Paper XV Constitution of China and Sweden

KQ>H$ - 1
A) MrZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm : nmíd©^y_r d d¡{eï>ço
1.0 C{ÔîQ²>ò
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 Eo{hm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r (KQ>ZmË_H$ B{Vhmg)
1.2.2 MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©
1.4 ñd§ÀÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.7 g§X^© J«§W
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m àH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va {dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo AmnUmg....
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MrZMm amOH$s` B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoUo.
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MrZ _Yrb KQ>ZmË_H$ ~Xb Aä`mgUo.
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MrZMr gmå`dmXr aMZm d ñdê$n Aä`mgUo.
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MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m d¡{eï>çm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
1.1 àmñVm{dH$ …-
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E_.E. ^mJ-2 / B{Vhmg ....1
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ …A) Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r (KQ>ZmË_H$ B{Vhmg)
A{e`m I§S>mMm ~amM _moR>m ^mJ MrZZo ì`mnbm Amho. MrZMr _w»` ^y_r, _m§My[a`m, Am§Va _§Jmo{b`m
Am{U {g{H$`m§J Am{U {V~oQ> Ago nmM à_wI {d^mJ AmhoV. MrZMo joÌ\$i 9,56,000 Mm¡._r. Amho.
MrZ_Üò 5 ñdm`Îm àXoe d 22 àm§V AmhoV. MrZMr ^mfm MrZr Amho. MrZMr amOYmZr ~rqOJ Amho. MrZMo
d¡{eï>ç åhUOo MrZ _Üò EH$mM amOH$s` KamÊ`mMr gÎmm hmoVr. B.g. 1668 Vo 1643 `m H$mimV "q_J'
KamUo gÎmoda moVo. B.g 1644 Vo 1911 n`ªV "qMJ' amOKamÊ`mMr gÎmm hmoVr. "qMJ' KamUoho _m§Mw[a`Z d§emMo
à{VH$ Agë`mZo ~hþg§»` {MZr bmoH$m§Zm Vo naH$s` dmQ>V hmoVo. 17 ì`m eVH$mV "qMJ' KamÊ`mVrb amOmZr
{V~oQ>, pìhEVZm_, _§Jmo{b`m, H$mo[a`m `m eoOmaÀ`m amÁ`mZm MrZZo _m§S>{bH$ amï´>o ~Zdbr. `m H$mimVM A\y$Mo
`wÕ, Vm`qnJ ~§S>, ~m°Šga ~§S>, nmpíM_mË`mMm MrZ _Üò àdoe Pmbm B. _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm KS>ë`m. MrZÀ`m
àm{MZ, _Ü``wJrZ Am{U AmYw{ZH$ ebI§S>mV AZoH$ KamUr gÎmoda Ambr Am{U Jobr. MrZMm gm§ñH¥${VH$
{dH$mg Pmbm. na§Vw Am{W©H$, amOH$s` gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg hmody eH$bm Zmhr. "qMJ' KamÊ`mVrb eodQ>Mo dmag
Xþ~io R>abo. Ë`mMm amÁ` H$ma^mamda \$magm à^md am{hbm Zmhr. {~«Q>remÀ`m ~amo~a Pmboë`m `wÕmZo MrZMr
gÎmm {Ii{Iir Pmbr hmoVr. naXoer ì`mnmè`mZm gdbVr {Xë`m_wio Xoem§VJ©V AgUmao CÚmoJ VmoQ>çmV Ambo
hmoVo. MrZ hm H¥$fr àYmZ Xoe AgyZ gwÕm eoVrH$S>o \$mago bj {Xbo Zmhr. Ë`mVM _hmJmB©, _hmnwamMo VS>mIo
`m_wio OZVm amOoemhr {déÕ CR>md H$aÊ`mg {gÕ Pmbr hmoVr.
· MrZ_Yrb amOH$s` g§Kf© :
1861 _Üò Pr \|$J `m amÁ`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Vmo Xþ~im {ZKmë`m_wio Ë`mMm \$m`Xm eoOmar amï´>mZr
KoVbm. 1885 _Üò ~«÷Xoeeda {~«Q>remZr dM©ñd {_idbo. a{e`mZo _m§Mw[a`mÀ`m B©emÝòH$S>rb àXoe hñVJV
Ho$bm. \«$mÝgZo MrZer `wÕ H$ê$Z pìhEVZm_da Vm~m {_idbm. 1900 eVH$mV MrZMm ì`mnma B§½b§S>, O_©Zr,
a{e`m, BQ>br, \«$mÝg, OnmZ `m amï´>mer Pmbm. `m amï´>mÀ`m g§nH$m©_wio MrZ_Yrb amOoemhr emgZ nÕVr
MrZbm {H$Vr YmoH$mXmm`H$ Amho `mMr MrZr bmoH$m§Zm Om{Ud Pmbr.
H$m§J-`w-drb `mZo VËH$mbrZ amÁ`mer g§nH©$ H$ê$Z àemgH$s`, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yabm. Ë`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ gwYmaUm H$m`©H«$_mg JVr òdy bmJbr. H$m§JÀ`m
à`ËZmVyZ g_«mQ> Hw$Am§JËgw `mZo "gwYmaUmMm Om{haZm_m' (Reforms Edicts) Kmo{fV H$ê$Z {d{dY joÌmV
gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. bmoH$à{V{ZYrÀ`m ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. "noqH$J {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
OZVobm d¥ÎmnÌ d _wÐU ñdmV§Í` ~hmb Ho$bo. Zm¡Xb A°H°$S>_r ñWmnZ Ho$br. MrZr àm§VmMr nwZa©MZm Ho$br. H|$Ð
emgZmMm H$ma^ma nmhmÊ`mg ~mam ImË`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. VWmnr àñWm{nV _hmamUr PwËgrZo `mbm {damoY
Ho$bm. g_«mQ> Hw$Am§JËgwbm AQ>H$ Ho$br d H$mJ-`w-dr Zo XoeË`mJ Ho$bm. VrZ _{hÝ`mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV hr
Midi g§nïw >mV Ambr. _mÌ `m à{H«$ò_i
w o MrZr g_mOmbm nmíMmË` gwYmaUmMr _hVr nQ>br. OZ OmJ¥Vr hmodZy
~m°Šga nmíd©^y_r V`ma Pmbr.
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· ~m°Šga CR>md (1900) :
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r MrZ_Üò _ð>r `wÕmMr bT>mdy Xbo V`ma Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr ~m°Šg CR>md
KS>dyZ AmUbm. Ë`mbm AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV. {deofV: eoVH$ar H$m_JmamMm Ag§Vmof àOodarb H$amMm ~moOm,
nya, XþîH$mimMo g§H$Q>, emgZ H$Ë`m©Mm gwYmaUobm {damoY, naH$s`mMo Am{W©H$ emofU `m_wio MrZr g_mOmÀ`m
_ZmV àM§S> Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmbm. 1899 _Üò em§Qw>J àm§VmV n{hbm CR>md Pmbm. VoWrb amÁ`nmbmZo
H«$m§{VH$maH$mZm nmR>t~m {Xbm. Ë`mMo bmoZ noH$s¨J n`ªV nmohmoMbo. g_«mQ> Hw$Am§JËgw d amUr PwËgrZo {ghmgZmMm
Ë`mJ Ho$bm. {~«Q>Z, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr, a{e`m `m§Zr CR>md XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. _m§My g¡Ý`mMm nam^d
Ho$bm. em§VVm àñWm{nV Pmbr. nU Ë`mMr qH$_V ~m°Šga VhmVyZ MrZda bmXbr. MrZr g_«mQ>mZr 45 H$moQ>r
V¡b EdT>r àM§S> I§S>Ur naH$s`m§Zm {Xbr. _mÌ OZVoÀ`m `m AnèmVyZM 1911 À`m àOmgÎmmH$ H«$m§VrMm OÝ_
Pmbm.
· S>m°. gZ² `VgoZ Am{U Ho${_Q>m§J nj (1911 Mr àOmgÎmmH$ H«$m§Vr) :
MrZÀ`m amï´>dmXr B{VhmgmVrb hr n{hbr èñdr H«$m§Vr hmoVr. VrZo eVH$mZweVH$mMr _m§My amOoemhr
g§nwï>mV AmUbr Am{U àOmgÎmmH$mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1905 _Üò OnmZ gma»`m N>moQ>çm amï´>mZo a{e`mMm
nam^d Ho$bm. `mVyZ MrZÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm àoaUm {_imbr. nmíMmË` {ejUmMm à^md nS>bm. naH$s` XoemH$Sy>Z
hmoUmar byQ> {nidUyH$ Wmon{dÊ`mg _mMy amOdQ> Aeñdr Pmbr. `mMm n[aUm_ _m§My amOdQ>r {déÕ JwßV
g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmë`m. 1910 _Üò S>m°. gZ²_VgoZ `m§Zr {nnëg Z°eZb nmQ>u ñWmnZ Ho$br. nwT>o `mM njmbm
H$moq_eJ ho Zm§d XoÊ`mV Ambo. 1911 _Üò gZ²EVgoZ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Z°eZb nmQ>uZo H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z _m§My
amOdQ>rMm eodQ> Ho$bm. `mVyZ S>m°. gZ²`VgoZ MrZMo AÜ`j Pmbo d Ë`m§Zr MrZ àOmgÎmmH$ Pmë`mMr KmofUm
Ho$br.
S>m°. gZ²_VgoZ `m§Zr {nnëg Z°eZb nmQ>uMr VrZ _hÎdmMr CÔï>o gm§{JVbr. Or gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vrg
Cn`wŠV hmoVr. Ë`mVrb n{hbo C{Ôï> amï´>dmX `m§VyZ amï´>r` OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U ñdXoe{^_mZ dmT>{dZo.
{deofV: MrZ, _m§My, _§Jmo{b`Z, VwH$s©, {V~oQ>r`Z, hmZ `m§Mo EH$ amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aUo. naH$s`m§Mo dM©ñd, à^md
PwJmê$Z XoUo. A§VJ©V Xþhr H$_r H$aUo. Xþgao CÔrð> OZVoMo hŠH$ ñdmV§Í` Am{U bmoH$emhr _yë`mZm _hÎd XoUo.
emgZH$Ë`mªMr {ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z H$aUo. Ë`mÀ`mda OZVoMo {Z`§ÌU Agmdo. S>m°. gZ²`VgoZ `m§Zr ho bmoH$emhr
nmM à_wI Im§~ _mZbo hmoVo. H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`nm{bH$m, narjm {d^mJ, Am{U {Z`§ÌU
{d^mJ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdm. {Vgao CÔrï> g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm, bmoH$m§Mm CXa{Zdm©h, ^y{_Mo nwZ©{d^mOZ,
CÚmoJY§ÚmMo amï´>r`H$aU EHy$UM ho CÔrï> gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmg§~§Yr hmoVo. `m CÔrð>mda _mŠg© bo{ZZMm à^md
hmoVm. amOH$s` bmoH$emhr d Am{W©H$ bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV H$aUo ho {VMo CÔrð> hmoVo. H$moq_Q>mJ njmMr
nwZ©a~m§YUr H$ê$Z amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r MrZr gmå`dmXr njmMm gh`moJ KSy>Z AmUZo ho CÔrï>
hmoVo. a{e`mÀ`m gmå`dmXr ì`dñWoMm AÜ`j H$aÊ`mg S>m°. gZ²_VgoZ `m§Zr M±H$-H¡$-eoH$bm a{e`mbm
nmR>{dbo. M±J-H¡$-eoH$ a{e`mbm Jobo. Ë`m§Zr Aä`mg H$ê$Z {_bQ>ar A°H°$S>_r ñWmnZ Ho$br. Am{U 1921
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_Üò MrZ _Üò H$å`w{ZñQ> njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. _mAmoËgoVw§J ho VrMo g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` hmoVo. 12 _mM© 1925
amoOr S>m°. gZ²_VgoZ `m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
· M±J-H¡$-eoH$Mo ZoV¥Ëd :
S>m°. gZ²_VgoZ `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va H$mo{_§Q>mJ njmMr gd© O~m~Xmar M±J da òdyZ nS>br. a{e`mMm dmT>Vm
à^md bjmV KodyZ M±JZo H$å`w{Zï> H$mo{_§Q>mJ `wVrbm {damoY Ho$bm. 1925 À`m gw_mamg MrZr amï´>dmXmMr
pñWVr Ho${dbdmmUr hmoVr. S>m°. gZ²_VgoZMm _¥Ë`y, bîH$amMo AamOH$ d gmå`dmXr a{e`mMm à^md `m
H$maUm_wio M±J AñdñW Pmbm. Ë`mZo n[apñWVrer Y¡`m©Zo Vm|S> {Xbo. ñQ>°{bZ d bo{ZZo _moR>çm YyV©nUo M±Jbm
{damoY Ho$bm Zmhr. {MZ _Üò gmå`dmXr à^md dmT>{dÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`mgmR>r M±Jbm OnmZ {damoYr
H$madmB©V bîH$ar d Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$br. M±Jbm nmR>t~m {Xbm. 1925-26 _Üò M±JZo {R>H${R>H$mUmMr bîH$ar
CR>md H$ê$Z gd© àm§VmV Amnbr gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$br. Am{U H$moq_Q>mJMo gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$bo. 1928-49 n`ªV
Vmo MrZÀ`m amï´>r` gaH$maMm AÜ`j hmoVm. MrZ_Yrb amOH$s` AamOH$ Zï> H$ê$Z M±JZo pñWa amï´>r` gaH$maMr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m H$m_r Ë`mbm njmZo d AZoH$ bîH$a ehmOr _XV Ho$br. øm XmoZ KamÊ`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV
Ë`mZo H$m`©j_ àemgZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z ì`mnma, CÚmoJ, XiUdiU, MbZ d {ejU joÌmV _hÎdnyU©
gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. MrZr g§ñH¥$VrZo nwZéÁOrdZ Ho$bo. O_©ZrÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr 30,000 g¡Ý`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.
MrZ_Üò H$å`w{Zï> njmMm dmT>Vm à^md amoIÊ`mgmR>r ""M±H$-H¡$-eoH$ ewÕrH$aU _mo{h_'' gwê$ Ho$br.
H$å`w{Zï> H$m_Jma, H$m`©H$V}, eoVH$ar Aem H$å`w{Zð> {dMmamer g§~§YrV AgUmè`m AS>rM bmI bmoH$m§Mr
hË`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr. M±H$-H¡$-eoH$À`m H$å`w{Zð> {damoYr H$madm`m_wio H$moq_Q>mJ nj Am{U H$å`w{Zï> nj
`m§À`mV _VôX {Z_m©U Pmbo.
· MrZ_Yrb gmå`dmX d _mAmo :
S>m°. gZ_V goZ `m§À`m {ÌgyÌr H$m`©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mV M°J-H¡$-eoH$ `m§Zm Anè Ambo. bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV
Ag§Vmof dmT>V Jobm. Xaå`mZ 1921 _Üò H$å`w{Zï> njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr hmoVr. _mAmo Ë`mMo g§ñWmnH$ gXñ`
hmoVo. 1922 _Üò {MZr g_mOdmXr njmZo "H$å`w{Zï> B§Q>aZ°eZb' Mo g^mgXËd ñdrH$mabo. M±J-Ho$-eoH$ À`m
H$å`w{Zð> {damoYr YmoaUm_wio _mAmo Ëgo Vw§J `m§Zr hþZmZ àm§VmV eoV _OyamMo g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z _moR>m CR>md KS>dyZ
AmUbm. Ë`mZ§Va _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J ho gmå`dmXr njmMo _moR>o ZoVo Pmbo
_mAmo Ëgo Vw§J `m§À`mda H$_Ýâ`w{eAgÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm à^md hmoVm. _mŠg©À`m {dMmamZo Vo à^mdrV
Pmbo hmoVo. _mŠg©À`m gd© J«§WmMo Ë`mZo dmMZ Ho$bo hmoVo. {deofV: _mŠg©À`m "H$å`w{Zï> _°{Z\o$ñQ>mo' `m Ë`mÀ`m
OrdZmda Imob à^md nS>bm hmoVm. _mŠg©dmXmdarb Ë`mMr {Zð>m nŠH$s Pmbr hmoVr. H$mo{_Q>m§Jer g§Kf© H$ê$Z
_mAmoZo bmb goZoÀ`m gmømZo gmå`dmXr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br. hþZmZ àm§VmV H$moq_JQ>m§J d M°H$-H¡$-eoH$
`m§À`mer g§nH©$ H$aVmZm {VWë`m n[apñWVrMm Ë`m§À`m OdiyZ g§~§Y Ambm. Ë`mda Ë`mZo "hþZmZ à~§Y'
{b{hbm. Ë`mV Ë`mZo eoV_OyamZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m Ag§Vmofmbm g§KQ>rV Ho$bo. J{Z_r H$mì`mZo bT>Ê`mMo V§Ì
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{dH${gV Ho$bo. 1931 Am{Id {MZr gopìhEQ> H$m±J«ogMm Vmo à_wI åhUyZ bmoH$m§Zr Ë`mMr {ZdS> Ho$br. 1935
À`m gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m g§_obZmV Ë`mMr bmb goZoMm (bîH$ar) goZm{YH$mar åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Amb.r
{H$`m§Jgr àm§VmVrb eoVH$è`mZm Ë`mZo EH$Ì Ho$bo. Ë`mMo O{_ZrMo dmQ>n Am{U Ë`mÀ`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mbm
dmMm \$moS>br. _mAmoMm à^md amoIÊ`mgm§r M±J-H¡$-eoH$ Zo {H$`m§Jgr àm§Vmbm doT>m KmVbm. _mAmoZo "bm±J
_mM©' H$mTy>Z {H$`m§Jgr àm§VmVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo. gmå`dmXmMm àMma Am{U àgma H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. MrZr
OZVoZo H$å`w{Zð> njmbm nmqR>~m {Xbm. 1935 _Üò H$å`w{Zï> njmÀ`m ~¡R>H$sV _mAmobm njmMo AÜ`j åhUyZ
{Z`wŠV Ho$bo. bm±J _mM©Ûmao _mAmoZo {MZr H$å`w{Zï> njmbm doJir AmoiI {Xbr.
1837 _Üò OnmZZo {MZda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. `m AmH«$_Umbm Vm|S> XoUo {MZr gaH$mabm ^mJ nS>bo. MrZ
_YyZ OnmZbm hmH$bbo. hm M±J-H¡$-eoH$Mm Ë`m H$mimV EH$_od CÔoe hmoVmo. na§Vw OnmZbm MrZ ~mhoa KmbdUo
Am{U M¡H$-H¡$-eoH$bm gÎmoVyZ KmbdUo Ago XmoZ CÔoe {MZr H$å`w{Zï> njmnwT>o hmoVo. _mAmoZo-bm°J _mM© Ûmao
MrZMm àXoe H$å`w{Zï> njmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUbm. 1945 _Üò Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmV OnmZZo eaUmJVr
ñdrH$mabr. Ë`m_wio OnmZbm MrZ_YyZ hþgH$mdyZ bmdÊ`mMr g§Yr MrZr ZoË`m§Zm {_imbr. OnmZZo H$m~rO
Ho$boë`m àXoemda Vm~m {_i{dÊ`mg H$å`w{Zï> nj nwT>o gagmdbm. `mVyZ _mAmoMm H$å`w{Zï> nj d M±J-H¡$eoH$ `m§Mm H$moq_Q>mJ nj `mÀ`mV g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm.
a{e`mMm nmqR>~m H$å`w{Zï> njmbm hmoVm. Va M±J-H¡$-eoH$ `m§Zm A_o[aHo$Mm nmqR>~m hmoVm. `m g§Kfm©V
M±J-H¡$-eoH$ d Ë`m§Mm H$mo{_Q>m§J nj `mMm nam^d Pmbm. M±J-H¡$-eoH$ `m§Zm V¡dmZ ~amo~a MrZMr ^y{_H$m
gmoSy>Z Omdo bmJbo. {VWo OmdyZ M±J H¡$ `m§Zr amï´>r` MrZ ho amÁ` d gaH$ma ñWm{nV Ho$bo. Va _mAmo `m§Zr 1
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1949 amoOr MrZ ho H$å`w{Zï> àOmgÎmmH$ amï´> ~Zë`mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo. AemàH$mao OJmÀ`m amOH$s`
ZH$memda XmoZ MrZ ApñVËdmV Ambo. _mAmo ho {MZMo gdm}ÀM ZoVo R>abo. H$å`w{Zï> njmZo _mAmoMr amï´>mÜ`j
d Mm¡Z-E-bm°` `mMr n§VàYmZ åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br. {MZ ho àOmgÎmmH$ amÁ` Agë`mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo.
· MrZÀ`m g§{dYmZmMo ñdê$n
Nature of Constitution :
MrZ _Yrb J¥h`wÕmV _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr gmå`dmXr njmbm {dO` àmßV Pmbm. 1949
_Üò _moAmoÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr gmå`dmXr emgZmg gwadmV Pmbr. na§Vw a{e`mÀ`m YVuda gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr
_mAmobm Ano{jV ZìhVr. Ë`mÀ`m _VmZwgma ""Amnë`m XoemVrb dmñVd H«$m§VrMm Am{U H«$m§VrZ§Va n[apñWVrMm
_oi Kmbmd`mg hdm'' Agm _mAmo `mMm Ñï>rH$moZ hmoVm. O{_ZXmamH$S>rb O{_Z {hgH$mdyZ KodyZ {VMo Jar~
eoVH$è`m§Zm dmQ>n Aer bo{ZZ à{UV a{e`mVrb H«$m§VrMr {Xem hmoVr. Va _mAmoZo MrZ _Üò eoVH$è`m§Mo
g§KQ>Z, g¡Ý`mMr J{Z_r H$mì`mZo bT>mB©, eoVH$ar Am{U O{_ZXma `m§À`mV gJiçm O{_ZrMo gmaIo dmQ>n `mVyZ
H«$m§Vr nwT>o Zobr d èñdr H$ê$Z XmIdbr. ""Omo eoVH$è`m§Zm qOH$Vmo Vmo {MZr amï´> qOH$Vmo'' ho _mAmoMo
{~«XdmŠ` hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV a{e`mV H$m_JmamÀ`m gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vrda â hmoVm Va {MZ_Üò eoVH$ar H$m_Jma
`m§Zm ~amo~a KodyZ gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr H$aÊ`mda â {Xbm hmoVm. _mAmoZo "{nnëg S>o_m°H«$gr' Ago Zm§d {Xbo Agbo
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Var H$å`w{Zï> njmMr hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U Ho$br. MrZMr Am{W©H$ g_Voda aMZmË_H$ nwZ©~m§YUr H$aÊ`mda â
{Xbm. _mAmoZo gd© O{_Zr emgZmÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m Ho$ë`m. Ë`m gmR>r H¥$fr gwYmaUm H$m`Xm H$ê$Z n§Mdm{f©H$
`moOZmZm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dMmamda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. XoemV 25 hOma H$å`wÝgMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o A§_b~OmdUrMr O~m~Xmar gmondbr. Aem {dMmagaUrÀ`m nmíd©^y_rVyZ _mAmo `m§Zr
H$å`w{Zï> àOmgÎmmH$ MrZMr amÁ`ì`dñWm ~m§Ymd`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. 1949 Z§Va àW_ "amOH$s` gëbmJma
_§S>i' Political Consultative Conference C^mabo Jobo. `mV amOH$s` nj g¡Ý`, {d{dY àXoe,
Aëng§»`m§H$ bmoH$, bmoH${à` g§ñWm `m gdmªMo 585 à{V{ZYr hmoVo. `mM _§S>imV _Vm{YH$ma ZgUmè`m 77
g^mgXm§Mmhr g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Aer EHy$a 662 gXñ` g§»`m AgUmè`m _§himZo H$å`w{Zï>
MrZgmR>r VmËnwaVo g§{dYmZ V`ma Ho$bo Vo5 dfm©gmR>r hmoVo.
· 1954 Mo n{hbo g§{dYmZ :
OmZodmar 1953 _Üò "H|${Ð` OZ àemgZ n[afXoZo' 33 g^mgXm§Mr EH$ g§{dYmZ g{_Vr {Z`wŠV Ho$br.
Ë`mMo AÜ`jñWmZ _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J `m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. _mM© 1954 bm g§{dYmZ g{_VrMm _gwXm V`ma Pmbm.
Vmo OZ_mÝ`VogmR>r R>odÊ`mV Ambm. `m _gwÚmMm gwYm[aV {Vgam àñVmd 9 gßQ>|~a 1954 bm H|${Ð` OZ
àemgZ n[afXoZo _mÝ` Ho$bm. `m àñVmdmbm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo 20 gßQ>|~a 1954 bm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
gmå`dmXr MrZMo n{hbo g§{dYmZ 4 Zmoìh|~a 1954 nmgyZ A§_bmV Ambo. 1954 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m
hmodyZ 1200 amï´>r` bmoH$gôVrb gX²ñ`m§Zr Vrbm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
g§nyU© {MZMr EH${dg àm§VmV d XmoZ hOma {OëhçmV {d^mJUr Ho$br. `m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr H$mhr d¡{eï>ço
AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo
1) {b{IV g§{dYmZ :
1954 Mo g§{dYmZ ho {b{IV AgyZ Vo Ho$di 106 AZwÀN>oXmV {b{hbo Amho. AZwÀN>oX 1 à_mUo {MZ
ho l{_H$ H$m_Jma, eoV_Oya `m§Mo amÁ` Agob Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. gm_«mÁèmhr, ga§Om_emhr, ^m§S>dbemhr
`mnmgyZ {MZ ho amï´> _wŠV Pmbo Ago ñnï> Ho$bo. g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aUo ho {VMo CÔrï> Agob. MrZr
^mfoV gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm g_Oob Aem gmoß`m eãXmV Vo {b{hbo Amho.
2) g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWm :
_mAmoZo Amnë`m bmoH$emhr emgZmMo ñdê$n `wamonr` ^m§S>dbmer Am{U a{e`Z gmå`dmX `m§À`m nojm
doJio R>odbo. `wamonr` bmoH$emhrV l{_H$mMm dmQ>m H$_r Amho. Am{U a{e`Z emgZmV eoVH$è`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd
Zmhr. MrZ _Üò l{_H$ eoVH$ar hmM amï´>mMm H$Um Agë`mZo H$å`w{Zï> njmMr gyÌo eoVH$è`m§À`m hmVr
AgmdrV. Ë`mVyZ àOmgÎmmH$ eoVH$è`m§Mr hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U hmoB©b. `m emgZmV O{_ZXma ^m§S>dbXma d
EH$m{YH$maehmZm ñWmZ Zgob. Ho$di H$m_Jma eoVH$è`m§Zm ^mfU Am{U {dMma ñdmV§Í`mMm d _VXmZmMm
A{YH$ma Agob BVa g_mO KQ>H$ H«$m§VrMo d `m àOmgÎmmH$ emgZmMo {damoYH$ g_yOZ H$mbm¡KmV Zï> Ho$bo
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OmVrb. àma§^r H$å`w{Zï> njmMo à^wËg Agob. H$mbm§VamZo Aem emgZmMr JaO ^mgUma Zmhr. gd© gm_mÝ`
eoVH$ar à{V{ZYrMr n[afX amÁ`H$ma^ma gm§^miob. _mAmoZo `mbm OZVoMr bmoH$emhr People Democracy Ago Zmd {Xbo.
3) bmoH$gÎmmH$ H|$ÐdmX :
MrZMo JUamÁ` bmoH$gÎmmH$ H|${ÐH$aUmÀ`m VÎdmda Cô Amho. bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr AgUmar amï´>r` OZ
H$m±J«og {Z_m©U Ho$br. VrMm H$mbmdYr Mma dfm©Mm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. dfm©VyZ XmoZXm A{YdoeZ â{dÊ`mMr
VaVyX Ho$br. gXñ`, AÜ`j, CnmÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$aVrb. X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mO nmhmÊ`mg _§Ìr_§S>i Am{U Ë`mMr
g{_Vr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmB©b. Ë`mda àOmgÎmmH$Mm AÜ`j, _§Ìr_§S>imMm AÜ`j, n§VàYmZ, Cnn§VàYmZ `m§Mo
{Z`§ÌU hmoVo. bîH$a d g§ajUmgmR>r amï´>r` gwajm g{_Vr Am{U Ý`m`XmZmgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m` nm{bHo$Mr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. øm{edm` gdm}ÀM amÁ`n[afX d H$å`w{Zï> nm°{bQ> ã`wamo `m {eIa g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. `m
XmoÝhr g§ñWmMm AÜ`j _mAmo hmoVm. _mAmo ñdV: amï´>à_wI, nj à_wI, àOmgÎmmH$mMm AÜ`j, g§ajU
g{_VrMm AÜ`j d amÁ` n[afXoMm AÜ`j hmoVm. hm bmoH$emhrMm gm§JmS>m C^m Ho$bm Agbm Var àË`jmV
gmå`dmXr nm°{bQ> ã`wamo Am{U _mAmo `m§À`m hmVmV gÎmm hmoVr. {damoYH$mMo AñVrËd Zï> Ho$bo. amï´>mÀ`m
CÞVrgmR>r H$å`w{Zï> njmMr H$R>moa hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U Ho$br.
4) _yb^yV A{YH$ma d H$V©ìò :
MrZ _Üò AZoH$ d§{e` bmoH$ amhmV Agë`m_wio d§{e` gbmo»`mMo gdmªZm AmídmgZ {Xbo Amho. gdmªZm
Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr, {bnr, ^mfm OnÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo Amho. 18 df} nyU© AgUmè`m ór-nwéfm§Zm _VXmZmMm
A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. gdmªZm g_mZ {dH$mgmMr g§Yr {Xbr Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`
gÎmobm _hÎd {Xbo Amho. A{YH$mamV ór-nwéf g_mZVm, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`, {ejU, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
g_m{dï> Ho$bm Amho. H$V©ì`mV XoemMo g§ajU, H$m`Xm nmbZ, H$a XoU,o gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMr gwajm, Aëng§»`m§H$mMo
g§ajU `mMm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. WmoS>Š`Vm `m amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma (1958 Vo 1975) n`ªV `m H$mimV
amÁ`H$ma^ma, àemgZ Mmbbo ho g§H«$_UH$mbrZ g§{dYmZ _mZbo. gmå`dmXr ì`dñWm àñWm{nV Pmë`mda Zì`m
g§{dYmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQy> bmJbr. åhUyZ 1975 _Üò Xþgao g§{dYmZ V`ma Ho$bo.
· 1875 Mo Xþgao g§{dYmZ :
_mAmoZo gmå`dmXmMm àgma hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ nwZd©gZ, n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, H$å`wÝgMm à`moJ Ago
H$m`©H«$_ am~{dbo. 1960-64 À`m H$mbmV {MZr AW©ì`dñVoda COì`m àd¥ÎmrÀ`m {bZ {_Amo, {bAmo
emAmoMr gma»`mMo àm~ë` {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. njmV d¡Mm[aH$ g§Kf©hr dmT>rg bmJbm hmoVm. "_mAmoZo ""e§â
\w$bo \y$b Úm'' VgoM "VmamB© nmogyZ {eH$m' òWrb H$m_JmamMo CËnmXZ ârd ñdê$nmMo {ZîH$m_ H$_© Agë`m_wio
`m KmofUm XodyZ g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm ÑT>_yb H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. 1965 Vo 1870 `m H$mimV gm§ñH¥${VH$
H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr. MrZMr {dMmagaUr _mAmodmXr ~Zbr. gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§{V_wio Pmboë`m n[adV©ZmMr XIb
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KodyZ Zì`m g§{dYmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQy> bmJbr. n[aUm_Vm 1975 À`m OmZodmarV gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m H|o${Ð`
g{_VrÀ`m A{YdoeZmV gwYmarV g§{dYmZmMm {dMma Pmbm. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ognwT>o àñVmd R>odyZ 1975 _Üò
Ë`mg _mÝ`Vm {_imbr. åhUyZ Ë`mg 1975 Mo g§{dYmZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`mMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo· 1975 Mo g§{dYmZ :
1) àmñVm{dH$ : g§{dYmZmÀ`m àñVm{dH$mg gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrZo H$m` gmÜ` Ho$bo `mMr _m§S>Ur
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. g_mOdmX àñVm{nV Pmbm Agbm Var ^m§S>dbmhr d gm_«mÁ`dmXmH$Sy>Z YmoH$m Amho.
Ë`mgmR>r H$m_JmamMr AIoa EH$OyQ> _hÎdmMr Amho.
2) {b{IV d g§{jßV amÁ`KQ>Zm : Zì`m àñVmdZog Ad¿`m Mma àH$ënmV ho g§{dYmZ am{hbo
Amho. `mV EHy$U Vrg H$b_o AmhoV.
3) n§VàYmZmMo _hÎd : `m Zì`m g§{dYmZmZwgma {MZr àOmgÎmmH$mÀ`m AÜ`jnXmMr g_mßVr
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Am{U n§VàYmZmMo _hÎd dmT>{dbo.
4) gmå`dmXr njmMm à^md dmT>dbm : gmå`dmXr nj hm MrZr OZVoMm _mZq~Xÿ g_Obm Omdy
bmJbm. H$m_JmamMo ZoV¥Ëd emgZg§ñWoda am{hb. gmå`dmXr njmMo {Z`§ÌU emgZmda amhrb. g_mOdmXr
ì`dñWobm nmofH$ Am{U nyaH$ Ý`m`ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br. EH$mË_ egmZ nÕVr, {Z_m©U H$ê$Z d àm§VmZm
amÁ`mVyZ \w$Qy>Z {ZKÊ`mda ~§Xr KmVbr.
1978 Mo g§{dYmZ :
1978 Mo g§{dYmZ g§{jßV Agë`m_wio amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aV AgVmZm gmå`dmXr njmMr dma§dma _XV
¿`mdr bmJbr. njloð>tMm gëbm ¿`mdm bmJbm. `m ÌwQ>rMm {dMma H$aÊ`mg amï´>r` OZn[afXoZo EH$ g{_Vr
{Z`wŠVr Ho$br. `m g{_VrZo Zdo g§{dYmZ V`ma Ho$bo. 1976 _Üò _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J `m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. Am{U
MrZMr gÎmm gyÌo hþAm-Hw$Amo-\|$J `m§À`mH$S>o Ambr. Ë`mÀ`m ZoV¥fËdmImbr Zdr amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambr.
5 _mM© 1978 bm Zì`m g§{dYmZmg _mÝ`Vm {_imbr. `m g§{dYmZmV àñVmdZogh Mma ^mJmV Am{U
Ho$di AmR> H$b_m§V {b{hbo Jobo. 1954 À`m g§{dYmZmnojm H$b_ 1975 À`m g§{dYmZmnojm _moR>o d
{dñVmarV WmoS>r gwYmaUm ñdê$nmMr Amd¥Îmr hmo`.
`m g§{dYmZmZo nwÝhm g_mOdmXmMm nwZ©CÀMma Ho$bm. H$m_Jma dJm©Mr hþHy$_emhr A{YH$ ÑT> Ho$br.
