{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : B{Vhmg nona-9
ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV
(India Since Independence-I)
go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
KQ>H$ - 1
amOH$s` nj : H$m±J«og
AZwH$« _{UH$m :
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 n§{S>V Odmhabmb _moVrbmb Zohê$
1.2.2 B§{Xam Jm§Yr
1.2.3 amOrd Jm§Yr
1.2.4 nr. ìhr. Zaqghamd
1.3 nmar^m{fH$ eãX
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`.
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$.
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
àH$aUmV AmnUmg bjmV `oB©b H$s,
·
bmoH$emhr emgZ àUmbrVrb nj nÕVrMo _hÎd bjmV `oB©b.
·
H$m±J«og njmMr H$m`©nÕVr, Ë`mMo ñdmV§Í` MidirVrb H$m`© d _hÎd bjmV `oB©b.
·
n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§À`m H$mimV H$m±J«og njmV Pmbobo ~Xb d Zohê§$Mo Xoe C^maUr_Yrb
`moJXmZmMr _m{hVr g_Oob.
·
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$mimVrb H$m±J«og_Yrb g§Kf© d Ë`m§Mo Xoe C^maUr_Yrb `moJXmZmMr _m{hVr
g_Oob.
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Mo Xoe C^maUr_Yrb `moJXmZmMr _m{hVr
hmoB©b.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / B{Vhmg ....1
·
nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§À`m H$mimV ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Amë`m `mMm n[aUm_ Xoemda
H$m` Pmbm `mMr _m{hVr {_iob.
·
H$m±J«og njm_Yrb `m Mma àYmZ_§Í`m§Mo H$m`© VwbZmË_H$ Ñï>rZo Aä`mgVm `oB©b.
1…1 àñVm{dH$ :
^maVmZo gm§gXr` bmoH$emhr àUmbrMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho. `m emgZ ì`dñWo_Ü`o amOH$s` njm§Zm
AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. ho amOH$s` nj amï´>mnwT>rb A§VJ©V d ~møàíZm§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMo {d{dY n`m©`
gwMdV AgVmV. VgoM Vo amï´>r` d naamï´>r` Ü`o` YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mg§~§Yr XoIrb _mobmMr H$m_{Jar ~Omdy
eH$VmV.
^maVr` à_wI amOH$s` njm§_Ü`o ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«og njmMo _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. hm nj gwê$dmVrnmgyZM
EH$ nj åhUyZ Zìho Va EH$ g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ gd©àW_ ApñVËdmV Ambm. amï´>r` H$m±J«og àW_nmgyZ EImÚm g§gX
qH$dm àm{V{ZYrH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imà_mUo g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMo Zm§d åhUyZ dmnaÊ`mV Ambobm
"H$m±J«og' hm eãX CÎma A_o[aHo$À`m B{VhmgmVyZ CMbÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. bmoH$m§Mo _§S>i Agm Ë`mMm AW©
Amho. amï´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmMo H$m_H$mO bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo åhUOoM, dmX{ddmX, MMm©, àg§J, _VXmZ
Aem nÕVrZo MmbV Ago. amï´>r` H$m±J«ogZo ^maVr` bmoH$emhrbm gm§gXr` bmoH$emhrMo ê$n {Xbo hmoVo. Aem
VèhoZo XoemV gm§gXr` bmoH$emhrMr ~rOo KÅ> éOdÊ`mV d Vr bmoH${à` H$aÊ`mV _XV Ho$br.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
H$m±J«ogMm nyd©B{Vhmg :
{S>g|~a 1985 À`m gw_mamg 72 amOH$s` H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr EH$Ì ^oQy>Z ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. `m H$m_r ga E. Amo. hçw_ `m§Zr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr.
amï´>r` H$m±J«ogZo amï´>r` g§KQ>Zm `m ZmË`mZo ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoB©n`ªV amï´>r` Midir_Ü`o _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m
~Omdbr. `m njmZo OZ_V OmJ¥V H$ê$Z ñdmV§Í`mMm bT>m {Xbm. gZ 1885 Vo 1947 hm H$m±J«og njmÀ`m
ñdmV§Í` MidirMm H$mbI§S> åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. 15 Am°JñQ>, 1947 amoOr ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm. 26
OmZodmar, 1950 amoOr ^maVr` àOmgÎmmH$ ApñVËdmV Ambo. ñdV§Ì ^maVmV H$m±J«og nj gdm©V _moR>m nj
åhUyZ nwT>o Ambm. `m njmVrb ZoË`m§Zr amï´>r` C^maUrV _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gwê$dmVrÀ`m 40
dfmªÀ`m H$mimV ~hþnjnÕVr Agbr Var H$m±J«og njmMoM dM©ñd hmoVo. AmOhr hm nj EH$_od nj åhUyZ
H$m`©aV Amho.
amï´>mÀ`m àJVrgmR>r PQ>Umè`m gd© H$m`©H$Ë`mªMm EH$_oH$m§er n[aM` ìhmdm `m hoVyZo amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMo
n{hbo A{YdoeZ _w§~B© `oWo 28 {S>g|~a 1885 KoÊ`mV Ambo. `m A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`j ì`mo_oeM§Ð ~°ZOu
hmoVo. gZ 1885 Vo 1905 gmbmn`ªV H$m±J«og ~më`mdñWo
V hmoVo. `m H$mimV {VMo C{Ôï> {g{_V hmoVo.
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{~«Q>re amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`m H¥$nmN>ÌmImbr amhÿZ ^maVr`m§Mr CÞVr H$aÊ`mMm H$m±J«ogÀ`m ZoË`m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ hmoVm.
`m H$mbI§S>mg CXma_VdmXr qH$dm Zo_ñVdmXr H$mbI§S> (_dmi) åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. `m H$mbI§S>m_Ü`o
XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr, Ý`m. amZS>o, JmonmiH¥$îU JmoIbo, gwa|ÐZmW ~°ZOu, {\$amoOehm _ohVm `m§Zr H$m±J«ogMo ZoV¥Ëd
Ho$bo.
Ohmb H$mbI§S> :
gZ 1892 Z§Va H$m±J«og_Yrb Vê$U gXñ`m§Zr A{YdoeZmV {~«Q>rem§À`m YmoaUmda àIa {Q>H$m
H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br, `mV ~mi J§JmYa {Q>iH$, AaqdX Kmof {~nrZM§Ð nmb, bmbm bOnV am` `m§Zr
d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {~«Q>re emgZmÀ`m YmoaUm§da {Q>H$m H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m
àJVrgmR>r ñdmdb§~ZmMm, AmË_{Z^©aVoMm d OZOmJ¥VrMm _mJ© ñdrH$mabm. gZ 1905 Vo 1920 n`ªVMm
H$mbI§S> Ohmb H$mbI§S> åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
Jm§Yr `wJ :
_hmË_m Jm§Yr§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirZo bmoH$MidirMo ñdê$n YmaU Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr
AghH$ma Midi, g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§J, Mbo Omd, Am{X Midir gwê$ Ho$ë`m d ñdmV§Í` Ñï>rjonmV
AmUbo.
