Paper X History of the Marathas (1707-1818) (Marathi Version)

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : B{Vhmg nona-10
_amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg
(History of the Marathas (1707-1818)
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(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
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1761 n`ªVMr amOH$s` pñWVr
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n{hbm ~mOramd d Ë`mMo gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMo YmoaU `mMr _m{hVr hmoB©b.
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_hmamï´>m_Üò àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AZoH$ amOKamÊ`mÀ`m amOdQ>r hmoD$Z Joë`m. Ë`m_Üò _m¡`©, gmVdmhZ,
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d S>m|Jami Agë`m_wio òWo amhUmao bmoH$ XoIrb H$mQ>H$ Am{U H$ï>miy ~Zbo hmoVo. _hmamï´>m_Üò _amR>r ^mfm
~mobbr OmVo. `m ^mfoMm CJ_ Ho$ìhm Pmbm `m~Ôb doJdoJir _Vo AmhoV. B. g. 7 ì`m eVH$mVrb EH$m
{ebmboImdê$Z _amR>r ^mfoMm H$mi hm àmMrZ _mZbm OmVmo. na§Vw B. g. 12 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ _amRr>
^mfo_Üò gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr hmoÊ`mg àma§^ Pmbm. _amR>rVrb AmÚ J«§W åhUyZ "{ddoH$qgYy' `m J«§WmMm C„oI
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g§ñWmnH$ MH«$Yañdm_r hmo`. Ë`m§Mm {eî` åhmB§^Å>> `m§Zr "brbmM[aÌ' ho MH«$Yañdm_rMo M[aÌ {b{hbo.
_amR>r ^mfobm à{Vð>m {_idyZ {Xbr Vr kmZoídam§Zr Ë`m§Zr g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrb kmZ _amR>r ^mfoV AmUÊ`mMo
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åhUyZ _amR>r ^mfoVyZ J«§WaMZm Ho$br _amR>r ^mfoMo _moR>onU gm§JVmZm
""_mPm _èhmQ>rMm ~moby H$d{VHo$ Ÿ&
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Eogr Ajao a{gHo$ - _oi{dZ Ÿ&''
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ZmhrM. g§V _m{bHo$Vrb _hËdmMo g§V åhUyZ VwH$mam_m§Mm C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo. "~wS>Vr ho OZ Ÿ& Z XoIdo
S>moim Ÿ& òVm H$idim Ÿ& åhUmoZr Ÿ&' g_mOmàVr AgUmar Vi_i VwH$mo~mÀ`m boIUrVyZ ì`º$ hmoVo.
VwH$mam_m§Mo g_H$mbrZ AgUmao Am{U Á`m§À`m {dMmamda VwH$mam_m§À`m H$m`m©Mm à^md hmoVm Ago
N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO `m H$mimVrbM.
19 \o$~«wdmar 1630 amoOr {edZoarda {OOmD§$À`m nmoQ>r {edmOr amOm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. nwT>o Ë`m§À`m
{ejUmMr ì`dñWm ehmOr amOm§Zr CÎm_ Ho$br hmoVr. {b{hUo, dmMUo `m~amo~aM {H$V©Z àdMZmVyZhr kmZ
{_idVm òV Ago. {edmOr _hmamO ~hþlyV hmoVo. Ë`§mZm _amR>r, \$magr, qhXr, CXy© g§ñH¥$V Aem {d{dY ^mfm
_m{hVr hmoË`m. ~m¡{ÕH$ {ejUm~amo~a em[a[aH$ {ejU d bîH$ar {ejU Ë`§mZm {_imbo hmoVo. gwadmVrg nwUo
gwno BË`mXr {R>H$mUÀ`m OhmJrarMr O~m~Xmar Ë`§mÀ`mda XoÊ`mV Ambr. ehmOramOm§Zm gVVÀ`m bT>m`m,
Ymdni d {ZOm_emhr dmM{dÊ`mgmR>rMo Ë`§mMo à`ËZ `m_wio Ë`§mZm _hmamï´>mVrb Amnë`m OhmJrarH$S>o bj
XoVm Ambo Zmhr. d`mV Amë`mZ§Va {edmOrZo ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© pñdH$mabm. hm _mJ© IS>Va
hmoVm. dmñV{dH$ nhmVm gd© gwIo Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o hmV OmoSy>Z C^r hmoVr. VËH$mbrZ BVa OhmJraXmam§à_mUo Ë`mbmhr
gwImgrZ OrdZ OJVm Ambo AgVo qH$dm Am{XbemhrMr _Zg~Xar pñdH$maVm Ambr AgVr na§Vw {edmOrZo
`m gd© gwImH$S>o nmR> {\$adbr. _wgb_mZm§À`m AË`mMmam_wio gd© àOm ÌñV Pmbr hmoVr. gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo
OrdZ H$ïàX ~Zbo hmoVo. Aem n[apñWVr àOoda hmoUmè`m AË`mMmamMo {ZamH$maU H$aUo d _wñbr_ AË`mMmambm
Vm|S> XoD$Z J{bVJmÌ Pmboë`m amï´>mV ZdM¡VÝ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m hmVr KoVbo. Vê$U
d`mVM {edmOrZo _wñbr_ gÎmm§Zm AmìhmZ XoD$Z ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnÝ`mÀ`m Ü`mg KoVbm. Vo Üò`dmXr hmoVo.
X¡ddmXmnojm à`ËZ dmXmda Ë`m§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. JmoS> ~mobUo, _Z{_imD$ ñd^md, Üò`{Zð>m Am{U AmH$f©H$
ì`º$s_Ëdm_wio AZoH$ AZw`m`r Ë`§mZm {_imbo. ñdamÁ` ñWmnZoÀ`m Ë`m§À`m `m H$m`m©V AZoH$ AZw`m`rZr
~{bXmZ Ho$bo.
gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV ògmOr H§$H$, ~mOrà^y Xoen§mS>o, gw`m©Or H$mH$S>o, ~mOr nmgbH$a, ZamoOr ZèhoH$a,
Ordm _hmb, VmZmOr _mbwgao Ago ghH$mar Ë`§mZm {_imbo. Ë`m§À`m ghH$m`m©ZoM Ë`§mZr ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
ñdamÁ`mMo VmoaU VmoaUm {H$ëë`mda ~m§Ybo. nwT>o amOJS>, H$m|S>mUm, nwa§Xa, bmohJS> Ago AZoH$ {H$„o qOHy$Z
Amnë`m OhmJramg OmoS>bo. B. g. 1656 _Üò OmdirÀ`m M§Ðamd _moè`m§Mm nmS>md Ho$bm. 10 Zm|ìho~a
1659 bm A\$PbImZmMm nmS>md Ho$bm. EH$m_mJyZ EH$ {dO` Zm|XdV AgVmZm AZoH$ g§H$Q>o _hmamOmda
òV hmoVr. Am{Xbemhr d _moJbm§Zm XoIrb {edmOrMm hoVy ZwgVm ~§S>ImoarMm Zmhr Va Vmo gÎmm ñWmnZ H$aVmo
Amho ho bjmV Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr {edmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© _mJm©Mm Adb§~ gwê$ Ho$bm nU Ë`m§Zm
è Ambo Zmhr. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr AZoH$ JS> {H$„o qOH$bo. ñdVm:Mo bîH$a C^mabo, àemgZ ì`dñWm
{Z_m©U Ho$br. amÁ` C^maUrgmR>r gd© H$mhr Ho$bo. nU amOm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`Vm ZìhVr. EH$m gaXmamMm
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~§S>Imoa _wbJm AerM Ë`§mMr AmoiI hmoVr. ñdV§Ì amOm åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m{^foH$ H$aUo
Amdí`H$ hmoVo. naewam_mZo EH$drgdoim n¥Ïdrda AmH«$_U H$ê$Z gd© j{Ì`m§Mm {Z:nmV Ho$bm Amho. n¥Ïdrda
j{Ì` H$moUr Cabm Zmhr. ~«m÷U d ewÐ ho XmoZM dU© {e„H$ AmhoV. åhUyZ {edmOrg amÁ`m{^foH$ H$aVm
òUma Zmhr Aer ^y{_H$m emó OmUUmè`§mZr KoVbr na§Vw AmnU j{Ì` AmhmoV ho nQ>dyZ XoD$Z JmJm ^Å>mH$adr
_hmamOm§Zr Amnbm amÁ`m{^foH$ ghm OyZ gmoimeo Mm¡è`mhÎma `m {Xder H$ê$Z KoVbm. amÁ`m{^foH$m_wio
X{jUoV EH$m ñdV§Ì gÎmoMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ho amÁ` bhmZ hmoVo nU Vo ñdV§Ì d gmd©^m¡_ hmoVo.
AË`§V à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV _hmamOmZr ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo hmoVo. gVVÀ`m bT>m`m, Ymdni, _mo{h_m
`m_wio Ë`m§À`m earamda n[aUm_ hmoV hmoVm. d`mÀ`m 50 ì`m dfu 1680 _Üò Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. _hmamOm§À`m
AH$mbr {ZYZm_wio amÁ`mV ApñWa n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. H$mhr H$Q>H$mañWmZr _§S>irZr N>ÌnVr g§^mOrbm
S>mdbyZ doJimM S>md aMbm hmoVm nU g§^mOrbm `mMr H$ënZm {_iVmM Ë`mZo AZoH$ H$Q>H$mañWmZr _§S>im§Mm
~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm d 1681 Vo 1689 n`ªV ñdnamH«$_mZo _amR>r amÁ`mMo ajU Ho$bo. AWm©V Am¡a§JOo~mgmaIm
_moR>m eÌy `m H$mimV amÁ`mda Mmb H$ê$Z Ambm hmoVm. Ë`mbm g§^mOrZo à{VH$ma H$ê$Z _amR>r amÁ`mMo ajU
Ho$bo. OmZodmar 1689 _Üò g§^mOr _hmamO d H$dr H$be {demiJS>mH$Sy>Z am`JS>bm OmV AgVmZm
g§J_oída òWo _wŠH$m_r hmoVo. hr ~mV_r g_OVmM _moJbm§Mm A{YH$mar eoI {ZOm_Zo g§^mOrda h„m MT>dbm
d 1 \o$~«wdmar 1689 amoOr g§^mOrg H¡$X Ho$bo. nwT>o ~hmÔÿaJS>À`m N>mdUrV Am¡a§JOo~mnwT>o g§^mOrg C^m H$arV
AgVmZm Ë`m§Mm àM§S> An_mZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g§^mOrMr gmd©O{ZH$ AdhobZm Ho$br. Ë`§mMo S>moio H$mT>Ê`mV
Ambo. 11 _mM© 1689 amoOr Ë`m§Mr hË`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr. AË`§V dmB©Q> nÕVrZo Ë`m§Mm eodQ> Ho$bm hr Jmoï>
_hmamï´>mVrb OZVobm g_Obr. Amnbm N>ÌnVr _mabm Jobm. `mMm gyS> KoÊ`mgmR>r OZVm noQy>Z CR>br.
Amnbo ñdmV§Í` AmnUM {Q>H${dbo nm{hOo hm R>m_ {ZpíM` H$ê$Z _amR>çm§Zr amOmam_ Vmam~mB©À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr
_m|Jbm{dê$Õ ñdmV§Í` `wÕ nwH$mabo. `m ñdmV§Í` `wÕmV _amR>çm§Mm {dO` Pmbm. _moJbm§Zm eodQ>n`ªV _amR>çm§Mo
amÁ` ZîQ> H$aVm Ambo Zmhr.
emhÿMr gwQ>H$m - _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _moJb _amR>m g§Kf© hm _hËdmMm _mZbm OmVmo H$maU hm
g§Kf© {XK©H$mbrZ Agm R>abm. N>ÌnVr {edmOrÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _amR>çm§Mo amÁ` Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV: Am¡a§JOo~
X{jUoH$S>o Ambm hmoVm. gVV 25 df} Ë`mMm _amR>çm§er g§Kf© gwê$ hmoVm. _amR>ç§mZr 25 df} Amnë`m
ñdmV§Í`m§gmR>r g§Kf© Ho$bm `m_Üò _amR>çm§Mm {dO` Pmbm. Am¡a§JOo~ X{jUoH$S>o am{hë`m_wio Ë`mMo CÎmaoH$S>o
{Z`§ÌU am{hbo Zmhr. _moJb gm_«mÁ` {Ii{Iio Pmbo. eodQ>À`m {XdgmV {Zameo_wio Ë`mMm H$moUmdahr
{dídmg am{hbm Zmhr. gm_«mÁ`mV A{dídmgmMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. `mÀ`m CbQ> _amR>çm_Üò àM§S>
AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmbm. _hmamï´>mbm amOm ZgVmZm _amR>çm§Zr _moJbm§er g§Kf© H$ê$Z Amnbo ñdmV§Í`
A~mYrV R>odbo. Am¢aJOo~mÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m YmoaUm_wio eodQ>À`m H$mimV Vmo àM§S> {Zame hmoVm. 20 \o$~w«dmar
1707 amoOr Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Ë`m~amo~aM _moJb _amR>m g§Kf© hr g§nbm. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yMr ~mV_r g_OVmM
Ë`mMm Xwgam _wbJm AmP_ehm Ah_XZJabm Ambm. gd© g§ñH$ma Ë`mZo Ho$bo. 5 _mM©bm Ë`mZo ~mXehm åhUyZ
ñdV:bm Kmo{fV Ho$bo. dS>rb ~§Yy ehmAmb_ `mMm {damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>ë`m{edm` IarIwar gÎmm àmá hmoUma
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Zmhr ho OmUyZ Ë`mZo CÎmaog OmÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. g§^mOr nËZr amUr ògy~mB© Am{U {VMm _wbJm emhÿ
Ë`mÀ`m H¡$XoV hmoVo. OdiOdi XmoZeo bmoH$ _amR>ç§mMo H¡$XoV hmoVo. _moJbm§Zr naV EH$Xm Hw$Q>{ZVrMm Adb§~
Ho$bm. emhÿMr _wº$Vm Ho$ë`mg _hmamï´>mV AmnmoAmn `mXdr `wÕ {Z_m©U hmoB©b d _amR>m amÁ` AmngmVrb
g§Kfm©V Zï> hmoB©b. Agm _moJbm§Zr VH©$ Ho$bm. _hmamUr Vmam~mB© emhÿbm N>ÌnVr åhUyZ H$Yrhr _mÝ`Vm XoUma
Zmhr ho _moJbm§Zm Mm§Jbo _m{hV hmoVo. 8 _o 1707 amoOr ^monmi Odi AgUmè`m Xmoahm òWyZ emhÿ d
ògy~mB©Mr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr. emhÿ Am{U _moJb `m§À`mV Omo g_PmoVm Pmbm hmoVm Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo.
1. emhÿZo _moJbm§Mm gwôXma åhUyZ _amR>çm§Mo amÁ` gm§^mimdo.
2. _moJb ~mXehm ~mobdob Voìhm g¡Ý` KoD$Z _XVrbm Omdo.
3. X{jUoVrb ghm gwä`m§VyZ Mm¡WmB© Am{U gaXoe_wIr dgybrMm A{YH$ma emhÿbm XoÊ`mV Ambm.
emhÿMo _hmamï´>mVrb AmJ_Z:- Amnbr gwQ>H$m PmboZ§Va àdmgmV AgVmZmM emhÿZo AZoH$ _amR>m
gaXmamZm nÌo {b{hbr, {Zamon YmS>bo. AmnU _hmamï´>mV òV AmhmoV. Voìhm AmnU _bm _XV H$amdr Aem
Ame`mMm {Zamon hmoVm. àdmgmV {~OmJS> òWo _mohZqgh amdi hm n{hbm _amR>m gaXma emhÿbm òD$Z
{_imbm, nwT>o A_¥Vamd H$X_~m§S>o, ~moH$sb, nwa§Xao, ZmJnyaMo nagmoOr ^mogbo Ago AZoH$ _amR>m gaXma emhÿbm
òD$Z {_imbo Ë`m§Mr ~mOy ^¸$_ Pmbr.
Vmam~mB© - emhÿ g§Kf© :- emhÿÀ`m gwQ>Ho$_wio Vmam~mB© d emhÿ `m§À`m_Üò g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm.
Vmam~mB©À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobo amÁ` _moJbm§Zr qOHy$Z KoVbo. amOmam_ Am{U
Z§Va AmnU {_i{dbobo amÁ` ho ñdV§Ì d Z{dZ Agë`m_wio emhÿMm `m amÁ`mer H$mhr g§~§Y Zmhr. AZoH$
gaXmamZm {VZo Amnë`m njmV KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU Ë`m_Üò {Vbm Anè Ambo.
IoS>Mr bT>mB© :- emhÿÀ`m {damoYmV gd© gaXmam§Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mMm H$m`_Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMm
Vmam~mB©Mm à`ËZ hmoVm. Ë`mMmM ^mJ åhUyZ Vmam~mB©Zo Am°ŠQ>m|~a 1707 _Üò YZmOr OmYdm§Zm \$m¡O KoD$Z
emhÿda MmbyZ OmÊ`mMo AmXoe {Xbo. nwÊ`mÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o IoS> òWo emhÿZo Amnbm Vi R>moH$bm hmoVm. YZmOr
OmYdmer bT>m XoUo gmono ZìhVo. emhÿZo Hy$Q>ZrVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. I§S>mo ~„mi, ~mimOr {dídZmW `m§À`m
_XVrZo YZmOr OmYdm§er Jwá g§YmZ ~m§Ybo Am{U Ë`mbm Amnë`m ~mOyZo didyZ KoÊ`mV è Ambo. `m
bT>mB©V emhÿMm {dO` Pmbm. emhÿZo aUjoÌmdaM _w¸$m_ Ho$bm hmoVm. {VWoM YZmOr OmYd `m§Zm goZmnVr
Ho$bo Va I§S>mo ~„mi `m§Zm {MQ>Urg hr nXdr {Xbr.
emhÿMm amÁ`m{^foH$ :- IoS>Mr bT>mB© qOH$ë`mZ§Va emhÿZo gmVmam KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Vmam~mB©Zo
gmVmaMr O~m~Xmar à{V{ZYrH$S>o gmondyZ Ë`m nÝhmù`mH$S>o Joë`m. gmVaMm {H$„oXma eoI {_am `mbm Amnë`mH$S>o
KoÊ`mV emhÿbm è Ambo. Ë`mZo à{V{ZYrbm nH$Sy>Z emhÿÀ`m hdmbr Ho$bo. AemàH$mao _amR>çm§Mr amOYmZr
emhÿÀ`m Vmã`mV Ambr d 12 OmZodmar 1708 amoOr emhÿZo ñdV:Mm amÁ`m{^foH$ H$adyZ KoVbm. nwT>o
OdiOdi 42 df} emhÿZo amÁ`mMm H$ma^ma nm{hbm. AZoH$ N>moQ>çm _moR>çm àg§Jr ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Zr
5
emhÿÀ`m _mJo amhÿZ Ë`m§Zm _XV Ho$br hmoVr. AJXr amÁ`mMm goZmnVr M§ÐgoZ OmYd `mZo ~§S>Imoar Ho$br Voìhm
XoIrb ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Zr emhÿMrM ~mOy KoVbr hmoVr.
~mimOr {dídZmW :- _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV ~mimOr {dídZmWmMo ñWmZ _hËdmMo Amho. N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Mm
AË`§V {dídmgy d hþema, YyV©, _wËgXr åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm C„oI H$aVm òB©b. ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mo KamUo _yi ^Q>.
Ë`m§Mo _yiJmd lrdY©Z d Ë`m§À`m KamÊ`mH$S>o VoWrb Xoe_yIr hmoVr. ñdV: ~mimOr {dídZmW {gÔrÀ`m EH$m
{_R>mJamda gmYm {bnrH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo Am{U {gÔrMo AmngmV O_V ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio
{gÔrMm CnÐd ^Q> Hw$Qw>§~mbm hmoV Ago. gVVÀ`m CnÐdm_wio Ë`m§Zr H$moH$U gmoSy>Z XoemH$S>o òUo ng§V Ho$bo.
~mimOr 1689 _Üò am_M§Ð n§V A_mË` `m§À`mH$S>o H$maHy$Z hmoVo. nwUo, Am¡a§Jm~mX ^mJmV Ë`m§Zr àm_m{UH$nUo
ZmoH$ar H$ê$Z Zmdbm¡{H$H$ {_i{dbm hmoVm. goZmnVr YZmOr OmYdm§À`m hmVmImbr _hgyb A{YH$mar åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zr Mm§Jbo H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo. gmgdS>À`m nwa§Xao KamÊ`mer ~mimOrMo Mm§Jbo g§~§Y hmoVo. Ë`m_wio emhÿ Am{U
~mimOrMm ñZoh Ambm (g§~§Y). nwT>o 1699 Vo 1707 ~mimOr d emhÿ `m§Mr _¡Ìr dmT>V Jobr emhÿÀ`m
gwQ>Ho$Z§Va ~mimOr {dídZmW Ë`mbm OmD$Z gm_rb Pmbm. IoS>À`m bT>mB©V Ë`mZo emhÿbm _mobmMr _XV
Ho$br. YZmOr OmYdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va emhÿZo ~mimOrbm goZmnVr Ho$bo. `mMm amJ / _Ëga M§ÐgoZ OmYdmbm
(~mimOrMm _wbJm) hmoVm. _hmamï´>mVrb Mm¡WmB© Xoe_wIr dgyb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$moUmbmhr Z XoVm
Vmam~mB© d emhÿ `m§n¡H$s Omo qOHo$b (AmnAmngmV bTy>Z Omo _amR>r amÁ`mMm à_wI hmoB©b) Ë`mbm XoÊ`mMm
{ZU©` _moJb ~mXehmZo KoVë`mZo AZoH$ _amR>m gaXmam§Zr `m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z emhÿMo dM©ñd A_mÝ`
Ho$bo. àËòH$OU ñdV:bm ñdV§Ì _mZy bmJbm. emyMr gÎmm gmVmaÀ`m Odi 25 _¡bmnwaVrM _`m©{XV am{hbr.
\$bQ>Ubm ehmOr {Z§~miH$a, {_aObm CXmOr MìhmU, X{jU H$moH$UmV Io_ gmd§V Am{U CÎma H$moH$UmV
H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o Aer dmQ>Ur AmngmV Pmbr. `m H$mimVM M§ÐgoZ OmYdm§À`m \§$X{\$Vwar_wio ~mimOrg
Amnbr H$V©~Jmar XmI{dÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr.
IQ>mdH$am§Mm X§Jm (1711):- IQ>mdMo _Zg~Xma H¥$îUamd IQ>mdH$a emhÿbm Z _mZVm _moJbm§Zm YZr
_mZV. ~mimOr {dídZmW `m§À`m ~amo~a \$m¡O XoD$Z IQ>mH$am§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {Xbr. \$m¡OoZo
IQ>mdH$am§da ñdmar Ho$br. IQ>mdH$am§Mr XmoÝhr _wbo eaU Ambr. Ë`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV ~mimOrZo Ho$bm.
X_mOr Wmoam§VmMo ~§S> :- X_mOr WmoamV M§ÐgoZ OmYdmÀ`m V§ÌmZo dmJV hmoVm. _moJbm§À`m Aml`bm
OmD$Z emhÿÀ`m àXoemV X§Jm H$arV hmoVm. EH$Xm Va ~mimOrg Vwê$Jm§V R>odbo. eodQ>r \$ma _moR>r I§S>Ur KoD$Z
~mimOr Am{U Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm gmoSy>Z {Xbo. 1717 _Üò emhÿZo \$m¡Om nmR>dyZ X_mOrg H¡$X Ho$bo nU
emhÿÀ`m CXma ñd^mdm_wio X_mOrg gmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. na§Vw 1728 _Üò nwÝhm X_mOrZo ~§S>mir Ho$br. ~mimOrZo
Ë`mbm nH$Sy>Z H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo {VWoM Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
CXmOr MìhmUmMr ~§S>mir :- CXmOr MìhmU JT>r H$ê$Z ~ËVrg {eamù`mg ahmV hmoVm. gVV CnÐd
6
d ~§S>mù`m H$ê$Z emhÿbm Vmo Ìmg XoV Ago. Ë`mMr ghmZw^yVr Vmam~mB©À`m njmbm hmoVr. X_mOr WmoamV Vmo
ghH$m`© H$arV Ago. Agm CXmOrMm ~§Xmo~ñV ~mimOr {dídZmWmZr Ho$bm.
noedmB©Mr dóo ~mimOr {dídZmWmg :- ~mimOr {dídZmW hm emhÿMm {Zð>mdmZ godH$ hmoVm.
X{jUoH$S>o Á`m AZoH$ ~§S>mù`m Pmë`m, AS>MUr CX²^dë`m Ë`m gdmªMo {ZamH$maU d ~§Xmo~ñV ~mimOrZo
Ho$bm. n{íM_ {H$Zmè`mdarb EH$ _hËdmMm gaXma åhUOo H$mÝhm|Or Am§J«o hmoVo. Vmam~mB© amOmam_m§À`m H$mimV
Ë`m§Mm CX` Pmbm. Ë`m§Mr Vmam~mB©er {Zð>m hmoVr. Ë`m§Mm CnÐd emhÿbm hmoVm. Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
~hramon§Vm§Zm nmR>{dbo hmoVo. na§Vw H$mÝhmoOrZo EH$X_ h„m H$ê$Z Ë`mZm H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. AmVm ~mimOr {dídZmWmbm
H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«oMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUogmR>r emhÿZr nmR>{dÊ`mMo ~mobyZ XmI{dbo Voìhm Amnë`m _mJo noedo nXmMo
db` {_imbo Va H$mÝhmoOrda N>mn nS>ob Voìhm noedonXmMo A{YH$ma XoD$ZM _bm admZm H$am Aer {dZ§Vr
Ho$br. emhÿZr ~mimOrg noedonX XoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm Am{U nwÊ`mnmgyZ Odi AgUmè`m _m§Oar òWo 17
Zmoìh|~a 1713 amoOr ~mimOr {dídZmWmg noedonXmMr dóo XoÊ`mV Ambr. _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb hm EH$
_hËdmMm àg§J hmoVm. òWyZM gÎmoMo hñVm§VaU N>ÌnVr Vo noedo Ago hmoV am{hbo. nwT>rb H$mimV N>ÌnVr nX
H$_Hw$dV Va noedo nX à^mdr hmoV Jobo.
~mimOr {dídZmWmMr H$m_{Jar gZXm§Mr àmár - Mm¡W, gaXoe_wIr, ñdamÁ` `m gZXm ~mimOr {dídZmWm§§Zr _wKb ~mXehmH$S>yZ emhÿÀ`m
Zmdo {_i{dë`m. hr Jmoï> _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _hËdmMr _mZbr OmVo. Am{W©H$ Amarð>m_Üò gmnS>boë`m
_amR>r amÁ`mbm Ë`m_wio C^mar Ambr. `mVrb gdm©V _hËdmMr gZX åhUOo ñdamÁ` hmo`. "ñdamÁ`' åhUOo
{edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bobo amÁ`. ñdamÁ` ho emhÿÀ`m gwQ>H$o AJmoXa _wKbm§À`m Vmã`mV hmoV.o "gaXoe_wIr'
åhUOo {d{dY _hmbm§Mo / {d^mJmMo Xoe_wI. ho Ë`m Ë`m {d^mJmMm R>a{dbobm CËnÞmMm Xhmdm {hñgm
Amnë`mH$S>o R>odyZ Cabobm gaH$ma_Üò âV. Aem AZoH$ Xoe_wImda EH$ gaXoe_wI Zo_bm OmV Ago.
{edmOrÀ`m H$mimV N>ÌnVr hmM gaXoe_wI _mÝ` Ho$bo hmoVo. _wKb A{YH$mar gaXoe_wIr dgyb H$aÊ`mg
{damoY H$arV hmoVo åhUyZ ~mXehmH$Sy>ZM ho A{YH$ma àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambo. Mm¡W qH$dm Mm¡WmB©Mm h¸$
emhÿbm {_imbm Vmo ghm gwä`mdaMm hmoVm. `mMm AW© ghm gwä`m§Mo g§ajU H$amd`mMo d Ë`mÀ`m ~Xë`mV
EHy$U CËnÞmÀ`m Mm¡Wm {hñgm ¿`md`mMm. WmoS>Š`mV ñdamÁ`mÀ`m gZXo_wio N>ÌnVr emhÿbm {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr
ñWmnZ Ho$bobo d {_i{dbobo ñdamÁ` hmoVo Ë`mMm _mbH$ Pmbm. _wKb ~mXehmH$Sy>Z {_imboë`m gZXm~Ôb
B{VhmgH$mam_Üò XmoZ _V àdmh AmhoV. `m gZXm_wio emhÿ hmM gZXera amOH$Vm© qH$dm _amR> amÁ`mMm dmag
Pmbm. Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe_wIr_wio X{jUoV _amR>çm§Mm à^md dmT>bm d Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmabr. H$mhr
B{VhmgH$ma _mÌ `m gZXm_wio emhÿ hm _wKbm§Mm _§S>{bH$ ~Zbm A§H$sV Pmbm. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
{XeoZo Ho$bobo à`ËZ VgoM Ho$bobr nm`mâUr CIS>br H$maU ~mimOr d emhÿZo _wKbm§Mo _m§S>{bH$Ëd
pñdH$mabo. Aer {Q>H$m H$aVmV.
_amR>m _§S>imMr ñWmnZm :- ~mimOr {dídZmWmMr Xwgar _hËdmMr H$m_{Jar åhUOo Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobr
7
_amR>m _§S>imMr ñWmnZm hmo`. _amR>m _§S>i åhUOo g§`wº$ amÁ` ì`dñWm hmo`. N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOmZ§Va
Aï>àYmZ ì`dñWm H$mob_S>br hmoVr. à{V{ZYr goZmnVr `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr _amR>m gaXmam§Zr {ZH$Q>mMm bT>m
_wKbm{dê$Õ {Xbm Agbm Var H$mhr H$V¥©ËddmZ _amR>m gaXmam§Zr Amnë`m {h_§Vrda d YmoH$m nËH$ê$Z
_wKbm§er bT>m {Xbm hmoVm. {edmOrÀ`m níMmV XoIrb Oar ñdamÁ`mda Ë`m§Mr {ZîR>m Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mVrb
OhmJrar d dVZmMm _moh H$_r Pmbm ZìhVm. namH«$_ H$amdm d Zdr Zdr dVZo {_idmdrV. Aer Ë`m§Mr àd¥Îmr
{Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. emhÿ Vmam~mB© g§Kfm©À`m H$mimV _amR>m gaXmam§Zm _hËd Ambo d Vo ñd¡a dmJy bmJbo.
nw§S>Jrar H$ê$ bmJbo. emhÿZo amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z Oar Aï>àYmZ_§S>i {Z_m©U Ho$bo Agbo Var H$mhr gaXma
Að>àYmZm§Zm Ow_mZVM ZìhVo. H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«oZr noedm ~hramon§Vmg H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. Ë`mdoir Aï>àYmZ§mMr
AdñWm {H$Vr Ho${dbdmUr Pmbr hmoVr ho bjmV òB©b. _amR>m gaXmam§Zm namH«$_mgmR>r Zdo {jVrO {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$ dmQ>ë`mZo ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mo _amR>m _§S>imMr `moOZm V`ma H$ê$Z Vr emhÿ§À`m gh_VrZo
am~{dbr. _amR>m _§S>i qH$dm g§`wº$ amÁ`ì`dñWo_wio _amR>çm§Mr H|$Ð gÎmm Xw~©b Pmbr. _amR>m gaXmam§À`m
R>m`r Agboë`m ñdV§Ì d¥Îmrg `m g§`wº$ ì`dñWo_wio A{YH$M IVnmUr KmVbo. g§`wº$ amÁ`ì`dñWo_Üò Xmof
hmoVo. VWm{n `m `moOZo_wioM _amR>m amÁ`mMm AënmdYrVM {dñVma Pmbm ho _mÝ` H$amdo bmJob.
gm_«mÁ`{dñVma :- N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ`mMm nm`m KmVbm Am{U nwT>o g§^mOr, amOmam_,
Vmam~mB© `m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMo ajU Ho$bo Va H$mhr Z{dZ àXoe ñdamÁ`mV gm_rb H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
emhÿÀ`m H$mimV ~mimOr {dídZmW Am{U BVa H$mhr _amR>m gaXmam§Zr ñdamÁ`mMo gm_«mÁ`mV ê$nm§Va
H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. eŠ`Vmo _moJbm§er OwidyZ KoD$Z, MwMH$mê$Z KoD$ZM Amnë`m amÁ`mMm {dñVma
H$amdm Agm {dMma g_moa Ambobm hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrV hr ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Zr {X„r _mo{h_ hmVr
KoVbr. {X„rÀ`m V»Vmn`ªV _Ob _mabr. {X„rVrb ~mXemhrÀ`m CbWmnmbW ñdV: Ho$br. Ë`mV ^mJ
KoVbm na§Vw ~mXemhr em~yV R>odbr H$maU emhÿMo YmoaU hmoVo ~mXemhr amIyZ gm_«mÁ`{dñVma H$amdm. _amR>çm§Mm
gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMm nm`m ~mimOr {dídZmWmZo KmbyZ {Xbm. nU àemgZ ì`dñWoH$S>o H$moUmhr noeì`mZo bj
{Xbo Zmhr. _mYdamd noedm gmoSy>Z H$moUrhr àemgZmH$S>o bj {Xbo Zmhr.
~mimOr {dídZmWmZo eodQ>n`ªV _amR>çm§À`m gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. ~mimOrÀ`m n«`ËZm§_wioM
_amR>çmVrb `mXdr AënH$mimV g§nwï>mV Ambr. emhÿ Vmam~mB© `m§À`m g§Kfm©V H$moUmMm {dO` hmoVmo ho nmhÿZ
nmqR>~m H$moUmbm Úm`Mm Vo R>a{dÊ`mMm Ioi gd© _amR>m gaXma IoiV hmoVo. Aemdoiog emhÿÀ`m gwQ>Ho$Z§Va
~mimOr {dídZmW nwT>o Ambo Am{U Ë`m§Zr emhÿbm CKS>nUo Amnbm nmR>t~m {Xbm hmoVm. AZoH$ gaXma§mZm
emhÿÀ`m njmV di{dÊ`mV ~mimOrMr H$m_{Jar _hËdmMr R>abr. Aem H$V©¥ËddmZ noeì`mMm _¥Ë`y 2 E{àb
1720 amoOr gmgdS> òWo Pmbm.
ñd` A§Ü``Z - 1
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. _wKbm§À`m H¡$XoVyZ emhÿMr gwQ>H$m Ho$ìhm§ Pmbr.
8
2. _wKb ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~mMm _¥Ë`y Ho$ìhm d H$moR>o Pmbm.
3. IoS>Mr bT>mB© H$moUm_Üò Pmbr.
4. Mm¡WmB© åhUOo H$m` ?
5. _amR>m _§S>imMr aMZm H$moUr Ho$br.
~) n{hbm ~mOramd :- ~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ`m _¥Ë`y_wio _amR>m amÁ`mMr _moR> hmZr Pmbr. {deofV:
emhÿÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr \$ma _moR>r hmZr hmoVr H$maU emhÿbm _hmamï´>mV pñWa H$aÊ`m_Üò ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Mr
^y{_H$m _hËdmMr hmoVr. ~mimOr {dídZmWmZ§Va noedonXmMr O~m~Xmar H$moUmda gmondmdr hm àíZ emhÿnwT>o
hmoVm na§Vw ~mimOrMm _wbJm ~mOramd hm {VVH$mM H$V©~Jma hmoVm Ë`m_wio nwT>o ~mOramdmg noedonX XoÊ`mV
Ambo. noedonXr ~mOramdmMr Zo_UyH$ noedm åhUyZ ~mOramdm§Mr {Z`wº$s H$arV AgVmZm Ë`mMo d` AdKo drg
dfm©Mo hmoVo. Xa~mamVrb AZoH$ gaXmam§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. ~mOramdmg noedonX XoD$ Zò. bhmZ d`mV Ë`mbm
noedonXmMr O~m~Xmar XoUo `mo½` ZìhVo. EImÚm AZw^dr gaXmamg ho nX Úmdo Ago Xa~mamVrb OwÝ`m gaXmam§Mo
_V hmoVo. ~mOramd CVmdù`m ñd^mdmMm Am{U g§H$Q> A§Jmda KoUmam Amho åhUyZ Ë`mbm noedm H$ê$ Zò Ago
Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. EH$m Vê$U _wbmZo gÎmoda `mdo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m AmkoZo AmnU H$m_ H$aUo. Ë`m§Zm nQ>V ZìhVo,
H$_rnUmMo dmQ>V hmoVo. gd© gaXmam§Mr _Vo EoHy$Z KoD$Z gdmªMr g_OyV H$mTy>Z emhÿZr {ZU©` KoVbm Am{U 17
E{àb 1720 amoOr _gwa òWo ~mOramdmg noedonXmMr dóo XoÊ`mV Ambr. ~mOramdmZo Amnbr H$V©~Jmar {gÕ
Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm AmnU noedonXmdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m OmJr AmnU Xwgam ì`º$s Zo_y Ago emhÿZo
Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo. ~mOramd namH«$_r hmoVm. Amnë`m dS>rbm§~amo~a Ë`m§Zo {X„r _mo{h_ Ho$br hmoVr. CÎmaoÀ`m
amOH$maUmMr Ë`mbm OmU hmoVr VgoM Xa~mamVrb amOH$maUmer Vmo CÎm_[aVrZo n[a{MV hmoVm. Vmo CÎm_
KmoS>oñdma hmoVm. Ë`mbm {b{hVm dmMVm òV hmoVo. eara àH¥$VrZohr Vmo ê$~m~Xma d gX¥T> Agë`mZo Ë`mMr N>mn
nS>V Ago. noedm ~Zë`mda Ë`mZo Amnë`m {dídmgmVrb _mUgo _hËdmMr OmJr {Z`wº$ Ho$br. nwa§Xao, ^mZy,
~moH$sb, qhJUo, noR>o BË`mXr ~«m÷U gaXma KamÊ`m§Mm CX` ~mOramdm_wioM Pmbm. `m~amo~aM qeXo, hmoiH$a,
ndma BË`mXr gaXmam§Zr Amnbm nmR>t~m ~mOramdmbmM {Xbm hmoVm. `m gd© gaXmam§Zm Amnbm namH«$_ {gÕ
H$aÊ`mg ~mOramdmZo g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr. Ë`m_wio AZoH$ gaXma§mZr ZdZdrZ àXoe qOHy$Z Ë`mda Amnbo
dM©ñd ñWm{nV Ho$bo.
~mOramdm§Mo gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMo YmoaU :- _wKb gm_«mÁ`m~m~V ~mOramdmMo AmH$bZ Ago hmoVo H$s
_wKb gm_«mÁ` AmVyZ ~mhoê$Z nmoIabobo AgyZ Ë`mMm S>mobmam Ho$ìhmhr H$mogiy eH$Vmo. _wKb gm_«mÁ`mVrb
gaXma, A{YH$mar ñdV§Ì hmoD$Z AmnAmnbr gÎmm {Z_m©U H$ê$ bmJbo AmhoV. nyduà_mUo EH$g§KnUm d
gm_Ï`© AmVm _wKbm_Üò am{hbo Zmhr. åhUyZ _wKb gÎmobm eodQ>Mm O~aXñV VS>mIm XoD$Z _amR>çm§Mr gÎmm
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr hr EH$ Zm_r g§Yr Amho. qhXwnVnmVhrMo ñdßZ gmH$ma H$amdo Agm Ë`mMm à`ËZ Am{U
_hËdH$m§jm hmoVr. `m Amnë`m ^y{_Ho$bm nmofH$ Ago gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMo YmoaU Ë`mZo am~{dbo.
9
X{jUoH$S>rb gm_«mÁ`{dñVma :- noedonXmMr gwÌo KoVë`mZ§Va ~mOramdmZo Amnbo gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMo
YmoaU A{YH$ AmH«$_H$nUo am~{dÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. g§Yr {_iob {VWo _amR>çm§Zr gm_«mÁ`{dñVma H$amdm `m
_VmMm Vmo hmoVm. X{jUoH$S>rb _wKb gwä`m§Mr O~m~Xmar 1720 nmgyZ {ZOm_ Cë_wëH$ H$S>o hmoVr. X{jUoH$S>rb
gd© H$ma^mamda nH$S> ~g{dë`mda Ë`mZo ~mOramdmg {damoY H$aÊ`mg gwê$ Ho$bo. emhÿg {_imbobo Mm¡WmB© d
gaXoe_wIrMo A{YH$ma A`mo½` AmhoV Ago Omhra H$ê$Z Vmo Wm§~bm Zmhr. Ë`mZo _amR>çm_Üò AmnAmngmV
^m§S>U bmdyZ {Xbo. _amR>çm§Mm Iam dmagXma H$moU `mMm {ZU©` _amR>çm§Zr AmngmV R>admdo Ago Omhra H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`mV Xw\$ir _mO{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~mOramdmZo {ZOm_mg YS>m {eH${dÊ`mMm {ZíM` Ho$bm. VodT>çmV
{ZOm_mg {X„rg ~mobmdyZ KoD$Z Ë`mbm dOra nX XoÊ`mV Ambo nU X{jUoMr gwôXmar Ë`mbm \$m`ÚmMr hmoVr.
Ë`m_wio 1724 _Üò Vmo X{jUoH$S>o {ZKmbm. ~mXehmZo Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _w~marOImZmg nmR>{dbo.
gßQ>|~a 1724 _Üò gmIaIoS>m òWo {ZOm_mZo `wÕmV Ë`mbm R>ma _mabo. _amR>çm§Zr YyV©nUmZo {ZOm_mbm
nmqR>~m {Xbm. Var {ZOm_ _amR>çm§À`m {damoYmVM hmoVm.
nmbIoS>Mm {dO` :- ~mOramdmZo 1726 _Üò H$Zm©Q>H$Mm àXoe qOH$bm hmoVm. {ZOm_mZo VoWrb Mm¡WmB©
d gaXoe_wIrÀ`m h¸$m~ÔbM àH$aU H$mTy>Z {damoY Ho$bm. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m g§^mOrg ~mOramdm{dê$Õ {MWmdUr
XoD$Z {ZOm_mZo M§ÐgoZ OmYd d g§^mOrgh nwÊ`mda h„m Ho$bm. (1727) `m_wio ~mOramdmZo H$Zm©Q>H$ _mohr_
AY©dQ> gmoSy>Z Vmo naV Ambm. _amR>çm§Zr {ZOm_mÀ`m Vmã`mVrb Am¡a§J~mXH$S>o h„o gwê$ Ho$bo Voìhm {ZOm_mZo
Am¡a§J~mXH$S>o Hy$M Ho$br. Xaå`mZ ~mOramdmZo d¡Omnyabm h„m H$ê$Z VoWrb {ZOm_mMr YmÝ` agX byQ>br.
{ZOm_mÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nmUrnwadR>m ~§X Ho$bm. {ZOm_mbm AÞYmÝ` d nmÊ`mMr Vrd« Q>§MmB© OmUdy bmJbr. 25
\o$~«wdmar 1728 amoOr n¡R>UZOrH$ nmbIoS> òWo ~mOramdmZo {ZOm_mMm gneob nam^d Ho$bm. 6 _mM© 1728
bm {ZOm_mbm _w§JreoJmd òWo ~mOramdm~amo~a Vh H$amdm bmJbm.
_w§JreoJmdÀ`m VhmVrb AQ>r :1. emhÿMm Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe_wIrMm h¸$ {ZOm_mZo _mÝ` Ho$bm.
2. nwUo ~mam_Vr IoS> hm ^mJ _amR>çm§Zr nwÝhm naV {Xbm.
3. X. ghm gwä`m§Mm H$ma^ma _amR>çm§À`m gëë`mZwgma _moJbm§Zr H$amdm.
4. {ZOm_mZo g§^mOrbm {MWmdUr XoD$ Zò.
nmbIoS> òWrb {ZOm_mÀ`m nam^dmZo Ë`mMo {X„r Xa~mamVrb ñWmZ S>i_irV Pmbo. ~mOramdmMm dMH$
{Z_m©U Pmbm. AZoH$ nw§S> gaXmam§da dMH$ {Z_m©U Pmbm. g§^mOrZo {ZOm_mMr g§JV gmoS>br.
_midm d ~§wXobI§S>mda dM©ñd :- CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmV _midm ~w§XobI§S> BË`mXr àm§VmZm {deof _hËd
hmoVo. _amR>m gaXmam§Zr _miì`mda Amnbo dM©ñd ñWmnZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _miì`mVrb _hgybmMo A{YH$ma
{_imdoV åhUyZ ~mOramdmZo ~mXehmH$S>o {dZ§Vr Ho$br hmoVr. nU ~mXehmZo hr {dZ§Vr \o$Q>miyZ bmdbr. 1723
d 1724 _Üò ~mOramdmZo _miì`mV OmD$Z dgybr Ho$br hmoVr. \$m¡Om _miì`mV Kwgë`m VoWrb gwôXma
10
{JaYa ~hmXya d _amR>o `m§À`mV AP_oa òWo bT>mB© Pmbr. Ë`mV Vmo _mabm Jobm d _miì`mda _amR>çm§Mo
{Z{d©dmX dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmbo.
_midm _mo{h_ Mmby AgVmZmM ~mOramd g¡Ý` KoD$Z ~w§XobI§S>mV Kwgbm {VWo N>mÌgmbMo amÁ` hmoVo.
Ë`mZo gmVË`mZo _moJbmZm {damoY Ho$bm hmoVm. _moJbm§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm Ë`mZo N>ÌnVr {edmOr
_hmamOmnmgyZ KoVbr hmoVr. 1728 _Üò Abmhm~mXMm gwôXma _h§_XImZ ~§Je `mZo ~w§XboI§S>da h„m H$ê$Z
N>mÌgmbbm AQ>Ho$V R>odbo. `m g§H$Q>mVyZ _wº$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo ~mOramdmg {dZ§Vr Ho$br. Ë`mZwgma ~mOramd
Ë`mÀ`m _XVrg Ambm. _h§_X ImZ ~§Je `mbm O¡VmnyaOdi H$m|S>rV nH$Sy>Z ~mOramdmZo Ë`mMm nam^d Ho$bm.
AmnU nwÝhm ~w§XobI§S>da AmH«$_U H$aUma Zmhr Ago dMZ KoD$Z Ë`mbm gmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. Amnbr d Amnë`m
àm§VmMr _h§_XImZ ~§Je nmgyZ gwQ>H$m Ho$ë`m~Ôb ~mOramdmg N>mÌgmbZo _moR>r Ohm{Jar d ñdê$ngwX§ar
_ñVmZr ~mOramdmg ôQ> {Xbr. ~mOramdmZo aOnyVm§Mr _Zo qOH$br Am{U Ë`mZm _moJbm {dê$Õ bT>Ê`mgmR>r
MmbZm {Xbr.
~mOramd {gÔr g§~§Y :- npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarb {gÔr ho _amR>çm§Mo à~i ñnY©H$ d eÌy hmoVo.
A\$Jm{UñVmZmVrb A°~ogo{Z`m òWyZ ho {gÔr 12 ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmV Ambo hmoVo. AË`§V {MdQ> Am{U
namH«$_r åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr AmoiI hmoVr. H$moH$UÀ`m ^mJmV h„m H$ê$Z Vo bwQ>mbwQ> H$arV Ë`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo
AdKS> hmoVo. ~mOramdmZo goImoOr Am§J«oMr ôQ> KoD$Z {gÔrÀ`m {dê$Õ _mo{h_ am~{dbr. noeì`mZr 1733 _Üò
O§{Oè`mg doT>m KmbyZ {gÔrÀ`m Ama_maMm Ywìdm CS>dbm. Xaå`mZ emhÿZr à{V{ZYtZm am`JS> KoÊ`mg
nmR>{dbo hmoVo. à{V{ZYtZr am`JS> KoVbm nU XmoKm§À`m _mo{h_oV gyÌ~ÕVm ZìhVr. XmoKm§_Üò _VôX hmoVo.
Xaå`mZ goImoOr Am§Jo«Mm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo (27 Am°JñQ> 1733) ~mOramdmZo _mo{h_ AÜ`m©da> Wm§~{dbr. {gÔrZo
1736 _Üò Am§J«oÀ`m Hw$bm~m ^mJmV h„m Ho$bm Voìhm emhÿZo {nbmOr OmYd d {M_mOrAmßnm `m§Zm _mo{h_oda
nmR>{dbo. MamB© d H$m_mambo JmdmZOrH$ XmoÝhr g¡Ý` bT>mB© hmoD$Z {gÔrgmV _mabm Jobm. {gÔrZr nam^d
_mÝ` Ho$bm d _amR>çm§Mo _m§S>{bH$Ëd pñdH$mabo.
~mOramd nmoVw©JrO g§~§Y :- _amR>o Am{U nmoVw©JrO `m§À`m_Üò gVV g§Kfm©Mo àg§J CX²^dbo hmoVo.
nmoVw©JrO ho N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOmnmgyZ dgB© R>mUo `m H$moH$U àXoemV ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_Ë`mZo ahmV hmoVo.
hiyhiy Ë`§mZr dgB© R>mUo òWrb amOì`dñWm hmVr KoVbr. npíM_ {H$Zmè`mdarb Amnbr R>mUr àñWm{nV
H$aVmZm nmoVw©JrOm§Zr VoWrb qhXy àOoer Or dV©UyH$ R>odbr hmoVr. Vr AË`§V {ZX©` hmoVr. OmJmoOmJr Ë`m§Zr
Y_m©Îmao KS>dyZ AmUbr. qhXy àOoda gVV AË`mMma Ho$bo hmoVo. qhXyMr Xodio nmSy>Z Ë`§mZr OmJmoOmJr MM©
~m§Ybr. noedm ~mOramd d nmoVw©JrO `m§À`mV g§Kf© KSy>Z òÊ`mMr H$mhr _hËdmMr H$maUo H$maUr ^yV R>abr Vr
nwT>rbà_mUo - nmoVw©JrOm§Zm _amR>çm§À`m dmT>Ë`m Ama_mar eº$sMr ^rVr dmQ>V hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`§mMm amJ
goImoOr Am§J«o `m§À`mda hmoVm. goImoOr Am§J«oÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§À`m _wbm§À`m ^m§S>UmV nmoVw©JrOm§Zr bj KmVbo
hmoVo d _mZmOr Am§J«oÀ`m {dê$Õ g§^mOr Am§J«obm _XV Ho$br hmoVr H$maU _mZmOr Am§J«oMr ~mOy ~mOramdmZo
11
KooVbr åhUyZ nmoVw©JrOm§Zr g§^mOrg _XV Ho$br. ~mOramdmg hr Jmoï> IQ>H$br. nmoVw©JrO dgB© R>mUo àm§VmVrb
qhXy àOoda gVV AË`mMma H$arV hmoVo. ~mOramdmZo {M_mOr Amßnmg nmoVw©JrOm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mg nmR>{dbo.
1737 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr R>mUo qOH$bo. nwT>o 1738 _Üò dgB©À`m AmgnmgMm àXoe qOHy$Z dgB©À`m {H$ëë`mg
doT>m {Xbm. dgB©Mm {H$„m XmoZ H$mog g_wÐmV hmoVm. ImS>r AWm§J g_wÐ nwd}g XbXbrMr OmJm {VÝhr ~mOyZo
{H$ëë`mV OmÊ`mg H$moUVmM _mJ© ZìhVm. 2 _o 1739 amoOr _amR>çm§Zr OmoamMm h„m Ho$bm. 4 _o 1739 amoOr
nmoVw©JrOm§Zr eaUmJVr pñdH$mabr. dgB© R>mUo X_Un`ªVMm ^mJ _amR>çm§À`m Vmã`mV Ambm.
~mOramdmMr CÎmaoH$S>rb _mo{h_ :- 1734 _Üò ~mOramdmZo CÎmaoH$S>rb _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr H$maU
qeXo hmoiH$am§Zr _midm àm§Vmda _amR>çm§Mo Mm§JboM dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. {X„rÀ`m amOH$maUmV
_amR>ç§mZr Amnbo dM©ñd dmT>{dbo nm{hOo. `mhoVyZo Ë`mZo hr _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr hmoVr. _odmS> CX`nya O`nya
òWrb aOnyV amOm§Zr Ë`mMo ñdmJV Ho$bo. AZoH$ aOnyV amOmer ~mOramdmZo _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo.
^{dî`mV AmnU {X„rda ñdmar Ho$br Va aOnyV Amnë`m AmS> òUma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr ~mOramdmZo
AJmoXaM KoVbr hmoVr. ~mOramd X{jUoH$S>o naVë`mda naV 1737 _Üò _miì`mda ñdmar Ho$br. {VH$S>o
dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mda _amR>ç§mZr M§~i Z§Xrn`ªV àdoe Ho$bm. ~mOramdmZo _ëhmaamd hmoiH$am~amo~a \$m¡O
XoD$Z XwAm~mV nmR>{dbo. ~mXehmZo gmXVImZ `mg _amR>çm§À`m nmS>mdmgmR>r nmR>{dbo. Ë`mZo hmoiH$am§Mm
nmS>md Ho$bm d _amR>çm§Mm AmnU O~aXñV nam^d Ho$bm AgyZ M§~iÀ`m n{bH$S>o Ë`§mZm hmH$byZ {Xbo Amho
Ago a§JdyZ ~mXehmbm H$i{dbo. hr Jmoï> Ooìhm ~mOramdmbm g_Obr Voìhm ~mXehm Jm\$sb Amho ho nmhÿZ
~mOramdmZo {X„rda h„m MT>dbm. AMmZH$ Pmboë`m hëë`m_wio ~mXehmÀ`m Xa~mamV Jm|Yi CS>mbm. _wKb
goZoZo bT>m XoÊ`mMr V`mar Ho$br nU ~mOramdmZo {X„rV Aer XheV {Z_m©U Ho$br H$s _wKb g¡Ý`mMo H$mhr
MmboZm. ~mOramd {X„rV VrZ {Xdg hmoVm Z§Va doT>m CR>dyZ Vmo ËdaoZo _mJo {\$abm. naV òVmZm ^monmi òWo
{ZOm_mMm nam^d Ho$bm. ñdV:~ÔbMm d _amR>çm§~ÔbMm ^«_ Xya Ho$bm. {ZOm_mÀ`m nmS>mdm_wio 50 bmI
`wÕI§S>Ur _amR>çm§Zm {_imbr. {ZOm_mMm nyU© {~_moS> Z H$aVm Ë`mbm doimodoir Zm_moha_ H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU
emhÿMo hmoVo. VoM ~mOramdmZo Mmb{dbo hmoVo.