"Omo H$m_ H$aUma Zmhr Ë`mbm ^mH$ar Zmhr.' ho VÎd _mÝ` Ho$bo Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m nmÌVoZwgma Ë`mÀ`m
H$m`m©Mr gm§JS> KmVbr. H$m_JmamÀ`m gm_y{hH$ _mbH$sMo VËd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo. àËòH$mZo àm_m{UH$
H$m_ H$ê$Z CËnÝZmV dmT> Ho$br nm{hOo. EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo _§S>img _mÝ`Vm XodyZ Ë`mMo A{YH$ma dmT>{dbo.
amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm (H$m`Xo_§S>img) g§{dYmZmV XþéñVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm.
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_b^yV A{YH$ma H$V©ì` `mMr VaVyX Ho$br. VgoM d¡`pŠVH$ _mb_ÎmoMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. H$m_mVyZ
Pmbobr H$m`Xoera H$_mB©, ~MV, KQ> d BVa OrdZ OJÊ`mMr gmYZo hr d¡`pŠVH$ _mb_Îmm hmo`. `m
g§nÎmrÀ`m AmYmamda BVamMr {nidUyH$ H$aVm òUma Zmhr. 1978 Mo g§{dYmZ gwÕm bhmZ dmQy> bmJbo.
Ë`mV ÌyQ>r hmoË`m. Ë`mVyZ Zì`m g§{dYmZmMm {dMma hmody bmJbm.
~) MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço :
· àmñVm{dH$ :
1954, 1975, 1978 Ago VrZ doim {MZÀ`m g§{dYmZmV ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. _mAmoËgo Vw§J,
Mm¡Z-EZ²-bm` `m§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va MrZ_Üò EH$ nmoH$ir {Z_m©U Pmbr. VgoM {MZÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmgmR>r
Am{U CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U A{YH$mamMo H|${ÐH$aU Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Zì`m g§{dYmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm
dm bmJbr. 21 E{àb 1982 amoOr amï´>r` KQ>ZmË_H$ g{_VrZo MrZ àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ`mMm Zdm _gwXm
V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`mbm OZVoMr _mÝ`Vm KoÊ`mV Ambr. 4 {S>g|~a 1982 amoOr nmMì`m amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogZo
Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. 1982 Mo MrZr àOmgÎmmH$ ho Mm¡Wo g§{dYmZ Amho.
1) {b{IV Am{U gwYmarV g§{dYmZ :
_mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va 1954, 1975,, 1978 Aem VrZ doim
amÁ`KQ>ZoMr nwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. YmoaUmMr A§_b~OmdUr à^mdr ìhmdr åhUyZ 4 {S>g|~a 1982 amoOr
Mm¡Ï`m amÁ`KQ>Zobm nmMì`m amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.. n{hë`m VrZ g§{dYmZmMm {dMma H$ê$Z
Ë`mVrb ÌwQ>r Xÿa H$ê$Z Zì`m n[apñWVrer AZwê$n Ago Mm¡Wo g§{dYmZ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Zì`m g§{dYmZmV EHy$U Mma àH$aUo AmhoV. Am{U 138 H$b_o AmhoV. OwÝ`m g§{dYmZmÀ`m VwbZoV
ho g§{dYmZ {dñV¥V ñdénmMo Amho. n{hë`m àH$aUmV amÁ`ì`dñWoMr g¡Õm§VrH$ VËdo gm§{JVbr AmhoV.
Xþgè`m àH$aUmV ZmJ[aH$mMo AgUmao _wb^yV A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì` gm§{JVbr AmhoV. {Vgè`m àH$aUmV
emgH$s` g§ñWm H|$ÐemgZ ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm Ë`mMr aMZm g~§Y ñnï> Ho$bo AmhoV. Mm¡Ï`m àH$aUmV
amï´>ÜdO, amï´>JrV, amï´>r` {MÝh, amOYmZr g§~§YrMm C„oI Amho. WmoS>Š`Vm _mŠg©Mo {dMma S>m°. gZ_VgoZ
Am{U _mAmoÀ`m {dMmamMm {ÌdoUr g§J_ åhUOo {MZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm hmo`.
2) gaZm_m :
Mm¡Ï`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_mOdmXr g_mO aMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg amÁ`KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n H$go Agob. emgZ
ì`dñWm H$er Agob Am{U {VMo A§{V_ CÔrï>, Am{W©H$ g_Vm, àñWm{nV H$aUo ho Agob Ago ñnï> Ho$bo
Amho. `mgmR>r _mŠg©dmX, bo{ZZdmX, _mAmodmX `mMm g_Ýd` {MZÀ`m gaZmå`mV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
gaZmå`mV ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. _mŠg©Mo {dMma, bo{ZZMm d _mAmoMm g_mOdmX (gmå`dmX) àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r {MZ _Yrb gd© emgH$s` g§ñWm, H$å`w{Zï> nj, {MZ _Yrb àOmgÎmmH$m§Mo ZmJ[aH$ gVV
à`ËZerb AgVrb. eoVH$ar H$m_Jma dJm©Mo ZoV¥Ëd Agob. H$å`w{Zï> njmMr hþHy$_emhr (bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$)
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nÕVrMr Agob. JUamÁ` àñWm{nV Ho$bo OmB©b. MrZ em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmV em§VVm
àñVm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arb. gm_«mÁ`dmX, dgmhVdmX, ^m§S>dbmhrbm {MZMm {damoY Agob. amï´>r`
ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r à`ËZerb AgUmè`m amï´>mg {MZMm nmR>t~m amhrb. ñdV§Ì XoemMm nañna gÝ_mZ, g_mZVm,
àma§{^H$ AI§S>Ëd, AhñVjon, AZmH«$_U, g_mZ H$m`Xm, em§VVm_` ghOrdZ ho MrZÀ`m naamï´>r`
YmoaUmMo gyÌ Agob.
3) n[aÑT> amÁ`KQ>Zm :
amÁ`KQ>ZoV ~XbË`m n[apñWVrMo à{Vq~~ Agbo nm{hOo. Ë`m gd© amÁ`KQ>ZoV ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr
à{H$«$`m Agmdr. amÁ`KQ>ZoV ghO ~Xb hmoV Agob Va {Vbm bd{MH$ amÁ`KQ>Zm Ago åhUVmV. Á`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoV ghO ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. {Vbm n[aÑfT> amÁ` KQ>Zm åhUVmV. gmå`dmX ho {MZMo C{Ôï> {ZpíMV
Pmë`m_wio g§{dYmZmV pñWaVm Agë`m{edm` Ë`mVrb C{Ôï>m§Mr nyV©Vm hmoUma Zmhr. _mÌ Amdí`H$VoZwgma
n[adV©ZmMr JaO bjmV KodyZ g§{dYmZ XþéñVrMr à{H«$`m H$R>rU ñdê$nmMr Ho$br Amho. {MZÀ`m 64 ì`m
H$b_mV KQ>Zm XþéñVrMr nÕV gm§{JVbr Amho. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m EHy$U g^mgX g§»òÀ`m EH$n§M_m§e
gXñ`m§Zr qH$dm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m ñWm`r g{_VrZo KQ>Zm XþéñVrMm àñVmd _m§S>bm. Am{U amï´>r` OZ
H$m±J«ogÀ`m 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo Vmo àñVmd _§Oya Pmë`mg KQ>Zm XþéñVr hmoVo.
Aem àH$maMr nÕV n[aÑT> dmQ>V Agbr Var MrZ _Üò H$å`w{Zï> njmMo dM©ñd Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>imV
{damoYr nj Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {damoY hmoV Zmhr. gmå`dmXr nj ghO ~Xb H$ê$Z AmUVmo.
4) àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ` :
Á`m amÁ` ì`dñWoV XoemMm gdm}ÀM OZVoH$Sy>Z {ZdS>bm OmVmo. Ë`mbm àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ` Ago
åhUVmV. MrZ_Üò amï´>mÜ`j, n§VàYmZ amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMo gXñ` OZVoH$Sy>Z {ZdS>bo OmVmV. MrZÀ`m
1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 2 Zwgma emgZmMr gÎmm bmoH$m_Üò {ZpíMV Ho$br Amho Ago ñnï> Ho$bo
Amho. amÁ`H$ma^ma àemgZmda bmoH$mMo Am{U bmoH$ à{V{ZYrMo {Z`§ÌU amhrb. Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo OZ
bmoH$emhr, bmoH$mÀ`m BÀN>oda C^r Agob Am{U Am{W©H$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo ho VrMo CÔrï> amhrb.
5) EH$mË_ emgZ ì`dñWm :
MrZ_Üò ~hþd§er` d ~hþY{_©` bmoH$ EH$Ì amhVmV. MrZMm AmH$ma d bmoH$g§»`m _moR>r Agbr Var
XoemV EH$mË_ emgZ ì`dñWm Amho. MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV MrZ ho AZoH§$der` JQ>mMo EH$mË_ amÁ`
Agë`mMo Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. d§{eH$ JQ>mV H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo \$aH$ H$aVm òUma Zmhr. g§{dYmZmZo gd©
A{YH$ma H|${Ð` emgZ ì`dñWoH$S>o gmon{dbo AmhoV. àemgH$s` gmoB©H$arVm Amdí`H$VoZwgma àm§VmZm,
ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWmZm H|$ÐmZo A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. Vo H|$ÐmÀ`m BÀN>oda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo
(ñWm`r g{_VrZo) Ho$boë`m H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo àËòH$mMo H$V©ì` Amho. àm§V ñdm`V àXoe,
ZJan[afXm, ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm `m§Zm ñdV§Ì A{YH$ma ZmhrV d H$m`ÚmVhr ~Xb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr.
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~Xb H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm AmhoV.
6) g_mOdmXr g§ñH¥$Vr :
MrZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr g_mOdmXr amhrb ho MrZÀ`m n{hë`m H$b_mV ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. _mŠg©dmX,
bo{ZZdmX Am{U _mAmoMm H|$ÐmË_H$ bmoH$emhrMm àË`` MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV òVmo. g_mOdmXr g_mO aMZm
{Z_m©U H$aUo ho {VMo C{Ôï> Amho. Ë`m_wio gmå`dmXr njmMr {Z{_©Vr, gmå`dmXr njmMo à^mdr d¡Mm[aH$
VÎdkmZ, OZgm_mÝ` _mUgmda {VMm à^md {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmV d¡`pŠVH$ {hV
gm_mdbo Amho ho g_OmdmXmMo gyÌ gdmªÀ`m _Zmda q~~dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `mgmR>r {ejU nÕVrV
A_ybmJ« ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. nma§nm[aH$ {ejU nÕVrMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm Amho. XoemMr ^m¡{VH$ d
Am{W©H$ CÞVr gmYUmao {ejU Úmdo. {ejUmMr l_mer gm§JS> Kmbmdr. eoVH$ar eoV _OyamZm {ejU
Úmdo. MrZÀ`m Zì`m g§{dYmZmZo g_mOdmX, AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m bmoH$emhr {gÕm§VmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm.
g_mOdmXr AÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {Z{_©VrgR>r Z¡{VH$ {ejUmMm àgma, d¡km{ZH$ AmXe©dmX Am{U
gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmVir dmT>{dUmè`m Zì`m {ejUmMm g_mdoe Agob. gd© CÚmoJ ì`dgm` d CËnmXZ gmYZo
g_mOmÀ`m _mbH$sMr AgVrb. `mo½`Vo à_mUo H$m_ d H$m_mà_mUo Xm_ {_iob. {Z`moOZ~Õ {dH$mgmg
_mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo g_mOdmXr ì`dñWoÀ`m {damoYr, ^m§S>dbemhrMo g_W©Z H$aUmao,
à{V{H«$`mdmXr XoeÐmohr `m§Zm amOH$s` A{YH$ma H$moUVohr {_iUma ZmhrV. Ë`mÀ`mda A{YH$ qZÌU R>odyZ
g_mOdmXr {dMmamMo Ë`m§Zm g_W©Z XoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo OmB©b. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV ImOJr _mbH$sbm
H$mhr à_mUmV _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. _mÌ CÚmoJ, ImUr, Obg§nÎmr, ì`mnma `mda XoemMr _mbH$s
Agob. _mÌ gm_w{hH$ VÎdmda AmYmarV ghH$mar bhmZ ì`dgm`, CÚmoJ H$aVm òVrb _mÌ Ë`mda emgZmMo
{Z`§ÌU Agob. ì`ŠVrbm, g§ñWobm Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMo emofU H$aUmao CÚmoJ H$aVm òUma ZmhrV ho ñnï> Ho$bo.
WmoS>Š`mV Am{W©H$ g_Voda AmYmarV emofU_wŠV g_mOmMo YmoaU MrZÀ`m g§{dYmZmMo Amho.
7) bmoH$emhr H|$ÐdmX :
1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$b_ VrZ ñnï> Cë„oI Ho$bm Amho. emgZmÀ`m gd© g§ñWm Am{U {d^mJmV
bmoH$emhr H|$ÐdmXmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm OmB©b. emgZmÀ`m H|$Ð d ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda AgUmè`m g§ñWm§À`m
_Üò bmoH$emhr nÕVrZo à{V{ZYrMr {ZdS> hmoB©b. _mÌ ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm H|$Ðr` emgZ ì`dñWoer O~m~Xma
amhÿZ H$m`© H$aVrb. H|$Ðr` ñVamda KoVboë`m {ZU©`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñWm{ZH$
nmVirnªV gdmªMr amhrb. ho àËòH$mMo H$V©ì` amhrb. MrZr ZmJ[aH$mg 18 df© nyU© AgUmè`m àËòH$mg
_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma amhrb. àËòH$ bmoH$emhr g§ñWoVrb à{V{ZYr Iwë`m MM}Ûmao {ZU©` KoVmV. Am{U
Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo H|$Ðr` nmVirda H$idbo OmVmV. amï´>r` ñVamdarb {ZU©`mMo nmbZ gdmªÀ`mda ~§YZH$mH$a
AgVo. H|$Ðr` nmVirdarb KoVboë`m {ZU©`mÀ`m {déÕ H¥$Vr qH$dm {damoYr _V ì`ŠV H$aVm òV Zmhr.
Vmo XoeÐmoh g_Obm OmVmo. Ë`mbm H$R>moa {ejm hmoVo. gmå`dmXr njmMr EH$njr` hþHy$_emhr Agë`m_wio
{damoYr nj AgV Zmhr. {damoYH$ AgV Zmhr. gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m nm°brQ>r ã`wamo_Üò gÎmoMo H|$ÐrH$aU
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Pmbobo AgVo. ì`dhmamV bmoemhr {XgV Agbr Var Ë`mÀ`m nS>ÚAmS> H$R>moa gmå`dmXr njmMo Omio
AgVo. Ë`mVyZ nm°brQ>r ã`wamo, amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMr ñWm`r g{_Vr `mÀ`m hmVmV gÎmm EH$dQ>bobr AgVo.
`mbmM H|$Ðr` bmoH$emhr dmX Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
8) gmå`dmXr nj :
_mŠg©Zo Amnë`m Xmg H°${nQ>b Am{U H$å`w{Zï> _°{Z\o$ñQ>mo `m J«§WmV gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrMo {MÌ aoImQ>bo
Amho. gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr hmoÊ`mg H$m_JmamZr EH$Ì Ambo nm{hOo. Ë`mÀ`mV EH$OyQ> Agbr nm{hOo. Am{W©H$
g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mg gmå`dmXr {dMmamda AmYmarV H$å`w{Zï> njmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho. bo{ZZ
Am{U ñQ>°{bZ `m§À`m H$mimV H$å`w{Zð> njmbm gmå`dmXmMo d¡Mm[aH$ A{Yð>mZ {Xbo. _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J
`m§À`m H$mimV H$å`w{Zð> nj hm gm_mÝ` eoVH$ar H$m_Jma `m§À`mn`ªV nmohmoMbm. gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr MrZ _Üò H«$m§Vr Pmbr. Am{U àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ` ñWmnZ Pmbo. åhUyZ 1982 À`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_mOdmXr njmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo Amho. Am{U BVa njmMo ApñVËd ZmH$mabo Amho.
H$maU gmå`dmXr g_mOaMZm H$aV AgVmZm BVa AgUmao nj à{VJm_r AgVmV. gmå`dmXr g_mO aMZoV
Vo AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio gmå`dmX {dMmamda Á`mMr AT>i lÕm Amho Aem bmoH$m§Zm
gmå`dmXr njmMo gX²ñ`Ëd {Xbo OmVo. _mŠg©dmXr, bo{ZZdmX, _mAmodmXr {dMmamMo d¡Mm[aH$ à{ejU
XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$å`w{Zï> nj H$aVmo. åhUyZ MrZÀ`m amOH$s` OrdZmV H$å`w{Zð> njmMo ñWmZ AT>i Amho.
hm nj amOH$s` Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {Xem XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmo. gmå`dmXr g_mO {Z_m©U
hmoB©n`ªV `m njmMo AñVrËd amhrb. gmå`dmX àñWm{nV Pmë`mZ§Va H$å`w{Zð>nj AmnmoAmn {déZ OmB©b
na§Vw gmå`dmX àñWm{V hmoB©n`ªV `m njmbm _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ AgUma Amho.
9) {d{Y_§S>imMo EH$M g_mJ¥h :
1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo EH$ J¥hr H$m`Xo _§S>imMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. KQ>Zm H$b_ 58 Zwgma amï´>r`
OZH$m±J«og EH$ J¥hr Agob Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. `m J¥hmVrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z àË`j-AàË`j
nÕVrZo nmM dfm©gmR>r Ho$br OmVo. MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo àm§V, ñdm`Îm àXoe `m§À`m à{V{ZYrgmR>r d[að>
J¥hmMr VaVyX H$o$br Zmhr. 18 df© nyU© AgUmè`m ZmJ[aH$mZm {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dÊ`mMm, ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _VXmZ
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. àm§VmVyZ AmR> bmI bmoH$g§»òbm EH$ d ñdm`V joÌ d ZJanm{bH$m `mVyZ nmM
bmI bmoH$ g§»òbm EH$ `m à_mUmV à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bo OmVmV. {dXoer {MZr ZmJ[aH$, Aëng§»`m§H$ OmVr
geó goZm `mVyZ H$mhr gXñ` {ZdS>bo OmVmV. {MZMr bmoH$g§»`m 133 H$moQ>rÀ`mda Amho. Ë`m_wio
30000 hOmamÀ`m Amgnmg amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og _Yrb gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m amhmVo. na§Vw H$m_H$mO nmhÊ`mgmR>r
ñWm`r g{_VrMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmVo. g§~§{YV ñWm`r g{_Vr {ZU©` KoVo. {deofV: H$m`Xm {Z{_©Vr, H$m`Xo
XþéñVr, H$m`©H$mar à_wIÀ`m {Z`wŠË`m§Zm _§Oyar XoUo `m gd© ~m~rZm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«gH$Sy>Z _§Oyar KoVbr
OmVo.
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10) H|$Ðr` bîH$a Am`moJmMo g§{dYmZmVrb ñWmZ :
Zì`m g§{dYmZmZo bîH$ar Am`moJ {Z_m©U Ho$bm Amho. `m Am`moJm_wio MrZr bîH$a H|$Ðr` emgZmÀ`m
{Z`§ÌUmImbr Ambo. nydu bîH$a gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr hmoVo. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og (H$m`Xo _§S>i)
H|$Ðr` Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$aVo. Vmo Amnë`m H$m`m©~Ôb amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm d {dlm§VrÀ`m
H$mimV ñWm`r g{_Vrbm O~mXma amhÿZ H$m`© H$aVmo. g¡Ý` à_wI Am{U amï´>r` gwa{jVVm n[afXoMm AÜ`j
AgVmo. EHy$U emgZ ì`dñWoV Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`jmMo ñWmZ _hÎdnyU© AgVo.
1) _wb^yV A{YH$ma d H$V©ì` :
KQ>Zm H$b_ 33 Vo 56 _Üò ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV A{YH$ma d H$V©ì`mMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
H$m`ÚmMo gdmªZm g_mZ g§ajU XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. _yb^yV hŠH$m~amo~a H$V©ì`mMr H$R>moa Om{Ud MrZÀ`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoV KmbyZ {Xbr Amho. Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma gdmªZm {Xbo AmhoV. _mÌ Xþgè`mMo emofU hmoB©b Aem
ñdê$nmMo A{YH$ma Hw$Umbmhr {Xbo ZmhrV. àËòH$mbm H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`mM à_mUo
{dlm§VrMmhr hŠH$ {Xbm Amho. d¥ÕËd emar[aH$ AnmÌVm AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm gwa{jVVoMr h_r {Xbr Amho.
H$mhr à_mUmV ImOJr g§nÎmr R>odÊ`mg g§å_Vr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
amOH$s` A{YH$mam_Üò Á`m§Mr d`mMr 18 df} nyU© Pmbr AmhoV AemZm {ZdS>UyH$sbm Cô
amhmÊ`mMm _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. emgH$s` YmoaUm§Zm gmå`dmXr {dMmamÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV
amhÿZ {Q>H$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Amho. {ejUmMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. ór nwéf g_mZVm
pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambr Amho. MrZr g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm {bnr OmonmgÊ`mMm àËòH$mg A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
`m _yb^yV hŠH$m~amo~a H$V©ì`mMr Om{Ud gwÕm H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho. XoemMo EoŠ`, AI§S>Ëd, gwa{jVVm
g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr gdmªMr O~m~Xmar amhrb. gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo g§ajU H$aUo H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ H$aUo Am{U
bîH$ar godm gŠVrMr Ho$br Amho. emgH$s` H$a âUo, gm_m{OH$ _yë`mMm AmXa amIUo, amï´>JrV,
amï´>ÜdO, amÁ`KQ>Zm `m§À`m {df`r AmXa ~miJUo, gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo ajU d g§dY©Z H$aUo. gmå`dmXr
njmbm nmofH$ dmVmdmU V`ma H$aUo Aer H$V©ìò gm§{JVbr AmhoV.
1982 À`m MrZr àOmgÎmmH$mÀ`m Zì`m g§{dYmZmV g_mOdmXr ì`dñWobm nwaH$ na§Vw Zì`m `wJmer
d àmJ{VH$ CXma AW©ì`dñWoMm _`m©{XV à_mUm§V ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ho g§{dYmZ AZoH$ AWm©Zo
_hÎdnyU© Amho. g_mOdmXr njmnojm amÁ`mMo _hÎd, ImOJr g§nÎmrMm A{YH$ma, g§{dYmZmMo loð>Ëd,
A{YH$mamMm J¡admna hmody Zò åhUyZ amï´>mÜ`j, ñWm`r g{_VrMm AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j, n§VàYmZ `m gma»`m
nXmda Ho$di XmoZ doimM Cô amhmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. Zdo g§{dYmZ g_mOdmX d _`m©{XV CÚmoJ
ì`dgm`mMo ñdmV§Í` XoUmao Amho. åhUyZM 21 ì`m eVH$mV ~mOmanoR>oda AmYm[aV g_mOdmX MrZ _Üò
{Q>Hy$Z amhÿ eH$bm d OmJ{VH$ ^m§S>dbemhrÀ`m {di»`mV {X_mIXmanUo eh Xody eH$bm. Ë`mMo gmao joÌ
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MrZ ZmJ[aH$ d ~XbË`m ì`dhmar gmå`dmXmbm {Xbr nm{hOo. ZmhrVa a{e`m gmaIm nmo{W{Zð> g_mOdmX
ñdrH$mabm AgVm MrZ amï´> {Q>Hy$ eH$bo ZgVo.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ …A) AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMo C{Ôï> H$m` Amho?
A) bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX 2) ^m§S>dbemhr
3) g_mOdmX
4) bmoH$emhr
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©
1) nm°brQ>r ã`wamo - gmå`dmXr njmMr _hÎdmMr H|$Ðr` g{_Vr.
2) bmoH$emhr H|$ÐdmX - ì`dhmamV bmoH$emhr {XgV Agbr Var àË`jmV nm°brQ>r ã`wamo _Üò gÎmoMo
H|${ÐH$aU hmoVo.
1.4 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
1) MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡píQ>ço gm§Jm.
2) MrZMm KQ>ZmË_H$ B{Vhmg gm§Jm.
Q>rnm :
1) H$å`w{Zï> nj
2) bmoH$emhr H|$ÐdmX
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~) ñdrS>ZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm : nmíd©^y_r d d¡{eï>ço
1.0 àmñVm{dH$
1.1 pñdSZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r
1.2 pñdS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço
1.3 g_mamon
1.4 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.5 g§X^© J«§W
1.0 àñVmdZm :
OJmVrb AZoH$ amï´>m§à_mUo ñdrS>Z `m bmoH$emhrdmXr gaH$maZo Amnbr amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho.
pñdS>ZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm {b{IV ñdê$nmMr Amho. gXa amÁ`KQ>Zm [aŠgS>°J (ñdr{S>e g§gX) Am{U gaH$ma `m§Zm
Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`_m§Mm {b{IV XñVEodO Amho. Á`mVrb VaVwXrZwgma ñdrS>re g§gX ([aŠgS>°J) d emgZ
`§ÌUm H$m`©aV AmhoV. `m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m A§VJ©V ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _V ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ (Freedom of Opinion)
Ë`mM ~amo~a BVa AZoH$ _yb^yV hŠH$ àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
amÁ`KQ>Zm amOH$s` gÎmoÀ`m g§MbZmH$arVmMr EH$ g§aMZm d Mm¡H$Q> AmIyZ XoVo. `m g§aMZo_Üò dm
Mm¡H$Q>r_Üò \$ma {dMma {d_em©Z§VaM ~Xb g§^dVmV. `m g§X^m©Vrb gd© VaVwXr KQ>Zm XþéñVr VÎdm_Üò
g{dñVanUo Z_yX Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoMm {dMma H$aVm Ë`m{R>H$mUr Mma _wb^yV H$m`Xo ApñVËdmV AmhoV.
1) Instrument of Government
2) Act of Succession
3) The freedom of press
4) The fundamental law on freedom of expression.
1.1 ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r :
OJmVrb \$ma H$_r gaH$mao EH$m gd© g_mdoe Aem g§{dYmZmË_H$ XñVmEodOmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV H$ï>
KoVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`mM à_mUo EH$ Aer amOH$s` ì`dñWm {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgVmV, H$s Á`m
ì`dñWo_Üò gd©g_mdoer {dH$mgmMr ^y{_H$m A§V^y©V AgVo. Am¡nMmarH$ nÕVrZo {Z_m©U Ho$bo Jobobo g§{dYmZ
qH$dm H$m`Xm gaH$ma Am{U ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`m_Yrb A{Ve` ñnï> Aem ñdê$nmMm H$amaM AgVmo. Omo gË`mÀ`m
A{YH$ Odi OmUmam AgVmo. `m à{H«$òVZy M Am¡nMm[aH$ g§{dYmZ {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. pñdS>ZÀ`m g§{dYmZmH$S>o
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nm{hbo AgVm Ë`m_Üò Am¡nMm[aH$ XñVEodO, A{Y_mÝ` ì`dñWm `m§Mr ì`dñWrV ~m§YUr Ho$br Agë`mMo
{XgVo.
A)
A Letter of Privilage
(1319 - A{YH$manÌ) :
Am¡nMm[aH$ Ñï>rZo ñdrS>ZMr KQ>ZmË_H$ ì`dñWm d KQ>Zm hr OJmVrb àmMrZ _mZbr OmVo. 1319 _Üò
A{YH$manÌmdarb ñdmjarZo amOmbm H$m`Úmà_mUo amÁ` Mmb{dbo OmB©b, gd© ~m~r H$m`Xoera à{H«$òZo
nmanmS>ë`m OmVrb Am{U ZdrZ H$a àUmbr am~{dÊ`mnydu amÁ` n[afXobm {dídmgmV KoVbo OmB©b BË`mXr
~m~tMr h_r Úmdr bmJbr. _°¾g B[aŠgZÀ`m {ZdS>r Xaå`mZ KQ>ZmË_H$ emgZmMr g§{hVm {b{IV ñdê$nmV
_mÝ` Ho$br Jobr.
Amdí`H$ VÎdo Or KQ>ZmË_H$ emgZmMm à_wI ^mJ AgVmV Vr doimodoir g§nyU© pñdS>ZÀ`m amOH$s`
ì`dñWo_Üò g_m{dï> hmoV Jobr. J«oQ> {~«Q>ZÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb _°¾m H$mQ>m© à_mUo H$mhr KQ>Zm øm pñdS>ZÀ`m
~m~VrV KS>ë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m_Üò àmg§JrH$ KQ>Zm C„§KZmMo H$mhr àH$ma pñdS>Z_Üò XoIrb KS>bo. na§Vw
_yb^yV VÎdo Or ÛrY«wdr gaH$ma åhUyZ hmoVo Vo _mÌ nwT>rb 6 eVHo$ {Q>Hy$Z am{hë`mMo {XgVo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV
amOm Am{U g§gX `m§À`mVrb gÎmmg§VwbZm_Üò AZoH$ doim g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmbm. g§gXr` gÎmm Ooìhm Iè`m
AWm©Zo CX`mbm òV hmoVr Voìhm Am¡nMm[aH$ XñVEodO ê$nmV `m KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X Pmbr Amho.
1617 _Üò n{hbm [aŠgS>°J A°ŠQ> H$m`Xm {dH$grV Pmbm `m H$m`ÚmZo amOmZo `wÕ AWdm Vh
H$aÊ`mnydu amÁ`mVrb KQ>H$m§er g§ëbm _gbV H$amdr Ago R>abo. 1660 _Üò g§gXobm {Z`{_V H$m_H$mOmH$arVm
A{YdoeZ ~mobm{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbm. 1719-1772 `m nÞmg dfm©À`m åhUOoM AY©eVH$mÀ`m
g§gXoÀ`m dmQ>MmbrZo Amnë`m YmoaUmÀ`m d g§gXr` ì`dñWoÀ`m ñWmnZoMr nyVu Ho$br. `mM Xaå`mZ n{hbm
d¥ÎmnÌ ñdmV§Í` H$m`Xm pñdH$mabm Jobm Vmo 1766 _Üò amOm nojm amOm Am{U g§gX `m§À`m gh_VrVyZ nwT>rb
YmoaU {ZYm©aUmMm d H$m`©H$mar ì`dñWoH$S>o Agboë`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$gm H$amdm `mMr XoIrb ^y{_H$m
{ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. nU nwT>o Á`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§gXobm åhUOo [aŠgS>°Jbm A{YH$ma ~hmb
H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo, Ë`m A{YH$mam§Mm g§H$moM nwT>rb H$mimV amOm JwñVmh Vrgam `mZo H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
1789 _Üò [aŠgS>°J H$S>rb Agbobo _wb^yV H$m`Xm {df`H$ A{YH$ma Ë`mZo aÔ Ho$bo.
B)
1809 Instrument of Government
(1809 Mo gaH$mar YmoaU) :
g§{dYm{ZH$ gwYmaUoMr gwê$dmV EH$ AmYw{ZH$ H$mi åhUyZ Pmbr, Vr 1809-10 _Üò Á`m_Üò ZdrZ
gaH$maMo YmoaU åhUyZ pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambo. Á`mZo ÛrY«wdr gaH$maMr àñWmnZm Ho$br. YmoaU {ZYm©aUmMm
A{YH$ma amOm Am{U Mma A{YH$ma àmßV g§gXoÀ`m A§Jm_Üò Am¡nMm[aH$nUo {d^mOrV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Á`m_Üò amOm YmoaU {ZYm©aUm_Üò A{YH$ A{YH$maembr R>odÊ`mV Ambm Va g§gXobm H$a àUmbr g§X^m©V
ZH$ma A{YH$ma (Veto Power) àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. (IG : A4, AG7) g§gX amOmÀ`m AmÜ`mXoem{edm`
Amnbo H$m`© H$aÊ`mH$arVm A{YdoeZ KoD$ eH$Vo. (AG - A.49) VgoM àËòH$ H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr H¥$Vr hr
g§~§{YV _§Í`mÀ`m ñdmjar {edm` n[aV hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. qH$~hÿZm _§Í`m§Mr ñdmjar àËòH$ {ZU©`mgmR>r
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Amdí`H$ Agob. g§gX gXñ`m§À`m A{YH$mamV qH$dm Ë`m§À`m H$V©ì` ~OmdUr_Üò hñVjon H$aUmè`mg emgZ
Ho$bo OmB©b.
darb àH$maMr nÕVr nwT>rb Odi Odi {XS>eo dfm©H$arVm {Za§Va H$m`©aV am{hë`mMo {XgVo d nwT>o `m
{ÛY«ydr gaH$ma nÕVr_Üò ~Xb hmoV OmD$Z amOm EodOr g§gX ({gŠgS>°J) A{YH$maembr ~Zë`mMo {XgVo.
Á`m_Üò bmoH$m§À`m gmd©^m¡_ËdmÀ`m VÎdmbm AZwgê$Z amOH$s` ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mda A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV
Ambm.
`m àH$maMm ~Xb àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mH$arVm H$moUVrhr H«$m§VrH$mar H¥$Vr AWdm ZmJar g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmbm
Zmhr. `mCbQ> `mg§X^m©Vrb ~Xb KSy>Z òÊ`mH$arVm VËH$mbrZ amOH$s` n[apñWVr A{YH$ ghmæ`^yV R>aë`mMo
{XgVo. VËH$mbrZ ~Xb KS>VmZm {Z_m©U Pmbobr Am§XmobZo hr nwT>o OmD$Z g§gXoMr ([aŠgS>J° )Mr dmQ>Mmb A{YH$
geŠV H$aÊ`mg _hÎdmMr R>abr. Á`m_wio EHy$UM ñdr{S>e amOH$s` ì`dñWm A_wbmJ« ~Xbbr. `m g§X^m©V
nm{hbo AgVm Ago {XgVo H$s, B§½b§S>Mr 1700 Z§VaMr amOH$s` n[apñWVr Am{U pñdS>ZMr amOH$s` dmQ>Mmb
`m_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV gmå` ñWio Agë`mMo {XgVo. VËH$mbrZ A_o[aH$m Am{U \«$mÝgÀ`m amOH$s` n[apñWVrÀ`m
VwbZoV g§gXoÀ`m KQ>Zm g§X^m©Vrb à_wI ~Xb amOm Am{U "[aŠgS>°J' `m§Zr nañnamVrb g_PmoË`mZo _mÝ` Ho$bo
Vo 1809 À`m (Instrument of Government (1809 Mo gaH$mar YmoaU) YmoaUmà_mUo.
darb g§gXr` àUmbrVrb gwYmaUm øm g§gXr` ZoV¥ËdmÀ`m A{YH$ma d A{Y_mÝ`Vm dmT>{dUmè`m
R>aë`m. 1866 _Üò g§gXoMr Mma à_wI A§J Agboë`m g§ñWm ~aImñV hmodyZ Ë`m{R>H$mUr ÛrJ¥hr g§gXr` aMZm
ApñVËdmV Ambr.
C)
The New Bicameral Parliament 1866
(Z{dZ ÛrJ¥hr g§gX)
1862 _Üò S>r Jra n{hbm `mZo ZdrZ [aŠgS>°JÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm àñVmd _m§S>bm. Á`m_Üò Z{dZ g§gX hr
{ÛJ¥hr Agob. g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ àËòH$ dfu 15 OmZodmarbm âob. ZdrZ g§gXoÀ`m {Z{_©VrZo amOmÀ`m
A{YH$mamV A{YH$ H$nmV Pmbr Zmhr. Ë`mbm ZH$ma A{YH$ma Am{U H$m`Xm amOmÀ`m Zm§do à{gÕ hmoB©b `m
Jmoï>r VemM am{hë`m.