1.2.1 n§{S>V Odmhabmb _moVrbmb Zohê$ :
n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo n{hbo àYmZ_§Ìr, Am§Vaamï´>r` {H$VuMo ZoVo Am{U AmYw{ZH$
^maVmMo {eënH$ma åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Abm¡{H$H$ hmVo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 14 Zmoìh|~a
1889 _Ü`o Abmhm~mX `oWo EH$m lr_§V n§{S>V (H$pí_ar ~«m÷U) Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m AmB©Mo Zm§d
ñdê$namUr hmoV. Va {nVm _moVrbmb ho H$V¥ËddmZ, YZdmZ dH$sb hmoVo. _moVrbmb H$m±J«ogMo H$m`©H$V} hmoVo.
Vo {dMmamZo "Am`©g_mOr' hmoVo. Odmhabmb Zohê§$Zr d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z {ZU©`j_Vm d amï´>^ŠVrMo JwU KoVbo.
Odmhabmb `m§Zm {ejUmgmR>r B§½b§S>_Yrb H|$~«rO {dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o nmR>{dbo hmoVo. `m{R>H$mUr Ë`m§À`mda
{_b, agob, em°, ½bmS>ñQ>Z, _mob} `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md nS>bm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Vo {dMmamZo CXma_VdmXr
~Zbo. gZ 1912 gmbr Vo ~°[añQ>a hmoD$Z ñdXoer naV Ambo d d{H$brMm ì`dgm` H$ê$ bmJbo. nU
Ë`m§Mo _Z Ë`mV a_oZm. Ë`m§Zr amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. {Q>iH$m§À`m hmo_ê$b MidirV
Ë`m§Zr ^mJ KoVbm. 1920 gmbr bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. 1920 gmbr ZmJnya_Ü`o ^aboë`m
H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV Vo gh^mJr Pmbo d `oWyZ nwT>o Ë`m§Mr g§nyU© dmQ>Mmb _hmË_m Jm§Yj§À`m
_mJ©Xe©ZmImbr Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m AghH$ma Am§XmobZmV gh^mJ KoVbm d Vo 1929 À`m
H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`j ~Zbo. `m A{YdoeZmVM g§nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMm R>amd nmg H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
Ë`mZ§Va 1936, 1937 Am{U 1946 _Ü`o Pmboë`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmMo Vo AÜ`j hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr
"{_R>mMm gË`mJ«h', gZ 1942 Mo "MboOmd' `m {d{dY Am§XmobZmV nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. gZ 1947 _Ü`o
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ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo gaH$ma Ë`m§À`mM ZoV¥ËdmImbr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm ñdmV§Í` MidirV {Za{Zamiçm
Am§XmobZmV EHy$U 14 df} Vwé§Jdmg gmogmdm bmJbm.
gZ 1928 _Ü`o Zohê§$À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$m±J«ogZo g§nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMm R>amd nmg Ho$bm. 26 OmZodmar
1930 `m {Xder ^maV ñdmV§Í` H$aÊ`mMr enW amdr ZXr {Vamda ^aboë`m H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV KoÊ`mV
Ambr. Zohê$ VrZ doiog H$m±J«og AÚj Pmbo. 1936 À`m bIZm¡ A{YdoeZmV H$m±J«ogZo g_mOdmXr {dMma
ñdrH$mabm. Zohê§$Zm {Ûamï´>dmX _mÝ` ZìhVm.
Jm§YtÀ`m BÀN>o{déÕ H$m±JogZo \$miUr pñdH$mabr. 15 Am°JñQ>, 1948 amoOr ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm.
Ë`m§Zr ^maVmMo àW_ àYmZ_§Ìr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr enW KoVbr.
· ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va H$m±J«ogMo ñdê$n :
ñd§VÍ`g§J«m_mÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«og hr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r bT>Umar gdm©V _moR>r g§KQ>Zm
hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va _mÌ {VMo énm§Va amOH$s` njmV Pmbo. ^maVmZo bmoH$emhr emgZàUmbrMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$bm. amOH$s` njmg bmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWoV AZÝ` gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. amOH$s` nj amï´>mnwT>rb
A§VJ©V d naamï´>r` àíZm§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMo {d{dY n`m©` gwM{dVmV. Vo amï´>r` {hV S>moiçmnwT>o R>odyZ
{ZpíMV {dYm`H$ ñdê$nmMm H$m`©H«$_ OZVog_moa _m§S>V AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a Vo OZVoMo àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mMo
d Ë`m§À`m Amem-AmH$m§jm nyU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVmV. _VXmam§g_moa {ZdS>UwH$m§À`m doir
AmnAmnbr ~mOy _m§S>VmV. _VXma {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao `m§Zm Amnbm H$m¡b XoVmV.
VgoM, bmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWo_Ü`o gÎmmYmar nj Am{U {damoYr nj `m§À`m _hÎdmÀ`m ^y{_H$m
AgVmV. {damoYr nj gÎmmYmar njmMr Ü`o`YmoaUo amï´>mÀ`m {hVmMr AmhoV H$s Zmhr `mMr gVV Vg{_jm
H$aV AgVmo.V `mbm CKS>o nmS>Uo Am{U nXÀ`wV H$aUo, ho {damoYr njmMo H$m_ AgVo. nU amï´>{hV
S>moiçmg_moa R>odyZ {damoYmgmR>r {damoY Z H$aÊ`mMo nÏ`XoIrb nmimdo bmJVo.
^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMm CJ_ gZ 1885 gmbr ñWmnZ Pmboë`m qhXr amï´>r` g^m (B§{S>`Z Z°eZb
H$m±J«og) `mVyZ Pmbm. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`gÎmobm {damoY H$aÊ`mMm `m g_mZ ^y{_Ho$_wio
{^Þ d¡Mm[aH$ Ñï>rH$moZ AgUmao H$m`©H$Ë`mªMo JQ> H$m±J«ogÀ`m ZmdmImbr H$m_ H$aV hmoVo. H$m±J«og A§VJ©V
gmå`dmXr nj, g_mOdmXr nj, eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va hr n[apñWVr ~Xbbr. gXa
dëb^^mB© nQ>ob `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo gZ 1948 gmbr H$m±J«ogÀ`m O`nwa A{YdoeZm_Ü`o H$m±J«ogMr ZdrZ
KQ>Zm _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$m±J«og `m amï´>r` g§KQ>ZoMo H$m±J«og njm_Ü`o énm§Va Pmbo. {^Þ {dMmaJQ>m§Zm
gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMo {VMo _wi ñdê$n ~Xbbo. H$m±J«ogMo g^mgXËd pñdH$maV AgVmZm BVa H$moUË`m JQ>mMo
gXñ` ZgUo, hr nwd©AQ> KmbÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio H$m±J«og A§VJ©V H$m`©aV Agbobm g_mOdmXtMm JQ>
H$m`_Mm ZmamO Pmbm. O`àH$me Zmam`U, am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m `m g_mOdmXr ZoË`m§Zr gZ 1948 gmbr
nj gmoS>Ê`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Zohé§Zm bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX AmUmd`mMm hmoVm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm njmV
AmUmd`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo.