ZmXraehmMr ñdmar :- ZmXraehm hm BamUMm ~mXehm hmoVm. Ë`mZo H$m~wb qOHy$Z A\$Jm{UñVmZda
Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. ~mOramdmÀ`m {X„r ñdmarZ§Va bJoM _wKb ~mXehmbm AmUIr EH$m
_moR>çm g§H$Q>mbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. ZmXraehmZo ^maVmda AmH«$_U H$ê$Z ~mXehmÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nm{ZnV
Odi H$Zm©i òWo 1739 _Üò nam^d Ho$bm. `mdoiog {ZOm_, gmXVImZ ~mXehmÀ`m g¡Ý`m~amo~a hmoVo nU Vo
AmVyZ ZmXraehmg gm_rb Pmbo hmoVo. gmXVImZH$Sy>Z ZmXraehmZo {X„rVrb gd© _m{hVr H$mTy>Z KoVbr. BH$S>o
{X„rV Aer A\$dm CR>br ZmXraehm _mabm. {X„r_Üò _wKb g¡Ý`m§Zr BamUr bmoH$m§Zm nH$Sy>Z Ë`m§À`m H$Îmbr
gwê$ Ho$ë`m hr ~mV_r g_OVmM ZmXraehm gg¡Ý` {X„rV Ambm d {Xgob Ë`mÀ`m H$Îmbr Ë`mÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo gwê$
Ho$ë`m. 20 hOma bmoH$ _mabo Jobo. ~mXehm _h§_XZo hmV OmoSy>Z H$Îmb Wm§~{dÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$ë`mZo H$Îmbr
Wm§~ë`m. {X„rhÿZ naV OmVmZm ZmXraehmZo 70 H$moQ>r ê$n`mMr byQ> ~amo~a Zobr. {edm` ~mXehmMo à{gÕ
12
{ghm§gZ, H$mohrZya {ham Am{U eoH$S>mo H$mamJra gmo~V Zobo. ~mXemhr dmM{dÊ`mg emhÿZo ~mOramdmg nmR>{dbo
hmoVo. Vmon`ªV ZmXraehm {ZKyZ Jobm hmoVm.
ZmgraO§JMm nam^d :- aKwOr ^mogbo `mZo dèhmS> àm§VmV Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. {ZOm_mMm
_wbJm ZmgraO§J `mbm ho _mÝ` ZìhVo. Ë`mZo _amR>çm§À`m àm§Vmda h„o MT>{dbo. ~mOramdmZo Ë`mMo h„o naVdyZ
bmdyZ Ë`mbm Am¡a§Jm~mX Odi H$m|S>rV nH$S>bo d Ë`mMm Xmê$U nam^d Ho$bm. ~mOramdmÀ`m Am`wî`mVrb
hm Ë`mMm eodQ>Mm namH«$_ hmoVm.
~mOramdmMm _¥Ë`y :- ~mOramdmbm Ë`mÀ`m Am`wî`mVrb eodQ>À`m H$mimV ZmVodmB©H$m§Mm àM§S> Ìmg d
_ZñVmn Pmbm. ~mOramd _ñVmZr ào_ àH$aUm_wio nwÊ`mVrb Ë`mMo ZmVodmB©H$ d Amáoï> ZmamO hmoVo. ~mOramd
ZmgrO§JÀ`m _mo{h_oV AgVmZmM {M_mOrAmßnm Am{U BVa H$mhr _§S>itZr _ñVmZrg H¡$X H$ê$Z Vwê§$JmV
Q>mH$bo. Ë`mnyduhr ~mOramd _ñVmZr `m§Mr ôQ> hmoD$ Zò `mMr H$miOr KoVbr OmV hmoVr. Iao Va ~mOramdmMo
_ñVmZrda OrdmnmS> ào_ hmoVo nU H$_©R> Amáoð>m§Zm ho _mÝ` ZìhVo. `m gd© KQ>Zm_wio ~mOramdmg àM§S>
_ZñVmn hmoV hmoVm. Am`wî`â bîH$ar _mo{h_m gVVMr Ymdni `m_wio Ë`mMo eara Xw~io Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`mMo
gmao Am`wî` bîH$ar VimdaM Jobo. Aem pñWVrVM 28 E{àb 1740 amoOr Z_©XoÀ`m H$mR>r amdoa òWo Ë`§mMm
_¥Ë`y Pmbm. B{VhmgmVrb EH$m namH«$_ noeì`mMm AIoa A§V Pmbm. Ë`mdoir Vmo Ho$di 40 dfm©Mm hmoVm.
~mOramdamÀ`m _¥Ë`yMr ~mV_r g_OVmM _ñVmZrMm hr _¥Ë`y Pmbm. nwUo {OëømVrb nm~i òWo {VMr g_mYr
Amho. ~mOramdmZo nm~i òWo _ñVmZrg OhmJrar {Xbr hmoVr.
~mOramdmMr `mo½`Vm :- ~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va åhUOo 1720 _Üò N>ÌnVr emhÿZr
~mOramdm_Yrb JwU AmoiIyZ Ë`mbm noedonXmMr dóo {Xbr hmoVr. Xa~mamVrb AZoH$ gaXmam§Mm {damoY
AgVmZmhr emhÿZr ~mOramdmMr `mo½`Vm AmoiIbr hmoVr. 1720 Vo 1740 `m drg dfm©À`m H$mimV
~mOramdmZo Ho$bo H$m`© AVwbZr` Ago hmoVo. ~mOramdmZo noedonX pñdH$mabo Voìhm _amR>r amÁ`mMm nm`m
S>i_irV Pmbm hmoVm. _amR>m OhmJraXma AmnAmnë`m \$m¡Om ~miJyZ ñdV§Ì dmJy bmJbo hmoVo. _Ü`dVu
gÎmog Vo Ow_mZV ZìhVo. X{jUoVrb _wKbm§Mm gwôXma {ZOm_ _amR>r amÁ` Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>V hmoVm.
Ë`mÀ`m \$m¡Om _amR>r _wbImV h„o H$arV, byQ>mbyQ> H$arV. ~mOramdmZo nmbIoS> òWo {ZOm_mMm nam^d H$ê$Z
Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm. nmoVw©JrO {gÔr `m§À`m {damoYmV _mo{h_m H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mm nam^d Ho$bm d npíM_ {H$Zmam
Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ gwa{jV Ho$bm. aOnyVm§er _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y R>odbo. _amR>ç§mMo YmoaU d {g_m _`m©{XV Z R>odVm
CÎmaoH$S>o gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMr ~mOramdmMo YmoaU H$m¡VwH$mñnX hmoVo. _wKb gÎmm H$Yrhr H$mogiy eH$Vo Ë`mMr
nmoH$ir ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mg _amR>çm§Zr à`ËZ H$amdoV `m _VmMm Vmo hmoVm. ga OXwZmW gaH$ma åhUVmV Vmo
KmoS>XimMm OÝ_OmV à_wI hmoVm. AZoH$ B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Ë`mÀ`m amOH$maUmnojm Ë`mMm bT>dæònUm~Ôb
â^ê$Z {b{hbo Amho. _amR>çm§Mm AmÚ B{VhmgH$ma J°«§Q> S>\$ Ago åhUVmo, ""~mOramdmOdi `moOZm AmIÊ`mMo
~wÕrgm_Ï`© hmoVo d Vr `moOZm àË`jmV AmUUmao ~bembr _ZJQ> hmoVo.'' ~mOramdmZo Iè`m AWm©Zo _amR>r
amÁ`mMm {dñVma Ho$bm. _midm ~w§XobI§S>, {X„r, ^monmi, npíM_oH$S>rb {H$ZmanÅ>r d X{jUoH$S>o H$Zm©Q>H$
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BH$S>o ñdV: _mo{h_m H$mTy>Z amÁ` {dñVmamÀ`m YmoaUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. B{VhmgH$ma gaXogmB©À`m _Vo
~mOramd Iè`m AWm©Zo ~¥Ýh_hmamï´>mMm {Z_m©Vm hmoVm. _mo{h_m AmIUo, MnimB©Zo KmoS>Xm¡S> H$arV. eÌyda VwQy>Z
nS>Uo, d goZmnVrbmg Amdí`H$ AgUmam, YmS>grnUm ~mOramdmOdi Agë`mZo Ordmg YmoH$m nËH$ê$Z Vmo
eÌyÀ`m JmoQ>mV OmB©. bT>mB©_Üò gm_mÝ` g¡{ZH$mà_mUo Vmo gdmªÀ`m nwT>o Ago.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z - 2
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. noedo nXmMr dóo ~mOramdmg H$moUr d H$moR>o {Xbr ?
2. nmbIoS>Mr bT>mB© H$moUm_Üò Pmbr ?
3. _w§JreodJmdMm Vh H$moUm_Üò Pmbm ?
4. _midm àm§VmMm gwôXma H$moU hmoVm ?
5. ~mOramdmZo Ho$boë`m _XVr~Ôb _ñVmZr ôQ> XoUmam amOm H$moUË`m àm§VmMm hmoVm ?
H$ - noedm ~mimOr ~mOramd (ZmZmgmho~)
_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb H$V©¥Ëdembr noedm n{hbm ~mOramd `mMm _¥Ë`y 1740 amoOr amdoa òWo Pmbm.
~mOramdmÀ`m AH$mbr OmÊ`mZo _amR>r amÁ`mMo \$ma _moR>o ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. ~mOramdmMo {ZYZ Pmbo Ë`mdoir
Hw$bm~m òWo Am§J«o `m§Mr ^m§S>Uo {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r {M_mOr Amßnm d ZmZmgmho~ hOa hmoVo. ~mOramdmÀ`m
OmÊ`m_wio CÎmaoH$S>rb gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMo H$m`© AY©dQ> am{hbo hmoVo. VgoM _amR>çm§À`m n§anamJV eÌwZr
CMb ImÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bm.
noedo nXr ZmZmgmho~m§Mr {Z`wº$r - ~mOramdmZoo Ho$bobm namH«$_ Am{U EH${Zð>m emhÿZr nmhrbr hmoVr.
`m{edm` ~mimOr ~mOramd VWm ZmZmgmho~ `m§Mo Mm§Jbo {ejU XoIrb Pmbo hmoVo. emhÿZr ~mOramdmÀ`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va doi Z KmbdVm ~mimOrg gmVmè`mg ~mobmdyZ 25 OyZ 1740 amoOr gH$miÀ`m gw_yhVm©da noedo
nXmMo dóo {Xbr. Ë`mdoir ZmZmgmho~m§Mo d` \$º$ 18 df} 6 _{hZo EdT>o hmoVo. aKwOr ^mogbo (ZmJnyaH$a)
ho gmVmaÀ`m emhÿMo ZmVodmB©H$ hmoVo. Vo H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oda AgVmZm ~mOramdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yMr ~mV_r g_OVmM
_mo{h_ gmoSy>Z Vo gmVmè`mg VmVS>rZo Ambo. ~mimOr ~mOramd ho bhmZ Agë`mZo ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ ~mam_VrH$a
`m§Zm noedo nX {_imdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr emhÿ g_moa Amnbo dOZ dmnabo. na§Vw Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. emhÿ ~mimOr
~mOramdmg d ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ ~mam_VrH$a `m gmdH$mamg AmoiIV hmoVo. ~m~yOr ZmB©H$mH$S>o ânya n¡gm AS>H$m
g§nÎmr hmoVr Am{U VoM Am{U VodT>oM Ë`mMo ^m§S>db hmoVo d ~ihr hmoVo. gd© _amR>r gaXmam§Zm Amda KmbyZ
~amo~a KoD$Z _amR>çm§Mo amOH$maU nwT>o ZoÊ`mMr VmH$X ~m~yOr ZmB©H$mnojm ZmZmgmho~m§H$S>o {H$VrVar nQ>rZo
A{YH$ hmoVr. Ë`mMr emhÿg Mm§Jbr H$ënZm hmoVr. H$moUË`mhr d{ebm, X~mdmbm, AmJ«hmbm ~ir Z nS>Vm
emhÿZo ZmZmgmho~m§Mr noedo nXr {ZdS> Ho$br hmoVr.
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~mimOr ~mOramd C\©$ ZmZmgmho~ `m§Mm OÝ_ 12 {S>g|~a 1721 amoOr Pmbm. B.g. 1736 nmgyZ Vo
_mo{h_m§da OmD$ bmJbo åhUOo d`mÀ`m n§Yamì`m dfm©nmgyZ Vo _mo{h_mda OmD$ bmJbo. {M_mOr Amßnm§À`m
ghdmgmV Vo {XK©H$mi Agë`mZo Ë`§mMo bîH$ar {ejU Ë`m§À`m hmVmImbr d Ë`m§À`m~amo~a Ho$boë`m ñdmè`m_Üò
Pmbo. bhmZ d`mVM Ë`§mMo boIZ dmMZ Pmbo hmoVo. EImÚm _waãdr amOH$maUr nwê$fmbm emoôb Ago Ë`§mMo
nÌboIZ AJXr _wÔogyX Ago hmoVo. noedmB©Mr O~m~Xmar KoVë`mZ§Va ZmZmgmho~m§Zr AZoH$ _mo{h_m èñdr
Ho$ë`m. N>ÌnVr ho nX _moR>o hmoVo nU gÎmm _mÌ noeì`mH$S>o hmoVr. WmoS>Š`mV emhÿÀ`m CÎmaH$mimV noedm hmM
_amR>r amÁ`mMm à_wI hmoVm. N>ÌnVr hm Zm__mÌ hmoVm H$maU emhÿ ñdV: Hw$R>ë`m _mo{h_m§da, bT>mB©da OmV
ZìhVo. CVmad`mV Vo H$O©~mOmar Pmbo hmoVo d AmnU {ZnwÌrH$ AmhmoV Amnë`mZ§Va `m _amR>r amÁ`mbm
dmagXma H$moU `m qMVoZo Vo J«mgbo hmoVo. _amR>m gaXma§mZr Ho$di Zm__mÌ g§~§Y noeì`mer `m H$mimV R>odbo
hmoVo.
~mimOr ~mOramdm (ZmZmgmho~) g_moarb àma§^rÀ`m AS>MUr emhÿZr ~mimOrda {dídmg XmIdyZ noedo
nX Ë`mbm {Xbo nU Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o AZoH$ AS>MUr hmoË`m.
1) _miì`mMr gwôXmar {_i{dUo ~mOramdmZo {ZOm_mMm ^monmi òWo nam^d Ho$ë`mZ§Va _amR>çm§Zm _miì`mMr gwôXmar {_iUma hmoVr na§Vw
ZmXraehmMr {X„rda ñdmar Pmë`mZo d Z§Va ~mOramdmMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo _miì`mMr gwôXmar naV {_i{dÊ`mMo
AmìhmZ ~mimOr ~mOramdmg_moa hmoVo.
2) _wKbm§Mm {dídmg naV {_i{dUo ZmZmgmho~m g_moaMr Xwgar _hËdmMr AS>MU hmoVr Vr åhUOo _moJbm§Mm {dídmg naV {_i{dUo.
BamUÀ`m ~mXehm ZmXraehm `mZo qhXwñWmZmda ñdmar Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`m `m AmH«$_Um_wio qhXwñWmZmV K~amQ>
{Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`mMo AmH«$_U naVdyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>r _wKb ~mXehmZo _amR>çm§Zm _XVrg ~mobmdbo hmoVo.
Xaå`mZ ZmXraehmZo {X„rda ñdmar Ho$ë`mZo, H$Îmbr Ho$ë`mZo d byQ> Ho$ë`mZo {X„rH$am§Mr AdñWm {~H$Q> hmoVr.
ZmXraehmMo AmH«$_U naVdyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>r d _wKbm§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mOramd _Ü` qhXwñWmZmn`ªV Jobm
hmoVm na§Vw amdoa òWo Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo _amR>çm§Mr _wKbm§Zm _XV Pmbr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _amR>çm§Zm _wKbm§Mm
{dídmg {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdo bmJUma hmoVo.
3) Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaUo n{hë`m ~mOramdmZo AZoH$ YmS>gr _mo{h_m hmVr KoVë`m hmoË`m. gVVMr `wÕo _mo{h_m `m_wio amÁ`mMm
I{OZm [aH$m_m Pmbm hmoVm. ~mOramdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yg_`r Ë`mbm gmS>oMm¡Xm bmI ê$n`m§Mo H$O© hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~
noeì`mZm Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mMo AmìhmZ hmoVo.
4) eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo _amR>r amÁ`mÀ`m npíM_ {H$Zmè`mbm _amR>çm§Mo nma§nm[aH$ eÌy hmoVo. ~mOramdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§Zr
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OmoaXma hmbMmbr gwê$ Ho$ë`mZo _amR>r amÁ`mbm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. {deofV: {gÔr B§J«O nmoVw©JrO `m§Mm
~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo ho ZmZmgmho~m§g_moa _moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo.
5) {ZOm_ Cë_ _wëH$Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo ~mimOr {dídZmWmnwT>o {ZOm_ Cë_ _wëH$Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMo EH$ _moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo. _wKbm§Mm hm
X{jUoH$S>rb gwôXma, nU Ë`mÀ`m gVVÀ`m hñVjonm_wio _amR>çm§À`m gm_«mÁ`mbm _moR>m YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm
hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mer EH$ Va _¡Ìr ZmhrVa Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.
ZmZmgmho~ noeì`m§Mr CÎmaoH$S>rb n{hbr _mo{h_ _midm àm§Vm_Üò _amR>çm§Zr dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo nU _midm àm§VmMr gwôXmarMr gZX ~mXehmH$Sy>Z
{_iV ZìhVr. Aem n[apñWVrV 1741 _Üò ~mOramdmZo _miì`mV Amnë`m \$m¡Om nmR>{dë`m. \$m¡Om
nmR>{dÊ`mMr XmoZ _hËdmMr H$maUo hmoVr. n{hbo H$maU åhUOo _wKbmda _amR>`m§Mm YmH$ {Z_m©U H$aUo d Xwgam
hoVy hm H$s CX`nya òWrb aOnyV amOm gdmB© O`qgh `mÀ`mer Agbobo g§~§Y A{YH$ ÑT> H$amd`mMo hmoVo.
_ëhmaamd hmoiH$am§Zr _miì`mV àdoe H$ê$Z Yma Vmã`mV KoVbo hmoVo Va BVa ghmæ`H$m§Zr _miì`mVrb H$mhr
^mJmda dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. ñdV: ZmZmgmho~ gdmB© O`qghmÀ`m ôQ>rg àM§S> g¡Ý`m{Zer Jobm. 12 _o
1741 amoOr gmobmnya òWo XmoK§mMr ôQ> Pmbr. O`qghmZo Ë`mMo ñdmJV H$ê$Z nmhþUMma Ho$bm d 15 bmImMr
I§S>Ur _amR>çm§Zm {_imbr nU _amR>çm§Zr Z_©XoÀ`m n{bH$S>o òD$ Zò. Aem AQ>rda I§S>Ur {Xbr hmoVr. VgoM
ghm _{hÝ`mV ~mXehmH$Sy>Z _miì`mMr gZX {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo O`{ghm§Zo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
aKwOr ^mogbo (ZmJnyaH$a) `m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _amR>m _§S>imÀ`m aMZoVyZ AZoH$ KamUr nwT>o Ambr Ë`mn¡H$s aKwOr ^mogbo EH$
hmoVo. aKwOr ^mogbo ZmJnyaMo, Vo namH«$_r hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o g¡Ý`~i Mm§Jbo hmoVo. {~hma, Amo[agm, ~§Jmb B.
àm§VmV aKwOr ^mogboZr ñdmè`m H$ê$Z {VWo Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. ~§Jmb_Üò Ë`m§À`m OmÊ`mMo
H$maU H$m` hmoVo Ë`mMm WmoS>Š`mV d¥Îmm§V Agm - ~§JmbMm gwôXma ewOmImZ `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va (1739)
{~hmaMm Zm`~ gwôXma A{bdXuImZ `mZo ~§S> nwH$mê$Z ewOmImZÀ`m dmagmMm nam^d Ho$bm. {X„r Xa~mamVrb
AZoH$ _moR>çm bmoH$m§Zm bmM XoD$Z ~§JmbMr gwôXmar {_i{dbr hmoVr. ewOmZImZÀ`m dmagm§Zr aKwOr ^mogboZm
_XVrgmR>r ~mobmdbo. VoìhmnmgyZ aKwOVr ^mogb|Mm ~§Jmb_Üò {eaH$md Pmbm hmoVm. aKwOr ^mogbo hm
gmVmaÀ`m emhÿMm ZmVodmB©H$ hmoVm. Vmo YmS>gr AmH«$_H$ d _hmnamH«$_r hmoVm. ~§Jmb àm§VmV òV AgVmZmM
Ë`mZo {~hma, Amo[agm BË`mXr àm§VmV H$mhr {R>H$mUr dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mZo Ho$bobm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma
_amR>m _§S>imÀ`m VËdmZwgma hmoVm nU nwT>o Vmo noeì`mZm Ow_mZogm Pmbm. Ë`m_wio ZmZmgmho~m§Zr Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV
H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo hmoVo. 1742 _Üò aKwOrZo H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_ H$mTy>Z Anyd© è {_i{dbo hmoVo.
aKwOr ^mogb§oMm nmS>md - ZmZmgmho~m§Mr AXyaÑï>r aKwOr ^mogbo ZmJnyamV Jm|S> amOmMr gÎmm Xya H$ê$Z gÎmoda Ambm hmoVm d Ë`mZo ~§Jmb, {~hma, Amo[agm,
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H$Zm©Q>H$ `m{R>H$mUr _amR>r gm_«mÁ`mMm {dñVma Ho$bm hmoVm. aKwOr ^mogbo Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aUo d gm_«mÁ`
{dñVmamgmR>r ~§Jmb àm§Vm_Üò Jobm AgVmZm ZmZmgmho~ noedo ~w§Xob I§S>mV g¡Ý`mgh Vi XoD$Z hmoVo. ~§JmbÀ`m
Mm¡WmB© ~m~V Ë`§mÀ`m _wKbmer dmQ>mKmQ>r Mmby hmoË`m. ~§Jmbda noedo h„m H$m H$aUma Amho ho OmUyZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r aKwOrZo J`m òWo ZmZmgmho~m§Mr ôQ> KoVbr nU noeì`mZr H$moUVm gwJmdm bmJy {Xbm Zmhr.
ZmZmgmho~m§Zr ~§Jmb àm§VmV OmD$Z ßbmgr òWo A{bdXuImZ `mMr ôQ> KoVbr. ImZmZo noeì`mZm Mm¡WmB©Mo h¸$
XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo d IMm©gmR>r 22 bmI ê$nò {Xbo. `mnwT>o aKwOr ^mogb|Mm Ìmg Vwåhmbm hmoUma Zmhr Ago
A{^dMZ ImZmg {Xbo. aKwOr ZmJnyaH$S>o OmV AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`mda AMmZH$ h„m H$ê$Z Ë`mMm nam^d Ho$bm.
noeì`mÀ`m `m A{dMmar H¥$Ë`m~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Amnbr _Vo _m§S>br AmhoV. ~§JmbÀ`m Mm¡WmB©À`m h¸$m~Ôb
noeì`m§Zr aKwOrer Ago dV©Z H$aUo A`mo½` hmoVo. H$moUrhr H$moUmÀ`m h¸$m§da d àXoemda AmH«$_U H$ê$ Zò hm
{Z`_ _amR>m _§S>imMm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m{damoYr H¥$Ë` ZmZmgmho~m§Zr Ho$bo hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~mÀ`m `m H¥$Vr~Ôb
eoOdbH$a åhUVmV, ""aKwOrZo H$Zm©Q>H$mV d nyd}g ~§Jmb àm§VmV _amR>çm§Mo amÁ` dmT>{dÊ`mMm CÚmoJ gwê$
Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m _mJm©V AmS>do nS>Uo hm Xwï>nUm d _ËgarnUm åhQ>bm nm{hOo.''
nwT>o emhÿZo XmoKm_Yrb _VôX {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r 1743 _Üò gmVmam òWo ~mobmdbo. XmoKm_Üò gbmoIm
{Z_m©U Pmbm. nU XmoKmVrb H$Qw>Vm H$YrM H$_r Pmbr Zmhr. ~§JmbÀ`m àm§Vmda _amR>çm§Zm eodQ>n`ªV dM©ñd
{_i{dVm Amho Zmhr. aKwOrÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va (1755) Ë`mÀ`m _wYmoOr Am{U OmZmoOr `m _wbm_Üò dmagmdéZ
g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. IaoVa ZmZmgmho~m§Zr `mo½` ^y{_H$m KoD$Z Ý`m` H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo Vgo Z H$aVm ZmJnyaMr
gÎmm H$er S>i_irV hmoB©b `mMr H$miOr Ë`m§Zr KoVbr. Xm¡bV EH$g§K R>odÊ`m EodOr Ë`mMr dmQ>Ur
H$aÊ`mMm S>md Ioibm. aKwOrMo dmagmXma namH«$_r d H$V¥ËdmZ Zgë`mZo XmoZ dfm©Zo ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©V
B§J«Om§Zr ~§JmbÀ`m gwôXmamMm nam^d H$ê$Z B§J«Or gÎmoMm nm`m KmVbm.
ZmZmgmho~ noeì`m§À`m CÎmaoH$S>rb _mo{h_m - ZmZmgmho~mg _midm àm§VmMr gwôXmar ~mXehmH$SyZ
{_imë`mZ§Va 1742 _Üò Ë`m§Zr CÎma qhXwñWmZMr Xwgar _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr. `mdoir ~§wXobI§S>n`ªV Ë`mZr
_Ob _mabr. AmJ«m, nmQ>Um, Abmhm~mX, ~¢Jbmoa B. àm§VmMr Mm¡WmB© dgybrMo h¸$ ~mXehmH$S>o _m{JVbo
nU AJmoXa aKwOr ^mogb|Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$amdm Ago ~mXehmZo gm§{JVbo. 1744 _Üò ZmZmgmho~m§Zr {Vgar
ñdmar CÎmaoV Ho$br Vr ~w§XobI§S>da bj H|$ÐrV H$ê$Z hmoVr. H$maU VoWrb Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aÊ`mg VoWrb
A{YH$mar {damoY H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm {damoY _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d Mm¡WmB© dgyb H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr ñdmar
hmoVr.
ZmZmgmho~ noedo Am{U aOnyV g§~§Y n{hë`m ~mOramdmÀ`m H$mimnmgyZM CÎma qhXwñWmZmVrb AZoH$ gÎmm{Yem§er _amR>çm§Mo g§~§Y Ambo
hmoV.o _midm ~wX§ b
o I§S>, O`nya, CX`nya Aem AZoH$ {R>H$mUr g§Yr {_iob {VWo gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr
_¡ÌrMo g§~Y§ hmoV.o darb {R>H$mUr H$mhr ^m§S>U, dmX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg _amR>çm§Zm _Ü`ñWrgmR>r ~mobdbo OmV Ago.
21 gßQ>~| a 1743 amoOr O`nyaMm amOm gdmB© O`qgh `mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Ë`mbm B©ídaqgh d _mYmoqgh hr XmoZ
17
gmdÌ _wb.o Ë`m§À`m_Üò dmagm dê$Z g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. B©ídaqghmMr ~mOy qeXo `m§Zr Va _mYmoqghmMr ~mOy
hmoiH$am§Zr CMbyZ Yabr hmoVr. _amR>m _§S>imVrb `m XmoZ _mV~a gaXmam_Üò `m_wio {dVwï> Ambo. B©ídaqgh d
_mYdqgh `§mÀ`mV bT>mB© hmoD$Z B©ídaqghmMm {dO` Pmbm. AWm©V hm g§Kf© qeXo hmoiH$am§Zr ì`{º$JV nmVirda
KoVë`mZo qeXo hmoiH$amVrb hm dmX {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r d O`nyaÀ`m dmagmVrb ^m§S>U {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r ZmZmgmho~
CÎmaog Ambo. Ë`m§Zr VmoS>Jm H$mT>bm nU Vo naV nwÊ`mg òVmM n[apñWVr nydugmaIrM am{hbr. _ëhmaamd
hmoiH$am§Zr B©ídaqghmda X~md Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mZo aOnyVm§À`m _ZmV _amR>çm§~Ôb Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U hmoD$
bmJbm. qeXo hmoiH$am§Vrb hm g§Kf© _amR>m _§S>img KmVH$ R>ab
o Ago ZmZmgmho~m§Zr ~mobZy XmI{dbo hmoV.o
hmoiH$am§À`m OmMm_wio d X~mdm_wio 14 {S>g~| a 1750 amoOr AË`§V CX²{d½Z _ZpñWVrV B©ída{ghm§Zo {dfmar ZmJ
MmdyZ KoD$Z àmU {Xbm. `m Jmoï>rMr MrS> aOnyVm§Zm Ambr. _mYdqghmZo ~Xbm KoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mZo
O`nya òWo _oOdmZr Am`moOZ H$ê$Z _amR>çm§Zm ~mob{dbo d ~mOmahmQ> H$aÊ`mg ~mOmanoR>Vo Jobëo `m _amR>m g¡Ý`m§da
h„m Ho$bm. gmnS>b
o Ë`mMr H$Îmb Ho$br. H$maU ZgVmZm _amR>çm§Zr O`nyaÀ`m dmagm àH$aUmV bj KmVbo.
à{VîR>go mR>r aOnyVmda XS>nU AmUbo d aOnyVmer Agbobr _¡Ìr J_mdbr. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV aOnyVmZr _amR>çm§Zm
nmR>t~m {Xbm Zmhr CbQ> _amR>çm{dê$Õ AmãXmbrbm ~mob{dÊ`mg aOnyVmZr (_mYdqghmZo) à`ËZ Ho$bo hmoV.o
ZmZmgmho~m§Zm aOnyVm§Mm hm g§Kf© {_Q>dVm Ambm Zmhr VgoM qeXo hmoiH$am_Yrb g§Kf©hr {_Q>dVm Ambm Zmhr.
Am§J«o d ZmZmgmho~ noedm - H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va dmagm àH$aUmVyZ Ë`m§À`m Kar J¥hH$bh gwê$
Pmbm. Ë`m_wio Am§½`«mMo Ama_mahr {dñH$irV Pmbo `mMm \$m`Xm naH$s` AmH«$_H$ KoV hmoVo. npíM_
{H$Zmè`mda Ë`m_wio nmoVw©JrO Amnbo Ama_mar gm_Ï`© dmT>{dV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio noeì`mZm {VH$S>o bj XoUo
Amdí`H$ hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~m§À`m H$mimV noedo Am§J«o g§~§Y VUmdnyd© hmoVo. VwimOr Am§J«oZr noeì`m§À`m gÎmobm
AmìhmZ {Xbo hmoVo. VwimOr nmoVw©JrO `m§Mr _¡Ìr dmT>V hmoVr. VwimOrZo B§J«OmZm noeì`mZm {damoY gwê$ Ho$bm
Ë`mMr n[aUrVr noeì`mZr VwimOr {damoYmV B§J«Om§Mr _XV KoVbr. gwdU©XwJ©, {dO`XwJ© B. {H$„o VwimOrH$S>o
hmoVoM nU aËZm[JarMm {H$„m Ë`mZo MT>mB© H$ê$Z Vmã`mV KoVbm. noeì`mZr Vmo naV H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo nU
Ë`mZo ZH$ma {Xbm. 1755 _Üò noeì`m§Zr d B§J«Om§À`m g§`wº$ \$m¡OoZo VwimOrMr gd© ~mOyZo H$m|S>r Ho$br. Ë`mMm
nam^d Ho$bm. Ë`mZo _mKma KoV gwdU©XwJ© d Xwgao ghm {H$„o noeì`m§À`m Vmã`mV {Xbo. 1756 _Üò aËZm{JarMm
{H$„m noeì`m§À`m \$m¡OoZo H$m~rO Ho$bm. VwimOrZo _mKma KoVbr. Vmo noeì`m§Zm eaU Ambm. noeì`m§Zr VwimOr
Am§J«oMm nam^d Ho$bm ho Iao Agbo Var _amR>çm§MoM Ama_mar gm_Ï`m©Mo IƒrH$aU Pmbo. npíM_ {H$Zmè`mda
nmoVw©JrO B§J«OmÀ`m Ama_mabm amoIyZ YaUmao gm_Ï`© Ho$di Am§J«oH$S>o hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr {dMma Z H$aVm
B§J«OmMr _XV KoD$Z Am§J«oMo åhUOo _amR>çm§Mo Ama_ma {Ii{IirV Ho$bo.
_amR>m {ZOm_ g§~§Y - X{jUoÀ`m amOH$maUmMr nyU© OmU AgUmam Am{U X{jUoVrb ghmgwä`mda gÎmm
JmO{dUmam {ZOm_ CëH$_wëH$Mm _¥Ë`y 1748 _Üò Pmbm. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbJm Zm{gaO§J `mg
{ZOm_ nX {_imbo. Ë`mÀ`m {dê$Õ _wP\$aO§J (_wbrMm _wbJm) `mZo ~§S> nwH$mabo. qOOrOdi bT>mB© hmoD$Z
Ë`mV Zm{gaO§J _mabm Jobm. \|«$M goZmnVr ~wgr ~amo~a h¡Ðm~mXH$S>o òV AgVmZm H$S>ßnmÀ`m Z~m~m~amo~a
Pmboë`m bT>mB©V X½`mZo Vmo _mabm Jobm. `m n[apñWVrV Zm{gaO§JMm gmdÌ ^mD$ gbm~VO§J `mg {ZOm_
18
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {ZOm_ gbm~VO§J d ZmZmgmho~ noeì`m§À`m g¡Ý`m_Üò 1752 _Üò am`nya òWo bT>mB© Pmbr.
`m `wÕmV Amnbm {Q>H$md bmJUma Zmhr ho AmoiIyZ gbm~VO§JZo 17 bmI ê$. Mm¡WmB© XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo
nU àË`j XmoZ bmI ê$nò XoD$Z Caboë`m aH$_oMr Vmo Q>mimQ>mi H$ê$ bmJbm. noeì`m§Zr gbm~VO§JMm
^mD$ JmOrCÔrZ `mg {X„rhÿZ ~mobmdyZ KoD$Z Ë`mbm {ZOm_ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo hmoVo nU Ë`mÀ`m gmdÌ AmB©Zo
{df XoD$Z Ë`mbm R>ma Ho$bo d Amnbm _wbJm {ZOm_ Abrbm {ZOm_ H$aÊ`mMm KmQ> KmVbm.
CXJraMr bT>mB© - h¡Xam~mXÀ`m Xa~mam§Zr ~wgrMo _hËd H$_r hmoD$Z Vmo _ÐmgH$S>o Jobm. {ZOm_ AbrZo
Xa~mamVrb _hËdmMo {ZU©` KoUo gwê$ Ho$bo. _amR>çm§er Pmbobo Vh Ë`mZo R>moH$abo. Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r noeì`m§Zr gXm{ed ^mD$g nmR>{dbo. 3 \o$~«wdmar 1760 amoOr gXm{ed ^mD$Zo Ë`mbm
CXJraOdi JmR>bo d Ë`mMm XUXUrV nam^d Ho$bm. Ë`mZo _amR>çm§Zm 60 bj hmoVm§Mm _wbwI XoÊ`mMo _mÝ`
Ho$bo.
nm{ZnVMr {Vgar bT>mB© _amR>çm§À`m Am{U ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV nm{ZnVÀ`m bT>mB©bm _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. CÎmaoH$S>rb Am{U
X{jUoVrb AZoH$ gÎmm{Yem§Zm EH$ doJim YS>m {_imbm. naH$s` h„oImoam§Zr {H$Vr g\$mB©XmanUo byQ> H$ê$Z
Zobr. `mMmhr {dMma _ZmV òD$Z OmVmo. ñWm{ZH$ gÎmm AmnAmngmVrb H$Qw>Vo_wio Am{U _Ëgam_wio H$moUË`m
Q>moH$mbm OmdyZ naH$s`mZm _XV H$ê$ eH$VmV ho `m `wÕm_wio g_OVo. `wÕmMr nmíd©^y_r WmoS>Š`mV Aer
hmoVr. A\$Jm{UñWmZmVyZ ^maVmV Ambobo nR>mUm§Zm amohrbo Ago åhUVmV. amohrbo/nR>mU ho {h_mb`mÀ`m
nm`Ï`mer A`moÜòOdi ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. amohrbI§S `m ZmdmZo hm àXoe AmoiIbm OmV hmoVm. amohrë`mZr
A`moÜòÀ`m AmgnmgÀ`m àXoemV AmH«$_Uo Ho$ë`mZo A`moÜòÀ`m Z~m~mZo Ë`§mÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r _amR>çmH$S>o
_XV _m{JVbr. _amR>çm§Zr `m amohrë`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV doimodoir Ho$bm hmoVm. Ah_Xehm AãXmbrÀ`m ñdmè`m Ah_Xehm AãXmbr hm A\$Jm{UñVmZMm ~mXehm hmoVm. Ë`mbm g§nÎmrMo _moR>o AmH$f©U Agë`mZo ^maVmda
ñdmè`m H$ê$Z hr g§nÎmr Ë`mZo _m`Xoer Zobr. 1748 nmgyZ Ë`mZo ^maVmda ñdmè`m gwê$ Ho$ë`m. B. g. 1751
_Üò Ë`mZo ^maVmda {Vgar ñdmar Ho$br. 1752 _Üò n§Om~ àm§V qOHy$Z KoVbm. _wKb àXoemV K~amQ> {Z_m©U
Pmbr. Ah_Xehm AãXmbr {X„rda MmbyZ òUma Aer dmVm© {X„rV òD$Z nmohMbr. ~mXehmZo dOra
g\$XaO§J `mbm `mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Uog H$i{dbo. _amR>çm§Mr _XV KoVë`mIoarO Amnë`mbm AãXmbrbm Vm|S>
XoVm òUma Zmhr Ago AmoiIyZ g\$XaO§J `mZo 12 E{àb 1752 amoOr _amR>çm~amo~a H$ama Ho$bm.
1) noeì`mZr A§VJ©V d ~mø eÌy§nmgyZ _moJbm§Mo ajU H$aUo.
2) Ah_Xehm AãXmbrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo.
3) _amR>çm§Zm `m _XVr~Ôb 50 bmI ê$nò XoÊ`mV òVrb.
4) `m H$amamÝdò _amR>çm§Zm n§Om~ qgY Am{U J§JoMm XwAm~ `m àXoemV Mm¡WmB© dgybrMo A{YH$ma àmá
hmoVrb.
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g\$XaO§J Am{U _amR>çm§Mo ghmæ`H$ {X„rV òD$Z nmohMbo. Ë`mnyduM _wKb ~mXehm Am{U AãXmbr
`m§À`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z H$ama Pmbm Am{U `m H$amamà_mUo n§Om~Mm àm§V ~mXehmZo AãXmbrg XoD$Z
Q>mH$bm.
aKwZmWamd d OmQ> g§Kf© - {X„r Xa~mam_Üò dOra g\$XaO§J d _wKb ~mXehm `m§À`m_Üò g§Kf© {Z_m©U
Pmbm. Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va _madr_Üò Pmbo. g\$XaO§JÀ`m _XVrbm gyaO_b OmQ> Ambm Va ~mXehmÀ`m _XVrbm
ZOr~ImZ Ambm. `m H$mimVM ~mXehmZo _amR>çm§Zmhr _XVrgmR>r ~mobmdbo. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr Amnbm ^mD$
aKwZmWamd `mbm {X„r _mo{h_oMm à_wI H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m gmo~Vrbm O`mßnm qeXo d _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a `m§Zm {Xbo.
Iao Va ZmZmgmho~m§Zr \$ma {dMma H$ê$Z CÎmaoH$S>o H$moUmbm nmR>dmdo, R>adm`bm nm{hOo hmoVo. aKwZmWamd hm
H$V©~Jmar qH$dm XyaÑï>rgmR>r H$Yr ZmdmObm ZìhVm. Vmo M§Mb _ZmMm hmoVm. qeXo hmoiH$am§À`m A§VJ©V
^m§S>Umg Vmo Amda Kmby eH$V ZìhVm. Ë`mMr Vr Hw$dVhr ZìhVr. CbQ> ^maVmÀ`m _mo{h_oda AgVmZmM Ë`mZo
{X„rOdi _Wwaoda h„m Ho$bm. _Wwam ho OmQ>m§À`m gÎmoMo à_wI H|$Ð hmoVo. gyaO_b OmQ> hm OmQ>m§Mm à_wI hmoVm.
aKwZmWamdmZo OmQ>m§À`m àXoemda {dZmH$maH$ Ho$boë`m hëë`m_wio OmQ> Xw:Imdbo. O`nyaÀ`m dmagm àH$aUmV
_amR>çm§Zr AH$maU hñVjon Ho$ë`mZo aOnyV XwImdbo. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV OmQ> d aOnyV `mZr _amR>çm§Zm _XV
Ho$br Zmhr.
AQ>Ho$da P|S>m - AmOÀ`m nm{H$ñVmZmV AQ>H$ ho {R>H$mU Amho. ZOr~ImZ hm amohrë`m§Mm gaXma hmoVm.
CÎma ^maVmVrb _amR>çm§Mo dM©ñd Ë`mbm ghZ hmoV ZìhVo. ZOr~ImZmÀ`m g§mJÊ`mdê$Z AãXmbrZo nwÝhm
^maVmda ñdmar Ho$br. Ë`mZo {X„r qOHy$Z KoVbr d àM§S> byQ> KoD$Z Vmo A\$Jm{UñVmZbm naV Jobm.
aKwZmWamd d hmoiH$a {X„rg Jobo. Ë`m§Zr {X„r naV KoVbr. AãXmbrÀ`m g¡Ý`mg d A{YH$mè`m§Zm hmH$byZ
XoD$Z n§Om~ qOH$bm. AãXmbrÀ`m g¡{ZH$m§Mm nmR>bmJ H$arV _amR>o 1758 _Üò AQ>Ho$n`ªV Jobo. AQ>Ho$da
_amR>çm§Mm ÜdO \$S>H$bm.
XÎmmOr qeXoMm namH«$_ - ZmZmgmho~ noeì`mZr n§Om~darb _amR>çm§Mr nH$S> KÅ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r d
ZOr~ImZ amohrë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r XÎmmOr qeXo d OZH$moOr qeXo `mZm CÎmaoH$S>o nmR>{dbo. XÎmmOr
CÎmaoV OmD$Z ZOr~ImZmMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mV Jw§Vbm. ewH«$Vmb òWo àM§S> nmdgmV Vmo ZOr~ImZmMm gm_Zm
H$arV hmoVm. ZOr~ImZmZo AãXmbrg ~mobmdyZ KoVbo. XÎmmOrZo AãXmbrMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {X„rH$S>o
Hy$M Ho$br. XÎmmOr d AãXmbrMr `_wZmVrar ~wamS>r KmQ> / ~amar KmQ> òWo JmR> nS>br. _ëhmaamd hmoiH$amMr
dmQ> Z nhmVm bT>mB© H$aÊ`mMr MyH$ XÎmmOrZo Ho$br.
nm{ZnVMm aUg§J«m_ - _amR>çm§À`m _XVrgmR>r gXm{ed^mD$ `mg àM§S> g¡Ý` d à^mdr Vmo\$ImZm XoD$Z
nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo. B~«mhr_ImZ JmaXr hm Vmo\$ImÝ`mMm à_wI hmoVm. `m _mo{h_oV {dídmgamd (ZmZmgmho~m§Mm
Wmoabm _wbJm) VgoM namH«$_r gaXma nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. gXm{ed^mD$Zo {X„r qOHy$Z KoVbr. _amR>çm§Mo
g¡Ý` d AãXmbrMo g¡Ý` nm{ZnV òWo g_moamg_moa Ambo. nm{ZnV ho Jmd C§MdQ>çmda dgbobo AgyZ S>m|JamMm
CVma X{jUoÀ`m ~mOyg Amho. CÎmaoH$S>o C§MdQ>m H$mR> Amho. nyd}H$Sy>Z 7/8 _¡bmdê$Z `_wZm ZXr Amho. 14
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OmZo. 1761 amoOr _amR>çm§Zr AãXmbrda h„m H$ê$Z bT>mB©g gwadmV Ho$br. bT>mB©V {dídmgamdmbm Jmoir
bmJyZ Vmo R>ma Pmbm. ho g_OVmM gXm{ed^mD$ ~o^mZ hmoD$Z eÌyda VwQy>Z nS>bm. `wÕmÀ`m KmB© JXuV Vmo
{XgoZmgm Pmbm. Amnbm ZoVm {XgoZmgm Pmbm Ë`m_wio _amR>r g¡{ZH$m§Mm Yra IMbm. Ë`mMdoir AãXmbrÀ`m
amIrd d VmÁ`m X_mÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo _amR>çmda hëbm MT>dbm. _amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmbm. _hmamï´>mVrb EH$ Vê$U
{nT>r JmaX Pmbr. AZoH$ namH«$_r gaXma YmamVrW© nS>bo.
nm{ZnVÀ`m {Vgè`m `wÕmMr H$maUo 1) {X„rnVrMo ajU H$aUo - N>ÌnVr emhÿÀ`m gwQ>Ho$Z§Va _amR>çm§Mm CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmer g§~§Y
Ambm. àËòH$ noeì`mZr {X„rMr _wKbgÎmm dmM{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. {X„rÀ`m ~mXemhrÀ`m
ajUmMr OmoIr_ _amR>çm§Zr KoVë`m_wio AãXmbrg {damoY H$aÊ`m_wio ho nm{ZnVMo `wÕ KSy>Z Ambo.
2) CÎmaoH$S>rb _amR>çm§Mo amOH$maU - CÎmaoH$S>rb _amR>çm§À`m amOH$maUm_wio ho nm{ZnVMo `wÕ
KSy>Z Ambo. _amR>çm§Zr X{jUoH$Sy>Z òD$Z CÎmaoH$S>o amOH$maUmV hñVjon gwê$ Ho$bm Voìhm CÎmaoV EH$ ^rVrMr
bmQ> {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m gdmªZr CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmVyZ _amR>çm§Mo CƒmQ>Z$ H$aÊ`mMm {ZpíM` Ho$bm Am{U
Ë`mVyZ ho `wÕ KSy>Z Ambo.
3) Vhm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr - CÎmaoH$S>o _amR>o Joë`mZ§Va Ë`§mZr CÎmaoH$S>rb AZoH$ gÎmmYrem§~amo~a Vh,
H$ama Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm CÎmaoH$S>o Omdo bmJV hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ ho `wÕ KSy>Z Ambo.
4) naH$s` AmH«$_UmZm Vm|S> XoUo - _moJb gm_«mÁ` Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va {Ii{IirV Pmbo hmoVo.
ZmXraehm, AãXmbr gmaIo AmH«$_H$ AmH«$_Uo H$ê$Z byQ>mbyQ> H$am`Mo. _wKb gm_«mÁ` A§VJ©V amOH$maU
H$nQ> H$mañWmZmZo OO©a Pmbo hmoVo. naH$s` AmH«$_UmnwT>o Ë`m§Mm {Q>H$md bmJV ZìhVm. AmnUM XoemVrb
~{bï> gÎmm Agë`mZo naH$s` AmH«$_Umbm Vm|S> XoUo Amnbo H$V©ì` Amho Aem {dMmam_wio ho `wÕ KSy>Z Ambo.
5) n§Om~À`m _mbH$sdê$Z AãXmbr XwImdbm - ^maVmda ñdmè`m H$ê$Z AãXmbrZo AZoH$ àXoe
Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo. n§Om~Mm àXoe hr Ë`mZo qOHy$Z KoVbm hmoVm. _amR>çm§Zr n§Om~da h„m H$ê$Z Vmo àXoe
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z naV KoVbm. `m_wio AãXmbr XwImdbm hmoVm. _amR>çm§Mm ~Xbm KoÊ`mMo Ë`mZo {ZpíMV Ho$bo hmoVo.
6) _amR>çm§À`m MwH$m amohrbo, OmQ> aOynV - A`moÜòMm dOra g\$XaO§J Am{U amohrbo nR>mU
`m§À`mV n«M§S> eÌwËd hmoVo. g\$XaO§J ~amo~a Pmboë`m H$amam_wio amohrë`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
_amR>çm§Zr KoVbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio _amR>m Am{U amohrbo `m§À`mV g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbm. O`nyaÀ`m dmagm àH$aUmV
_amR>çm§Zr à_mUmnojm OmñV bj KmVbo. Ë`m_wio aOnyV _amR>m g§~§Y {~KS>bo. _WwaoÀ`m gyaO_b OmQ> `m§À`m
àXoemda _amR>çm§Zr {dZmH$maU h„m Ho$ë`mZo OmQ> ZmamO Pmbo. Aem AZoH$ MwH$m _amR>çm§À`m H$Sy>Z Pmë`m
hmoË`m.
_amR>çm§À`m nam^dmMr H$maUo 1) _amR>çm§Zm g_moam g_moaÀ`m `wÕmMm AZw^d ZìhVm. nm{ZnVda g_moam g_moa `wÕ Pmbo. J{Z_r `wÕmMm
21
dmna _amR>çm§Zr Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nam^d Pmbm.
2) _amR>ç§mZm CÎmaog {_Ì {_idVm Ambo ZmhrV. {deofV: OmQ> aOnyV `m§Mr Ë`mZm _XV Pmbr Zmhr.
H$maU _amR>çm§À`m dV©Zm_wio OmQ> d aOnyV XwImdbo hmoVo.
3) _amR>çm§Zm {eIm§Mo ghH$m`© {_i{dVm Ambo Zmhr. Iao Va {eI d AãXmbrMo H$Å>a eÌyËd hmoVo. `mMm
\$m`Xm H$ê$Z KoVm Ambm Zmhr.
4) _amR>çmH$S>o amIrd g¡Ý` ZìhVo Oo AãXmbrH$S>o hmoVo. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ Ë`mZo XwnmaZ§Va Ho$bm Ë`m_wio
Ë`mMm {dO` Pmbm.
5) ~mimOr ~mOramdmZo hr n[apñWVr hmViÊ`mg ñdV: OmUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.
6) _amR>çm§À`m g¡Ý`mV {eñV ZìhVr. g¡Ý`mÀ`m hmbMmbr doi KmbdUmè`m d C{Ôï> Zgboë`m hmoË`m.
CbQ> AãXmbrÀ`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m hmbMmbr AMyH$ d {eñVrZo hmoV hmoË`m.
7) _amR>m gaXmam_Üò EH$s ZìhVr. AmnAmngmVrb d¡a^md d ñnYm©, H$Qw>Vo_wio _amR>ç§mMo _moR>o ZwH$gmZ
Pmbo. H$mhr gaXma `wÕ joÌmdê$Z niyZ Jobo `m_wio _amR>çm§Mm nam^d Pmbm.
8) ZOr~ImZ d _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a `m§Mr _¡Ìr MwH$sMr hmoVr. _amR>çm§À`m nam^dmH$S>o hr _¡Ìr KoD$Z
Jobr.
9) ~mOma ~wU½`m§Mm âUm _amR>çm§À`mV Iyn hmoVm. g¡Ý`m~amo~a ~m`H$m, _wbo, d¥Õ _mUgo _moR>çm g§»òZo
hmoVo. AZoH$m§Zr CÎmaoH$S>Mm ^mJ ~m`H$m _wbmZm XmIdm`Mm hmoVm. H$mhrZm XodXe©ZmMo nwÊ` nXar ~m§Ym`Mo
hmoVo. nydu bT>mB©da OmVmZm g¡{ZH$ gS>o OmV hmoVo. ~mOma ~wUJo, ~m`H$m, _wbo gmo~V ZoUo MwH$rMo R>abo.
10) _amR>çm§Zr g_moamg_moa g¡Ý` Amë`mda bdH$a h„m H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. AS>rM _{hZo {dZmH$maU Kmbdbo.
AÞ YmÝ` Am{U gd© Jmoï>rda VmU Ambm.
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _amR>çm§À`m nam^dmMr AZoH$ H$maUo {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s R>iH$ H$maUmda AmnU
àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. `m H$maUm{edm` AmUIr H$maUo g§mJVm òVrb.
1761 À`m {Vgè`m nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmMo n[aUm_ : 1761 Mo nm{ZnVMo {Vgao `wÕ ^maVmÀ`m
B{Vhmgmda XyaJm_r n[aUm_ H$aUmao R>abo. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕm~Ôb B{VhmgH$mam§Zr nañna {damoYr _Vo Zm|X{dbr
Amho. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕm_wio _amR>çm§À`m {dñVmadmXr YmoaUmg Amim ~gbm. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕm_wio _amR>çm§Mm
gdmªJrU nam^d Pmbm. `mVyZ _amR>o H$YrM gmdê$ eH$bo ZmhrV. WmoS>Š`mV n[aUm_ nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm
òVrb.
1) nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV EH$ Vê$U {nT>r, H$Ë`m© nwê$fm§Mr EH$ g~§Y {nT>r _mabr Jobr. _amR>çm§À`m
AmË_{dídmgmbm àM§S> Y¸$m ~gbm.
22
2) nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕm_wio _moJb gÎmm _moSy>Z nS>br. Zm__mÌ ~mXehm Cabm. _moJb gÎmoMm AñV Pmbm.