OwZ 1866 _Üò g§gXoÀ`m Mma gXZm§À`m gh_VrZo d ~hþ_VmZo d Ë`mda Pmboë`m MM}Z§Va amOmZo ZdrZ
[aŠgS>°J H$m`Xm nm[aV Ho$bm. S>r. Jra Zo gwM{dboë`m g§gX Am{U {ZdS>UyH$s g§X^m©Vrb à_wI gwYmaUm§gh hm
H$m`Xm pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambm. OwZ 20, 1866 amoOr amOmZo `m ZdrZ [aŠgS>°JÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m KmofUogh g§gXoMo
A{YdoeZ g_mßV Ho$bo.
`m ZdrZ [aŠgS>°J H$m`ÚmZo [aŠgS>°JMr gXñ`Vm hr {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_i{dVm òB©b Aer
VaVyX Ho$br. Ë`m_Üò amOm {Z`wŠV gXñ`, am°`b \°${_br gXñ`, {d{eîQ> {hVg§~§Y JQ>mMo gXñ` Aem
H$moUË`mM àH$maÀ`m gXñ`ËdmMr ^y{_H$m pñdH$mabr Zmhr.
ñdr{S>e amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Yrb hm EH$ _hÎdnyU© ~Xb _mZbm OmVmo. Á`m_wio nwT>rb _wbJm_r
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gwYmaUm§H$arVm hm EH$ _hÎdnyU© XñVEodO åhUyZ nm{hbm Jobm.
E) 1907 - 1920 Proportional Representation and Expanded Franchise
(à_mU~Õ
à{V{Z{YËd Am{U {dñVm[aV _Vm{YH$ma 1907-1920) :
EH$moUrgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Pmboë`m `m XoemVrb gaH$ma_Yrb amOH$s` g_yh d
gaH$ma~mhoarb amOH$s` g_whm§Zr {dñVmarV _Vm{YH$mam H$arVm _moR>çm à_mUmV X~md {Z_m©U Ho$bm. `m_Üò
BVa Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU Pmboë`m Xoemnojm ñdrS>Z \$ma doJim hmoVm, AWdm VoWrb n[apñWVr doJir hmoVr Ago
ZìhVo. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Am{U CXma_VdmXr Oo gaH$ma_Üò hmoVo d ~mhoahr hmoVo Ë`m§Zr A{YH$ Omo_mZo X~md
JQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dñVmarV _Vm{YH$mamH$arVm à`ËZ Ho$bo. _moR>çm à_mUmV bmoH$m§Zr {ZXe©Zo Ho$br. Á`m§Mm
àm_w»`mZo _Vm{YH$mamV g_mdoe ZìhVm. VËH$mbrZ g§gXr` gaH$mabm d ì`dñWobm EdT>çm _moR>çm à_mUmV
hmoUmè`m OZAm§XmobZmbm d bmoH$mhrdmXr ~wÕr{OdrÀ`m Am§XmobZmbm Vm|S> XoUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Voìhm `m bmoH$emhrdmXr
{dñVm[aV _Vm{YH$mamZo EH$ ZdrZ {ZdS>UyH$ nm`m V`ma Ho$bm. Á`m AmYmao gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q²>g gÎmoda Ambo.
EHy$UM `m {dñVmarV _Vm{YH$mamZo EH$ àH$maMr A{YH$ {eñV~Õ Am{U {dñVmarV à{V{ZYrËdmda AmYmarV
{ÛJ¥hr g§gXr` ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`m_Üò EH$ ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Agë`mMo {XgVo.
E) The Reform of the 1970's Unicaneral Government 1970
Mr gwYmaUm EH$J¥hr g§gX :
1920-1970 À`m Xaå`mZ ~amM H$mi "gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q>g²' hmM nj gÎmmñWmZr am{hbm hmoVm. Vmo
àm_w»`mZo eoVH$ar njmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo `m H$mbI§S>mVrb n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q>g²Mm g_W©H$ dJ©
_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bm Agë`mMo {XgVo. Á`m_wio Ë`m§Mr g§gXr` amOH$maUmda nH$S> {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr.
Ë`m_Üò EH$ _hÎdnyU© ~Xb hm 1970 À`m gwYmaUo_wio Pmbm Vmo åhUOo ñdrS>re g§gXoÀ`m XmoZ J¥hm§Mr aMZm
Agboë`m ì`dñWm EH$J¥hr g§gXoÀ`m ñdénmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hm ~Xb "BÝñQ®>_|Q> Am°\$ JìhZ©_|Q>' (IG) À`m
Xaå`mZ Ho$ë`m Joboë`m ~Xbmnojm XoIrb _moR>m ~Xb hmoVm. àW_ J¥hmÀ`m 150 OmJm {ÛVr` J¥hmÀ`m 230
gXñ` g§»ò_Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Amë`m d EHy$U 350 gXñ` g§»`m EH$mM J¥hmMr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gd©
{d{Y_§S>i {df`H$ H$m`Xo `m EH$J¥hr g^mgXmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aÊ`mV òD$ bmJbo.
· ñdrS>ZMm `wamonr` `w{Z`Z _Yrb àdoe - 1995 :
ñdrS>ZMm 1995 gmbMm `wamonr` `w{Z`Z _Yrb àdoe hm XoIrb VoWrb KQ>ZmË_H$ dmQ>Mmbr_Yrb EH$
_hÎdmMm Q>ßnm Amho. 1994 À`m (Instrument of Government) À`m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXrZwgma {ZU©`
{ZYm©aU A{YH$ma Am{U `wamonr`Z g§gXoÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sg§X^m©Vrb A{YH$ma àXmZ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. [aŠgS>°Jbm `wamonr` g_mO d `wamonr`Z g§gX (EP) `m g§X^m©Vrb {ZU©` {ZYm©aU d YmoaU {ZYm©aUmMo
A{YH$ma àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m_Üò _mZdr hŠH$m§Mo d _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo ajU `wamonr`Z g§gXoH$Sy>Z Ho$bo
OmB©b. Am{U Ë`mM dfu EH$ ZdrZ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Or "`wamonr` `w{Z`Z g§~§Y' {df`H$ g{_Vr
åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. gZ 2002 _Üò {ZU©` {ZYm©aU A{YH$mamda EH$ A{V[aŠV _`m©Xm Q>mH$Ê`m g§X^m©Vrb
{ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm. Á`m_Üò ñdr{S>e gaH$maÀ`m _wi aMZobm Á`m {ZU©`m_wio YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoB©b Vmo {ZU©`
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bm KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgUma Zmhr. Aem ñdê$nmMr EH$ A{V[aŠV VaVyX [aŠgS>°JÀ`m A{YH$mamV
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
EU
1998 _Üò EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm. Vmo åhUOo amÁ` Am{U MM© `m§Mr \$maH$V H$s Omo
{ZU©` EH$ _hÎdmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm åhUyZ _mZbr Jobr. `m {ZU©`mMr A§_b~OmdUr 1 OmZodmar 2000 À`m
nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr. `mM Xaå`mZ [aŠgS>°J Mr _yb^yV g§aMZmM ~Xbbr. Vr 1998 À`m {ZdS>UyH$s Xaå`mZ `m
{ZU©m_wio IG BÝñQ®>_|Q> Am°\$ JìhZ©_|Q>Zo ~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo nV YmoaU ñdV§ÌnUo AmIÊmMr _w^m {Xbr.
`m àH$maMo Eo{VhmgrH$ ~Xb ñdrS>re g§{dYmZmÀ`m AmOdaÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV KSy>Z Amë`mMo {XgVmV.
darb eodQ>À`m ~XbmZo EH$ _hÎdnyU© Jmoï> ñdr{S>e emgZ ì`dñVo_Üò ñWmnZ Pmbr Vr åhUOo ñdrS>Z hm
EH$_od `wamonr` Xoe R>abm. `m_Üò Ë`m§Zr "gmd©O{ZH$ boIm emIm' {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. Á`mbm Ë`m§Zr "g§gXr`
boImnmb' åhUyZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Oo [aŠgS>J° Am{U ñdrS>re amï´>r` boIm A{YH$mar `m§À`m A§VJ©V H$m`©aV am{hb.
nwT>o ~amM H$mi øm {ZU©`mda dmX hmoV am{hbo. na§Vw nwT>o gZ 2000 _Üò _mJrb Xhm dfm©À`m H$m`m©Mo AdbmoH$Z
Ho$bo AgVm VrZ Z{dZ Mm¡H$er Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ [aŠgS>J° Zo ZdrZ YmoaU `m boIm A{YH$mar
{df`H$ am~{dë`mMo R>a{dbo. Ë`m_Üò g§gXr` boImnmb Am{U ñdrS>re amï´>r` boImA{YH$mar `m XmoZ
ì`dñWm§À`m {R>H$mUr ZdrZ ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. EH$ ZdrZ boIm H$m`m©b` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo
Oo VrZ _hmboImnmb `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr H$m`©aV amhrb. Á`m§Mr {ZdS> [aŠgS>°JÛmao Ho$br OmB©b. hr {ZdS>
gmV dfm©À`m H$mimH$arVm amhrb. EH$Xm H$m`©H$mb nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm Ë`m nXmda {Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmUma
Zmhr. 2002 À`m (IG) Instrument of Government _Yrb VaVwXrZwgma gXa boIm {d^mJmbm ñdV§ÌnUo
H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr emídVr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. pñdS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r hr darbà_mUo
AmhoV.
1.2 ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r d[ab ^mJmVyZ AmnU nm{hbr. `m
KQ>H$m_Üò ñdr{S>e amÁ` KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço AmnU nmhUma AmhmoV. gd©gmYmaUnUo {b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm Á`m
XoemÀ`m ì`dñWo_Üò AmhoV Ë`m{R>H$mUr KQ>Zm{Z{_©Vr H$arVm EH$ {d{eï> à{H«$`m am~{dbr Jobr Agë`mMo
{XgVo. `m à{H«$òMm Aä`mg H$aVm Ago {XgVo H$s, KQ>Zm{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m hr gd©g_mdoer ^y{_H$m KoD$Z
hmoV AgVo. ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) {b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm
(Written Contitution) :
ñdrS>ZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr {b{IV d {Z{_©V Amho. KQ>ZoÀ`m XñVEodOmH$S>o nm{hbo AgVm gd©gmYmaUnUo
amÁ`mÀ`m dmQ>MmbrH$arVmMr H$m§hr _wb^yV VÎdo hr amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò g_m{dð> AgVmV. amOH$s` ì`dñWoZo
{d{dY g§X^m©Vrb {ZU©` H$go ¿`mdoV, `mH$arVmMo {d{dY H$m`Xo g§{hVm hr amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _wi XñVEodmOm_Üò
AgVo. `mM AmYmamda ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò amÁ`ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb `m VaVwXr {b{IV ñdê$nmV
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g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. doimodoir VËH$mbrZ H$m`Xo_§S>imZo d amOmZo Ho$bobo H$ama H$m`ÚmVrb
gwYmaUm, ~Xb BË`mXr ñdê$nmV ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò {b{IV ñdê$nmV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
EH$mM doir {d{eï> g^mgXm§À`m g_rVrZo hr KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Ho$br ZgyZ ñdrS>Z amÁ`mbmhr B§½b§S>À`m
CËH«$m§VrdmXr amÁ` KQ>Zoà_mUo àmg§JrH$ H$amam§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m_Üò doimodoir {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m
VaVwXtMr â nS>br Amho.
2) CËH«$m§VrdmXr amÁ`KQ>Zm
(Evolutionatory contitution) :
ñdrS>ZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr CËH«$m§VrdmXr amÁ`KQ>Zm Amho. doimodoir amÁ`ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m`ÚmVrb ~Xb
ho Ë`mË`m H$mimV ñdrS>re amÁ` KQ>Zo_Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. H$mbmZwê$n EImÚm H$m`Xm H$mb~mø
Pmë`mg AWdm H$mbmZwê$n EImXm H$m`Xm Zì`mZo {Z_m©U H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg Ë`mg§X^m©Vrb gd© ~Xb
AmOda ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
CXm. (IG) Instrument of Government, the Act of Succession (AS), The freedom of
pres act (FPA) Am{U Fundamnetal Law on Freedom of Expression `m Mby VaVwXrÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ doimodobr ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò gwYmaUm hmoV Joë`m AmhoV.
`m_Üò IG - 'Instrument of Government' hr g§H$ënZm _Ü`dVu AgyZ hm ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMm
_yi T>mMm Amho. Va BVa VaVyXr øm XoIrb H$mimZwê$n gwYmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV
Amboë`m AmhoV.
darb {díbofUmMm {dMma H$aVm 1809 åhUOoM 19 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Vo 1996 Vo 2002 n`ªV
H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV ñdrS>re amÁ`ì`dñWoZo Amnë`m g§aMZoV d amÁ`KQ>ZoV aMZmË_H$ ~Xb A§V^w©V Ho$bo
AmhoV. åhUyZ 1809, 1866, 1907, 1920, 1970 `m {d{dY H$mbI§S>mV Pmbobo ~Xb ñdrS>re
amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. darb ~Xb d gwYmaUm nmhVm ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>Zm hr {Za§Va
CËH«$m§V hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo.
3) bd{MH$ d n[adV©Zr` amÁ`K`Zm
(Elastic flexible) :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m ñdê$nmH$S>o nmhVm hr amÁ` KQ>Zm nmardV©Zr` Amho d bd{MH$ Amho. EImÚm
H$b_m_Yrb ~Xb AWdm Zì`mZo Ho$br OmUmar VaVyX hr à[H$`m ghO d gwb^ Amho. [aŠgS>°JÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ ~hþ_VmÀ`m AmYmao EImÚm ZdrZ VaVwXtMm g_mdoe H$aVm òVmo. Ë`mM à_mUo EImXr VaVyX dm
H$m`Xm H$mb~mø Pmbm Agë`mg Vmo aÔhr H$aVm òVmo. Ë`mà_mUo KQ>ZoVrb ~Xb hm VËH$mbrZ {ZdS>UyH$m
_Üò {_imboë`m ~hþ_VmÀ`m AmYmamda XoIrb Adb§~yZ R>odÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
{ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AWdm OZ_VmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo KQ>ZmË_H$ ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm ñdrS>re
amÁ` KQ>ZoV_Üò pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
1809 _Üò ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m g{_VrZo KQ>Zm XþéñVrÀ`m g§X^m©V {ZU©` XoVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
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gmd©O{ZH$ {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambobo à{V{ZYr d gmd©_V `m _mÜ`_mVyZ KQ>ZmË_H$ ~Xb
Ho$bo OmVrb.
4) gmd©^m¡_ amÁ`KQ>Zm
(Severeign Contitution) :
ñdrS>re amÁ` KQ>ZoVrb g_m{dï> VaVwXr d H$ama ho amÁ`KQ>ZoMm Jm^m AgyZ Ë`mbm amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m
"gmd©^m¡_ `m VÎdmMm AmYma Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> gd© H$m`Xo ho gmd©^m¡_ A{YH$ma àmßV g§gXr`
_§S>imH$Sy>Z A§_bmV AmUbo OmVmV. gmd©^m¡_ËdmMo VÎd ho gmd©O{ZH$ AmdH$me `m KQ>H$mV g_m{dï>
AgëmMo ñnï>rH$aU pñdS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoV Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. amÁ`ì`dñWoVrb H$moUVmhr KQ>H$
g§{dYmZrH$ A{Y_mÝ`Vm àmßV Agbm nm{hOo. Ë`m{edm` H$moUVrhr ^y{_H$m Ë`m KQ>H$mg KoVm òV Zmhr.
amÁ` KQ>Zm d Ë`mVrb VÎdo hr à_wI AgyZ Vo A§VV: gmd©^m¡_ AmhoV.
5) _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe
(Fundamental Rights) :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò ì`ŠVrÀ`m _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMo ho EH$
d¡{eï>ç åhUyZ Amnë`mbm {XgVo. ñdrS>re KQ>ZoV ^mJ XmoZ _Üò _yb^yV hŠH$ Am{U ñdmV§Íò `m§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_Üò _VmMo ñdmV§Í` (Freedom of Opinion), g§KQ>Zm ñdmV§Í`, ì`mnma
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, emofUmnmgyZ _wŠV amhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, g§nÎmr d gmd©O{ZH$ OmJm dmnaÊ`mMm hŠH$,
{ejU Am{U g§emoYZmMm hŠH$ BË`mXr ñdê$nmÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í`mMm g_mdoe ñdrS>re
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Xþgè`m ^mJmV g{dñVanUo Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Voìhm _yb^yV hŠH$ d ñdmV§Íò hr
VÎdo ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMo d¡{eï>ç R>aVo.
6) H$m`ÚmMo amÁ`
(Rule of Law) :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Am{YZ amhÿZ ì`ŠVrbm Amnbo hŠH$ d A{YH$ma Cn^moJÊ`mMm hŠH$ ì`ŠVrbm {Xbm
Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$mda VrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mda A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg H$m`ÚmMo
amÁ` `m AmYmamda gXa ì`ŠVrbm VrMo A{YH$ma d ñdmV§Í` ~hmb H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ` ì`dñWoMr
amhrb Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.
EImÚm ì`ŠVrdarb AÝ`m` hm H$moUVmhr {db§~ Z hmoVm ì`ŠVrZo Vmo Xÿa Ho$bm nm{hOo Ago `m
H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` `m VÎdmMm AmYma Amho Ago ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoV Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. H$b_ 9, 10 d 11
_Üò Xþgè`m ^mJmV H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` `m VÎdmMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
7) Y_©{Zanoj
(Secular) :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò ñnï>nUo H$moUË`mhr Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Zmhr. CbQ> CËH«$m§VrdmXr amÁ`KQ>ZoMm
B{Vhmg Agboë`m ñdrS>re amOH$s` ì`dñWoV doimodoir gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb KSy>Z Amë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m_Üò
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1914 _Üò [aŠgS>°J Am{U amOm `m§À`m g§`wŠV {dMmamZo MM© Am{U amOH$s` ì`dñWm `m§Mr EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ
\$maH$V H$aÊ`mÀ`m {ZU©`mda {eŠH$m_moV©~ Pmbo d 1 OmZodmar 2000 _Üò `m {ZU©`mMr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Voìhm ñdrS>re amOH$s` ì`dñWm Amnbm Agm H$moUVmhr Y_© Zgob dm H$moUË`mhr
Y_m©À`m AmYmamda Amnbr amOH$s` ì`dñWm MmbUma Zmhr Aer A{YH¥$V ^y{_H$m H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV
KoVë`mMo {XgVo.
Voìhm Y_©{Zanoj amOH$s` ì`dñWm ho EH$ d¡{eï>ç ñdrS>re amÁ` KQ>ZoMo Amho Ago {XgVo.
8) amOoemhr
(Monarchy) :
ñdrS>ZMr amÁ`KQ>Zm ñdrS>ZÀ`m 'Swidish Royal Democraty Parlimenty system) (pñdS>re
amOoemhr bmoH$emhr g§gXr` ì`dñWobm _mÝ`Vm XoVo Ë`mZwgma ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò amOoemhr
ì`dñWmhr KQ>ZmË_H$ Amho Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. CËH«$m§VrdmXr amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~Xbm_Üò nm{hbo
AgVm 1809-1974 n`ªV amOoemhr hr A{YH$maembr hmoVr. amOm hm n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>imMr Zo_UyH$
H$aV Ago. na§Vw 1 OmZodmar 1975 nmgyZ Ë`mMo ho A{YH$ma aÔ Pmbo.
amOmMr {ZdS> dmagm VÎdmZwgma H$aÊ`mV òVo. 1980 n`ªV Ho$di nwéf åhUOoM amOm hmM Ë`m
nXmda OmV Ago nU 1944 nmgyZ órbm åhUOoM amUrbm XoIrb A{YH$manXmda OmÊ`mMr _w^m {Xbr
Jobr Amho. amOm hm Zm_Ymar nwéf AgVmo. amï´>r` {d{dY gU g_ma§^m_Üò Vmo gh^mJr hmoVmo.
amOoemhr g§X^m©Vrb gd© VaVyXr KQ>H$ ^mJ 5 _Üò XoÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. amOm {ZdS>rMr VaVyX
d nÕVr H$b_ 4 d 5 _Üò XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
9) EH$J¥hr g§gX
(Uni Cameral Parliament) :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMo nwT>rb d¡{eï>ç åhUOo Ë`m amOH$s` ì`dñWobm EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i ~hmb Ho$bo
Amho. pñdS>re g§gX AWm©V "[aŠgS>°J' ho EH$J¥hr g^mJ¥h pñdS>ZMr g§gX åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo. g§nyU©
XoemVyZ d {d{dY ^mJmVyZ `m g^mJ¥hmV à{V{ZYr gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
1970 À`m pñdS>ZÀ`m KQ>ZmgwYmaUm CnH«$_mA§VJ©V 1970 n`ªV {ÛJ¥hr Agboë`m ñdrS>re g§gXobm
EH$J¥hr H$aÊ`mV Ambo d EH$Ì EH$ _Ü`dVu g§gXr` J¥h {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mg [aŠgS>°J Ago
åhUVmV. Ë`m_Üò g§nyU© XoemMo à{V{ZYr `m g^mJ¥hmV AgVmV.
10) EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWm
(Unitary Judicial System) :
pñdS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMm 11 ì`m ^mJmV H$b_ 1 Vo 14 _Üò Ý`m` ì`dñWoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr
Amho. pñdS>re Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWm 'Unitary judiciery' Ago Amho. Ë`m_Üò (A)
gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mbò (General Cants) (~) gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mbò (General .......... Courts)
Ago {d^mOZ Ho$bobo AmT>iVo. EHo$ar Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ñdrS>re amÁ` KQ>Zo_Üò Ý`m`ì`dñWoVrb
gwgwÌVm AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
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11) ~hþnjnÕVr :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoMo ~hþnjnÕVr ho EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho. pñdS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoV à_wI
njmg amOH$s` nj H$m`©aV AmhoV. ~hþnjnÕVr ho _hÎdmMo VÎd pñdS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoZo pñdH$mabo Amho.
pñdS>re gmoeb S>o_m°H«o$Q>rH$ nj hm AmVmMm gÎmmYmar nj Amho. ~hþnj nÕVr `m d¡{eï>çm_wio pñdS>Z_Üò
~è`mM doiog AmKmS>r gaH$mao ñWmnZ Pmbr Amho.
12) g§gXr` bmoH$nmb
(Parliamentary Ombudsman) :
g§gXr` Am|~wS>g_Z AWm©V [aŠgS>°J Am|~wS>g_Z hr VaVyX pñdS>re amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò Ho$br Amho.
Vo pñdS>re amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho. pñdS>re [aŠgS>°J Zo `m VÎdmMm pñdH$ma
hm 1809 nmgyZ Ho$bm Amho. Voìhm "[aŠgS>°J Am|~wS>g_Z' ho EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eR>ç Amho.
[aŠgS>°J Am|~yS>gZ_Mo H$m`©joÌ ho g§nyU© aOmH$s` ì`dñWogmR>r Amho. Ë`m_Üò H$moUË`mhr gaH$mar nX
YmaU H$aUmè`m A{YH$mar, ZmJar godm joÌmVrb ì`ŠVr qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ emgZmVrb A{YH$manX àmßV
H$aUmar ì`ŠVr `m {df`r H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr A{Z`{_VVm AWdm AÝ`m` Pmë`mg Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb
Mm¡H$erMm A{YH$ma [aŠgS>°J Am|~wS>g_Z am{hbm. VgoM darb gd© KQ>H$ ho Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©H$joV amhVrb
Aem àH$maoMr _hÎdmMr VaVyX ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZoV Pmbr Amho.
1.3 g_mamon :
ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>ZÀo `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^_y rH$S>o Am{U Ë`mVrb d¡{eï>çm_Üò nm{hbo AgVm hr amÁ`KQ>Zm
CËH«$m§VrdmXr amÁ`KQ>ZoMo EH$ à_wI CXmhaU Agboë`m B§½b§S>À`m amÁ`KQ>Zo~amo~aM gmYå`© gmYVo. Ë`mM
~amo~a Ë`m{R>H$mUr A{YH¥$VnUo amOoemhrbm ñWmZ {Xbo Jobo Agbo Var B§½b§S> à_mUoM amOm qH$dm amUr ho
Zm_Ymar à_wI åhUyZ H$m`©aV Agë`mMo {XgVo. EHy$U ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>Zm hr ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm
EH$ _hÎdnyU© XñVEodO Amho AgoM åhUmdo bmJVo.
1.4 àíZ :
1) ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eï>ço gm§Jm.
2) 1970 À`m ñdrS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ~XbmMr MMm© H$am.
3) {~«Q>re amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb amOoemhr ì`dñWm `m KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© H$am.
1.5 g§X^© J«§W :
1.
The constitution of Sweden.
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 2
(A) MrZMo H$m`Xo_§S>i
2.0 C{ÔîQ²>ò
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
A) H$m`Xo_§S>imMr aMZm
~) ñWm`r g{_Vr
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©
2.4 ñd§ÀÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
2.7 g§X^© J«§W
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
MrZÀ`m emgZ ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm H$m`Xo _§S>imMm Aä`mg H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo. BVa
bmoH$emhr Xoemà_mUo MrZZo ~hþ-njr` nÕVr pñdH$mabobr Zmhr. EH$nj Agboë`m MrZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imMo
ñdV:Mo d¡{eï>ç Amho. BVa Xoem§Mm {dMma H$aVm EH$ doJiçm àH$maMo H$m`Xo_§S>i MrZZo {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho.
ñWm`r g{_Vrbm gdm©V OmñV A{YH$ma {Xë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
2.2 àmñVm{dH$ …OJmV gdm©V OmñV bmoH$g§»`m AgUmam Xoe åhUyZ MrZbm AmoiIbo OmVo. MrZMr bmoH$g§»`m gw_mao
132 H$moQ>rÀ`m KamV Amho. MrZ_Üò 22 àm§V d 5 ñdm`Îm ^y-àXoe AmhoV. 4 ZJan[afXm AmhoV. Aem MrZZo
gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. MrZ_Üò EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i Amho Vo "amï´>r` OZH$m±J«og' åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVo. MrZÀ`m B{VhmgmV MrZ_Üò amOH$s` pñWË`§Vao AZoH$ doim Pmbr AmhoV. 1949 amoOr
MrZ_Üò MrZ àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va gZ 1954, 1978 d 1982 _Üò KQ>ZmË_H$
~Xb Pmbm. VgoM emgH$s` aMZoVhr ~Xb hmoV Ambm Amho. MrZZo 1982 À`m {b{IV amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma
g§gXr` emgZ ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. `mM amÁ`KQ>ZoZo amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogbm amOgÎmoMm qH$dm
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emgZgÎmoMm gdm}ÀM {d^mJ åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bm Amho. MrZ hm EH$mË_ Xoe Amho.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ …A) H$m`Xo _§S>i :
· aMZm :
MrZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imbm "amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og' Ago åhUVmV. Vo EH$ J¥hr Amho. dñVwV: MrZ 22 àm§V,
5 ñdm`Îm àXoe `m§Mo {_iyZ ~Zbobo Amho. Ë`m_wio ~hþamï´>r` amÁ` åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmD$ eH$Vo. _mÌ `m {d{dY
àm§V, ñdm`Îm àXoembm {deof à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm d[að> g^mJ¥hmMr VaVyX Ho$bobr Zmhr. MrZÀ`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoV amîQ´>r` OZH$m±J«ogÀ`m gXñ` g§»ò~m~V C„oI AmT>iV Zmhr.
· à{V{ZYrËd nÕV :
amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMo à{V{ZYr nwT>rb _VXma g§KmVyZ {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
1) MrZ_Üò 22 àm§V AmhoV. Ë`m àm§VmVyZ AmR> bmI bmoH$g§»òbm EH$ à{V{ZYr `m à_mUmV
{ZdS>bo OmVmV.
2) ñdm`Îmm joÌ d ZJanm{bH$m `m XmoÝhr ^mJmVyZ 5 bmI bmoH$g§»òbm EH$ à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bm
OmVmo.
3) amï´>r` Aëng§»`m§H$ OmVt_YyZ 150 à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
4) geó goZm `m§À`m_YyZ 60 à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
5) {dXoemVrb MrZr ZmJarH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z 30 à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
MrZÀ`m g^mJ¥hmZo Ho$boë`m {dYr{Z`_mZwgma gXñ` g§»`m {ZpíMV hmoVo.
· gXñ` nmÌVm :
`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gXñ`mgmR>r XmoZ nmÌVm nyU© H$amì`m bmJVmV.
1) g§~§YrV ì`ŠVr {MZ ZmJ[aH$ Agbr nm{hOo.
2) g§~§YrV ì`ŠVrMr d`mMr 18 df} nyU© Agbr nm{hOo d Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm _VXmZmMm hŠH$
Agbm nm{hOo.
OZ H$m±J«og_Yrb gd© gXñ`m§Zr {ZdS> Ë`m-Ë`m joÌmVrb OZVoH$Sy>Z àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mam§À`m VÎdmZwgma
Ho$br OmVo.
· H$m`©H$mb :
MrZÀ`m amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMo à{V{ZYr 5 dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>bo OmVmV. åhUOoM amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMm
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H$m`©H$mb 5 dfm©Mm Amho. g§H$Q>H$mimV qH$dm AndmXmË_H$ n[apñWVrV `mMr {ZdS> KoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
ñWm`r g{_VrMr Amho. EImÚm {d{eï> n[apñWVrV `m g^mJ¥hmMr H$mb_`m©Xm EH$ dfm©Zo dmT>{dVm òVo.
_mÌ MwZÀ`m ñWm`r g{_VrZo 2/3 ~hþ_VmMm R>amd H$amdm bmJVmo. Am{U Vmo R>amd g^mJ¥hmMr _wXV
g§nÊ`mnydu 2 _{hZo AJmoXa g§_V ìhmdm bmJVmo.
· A{YdoeZ :
amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmÀ`m g§X^m©V KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyX Aem àH$mao Ho$bobr Amho, OZ
H$m±J«ogMo dfm©VyZ EH$Xm A{YdoeZ âob, Ë`m A{YdoeZmMr H$mb_`m©Xm 10 Vo 15 {Xdg Agob Am{U Ago
A{YdoeZ ~mobdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ñWm`r g{_Vrbm Amho. EImÚm {d{eï> àg§JmV OmXm A{YdoeZ
~mobdm`Mo Agob Va 1/5 amï´>Hr` OZ H$m±J«og à{V{ZYtMr _mJUr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Aem
_mJUrdê$Z A{YdoeZ ~mob{dVm òB©b. ho A{YdoeZ Iwbm AgVo.
· H$m_H$mO nÕV :
amï´>r` OZH$m±J«og _Yrb gd© gXñ` gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrMo Am{U gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ` AgVmV.
{Û qH$dm ~hþnj njnÕVrVrb _§Ìr _§S>imbm àíZ {dMmaUo, A{dídmgmMm R>amd _m§S>Uo qH$dm VËg_
H$m`©nÕVr A§_bmV AmUbr OmV Zmhr. `m g^mJ¥hmV {damoYr nj ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio _§Ìr_§S>imZo KoVboë`m
{ZU©`mbm {damoY H$aVm òV Zmhr, Vgo Pmë`mg {eñV^§JmMr H$madmB© H$ê$Z H$R>moa {ejm {Xbr OmVo.
A{YdoeZ Iwbo AgVo. Ë`mV Amdí`H$ nS>ë`mg MMm© H$aUo, Amdí`H$ dmQ>ë`mg XþéñVr H$aUo, Aem
XþéñVrbm _mÝ`Vm XoUo Aer _hÎdmMr H$m_o amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm A{YdoeZmV H$amdr bmJVmV.
· A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og hm MrZ emgZmMm gdm}ÀM gÎmm{d^mJ Amho. EH$mË_H$ emgZ ì`dñWm Agë`mZo
gÎmoMo {d^mOZ Pmbobo Zmhr. gd© gÎmm H|$ÐmH$S>o EH$dQ>bobr Amho. A_o[aH$m, ^maV d XoemVrb gÎmoMo
{d^mOZ Pmbobo {XgyZ òVo. 1982 À`m MrZÀ`m KQ>ZoZwgma `m g^mJ¥hmbm nwT>rb A{YH$ma qH$dm H$m`}
àmßV Pmbobr AmhoV. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMr gXñ` g§»`m Oar {H$Vrhr _moR>r Agbr Var Ë`m_Yrb ñWm`r
g{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwT>rb H$m`} nma nmS>br OmVmV.
1) H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMo H$m`} :
EH$mË_H$ emgZ ì`dñWo_wio OZ H$m±J«ogbm H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMm A{YH$ma Amho. ZdrZ H$m`Xo V`ma
H$aUo, OwÝ`m H$m`Úm_Üò eŠ` Agob Va XþéñVr H$aUo, Q>mH$mD$ H$m`Xo aÔ H$aUo `mMm g§nyU© A{YH$ma
amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogbm Amho. hm A{YH$ma g^mJ¥hmVrb ñWm`r g{_Ë`m Cn^moJV AgVmV. VgoM EImXm
H$m`Xm V`ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMr _mÝ`Vm Agmdr bmJVo. Oa OZ H$m±J«ogMr _mÝ`Vm
Zgob Va Vmo AmXoe VmËH$mi aÔ hmoVmo. `mdê$Z H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© `m g^mJ¥hmbm H$amdo
bmJVo ho ñnï> hmoVo.
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2) KQ>ZmXþéñVrMr H$m`} :
MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n nyU©V: bd{MH$ Oar Zgbo Var n[apñWVrZwgma amÁ`KQ>ZoV ~Xb hmoUo
Ano{jV AgVo. amÁ`KQ>ZoV XþéñVr d n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm Amho. Ë`m_wio
ñd^m{dH$M gm_m{OH$ amOH$s` ~XbmZwgma amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og 1/5 gXñ`m§Zr gyMZm Ho$ë`mg qH$dm ñWm`r
g{_VrZo Vgo gy{MV Ho$ë`mg KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm AgVmo. _mÌ Aem
KQ>ZmXþéñVrbm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m EyU gXñ`m§À`m 2/3 gXñ`m§Mr g§_Vr (~hþ_VmZo _§Oyar) AgUo Amdí`H$
Amho.
3) Am{W©H$ H$m`} :
H$m`Xo_§S>imbm A§XmOnÌ V`ma H$aUo, Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ H$aUo, ZdrZ H$a bmdUo, OwZo H$a aÔ H$aUo, BVa
Xoem§Zm _XV H$aUo, BVa Xoem§H$Sy>Z _XV KoUo, AW©g§H$ën _§Oya H$aUo, n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo `m
gd© Jmoï>tMr O~m~Xmar amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogda AgVo. amï´>r` OZ H$m±Jo«gÀ`m _§Oyar {edm` EH$ n¡gmhr IM©
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma MrZÀ`m emgZmbm Zmhr. AW©g§H$ënmVrb VaVyXr VnmgÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ
H$m±J«ogbm Amho. Ë`m_wio §XmOnÌH$mÀ`m _§OyargmR>r amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVo.
A§XmOnÌH$ _§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Img A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm {Xbm Amho.