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H$m±J«ogMr H$m`©àUmbr bmoH$emhr àH$maMr hmoVr. _hìdmÀ`m àíZm§da njm§VJ©V MMm© hmoD$Z {Z_m©U
hmoV. amï´>r` ñdmV§Í` MidirV `m njmZo H$m`© Ho$ë`m_wio H$m±J«ogbm àM§S> àg{Vð>m d bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV
_hìdmMo ñWmZ {_imbo hmoVo. H$m±J«ogMo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ Omio g§nyU© Xoe^a ngabo hmoVo. H$m±J«ogMm gm_m{OH$
AmYma _moR>çm eham§nmgyZ IoS>çm§n`ªV, lr_§Vm§nmgyZ Jar~m§n`ªV, _moR>o ^m§S>dbXma ì`mnmar dJm©n`ªV
Agë`mZo Vr OZ_mZgm§_Ü`o nmohmoMbr hmoVr, Ago _mZë`mg dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr. Zohê$ `wJmV H$m±J«og nj
_wbV: _Ü`_dJu` na§Vw, H$mhrgm S>mdrH$S>o PwH$Umam hmoVm. bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX `m g§H$ënZoV A§V^y©V
Agboë`m amï´>dmX, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, g§nÎmrMo \o$admQ>n VgoM, g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoUo `m gd© Ü`o` C{Ôï>m§er H$m±J«og ~m§Yrb hmVo.
· njZoV¥Ëd d gaH$ma `m§_Yrb g§Kf© :
njZoV¥Ëd Am{U gaH$ma `m§Mo A{YH$majoÌ H$m` Agmdo `mdê$Z H$m±J«og_Ü`o AZoH$ doim njmÜ`j d
gaH$ma_Ü`o _V^oX Pmbo. gZ 1946 _Ü`o h§Jm_r gaH$maMo àYmZ_§Ìr hmoVmM n§{S>V Zohê§$Zr njmÜ`jnXmMm
amOrZm_m {Xbm. H$maU njmÜ`j d gaH$maMm à_wI `m XmoZ ^y{_H$m ñdV§Ì AgyZ `m EH$mM ì`ŠVrZo nma
nmS>Uo `mo½` Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Zohê§$À`m Z§Va AmMm`© Oo. ~r. H¥$nbmZr H$m±J«ogMo AÜ`j Pmbo.
Ë`m§À`m _Vo, njmÜ`j d H$m`©H$mar g{_Vr `m§Mm gaH$maMr YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mV àË`j gh^mJ Agbm
nm{hOo Am{U gd© gaH$mar {ZU©` Ë`m§À`mer gëbm_gbV H$ê$ZM KoVbo nm{hOoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo _§Ìr_§S>i
XoIrb njmÜ`jmÀ`m gëbm_gbrZo ~Z{dbo Omdo. Ë`m§À`m `m ^y{_Ho$bm Zohê$ d gaXma nQ>ob `m XmoKm§Zr
{damoY Ho$bm. ho ZoVo d H$m±J«og_Yrb BVa ZoË`m§Zrhr emgH$s` nmVirdarb {dMma{d{Z_`, nÌì`dhma d
H$mJXnÌo `m§Mr JmonZr`Vm amIUo Amdí`H$ AgyZ Ë`mMr dmÀ`Vm gaH$ma~mhoarb H$moUmH$S>ohr hmoD$ Z`o
Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. gÎmmYmar njmZo ñWwbnUmZo YmoaUm§Mr {Xem R>admdr Am{U Ë`m YmoaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mMm gaH$maZo à`ËZ H$amdm. _mÌ àË`j àemgZmÀ`m H$m_m§V nj nXm{YH$mè`m§Zr T>dimT>di H$ê$
Z`o. KQ>ZmË_H$ Ñï>rZo gaH$ma bmoH${Zdm©{MV H$m`Xo_§himbm O~m~Xma AgVo, njmbm Zìho, Ago Zohê§$Zr
_V _m§S>bo. H¥$nbmZtZr {Zame hmoD$Z _wXV g§nÊ`mnyduM EH$ df© AJmoXa amOrZm_m {Xbm. Ë`mZ§Va S>m°.
amO|Ð àgmX EH$df© d S>m°. nÅ>m{^{gVmam_æ`m nwT>rb XmoZ df} njmÜ`j Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr njmÜ`jm§À`m
loð>ËdmMm AmJ«h Yabm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr njmÜ`jm§Mo H$m`©joÌ \$ŠV njmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmnwaVo _`m©{XV R>odbo.
· H$m±J«og njmVrb ZoË`m§_Yrb VmpËdH$ dmX :
Odmhabmb Zohê$ d gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob H$m±J«og njmMo à_CH$ ZoVo ñdmV§Í` MidirV _moR>o
`moJXmZ {Xbobo d AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMr OS>UKS>U H$aÊ`m_Ü`o XmoKm§Mmhr _moR>m dmQ>m hmoVm. nU `m XmoKm§_Ü`o
VmpËdH$ _V^oX hmoVo. Zohê$ g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUrMo Va nQ>ob nwamU_VdmXr (COì`m {dMmagaUrMo) hmoVo.
Am°JñQ> 1950 _Ü`o S>mì`m d COì`m {dMmagaUrÀ`m g§Kfm©Mm _wÔm njmÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV
{eJobm nmohmoMbm. njmÜ`j nXmgmR>r nwéfmoÎm_Xmg Q>§S>Z, Oo. ~r. H¥$nbmZr Am{U e§H$aXod ho njmÜ`jnXmMo
C_oXdma hmoVo. gaXma nQ>ob COì`m JQ>mMo hmoVo d Ë`m§Mm 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
nmqR>~m Q>§hZ `m§Zm hmoVm. Va Zohê§$Mm nmR>t~m Oo.
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~r. H¥$nbmZr `m§Zm hmoVm. Q>§S>Z `m§À`m amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, Am{U gm_m{OH$ nwamU_VdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
Zohê§$Mm Ë`m§Zm {damoY hmoVm. Va COì`m JQ>mVrb ZoVo Ë`m§Zm {ZdSy>Z AmUyZ Zohê§$da {Z`§ÌU AmUy BpÀN>V
hmoVo. Ë`mZm Zohê§$À`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ VgoM, naamï´>r` YmoaUmV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr JaO dmQ>V
hmoVr. `m {ZdS>UyH$s_Ü`o njmÜ`j åhUyZ S>§Q>Z ho {dO`r Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr njmÀ`m H$m`©H$mar g{_VrV d
H|$Ðr` {ZdS>UyH$ g{_VrV Amnë`m _Vm§À`m ì`ŠVtMr dUu bmdbr. nwamU_VdmXr eŠVtZr H$m±J«og nj d
gaH$mar YmoaUo `m§da dM©ñd {_i{dÊ`mMm Mm§J ~m§Ybm. Zohê§$Zr Amnbo amOH$s` MmVw`©, ÑT> {ZYm©a d
amOH$maUmVrb Am\$mQ> AZw^d `m§À`m Omoamda Amnbr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ YmoaUo d naamaï´>{ZVr `m§da
Am{Ib ^maVr` H$m±J«og g{_Vrbm {eŠH$m _moV©~ H$amd`mbm àd¥Îm Ho$bo. 6 Am°JñQ> 1951 amoOr Ë`m§Zr
njH$m`m©H$marUr d H|$Ðr` {ZdS>UyH$ g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`ËdmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm d Q>§S>Z Am{U Zohê$ `m§n¡H$s
H$moUmMo {dMma Am{U Ñ{ï>H$mZo pñdH$mam`M `mMm {ZU©` H$aÊ`mMo H$m±J«ogOZm§Zm AdmhZ Ho$bo. XoemVrb
n{hbr gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$ Odi Ambr hmoVr. Zohê$ H$m±J«og_Yrb à^Jmdr ZoVo hmVo. Voìhm H$m±J«ogOZmZr
Zohê§$À`m ~mOyZo H$m¡b {Xbm.
njmÜ`j Q>§S>Z `m§Zr Zohê§$Mm amOrZm_m Z ñdrH$maVm ñdV: njmÜ`jnXmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm. Am{Ib
^maVr` H$m±J«og g{_VrZo 8 gßQ>|~a, 1951 amoOr Q>§S>Z `m§Mm amOrZm_m pñdH$mabm d Zohê§$Mr H$m±J«og AÜ`j
åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br. Aem [aVrZo EH$mM doir XmoÝhr nXo Zohê§$H$S>o Ambr. gwê$dmVrg hr nXo KoÊ`m_mJo
Ë`m§Mm {damoY hmoVm. nU _hÎdmÀ`m d VmVS>rÀ`m J§^ra g_ñ`m hmVmiUo gwH$a hmg©b, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo.