3) CÎmaoV {eI gÎmoÀ`m CX`mg MmbZm {_imbr. _amR>o, _wKb AmXrZm ~§J B. g§në`m_wio {eI gÎmoMm
CX` Pmbm.
4) noeì`m§Mr _Ü`dVu gÎmobm KaKa bmJbr. AZoH$ gaXma ñdV§ÌnUo dmJy bmJbo.
5) B§J«Om§À`m CX`mg MmbZm {_imbr. ~§Jmb _Ðmg BË`mXr {R>H$mUr Ë`mZo nm` KÅ> amodÊ`mg gwadmV
Ho$br.
6) nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÓmVrb _amR>çm§À`m nam^dm_wio _amR>o AqOŠ` ZmhrV hr Jmoï> {XgyZ Ambr. CÎma
qhXwñWmZmV Amnë`m VbdmarÀ`m YmH$mda _amR>m gaXmam§Zr \$ma _moR>m gÎmm {dñVma Ho$bm hmoVm. _amR>çm§Mm
EH$ Xamam hmoVm Vmo AmVm g§nbm.
ZmZmgmho~ noeì`m§Mm eodQ> - d`mÀ`m 19 ì`m dfu noedonXmMr Ywam Im§Úmda KoD$Z _amR>r amÁ`mMm
H$ma^ma ZmZmgmho~m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bm hmoVm. ~mOramdmMo gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMo YmoaU am~{dbo. AZoH$ _amR>m
gaXmam§Zm Ë`mgmR>r H$m_mbm bmdbo. CÎmaoH$S>rb _mo{h_oMo Jm§û` bjmV Z KoVm aKwZmWamdmZm O~m~Xmar
gmon{dë`mZo nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV _amR>çm§Zm _ma Imdm bmJbm. nm{ZnVÀ`m nam^dm_wio noedm _wimVyZ
IMbm hmoVm. Ë`mMm ñd^md {MS>{MS> Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`mbm amJmMo PQ>Ho$ òV hmoVo. 23 OyZ 1761 amoOr
nd©Vrda Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
ñd`§ - AÜ``Z - 3
Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) n{hë`m ~mOramdmMm _¥Ë`y H$moR>o Pmbm ?
2) ~mimOr ~mOramdmg noedo nXmg H$moUr {damoY Ho$bm ?
3) ZmZmgmho~ noeì`m g_moarb gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb AS>MUr gm§Jm ?
4) nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV amohrë`m§Mm à_wI gaXma H$moU hmoVm ?
5) nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV _amR>çm§À`m Vmo\$ImÝ`mMm à_wI H$moU hmoVm ?
1.3 gmam§e N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _amR>r amÁ`mda _moR>o g§H$Q> Ambo. Am¡a§JOo~ ñdV: _amR>r amÁ`
qOH$Ê`mg Ambm nU Ë`mbm Anè Ambo. _amR>çm§Zr g§^mOr, amOmam_, Vmam~mB©À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ñdmV§Í`
`wÕ qOH$bo. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va gmVmam òWo N>ÌnVr emhÿÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr _amR>r amÁ`mMr dmQ>Mmb
gwê$ Pmbr. emhÿZo Aï> àYmZ _§S>i {Z`wº$ Ho$bo. gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamg n«moËgmhZ {Xbo. ~mimOr {dídZmWmZr
AZoH$ ~§S>Imoa gaXmam§Mm {~_moS> Ho$bm Vmo emhÿMm YyV© Am{U {Zð>mdmZ godH$ hmoVm. 1719 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr
23
{X„rMr ñdmar hmVr KoVbr. ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Zr {X„rÀ`m ~mXehmH$Sy>Z emhÿMr _mVmolr ògy~mB©Mr gwQ>H$m
H$ê$Z KoVbr VgoM ñdamÁ`, Mm¡WmB© d gaXoe_wIr `m _hËdmÀ`m gZXm ~mXehmH$Sy>Z emhÿgmR>r AmUë`m.
Aï> àYmZ _§S>i Hw$MH$m_r R>aV AgVmZm AZoH$ _amR>m gaXma ñdV§Ì dmJV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m namH«$_mg AdH$me
{_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r d _amR>çm§À`m gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r ~mimOr {dídZmWmZr _amR>m _§S>imMr (g§`wº$ amÁ`
ì`dñWm) emhÿÀ`m _mÝ`VoZo am~{dbr. ~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va n{hë`m ~mOramdmg noedo nXmMr Ywam
XoÊ`mV Ambr. ~mOramd AË`§V YmS>gr d AmH«$_H$ `moÕm åhUyZ Ë`mMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. nmbIoS>À`m
`wÕmV {ZOm_mMm nam^d H$ê$Z Ë`mbm Amnë`m VbdmarMr Yma XmI{dbr. _midm ~w§XobI§S> òWrb gÎmm{Yem§Zm
AS>MUrÀ`m H$mimV _XV H$ê$Z _amR>m aOnyV g§~§Y gwYmabo. CÎmaoH$S>o ñdmè`m H$ê$Z _amR>çm§À`m {g_m Iè`m
AWm©Zo ê§$XmdÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`mZo Ho$bo. bT>m`m H$aÊ`mgmR>rM ~mOramdmMm OÝ_ Pmbm hmoVm Ago Ë`mÀ`m
gVVÀ`m bT>m`m_wio åhUmdogo dmQ>Vo. ~mOramdmg AIoaÀ`m H$mimV ZmVodmB©H$mH$Sy>Z _ZñVmn Pmbm. Ë`mÀ`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va ~mimOr ~mOramd C\©$ ZmZmgmho~ noedo `mZr noedonXmMr dóo XoÊ`mV Ambr. ZmZmgmho~m§Zr CÎmaoH$S>o
ñdmè`m H$ê$Z gm_«mÁ`{dñVma MmbyM R>odbm. Ë`m§À`m H$mimVrb XmoZ _hËdmÀ`m KQ>Zm åhUOo B. g. 1761
Mo nm{ZnVMr bT>mB© hmo`. ZmZmgmho~ Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_H$mbrZ, qeXo, hmoiH$a, Jm`H$dmS> Aem AZoH$
gaXmam§À`m MwH$sÀ`m dV©Zm_wio Am{U YmoaUm_wio nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmV _amR>çm§Mm Xmê$Z nam^d Pmbm. _amR>çm§Mo
\$ma _moR>o ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. _amR>çm§À`m H$_Hw$dVnUm_wio B§J«Or gÎmoÀ`m CX`mg AdH$me {_imbo.
1.4 nm[a^mfrH$ eãX - eãXmW©
~oH$s
-
EoŠ` Zgbobm, Xw\$ir, XwOm^md
IS>Va
-
AdKS>
{Z:nmV
-
Zmhrgo H$aUo
Jwá g§YmZ ~m§YUo -
Jwá dmQ>mKmQ>r, Mmoê$Z ~mobUr H$aUo
Mm¡WmB©
CËnÞmMm Mm¡Wm {hñgm
-
g§`wº$ amÁ`ì`dñWm - _amR>m _§S>i - _amR>m gaXmam§Zr dmQ>ob VoWo OmD$Z _amR>m gm_«mÁ`mMm {dñVma H$amdm
àXoe qOH$mdm. _mo~Xë`mV 25% gaH$mamV d 8% N>ÌnVrÀ`m ImgJr IMm©gmR>r CËnÞ Úmdo `m ì`dñWobm
g§`wº$amÁ` ì`dñWm åhUVmV.
H$_©R>
-
OwÝ`m {dMmam§Mo, _mJmg {dMmam§Mo
_§S>{bH$
-
AqH$V, Hw$UmÀ`mVar dM©ñdmImbr
agX
-
_XV
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) 8 _o 1707
24
2) 20 \o$~«wdmar 1707 Ah_XZJa
3) Vmam~mB© d emhÿ
4) Mm¡WmB© åhUOo CËnÞmMm Mm¡Wm {hñgm
5) _amR>m _§S>imMr aMZm - ~mimOr {dídZmWm§Zr
2. 1) emhÿZo gmVmam
2) ~mOramd {ZOm_
3) ~mOamd {ZOm_
4) {JarYa ~hmXya
5) ~w§XobI§S> (N>mÌgmb)
3. 1) amdoa
2) ~m~yOr ZmB©H$ d aKwOr ^mogbo
3) _miì`mMr gwôXmar {_i{dUo, _wKbm§Mm {dídmg {_i{dUo, Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaUo,
eÌyMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo
4) ZOr~ImZ
5) B~«mhr_ImZ JmaXr
1.6 ñdmÜ`m` :
A. Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) ~mimOr {dídZmWmÀ`m H$m_{JarMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
2) ~mOramdmMm X{jUoH$S>rb gm_«mÁ` {dñVma WmoS>Š`mV {bhm.
3) ~mOramdmÀ`m _midm d ~w§XobI§S> _mo{h_o~Ôb _m{hVr Úm.
4) ~mOradmÀ`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
5) ZmZmgmho~ noeì`mg_moarb gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb AS>MUr ñnï> H$am.
6) ZmZmgmho~ noed Am§J«o g§~§YmMr _m{hVr Úm.
7) nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmMr H$maUo {bhm.
25
~. {Q>nm {bhm.
1) emhÿMr gwQ>H$m
2) _amR>m _§S>i
3) nmbIoS>Mr bT>mB©
4) ~mOramd nmoVw©JrO g§~Y
5) aKwOr ^mogbo
6) {Vgè`m nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmVrb _amR>çm§À`m nam^dmMr H$maUo
7) {Vgè`m nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmMo n[aUm_.
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. ~|Ðo dm. gr. - lr N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO `m§Mo {M{H$ËgH$ M[aÌ.
2. AmR>dbo gXm{ed - {edmOr d {ed`wJ.
3. A. am. Hw$bH$Uu Am{U J. h. Iao - _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg I§S> n{hbm d Xwgam.
4. gaH$ma OXwZmW - Am¡a§JOo~ (India Under Aurangzeb).
5. eoOdbH$a `. e. - nm{ZnV.
6. hoadmS>H$a a. {d. - nm{ZnVMr ~Ia.
7. H$mog§~r S>r. S>r. - ^maVmMm B{Vhmg.
8. nJS>r goVy _mYdamd - {edM[aÌ EH$ Aä`mg.
9. Jdir nr. E. - noedoH$mbrZ g_mO OrdZ.
10. ^mdo dm. H¥$. - JmdJmS>m
26
gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 2
1761 Z§VaMr amOH$s` pñWVr
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.0 C{ÔîQo
2.1 àñVm{dH$
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1
_mYdamd
2.2.2
_hmXOr qeXo
2.2.3
ZmZm \$S>Udrg
2.2.4
_amR>r gÎmoÀ`m èhmgmMr H$maUo
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
2.0 C{ÔîQo :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg,
* _mYdamdmg Á`m à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV noedo nX {_imbo Vr n[apñWVr {deX H$aVm òB©b.
* _mYdamd d {ZOm_ `m§À`mVrb g§Kfm©Mr _m{hVr ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
* _mYdamd d amKmo~m `m§À`mVrb `mXdr `wÕmMm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©b.
* _mYdamdMo CÎmaoVrb YmoaU, H$Zm©Q>H$ ñdmè`m `m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©b.
27
* _mYdamd noeì`m§Mm _¥Ë`y d `mo½`Vm `m{df`r _m{hVr gm§JVm òB©b.
* ~ma^mB© H$mañWmZmMr C^maUr d noedo nXmdéZ amKmo~mMr hH$mbnÅ>r H$er Pmbr ho gm§JVm
òB©b.
* _hmXOr qeXo `m§À`m H$V©¥ËdmMm AmT>mdm KoVm òB©b.
* ZmZm \$S>Urg `m§Zr _amR>r amÁ`mgmR>r Ho$bobr H$m_{Jar ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
* _amR>r gÎmoÀ`m èhmgmMr H$maUo {deX H$aVm òVrb.
2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
14 OmZodmar 1761 amoOr Pmbobo {Vgao nm{ZnV `wÕ {dbjU H«$m§{VH$maH$ d XoemÀ`m g§nyU© B{Vhmgmbm
H$bmQ>Ur XoUmao R>abo. `m `wÕmV _hmamï´>mMr EH$ g§nyU© {nT>rÀ`m {nT>r JmaX Pmbr. AdKm _hmamï´> emoH$gmJamV
~wS>mbm. VËH$m{bZ ^maVr` amOH$maUmV Amnë`m H$V©¥Ëd d namH«$_mZo M_H$Umè`m AZoH$ VéU _§S>itMm `m
`wÕmZo ~ir KoVbm. _amR>çm§Mm Xamam d à{Vð>m g§nwï>mV Ambr d _amR>çm§À`m eÌwZo CMb Imëbr.
1757 À`m ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©_wio B§J«Or gÎmoMo ~rOmamonU ^maVmV PmboM hmoVo. Va 1761 À`m
_amR>çm§À`m nam^dmVwio `m ~rOmamonUmVyZM B§J«Or gÎmoMm _hmd¥j \$mo\$mdbm Ago Oo [a`mgVH$ma gaXogmB©
åhUVmV Ë`mV ~aoM VÏ` Amho. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmZ§Va _amR>çm§Zm nyd©dV epŠVembr hmoD$Z Amnë`m gÎmoMm
Xamam ~g{dÊ`mgmR>r Omo H$mbmdYr bmJbm Ë`m Xaå`mZ B§J«Om§Zr ~§Jmb_Üò Amnbr gÎmm ÑT> H$éZ
_amR>çm§Zm Vwë`~i d à{VñnYu R>aob Aem amOH$s` gÎmoMo ñWmZ J«hU Ho$bobo hmoVo. nm{ZnV `wÕmnydu _amR>o
gaXma _§S>imV Omo EH${OZgrnUm hmoVm Vmo g_mßV hmoD$Z Vo noedo d N>ÌnVr `m§Zm Z Ow_mZVm ñdV§ÌnUo H$m`©
H$é bmJbo. Aem ^rfU d à{VHw$b n[apñWVrV _mYdamdZo noedonXmMr gwÌo YmaU H$éZ _amR>çm§Zm Ë`m§Mo
Jobobo d¡^d nwÝhm àmßV H$éZ {Xbo `m KQ>H$mV AmnU _mYdamd noeì`m§g_moarb AS>MUr _mYdamdm§À`m
{ZOm_ d amKmo~m d BVam§er Pmbobm g§Kf© VgoM _mYdamdÀ`m H$Zm©Q>H$ d CÎmaoH$S>rb _mo{h_m nmhUma
AmhmooV. _mYdamdm§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va _amR>oem{hMr Or An[a{_V hmZr Pmbr, Aem H$R>rU pñWVrV _amR>çm§Mo
amÁ` gmdaÊ`mMo d dmT>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© _hmXOr qeXo `m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoUma
AmhmoV. noedmB©À`m AIoaÀ`m H$mimVrb _§S>ir_Üò Ogo _hmXOr {e§Xo `m§Mo H$m`© loð> Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo
ZmZm \$S>Urgm§Mr H$m_{Jar _hÎdmMr Amho. ZmZmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Xwgè`m ~mOramdÀ`m H$mimV hiyhiy _amR>r
gÎmoMm èhmg KSy>Z Ambm. Ë`mMm WmoS>Š`mV Chmnmoh `m àH$aUmV KoUma AmhmoV.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
2.2.1
_mYdamd :
noedonXmMr dñÌo (20 Owb¡ 1761) nm{ZnVmZ§Va _hmamï´>mV emoH$H$im ngabr. nam^dmÀ`m ^rfU
YŠŠ`mZo ZmZmgmho~ noeì`mMm _¥Ë`w 23 OyZ 1761 amoOr Pmbm. Ë`mg 3 _wbo hmoVr. {dídmgamd, _mYdamd d
28
ZmamÙamd `mn¡H$s {dídmgamd nm{ZnVmV H$m_r Ambm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Xwgam _wbJm _mYdamd `m§Zm noedonXmMr
dñÌo XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. gImam_ ~mny `mg H$ma^mar nXmMr dñÌo {Xbr. 16 dfm©Mm hm noedm Oar
Aënd`rZ hmoVm Var n[apñWVrMo Jm§^r`© AmoiIUmam Hw$emJ« ~w{ÕMm, ñdm{^_mZr, XyaÑï>rMm d VoOñdr
ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm nwéf hmoVm. Joë`m H$mhr dfm©Vrb KS>m_moS>tMo AdbmoH$Z Ë`mZo gwú_nUo Ho$bo hmoVo. n[apñWVr d
_mUgo AmoiIÊ`mMr AX²^wX j_Vm Ë`mV hmoVr. bhmZ d`mV _moR>r O~m~Xmar `m noeì`mZo nma nmS>br.
H$maU noedonXmgmR>r aKwZmWamd C\©$ amKmo~mhr à`ËZ H$arV hmoVm. ZmZmgmho~mÀ`m åhUOo Amnë`m ^mdmÀ`m
_¥Ë`wZ§Va AmnUmg noedonX {_imdo Aer Ë`mMr BÀN>m hmoVr. na§Vw Vmo ñd^mdmZo Xw~im, A{Ve` H$mañWmZr,
BVam§À`m V§Ìmà_mUo MmbUmam A{Ve` M§Mb d¥ÎmrMm d A{ddoH$s hmoVm. {edm` amKmo~m A{Ve` ñdmWu,
gÎmm{nnmgy hmoVm ho nmhÿZM VéU _mYdamdm§Mo JwU, bjmV KoD$Z _wËgX²>XçmZr Ë`m§Zm noedonX XoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo
hmoVo. Ë`mà_mUo 20 Owb¡ 1761 amoOr gmVmam òWo _mYdamdm§g noedonXmMr dñÌo {_imbr. noedonX Z
{_imë`mZo aKwZmWamd ZmamO hmoVm. àË`jmV Oar Ë`mZo _mYdamdm§g gëbm XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo Var noedonX
àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMr H$mañWmZo MmbwM am{hbr. Oa amKmo~mZo _mYdamdmg Iè`m AWm©Zo _XV Ho$br
AgVr Va "Z ^yVmo Z ^{dî`Vr' Ago bmoH$moÎma è _mYdamdmg {_imbo AgVo. _mYdamd noeì`m§g_moa
H$mhr H$m_o AmìhmZo åhUyZ hmoVr. 1. nm{ZnVÀ`m nam^dmMm H$b§H$ YwdwZ H$mT>Uo. 2. h¡Xa Abr d {ZOm_
`m§À`m H$madm`m§Zm {Z`§{ÌV H$éZ noeì`m§Mo ApñVÎd {gÕ H$aUo. 3. _amR>m gaXmam§da {Z`§ÌU d Xamam
~gdUo. 4. amÁ`H$ma^mamMr {dñH$Q>bobr KS>r nwÝhm ~gdUo B. àM§S> H$m`} noeì`m§g nma nmS>m`Mr hmoVr.
{edm` H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$bh nU hmoVo.
_mYdamdm§Mr C_oXrMr df} H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$bh gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r Jobr Ago åhQ>bo Va MyH$ R>aUma Zmhr
M§Mb ApñWa amKmo~mZo gImam_ ~mnyÀ`m _XVrZo _mYdamdm{déÕ S>mdnoM Ioibo. Ë`mÀ`m `m CÚmoJmZo
noeì`mg AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo. amKmo~mÀ`m `m CÚmoJmZo BVa _amR>m gaXmam§Mo \$mdbo. Ë`m§À`m
_ZmV ñdmWu d¥Îmr dmTy> bmJbr. KaôXrnUm dmT>bm.
Owb¡ 1761 Vo Zmoìh|. 1772 Aer 11 df} _mYdamdm§Zr _amR>oemhrMm H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm. `m H$mimV
Ë`mZo Amnë`m ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr d H$V©¥ÎdmMr Or MwUyH$ XmI{dbr, Ë`m_wioM _amR>çm§À`mM B{VhmgmV Zìho Va
^maVmÀ`mhr B{VhmgmV Ë`m§Mr H$m_{Jar {MañWm`r ñdê$nmMr Pmbr Amho.
{ZOm_mMm nam^d :
noedo Xa~mamVrb Aem§VVoMm \$m`Xm {ZOm_ KoV hmoVm. nm{ZnVÀ`m `wÕmVrb _amR>çm§À`m nam^dm_wio
{ZOm_mZo _amR>çm§Zm Zï> H$aUo gmono OmB©b. `m BamÚmZo Zmo. 1761 _Üò nwÊ`mda hëbm Ho$bm. `m_mJo Ë`mMr
gwS>~wÕr hmoVr. H$maU 1760 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr CX²JraÀ`m bT>mB©V Ë`mMm nam^d Ho$bm hmoVm. {ZOm_mZo _wamaamd
KmoanS>o, hU_§Vamd qZ~miH$a, am_M§Ð OmYd B. gma»`m gaXmam§Zm Amnë`m ~mOyg di{dbo. H$Zy©b, H$S>ßnm,
gmdZya òWrb Z~m~m§Zm àbmo^Zo XmIdyZ Amnë`m JQ>mV IoMbo d noedmB©À`m H|$Ðmda åhUOo nwÊ`mda 60,000
\$m¡Oogh hëbm Ho$bm. OmVmZm àdam g§J_ òWrb n{dÌ _§{Xao CÜdñV Ho$br. {ZOm_mÀ`m ñdmarZo nwÊ`mV
29
^rVrMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo. _mYdamdmZo gd© _amR>m gaXmam§Zm EH$Ì Ho$bo Am{U `wÕmMr V`mar Ho$br.
OmZmoOr ^mogboZo _XV Ho$br. CairH$m§MZ òoWo {ZOm_mbm H$m|{S>V nH$S>bo. {ZOm_mZo _amR>çm§Mr AZoH$
Ym{_©H$ lÕmñWmZo CÜdñV Ho$br hmoVr åhUyZ Ë`mMr Mm§Jbr ImoS> _moS>Ê`mMm _amR>çm§Zr {ZYm©a Ho$bm.
{ZOm_mMm gaXma am_M§Ð OmYd _amR>çm§Zm òD$Z {_imbm. {ZOm_mMm H$m`_Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMr _moR>r g§Yr
_amR>çm§Zm {_imbr nU ñdmWu amKmo~mZo noedmB© àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZOm_mMm Cn`moJ ìhmdm åhUyZ Ho$di
40 bmI én`m§Mm àXoe Vmã`mV KoD$Z Ë`mbm OmZo. 1762 _Üò _wŠV Ho$b. `mMm _moR>m YŠH$m _mYdamdm§g
d _amR>m gaXmam§g ~gbm. AZoH$ _wËgÔr ZmamO Pmbo. amKmo~mÀ`m ñdmWu amOH$maUm_wio _mYdamd amKmo~m
`m§À`mVrb _VôX dmT>V Jobo.
_mYdamd-amKmo~m dmT>Vm g§Kf© :
noeì`m§Mo H$ma^mar gImam_~mny AmVwZ amKmo~mg gm_rb hmoVo. amKmo~mg eh XoÊ`mgmR>r _mYdamdm§Zr d
Ë`m§À`m _mVmolr Jmo{nH$m~mBªZr gImam_~mnyg Xya H$éZ Ë`m OmJr Í`§~H$amd noR>o d ~m~wamd \$S>Urg `m§Zm Zo_bo.
{h Jmoï> amKmo~mZo _Zmg bmdwZ KoVbr. MwbË`m-nwVÊ`mVrb g§Kf© Vrd« ~ZV Jobm. OmË`mM ~w{Õ_mZ Agë`mZo
Jm|YiwZ Z OmVm àËòH$ ~m~rMr Mm¡H$er H$éZ VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV amÁ`{hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amnë`m _Zmbm
nQ>ob VoM A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMm CnH«$_ noeì`m§Zr gwé Ho$bm. Aënd`rZ noedm H$moUmÀ`m Am|OirZo nmUr
{nUma ZgwZ Amnbo {ZU©` {Z^©`VoZo A_bmV AmUUmam d ñdV§Ì ~mÊ`mMm Amho Aer A{YH$mè`m§Mr ImÌr
nQ>V Jobr.
`mdoir _amR>m gaXmamV XmoZ JQ> nS>bo hmoVo. _mYdamdm§À`m ~mOyg Ë`m§Mr AmB© Jmo{nH$m~mB©, Í`§~H$amd
noR>o, nQ>dY©Z, ~m~wamd \$S>Urg, ~m~wOr ZmB©H$ B. _§S>ir hmoVr. Va amKmo~mÀ`m ~mOyg gImam_ ~mny _ëhmaamd
hmoiH$a, X_mOr Jm`H$dmS> B. hmoVo. JmonrH$m~mB© {h MVwa, ì`dhmaemñÌmV Hw$eb Agë`mZo {VZo MwbË`mnwVÊ`mV g_oQ> KS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm nU amKmo~mZo Ë`mg XmX {Xbr Zmhr.
OyZ 1762 _Üò amKmo~mZo 10 bmIm§Mr Ohm{Jar 5 {H$ëbo Aer _mJUr noeì`m§H$S>o Ho$br. Vr _mÝ`
H$aUo åhUOo _amR>m gm_«mÁ`mMo XmoZ VwH$S>o H$aUo hmo`. _mJUrbm ZH$ma {_imë`mZo Amnë`m Ordmbm YmoH$m
Amho Agm H$m§Jmdm H$éZ amKmo~mZo qdMya òWo ni H$mT>bm. OmZmoOr ^mogbo, {ZOm_ B. Zr Ë`mg nmqR>~m {Xbm.
gdmªZr {_iyZ 50,000 g¡Ý` KoD$Z nwÊ`mÀ`m amoImZo Hy$M Ho$br. KmoS>ZXr H$mR>mda XmoÝhr g¡Ý`mMr 7 Zmoìh|.
1762 amoOr bT>mB© Pmbr. `wÕ OmñV H$mi Mmbë`mg {ZOm_mMm \$m`Xm hmoB©b åhUyZ XyaÑï>r R>oD$Z
_mYdamdmZo amKmo~m g_moa eaUmJVr KoUo ng§V Ho$bo. noedonX àmßVrgmR>r {ZOm_mgma»`m _amR>çm§À`m H$Å>a
eÌyMr _XV KoUo {h Jmoï> {Z{íMVM bm§ÀN>ZmñnX hmoVr. gÎmm{^bmfmnwT>o _mUwg H$m` H$é eH$Vmo `mMo ho ñnï>
CXmhaU Amho. _ëhmaamd hmoiH$aZo _Ü`ñWr Ho$br. amKmo~m d _mYdamd `m§À`mV Vh KS>dwZ AmUbm.
AmioJmd òWo amKmo~mZo H$S>H$ AQ>r _mYdamdm§da bmXë`m. noeì`mg ZOaH¡$XoV R>odbo. Amnë`mer EH${Zð>
amhVrb AgoM gaXma amKmo~mZo ZmoH$arV H$m`_ Ho$bo. WmoS>Š`mV Ë`mZo Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo.
amjg^wdZMr bT>mB© :
30
{h bT>mB© noeì`m§À`m H$V¥©ÎdmMr Iar gwédmV hmoVr. amKmo~mgmaIm KaôXr {ZOm_mg {_imë`mZo {ZOm_
XwßnQ> CËgmhmZo H$m_mg bmJbm. {ZOm_mZo _amR>m amÁ` {H$Vr Xw~©b ~Zbo Amho ho nm{hbo hmoVo. Amnbm
amÁ`H$ma^ma _amR>çm§Zr {ZOm_mÀ`m V§ÌmZo Mmbdmdm Aer {ZOm_mZo _mJUr Ho$ë`mZo amKmo~mMo S>moio CKS>bo d
Ë`mg {ZOm_mMo Iao ñdê$n g_Obo. {dÇ>b gw§Xa `m MmUmj {XdmUmÀ`m _XVrZo {ZOm_mZo AZoH$ _amR>m
gaXmam§Zm Amnë`m ~mOyg AmoT>bo hmoVo. noeì`m§Mm g_moamg_moarb `wÕmV nam^d H$aUo AeŠ` Amho AmoiIwZ
{ZOm_mZo nwÊ`mda hëbm H$éZ ZmgYwg Ho$br, bwQ> Ho$br, OmZmoOr ^mogbo d Jmonmiamd nQ>dY©Z `m§Zm
_mYdamdmZo {ZOm_mnmgwZ Xya Ho$bo d Amnë`m ~mOyg di{dbo. òWwZM amKmo~mMo ZoV¥Îd {Zîà^ hmoV Jobo d
_mYdamdm§À`m hmVr gd© gwÌo Ambr.
Aem arVrZo _mYdamdm§À`m Hw$Q>ZrVr_wio {ZOm_ amOH$maUmV EH$Q>m nS>bm. EHo$H$ g_W©H$ Ë`mbm gmoSw>Z
Jobo. _mM© Vo Am°JñQ> 1763 `m H$mimV C^`njm§Mo nañnam§da hëbo Mmbw hmoVo. _mYdamdm§Zr doJmZo hmbMmbr
H$éZ 10 Am°JñQ> 1763 amoOr {ZOm_mÀ`m g¡Ý`mda AMmZH$ hëbm MT>{dbm. amjg^wdZÀ`m bT>mB©V
_amR>çm§Zm {dO` {_imbm. OmZmoOr, Jmonmiamd B. _§S>ir noeì`m§H$S>o Ambr. OyZ 1761 nmgyZ {Z_m©U
Pmboë`m {ZOm_-_amR>m g§Kfm©Mm eodQ> Pmbm. {ZOm_mZo _amR>çm§Zm ZwH$gmZ ânmB© åhUyZ 82 bmI é.
CËnÝZmMm àXoe {Xbm. `m àg§JmnmgyZ _mYdamdm§Mm Xamam, à{Vð>m dmT>br.
amjg^wdZ bT>mB©Mo _hÎd :
{h _mo{h_ noeì`m§Zr ñdV: AmIbr d eÌwbm AS>MUrV AmUbo hmoVo. `m _mo{h_o_wio _mYdamdmg
`wÕemñÌmMo d amÁ`H$ma^mamMo S>mdnoM Iè`m AWm©Zo g_Ow bmJbo. J¥hH$bh AgwZ _mYdamdmZo Ho$di
Amnë`m JwUm§À`m Omoamda {ZOm_mg nam^wV Ho$bo. Ë`mMà_mUo `wÕ ^w_rda AmnUhr em¡`© XmIdy eH$Vmo ho
XmIdbo. Ë`m§À`m `m namH«$_mZo AZoH$ gaXma ñV§{^V Pmbo. amKmo~mhr _mYdamdm§À`m namH«$_mZo AmíM`©M{H$V
Pmbo. amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm amKmo~mMr {_amgXmar g§nwï>mV Ambr. nm{ZnV `wÕmZ§Va _amR>çm§Mo gm_Ï`© g§nbo Ago
_mZUmè`m AZoH$m§Zm hm {dO` nmhÿZ dMH$ ~gbm. _amR>o AOwZ {Od§V AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§Mr gÎmm nwÝhm gd©
qhXwñWmZmV àñWm{nV hmoD$ eH$Vo. {hM Jmoï> amjg^wdZÀ`m bT>mB©Zo {gÕ Ho$br. _amR>çm§À`m AmË_{dídmg
_mYdamdm§Zr dmT>dbm. _mYdamd~m~V \$ma _moR>r AmXamMr ^mdZm _amR>çm§V {Z_m©U Pmbr. _mYdamdm§Mm
namH«$_ d H$V©~Jmar ñnï> {XgwZ Ambr. {h bT>mB© _amR>m B{Vhmgmg diU bmdUmar KQ>Zm R>abr.
H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_ :
{ZOm_mMm ~§Xmo~ñV Pmbm Var AÚmnhr h¡XaAbr hm _amR>çm§Mm eÌw {eëbH$ hmoVmM. nm{ZnV Z§Va
åh¡gwaÀ`m h¡XaAbrZo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU KoD$Z _amR>r _wbwImda hëbo Ho$bo hmoVo. H$S>mßnm, ~oXZwa, JwÎmr B. _amR>r
_wbwImda h¡XaMo dM©ñd hmoVo. E{àb 1764 _Üò noeì`m§Zr h¡Xa {déÕ _mo{h_ AmIbr. h¡Xa d _amR>o
`m§À`mVrb `wÕ J{Z_r H$mì`mÀ`m S>mdnoMm§Zr gwé hmoVo. amKmo~mZo _mYdamdmMo dM©ñd dmTw> Zò åhUyZ nwT>mH$ma
KoD$Z XmoKm§À`mV Vh KS>{dbm. AZ§Vnya òWo 30 _mM© 1765 amoOr h¡Xa d _amR>o `m§À`mV Vh Pmbm.
ZwH$gmZânmB© åhUyZ h¡XaZo _amR>çm§Zm 30 bj é Úmdo, Vw§J^ÐoÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>rb gd© _wbyI _amR>çm§Zm Úmdm,
31
_wamaamd KmoanS>o d gmdZyaMo Zdm~ `m§Mm _amR>çm§À`m _m§S>{bH$ g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zm h¡XaZo H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm Ìmg
XoD$ Zò B. VhmÀ`m AQ>r R>aë`m. {ZOm_mà_mUo nwÝhm òWohr amKmo~mZo Amnë`m ñdmWm©gmR>r _amR>çm§À`m eÌwMo
ajU Ho$bo hmoVo.
h¡Xaer nwÝhm g§Kf© :
1766 _Üò Jmonmiamd nQ>dY©ZZo h¡Xada ñdmar H$éZ gwamnwa, am`Mya B. àm§V {O§H$bo. nwT>o ñdV:
_mYdamdZo H$ZH${Jar, {MÌXwJ©, am`XwJ© B. amÁ`m§H$Sw>Z I§S>Ur dgwb Ho$br. h¡XaMm {eè`mMm {H$ëbm {O§H$bm
`mdoir _mYdamdm§g H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb lra§JnÅ>U qOH$m`Mo hmoVo nU nwÊ`mV amKmo~mMr H$mañWmZo Mmbw Agë`mZo
{h _mo{h_ ñW{JV H$éZ Ë`m§Zr h¡Xaer Vh Ho$bm. (_o 1767) `m VhmZo h¡XaZo 33 bmI é. XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
VhmZ§Va _mYdamd nwÊ`mg Ambo na§Vw h¡XaZo nwÝhm _amR>çm§À`m H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb _wbwImda hëbo Ho$bo. _wamaamdMm,
gmdZwaÀ`m Z~m~mMm nam^d H$éZ XheV {Z_m©U Ho$br. gmdZyaÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r _mYdamdZo Jmonmiamd
nQ>dY©Zmg YmS>bo d ñdV: lra§JnÅ>UÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKmbo. 1770 _Üò _mYdamdmg _wamaamd d {ZOm_hr
{_imbo. `m _mo{h_obm _mYdamdmgmo~V YmH$Q>m ^mD ZmamÙamd ~amo~a hmoVm. `mM H$mimV àH¥$Vr AMmZH$
{~KS>ë`mZo _mYdamdZo {h _mo{h_ AY©dQ> R>odwZ Ë`m§Zm naVmdo bmJbo. _mM© 1771 _Üò Í`§~H$amd noR>|Zr
h¡XaMm nyU© nam^d lra§JnÅ>U Odi Ho$bm. {h bT>mB© _moVr VbmdmMr bT>mB© åhUyZ n«{gÕ Amho. nam^dm_wio
h¡Xa {Zame Pmbm d _amR>çm§er Vh Ho$bm. Ë`mZwgma {eam hmogH$moQ>, ~mimnya B. àXoe _amR>çm§Zm {_imbm. `wÕ
IM© åhUyZ 50 bmI énò h¡XaZo _amR>çm§§Zm XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. Vgo nmhVm h¡XaMm nyU© ~§Xmo~ñV H$aUo
_amR>çm§Zm eŠ` hmoVo. nU _mYdamd nwÊ`mV IynM AmOmar hmoVo Ë`m_wio h¡Xada nwU© dM©ñd {_i{dUo _amR>çm§Zm
eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr.
B§J«Or gÎmoMm {dñVma :
nm{ZnVmVrb _amR>çm§À`m nam^dmZ§Va B§J«Om§Zr CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmV Amnbo hmVnm` ngaÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$br. B§J«Om§ {damoYr bT>Ê`mgmR>r _ra H$mgr_Zo OmZmoOrH$S>o _XV _m{JVbr hmoVr nU OmZmoOr hm noeì`m§er
gm_Zm XoÊ`mVM ñdV:bm YÝ` _mZy bmJbm. n[aUm_r ~§JmbMm Zdm~ _ra H$mgr_, A`moÜòMm ewOmCÔm¡bm
d {XëbrMm ~mXehm ehmAmb_ `m§Mm ~ŠgmaÀ`m bT>mB©V (Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1764) B§J«Om§Zr XUXUrV nam^d
Ho$bm d CÎmaog Amnbm nyU© Xamam CËnÝZ Ho$bm. CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmVrb _amR>çm§Mr nmoH$ir B§J«Om§Zr ^éZ
H$mT>br d Iè`m AWm©Zo B§J«O _amR>çm§Mo eÌw ~Zbo. ~§JmbMm Jìh©Za am°~Q>© ŠbmB©ìhZo Amnbo bîH$ar dM©ñd
dmT>{dbo. _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a qH$dm amKmo~m `m§Zm B§J«Om§Mo ho amOH$maU H$iÊ`mg \$ma Cera bmJbm. _mYdamd
Oar hþema hmoVm nU Ë`m§Mr C_oXrMr gmar df} amKmo~mÀ`m H$mañWmZmMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mV Jobr Ë`m_wio
B§J«Om§Mm g_mMma KoÊ`mg Ë`mbm nm{hOo Vgm Adga {_imbm Zmhr.
OmQ>m§er g_oQ> :
_mYdamdm§Mm {Zamon KoD$Z amKmo~m 1765 _Üò CÎmaoÀ`m ñdmarda Jobm. 20 _o 1766 amoOr _ëhmaamd
32
hmoiH$aMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo amKmo~mda _moR>r O~m~Xmar Ambr. H$maU JmohXMm OmQ> amUm d OdmhaqgJ `m§Zm
_amR>çm§Mr gÎmm Zï> H$am`Mr hmoVr. amKmo~mZo JmohXbm doT>m {Xbm. nU Ë`mg Anè Ambo. _ëhmaamdÀ`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va CÎmaoÀ`m g§X^m©V H$m` AMyH$ {ZU©` ¿`mdm ho Ë`mbm C_OV ZìhVo. JmohXÀ`m OmQ>m§Zr _amR>çm§Zm
AS>dwZ Yabo Voìhm _hmXOr qeXoÀ`m _XVrZo d _Ü`ñWrZo JmohXMm amUm d amKmo~m `m§Mm g_oQ> Pmbm. (2
OmZodmar 1767) `mZwgma OmQ>m§Zr 15 bmI é. X§S> XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. VodT>çmdaM g_mYmZ _mZyZ amKmo~m
nwÊ`mH$S>o naV {ZKmbm.
amKmo~mMo Anè :
CÎmaoVyZ òVmZm _mM© 1767 _Üò _miì`mV Amë`mda _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a `m§Mr {dYmdm gyZ A{hë`m~mB©
`m§À`m àXoemda hëbm H$aÊ`mMm ZmXmZ {dMma Ho$bm. amKmo~mÀ`m g¡Ý`mVrb AZoH$m§Zm hm {dMma ng§V ZìhVm.
A{hë`m~mB© YramÀ`m Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr `wÕmMr V`mar Ho$br. {VÀ`m H$UIa ^w{_Ho$_wio amKmo~mMm ~oV Anèr
Pmbm d Vmo nwÊ`mV Ambm.
`mZ§Va OmQ>m§Zr ~w§XobI§S>mV Amnbo dM©ñd ñWmnbo. CÎmaoH$S>rb Anè ho _mYdamd_wio Amë`mMm
H$m§Jmdm amKmo~mZo Ho$bm Voìhm _mYdamdm§Zr Ë`mMm H$m`_Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. CKS>CKS> Agbobr
^mD$~§XH$s H$m`_Mr {_Q>mdr hmM hoVy hmoVm. gImam_~mnyÀ`m _Ü`ñWrZo amKmo~m d _mYdamd `m§À`mV Zm§Xya
òWo ~mobUr Pmbr. noeì`m§Zr H$S>H$ ^y{_H$m KoVbr. EH$ Va amKmo~mZo g§nyU© eaUmJVr ñdrH$mamdr qH$dm
`wÕmg V`ma ìhmdo Ago Ë`mg gm§{JVbo. Voìhm amKmo~mg AmVm Amnbo H$mhr MmbUma Zmhr ho H$iyZ MwH$bo.
eodQ>r CÎmaoH$S>rb _mo{h_oÀ`m IMm©XmIb 25 bmI é. d `mo½` Vr noÝeZ XoV Agmb Va AmnU
amOH$maUmVyZ g§Ý`mg KoD$ Ago amKmo~mZo CÎma {Xbo. ^m§S>Uo Q>miÊ`mgmR>r _mYdamdm§Zr ho _mÝ` Ho$bo XmoKm§V
3 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1767 amoOr AmZ§Xdëbr òWo Vh Pmbm nU hm g_oQ> VmËnwaVm R>abm. amKmo~mg Am¡ag _wbJm
Zgë`mZo Ë`mZo 19 E{àb 1768 amoOr A_¥Vamd hm _wbJm XÎmH$ KoVbm d noeì`mÀ`m {damoYmV {ZOm_, h¡Xa,
OmZmoOr ^mogbo, B§J«O `m§À`mer g§YmZ gmYbo. Voìhm eodQ>Mm XUH$m amKmo~mg XoÊ`mgmR>r noeì`m§Zr
Ë`mÀ`mda hëbm Ho$bm. amKmo~mÀ`m g¡Ý`mMr XmUmXmU CS>mbr. Amnbm namO` nmhVmM eaUmJVr{edm`
VaUmonm` Zmhr ho amKmo~mZo AmoiIbo Voìhm _mYdamdZo 10 OyZ 1768 amoOr KmoS>nda hëbm H$éZ amKmo~mg
H¡$X H$éZ nwÊ`mg ~§{XdmgmV R>odbo. noedm hmoÊ`mMr amKmo~mMr BÀN>m _mYdamdm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV gmH$ma
Pmbr Zmhr.
nwÝhm CÎma _mo{h_ :
_mYdamdm§Zr am_M§Ð JUoe, {dgmOr, H¥$îUmOr `m XmoZ namH«$_r gaXmam§Zm CÎmaoV nmR>{dbo. _amR>çm§Zr
amOnyV d OmQ> `m§Mm g_mMma KoVbm. amOnwVm§H$Sw>Z I§S>Ur dgwb Ho$br. OmQ>m§H$Sw>Z 65 bmI é. I§S>Ur
{_idbr. AmJ«m, _Wwam òWo _amR>çm§Mm Xamam dmT>bm. 10 \o$~«wdmar 1771 amoOr _hmXOr qeXoÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr
_amR>m \$m¡Om {Xëbrda MmbwZ Joë`m. _amR>çm§Mm eÌy ZOr~ImZmMm nwÌ Pm~oVImZ `mMm O~aXñV nam^d
33
~r.E. 3 B{Vhmg nona 10 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (75)/ 2
H$éZ _amR>çm§Zr {Xëbr qOH$br. Pm~oVImZZo ewH«$Vmb {H$ëë`mMm Aml` KoVbm _hmXOrZo Vmo\$m S>mJwZ
{H$ëbm {_i{dbm. ZOr~ImZ amo{hë`mMr H$~a _hmXOrZo CÜdñV Ho$br. Aem àH$mao 1772 À`m àma§^rM
_hmXOr d _amR>çm§À`m H¥$noZo _wKb ~mXehm V»Verb Pmbm. _amR>çm§Mr CÎmaoVrb ñdmar èñdr Pmbr.
_hmXOrgma»`m eya {Zð>mdmZ gaXmam_wio noeì`m§Zm ho è {_imbo. nwT>o _hmXOrZo Ag§»` amo{hbo H$mnyZ
H$mT>bo. A\$mQ> g§nÎmr {_i{dbr. ZOr~Mr amOYmZr Z{O~m~mX _amR>çm§Zm {_imbr {XëbrV _amR>çm§Mm nwÝhm
O_ ~gbm.
_mYdamdm§Mm _¥Ë`y :
gVVÀ`m Ymdnir_wio _mYdamdm§Zm j`mgma»`m AgmÜ` amoJmZo J«mgbo. 11 dfm©À`m H$a{H$XuV VéU
noeì`m§Zm {dbjU emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ H$ï> ghZ H$amdo bmJbo hmoVo. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$Q>H$Q>r, KaôÚm§Mo
CnX²>ì`mn, {d{dY _mo{h_m§Mo g§MmbZ, n«dmgmMr XJXJ d amÁ`H$ma^mamVrb Jw§VmJw§VrMo àíZ `m {d{dY
Jmoï>tMm Agø VmU Ë`mÀ`m ZmOwH$ àH¥$Vrda nS>bm d amoJ ~imdbm. Voìhm noedo WoD$abm ahm`bm Jobo.
AIoaÀ`m {XdgmV H$m_mMr nwV©Vm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Amnbo _aU Odi Amë`mMo OmUyZ gImam_ ~mny
d ZmZm \$S>Udrg `m§Zm Ë`m§Zr amÁ`mMm H$ma^ma nmhUog gm§JwZ ZmamÙamdmg Amnbm dmag åhUyZ {Z`wŠV
Ho$bo. 30 gßQ>|~a 1772 bm Amnbo _¥Ë`ynÌ V`ma Ho$bo. Ë`mV Ë`mZo ñnï> åhQ>bo H$s, ""XmXmgmho~mg 5
bjm§Mr Ohm{Jar Úmdr Ë`mhÿZ WmoS>o~hþV A{YH$ _m{JVë`mg Ë`m§Mm g§Vmof d _Ou àgÝZ amImdr {ZXmZ gmV
bjmMr Ohm{Jar XoD$Z _Ou amImdr A{YH$ _mJy bmJë`mg EoHy$ Zò.'' `mdéZ _mYdamdmZ§Va amKmo~mg
noedonXmMr dñÌo {_iw ZòV ho ñnï> hmoVo. Amnbo _¥Ë`wnÌ Ë`m§Zr am_emñÌr à^yUo `m§À`m gmWrZo nyU© Ho$bo. gd©
_amR>m gaXmam§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo d {X. 18 Zmoìh|~a 1772 amoOr g. 8 dm. àmU gmoS>bo. gd© amÁ`â hmhmH$ma
CS>mbm. noeì`m§À`m VéU nËZr a_m~mBªZr Y_©erboda Cô amhÿZ amKmo~mg ~mobmdwZ ZmamÙamdmMm hmV Ë`m§Mo
hmVr {Xbm d gdmªMo d{S>bnUo `WmpñWV Mmbmdo Ago gm§JwZ Ë`m gVr Joë`m.
_mYdamdm§Mr `mo½`Vm :
nm{ZnVmVrb nam^dmZ§Va _amR>çm§Zm _mYdamdmgmaIm H$V©~Jma noedm bm^bm åhUyZ ~ao. ZmhrVa
doJimM B{Vhmg KS>bm AgVm. Á`m à{VHw$b n[apñWVrV _mYdamd noedo Pmbo Ë`mMm {dMma H$aVm Vo {H$Vr
_hmZ hmoVo ho nQ>Vo. _amR>oemhrVrb noeì`m§À`m _m{bHo$V _mYdamdm§Mo ñWmZ {Z{d©dmXnUo loð> åhUyZ _mÝ` H$amdo
bmJob. J±Q> S>\$Zo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""nm{ZnVÀ`m g§H$Q>m_wio _amR>r amÁ`mMo Oo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Ë`mnojm A{YH$
nQ>rZo _mYdamdmÀ`m AH$mbr _¥Ë`wZo Pmbo.'' ho _V gmW© Amho.
H$V©~Jma noedm :
_mYdamdm§À`m JwUm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Va Vo àm_m{UH$, Ý`m`r, àOm{hVXj, {ZûS>, H$V©~Jma AgoM
noedo hmoVo. 16 ì`m dfu noedonX KoD$Z àM§S> H$V©~Jmar XmI{dbr. èñdr amÁ`H$mË`m©g bmJUmao gd© JwU
Ë`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo.
34
{eñV{à` :
_mYdamd {eñVrMo ^moŠVo hmoVo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g¡Ý`mV H$S>H$ {eñV A§{JH$mabr hmoVr. gaXma d
A{YH$mar dJm©da H$S>H$ dMH$ {Z_m©U Ho$bm, amÁ`dmT>rgmR>r Ë`m§Mm AZwHy$b Cn`moJ H$éZ KoVbm.
H$m_mMm CaH$ :
_mYdamdm§Mm H$m_mMm CaH$ O~aXñV hmoVm. `mo½` H$ma^ma hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ YmS>er {ZU©`
KoVbo. Ë`m§Mo boIZ _w~bH$ CnbãY Amho. {bImUmV Jw§VmJw§V Zmhr. H$moUmMmhr àíZmMm {ZU©` KoVmZm ËdaoZo
d VS>\$Xma nÕVrZo Vo {ZU©` KoV.
Hw$eb àemgH$ :
_mYdamdm§Zr amÁ`H$ma^mamV AZoH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. OZhrVmMo {ZU©` KoVbo. ^«ï>mMmamMm ~§Xmo~ñV
Ho$bm. a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r gwYmaUm am~{dë`m. JwßV hoaImVo H$m`©j_ ~Zdbo. Ë`m_wio gd©M joÌmV dMH$
Am{U {eñV {Z_m©U Pmbr.
{hemo~rnUm :
_mYdamd {heo~rnUmV \$ma MmoI hmoVo. amÁ`mMm {hemo~ MmoI R>odÊ`mMr CÎm_ ì`dñWm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br
hmoVr. gaXma H$maHw$Zm§Zm MmoI {hemo~ Úmdo bmJV. H$m_MwH$marda H$S>H$ emgZ Ho$bo OmB©. O_mIMm©da Ë`m§Mo
~marH$ bj Ago. b~mS>r, bmM, Hw$MamB© dJ¡ao àH$mam~Ôb _m_boXmam§g d A{YH$mè`m§g _mYdamdm§Zr O~a
{ejm {Xë`mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
Ý`m`{à` noedo :
Ý`m`XmZm~m~V noeì`m§H$S>o H$S>H$nUm d {Z:njnmVrnUm hmoVm. JwÝhoJmam§Zm H$S>H$ emgZ XodyZ am_emñÌr
à^yUo `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr Ý`m`ì`dñWm g§K{Q>V Ho$br. _mYdamd Ý`m`{Zðy>a Agë`mZo ñdH$s`m§Mmhr _wbm{hOm
Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm Zmhr. àOobm Iam {Z{^©S> Ý`m` {Xbm.
EH$ Zdr {nT>r V`ma Ho$br :
nm{ZnV g§Jm« _mV AZw^dr goZmZtMr EH$ {nT>rÀ`m {nT>r H$mnbr Jobr hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr OmJm ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r
_mYdamdm§Zr g_W© Aer _mUgo hmVmer YéZ Vr V`ma Ho$br. H¥$îUamd H$mio, Zmamo AßnmOr, _hmXOrn§V,
h[an§V \$S>Ho$, Jmonmiamd nQ>dY©Z, ZmZm \$S>Urg, _hmXOr qeXo, AmZ§Xamd Ywin, I§S>oamd XaoH$a, qÌ~H$amd
noR>o, am_M§Ð JUoe, {dgmOr H¥$îUmOr Aer {H$ËòH$ _amR>r _mUgo _mYdamdm§À`m Vmb_rV V`ma Pmbr.
Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V Ë`m§Zr _amR>r amÁ`mbm d¡^dmMo {Xdg {_idyZ {Xbo.
Vbdma d H$b_ ~hmÔÿa :
n{hbo ~mOramd noedo Vbdma ~hmÔÿa hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~m§H$S>o H$b_ ~hmXyar hmoVr na§Vw _mYdamd `m XmoÝhr
35
joÌmV M_H$bo. amjg^wdZ bT>mB©V Vbdma ~hmXwar {XgyZ Ambr. amKmo~mgma»`m ì`ŠVtZm àg§Jr JmoS> ~mobwZ
àg§Jr H$S>H$ dmJwZ em§V ~gdbo. H$b_~mhXyarVhr Vo gd©loð> R>aë`mMo {XgVo.
AemàH$mao _mYdamd gd©JwU g§nÝZ hmoVo. aUjoÌ d _wËgÔo{Jar `m XmoÝhrVhr Vo M_H$bo. Ë`m§À`m
{eñV~Õ, eya, H$amar ñd^mdm_wioM Ë`m§Zm WmoS>çm AdYrV _amR>r gm_«mÁ`mMr {dñH$Q>bobr KS>r ZrQ>
~g{dVm Ambr. nm{ZnVmda _amR>o g§nbo hr g_OyV Ë`m§Zr ImoQ>r R>adbr. Aem Wmoa noeì`m§À`m _¥Ë`y_wio _amR>r
B{VhmgmVrb EH$ gm_Ï`©embr `wJmMm AñV Pmbm.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Imbrb dmŠò nyU© H$am.
1. ................. òWo _mYdamdm§Zm noedmB©Mr dñÌo {_imbr.
A) H$madma
~) H$moëhmnya
H$) gmVmam
S>) Jmodm
2. _mYdamd noeì`m§À`m AmB©Mo Zmd ................. hmoVo.
A) A{hë`mXodr
~) Jmo{nH$mXodr
H$) gIw~mB©
S>) gañdVrXodr
3. amKmo~mZo AmioJmdÀ`m bT>mB©V ................. Mm nam^d Ho$bm.
A) {ZOm_ ~) h¡XaAbr H$) _mYdamd
S>) B§J«O
4. amjg^wdZMr bT>mB© {ZOm_ d ................. `m§À`mV Pmbr.
A) _mYdamd
~) _hmXOr
H$) B§J«O
S>) am_amOm
5. amjg^wdZÀ`m bT>mB©V {ZOm_mMm {XdmU ................. hm _mabm Jobm.