A§_b~OmdUr `mo½` àH$mao hmoVo H$s Zmhr Vo nmhÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr Am`moJmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo d A§_b~OmdUrda
bj R>odbo OmVo.
4) H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma :
amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm 1982 À`m amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma H$m`Xo {df`H$ A{YH$ma ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmV àmßV Pmbobo
AmhoV. `mM KQ>ZoZwgma {Xbobo H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ A{YH$ma Anmë`mbm nwT>rb à_mUo nmhVmòVrb.
1) MrZMm amï´>nVr Am{U Cnamï´>nVtMr {ZdS> H$aUo. hr {ZdS> g^mJ¥hmH$Sy>Z 5 dfm©gmR>r Ho$br OmVo.
2) n§VàYmZ, Cnn§VàYmZ, amï´>r` g{_VrMo gd© gXñ`, AÜ`j, ñWm`r g{_VrMo gXñ`, {d{dY
Am`moJmMo AÜ`j, amOH$s` nXm{YH$mar Am{X _hÎdmÀ`m nXm{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> g^mJ¥h H$aVo. ho g^mJ¥hmMo
_yb^yV H$m_ Amho.
3) gd© nXm{YH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m g{_VrÀ`m AmXoemZwgma hmoVo, àg§Jr Ë`m§À`mM
AmXoemZo `m gd© gXñ`m§Zm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
4) H|$Ðr` g¡{ZH$ Am`moJmÀ`m AÜ`jm§Mr Am{U BVa gXñ`m§À`m {ZdS>rMo H$m_ amï´>r` OZ H$m±JogH$Sy>Z
Ho$bo OmVo.
5) MrZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imVrb à_wI A{YH$mè`m§Zr åhUOoM amï´>nVr qH$dm _§{Ì_§himZo naamï´>mer
Ho$bobo g§Yr, H$ama, Vh, naamï´>r` YmoaU, _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y, `wÕ Am{U em§VVm `m ~m~V {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm amï´>r`
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OZ H$m±J«ogbm A{YH$ma Amho. OZ H$m±J«ogMr _mÝ`Vm Z {_imë`mg g§Yr, H$ama, Vh aÔ H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
6) MrZÀ`m A§XmOnÌH$mg _§Oyar XoUo. Ë`mbm H$m`Xo{df`H$ ê$n XoUo Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a {dH$mg `moOZm§Mr
N>mZZr H$aUo Am{X H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ H$m_o H$amdr bJmVmV.
5) Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
MrZ_Üò Ý`m`_§S>imVrb Ý`m`mYrem§Mr Zo_UyH$s EodOr {ZdS> hmoVo. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo AÜ`j,
CnmÜ`j, BVa Ý`m`mYre, _w»` àmoŠ`waoQ>a, CnàmoŠ`waoQ>a, Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrb gd© nXm{YH$mar `m§Mr {ZdS>
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma MrZÀ`m amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm Amho. Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> 5 dfm©gmR>r g^mJ¥hmH$Sy>Z Ho$br
OmVo. VgoM Ë`m§Zm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aUo, JwÝhoJmam§Zm X`m XmI{dUo, {ejm H$aUo Ago A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ
H$m±J«ogbm Amho.
~) ñWm`r g{_Vr :
ñWm`r g{_Vr hr MrZ_Yrb Zm{dÊ`nyU© g§ñWm Amho. hr EH$ amOH$s` g§ñWm Amho. amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMr
gXñ` g§»`m OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr Xoemnojm gdm©V OmñV Amho. MrZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imMo åhUOoM amï´>Hr` OZ
H$m±J«ogMo Vo _hÎdmMo A§J Amho. `m gd© gXñ`m§Zm EH$Ì H$m_ H$aUo \$ma AdKS> åhUyZ 1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo
EH$ ñWm`r g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho. a{e`m_Üò eegH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò ào{gS>r` ZmdmMr g§ñWm Á`mà_mUo
_hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m dR>{dVo Ë`mM à_mUo MrZ_Üò ñWm`r g{_Vr Amho. MrZÀ`m emgZ ì`dñWoV ñWm`r
g{_VrMo _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Amho.
· aMZm :
H$m`Xo {df`H$ H$m`© H$aUmar hr EH$ amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMr g{_Vr Amho. MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$b_ 64
_Üò ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m aMZoMr VaVyX Amho. MrZÀ`m ñWm`r g{_Vr_Üò
1) 1 AÜ`j
2) 22 CnmÜ`j
3) 1 g{Md
4) BVa 121 gXñ`
EHy$U 145 EdT>r g§»`m 1985 _Üò hmoVr. _mÌ AmO hr g§»`m gw_mao 200 EdT>r Amho.
· H$m`©H$mb :
ñWm`r g{_VrMm H$m`©H$mb 5 dfm©Mm AgVmo. hr g{_Vr Xþgar g{_Vr H$m`©aV hmoB©n`ªV H$m`©aV amhVo.
`mVrb gñ`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r àË`mdhZmMm A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm {Xbm Amho. ñWm`r g{_Vr
Amnë`m H$m`m©~Ôb amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm O~m~Xma AgVo.
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· nXm{YH$mar :
ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j g{_VrMr ~¡R>H$ ~mob{dVmV. g{_VrMo AÜ`j dCnmÜ`j g{_VrZo
KoVboë`m {ZU©`mMo Am{U AmXoemMo nmbZ H$aVmV, `m XmoÝhr nXm{YH$mè`m§Zm Amnë`m nXmda XmoZnojm OmñV
doi amhVm òV Zmhr. gmYmaUV: ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m _{hÝ`mVyZ XmoZ ~¡R>H$m hmoV AgVmV.
· ñWm`r g{_VrMo A{YH$ma qH$dm H$m`} :
1) H$m`Xo {df`H$ A{YH$ma :
1) ñWm`r g{_Vr amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMr {Z`{_V Am{U JaO dmQ>ë`mg Img A{YdoeZ ~mobdy
eH$Vo.
2) amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m {dlm§VrÀ`m H$mimV AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Uo.
3) amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo Ho$boë`m XþéñË`m, {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ñWm`r g{_Vrbm
Amho. {d{Y{Z`_ V`ma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ñWm`r g{_Vrbm Amho. `m AÜ`mXoe {Z`_ Cn{Z`_m§Zm amï´>r`
OZH$m±J«ogMr _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr bmJVo.
4) amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$ KoUo.
5) ñWm`r g{_Vr AÜ`mXoe qH$dm dQ>hþHy$_hr H$mTy> eH$Vo.
2) H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma :
ñWm`r g{_Vr hr amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMr EH$ g{_Vr Agbr Var A{YH$mamMm dmna ì`mnH$ à_mUmV
H$aVo. gmå`dmXr njmMr g§nyU© gÎmm Agë`m_wio Am{U MrZÀ`m njmÀ`m gdm}ÀM g§KQ>ZoMo ñWm`r
g{_Vrda {Z`§ÌU Agë`m_wio H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ gÎmm ñWm`r g{_VrM dmnarV AgVo.
1) MrZMm amï´>à_wI Zm__mÌ AgVmo.V `mMr H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ gÎmm ñWm`r g{_VrH$S>o AgVo.
2) amï´>nVr, n§VàYmZ, Am`moJmMo AÜ`j, _§{Ì_§S>imMo gXñ`, Ý`m`mYre `m§À`m Zo_UyH$m d
nX_wŠVr ñWm`r g{_Vr H$é eH$Vo. ñWm`r g{_Vr Oar H$m`Xo_§S>imMo _hÎdmMo ^mJ Agbo Var amï´>r` OZ
H$m±J«ogÀ`m {dlm§VrÀ`m H$mimV emgZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo.
3) ñWm`r g{_Vr amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m {dlm§VrÀ`m H$mimV naamï´> YmoaU, Vh, H$ama, g§Yr, amOXÿV,
Zo_UyH$, gå_obZo, à{V{ZYr, naamï´>r` XþVm§Mm ñdrH$ma, gÝ_mZZr` nXì`m XoUo, Am{U~mUr Omhra H$aUo,
`wÕ KmofrV H$aUo BË`mXr H$m_o nma nmS>Vo.
· Ý`m`XmZ{df`H$ H$m`} :
MrZMr Img Ý`m` ì`dñWm Amho. Ë`m_wio ñWm`r g{_Vrbm nwT>rb Ý`m`{df`H$ H$m`} nma nmS>mdr
bmJVmV.
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1) H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`ÚmMm AW© bmdUo d Vmo AW© ñnï> H$aUo.
2) _§{Ì_§S>imZo Ho$bobm H$m`Xm KQ>Zm{damoYr Agob Va Vmo aÔ H$aUo.
3) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo JwÝhoJmam§Zm \$merMr {ejm {Xbobr Agob Vr _m\$ H$aUo qH$dm gyQ> XoUo åhUOoM
AnamÜ`mbm j_m H$aUo, X`m XmI{dUo Am{X H$m_o H$aUo.
4) Ý`m`mYre àmoŠ`waoQ>a OZabMr {Z`wŠVr H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo d nX_wŠV H$aUo.
5) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xboë`m Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZU©`mda nwZ{d©Mma (nwZ©{dbmoH$Z) H$aUo.
6) g§nyU© Ý`m`ì`dñWoda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ ñWm`r g{_Vrbm H$amdo bmJVo.
2.5 gmam§e …
MrZMo EH$mË_H$ emgZ ì`dñWm d njnÕVr pñdH$maë`mZo MrZ_Üò H$m`Xo_§S>imMr gXñ` g§»`m Iyn
_moR>r Amho. 1982 À`m amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma MrZMm H$ma^ma MmbVmo. amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ dfm©VyZ \$ŠV
10 Vo 15 {Xdg MmbVo. Ë`m_wio am{hbobo dfm©Vrb gd© _{hZo H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ñWm`r g{_Vrbm
{Xbm Amho. hr H$m`Xo{df`H$ Am{U H$m`©H$m[aUr {df`H$ H$m`} ñWm`r g{_Vrbm nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV. amï´>r`
OZ H$m±J«ogMo ñWm`r g{_Vr ho EH$ A§J Amho. ñWm`r g{_Vrbm ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`mbm
gÎmoMm Cn^moJ KoVm òVmo. MrZÀ`m àemgH$s` amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò ñWm`r g{_Vrbm åhUOoM `m g^mJ¥hmbm
_moR>o _mZmMo ñWmZ Amho ho {dgê$Z MmbUma Zmhr.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ …1) MrZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imbm ............. åhUVmV.
2) MrZ_Üò ............... àm§V AmhoV.
3) OZ H$m±J«ogMo ............... dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
4) H$m`Xm {Z{_©VrMm A{YH$ma ............... g{_Vr Cn^moJVo.
5) MrZMr emgZ ì`dñWm ............... Amho.
6) àmoŠ`waoQ>aMr {ZdS> ............... dfm©gmR>r Ho$br OmVo.
7) 1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ............... g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho.
8) KQ>Zm XþéñVrgmR>r ............... gXñ`m§Mr _§Oyar Amdí`H$ Amho.
9) A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m _§OyargmR>r ............... Mo A{YdoeZ _hÎdmMo Amho.
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CÎma :
1) amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og
2) 22
3) 5
4) ñWm`r
5) EH$mË_H$
6) 5
7) ñWm`r
8) 2/3
9) EH$ n¡gmhr
10) amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og
♦♦♦
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(~) ñdrS>ZMo H$m`Xo_§S>i
2.0 àmñVm{dH$
2.1 H$m`§Xo_§S>i aMZm
2.2 H$m`Xo_§S>i H$m`}
2.3 g_mamon
2.4 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
2.0 àñVmdZm :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`Xo_S§ >imÀ`m aMZoMm Aä`mg AmnUmg `m àH$aUmV H$amd`mMm Amho. ñdrS>re amÁ`KQ>Zm
VoWrb amOH$s` ì`dñWm, amÁ`ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n BË`mXrMm Amä`mg gXa àH$aUm~amo~a `m nona _Üò H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. `m àH$aUmV pñdS>ZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§himMr aMZm, gg§Xr` J¥h, gXñ` g§»`m, Ë`m J¥hmMr H$m`}
BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
2.1 H$m`Xo_§S>i aMZm :
pñdS>re H$m`Xo_§S>i AWm©V g§gX åhUOoM [aŠgS>°JMr aMZm Imbrbà_mUo Amho. Ë`m_Üò [aŠgS>°J ho
ñdrS>ZMo EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i Amho. `m gXZmMr gXñ` g§»`m 349 BVH$s Amho. ho g^mgX AWdm gXñ`
_wŠV, JwßV d àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao `m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> hmoVo. `m {ZdS>UyH$s_Üò d`mMr 18 df} nyU© H$aUmè`m
ñdrS>re ZmJ[aH$ d a{hdmer Agboë`m ì`ŠVrbm gXa {ZdS>UyH$s_Üò _VXmZ H$aVm òVo. `m ~amo~aM
{ZdS>UyH$sg nmÌ hmoÊ`mH$arVm XoIrb _VXmZmgmR>rMr nmÌVm J¥{hV Yabr Amho. åhUOoM _VXmZ H$aÊmMr
nmÌVm YmaU H$aUmar ì`ŠVr {ZdS>UyH$sg C^r amhÊ`mg XoIrb nmÌ AgVo.
[aŠgS>°JÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sH$arVm EHy$U 29 _VXmag§K {Z_m©U Ho$bo Jobo AmhoV. 349 n¡H$s 310 OmJm øm
pñWa d H$m`_ _VXmag§K åhUyZ {d^mOrV H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV d 39 OmJm `m g_m`mo{OV Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
[aŠgS>°JgmR>rMr _VXmZ nÕVr "à_mU{ea' (Proportional) ñdê$nmMr Amho. `m [aŠgS>°JgmR>rMr
{ZdS>UyH$ Xa Mma dfmªZr gßQ>|~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m Xþgè`m a{ddmar KoVbr OmVo.
H$b_ 1 {d^mJ 4 ñdr{S>eÀ`m amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma [aŠgS>°J `m H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YdoeZ àËòH$ dfu KoVbo
OmVo. Vo XoemMr amOYmZr ñQ>m°H$-hmo_ òWo KoVbo OmVo. [aŠgS>°J gXñ`m§Zm gXñ` åhUyZ _mZYZ {Xbo OmVo d
BVa Am{W©H$ bm^ {Xbo OmVmV. Ë`mM à_mUo Ë`m§Zr {Zd¥Îmr doVZ XoIrb AXm Ho$bo OmVo. [aŠgS>°JÀ`m nyd©
nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr gXñ`mbm Ë`mÀ`m H$V©ì`mV J¡ahOa amhVm òUma Zmhr. Ë`mM à_mUo Oa EImÚm
JwÝhçmV gXñ` Xmofr {gÕ Pmë`mg Vmo [aŠgS>°JMm gXñ` åhUyZ H$m`© H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>aVmo. Ë`mM à_mUo
Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZU©`mà_mUo Ë`mbm gXñ` åhUyZ ~S>V\©$ Ho$bo OmVo. (H$b_ 4:12)
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· [aŠgS>°J A{YdoeZ :
[aŠgS>°JÀ`m gwajrVogmR>r Am{U ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo [aŠgS>°JMo dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZ ~mobm{dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma g^mnVrbm Amho.
g^mnVr ñnrH$a (Speaker) : ^mJ Mma H$b_ 1 Zwgma [aŠgS>°J g^mnVr d VrZ Cng^mnVr
`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVo. hr {ZdS> [aŠgS>°JÀ`m {Zdm©MrV gXñ`m_YyZ Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m§Mm H$mbmdYr [aŠgS>°JÀ`m
H$mbmdYr BVH$mM åhUOo Mma dfmªMm AgVmo.
· [aŠgS>°J g{_Ë`m
(Riskdag Committee's) :
[aŠgS>°JÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {Zdm©{MV gXñ`m§Mr {d{dY g{_Ë`m§H$arVm {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_Üò
amÁ`KQ>Zm g{_Vr (committee on constitution) Am{U {dÎm g{_Vr (committee on finance)
BË`mXr g{_Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
emgZmVrb à{V{ZYr Ë`mM ~amo~a [aŠgS>°JMo gXñ` `m§Zm H$moUmbmhr g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$ _m§S>Vm òVo.
[aŠgS>°JÀ`m H$m`©H$joV òUmè`m H$moUË`mhr {df`mda {dYo`H$ _m§S>Vm òVo.
· nXm{YH$mar :
g^mnVr (Speaker) : H$b_ 1 {d^mJ 2 Zwgma g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMr à{H«$`m hr g^mnVtÀ`m
AÜ`jVoImbr nma nS>ob Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.
g^mJ¥h H$m_H$mO gwê$ H$aÊ`mH$arVm g^mnVrbm g^mJ¥hmMm g{Md _XV H$aVmo. g^mnVr Amnë`m
H$m`m©Mr O~m~Xmar Cng^mnVrH$S>o gmonD$ eH$Vmo. g^nmVr d VrÝhr Cng^mnVtÀ`m AZwnpñWVrV
[aŠgS>°JMm gdm©V OmñV H$mi gXñ` am{hbobr ì`ŠVr g^mnVr nXmMo H$m_H$mO nmhVmo. Va XmoZ nojm
A{YH$ gXñ` gXñ`ËdmÀ`m ~m~VrV g_mZ H$mimH$arVm AgVrb Va Ë`mVrb d`mZo Ooð> ì`ŠVrbm
g^mnVr nXmgmR>r H$m_ H$aÊ`mg {Xbo OmVo.
àËòH$ gXñ`mbm g^mJ¥hmV Ë`mMo ñWmZ {ZpíMV H$ê$Z {Xbobo AgVo. Va g^mnVr d Cng^mnVtH$arVm
{d{eîQ> ñWmZ {ZpíMV Ho$bobo AgVo. VgoM _§ÌrgXñ` Agboë`m gXñ`m§Zm XoIrb {d{eï> {ZpíMV ñWmZ
{Xbobo AgVo.
· g^mnVrMr H$m`}
(Function's of Speaker) :
1) g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_mH$mOmMo AÜ`jnX pñdH$maUo d g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO hmVmiUo.
2) g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMm H$mbmdYr {ZYm©arV H$aUo.
3) H$m_H$mOmMo doimnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo.
4) gaH$maZo {deof {ZdS>UyH$m§Mr _mJUr Ho$ë`mg Ë`mda {dMma H$ê$Z Amnbm {ZU©` XoUo.
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5) g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMr _m{hVr d A{YdoeZmMr énaofm H$i{dUo.
6) gXñ`m§Zm ~mobÊ`mg nadmZJr XoUo.
7) gXñ`m§À`m àñVwV _m§S>UrVrb {df`mg§X^m©V MMm© H$aUo.
8) n§VàYmZmMr {ZdS> H$aUo.
· H$m`Xo_§S>imMr H$m`}
(Function's of the Home)
1) {dYr{df`H$ H$m`} (Legislative functions) : gaH$ma Amnë`m {dYo`H$mMo àñVmd [aŠgS>°JH$S>o
gaH$mar {dYo`H$ ñdê$nmV gmXa H$aVo.
gXa gaH$mar {dYo`H$mVrb MMm© {dYo`H$ _m§S>Ur Xaå`mZ MMm© Ho$br OmVo.
gaH$mar {dYo`H$ g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g{MdmH$S>o gmXa Ho$bo OmVo. Vo nwT>rb H$madmB© H$arVm. gXa
{dYo`H$mMr _wÐrV àV gXñ`m§Zm {dVarV Ho$br OmVo.
2) AW©{df`H$ H$m`}
(Financial Functions) :
[aŠgS>°JÀ`m AW©{df`H$ H$m`m©_Üò gaH$maÀ`m AW©{df`H$ {dYo`H$mMr à{H«$`m òVo. Ë`m_Üò 1
OmZodmarbm gwê$ hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ dfm©gmR>rMo {dÎm {dYo`H$ g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>bo OmVo. amÁ`mMm _hgwb d
IMm©Mm Vmio~§X AW©{df`H$ ñdê$nmV gaH$ma V\}$ g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>bo OmVo. gXa {dÎm{dYo`H$m_Üò
A§XmOnÌH$ d Ë`m g§~§YrMm àñVm{dV AmamIS>m g_m{dï> AgVmo. H$b_ 12(5) Zwgma A§XmOnÌH$m_Üò
[aŠgS>°JÀ`m _mÝ`VoZwgma CËnÞ d IM© `mg§~§YrMr VaaVyX Ho$bobr AgVo.
Á`m dfu {ZdS>UyH$m ZgVmV Ë`m dfu 20 gßQ>|~a nydu {dÎm {dYo`H$ gmXa H$amdo bmJVo. Am{U Oa
Z{dZ gaH$ma ñWmnZ Pmbobo Agob Va gaH$ma ñWmnZoZ§Va bJoM Xhm {Xdgm§À`m AmV ho {dYo`H$ gmXa
H$amdo bmJVo.
H$moUVohr {dYo`H$ 15 E{àb nyduM _m§S>mdo bmJVo. Ë`mVrb gwYmaUm Am{U ~Xb `m H$arVm ho
{dYo`H$ 15 E{àbnydu H$amdr bmJVo.
3) g{_Vr {df`H$ H$mò©
(Committee functions)
{d{dY g§gXr` H$m`m©H$arVm g§gXr` g{_Vr nÕVr pñdS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Amho.
A) g§gXr` Am|~wS>g_Z : ^mJ 13, H$b_ 11 Zwgma g§gXr` Amo~wS>g_ZMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mMr
nÕV [aŠgS>°J H$Sy>Z Am_bmV AmUbr OmVo. VrZ g§gXr` Am|~wS>g_Z d EH$ _w»` Aer Mma hr g§»`m
g§gXr` Am|~wS>g_Z Mr AgVo. _w»` Am|~wS>g_Z hm àemgH$s` H$m`©à_wI åhUyZ Amnbr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmo.
`m g§X^m©V [aŠgS>°J AmUIr EImXm A{V[aŠV Cn-Am|~wS>g_Z Zo_y eH$Vo. _w»` Am|~wS>g_Z {ZdS> nÕVr
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hr JwßV nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. `m§Mr {ZdS>hr Mma dfm©H$arVm hmoVo.
g§gXr` H$m`©g{_Vr Am|~wS>g_ZÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrda Ë`m H$m`© g§KQ>Zmda d à{H«$òda bj R>odV AgVo.
2) amï´>r` boIm H$m`m©b`
(National Audit Office) :
ñdr{S>e amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m ^mJ 13 H$b_ 4 Zwgma [aŠgS>°J _hmboImnmb `m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aVo. `mMr
{ZdS> ì`ŠVrJV hmoVo. VrZ n¡H$s EH$ boImnmb hm _w»` åhUyZ O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Vmo. na§Vw `m n¡H$s H$moU
_w»` åhUyZ O~m~Xmar nma nmS>ob ho [aŠgS>°J R>adVo. AWm©V Ë`mMr {ZdS> [aŠgS>°JH$Sy>Z hmoVo.
`m boImnmbm§À`m {ZdS>UyH$sMr à{H«$`m g§gXr` H$m`© g{_VrH$Sy>Z nma nmS>br OmVo. VgoM g§gXr`
g_rVrZo _hmboImnmb `m§Zm ~S>V\©$ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$ë`mg [aŠgS>°J _hmboImnmb `m§Zm nXmdê$Z
~S>V\©$ H$aVo.
3) [aŠgS>°J g{_Vr d `wamonr` g§K g§~§Y g{_Vr
(Riskdag Commuttee and Commuttee on
Europian Union)
[aŠgS>°J àemgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZM `m [aŠgS>°JMm g{Md hm [aŠgS>°J g_rVr d `wamonr` g§K g{_Vr
`m XmoÝhr g{_Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©V ghmæ` H$aV AgVmo. `m g{Md nXmda AgUmar ì`ŠVr hr pñd{S>e ZmJarH$
Agmdr Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
2.3 g_mamon :
pñdS>ZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imMo ñdê$n ho EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i Amho. 1970 À`m KQ>Zm XþéñVrZwgma {ÛJ¥hr
H$m`Xo_§S>i ~aImñV H$ê$Z EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i ([aŠgS>°J) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
2.4 àíZ :
1) [aŠgS>°JMr ñWmnZm ñnï> H$am.
2) [aŠgS>°JMm g^mnVr d Ë`mMr H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 3
A) MrZMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i
(Executive : Cmposition and function)
AZwH«$_{UH$m :
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 amï´>mÜ`j
3.2.2 amÁ`_§Ìr n[afX
3.2.3 n§VàYmZ
3.3 gmam§e
3.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.6 g§X^© nwñVHo$
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
MrZ hm OJmVrb _hmeŠVrembr Xoem_Yrb EH$ Xoe Amho. OJmVrb gdm©{YH$ bmoH$g§»`m `m XoemMr
Amho. `m XoemÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ XoemMr EHy$U amOH$s` aMZm g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoUma Amho.
H$m`Xo _§S>i d Ý`m` _§S>imà_mUo H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr aMZmhr Amnë`mbm `m àH$aUmV Aä`mgVm òB©b.
XoemMm H$ma^ma H$moUË`m nÕVrZo MmbVmo. H$m`©H$mar _§S>i H$go {Z`wŠV Ho$bo OmVo AmqXMm Aä`mg `m àH$aUmV
H$aVm òB©b.
3…1 àñVmdZm :
bmoH$g§»òÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo n{hë`m H«$_m§H$mMm Xoe åhUyZ MrZbm AmoiIbo OmVo. MrZMo AZoH$ d¡{eï>o AmhoV.
EH$ nj nÕVr MrZ_Üò ApñVËdmV Agbr Var MrZZo bmoH$emhr ì`ddñWoMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho. MrZ ho
àOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ` Amho. 1954 Vo 1982 `m H$mbmdYrV Mma doim amÁ`KQ>Zm ApñVËdmV Ambr. gmå`dmXr
MrZZo Zmoìh|~a 1954 _Üò n{hbo g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. `m g§{dYmZmMr g§{hVm {Z{_©VrgmR>r 333 g^mgXm§Mr
KQ>Zm n[afX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. amï´>mÜ`j hm MrZ JUamÁ`mMm Am¡nMm[aH$ à_wI Amho. H$m`©H$mar
_§S>imZo MrZMm amÁ`H$ma^ma H$gm MmbVmo ho AmnUm§g nmhVm òB©b.
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3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
3.2.1 amï´>mÜ`j
(President)
:
MrZ àOmgÎmmH$, JUamÁ`mMo gaH$ma _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$m`©aV Pmbo. àma§^r H$mhr
H$mi n`ªV MrZr àOmgÎmmH$mMr amÁ`KQ>Zm, {dYr_§S>i qH$dm H$m`©H$mar _§S>i ApñVËdmV ZìhVo. `m
H$mbmdYr_Üò MrZr OZVm amOH$s` gëbmJma g{_VrÀ`m gëë`mZwgma d AmXoemZwgma emgH$s` H$ma^ma
Mmbbobm hmoVm. MrZMr KQ>Zm g§{hVm {Z{_©VrgmR>r 33 g^mgXm§Mr KQ>Zm n[afX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
1954 _Üò g§{dYmZ g{_VrMm _gwXm nyU© V`ma Pmbm d MrZMo n{hbo g§{dYmZ ApñVËdmV Ambo. Ë`mZ§Va
nwÝhm nwÝhm g§{dYmZm_Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 1982 À`m amÁ` KQ>ZoZwgma AmO MrZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar
_§S>imMm à_wI hm amï´>mÜæj Amho. 1982 À`m g§{dYmZmÀ`m ~XbmAZwgma MrZ_Üò AmO amï´>mÜ`j d
Cnamï´>mÜ`j hr nXo {Z_m©U Ho$br AmhoV. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 80 _Üò amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m H$m`m©Mo dU©Z Ho$bobo
Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmà_mUo MrZMm amï´>mÜ`j eŠVrembr Zmhr. Ë`mbm H$mhr _`m©XrV A{YH$ma
{Xbobo AmhoV.
· nmÌVm :
1, Vmo MrZMm ZmJarH$ Agmdm.
2. Ë`mMo d` H$_rV H$_r 45 df} nyU© Agmdo.
3. amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogZo doimodoir Ho$bobr BVa nmÌVm Ë`mZo nyU© Ho$br nm{hOo.
· H$m`©H$mb :
MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> 5 dfm©gmR>r Ho$br OmVo. EH$m ì`ŠVrg Ho$di XmoZ H$mbmdYrgmR>r `m
nXmda {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. {Vgè`m§Xm Vmo {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mg nmÌ ahmV Zmhr. Amnbm nmM dfm©Mm
H$mbmdYr nyU© hmoÊ`mnydu Vmo amOrZm_m Xody eH$Vmo. amï´>mÜ`j amOrZm_m {Xë`mZ§Va `m§À`m OmJr Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMr
{ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. H$mhr H$maUmZo Cnamï´>mÜ`jm§Mo nXhr [aŠV Agob Va ñWm`r g{_VrMm AÜ`j hm H$mhr
H$mbmdYrgmR>r amï´>mÜ`j åhUyZ XoemMr O~m~Xmar gm§^miy eH$Vmo. AÜ`jmbm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©V ghmæ`H$
H$aUo ho CnmÜ`jmMo g§{dYm{ZH$ H$V©ì` Amho. AÜ`jmà_mUoM CnmÜ`jmMrhr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.
· MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
1982 _Yrb {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 80 _Üò amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m
H$m`m©Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.
1. H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr {df`H$ A{YH$ma :
amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo qH$dm ñWm`r g{_VrZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m {dYo`H$m§Zm qH$dm H$m`Úm§Zm amï´>mÜ`jmMr
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_§Oyar ¿`mdr bmJVo. Ë`mbm amï´>mÜ`j _§Oyar XoVmoM. {dYo`H$ Vmo ZmH$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Omon`ªV amï´>mÜ`j
{dYo`H$m§Zm _§Oyar XoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV Ë`m {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoV Zmhr. H$mhr doiobm ñWm`r g{_Vr
dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Vo. Ë`m dQ>hþHy$_mÀ`m àñVmdm§Zm A§{V_ _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm XoÊ`mV
Ambobm Amho. amï´>mÜ`jm§Mr hr _mÝ`Vm Oar Am¡nMm[aH$ nÕVrMr Agbr Var Vr AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
2. emgH$s`/H$m`©H$mar A{YH$mar :
amï´>mÜ`j hm MrZMm Am¡nMm[aH$ H$m`©H$mar à_wI Amho. n§VàYmZ, Cnn§VàYmZ, _§Ìr _§S>imVrb
gXñ`, Am`moJmMo AÜ`j, _hmboImn[ajH$, amOXÿV BË`mqXMr {Z`wŠVr H$aUo VgoM Ë`m§Zm nXmdê$Z H$_r
H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm AmhoV. àË`jmV Ë`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr Am{U nX_wŠVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>r`
OZH$m±J«og d ñWm`r g{_Vrbm AgVmo. H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr amï´>r` OZH$m±J«og qH$dm ñWm`r g{_Vr
H$aVo. `m {Z`wŠË`m H$aVmZm amï´>mÜ`jmMr _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr bmJVo. VgoM CÎm_ H$m_{Jar Ho$boë`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
nXì`m XoUo, nXHo$ XoUo BË`m{X H$m`©hr amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm H$amdo bmJVo. Xoem_Üò g§H$Q> {Z_m©U Pmë`mg XoemV
_me©b bm° Mr KmofUm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `wÕ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma hr amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
3. naamï´> YmoaU{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
amï´>à_wI `m ZmË`mZo naamï´>mer Vh H$aUo, H$ama H$aUo, _¡Ìr H$aÊ`mMr _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm AmhoV. naamï´>mV amOXÿVm§À`m Zo_UyH$m Vmo H$ê$ eH$Vmo. VgoM Amnë`m XoemV Amboë`m
amOXÿVm§Mo ñdmJVhr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. naamï´>mVrb amOXÿVm§Zm naV ~mob{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`mbm Amho. naamï´>
YmoaUm{df`H$ H$m`} Ë`mbm nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
4. Ý`m` {df`H$ A{YH$ma :
amï´>mÜ`j `m ZmË`mZo Ë`mbm Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbo AmhoV. gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` Am{U
BVa OZ Ý`m`mbò `mVrb Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm nXÀ`wVr H$aUo, JwÝhoJmam§À`m {ejoV gyQ>
XoUo, Ë`m§Zm j_m H$aUo, {ejm _m\$ H$aUo BË`mXr H$m`} amï´>mÜ`j H$ê$ eH$VmV. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og qH$dm
ñWm`r g{_VrZo gyM{dboë`m ì`ŠVr g§X^m©V Vmo Vo H$m`© H$aVmo.
· MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jm§Mr ñWmZ Am{U ^y{_H$m :
OJmVrb à_wI amï´>mÜ`jm§_Üò MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jm§Mo ñWmZ
Am{U ^y{_Ho$Mm {dMma H$aVm emgZ ì`dñWoV amï´>mÜ`jmbm Oar ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo A{YH$ma {Xbo Agbo
Var àË`jmV amï´>mÜ`jmMo nX Zm_Ymar ñdê$nmMo Amho. amï´>r` OZH$m±J«og Am{U ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`m
{ZX}emZwgma Ë`mbm Amnbo A{YH$ma dmnamdo bmJVmV AWdm H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo. BVa Xoemà_mUo H$m`Xo
{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$òV Ë`mbm ZH$ma A{YH$ma {Xbobm Zmhr. EImXo {dYo`H$ _§OyargmR>r amï´>mÜ`jm§À`mH$S>o
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Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm Ë`mda ZH$ma A{YH$ma {Xbobm Zmhr. EImXo {dYo`H$ _§OyargmR>r amï´>mÜ`jm§À`mH$S>o
Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm Ë`mda ghr H$amdrM bmJVo. amï´>mÜ`jm§À`m àËòH$ H¥$Vrda ñWm`r g{_Vr Am{U H$m`Xo
_§S>imMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. ^maVmÀ`m amï´>nVrà_mUo MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr ^y{_H$m Zm_Ymmar ñdê$nmMr ~Zbr
Amho. amï´>mÜ`j ho nX amï´>r` gÝ_mZmMo Am{U Ho$di à{Vð>oMo nX ~Zbo Amho. 1982 À`m MrZÀ`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ë`m§Zm ñdV§Ì {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$moUË`mhr àH$mao {Xbobm Zmhr. `m XoemV gmå`dmXr
njmMm _moR>çm à_mUmV à^md Amho. gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m d[að> ZoË`mMr amï´>nVr nXmda {Z`wŠVr Ho$ë`mMr
CXmhaUo {XgyZ òVmV. `mdê$Z amï´>mÜ`jmMr ^y{_H$m Am{U H$m`© g_OyZ òVo.