Zohê§$Zr Q>§S>Z `m§Zm H$m©H$maUr g{_Vr_Üo nmMmaU Ho$bo d Q>§S>Z `m§Zrhr Vo ñdrH$mabo.
· Zohê§$Mo naamï´> YmoaU :
ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo Vo àW_ àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zbo. ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imbo Voìhm OJ XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mJbo
hmoVo. EH$m ~mOybm ^m§S>dbemhr Va XþgarH$S>o gmå`dmX ! H$moUË`mhr EH$m JQ>mV gm{_b Pmë`mg
Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVm YmoŠ`mV `oB©b, `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoVr. ñdV§Ì ^maVmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg gmYm`Mm
Agob Va gd© Xoem§Mr _XV Amdí`H$ hmoVr. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr EH$m JQ>mV gm_rb Z hmoVm A{bßVVoMo
YmoaU pñdH$mabo d gd© Xoem§er _¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y {Z_m©U Pmbo nm{hOoV, Ago R>adbo. _mZdr H$ë`mU d
Am§Vaamï´>r` em§VVmnyU© ghOrdZ `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr A{bßVVmdmX d n§Merb VÎdm§À`m YmoaUm§Mm nwañH$ma
Ho$bm.
· A{bßV amï´>m§Mr g§KQ>Zm :
_moR>r amï´>o {dH$gZerb amï´>m§À`m AS>MUtMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoD$ eH$VmV Voìhm A{bßVVmdmXr amï´>m§Mr
g§KQ>Zm _O~yV ìhmd`mg nm{hOo, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r A{bßV amï´>m§Mr VmH$X dmT>m`bm nm{hOo,
OoUo H$ê$Z hr amï´>o Amnë`m ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$ê$ eH$Vrb, Xoe{hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {ZU©` KD$ eH$Vrb hm
{dMma nwT>o AmUbm. {dH${gV Xoem§Mr _XV H$moR>o ¿`md`mMr d H$moR>o Zmhr `mMo ñdmV§Í` Agob d Amnbo
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ñdmV§Í` A~m{XV R>oD$ eH$Vrb `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr A{bßV amï´>m§Mr g§KQ>Zm ~m§Ybr. ñdmV§Í` d gmd©^m¡_Ëd
{Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r `m g§KQ>ZoMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr.
· n§Merb VÎdo :
Zohê§$Zr n{hë`m d Xþgè`m OmJ{VH$ _hm`wÕm§Mo n[aUm_ nmhÿZ OmJ{VH$ em§VVoMo _hÎd OmUbo hmoVo.
Ë`m§À`m _Vo, OJmVrb {d{dY _mZdr ghH$m`© d g_Ýd` Agmdm, Ë`m§Zr Amnbo àíZ em§VVoZo d
dmQ>mKmQ>rÀ`m _mJm©Zo gmohdmdoV d Aem àH$mao _mZdmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUmdm, OJmVrb {d{dY Xoem§V
doJdoJiçm amÁ`ì`dñWm d Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm Agëm Varhr Ë`m§À`m _wbH$s g§~§YmV ñZoh d gwg§dmX Agy
eH$Vmo. gXarb hoVw gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgm§ H$mhr VÎdm§Mo YmoaU nwT>o AmUbo. `m YmoaUmbm Ë`m§Zr "n§Merb' Ago
Zm§d {Xbo. hr VÎdo nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV.
1. nañnam§À`m àmXo{eH$ EH$mË_Vo~Ôb Am{U gmd©^m¡_Ëdm~Ôb AmXa ~miJUo.
2. nañnam§À`m gahÔrda AmH«$_U Z H$aUo.
3. Xþgè`m Xoem§À`m A§VJ©V H$ma^mamV hñVjon Z H$aUo.
4. gd© amï´>o g_mZ _mUyZ nañnam§À`m {hVmMo H$m`© H$aUo.
5. em§VVm_` ghOrdZ Am{U Am{W©H$ ghH$m`m©Mm nwadR>m H$aUo.
· n[S>V Zohê§$Mo g_mOdmXr YmoaU :
n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Zr gmå`dmX Am{U ^m§S>dbdmX `m§Vrb Xmof OmUbo hmoVo. ^maVmgma»`m Jar~ Xoembm
^m§S>dbXma _mZdUmam ZìhVm. Ë`mV lr_§V A{YH$ lr_§V Va Jar~ A{YH$ Jar~ Pmbo AgVo.
gmå`dmXm_Ü`o CËnmXZdmXr gd© gmYZo hr gaH$maÀ`m _mbH$sMr AgVmV. Ë`mVrb Xmof Agm H$s,
gmå`dmXm_Ü`o ImOJr CÚmoJm§Zm ñdmV§Í` amhV Zmhr. åhUyZ n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Zr ^maVmgmR>r g§{_l
AW©ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.
· am{ï´>`rH$aU :
Amdí`H$ dñVw§À`m CËnmXZm§Mr gmYZo gaH$maÀ`m _mbH$sMr amhVrb OoUoH$ê$Z Jar~ OZVoMo ajU
hmoB©b, `mgmR>r Zohê$ `m§Zr Admí`H$ d _hÎdmÀ`m nm`m^yV CÚmoJm§Mo am{ï´>`rH$aU Ho$bo.
· ImOJr CÚmoJ :
_hÎdmÀ`m Am{U Amdí`H$ CÚmoJm§Mo am{ï´>`rH$aU H$ê$Z BVa CÚmoJ ImOJr CÚmoJm§H$arVm Iwbo
gmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. nadmZm nÕV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ImOJr CÚmoJ dmT>mdoV VgoM ^maVmVrb amoOJma
dmT>mdm åhUyZ CÚmoJm§À`m g§ajUmMr ZrVr ñdrH$mabr.
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· Am`mVH$a :
naXoer dñVw§da Am`mV H$a bmdë`mZo ^maVmV V`ma Pmboë`m dñVw§Zm ^maVmV Mm§Jbr ~mOmanoR>
{_imbr. CÚmoJY§Xo dmT>rg bmJbo, amoOJma d CËnmXZ dmT>bo. Zohê§$Zr bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX ñdrH$mabm.
· {Z`moOZmMm ñdrH$ma :
^maVmMr {d{dY joÌm§V àJVr gmYmd`mMr Agob Va {Z`moOZ nÕVrZo {dH$mg H$aVm `oD$ eH$Vmo.