A) {dÇ>b gw§Xa
~) {ZOm_Abr
H$) XodmOrn§V
S>) `_mOr J_mOr
6. _mM© 1771 _Üò _amR>çm§Zr ................. À`m bT>mB©V h¡XaAbr Mm àM§S> nam^d Ho$bm.
A) _moVr Vbmd
~) ~mimnya
H$) AZdS>r
S>) _X{Jar
7. _mYdamd noeì`m§Mo _¥Ë`ynÌ ................. Zr V`ma Ho$bo.
A) ZmZm \$S>Urg
~) am_emñÌr
H$) am_M§Ð JUoe
S>) H$mÝhmoOr Am§J«o
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. H$moUË`m bT>mB©Zo B§J«Or gÎmoMo ~rOmamonU ^maVmV Pmbo ?
2. _mYdamdmg noedmB©Mr dñÌo {_imbr Ë`mdoir H$ma^mar nXmMr dñÌo H$moUmH$S>o XoÊ`mV Ambr ?
3. AmZ§XdëbrMm Vh H$moUm_Üò Pmbm ?
36
4. amKmo~mZo H$moUmg XÎmH$ KoVbo ?
5. _mYdamd noeì`m§Mm _¥Ë`y Ho$ìhm Pmbm ?
2.2.2
_hmXOr qeXo :
_hmXOr AË`§V YmS>gr, namH«$_r, Hw$eb `moÕm åhUyZ _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV n«{gÕ Amho. 18 ì`m
eVH$mVrb _hmXOr åhUOo Agm_mÝ` ì`ŠVr_Îd hmoVo. qeXo KamÊ`mMo _yi Jmd gmVmam {Oëô`mVrb
H$moaoJmd VmbwŠ`mVrb H$ìhoaIoS> hmo`. qeXo KamÊ`mVrb AZoH$ nwéfm§Zr _amR>oemhrÀ`m {dñVmamgmR>r,
d¥ÕrgmR>r namH«$_, em¡`©, JmO{dbo d ~{bXmZhr {Xbo. XÎmmOr, OZH$moOr, Omo{V~m `mgmaIr qeXo
KamÊ`mVrb H$Vu _§S>ir _amR>oemhrÀ`m CËH$fm©gmR>r IMr© nS>br hmoVr. `mM qeXo KamÊ`mVrb _hmXOr
Amnë`m namH«$_mZo _amR>oemhrMm AmYmañV§^ R>abm. amUmoOr qeX²>çm§Mm _hmXOr hm nwÌ. Ë`mMm OÝ_ B.g.
1727 _Üò Pmbm.
OZH$moOr qeXo `mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va qeXo KamÊ`mV à_wInXmgmR>r _VôX {Z_m©U Pmbo Ë`mdoir amKmo~mZo
_hmXOrbm gaXmaH$s {_iy Zò åhUyZ à`ËZ Ho$bo na§Vw _hmXOrÀ`m em¡`m©_wio _mYdamd noeì`m§Zr _hmXOrH$S>o
qeXo KamÊ`mMr gÎmm gmon{dbr. Z§Va _hmXOrZo _moR>m namH«$_ JmO{dbm. _amR>çm§Zm à{Vð>m {_idyZ {Xbr.
_mYdamd noeì`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuVM Ë`mZo amKmo~mÀ`m {damoYmV _mYdamdm§Mr ~mOy KoD$Z _amR>r amÁ`mdarb
Amnbr {Zð>m ì`ŠV Ho$br. _mYdamdm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va åhUOo B. g. 1772 Vo B. g. 1794 À`m Xaå`mZ
_amR>oem{hMm H$mbI§S> hm _hmXOrÀ`m H$V©¥ËdmMm d namH«$_mMm H$mbI§S> _mZbm OmVmo. _hmXOrÀ`m
H$m_{JarÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`mMo 4 Q>ßno nS>VmV. n{hbm H$mbI§S> _mZbm OmVmo. _hmXOrÀ`m H$m_{JarÀ`m Ñï>rZo
Ë`mMo 4 Q>ßno nS>VmV. n{hbm H$mbI§S> B. g. 1761 n`ªV `mV Ë`m§Zm \$maer g§Yr {_imbr Zmhr.
Xygam H$mbI§S> B. g. 1761 Vo 1772 `m H$mimV goZmnVr am_M§Ð JUoe d {dgmOr H¥$îU `m§Mm
ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo.
{Vgam H$mbI§S> B. g. 1772 Vo 1783 ñdV§Ì H$V©~Jmarg gwédmV.
Mm¡Wm H$mbI§S> B. g. 1783 Vo 1794 `m H$mimV Anyd© namH«$_ H$éZ g§nyU© {h§XyñWmZmV _amR>r
gÎmoMm Xamam {Z_m©U Ho$bm.
_hmXOrMr H$m_{Jar :
~ma^mB©Vrb _hÎdmMm gXñ` :
amKmo~mZo noedm ZmamÙamdmMm IyZ Ho$bm Voìhm Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo JamoXa hmoVr. {Vbm _wbJm Pmbm Va
Ë`mg noedm H$aÊ`mMm gImam_~mnyMm ~oV hmoVm Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo _amR>r Xa~mamVrb _wËgÔr ZoVo EH$Ì AmUbo
Ë`mg ~ma^mB© åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`mV _hmXOr XoIrb hmoVm. amKmo~mMo nm[anË` H$aÊ`mV Ë`mZo _m¡{bH$ dmQ>m
CMbbm. ~ma^mB© _Yrb _§S>irV gbmoIm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm. ZmZm d gImam_~mny `m§À`mVrb
37
_VôX {_Q>{dÊ`mMm _hmXOrZo à`ËZ H$éZ ~ma^mB© dmM{dbr.
_moamo~mÀ`m H$mañWmZmMm ~r_moS> :
_moamo~m hm ZmZm \$S>UrgmMm MwbV^mD$ hmoVm. Ë`mbm gÎmoMr A{VaoH$s hmd hmoVr. ZmZm~Ôb Ë`mbm
_Ëga dmQ>V hmoVm. ~ma^mB© _§S>irV Ë`mbm _hÎd àmßV Z Pmë`mZo Ë`mZo amKmo~mg noedonXr AmUÊ`mMo
H$mañWmZ aMbo. Ë`m_wio amKmo~mMr _hÎdH$m§jm dmT>br. B§J«Om§Zr ZmZmbm eh XoÊ`mgmR>r _moamo~mbm hmVmer
YéZ à{Veh XoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. gImam_ ~mny d VwH$moOr hmoiH$aZo _moamo~mg gmW {Xbr Ë`m_wio à{VHy$b pñWVr
nmhÿZ ZmZmZo gd© gyÌo _moamo~mg {Xbr d Vmo amOH$maUmVyZ {Zd¥Îm Pmbm. `m doir n[apñWVrMo Jm§^r`© AmoiIyZ
_hmXOr nwÊ`mV Ambm. _hmXOr Á`m ~mOyg OmB©b {VH$S>o {dO` R>abobm hmoVm BVHo$ _hmXOrMo _hÎd hmoVo.
_moamo~mÀ`m H$mañWmZmV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb gImam_~mny§Zr _m\$s _m{JVbr. gdmªZr _hmXOrbm nmR>t~m
{Xbm. _hmXOrZo _moamo~mg nH$Sy>Z H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. ZmZmg nwÝhm H$ma^marnX {_imbo. Aem àH$mao _hmXOrZo
_moamo~mÀ`m H$mañWmZmMm ~r_moS> Ho$bm.
B§J«Om§{damoYr AmKmS>r d amKmo~mMm nam^d :
amKmo~m noedonXmgmR>r g§Kf© H$arV hmoVm d B§J«Om§Zm Amnbo gm_«mÁ` dmT>dm`Mo hmoVo. 7000 B§J«O
g¡Ý`mgh amKmo~mZo nwÊ`mda ñdmar Ho$br nU _hmXOrZo J{Z_r H$mì`mZo Ë`m§Zm h¡amU Ho$bo. `mdoir B§J«Om§Zr
eaUmJVr ñdrH$mabr. _hmXOrÀ`m _XVrZo dS>Jmd òWo Ë`m§Zr _amR>çm§er Vh Ho$bm. gZ 1780 nmgyZ nwÝhm
B§J«Om§er g§Kf© Pmbm. CÎma qhXyñWmZmV _hmXOr B§J«Om§Zm eh XoV hmoVm. gd© B§J«Om§À`m Ë`mZo nam^d Ho$bm.
Ë`m_wio B§J«Om§Zr _amR>çm§H$S>o VhmMr `mMZm Ho$br. _hmXOrÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio C^` njmV gmb~mB©Mm Vh (_o
1782) KSw>Z Ambm. Ë`m_wio _hmXOrMo ñWmZ C§Mmdbo.
CÎmaoVrb H$m_{Jar :
_wKb ~mXehm ehmAmb_Zo Amnbm amÁ`H$ma^ma ì`dpñWV Mmbmdm `mgmR>r _hmXOrZo {XëbrMo
H$ma^marnX ¿`mdo Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$br hmoVr nU Ë`mdoir ~w§XobI§S>mVrb JmohXÀ`m OmQ> amÁ`m§Mm nam^d H$aUo
_hmXOrbm JaOoMo dmQ>bo. åhUyZ AmYr Ë`mZo JmohXÀ`m OmR> amÁ`m§Mm nam^d Ho$bm ½dmëhoa {H$ëbm qOH$bm
Z§Va \$Îmonya {gH«$sOdi ~mXehmMr ôQ> _hmXOrZo KoVbr (Zmoìh|~a 1784). ~mXehmZo _hmXOrg dH$sb-B_wVm{bH$ hr gm_«mÁ`mVrb gd©loð> nXdr d ñWmZ {Xbo. _hmXOrg ho nX noeì`mg {_imdo Ago dmQ>V hmoVo nU
~mXehmZo ZH$ma {Xbm `mdéZ _hmXOrÀ`m _ZmVrb noeì`m~ÔbMr {ZîR>m {XgyZ òVo.
Jwbm_ H$mXaMm ~§Xmo~ñV :
~§S>Imoa aOnwVm§Zm dR>Urda AmUÊ`mgmR>r _hmXOrZo O`nyada ñdmar Ho$br. nU è Z Amë`mZo Ë`mZo
ZmZmg _XV _m{JVbr. na§Vw `m H$mimV CÎmaoVrb gd© _wgb_mZm§Zr _amR>çm§{déÕ EH$OwQ> Ho$br d amOnyV nU
`m _mo{h_oV gm_rb Pmbo. ZOr~ImZ amo{hë`mMm ZmVy Jwbm_ H$mXaZo {Xëbr KoVbr. ~mXehmMr gwQ>H$m
H$aÊ`mgmR>r amo{hë`m§er bT>Ê`mgmR>r _hmXOrZo bJoM {Xëbrda ñdmar Ho$br d {Xëbr Vmã`mV KoD$Z
38
ehmAmb_bm JmXrda ~gdbo Jwbm_ H$mXabm _amR>çm§Zr _hmXOrÀ`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bo Voìhm _hmXOrZo Ë`mMo
S>moio H$mTy>Z Ë`mg {ejm {Xbr. gmar {Xëbr ñV§{^V Pmbr. _hmXOrMm {XëbrV Xamam d AmXa dmT>bm. `m
namH«$_m~Ôb _hmXOrg ~mXehmZo _Wwam d d¥§XmdZ {h XmoZ n{dÌ joÌo {Xbr d Ë`mÀ`m {dZ§VrdéZ gd© _wKbr
gm_«mÁ`mV JmodY hË`m ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr.
aOnwVm§er gm_Zm :
Jwbm_ H$mXaÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmZ§Va _hmXOr aOnwVm§H$S>o dibm. \o$~«wdmar 1790 _Üò Ë`mZo O`nyaÀ`m
àmVnqghmMm nam^d H$éZ Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z 15 bmI én`m§Mr I§S>Ur _mÝ` H$éZ KoVbr. nmQ>UÀ`m bT>mB©V
OmoYnya O`nyaÀ`m amOm§Zm nam^yV Ho$bo d AO_oahr KoVbo. B©ñ_mBb ~oJÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Ho$bm. _oS>Zm
òWo {dO`qgher bT>mB© hmoD$Z _amR>çm§Zr aOnwVm§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. {dO`qghZo 40 bmI é. `wÕ IM© d
5 bmI é. dm{f©H$ I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. _hmXOrZo gVbO ZXrn`ªV _amR>çm§Mo dM©ñd dmT>{dbo.
Ë`mÀ`m namH«$_m_wio B§J«Om§da nU X~md amhrbm. AemàH$mao AënH$mimV _hmXOrZo gd© ~§S>Imoa aOnwVm§Zm
dR>Urda AmUbo CÎmaoV {Xp½dO` {_i{dbm.
_amR>oemhr gmdaÊ`mMm à`ËZ :
CÎmaoV _hmXOr gmYmaUV: 12 df© hmoVm. X{jUoMr ì`dñWm ZrQ> bmdUo JaOoMo hmoVo. nwT>o nwÊ`mbm
Amë`mda Ë`mZo _amR>r amÁ` gmdaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Xa~mamVrb g§e`mMo dmVmdaU Xya Ho$bo. noeì`mg
Ë`mZo amÁ`à_wImÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m d H$V©ìò g_OmdyZ gm§{JVbo. amÁ`H$ma^ma nmhVmZm H$S>H$ YmoaU d {eñV
hdr `mMr OmUrd H$éZ {Xbr. WmoSŠ`mV noeì`m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmam AZw^d d kmZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
_hmXOrZo Ho$bm. Ë`mÀ`m `m H$m`m©_wio ZmZmg _hmXOr~Ôb g§e` Ambm d XmoKm§V VUmd dmTy> bmJbm.
B§J«Om§Mo amOH$maU dmT>rg bmJbo hmoVo. _amR>oemhr dmMdÊ`mgmR>rM _hmXOr X{jUoV Ambm hmoVm. nU
ZmZmbm hm Amnë`m gÎmm^moJmV AS>Wim dmQ>bm. X{jUoV Amë`mda _hmXOrZo Amnë`m nXì`m _mZ{MÝho
noeì`m§Zm An©U Ho$bo hmoVo. _amR>çm§Mr gd© gÎmm Ë`mbm hmVr KoVm Ambr AgVr na§Vw Ë`mZo _amR>oemhrMo hrV
_hÎdmMo _mZbo. AmnU _amR>oemhrMo MmH$a AmhmoV {h ^mdZm Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVyZ Zï> Pmbr Zmhr. `mdoir VwH$moOr
hmoiH$aZo _hmXOrÀ`m Vmã`mVrb CÎmaoMm àXoe ~iH${dbm, Voìhm _hmXOrÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo bmIoarÀ`m `wÕmV
Ë`m§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. Amnë`mM _mUgmMm nam^d Ho$ë`mMo Xw:I _hmXOrg Pmbo. eodQ>n`ªV Ë`mZo _amR>oemhr
gmdaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m Ñï>rZo Ë`mMr Vi_i dmImUÊ`mOmoJr Amho.
_hmXOrMm _¥Ë`y d `mo½`Vm :
gVVÀ`m `wÕ_mo{h_m§Mm VmU d nwÊ`mVrb gVVÀ`m hmbMmbr `mMm _hmXOrÀ`m àH¥$Vrda n[aUm_ hmoV
hmoVm. _amR>oemhrer eodQ>n`ªV EH${Zð> amhÿZ Ë`mZo Amnbo H$V©ì` MmoInUo nma nmS>bo. 12 \o$~«wdmar 1794
amoOr Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. _¥Ë`yg_`r _hmXOrMo d` 67 dfm©Mo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZo _amR>çm§Mm EH$ AmYmañV§^
H$mogibm. Ë`mÀ`mZ§Va Ë`mMm XÎmH$ _wbJm Xm¡bVamd qeXo hm KamÊ`mMm dmag ~Zbm.
39
_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _hmXOr qeXoMo ñdV§Ì Ago ñWmZ Amho. _amR>oemhr gmdaÊ`mMm \$ma _moR>m namH«$_
Ë`mZo Ho$bm. ñdnamH«$_mda _moR>m Pmboë`m `m goZmZr_wio _amR>r gÎmobm nwÝhm Eoíd`© àmßV Pmbo. Vmo YmS>gr
namH«$_r Agë`mZo AZoH$ _mo{h_m Ë`mZo èñdr Ho$ë`m. Ë`mÀ`mOdi _wËgÔo{Jar d Vbdma ~hmXyar ho XmoÝhr JwU
hmoVo. Ë`mZo Amnë`m VbdmarÀ`m Omoamda qhXyñWmZmV Xamam {Z_m©U Ho$bm. n{hë`m B§J«O _amR>o `wÕmV namH«$_
JmOdwZ _amR>çm§Zm {dO` àmßV H$éZ {Xbm. CÎmaoVrb Ag§Vwï> _wpñb_ gaXma, amo{hbo, OmQ>, amOnwV BË`mXtMm
g_mMma KoVbm. {XëbrÀ`m ~mXehmbm _amR>çm§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUbo. CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmV Amnbo
amOH$s` à^md joÌ {Z_m©U Ho$bo B§J«O AmYw{ZH$ eñÌm§À`m Omoamda {dO` {_i{dVmV ho AmoiIwZ _hmXOrZo
S>r ~m°`Zogma»`m \«|$M goZmZrg Amnë`m nXar R>odwZ H$dm`Vr \$m¡O C^r Ho$br. Zdr eñÌo, Vmo\$ImZm {Z_m©U
Ho$bm. _hmXOrÀ`m èmMo ahñ` Ë`mÀ`m Agm_mÝ` bîH$ar H$m¡eë`mVM AmnUmg {XgVo. noeì`m§Mr godm
H$aUo Y_© _mZyZ H$m`© Ho$bo. \$ma _moR>r gÎmm, \$m¡O gm_Ï`© Odi AgyZhr noeì`m§er ñdm_rX«moh H$aÊ`mMm
{dMma Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Ambm Zmhr. ñdm_r{Zð>m hm _moR>m JwU Ë`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVm.
_hmXOr ñnï> ~mobUmam gË`m§Mm H¡$dmar hmoVm. gd© OmVrMo JwUr bmoH$ nXar R>odwZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z amÁ`mMr
H$m_o H$adwZ KoVbr gÎmm, g§nÎmr, {H$Vu `m_wio Ë`mÀ`m dV©Zmda H$Yr AZ{ï> n[aUm_ Pmbm Zmhr. _hmXOr
CXma Ym{_©H$ àd¥ÎmrMm hmoVm. Y_m©Mm A{^_mZr AgyZhr _wñbr_ Y_m©Mm eÌy ZìhVm. H$dr, H$bmH$ma,
Á`mo{Vfr d {dÛmZm§Mm Vmo gÝ_mZ H$arV Ago. gmYyg§Vmda Ë`mMr Anma lÕm hmoVr. OmVr d Y_© ôXmH$S>o Ë`mZo
bj {Xbo Zmhr.
_hmXOr hþema d _wËgÔr Agë`mZo gd© _mo{h_m§V d BVa ì`dhmamV èñdr Pmbm. 18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m
_amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb _hmXOr åhUOo Agm_mÝ` ì`pŠV_Îd hmoVo. _hmXOrÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va noedmB©Mo gm_Ï`©
KQ>V OmUma `mMr Mmhÿb AZoH$m§Zm bmJbr. _hmXOrÀ`m namH«$_mZo qhXynXnmXemhrMo ñdßZ gmH$ma hmoV Jobo.
Ago åhQ>bo Va MyH$ R>aUma Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZo _amR>oemhrbm _moR>m YŠH$m ~gbm, ho AmoiIyZ B§J«Om§Zr nwT>o
Amnbo dM©ñd dmT>{dÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. [a`mgVH$ma Ë`mÀ`m {df`r åhUVmV, ""{edmOr _hmamOmZ§Va
_hmamO Zmdmg emoÛmam A{Ib _amR>oemhrV _hmXOr hm EH$M nwéf Pmbm `mV g§e` Zmhr.''
2.2.3
ZmZm \$S>Urg :
AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V _hmamï´>mÀ`m VWm ^maVmÀ`m amOH$maUmV EH$ Wmoa _wËgÔr CX`mg Ambm
H$s Á`mZo OdiOdi 25 df} ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV Amnë`m AgmYmaU à{VôZo ~w{Õd¡^dmZo d XyaXeu
ñdê$nmMo amOH$maU H$éZ _amR>oemhrg Zdo OrdZ àmßV H$éZ {Xbo. _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmVrb AYm© ehmUm,
MmUmj emgH$ åhUyZ ZmZm \$S>Urgmbm AmoiIbo OmVo. noedmB©À`m AIoaÀ`m H$mimV Or H$V©~Jma _§S>ir
CX`mg Ambr d Á`m§Zr _amR>oemhrg gmdaÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© Ho$bo Ë`m_Üò ZmZm d _hmXOr `m XmoZ
_hÎdmÀ`m ì`pŠV hmoË`m.
ZmZm \$S>UrgMm CX` :
_mYdamdm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _amR>m amÁ` ApñWa ~Zbo hmoVo. Am§V[aH$ g§Kf© d Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. `m
40
ApñWa amÁ`mg ñW¡`© XoÊ`mgmR>r _w»` H$ma^mar d _wËgÔr åhUyZ ZmZm \$S>UrgZo `moJXmZ {Xbobo {XgVo. Á`m
H$mbI§S>mV {ZOm_, h¡Xa, B§J«O, nmoVw©JrO, amOnyV B. eŠVr _amR>çm§À`m A§VJ©V g§Kfm©Mm \$m`Xm KoD$Z _amR>r
gm_«mÁ` CÜdñV H$aÊ`mg {ZKmë`m hmoË`m. Aem ZmOwH$ n[apñWVrVrb amOH$maUmda ZmZmZo nH$S> ~gdwZ
Amnë`m XyaXeu {dMmamZo eÌyÀ`m hmbMmbtZm bJm_ KmVbm. Ë`m§Mo _Zgw~o T>mgiyZ Q>mH$bo. ZmZmbm AË`§V
_hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>m`Mr hmoVr. nam^d d ~o{eñV `m§Zr {dñH$irV Pmboë`m _amR>çm§Zm nwÝhm
amOH$maUmV d _¡XmZmV Cô H$amd`mMo hmoVo. ZmZm Omon`ªV {Od§V hmoVm Vmon`ªV ½dmëhoa, B§Xm¡a, Pmer, ~S>moXm,
YmadmS> B. {R>H$mUr _amR>çm§Mm P|S>m _moR>çm {X_mImZo \$S>H$V hmoVm. `m àXoemVrb à_wI gaXma noeì`m§Zm
loð> _mZrV AgV.
ZmZm \$S>Urg `mMm OÝ_ 12 \o$~«wdmar 1742 amoOr gmVmam òWo Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m KamÊ`mV d§ena§namJV
\$S>U{der hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo _wi AmS>Zmd ^mZy AgyZhr nwT>rb H$mimV \$S>Urg hoM ê$T> Pmbobo {XgVo.
Ë`mMo Iao Zmd ~mimOr OZmX©Z ^mZy hmoVo. ZmZmMo dS>rb OZmX©Z ~ëbmi ^mZy ho ~mimOr ~mOramd noedo
`m§À`m hmVmImbr \$S>Udrg VWm {heo~ VnmgZrg åhUyZ hmoVo. ZmZmg d`mÀ`m 14 ì`m dfu Ë`m§Mo dS>rb
dmaë`mZ§Va \$S>U{derMm A{YH$ma noeì`m§Zr {Xbm. {heo~ R>odUmam H$maHy$Z åhUyZ noeì`m§À`m godog ZmZm
XmIb Pmbm. gXm{edamd^mD§$À`m XoIaoIrImbr Ë`mg amÁ`H$ma^mamMo d O_mIMm©Mo YS>o {_imbo.
_mYdamdm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va ZmZm Iè`m AWm©Zo àH$memV Ambm.
nm{ZnVmV ZmZm Jobm hmoVm _mÌ bT>çmV H$YrM ^mJ KoVbm Zmhr. Vbdma Mmb{dÊ`mMo V§Ì Ë`m§Zm
_mhrV ZìhVo. boIUrZo H$m_ CaH$Ê`mMm Ë`mMm ñd^md hmoVm.
ZmZmMr H$m_{Jar :
noedm _mYdamdm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va ZmamÙamdmg noedonXmMr dñÌo {_imbr nU Ë`mMm IyZ JmaX²>çm§Zr Ho$bm
åhUyZ ~ma^mB©Mo H$mañWmZ aMÊ`mV ZmZm à_wI hmoVm. ~ma^mB© H$ma^mamÀ`m H$mimV ZmZm Iè`m AWm©Zo
amOH$maUmV M_Hy$$ bmJbm. gImam_ ~mny§Zr amKmo~mer g§~§Y R>odbm ZgVm Va ZmZmbm nwT>o òÊ`mMr g§Yr
{_imbr ZgVr nU gImam_ ~mnyÀ`m `moOZm Ag\$b Pmë`mZo Ë`mMo XwQ>ßnr YmoaU Omhra Pmbo d AIoa
_hmXOrÀ`m {ZJ«hmZo Ë`m§Zm Ho$X Ho$bo Jobo. gImam_~mnyMo _amR>r amOH$maUmVyZ d noeì`m§À`m Xa~mamVyZ
CÀMmQ>Z hmoUo hr Jmoï> ZmZmÀ`m nÏ`mda nS>br. Vo noeì`m§À`m Xa~mamMo gd©loð> à_wI ~Zbo gZ 1775 Vo
1795 `m drg dfm©À`m H$mimV noedmB©Mr åhUOo _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMr gd© gyÌo ~hþVoH$ ZmZm§À`mM Vmã`mV
am{hbr. gZ 1795 Vo 1800 hm H$mi ZmZmMm _ZñVmnmMm, ÌmgmMm åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
{~«Q>re d amKmo~m {damoYr ^y{_H$m :
noedonXmgmR>r amKmo~m H$Q> H$mañWmZo H$arV hmoVm. noedm gdmB© _mYdamdmMo g§ajU H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.
amKmo~mMr noedonX {_i{dÊ`mMr _hÎdH$m§jm nyU© hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ ZmZmZo Iyn n[al_ KoVbo. ~ma^mB© _Yrb
12 _wËgX²XçmV ZmZmhr hmoVmM. _¡XmZmV namH«$_ JmO{dUo ho ZmZmMo H$V©¥Ëd ZìhVo nU amOH$s` S>mdnoM
41
bT>{dÊ`mV Vmo _wËgÔr hmoVm. amKmo~mZo B§J«OmÀ`m _XVrZo noedonX {_i{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZM B§J«O
_amR>m `wÕ CX²^dbo. B§J«Om§Zm Zm_moha_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmZmZo MVw:g§KmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`mVyZM ZmZmMo
~w{ÕMmVw`© d _wËgÔrnUm {XgVmo.
MVw:g§KmMr ñWmnZm :
B§J«Om{déÕ EH$Q>çm _amR>çm§Zr Z bT>Vm gd© BÎmXoer` gÎmm§Zr bT>mdo Ago ZmZmZo R>a{dbo. Ë`mZo
_wËgÔo{JarZo BVa gÎmm§Zm B§J«Om§Mo H$mañWmZ g_OmdwZ gm§{JVbo. gdmªZr EH$OwQ>rZo B§J«Om§er g§Kf© H$aÊ`mV
H$moUVm \$m`Xm Amho hohr g_OmdwZ gm§{JVbo. ZmZmÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ noedo, ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo, h¡Xa d {ZOm_ `m
4 gÎmm§Mm MVw:g§K ApñVËdmV Ambm. ZmZmZoM hr A{Ib ^maVr` AmKmS>r B§J«Om{damoYr C^r Ho$br.
B§J«Om§À`m AÝ`m`r YmoaUm_wio AZoH$ gÎmm `mV gh^mJr Pmë`m. nmoVw©JrO, \«|$M, O§{Oè`mMm Zdm~, AdYMm
Zdm~ `m gdmªMm nmR>t~m `m g§Kmg hmoVm. JwßVnUo ho H$mañWmZ ZmZmZo Cô Ho$bo hmoVo d H$m_mMo dmQ>nhr Ho$bo.
^mogë`m§Zr ~§Jmbda ñdmar H$amdr h¡XaZo _Ðmgda d X{jUoVrb B§J«O àXoemda hëbo H$amdoV. {ZOm_mZo nyd©
{H$Zmè`mda Amnbr \$m¡O nmR>dmdr Va nwUo Xa~mamZo JwOamV d _w§~B©À`m AmOw~mOwg hëbo H$amdo Ago {Z`moOZ
Ho$bo hmoVo.
B§J«Om§er g§Kf© d gmb~mB©Mm Vh :
B§J«Om§Zm hþgH$mdwZ bmdÊ`mMr Or _hmZ AmKmS>r C^maÊ`mV Ambr Ë`mV ZmZmMm _wËgÔrnUm {XgyZ
òVmo. nU `m MVw:g§KmMr d Ë`mÀ`m H$Q>-H$mañWmZmMr _m{hVr dm°aZ h|pñQ>½Obm g_Oë`mda Ë`mZo gm_ Xm_
X§S> ôX `m§Mm dmna H$éZ `m g§KmVrb g^mgX \$moS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. B§J«O ho ZmZmnojm {ZpíMVM A{YH$
_wËgÔr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm BÎmXoer` gÎmm§Mo XwJw©U _m{hV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr {ZOm_mg Jw§Vya àm§V XoD$Z Q>mH$bm. Ë`m_wio Vmo
VQ>ñW am{hbm. Va _wYmoOr ^mogë`mg 50 bmImMr bmM {Xbr Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m _wbmZo I§Sy>OrZo ~§Jmbda
H$mT>bobr ñdmar ~maJibr. AdY O§{Oè`mMo Zmdm~, \«|$M, nmoVw©JrO ho _mÌ _o{h_odoir {Z{îH«$` am{hbo. Aem
H$R>rU n[apñWVrVhr ZmZm d h¡Xa AbrZo B§J«Om{déÕ `wÕ Om{ha Ho$bo. haqnV \$S>Ho$, naewam_ ^mD$ nQ>dY©Z
`m§Zr nwÊ`mda òUmè`m B§J«Or \$m¡Ooda J{Z_r H$mì`mZo hëbo MT>{dbo. Oab Jm°S>S>© d Ë`mÀ`m \$m¡Oobm
_amR>çm§Zr I§S>mim òWo doT>bo Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm _§w~B©bm naV Omdo bmJbo. `m g§Kfm©V 3000 B§J«O g¡{ZH$ R>ma
Pmbo XrS> H$moQ>rMo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. H$Zm©Q>H$mV h¡XaZohr B§J«Om§er àIa bT>m {Xbm. AemàH$mao g§nyU© {~«Q>re
gÎmobm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm. Voìhm B§J«Om§Zr gai eaUmJVr nËH$abr. _wËgÔr hopñQ>¨½OZo _amR>çm§er Vh
H$aÊ`mMo R>adbo. Ë`mZwgma _hmXOr _m\©$V VhmMm n«ñVmd _m§S>bm. _hmXOrÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo _amR>çm§Zr Vmo _mÝ`
Ho$bm nU Omon`ªV h¡Xa B§J«Om§er bT>V hmoVm Vmon`ªV ZmZmZo Ë`mda ghr Ho$br ZìhVr. Ooìhm h¡Xa _aU nmdbm
VoìhmM ZmZmZo ghr Ho$br. hm Vh åhUOo B{Vhmg à{gÕ "gmb~mB©Mm Vh' hmo`. VhmZwgma nya§Xa VhmZ§Va
B§J«Om§Zr KoVbobr gd© {R>H$mUo _amR>çm§Zm naV H$amdr d B§J«Om§Zm nyduà_mUo ì`mnmar gdbVr {_imì`m B. Jmoï>r
_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. hm Vh ^maVr` B{VhmgmVrb _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm hmo`.
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ZmZm-_hmXOr VUmd :
ZmZmZo ñdV:À`m hmVr gd© gÎmm R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mZo BVam§Mr _Zo Ë`mZo XwImdbr _hmXOr qeXoÀ`m
d¡^dembr H$m`©H$V©¥ÎdmMo _hÎd Ë`mZo AmoiIbo Zmhr CbQ> _hmXOr ~Ôb ZmZmÀ`m _ZmV {VañH$mamMr
^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbr. _hmXOr~Ôb ZmZm g§e` KoV hmoVm Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo _hmXOrg doioda _XV Ho$br Zmhr.
CbQ> VwH$moOr hmoiH$a d Abr ~hmXya `m§Zm Ë`mZo CÎmaog nmR>dyZ _hmXOrÀ`m H$m`m©V AS>Wio AmUbo.
Amnë`m hmVr gÎmm amhÊ`mgmR>r gdmB© _mYdamdmg Ë`mZo Amnë`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr R>odbo. IS>çm©À`m
bT>mB©doir _amR>çm§Vrb EH$s _O~wV H$aUo ZmZmg eŠ` hmoVo nU {d{dY H$mañWmZo H$éZ gÎmm {Q>H${dÊ`mMm
Ho${dbdmUm à`ËZ ZmZmZo Ho$bm. Ë`mV Ë`mMm n¡gm d A~«w Jobr. _amR>r gÎmm H$_Hw$dV Pmbr.
bmoH$mon`moJr H$m_o :
_mYdamd noeì`m§À`m H$mimV ZmZmg {heo~mMm amÁ`H$ma^mamMm CÎm_ AZw^d {_imbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio
Ë`mZo CÎm_ H$a ì`dhma d AmXe© Ý`m`nÕVr C^mabr. O_mIMm©V g§nyU© noedmB©V Ë`mÀ`mgmaIm Hw$eb
H$ma^mar Pmbm Zmhr. {d{dY Cnm`m§Zr Ë`mZo n¡gm C^méZ amÁ` gwa{jV R>odbo. Ë`mMm ImOJr Ðì` g§M`
H$moQ>çmdYrMm hmoVm Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm ZdH$moQ> ZmamÙ åhQ>bo OmV.
gaXmadJm©da dMH$ :
amOH$s` Ioir IoiÊ`mV ZmZm AË`§V {ZnwU hmoVm. gaXma dJm©da Ë`mMo dM©ñd hmoVo. _wËgÔrnUmÀ`m
~imda Ë`mZo ~ma^mB©À`m amOH$maUmda Amnbm à^md R>odbm hmoVm. gd© gaXma Ë`mMr _Ou g§nmXZ
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV.
gdmB© _mYdamdmZ§Va H$mañWmZo H$éZ Ë`mZo ApñWanUm XmI{dbm. Vmo AË`§V nwamU{à`, hoH$Q>
ñd^mdmMm ~ZV Jobm. Zì`m {dMmam§Mr, emñÌm§Mr AmoiI H$éZ KoVbr Zmhr. B{VhmgH$ma gaXogmB©
åhUVmV, ""ZmZmZo A_`m©X gÎmoMr bmbgm d Ðì` bmo^mMm Ë`mJ H$éZ BVam§Zmhr amOH$maUmV nwT>o òÊ`mMr
g§Yr {Xbr AgVr Va B{VhmgmV Ë`mbm Oo ñWmZ {_imbo Amho Ë`mnojm A{YH$ _mZmMo d _moR>o ñWmZ {_imbo
AgVo.'' Xwgè`m ~mOramdmZo Oar Ë`mbm H$ma^mar nX {Xbo Var Vo Zm__mÌ hmoVo. ~mOramdZo ZmZmg AË`§V
An_mZmñnX dmJ{dbo. H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. Aem XméU AdñWoV AmOmar nSy>Z 13 _mM© 1800 amoOr Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y
Pmbm. ZmZmH$S>o H$mhr Xmof Oéa hmoVo nU Ë`mÀ`m _wËgÔo{JarÀ`m ~imda Ë`mZo _amR>oemhrMo g§ajU Ho$bo.
B§J«Om§Zm WmondyZ Yabo ho {dgaVm òUma Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m {ZYZmZo _amR>oemhrVrb Cabo gwabo ehmUnUhr b`mbm
Jobo Ago nm_aZo åhQ>bo Amho Vo IaoM Amho.
_amR>o gÎmoÀ`m èhmgmMr H$maUo :
gdmB© _mYdamdmZ§Va amKmo~mMm nwÌ Xwgam ~mOramd hm noedm Pmbm nU Vmo H$V¥©ËddmZ ZìhVm. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o
amÁ`H$mË`m©g Amdí`H$ JwU ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio _amR>oemhrMm A§V Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV Pmbm. _amRr gÎmoÀ`m CX`mg
43
Á`mà_mUo {d{dY H$maUo O~m~Xma R>abr Ë`mMà_mUo _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoÀ`m ZmemgmR>r AZoH$ KQ>H$ H$maUr^wV
R>abo. ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV _amR>r gm_«mÁ`mMo {dKQ>Z hr EH$ emoH$H$maH$ KQ>Zm R>abr. N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr
ñdY_© ajUmgmR>r ñdamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. N>ÌnVr g§^mOr, N>ÌnVr amOmam_ d _hmamUr Vmam~mB© `m§Zr
àmUnUmZo ñdamÁ`mMo ajU Ho$bo. N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr H$V©~Jma noedm ~mimOr {dídZmW `mÀ`mH$S>o
ñdamÁ` ajUmMr O~m~Xmar {Xbr. Ë`mZo d Ë`mZ§Va ~mOramd ZmZmgmho~, _mYdamd `m§Zr ñdamÁ`mMo gm_«mÁ`mV
énm§Va Ho$bo. VX²Z§Va _hmXOrZo ñdnamH«$_mZo _amR>çm§Mm CÎmaoVhr X~X~m {Z_m©U Ho$bm. qhXyñWmZmVë`m
amOH$maUmVrb nmoH$ir ^éZ H$mT>br. _amR>çm§Zr Amnbo gm_Ï`©embr gm_«mÁ` Cô Ho$bo. na§Vw Xwgam ~mOramd
d Xm¡bVamd `mgma»`m ZmXmZ§ Zmbm`H$ _mUgmH$S>o gÎmm Joë`mZo ñdamÁ`mV AZmJm|Xr H$ma^ma gwé Pmbm.
_amR>çm§À`mV Xyhr dmT>br. amï´>{hV ~mOybm nSyZ ñdmWu amOH$maU gwé Ho$bo d _amR>r gÎmm ZmemH$S>o PwHy$
bmJbr. B§J«Om§À`m dmT>Ë`m {dñVmambm _amR>o amoIy eH$bo Zmhr. nmhVm nmhVm _amR>r gm_«mÁ`mMm Zme Pmbm.
_amR>r gÎmoÀ`m èhmgmg AZoH$ KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo :
1. {edemhrÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mMm _amR>çm§Zm {dga :
N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Zr ñdamÁ`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Omo AmXe© {Z_m©U Ho$bm Vmo nwT>rb H$mimV amhrbm Zmhr.
d¡`pŠVH$ ñdmWm©nojm amîQ´>{hV H$go _hÎdmMo Amho {h {eH$dU _amR>o {dgabo. _hmamOm§Zr ObXwJ© ~m§Ybo,
Ama_ma C^mabo, bîH$amV, H$ma^mamV {eñV AmUbr. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _mÌ hr {eñV am{hbr Zmhr. bmoH$H$ë`mU
~mOybm nS>bo. Ë`m_wio EH$g§K ñdê$n am{hbo Zmhr. dVZXmam§da noeì`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU am{hbo Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _amR>r
gm_«mÁ` {dZmemH$S>o Jobo.
2. CÎmamoÎma _wËgÔr dŠVtMm A^md :
gdmB© _mYdamdmÀ`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va _amR>r gm_«mÁ` gmdaUmè`m AZoH$ H$V©~Jma _wËgÔr ì`ŠVtMm _¥Ë`w Pmbm.
_hmXOr qeXo, h[an§V \$S>Ho$, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a, ZmZm \$S>Urg B. gma»`m§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va _wËgÔr ZoV¥Ëd {_imbo
Zmhr. H$V©~Jma namH«$_r ì`ŠVtZm g§Yr XoD$Z amï´>H$m`m©gmR>r Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$éZ KoUmam ZoVm _amR>r gm_«mÁ`mg
Z {_imë`mZo {dZme KSy>Z Ambm.
3. Aì`dpñWV amÁ`H$ma^ma :
N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Z§Va _amR>çm§Mr emgZì`dñWm CÎmamoÎma {~KS>V Jobr. {edmOramOo d n{hbm ~mOramd
`m§À`m H$mimV Or bîH$ar {eñV hmoVr Vr Z§Va am{hbr Zmhr. noeì`m§Zr g§nyU© amÁ`H$ma^ma Amnë`m hmVr
KoVë`mZo AZoH$ _amR>m gaXmam§Zm AmdS>bo Zmhr Ë`m_wio _amR>çm§Zr {_i{dboë`m àXoemda dMH$ am{hbm Zmhr
d H|$Ðr` gÎmm H$_Hw$dV ~Zë`mZo _amR>r amÁ`mMm Zme Pmbm.
4. Am[W©H$ {XdmiImoar :
noedmB© H$mimV _amR>r amÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr S>~KmB©g Amë`mZo Ë`mMr _moR>r qH$_V _moOmdr
bmJbr. gm_«mÁ` dmT>{dë`mZ§Va ZdrZ àXoemVrb _hgyb ì`dñWm amÁ`mMm O_mIM© `mH$S>o bj {Xbo Jobo
44
Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$O© dmT>V Jobo. noeì`m§~amo~a AZoH$ gaXmahr H$Om©V AS>H$bo. Ë`mMm \$Q>H$m _amRr gÎmobm
~gbm.
5. Xw~ir _Ü`dVu gÎmm :
N>ÌnVr {edmOr d g§^mOrÀ`m H$mimV _Ü`dVu gÎmm ~iH$Q> hmoVr nU emhÿÀ`m AmJ_ZmZ§Va
g§aOm_emhrMm CX` hmoV Jobm. _Ü`dVu gÎmm {ZñVoO Pmbr. {edam`m§Zr d§ena§namJV nXo H$moUmbm {Xbr
ZìhVr nU emhÿÀ`m H$mimV `m gd© Jmoï>r gwé Pmë`m. dmñV{dH$ N>ÌnVr hm amÁ`mMm _mbH$ d noedm
Ë`mMm MmH$a nU noedoM Iao _mbH$ ~Zbo. _mYdamdmZ§Va noedohr H$V©¥ËdhrZ {ZKmbo. amÁ`mMm _mbH$
I§~ra à~i Agë`m{edm` amÁ` {Q>Hy$ eH$V Zmhr hm B{VhmgmVrb {gÕm§V _amR>çm§ZmXoIrb bmJy nS>bm.
6. Y_m©MaUmMo ñVmo_ :
CÎma noedmB©V Y_m©MaUmMo ñVmo_ _mObo. nyOmAMm©, CnmgVmnmg, _§ÌV§Ì, `k`mJ `m§Mo à_mU dmT>bo.
AãXmbrMm nam^d H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jobobm gXm{ed^mD$ `wÕ _mo{h_m§Mr AmIUr H$aÊ`mEodOr {VWm©bm nwOmnmR>
`mV a_bm. Xwgè`m ~mOramdÀ`m H$mimV Va H$_©H$m§S>, OnVn, AZwîR>mZo, ~«måhU ^moOZo `mVM g§nyU© nwUo
AS>Hw$Z nS>bo. Zì`m V§ÌkmZmMm {ñdH$ma Ho$bm Jobm Zmhr Ë`m_wio A§Y:lÕm, H$_©H$m§S> `mV AS>H$boë`m
Amnë`m g_mOmMr nwT>o nrN>ohmQ> Pmbr.
7. B§J«Om§Mr doimodoir KoVbobr _XV :
_amR>çm§Zr ñdmWu hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Om§Mr _XV KoVbr. B§J«Om§Zr Aem g§YrMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z
_amR>r gÎmm {Ii{Iir Ho$br. ZmZmgmho~mZo B§J«Om§Mr _XV KoD$Z Am§Jè`m§À`m Ama_mamMm Zme Ho$bm. amKmo~mZohr
noedonX àmßVrgmR>r B§J«Om§er gwaVoMm Vh H$éZ Ë`m§Zm nwÊ`mV AmUbo. Ë`mVwZM n{hbo B§J«O-_amR>m `wÕ KSw>Z
Ambo. Xwgè`m ~mOramdZo Va B§J«Om§er dgB©Mm Vh H$éZ V¡ZmVr \$m¡OoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AemàH$mao _amR>çm§Zr
B§J«Om§Zm Amnë`m amOH$maUmV AmoT>bo. ñdH$s`m§{déÕ Ë`m§Zm bT>{dbo d B§J«Om§Zr Aem g§YrMm nwaonwa \$m`Xm
H$éZ KoVbm d nwT>o _amR>r gÎmoMm AñV KS>dyZ AmUbm.
8. _amR>çm§Zr {dkmZmH$S>o Ho$bobo Xwb©j :
18 ì`m eVH$mV à~moYZ Midi Pmbr B§½b§S>_Üò Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va CÚmoJ, {ejU, ì`mnma B.
joÌmV àJVr gmYbr Jobr. VgoM ^maVmV Amë`mZ§Va B§J«Om§Zr òWrb ^mfoMm g_mOmMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVrMm
amOH$s` n[a{ñWVrMm Aä`mg Ho$bm `m Jmoï>rH$S>o _amR>çm§Zr _mÌ bj {Xbo Zmhr qH$dm AmYw{ZH$VoMm
ñdrH$mahr Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio amOdmS>o åhUVmV, ""_amR>çm§Zr {dkmZmH$S>o Ho$bobo Xwb©j ho _amR>oemhrÀ`m
ZmemMo à_wI H$maU hmo`.''
9. B§J«Om§Mm _wËgÔo{JarnUm :
B§J«Om§Zr _wËgÔo{Jar~m~V _amR>çm§da _mV Ho$br. amÁ`{dñVma gmYV AgVmZm gm_ Xm_ X§S> ôX ZrVrMm
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dmna Ho$bm. _amR>çm§À`mV n¡go XodwZ \y$Q> nmS>br. JwßV ~mVå`m, _amR>çm§À`m amOH$s` hmbMmbtda H$S>H$ ZOa
R>odwZ noeì`m§MoM bmoH$ {\$Vwa Ho$bo d Amnbo bj gmYbo. doJdoJù`m _mJm©Zo EH$ EH$ _amR>m gaXmambm AbJ
H$éZ _amR>r gÎmm g§nwï>mV AmUbr.
10. _mJmg bîH$a d `wÕ gm_J«r :
H$mimbm AZwgéZ _amR>çm§Zr bîH$amV ~Xb Ho$bm Zmhr. B§J«Omgma»`m à~i eÌwer bT>VmZm H$dm`Vr
\$m¡Om gwYmabobr `wÕ gm_J«r JaOoMr hmoVr. _hmXOr qeXoMm AndmX gmoS>Vm noeì`m§Zr qH$dm BVa gaXmam§Zr
H$dm`Vr bîH$a {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr gwYmabobr `§Ìgm_J«r Odi ~miJÊ`mMr XyaÑï>r R>odbr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
B§J«Om§À`m g¡Ý`mer _wH$m~bm H$aVmZm _amR>o H$_r nS>bo.
11. gdVm, gw^m-~oH$s :
n{hë`m ~mOramdÀ`m H$mimV qeXo, hmoiH$a, ^mogbo, Jm`H$dmS> B. _mVã~a gaXma {Z_m©U Pmbo nU
Ë`m§À`mV EH$s Aer Ho$ìhmM Zm§Xbr Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm H$moUmMo ~§YZ ZH$mo hmoVo AmnAmnë`m àXoemV Vo amOmgmaIo
amhmV. _mYdamdm§À`m Z§Va `m gaXmam§À`mdaMo {Z`§ÌU gwQ>bo. Ë`m§À`mVrb gdË`m gwä`mbm Mm§JbmM dmd
{_imbm. n[aUm_r amÁ`mVrb EH$OyQ> Zmhrer hmoD$Z _amR>çm§À`mV ~oH$s {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m gaXmam§À`mV Oa
EH$s H$m`_ am{hbr AgVr Va _amR>r amÁ`mMm Zme H$aUo B§J«Om§Zm AË`§V AdKS> hmoVo.
12. Ama_mamH$S>o Xwb©j :
naH$s` gÎmm§Mm YmoH$m AmoiIyZ {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Ama_ma d
^ŠH$_ ObXwJmªMr C^maUr Ho$br hmoVr. `mH$mimV Ama_mambm ñdV§Ì EH$ amÁ`m§JM _mZbo Om`Mo.
{edH$mimZ§Va _mÌ Ama_mamH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo. Am§J«o KamÊ`mVM à_wI nXmdéZ dmX {Z_m©U Pmbo nwT>o ZmZmgmho~mZo
ho Ama_maM Zï> Ho$bo Ë`m_wio n{íM_oMr {H$ZmanÅ>r Agwa{jV Pmbr d B§J«Om§Zr `mMm YwV©nUo \$`Xm KoVbm.
13. amï´>r`ÎdmÀ`m ^mdZoMm A^md :
N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Zr _amR>r bmoH$m§V ñdm^r_mZ, ñdY_m©{^_mZ, ñdamÁ`mMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$éZ qhXdr
ñdamÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo. nU N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOmZ§Va hr ^mdZm H$_r H$_r hmoV Jobr. noeì`m§À`m H$mbI§S>mV
amï´>{hVmnojm ñd{hV _hÎdmMo dmQ>V hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`mMr ^mdZm bmon nmdbr. amKmo~mgma»`m ñdmWu _mUgmZo
gÎmm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r eÌwMr _XV KoVbr. VoìhmnmgyZM `m KaôXrnUmMm \$m`Xm B§J«Om§Zr KoVbm d _amR>r
gÎmoMm èhmg KSyZ Ambm.
14. hoaImË`mH$S>o Xwb©j :
N>ÌnVr {edam`m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`©j_ hoa`§ÌUoÛmao AZoH$ g§H$Q>mda _mV Ho$br. eÌw JmoQ>mV n«{VHw$b
pñWVrVhr {eéZ Ë`m§Mm ~r_moS> Ho$bm. ~{hOu ZmB©H$ gma»`m hoam_m\©$V naH$s` _wbwImVrb {dÎm~mV_r
_hmamOm§Zm H$iV Ago Ë`m_wio AZoH$ _mo{h_m Vo èñdr H$é eH$Vo. noedo H$mimV _mÌ `m ImË`mH$S>o Xwb©j
46
Pmbo. Xwgè`m ~mOramdbm B§J«Om§À`m hmbMmbr g_OÊ`mEodOr Ë`m§À`mM gd© ~mVå`m B§J«Om§H$S>o nmohMë`m d
_amR>r gÎmoMm èhmg KSy>Z Ambm.
15. Xwgam ~mOramd noedm :
B§J«Om§Zr Xwgè`m B§J«O-_amR>m `wÕmV _amR>o qeXo, ^mogbo, hmoiH$am§Mm ~r_moS> Ho$bm. ~mOramdmg EH$Q>o
nmS>bo. Voìhm ~mOramdZo 50 hOma \$m¡O O_dwZ `wÕmMr V`mar Ho$br nU IS>H$sÀ`m bT>mB©V ~mOramdMm
nam^d Pmbm. Amï>rÀ`m bT>mB©V ~mny JmoIboMm nam^d Pmbm d eodQ>r ~mOramdZo \o$~«w. 1818 bm eaUmJVr
ñdrH$mabr _amR>oemhrMm AñV KSwZ Ambm. amÁ`H$Ë`m©g Amdí`H$ JwU ~mOramdH$S>o ZìhVo. Ë`mbm gÎmm
hdr hmoVr Vr M¡Zr {dbmgr OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o H$V©~Jmar ZìhVr, amîQ´>m{^_mZ ZìhVm. àOoMr
ghmZw^wVr Ë`mZo {_idm`bm hdr hmoVr. {e§Xo-hmoiH$am§da {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ Ë`m§À`mV EH$s gmYm`bm hdr hmoVr nU
Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr YS>mS>r, _wËgÔrnUm, em¡`©, _hÎdH$m§jm `mn¡H$s H$mhrhr JwU ZìhVo. V¡ZmVr \$m¡O ñdrH$maë`mZo
Vmo nyU©nUo B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV gmnS>bm. Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamV H$Q> H$mañWmZ, hmo_ hdZ `m§Zm D$V Ambm hmoVm.
Ë`m_wio _amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mMm Zme H$mhr H$mi Wm§~bm AgVm Vmo ~mOramd Wm§~dy eH$bm Zmhr. CbQ> Ë`mZo
_amR>r gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmMm doJ dmT>{dbm.
Aem àH$mao _amR>r gÎmoÀ`m èhmgmg AZoH$ H$maUo H$maUr^wV Agbr Var Xwgè`m ~mOramdMr AH$m`©j_Vm
hoM `m èhmgmMo à_wI H$maU hmo`. 1818 bm _amR>çm§Mr gÎmm B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Jobr. e{ZdmadmS>çmda
B§J«Om§Mm `w{Z`Z O°H$ \$S>H$bm.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Imbrb dmŠò nyU© H$am.
1. _hmXOr qeXo `m§À`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd ................... hmoVo.
A) amUmoOr
~) ZmJmoOr
H$) A_¥Vamd
S>) XÎmmOr
2. B. g. 1772 Vo B. g. 1794 À`m Xaå`mZMm _amR>oemhrMm H$mbI§S> ................... À`m
H$V©¥ËdmMm d namH«$_mMm _mZbm OmVmo.
A) n{hbm ~mOramd
~) _hmXOr qeXo
H$) ~mimOr {dídZmW
S>) OmZmoOr ^mogbo
3. B§J«O d _amR>o `m§À`mV _hmXOrÀ`m _Ü`ñWrZo _o 1782 _Üò .................. Vh KSy>Z Ambm.
A) H$m_oar
~) gmb~mB©
H$) Amï>r
S>) ½dmëhoa
4. _wKb ~mXehm ................... `mZo _hmXOrg dH$sb-B-_wVm{bH$ {h nXdr {Xbr.