3.2.2 amÁ`n[afX (_§{Ì_§S>i)
(The State Council) :
MrZÀ`m g§{dYmZmV "ñQ>oQ> H$m°Ýgrb' Agm eãXà`moJ Ho$bm Amho. ñQ>oQ> H$m°Ýgrb ho MrZMo gdm}ÀM
H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Amho. g§{dYmZmZo _§{Ì_§S>i hm eãXà`moJ Z H$aVm ñQ>oQ> H$m¡Ýgrb hm eãXà`moJ dmnabm
Amho. Ë`mdê$Z Ë`mMo doJionU bjmV òVo. amÁ`n[afX (The State Council) ho amÁ`mVrb gdm}ÀM gÎmm
Agbobo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i AgyZ Vo amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogbm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m`© H$arV AgVo. Ago 1982 À`m
MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m àH$aUmVrb {Vgè`m {d^mJmV H$b_ 85 _Üò ñnï> Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. H$b_
86 à_mUo amÁ` n[afXo_Üò 1 n§VàYmZ
3 Vo 4 Cnn§VàXmZ
30 _§Ìr
Am`moJmMo 8 AÜ`j
Am°{S>Q>a OZab
goH$o« Q>ar
Aer gw_mao 45 gXñ` g§»`m `m _§Ìrn[afXoV AgVo. gmYmaUV: 0 Vo 100 À`m Odinmg
amÁ`n[afXoMr gXñ` g§»`m Agbobr {XgyZ òVo. H$mhr doiobm Cnn§VàYmZm§Mr g§»`m 10 Vo 15 À`m
Xaå`mZ gwÕm AgVo. Cnn§VàYmZmH$S>o emgZmVrb {d{eï> ImË`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr O~m~Xmar gmon{dbr OmVo.
Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o {d{eð> H$moUË`mhr ImË`mÀ`m H$m_mMr O~m~Xmar ZgVo. Vmo {d{dY ImË`m_Üò g_Ýd`mMo H$m_
H$aVmo. EH$m Aä`mgH$mZo Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, State Council Mo ñdê$n åhUOo AmkoMo _w»`mb` Amho.
{d^mJ Am{U `§ÌUm§Mo Omio `m amï´>n[afXoV Agbobo {XgyZ òVo. gmå`dmXr H$m`©H$V}, njKQ>H$, H$_©Mmar,
A{YH$mar Ë`mV H$m_ H$aVmV. {deof åhUOo emgZmÀ`m {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§Mm g_Ýd` àñVm{nV H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar hr g§KQ>Zm nma nmS>Vo.
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· amÁ`n[afXoMr {ZdS> d {Z{_©Vr :
amÁ`n[afXoÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma MrZÀm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og d ñWm`r g{_Vr `m§Zm
Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m n{hë`m A{YdoeZmV _§{Ì_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. n«Ë`jmV nm{hbo AgVm
gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m H$m`©H$maUrMm à^md nS>Vmo. Ë`m§À`mM _VmZo amÁ`n[afX {Z_m©U hmoVo. àË`jmV n{hbo
AgVm gmå`dmXr njmMo H|${Ð` H$m`©H$m[aUr qH$dm nm°{bQ> ã`wamo ho amÁ`n[afXoÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmV.
gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m H|${Ð` g{_VrH$Sy>Z Amboë`m gXñ`m§À`m `mXrbm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og _§Oyar XoVo.
n§VàXmZm§Mr {ZdS> amï´>mÜ`jm§À`m {e\$magt AZwgma OZ H$m±J«og H$arV AgVo. n§VàYmZm§À`m {e\$magrZo BVa
gXñ`m§À`m Zmdm§Zm H$m`Xo_§S>i _mÝ`Vm XoVo. `mdê$Z amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogMo _hÎd bjmV òVo.
· amÁ`n[afXoMm H$m`©H$mb :
1) amÁ`n[afXoMm H$m`©H$mb 5 dfmªMm AgVmo.
2) H$m`©H$mb g§nÊ`mnydu n§VàYmZ d _§{Ì_§S>i amOrZm_m Xody eH$VmV. VgoM n§VàYmZ qH$dm _§Ìr
`m§Zm amï´>mÜ`j amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m {e\$magr AZwgma nXmdê$Z H$_r H$ê$ eH$Vo.
3) n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr `m§Zm XmoZ H$m`©H$mbmnojm (10 dfm©nojm) A{YH$ H$mi gXñ` åhUyZ _§Ìr_§S>imV
amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV.
· amÁ`n[afXoMr aMZm :
MrZÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imV 45 _§Ìr AgVmV. H$m_H$mOmÀ`m gmo`rÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo Ë`mMo 3 àH$ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV.
A) AW© ì`mnma _§Ìmb` : `m _§Ìmb`mV D$Om©, eoVr, `§Ì ~m§YUr, ~m§YH$m_ gmYZgm_J«r,
ñQ>°ÊS>S>© d noQ>§Q> Aem ghm ImË`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
~) BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _§Ìmb` : XÿaXe©Z, Z^modmUr (AmH$medmUr), g§JUH$ àemgZ Am{U `§Ì ~m§YUr
Aer Mma ImVr `m _§Ìmb`mV g_m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.
H$) naamï´>r` g§§~Y-ì`mnma : naamï´>r` g§~§Y òUmè`m VrZ _hÎdnyU© ImË`m§Mm `m_Üò g_m{dï>
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`mV naH$s` Am{W©H$ g§~§Y, naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$ Am{U Am`mV-{Z`m©V `m§Mm g_mdoe
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
· A§VJ©V _§Ìr_§S>i
(Inner Cabinet) :
A§VJ©V _§Ìr_§S>im_Üò 1 àYmZ_§Ìr, 4 Cn_§Ìr, 10 Ooð> gëbmJma H$m¡Ýgrb_Yrb gXñ`, 1 ñQ>oQ>
H$m¡Ýgrb H$m`m©b`mMm g{Md Ago EHy$U 16 g^mgX AgVmV. XoemÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo _hÎdmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mMo
H$m_ ho A§VJ©V _§Ìr_§S>i H$arV AgVo. _hÎdmMo {ZU©` `m H°${~ZoQ>_ÜòM KoVbo OmVmV. gmå`dmXr njmMr
H$m`©H$V}, njKQ>H$ A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmar A§VJ©V _§Ìr_§S>imbm ghH$m`© H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
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· n§VàYmZ :
n§VàYmZ hm amÁ`n[afXoMm à_wI AgVmo. Vmo amÁ`n[afXoÀ`m ~¡R>H$sMo AÜ`jñWmZ ^yf{dVmo.
n§VàYmZmH$S>o H$moUË`mhr EH$m ImË`mMr OO~m~Xmar ZgVo. gd© _§Ìmb` d Am`moJ `m§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd`
gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ n§VàYmZ H$arV AgVmo. amÁ`n[afXoÀ`m H$m`mªZm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
_§Í`m§Mr {ZdS> H$éZ Ë`mMr _m{hVr d `mXr amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og qH$dm ñWm`r g{_Vrbm XoVmo. amï´>r`
{dH$mgmMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_hr n§VàYmZmbm H$amdo bmJVo. AZoH$ _hËdnyU© H$m_o n§VàYmZ
H$arV AgVmV. n§VàYmZmÀ`m A{YH$mam~m~V MrZÀ`m g§doXZmV \$maer _m{hVr Zgbr Var {d{dY
ImË`m§Mr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§À`mda AgVo. ^maV qH$dm B§½b§S>_Yrb n§VàYmZmbm {OVH$s VmH$X Amho {VVH$s
VmH$X d A{YH$majoÌ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Agbobo {XgV Zmhr. Ago Agbo Var n§VàYmZmMo ñWmZ _hËdmMo Amho.
· amÁ`n[afXoMo A{YH$ma d H$m`© :
MrZÀ`m 1982 À`m g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ 89 _Üò amÁ`n[afXoMo A{YH$ma d H$m`© {df` Ho$bobo
Amho. {d{dY H$m`} amÁ`n[afXobm nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
1. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m {dYr{Z`_m§Mr d YmoaUm§Mr H$m`©dmhrMr {d{dY ImË`m§_m\©$V
A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
2. emgZ, àemgZ {df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dUo. Ë`mg§~§Yr {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ V`ma H$aUo. àemgZmda
{Z`§ÌU R>odUo. XoIaoI H$aUo, emgH$s`, àemgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm AmXoe XoUo Aer H$m_o H$amdr
bmJVmV.
3. AW©g§H$ën d amï´>r` {dH$mg `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm
AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z {dH$mg `moOZm d H$m`©H«$_ am~{dUo.
4. MrZÀ`m A§VJ©V d {dXoer ì`mnmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo, {d{dY ImË`m§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYyZ
àemgZH$m`© gwb^ d H$m`©j_ ~Z{dUo.
5. Xoem§V em§VVm, gwì`dñWm Am{U gwa{jVVm amIÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`n[afX {dYr{Z`_ V`ma H$ê$Z Vmo
àñVmd _§OyargmR>r amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og d ñWm`r g{_VrnwT>o nmR>{dUo.
6. MrZMo naamï´> YmmoaU R>adyZ Vo A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aUo.
7. {ejU, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½`, dmhVyH$, gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ` `mg§~§Yr `moOZm AmIyZ Ë`mMr
nÕVera A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
8. àm§V, ñdm`Îm àXoe, ZJanm{bH$m `m§Mo A{YH$majoÌ d O~m~Xmè`m {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda
XoIaoI d {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
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9. gZXr godH$m§Mr âVr, ~T>Vr, {Zd¥Îmr `mg§~§Yr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb {Z`_mZwgma YmoaU, `moOZm,
R>adyZ A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo. àemgZ ì`dñWm AÚmdV d H$m`©j_ ~Z{dUo. gZXr godH$m§À`m
H$ë`mUmÀ`m `moOZm am~{dUo.
10. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo Ho$boë`m H$m`Úm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ H$aUo, àXÎm
H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$aUo.
11. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV {d{eï> {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg Ë`mg§§~Yr {dYo`H$ V`ma
H$ê$Z Ë`mbm dQ>hþHy$_ AÚmXoe ñdê$nmV ñWm`r g{_VrMr _§Oyar {_i{dUo.
12. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m A{YH$mamMo ajU H$aUo, XoemV em§Vm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$Vm
dmQ>ë`mg _me©b bm° bmJy H$aUo.
13. {Z`_mZwgma {ZpíMV Pmboë`m nÕVrZo d[að> nXmdarb A{YH$mè`m§À`m {Z`wŠË`m H$aUo.
14. amÁ`mVrb àemgH$s` g§ñWm§Zr, Am`moJm§Zr KoVbobo {ZU©` A`mo½`, AZmdí`H$ AgVrb Va Vo
aÔ H$aUo.
15. `mì`{V[aŠV amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og Am{U ñWm`r g{_VrZo gmon{dboë`m O~m~Xmmè`m doimodoir nma
nmS>U.o
· amÁ`n[afXoMo ñWmZ Am{U _hËd :
MrZÀ`m 1982 À`m g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ 89 _Üò amÁ`n[afXoMo A{YH$ma d H$m`© {dfX Ho$bobo
Amho. {d{dY H$m`} amÁ`n[aXobm nma nmS>mdr bJmVmV.
1. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m {dYr{Z`_m§Mr d YmoaUm§Mr H$m`©dmhr {d{dY ImË`m§_m\©$V
A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
2. emgZ, àemgZ {df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dUo. Ë`mg§~Yr {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ V`ma H$aUo. àemgZmda
{Z`§ÌU R>odUo, XoIaoI H$aUo. emgH$s`, àemgH$s` g§ñWm§Zm AmXoe XoUo Aer H$m_o H$amdr
bJmVmV.
3. AW©g§H$ën d amï´>r` {dH$mg `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo. XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm
AmamIS>m V`ma H$ê$Z {dH$mg `moOZm d H$m`©H«$_ am~{dUo.
4. MrZÀ`m A§VJ©V d {dXoer ì`mnmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo. {d{dY ImË`m§À`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd` gmYyZ
àemgZH$_© gwb^ d H$m`©j_ ~Z{dUo.
5. XoemV em§VVm, gwì`dñWm Am{U gwa{jVVm amIÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`n[afX {dYr{Z`_ V`ma H$ê$Z Vmo
àñVmd _§OyargmR>r amîQ´>r` OZ H$m±J«og d ñWm`r g{_VrnwT>o nmR>{dUo.
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6. MrZMo naamï´> YmoaU R>adyZ Vo A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aUo.
7. {ejU, gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½`, dmhVyH$, gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ` `mg§~§Yr `moOZm AmIyZ Ë`mMr
nÕVera A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.
8. àm§V, ñdm`Îm àXoe, ZJanm{bH$m `m§Mo A{YH$majoÌ d O~m~Xmè`m {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda
XoIaoI d {Z`§ÌU R>odUo.
9. gZXr godH$m§Mr âVr, ~T>Vr, {Zd¥Îmr `mg§~§Yr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb {Z`_mZwgma YmoaU, `moOZm R>adyZ
A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo. àemgZ ì`dñWm AÚmdV d H$m`©j_ ~Z{dUo. gZXr godH$m§À`m
H$ë`mUmÀ`m `moOZm am~{dUo.
10. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogZo Ho$boë`m H$m`Úm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZ {Z`_, Cn{Z`_ H$aUo. àXÎm
H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$aUo.
11. {d{eï> n[apñWVrV {d{eï> {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg Ë`mg§~§Yr {dXo`H$ V`ma
H$ê$Z Ë`mbm dQ>hþHy$_ AÚmXoe ñdê$nmV ñWm`r g{_VrMr _§Oyar {_i{dUo.
12. ZmJ[aH$m§À`m A{YH$mamMo ajU H$aUo, XoemV em§VVm d gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$Vm
dmQ>ë`mg _me©b bm° bmJy H$aUo.
13. {Z`_mZwgma {ZpíMV Pmboë`m nÕVrZo d[að> nXmdarb A{YH$mè`m§À`m {Z`wŠË`m H$aUo.
14. amÁ`mVrb àemgH$s` g§ñWm§Zr, Am`moJm§Zr KoVbobo {ZU©` A`mo½`, AZmdí`H$ AgVrb Va Vo
aÔ H$aUo.
15. `mì`{V[aŠV amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og Am{U ñWm`r g{_VrZo gmon{dboë`m O~m~Xmè`m doimodoir nma
nmS>U.o
· amÁ`n[afXoMo ñWmZ Am{U _hÎd :
MrZÀ`m emgZ ì`dñWoV amÁ`n[afXobm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ àmßV Pmbo Amho. AmO amÁ`n[afX EH$
O~m~Xma H$m`©H$mar {d^mJ åhUyZ H$m`©aV Amho. amÁ`n[afX hr Amnë`m emgH$s` H$m`m©~m~V amï´>r` OZ
H$m±Jo«g d ñWm`r g{_Vrbm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgVo. MrZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Üò aMZm,
A{YH$ma Am{U H$m`} `m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm MrZ_Üò g§gXr` emgZnÕVr ApñVËdmV Agë`mMo {MÌ
{XgV Agbo Var àË`jmV ^maV d B§½b§S>gmaIr VoWo n[apñWVr Zmhr. \$ŠV g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>Zo MrZ_Üò
g§gXr` emgZnÕVr Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b. H$maU amÁ`n[afX amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m`©
H$arV AgVo. amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m {dlm§VrÀ`mH$mimV OZ H$m±J«ogMo gXñ` Am{U ñWm`r g{_VrMo gXñ`
Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odV AgVmV. `mMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$bm AgVm amÁ`n[afXoda _moR>çm
à_mUmV OZ H$m±J«ogMo d ñWm`r g{_VrMo {Z`§ÌU Agë`mMo {XgVo. MrZMm n§VàYmZ Amnë`m gd© _§Í`m§gh
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gm_w{hH$[aË`m amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m`© H$arV Agë`mMo {XgVo. VmpËdH$ Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$
Ñ{ï>H$moZm§VyZ MrZ_Üò g§gXr` H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b. na§Vy àË`jmV n{hbo AgVm {MÌ
doJio Amho. amÁ`n[afXoMo gd© A{YH$ma gmå`dmXr njm§Mo d[að> ZoVo hmVmirV AgVmV. MrZ gaH$maMo gd©
àH$maMo emgH$s` {ZU©`, YmoaUo, {d{dY `moOZm Am{U H$m`©H«$_ gmå`dmXr nj R>a{dV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio
n§VàYmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr `m§Zm Ho$di A§_b~OmdUrMo H$m`© H$amdo bmJVo. YmoaU {ZpíMVr, H$m`Xm
{Z{_©VrMo A{YH$mahr gmå`dmXr njmH$S>o AgVmV. gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m H|$Ðr` g{_VrV d nm°{bQ> ã`wamo
_m\©$V g§nyU© amÁ`H$ma^ma MmbVmo. WmoS>Š`m§V, gmå`dmXr njmMo Üò` YmoaU d A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo
H$m_ amÁ`n[afX H$arV AgVo. Ago åhQ>ë`mg A{VemoŠVr R>aUma Zmhr. ^maV, B§Jë§S> `m XoemVrb H|$Ðr`
_§{Ì_§S>im EdT>o MrZÀ`m _§{Ì_§S>imbm ñWmZ Zgbo Var MrZÀ`m emgZ nÕVrV Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ d ^y{_H$m
_hÎdmMr Amho. gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i d Ý`m` _§S>i H$m`© H$arV
AgVo. EH$M nj MrZ_Üò Amho. Ë`m_wio VoWo VËdmbm _moR>o ñWmZ Zmhr. gmå`dmXr njmMr g§nyU©.ì`dñWoda
_moR>r nH$S> Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m_wio MrZMm amÁ`H$ma^ma EH$_wIr, EH$mË_H$ nÕVrMm Pmbm Amho. gd©
gÎmm gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m {R>H$mUr H|$Ðr` Pmbr Amho. Ago Agbo Var OJm§V MrZMr d¡{eï>çnyU© emgZ
nÕVr Amho. `m emgZì`dñWoV H$m`©H$mar {d^mJ åhUyZ amÁ`n[afX Amnbr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmZm {XgVo.
2.4 gmam§e :
MrZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm amï´>mÜ`jmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
n§VàYmZ d Cnn§VàYmZ `m§Zm ñWmZ Agbo Var g§nyU© gÎmm amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og d ñWm`r g{_Vr `m§À`m hmVr
EH$dQ>bobr {XgVo. amÁ`n[afX àemgZmMr g§nyU© ì`dñWm nmhVo. amÁ`n[afX amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og d ñWm`r
g{_Vrbm O~m~Xma AgVo. gmå`dmXr njmH$S>o gd© gyÌo EH$dQ>bobr AmhoV. Ago Agbo Var MrZZo Mm§Jbr
àJVr Ho$bobr {XgVo.
2.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
1) _moH$içm OmJm âm.
1) MrZZo .............. _Üò n{hbo g§{dYmZ {Z_m©a Ho$bo.
2) amï´>mÜ`j hmoÊ`mgmR>r ............. df} nyU© Agmdo bmJVmV.
3) MrZÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> ............. dfm©gmR>r Ho$br OmVo.
4. ............. Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
5. amÁ`n[afXoda amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og Am{U ............... g{_VrMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
CÎmao : 1) Zmoìh|~a 1954
4) _me©b bm°
2) 45
3) 5
5) ñWm`r
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àíZ 2 : CÎmao {bhm.
1) MrZMm amÁ`mÜ`j nmÌVm, {ZdS>UyH$, H$m`©H$mb d A{YH$ma H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
2) amÁ`n[afXoMr {Z{_©Vr d {ZdS>, A{YH$ma ñnï> H$am.
3) amÁ`n[afXoMo ñWmZ Am{U _hÎd.
2.6 g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1) {M. J. KmH$aoH$a - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
2) S>m°. AemoH$ H$mio VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
3) S>m. a_oe T>mo~io - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
4) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU
5) am. Jmo. XoJmdH$a - AmYw{ZH$ amOH$maU ì`dñWm, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
6. am. O. bmoQ>o - VwbZmË_H$ eegZ Am{U amOH$maU.
BBB
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(~) ñdrS>ZMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i
3.0 C{Xï>ço
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 ñdrS>ZMm amOm
3.2.2 amOmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`}
3.2.3 amOmMo ñWmZ
3.2.4 ñdrS>ZMm n§VàYmZ
3.2.5 n§VàYmZmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`}
3.2.6 n§VàYmZmMo ñWmZ
3.2.7 ñdrS>ZMo _§Ìr_§S>i (H°${~ZoQ>)
3.2.8 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
3.5 dñVw{Zð> àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.8 ñdmÜ`m`
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$
3.0 C{Xï>ço :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Imbrb ~m~tMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
·
ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr aMZm g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
·
ñdrS>ZÀ`m `m H$m`©H$mar _§S>im_§S>im_Yrb amOm, n§VàYmZ, _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mo A{YH$ma d H$m`} H$m`
AmhoV ho g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
·
ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMo _hËd bjmV òB©b.
3.1 àñVmdZm :
hm KQ>H$ Aä`mgÊ`mnydu AmnU ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m aMZm
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d H$m`m©À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va H$moUË`mhr XoemMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Aä`mgUo _hËdmMo AgVo. gXaÀ`m KQ>H$m_Üò
AmnU ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr aMZm, A{YH$ma d H$m`} `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>im_Üò 1) amOm / amUr 2) n§VàYmZ d 3) _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
ñdrS>Z_Üò AË`§V _`m©{XV ñdénmMr amOoemhr Amho Va à^mdr g§gXr` emgZnÜXVr Amho.
3.2.1 ñdrS>ZMm amOm :
ñdrS>Z_Üò nydunmgyZ amOoemhr ApñVËdmV Amho. B§½bS>à_mUoM nydu A{Z`§{ÌV amOoemhr hmoVr. _mÌ
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va `wamon_Yrb amOoemhrda {Z`§ÌU òD$ bmJbo VgoM {Z`§ÌU ñdrS>Z_Üò Amë`mMo {XgyZ
òVo. A{Z`§{ÌV amOoemhrda OZVoÀ`m, g§gXoÀ`m _`m©Xm {Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJë`m. AmOamoOr ñdrS>Z_Üò Zm_Ymar
ñdénmMr _`m©{XV amOoemhr Amho. amOm hm XoemMm Zm_Ymar à_wI Amho. amOKamUo "am°`b \°${_br' `m ZmdmZo
AmoiIbo OmVo.
· {ZdS> :
1975 À`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò H$b_ 5 (1) _Üò A°ŠQ> Am°\$ gŠgoeZ (1810) Zwgma ñdrS>ZMo qghmgZ
amOm qH$dm amUr A{YJ«hrV H$aVrb Aer VaVyX Amho. Va H$b_ 5(2) _Üò BÝñQ¯>_|Q> Am°\$ Jìh_]Q>, 1974
(Instrument of Government, 1974) Zwgma Oa amUr qghmgZnXr ñWmZmnÞ Pmbr Va amOmbm {_iUmao
gd© A{YH$ma amUrbmhr {_iVrb Aer VaVyX Amho.
· dmagm :
1) d`mMr AQ> :B.g. 1810 À`m A°ŠQ> Am°\$ gŠgoeZ Zwgma 1994 n`ªV amOmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm 25 df} nyU© AgUmam
dmagXma amOnXmda òB©b Aer VaVyX hmoVr. B.g. 1994 Z§Va hr d`mMr AQ> 18 dfm©n`ªV Imbr AmUÊ`mV
Ambr åhUOoM dmagXmamMo d` 18 nyU© Agbo nm{hOo.
2) [aO§Q>
(Regent)
:-
amOmMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm d am°`b \°${_br_Üò 18 df} nyU© H$aUmam dmagXma Zgob Va Aem H$mbmdYr_Üò
g§gX gaH$maÀ`m {e\$magrZwgma CÎmam{YH$mar {ZdS>Vo Ë`m CÎmam{YH$mè`mg [aO§Q> (Regent) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
_mÌ hm [aO§Q> VmËnwaË`m ñdénmMm AgVmo. am°`b \°${_br_Yrb dmagXma 18 df} nyU© hmoVmM [aO§Q> nXmdéZ
nm`CVma hmoVmo d g§~§{YV dmagXma amOnX ^yf{dVmo. [aO§Q> ~amo~a So>ß`wQ>r [aO§Q>Mr {ZdS>gwÜXm g§gX H$aVo.
3) amUr nXmMm dmagm :1975 À`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò amOm d amUr `m§Mm qghmgZmda AméT> hmoÊ`mMr VaVyX Agbr Var 1980
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n`ªV amOnXmda \$º$ amOnwÌ qH$dm amO KamÊ`m_Yrb nwéfM ñWmZmnÞ hmoB©b Agm H$m`Xm hmoVm. `mbmM
A°¾{° Q>H$ gŠgoeZ qH$dm nwéfàYmZ dmagm nÜXVr åhQ>bo OmVo. `mnydu B.g. 1389 Vo B.g.1412 _Üò ñdrS>Z,
Zm°d}, So>Ý_mH©$ EH$Ì AgVmZm (`wZm`Q>oS> ñdrS>Z) _mJm©aoQ> `m§Zr amUrnX ^yf{dbo hmoVo. nwT>o So>Ý_mH©$ doJim
Pmë`mZ§Va ñdrS>ZÀ`m qghmgZmda amUr hmoÊ`mMm _mZ amUr {¼ñVrZm `m§Zm {_imbm. JwñVmd (II) A°S>m°ë\$
`m§Mr hr amOH$Ý`m hmo`. ë`wQ>PoZÀ`m `wÜXm_Üò JwñVmd (II) A°S>m°ë\$ `m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmë`m_wio d`mÀ`m 6 ì`m
dfu [aŠgS°>JZo (g§gX) {¼ñVrZm `m§Zm [aO§Q> åhUyZ {Z`wº$ Ho$bo d nwT>o Ë`m B.g. 1632 Vo 1654 _Üò
ñdrS>ZÀ`m amUr ~Zë`m. Ë`m {¼ñVrZm Am°Jï>m qH$dm {¼ñVrZm AboŠPm§S>´ m `m ZmdmZo à{gÜX AmhoV. {MÌH$bm,
{eënH$bm, gm{hË`, VËdkmZ B. _Üò AmdS> AgUmar amUr åhUyZ Ë`m ñdrS>ZÀ`m OZVo_Üò AmOhr ñ_aUmV
AmhoV. na§Vw 1 OmZodmar 1980 _Üò `m H$m`X`m_Üò ~Xb Ho$bm Amho. `mZwgma H$m°¾°{Q>H$ gŠgoeZ H$m`Xm
åhUOoM ór-nwéf g_mZ dmagm H$m`Xm {Z_m©U Ho$bm Amho. `mZwgma amOmMm Wmoabm _wbJm qH$dm _wbJr Agm
qbJmda AmYm[aV ôX^md Z H$aVm Oa _wbJr Wmoabr Agob Va Vr gwÜXm qghmgZmda AméT> hmoB©b d Vr
ñdrS>ZMr amUr ~Zob Aer VaVyX Ho$br Amho. gÜ`m H$mb© JwñVm\$ (16 dm) hm ñdrS>ZMm amOm Amho. Ë`mbm
pìhŠQ>mo[a`m ZmdmMr Wmoabr AgUmar amOH$Ý`m Amho. `m_wio H$mb© JwñVm\$ (16 dm) `m§À`mZ§Va n{hë`m§XmM
ñdrS>ZÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Üò pìhŠQ>mo[a`m hr amOH$Ý`m ñdrS>ZMr amUr ~Zob d VoWyZ nwT>o amUrnXmMm Iè`m AWm©Zo
dmagm gwé hmoUma Amho. H$mb© {\$brn hm JwñVm\$ (16 dm) `mMm amOnwÌ d pìhŠQ>mo[a`m `m amOH$ÝòMm ^mD$
Amho na§Vw Vmo pìhŠQ>mo[a`m nojm YmH$Q>m Amho. EHy$UM ñdrS>Z_Üò amUr nXmMm dmagm 1 OmZodmar 1980 À`m
H$m`ÚmZo ApñVdmV Ambm Amho `mMo ñdrS>ZMm OZVoZo ñdmJV Ho$bo Amho.
· amOmMo dmñVì` ñWmZ :amOmbm dmñVì`mgmR>r ñQ>m°H$hmo_ òWo ^ì`{Xì` Agm amOdmS>m Amho Ë`mbm "am°`b n°bog Am°\$
ñQ>m°H$hmo_'.Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`m{R>H$mUr amOmgmR>r Mm§XrMo qghmgZ (Silver Throne) Amho. 1982 n`ªV
gd© amOo `mM am°`b n°bog_Üò.dmñVì` H$arV hmoVo. 1974 _Üò amOnXmda Ambobo H$mb© JwñVm\$ (16 dm)
ho 1982 n`ªV am°`b n°bog_ÜòM dmñVì` H$arV hmoVo. na§Vw H$mb© JwñVm\$ (16 dm) `m§Zm {ZgJ© d n`m©daU
ajU `m_Üò {deof éMr d AmdS> Agë`m_wio gÜ`m Vo ñQ>m°H$hmo_nmgyZ ~mhoa H$mhr A§Vamda AgUmè`m n°bog
Am°\$ S´>m°qQ>Jhmo_ _Üò dmñVì`mg AmhoV.
· amOmMr ~S>V\$s© :amOmbm amOnXmdéZ ~S>V\©$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ñdrS>ZÀ`m g§gXobm-[aŠgS°>Jbm Amho. _mÌ amOmda
qH$dm VmËnwaË`m H$mbmdYrgmR>r amOnXmda AgUmè`m [aO§Q>da \$m¡OXmar IQ>bm Mmb{dVm òV Zmhr.
3.2.2 amOmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
ñdrS>Z_Yrb amOoemhr hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ Amho. 19 ì`m eVH$mn`ªV amOmbm ânya A{YH$ma hmoVo _mÌ Z§Va
Vo H$_r hmoV Jobo. AmOamoOr amOmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV.
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1) Zm_Ymar à_wI VgoM g_ma§^r` H$m`} :1975 À`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò àH$aU EH$ _Yrb H$b_ 1 Zwgma "ñdrS>Z_Yrb gd© gÎmm hr OZVo_YyZ
Ambobr Amho' Aer VaVyX Amho. `m_wio amOmMo gd© A{YH$ma g§nwï>mV Ambo AmhoV. Ë`mMo ñWmZ Ho$di XoemMm
Zm_Ymar à_wImMo am{hbobo Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo amOmbm H$m`©H$mar à_wI åhUyZ A{YH$ma {Xbobo ZmhrV. Vmo Ho$di
à{VH$mË_H$Ñï>rZo XoemMm à_wI Amho. amOm hm \$º$ g_ma§^mË_H$ H$m`} nma nmS>Vmo. amOmbm naXoem_Üò
OmÊ`mgmR>rgwÜXm n§VàYmZmMr g„m _gbV H$amdr bmJVo.
2) H$m`Xo{df`H$ H$m`} :{ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`mZ§Va Zì`mZo ApñVËdmV Amboë`m [aŠgS°>J (g§gX) A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`jnX amOm
^yf{dVmo. Xadfu [aŠgS°>JMo (g§gX) gßQ>|~a _{hÝ`m_Üò A{YdoeZ gwé hmoVo. A{YdoeZmMo CX²KmQ>Z amOmÀ`m
hñVo hmoVo _mÌ amOm A{YdoeZ ~aImñV H$é eH$V Zmhr. gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo n§VàYmZ ^mfU H$aVmo d gaH$maMr
^y{_H$m ñnï> H$aVmo. 1975 nydu amOm [aŠgS°>JdaVr {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$V hmoVm. AmVm _mÌ amOmMo H$moUVohr
H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma am{hbobo ZmhrV. [aŠgS°>JZo g§_V Ho$boë`m H$m`Úmda amOmMr g§_Vr qH$dm ghrMr
Amdí`H$Vm bmJV Zmhr. n§VàYmZmÀ`m ghrZo H$m`Xm bmJy Ho$bm OmVmo. _mÌ n§VàYmZ doimodoir amOmbm
amÁ`H$ma^mam{df`r _m{hVr XoV AgVmo.
3) H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ A{YH$ma d H$m`} :amOmbm nydu _§Ìr_§S>i {Z`wº$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm nU gÜ`m Zmhr. ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMr {ZdS>
[aŠgS°>JMm (g§gX) g^mnVr H$aVmo. amOmÀ`m am°`b n°bog _Üò enW{dYrMm H$m`©H«$_mV amOm n§VàYmZmbm
enW XoVmo. _mÌ [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr Amnë`m ghrZo [aŠgS°>JÀ`m dVrZo n§VàYmZmbm {Z`wº$s nÌ XoVmo VgoM
n§VàYmZmbm ~S>V\©$hr H$aVmo.
4) Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma :amOmbm H$moUVohr Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma ZmhrV `mCbQ> gÜ`m amOmbm gwÜXm H$a âmdm bmJVmo. amOmbm
Ë`mMr H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r [aŠgS°>J Am{W©H$ {ZYr {ZpíMV H$aVo.
5) Am§Vaamï´>r` àíZm{df`rÀ`m g„mJma g{_VrMm à_wI :ñdrS>Z_Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` àíZm§Mr MMm© d gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM ñdrS>ZÀ`m naH$s` YmoaUm~m~V
[aŠgS°>J gaH$maÀ`m gë`mZo EH$m g„mJma g{_VrMr {ZdS> H$aVo. `m g{_VrMo à_wInX amOm ^yf{dVmo.
6) amOmbm gdm}ÀM _mZX g¡{ZH$s a±Šg :amOm hm ñdrS>re g¡Ý`XbmMm _mZX H$_m§S>a (H$Z©b-BZ-{M\$) AgVmo. Ë`mbm OZab d A°S>{_ab Mm
gÝ_mZ Amho. na§Vw g¡Ý`XbmÀ`m hmbMmbr qH$dm BVa gd© ~m~rda A§{V_ {Z`§ÌU gaH$maMo AgVo. amOmÀ`m
H$moQ>m©Mm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ g¡Ý`Xbm_Yrb Cƒ A{YH$manXmdarb ñQ>m\$ H$m`©aV AgVmo. Va amOm d
amOKamÊ`mgmR>rhr g¡Ý`Xbm_Yrb ñQ>m\$ H$m`©aV AgVmo.
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7) Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma :nydu amOmÀ`m hmVm_Üò gd© Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma hmoVo. JwñVmd A°S>m°ë\$ `mZo B.g.1614 _Üò
Ý`m`{df`H$ ñdV§Ì `§ÌUm ñWmnZ Ho$br. Ë`mgmR>r {àìhr H$m¡pÝgb _Üò ñdV§Ì Ý`m`{d^mJ ñWmnZ Ho$bm. nwT>o
1789 _Üò qH$J JwñVmd `m§Zr {àìhr H$m¡pÝgbMr nÜXVr aÔ Ho$br d qH$½O gw{à_ H$moQ>© (King's Supreme
Court) `m ZmdmZo ñdV§Ì Ý`m`_§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `m g§nyU© Ý`m``§ÌUoda amOmMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. _mÌ 1975 À`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m A§_bmnmgyZ amOmMo Ý`m`_§S>imdarb {Z`§ÌU d A{YH$ma g§nwï>mV Ambo AmhoV. gÜ`m qH$½O
gw{à_ H$moQ>© Mo énm§Va "gwàr_ H$moQ>© Am°\$ ñdrS>Z' Ago Pmbo Amho.
8) naamï´>{df`H$ A{YH$ma :nydu amOm hmM naamï´>{df`H$ A{YH$mam_Üò gd}gdm© hmoVm. na§Vw gÜ`m amOmMo naamï´>{df`H$ A{YH$ma
AË`§V _`m©XrV Pmbo AmhoV. naXoem_Üò Xm¡am H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwÜXm Ë`mbm gaH$maer g„m_gbV H$amdr bmJVo.
amOm d amÁ`KamÊ`m_Yrb ì`º$s ñdrS>ZMo naXoem_Üò à{V{ZYrËd H$aV AgVmV. naH$s` amOXyVm§Mr
A{YH$manÌo ñdrH$maUo VgoM ñdr{S>e amOXyVm§Zm A{YH$manÌo XoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amOmbm AmhoV. _mÌ `m~m~V
Ë`mbm gaH$maMr g§_Vr bmJVo.
9) gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`} :ñdrS>Z_Üò {d{dY VmaIm§Zm amï´>r` ÜdO{Xdg gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV. ho ÜdO{Xdg amOKamÊ`mer g§~§{YV
AmhoV. `m {Xder g§nyU© ñdrS>Z_Üò ÜdO \$S>H${dbo OmVmV. `m ÜdO{Xdgm_Üò amOmgmR>r (26 OmZodmar),
amUrgmR>r (8 Am°JñQ>), H«$mD$Z {àÝg|g (12 _mM©) `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. JwñVmd A°S>m°ë\$ `m namH«$_r amOmÀ`m
ñ_aUmW© 6 Zmoìh|~a `m{Xder âb°J So> gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM amOmÀ`m, amUrÀ`m d H«$mD$Z {àÝg|g À`m
dmT>{Xdgmbmhr âb°J So> gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
10) Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {dVaUmMm gÝ_mZ :g§nyU© OJâmV Zmo~b nm[aVmo{fH$ ho à{Vð>oMo d à{gÜX Amho. ñdrS>Z_Yrb Zmo~ob \$m§D$So>eZV\}$ ho
nm[aVmo{fH$ ^m¡{VH$emó, agm`Zemó, gm{hË`, d¡ÚH$emó, AW©emó B. {d{dY joÌmV CËH¥$ï> H$m`© H$aUmè`m
OJmVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm {Xbo OmVo. ñdrS>ZÀ`m ñQ>m°H$hmo_ H$ÝgQ>© hm°b _Üò Zmo~ob àmB©P {dVaUmMm _w»`
g_ma§^ {X_mImV nma nmS>bm OmVmo. Aem `m OmJ{VH$ _mÝ`Vmàmá Zmo~ob àmB©PMo {dVaU amOmÀ`m hñVo Ho$bo
OmVo hm amOmMm ~hþ_mZ Amho.
`m_Yrb em§VVoMo Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ _mÌ Zm°d}{OAZ Zmo~ob g{_Vr (1904) _m\©$V {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo
d Zm°d}_Yrb Amoñbmo `m ehamVrb Amoñbmo {gQ>r hm°b _Üò Zm°d}À`m amOmÀ`m hñVo n§VàYmZmÀ`m CnpñWV {Xbo
OmVo.
3.2.3 amOmMo ñWmZ d _hËd :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOmMo 1975 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZonmgyZ A{YH$ma AË`§V _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. 1974
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n`ªV amOm hm H$mhr à_mUmV H$m`©H$mar à_wI hmoVm _mÌ 1975 nmgyZ amOmMo H$m`©H$mar à_wImMo A{YH$magwÜXm
g§nwï>mV Ambo AmhoV. amOmbm H$moUVohr H$m`©H$mar VgoM amOH$s` A{YH$ma ZmhrV. AmO amoOr amOm hm Ho$di
ñdrS>ZMm XoemMm à_wI (Head of the state) Amho. B§½b§S>, S>M, Zm°d} `m Xoem_Yrb amOmgmaIr Zm_Ymar
gÎmmgwÜXm ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOmH$So> Zmhr. VargwÜXm ñdrS>ZÀ`m OZVo_Üò amOm d amOKamÊ`m~Ôb àM§S> AmXa d
bmoH${à`Vm Amho. JwñVm\$ A°S>m°ë\$ VI `m§À`mgmaIm bmoH${à` amOm_wio ñdrS>Z_Üò bmoH$emhrdmXr amÁ`KQ>Zm
{Z{_©Vrg MmbZm {_imbr. OZVo_Üò amOm{df`r Ë`m_wio ào_mMr, AmnwbH$sMr ^mdZm Amho. amOKamÊ`mMo
ñWmZ _mZmMo d _hËdmMo Amho. à{gÜX B{VhmgH$ma `wZwg Zya{XZ åhUVmo, "OZVoÀ`m CÎmw§J ào_m_wio AmOhr
ñdrS>Z_Üò amOoemhr `m à{VH$mMo _hËd n{hë`m ñWmZmda Amho.'
3.2.4 ñdrS>ZMm n§VàYmZ :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m gaH$mabm qH$dm H$m`©H$mar _§S>imbm qH$dm emgZmbm ao{O[aÖoZ (Regeringen) Ago
åhUVmV. `m ao{O[aÖoZ _Üò n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>imMm (Q´>°Q>òmS>- Statsrad) àm_w»`mZo g_mdoe hmoVmo. amOm
hm Ho$di XoemMm à_wI AgVmo. Va n§VàYmZ hmM emgZmMm (ao{O[aÖoZ) Mm à_wI Amho. ñdrS>Z_Yrb g§gXr`
emgZnÜXVr_Üò n§VàYmZ hmM dmñVd à_wI Amho. amÁ`KQ>Zo_Yrb àH$aU ghm _Üò H$b_ 1 Vo 10 Zwgma
n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mr {Z`wº$s, A{YH$ma d H$m`m©g§~§Yr VaVyX Amho.
· n§VàYmZ nXmMm B{Vhmg / {Z{_©Vr :B§½bS>à_mUo ñdrS>Z_Üòhr amÁ`KQ>Zm VgoM {d{dY nXm§Mr {Z{_©Vr CËH«$m§Vr nÜXVrZo Pmbr Amho.
ñdrS>Z_Üò amOoemhr na§nam Agë`m_wio amOm hmM XoemMm gd© ~m~VrV à_wI hmoVm. "qH$J BZ H$m¡pÝgb' `m
ZmdmZo amOmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr g§nyU© amÁ`H$ma^ma MmbV hmoVm. B.g. 1876 _Üò Am¡nMm[aH$ nÜXVrZo
n§VàYmZ `m nXmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. bwB©g JoahmS©> S>r Jra `m§Mr n{hbo n§VàYmZ åhUyZ {Z`wº$s H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
gÜ`m gmoeb So>_m°H«°${Q>H$ njmMo ñQ>r\$Z bmo\$doZ ho (3 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2014 nmgyZ) ñdrS>ZMo n§VàYmZ AmhoV.
Eo{Vhm{gH$Ñï>`m ñdrS>Z_Üò amOm ì`{V[aº$ Xwgam à_wI ZìhVm. nwT>o amOmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m {àìhr
H$m¡pÝgb `m g„mJma _§S>imH$So> amOmZo Amnbo H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV ImgH$éZ ñdrS>Z_Üò
B.g.1718 Vo 1772 `m ñdmV§Í` `wJm_Üò (Age of Liberty) amOmMo H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma _moR>`m à_mUmV
H$_r Pmbo d Vo A{YH$ma {àìhr H$m¡pÝgbÀ`m AÜ`jmH$So> dJ© Pmbo. `m H$mimV ñdrS>Z_Üò {àìhr H$m¡pÝgbMm
AÜ`j hm eº$sembr Pmbm. g§gXr` emgZnÜXVrMm {dH$mg hmoV hmoVm `m_Üò 7 OyZ 1809 amoOr ZdrZ
BÝñQ²a_|Q> Am°\$ Jìh_]Q> ApñVËdmV Ambm. BÝñQ¯>_|Q> Am°\$ Jìh_]Q> åhUOo amOmZo OZVogmR>r ZdrZ VaVyX
AgUmar amÁ`KQ>Zm ~hmb H$aUo hmo`. Aem àH$maMr gwédmV B.g. 1634 nmgyZ Pmbr hmoVr. OZVm doimodoir
amOmH$So> {d{dY A{YH$mam§À`m _mJÊ`m H$arV Ago d amOm Vem A{YH$mam§Mr nyV©Vm BÝñQ¯>_|Q> Am°\$ Jìh_]Q>
_YyZ H$arV hmoVm. 1809 À`m `m BÝñQ²a_|Q> Am°\$ Jìh_]Q> Zwgma n§VàYmZmg§~§Yr XmoZ nXm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. `m_Üò EH$, àmB©_ {_{ZñQ>a \$m°a OñQ>rg d XmoZ àmB©_ {_{ZñQ>a \$m°a \$m°aoZ A\o$Ag© hr XmoZ nXo {Z_m©U
Ho$br. AWm©V hr nXo Ë`m Ë`m _§Ìr_§S>im_Yrb {d^mJ à_wIm~m~V g§~§{YV hmoVr. `m_Üò ~Xb hmoV nwT>o
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B.g.1876 _Üò hr XmoÝhr nXo aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m§Mo énm§Va ñdV§Ì Ý`m` {d^mJmMm _§Ìr d naamï´> ì`dhma
_§Ìr Ago H$aÊ`mV Ambo d 20 _mM© 1876 _Üò ñdV§Ì H$m`©^ma AgUmè`m n§VàYmZ (Prime Minister Statsminister) `m nXmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. B.g.1917 _Üò amOmMo n§VàYmZmÀ`m Zo_UyH$sg§X^m©V
A{YH$ma H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambo Va 1 OmZodmar, 1975 À`m ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma n§VàYmZ hmM ñdrS>ZMm
dmñVd à_wI (Real Head) Pmbm Amho.
· {ZdS> :ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wº$s [aŠgS°>JMm (g§gX) g^mnVr H$aVmo d amOmÀ`m CnpñWVr_Üò enW{dYr
gmohim nma nmS>bm OmVmo. amÁ`KQ>Zo_Yrb àH$aU ghm _Yrb H$b_ 2 Vo 4 _Üò n§VàYmZmMr {ZdS> à{H«$`m
gm§{JVbr Amho.
[aŠgS°>J (g§gX) gmR>rÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m nma nS>ë`mZ§Va [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr {d{dY njm§À`m
à_wIm§~amo~a n§VàYmZnXmÀ`m C_oXdmamg§~§Yr MMm© H$aVmo. {d{dY njm§H$Sy>Z C_oXdmam§~m~V MMm© Pmë`mZ§Va
g^mnVr [aŠgS°>JÀ`m Cng^mnVr ~amo~a g„m_gbV H$éZ EH$m ì`º$sMo n§VàYmZnXmgmR>r Zm_m§H$Z H$éZ
[aŠgS°>Jg_moa (g§gXog_moa) _VXmZmgmR>r R>odVmo. [aŠgS°>JÀ`m (g§gXoÀ`m) EHy$U 349 gXñ` g§»òÀ`m {Zåå`m
qH$dm {Zåå`mnojm OmñV gXñ`m§Zr åhUOo 175 gXñ`m§Zr n§VàYmZnXmÀ`m Zm_m§H$Z àñVmdmÀ`m {damoYmV
_VXmZ Ho$bo Va gXaMm Zm_m§H$Z àñVmd ZmH$mabm Jobm Amho Ago g_Obo OmVo d Vmo àñVmd aÔ hmoVmo.
`m{R>H$mUr Zm_m§H$Z àñVmdmbm ZH$mamWu ~hþ_V bjmV KoVbo OmVo. ñdrS>Z_Üò ZH$mamMo g§gXr` VËd
(Negative Parliamentary Principle) dmnabo OmVo. Oa ~hþ_VmZo àñVmdmbm ZH$ma {_imbm Zmhr Va
Zm_m§H$Z àñVmdmbm _§Oyar {_iVo d n§VàYmZmMo Zmd {ZpíMV hmoVo. `m{R>H$mUr hmoH$ma _Vo (Yes Votes) {Xbr
OmV ZmhrV.
[aŠgS°>JZo Oa ~hþ_VmZo Zm_m§H$Z àñVmd ZmH$mabm Va g^mnVr {d{dY njm§er MMm© H$éZ Zì`mZo
Zm_m§H$Z àñVmd gmXa H$aVmV. gXaMo Zm_m§H$Z àñVmd Mma doim ZmH$mabo Jobo Va [aŠgS°>JÀ`m Zì`mZo
{ZdS>UyH$m KoVë`m OmVmV d darb à{H«$`m Zì`mZo am~dyZ n§VàYmZmÀ`m ZmdmMr {ZpíMVr hmoVo.
· n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wŠVr :[aŠgS°>JZo n§VàYmZmÀ`m Zm_m§H$Zmbm _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§Va [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr g§~§{YV {ZdS> Pmboë`m
gXñ`mbm n§VàYmZ nXmÀ`m {Z`wº$sMo nÌ [aŠgS°>JÀ`m dVrZo XoVmo. (The speaker issues letters of
appointment for the prime Minister on behalf of the Parliament (Chapter 6, The Government, Articles - 4)
Ë`mMdoir n§VàYmZmbm Ë`mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>im_Yrb gXñ`mMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`m{df`r
gm§{JVbo OmVo.
amOmÀ`m CnpñWVr_Üò am°`b n°bog_Üò [aŠgS°>JMo {deof A{YdoeZ ~mob{dbo OmVo d `m A{YdoeZmV
g^mnVr amOmbm Am¡nMm[aH$ nÜXVrZo n§VàYmZ d Ë`mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§À`m ZmdmMr KmofUm H$aVmo.
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Ë`mMdoir OwZo gaH$ma nm`CVma hmoVo Am{U ZdrZ n§VàYmZ d Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i gÎmoda òVo. `m{R>H$mUr amOmbm
n§VàYmZmÀ`m {ZdS>Mr àH«$s`m nma nmS>V AgVmo. n§VàYmZm§Mo H$m`m©b` ñQ>m°H$hmo_ òWo Amho VoWyZM Ë`m§Mo
H$m_H$mO MmbVo.
· H$m`©H$mb :ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMm H$m`©H$mb Mma dfm©Mm Amho.
· ~S>V\$s© :[aŠgS°>J Omon`ªV n§VàYmZ d Ë`mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imda A{dídmgmMm R>amd ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya H$arV Zmhr
Vmon`ªV Vmo gÎmoda amhVmo. [aŠgS°>J_Üò {dídmg Xe©H$ R>amd _m§S>bm OmV Zmhr Va A{dídmg Xe©H$ R>amd
_m§S>bm OmVmo `mbmM ZH$mamMo g§gXr` VËd åhUVmV. Oa A{dídmg Xe©H$ R>amd (No confidence
motion) _§Oya Pmbm Va Ë`mbm amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJVmo. n§VàYmZmbm nXmdéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMo A{YH$ma
[aŠgS°>JÀ`m g^mnVrbm AmhoV. åhUOoM g^mnVr n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wº$s VgoM ~S>V\$s© H$aVmo.
n§VàYmZ Amnbm amOrZm_m g^mnVrH$So> XoVmo. amOrZm_m, _¥Ë`y qH$dm A{dídmg R>amdm_wio n§VàYmZmMo
nX [aH$m_o Pmë`mg g^mnVr nwÝhm Zì`mZo àH«$s`m am~dyZ ZdrZ n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wº$s H$aVmo.
· n§VàYmZ nXmMm dmagm :n§VàYmZmMm AMmZH$ _¥Ë`y, amOrZm_m qH$dm ~S>V\$s© Pmë`mg Cnn§VàYmZ n§VàYmZnXmMr gyÌo hmVmV
KoVmo Oa Cnn§VàYmZ nXmda Zgob qH$dm Ë`m§Zrhr amOrZm_m {Xbm Agob Aem doiog _§Ìr_§S>im_Yrb Áòð>
H°${~ZoQ> _§Ìr n§VàYmZnXmMr gyÌo VmËnwaË`m ñdénmV hmVr KoVmo. hr ì`dñWm VmËnwaË`m ñdénmMr AgVo.
g^mnVr n§VàYmZnXmgmR>rMr {ZdS> àH«$s`m bJoM gwé H$éZ ZdrZ n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wH$Vr H$aVmo.
3.2.5 n§VàYmZmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
ñdrS>Z_Üò amOoemhr hiyhiy g§nwï>mV òD$Z g§gXr` emgZnÜXVrMm {dH$mg Pmbm Amho d `m_Üò
n§VàYmZ nXmbm _hËdmMo ñWmZ àmá Pmbo Amho. `m n§VàYmZmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr :[aŠgS°>J_Üò Á`m amOH$s` njmbm ~hþ_V AgVo Ë`m njmMm ZoVm n§VàYmZ hmoVmo. g^mnVr Ë`mMr {Z`wº$s
H$aVmo. Ë`mMdoir n§VàYmZ Amnë`m _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr d ~S>V\$s© H$aÊ`mMo
g§nyU© A{YH$ma n§VàYmZmbm AmhoV. _§Ìr_§S>imVrb _§Ìr ho [aŠgS°>JMo gXñ` Agmdo bmJVmV VgoM Vmo
ñdrS>re ZmJ[aH$ Agbm nm{hOo. Hw$eb, hþema gXñ`m§Mr _§Ìr åhUyZ {Z`wº$s Ho$br OmVo. _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m ~¡R>H$m
KoD$Z Ë`m ~¡R>H$sMo AÜ`jñWmZ n§VàYmZ H$arV AgVmo.
2) _§Ìr_§S>imMr ~aImñVr :n§VàYmZ _§Ìr_§S>imMr ~aImñVr H$é eH$Vmo. n§VàYmZmZo amOrZm_m {Xbm Va g§nyU© _§Ìr_§S>imMm
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amOrZm_m g_Obm OmVmo d g§nyU© _§Ìr_§S>i ~aImñV hmoVo. n§VàYmZ EImÚm _§Í`mbm ~S>V\©$ H$é eH$Vmo.
WmoS>Š`mV B§½b§S>, ^maV B. Xoemà_mUoM _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr d ~aImñVr n§VàYmZmda AgVo. {deof ~m~
åhUOo [aŠgS°>J EImÚm _§Í`m{déÜX gwÜXm A{dídmg R>amd XmIb H$é eH$Vmo Vmo _§Oya Pmbm H$s g§~§{YV
_§Í`mbm amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJVmo.
3) H$miOrdmhÿ gaH$ma åhUyZ ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Uo :gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`mZ§Va ZdrZ gaH$maMr ñWmnZm hmoB©n`ªV nXmda AgUmè`m n§VàYmZmbm Ë`m
H$mbmdYr_Üò H$miOrdmhÿ gaH$ma (Caretaker government) åhUyZ H$m_H$mO H$amdo Agm AmXoe
[aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr XoVmo. hr ^y{_H$m n§VàYmZ nma nmS>Vmo. Oa n§VàYmZmZo ZH$ma {Xbm qH$dm amOrZm_m {Xbm
Va Cnn§VàYmZmH$So> H$m`©^ma {Xbm OmVmo. Cnn§VàYmZmZo Oa Ag_W©Vm XmI{dbr Va Ooð> H°${~ZoQ> _§Í`mH$So>
H$miOrdmhÿ gaH$maMr gyÌo {Xbr OmVmV.
4) H$m`Xo{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m nma nmS>Uo :[aŠgS°>J_Üò H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m nma nmS>br OmVo na§Vw g^mJ¥hm_Üò gaH$mar {dYo`Ho$ _m§S>Uo, Vr
_§Oay rgmR>r R>do Uo, _gyXm V`ma H$aUo B. H$m_o n§VàYmZmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr _§Ìr_§S>i H$arV AgVo. n§VàYmZmÀ`m
ghrZo H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr gwê$ hmoVo.
5) amOmbm amÁ`H$ma^mam{df`r _m{hVr XoUo :amOm hm Ho$di XoemMm à_wI Agbm Var amOmbm amÁ`H$ma^mam{df`r _m{hVr XoÊ`mMo _hËdmMo H$m`©
n§VàYmZmbm H$amdo bmJVo. ñdrS>ZÀ`m OZVo_Üò amOm{df`r AmOhr àM§S> AmXa, {dídmg d AmnwbH$s Amho.
n§VàYmZmZo Oa amOmbm doioda _m{hVr {Xbr Zmhr Va OZVm n§VàYmZmda Q>rH$m H$aVo.
6) [aŠgS°>J g§gXoMm ZoVm :n§VàYmZ ñdrS>Z_Yrb [aŠgS°>JMm (g§gX) ZoVm AgVmo. emgH$s` YmoaUm§Mr Vmo KmofUm H$aVmo Ë`mMà_mUo
{dMmaboë`m àíZm§Zm g§~§{YV _§Ìr CÎmao XoVmoM na§Vw Oa Ë`m _§Í`mZo CÎma {Xbo Zmhr Va n§VàYmZ CÎmao XoVmo. Vmo
g§gXoMm ZoVm AgVmo.
7) njmMo ZoV¥Ëd Am{U njmda {Z`§ÌU :n§VàYmZ hm Amnë`m njmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$aVmo d g§nyU© njmda Amnbr nH$S> d {Z`§ÌU R>odrV AgVmo. Amnbm
nj OmñVrV OmñV _O~yV d {dñVm[aV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo. njmMo ZoV¥Ëd H$arV AgVmZm g§gXo_Üò d
OZVo_Üò Amnë`m njmMr à{V_m à^mdr H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Vmo H$aVmo.
8) naamï´> YmoaU {df`H$ H$m`} :ñdrS>Z_Üò amOm hm Ho$di Zm__mÌ Amho Ë`m_wio naamï´> ì`dhmam_Üò gwÜXm n§VàYmZm§MoM dM©ñd d
{Z`§ÌU Amho. [aŠgS°>Jbm {dídmgm_Üò KoD$Z Vmo naamï´> YmoaU R>a{dV AgVmo. Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌm_Üò Amnë`m
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XoemMr à{Vð>m dmT>{dÊ`mMo, naamï´> YmoaU AmIÊ`mMo H$m`© n§VàYmZ H$arV AgVmo. `mg§~§YrMr _mhrVr Vmo
[aŠgS°>Jbm XoV AgVmo. BVa Xoem~amo~a Vh, H$ama _¡Ìr H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma n§VàYmZmbm AmhoV.
3.2.6 n§VàYmZmMo ñWmZ :
ñdrS>Z_Üò n§VàYmZmMo ñWmZ AË`§V dmñVd d _hËdmMo Amho. H$maU ñdrS>Z_Üò amOm hm Ho$di
Zm__mÌ Amho gd© gÎmm n§VàYmZmÀ`m hmVm_Üò Amho. Vmo OZVoMm, g§gXoMm ZoVm AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo g§nyU©
_§{Ì_§S>i Ë`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr H$m_ H$arV AgVo. BVa `wamo{n`Z Xoemnojm ñdrS>ZMm amOm hm AË`§V Zm_Ymar
Amho. amOmbm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo H$m`©H$mar, H$m`Xo{df`H$, naamï´> {df`H$ A{YH$ma Zgë`m_wio d ho gd©
A{YH$ma n§VàYmZmÀ`m hmVr EH$dQ>ë`m_wio n§VàYmZmMo _hËd dmT>bo Amho.
1974 n`ªV qH$J BZ H$m¡pÝgb `m ZmdmZo amÁ`H$ma^ma MmbV hmoVm `m_Üò amOmH$So> H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma
hmoVo na§Vw ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma amOmMo gd© A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoVbo AmhoV Ë`m_wio amOm Ho$di Zm__mÌ n§VàYmZ
hm dmñVd à_wI ~Zbm Amho. Vmo d Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i [aŠgS°>Jbm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m_H$mO H$arV AgVo. Amobm
CëñQ²aZ, H$mb©gZ, \«o$S>[aH$ aoZ\o$ëS>, Amoë\$ nmë_o B. ì`º$s¨Zr n§VàYmZ nXmMr à{Vð>m dmT>{dbr Amho.
`m_Yrb Amoë\$ nmë_o ho 1969 Vo 1976 `m H$mimV XmoZdoim ñdrS>ZMo n§VàYmZ hmoVo.
Amoë\$ nmë_o `m§Zr g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmgmR>r d Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVogmR>r _hËdnyU© H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho. Amoë\$
nmë_o `m§À`m H$mim_Üò ñdrS>Z_Üò pìXJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i aÔ H$éZ [aŠgS°>J ho EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©U Ho$bo
Va 1975 _Üò n§VàYmZmbm dmñVd à_wI ~Z{dUmar ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm ñdrS>Z_Üò A§_bmV Ambr. `wZmoÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ em§VVogmR>r Amoë\$ nmë_o `m§Zr _hËdnyU© H$m`© Ho$bo Amho.
S°>J h°_aeOmoëS> ho ñdrS>ZMo n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV n§VàYmZ hmoVo nwT>o Vo 1953 Vo 1961 `m
H$mimV g§`wº$ amï´>g§KmMo ga{MQ>Urg hmoVo. Ë`m§Zrhr Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_hËdnyU© H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV ñdrS>ZMm n§VàYmZ hm Iè`m AWm©Zo H$m`Xoera (S>r. Á`wAa) d dmñVd (S>r \°$ŠQ>mo) à_wI
Amho. AmO amoOr ñQ>r\$Z bmo\$doZ ho ñdrS>re gmoeb So>_m°H«o${Q>H$ njmMo ZoVo 3 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2014 nmgyZ n§VàYmZ
AmhoV Va J«rZ njmMo A°gm am°_gZ ho Cnn§VàYmZ AmhoV.
3.2.7 ñdrS>ZMo _§Ìr_§S>i (H°${~ZoQ>) :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmbm amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
amÁ`KQ>Z_o Yrb àH$aU 6 _Yrb H$b_ 4 _Üò n§VàYmZmZo _§{Ì_§S>im_Yrb _§Í`m§Mr Zmdo d `mXr [aŠgS°>Jg_moa
gmXa H$amdr Aer VaVyX Amho. `m _§{Ì_§S>imMr d¡{eï>ço d H$m`} Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) am°`b M°Ýgoar EodOr emgZ Ago Zm_H$aU :ñdrS>ZÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imbm nydu am°`b M°Ýgoar Ago g§~moYbo OmV hmoVo. na§Vw 1 OmZodmar 1975 À`m ZdrZ
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amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma am°`b M°Ýgoar EodOr emgZ H$m`m©bò (Government Offices) Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo
Amho.
2) _§{Ì_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr :n§VàYmZ amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. Ë`mZwgma n§VàYmZmgmo~V ZdrZ _§Ìr_§S>i
am°`b n°bog _Üò KoÊ`mV òUmè`m {deof A{YdoeZm_Üò amOmÀ`m CnpñWV gÎmm hmVr KoVo. `m{R>H$mUr
[aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m ZmdmMr Am¡nMm[aH$ KmofUm H$éZ amOmbm Ë`m{df`r _mhrVr
XoVmo. _§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m d H$m`} `m§Mr VaVyX amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m àH$aU 7 _Üò {Xbr Amho. ñdrS>ZMo
H$_rV H$_r Xhm df} ZmJ[aH$Ëd AgUmar ì`ŠVr _§ÌrnXmgmR>r nmÌ _mZbr OmVo.
3) [aŠgS°>J_Üò ~hþ_VmMr Amdí`H$Vm :n§VàYmZ d Ë`mÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imbm [aŠgS°>J _Üò 349 n¡H$s 175 gXñ`m§Mm Zoh_r nmqR>~m Amdí`H$
AgVmo. Omon`ªV n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>imda A{dídmg Xe©H$ R>amd _m§S>bm OmV Zmhr Vmon`ªV Vo gÎmoda amhVmV.
4) n§VàYmZmMm amOrZm_m qH$dm ~S>V\$s© åhUOo g§nyU© _§Ìr_§S>imMr ~S>V\$s© :BVa g§gXr` emgZnÜXVrÀ`m Xoemà_mUo n§VàYmZm§Zr ñdV: amOrZm_m {Xbm qH$dm Ë`mbm ~S>V\©$ Ho$bo
Va g§nU
y © _§Ìr_§S>i ~aImñV hmoV.o {deof ~m~ åhUOo [aŠgS°>J EImÚm _§Í`m{déÜXgwÜXm A{dídmg R>amd XmIb
H$é eH$Vo d Vmo R>amd _§Oya Pmbm Va g§~§{YV _§Í`mbm amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJVmo.
5) n§VàYmZmÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr H°${~ZoQ>Mr ~¡R>H$ :_§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m ~¡R>H$sMo AÜ`jñWmZ n§VàYmZ ^yf{dV AgVmo. `m ~¡R>H$sgmR>r H$_rVH$_r nmM H°${~ZoQ>
_§Í`m§Mr CnpñWVr Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m ~¡R>H$s_Üò emgH$s` H$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr {ZU©` KoVbo OmVmV.
6) g§`wº$ O~m~XmarMo VËd :g§gXr` emgZnÜXVrZwgma ñdrS>Z_Üòhr g§`wº$ O~m~XmarMo VËd nmibo OmVo. _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m {ZU©`mbm
gd©M _§Ìr g§`wº$nUo O~m~Xma AgVmV. H$moUVmhr {ZU©` hm g§nyU© _§Ìr_§S>imMm _mZbm OmVmo.
7) _§Ìr_§S>imMr H$m`} :_§Ìr_§S>imbm emgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$maMr H$m`} H$amdr bmJVmV. EH$, emgZ
ì`dhmamg§~§Yr H$m`} d XmoZ, àemgH$s` H$m`}.
A) emgZ ì`dhmamg§~§Yr H$m`} :1) H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr :
`m_Üò H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg§~§YrÀ`m H$m`mªMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _§Ìr_§S>im_Üò H$m`ÚmÀ`m _gwÚmg§~§Yr
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MMm© H$éZ {dYo`H$ V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. nwT>o ho {dYo`H$ [aŠgS°>J_Üò _m§S>bo OmVo.
2) Vh, H$ama `m{df`r MMm© H$aUo :
naH$s` Xoem§À`m ~amo~a Oo H$ama Ho$bo OmVmV Ë`m~m~V naamï´> _§Ìmb`m_m\©$V MMm© H$éZ H°${~ZoQ>_Üò
{ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo.
3) {Z`wŠË`m§{df`r MMm© H$aUo :
àemgZm_Üò Á`m {d{dY {Z`wº²$`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`mMr MMm© H°${~ZoQ>_Üò Ho$br OmVo d Ë`mdaVr {ZU©`
KoVbm OmVmo.
4) A§XmOnÌH$ {Z{_©Vr :
{_{ZñQ´>r Am°\$ \$m`ZmÝgÀ`m _m\©$V Am{W©H$ ì`dhma d A§XmOnÌH$mg§~§Yr MMm© H$éZ {ZU©` KoVbo
OmVmV.
5) {d{dY H$m`} :
_§Ìmb`mÀ`m {d{dY ImË`m_m\©$V Ë`mg§~§YrMr H$m`} Ho$br OmVmV. CXm. {ejU{df`H$, Amamo½`{df`H$,
n`m©daU{df`H$ B. H$m_o.
· _§Ìr_§S>im_Yrb {d{dY ImVr (nmoQ>©\$mo{bAmo) :ñdrS>Z_Üò gÜ`m nwT>rb àH$maMr à_wI ImVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV. 1) n§VàYmZm§Mo
H$m`m©b` 2) Ý`m`_§Ìmb` 3) naamï´> H$m_H$mO _§Ìmb` 4) g§ajU _§Ìmb` 5) Amamo½` Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$m`©
_§Ìmb` 6) {dÎm _§Ìmb` 7) {ejU Am{U g§ajU _§Ìmb` 8) n`m©daU _§Ìmb` 9) CnH«$_ _§Ìmb` 10)
gm§ñH¥${VH$ _§Ìmb` 11) amoOJma _§Ìmb`.
· gÜ`mMo ñdrS>ZMo H°${~ZoQ> :{X. 3 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 2014 nmgyZ gÎmoda Ambobo H°${~ZoQ> qH$dm _§Ìr_§S>i ho gmoeb So>_m°H«°${Q>Šg nj Am{U
J«rZ nmQ>u `m§À`m AmKmS>r_YyZ V`ma Pmbobo g§{_l gaH$ma Amho. ñQ>r\$Z bmo\$doZ ho n§VàYmZ AmhoV Va
Ë`m§À`m _§Ìr_§S>imV EHy$U 24 _§Ìr AmhoV. `mn¡H$s 12 nwéf d 12 _hrbm _§ÌrnXmda AmhoV. ñdrS>Z_Üò
{ó`m§Mo amOH$maUm_Üò AË`§V bjUr` à_mU Amho. [aŠgS°>J_Üò 45 Vo 48 Q>¸o$ EdT>çm _hrbm gXñ`
AmhoV. Ë`mà_mUoM _§Ìr_§S>im_Üò gwÜXm {ó`m§Mm nwéfm~amo~a gh^mJ Amho hr ~m~ {deof Zm|X KoÊ`mgmaIr
Amho. AemàH$mao ñdrS>ZMo _§Ìmb` ho g§gXr` emgZnÜXrZwgma H$m_H$mO H$aVo.
3.2.8 dñVw{Zð> àíZ :
1) ñdrS>Z_Üò ............. ñdénmMr amOoemhr Amho.
A) _`m©{XV
~) A_`m©{XV
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H$) dmñVd
135
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
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2) ñdrS>ZMm amOm hm ............... à_wI Amho.
A) Zm_Ymar
~) dmñVd
H$) A_`m©{XV
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
3) ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wº$s ............... H$aVmo.
A) amOm
~) [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr H$) gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mYre
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
4) ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMm H$m`©H$mi ............... df© Amho.
A) VrZ
~) Mma
H$) nmM
S>) ghm
5) ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imbm qH$dm emgZmbm ............... åhUVmV.
A) [aŠgS°>J
~) ao{O[aÖoZ
H$) H°${~ZoQ>
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
6) ñdrS>ZMm n§VàYmZ Amnbm amOrZm_m H$moUmH$So> XoVmo ?
A) amOm
~) [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr
H$) gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm g^mnVr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
7) ñdrS>Z_Üò XoemMm dmñVd à_wI H$moU Amho ?
A) amOm
~) n§VàYmZ
H$) [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
8) ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMo H$m`m©b` H$moR>o Amho ?
A) ñQ>m°H$hmo_
~) Amoñbmo
H$) _më_mo
S>) JmoWoZ~J©
3.3 gmam§e :
`m KQ>H$m_Üò ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br Amho. ñdrS>Z_Üò amOm hm Ho$di
Zm__mÌ AgyZ n§VàYmZmÀ`m hmVm_Üò dmñVd gÎmm Amho. amOm hm Ho$di g_ma§^mË_H$ H$m`} H$aVmo. ñdrS>ZMo
AmUIr EH$ R>iH$ d¡{eï>` åhUOo [aŠgS°>JMm g^mnVr hm A{Ve` eº$sembr Amho. g^mnVr [aŠgS°>JdaVr
{Z`§ÌU R>odVmoM nU Vmo n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>imdahr {Z`§ÌU R>odVmo. `wamon_Yrb BVa g§gXr` Xoemnojm
ñdrS>Z_Yrb amOm AË`§V Xw~©b gÎmmYmar AgyZ OZVoMo g^mJ¥h [aŠgS°>J, g^mnVr d n§VàYmZ `m§À`mH$So>
dmñVd gÎmm Amho.
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
1) [aŠgS°>J - ñdrS>ZMr g§gX
2) ao{O[aÖoZ - ñdrS>ZÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imbm ao{O[aÖoZ åhUVmV.