`mda Zohê§$Mm {dídmg hmoVm. Vo gZ 1938 _Ü`o ñVmnZ Pmboë`m Z°eZb ßbmqZJ H${_Q>rMo AÜ`j hmoVo.
gZ 1955 À`m AdS>r `oWo ^aboë`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
n§Mdm{f©H$ {Z`moOZ~Õ AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m C{Ôï>m§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Jobm. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV VrZ n§M dm{f©H$
`moOZmMr AmIUr d A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `mOoZm 1 E{àb 195 Vo 30 _mM©
1956, Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm 1 E{àb 1956 Vo 31 _mM© 1961, {Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm 1961
Vo 1966 `m H$mbmdYrV `m `moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm Ûmao gmd©O{ZH$
joÌ d ImOJr joÌ `m§À`m EH${ÌV {dH$mgmda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm. XoemMm ËdarV gdmªJrU {dH$mg
gmYÊ`mgmR>r hr nÕVr `mo½` hmoVr.
· {dkmZ Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr :
Zohê§$Zr Ë`m§À`m {df` n{ÌHo$da {dkmZ-g_mOdmX-{Z`moOZ Agm AJ«H«$_ R>odbm hmoVm. Xoe
C^maUrgmR>r d¡km{ZH$m§Mo `moJXmZ \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr ImÌr hmoVr. gd© g§ajU{df`H$,
naamï´>r` g§~§YmV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ àíZm§V Zohê§$Zr emókm§Mo AJË`nyd©H$ ghH$m`©
KoVbo. Ë`m§Zm Zoh_r gÝ_mZnyd©H$ dmJ{dbo. AmO g§ajU d AmdH$me joÌmV Amnë`m XoemZo Or ZoÌXrnH$
àJVr Ho$br Amho Ë`mMm nm`m Zohê§$Zr KoVbm. Ë`m§Zr amï´>r` Ho${_H$b b°~moaoQ>ar (National Chemical
Laboratory - NCL) , {\$OrH$b b°~moaoQ>ar (National Physical Laboratory), ^maVr` V§ÌkmZ
g§ñWmZ (Indian Institute of Technology - IIT), A{Ib ^maVr` Am`w{d©kmZ g§ñWmZ (All India
Institute of Medical Sciences - AIIMS) `m Am§Vaamï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmgmR>r n¡gm H$Yrhr H$_r nSy> {Xbm Zmhr. Zohê§$gmaIm {d_mZào_r bm^ë`mZo XoemÀ`m
d¡km{ZH$ àJVrbm _moR>r MmbZm {_imbr. Zohê§$Mm Xoe d naXoer _moR>_moR>çm emókm§er g§nH©$ hmoVm.
_oKZmW ghm, nr. gr. _hmbZ{dg `m emókm§Zm Zohê§$Zr {Z`moOZ _§S>imda KoVbo. Va S>m°. Eg. Eg.
^Q>ZmJa, S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m `m§À`m godmhr Zohê§$Zr AmdOyZ© KoVë`m Ë`m§Zr amï´>r` ñVamda ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m
b°~moaoQ>arOMr g§»`m 17 Amho. gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$mË_Vm d ^m{fH$ gm¡hmX© {Z_m©a H$aÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` gm{hË`
AH$mX_r d Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> `m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m àm§{VH$ ^mfoVrb
gm{hË`mMo ^mfm§Vam_wio àm§VrH$ g§ñH¥$Vr {dMmam§Mr XodmU KodmU eŠ` Pmbr.
Zohê$ em§VVmdmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aUmao hmoVo nU Ë`m§Zr AUweŠVr g§emoYZmH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr
S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m `m§Mr AUweŠVr g§emoYZ H|$ÐmMo à_wI 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. `m AUweŠVr g§emoYZmMm
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Cn`moJ em§VVmnyU© _mJm©Zo H$amd`mMo Zohê§$Mo YmoaU hmoVo. d¡km{ZH$m§Mr _XV KoD$Z Zohê§$Zr Ë`mH$mir _moR>o
g§ajUgm{hË` CËnmXZm§Mo H$maImZo gwê$ Ho$bo. Aem VèhoZo Zohê§$Zr emór` d V§ÌkmZ g§emoYZmMm
g§ñWmË_H$ nm`m KmVbm. Ë`m§Zr d¡km{ZH$m§Zm CÎmoOZ XodyZ Xoe{dH$mgmÀ`m _hmZ H$m`m©V gh^mJr H$ê$Z
KoVbo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> XoV Ë`m§Zr amï´> C^maUrV _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xbo. Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y
26 _o 1963 _Ü`o öX`{dH$mgmÀ`m PQ>çmZo {ZYZ Pmbo.
· _wë`_mnZ :
Zohé§Zr ñdV§Ì ^maVmV bmoH$emhr d g§gXr` àemgZ `m§Mr H$miOrnyd©H$ OmonmgZm Ho$b d Ë`m§Mr
^ŠH$_ nm`m^aUr Ho$br. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va XoemV OmVr`Vm, àmXo{eH$ {^ÞVm, O_mVdmX Am{U g§Hw${MV
^mfmdmX `m§Zr S>moHo$ da H$mT>bo hmoVo. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mm àíZ hmoVmM `m gd© àíZm§er Ë`m§Zr `eñdr[aË`m Vm|S>
{Xbo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmMr amï´> åhUyZ OS>UKS>U H$aVmZm g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm H$m`_ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
Ë`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ~Õ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda ^a XoD$Z g§{_l AW©ì`dñWoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. naamï´> YmoaUm~m~V
A{bßVVmdmXmMm ñdrH$ma H$aZy XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmda bj H|$[XV Ho$bo. {dH$mgmgmR>r {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZm§da
^a {Xbm. MrZer Pmboë`m `wÕm~m~V Ë`m§À`mda {Q>H$m Ho$br OmVo.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$_m§H$ 1
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) amï´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m n{hë`m A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`j H$moU hmoVo?
2) H$m±Jo«g `m eãXmMm AW© gm§Jm?
3) n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zr H$moUË`m XmoZ emókm§Zm _§S>imda KoVbo?
4) n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zr gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$mË_Vm d ^m{fH$ gm¡hmX© {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUË`m g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br?
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) amï´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m n{hbo A{YdoeZ ............ `m {R>H$mUr Pmbo.
A) _w§~B©
~) H$bH$Îmm
H$) _Ðmg
S>) gwaV
2) Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zm ñdmV§Í` MidirV {Za{Zamiçm Am§XmobZmV EHy$U .......... df}
Vwé§Jdmg Pmbm.
A) 15
~) 7
H$) 14
S>) 10
3) 1948 gmbr H$m±J«ogÀ`m ............. `oWrb A{YdoeZmV H$m±J«og njmMr ZdrZ KQ>Zm _§Oya
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) O`nya
~) Xëbr,
H$) ~Zmag
S>) bIZm¡
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4) g§ajU d AmH$me `m joÌmV AmO AmnU Or ZoÌ{XnH$ àJVr Ho$br Amho {VMm nm`m ..........
`m àYmZ_§Í`m§À`m H$mimV KmVbm Jobm.
A) n§{S>V Zohê$ ~) B§{Xam Jm§Yr
Jm§Yr
H$) AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r
S>) amOrd
5) n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Zr AUweŠVr H|$ÐmMo à_wI åhUyZ ............ `m emókm§Mr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br.
A) _oKZmW ghm ~) nr. gr. _hmbZ{dg H$) Eg ^Q>ZmJa
S>) S>m°. hmo_r ^m^m
1.2.2 B§Xram Jm§Yr :
YmS>g Am{U àm{dÊ` hr Ho$di nwéfm§Mr _ŠVoXmar Zmhr hr Jmoï> B§{Xam Jm§ `m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`©
H$V¥Ëd©Zo {gÕ H$ê$Z XmIÌdbr. Ë`m ^maVmÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m àYmZ_§Ìr Pmë`m. Va ^maVmÀ`m n{hë`m _{hbm
àYmZ_§Ìr Pmë`m.