A) ~hmXyaehm
~) Ohm§Xaehm
H$) \$éI{gAa
S>) ehmAmb_
5. _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV ................... `mg AYm© ehmUm åhUyZ AmoiIo OmVo.
47
A) gImam_ ~mny
~) amKmo~m
H$) {dÇ>b gw§Xa
S>) ZmZm \$S>Urg
H$) ZmZm \$S>Urg
S>) VwH$moOr hmoiH$a
6. ................... `m§Mo _yi AmS>Zmd ^mZy hmoVo.
A) amUmoOr qeXo
~) OZH$moOr qeXo
7. B§J«Om§Zm Zm_moha_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ................... Zo MVw:g§KmMr KmofUm Ho$br.
A) ZmZm \$S>Urg
~) _hmXOr qeXo
H$) gImam_ ~mny
S>) amKmo~m
8. _amR>çm§Zr ................... À`m BÀN>o{déÕ B§J«Om§er gmb~mB©Mm Vh Ho$bm.
A) h¡Xa ~) amKmo~m
H$) dm°aZ h|pñQ>½O
S>) OZH$moOr qeXo
9. _amR>çm§À`mV ................... A^md Agë`mZo _amR>r gÎmoMm èhmg KSy>Z Ambm.
A) gÎmm ~) EoŠ`
H$) gm§_Oñ`
10. _amR>r gÎmoMm AñV ................... À`m H$mimV KSy>Z Ambm.
A) gdmB© _mYdamd
~) ZmZmgmho~
H$) Xygam ~mOramd S>) n{hbm ~mOramd
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. bmImoarMo `wÕ H$moUmH$moUmV KSw>Z Ambo ?
2. _hmXOr qeXo `m§À`m XÎmH$ _wbmMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo ?
3. H$moUmÀ`m bT>mB©V OmoYnya d O`nyaÀ`m amOmMm nam^d Ho$bm ?
4. H$dm`Vr \$m¡OoMo _hÎd H$moUr AmoiIbo hmoVo ?
5. MVw:g§KmVwZ ~mOybm hmoÊ`mgmR>r B§J«Om§Zr H$moUmg Jw§Xya {Oëhm {Xbm ?
6. ZmamÙamdmÀ`m dYmZ§Va H$moUr Amnbo noedonX Omhra Ho$bo ?
7. amKmo~mZo B§J«Om§er hmV{_i{dUr H$emgmR>r Ho$br ?
8. Xwgè`m ~mOramdZo H$moUVm Vh ñdrH$méZ V¡ZmVr \$m¡OoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm ?
9. _amR>çm§Mr gÎmm B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Ho$ìhm Ambr ?
10. MVw:g§KmV H$moUH$moUË`m gÎmm gm_rb hmoË`m ?
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
`mXdr : AmngmVrb g§Kf©
Vh : `wÕmZ§Va dmQ>mKmQ>rVyZ Ho$bobr VS>OmoS>
48
EVXoer` : ñdXoer
AZmJm|Xr : AamOH$Vm
amï´r`Îd : amï´>m~Ôb AgUmao ào_
~ma^mB© H$mañWmZ : ZmamÙamdmMm IyZ amKmo~mZo Ho$ë`mZ§Va, amKmo~mg gÎmonmgyZ Xya R>odÊ`mgmR>r _amR>m
_wËgÔr _§S>ir EH$Ì Ambr d Ë`m§Zr H$mañWmZ aMbo Ë`mV ZmZm \$S>Urg, h[an§V \$S>Ho$, gImam_ ~mny
~mo{H$b, Í`§~H$ noR>o, _moamo~m \$S>Udrg, ~mnyOr ZmB©H$, _mbmoOr KmoanS>o, ^JdmZamd à{V{ZYr, amñVo, nQ>dY©Z,
_hmXOr, VwH$moOr hmoiH$a B. 12 _§S>ir hmoVr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m H$mañWmZmg ~ma^mB©Mo H$mañWmZ åhUVmV.
MVw:g§K : B§J«Om§À`m {damoYmV ZmZm \$S>UrgZo noedo, {ZOm_, h¡Xa d ^mogbo `m 4 gÎmm EH$Ì AmUë`m
Ë`mg MVw:g§K åhQ>bo Jobo.
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ 1
A) [aH$må`m OmJm§Mr CÎmao.
1. gmVmam
2. Jmo{nH$mXodr
3. _mYdamd
5. {dÇ>b gw§Xa
6. _moVr Vbmd
7. am_emñÌr à^yUo
4. _mYdamd
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. ßbmgr
2. gImam_ ~mny
3. _mYdamd d amKmo~m
4. A_¥Vamdmg
5. 18 Zmoìh|~a 1772
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ 2
A) [aH$må`m OmJm§Mr CÎmao.
1. amUmoOr
2. _hmXOr qeXo
3. gmbdmB©
4. ehmAmb_
5. ZmZm \$S>Urg
6. ZmZm \$S>Urg
7. ZmZm \$S>Urg
8. h¡Xa
9. EoŠ`
10. Xygam ~mOramd
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. qeXo d VwH$moOr hmoiH$a
2. Xm¡bVamd qeXo
3. nmQ>UÀ`m
4. _hmXOr qeXo
5. {ZOm_
6. amKmo~m
7. gÎmogmR>r
8. dgB© Vh
49
9. B. g. 1818
10. noedo, {ZOm_, h¡XaAbr, ZmJnyaH$a ^mogbo
2.5 gmam§e
B. g. 1761 nm{ZnV `wÕmVrb XméU nam^dmZ§Va _amR>oemhrÀ`m noedonXmMr Ywam 16 dfm©À`m
_mYdamdm§H$S>o Ambr. _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _mYdamd noeì`m§Mm H$mbI§S> _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`m§Zr
_amR>oemhrbm nm{ZnVÀ`m YŠŠ`mVyZ da H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Amnë`m g_W© ZoV¥ÎdmImbr AZoH$ à`ËZ Ho$bo.
Ë`m§À`mnwT>o AZoH$ g_ñ`m d AS>MUr hmoË`m. {VOmoarV n¡gm ZìhVm. amKmo~mbm noedm ìhm`Mo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r
Vmo _amR>çm§À`m eÌw§er g§JZ_V H$am`bm V`ma hmoVm. B§J«Om§Mo dmT>Vo gm_Ï`© hr _mYdamdm§nwT>o _moR>r g_ñ`m
hmoVr. Aem à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV _mYdamdmZo Aënem H$ma{H$Xr©V IamoIaM CÎmw§J H$m`© Ho$bo. _amR>r gÎmoMm
à^md CÎma qhXyñWmZmV {Z_m©UHo$bm. {ZOm_mer _wËgÔrnUo ñZoh OmoS>bm. h¡XaÀ`m gÎmobm Amda KmVbm.
amKmom~mMr `mXdr _moSy>Z H$mT>br. nm{ZnVmV Jobobr à{VîR>m nyd©dV {_i{dbr. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgH$ma Ë`m§Zm
gdm}Îm_ noedm åhUVmV. Vmo gmW© Amho. Ë`m§Zr amÁ`mVrb A§VJ©V g_ñ`mhr g_W©nUo gmoS>{dë`m. _amR>r
gaXmam§À`m H$m`©H$V©¥Ëdmg dmd XodyZ _amR>m gm_«mÁ`mMr d¥Õr Ho$br.
_mYdamd noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV CX`mg Amboë`m _hmXOr qeXoZo _amR>oemhrMm ApñWa d H$R>rU
n[apñWVrVhr _hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar Ho$br. YmS>gr, namH«$_r _hmXOrZo _amR>oemhr gmdaÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.
Ë`mÀ`mOdi Vbdma~hmXyar d _wËgÔo{Jar XmoÝhr JwU hmoVo. Ë`mZo _moJb ~mXehmda _amR>çm§Mo dM©ñd àñWm{nV
H$éZ nm{ZnVmV Jobobr _amR>çm§Mr à{VîR>m nwÝhm C§Mmdbr. ~ma^mB©À`m amOH$maUmVhr _hmXOr I§Xm ZoVm
hmoVm. Ë`mZo erI, aOnwV, OmQ> `m§M`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r AZoH$ _mo{h_m H$mT>ë`m. CÎmaoÀ`m amOH$maUmV Amnbo
amOH$s` à^md joÌ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. noedmB©À`m AIoaÀ`m H$mimV Or H$V©~Jma _§S>ir ApñVÎdmV Ambr Ë`mV
ZmZm \$S>UrgmMo ñWmZ _moR>o Amho. ~ma^mB© H$mañWmZ ñWmnÝ`mV Ë`mMm nwT>mH$ma hmoVm. amKmo~m d {~«Q>rem§Zm
Ë`mZo {damoY Ho$bm. gaXmadJm©da dMH$ R>odbm. B§J«Om§Mm YmoH$m AmoiIwZ MVw:g§K {Z_m©U Ho$bm. ZmZm Z§Va
_amR>oemhrV Ë`mÀ`mBVH$m bm`H$sMm ~wÕrMm Xwgam H$moUr H$Vm© nwéf Pmbm Zmhr. d _amR>oemhrbm CVaVr
H$im bmJbr. Xwgam ~mOramd d Xm¡bVamd gma»`m Zmbm`H$ _mUgm§À`m hmVr gÎmm Joë`mZo ñdamÁ`mV
AZmJm|Xr gwé Pmbr. amï´>{hV ~mOybm nSy>Z ñdmWm©Mo amOH$maU gwé Pmbo. B§J«Om§À`m gm_«mÁ` {dñVmam_wio
_amR>r gÎmm {Q>Hy$ eH$br Zmhr. Xwgè`m ~mOramdMr AH$m`©j_Vm `m H$maUm~amo~aM AZoH$ H$maUo _amR>oemhrÀ`m
èhmgmg H$maUr^yV R>abr. 1818 bm _amR>çm§Mr gÎmm B§J«Om§À`m Vmã`mV Jobr.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. _mYdamd noedm d amKmo~m `m§À`mVrb `mXdrMr _m{hVr Úm.
2. _mYdamd noedm d {ZOm_ `m§À`mVrb g§Kfm©Mo dU©Z H$am.
3. amjg^wdZÀ`m bT>mB©Mo _hÎd {deX H$am.
50
4. _mYdamd noeì`m§À`m H$V©¥Îdm~Ôb _m{hVr gm§JwZ _amR>çm§À`m B{VhmgmV _mYdamdm§Mo ñWmZ ñnï>
H$am.
5. _amR>r gÎmogmR>r _hmXOr qeXo `m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr Úm.
6. ZmZm \$S>Urgm§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
7. _hmXOr qeXo `m§À`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
8. _amR>r gÎmoÀ`m nVZmMr (èhmgmMr) H$maUo Úm.
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1. _mYdamd noedm
2. amjg^wdZ bT>mB©
3. amKmo~m
4. _hmXOr qeXo `m§Mr `mo½`Vm
5. ZmZm \$S>Urg
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1. A. am. Hw$bH$Uu, J. h. Iao, "1985 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg' I§S> 2, I§S> 3, H$m±pÝQ>Z|Q>b àH$m.
nwU.o
2. S>m°. {d. Jmo. Imo~aoH$a, 1988 _amR>m H$mbI§S> ^mJ 2, (1707-1818) _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË`
Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©.
3. S>m°. à^mH$a Xod - "_amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg', {dÚm àH$m. ZmJnya.
4. gwhmg amOXoaH$a - _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg, {dÚm àH$m. ZmJnya.
5. Sir Jadunath Sarkar - Fall of the Mugal Empire, Orient Longman Ltd. New Delhi.
6. dmgwXod ^mdo - 1976 noedoH$mbrZ _hmamï´>, daXm àH$m. nwUo.
7. ~m. gm. ~maJi / à. H¥$. T>dio - _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg {dÚm àH$m. ZmJnya.
8. G. S. Sardesai - New History of the Marathas, Volume I, II, III.
51
KQ>H$ : 3
gm_m{OH$ - Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
3.0
C{X²X²ï>o
3.1
àmñVm{dH$
3.2
{df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 noedoH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ aMZm
- nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu, Mm¡Jwbm, Xoe_wI, Xoenm§So>, eoQ>o-_hmOZ `m§Mr H$V©ìò d h¸$
- ~bwVXo marMo ñdén, AW©, H$V©ìò d h¸$
- {_amgXma d Cnao AW©, h¸$ d H$V©ìò
3.2.2 noedoH$mbrZ Añn¥í`Vm
- Añn¥í`mMo OrdZ, H$V©ìò d h¸$
- Añn¥í`m§darb OmMH$ {Z~ªY
3.2.3 noedoH$mbrZ doR>{~Jmar
- doR>{~JmarMo ñdén, AW©
- doR>{~JmamH$Sw>Z godm H$éZ KoUmam dJ©
- doR>{~JmarnmgyZ _m\$s {Xbobm dJ©
- doR>{~JmarH$Sy>Z H$m_o H$éZ KoUmar `§ÌUm
3.2
noedoH$mbrZ {ó`m§Mr n[apñWVr
- g_mO d Hw$Qy>~§ mVrb {ó`m§Mm XOm©, ñdmV§Í` d {ejU
- ór AWm©OZmMo _mJ©, joÌ, Mmbr[aVrMm n[aUm_
- {ddmhnÜXVrMm, K{Zï> éT>r - àWm§Mm ór`m§darb n[aUm_
- ~Q>{H$Ur, Hw$U{~Ur, Jwbm_ {ó`m§Mo OrdZ
- Ym{_©H$ Mmbr[aVrMm {ó`m§darb n[aUm_
52
~r.E. 3 B{Vhmg nona 10 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (75)/3
3.3
noedoH$mbrZ eoVr ì`dñWm
3.3.1 noedoH$mbrZ eoVr gwYmaUm
OmVrd§V OZmdam§Mr n¡Xmg
3.3.2 noedoH$mbrZ _hgyb nÜXVr
noedoH$mbrZ O_rZ _hgyb, _hgybmMo ñdén d gmam AmH$maÊ`mMr nÜXV
nS>rH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mÀ`m Cnm``moOZm.
AmnÎmrg_`r gmam _m\$sMo YmoaU
3.3.3 nmQ>~§Ymao
eoVrbm H$mbì`mMo nmQ>mZo d {d{harMo nmUr XoÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm.
nmQ>ñWi, _moQ>ñWi AW©
Vbmd, ~§Ymao ~m§YÊ`mg d XxéñVrg àmoËgmhZ
3.3.4 noedoH$mbrZ ì`mnma CÚmoJ
noedoH$mbrZ ì`mnma-CÚmoJ, g§ajUm~m~VMo YmoaU, {Z`§ÌU
noedoH$mbrZ OH$mV ì`dñWm, CÚmoJ-ì`mdgm{`H$ Ho$Ð| o
CËnmXrV hmoUmè`m _mbmMm XOm© {Q>H${dÊ`m~m~VMo YmoaU
noedoH$mbrZ na{H$`m§Mm ì`mnma
3. gmam§e
4. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
5. ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
6. gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
7. g§X^© J«W§
3.0 C{Ôï>ò :
`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm :
- noedoH$mbrZ J«m_rU g_mO aMZm, ñdén H$go hmoVo ho g_OyZ KoVm òBb
© .
53
- noeì`mÀ`m H$mimVrb nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu, Mm¡Jwbm, Xoe_wI, Xoenm§So> `m§À`m H$V©ì`mMr d h¸$mMr
_m{hVr hmoBb
© .
- noedoH$mbrZ ~mOmanoR>Vo rb eoQ>-o _hmOZ `m§À`m H$m`m©Mr d h¸$mMr kmZ hmoBb
© .
- ~bwVXo mamMm AW©, ñdén, H$m_m§Mr d h¸$m§Mr, Ë`m§À`mdarb {Z~©YmMr H$ënZm òBb
© .
- noedoH$mbrZ Añn¥í`Vm OmVr, Ë`mMr H$m_o d h¸$ _m{hV hmoVrb.
- noedmB©Vrb Añn¥í`mdarb AÝ`m`-AË`mMma `m§Mr H$ënZm òB©b.
- doR>{~JmarMm AW©, noedmB©nyduMr doR>{~Jmar H$er hmoVr `m§Mo kmZ hmoB©b.
- doR>{~JmarMr godm H$moU KoV AgV d Ë`m§Zm H$m` XoV AgV ho g_OmdyZ KoVm òB©b.
- H$moUmg doR>{~JmarMr _m\$s Ago d doR>{~Jma d OmVrì`dñWm `m§Mo kmZ {_iob.
- doR>{~Jmar~m~VMo gaH$mar YmoaU d doR>{~Jma H$moUVr H$m_o H$aV AgV ho g_OmdyZ KoVm òBb
© .
- noedoH$mbrZ Jwbm_{Jar H$er hmoVr ho g_Oob.
- noedoH$mimVrb Hw$U{~Ur, ~Q>{H$Ur, {H$Ur, _wair, OmoJVrUr AmXr ñÌr`m§À`m OrdZm§Mr _m{hVr
{_iob.
- noedmB©Vrb Jwbm_m§Mr pñWVr, Jwbm_m§À`m OmVr `m§Mo kmZ àmá hmoBb
© .
- Jwbm_mMr OmV CKS> Pmë`mdaMo dmX, ewÜX H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrMr H$ënZm òBb
© .
3.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Vo _Ü``wJrZ H$mimn`ªV ^maV hm Xoe IoS>`m§Zr ì`mnbobm Amho. _amR>`m§À`m H$mimV
_hmamï´>mV dhmVwH$sÀ`m Am{U XiUdiUmÀ`m gmo`r ZìhË`m. n[aUm_r _hmamï´>mVrb IoS>r hr ñdmdb§~r, ñd`§nyU©
d AmË_{Z^©a ~Zbr. eoVr ì`dgm`mMr d IoS>`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m JaOm JmdmVrb {d{dY H$mam{Ja nyU© H$aV
AgV. eoVr hmM bmoH$m§À`m _w»` ì`dgm` Agë`mZo eoVr hmM AW©ì`dñWoMm _w»` AmYma hmoVm.àm. S>m°. EZ.
Or. ^dao `m§À`m_Vo, ""_Ü``wJmV _hmamï´>mV 39,354 IoS>r hmoVr. `m IoS>`mV amhUmè`m bmoH$g§»òÀ`m 85%
Q>¸o$nojm A{YH$ bmoH$ EH$Va eoVr H$aV {H$ìdm eoVrer àË`j {ZJS>rV Agbobo ì`dgm` H$aV AgV.''
_hmamï´>mÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ aMZoMm d Z¡g{J©H$ pñWVr n[aUm_ bmoH$OrdZmda Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o n[aUm_r
_amR>r _mUyg hm CÚmoJr, gmhgr, namH«$_r, ñdmdb§~r d ñdm{^_mZr ~Zbm. JmdmVrb bmoH$m§À`m JaOm ZmdmVM
nyU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVZy o nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zr doJdoJio ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m OmVrMr Hw$Qy>~§ o JmdmV AmUyZ Ë`m§Zm
H$m`_nUo JmdmV amhÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$br. _amR>Ho $mbrZ gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ pñWVrMm {dMma H$aVmZm `m
àXoemVrb gm_m{OH$ aMZoMm, OmVrì`dñWoMm, Añn¥í`VoMm, ~oR>{~Jmar, Jwbm_{Jar, órOrdZ, eoVr ì`dñWm,
_hgyb ì`dñWm, eoVrbm nmUr nwadR>m H$aUmè`m gmo`rÀ`m ì`mnma Am{U CÚmoJ ì`dgm`m§Mm àm_w»`mZo {dMma
H$amdm bmJVmo.
54
3.2 {df` {ddo M Z :
^maVr` B{VhmgmVrb doJdoJi`m H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$ aMZoÀ`m {H$dm pñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm
OmVr, dVZ Am{U Mmbr[aVrMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. g_mOOrdZ pñWa R>do Ê`mgmR>r darb VrZhr KQ>H$
AmYma^yV R>aVmV. OmVg§ñWm qH$dm OmV ì`dñWm AZm{XH$mimnmgyZ pñWa g§ñWm Amho, nU dVZ Am{U
Mmbr[aVr `m H$mimà_mUo ~XbVmV. {edH$mi Am{U noedoH$mimV dVZ Am{U Mmbr[aVrV IynM \$aH$
nS>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. {edH$mimV ga§Om_emhr ApñVËdmV Zgë`mZo ga§Om_emhrV {XgUmè`m Mmbr[aVrMm
A^md hmoVm, na§Vw noedoH$mimV gaOm_emhr d dVZmMo ómo_ _mOë`mZo Zì`m Mmbr[aVr gwé Pmë`m åhUyZ
noedoH$mbrZ g_mOaMZoMm {dMma H$aVmZm OmV, dVZ Am{U Mmbr[aVrMm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo.
_amR>`m§À`m H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$ aMZm g_OmdyZ KoVmZm Ë`mdoiÀ`m J«m_ ì`dñWoMm {dMma H$amdm
bmJVmo. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV IoS>o hm EH$ ñd`§nUy © KQ>H$ hmoVm. IoS>JmdMm H$ma^ma H$mhr gaH$mar A{YH$mar
Am{U na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo A{YH$mar H$aV. gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§V nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu, Mm¡Jb
w m, Xoe_wI Am{U
Xoenm§So> `m§Mm g_mdoe Ago. Va na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m A{YH$mè`m§V 12 ~bwVoXma, 12 AbwVoXma, {_amgXma
AmXtMm g_mdoe hmoVm.
3.2.1 gm_m{OH$ aMZm :
1. nmQ> r b :
nmQ>rb hm Jm§dMm à_wI A{YH$mar hmo`. nmQ>bmZo JmdmMr dgmhV Ho$ë`m_wio gmh{OH$M Ë`mg _hËd àmá
Pmbo. Xoemda Ogo nmQ>bmg _hËd àmá Pmbo Vgo H$moH$UmV Imonmbm _hËd àmá Pmbo. Ë`m§Mm Ë`m JmdmVrb
JmdH$è`m§V _mZ amhrb. Ë`mÑï>rZo Ë`mg AdKS>, OmoI_rMr Am{U {O{H$arMr H$m_o H$amdr bmJV. nmQ>bm§Mm
C„oI nmQ>rb, _moH$mX_ nmQ>rb Agmhr Ho$bm OmV Ago. Jmd§À`m H$ma^mamV nmQ>bmg _XVZrg åhUyZ Hw$bH$Uu
hm A{YH$mar Ago. nmQ>bmg bmdUr, g§MUr, CJdUr `m H$m_m~amo~aM JmdmVrb nS>rH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr
AmUÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdm bmJo. nS>rH$ O{_Z bmJdS>rImbr Amë`mZo _hgyb CËnÞmV dmT> hmoB.© {nH$ nmhUr
H$éZ eoVrMm _hgyb R>a{dUo. JmdmV em§VVm-gwì`dñWm R>odUo, naMë`mnmgyZ Am{U XamoS>`mImoamnmgyZ JmdmMo
ajU H$aUo, JmdmMm gmam dgyb H$éZ gaH$mamV âUo, Ë`mM~amo~a Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr qH$dm nañnamÀ`mdoir
_hgybmV gaH$maH$So> gyQ> _mJmdr bmJo. JmdgôÀ`m nmQ>rb à_wI Ago. Ë`mbm Jmdg^m ~mobdmdr bmJo.
nmQ>bmÀ`m CnpñWVr{edm` Ý`m`{ZdmS>m hmoV Zgo. ~hÿYm nmQ>rb hm _amR>m OmVrMm Ago. nmQ>bmMr n[apñWVr
{H$Vrhr hmbmpIMr Agbr Var Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>og ~mYm òV Zgo. _amR>rV EH$ åhU Amho.
"CVaS>rbm ~goZm XmUm
nU XmXbm Agmdm nmQ>rb amOm.''
nmQ>bmMr IyU Zm§Ja Ago. nmQ>bmg H$mhr {damoY h¸$ àmá Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`mg "hH$bm{O_m' åhUV.
55
Ë`mM~amo~a gaH$mamVyZ Ë`mg H$mhr amoI a¸$_ n¡emÀ`m énmZo {_io. nmQ>bmÀ`m godogmR>r AZoH$ ~bwVoXmam§Zm
H$m_ H$amdo bmJo. nmQ>bmÀ`m H$m_m~Ôb Ë`mg O_rZ BZm_ åhUyZ {Xbr OmB©. WmoS>Š`mV nmQ>rb hm JmdMm
gd}gdm© Ago.
2. Hw$bH$Uu :
Hw$bH$Uu hm nwéf _hËdmMm JmdmVrb _wbH$s A{YH$mar hmo`. Ë`mg nmQ>bmg H$ma^mamg ghmæ` H$amdo
bmJo. Ë`mMm C„oI JmdHw$bH$Uu, J«m_boIr Agm H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. J«m_boIr åhUOo IoS>`m§Mm {hemo~
{bhUmam hmo`. àËòH$ {_amgXmamH$So> {H$Vr O_rZ Amho. Ë`mda {H$Vr gmam AmH$mabm Amho `m§À`m Zm|Xr
Hw$bH$Ê`mªÀ`m XáamV AgV. nmQ>rb Am{U Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zm gmam dgyb H$éZ Ë`mMm âUm gaH$mamV H$amdm
bmJo. Hw$bH$Uug nmQ>bm~amo~aM bmdUr, g§MZrÀ`m H$m_mH$So> bj Úmdo bmJo. eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr H$aÊ`mH$So>
AmH${f©V H$éZ JmdmMr {nH$mdy O_rZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdm bmJo. nmQ>rb hm JmdMm gdm©{YH$mar nU
àË`jmV Ë`mbm Hw$bH$Ê`mªÀ`m gëë`mà_mUo dmJmdo bmJo. H$mhr doim Oa R>aboë`m a¸$_onj
o m H$_r _hgyb O_m
Pmbm Va nmQ>rb Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zm ânmB© H$amdr bmJo. _hgybmMr a¸$_ âbr Zmhr qH$dm {hemo~mV hbJOunUm
Ho$ë`mg emgZ Ho$bo OmB©.
nmQ>bmà_mUoM Hw$bH$Ê`m©g {deof h¸$ AgV. Ë`mg dVZ d amoI a¸$_ {_io. gd© ~bwVoXmam§Zr Hw$bH$Ê`mªMm
_mZ amImdm Aer àWm hmoVr, na§Vw nmQ>bmgmaIo Hw$bH$Ê`mªMo h¸$ H$m`Xoera AgV.
3. Mm¡ J w b m :
JmdH$sVbm AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo Mm¡Jwbm. Vmo dVZXma Amho. Mm¡Jbm hm nmQ>bmÀ`m
JmdmVrb H$m_mVrb ghmæ`H$. gmam dgybrÀ`m H$m_r Ë`mMr nmQ>bmg _XV hmoB.© Jmd gmoS>y Z Jobëo `m aòVbm
JmdmV naV AmUÊ`mMr H$m_{Jar Vmo ~Omdr. nmQ>bmà_mUo Ë`mMo {ZemZ Zm§Ja Ago. O_rZ _moOUo, JmdMm gmam
naJmdmÀ`m H$MoarV âUo Am{U JmdmVrb H$moR>mao, JwXm_mMr ì`dñWm R>do mdr bmJo. Mm¡Jb
w m gd©gmYmaUnUo
_amR>m OmVrMm Ago, na§Vw H$kmghhr {~èhmS>r BVa OmVrVrb Mm¡Jb
w o AgV.
4. Xo e _w I :
Xoe_wI nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`mà_mUo J«m_ì`dñWoVrb EH$ A{YH$mar hmo`. Xoe_wImMm A{YH$ma
nmQ>bmda Mmbo. Xoe_wI hm gwä`mMm à_wI A{YH$mar hmo`. IoS>`mMm Xm¡am H$aUo, ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mr Mm¡H$er
H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m AS>MUr bjmV KoUo, ¹$MrVàg§Jr IoS>`mMm _hgyb R>adyZ XoUo. Hw$bH$Ê`m©Zo R>odboobo {hemo~
VnmgUo, nmQ>bmg gmam âÊ`mg gm§JUo, gwä`mV bmoH$dñVr {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$ao. Va doi àg§Jr
Xoe_wImbm bîH$ar H$m_ H$amdo bmJo. Xoe_wImg H$mhr h¸$hr AgV.
gwŠ`mVrb H$moUË`mhr IoS>`mVyZ H$mam{Ja, ì`mnmamMr _XV Kody eHo$. IoS>`mVyZ YmÝ` d OZmdam§Mm Mmam
Úmdm. Am§~o nwadmdoV. àËòH$ ~bwVXo mamH$Sy>Z H$moUVr Zm H$moUVr dñVy Ë`mg {_io. gaH$maZo Xe©{dboë`m H$amnojm
56
2% Q>¸o$ OmXm H$a KoÊ`mMm h¸$ Ago. _hmamZo 2 _{hZo {dZmdoVZ H$m_ H$amdo. S>m°. E. Ama. Hw$bH$Uu
`m§À`m_Vo, Xoe_wI hm BVa H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mè`mÀ`m nojm OmñV h¸$ Cn^moJUmam A{YH$mar hmoVm.
5. Xoenm§So> :
IoS>`mVrb AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm A{YH$mar åhUOo Xoenm§So> hmo`. Ë`m§À`mda Vmã`mVrb gd© Jmdm§Mm
{hemo~ R>odUo, Hw$bH$Ê`m©À`m H$m_mda XoIaoI R>odUo, H$moUË`mhr Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV AgUmè`m JmdmMm {hemo~
VnmgUo B. H$m_m§Mr O~m~Xmar Ago. gwä`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Ë`mg Xoe_wImbm _XV H$amdr bmJo. Ë`mg BZm_r O_rZ
d gmam
Jm§d Xoenm§So>nUmÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r {_iV Ago. nmQ>rb Jmdm§Mm gmam âÊ`mMr Z¸$b Xoenm§So>H$So>
nmR>{dV Ago. S>m°. Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m_Vo Xoe_wImÀ`m 50% Q>¸o$ h¸$ Xoenm§So> `mg AgV. nmQ>rb Am{U
Hw$bH$Ê`m©à_mUo XoI_wI, Xoenm§S>o `m§Mo doVZ JmdmVyZ {_io.
6. {_amgXma d Cnar :
JmdmVrb 75 Vo 80% Q>¸$o O_rZrMr _mbH$hs {_amgXma `m§À`mH$So> Ago. ñdV:À`m _mbH$sMr O_rZ
H$gV d _hgyb âV. JmdgôÀ`m gd© g^m§Zm Vo hOa amhV. Ë`m§Zm eoVrÀ`m H$m_mV _XV H$aUmè`m Ë`m§Zm
Cnar Ago åhUV.
~bw V o X ma qH$dm J« m _go d H$ :
na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m ~bwVXo mam§Mm JmdmVrb
g_mdoe Ago. JmdmVrb gmam_m\$ O_rZ
Ë`m§À`mH$So> Ago. JmdmÀ`m C^maUrgmR>r d ñW¡`m©gmR>r ~bwVXo ma H$m_ H$aV åhUyZ S>m.° Hw$bH$Uu "J«m_godH$'
åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm åhUyZ JmdH$ar Ë`m§Zm {nH$m§Mm H$mhr {hñgm XoV AgV. Ë`mg "~bwVm'
åhUV. ~bwVXo mam§Mr g§ñWm ~mam åhQ>br Agbr Var H$mhr {R>H$mUr Vr 12 nojm H$_r Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr 12
nojm A{YH$ Ago.
J«Q° > S>\$ `mZo _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg `m Amnë`m J«W§ mV 12 ~bwVXo mam§Mr Zm§do d Ë`m§Mr H$m_o {Xbr AmhoV.
Vr Aer 1) gwVma 2) bmohma 3) Mm§^ma 4) _hma JmdH$sÀ`m H$m_mV _hmamMm dmQ>m _moR>m AgyZ Ë`mg JmdmMo
ajU H$aUo, JmdmV ~mhoéZ òUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr XoI^mb H$amdr bmJV Ago. J«°Q> S>\$ Ago åhUVmo {H$,
_hmamï´>mVrb _hma hr O_mV AË`§V H$m_mgw, Cn`wº$ Am{U hþema Aer Amho. 5) _m§J : _moQ>oMo XmoaI§S>,
Mm~wH$, Mm_S>mÀ`m dmXr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ar. Ë`mM~amo~a JmdÀ`m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mOda Ago. 6)
Hw$^§ ma 7) Ýhmdr 8) Ymo~r 9) Jwad : hm J«m_XodVoMm nwOmar, nÌmdir bmdÊ`mMm ì`dgm`, dmO§Ìr åhUyZhr
H$m_ H$ao. 10) Omoer : n§MmJ dmMZ 11) ^mQ> AWdm emhra 12) _wbmOm
na§Vw S>\$À`m `mXrV ZgUmè`m gmoZma, Vami, am_moer, Vobr, Vm§~moir, H$moï>r, qenr, YZJa Aem
J«m_godH$m§Mmhr H$mhr H$mJXÌmV ~bwVXo ma åhUyZ CëboI AmT>iVmo.
S>m.° E. Ama. Hw$bH$Uu ~bwVXo mam§Mr {d^mJUr VrZ àH$mao H$aVmV.
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1) IoS>`mVrb H$mamJra : `mV gwVma, Hw$§^ma, bmohma, Ýhmdr, n[aQ>, M_©H$ma AmqXMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2) IoS>`mVrb godH$ dJ© : `mV _hma, Vami, _m§J d am_moer B. g_mdoe hmoVmo.
3) Ym{_©H$ godm XoUmam dJ© : Omoer, Jwad, O§J_, R>mHw$a, H$moir d _wbmOm `m§Mm g_mdoe Ago. JmdH$è`m§À`m
Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ JaOm hm dJ© nwa{dV Ago.
Omoer hm n§MmJ dmMyZ bmdUr, g§MUr d _§Ji H$m`m©Mo _whVÿ © H$mTy>Z XoV. Jwad hm JmdÀ`m _§{XamMm nwOmar
AgyZ Vmo _§{XamMr XoI^mb H$ao. R>mHw$a hm O§JbmV amhUmè`m H$mhr O_mVrMm nwamo{hV åhUyZ H$m_ H$ao. `m
R>mHw$am~Ôb _amR>rV EH$ åhU Amho. ""~«måhUmMo OÝ_mbm Omerb Va {bhÿ {bhÿ _aerb, dmÊ`mÀ`m OÝ_mbm
Omerb Va Vmoby§ Vmoby§ _aerb, nU R>mH$amÀ`m OÝ_mbm Omerb Va O§JbmMm amOm hmoerb.'' O§J_ hm
qbJm`VmMm nwamo{hV åhUyZ H$m_ H$ao. JmdmV doi dmQ>Ê`mMo H$m_ H$ao. _wbmZm hm JmdÀ`m _{eXrMr d
H$~añWmZmMr XoI^mb H$aUo, Im{Q>H$ qH$dm H$gmB© åhUyZ H$m_ H$ao. `mdéZ _wgb_mZ JmdÀ`m gm_m{OH$
OrdZmV EH$én Pmbm hmoVm.
darb ~bwVXo mamÀ`m{edm` JmdmV BVa H$mamJra, ì`mdgm{`H$ ahmV AgV. JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
godm JaOoÀ`m dmQ>V ZgVrb. Aem JmdmVrb godH$m§Zm AmbwVXo ma åhUV. S>\$bmo AmbwVXo mamMr `mXr nwT>rbà_mUo
{Xbr Amho Vr 1) gmoZma 2) O§J_ 3) qenr 4) H$moir 5) Vami 6) _mir 7) S>dar-Jmogmdr 8) KS>gr 9)
am_moer qH$dm {^„ 10) Vobr 11) Vm§~moir 12) Jm|Yir
WmoS>Š`mV JmdMo ~bwVXo ma R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma JmdH$è`m§Mm hmoVm.
JmoVgôÀ`m g^m§Zm hOa amhUmè`m d H$m_H$mOmV ^mJ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~bwVXo mam§Zm Ago. _hOamda
Ë`m àËòH$ ~bwVXo mamMr ñdV§Ì {ZemZr Ago. Hw$^§ mamMr {ZemZr MmH$, Ýhmì`mMm Amagm, gwVmamMr VmgZr,
Mm§^mamMm Q>moÀ`m, Ymoã`mMm Xm§S>m, JwadmMr YynmaVr, gmoZmamMr EoaU Va _wbmì`mMm MmHy$ Ago.
~bwVoXma g§ñWoMo ñdén :
~bwVoXma g§ñWm ^maVâ ApñVËdmV hmoVr. `m g§ñWo~m~V H$mb© _mŠg© `mZo Amnë`m "Xmg H°${nQ>b' `m
J«§WmV Ago åhQ>bo Amho {H$, "ho S>PZâ J«m_godH$ gd©ñdr JmdH$è`m§À`m {Odmda nmogbo OmV.' ~oS>Z nm°dob
`m {~«{Q>e {d×mdmZo Amnë`m "{X B§{S>`Z pìhboO H$å`w{ZQ>r' `m J«§WmV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, H$mamJra Am{U
MmH$a `m§Zm R>amdrH$ dñVyénmZo _ohZVmZm XodZy qH$dm gmam_wº$ O_rZ XodZy Ë`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV JmdmMr godm
H$éZ KoÊ`mMr àWm ^maVmV \$ma nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambr Amho.
_°Šg do~a `m O_©Z g_mOemókmZo ~bwVXo ma qH$dm J«m_godH$À`m MmH$arg "So>{_A{OH$ Zo_UyH$ nÜXVr'
Ago Zmd {Xbo Amho. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_m~Ôb doVZ {_iV Zgo. Va Ë`m§Z JmdmÀ`m O_rZrMm H$mhr ^mJ
CËnmXZmVr H$mhr dmQ>m _mo~Xbm åhUyZ XoV.
58
1) {_amgXma Am{U Cnao :
na§naoZo IoS>`mV MmbV Ambobm AmUIr EH$ dJ© åhUOo {_amgXma d Cnao hmo`. {_amgXma d Cnao JmdmVrb
O_rZ H$gV AgV. {_amgXmamÀ`m ñdV:À`m _mbH$hsÀ`m O_rZr AgV. {_amgXmam§Zm àm_w»`mZo IoS>`mV
dgmhVr H$aUo, O_rZr H$gUo, ~mhoaÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm O{_Zr bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mg CÎmoOZ XoU.o Aer H$m_o
H$amdr bmJV AgV. Ë`mg Jmdgôg hOa amhÊ`mMm d H$m_H$mOmV ^mJ KoÊ`mMm h¸$ Ago. Va Cnao ~mhoéZ
Ambobo AgV. JmdmV Ë`m§Zm O_rZ qH$dm Ka Zgo. bmoH$m§À`m O{_Zrda H$m~mS>H$ï> H$éZ JwOamZ H$aV.
{edmOr N>ÌnVtZm g_mOaMZoV gwYmaUm H$aVm Ambr Zmhr, H$maU na{H$` gÎmm Zï> H$éZ ñdV§Ì
amÁ`ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$amd`mMr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr dVZXmar ì`dñWm Zï> Ho$y bhr nU g_mOaMZm VerM R>do br. hrM
ì`dñWm noedmVhr WmoS>`m\$ma \$aH$mZo {Q>H$y Z am{hbr. _amR>Ho $mbrZ J«m_ì`dñWoV ñdm`VÎmm, Am{W©H$ ~m~VrVrb
ñd`§nUy V© m d EH$mË_H$Vm {XgVo. Ë`mM~amo~a eoVH$è`m§Zm dñVy godm nwadUmè`m§Zm H$m`_ñdénr ì`dgm`mMo
dmQ>n H$éZ {Xbo. IoS>`mVrb gdmªZm gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. gdmªZm g_mOaMZoV gh^mJr H$éZ
Ë`m§Zm h¸$ d _mZnmZ {Xbo. IoS>`mV ñd`§AÜ``Z d ñd`§ga§ jUmMr ì`dñWm H$éZ {Xbr.
3.2.2 Añn¥í`Vm :
noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, ^§Jr d T>moa B. OmVtZm Añn¥í` _mZbo OmB©. IoS>`mVrb
H$ma^mamV nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Uu `m§Zm _hma H$m_Jmam§Mr _XV hmoV Ago. VËH$mbrZ _hmamï´>mV AZoH$ JmdmV _hma
H$m_Jma Ago. _hma Hw$Qy>~§ mVrb bmoH$m§Zm eoV_OyarMr H$m_o H$aUo, b¾mV dmO§Ìr åhUyZ dmO{dUo, `mÌoÀ`m
H$mimV V_meo H$aUo `mgmaIr H$m_o H$amdr bmJV. `m{edm` _hmamMr _w»` H$m_ åhUOo gaH$mar Jmd H$m_Jma
gm§JVrb Ë`m{R>H$mUr dgwbrMr a¸$_ d H$mJXnÌo nmohM H$amdr bmJV. nrH$ nhmUr H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo, gmam
dgwbr, H$m_Jma `m§Zr gm§{JVë`mà_mUo JmdH$è`m§Zm gaH$mar H$m_mgmR>r emg{H$` A{YH$mè`mH$So> AmUUo,
JmdmV Xd§S>r XoU,o Mm¡H$s nhma H$aUo Aem àH$maÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r ¹$MrV àg§Jr gaH$mamVyZ doVZ {_io. H$mhr
H$mhr JmdmVyZ _hmam§Zm ^mH$jar _mJÊ`mMm h¸$ hmoVm. WmoS>Š`mV _hmamÀ`mdarb H$m_mdéZ Ago {XgVo {H$,
_hmamdaM Jmd Adb§~Zy Ago.
{edemhr d noedmB© _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma `m A{VeyÐZm Xza R>odbo. emómZwgma A{VeyÐmMm earañne©,
Obñne© Am{U _§{Xaàdoe {Z{fÜX _mZbm Jobm.
1. ñnYm© ñne© :
Añn¥í`m§Zm _§{XamV Am{U KamV àdoe {Z{fÜX _mZbobm hmoVm. Añn¥í`mMo Xe©Z Pmë`mg qHo$dkm Ë`m§Mr
gmdbr Oar A§Jmda nS>br Va {dQ>mi nmS>bm OmB©. EdT>oM Zìho Va Añn¥í` OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zm {hS>rg{\$S>rg
H$aV. Aem àH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {Zañdmam_wio Añn¥í`m§Zm _moR>`m Xx:Imbm gm_moao Omdo bmJo. gm_m{OH$
OrdZmV Añn¥í`Vm hr eoH$S>mo df} Ë`m§Zm OmM H$aV hmoVr. Añn¥í` OmVrVrb _hmam§Zm Amnbr b¾o ~«mô_Um§Zr
bmdmdrV åhUyZ noeì`mH$So> AmJ«h Yabm. na§Vw VËH$mbrZ Ý`m` ì`dñWoZo _hmm§Mr _mJUr \o$Q>miyZ bmdbr.
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gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` Añn¥í` OmVrVrb bmoH$m§da hmoV am{hbm. gm_m{OH$ H$_rnUm Va Ë`m§À`m nmMdrbmM nwObm
hmoVm. g_mOmVrb AkmZ ho Ë`m§À`m _mhoaKa hmoV.o
3.2.3 do R >{~Jmar :
doR>{~JmarMr hr nÜXV _Ü``wJmV {Z_m©U Pmbobr ZgyZ {VMm CJ_ àmMrZ ^maVmV Pmbobm {XgVmo.
amOoemhr emgZàUmbrV àOoÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV àOoH$Sw>Z H$ja dgyb Ho$bm OmV Ago. g_mOmVrb
Á`m bmoH$m§Mr H$a XoÊ`mMr EonV qH$dm n[apñWVr Zgob Va H$mhr ~m~ {dZmdoVZ H$m_ H$amdo. Omo Ago H$m_ H$aV
Ago Ë`mg doR>{~Jma åhUV. _moQ>gdY©À`m eãXH$moemV doR>{~Jma åhUOo godo~m~V gº$s Ho$bobr ì`º$s Agm
{Xbm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV àOoH$Sw>Z {dZmdoVZ H$m_ H$adyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrg doR>{~Jmar Ago åhUVmV.
doR>{~Jmar nÜXVrg Y_©emómZo Añn¥í`Vm d ór àWoà_mUoM _mÝ`Vm {Xbr hmoVr. _ZwZo "_Zwñn¥Vr' `m
Amnë`m J«W§ mV H$mamJra d eyÐ ì`º$sH$Sy>Z _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$ {Xdg {dZmdoVZ H$m_ H$éZ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
amOmbm {Xbm. Va ewH$« mMm`m©Zr amOmg _{hÝ`mVyZ XmoZ {Xdg H$m_ H$adyZ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xbm. Jm¡V_mZo
_mÌ Á`m{Xder doR>{~JmamH$Sy>Z {dZmdoVZ H$m_ ¿`mb Ë`m{Xder Ë`m§Zm OodU XoV Om Ago gm§{JVbo. àmMrZ
H$mimVrb doR>{~Jma nÜXVrMm Adb§~ _Ü``wJrZ amOo bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bm nU Vo Aem doR>{~JmamH$Sy>Z Aï>mào hma
H$adyZ KodZy bmJbo. `m~m~V AmoZaw H$a a. {d. `m§À`m "noedoH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ nÌ ì`dhma' J«W§ mV
Ago {XgVo {H$, ""_hma ~m§Ybo ImobM
o m ~ma_mhr Aï>mo àha am~V Agmdm.'' `mdéZ doR>{~Jma {XdgmVrb Mmodrg
Vmg qH$dm df©â am~V AgV ho ñnï> hmoV.o
do R > { ~Jmar go d o M o h¸$Xma d ¿`md`mMm _mo ~ Xbm :
noedmB©Z doR>{~JmarH$Sy>Z godm qH$dm H$m_ H$éZ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma N>ÌnVr, noedo, gaXma, Ohm±JraXma,
ga§Om_Xma, dVZXma, BZm_Xma, _moH$mer, nmQ>rb, ì`mnma noR>oMo eoQ>o, _hmOZ ho A{YH$ma Xoe_wI AmXtZm hmoVm.
~bwVXo ma qH$dm H$mamJra Á`m dñVy V`ma H$aV Ë`m dñVy doR>{~JmarÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV KoÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr.
CXm. gZ 1790-91 _Üò emgZmÀ`m N>ÌnVtÀ`m XmoZ _wbrÀ`m {ddmhmdoir 50 ~oJmar Bg_ EH$ _{hÝ`mgmR>r
_m{JVbo hmoV.o \o$~«dw mar 1731 _Üò ~m~mgmho~ noeì`mZo {M_mOr Amßnmg {bhbo {H$, emhÿ N>ÌnVr XhrJmd§,
Ym`JwS>`mMr nmS>ir, {eadi n[aMo, {edarÀ`m qIS>rZo OoOyarg OmVrb. Voìhm Ë`m§À`mgmR>r n[aMo d gmgdS>mg
H$maImZo C^méZ JdV, bmHy$S>\$mQ>m d _S>H$s B. gm{hË` ~mnyOrn§V Ë`m§À`m XoIaoIrImbr JmdmoJmdMo Hw$§^ma,
~wéS> d Jwad `m§MoH$Sy>Z H$éZ ¿`mdrV.
H$mhr doiog gaH$mar ZmoH$a qH$dm ~bwVoXmam§ghr doR>{~Jma {Xë`mMo {XgVo. har {^H$mOr \$Ugo ho
JUnVrÀ`m nmbrOdi Ka ~m§YUma hmoVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm 2000 noT>,o 20 doR>{~Jma 8 {Xdg, 3 gwVma 15 {Xdg
XoÊ`mV Ambo. ìhmì`mg doR>{~Jma {Xë`mMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. {OdmOr ìhmdr `mMo Kar b¾ Kar b¾ Agë`mZo
Ë`mg 5 doR>{~Jmar d bmHy$S>\$mQ>m {Xbm hmoVm.
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H$mam{JamH$Sy>Z H$moUH$moUË`m dñVy KoV. Ë`mMm Vnerb nwT>rbà_mUo ~wéS>mH$Sy>Z : VÅ>o, hmao, XxaS>`m,
nmQ>`m, gwno, damoi`m, Ho$agwÊ`m d MmiUr, Hw$§^mamH$Sy>Z : am§OZ, KmJar, _S>H$s, H$moi§~r, PmH$Ur, nai, _moJo,
{Xdo bmdUr, gwVmamH$Sy>Z : nmoinmQ>, bmQ>Ur, _oadm, R>mUŠ`m, _oŠg B.
doT>{~Jmar H$aUmao d Z H$aUmao bmoH$ :
noedmB©V ~«m÷U d _amR>m _Zg~Xma d gaXma bmoH$m§Zm doR>{~Jmar H$amdr bmJV Ago. am{hboë`m eyÐ
A{VeyÐm§Zm doR>{~Jmar bmJy hmoVr. Aem àH$maÀ`m doR>{~JmarV àm_w»`mZo, _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, gwVma, bmohma,
Hw$§^ma, Ýhmdr, n[aQ>, Jwad, H$moir, Vobr, Vm§~moir, gmir, gZJa, qenr, _mir, ^Q>, R>mHy$a, Jmogmdr, O§J_,
_wbmOr, dmO§Ìr, KS>gr, ^mB©, ~wéS>, Jd§S>r `m§Mm g_mdoe Ago. Ë`mMà_mUo ~H$mi, R>mHw$ar, AZmS>r, eoUmMo
AY}io, IbW, dmS>di `m§Mrhr doR>{~JmamVyZ gwÜXm ZìhVr.
noedmB©V ~«m÷Um§Zm doR> _m\$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. gZ 1744/45 gmbmV H$mgma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr
emhÿ N>ÌnVrMo doR> _m\$ Ho$br.
do R >{~JmarMm _mo ~ Xbm :
doR>{~Jmar hr g§nyU© Jmdm§da bmXbr OmB©. JmdmVrb eyÐ, A{VeyÐ d VËg_ bmoH$m§Mm doR>{~JmarV g_mdoe
Ago. gaH$mar AmkoMo nmbZ nmQ>rb H$aV Ago. noedmB©V EHy$U ghm àH$maMr doR>{~Jmar KoVbr OmB©.
{H$„mÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r, gaH$mar A{YH$mar d gaH$mar ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r {H$ Á`mV nmo{bg ñQ>e
o Z, gaH$mar
{ZdmgñWmZo, YaUo AmXrÀ`mgmR>r doR>{~Jmar bmJV doR>{~Jmar IoS>`mda bmXyZ d Ë`m§Zm XoÊ`mMm _mo~Xbm
R>adV.
gaH$mar H$m_mgmR>r d PmSo> _moOÊ`mgmR>r doR>{~Jma bmJV `m H$m_mgmR>r gaH$ma d gaH$mar A{YH$mar
gº$sZo doR>{~Jma KoV. Aem doR>{~JmargmR>r doJdooJi`m IoS>`mVrb ~XbyZ doR>o hmoV.
gaH$mar Hw$aUmVrb JdV H$mnÊ`mgmR>r doR>{~Jma bmJV. Aem H$m_mgmR>r XahOmar é.4/- {_iV.
doR>{~JmamZr H$mnboë`m JdVmMr H$mnUmdi(_mo~Xë`mMo à_mU) d AmUUmdi R>adyZ XoV. _mo~Xë`m~m~V Ago
åhUV {H$, "am~oV _hma n§Yam {Xdg gmitZm am~dyZ nmoQ>mg XoU.o ' `mdéZ doT>{Jma åhUyZ am~Umè`m _hmamg
nmoQ>mnmÊ`mgmR>r XoV.
`m{edm` _hmam§Zm gaH$mar d ImOJr H$Moè`mV am~Vm åhUyZ doR>{~Jmar H$amdr bmJo. doR>{~Jmar {H$Vr {Xdg
H$amdr ho R>abobo Zgo nU gd©gmYmaUnUo doR>{~Jmar AmR> {Xdg qH$dm n§Yam {Xdg qH$dm XmoZ _{hZo H$amdr bmJo.
do R > { ~Jmar Am{U OmVrì`dñWm :
gaH$mar {nHo$, bmH$So>, PmSo> d JdVmÀ`m H$mnUrgmR>r doR>{~Jma bmJV. Aem H$m_mgmR>r KoVboë`m
doR>{~Jmè`m§À`m OmVrMm C„oI gmnS>V Zmhr, nU ~mH$sÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r bmJUmè`m {~Jmar bmoH$m§À`m OmVrMm
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C„oI gmnS>Vmo. gaH$mar ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r gwVma, Hw$§^ma, nm§WadQ>, Jd§S>r, ^§Jr d dmKar B. OmVtMm g§~§Y òB©.
gaH$mar A{YH$mar d dVZXma `m§À`mH$S>rb {ddmh H$m`m©gmR>r ~wéS>, gwVma, Hw$§^ma OmVrVrb bmoH$m§H$Sw>Z
doR>{~Jmar KoVbr OmV Ago. Ym{_©H$ `k^mJmÀ`m à`moOZmgmR>r Hw$^§ ma, ~wéS>, Jd§S>r, bmohma OmVrVrb doR>{~Jma
dmnabo OmV. gaH$ma, gaH$mar, A{YH$mar d bîH$amÀ`m d {H$aH$moi H$m_mgmR>r _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma d {OZJma
`m Añn¥í` OmVrVrb bmoH$ doR>{~Jma åhUyZ am~V.
gaH$ma qH$dm IoS>`mVrb {deof h¸$ àmá Pmbobo A{YH$mar H$maJra d AVreyÐ OmVrH$Sy>Z {Z`{_V
doR>{~Jmar KoV. IoS>`mÀ`m ñd`§nUy © ì`dñWoV ^mJ KoVë`m_wio `m OmVrVrb bmoH$ âS>bo OmV.
doR>{~Jmar~m~VMo gaH$mar YmoaU :
àOoMo nmbZnmofU H$éZ amÁ`mÀ`m g_¥ÜXrV gVV â KmbÊ`mMo gaH$maMo H$V©ì` Ago. a`Voda H$amMm
~moOm nSy> Zò. doR>{~Jmar CnÐd hmody Zò. doR>{~JmarÀ`m OmMm_wio namJ§Xm hmoÊ`mMr Ë`m§À`mda doi òdy Zò
åhUyZ noedmB©V H$miOr KoVbr OmB© nU ~è`mMdoim gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§À`m d ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mè`m§À`m
Ìmgmbm H§$Q>miyZ doR>{~Jma niyZ OmV. Ë`mgmR>r gaH$maV\}$ Amnë`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm gyMZm H$aV Ago.