3) g§gXr` ZH$mamMo VËd - `m_Üò [aŠgS°>J_Üò {dídmgXe©H$ R>amd _m§S>Ê`mEodOr A{dídmgXe©H$
R>amd _m§S>bm OmVmo. Vmo _§Oya Pmbm VaM gaH$ma gÎmodéZ nm`CVma hmoVo.
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4) am°`b \°${_br - amOKamUo
3.5 dñVw{Zð> àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
1) A
2) A
3) ~
4) ~
5) ~
6) ~
7) ~
8) A
3.6 ñdmÜ`m` :
àíZ 1. ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOmMr {ZdS>, A{YH$ma, H$m`} d ñWmZ ñnï> H$am.
àíZ 2. ñdrS>ZÀ`m n§VàYmZmMo A{YH$ma, H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
{Q>nm {bhm :
1) ñdrS>ZMo H°${~ZoQ>
2) amOmMr {ZdS> d dmagm
3) n§VàYmZm§Mo ñWmZ
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1)
Larsson, T, Back, Henry (2008).Governing and Governance in sweden, Lund
: Student litteratur.
2)
Nargelius, Joakim (2011), Constitutional Law in Sweden, Alphen aan den
Rijn: Kluwez Law International BV.
3)
Constitution of Sweden- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/constitution_of_sweden
4)
www.riksdagen.se>startpage>Laws
5)
www.government.se/how_sweden-is-governed/the-constitution
6)
https://sweden.se
7)
www.government.se
8)
www.wordpress.org
9)
www.kungahuset.se
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 4
A) MrZMo Ý`m`_§S>i d amOH$s` nj
(A) – The Judiciary of China)
AZwH«$_{UH$m :
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`
4.2.2 gdm}ÀM OZ-àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>
4.3 gmam§e
4.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
4.6 g§X^© nwñVHo$
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
MrZÀ`m àemgH$s` `§ÌUoMm Aä`mg AmnU Ho$bm Amho. AmVm `mM ì`dñWoVrb {Vgao A§J Agboë`m
Ý`m`ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg AmnUm§g H$amdm bmJob. `m àH$aUmV Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm, Ý`m`mb`mMr H$m`©nÕVr,
Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m aMZoMo àH$ma, MrZÀ`m Ý`m`mb`mMr d¡{eï>ço `mMm Aä`mg H$aVm òB©b.
4…1 àñVmdZm :
MrZ emgZ ì`dñWoVrb Ý`m`_§S>i ho {Vgao A§J Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>i d H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMm Aä`mg H$aV
AgVmZm Ý`m`_§S>imMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m{edm` MrZÀ`m àemgH$s` ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n g_moa òUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
_§S>imMm Aä`mg H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo. gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUrer ~m§{YV Agbobr Ý`m`nm{bH$m MrZ_Üò
ApñVËdmV Agbobr {XgVo. gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUr hoM MrZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n Amho. _mŠg©, bo{ZZ
d _mAmodmXmMm à^md Ý`m`ì`dñWoda Pmbobm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio A_o[aH$m, ^maV BË`mXr Xoem§À`m Ý`m`ì`dñWonj
o m
{VMo ñdê$n doJio Amho. gmå`dmXr nj Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o emgH$s` YmoaU A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUyZ
nmhVmZm {XgVo. Ë`m_wio Ý`m`mb`mMo _yi H$m`© ~mOybm Joë`mMo {MÌ Amho. hr Ý`m`nm{bH$m Amnë`m
H$m`m©{df`r amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«ogbm O~m~Xma _mZbr OmVo. H$maU `mVrb gd© gXñ` ho gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ`
AgVmV. MrZ_Üò a{e`mgmaIrM Ý`m`ì`dñWm Agbobr {XgVo. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Am{U gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waQo >mao Qo >
`m XmoZ amOH$s` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg MrZMo Ý`m`_§S>i g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo _hÎdnyU© R>aVmo.
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4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
4.2.1 gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` :
^maVmgmaIo MrZ_Üòhr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Amho. Ë`mbm gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` Ago åhUVm òB©b.
gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` ho MrZ_Yrb A§{V_ Ý`m`mb` Amho. ho Ý`m`mb` ~oqOJ `m amOYmZrÀ`m ehamV
Amho. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`m_Üò {H$Vr gXñ` AgmdoV? Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H$mb H$gm Agmdm? Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> H$er
ìhmdr? Ë`m§Mr g§nyU© VaVyX MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. MrZÀ`m 1982 À`m
g§{dYmZmV gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mMo {dñV¥V {ddoMZ Zgbo Var darb H$mhr Jmoï>tMr {ddoMZo AmhoV.
MrZ_Yrb gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` AgyZ Ë`mbm ñWm{ZH$ Ý`m`mb` d {deof Ý`m`mb`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo {ZarjU
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Ago KQ>ZoV ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. Ý`m`mb`mMo {XdmUr d \$m¡OXmar Ago
XmoZ {d^mJ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. MrZÀ`m Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm {na°{_S> gmmaIr Agbobr {XgVo.
1) aMZm : `m Ý`m`mb`mV 1 gaÝ`m`mYre, 1 ghÝ`m`mYre d BVa Ý`m`mYre AgVmV.
Ý`m`mYrem§Mr g§»`m hr MrZÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. g§»`m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogbm Amho.
2) {ZdS> : gaÝ`m`mYrem§Mr {ZdS> amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. gmå`dmXr {dMmamMm Aä`mg
AgUmam d gmå`dmXr {dMmamda lÕm AgUmam, gmå`dmXr njm§Zr KoVbobo {ZU©` ~bnyd©H$ H$ê$Z KoUmè`m
ì`ŠVtMr {ZdS> Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ amï´>r` OZH$m±J«og H$aVo. ghÝ`m`mYre d BVa Ý`m`mYrem§Mr Zo_UyH$
ñWm`r g{_VrH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo.
3) H$m`©H$mb : gaÝ`m`mYre d ghÝ`m`m`mYre `m§Mr {ZdS> 5 dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrgmR>r Ho$br
OmVo. MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò Ý`m`mYrem§Mr nmÌVm H$moUVr Agmdr. Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> H$em nÕVrZo H$amdr.
Ë`m§Mm AZw^d {H$Vr Agmdm `m~m~V ñnï> C„oI Zmhr. 5 dfm©Mm H$mbmdYr g§në`mZ§Va Ý`m`mYrem§Mr
\o$a{ZdS> H$aVm òVo.
4) nXÀ`wVr : gaÝ`m`mYrembm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma "amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogbm' Amho. Va
ghÝ`m`mYrem§Zm d AÝ` Ý`m`mYrem§Zm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma "ñWm`r g{_Vrbm' Amho. `m
Ý`m`mb`mVrb BVa Ý`m`mYrem§ZmgwÕm gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo R>amd H$ê$Z nXÀ`wV Ho$bo OmVo. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo
Ý`m`mYrem§Zm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYo ~hþ_V Amdí`H$ _mZbo Amho. gmå`dmXr njmZo KoVbobo {ZU©`
qH$dm Ho$bobm H$m`Xm ~bnyd©H$ ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z H$adyZ Z KoUmè`m Ý`m`mYrembm nXÀ`wV qH$dm ~S>V\©$ Ho$bo
OmVo.
· gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mMo A{YH$majoÌ :
MrZÀ`m 1982 À`m g§{dYmZmV gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMo d gÎmoMo {dñV¥VnUo {ddoMZ
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Agbobo {XgV Zmhr. na§Vy `mnyduMr MrZ_Yrb g§{dYmZo, AZw^d Am{U doimodoir Ho$bobr VaVwXo `mdê$Z
gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmMm Aä`mg H$aVm òB©b.
1) àma§{^H$ A{YH$majoÌ : emgH$s` AmXoe d {dYr{Z`_m§er g§~§YrV IQ>ë`m§Mr gwZmdUr hr
gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mV hmoVo. AË`§V _hÎdmMo Oo dmX AgVrb qH$dm IQ>bo AgVrb Vo gdm©oÀM
OZÝ`m`mb`mV òVmV. amï´>r` g§nÎmrMm {dZme, amï´>Ðmoh, qhgm BË`mXr {XdmUr d \$m¡OXmar Xmdo ñdV§Ì
{d^mJ H$ê$Z Mmb{dbo OmVmV. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ñdmV§Í` Agmdo Ago KQ>ZoV C„oI Agbm Var Ë`mMm \$magm
{dMma Ý`m`mb`mbm nmimdm bmJVmo.
2) nwZ{Z©U©`mMo A{YH$majoÌ : {deof Ý`m`mb` d CÀMñVa Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xboë`m {ZU©`m{déÕ
Anrb XmIb H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mbm XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m_Üò {XdmUr d
\$m¡OXmar Aem XmoÝhr ñdê$nm§À`m IQ>ë`mMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` BVa
H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mVrb IQ>bo H$mTy>Z KodyZ Vo gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mg_moa {dMmamW© gmXa H$ê$ eH$VmV.
gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mMm {ZU©` hm A§{V_ AgVmo. Vmo Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`M H$amdm bmJVmo.
3) àemgH$s` A{YH$majoÌ : H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`, {deof Ý`m`mb` `m§À`mda XoIaoI R>odUo, {Z`§ÌU
R>odUo, _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo, Ý`m{`H$ à{H«$`m nma nmS>Uo, Ý`m`mb`rZ H$m_H$mOmMo {Z`§ÌU R>odUo BË`mXr H$m_o
gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mbm H$amdo bmJVmV. doJdoJiçm ñVamdarb Ý`m`mbò Ý`m`XmZ H$aVmZm H$m`ÚmZo
KmbyZ {Xbobr à{H«$`m nma nmS>VmV H$s Zmhr `mMo {ZarjU àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> H$aVmV. H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z
H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr hmoVo H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mMo H$m_ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$aVo. daH$aZr Ý`m`mb`mMo
H$m_ ñdV§Ì dmQ>V Agbo Var ^maV d A_o[aHo$Vrb gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`m BVHo$ ñd`§nyU© d _hÎdnyU© Zmhr.
bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV ZmJarH$m§À`m_yb^yV A{YH$mamMo ajU H$aUo Amho. Vmo A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mbm
MrZZo {Xbm Amho. `mdê$Z Ý`m`mb`mMr H$m`©nÕVr bjmV òVo.
· MrZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWoMr d¡{eï>ço :
MrZMr Ý`m`ì`dñWm hr H$mb© _mŠg©, bo{ZZ d _mAmo `mÀ`m {dMmaàdmhmZo `wŠV Aem gmå`dmXr
{dMma àUmbrda AmYmarV Amho. Ë`m_wioM Ý`m`{d^mJ ho emgZì`dñWoMo doJio d ñdV§Ì A§J Amho.
ñdV§Ì Ý`m`{d^mJ, Ý`m`{d^mJmMr gdm}ÀMVm d {ZînjVm `m qgYmZm§Zm ñWmZ Zmhr. MrZÀ`m àemgZmMo
EH$ A§J åhUyZ Ý`m`mb` H$m_ nmhVmmZ {XgVo. OZVobm {ejm XoUo, H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ H$ê$Z KoUo hr
_hÎdmMr H$m_o hr Ý`m`ì`dñWm H$aVmZm {XgVo. BVa XoemÀ`m VwbZoV hr Ý`m`ì`dñWm EH$doJiçm
àH$maMo Agë`mMo {XgVo. OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> hr amOH$s` g§ñWm MrZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo _hÎdnyU© A§J Amho.
Ago Agbo Var MrZÀ`mÝ`m`ì`dñWoMr H$mhr _hÎdmMr d¡{eï>o Agbobr Amnë`mbm {XgyZ òVmV.
1) Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm : MrZMo Ý`m`mb` VrZ ñVam§da {d^mJbo Amho.
A) ñWm{ZH$ Ý`m`mb` : `m_Üò {XdmUr d \$m¡OXmar `m XmoÝhr Ý`m`mb`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mMo
VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
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CÀM bmoH$Ý`m`mb` : ñWm{ZH$ Ý`m`mb`mMm hm gdm©V daMm ñVa Amho. MrZ XoemVrb ñdm`Îm
àXoe, {d{dY àm§V, _hmZJanm{bH$m `m{R>H$mUr Aem Ý`m`mb`m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
i)
_Ü`ñWr bmoH$Ý`m`mb` : MrZ_Yrb CÀM Ý`m`mb` d gdm©V Imbrb àmW{_H$ Ý`m`mb` `m
XmoZ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m _Yrb Ý`m`mb`mbm _Ü`ñWr bmoH$Ý`m`mb` åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
ii)
àmW{_H$ ñVa bmoH$Ý`m`mb` : ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$Ý`m`mb`mVrb gdm©V ImbMm ñVa åhUyZ `m
Ý`m`mb`mbm AmoiIbo OmVo. {d{dY àXoe, eha, _hmZJa {Oëho `m{R>H$mUr `m Ý`m`mb`m§Mr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VoWo `mMo H$m_ MmbVo.
iii)
~) {deof Ý`m`mb` : `m VrZ Ý`m`mb`mì`{V[aŠV MrZ_Üò H$mhr {deof Ý`m`mb`m§Mr ñWmnZmhr
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
i)
g¡{ZH$s Ý`m`mb` : g¡{ZH$m g§X^m©Vrb Xmdo `m Ý`m`mb`mV MmbVmV.
aoëdo dmhVyH$ Ý`m`mb` : aoëdoVrb H$_©Mmar AWdm aoëdo g§X^m©Vrb {d{dY Xmì`m§Mm g_mdoe
`m Ý`m`mb`mV Ho$bobm Amho. Vo Xmdo òWo Mmb{dbo OmVmV.
ii)
ObdmhVyH$ Am{U O§Jb Ý`m`mb` : `m Ý`m`mb`m_Üò ~moQ>r d Ë`m§À`mer g§XûV IQ>bo
O§Jb g§X^m©Vrb IQ>bo Mmb{dbo OmVmV.
iii)
2) àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>nX : MrZ_Üò ñWm{ZH$ ñVam§nmgyZ amï´>r` ñVamn`ªV àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> nXm§Mr gmIir
Ho$br Amho. àËòH$ Jm§d, {Oëhm d VmbwH$m ñVamda ho àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> H$m_ H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mda gdm}ÀM
àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m {dYo`H$m§Mo nmbZ ZmJ[aH$m§H$Sy>Z hmoVo H$s
Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§À`mda AgVo. Ë`m§Zm _XVrbm JwßV nmobrgm§Mr `§ÌUmhr AgVo.
àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>bm gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`m§nmgyZ ñWm{ZH$ Ý`m`mb`mn`ªV {ZarjU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$mahr XoÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. EH$m àH$mao Ý`m{`H$ A{YH$mamMo H|$ÐrH$aU MrZ_Üò Pmbobo {XgyZ òVo.
3) Ý`m`mYrem§Mo H$m±J«ogbm CÎmaXm{`Ëd : MrZ_Yrb ñWm{ZH$ nmVirnmgyZ d[að> nmVirn`ªV
Agbobr Ý`m`mbò g§~§YrV Amnmnë`m ñVamda VoWrb OZH$m±J«ogbm O~m~Xma (CÎmaXm`r) AgVmV.
OZÝ`m`mb`mÀ`m _w»` Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr Zo_UyH$ g§~§YrV ñVamdarb OZH$m±J«ogÛmao Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m§Zm nXmdê$Z
Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$mahr OZH$m±J«ogbmM XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. EH$màH$mao ho Ý`m`mYre OZVoZo {ZdSy>Z
{Xboë`m à{V{ZYtZm O~m~Xma AgVmV.
4) H$_r IMm©Mr Ý`m`mb` : MrZ_Üò dH$sbrÀ`m ì`dgm`mMo g_mOdmXrH$aU H$aÊmV Ambo
Amho. dH$sb EH$Ì òdyZ ghH$mar VÎdmda ~ma Agmo{gEeZ V`ma H$aVmV. H$m`Xo{df`H$ gëbm XoUo d
`m ghH$mar g§ñWm§Ûmao Ý`m`mb`mV IQ>bo Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r Vo _XV H$aVmV. ~ma Agmo{gEeZbm {_iUmao
CËnÞ gXñ`m§_Üò dmQ>Ê`mV òVo. H$_r IMm©V d bdH$amV bdH$a Ý`m` njH$mam§Zm {_iVmo. g_mOdmXr
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aMZoV ì`ŠVtZm ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mMr ^mdZm AgVo. VrM ^mdZm Ë`m `§ÌUoV {XgVo.
5) VS>OmoS>rMr ì`dñWm : EImÚm IQ>ë`m_Üò Ý`m`mb`m_Üò VS>OmoS> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agob
Va àmW{_H$ OZÝ`m`mb`m_Yrb H$_r _hÎdmÀ`m IQ>ë`m_Üò XmoZ njm§V VS>OmoS> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r
g_PmoVm g{_Ë`m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV. BVa Xoem§_Üò Aem g{_Ë`m AmT>iV ZmhrV. `m
g{_Vr_Üò bmoH$à{V{ZYtMm g_mdoe AgVmo. `m_wio Ý`m`mb`mVrb IQ>ë`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoVo. na§Vw `m
g{_VrZo {Xboë`m {ZU©`m{damoYmV d[að> Ý`m`mb`mV A{nbr` `m{MH$m XmIb H$aVm òVo. EH$m àH$mao
g{_Ë`m {Z_m©U H$ê$Z _Ü`ñVtMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>ë`mMo {XgVo.
6) g_mOdmXr njm§Mo g§nyU© {Z`§ÌU : Ý`m`ì`dñWoda g_mOdmXr {dMmaàUmbrMm nJS>m
Agbobm {XgVmo. Oo Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ {Z`wŠV hmoVmV Vo g_mOdmXr njmMo gXñ`M AgVmV. g_mOdmXr
{dMmaàUmbr nmgyZ Vo Xÿa Omdy eH$V ZmhrV. g_mOdmXr {dMma àUmbrMo g§nyU© kmZ AgUmam
Ý`m`mYremMrM Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmVo. g_mOdmXr njmZo KoVbobm {ZU©` ~bnyd©H$ H$adyZ KoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
Ý`m`mb`mda AgVo. AemM Ý`m`mYremMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br OmVo.
7) BVa d¡{eï>ço :
A) d[að> Ý`m`mb`mda {Z`§ÌU AmhoV.
~) Ý`m`mb`rZ IQ>ë`mMr gwZmdUr ñWm{ZH$ ^mfoVyZ hmoV AgVo.
H$) XoemÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo _hÎdmMo IQ>bo JwßV nÕVrZo Mmb{dbo OmVmV.
S>) gm_mÝ` IQ>bo Om{hanUo Mmb{dbo OmVmV.
· gdm}ÀM OZàmooŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>
(The Supreme Peoples Procuratorates) :
MrZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb` hmo`. MrZÀ`m 1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb
H$b_ 129 d 134 `m H$b_mV OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho. `m àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> ì`dñWoV gdm}ÀM
{eIamda gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> Amho. g§nyU© Ý`m`ì`dñWoMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm ñWm{ZH$ ñVamnmgyZ
amï´>r` ñVamn`ªV hr Ý`m`mb`mMr gmIir Agbobr Amnë`mbm {XgyZ òVo. àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> hr EH$ A{^Zd
amOH$s` g§ñWm Amho. BVa Xoem§_Üò àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>nX AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. 1990 nyduÀ`m gmopìhEQ> a{e`mVrb
àmoŠ`wamoQ>a OZab `m nXmer {_iVo OwiVo ho nX Agbobo {XgyZ òVo.
aMZm : gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waomQ>moaoQ> ho EH$ _§S>i Amho AWdm Ë`mbm EH$ g{_Vr Agohr åhUVm òB©b.
àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> OZab hm `m _§S>imMm AÜ`j Amho. ho `m ì`dñWoVrb gdm}ÀM nX Amho.
{ZdS> : gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mr {ZdS> amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo.
H$m`©H$mb : amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogMm {OVH$m H$m`©H$mb Amho åhUOoM 5 dfm©BVH$m H$m`©H$mb gdm}ƒ
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àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mm Agbobm {XgyZ òVmo. amï´>r` OZH$m±J«ogbm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghOZ àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mr {Z`wŠVr
Ho$br OmVo. Ë`mMr {ZdS> ñWm`r g{_VrH$Sy>Z hmoVo. Ë`mMr \o$a{ZdS> H$aVm òVo. åhUOoM OmñVrV OmñV
10 df} Ë`mbm Amnë`m nXmda amhVm òVo. gdm}ÀM àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> ho Amnë`m H$m`m©gmR>r amï´>r` OZH$m±J«og
d ñWm`r g{_Vrbm CÎmaXm`r AgVmV. gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mo A{YH$ma ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMo AmhoV.
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm d g§ñWm§Zm H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ H$amd`mg bmdÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gdm}ÀM
OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>H$S>o gmon{dbr Amho.
· gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mo A{YH$ma :
1) g_mOdmXr {dYrì`dñWoMo C„§KZ H$aUmè`m AnaÜ`m§Zm nH$Sy>Z Ý`m`mb`mg_moa hOa H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`mda IQ>bo XmIb H$aUo. `m IQ>ë`mÀ`m gwZmdUrdoir gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>dmXr åhUyZ H$m_
H$aVmo. {dYr{Z`_ Am{U _wb^yV H$V©ìò `mMo C„§KZ H$aUmè`m§Zm JwßV nmo{bg `§ÌUoÀ`m ghmæ`mZo emoYyZ
H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
2) Ý`m`mb`rZ à{H«$òda bj R>odUo. Oa Ý`m`{H$ à{H«$òV Xmof AmT>iyZ Ambm Va Vo Xmof gdm}ÀM
OZÝ`m`mb`mÀ`m {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ XoUo. H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xboë`m {ZU©`mMr ImÌr dmQ>V Zgob Va Vmo
ñdV:hÿZ gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mV Anrb H$aVmo.
3) MrZ gaH$mabm doimodoir H$m`Xo{df`H$ gëbm XodyZ gaH$maZo Ho$boë`m H¥$VtMo d KoVboë`m
{ZU©`m§Mo, YmoaUm§Mo d¡Ym{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ g_W©Z H$aUo. WmoS>Š`mV, gaH$mar dH$sb åhUyZ H$m`Xo{df`H$
~mOy _m§S>Ê`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
3) MrZ_Yrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aVmZm àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>À`m g§_Vr{edm` AQ>H$ H$aVm òV Zmhr.
àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>da gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. VgoM A{YH$mar AWdm ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Oa
H$m`Xo^§J H$aUmar H¥$Vr Pmbr AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z AmamonnÌ XmIb H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo
H$aVmo. H|$Ð Am{U àmXo{eH$ ñVamdê$Z H$moUË`mhr emgH$s` A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z Xoe{damoYr H¥$Ë` KS>ë`mg
Ë`m{déÕ H$m`Xoera H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
4) MrZ_Yrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aVmZm àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>À`m g§_Vr{edm` AQ>H$ H$aVm òV Zmhr.
àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>da gdm©oÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. VgoM A{YH$mar AWdm ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Oa
H$m`Xo^§J H$aUmar H¥$Vr Pmbr AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z AmamonnÌ XmIb H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo
H$aVmo. H|$Ð Am{U àmXo{eH$ ñVamdê$Z H$moUË`mhr emgH$s` A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z Xoe{damoYr H¥$Ë` KS>ë`mg
Ë`m{déÕ H$m`Xoera H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
5) gmå`dmXr dm g_mOdmXr {dYr ì`dñWoMo OVZ AWdm g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
Amho. gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr{déÕ H$moUË`m g§KQ>Zm, ì`ŠVr nj `m§Mr H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwê$ AmhoV H$m `mMm gVV
emoY KoÊ`mMo H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo.
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6) gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>bm XoemÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo ajU H$amdo bmJVo. gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMr
hmZr Ho$ë`mg Ë`mÀ`mda emgZmÀ`m ~mOyZo {\$`m©X Vmo XmIb H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
7) H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mH$Sy>Z AWdm g§ñWoH$Sy>Z Ë`mbm H$mJXnÌo _mJ{dVm òVmV. emgH$s` YmoaU
qH$dm {ZU©` `mo½` ZgVrb Va emgZmÀ`m ~mOyZo {\$`m©X Vmo XmIb H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
8) _wb^yV H$V©ì`mMo àËòH$mH$Sy>Z nmbZ hmoÊ`mda MrZ_Yrb g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm gÑT> hmoUo
Adb§~yZ Amho. åhUyZ {MZr g_mOì`dñWm gÑT> H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©V g_Ýd H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ àmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>
H$aVmo.
Aem àH$mao gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>bm {d{dY A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. hr Ý`m`{df`H$ ì`dñWm
MrZ_Üò AmT>iyZ òVo. gmå`dmXr njmVrb dOZXma ì`ŠVtMr {ZdS> `m nXmda Ho$br OmVo. EHy$U
MrZ_Üò Ý`m`ì`dñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm gÑT> d _O~yV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm {XgyZ
òVmo.
4.4 gmam§e :
OJmVrb BVa Ý`m`ì`dñWonj
o m doJir Ý`m` ì`dñWm g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUrda AmYmabobr Ý`m`ì`dñWm
åhUyZ MrZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñVoMm C„oI H$amdm bmJob. g_mOdmXr njmMr YmoaUo am~{dÊ`mMoM H$m_ Ý`m`
ì`dñWm H$aV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm H$ê$Z EH$m àH$mao ZmJ[aH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$m`ÚmMo
nmbZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$m_ `m Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ago Agbo Var MrZMo Ý`m`ì`dñWoMm
pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho.
4.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
1) _moH$içm OmJm âm.
1) MrZMr Ý`m`ì`dñWm .............. {dMmagaUrda AmYmabobr Amho.
2) MrZMo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` ............. ehaVm Amho.
3) MrZMo Ý`m`mb`> ............. ñVam§V {d^mJbo Amho.
4. gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ> ho gmopìhEV a{e`mÀ`m ............. nXmer {_iVo-OwiVo Amho.
5. gdm}ÀM OZàmoŠ`waoQ>moaoQ>Mm H$m`©H$mb ............... df© AgVmo.
CÎmao : 1) gmå`dmXr
4) àmoŠ`waoQ>a OZab
2) ~oqOJ
3) VrZ
5) nmM
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àíZ 2 : Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1) gdm}ÀM OZÝ`m`mb`mMr aMZm d A{YH$majoÌ ñnï> H$am.
2) MrZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWoMr d¡{eï>ço {dfX H$am.
4.6 g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1) {M. J. KmH$aoH$a - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
2) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU
3) am. Jmo. XoJmdH$a - AmYw{ZH$ amOH$maU ì`dñWm, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
4) am. O. bmoQ>o - VwbZmË_H$ eegZ Am{U amOH$maU.
5) S>m°. AemoH$ H$mio VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
6) S>m. a_oe T>mo~io - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
BBB
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~) MrZ_Yrb amOH$s` nj
(B – Political Party System)
1) àñVmdZm :
MrZÀ`m amOH$s` njmMm {dMma Ho$bm AgVm gmå`dmXr njmMm àm_w»`mZo H$amdm bmJob. MrZ hm
gmå`dmXr Xoe Agë`mZo MrZ_Üò gmå`dmXr nj (Communist Party) hm EH$_od amOH$s` nj Amho. `m
njmMr ñWmnZm 1921 _Üò Pmbr. 1949 _Üò amOH$s` H«$m§Vr gmå`dmXr njmZo Ho$br. 1954 Vo 1982 À`m
amÁ`KQ>Zon`ªV KQ>ZmË_H$ ñWmZ gmå`dmXr njmbm XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. A_o[aH$m, pñdËPbªS> `m nmíMmË`
bmoH$emhr Xoem_Yrb amOH$s` njmnojm MrZ_Yrb gmå`dmXr nj _ybV: {^Þ Amho. Ë`m_wio 1982 À`m amÁ`
KQ>Zo_Üò Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""gmå`dmXr nj _mŠg©dmX, bo{ZZdmX, _mAmodmX `mda {Zð>m R>odyZ Ë`mÀ`m
d¡Mm[aH$ AmYmamda MrZ `m gmd©^m¡_ amÁ`mV bmoH$gÎmmH$ hþHy$_emhrda {Zð>m R>odyZ g_mOdmXr, g_mOaMZm
{Z_m©U H$aob. gmå`dmXr njmMm B{Vhmg, KQ>Zm, YmoaUo, H$m`©nÕVr, ZoV¥Ëd, amOH$s` gh^mJmVrb ^y{_H$m
`mg§X^m©V MrZ_Yrb amOH$s` nj d¡{eï>çnyU© Amho. Jobr AZoH$ df} MrZ gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr
PnmQ>çmZo àJVr H$aV Amho.
· MrZÀ`m amOH$s` njmMo d¡{eï>ç :
1) EH$ njnÕVr : H$mb© _mŠg© `m§À`m {dMmam§da AmYm[aV g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$
nj nÕVrMm pñdH$ma `m Xoem§Zr Ho$bobm Amho. MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò EH$mM amOH$s` njmbm KQ>ZoZwgma
_mÝ`Vm {Xë`m_wio Am{U Ë`m{damoYr nj ñWmnÊmg à{V~§Y Agë`m_wio ñWm{ZH$ nmVirnmgyZ amï´>r`
nmVirn`ªV EH$M nj Agbobm {XgVmo. Xþgam H$moUVmhr nj MrZ_Üò ApñVËdmV Zmhr. _mŠg©dmXr
VÎdàUmbr d _yë`m§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm BVa njm§Mr JaO dmQ>V Zhr. H$m_Jmam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z
H$aUmam, Ë`m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$aUmam d Ë`m§Mr godm H$aUmam nj åhUyZ gmå`dmXr njmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zm BVa njmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>V Zmhr.
2) g§{dYmZmV njmbm ñWmZ : MrZZo V`ma Ho$boë`m 1982 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV gmå`dmXr njmbm
A{YH¥$V[aË`m _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Vgm C„oI KQ>Zo_ÜòM Amho. Ë`m_wio hm nj EH$ d¡Ym{ZH$
g§ñWm åhUyZ H$m`©aV Agë`mMo {XgVmo. emgZmda gmå`dmXr njmMo {Z`§ÌU Amho. hmM nj emgZmMo
Üò`YmoaU {ZYm©aU H$aVmo. Ë`mdê$Z njmMo ñWmZ bjmV òVo. `m XoemV gaH$ma Am{U nj `m_Üò
H$moUVmhr ôX^md Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.
3) gmå`dmXr njmMr _ŠVoXmar : amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò BVa H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmbm _mÝ`Vm Z
{Xë`m_wio `m njmMr EH$m{YH$maemhr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. `m njm§{edm` BVa nj åhUOo H$m_Jma
dJm©À`m {damoYr Agbobo nj Ago _mZbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio `m njmMr _ŠVoXmar emgZmÀ`m gd©M g§ñWm§da
{XgyZ òB©b.
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4) bmoH$emhr H|$ÐdmX : njmMo g§KQ>Z d H$m_H$mO nÕVr ho H|$ÐmË_H$ {gÕm§Vmda AmYmarV Amho.
ñWm{Z`, àm§{V` Am{U amï´>r` nmVirdarb ZoË`m§Mr {ZdS> njm_m\©$V hmoV AgVo. njmVrb gd© gXñ`m§Zm
{dMmañdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`m§Mo _V EoHy$Z KodyZM njg§KQ>ZoV {ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo d Vmo {ZU©`
d[að> nmVirda H$i{dbm OmVmo. Ho$§Ðr` nmVirda {ZU©` nmoMë`mZ§Va H|$Ðr` g{_VrZo KoVboë`m {ZU©`mda
H${Zð> nmVirdarb H$moUË`mhr g§KQ>Zobm _V àH$Q> H$aVm òV Zmhr. A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo BVHo$M H$m_
Ë`m§À`m hmVmV amhVo. AemàH$mao gmå`dmXr njmZo g§KQ>ZoV gÎmoMo bmoH$emhr H|$ÐrH$aU Ho$bo Amho.
5) _`m[XV nj gXñ`Ëd : nj gXñ`Ëd XoVmZm MrZ_Üò XmoZ àH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
Ë`m_Úo 1) àmW{_H$ gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ`Ëd, 2) H$m`_ñdê$nr gXñ`Ëd. gmå`dmXr njmMo gXñ`Ëd
àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmJ[aH$mbm {d{eð> nmÌVm Agmdr bmJVo. njmMr XrK©H$mi H$m_ H$aUmar njmMo kmZ
AgUmar ì`ŠVr njmMo gXñ`Ëd {_iÊ`mg nmÌ R>aVo. `m{edm` Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo gmå`dmXr njmMo H$m`©
O~m~XmarZo Ho$bo nm{hOo. njmer EH${Zð> amhÿZ Üò` YmoaUmMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm H$m`_ñdê$nr
gXñ`Ëd {Xbo OmVo. H$m`_ñdê$nr gXñ` AgUmè`m§Mr g§»`m VrZ H$moQ>rÀ`m Kam§V Amho.
6) njloð>r : gmå`dmXr njm_Üò njloð>rbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. d[að> nmVirda njmZo
KoVboë`m Amkm qH$dm njmZo {Xbobo AmXoe H${Zð> nmVirdarb gXñ`m§Zm nmimdo bJmVmV. Oo gXñ`
Amkm nmiV ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm njmVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo OmVo. H$mhr doiobm Aem ì`ŠVr{déÕ H$R>moa {ejmhr
Ho$br OmVo. `m_wio njm_Üò {eñV, EH${OZgrnUm amhÿZ Oo d[að> nmVirda YmoaU KoVbo AmhoV Ë`mMr
A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mg gmo`rñH$a hmoVo.
7) emgZmda {Z`§ÌU : MrZ_Üò Agboë`m gd© emgH$s` g§ñWm àemgZ `m gdmªda gmå`dmXr
njmMm à^md Amho. Ý`m`g§ñWm, amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og, AÜ`j, n§VàYmZ, _§Ìr_§S>i Aem gd© amOH$s`
g§ñWm§da gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m AmXoemZwgmaM H$m`© MmbVo. {damoYr njM ApñVËdmV Zgë`m_wio H$moUrhr
{damoY H$arV Zmhr. {Z`moOZ, YmoaU {ZpíMVr, A§_b~OmdUr Am{X H$m_o njmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZwgma hmoV
AgVmV. Ë`m_wio njmMo emgZg§ñWoda à^wËd Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
8) g§KQ>ZmË_H$ aMZm : gmå`dmXr njmMr g§KQ>ZmË_H$ aMZm {na°{_S>gmaIr Amho. nj VrZ
ñVam§da g§KQ>ZoMo H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. àmW{_H$ g§KQ>Zm, àmXo{eH$ g§KQ>Zm d amîQ´>r` ñVamdarb g§KQ>Zm
Aer aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. àmW{_H$ g§KQ>Zm Vo nm°{bQ> ã`wamo d ñWm`r g{_Vr Aem H${Zð> Vo d[að>
g§KQ>Zm MrZ_Üò {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. H${Zð> g§KQ>Zm `m d[að> g§KQ>Zm§Mo AmXoemMo nmbZ
H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
9) BVa d¡{eï>o : `m{edm` MrZÀ`m nj nÕVrMo AZoH$ d¡{eï>o AmT>iyZ òVmV. 1) {damoYr njmMo
ApñVËd {XgyZ òV Zmhr. 2) emgZmbm g_m§Va Aer njaMZm Agbobr {XgyZ òVo.