1) OrdZ M[aÌ :
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mm OÝ_ CÎma àXoemVrb Abmhm~mX `m {R>H$mUr 19 Zmoìh|~a 1917 amoOr Pmbm.
{nVm Odmhabmb d _mVm H$_bmXodr XmoKohr ñdV§Ì g§J«m_mer g§~§{YV hmoVo. Va AmOmo~m _moVrbmb Zohê$hr
ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mV gH«$s` gh^mJr hmoVo. Aem g§nyU© Hw$Qw>§~ ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mV H$m`©aV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mda
Xoe^ŠVrMo, amï´>^ŠVrMo g§ñH$ma Pmbo hmoVo.V `m§Mo {ejU Abmhm~mX nwUo d aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoam§À`m
em§Vr{ZHo$VZmV Pmbo. CÀM {ejUmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r `oWo nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo. nU Vo
AY©dQ> gmoSy>Z Ë`m§Zm AmB© H$_bmXodrÀ`m godogmR>r Ë`m§Zm ñdrËPab±S>bm Omdo bmJbo. AmB©À`m godm H$aVmZm
Ë`m§Zm {\$amoO Jm§Yr Zo _moR>r _XV Ho$br. 26 _mM© 1942 Ë`mMm {ddmh {\$amoO Jm§Yrer Pmbm. Ë`m doir
Ë`m§Mo d` 24 dfm©Mo hmoVo. d¡dm{hH$ OrdZmÀ`m O~m~Xmar ~amo~aM Ë`m g_mOgodoMo H$m_hr H$aV hmoË`m.
gZ 20 Am°JñQ> 1944 bm amOrd Jm§YrMm d 14 gßQ>|~a 1946 {ÛVr` nwÌ g§O` Jm§YrMm OÝ_ Pmbm.
XmoÝhr _wbm§Mm gm§^mi {nË`mMo Xm{`Ëd d g§gmamMr KS>r ~gdV gd© O~m~Xmè`m nma nmS>V hmoË`m. {\$amoO
Jm§YrMm _¥Ë`y öX` {dH$mamÀ`m PQ>Š`mZo 8 gßQ>|~a 1960 bm Pmbm.
2) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mo àma§{^H$ H$m`© :
gZ 1036 _Ü`o Am°ŠñnmoS>© _Ü`o {eH$V AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr b§S>Z _Yrb àmo. B§{S>n|S>Z brJ À`m gXñ`m
Pmë`m. gZ 1938 _Ü`o Ë`m amï´>r` H$m±J«og njmÀ`m gXñ`m Pmë`m. ñdmV§Í` bT>çmVhr Ë`m§Zr gH«$s`
gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. 11 gßQ>|~a 1942 Vo 13 _o 1943 Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r H$mamdmgmMr {ejm Pmbr.
^maVmbm 15 Am°JñQ> 1945 bm ñdV§Í` {_imbo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va D$giboë`m OmVr` X§Jbr e_dÊ`mMo H$m_
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr {Xëbr `oWo _hmË_m Jm§Yr gmo~V Ho$bo. 1953 _Ü`o B§{Xam Jm§Yr H|${Ð` g_mO H$ë`mU
~moS>© À`m AÜ`j ~Zë`m. 1955 Vo 1960 g|Q´>b {gboŠeZ H$_oQ>r d g|Q´>b nmb©_|Q> ~moS>© `m _Ü`o H$m_
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Ho$bo. bmb ~hmXÿa emór `m§À`m _§Ìr_§himV B§Xam Jm§YrZo gZ 1956 Vo 1966 gyMZm d àgmaU
{d^mJmÀ`m _§Ìr hmoË`m. `m§Zr AmH$medmUrbm OmñVrV OmñV ñdm`ÎmVm {Xbr nm{hOo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V
hmoV. 1965 À`m ^maV nmH$ `wÕmV AmH$medmUrZo _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr. Xoe^ŠVr OmJ¥V
H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmH$medmUrda Xoe^ŠVrna H$m`©H«$_mMr aobMob Ho$br. `m `wÕmV B§{Xam Jm§Yr EH$_od ZoË`m
hmoË`m. Ë`m àË`j {g_oda OmD$Z ^maVr` g¡Ý`mMo _Zmo~b dmT>dV hmoË`m. bmb ~hmXÿa emór `m§À`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m ^maVmÀ`m àYmZ_§Ìr Pmë`m.
3) àYmZ_§Ìr åhUyZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$maH$sX© :
bmb~hmXÿa emór `m§Mo a{e`mV VmíH§$X `oWo 11 OmZodmar 1966 bm öX`{dH$mamZo XohmdgZ Pmbo.
àYmZ_§Ìr nXmgmR>r H$m±J«og njm_Ü`o {ZdS>UyH$ Pmbr. _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zm hmadV B§{Xam Jm§Yr àYmZ_§Ìr
nXmÀ`m ZoË`m {ZdS>ë`m Joë`m. 24 OmZodmar 1966 bm Ë`m§Zm àYmZ_§Ìr nXmMr enW S>m°. gd©nëbr
amYmH¥$îU `m§Zr {Xbr.
· B§{Xam Jm§Yr g_moarb AS>MUr :
gZ 1962 ^maV MrZ `wÕ d 1965 Mo ^maV nm{H$ñVmZ `wÕm_wio ^maV Am{W©H$ g§H$Q>mV hmoVm.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ KQ>bo hmoVo. 1965-66 `m XmoÝhr dfm©V nmD$g H$_r Pmë`mZo XþîH$mi n[apñWVr {Z_m©U
Pmbr. {deofV: CÎma àXoe d {~hma _Yrb n[apñWVr {~H$Q> Pmbr hmoVr. `m XþîH$mi n[apñWVrda _mV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r XþîH$mi \§$S>mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. JaOy bmoH$m§n`ªV AÞYmÝ` nmohmoMdÊ`mgmR>r AÞ
YmÝ`mMr IaoXr d {dVaU ì`dñWm {Z`§ÌUmV R>odbr. n[aUm_r ^wH$~ir Jobo ZmhrV.
· én`mMo Ad_wë`Z Ho$bo :
gZ 1966 _Ü`o XoemMr AW©ì`dñVm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr én`mMo Ad_wë`Z Ho$bo. nU `mMm H$mhr
{deof \$m`Xm Pmbm Zmhr. H$maU Am`mV Ho$boë`m ImÚmÞmbm ^anya n¡go _moOmdo bmJbo Va ^maVmOdi
{Z`m©VrgmR>r {deof H$mhr Zgë`mZo VmoQ>m _mÌ Pmbm. én`mÀ`m Ad_wë`Zmg§~§Yr B§{Xam Jm§Yrda OmoaXma
{Q>H$m Pmbr. nU {damoYH$m§À`m {Q>Ho$H$S>o bj Z XoVm AW©ì`dñWm gmdaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm.
· h[aV H«$m§Vr :
ImÚmÞm_Ü`o Xoe ñd`§nya© H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVr {dH$mgmH$S>o Ë`m§Zr bj {Xbo. bmb ~hmÔÿa emórÀ`m
H$mimV h[aVH«$m§VrMr gwê$dmV Pmbr hmoVr. B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m H$mimV Iè`m AWm©Zo h[aV H«$m§Vrbm JVr
{_imbr.