JmdmoJmdÀ`m _hmamg am~UyH$ OmñV nS>Vo. éT>rà_mUo _hmamH$Sy>Z XmoZ AmR>dSo> H$m_ KodyZ Ë`m§À`m nmoQ>mg eoa
XoÊ`mMr nÜXV hmoVr. nU h„r am~UyH$ OmñV d nmoQ>mg eoa Z {Xë`m_wio _hma nam§JXm hmody bmJbo AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio eoVrMo ZwH$gmZ hmoV.o åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z JaOonaw VoM H$m_ ¿`mdo. EH$m ~mOybm gaH$ma doR>{~Jmam§Zm Ìmg
hmody Zò åhUyZ Cnm``moOZm H$aVmZm {XgVo. Xxgè`m ~mOybm Oo doR>{~Jma niyZ OmV Ë`m Jmdm§da OmXm H$a bmXV
Ago. `m H$amÀ`m CËnÞmVyZ _Oya bmdyZ H$m_ H$éZ KoV. Va ~è`mMdoim doR>{~Jma n¡go ^éZ `m OmMH$
doR>{~JmarVyZ gwÜXm H$éZ KoV. H$mhr doib
o m gaH$magwÜXm doR>{~JmarMr _m\$s XoV Ago.
doR>{~JmarH$Sy>Z H$m_o KoUmar `§ÌUm :
gaH$maÀ`m hþH$y _m{edm` qH$dm _mJUr{edm` doR>{~Jmar KoVm òV Zgo. nU gaH$maÀ`m hþH$y _mZo qH$dm
_mJUrZo doR>{~Jmar bmXbr OmV Ago. Voìhm Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmè`m `§ÌUoV IoS>`mMm à_wI `m ZmË`mZo
nmQ>bmg H$amdr bmJo. nmQ>rb hm emgZ `§ÌUoVrb _hËdmMm A{YH$mar Agë`mZo Ë`mg H$adgwbrMm d
doR>{~Jmar KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ago. nmQ>rb gaH$maÀ`m _mJUrZwgma Jmdm§da doR>{~Jmar bmXV Ago Vmo doR>{~Jmar
Jmdmda OmñV nS>Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoV Ago. nmQ>rb H$a {~Jmar _m\$ ìhmdr åhUyZ gaH$maH$So> {e\$mag
H$aV Ago. noedmB©V nmQ>rb hm H$amMm ~moOm d doR>{~JmarMm Ìmg PnmQ>`mZo niyZ OmV.
ñWm{ZH$ A{YH$mè`m§À`m doR>{~JmarMr _mJUr nmQ>bmg nyU© H$amdr bmJo. Ë`m§À`m ~Xë`mV nmQ>bmg
H$a_wº$ O{_Z gaH$maH$Sy>Z BZm_ O_rZ åhUyZ {Xbr OmV Ago.
gmam§ e :
doR>{~Jmar d OmVrì`dñWoMm g§~§Y {XgyZ òVmo. {H$aH$moi d _hËdmÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r ewÐ d A{VeyÐ
doR>{~Jmam§Zm doR>rg Yabo OmB©. H$amÀ`m ~Xë`mV doR>{~Jmar KoÊ`mMm gaH$maMm A{YH$ma hmodyZ Jobm. Aem
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doR>{~Jmarbm H§$Q>miyZ bmoH$ nam§JXm Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Mm A{Zï> n[aUm_ eoVr ì`dgm`mda Pmbm. EdT>oM Zìho Va
eyÐ-A{VeyÐm§Zm gº$sZo H$moUVmhr _mo~Xbm qHo$dkm doVZm{edm` H$m_ H$amdo bmJë`mZo Ë`m§Mr ^`§H$a {nidUyH$
Pmbr. AmYrM JmdJmS>`mVrb bmMmarMo OrdZ àmá bmoH$m§À`m dmQ>`mg doR>{~Jmar_wio Jwbm_rMo {OZo OJÊ`mMr
doi Ambr.
3.2.4 Jw b m_{Jar :
Jwbm_{JarMr nÜXV Ë`mdoir OJâ Mmby hmoVr. noedmB©V Xmg-Xmgr ~miJÊ`mMr nÜXV g_mO_mÝ`
Agë`mMo {XgVo. noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV Xmgm§Zm
åhUV. noedmB©Vrb amOoaOdmSo>, gaXma, lr_§V d gwIdñVy
bmoH$ Amnë`m nXar Hw$U{~Ur-~Q>H$s ~miJV. Ë`m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aV. ~Q>H$sbm 60/- é. Va nmoa½`mgh
~Q>{H$UrMr qH$_V é.150/- Ago VmdOr ^§S>mar `m {eboXmamZo EH$ ~Q>rH$ 60/- én`mbm Va VwH$moOr qeXo
`mZo nmoamgh ~arM 150 én`mg {dH$V KoVë`mMo dm. H¥$. ^mdo `m§À`m "noedoH$mbrZ _hmamï´>' `m J«W§ mV åhQ>bo
Amho.
~Q>{H$Urbm nmoQ>mg
XoV. {VÀ`m JaOoZgw ma dñË` Xod MaU bmoH$ ~Q>H$sUr {dH$Ê`mg AmUV
Voìhm gaH$ma H$a dgyb H$aV Ago. Ë`m§Zm ahmd`mg _mbH$ bmJVo. OmJm XoV gd© OmVrVrb bmoH$m§À`mà_mUo
~«möUm§À`m Kar ~Q>{H$Ur AgV. ~Q>H$sH$Sy>Z nSo>b Vo H$m_ H$éZ KoÊ`mV òB©. Ë`m§Mo b¾ Z Pmë`mZo nwîH$i
~XMmbrÀ`m {ZKV. lr_§Vmnmer eŠ`Vmo XoIÊ`m pñÌ`m§ZmM Hw$Ur{~Zr ~Q>{H$Zr åhUyZ R>odÊ`mV òV Ago.
noeì`m§À`m ImOJrH$So> 197 Hw$U{~Zr ~Q>{H$Zr amOo d gaXma bmoH$ noeì`mg ôQ> åhUyZ XoV.
~Q>H$sZo AZoH$ df} YÝ`mMr godm Ho$ë`mda Ë`m åhmVmè`m hmoVmM Ë`m§Zm MmH$arVyZ _wº$ H$éZ gwI
g_mYmZmZo amhVm `mdo åhUyZ VaVyX H$éZ {Xbr OmB©. Hw$U{~Zr hm hbŠ`m XOm©Mm d {~ZnJmar Agm H$m_Jma
dJ© CnbãY Pmë`mZo H$_r IMm©V gÎmoMo godogmR>r _mUyg {_iV Ago. Xm¡bVamd qeXo `m§Mm EH$ _m_m åhUyZ
ZmVbJ hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mH$So> XmoZ ~Q>H$s hmoË`m. Ë`m {_ ~«m¡Q>Z `m bîH$amV ôQ>ë`m Voìhm Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo H$s,
Amåhr _m_mÀ`m Hw$Qy>~§ mV dmT>bmo. VoWo gwImV Amho. _m_mÀ`m VrZ ~m`H$m bîH$amV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr Amåhr {Xdg
MmH$ar H$amd`mMr. amÌr _m_m A§WéUmda nS>ë`mda nm` Monm`Mo EdT>oM Am_Mo H$m_ amÌr Amåhmg H$moR>ohr
OmÊ`mMr _moH$irH$ Amho.' Xm¡bVamdmOdi gmè`m qhXzñWmZmVrb ~Q>H$s hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zm OodU, gmbmMr ìhoO
bwJS>r XoV.
AZoH$Xm YZr dmB©Q> Zgbm Var Hw$Ur{~Zr Mmoa, IQ>`mi {ZKV. H$mhrdoim Hw$U{~Zr niyZ OmV.
Hw$U{~Zrda _mbH$s h¸$ ZgVmZm O~aXñVrZo {Vbm Amnbr ~Q>rH$ åhUyZ am~dyZ KoÊ`mMm h¸$ ZìhVm.
Hw$U{~Urà_mUoM Zm`{H$UtMm ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m nwîH$i {ó`m noedmB©V hmoË`m. ZmM JmUo hm Zm_{H$UrMm
{nT>rOmV ì`dgm` hmoVm. IwX²X noeì`mÀ`m d BVa gaXmamÀ`m Xa~mamV ZmMJmUo hmoV Ago. _hmamï´> Am{U
XoemÀ`m BVa {R>H$mUÀ`m Zm_{H$Ur nwÊ`mV òV.
¹${MVàg§Jr Xmg-XmgtZm VmaU R>odyZ H$O© {Xbo-KoVbo OmV Ago. Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m {d^mJUrÀ`m doir Xmg
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XmgtZm dmQy>Z KoV. {deofV: XmgrÀ`m {d^mOZmdéZ g§Kf©hr hmoV AgV. Jwb_mZm OZmdamà_mUo g_Oë`m_wio
Aem ór/nwéf Jwbm_m§Zm ^mS>`mZo XoV AgV. Jwbm_ ór qH$dm ~Q>H$s ñdV:Mr OmV bndyZ R>do Ê`mMm à`ËZ
H$aV. Ë`m_wio gmè`m Hw$Qy>~§ mbmM àm`píMV ¿`mdo bmJo. AemM EH$m ~mOramd _moaío damMr Hw$U{~Z Mm§^marU
{ZKmë`mZo Ë`m§Zm àm`píMV ¿`mdo bmJbo.
àg§Jr Hw$U{~Urer AWdm ~Q>{H$Urer _mbH$mH$Sy>Z ì`{^Mma KS>V Ago. Aem àH$maÀ`m gw§Xa Jwbm_
{ó`m _mbH$mg ^wai nmS>V.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 1
A) Imbrb CnH«$_m_Üò {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {bhm.
1. noedoH$mimV JmoVgôMm à_wI H$moU Ago ?
A) Hw$bH$Uu
~) nmQ>rb
H$) Mm¡Jb
w m
S>) {_amgXma
2. noedmB©V ~mOmanoR>M
o o A{YH$mar H$moU AgV ?
A) nmQ>rb-Hw$bH$Uu
~) eoQ>o-_hmOZ
H$) Xoe_wI-Xoenm§So>
S>) nmQ>rb-Mm¡Jwbm
3. noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV H$moUË`m ~bwVXo mamda Jm§d Adb§~Zy Ago ?
A) _hma
~) _m§J
H$) gwVma
S>) bmohma
4. JmdmV Xd§S>r XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$moUmg H$amdo bmJo ?
A) am_moer
~) _hma
H$) _m§J
S>) S>dar
5. noeì`m§À`m ImOJrH$So> {H$Vr ~Q>{H$Ur hmoË`m ?
A) 145
~) 197
H$) 97
S>) 135
~) Imbrb Cnàým§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) noedmB©V BVa H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mè`mnojm H$moUmg OmñV h¸$ AgV ?
2) _hmamï´>mVrb H$moUVr O_mV AË`§V H$m_gy, Cn`wº$ d hþema hmoVr ?
3) gaH$maÀ`m hþH$w _mZwgma d _mJUrZwgma doR>{~Jma nwadÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$moUË`m A{YH$mè`m§da hmoVr ?
4) noedmB©V ór/nwéf Jwbm_mMo hñVmVa H$go hmoB© ?
5) noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV H$moUË`m ~bwVoXmamg {ddmhmgmR>r doR>{~Jma {Xbo ?
~) 3.2 ór`m§Mm XOm© / pñWVr :
1)
Hw$Qy>~§ mVrb órMm XOm© :
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Hw$Qy>~§ g§ñWoMm _w»` AmYma ór hmo`. Hw$Qy>~§ ì`dñWoV Hw$Qy>~§ à_wI `m ZmË`mZo nwéfm§Zm g_mOmV _mZmMo
ñWmZ hmoV.o Vo ñWmZ ór`m§Zm H$YrM àmá Pmbo Zmhr. nwéfàYmZ g_mO ì`dñWoV ór`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í`
ZìhVo. {VMo H$m`©jÌo Myb Am{U _yb EdT>`mnwaVoM _`m©{XV R>do bo Job.o ór`m§Zm Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV KaH$m_M
{eH$dbr OmV. \$º$ Hw$Qy>~§ mVrb d¥ÜX ór`m§Zm _mZmZo dmJ{dbo OmB©.
2) gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§ Í `mMm A^md :
noedmB©V nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr_wio ór`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ d§MrV amhmdo bmJbo. naY_u` AmH«$_UmÀ`m
^`mnmoQ>r Am{U g§ajUmÀ`m ZmdmImbr ñdmV§Í`hr ór`m§Zm J_dmdo bmJbo. g_mOmV ór`m§Zm Xxæ`_ ñWmZ hmoVo
Ago åhQ>bo OmV Agbo Var Vo Jm¡U qHo$dm ZJÊ` AgoM hmoVo. {VMo gmao OrdZ Hw$Qy>§~mnwaVoM _`m©{XV Ho$ë`mZo
Vr ~mhoaÀ`m OJmH$So> nmhÊ`mg Ag_W© ~Zbr. gmgaÀ`mgmR>r AmnU _aon`ªV gñVm Imë`m nm{hOoV AerM
{VMr YmaUm hmoVr.
3) ór - {ejU :
órMr {ejUmnmgyZ AZoH$ eVH$mnmgyZM \$maH$V Pmbr hmoVr. 8 ì`m d 9 ì`m dfu {dodmh hmoUmè`m
~mbdYyH$Sy>Z {ejUmMr Anojm H$m` H$amdr. EHy$UM {ó`m§Zr {eHy$ Zò AerM g_mOmMr YmaUm hmoVr.
gm_mÝ` {ó`m§Zm nwamU EoH$Ê`mgmR>r doi {_iV Zgo. Ë`m§Mm gmam doi KaH$m_mV OmV Ago. noedo, qeXo,
hmoiH$a, nQ>dY©Z, Xm^mSo>, Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`m KamÊ`mVrb ór`m§Zm na§namJV {ejU {_imbo hmoV.o gJwUm~mB©gma»`m
H$mhr ór`m§À`mOdi ñdV:Mm J«W§ g§Jh« hmoVm. _wgb_mZ gaXmam§À`m {ó`m§Zm Hw$amUmMr AmoiI Ago. aOnyV d
_amR>o KamÊ`mVrb ór`m§Zm ^mbm \o$H$, Vbdma Mmb{dUo, KmoS>`mda ~gUo, hË`ma Mmb{dÊ`mMo {ejU {_io.
Va Jmoï>r Amoì`m, bmoH$JrVo d bmoH$g^m `m§Mo g§ñH$ma gm_mÝ` Hw$Qy>~§ mVrb ór`m§da hmoV. hoM Ë`m§Mo {ejU
amOKamÊ`mVrb {ó`m§Zm `wÜXH$bm d àemgZmMo {ejU {_io. Vmam~mB©, A{hë`m~mB©, C_m~mB© `mgma»`m
{ó`m§Zr `wÜXH$boV d àemgZmV bm¡{H$H$ àmá Ho$bm Var gm_mÝ` {ó`m {ZamYaM am{hë`m.
4) Am`©OZmMo g§Hw${MV joÌ :
eoVH$ar Hw$Qy>~§ mVrb {ó`m nwéfmÀ`m ~amo~arZo H$_rH«$_mMr eoVrMr H$m_o H$arV. _Ü`_ dJm©Vrb {ó`m§Zm
A^m©OZmgmR>r ~mhoa nS>V òV Zgo. _mÌ Xodm§JZm, dmam§JZm, J{UWm dJ¡ao {ó`m doí`m ì`dgm` H$éZ n¡gm
{_i{dV. H$mhr {ó`m§Zm ~mbnUmnmgyZM J{UWoMo {ejU XoV. Ë`m§Zm ZmM, JmUo, g§^mfU MmVw`© `m H$bm
na§naoZo {eH$dV Aem {ó`m V_mem_Üò H$m_ H$aV. V_memÀ`m \§$S>mV Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbm ^md Ago. `m H$boV
{ZîUmV AgUmè`m amOXa~mamV ZmQ>H$ emim åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV. gm_mÝ` {ó`m§Zm KamVrb AmáOZm§Mr godm
H$aUo, H$m~mS>H$ï> H$éZ nVrMr eæ`m~amo~a H$amdr bmJo. `mdéZ noedmB©Vrb {ó`m§À`m A^m©OZmMo joÌ
g§H$w {MV hmoVo Ago {XgVo.
5) Mmbr[aVrMm {ó-OrdZmda n[aUm_ :
noedmB©V ~mb{ddmhmMr àWm ApñVËdmV Agë`m_wio nËZr d`mV òÊ`mnyduM {Vbm nVrÀ`m A{Vàg§Jmg
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~r.E. 3 B{Vhmg nona 10 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (75)/5
gm_moao Omdo bmJo. Ë`m_wio ¹${MV àg§Jr {VMm _¥Ë`y hmoB.© ~hÿnpËZËdmMr d {df_{ddmhmMr Mmbr_wio AZoH$
{ó`m§Zm Cno{jV (ZmdS>VrMo) OrdZ OJmdo bmJo. d[að> Hw$Qy>§~mVrb ór OrdZ WmoSo>go g_mYmZH$maH$ hmoVo.
EH§$XarV {ó OrdZ Aem àH$maÀ`m A{Zï> Mmbr[aVr_wio Xx:Ir, H$ï>r Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ~mb{ddmh d¡Yì`,
Ho$ednZ, gVr, ~hþnËZrH$, {df_{ddmh `mgma»`m Mmbr[aVrZo órOrdZ H$_mbrMo J«mgbobo hmoV.o
6) {ddmhmnÜXVrMm n[aUm_ :
noedoH$mbrZ H$mhr OmVrV nwZ©{ddmh d {dYdm{ddmhmg _mÝ`Vm hmoVr nU Aem àH$maÀ`m {ddmhmg
nmQ>mgmaImM {ddmh _mZbm OmB©. ~mb{ddmhmMr àWm Oar bmoH${à` Agbr. ~mbnU d¡Yì` àmá Pmboë`m
{ó`m§Mr g§»`m _moR>r hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^{dî`H$mimV {ZgJ©Y_m©Zwgma Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ nmnmMaU qH$dm
hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio Aem {ó`m§Zm doí`m ì`dgm` H$aÊ`m{edm` JË`m§Va Zgo. nVr d¥ÜX Am{U nËZr VéU
Agë`m_wio eara gwImgmR>r Ë`m ì`{^Mmamg ~ir nS>V. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Zm H$moUmMr Var aIobr åhUyZ Cd©[aV
OrdZ ì`VrV H$amdo bmJo. AVr Xm[aÐ`mMr n[apñWVrhr {ó`m§Zm doí`m ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>V. Aem
doí`m§À`mH$So> nmhÊ`mMm Ñï>rH$moZ \$magm Mm§Jbm ZìhVm. Ë`m§À`m dmQ>`mbm X[aÐr, KmUoaSo> OrUo òB.© d¥ÜXmnH$mimV
Aem {ó`m§Zm ^rH$ _mJyZ JwOamZ H$amdr bmJo.
7) A{Zï> éT> r na§ n amMm n[aUm_ :
H${Zï> OmVrV _yb Pmë`mg Vo `ëb_m Am{U I§S>mo~m `m Xodm§Zm dmhÊ`mMr éT>r hmoVr. Aem Xodmg
dm{hboë`m _wbg _wabr, XodXmgr Va _wbmg dm¿`m Ago g§~moYbo OmB©. XodXmgr _wai`mMo H$m_ XodmMr godm
H$aÊ`mMo nU ~è`mMXm Aem {ó`m dmgZoÀ`m {eH$ma ~ZV Ë`m§Zm {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm _w^m ZìhVr. Va H$mhr
{ó`m OrdZmbm d¡VmJyZ OmoJ KoV. Ë`m§Zm OmoJ{VZr Ago g§~moYV. OmoJ KoUo ghOgmono nU gm_m{OH$ àbmo^ZmnmgyZ
Xza amhUo \$maM H$R>rU, EHy$UM Aem {ó`m§Mo OrdZ H$ï>àX, Xx:ImZo âbobo hmoVo.
8) Hw $ U{~Ur, ~Q> { H$Ur d Jw b m_ {óOrdZ :
Hw$U{~Urd ~Q>{H$Ur Aem {ó`m§Mm âUm noedmB©V hmoVm. noedmB©V ~Q>{H$Ur-Hw$U{~Ur ~miJÊ`mMr
àWm hmoVr. gaOm§_Xma Am{U lr_§V bmoH$ Aem àH$maÀ`m {ó`m ~miJV. Aem {ó`m§Zm ì`mnma H$aUmè`m§Zm
hoS>o Ago åhUV. Ë`mMr qH$_V 50 Vo 300 énò Ago. ~Q>{H$UrH$Sy>Z H$moUVrhr H$m_ H$éZ KoV. Ë`m§À`m
_mbH$sdéZ ^m§S>Uo hmoV. H$mhr doim ~Q>{H$Zr ñdV:Mr OmV bndV. OmV CKS> Pmë`mda V§Q>m g_mOmnwT>o {H$dm
gaH$mamV OmB©. Ë`m_wio ^«ï> Hw$Qy>~m§Zm ewÜX H$éZ KoV.
9) gHo $ em {dYdmMr pñWVr :
VéU {ó`m§Zm Ho$ed`Z H$aÊ`mMo {Odmda òB©. Ë`m_wio EH$ Va Ë`m {dÐxn {XgV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm
AmoiIrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm Vm|S> XmI{dÊ`mg bmO dmQ>o. S>moŠ`mdarb gw§Xa Ho$eH$bmn H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r d¥ÜXmnyT>o
~gÊ`mÀ`m {dMmamZo Ë`m§À`m A§Jmda H$mQ>m C^m amhr Am{U åhUyZM Zdam {H$Vrhr XxîQ> d {ZX©`r Agbm Var
Vmo {Od§V ahmdm åhUyZ Ë`m Xodm§Zm Zdam H$aV. Va H$mhr {ó`m§Zm ~iO~arZo g§Ý`mg {Xjm XoV. g§Ý`mg KoVbm
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Var Ë`m§Mr ZQ>Ê`m _waS>Ê`mMr d nVr gwImMr BÀN>m nyU© Z Pmë`mZo Ë`m nmnH$_m©g àd¥Îm hmoV. nmnH$_© CKS>
Pmë`mg Ë`m§Zm {ejm H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX hmoVr.
10) Ym_uH$ éT> r Am{U {óOmVrdarb AÝ`m` :
Hw$brZ {ó`m§H$Sy>Z ì`{^Mma hmoD Zò åhUyZ g_mOmMr Am{U gaH$maMr H$aS>r ZOa Ago. nU Á`mMm
Vmo nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm Y§Xm Agob Aem {ó`m§Zm g_mO {H$Vr qZY Am{U nmnr g_OV Agob
o . Ë`mMr H$ënZmM
H$adV Zmhr. J§Jm Am{U O_yZm `m H$id§{VZr nwÊ`mVrb gmo_dma noR>Vo rb ZmJoídamÀ`m _§{XamV {edamÌrÀ`m
{Xder Joë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zm _§{XamÀ`m g^m _§S>nmV OmÊ`mg haH$V ZìhVr nU Ë`m Jm^mè`mV {eaë`m d Ë`m§Zm
e§H$amMr JwadmZo àgmX {Xbm hmoVm. Xodmb`mÀ`m Jm^mè`mV Joë`mZo XoDi ^«ï> Ho$ë`mÀ`m JwÝh`m~Ôb 200 énò
JwÝhoJmar d gXa JwÝh`mg JwadmZo _XV Ho$br åhUyZ 20 énò JwÝhoJmar KoÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
gmam§e :
noedoH$mbrZ órOrdZ ho Agwa{jV, Xx:Ir Am{U {d{dY Ym{_©H$ gm_m{OH$ ~§YZmV OIS>bobo hmoVo.
g_mOmV ór`m§Zm _hËdmMm XOm© ZìhVm. EH$ Cn^moJmMr dñVy åhUyZM {óH$So> nm{hbo OmB©. {VMr Cn^moJj_Vm
g§nVmM {VMr hdr Ver {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMo nwéfm§Zm Am{U g_mOYwa§Ya bmoH$m§Zm ñdmV§Ì hmoVo. ~mb{ddmh,
~hþnËZrËdmMr Mmi, {df_{ddmh, Ho$ednZ, gVrMr Mmi `mgma»`m A{Zï> éT>r-àWm§Zr A{YH$ H$ï>àX
OrdZ dmQ>`mbm Amboë`m ór`§mMr Xx:I Am{U `mVZmV dmT>V Pmbr. `m Mmbr[aVr BVŠ`m A^mVZr hmoË`m {H$,
Ë`m {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm H$m`Xo nmg H$éZ ~§X H$amì`m bmJë`m. EHy$UM noedmB©V ór`m§Zm amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$ Am{U Z¡{VH$ A{YH$ma \$mago ZìhVo.
ñd`§ A Ü``Z àý -2
A) Imbrb CnH«$_m_Üò {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {bhm.
1. noedoH$mimVrb g_mOì`dñWoV Hw$Qy>~§ mV _mZmMo ñWmZ \$º$ H$moUË`m {ó`m§Zm {_iV Ago ?
A) {ddmhrV ~) A{ddmhrV H$) d¥ÜX S>) à{V{ð>V
2. ~mb{ddmhmÀ`m Mmbr_wio noedmB©Vrb {ó`m§Mr H$emnmgyZ \$maH$V hmoB© ?
A) ZmVbJmnmgyZ ~) Hw$Qy>§~mnmgyZ H$) g_mOmnmgyZ S>) {ejUmnmgyZ
3. noedoH$mimV {ó`m§À`m A^m©OZmMo joÌ H$go hmoVo ?
A) {dñV¥Ëd ~) g§Hw${MV H$) gd©gmYmaU S>) nwaogo
4. noedmB©V H$moUË`m XodXoVm§Zm _wbo dmhÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr ?
A) `„_m d I§S>m~o m ~) {dR>m~o m d åhgmo~m H$) e§H$a d nmd©Vr S>) H$mbr_mVm d {dîUy
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5. J§Jm d O_Zm `m H$id§VrZrZr ZmJoída _§{XamÀ`m Jm^mè`mV àdoe Ho$ë`m~Ôb Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {H$Vr énò
JwÝhoJmar åhUyZ KoVbo ?
A) 500 é. ~) 300 é. H$) 200 é. S>) 400 é.
~) Imbrb Cnàým§ M r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) noeì`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV naY_u`m§À`m AmH«$_UmÀ`m d g§ajUmÀ`m {^VrnmoQ>r {ó`m§Zm H$m` J_dmdo bmJo ?
2) H$moUË`m KamÊ`mVrb {ó`m§Zm `wÜXH$boMo d àemgZmMo {ejU noedmB©V {Xbo OmV Ago ?
3) noedoH$mimV Hw$U{~Ur d ~Q>{H$ZrMr IaoXr {dH«$s H$moUË`m XamZo hmoV Ago ?
4) H$moUË`m dJm©Vrb {ó`m ì`{^Mmar hmody ZòV åhUyZ noedmB©V g_mOmMr d gaH$maMr H$aS>r ZOa Ago ?
5) noedmB©Vrb {ó`m H$moUË`m Mmbr_wio nVr {H$Vrhr Xxï> qH$dm {ZX©`r Agbm Var Vmo OJmdm åhUyZ XodmH$So>
Zda H$aV ?
H$) 3.3 eoVr ì`dñWm :
{edH$mimV _hmamï´>r` bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ eoVr ì`dgm`mer {ZJS>rV hmoVo. ì`mnma, CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mg Xxæ`_
Va ZmoH$arg H${Zð> XOm© hmoVm. eoVr ì`dgm` hm àm_w»`mZo nmdgmda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo O_rZrnmgyZ hmoUmar
{_iH$V H$_r Am{U A{ZpíMR>V ñdénmMr hmoVr. _hmamï´>mÀ`m eoVr ì`dñWoda _{bH§$~a d XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod
`m§Zr ~Xb KS>dZy AmUbm. O_rZrÀ`m _moO_mnmgmR>r _brH§$~aZo 5 hmV 5 _wR>r bm§~rÀ`m H$mR>rMm dmna gwé
H$éZ _hgyb {Z{üV Ho$bm. eoVrMm {dH$mg ìhmdm `m CÔoemZo {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr Aghmæ` eoVH$è`m§Zm
haàH$mao _XV Ho$br. eoVgmè`mV gyQ>, gmam _wº$ O_rZ, {~Zì`mOr H$O©, {~-{~`mUo, ~±H$ IaoXrg, AdOmamgmR>r
VJmB© B. eoV_mbmÀ`m {dH«$s ì`dñWoMr gmo`, eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr {ZpíMV, XxîH$mimÀ`m qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$
AmnÎmrÀ`m doir gmam _m\$ B. YmoaUmMm Adb§~ H$éZ eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ {Xbo.
Ë`mM~amo~a Xoe_wI, Xoe Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m _XVrZo O_rZrÀ`m _OXxarZwgma O_rZrMr {d^mJUr CÎm_,
_Ü`_ d H${Zð> Aer Ho$br. XmXmoOrZo ~§Ymao ~m§YyZ eoVrg nmUrnwadR>m nmQ>mZo Ho$bm. noedm _moamon§V Am{U gwaZrg
AmÊUmOr XÎmmo `m§Zr eoVrVyZ {ZKUmè`m CËnÞmÀ`m 2/5 gmam {Z{üV Ho$bm. Aem [aVrZo {d{dY Cnm``moOZm
H$éZ eoVr ì`dñWoV qH$dm eoVr gwYmaUoÀ`m ~m~VrV _hËdmMr â KmVbr.
no e do H $mbrZ eo V r ì`dñWm :
noedmB©V eoVr H$aUo ñdV§Í` ZgyZ Ë`mMm H$ma^ma _m_boXma, H$_m{dgXma Am{U J«m_ñWm§À`m _m\©$V
nm{hbm OmB©. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _Ü`dVu gaH$mabm Á`m {e\$magr Ho$ë`m OmB©. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z _Ü`dVu gaH$mabm Á`m
{e\$maer Ho$ë`m OmV Ago. _hmamï´>mV eoVrMr AW©ì`dñWm 16 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r Oer hmoVr VrM ì`dñWm
noedmB©V gwé am{hbr. eoVrVyZ KoVbr OmUmar {nHo$ hr O_rZrMr àV, O_rZrMm H$g qH$dm _JXza, O_rZrMm
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C§MgIb ^mJ, hdm_mZ nmdgmMo à_mU, nmUr nwadR>`mÀ`m gmo`rgw{dYm, CËH¥$ï> {~-{~`mUo, IVo, AdOmao
`mda Adb§~yZ Ago. eoVr ì`dgm`mgmR>r {_amgXma, Cnar Am{U doR>{~JmarMr _XV hmoB©. EdT>o _mÌ Iao H$s,
noeì`m§À`m H$mimV bmJdS>rImbrb joÌmV dmT> Pmbr. `m§Mr H$maUo noeì`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xbobo ^moOZ,
A^`, dVZo, BZm_o, _hgybmV doimodoir {Xbobr gyQ> Am{U eoVH$è`m§À`m AS>MUtMm {dMma H$éZ Ë`m§Zm
{Xboë`m VJmB©gma»`m ~m~r hmoV.
noedmB©V añVo Am{U XiUdiUmÀ`m qH$dm dhmVwH$sÀ`m gmo`rMm A^md Agë`mZo eoV_mbmMr ~mOmanoR>mn`ªV
dhmVyH$ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ \$maM {O{H$arMo hmoVo .o Xaå`mZMo H$mimV b_mU, d§Jmar, `m§À`mH$So> ~¡bmMo Vm§S>o AgV.
Ë`m_wio ~¡bmÀ`m nmR>rdéZ _mbmMr Zo-AmU H$aV. gaH$ma g¡Ý`mgmR>r Am{U {H$ëë`mdarb bmoH$m§À`mgmR>r
amñVXamZo AWdm ~mOma^mdmà_mUo eoV_mbmMr IaoXr H$aV Ago. Ë`mVM nan«mV§ mVyZ _moR>`m à_mUmV H$gdr
H$mam{Ja _hmamï´>mV òdZy ñWm{`H$ Pmë`mZo eoVm_mbmg _mJUr dmT>br. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr
dmT>Ê`mV Pmbm. gZ 1818 _Üò _amR>`m§Mr gÎmm ~wS>më`mZ§Va _hmamï´>mVrb eoVrÀ`m bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ H$_r
Pmbo. Ë`mVM eoV_mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr Kgaë`mZo eoVH$è`m§Mr AdñWm {~H$Q> Pmbr.
noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV JmdmoJmdr YmÝ` gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r nodo qH$dm YmÝ` H$moR>mao AgV. H$mhr doim eoVmVrb
nrH$ ~wS>më`mbm H$O©dgwbrg VJmXm bmdy Zò noedo hþH$y _ XoV. {Oam`V eoVrnojm ~mJm`V eoVrVyZ A{YH$
CËnmXZ {_imë`mZo gaH$mabm dgyb OmXm {_iV Ago. åhUyZ gaH$maZo H$mbdo, ~§Ymao ImoXZz eoVrg nmQ>mZo nmUr
XoÊ`mÀ`m gmo`r Ho$ë`m. EdT>M
o Zìho Va ~m§Y ~§Ymè`mÀ`m XxéñVrgmR>r à`ËZ H$aV.
eo V r gw Y maUm :
nS>rH$, IS>H$mi Am{U g_wÐmÀ`m nmÊ`mV ~wS>mbobr O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr `mdr åhUyZ noeì`m§Zr CÎmoOZ
{Xë`mMr CXmhaUo gmnS>VmV. Zmamo AZ§V naMwao _hmOZ H$g~o JwhmJa `m§Zr nwaXa _wŠH$m_r noeì`m§H$So> Ho$bobr
{dZ§Vr _mÝ` H$éZ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Ë`mZwgma :
1) XxgarH$Sy>Z _mVr AmUyZ VmbwŠ`mVrb IS>H$mi O_rZ gwKméZ Vr bmJdS>rImbr AmUmd`mMr Amho.
Ë`mMà_mUo AmoT>o Zmbo ^éZ H$mT>md`mMo AmhoV Ago H$m_ H$aUmè`mg {Zå_r O_rZ BZm_ åhUyZ XoÊ`mV òBb
© .
Caboë`m {Zåå`m O_rZrMm 20 df}n`ªV \$ŠV {Zå_m eoVgmam KoVbm OmB©b. _mÌ 25 dfm©ZV§ a Aem O_rZrMm
{Z`_rV _hgyb KoVbm OmB©b.
2) g_wÐmÀ`m nmÊ`mV ~wS>mbobr nU eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV AgUmar O_rZ {Vbm ~§Ymam KmbyZ
bmJdS>rImbr AmUmd`mMr Amho Ago H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mg 1/4 O_rZ BZm_ XoÊ`mV òBb
© . Caboë`m 3/4
O_rZrÀ`m _hgybmV {H$Vr dfm©gmR>r _m\$s Úmd`mMr Am{U {H$Vr Úmd`mMr `mMm {dMma gXa H$m_mgmR>r {H$Vr
_ohZV d a¸$_ IM© Pmbr `mdéZ R>a{dÊ`mV òBb
© Ago gQ>dmB© _mYdamd `m noeì`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV Omhra
H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
noeì`m§Zr Ago àmoËgmhZ {Xë`m_wio noedmB©À`m AIoarg O_rZ _moR>`m à_mUmV bmJdS>rImbr Ambr.
69
\$maM WmoS>r nS>rH$ O_rZ {e„H$ am{hbr. hm _wbyI nm{hë`mda S>`yH$ Am°\$ doqb½Q>Z Ago åhUVmo {H$, 'The
Country is highly cultivated' (XoemVrb O_rZ nwîH$iM bmJdS>rImbr Ambr Amho.) _amR>`m§Mr O_rZr
bmJdS>rImbr AmUÊ`mMr hr nÜXV Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z `mbmhr ng§V nS>ë`mZo Ë`m§Zo Vr gwé R>odÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mabm
{e\$mag Ho$br.
OmVrd§V OZmdam§Mr n¡Xmg :
Mm§Jë`m OmVrd§V OZmdam§Mr n¡Xmgr_wio eoVr gwYmaUog hmV^ma bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio Aem OZmdam§Mm eoVr
H$m_mgmR>r d BVa H$m_mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo. eoUIVmMm eoVrVyZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ H$mT>Ê`mg hmV^ma bmJVmo.
bmoH$m§Zm XxYmMm nwaogm dmna H$aVm òVmo. IwÔ noeì`mnmer CËH¥$ï> Aem hU_JmB© g§J«h hmoVm. ZmZmgmho~ noeì`mZo
500 hU_JmB© nmR>ì`mV åhUyZ H$mÝhoao `mg nÌ {bhÿZ Amkm Ho$br hmoVr. e{ZdmadmS>`mV npíM_ ~mOyg
noeì`m§Mr Jmoemim hmoVr.
lrnVamd àVr{ZYr `m§À`mnmer Jwam§Mo pI„ma hmoV.o Ë`m§Mm \$m`Xm AàË`jnUo eoVH$è`m§Zm hmoV hmoVm.
Ë`m§À`mH$So> 300 Vo 350 JmB© dmgam§Mo pI„ma hmoV.o Aem JmB© d ~¡b hmU_ OmVrMo gwX§ a d ~iH$Q> Agë`mZo
eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm Cn`moJ hmoV Ago.
O_rZ _hgyb :
{edH$mimV eoVrnmgyZ {_iUmam _hgyb hmM amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÞmMm _w»` ómoÌ hmoVm. O_rZrMr _moOUr
H$éZ _hgyb {ZpíMV H$éZ _hgyb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. àW_ XmXmoOr H$m|S>Xod Am{U nwT>o noedm _moamon§V qnJio
d gwaZrg AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m§Zr O_rZrMr _moOUr H$éZ O_rZ _hgyb ì`dñWoV EH$gwÌrnUm AmUbm. {edmOrZo
O_rZ _moOÊ`mgmR>r {edemhr H$m§R>r Mm dmna Ho$bm. `m H$m§R>rMr bm§~r 5 hmV 5 _wR>r Ago. hmV åhUOo gmam
_wR>rEdT>m d EH$ _yR> XmoZ EdT>r Ago. 20 Mm¡ag H$mR>`m§Mm EH$ Am{U 20 nmS>m§Mm EH$ {~Úm Va 120 Mm¡ag
{dÚm§Mm EH$ Mmda Ago. {edemhrV _hgyb {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mnydu O_rZrMr _moOUr Ho$br OmB©. Ë`mg {dÚmdUr,
MmdamZ qH$dm MH$~§Xr Ago åhUV. {~ÚmdUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va bmJdS>rImbr AgUmè`m O_rZrMr {VÀ`m _JXxamà_mUo
à¹$mar R>adbr OmB©. Aem O_rZrV H$moUVr {nHo$ òVmV, dfm©VZy EH$ {nH$ KoVbo OmVo. XmoZ {nHo$ KoVbr OmVmV.
{~¿`m§VZy {H$Vr CËnmXZ KoVbo OmVo `mMr _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br OmB©. `m àH$mamg "nrH$ nmhUr' Ago åhUV.
Ë`mZwgma àËòH$ JmdÀ`m Zm|Xr H$aV. Ë`mZwgma naJÊ`mMo A§XmOnÌH$ AW©_Í§ `mH$So> nmR>dV. Ë`mMr MmMUr KodZy
JmdH$è`m§Zr nmR>{dboë`m nÌH$mer VwbZm H$éZ dgybmMr åhUOoM _hgybmMr {ZpíMV H$aV. Ë`mg gmam
AmH$maUr Ago åhUV.WmoS>Š`mV {~ÚmdZr nrH$ nmhUr d gmam AmH$maUr ho _hgybmVrb VrZ _hËdmMo Q>ßno hmoV.
gmam AmYmaUrMo H$m_ AÊUmOr XÎmmo `m§Zr Xoe_wI, Xoenm§So> d JmdH$è`md§a gmondbo hmoVo.
{edH$mimV amoIrZo Am{U YmÝ`énmZo _hgyb dgyb H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV hmoVr. _hgyb hm CËnÞmÀ`m 2/5
EdT>m AmH$mabm OmV Ago. ~mJm`V {nH$m§da amoI gmam KoVbm OmB©. nwT>o 1667 nmgyZ {edmOr N>ÌnVrZr
Amnë`m amÁ`mV ~Q>mB© nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. ~Q>mB© åhUOo CËnÝZmÀ`m {Zå_m ^mJ nU Aem àXoemVrb
70
eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z BVa H$a KoVbm OmV Zgo. dm. H¥$. ^mdo `m§Zr "noedoH$mbrZ _hmamï´>' `m Amnë`m J«§WmV Ago
åhQ>bo Amho H$s, {edmOrZo amoI ñdénmV gmam dgwbrÀ`m YmoaUmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. CËnÝZmÀ`m 1/3 EdT>r
_hgybmMr a¸$_ R>adbr. Agm _hgyb àËòH$ eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z Z dgyb H$aVm g§nyU© JmdmZo {H$Vr dQ>gmam âmdm
ho {ZpíMV Ho$bo. Ë`mZwgma nmQ>bmZo JmdmVrb àËòH$ eoVH$è`m§da _hgybmMr dmQ>Ur H$amdr. JmdÀ`m _hgybmÀ`m
dgwbrgmR>r nmQ>bmg O~m~Xma YaV. Ë`m_wio nmQ>bmÀ`m A{YH$mamV dmT> Pmbr.
J«°Q> S>\$Zo Amnë`m "History Of The Marathas' `m J«W§ mV {edmOrÀ`m _hgyb ì`dñWo~m~V Ago
åhQ>bo Amho {H$, _hgyb hm àË`j {nH$mÀ`m n[apñWVrda Adb§~yZ Ago. åhUOoM eoVH$è`m§Zr ñdV:H$So>
CËnÞmÀ`m 3/5 {hñgm R>do mdm d 2/5 {hñgm gaH$mamV _hgyb åhUyZ O_m H$amdm. Ooìhm EImXm àXoe qOHy$Z
KoVbm OmdyZ Ë`mda _mbH$s àñWm{nV hmoVmM Ë`m àXoemVyZ bîH$ar H$a ~§X H$éZ VgoM eoVr nÜXV ~§X H$éZ
AmnU Zo_boë`m _wbH$s A{YH$mè`m§H$Sw>Z _hgyb O_m H$aV.
no e do H $mbrZ _hgy b ì`dñWm :
{edemhr à_mUoM noedmB©VgwÜXm amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÝZm§Mr _hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOo O_rZ _hgyb hmo`. dm. H¥$.
^mdo `m§À`m_Vo, "noedmB©V gaH$mar dgwbmÀ`m ~m~r nwîH$i Agë`m Var Ë`m gdm©V O_rZ ~m~ hr _w»` hmo`.'
S>m°. goZ `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho {H$, noeì`mÀ`m _hgyb nÜXVrMo _w»` gyÌ åhUOo H$aXmË`m§Mr ââmQ> hoM
hmoVo. S>`yH$ Am°\$ doqb½Q>Z `mZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""XoemVbr O_rZ nwîH$iM bmJdS>rg Ambr Amho.''
_hgyb AmH$maUr nÜXV :
_hgyb AmH$maUrMr nÜXV noedmB©V gwÜXm {edH$mimà_mUo hmoVr. eoVr ì`dgm`mV noeì`m§Zr CÎmoOZ XodyZ
CËnÞdmT>rg _XV Ho$br. O_rZrMm _hgyb R>a{dVmZm àË`j nrH$nmhUr H$éZ gmam AmH$maUr Ho$br OmV Ago.
O_rZrÀ`m _JXxamà_mUo O_rZrMr {d^mJUr Aìdb, _Ü`_ Am{U hbH$s Aer H$aV. `m{edm` ~mJmB©V
O_rZrMr nmQ>ñWi d _moQ>ñWi Aer dJ©dmar H$aV. Aem àH$mao O_rZrMr dJ©dmar Ho$ë`mZ§Va d[að> A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z
O_rZrMm _hgyb R>admdm. {Oam`V Aìdb O_rZrMm AmH$ma {~Úmbm XmoZ énò, _Ü`_ eoVgmam amoI KoÊ`mMr
nÜXV Agbr Var eoVH$è`mÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r YmÝ`hr KoVbo OmV Ago.
{OamB©V, ~mJmB©V, nmQ>ñWi d _moQ>ñWi Aer O_rZrMr dJ©dmar Ho$br OmV Ago. Ë`mZ§Va d[að>
A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z eoVgmam R>adbm OmV Ago. ~mJmB©V O_rZrdarb _hgyb gd©Ì gmaImM Zgo. Ë`mMr AmH$maUr
{dÚmdéZ Ho$br OmB©. Á`m ~mJm`Vr O{_Zr nydunmgyZ bmJdS>rImbr AgV Aem O_rZrda gmam {dÚmbm 10
énò Ago. nmQ>ñWi ~mJmB©V O_rZrMo gmè`mMo Xa Oa O_rZ Zì`mZo ~mJmB©VrImbr AmUbr Agë`mg n{hë`m
dfu àËòH$ {~¿`mbm 5 é. Xxgè`m dfu 6 é. {Vgè`m dfu 7 é. Mm¡Ï`m dfu 8 é. nmMì`mdfu 10 é. KoÊ`mMr
nÜXV hmoVr. _moQ>ñWi ~mJmB©V Zì`mZo Ho$ë`mg n{hë`mdfu EH$ én`m, Xxgè`m dfu XmoZ énò, {Vgè`m dfu VrZ
énò, Mm¡Ï`m dfu Mma énò d nmMì`m dfu nmM énò KoV.
gZ 1740-41 _Üò ZmZmgmho~ noeì`mZo hdobr òWrb Amnë`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm Amnë`m O_rZrbm àËòH$
71
{~¿`mbm 10 _U, Cg O_rZrbm àËòH$ {~¿`mbm 5 é. ^mOrnmbm {nH$dUmè`m O_ZrMm àËòH$ {d¿`mbm 2
é. gmam H$amdm. Ë`mMà_mUo Am§ã`mÀ`m PmS>mda gmam bmdbm hmoVm. nmQ>rb qH$dm eoVH$è`m§H$S>rb Am§ã`mÀ`m
PmS>mZ§ m Am§~o bmJÊ`mnmgyZ 1000 Am§ã`mg EH$ én`m åhUyZ _hgyb ¿`mdm. gaH$mar Am§~amB©Vrb PmS>mMo Am§~o
gaH$mamV O_m H$amdm.
Zmai d BVa PmS>mnmgyZMm _hgyb :
noeì`m§Zr g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mda ZmaimMr PmSo> bmdÊ`mg bmoH$m§Zm CÎmoOZ {Xbo. Ë`mMà_mUo ^§S>mar bmoH$m§Zm
PmS>mnmgyZ Xmé H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r CÎmoOZ {Xbo. ZmaimÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ n{hë`m 20 dfm©n`ªV, gwnmarÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ
n{hë`m 15 dfm©n`ªV Va CXmUrÀ`m PmS>mÀ`m n{hë`m 12 dfm©n`ªV eoVgmam Kody Zò. darb H$mbI§S>mZ§Va
Xadfu ZmaimÀ`m àËòH$ PmS>mg 4 AmUo, gwnmar PmS>mg 1 é. CXmUrÀ`m PmS>mnmgyZ 3 AmUo _hgyb ¿`mdm.
Ë`mMà_mUo ^§S>mar bmoH$m§Zr Oa VmS>m_mS> bmdbo Va Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z àËòH$s EH$ én`m d Pmdi`mMm EH$ ^mam
¿`mdm.
YmÝ` ñdénmVrb _mbmMr ì`dñWm :
eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z _hgyb åhUyZ Ambobo YmÝ` gaH$ma
qH$dm H$moR>mamV R>odV Ago. JaOonojm A{YH$Ë`m
_mbmMr {dH«$s H$aV. H$moH$UmV eoVgmam åhUyZ O_m Pmbobm _mb ì`mnmam§Zm {dH$V. Agm ^mV ì`mnmar
OhmOmVyZ ZodZy _w~§ B©g {dH$V. noedo Am{U AmJ«o `m§À`mV ~o~Zm~ Pmë`mZo AmJ«o noeì`mbm Ow_mZVo Zmhr Ambo.
noeì`m§À`m ZmJmoR>mUo ~§XamV ì`mnmar ^mVmMr IaoXr H$aV. Vmo aodg _mJ} _w~§ B©bm OmB©. nU Am§Jo« aodg ~§XamV
òUmè`m ^mVmda O~a OH$mV ~g{dë`mZo OmJmoOmJr ~§XamV _mb nSy>Z amhÿ bmJbm. Ë`m_wio noeì`mMo ZwH$gmZ
hmody bmJë`mZo A{YH$mè`m§g nÌo {bhÿZ gwMZm {Xë`m.
nS> O _rZ bmJdS> r Imbr AmUÊ`mMo Ymo a U :
noeì`m§Zr nS>rH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr `mdr åhUyZ bmoH$m§Zm CÎmoOZ {Xbo. eoVH$è`m§Zr S>mJ| ami O_rZ
\$moS>y Z, ImMIiJo _mVrZo ^éZ O_rZ V`ma H$amdr. bmoH$m§Zm CÎmoOZna gdbVr Xody Ho$ë`m.
AmnÎmrÀ`m do i r eo V gmè`mV gy Q > :
XxîH$mi, byQ>_ma Am{U amoJamB©_i
w o {nH$ Ambo Zmhr qH$dm eoVH$è`m§À`m {nH$m§Mo AVmoZmV ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Va
Ë`mdfu gaH$ma O_rZ _hgybmV gyQ> XoV. gZ 1745-46 _Üò H$mZy Jmd AmJrÀ`m ^jñWmZr nS>ë`mZo g§nUy ©
Jmdmdarb gmam _m\$ Ho$bm nU Ë`m Jmdm§da Ho$di 1 I§S>r 12 _Z EdT>m Zm__mÌ gmam KoVbm. ~mdS>`mMm
A{YH$mar am_M§Ð ~„mi `mZo noeì`m§Zm XxîH$imMo g{dñVa d¥Îm H$i{dë`mda gaH$maZo nwT>rb Mma dfm©Mm gmam _m\$
Ho$bm. nmMmoè`mÀ`m eoVH$è`m§Zm nrH$ Z Amë`mMo H$i{dë`mda _hgybmV 50% gyQ> {Xbr. gZ 1770-71 gmbmV
Ami§Xr Jmd eÌyZo bwQ>yZ \$ñV Ho$ë`mZo n{hë`m _mYdamd noeì`m§Zr nwT>rb XmoZ dfm©Mm gmam _m\$ Ho$bm.
72
_hgybr A{YH$mar / _wbH$s A{YH$mar :
dgwbrÀ`m AZoH$ nÜXVr AgyZ Ë`mVrb à_wI nÜXV åhUOo _m_boXma hm nJmar A{YH$mar Zo_Zy dgyb
H$aÊ`mMm. àËòH$ Hw$imZo {H$Vr gmam Úmdm ho nwT>rb 5 dfm©gmR>r {ZpíMV H$aV. _m_boXmam§Mo _w»` H$m_ åhUOo
nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu d Amnë`m hmVmImbrb ZmoH$am§À`m _XVrZo gmam dgyb H$aÊ`mMo. a`VoMo {nH$mMo g§ajU
H$aUo. Ë`mgmBr _m_boXmamOdi {e~§Xr(g¡Ý`) Ago. _m_boXmamg Xagmb 5000 énò nJma Ago.
H$_m{damgXmamMo A{YH$ma _m_boXma EdT>oM AgV. H$_m{dgXma Hw$im§Zm VJmB© XoUo, nmQ>m§Mr XxéñVr
H$aUo, ~mJm I§S>mZo bmdUo, eoVH$è`m§Zm Yra XodyZ eoVr H$adyZ KoUo d g¡{ZH$ nXar R>odyZ eoVH$è`m§Mo ajU
`mgmaIr H$m_o H$aV Ago.
eodQ>Mm ~mOramd noeì`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV CËH¥$ï> Aer _amR>`m§Mr _hgyb nÜXV ~§X Pmbr. Ë`mEodOr
_m_bVr _ŠË`mZo XoÊ`mMr nÜXV gwé Pmbr. Ë`m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUOoM _m_boXma aòVda Owb_y H$é bmJbo.
Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ~mOramdÀ`m Xxbm¡{H$V hmoÊ`mV Pmbm.