· gmå`dmXr njmMo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ~m§YUr aMZm :
gmå`dmXr nj 1949 _Üò M±-H$m`-eoH$ `m§À`m amOdQ>rMo CÀMmQ>Z H$ê$Z gÎmoda Ambm.
VoìhmnmgyZ AmVmn`ªV hm nj gÎmoda Amho. _mAmo-Ëgo-Vw§J hm gmå`dmXr njmMm g§ñWmnH$ AÜ`j åhUyZ
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`m njmbm _mAmodmXr nj Ago gwÕm åhQ>bo OmVo. MrZr gmå`dmXr nj g§KQ>Zm {na°{_S>à_mUo Amho. OgOgo
da OmB©b VgVgo ZoË`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r-H$_r hmoV OmVo. {na°{_S>À`m {eIñWmZr amï´> nmVirdarb g§KQ>Zm
Amho. Vrbm amï´>r` nj H$m±J«og Agohr åhUVmV. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirnmgyZ {eIamn`ªV bmImo H$m`©H$V} njm_Üò
Agbobo {XgyZ òVmV. njmMr aMZm nwT>rbà_mUo Agbobo {XgVo.
1) àmW{_H$ nj g§KQ>Zm (ñWm{ZH$ gob) : H$å`w{ZñQ> njmVrb hm gdm©V ImbMm ñVa Amho.
JmdnmVirdarb g§KQ>Zobm ñWm{ZH$ gob åhUVmV. àËòH$ Jmd, eha, dm°S>© Am{X {R>H$mUr ñWm{ZH$ gobMr
ñWmnZm Ho$bobr AgVo. `m g§KQ>ZoV VrZ gXñ` AgVmV. àmW{_H$ nj g§KQ>Zm qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ gob
hOmam|À`m g§»òZo AgVmV. EH$mM {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr ñWm{ZH$ gob_Üò H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm
_mAmo, bo{ZZ, _mŠg© `m§À`m {dMmamMm àgma H$amdm bmJVmo. njgXñ`m§Zm à{ejU XoUo, Ë`m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU
R>odUo, ZdrZ njgXñ`m§Mr âVr H$ê$Z KoUo, nXm{XH$mè`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo Am{X H$m_o ñWm{ZH$ gobZm
H$amdr bmJVmV.
2) å`w{Z{gnb nj H$m±J«og : ñWm{ZH$ gobÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda XoIaoI d {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgm§
å`w{Z{gnb nj H$m±J«ogMr {_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. àmW{_H$ gob H$moUH$moUVr H$m_o H$aVmo `mMr _m{hVr
Vo KoV AgVmV.
3) àmXo{eH$ nj g§KQ>Zm : àm§V, _hmZJanm{bH$m, ñdm`Îm àXoe `m g§KQ>ZmVrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS>
Ho$br OmVo. hr {ZdS> ZJanm{bH$m H$mD§$Q>r `mVrb gXñ`mH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. gm_mÝ`V: H${Zð> g§K`ZoVrb
gXñòH$Sy>Z d[að> g§KQ>ZoVrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> hmoVo. d[að> g§KQ>Zm Amnë`mImbrb H${Zð> g§KQ>Zoda {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV.
· njmMr amï´>r` g§KQ>Zm :
amï´>r` nmVirda gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m Mma àH$maÀ`m g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV Agboë`m Amnë`mbm {XgVmV.
amï´>r` H«$m±J«og : gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m KQ>ZoZwgma amï´>r` H$m±J«og hr njmMr gdm}ÀM g§KQ>Zm hmo`.
àËòH$ àm§V nj H$m±J«ogÛmao amï´>r` nj H$m±J«oggmR>r gmV àV{ZYr {ZdS>Vmo. _hmZJanm{bH$m, ñdm`Îm àXoe
d àm§V `m ñVam§darb ho à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z Ambobo AgVmV. hr {ZdS> nmM dfmªgmR>r Ho$br OmVo. amï´>r`
nj H$m±J«ogÀ`m dm{f©H$ A{XdoeZmV njmMo H$m`©H«$_ d C{Ôï>o {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVmV. åhUOoM emgZmbm
_mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. amï´>r` H$m±J«og_Yrb gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agë`m_wio Á`mXm MMm©
Z H$aVm H|$Ðr` g{_VrZo R>a{dboë`m YmoaUm§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMo H$m_ amï´>r` H$m±J«og H$[aV AgVo.
i)
H|${Ð` g{_Vr : MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 19 à_mUo gmå`dmXr H$å`w{Zï> njmÀ`m H|${Ð`
g{_Vr_Yrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> amï´>r` H$m±Jo«g H$Sy>Z hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H$mb 5 dfm©Mm AgVmo. amï´>r`
H$m±J«ogÀ`m {dlm§VrÀ`m H$mimV H|${ÐV g{_Vr amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMr gd© H$m_o H$aVo. nm°{bQ> ã`wamoÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr
{ZdS> d Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m {ZU©`m§Zm _§Oyar XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H|${Ð` g{_Vrbm Amho. `m{edm` gmå`dmXr
njmMo YmoaU R>a{dUo, A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, njmÀ`m H${Zð> g§KQ>Zmda {Z`§ÌU H$aUo Am{X H$m_o H|${Ð`
g{_Vr H$aVmV.
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ii)
nm°{bQ> ã`wamo/ñWm`r g{_Vr : H|${Ð` g{_VrH$Sy>Z nm°{bQ> ã`wamo `m gdm}ÀM g§KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br OmVo. H|${Ð` g{_Vr_Üò e§H$a gXñ` AgVmV. gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Am{U _hÎdmMo {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r H|${Ð` g{_Vrbm dma§dma ~¡R>H$m KoUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ H|${Ð`
g{_VrH$Sy>Z 21 gXñ`m§Mr nm°{bQ> ã`wamo Am{U 5 gXñ`m§Mr ñWm`r g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVo. gmå`dmXr
njmMm _hmg{Md hm nm°{bQ> ã`wamoMm AÜ`j AgVmo. nm°{bQ> ã`wamoÀ`m H$m`m©da Ë`mMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
H|${Ð` g{_VrZo Ho$boë`m {ZU©`mMr H$m`©dmhr H$aUo, gmå`dmXr njmMo YmoaU R>a{dUo Am{X H$m_o nm°{bQ>
ã`wamo d ñWm`r g{_Vr H$aV AgVo.
iii)
g{Mdmb` : gmå`dmXr njmÀ`m gdm}ÀM nmVirda g{Mdmb` hr EH$ _hÎdnyU© d Amdí`H$
g§ñWm Amho. nm°{bQ> ã`wamo d H|${Ð` g{_VrZo {ZpíMV Ho$bobr YmoaUo H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ g{Mdmb`
H$arV AgVo. g{Mdmb`mMm à_wI åhUyZ _hmg{MdmMo nX _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVo. nj{Zð>oMm A^md
AgUmè`m nj gXñ`m§Mr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`mda àg§J {eñV^§JmMr H$madmB©hr _hmg{Mdm_m\©$V hmoV
AgVo. Ë`m_wio `m nXmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
iv)
· gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
àíZ 1 : _moH$içm OmJm âm.
1) MrZ_Üò ............ nj AmhoV.
2) MrZÀ`m àemZmda ............. Mo {Z`§ÌU Amho.
àíZ 2 CÎmao {bhm. (gamdmgmR>r àíZ)
1) MrZ njnÕVrMo d¡{eï>ço gm§Jm.
2) gmå`dmXr njmMr aMZm ñnï> H$am.
· g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1) {M. J. KmH$aoH$a - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
2) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU
3) am. Jmo. XoJmdH$a - AmYw{ZH$ amOH$maU ì`dñWm, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
4) am. O. bmoQ>o - VwbZmË_H$ eegZ Am{U amOH$maU.
5) S>m°. AemoH$ H$mio - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
6) S>m. a_oe T>mo~io - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU.
BBB
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~) ñdrS>ZMo Ý`m`_§S>i d amOH$s` nj
A) Ý`m`_§S>i
1.0 àmñVm{dH$
1.1 Ý`m`_§S>i aMZm
1.2 amOH$s` njnÕVr
1.3 g_mamon
1.4 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.5 g§X^© J«§W
~) amOH$s` nj
2.0 àñVmdZm
2.1 amOH$s` njnÕVr
2.2 pñdS>Z_Yrb amOH$s` nj
2.3 g_mamon
2.4 àíZ.
2.0 àñVmdZm :
ñdrS>ZÀ`m Ý`m`_§S>imMr aMZm gXa àH$aUm_Üò Amnë`mbm Aä`mgm`Mr Amho. g§gXr` bmoH$emhr
ì`dñWm Agboë`m pñdS>Z_Üò Ý`m`_§S>imMr aMZm hr EHo$ar nÕVrMr Agbobr Amho. VrZ ñVam§_Üò
pñdS>ZÀ`m Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWoMr aMZm Amho.
pñdS>ZÀ`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm 1789 _Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambr. pñdS>ZÀ`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr
aMZm amÁ` KQ>Zo_Üò Z_yX Ho$bobr Amho.
1.2 Ý`m`_§S>imMr aMZm :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`, AnrbmMo Ý`m`mb` Am{U {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò hr gd©gmYmaU Ý`m`mb` hmoV. ñdrS>ZÀ`m
gdmo©ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV EHy$U 16 Ý`m`m{Ye AmhoV. Á`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. na§Vw Ý`m`mb` ho
[aŠgS>°J à_mUoM EH$ ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm Amho. Voìhm gaH$mabm Ý`m`mb`rZ à{H«$ò_Üò AWdm H$m`m©_Üò
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm hñVjon H$aVm òV Zmhr. qH$dm Ý`mb`mÀ`m EImÚm {ZU©`m g§X^m©V H$moUVohr _V ì`ŠV
H$aVm òV Zmhr. Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>çm nm{hbo AgVm Ý`m`mb`rZ gÎmm hr amOmH$S>o hmoVr. na§Vw nwT>rb H$mimV
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amOmÀ`m A{YH$mamV H$nmV hmoD$Z g§gXr` bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoÀ`m ñWmnZo_wio ñdV§Ì EHo$ar Ý`m` ì`dñWm
ñWmnZ Ho$br Jobr.
1974 À`m BÝñQ¯>_|Q> Am°\$ JìhZ©_|Q> H$m`Úmà_mUo pñdS>re amOoemhrÀ`m ZmdmZo {ZH$mb XoUo ~§X hmoD$Z
Vmo g§gXr` bmoH$emhrÀ`m KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$mamÝdò àXmZ Ho$bm OmD$ bmJbm.
· Ý`m`mbò :
ñdr{S>e Ý`m`mbò XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Ë`m_Üò
1) gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb` (The general Courts) : gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb`m_Üò JwÝhoJmar / \$m¡OXmar
Am{U ZmJar ñdê$nmÀ`m Xmì`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Am{U
2) gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb` hm Ë`mMm Xþgam àH$ma hmo`. Á`m_Üò gaH$ma d ZmJarH$
`mVrb dmX `m§Mm g_mdoe gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m H$joV òVmV. `m XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m
Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm hr ÌrñVar` Amho. Á`m_Üò g§~§YrV Ý`m`mbò Ë`m§À`m H$joVrb Xmì`m§mMr gwZmdUr d
{ZU©` g§~§YrV A§Vr_ Ý`m`mb`mV H$aVo.
· gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb`
(General Courts) :
gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb`m_Üò \$m¡OXmar ñdê$nmÀ`m IQ>ë`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ñdrS>ZÀ`m X§S> g§{hVo_Üò
Z_yX JwÝhçm§À`m IQ>ë`m§Mm g_mdoe `m H$joV òVmo. `m ~amo~aM gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb` H$m§hr ZmJar H$m`Xm
{df`H$ dmX Agboë`m IQ>ë`m§Mm XoIrb {ZU©` XoD$ eH$Vo. Á`m_Üò Hw$Qw>§~ {df`H$ dmX ì`mdgm{`H$
KQ>H$m§_Yrb V§Q>o BË`mXr Ë`m~amo~aM Hw$Qw>§~ {df`H$ ~m~r, Á`m_Üò XÎmH$ {dYmZ H$m`Xo{ea nmbH$ËdmgmR>rMr
àH$aUo BË`mXr g§X^m©Vrb ~m~r _Üò XoIrb gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb` bj Kmby eH$Vo.
· {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò
(District Courts) :
ñdrS>Z_Üò gÜ`m 48 {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò H$m`©aV AmhoV. {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò hr gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb`mgmR>rMr
àmW{_H$ _m{hVr XoUmar `§ÌUm Amho. 1971 _Üò hr {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò ñdrS>Z_Üò {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
Vr nyduÀ`m VwbZoV _moR>çm eham§H$arVm Agboë`m Ý`m`mb`m§À`m ~Xë`m§V XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJmH$arVm Ë`m
^mJmÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrZwgma Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
· AnrbmMo Ý`m`mb`
(Court of Appeal) :
ñdrS>re Ý`m`ì`dñWoV ghm AnrbmMr Ý`m`mbò ApñVËdmV AmhoV. AnrbmMr Ý`m`mbò hr {ÛVr`
ñVamdarb Ý`m`mbò AmhoV. Á`m_Üò \$m¡OXmar ñdê$nmÀ`m IQ>ë`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a BVa
IQ>bo Á`m§À`mda {Oëhm Ý`m`mb`m_Üò MMm© d {ZU©` Pmbobm AgVmo. Anrbr` Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o Ë`mM
IQ>ë`m§Zm {dMmamV KoVmo. Á`m_Üò Ë`m Ý`m`mb`mbm gXa IQ>ë`m_Üò H$m§hr {d{eï> {dídmg R>odÊ`m`mo½`
~m~r AgVrb Va VgoM {Oëhm Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m {ZU©`m~ÔbMr ^y{_H$m XoIrb VnmgyZ nm{hbr OmVo.
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åhUOoM {Oëhm Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m {ZU©`m~amo~a òUmè`m {ZU©`mZwwgma AnrbmMo Ý`m`mb` Amnbm {ZU©` XoVo.
· gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`
(Supreme Court) :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` ho gm_mÝ` Ý`m`mb` ì`dñWoVrb eodQ>Mo Ý`m`mb` Amho. ho Ý`m`mb` Amnbo
A{YH$ma ñdV:M Am~mYrV amIVo. Am{U H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMr àñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar XoIrb `m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr Amho.
· gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`
(General Administrative Courts) :
gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`m_Üò {d{dY àH$maÀ`m IQ>ë`m§Mm {ZdmS>m Ho$bm OmVmo. àm_w»`mZo
ImOJr ì`ŠVr d gaH$mar A{YH$ma àmßV ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm `m§À`mVrb V§Q>o g_m{dï> hmoVmV. 500 À`m
da A{YH$ àH$maMo IQ>bo, {df` `m gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m H$joV òVmV. CXm. pñdS>re H$a
g§ñWm, ñdrS>re gm_m{OH$ {d_m g§ñWm BË`mXr KQ>H$m§g§X^m©Vrb Anrb gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`m_Üò
g_m{dï> hmoVmV.
· àemgH$s` Ý`m`mbò
(Admistrative Courts) :
ñdrS>re Ý`m`mb`m_Üò 12 àemgH$s` Ý`m`mbò AmhoV. àemgH$s` Ý`m`mbò hr gm_mÝ`
àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`mMo àmW{_H$ ñVa Ý`m`mb` åhUyZ H$m`©aV AgVmV.
· AnrbmMo àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`
(Administrative Court of Appeal) :
ñdrS>re Ý`m`ì`dñWo_Üò àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`mMo Mma Anrbr` Ý`m`mbò AmhoV. àemgH$s`
Anrb Ý`m`mb`m_Üò H${Zð> ñVar` Ý`m`mb`m_Üò nydu {ZU©` Pmboë`m IQ>ë`m§Mm d Ý`m`mb`rZ àíZm§Mm
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
Ë`mM ~amo~a gmd©O{ZH$ dmnamÀ`m OmJm d H$m`m©b`rZ A{^boIm g§X^m©Vrb àW_ XIb IQ>ë`m§Mm
g_mdoe Imbrb Ý`m`mb`mV Ho$bm OmVmo. àemgH$s` Anrb Ý`m`mb`m_Üò d Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©H$joV H$a,
IQ>bo, _mZ{gH$ Ñï>çm Xþ~©b, àm¡T> d Vê$U `m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb IQ>ë`m§Mm XoIrb g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m
Ý`m`mb`mV IQ>bm VoìhmM XmIb Ho$bm OmVmo O|ìhm Ë`m IQ>ë`m§Mr gwZmdUr H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mV `mo½`
nÕVrZo Agë`mg Zmhr Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo.
· gdm}ÀM àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`
(Supreme Administrative Court)
gdm}ÀM àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb` ho gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`mMo eodQ>Mo d A§Vr_ Ý`m`mb` Amho.
Anrbm g§~§YrMr nadmZJr gdm}ÀM àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb` Voìhm§M XoVo Ooìhm EImÚm IQ>ë`m_Üò Ë`m
IQ>ë`mda {dídmg R>odÊ`mg OmJm d {ddoH$mYrZ amhÿZ Ë`mda {ZU©` Pmbm Agob VaM H${Zð> ñVamdarb
Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z {ZJ©_rV H$moUË`mhr IQ>ë`m§Mm g_mdoe gdm}ÀM Anrbr` Ý`m`mb`m_Üò Ho$bm OmVmoM
Ago Zmhr.
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· {deof Ý`m`mbò
(Special Courts) :
{deof Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AZoH$ bhmZ bhmZ IQ>ë`m§Mr gwZmdUr Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m {deof
Ý`m`mb`mMr g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmV ñdrS>re Ý`m`ì`dñWo_Üò {Z_m©U Ho$bo Jobo AmhoV.
{deof Ý`m`mb`m A§VJ©V {d{dY {df`mg§X^m©V gm_mÝ` àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb`m A§VJ©V Ë`mMr EH$
CnemIm åhUyZM ho {deof Ý`m`mb` H$m`© H$aVmV.
{deof Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm AndmXmË_H$ n[apñWVr_Üò EH$ ñVar` AWdm {ÛñVar` AgVo.
1) O_rZ Am{U n`m©daU Ý`m`mb`.
2) ñWbm§VaU Ý`m`mb`.
3) H$m_Jma Ý`m`mb`.
4) noQ>§Q> Anrb Ý`m`mb`.
5) g§ajU BQ>o{bOÝg Ý`m`mb`.
· Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr {Z`wŠVr :
ñdrS>re Ý`m`ì`dñWo_Yrb Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr {Z`wŠVr hr A{Ve` doJiçm nÕVrMr Amho. Ë`m_Üò
d{H$br {ejUmMo åhUOo bm°. J«°Á`wEQ> Pmë`mZ§Va Amnbo dH$sbr joÌmVrb H$arAa Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm gwê$
H$aVm òVo. Ë`m àH$maMm AO© Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo Ý`m` _§Ìmb`mH$S>o H$amdm bmJVmo. Oo _§Ìmb` gmYmaUnUo
30% AO© pñdH¥$V H$aV AgVo. gwê$dmVrMr XmoZ df} H$moQ>© ŠbmH©$ d ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ H$amdr bmJVmV.
Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm `mo½` Vr MmMUr CÎmrU© ìhmdr bmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm {Oëhm Ý`m`m{Ye nXmda
{Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmVo.
gaH$ma Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m {Z`wŠVr Am{U ~T>Vr g§X^m©Vrb {ZU©` KoVo. Anrbr` Ý`m`mb`mV Ý`m`m{Ye
åhUyZ {Z`wŠV hmoÊ`mH$arVm 20 dfmªMm AZw^d g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrH$S>o Agmdm Aer nmÌVoMr AQ> Amho.
· àmo{gŠ`wQ>a (d{H$b - gaH$mar) :
ñdrS>re àmo{gŠ`weZ A°Wm°[aQ>r H$Sy>Z ñdr{S>e àmo{gŠ`wQ>aMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmVo. Á`m§À`m H$m_mMo
ñdê$n ho J§^ra ñdê$nmÀ`m JwÝhoJmar IQ>ë`m§_Üò nmobrgm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo AgVo. àmo{gŠ`wQ>a hr
ì`ŠVrM Ho$di gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V d Ë`m ì`ŠVrda JwÝho H$b_ bmXÊ`mg§X^m©V
A{YH¥$V[aË`m H$m_ H$aVo. àmo{gŠ`wQ>a hm Ý`m`mb`rZ {nR>mMm (~|M) Mm gXñ` ZgVmo. d VgoM Vmo
Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m BVa ImOJr MM}V gh^mJr XoIrb hmoV ZgVmo.
àmo{gŠ`wQ>a hm EH$_mÌ gmd©O{ZH$ nX YmaU H$aUmam AgVmo. Omo IQ>ë`m§Zm A{nbr` Ý`m`mb`mV
XIb H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
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· A°S>ìhmoHo$Q>g² (dH$sb) :
pñdS>re ~ma g§KQ>Zm Ë`m ~maÀ`m gXñ`m§da {Z`§ÌU H$aV AgVo. VgoM EImÚm ~ma gXñ`mbm
dH$sbr H$aÊ`mg AnmÌ R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma `m ~ma g§KQ>Zobm Amho. àmo{gŠ`wQ>a OZab ~ma g§KQ>Zobm
dm _§S>imbm Ý`m`rH$ à{H«$ò g§X^m©V {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo.
1.3 gmam§e :
"ñdrS>re Ý`m`_§S>imMr aMZm hr BVa Xoem§À`m VwbZoV doJiçm àH$maMr Amho. EHo$ar nÕVrMr
Ý`m`ì`dñWm pñdS>Z _Üò ñWmnZ Ho$br Amho. VrZ ñVar` Ý`m`ì`dñWm pñdS>ZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Üò g_m{dï>
Ho$br Amho.
1.4 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
1) pñdS>ZÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWo_Üò {H$Vr àH$maÀ`m Ý`m`mb`mMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
2) ............ df} AZw^d Agbobr ì`ŠVr Anrbr` Ý`m`mb`mV Ý`m`m{Ye hmoD$ eH$Vo.
3) àmo{gŠ`wQ>a .............. àH$maMm dH$sb AgVmo.
~) amOH$s` nj
· amOH$s` nj nÕVr
(Political Prty system):
ñdrS>ZMm B{Vhmg hm g§gXr` bmoH$eehr nÕVrMm Amho. gÜ`m pñdS>ZÀ`m g§gXo_Üò ([aŠgS>°J)
_Üò AmR> amOH$s` nj à{V{ZYrËd H$aV AmhoV. àËòH$ njmbm H$_rV H$_r 4% _V àmßV H$amdr
bmJVmV. Oa Ë`m njmbm [aŠgS>°J_Üò à{V{ZYrËd àmßV H$amd`mMo Agë`mg ñdrS>Z _Yrb amOH$s` nj
nÕVr EH$ ~è`mM H$mimnmgyZ A{Ve` ñWra Aer nÕVr _mZbr OmVo. Vr OJmVrb EH$ pñWa ñdê$nmMr
njnÕVr åhUyZ {Vbm _mÝ`Vm àmßV Pmbr Amho.
"gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q>' hm nj AY© eVH$mhÿZ A{YH$ H$mi gÎmmñWmZr am{hbobm
nj Amho. A{bH$S>rb H$mimV `m njmMr amOH$s` eŠVr H$_r hmoV AgVmZm {XgVo Amho, na§Vy AmOhr
gmoeb-S>o_m°H«°$Q>rH$ nj hm _moR>m nj d VwbZoV ~hþ_V àmßV nj Agë`mMo {XgVo.
"Social Democrats"
àËòH$ nj hm Amnë`m njmVrb g_rVr nÕVrZo MmbVmo. g_rVr à_wImÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr njmMo
{ZU©` KoVbo OmVmV. gaH$ma_Üò AgVmZm amOH$s` njmMo H$m`© ho gaH$mar YmoaUm§Mr AmIUr H$aUo d
Ë`m~amo~a [aŠgS>°JMm Ë`m YmoaUm§Zm d Ë`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrbm nmqR>~m d g_W©Z {_idUo ho Agë`mMo
{XgVo. na§Vy hoM H$m`© Aën_Vm_Üò AgUmè`m amOH$s` njmbm gÎmoV amhÿZ H$aVmZm AZoH$ AS>MUrZm
gm_mooao Omdo bmJVo.
{damoYr njmV AgUmè`m amOH$s` njmbm amOH$s` n`m©` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mbm d gÎmmYmar gaH$maÀ`m
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amOH$s` YmoaUm§Zm n`m©` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m gVV _m§S>mdr bmJVo d Vo H$m`© Vo amOH$s` nj _mooR>çm
à_mUmV H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
ñdrS>ZÀ`m nj nÕVrbm "AmYw{ZH$ {Ûnj nÕVr' Agohr gmYmaUV: åhQ>bo OmVo. Oar g§gXo_Üò
AZoH$ amOH$s` nj à{V{ZYrËd H$arV Agbo Var `mMo H$maU gÎmmñWmZr òoÊ`mH$arVm `m amOH$s` njm§Zm
AmKmS>r H$amdr bmJVo Am{U n`m©`r ~hþnj nÕVrMo n`m©dgZ Ûrnj nÕVr_Üò hmoVo. gmYmaUV: `mbm
AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMr Jmoï> H$maUr^yV Amho Vr åhUOo, `m amOH$s` njmMo XmoZ JQ>m§_Üò Pmbobo {d^mOZ.
g_mOdmXr JQ> SAP Am{U VP Va Xþgam CXma_VdmXr / na§namdmXr JQ> M, FP Am{U C `m gd©
àH$aUm_Üò g_mOdmXr bmoH$emhrdmXr nj "Social Demarats' hm A{YH$ H$mi gÎmmñWmZr am{hbm
Amho.
ñdrS>re amOH$s` njm§À`m {Z{_©VrMr _wi§ hr Ë`m XoemVrb {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§À`m Am{U
Am§XmobZm§À`m _Üò AmT>iVmV. bmoH$ MiditÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ pñdS>Z_Üò AZoH$ amOH$s` njm§Mr ñWmnZm
Pmbr Amho. Ë`m_wio ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` njnÕVrMm Amä`mg H$aVmZm Jmoï> R>iH$nUo g_moa òVo Vr åhUOo
MiditÀ`m _YyZ amOH$s` njm§Mr {Z{_©Vr.
H$m_Jma MidirÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {d{dY gm_m{OH$ MiditÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOH$s` nj CX`mbm
Ambobo {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio `m amOH$s` njm§Mm EH$ {d{eï> ñdê$nmMo ñWmZ ñdrS>re g§gXo_Üò d
amOH$maUm_Üò Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ogo H$s "H$ÝPd}{Q>d' hm nj g§gXoVrb JQ>~mOrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho.
g_mZ {hVg§~§Y d Ë`mg§X^m©V Midi `m_YyZ pñdS>Z_Üò amOH$s` nj CX`mbm Ambo AmhoV.
· pñdS>Z_Yrb amOH$s` nj
(Political parties lie Siwa)
1) pñdS>re gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q>rH$ nj :
hm pñdS>Z _Yrb gdm©V OwZm nj Amho. øm njmMr ñWmnZm 1889 _Üò Pmbr. ñWmnZodoir
`m njmZo g_mOH$ë`mUH$mar amOH$s` ì`dñWoÀ`m ñWmnZoMo C{Ôï> R>odbo hmoVo d hm nj g_mO H$ë`mUH$mar
amOH$s` ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg à{V~Õ Amho Aer {dMmaYmam Ë`mdoir _m§S>br Jobr hmoVr. 1932 Vo
1976 `m H$mbI§S>mVrb 1936 _Yrb H$m§hr WmoS>m H$mbmdYr dJiVm gmVË`mZo `m njmZo gÎmmñWmZr
amhÊ`mMm _mZ {_idbm Amho. `m Xaå`mZ H$m§hr BVa bhmZ njm~amo~a AmKmS>r H$ê$Z gÎmm ñWmnZ H$amdr
bmJbr Amho. pñd{S>e g_mOdmXr njmZo EH$ _hÎdnyU© gd© g_mdoeH$ amOH$s` ì`dñWm {Z{_©VrMm _moR>m
èñdr à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Á`m_Üò Amamo½` {d_m, J¥h `moOZm, bhmZ _wbm§H$arVm ^Îmo, {Zd¥Îmr doVZ,
{ejU ì`dñWoMo {dñVmarH$aU BË`mXr ~m~VrV Ë`mZo _moR>r H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr Amho 1970 Z§Va _mÌ
dmT>Vr _hmJmB©, dmT>Vr {dÎmr` VwQ> `m H$maUm§_wio `mnjmMr amOH$maUmdarb nH$S> {T>br hmoV Jobr
Agë`mMo {XgVo. `m_wio `m njmbm ñdrS>Zbm EH$ gd©g_mdoer ñdê$nmMr amOH$s` ì`dñWm XoÊ`mV
Anè Ambo Amho.
SAP
2014 _Yrb amOH$s` {ZdS>UyH$sV `m njmbm 113 OmJm àmßV Pmë`m AmhoV.
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2) _m°S>aoQ> nmQ>u
(Moderate Party) :
1904 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmboë`m `m njmZo 1969 _Üò _m°S>aoQ> nmQ>u ho Zmd YmaU Ho$bo Amho. ñWmZodoir ho
Zmd "H$ÝPì}Q>rìh nj' Ago Zmd hmoVo. nwT>rb H$mimV `m njmZo ~mOmamda AmYmarV AW©ì`dñWm H$a H$nmV,
AW©ì`dñWoVrb gaH$maMm H$_rV H$_r hñVjon `m YmoaUmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m KoVbr.
1980 À`m XeH$mV pñdS>Z _Yrb Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mÀ`m H$mimV `mnjmZo Amnë`m H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m d
YmoaUmÀ`m AmYmamda gÎmm àmßV H$aÊ`mMm èñdr à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mM Xaå`mZ `m njmbm _moR>m OZYma XoIrb
àmßV Pmë`mMo {XgVo.
1991 _Üò _m°S>aoQ> njmZo Mma BVa njm§À`m ghmæ`mZo gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$bo. Ë`mM ~amo~a dmT>Ë`m
_hmJmB©bm AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUÊ`mH$arVmÀ`m Cnm` `moOZm, gaH$mar godm§Mo ImOJrH$aU, {dÎmr` VwQ> H$_r
H$aÊ`mH$arVmÀ`m Cnm``moOZm BË`mXrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda à`ËZ Ho$ë`mZo `m njmbm A{YH$
g_W©Z àmßV Pmë`mMo {XgVo. 2006 _Üò Pmboë`m {ZdS>UyH$s_Üò _m°S>aoQ>a nj Am{U Ë`m§À`m Cn`moJr njm§Zr
gmoeb S>o_m°H«o$Q> njmMm nam^d Ho$bm d "\o«$S´>rH$ aoZr{\$S>¡Q>' ho n§VàYmZ Pmbo. `m njmbm 107 OmJm àmßV
Pmë`m.
3) J«rZ nmQ>u :
J«rZ nmQ>uMr ñWmnZm 1981 _Üò AÊdrH$ eómg {damoYr Am§XmobZmVyZ Pmbr. Ogo H$s pñdS>Z _Yrb
amOH$s` njm§À`m {Z{_©Vrbm Am§XmobZ Am{U MiditMm AmYma Amho. Ë`m AmYmamda J«rZ nmQ>uMr ñWmnZm
Pmbr Amho. `m Am§XmobZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ njmZo 1988 _Üò n{hë`m§Xm g§gXo_Üò àdoe Ho$bm.
hm nj h[aV amOH$maUmbm nwT>o AmUy BpÀN>Vmo Ë`mM ~amo~a hm nj pñdS>ZÀ`m `wamonr` g§KmVrb
gXñ`Ëdmg {damoY H$aVmo. gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q> njmbm hm nj g_W©Z XoVmo. na§Vy gÎmo_Üò AmÚmn n`ªV gh^mJr
Pmbobm Zmhr. `m njmbm AmOÀ`m pñWVrV 25 OmZm àmßV Pmboë`m AmhoV.
4) g|Q>a nmQ>u
(Center Party) :
hm nj XoIrb 1904 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmbobm Amho. àm_w»`mZo `mbm eoVH$ar nj Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
1958 _Üò g|Q>a nmQ>u ho Zmd njmZo YmaU Ho$bo Amho. hm nj àm_w»`mZo pñdS>ZÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmer g§~§Y
àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Amho. `m njmMr {dMma gaUr hr àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ CYma_VdmXr amOH$s` ì`dñWm
àñWmnZoMr Amho. Ë`m_Üò gm_m{OH$, n`m©daUr` d {dH$mgmË_H$ {dH|$ÐrH$aU `m ~m~tda A{YH$ â Xbm
Amho.
1991-1994 À`m AmKmS>r gaH$ma_Üò hm nj gÎmo_Üò gh^mJr hmoVm. gÜ`pñWVr_Üò `m njmMr
gXñ` g§»`m 22 Amho.
5) boâQ> nmQ>u
(Left Party) :
1917 _Üò gmoeb S>o_m°H«°$Q>rH$ njm_Üò \w$Q> nSy>Z hm nj {Z_m©U Pmbm. bmoH$eehr g_mOdmX,
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h[aV amOH$maU, n`m©daU BË`mXr {df`m§da AmYmarV _wÚm§da `m njmMo amOH$maU am{hbo Amho. `m njmbm
AmVmn`ªV EH$Xmhr gÎmoV gh^mJr hmoVm Ambobo Zmhr.
2014 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$s_Üò `m njmbm EHy$U 21 OmJm àmßV Pmë`m AmhoV.
6) {b~ab {nnëg nmQ>u :
1934 _Üò `m njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. `m njmZo Amnbr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$aVmZm CXma_VdmX,
gm_m{OH$ CXma_VdmX, CXma_VdmXr órdmX qbJ^md g_mZVm BË`mXr {df`mda Amnbr VmËdrH$ {Zð>m
ì`ŠV H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo C{Ôï> `m njmZo R>odbo Amho. `m VËdmda AmYmarV
amOH$maU H$aVmZm `m njmbm 1940, 1944, 1976, 1979, 2006, 2010 `m H$mimV gÎmo_Üò
gh^mJr hmoVm Ambobo Zmhr.
7) {¼íMZ S>o_m°H«°$Q>g² :
1964 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmboë`m `m njmZo {¼íMZ Y_m©Mo {ejU Amä`mgH«$_mV Agm`bm hdo, VgoM
{H«$íMZ VÎdmZwgma bmoH$emhr ñWmnZ ìhmdr `m H$m§hr _wÚm§gh Amnbr mOH$s` ^y{_H$m R>adyZ Ë`mà_mUo
H$m`© H$aV Amho.
2.3 g_mamon :
~hþnjnÕV Agboë`m pñdS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñVo_Üò ñWra nj nÕVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. {d{dY
{dMmagaUrda AmYmarV amOH$s` nj Ë`m{R>H$mUr AmhoV. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Am§XmobZ d Midir_YyZ
njmMr {Z{_©Vr hm EH$ {deof ^mJ pñdS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` njnÕVrMo d¡{eï>çm åhUmdo bmJob.
2.4 àíZ :
1) .............. hm nj {XK© H$mi gÎmmñWmZr am{hbm Amho.
2) .............. hm nj órdmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Amnbo amOH$maU H$aVmo.
3) .............. ho ñdrS>ZÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoMo R>iH$ d¡{eï>ç Amho.
♦♦♦
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