· A_o[aH$m Xm¡am :
XoemV XþîH$mi nS>ë`mZo ImÚmÞmMr g_ñ`m {~H$Q> Pmbr hmoVr. `mda VmoS>Jm H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm
A_o[aHo$Mm Xm¡am H$amdm bmJbm. _mM© E{àb 1966 bm Ë`m A_o[aHo$À`m Xm¡è`mda Joë`m. amï´>mÜ`j Om°ZgZ
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d B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`mV ~mobUr Pmbr. A_o[aHo$Zo 35 bmI Q>Z AÞXmÝ` d 900 {_br`Z S>m°ba ^maVmbm
XoÊ`mMo H$~yb Ho$bo. A_o[aHo$Zo pìhEVZm_da AmH«$_U Ho$bo hmoVo d `m Jmoï>rMr gd© OJ^a {Z^©ËgZm hmoV
hmoVr. ^maVmZo A_o[aHo$À`m ~mOyZo ~mobmdo Ago amï´>mÜ`j Om°ZgZ `m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. nU B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr
A_o[aHo$Mr ~mOy CMbyZ Yabr Zmhr Ë`m A_o[aHo$À`m ~mOyZr ~mobë`m ZmhrV. n[aUm_ñdê$n A_o[aHo$Zo
Ho$bobr AÞYmÝ`mMr EH$X_ Z XoVm Q>ßß`m Q>ßß`mZo gwê$ Ho$br. B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr A_o[aHo$Mo {_ÌËd PwJmê$Z
XoV pìhEVZm `wÕm g§~§Yr A_o[aHo$À`m {damoYmV naIS> _V _m§S>bo.
· a{e`mMm Xm¡am - Owb¡ 1966 :
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va OJ XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mJbo hmoVo. A_o[aHo$Mm ^mXdbemhr JQ> Va a{e`mMm
gmå`dmXr JQ>. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo Zohê§$Mo A{bßVVmdmXr YmoaU nw Mmbdbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$moUË`mhr EH$m JQ>mV
gm_rb Z hmoVm a{e`mMr _¡Ìr g§nmXZ Ho$br. `m Xm¡è`m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr pìhEVZm_da A_o[aHo$Zo Ho$boë`m
AmH«$_UmMm OmoaXma {ZfoY Ho$bm. VoWo Ë`m§Zr AemàH$maÀ`m dŠVì`mda hñVmja Ho$bo d pìhEVZm_ H$aV
Agbobm ~m°å~ dfm©V Vm~S>Vmo~ Wm§~dmdm Ago Omhra Ho$bo. a{eQ>mZo AmÎmmn`ªV nm{H$ñVmZ d ^maVm~amo~a
EH$ A§Va R>odbo hmVo. nU B§{XamOrÀ`m `m Xm¡è`m_wio ^maVmZo a{e`mMr _¡Ìr g§nmXZ Ho$br.
4) A{bßVVmdmXr amï´> g§KQ>Zm :
^m§S>dbemhr amï´> d Ë`mMr Jw§VdUyH$ {deofV: A_o[aHo$Mm hñVjon Q>miÊ`mgmR>r A{bßVVmdmXr
g§KQ>Zm _O~yV hmoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. `m A{bßVVmdmXr amï´>m_Ü`o nañna amO{ZVrH$ gm¡Xm`© d Am{W©H$
ghmæ`Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mda B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr ^a {Xbm.
· A{bßVVmdmXr amï´>mÀ`m n[afXoMo Am`moOZ :
{Xëbr `oWo Ho$bo ^m§S>dbemhr amï´> d Ë`m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ {deof A_o[aHo$Mm hñVjon Q>miÊ`mgmR>r
A{bßVdmXr g§KQ>Zm _O~yV hmoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. `m amï´>m_Ü`o nañna Am{W©H$ ghmæ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mda ^a
{Xbm Ë`m§Zr B{OßVMo Zmgoa Am{U `wJmoñbmpìh`mMo {Q>Q>mo XmoÝhr ZoVo à^mdembr hmoVo. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo `m§À`mer
Mm§Jbo g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bo. {XëbrV A{bßVVmdmXr amï´>mÀ`m n[afXoMo Am`moOZ Ho$bo. `m n[afXo_Ü`o
Zm{ga d {Q>Q>mo `m§Zrhr ^mJ KoVbm. `m n[afXoV A{bßVVmdmXmMo _hÎd d ZdñdmV§Í` {_imboë`m Xoem_Ü`o
AmnAmngmV ghH$m`m©da ^a {Xbm. `m n[afXoV A_o[aHo$Zo pìhEVZm_da Ho$boë`m hëë`mMm H$R>moa
eãXm_Ü`o {ZfoX Ho$bm. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo Amnë`m naamï´>r` YmoaU H$R>moa, ñdmV§Í`, {Zanoj d¥Îmrda ^a {Xbm.
Ë`m§À`m `m YmoaUm_wio a{e`m gmaIm à~i {_Ì {_imbm.
5) Am{W©H$ Ag§Vmof Am{U amOH$s` Midir :
{dXoe{ZVr_Ü`o B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zm _moR>o `e àmßV Pmbo à{Vð>m {_imbr. nU Xoem§VJ©V {damoYmbm _mÌ
`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. Zohê§$Mo g_mOdmXr g_mO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ `eñdr Pmbo Zmhr. XoemV
_hmJmB©, ~oamoOJmar, XþîH$mi `m g_ñ`m ~amo~aM _moM} {ZXe©Zo, gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§Mo Am§XmobZ {d{dY
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àíZm§da gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. {damoYr nj `m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm CR>dyZ B§{Xam Jm§Yrda OmoaXma {Q>H$m H$ê$
bJmbo. Va H$m±J«og njmV A§VJ©V _V^oX {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. Aem n[apñWVrV 1967 À`m _Ü`dVu
{ZdS>UyH$m Odi `oD$Z R>onë`m. {damoYr nj hmV{_idUr H$aV hmoVo. ^maVr` OZg§K nj qhgH$
Am§XmobZmbm nmqR>~m XoV hmoVo. Va H$m±J«og njmA§VJ©V ZoË`m§Zm _{hbm àYmZ_§Ìr d Amnë`m nojm d`mZo
bhmZ Agboë`m B§{Xam Jm§Yr gmo~V H$m_ H$aUo An_mZH$maH$ dmQ>V hmoVo.
· {~H$Q> Am{W©H$ pñWVr :
{dXoer{ZVr_Ü`o B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zm _moR>o `e àmßV Pmbo. à{Vð>m {_imbr nU Xoem§VJ©V _mÌ Ë`m§Zm
{damoYmbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. Zohé§Mo g_mOdmXr g_mO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ `eñdr Pmbo Zmhr. XoemV
_hmJmB© ~oamoOJmar, XþîH$mi `m g_ñ`m {Z_m©a Pmë`m. OZVm gaH$ma {déÕ _moM}, {ZXe©Zo, gaH$mar
H$_©Mmè`m§Mr Am§XmobZo gwê$ Pmbo. {damoYr nj `m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm CR>dyZ B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m YmoaUmda
OmoXma Q>rH$m H$ê$ bJbo. Va H$m±J«og A§VJ©V _V^oX {Z_m©U Pmbo. Aem n[apñWVrV gZ 1967 À`m
{ZdS>UwH$m Odi `oD$Z R>onë`m hmoË`m. OZVm {d{dY àíZm§da _moM}, {ZXe©Zo, g§n, Koamd `m _mJm©Mm
Adb§~ H$ê$Z Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$amì`m åhUyZ bT>V hmoVr. {damoYr nj OZVoÀ`m ~mOyZo hmoVm.