H$moH$UmVrb JmdMm dgyb ImoV H$aV Ago. ImoV hm EH$Q>mM nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Uu. Hw$bH$Ê`mªMo H$m_
ImoVmZo H$amdo qH$dm hmVmImbr H$maHy$Z R>do Zy H$amdo. JmdÀ`m dgwbmMm _ËH$m ImoVmH$So> Ago _mÌ nmQ>rbH$sMo
dVZ ImoVmH$So> d§enaoZo MmbV Zgo.
nmQ> ~ § Y mao :
eoVrda AmYmaboë`m AW©ì`dñWoV nmQ>~§Ymao, H$mbdo, YaUo `m§Zm AZÝ` gmYmaU _hËd AgVo. eoVrbm
nmUr nwadR>m H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo amOo bmoH$m§Zr AZmXrH$mimnmgyZ bj {Xë`mMo {XgVo. H$mbì`mÀ`m, nmQ>mÀ`mìXmao
eoVrbm nmUr XoÊ`mMr nÜXV _amR>`m§À`m H$mimV hmoVr. nmQ>mZo nmUrnwadR>m hmoV Amboë`m eoVmbm "nmQ>ñWi'
Ago åhUV. JmdH$ar N>moQ>o ~m§Y KmbyZ nmdgmMo AWdm ZXrMo nmUr AS>dyZ R>odV. {d{ha IUyZ eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
nmÊ`mMm dmna H$aV. {d{harda Ho$boë`m ~mJmB©V O_rZrg "_moQ>ñWi' Ago åhUV. H$mbdo qH$dm {d{harda
{nH$boë`m O_rZrg ~mJmB©V åhUV.
noedmB©V Vbmd ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {d{ha ImoXÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mamVyZ IMm©Mr a¸$_ {_iV Ago. Va H$mhr
doiog VbmdmÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r qH$dm XxéñVrgmR>r hmoUmam IM© gaH$ma d bmoH$dJ©UrVyZ H$aÊ`mV òB©. Aem
H$m_mÀ`m IMm©Mr CXmhaUo nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) ~mJbmO àm§VmVrb ~§Ymao \w$Q>ë`m_wio nmQ>mMo nmUr ~mJmB©Vmg OmV ZìhVo. g~~ Vo nmQ> ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r
Xadfu 5000 énò `mn«_mUo EHy$U 25000 énò IM© H$aÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
2) ~Zoœa òWrb YaUmgmR>r 800 énò IM© òVmo. Ë`m H$m_mgmR>r gaH$maZo 400 énò {Xbo. ~mH$sMo 400
énò Á`mXm YaUmMo nmUr {_iUma Amho. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z dgyb H$amdoV.
3) Vw§J^ÐoÀ`m H$mbì`mMm ~§Ymam \w$Q>bm AgyZ Vmo ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r noedoH$Sy>Z dgyb H$amdoV.
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4) ~mJbmU àm§VmVrb H$g~o Om_IoS> òWo nmQ>ñWimZo O_rZrbm nmUrnwadR>m H$aUmao XmoZ ~§Ymao hmoV.o Ë`mVrb
EH$ ~§Ymam dmhÿZ Jobm Vmo ~§Ymam ~§{XñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r amYmo ZmamÙ Hw$bH$Uu hm C_oXdma Amho. gXa H$m_mgmR>r
8 Vo 10 hOma énò IM© hmoVrb. gÚm JmdMo _hgybr CËnÞ 5000 énò Amho Vo ~§Ymam ~m§Yë`mg 14 dfmªZr
8500 énò hmoBb
© . åhUyZ amYmo ZmamÙ `m§g ~§Ymam ~m§YÊ`mMr Amkm Ho$br. Ë`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`mg 100 {~Ko
ZdrZ ~mJmB©V O_rZrn¡H$s 10 {~Ko BZm_ `mà_mUo 40 {~Ko O_rZ BZm_ XoÊ`mMm H$ama Ho$bm. amKmo ZmamÙ
Hw$bH$Uu `mZo ñdV:À`m n¡emZo ~§Ymam ~m§Ybm d Ë`m§Mm bm^ Vmo gaH$ma Am{U JmdH$è`m§Zr ¿`mdm `m_wio a`V
ñdmdb§~r d H$V©ì`dmZ hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoUma hmoVr.
5) bmohZoa naJmdmVrb gmdH$s `m JmdmVrb ~§Ymam OrU© Pmë`mZo Mma nmM {R>H$mUmhÿZ nmUr dhmdyZ Omdy
bmJbo. Ë`m§À`m XxéñVrÀ`m H$m_mV MmbT>mb Pmë`mg 2000 é. _hgybmMm Jmd Ad¿`m 400 Vo 500 é òBb
© .
åhUyZ gmdH$mamH$Sw>Z H$O© KodyZ ~§Ymè`mMr S>mJSw>Or H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r noeì`mZo Amkm Ho$br.
6) H$monb naJÊ`mVrb JmoqdXamd `mXd `mZo gaH$maH$So> AO© H$éZ YaU ZmXxéñV Pmë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ
{Xbo. Ë`mH$m_mgmR>r noedo gaH$maH$Sy>Z 2000 énò _§Oya Pmbo.
AemàH$mao noeì`m§Zr YaUo, nmQ>mÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r gaH$mamVyZ, bmoH$ dJ©UrVyZ àg§Jr gmdH$mamVyZ H$O© KodyZ
Am{U YaUmÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r BZm_ O_rZ XodZy A{YH$m{YH$ O_rZ ~mJmB©V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ
òV.o nmQ>~Y§ mè`mMm bm^ eoVH$è`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r d gaH$maMm _hgyb dmT>Ê`mV Pmbm. `m~m~V
doqb½Q>Z `mZo XoemVbr O_rZ nwîH$iM bmJdS>rImbr Amë`mMo åhQ>bo Va _mCQ> ñQw>AQ>© Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z `mZo
_amR>`mMr hr `moOZm Mm§Jbr Agë`mZo Vr VerM gwé R>odmdr åhUyZ {e\$mag Ho$br.
ñd`§ A Ü``Z àý -2
A) Imbrb CnH«$_m_Üò {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {bhm.
1. noeì`mÀ`m H$mimV ~¡bm§À`m nmR>rdéZ _mbmMr dhmVyH$ H$moZ H$aV Ago ?
A) b_mU-d§Omar ~) eoQ>o-_hmOZ H$) am_moer-~oaS> S>) H$moir-{^„
2. noedo gaH$ma nS>rH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr `mdr åhUyZ CÎmoOZmW© H$m` XooV Ago ?
A) dVZ d ~T>Vr ~) _mZgÝ_mZ d n¡gm H$) BZm_ O_rZ d eoVH$è`m§g gyQ>
S>) gaH$mar ZmoH$ar d ôQ>rÀ`m dñVy
3. noedmB©V amÁ`m§À`m CËnÞm§Mo _hËdmMo gmYZ H$moUVo hmoVo ?
A) `wÜXmVrb byQ> ~) _hgyb H$) I§S>Ê`m S>) ì`mnma - CÚmoJmdarb H$Q>
4. gZ 1745-46 _¿ò H$mZy Jmd AmJrÀ`m ^jñWmZr nS>ë`mda noeì`m§Zr H$m` Cnm` Ho$bm ?
A) Jmdm§g amoI ñdénmV _XV
~) Jmdmg YmÝ` d Mmè`m§À`m ñdénmV _XV
H$) {Zå_m gmam§À`m YmoaUmMm Adb§~ S>) g§nUy © gmam _m\$sMo YmoaU A§{JH$mabo
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5. _amR>`m§Mr ZmdmObobr _hgyb nÜXV H$moUË`m noeì`m§À`m H$mimV ~§X nS>br ?
A) ZmZmgmho~ ~) _mYdamd H$) gìdmB© _mYdamd S>) ~mOramd Xxgam
~) Imbrb Cnàým§ M r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) noedo gaH$ma H$mbì`m§À`m IwXmB©Mo / ~m§YÊ`mMo d XxéñVrMo H$m_ H$m H$arV Ago ?
2) noeì`m§À`m JmoemioV H$moUË`m OmVrVrb JmB©Mm g§Jh« hmoVm ?
3) _m_boXmamg noeì`m§À`m H$mimV Xagmb {H$Vr nJma {Xbm OmV Ago ?
4) H$mbì`mÀ`m, ~§Ymè`mÀ`m nmQ>mZo nmUrnwadR>m hmoUmè`m O_rZrg H$m` åhUV ?
5) _moQ>ñWi åhUOo H$m` ?
3.3.4 noedoH$mbrZ ì`mnma d CÚmoJY§Xo :
{edH$mimV bmoH$m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm` eoVr hmM hmoVm. eoVrgmR>r IoS>`mV {d{dY ì`mdgm{`H$ eoVr
ì`dgm`mg Amdí`H$ dñVy, AdOmao ~ZdV. eoVH$è`m§Zm bmJUmar bmoIS§ >r, bmH$S>r AdOmao, _mVrMr YmVyMr
^m§S>r, nmXÌmUo, H$mnS>-MmonS>, XmJXm{JZo IoS>`mVM V`ma hmoV. Jmdmbm ñd`§nUy © ñdén ~bwVXo ma d AmbwVXo mam_wio
Ambo hmoVo. {edmOr amOm§À`m H$mimV H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmR>dS>m ~mOma âV. AmgnmgÀ`m IoS>`mVyZ bmoH$
_mb IaoXrgmR>r òV AgV. ~mOmamV YmÝ`, H$mnS>, bmoUr,nmZ, ^mÁ`m, Zmai, _m§g {dH«$sgmR>r òV Ago.
Hw$eb H$mam{Ja Amnë`m dñVy ~mOmamV AmUV. H$g~r H$mam{Ja H$gã`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr amhÿZ Amnbm ì`dgm`
H$aV.
17 ì`m eVH$mV ì`mnma hm Ob_mJ© d gwñWrVrMm _mJ© hmoV Ago. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV añVo d
XiUdiUmÀ`m \$maem gmo`r gw{dYm ZìhË`m. ~¡b, C§Q>, VÅÿ>, aoS>m, ~¡bJmS>r, nmbIr Am{U ZmdmMm dhmVyH$sÀ`m
gmYZmV g_mdoe hmoB.© bmoH$ Im§ÚmdéZ d S>mŠo `mdéZ _mbmMr Zo AmU H$aV.
{edam`m§Zr _moR>`m _wËgX²XrnUo ñdamÁ`mVrb noT>`m, ì`mnma, CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMm
Adb§~ Ho$bm. Vo OmUyZ hmoVo {H$ ì`mnma-CÚmoJdmT>r{edm` amÁ`mMr ââmQ> hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr
ì`mnmamg gdbVr d CÎmoOZna {Xë`m. OH$mVrV gyQ> XoUmè`m YmoaUmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`mVM B§JO« , S>M, \«$| M,
S°>Zre, `m na{H$` ì`mnmam§Zr H$moH$UÀ`m {H$ZmanÅ>rV ì`mnmar dImar gwé Ho$ë`m. BamUr d Aa~ ì`mnmar àmMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ ì`mnma H$aV hmoVo.
H$moH$UmV g_wÐmVyZ Am{U ImS>rVyZ bhmZ _moR>`m Zmdm§Mr ò-Om Ago. R>mUo, Hw$bm~m, aËZm{Jar, ~mUH$moQ>,
hmU}, XodJS>, Xm^moi, amOmnya, _mbdU Am{U d|Jwbm© B. ~§Xao ì`mnma dhmVwH$sgmR>r à{gÜX hmoVr. Mm°b,
Xm^moi, H$ë`mU, {^d§S>r, d|Jwbm© d noU hr ì`mnma CÚmoJY§X`mMr H|$Ðo åhUyZ ââmQ>rg Ambr hmoVr. H$ë`mU,
{^d§S>rg OhmO ~m§YUrMm CÚmoJ Mmbo. "_rR>mMm _m_bm bmI _mobmMm' `m amÁ`mÀ`m AmkodéZ ñdamÁ`mVrb
ì`mnma-CÚmoJmH$Co Ë`m§Mo {H$Vr ~marH$ bj hmoVo ho {XgyZ òV.o amOm§Zr ì`mnmam§Zm ñdamÁ`mV AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU
75
pñdH$mabo nU Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mo \$mOrb ñVmo_ dmTy> {Xbo Zmhr.
no e do H $mbrZ ì`mnma-CÚmo J :
noeì`m§À`m H$mimVrb ì`mnma hm àm_w»`mZo Ob_mJ© Am{U
_mJm©Zo MmbV Ago. H$moH$U
{H$Zmè`mda _w§~B©, Mm°b, Xm^moi, amOmnya hr ~§Xao _moR>r Va ZmJmoR>mUo, _hmS>, {MniyU, aËZm{Jar, d|Jwbm©,
_mbdU hr bhmZ ~§Xao hmoVr. _hmamï´>mOdi AgUmao gwaV ~§Xa à{gÜX nU _w§~B© ~§Xa Pmë`mda gwaV ~§XamMo
_hËd H$_r Pmbo Ago Agbo Var noedmB©V ZmerH$, ImZXoe, dèhmS>, JwOamV Am{U _midm àm§VÀ`m
ì`mnmamgmR>r gyaV hoM gmo`rMo ~§Xa hmoVo. Aem ~§XamV òUmam _mb d ~§XamVyZ A§VJ©V OmÊ`mg ì`mnmar _mb
nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m_ b_mZ d d§Omar bmoH$ ~¡bmÀ`m VmS>`m§À`m _XVrZo H$aV. Aem ì`mnmamg amÁ`H$V} g§ajU
nwadV. _rR>, Imo~ao, VwaQ>r, ImarH$ d naXoer N>mZN>moH$sÀ`m dñVyMm g_mdoe Ago. N>moQ>`m à_mUmV _mbmMr
dmhVyH$ _amR>o H$aV. J§JmOr _mZo am. nwUo `m§Zr 60 ~¡bmdéZ ImZXoemVyZ gyV ImÚ d {N>Q>o IaoXr H$éZ nwUo
òWo AmUbr. Va Jmogmdr bmoH$ naàm§VmVyZ KmoS>r d C§Q>mMr IaoXr H$éZ nwÊ`mV AmUyZ {dH$V AgV.
B§JO« bmoH$ g_wÐ_mJm©Zo Omo _mb AmUV Ë`mg "~§Xar _mb' Ago åhUV. emhÿ _hmamO H$mÝhmoOr AmJ«o
`m§À`m_m\©$V \$_m©er d M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy ^mJdV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo B§JO« r CÎm_ Vbdmar, gwè`m, hpñVX§V, Jwbm~,
{ego, _oU~Ë`m, AJa gwaVr V§~mIy, ~JXmXr V§~mIy, H$ñVwarMr Zm^r d emo^M
o r Xmé Aem ~m~r IaoXr H$aV.
ì`mnma - CÚmoJmg g§ajU :
H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rdarb ì`mnma hm _amR>`m§À`m hmVr hmoVm. Aem ì`mnmar Jb~Vm§Mm g§Mma gwaV Vo
H$moMrZn`ªV hmoV Ago. {M_UmOr JUoe gmR>o am. aËZm{Jar `mZo EH$ ZdrZ Jb~V ~m§Ybo. Ë`m Jb~VmVyZ
ì`mnmar _mbMr dhmVyH$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVZy o gaH$maZo OH$mV _m\$ Ho$br. dgB© òWrb {dR>mOo r H¥$îU H$m_V `mZo
OhmOmVyZ ì`mnma gwé Ho$bm. Ë`mg noeì`mZo nmbIrMm _mZ {Xbm. EdT>oM Zìho Va amhÊ`mgmR>r d dImargmR>r
OmJm {Xbr. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`mg JmdmMr Imobr {Xbr. dgB© Am{U gmð>r ~§Xao nmoVy©JrOmnmgyZ Vmã`mV
Amë`mda Vr ââmQ>rg AmUÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar _amR>`m§da Ambr. ñdamÁ`mVrb CÎm_ gwajm ì`dñWm nmhÿZ
H$mhr dmUr bmoH$ òdZy am{hbo. Voìhm gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r OmJm d Kao {Xbr. A§OZdoi òWrb EH$
A{YH$mar OhmO ~m§YV hmoVm Ë`mg gaH$maZo VrZ I§S>r bmoIS§ > {Xbo.
darb ~m~rdéZ noedo gaH$ma Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb ì`mnma-CÚmoJ dmT>rgmR>r H$go g§ajU d MmbZm XoV
hmoVo ho ñnîQ> hmoV.o Ë`mMà_mUo _moaeoQ> d gXm{ed eoQ> dJ¡ao gmV bmoH$m§Zr gaH$mamV Vmo\$m§Mo Mm§bJo H$m_
Ho$ë`m~Ôb 500 énò _hgyb AgUmar XmoZ Jmdo BZm_ åhUyZ {Xbr.
ì`mnmamda {Z`§ Ì U :
gaH$maMo ì`mnmè`m§Moda {Z`§ÌU Ago. nwÊ`mgma»`m _moR>`m ehamVrb ì`mnmamda {Z`§ÌU ahmdo åhUyZ
Mm¡Yar `m gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. Mm¡YarÀ`m _w»` H$m_mV ehamV òUmè`m _mbmÀ`m Zm|Xr
qH$dm {hemo~ R>do Uo, gaH$maÀ`m nadmZJrZo _mbmMm qH$_Vr H$_r OmñV H$aUo, XxîH$mimÀ`m gw_mamg ehamV
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bmJob VodT>m _mb nwadUo d dOZo _mno `mda H$Q>mjmZo XoIaoI H$aUo.
OH$mV Ymo a U :
nwÊ`mVrb ~mOma noR>Vo rb ì`dhma H$aUmè`m ~mhoéZ òUmè`m ì`mnmè`m§Mr g§»`m Am{U ì`dhmam§Mo à_mU
dmT>V Job.o Aem N>mQo >`m ì`mnmè`m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mH$[aVm gaH$ma H$a Am{U OH$mVrV gyQ> XoB© Va
H$mhr doim _m\$ H$aV Ago. CXm. gZ 1763-64 _Yrb gZXoV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "nwUo d OwÞa àm§VmV'
dmUr CXJr XoemVyZ Vob, Vyn, Jwi d hiX n¡gm {OÞg KodZy òVmV. Ë`mg gmàV `m {OZgm§Mr A_XmZr Omhbr
nm{hOo..... Var gXahÿ {OZgm§g Xgè`mn`ªV OH$mV gwXm_V {eaañË`mn¡H$s {Zå_o KoV OmUo d {Z_o _m\$ H$aV
OmUo. gZ 1763-64 _Üò _hmXOr ZmamÙ d gXm{ed aKwZmW H$_m{dgXma OH$mV àm§V nwUo d OwÞa `m§Zr
gaH$maH$So> Aer {dMmaUm Ho$br H$s, ""nwÊ`mV dmÊ`m CXå`m§Mr A_XZr hmody bmJbr. Ë`mg H$moUmH$moUmnmgyZ
OH$mV ¿`mdr Z ¿`mdr ò{derMr Amkm Pmbr nm{hOo.''
nwÊ`mà_mUoM _hmamï´>mVrb BVa ehamH$So> Zì`mZo
hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`mnmar d H$mam{Jam§Mm AmoK gwé
Pmbm. åhUyZ noeì`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Aem ZdmJV gmdH$mam§Zm, ì`mnmam§Zm OH$mV _m\$s H$aUo,
_mZmMr dóo XoUo, nmbIr B. _ZmMo h¸$ XoUo, JmdmV amhÊ`mg _mo\$V dmS>m XoUo qH$dm H$moR>ma ~m§YÊ`mg _mo\$V
O_rZ XoUo B. gdbVr {Xë`m.
R>oHo$Xma :
gaH$ma, noedo, gaXma d OhmJra `m§À`m ImOJrH$S>rb {d{dY àH$maMr H$m_o R>Ho $o XoDZ H$adyZ KoV.
{d{dY VèhoÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r Ë`m Ë`m joÌmVbr AZw^dr, {ZîUmV R>Ho $o Xma ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mr JaO Ago. B_maVr
~m§YUo, nmQ> ~m§YUo, dmS>`mV amoOÀ`m ^moOZmMr, nmQ>nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm R>do Uo, {Xdm~ÎmrMr gmo` H$aUo, \w$bm§Mm
nwadR>m H$aUo, Q>nmb godm,
, ZXrda Zmdm MmbdyZ dhmVyH$ H$aUo, Vmo\$m§Mo Jmoio ~Z{dUo, A{¾~mU
~Z{dUo, H$mJX, emB© H$aUo, nwadUo Aer H$m_o R>Ho $o XoDZ H$aV. Ë`mMà_mUo gaH$maH$So> AgUmè`m H$maImÝ`mV
H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmoZma, bmohma, Vm§~Q>, gwVma, {dUH$a, qenr B. Oéar bmJo. Aem H$mam{Jam§Zm _Owar /
amO_wÐm XoDZ H$m_o H$adyZ KoV Aem N>mQo >`m _moR>`m R>Ho $o Xmam§Mm bwH$ ñdV§Ì dJ© _hmamï´>mV {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm.
ì`mnmar gmdH$ma dJ© :
noedmB©V _amR>r ì`mnmar gmdH$ma dJm©Mo joÌ _w»`V: H$Om©À`m XoÊ`mVyZ hmoUmam Z\$m, H$_r A§VamMr
A§VJ©V dhmVyH$ d ì`mnma EdT>`mnwaVoM _`m©{XV am{hb. `m H$mimV H$moUË`mhr ì`mnmamZo qH$dm gmdH$mamZo
CÚmoOH$mg qH$dm H$ënH$Vm XmI{dbr Zmhr qH$dm EImÚm CÚmoJmV ^m§S>db hr JwV§ dbo Zmhr.
noedoH$mimV bhmZ_moR>`m ehamV gmdH$a hmoVo Vo ì`mnmar Am{U bmoH$m§Mo n¡emMo ì`dhma H$aV. hr XodKod
hþ§S>rÀ`m énmZo MmbV Ago. AZoH$ OmVrVrb bmoH$ gmdH$mar ì`dgm` H$aV. _hmamï´>mVrb gmdH$ma ~w§Xob I§S>mV
amhÿZ ì`dgm` H$aV. JUoe ZmB©H$ ho gmdH$ma N>Ìnya òWo ahmV. Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V H$_m{dgXma gaH$mar a¸$_m
nwÊ`mg nmR>{dV hmoVo.
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nwÊ`mV qMVm_U Xr{jV nQ>dY©Z, ~mbmOr AZ§V {^So>, {edam_^Q> gmZo, OJÞmW ZmB©H$ ^mdo, _moamo e§H$a,
naeam_ ZmB©H$ AZJi, lrYa ZmB©H$ nmR>H$, grVmam_ ZmB©H$ lmoÌr, {Ì{dH«$_ JwOa, OZ^Q> JmS>Jri, ^dmZnwar
Jmogmdr d _moaeoQ> H$d} B.gmdH$ma hmoVo. IwÔ noedo gaH$mabm _moR>`m a¸$_m H$Om©g XoUmao 162 gmdH$ma nwÊ`mV
1740 À`m gw_mamg hmoV.o Ë`mn¡H$s d„^ gwX§ a, ~mbmOr ZmB©H$, JÐo, nmñHo$, ^mdo, am_mOr ZmB©H$, XmVma, qÌ~H$
{dZm`H$ Mm~wH$ñdma, VmnrXmg H$merXmg, dmKmoOr ~JmSo>, ^wVH$a, H$hmZXmg ^moH$ao, dmZdio h[a^{º$ B.
gmdH$ma 1777 _Üò hmoV.o
noedo gaH$maH$So> n¡emMr Q>§MmB© Agë`mZo Xa_hm XaeoH$S>m EH$ én`m ì`mOmZo g§VeoR> _YZo `m§OH$Sw>Z
19795 é, ~m~yamd {X{jV nQ>dY©ZH$Sy>Z 2,12,193 é, qMVm_U {X{jV nQ>dY©Z, ~mbmOr A§OZ {^So>,
{edam_ ^Q> gmZo `m§MH$Sy>Z 5000 é. ~ {edam_ ZmB©H$ {^So>, _moamo e§H$a, naewam_ ZmB©H$ AZJi `m§MoH$Sw>Z
2,64,117 é. H$O© H$mT>bo hmoV.o
CÚmoJ ì`dgm` H|$Ðo :
noedmB©V ImZXoemV nmgmoS>`m d BVa H$mnS>, AH$moQ> d ~mimnya òWo gVa§Á`m, nmJmoQ>r d BVa H$mnS>,
XoCiJm§d òWo bwJS>r, IU, gmobmnya òWo aoe_r H$mnS>, _wH$Q>o d H$X, E{bMnwamOdiÀ`m H$a§OJmd§ òWo YmVy
JmiyZ K§Q>m d BVa gm_mZ, ~mimnya òWo Xm¡bVm~mXr Vo{OMm H$mJX, H$ma§Om d XoCiJm§d amOm òWo Hw$H§ $y , dUr
òWo bmH$S>r d XJS>r gm_mZ Aem àH$maÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>rMr à{gÜX H|$Ðo hmoVr.
~m§YH$m_ ì`dgm`mVrb Hw$eb H$mam{Jam§Mm dJ©, dèhmS> àm§Vmg hmoVm. bmoUma òWrb X¡Ë`gyXZ _§{Xa
Á`mMm AmH$ma MVwîH$moZr qH$dm Aï>H$moZr ZgyZ ho _§{Xa EH$m qMMmoi`m nÅ>rZo OmoS>bb
o r XmoZ ~hþH$moZr dVwi
© mÀ`m
AmH$mamMo Amho. _§{Xa XJS>r AgyZ Ë`mV bmH$S>mMm d MwÝ`mMm H$moR>ohr dmna Ho$bobm ZìhVm. _§XramÀ`m
~mhoaÀ`m ~mOyZo XJS>mda Ag§»` {MÌo H$moabobr AmhoV.
_mbmMm XOm© H$m`_ {Q> H $dÊ`mgmR> r Mo à`ËZ :
gmVmaMo N>ÌnVr noedo, d Ë`m§À`m gaXmam§Zr {Xboë`m àmoËgmhZmZmo _hmamï´>m§V {dUH$boMm àgma Pmbm.
OmbZmnya òWrb {dUH$è`m§Zm V`ma hmoUmè`m _mbmMm XOm© CÎm_ amIÊ`mgmR>r Aer VmH$sX {Xbr {H$, ""gÜ`m
Mm§XdS>r énò AmQ>dyZ Oa Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio Oa dmB©Q> V`ma hmoVo. nydu _ëhmaemhr, B§J«Or, gyaVr qH$dm nÅ>Ur
énò ^mQ>dZy Oa V`ma H$aV VerM H$amdr. aoer_ V`ma H$aVmZm Ima hm Ho$br OmiyZ ~Z{dë`m_wio OarMm
H$mR> H$mim nS>Vmo. Voìhm H$maImZXmam§Zr Xè`m Ima dmnamdm. nmJmoQ>r 12 Vo 15 hmV bm§~rMr Z R>odVm Vr 30
hmV bm§~rMr R>odmdrV.'' `mdéZ noedo gaH$ma _mbmMm XOm© H$m`_ R>odÊ`mgmR>r d noR>oMm bm¡{H$H$ H$m`_
{Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mV dmT> ìhmdr `mgmR>r {H$Vr OmJéH$ AgV ho àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.
na{H$` _mbmMm ì`mnma :
noeì`m§Mm dH$sb, H$maHw$Z _w§~B©g AgV. Vo noeì`m§Zm B§J«OmH$S>rb {OÞgmMr _m{hVr XoV. Aem {OÞgmV
àm_w»`mZo EH$bmXr, Jm{bMo gwOZr dOm dobXma, {hado, {ndio, bmb, KS>`mio, Xz{~©Ur, H$mMoÀ`m Ama{JZr,
78
ñQ>±S>, h§S>`m, Pw§~ao, _moR>mbo Amago AmqXMm g_mdoe Ago. EH$Xm noeì`m§Zr VrZ KS>`mMo 2777 é. IaoXr
Ho$ë`mMr Zm|X gmnS>Vo. B§J«Or bmoH$ noeì`m§g H$mhr doim KS>`mio ôQ>r XmIb XoV. Aem dñVy ôQ> XoÊ`m_mJo
B§J«Om§Mm hoVy ì`mnma dmT>{dÊ`mMm hmoVm ho ñnï> hmoVo. nwT>o Va KS>`mi hr dñVy ôQ>r XmIb XoÊ`mMr _hmamï´>mV
nS>br.
d`mo_mZmZo qH$dm S>moi`mVrb Xmofm_wio Á`m§Mr Ñï>r H$_r hmoV Ago, Ë`m§Zm Mî_m dmnamdm bmJo. Mî_mg
Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV Mmirer Ago åhUV AgV.Ë`mMà_mUo noedmB©V gmIa V`ma hmoV hmVor nU Vr nm§T>ar ew^«
Zgë`mZo {MZr g\o$X gmIa dmnaÊ`mH$So> lr_§V bmoH$m§Mm H$b hmoVm. _mYdamd noeì`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV B§J«Om§Zr
nmobmXmnmgyZ ~Zdbobr nmUrXma Aer hË`mao dmnabr OmV. bmohMw§~H$, W_m©_rQ>a, H°$_oao `mgma»`m dñVy
B§J«OmH$Sy>Z IaoXr H$aV. VgoM noedo _oU~Ë`m, Jwbm~mMr AÎma B§J«O, nmoVw©JrO, S>M ì`mnmamH$Sy>Z _mJdV.
AÎmamgmR>r H$ZmoO ehamMr _moR>r »`mVr hmoVr. Ë`mà_mUo gw~H$, _O~yV d {Q>H$mdy Hw$byno na{H$`m§H$Sy>Z KoV
AgV.
dmñV{dH$ nmhVm gwS>mMm H$mJX, gmYm Xm¡bVm~mXr d OwÞa òWo V`ma hmoB©. nU Ë`m H$mJXmnojm naXoemVyZ
JwiJwirV, nm§T>am ew^« d _mohaoXma Agm H$mJX IaoXr Ho$bm Omdy bmJbm. B§J«O bmoH$m§À`m AmJ_Zm~amo~a Mhm
Amnë`mH$So> XmIb Pmbm. nU Mhm _hmJ d Xx{_©i Agë`m_wio \$º$ lr_§V dJm©V MhmMm àgma Pmbm. gìdmB©
_mYdamd d J§Jm~mB© nwa§Xamda AgVmZm nwÊ`mhyZ Mhm KmoS>`mÀ`m JmS>`m åhUOoM ~½`m, pìhŠQ>mo[a`m, Q>m§Jo Aer
dhmZo noedmB©À`m eodQ>r eodQ>r nwÊ`mV XmIb Pmbr. AmJrnmgyZ g§ajU ìhmdo d AmJ {dPdVmZm VmVS>rZo _XV
ìhmdr. A¾rem_H$ ~§~ XmIb Pmbo.
gmam§e :
{edmOr N>ÌnVtZr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ñdamÁ`m_wio d nwT>o Pmboë`m amÁ` {dñVmam_wio _amR>r bmoH$m§Zm {d{dY
joÌmV àJVr H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. Ë`m_wioM _hmamï´>mV AR>amì`m eVH$mV Zì`m ì`mnmar, gmdH$ma d
R>Ho $o Xmam§Mm dJ© {Z_m©U Pmbm. Aem ì`mnma d CÚmoJmV AZoH$ OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe Pmbm nU Ë`mVhr
~«mö_U AJ«oga hmoVo, nU noedmB© ~wS>më`mda amO{H$` daXhñV Zm{hgm Pmë`m_wio _amR>r ì`mnmar, gmdH$ma
dJ© H$mob_Sy>Z nS>bo.
CÚmoJY§X`mÀ`m ~m~VrV, Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV AR>amì`m eVH$mV _hmamï´>mV ~Xb Pmbm nU `m dJm©Zo
ZdZdrZ CÚmoJmV Amnbo ^m§S>db JwV§ dbo Zmhr. Zdo CÚmoJY§Xo gwé Ho$bo ZmhrV. Ë`mVM na{H$` _mb ñdñV,
gw~H$, AmH$f©H$ òdy bmJë`mZo noedoH$mimVrb J«m_rU d ehar ì`mnma CÚmoJmVrb bmoH$m§da n[aUm_ Pmbm.
Xoer CÚmoJY§Xo B§JO« m§À`m AmJ_Zm~amo~a Zm{hgo hmody bmJbo.
ñd`§ A Ü``Z àý -4
A) Imbrb CnH«$_m_Üò {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {bhm.
1. noedo H$mimV naàm§VmVyZ KmoS>`mMr IaoXr H$éZ H$moUVo bmoH$ nwÊ`mV Ë`m§Mr {dH«$s H$aV AgV ?
79
A) b_mZ ~) d§Omar H$) Jmogmdr S>) Aa~
2. aËZm{JarÀ`m {M_UmOr JUoe gmR>o `mZo Zdo Jb~V ~m§Yë`mda noeì`m§Zr CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m` Ho$bo ?
A) amoI ~jrg ~) Jb~VmgmR>r bmoIS§ > H$) OH$mV _m\$ S>) _b~mamg g§ajU
3.nwUo ehamÀ`m ì`mnmamda {Z`§ÌU d XoIaoI R>odÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo H$moUË`m gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zoo_Uy Ho$br
?
A) eoQ>o ~) _hmOZ H$) Mm¡Yar S>) R>mUoXma
4. gZ 1740 À`m Xaå`mZ IwÔ noeì`m§Zm _moR>_moR>r H$O} XoUmao {H$Vr gmdH$a nwÊ`mV hmoVo ?
A) 142 ~) 162 H$) 192 S>) 107
5. KmoS>`mÀ`m JmS>`m, ~½`m, pìhŠQ>mo[a`m, Q>§mJo `mgmaIr dhmZo nwÊ`mV Ho$ìhm XmIb Pmbr ?
A) _mJb gÎmoÀ`m eodQ>r ~) {edemhr eodQ>r H$) B§J«O gÎmoÀ`m eodQ>r S>) noedmB©À`m eodQ>r
~) Imbrb Cnàým§ M r EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) B§JO« bmoH$ g_wÐ_mJm©Zo Omo _mb AmUV Ë`mg H$m` åhUV AgV ?
2) A§OZdob òWrb gaH$mar A{YH$mè`mZo OhmO ~m§YUr gwé Ho$ë`mda Ë`mg noeì`m§Zr H$em àH$maMr _XV
Ho$br ?
3) JUoe ZmB©H$ ^mdo `m N>Ìnya òWrb gmdH$mam_m\©$V VoWrb H$_m{dgXma nwUo òWo noeì`mg H$m` nmR>dV
AgV ?
4) OmbZmnya òWrb {dUH$è`m§Zm _mbmMm XOm© CÎm_ d H$m`_ R>do mdm åhUyZ H$moUr VmH$sX {Xbr ?
5) noedo _oU~Ë`m d Jwbm~r AÎma H$moUË`m ì`mnmamH$Sy>Z IaoXr H$aV AgV ?
gmam§ e :
AR>amì`m eVH$mVrb noeì`m§À`m H$mimV _hmamï´>mVrb bmoH$m§Mm _w»` ì`dgm` eoVr Agë`mZo g_mO
OrdZ d aMZm eoVrer {ZJS>rV am{hbr hmoVr. OmVg§ñWm pñWa am{hbr na§Vy dVZ ì`dñWoV ~Xb Pmë`mZo
Mmbr[aVr ~Xbë`m. IoS>`mMm H$ma^ma nmQ>rb-Hw$bH$Uu `m A{YH$mè`m§À`m
_m©V J«m_godH$m§À`m _XVrZo
Ho$bm OmB©. {edam`m§Zm g_mOaMZoV ~Xb H$aVm Ambr. H$maU Ë`m§Zm na{H$` gÎmm Zm{her H$éZ ñdV§Ì amÁ`
ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$amd`mMr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr dVZXmar Zï> Ho$br nU noedmB©V nwÝhm dVZo XoÊ`mMr nÜXV gwé Pmbr.
IoS>`mV gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m, g_mO ajUmgmR>r à`ËZ Pmbm. noedmB©V Añn¥í`mMr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$
d amO{H$`Ñï>`m AdhobZmM Pmbr. Ë`m§Mm ñnem©ñne©, Obñne© d _§{Xa àdoem~m~VrV VËH$mbrZ {dMma _mZdm
_mZdmV ôX^md {Z_m©U H$aUmao hmoV.o Añn¥í` OmVrVrb AkmZ, Xm[aÐ, {ZajaVo_i
w o d OmMH$ {Z~ªYm_wio
Ë`m§À`mda Jwbm_{Jar d doT>{~Jmar H$aÊ`mMr nmir Ambr. doR>{~JmargmR>r eyÐ-AVreyÐmZm doR>rg YaV. OUy
80
H$mhr H$amÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV doR>{~Jmam§Zm am~dyZ KoÊ`mMm gaH$mabm A{YH$ma {_imbm hmoVm. doR>{~Jma nÜXVrMm
eoVrda A{Zï> n[aUm_ Pmbm. AJmoXaM JmdJmS>`mVrb godm MmH$arZo _oQ>mHw$Q>rg Amboë`m eyÐ-AVreyÐÀ`m
dmQ>`mbm doR>{~Jmmar_wio Jwbm_rMo OrdZ OJÊ`mMr nmir Ambr. Ë`mVM Hw$U{~Zr, ~Q>{H$Ur, nmoao Aem
h¸$mÀ`m Jwbm_m§Zm am~{dbo OmB©. Ë`mM H$mimV Zm`{H$UtMm EH$ ñdV§Ì dJ© {Z_m©U Pmbm. ~hwYm Aem {ó`m
Amnbr OmV bndyZ R>odV Agë`mZo OmV CKS> Pmë`mda d[að> dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zm ewÜX H$éZ KoV.
noedmB©V {óOrdZ gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$ éT>r-na§nam Am{U OmMH$ {Z~Ym©V OIS>ë`mZo Vo A{YH$ Agwa{jV,
Xx:Ir H$ï>r ~Zbo. ñÌr Ho$di EH$ Cn^moJmMr dñVy AerM g_mOmMr YmaUm hmoVr. {ó`m§À`m ~m~VrV Mmbr[aVr
EdT>`m A_mZdr hmoË`m Ë`mnwT>o {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm H$m`Xo nmg H$éZ ~§X H$amdo bmJë`m.
noedmB©Vrb eoVrì`dñWm 18 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r hmoVr. VerM {Q>Hy$Z hmoVr nU noeì`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm
doimodoir XoD Ho$boë`m CÎmoOZm_wio A{YH$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr Ambr. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV dhmVyH$ d
XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m A^mdm_wio eoV_mb ~mOmamn`ªV ZoUo AË`§V {O{H$arMo Pmbo hmoV.o nU Ë`mdoir
naàm§VmVyZ H$mamJra d ì`mnmar _hmamï´>mV òDZ ñWm{`H$ Pmë`mZo eoVH$è`mbm Mm§Jbm ^md {_iV Ago.
OmVrd§V OZmdam§À`m n¡Xmerg àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. noedoH$mimV _hgyb hoM amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÞmMo gmYZ hmoVo.
O_rZrMo _moOUr, àVdmar d ~mJmB©VXma {OamB©V O_rZ KoVë`m OmUmè`m {nH$mdéZ Am{U òUmè`m CËnmXZmMm
{dMma eoVgmam KoVbm OmV Ago. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m d `wÜXmÀ`m, bwQ>mbwQ>rMm, OminmoirÀ`m àg§Jr eoVgmam
_m\$ Ho$bm OmB©. H$mbì`mÀ`m d nmQ>~§Ymè`mÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r d XxéñVrgmR>r VËH$mbrZ emgZ à`ËZ H$aV
Amho.
{ed N>ÌnVrZr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ñdamÁ`m_wio d nwT>rb H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamZo _amR>r
bmoH$m§Zm {d{dY CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mV àJVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§Yr {_imë`m. Ë`m_wioM noedmB©V Zì`m ì`mnmar,
ì`mdgmB©H$, gmdH$ma Am{U R>Ho $o Xmam§Mm dJ© {Z_m©U Pmbm. {d{dY OmVr-Y_m©Vrb bmoH$ `m joÌmV XmIb Pmbo.
Var gwÜXm `mhr joÌmV ~«m÷UM AJ«oga am{hbo. EdT>o AgyZhr _amR>r bmoH$m§Zm ZdZì`m CÚmoJmV ^m§S>db Jw§VdVm
Ambo Zmhr. noedmB©À`m - ~amo~aM d na{H$` _mbmÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oVrb AmJ_mZo _hmamï´>mVrb ì`mnma, CÚmoJ
d ì`dgm`mg AdH$im àmßV Pmbr.
4. nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
doR>{~Jmar - ì`{º$H$Sw>Z gº$sZo AëndoVZmV qH$dm {dZm _mo~Xbm H$m_ H$éZ KoÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrbm
doR>{~Jmar åhUV.
dVZ - d§ena§namJV {_imbobr g§nÎmr, nX
ga§Om_ - g¡Ý`mÀ`m IMm©gmR>r AZwXmZ åhUyZ {Xbobo IoSo>
{nH$ nmhUr - O_rZrVyZ Xa EH$ar {H$Vr CËnÞ òB©b `mMm A§XmO
JmoVg^m - Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aUmar g{_Vr
81
~r.E. 3 B{Vhmg nona 10 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (75)/6
CVa§S> - KamÀ`m H$monè`mV EH$mda EH$ R>odbobr _mVrMr ^m§S>r
XmXbm - Zdam, nVr
ImoV - H$moH$UmVrb nmQ>rb d Hw$bH$Ê`m©Mo H$m_ H$aUmam A{YH$mar
hH$bm{O_m - {deof h¸$
nod - O_rZrV YmÝ` R>do Ê`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobr OmJm
gw^m - nadmZm, àm§V
{_amgXma - IoS>`mV O_rZ d Ka AgUmar ì`º$s
Cnao - JmdmV ~mhoéZ Ambobm Ka d O_rZ ZgUmar ì`º$s
_hOa - Ý`m`{ZdmS>`mMr H$mJXnÌo
Xd§S>r - Omhra I~a, IoS>`mV _moR>`mZo AmoaSy>Z gm§{JVbobr gyMZm
~m§Ybo ImobM
o m - ~m§Yë`m H$m_mMm
~oJmar - doR>{~Jma, _Oya
nam§JXm hmoUo - niyZ OmUo
Hw$U{~Ur - Xmgr, go{dH$m
~Q>{H$Ur - Xmgr, go{dH$m
nmoaJo - Jwbm_, nwéf
MmaU - hoS>o , _Ü`ñW åhUyZ Xbmbr H$aUmam
J{UH$m - ZmMJmUo H$aUmar ór
dmam§JUm - doí`m ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m {ó`m
XodmJUm - XodXodVm§Zm dm{hboë`m {ó`m
ZmQ>H$emim - aIobr
{df_{ddmh - dYyMo d` H$_r d damMo d` IynM AgVmZm hmoUmam {ddmh
~XH$_© - ì`{^Mma
_wair - I§S>m~o m Xodmbm dm{hbobr ór
XodXmgr - Xodmbm dm{hbobr ór
82
dm¿`m - I§S>m~o mbm dm{hbobm nwéf
OmoJ{VZ - Xodmbm godm H$aUmar ór
gHo$em - Ho$e Agbobr {dYdm
H$bmd§VrU - H$bmd§VrU, H$boV nmaJV Agbobr ór
{~ÚmdUr - O_rZrMr _moOUr
~Q>mB© - CËnÞmMm {Zå_m {hñgm
dQ>gmam - g§nyU© Jmdmda ~g{dbobm EHy$U _hgyb
{ed§Xr - g¡Ý`, bîH$a
H$gH$m - ~mOmanoR>oMo {R>H$mU
Jb~V - _amR>Ho $mbrZ bhmZ OhmO
gwXm_V - gwa{jV, H$miOrnydH© $
5. ñd`§ A Ü``Z àým§ M r CÎmao
ñd`§AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao 1 :
A) 1) nmQ>rb 2) eoQ>-o _hmOZ 3) _hma 4) _hma 5) 197
~) 1) Xoe_wI 2) _hma 3) nmQ>rb 4) ^mS>`mZo 5) Ýhmdr
ñd`§AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao 2 :
A) 1) d¥ÜX ñÌrbm 2) {ejUmnmgyZ 3) g§H$w {MV 4) `„_m d I§S>m~o m 5) 200 é
~) 1) ñdmV§Í` 2) amOKamÊ`mVrb 3) 100 Vo 150 é. 4) Hw$brZ 5) Ho$ednZ
ñd`§AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao 3 :
A) 1) bú_U-d§Omar 2) BZm_ O_rZ d eoVgmè`mV gyQ> 3) O_rZ _hgyb 4) g§nUy © gmam _m\$ 5) ~mOramd
noedm Xxgam
~) 1) amOmMm _hgyb dmT> ìhmdr åhUyZ 2) hmU_ 3) Xagmb 5000 énò 4) nmQ>ñWi 5) {dhrarÀ`m
nmÊ`mda Ho$boë`m eoVrg
ñd`§AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao 4 :
A) 1) Jmogmdr 2) OH$mV _m\$ 3) Mm¡Yar 4) 162 5) noedmB©À`m eodQ>r
~) 1) ~§Xar _mb 2) bmoIS§ > XodZy 3) _hgwbmMr a¸$_ 4) noedo gaH$maZo 5) B§JO« nmoVJ©w rO, S>M
83
6. gamdmgmR>r _mÜ`_ :
A) Imbrb àíZm§ M r g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) noedoH$mbrZ g_mOaMZoMo WmoS>Š`mV dU©Z H$am ?
2) noeì`mÀ`m H$mimVrb J«m_ì`dñWoMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>ò {deX H$am ?
3) doR>{~Jmar åhUOo H$m` ho gm§JZy noedoH$mbrZ doR>{~JmarMo dU©Z H$am ?
4) noedoH$mbrZ Jwbm_{Jar ì`dñWm ñnï> H$am ?
5) noedoH$mbrZ ñÌr-OrdZmMr pñWVr H$er hmoVr Vo {deX H$am ?
6) noeì`mÀ`m eoVr~m~VÀ`m YmoaUmMo _yë`_mnZ H$am ?
7) noedoH$mbrZ _hgyb ì`dñWoMr d¡{eï>ò gm§Jm ?
8) noedoH$mbrZ ì`mnma CÚmoJmMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr Úm ?
9) noeì`mMo ì`mnma CÚmoJ Y§Úm~m~VMr YmoaUo ñnï> H$am ?
~) {Q>nm {bhm
1) noedoH$mbrZ nmQ>rb-Hw$bH$UuMr H$m_o
2) noedoH$mbrZ ~mOmanoR>m
3) noedoH$mbrZ ~bwVXo mar
4) noedoH$mbrZ Jwbm_{Jar
5) noedoH$mbrZ Añn¥í`m§Mo OrdZ
6) noedoH$mbrZ doR>{~Jmar
7) noeì`m§À`m H$mimVrb {ó`m§Mm XOm©
8) noedoH$mbrZ eoVr gwYmaUm
9) noedoH$mbrZ _hgyb ì`dñWoMr d¡{eï>ò
10) noeì`m§Mo nmQ>~§Ymè`m~m~VMo YmoaU
11) noeì`m§Mo OH$mV {df`H$ YmoaU
12) noedoH$mbrZ ì`mnmar-gmdH$ma
13) noeì`m§Mo CÚmoJ YmoaU
84
7. g§X^© J«§W :
1) gaXogmB© Or. Eg. _amR>r [a`mgV, (I§S> 8 g§nm.g._m.JJ}), nwUo
2) ^mdo dm.H¥$. (1976), noedoH$mbrZ _hmamï´>, ^maVr` B{Vhmg AZwgÝYmZ n[afX, Zdr {X„r.
3) Jdir nr.E. (2000), noedoH$mbrZ _hmamï´>, H¡$bme npãbHo$eZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
4) Hw$bH$Uu A.am. Am{U Iao J. h. (1985), _amR>`m§Mm B{Vhmg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo
5) Imo~aoH$a {d. Jmo. (1998), _amR>m H$mbI§S>, ^mJ-2, _hmamï´> amÁ`, gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©
6) AmR>dbo gXm{ed d gmgdS>H$a àm. b. (1982), _amR>r gÎmoMm {dH$mg d èhmg, _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W
{Z{_©Vr _§S>i, ZmJnya
7) bmohma E_.E.(g§K), (2007), _amR>oH$mbrZ g_mOOrdZ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
8) Hw$bH$Uu A.am. (1997), {edH$mbrZ _hmamï´>, amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo
9) Jm`H$dmS>, gaXogmB©, WmoamV, hU_mZo (1982), _amR>oH$mbrZ g§ñWm d {dMma, \$S>Ho$ ~wH$ gobg©,
H$moëhmnya
10)
Kamble B. R.(Ed.) (1982), Studies in shivaji and His times, Shivaji University,
Kolhapur.
11)
Kulkarni A. R. (2008), Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji, Diamond Publication.
12)
Bakshi S. R. and Sharma S. K. (2000), The Great Marathas, Vol-V, Deep and
Deep Publication Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
85
KQ>H$ -4
gm§ñH¥${VH$
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
4.1 àñVmdZm$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ§
4.2.1 {d^mJ 1 … ÑH$lmì` H$bm
A) nmodmS>m
~) V_mem
4.2.2 {d^mJ Xwgam … ÑH$ H$bm
A) {MÌH$bm
4.2.3 {d^mJ {Vgam … ñWmnË`
$A) {H$ëbm ñWmnË`
nwÊ`mVrb nmUr ì`dñWm
dmB© KmQ>
~) _amR>mH$mbrZ _§{Xa aMZm
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX,
4.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
4.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
86
~r.E. 3 B{Vhmg nona 10 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (75)/4
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço …
øm KQ>H$mVyZ Imbrb ~m~r bjmV òVrb.
1) _amR>H$mbrZ ÑH$lmì` H$bm§Mm H$gm {dH$mg hmoV Jobm d Ë`mMo ñdê$n H$go hmoVo?
2) _amR>H$mbrZ g§nÞ g_mOm_Üò {MÌe¡btMo ñdê$n H$go hmoVo?
3) _amR>H$mbrZ {H$„o, _§{Xa ñWmnË` H$go hmoVo?
4) nwÊ`mVrb nmUr ì`dñWm d dmB© KmQ>mMo ñdê$n H$go hmoVo.
àñVmdZm …
àñVwV àH$aUmV _amR>çm§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmgmda (1707-1818) àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm
Amho. _amR>çm§Mm B{VhmgmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm B{VhmgH$mam§Zr _amR>oH$mbrZ amOH$s` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg
Ho$bm Agbm Var gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg Xwb©{jbobm Amho. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm `mda Iyn g§emoYZ hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. EImÚm amÁ`mMo ââmQ>rMo gmYZ åhUyZ VoWrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo.
_amR>çm§À`m H$mimV {deofV… noedmB© _Üò gaXmam§Mm g§~§Y AmJ«m, amOñWmZ, JwOamV, _midm `m
àm§VmV Ambm. `m_wio òWrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMm à^md _hmamï´>mda nS>bm. `mVyZ H$bm d ñWmnË`mbm
amOml` àmßV Pmbm. VgoM `m H$mimV _moR>çm n«_mUmV pñWañWmda OrdZ àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. `m
gdm©VyZ {MÌH$bm, ñWmnË`, H$bm `m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. àñVwV KQ>H$m_Üò 1707-1818 Xaå`mZMm
_amR>m H$mbrZ H$bm d ñWmnË`mVrb R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2.1 … {d^mJ n{hbm …
`m {d^mJm_Üò _amR>mH$mbrZ nmodmS>m d V_mem `m ÑH$lmì` H$bm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
nmodmS>m …
_amR>mH$mbrZ, Ë`mhÿZ _amR>m gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamÀ`m Am{U CÎmaH$mim_Üò bmdUr Am{U nmodmS>m `m
XmoZ gmXarH$aUmÀ`m H$bm {deof à{gÕ {XgVmV. `m_Yrb nmodmS>m B{Vhmg à{gÕ ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$V¥©ËdmMr
_hVr gm§JÊ`mgmR>r aMbo OmV. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV nmoS>mS>o ho XodXodVm§À`m {bbm gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Jm`bo
OmV hmoVo. _w»`Ëdo Jm|Yir ho nmodmS>o aMV, gmXa H$arV. nwT>o {edH$mimV Am{U Ë`mZ§Va "draagmMm'
à^md AgUmao nmodmS>o Jm`bo OmD$ bmJbo. `m{R>H$mUr "emhra' Amnë`mbm nmodmS>o gmXa H$aVmZm
{XgVmV. emhra {d{dY B{Vhmgà{gÕ ì`ŠVr~m~V VgoM {d{dY g_àg§Jm~m~Vhr ho nmodmS>o åhQ>bo
OmV. VgoM Aml`XmVm§Mo H$V©¥Ëd g_mOmbm g_OmD$Z gm§JUo hm _hÎdmMm CÔoe `m_mJo Ago. _w»`Ëdo
gm_mÝ` bmoH$ hm Xe©H$ dJ© Agë`mZo, nmodmS>çmVrb ^mfm hr gmYr, AmH$f©H$ Am{U ^mdZobm CÎmoOZm
87
XoUmar Aer Ago. _amR>m H$mimVrb hëbm, bT>mB©, X§Jm, XwîH$mi, nya Aem KQ>Zm Hw$VyhbmMo {df`
nmodmS>çmMo hmoVo.
AJrZXmg (A\$ObImZmMm dY), d VwierXmg (qghJS>) ho XmoZ àma§^rMo emhra. nU Á`m§Mr
Zmdo {deof JmObr Vo gd© emhra CÎma noedmB©V hmoD$Z Jobo. naewam_, hmoZmOr, AZ§V \§$Xr, am_
Omoer, à^mH$a, gJZ^mD$ ho ghm emhra B.g. 1754 Vo 1840 `m H$mimVbo AmhoV.
naewam_ …
naewam_ hm OmVrZo qenr hmoVm. VéU d`mV V_memMm ì`dgm` `mZo gwê$ Ho$bm d ñdV…M
bmdÊ`m aMyZ Ë`m Vmo åhUy bmJbm. gVrbm Zmhr ~Îmr, hÎmr Amho qeXirÀ`m Kar Aer gw^m{fVo
Ë`mZo aMbr. _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a, \$ÎmoqgJ Jm`H$dmS> `mgma»`m gaXmam§da Am{U _w§~B©H$a B§J«Om§dahr
`mZo nmodmS>m aMbm Amho.
hmoZmOr ~mi …
hmoZmOr ~mi hm Amnë`m "KZ…em_ gw§Xam' `m A_a ^ynmirZo \$ma à{gÕ Amho. hm OmVrZo
Jdir hmoVm. Ë`m§Mo gdmB© _mYdamd Am{U IS>çm©Mr bT>mB© ho XmoZ nmodmS>o \$ma à{gÕ AmhoV. _hmXOr
qeXo a§J Ioibo, Ë`mdahr Ë`mZo EH$ nmodmS>m aMbm Amho.
am_ Omoer …
am_ Omoer `m§Zm em{ham§Mm Vwam åhUVmV. bhmZnUrM bmdÊ`m aMyZ V_mg{Jam§Zm XoV hmoVo. nwT>o
Ë`m§Zr ñdV…Mm V_mem H$mT>bm. Ë`m§Zr "~«m÷Ur amÁ` Omoamda' `m nmodmS>çmV nwÊ`mÀ`m d¡^dmMo dU©Z
Ho$bo Amho. XwîH$mi, byQ>_ma, dVZXmam§Mr _Z_mZr, Aem àg§Jmdahr Ë`m§Zr nmodmS>o aMbo
à^mH$a …
à^mH$am§Mo Zmd am_ OmoerZ BVHo$M Am{U Ë`mnojmhr _moR>o Amho. Ë`m§Zr gdmB© _mYdamd-a§J,
IS>çm©Mr bT>mB©, Xwgam ~mOramd ho nmodmS>o aMbo. YÝ` d§e EHo$H$ nwéf H$ënd¥j {nH$bo, èñdr
Pmbo lr_§V n{hbo bT>m`mbm `m nmodmS>çm§Zr à^mH$am§Mo Zmd _amR>çm§À`m H$m`_ Ü`mZmV am{hbo.
