠV
10) H$) dmT> hmoVo.
1.6 gmam§e :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio EImÚm amï´>nwaVr _`m©{XV hŠH$mMr ~mOmanoR> hr g§H$ënZm Zï> hmoV Mmbbr
Amho. Ë`mÀ`m EodOr g§nyU© OJhr EH$M ~mOmanoR> hr g§H$ënZm ê$OV Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio gÜ`m
OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb dñVy d godm BVa H$moUË`mhr XoemV {dH$Uo d IaoXr H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo
Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr AmhoM Ë`mM ~amo~a gm§ñH¥${VH$
n[adV©Z d EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©©U hmoV Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJmVrb {d{dY AW©ì`dñWm§Mo nañnamdb§~Z
_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bo Amho ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`m d {dH$grV Xoe ho OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$gog JVr_mZ
H$aÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aë`m AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ghH$m`m©V _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> Pmbr Amho. gd© Xoem§Zm Am§Vaamï´>r`
~mOmanoR> CnbãY Pmbr Amho. A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb XoemVrb naH$s` Jw§VdyUH$ dmT>br Amho d
Ë`m_wio `m Xoem§À`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm àoaUm {_imbr Amho. gÜ`m g§nyU© OJ Odi `oV Amho.
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Ë`m_wio OJmMo EH$ÌrH$aU hmoV Amho. {d{dY Xoem§Mr ñnYm©eŠVr dmT>Vo Amho. Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV
dmT> hmoV Amho. Ë`m§À`m CËnmXZ j_VoMm `mo½` dmna hmoV Amho. OJ^amVrb bmoH$m§À`m àd¥ÎmrV ~Xb
hmoV Amho. Zì`m d AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr XodmU-KodmU dmT>br Amho. ì`dñWmnZ H$m¡eë`mV gwYmaUm
hmoV Amho. OJ^a ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm {dñVma hmoV Amho, H$m_Jmam§Mr JVrj_Vm d CËnmXZ j_Vm
dmT>Vo Amho. VgoM {dXoer MbZmMm gmR>m dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio OJ^a Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Zm `mo½`
dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho.
Ago Agbo Varhr OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§Mm H$O©~mOmarnUm dmT>bm
Amho. OJ^a OrdKoUr ñnYm© dmT>br Amho. lr_§V Xoem§Zr OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoda nH$S> {_idbr Amho.
OJmV M§JidmX dmTy>Z ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mr _ŠVoXmar dmT>br Amho. _yb^yV gmo`rgw{dYm§À`m {dH$mgmH$S>o
\$mago bj {Xbo OmV Zmhr. A{dH$grV d {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm ì`mnmamV VmoQ>m hmoV Amho. Z¡g{J©H$
gmYZg§nÎmrÀ`m èhmg hmoV Amho. eoVr ì`dgm`mda A{Zï> n[aUm_ hmoV Amhoo. {dH$grV amï´>o ñdV:À`m
\$m`ÚmMr YmoaUo am~{dV AmhoV. H$m_Jma dJm©VyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm {damoY hmoV Amho. VgoM {dH$mgmV
_moR>r Ag_mZVm Amho. VgoM OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio EH$ AmYw{ZH$ àH$maMm gm_«mÁ`dmXM dmT>bm Amho.
1.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
nwT>rb àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {bhm
1) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m AW© ñnï> H$am
2) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am
3) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$bmMr MMm© H$am.
4) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo à_wI \ m`Xo gm§Jm
5) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Xmofm§Mr MMm© H$am.
1.8 jo{Ì` H$m`©
1) emoY{Z~§Y n{ÌH$m, dV©_mZnÌo, _m{gHo$ `mVyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUm {df`r _m{hVr {_idm.
2) {d{dY ñWm{ZH$ _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Zm ^oQ> XoD$Z OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Ë`m§À`mdarb n[aUm_ Aä`mgm
3) gaH$mar A{YH$mar, amOH$s` ZoVo, g_mOgwYmaH$, H$m_Jma ZoVo, CÚmoOH$ `wdH$, nÌH$ma `m§Mr ^oQ>
KoD$Z OmJ{VH$sH$aUmdaMr Ë`m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ ¿`m.
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1.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1)
^mogbo, H$mQ>o "OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWm' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
2)
S>m§Jo, Hw$H$S>o "OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWm' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
3)
Omoer, jragmJa, Mm¡Yar "ì`mnma g§KQ>Z d ì`dñWmnZ' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
4)
_mZH$a, Xoenm§S>o, {b_`o, "AmYw{ZH$ ì`dñWmnZ nÕVr' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
5)
S>m°. à^mH$a Xoe_wI, "Am{W©H$ YmoaU d {Z`moOZ' qnninwao A±S> H§$ npãbeg©, ZmJnya
6)
Misra Puri 'Indian Economy' Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
7)
Datta Sundaram 'Indian Economy' S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi
8)
Reserve Bank of India Bulletin
9)
www.wto.org.
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