AZ§V \§$Xr …
AZ§V \§$Xr ho am_Omoer `m§À`mà_mUo àma§^r V_mgJra Am{U nwT>o H$sV©ZH$ma Pmbo. IS>çm©Mr
bT>mB©, eodQ>Mo ~mOramd, èd§Vamd hmoiH$a, \$ÎmoqgJ Jm`H$dmS> ho Ë`m§Mo nmodmS>o à{gÕ Amho. CbQ>m
O_mZm hr Ë`m§Mr XwîH$mimda aMbobr bmdUr Amho.
gJZ^mD$ …
gJZ^mD$ ho _wpñb_ AgyZ {eH$bJmarMm ì`dgm` hmoVm. nm{ZnVMo `wÕ, IS>H$sMr bT>mB©,
88
Xwgam ~mOramd `mda Ë`m§Zr nmodmS>o aMbo AmhoV.
`m emhrar dmL²>_`mMo WmoS>Š`mV narjU Ho$bo AgVmZm emhram§Zr Amnë`m emhratÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
VmËH$m{bZ n[apñWVr, g_mOaMZm `mda àH$me Q>mH$bobm hmoVm.
V_mem …
V_mem d bmdUr hm H$bm àH$ma g§nyU© _hmamï´>m_Üò à{gÕ Amho. V_mem hm n{e©`Z ^mfoVrb
_yi eãX Amho. VoWyZ Vmo CXy©V Ambm. `mMm AW© "AmZ§X XoUmam' qH$dm "AmíM`©H$maH$ Ñï>r' Agm
Amho. CXy©VyZ _amR>r eãX òD$Z àM{bV Pmbm. V_mem hm VrZ ^mJmV AgVmo.
1) JU-V_memMr gwédmV hr JOmZZmÀ`m àmW©ZoV hmoVo.
2) JdiU-`mV H¥$îUmMr _hVr gm§JUmao JmUo åhQ>bo OmVo.
3) dJ-g_H$mbrZ KQ>Zm, g§dmX, ZmQ>ç d JmUo `m ^mJmV òVo. ZmMr d gm|JmS>çm `mV _w»`
AgVmV.
noedoH$mimV V_memMm CX` hmoÊ`mg AZwHy$b Aer nmíd©^y_r {Z_m©U Pmbr. noedo ho JUoe^ŠV
Agë`mZo H$moUË`mhr H$m_mMm àma§^, H$m_mMr gwwadmV JUoe Z_ZmZo H$aÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr. JUoemÀ`m
AmamYZogmR>r ñdV§Ì Am{U d¡{eîQ>çnyU© H$mì` H$aÊ`mMr nÕV ô{XH$m§À`m Vmâ`m§Zr gwéy Ho$br. Ë`mMà_mUo
e¥§Jma XmIdm`Mm nU `m_Üò h[aZm_ Ambo nm{hOo `mgmR>r OwÝ`mM JmodiUtMo bmdUrÀ`m gwIg§dmXmV
ê$nm§Va Pmbo. V_memMr JUJmoiU noedoH$mimV V`ma Pmbr Agbr Var dJmMo bmoH$ZmQ>ç, e¥§Jm[aH$
ho V_memMo _hÎdnyU© A§Jo 19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V V`ma Pmbr.
V_memÀ`m \$S>mV nwT>mar, T>mobŠ`m, H$S>o dmOdUmam gm|JmS>çm, gwaVo Am{U ZmMo hmoVo. `mH$mimV
JUnVrbm à_wI ñWmZ àmßV Pmë`mZo V_memMr gwédmV JUoe d§XZoZo hmoV Ago. ZdamÌmgma»`m CËgdmV
"b{bV' hm àH$ma gmXa Ho$bm OmB©. ho àH$ma gm|J AmUyZ Ho$bobo {H$V©Z Ago. ho b{bV _ÜàmÌrnmgyZ
nhmQ>on`ªV MmbV Ago. VgoM OÌm-`mÌm§À`m Xaå`mZ "^mê$S>' hr gmXa Ho$bo OmV Ago. VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ
Ambobm "XemdVma' hm àH$ma {XgVmo. hm Z¥Ë` Am{U ZmQ>H$ `m§Mm g{_l Agm àH$ma Amho. hm
_w»`Ëdo XodimV gmXa hmoV Ago.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ …
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) KZ…em_ gw§Xam............hr ^ynmir `m§Zr {b{hbr.
A) naewam_
~) hmoZmOr ~mi
H$) am_ Omoer S>) à^mH$a
89
2) n{ZnV `m `wÕmda...........`mZo nmodmS>m aMbm.
A) à^mH$a~) AJrZXmg
H$) VwierXmg S>) gJZ^mD$
3) XwîH$mimMr bmdUr...............`mZo aMbr.
A) AZ§V \§$Xr
~) am_Omoer
H$) à^mH$a
S>) hmoZmOr ~mi
4) A\$ObImZmÀ`m dYmMm nmodmS>m..........Zo aMbm.
A) AJrZXmg
~) à^mH$a
H$) JmoqdX gmirS>) am_ Omoer
5) B§J«Om§da .............nmodmS>m aMbm.
A) AZ§V \§$Xr
~) naewam_
H$) gJZ^mD$
S>) à^mH$a
6) V_mem_Üò ..............`mV H¥$îUmMr _hVr gm§JVo.
A) JU
~)JdiU
H$) dJ
S>) bmdUr
WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) dJ åhUOo H$m`?
2) JU åhUOo H$m`?
3) bbrV àH$ma H$moUË`m CËgdm_Üò gmOam Ho$bm OmV?
4) ~«m÷Ur amÁ` Omoamda hm nmodmS>m H$moUr aMbm?
5) H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ H$moUVm ZmQ>çàH$ma Ambm?
2.2 … {d^mJ Xwgam … ÑH$ H$bm
{MÌH$bm …
noedoH$mimV {MÌH$bobm àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. noedmB© H$mimV ~aoM amOH$s` ñW¡`© Ambo hmoVo.
gw~Îmm dmT>rg bmJbr. Ë`mM~amo~a _amR>çm§Zr _hmamï´>m~mhoa _miU, JwOamV, H$Zm©Q>H$ AmXr ^mJmV
amÁ`{dñVma Ho$bm. `m ^mJmV _amR>m gaXma, A_§bXma ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. CÎma d X{jU ^maVmVrb BVa
amÁ`gÎmm§À`m Xa~mamV _amR>m gaXmam§Mo OmUo-òUo gwê$ Pmbo. amOH$s` g§~§Ym~amo~aM BVa gm§ñH¥${VH$
g§~§Y dmT>rg bmJbo. Ë`m amOgÎmm§Zr Á`mà_mUo H$bmH$mam§Zm Aml` {Xbm Ë`mMà_mUo _amR>oemhrÀ`m
gaXmam§Zr H$bmH$mam§Zm Aml` {Xbm. `mH$mim_Üò N>ÌnVr emhÿ, noedo, gaXma Amnë`m nXar CÎm_
{MÌH$ma ~miJrV Ogo amKmo, VmZmOr, _mUH$moOr B. Ë`mM~amo~a naamÁ`mVrb {MÌH$ma Img H$ê$Z
~mob{dbm OmV hmoVo. Ogo AZwnamd Ë`mMà_mUo `wamo{n`Z {MÌH$mam§Zm {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. Ogo
90
Ooåg doëg S>°{Z`b. `m§À`mH$Sy>Z CÎm_ {MÌo H$mTy>Z KoVbr OmV hmoVr. noedoH$mimV {MÌH$bog amOml`
{_imbm. _amR>m {MÌe¡brMm XoIUm A{dîH$ma {Z_m©U Pmbm.
_amR>m {MÌe¡brMo Z_wZo Imbrb àH$mamV AmT>iVmV.
{MÌg§J«h …
H$mJXmda bhmZ-bhmZ {MÌo H$mT>bobr AgVmV. Ë`mMm EH$ g§J«h ~Zdbm OmB©. `m {MÌm§_Üò
EImXm {df` Yê$Z {MÌ{Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmB©. {MÌg§J«hmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ EImXm {df` gwaoInUo _m§S>bm
OmB©. `m àH$mamV amJam{JUr, Zm`H$Zm{`H$m, amOXa~ma, amOnwéf, amO{ó`m, {_adUyH$, H$m_emó
Ñíò, `moJmgZo Ago {df` hmVmibobo {XgVmV. `m {MÌg§J«hmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamO,
Wmoabo ~mOramd, ZmZmgmho~ noedo, gdmB© _mYdamd, ZmZm \$S>Urg, _hmXOr qeXo, _ëhmaamd hmoiH$a
B. {MÌo nhmd`mg {_iVmV.
hñV{b{IV nmoÏ`m …
Ym{_©H$ nmoÏ`m hñV{b{IVm§À`m ñdê$n AgV. CÎma _amR>oemhrVrb gaXmam§Zm, Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm,
noeì`m§Zm Ym{_©H$ J«§WmMo nmamÙ H$aÊ`mMr AmdS> hmoVr. `m J«§Wm_Üò H$WoÀ`m AZwf§JmZo {MÌo H$mT>br
OmV. CXm. ^JdX²JrVm, ^mJdVnwamU, kmZoídar, {ed{bbm_¥V, Xod gáeVr Aem J«§Wm§À`m g{MÌ
àVr V`ma Ho$ë`m OmV. {ó`m§À`m Img d«Vd¡H$ë`mgmR>rgwÕm g{MÌnQ> AgV. CXm. dQ>gm{dÌr, {OdVrnQ>,
g§H«$m§VrnQ>, {nR>moard«V, ZmJZagmo~mnQ>. VgoM _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r g§{OH$mnQ> V`ma Ho$bo OmB©.
{^{Îm{MÌo …
dmñVyÀ`m q^Vrda {MÌH$m_ hmoV Ago. dmS>o, {XdmUImZm, _§{Xao `m§À`m q^Vrda {MÌo H$mT>br
OmV. àm_w»`mZo Ym{_©H$ H$Wm§Mo {MÌU hmoB©. XodXodVm, g§V, nm¡am{UH$ ì`{ŠVaoIm `m§Mo {MÌU Ho$bo
OmB©. Ë`m H$mimV ~m§YH$m_V§Ìmà_mUo Hw$S>mÀ`m qH$dm nŠŠ`m {dQ>m§Mo ~m§YH$m_ Cô Ho$bo OmB©. Ë`mda
MwÝ`mMm nmVi {Jbmdm Ho$bm OmB©. Ë`mda {MÌH$m_ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. H$Yr q^Vrda Jwbm~r a§JmMr
Mm¡H$Q> AmIV d Mm¡H$Q>rV {MÌo H$mT>br OmV hmoVr.
EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZ åhUyZ {^Îmr {MÌm§Mo EH$ AmJio _hÎd Amho. {^Îmr{MÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
VmËH$m{bZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adoe g_OyZ KoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. AemàH$maMrr {^{Îm{MÌo emhÿ _hmamO `m§Zm
gmVmaMm Zdm amOdmS>m, ~mOramd noeì`m§Zr e{ZdmadmS>m, òWo H$mT>br hmoVr. VgoM dmB© òWrb
nQ>dY©Z dmS>m, _oUdbrMm ZmZm \$S>Urgm§Mm dmS>m, ~oZdS>r òWrb _R>mVrb {MÌH$m_ AmT>iVo.
H$mM{MÌo …
noedmB© H$mimV H$mModa {MÌo H$mT>br OmV hmoVr. nm¡am{UH$ àg§J H$mModa a§JdyZ VmoaUm§da H$mMm
91
~g{dë`m OmV AgV. `wamon d MrZ_Üò Aer H$mM{MÌo H$mT>Ê`mMr na§nam hmoVr. Ë`mMm àgma _hmamï´>mV
Pmbobm {XgVmo.
bKw{MÌo …
JwOamVr O¡Z Y{_©` Am{U n{e©`Z `m§À`m g{MÌ hñV{bIrVm§À`m g§J_mVyZ bKw{MÌ na§naoMm
OÝ_ Pmbm. XIZr {MÌH$bm à^md nSy>Z VgoM ñWm{ZH$ na§naoÀ`m g§`moJmVyZ _hmamï´>mVhr bKw{MÌmg
gwédmV Pmbr. hr bKw{MÌo gwQ>r AgV Ë`mà_mUo nmoí`m§gmaIr ~m§Ybobr AgV. `m {MÌm_Üò ì`{ŠV{MÌo,
ào_H$Wm a§J{dë`m OmV hmoË`m. ½dmëhoa òWrb å`w{P`__Üò Agm bKw{MÌm§Mm g§J«h Amho. qeXo amOKamÊ`mVrb
nwéfm§Mr {MÌo Ë`mV AmhoV.
n{ÌH$m (Hw§$S>br) …
`m H$mimV {M{ÌV Hw§$S>ë`m§Mm àH$mahr àM{bV {XgVmo. 10-12 B§M é§X Am{U 12 \w$Q> bm§~
Aem H$mJXmda `m n{ÌH$m H$mT>ë`m OmV hmoË`m. Aem OÝ_n{ÌH$m§da Amnë`m {d{dY J«hm§Mr, ametMr
{MÌo {XgyZ òVmV.
EH§$XarV _amR>m {MÌe¡brMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$bm Va CÎmaoVrb H$mhr {MÌe¡btMm à^md {XgVmo.
(CXm. _midm, amOñWmZ) Ë`m§Mo H$maU Amnë`mbm gm§JVm òVo H$s, _amR>oemhrÀ`m gaXmam§Zr _hmamï´>m~mhoarb
H$bmH$mam§Zm {MÌH$m_mgmR>r ~mobmdbo Am{U Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. Ë`mZ§Va ñWm{ZH$ H$bmH$mam§Zr ho
{MÌV§Ì AmË_gmV Ho$bo. Ë`m ñWm{ZH$ H$bmH$mam§§Mr ñdV…Mr e¡br d ~mhoê$Z Amboë`m {MÌe¡brMm
g§`moJ hmoD$Z _amR>m {MÌe¡br {Z_m©U Pmbm.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2 …
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m …
1) {^Îmr{MÌo V`ma H$aVmZm .............`mMm Wa {Xbm OmV.
A) a§J
~) _mVr
H$) MwZm
S>) ~marH$ XJS>
2) Ym{_©H$ J«§WmVrb H$WoÀ`m AZwf§JmZo.............. `m_Üò Ym{_©H$ {MÌo H$mT>br OmV.
A) {^Îmr{MÌo
~) hñV{bIrV nmoÏ`m
H$) {MÌg§J«h
S>) H$mM{MÌo
3) ½dmëhoa å`w{P`_..................{MÌm§Mm g§J«h Amho.
A) {^Îmr{MÌo
~) bKw{MÌo
H$) H$mM{MÌo
B) nmoÏ`m
4) dmB© òWrb .............dmS>çm_Üò {^Îmr{MÌo Amho.
A) nQ>dY©Z
~) ZmZm \$S>Udrg
H$) N>ÌnVr emhÿ S>) _mYdamd noedo
92
5) .............._R>mV {^Îmr{MÌo AmT>iVmV.
A) _m¡Zr _R>
~) dgB©Mm _R> H$) ~ZdS>r
S>) H$Uoar _R>
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) {^Îmr{MÌ H$aVmZm H$moUË`m a§JmMm dmna H$aV ?
2) J§{OH$mnQ> hm H$moUË`m {MÌmMm àH$ma Amho?
3) H$mM{MÌm_Üò H$moUË`m àH$maMr {MÌo H$mT>br OmV?
4) bKw{MÌH$boMm OÝ_ H$moUË`m g{MÌ hñV{b{IVm§Mm g§J_ Pmbm?
5) _amR>m {MÌe¡brda H$moUË`m {MÌe¡brMm à^md {XgVmo?
2.3 {d^mJ {Vgam - ñWmnË` …
A) {H$ëbo …
AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mV {H$ëë`m§Zm g§ajUÑîQ>çm _hÎd Cabobo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm \$ŠV nwamUdñVy
åhUyZM AmoiIë`m OmVmV na§Vy _amR>mH$mbI§S>mV AmOÀ`mà_mUo `wÕV§ÌmMr àJVr Pmbobr ZìhVr.
Ë`mdoirg {d{eï> Aem ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr_wio {H$ëë`m§Zm amOH$s` _hÎd àmßV Pmbo hmoVo. _amR>m
amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ R>odUogmR>r AdKS> OmJr eÌynmgyZ gwa{jV am{hb Aem {R>H$mUr
{H$ëë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gÎmmH|$Ðo {Z_m©U Ho$br hmoVr. N>. g§^mOr _hmamOm§Zr {b{hboë`m "~wY^yfU_²'
`m J«§WmV Ago Z_yX Ho$bobo Amho H$s, "VQ>mÀ`m AmYmamZo EH$ `moÕm e§âmer Am{U e§â `moÕo Xhm
hOmam§er Vm|S> XoD$ eH$VmV. åhUyZ amOmZo Zoh_r XwJm©Mm Aml` H$amdm.' VgoM H$dr na_mZ§XmZo XoIrb
"{ed^maV' `m J«§WmV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "earaaMZoV Oer hmS>o _hÎdmMr AmhoV Vgo amOH$s`
ÑîQ>çm amOmbm XwJ© _hÎdmMo AmhoV.' `mdê$Z _amR>mH$mbI§S>mV {H$ëë`m§Mo amÁ`ì`dñWoVrb _hÎd
{XgyZ òVo. _amR>m H$mbI§S>mV {H$ëë`m§Mr ~m§YUr d XwéñVrMo à_mU àM§S> dmT>bo. VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV
`wÕmMr gmYZo d `wÕ nÕVr `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z {H$ëë`m§Mr ~m§YUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. MH«$ì`whr,
Jmo_wIr ÛmaaMZm, JmobmH$ma d ^¸$_ {MbIVr ~wwê$O ho _amR>m XwJ© ñWmnË`mMo d¡{eîQ>ço hmoVo. VgoM
_amR>çm§À`m XwJ© ñWmnË`mda Aa~r, VwH©$ d amo_Z ñWmnË`mMm à^md nS>bobm hmoVm. noedoH$mimV Oar
`wÕemóÑîQ>çm {H$ëë`m§Mo _hÎd Oar H$_r Pmbo Var WmoS>çm \$ma à_mUmV {H$ëë`m§Mr ~m§YUr Ho$br
Va H$mhr {H$„o XwéñVr Ho$bo. g§ajUÑîQ>çm _hÎd Agboë`m _amR>mH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§À`m ~m§YH$m_mMr
d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òB©b.
ñWi …
_hmamï´>m_Üò KmQ>_mJ©, ì`mnmar H|$Ðo d `wÕemómÀ`m Ñï>rZo _moŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr {H$„o ~m§YÊ`mV
93
Ambo, _amR>çm§Zr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z {H$ëë`m§Mr ~m§YUr Ho$bobr {XgyZ òVo. _amR>çm§Mo
~hþVoH$ {H$„o ho S>m|Jar AmhoV. S>m|Jar {H$ëë`m§Mo ñWi {ZdS>VmZm eÌybm {H$ëë`mda ghOmghOr àdoe
{_iUma Zmhr Aem {R>H$mUr {H$ëë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. noedoH$mimV amOgÎmoMm H|$Ðq~Xy
{J[aXwJm©dê$Z gnmQ> àXoemV Amë`m_wio ^wB©H$moQ> {H$„o ~m§YÊ`mg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m_Üò ~hmXyadmS>r,
_mboJmd, ZmamÙJmd, {dgmnya `m ^wB©H$moQ> {H$ëë`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m
g§ajUmÀ`m JaOoVyZ H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rda ObXyJ© ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. _amR>çm§Zr AmgnmgÀ`m àXoemMo
_hÎd bjmV KoD$Z {JarXwJ©, ^wB©H$moQ> d ObXwJ© ~m§Ybo.
àdoe_mJ© d XadmOo …
{H$„m A{YH$ gwa{jV d XwJ©_ ahmdm `mÑï>rZo _amR>m H$mimV XwJ©ñWmnË` {demaXm§Zr {H$ëë`mH$S>o
òUmao àdoe_mJ© d XadmOo ~m§YUr H$aVmZm H$miOr KoVbobr {XgyZ òVo. {H$ëë`mda àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ZmJ_moS>r MT>V OmUmè`m nm`dmQ>m V`ma Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. `m nm`dmQ>m H$R>rU XwJ©_ d \$gì`m amhVrb
`mH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo hmoVo. {H$ëë`mV àdoe H$amd`mÀ`m _mJm©da {Z`§ÌU R>odVm `mdo åhUyZ VgoM
àdoe_mJm©À`m gwa{jVVogmR>r _moŠ`mÀ`m OmJr àdoeÛma {H$ëë`mbm doT>m KmbyZ ~gboë`m eÌy g¡Ý`mÀ`m
Ñï>rnWmV òUma Zmhr Am{U g§nyU© àdoe_mJm©da ~mOyÀ`m VQ>mdê$Z AWdm ~wwéOmdê$Z ghO _mam H$aVm
òB©b Aer `moOZm Ho$bobr AmT>iVo. Jmo_wIr d MH«$ì`whrÛma aMZm ho _amR>m XwJ© ñWmnË`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç
Amho. VgoM {H$ëë`m§Mo XadmOo ho ^¸$_ _O~yV d Z {H$S>Umè`m bmH$S>mMo AgV. `m XadmOmda 8
Vo 10 B§MmMo Q>moH$Xma {Iio ~g{dbo OmV hmoVo.
VQ>~§Xr d ~wê$O …
XwJ© ñWmnË`m_Üò VQ>, ~wéO _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ g_Obo OmVmV. {H$ëë`mdarb g¡Ý`mbm eÌyda _mam
H$aVmZm AmS>mogm KoVm `mdm åhUyZ Cä`m H$S>çmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm H$S>oZo H$R>S>o ~m§Ybo OmV. `mg
VQ>~§Xr åhQ>br OmVo. Ad{MVJS>, H$moarJS>, àVmnJS>, nÝhmim `m {H$ëë`m§Zm EH$gma»`m g§nyU© S>m|Ja_mWm
doT>Umè`m VQ>~§Xr AmhoV. H$mhr {H$ëë`m§Zm EH$mnojm A{YH$ nXar VQ>~§Xr AmT>iVmV. AmVrb VQ>mnojm
~mhoaMo VQ> g§ajUmÀ`m gmo`rÀ`m Ñï>rZo C§MrZo H$_r ~m§YV. Ë`m_wio ~mhoaÀ`m Oar eÌyÀ`m VQ>mdarb
eÌyda _mam H$aUo gmono OmB©. Aem àH$maÀ`m VQ>~§Xr âVJS>, namS>m d g§VmofJS>mda AmT>iVo.
{H$ëë`m§Mr VQ>~§Xr gwa{jV ahmdr åhUyZ VQ>mÀ`m aofoÀ`m ~mhoa òVrb Aem OmJr ~wê$O ~m§YV
qH$dm S>m|Jamda Á`m {R>H$mUr nR>mamMr Q>moHo$ ~mhoa {ZKmbobr AgVrb Aem OmJr ~wê$O ~m§YV. `wÕnÕVrZwgma
d {H$ëë`mÀ`m _hÎdmZwgma Mm¡H$moZr, ~hþH$moZr AWdm Q>moH$Xma ~wwéOmEodOr JmobmH$ma d {MbIVr
^¸$_ nm`mMo ~wwê$O ~m§Ybo OmV hmoVo.
~mbo{H$ëbm …
"~mbo{H$„m' ho \$mgu eãX AgyZ "~mb-B-{H$bm' `mMm AW© {H$ëë`mMo C§M {eIa Agm hmoVmo.
94
(~mb åhUOo C§MmdaMm) {H$ëë`mÀ`m _w»` nR>mamda Agboë`m C§M OmJobm VQ>~§Xr ~m§YyZ gwa{jV
H$aV Aem {R>H$mUmbm ~mbo{H$ëbm åhUV. amÁ`dhma H$moemV ~mbo{H$ëë`mMm C„oI "A{YË`H$m' åhUyZ
Ho$bm Amho. ~mbo{H$ëë`mV amOn[adma Am{U d[að> A{YH$mar amhV hmoVo.
_mMr …
_mMr hm eãX àmH¥$V AgyZ Ë`mMm AW© AmoQ>m {H$§dm C§M ^mJ hmoVmo. _hmamï´> eãXH$moemV
_mMr åhUOo nd© V mÀ`m nm`mÏ`mOdirb qH$dm nm`Wm d {eIa `m§ À `m_Yrb gnmQ> O_rZ Ago
åhQ>bo Amho. JS>mÀ`m MT>Urda _ÜòM EImXo {dñV¥V bm§~r é§Xr Agboë`m _¡XmZmbm _mMr åhUV.
gXa ^mJ {H$„`mÀ`m gw a {jVo À `m Ñï> r Zo _hÎdmMm Agë`mZo _mMr ^mo d Vr VQ> ~m§ Y V. _mMrda
JS>mdarb H$--B_maVr ~m§Yë`m OmV.
M`m© …
VQ>~§XrÀ`m _mÏ`mda ~m§Yboë`m ^¸$_ ~m§YH$m_mbm M`m© qH$dm H§$Jmoam Ago åhUVmV. H$mhr
XwJ©~m§YUrV Ë`m bm§~yZ nm{hë`mda EImÚm C_bboë`m H$_imÀ`m nmH$ù`m§gma»`m {XgVmV.
\$m§Or…
VQ>~§XrÀ`m _mÏ`mda Ho$boë`m g§ajUmË_H$ ~m§YH$m_mbm \$m§Or Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mV M`m©Mmhr
g_mdoe hmoVmo.
O§½`m …
VQ>~§XrV Agboë`m M`m©_Üò d \$m§Or_Üò ~§XwH$sÀ`m Jmoù`m gmoS>Ê`mgmR>r, YZwî`-~mUmZo eÌwg¡Ý`mMm
doY KoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U òUmè`m eÌyda ZOa R>odÊ`mgmR>r Mm¡H$moZr AmH$mamMo N>moQ>o N>moQ>o Jmio åhUOo
O§½`m hmo`. `m VQ>~§Xrà_mUo ~wê$Om§V XoIrb AgVmV.
bmXUr …
VQ>~§Xrdê$Z JñV KmbÊ`mgmR>r {H$§dm gVV OmÊ`mgmR>r \$m§OrÀ`m H$mQ>H$moZmV Agboë`m \$ag~§Xr
_mJm©bm bmXUr Ago åhUVmV. H$Yr H$Yr bmXUr BVH$s é§X AgVo H$s EH$m doiobm Mma nmM bmoH$
ghO Ë`mdê$Z MmbV OmV.
{O^r …
XadmOmÀ`m ~mhoê$Z XwJm©À`m AmV H$m` Mmbbo Amho Vo {Xgy Zò åhUyZ XadmOmg_moa H$mhr
A§Vamda AmS>dr ~m§Ybobr g§ajUmË_H$ q^V åhUOo {O^r. ~hþVm§er doim Vr M§ÐH$moarÀ`m AmH$mamMr
AgVo Am{U {VÀ`m XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm AY©dVw©imH$ma ~wê$O ~m§Ybobo AgVmV.
95
I§XH$ …
ñWbXwJ© gnmQ>rda Agë`m_wio eÌwg¡Ý` VQ>~§Xrbm WoQ> {^Sy> Zò åhUyZ VQ>~§XrÀ`m ~mhoa bm§~,
ê§$X d Imob Agm Ma IUVmV Am{U Ë`mV nmUr gmoS>VmV. Ë`m Mambm I§XH$ Ago åhUVmV.
Ob ì`dñWm …
nmUrnwadR>m ~m~VrV ~mamhr _{hZo XwJ© ñd`§nyU© amhrb `mH$S>o XwJ©ñWmnË` {demaXm§Zr bj {Xbobo
AmT>iVo. {H$„m ~m§YÊ`mnydu g§~§Yr ñWir nmUr CnbãY hmoB©b H$m ho nm{hbo OmV Ago. `mgmR>r
{H$ëë`mda Vbmd, {d{har ~m§Yë`m OmV hmoË`m.
Ab§Jm …
XwJm©da V¡ZmV Ho$boë`m g¡Ý`mVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r ~m§Yboë`m PmonS>rdOm Kam§Zm Ab§Jm Ago åhUV.
`m Ab§Jm H$m`_ nhmam H$aUmè`m g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r VQ>~§XrOdi na§Vw VQ>~§XrÀ`m AmV ~m§Yboë`m AgV.
H$maImZm …
XwJm©da Zoh_r bmJUmè`m dñVy§Mo {Za{Zamio {d^mJ H$ê$Z Ë`m gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r ~m§Yboë`m B_maVtZm
H$maImZo Ago åhUV. CXm. Vmo\$Jmoio, YmÝ`, Am¡fKmbQ>, amhþQ>çm VgoM nmÊ`mMr amhÊ`mMr gmo`
{d{dY dñVy_Üò Ho$br OmV Ago. nwa§Xa d am`JS>mda AR>am H$maImZo hmoVo.
A§~aImZm …
YmÝ` gmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m XwJm©darb B_maVrbm A§~aImZm Ago åhUV. VQ>~§XrÀ`m AmV d XwJm©darb
_Zwî`dñVrÀ`m Odi àeñV OmJoV ~m§Ybobo ~§{XñV Ka åhUOo A§~aImZm, nÝhmim d qOOr {H$ëë`m_Üò
A§~aImZo AmhoV.
gXa …
XwJm©Mm H$ma^ma Á`m H$MoamVyZ MmbV Ago, Ë`m OmJobm gXa Ago åhUVmV. AZoH$ XwJmªda _w»`
gXa d BVa Aem H$m_H$mOmÀ`m H$Moè`m hmoË`m.
XodS>r …
XwJm©À`m XadmOm~mhoa XmoÝhr ~mOybm nhmaoH$è`m§Zm ~gÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m Mm¡WamdOm OmJobm XodS>r
åhUV.
A§Yma H$moR>S>r …
A§Yma H$moR>S>r åhUOo J§^ra ñdê$nmMm JwÝhm Ho$boë`m JwÝhoJmambm R>odmd`mMr {H$ëë`mVrb OmJm
_hÎdmÀ`m {H$ëë`m_Üò A§Yma H$moR>S>çm hmoË`m. hr H$moR>S>r XJS>r \$aem§Zr ~m§YV. `m H$moR>S>rg daÀ`m
96
~mOyg hdm òÊ`mgmR>r bhmZer {IS>H$s Ago.
MmoadmQ> …
XwJ©ñWmnË`mV MmoadmQ> hm KQ>H$ AmT>iVmo. eÌyZo {H$ëë`mbm doT>m {Xë`mZ§Va H$R>rU g_`r {H$ëë`mVyZ
~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r H$mhr JwßV ^w`mao qH$dm MmoadmQ>m AgV. CXm. am`JS>, VmoaUm, nÝhmim {H$ëë`mVyZ
~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r MmoadmQ>m Amho.
_§{Xa d XJ} …
XodY_© nJS>m Agboë`m _Ü``wJrZ g_mOm_Üò {H$ëë`mda XJ} {XgyZ òVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo EImÚm
{H$ëë`mMr EH$ {d{eð> Aer A{Yð>mÌr XodVmhr Ago. Ogo {edZoarda {edmB©.
Aem àH$maMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© aMZm {H$ëë`mda hmoË`m. {H$ëë`mÀ`m _hÎdmZwgma Ë`m {H$ëë`mda
{d{dY dmñVy ~m§Yë`m OmV hmoË`m. VgoM `wÕemómÀ`m AZwf§JmZo dmñVyMr C^maUr Ho$br OmV hmoVr.
nwÊ`mVrb nmUr ì`dñWm …
noedoH$mimV nwUo ho _amR>çm§Mo amOH$s` H|$Ð ~Zbo hmoVo. `mH$mimV nwÊ`mMm {dñVma _moR>çm
à_mUmV Pmbm hmoVm. `m_wio noeì`m§Zr nwÊ`mÀ`m nmUrnwadR>çmH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo hmoVo. ZmZmgmho~
noeì`m§Zr gaXma Zmamo AmßnmOr `m§À`m H$adr nwÊ`mOdi H$mÌO òWo 1750 gmbr Vbmd ~m§Ybm.
`m VbmdmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwÊ`m_Üò nmUr AmUÊ`mV Ambo.
B.g. 1755 _Üò nwÊ`mOdirb H$mÌO `m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m Am§~rb AmoT>çmda Obme` V`ma
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. nwT>rb H$mimV òWZy _moR>o Zi Am{U O{_ZrImbrb ~moJXo `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ e{ZdmadmS>çm_Üò
nmUr AmUbo. H$mÌO Vo e{ZdmadmS>m Xaå`mZ 125 {R>H$mUr Zi CKS>Ê`mV Ambo. e{ZdmadmS>m d
eoOmarb Kam§gmR>r gw_mao 8 {H$._r. bm§~rMm Zi nmÊ`mÀ`m hm¡XmV Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. `m `moOZoÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ gw_mao 29 bmI brQ>a nmUrnwadR>m XaamoO H$aÊ`mV òV Ago. hr `moOZm EH$ ZdbnyU©
hmoVr. `m_Üò H$moUË`mhr `§ÌmMm dmna Z H$aVm O{_ZrÀ`m CVmamMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z nwÊ`mg nmUrnwadR>m
Ho$bm OmV Ago.
B.g. 1778 _Üò gaXma AmZ§Xamd amñVo `m§Zr nwÊ`mOdi H$m|T>dm `m IoS>çm_YyZ nmUr AmUyZ
amñVm noR>oV nmUrnwadR>çmMr gmo` Ho$br. VgoM ZmZm \$S>Urgm§Zr nwÊ`mMm nmUr àíZ _mJu bmdÊ`mgmR>r
_hÎdnyU© H$m_{Jar ~Omdbr. Ë`m§Zr nwÊ`mÀ`m X{jUog 6 _¡bmdarb Zèho Am§~oJmd òWyZ {d{hatMo
nmUr Imnar ZimÛmao gXm{ed noR>oVrb Q>mH$s_Üò AmUbo. ZmZm§Zr AmUbobo nmUr ho Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo
hmoVo. ê$nam_ Mm¡Yar `m§Zrhr nwUo ehamVrb ewH«$dma noR> d ^dmZr noR> n[agamV nmB©nÀ`m ghmæ`mZo
nmUr AmUbo.
97
~r.E. 3 B{Vhmg nona 10 _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg (75)/7
dmB©Mm KmQ> …
gmVmam {OëømVrb dmB© ho gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Ym{_©H$ _hÎd bm^boboa eha Amho. gmVmè`mVrb gmdH$ma
{^H$mOr amñVo (ZmB©H$) `m§Zr ~mimOr (ZmZm gmho~) noedo `mg Amnbr _wbJr {Xbr. Ë`m_wio amñVo
KamÊ`mMo _hÎd noedo Xa~mamV dmT>Vo. nwT>o noeì`m§Zr amñË`m§Zm dmB©Mm ga§Om_ {Xbm. Ë`m_wio amñVo
ho dmB©V ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. dmB©_Üò ñWm{`H$ Pmë`mda VoWo {d{dY {dH$mg H$m_o Ho$br. H¥$îUmÀ`m ZXrÀ`m
H$mR>mda AZoH$ KmQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. `m KmQ>mda _§{Xao ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr. dmB© òWrb KmQ> d KmQ>mdarb
_§{Xao nwT>rb à_mUo …
1) J§Jmnwar KmQ>mda {ed, ÛmaH$m, ^¡amo~m d XÎmmÌ` `m§Mr _§{Xao AmhoV. `mVrb {edmMo _§{Xa
J§JmYa {^H$mOr amñVo `m§Zm B.g. 1782 _Üò ghm hOma énò IM© H$ê$Z ~m§Ybo Amho. `m _§{XamMr
aMZm _w»` Xodmb`mg g^mJ¥h d J^©J¥h AgyZ ~m§YUr _wpñb_ dmñVye¡br gmaIr Amho. _§{Xamda
{^Îmr{MÌo AgyZ Ë`mMm a§J Zmhrgm Pmbm Amho. _§{XamMo {eIa _amR>mH$mbrZ {eIamgmaIo {ÌñVar`
Amho.
2) JUnVr Amir òWrb KmQ>mda JUnVr d H$mer {dídoídamMo _§{Xa Amho. `mVrb JUnVrMo
_§{Xa JUnVamd {^H$mOr amñVo `m§Zr B.g. 1762 _Üò EH$ bmI gmR> hOma é. IM© H$ê$Z ~m§Ybo.
_§{Xa J^©J¥h d g^m_§S>n `m XmoZ XmbZmV {d^mJbobo Amho. `m _§{XamMo {eIa bm§~yZ H$_imÀ`m
nmH$ù`mVyZ da Amë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo.
JUnVr _§{XamÀ`m CÎmaog H$mer {dídoídamMo _§{Xa Amho. ho _§§{Xa lr. JUnVamd {^H$mOr amñVo
`m§Zr B.g. 1761 gmbr {XS> bmI é. IM© H$ê$Z ~m§Ybo. `m _§{XamMr aMZm Z§{X _§S>n, g^m_§S>n,
A§Vami d J^©J¥h Aer Amho.
3) Y_©nwar KmQ>mOdi ^JdmZ d _hmbú_r `m§Mr _§{Xao AmhoV. _hmbú_rMo _§{Xa AmZ§Xamd
{^H$mOr amñVo `m§Zr B.g. 1774 ~m§Ybo. `m _§{XamÀ`m Mmahr ~mOy§Zr XJS>r VQ>~§Xr Amho. npíM_oH$S>rb
_hmÛmamVyZ AmV Joë`mda g^m_§S>n d J^©J¥h Amho. _§{XamMo {eIa n§MñVar` Amho. Y_©nwar KmQ>mOdirb
{dîUyMo _§{Xa B.g. 1772 _Üò AmZ§Xamd {^H$mOr amñVo `m§Zr ~m§Ybo.
4) ~«m÷Uemhr KmQ>mOdi {dÇ>b d JUnVrMo _§{Xa Amho. `mVrb JUnVrMo _§{Xa {edH$mimV
~m§Ybo AgyZ {eIamMo ~m§YH$m_ CÎma noedmB© _Üò Pmbobo Amho.
5) am_S>moh KmQ>mda am_oídamMo _§{Xa Amho. ho _§{Xa B.g. 1742 _Üò n§V amOlr (Xoenm§S>o)
`m§Zr ~m§Ybo.
6) ~«m÷Uemhr KmQ>mda MH«o$ída, {M_Uoída, H$m¡Q>oída Am{U H$m¡boída _§{Xa Amho.
7) am_Hw§$S> KmQ>mda {Mbmdbr XodmMo _§{Xa Amho.
98
Aem àH$mao dmB© KmQ>mda noedoH$mimV {d{dY _§{Xao ~m§Ybobr {XgVmV na§Vw Ë`m§À`m ~m§YUrH$S>o H$bmË_H$ÑîQ>çm
\$mago H$moUr bj {Xbobo {XgV Zmhr. XJS>m§Zm ImMm nmSy>Z Vo EH$_oH$mV AS>H$dyZ _§{Xa C^maUr
Ho$br Amho. _§{XamVrb ñV§^ d ~mhoarb q^Vrda H$moard H$m_ Ho$bobo AmT>iV ZmhrV. {eIamda X{jUoH$S>rb
JmonwamÀ`m ~m§YUrVrb Am`VmH$ma, Aï>H$moZr` d AZoH$H$moZr` aMZmàH$ma AmT>iVmV. VgoM {dOmnyaÀ`m
Bñbm_r e¡brMo _Zmoao, H$_mZr d Kw_Q>m§Mm à^md {XgVmo. {eIam§À`m H$bmË_H$ ~m§YUr_wio d Ë`mdarb
_yVu_wio _§{XamÀ`m gm¢X`m©V â nS>Vo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 3 …
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) {H$ëë`m_Üò ...............òWo gmR>dbo OmV.
A) gXa
~) ~wéO
H$) A§~aImZm S>) XodS>r
2) ho_m§S>n§Wr e¡br ..........`m ñWmnË` e¡brMr nmoQ>e¡br Amho.
A) ZmJa
~) ÐmdrS>
H$) `mXd
S>) doga
3) _§{XamÀ`m VimnmgyZ {eIamn`ªV OmUmè`m Cä`m nÅ>`m§Zm ...........Ago åhUVmV.
A) _§S>n
~) A§Vami
H$) aW
S>) Wa
4) {H$ëë`m_Üò amOn[adma...........òWo amhV.
A) A§~aImZm
~) gXa
H$) ~mbo{H$„m S>) XodS>r
5) H$mer {dídídamMo _§{Xa..............KmQ>mda Amho.
A) JUnVr ~) J§Jmnwar
H$) ~«m÷Uemhr S>) am_S>moh
~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) dmB©Mo KmQ> H$moUË`m gaXmam§Zr ~m§Ybo ?
2) nwÊ`mV amñVm noR>oV H$moUr nmUr AmUbo?
3) XwJm©À`m XadmOm~mhoa XmoÝhr ~mOyg nhmaoH$è`m§Zm ~gÊ`mgmR>r H$m` ~m§Ybo OmV?
4) XwJm©À`m H$ma^ma H$moUË`m B_maVr_YyZ MmbV AgV?
5) Ab§Jm åhUOo H$m`?
`mXd e¡br …
`mXd e¡brÀ`m _§{XamMo VrZ à_wI ^mJ AgV. Jm^mam, A§Vami Am{U _§S>n. ¹${MV EImXo
99
doir Ë`m§À`mV _w»` _§S>nmMr â nS>o. _§S>nmÀ`m Ûmam§Zm N>moQ>mgm "_wI_§S>n' Ago. Jm^mam d _§S>n
Mm¡agmH¥$Vr Am{U A§Vami Am`VmH¥$Vr Ago. ~mhoarb ~mOyZo, _§{XamÀ`m VimnmgyZ {eIamn`ªV OmUmao
Ago Cô nÅ>o AgV Ë`m§Zm "aW' Ago åhUVmV. `m§À`mV _Ü`^mJr XodH$moð> (_yVugmR>r H$moZmS>o) ~gdrV.
ho gd© aW EH$_oH$m§er ZìdX A§emÀ`m H$moZm_Üò Cô Ho$ë`mZo q^VrMr dma§dma _moS>Ur hmoV. Ë`m_wio
N>m`m àH$memMm CÎm_ Ioi hmoV Ago. {eIamda {eIam§À`m à{VH¥$Vr {XgyZ òVmV. _§{Xam§_Yrb ñV§^
ho (ImbyZ da) Mm¡H$moZr-Aï>H$moZr-Jmob-Mm¡H$moZr Aem àH$maMo AgV. _§{Xamdarb Im§~mda _mZdr
AmH¥$Vr qH$dm nyU© H$bemMr Zjr H$moaV. Jm^mè`mÀ`m àdoeÛmamMr Mm¡H$Q> ZjrXma Ago. `m Mm¡H$Q>rÀ`m
_Ü`^mJr daÀ`m nÅ>rV EH$ XodVoMo {eën AgVo. eŠ`Vmo ho {eën JUnVrMo Agë`mZo `mg "JUoenÅ>r'
Ago åhUÊ`mMm àKmV Amho. `m àdoeÛmamÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm Ûmanmb {XgyZ òVmV.
_amR>oemhrVrb "`mXd' YmQ>UrÀ`m _§{XamV hr gd© dmñVy`moOZm OerÀ`m Ver dmnabobr Amho.
\$ŠV EH$mM Jmoï>rV \$aH$ Amho, _amR>r Xodmb`mda _yVuH$m_mMm nyU© A^md Amho. ÛmaemIogma»`m
{R>H$mUr _yVuH$m_ AQ>i ~ZVo. VoWo _amR>r _§{XamV H$moard H$m_ Amho, nU Ë`mMm XOm© {ZH¥$ð> Amho.
Aem àH$maÀ`m _amR>mH$mbrZ _§{Xam§Zm "ho_m§S>n§Vr' e¡brMo _§{Xa åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
ZmJa e¡br …
_amR>r _§{XamMm Xwgam àH$ma åhUOo qhXwñWmZr qH$dm ZmJa _§{XamMm. hr _§{Xao _amR>m gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m
{dñVmaH$mim_Üò {Z_m©U Pmbr. _miì`mV (npíM_ _Ü`àXoe) òWo àM{bV Agbobr e¡br ZmJae¡brÀ`m
_§{Xam_Üò {ed _§{Xa (Í`§~Ho$ída), M§{S>H$m_§{Xa (^m§XH$), A§OZoar _§{Xa g_yh, Jm|Xoída ({gÞa),
am_bú_U _§{Xa (am_Q>oH$) B. _§{XamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. hr _§{Xao nyU©nUo XJS>m§_Üò ~m§Ybobr AmhoV.
`mVrb à_wI ^mJ `mXd e¡brgmaIm Amho. Ogo Jm^ma, A§Vami, _§S>n, _wI_§S>n dJ¡ao. VgoM ~mhoarb
q^Vrda aW (Cô nÅ>o) hr AmhoV. _mÌ AmVyZ Am{U ~mhoê$Z ho ^mJ Mm¡agmH¥$Vr AmhoV. ~mhoarb
q^Vr_Üò H$moZm§Mr _moS>Ur {XgyZ òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~mhoê$Z hr _§{Xao gnmQ> {XgyZ òVmV. {eIa ho
ZmJa e¡brZwgma C§M {XgyZ òVo. `m _§{Xam§À`m Amodè`mVrb gwéMo Im§~ Am{U H$_mZrÀ`m aMZm, `mda
CÎma ^maVr` e¡btMm à^md Xe©{dVmV. hr _§{Xao Á`m bmoH$m§Zr _hmamï´>mV ~m§Ybr Vo H$mhr H$mi _§{Xao
Á`m bmoH$m§Zr _hmamï´>mV ~m§Ybr Vo H$mhr H$mi CÎma àXoem_Üò ñWm`rH$ Pmbobo hmoVo. åhUyZ `m
_§{Xam§da CÎma ^maVr` ZmJa e¡brMm à^md {XgVmo.
_amR>memhr _§{Xa …
_amR>memhrÀ`m CÎma H$mim_Üò Aem e¡brMr _§{Xa _moR>çm à_mUmda {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m H$mimV
{d{dY H$bmna§nam§Mm g§`moJ hmoV Jobm. `m_Üò CÎmaoH$S>rb amOñWmZ, JwOamV, {Xëbr (_wJb) `m
e¡brMm à^mdmVyZ EH$ ñdV§Ì _§{Xa e¡br {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm "_amR>memhr _§{Xa' åhUVmV.
_amR>memhr _§{Xam_Üò Mm¡ag J^©J¥h, Am`VmH¥$Vr _wI_§S>n Am{U Am`VmH¥$Vr _moR>o Amodar ho
100
à_wI ^mJ òVmV. `mVrb Jm^mam ~mhoê$Z d AmVyZ gnmQ> AgVmo. H$Yr Jm^mè`mg_moarb AY©_§S>n
hm gwéÀ`m Im§~m§Zr Am{U _ohoanr H$_mZtZr ZQ>bobm {XgVmo. AmodarÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmV AY©ñV§^ Am{U
nyU©ñV§^, H$_mZr_Üò {XgVmo. `mda _wKb e¡brMm à^md {XgVmo. Jm^mè`mda H$m¡bmê$ N>V AgVo.
Jm^mè`mdarb {eIa _Oë`m_Oë`m§Zr ~Zbobo AgVo. `m _Oë`mda H$moZmS>o H$mTy>Z Ë`m_Üò MwÝ`mÀ`m
_yVu/N>moQ>o nwVio ~g{dbobo AgV. `m H$moZmS>çmda A§~margmaIo N>V Ago. hm à^md JwOamVr hdoë`mÀ`m
J°bardê$Z Ambobm {XgVmo. `m H$moZmS>çmÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm N>moQ>o _Zmoao {XgyZ òVmV. `m g¡brÀ`m
_§{Xam_Yrb q^Vrda Amnë`mbm nm¡am{UH$ {MÌ {XgyZ òVmV. `mIoarO AmUIr XmoZ àH$ma {eIamMo
{XgyZ òVmV. EH$ {eIa e§Hy$À`m AmH$mamMo AgyZ Ë`mda Cô n¡by nmS>bobo AgVmV. Ë`mImbr H$_imÀ`m
nmH$ù`m Ho$boë`m AgVmV. Xwgam àH$ma åhUOo H$mhr {eIa {Zìdi nm`è`m-nm`è`m§Mo {XgyZ òVmV.
`mda Hw$_m§Mr am§J {XgyZ òVo.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX …
{nR>moar d«V … lmdU A_mdñòdoir {nR>moar d«V gmOao Ho$bo OmVo. ho d«V AnË`g§aUmgmR>r Ho$bo OmVo.
ZmJa … _w»`Ëdo CÎma ^maVmVrb _§{Xa e¡br. AmH$memH$S>o PonmdUmao C§M {eIao ho `m e¡brMo à_wI
d¡{eîQ>ço
Ð{dS> … X{jU ^maVmVrb _§{Xa e¡br. _Oë`m_Oë`m§Mo ~gHo$ {eIao hm ZmJag¡brnmgyZ \$aH$mMm
_wÔm.
KmQ> … nmdgmù`mÀ`m {Xdgm_Üò ZXrMo H$mR> YmoH$mXm`H$ ~ZVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a `m_wio bmoH$m§À`m
X¡Z§{XZ H$m`m©V AS>Wio òD$ bmJVmV. hr g_ñ`m Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZÚm§Zm KmQ> ~m§YÊ`mMr na§nam
Amnë`mH$S>o gwê$ Pmbr. ZÚm§À`m H$mR>mnmgyZ {VÀ`m nmÌm§n`ªV {dñVrU© Am{U ~gŠ`m nm`è`m ~m§Yë`m
OmVmV. Ë`m§Zm KmQ> åhUVmV.
gmam§e …
{edH$mi hm ñdamÁ` g§ñWmnZoMm H$mi hmoVm. `m H$mimV _amR>çm§À`m ñdmV§Í``wÕm_wio g§nyU©
_hmamï´>m_Üò ñdamÁ` g§ajUmMm EH$_od CÚmoJ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio g§nyU© H$mi hm ApñWa n[apñWVrMm
hmoD$Z Jobm. 1707 Z§Va N>. emhÿ, noedo d _amR>m amO_§S>im§Zr _amR>r gÎmoMo gm_«mÁ`m_Üò ê$nm§Va
Ho$bo. `m H$mbI§S>mV EH$ g§nÞVm bm^br. VgoM gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr. noedo d
_amR>m gaXmam§Zr H$bmH$mam§Zm amOml` {Xbm. `m_wio emhrar, V_mem {MÌH$boMm {dH$mg Pmbm. noedo
ho Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmtMo Agë`m_wio _§{XamMr {Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbr. `m {MÌH$bm d _§{Xae¡brda
{d{dY ^mJmVrb g§ñH¥$VrMm à^md nS>bm. _amR>mH$mimV `wÕemómÀ`m d eómñÌmÀ`m ~XbË`m ñdê$nmZwgma
{H$ëë`m_Yrb dmñVy aMZoMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. nwÊ`mMm {dH$mg Pmë`mZ§Va VgoM amOH$s` _hÎd bm^ë`mda
nwÊ`m_Üò nmUrnwadR>çmMr ì`dñWm Ho$br.
101
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` 1 ( XrKm}Îmar àíZ )
A) _amR>mH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§À`m aMZoMr _m{hVr {bhm.
~) _§{XamÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ym{_©H$ ñWmnË`mMr _m{hVr Úm.
H$) _amR>mH$mbrZ {MÌH$boMo d¡{eîQ>ç d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.
2) {Q>nm {bhm.
A) dmB© KmQ>
~) nmodmS>m d V_mem
H$) nwÊ`mMr nmUrnwadR>m ì`dñWm
4.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© gmYZo …
1) ^mdo dm. H¥$. - noedoH$mbrZ _hmamï´>, daXm àH$meZ.
2) AÌo (S>m°.) ew^m§JZm, amàrH$a H$ënZm, _hmamï´> g§ñH¥$Vr 1818 n`ªV, S>m`_§S> àH$meZ.
3) A.am. Hw$bH$Uu Am{U J.h. Iao, _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg ^mJ 2, H$m°Q>rZo§Q>b àH$meZ.
4) _. lr. _mQ>o, _amR>m dmñVw{eën, H$m°Q>rZo§Q>b àH$meZ.
5) J. H$m. _mZo, {edH$mbrZ {H$ëë`m§Mm g_J« Aä`mg, {edZoar àH$meZ.
6) S>m°. {Za§OZ Hw$bH$Uu (boI) H$bm Am{U ñWmnË`, _amR>çm§Mm gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg,
Xya{ejU H|$Ð.
102

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