J¥h_§Ìr _moM}, {ZXe©Zo, g§n, Koamd amoIÊ`mg Ag_W© hmoVo. nmobrgm§Zm ho amoIUo eŠ` hmoV ZìhVo. doimodoir
goZobm nmMmaU H$amdo bmJV hmVo. J¥h_§Ìr JwbOmarbmb Z§Xm hmoVo.
· J¥h_§Ìr JwbOmar bmb Z§Xm `m§Mm am{OZm_m :
OZg§KmÀ`m YmoaUmZwgma Ë`m§Zr gmYy _hmamOm§Zm JmohË`m~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m _wÚmdê$Z {XëbrV _moMm©
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r CÚwŠV Ho$bo. {Ìeyb VbdmarghrV hm _moMm© gmYyZo H$mT>bm. nU JwbOmarbmb Z§XmZo `m
_moMm©À`m {damoYmV `mo½` H$madmhr Ho$br Zmhr. `m gmYy bmoH$m§Zr AqhgH$ _mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm. g§gXoV
KwgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~g gaH$mar B_maVr, XþH$mZo, H$mam `m§Zm AmJr bmdë`m `m MH$_H$sV EH$ nmobrg
e{hV Pmbm. H$mhr OZ OI_r Pmbo. n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa Omdy bmJbr Voìhm nmobrgm§Zr Jmoir~ma H$amdm
bmJbm `m Jmoir~mamV ghm gmYy _mabo Jobo. `m KQ>ZoZo B§{Xam Jm§Yr gaH$maMr ~XZm_r Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr
JwbOmarbmb Z§Xm `m§À`m amOrZmåmMr _mJUr Ho$br d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z amOZm_m KoVbm.
6) gZ 1967 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m :
bmoH$g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$m Omhra Pmë`m. H$m±J«og AÜ`j H$m_amO `m§Zm \$ŠV V_rb `oV Agë`mZo
àMma Xm¡è`mMr gd© O~m~Xmar B§{Xam Jm§Yrda `oD$Z nS>br. {damoYH$mZo Ho$boë`m qZXm ZmbñVr _wio B§{Xam
Jm§YrMr bmoH${à`Vm H$_r Pmbr hmoVr. bmoH$_V Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV hmoVo. njmA§VJ©V {damoY d {damoYH$m§Zr
Mmbdbobr ~XZm_r `m_wio Ë`mÀ`m àgma g^m§V Ë`m§À`m damoYmV KmoUm Xo H$mio P|S>m XmI{dUo Ago àH$ma
Ë`m H$mimV KS>bo hmoVo.
`m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«og njM {dO`r Pmbm. 520 n¡H$s 284 OmJm H$m±J«og Zo qOH$ë`m. H|$ÐmV
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H$m±J«og gaH$ma Ambo. B§{Xam Jm§Yr àYmZ_§Ìr Pmë`m. `m {ZdS>UyH$sV Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ d njmVrb ñWmZ _O~yV
Pmbo. `m {ZdS>UyH$sV qgS>rHo$Q>Mo dM©ñd g§nwï>mV Ambo. H$m§J«og AÜ`j H$m_amO, AVyë` Kmof, Eg. Ho$.
nmQ>rb Am{U qgS>rHo$Q>Mo g_W©H$ `m {ZdS>UyH$sV namOrV Pmbo. qgS>rHo$Q>Mo dM©ñd Agbobo d àYmZ_§Ìr
nXmMo XmdoXma Agbobo _moamaOr XogmB© VodT>o {ZdSy>Z Ambo. Ë`m§Zm B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Cnn§VàYmZ nX {Xbo.
nU amÁ`m_Ü`o _mÌ H$m±J«og nam^yV Pmbr. ñWm{ZH$ nj d JR>~§YZ gaH$ma AZoH$ amÁ`m_Ü`o `m§`m H$S>o
gÎmm Jobr. amÁ` H$m±J«og nam^yV Pmbo H$maU AÜ`j H$m_amO `m§Zr {VH$sQ>mMo dmQ>n `mo½` nÕVrZo Ho$bo
Zmhr. Á`m C_oXdmam§Zm H$m±J«ogMo {VH$sQ> {ibo Zmhr Vo C_oXdma ñWm{ZH$ njmH$Sy>Z C^o amhÿZ {ZdSy>Z Ambo.
7) H$m±J«og njmVrb \y$Q> d {d^mOZ :
^maVr` g§{dYmZmZwgma n§VàYmZmMr {Z`wŠVr amï´>nVr H$aob d _§Ìr_§S>imMr {ZdS> àYmZ_§Ìr amï´>nVrÀ`m
gëë`mZo H$aob. nU _§Ìr_§S>imVrb {ZdS> d Ë`mVrb \o$a~Xb qgS>rHo$Q> H$aV hmoVr. qgS>rHo$Q>Mo åhUUo hmVo
H$s, àYmZ_§Ìr njmnojm _moR>m Zmhr. njmbm gaH$maMr Ü`oæ` YmoaUo R>adÊ`mMm nyU© A{YH$ma Amho. H$m±J«og
Mo qgS>rHo$Q> ho _moR>o eoVH$ar, CÚmoJnVr, lr_§V ì`mnmè`mMo g_W©Z H$aUmao hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo {hV nmhUmao hmoVo.
njmA§VJ©V X~mdm_wio B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zm {ZU©` KoÊ`mg AS>MUr `oV hmoË`m. gZ 1967 À`m eodQ>r
H$m_amO `m§Mm AÜ`jnXmMm H$m`©H$mb g§nbm. Ë`m§À`mZ§Va {ZOqbJßnm ho AÜ`j Pmbo. qgS>rHo$Q> nwÝhm
EH$Xm gH«$s` Pmbr. B§{Xam Jm§Yr EodOr Ë`m§Zm _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zm àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zdm`Mo hmoVo d _moamaOrghr
àYmZ_§Ìr ~ZÊ`mMr à~i Bƒm hmoVr.
amï´>nVr Om{H$a hþg¡Z `m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm d qgS>rHo$Q> gH«$s` Pmbr. qgS>rHo$Q>Zo {Zb_ g§Ord aoÈ>r `m§Zm
amï´>nVr nXmMm C_oXdma åhUyZ Omhra Ho$bo. `m§Zr H$m±JogÀ`m dVrZo Zm_m§H$Zhr H$o$bo. {Zb_ g§Ord aoÈ>r
{ZdS>UwH$ qOH$bo H$s Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z B§{Xam Jm§YrMr nX:À`wVr H$am`Mr Agm H$Q> aMbm Jobm. B§{Xam Jm§Yr
`m§Zr {ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m KoD$Z ìhr. ìhr. Jrar `m§Zm amï´>nVr nXmMm C_oXdma åhUyZ C^o Ho$bo.
AW©_§Ìr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Mm amOrZm_m B§{Xam JmYr `m§Zr KoVbm d AW©ImVo ñdV:H$S>o R>odbo. H$maU
_moamaOr ho Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm bmJy H$aÊmÀ`m {damoYmV hmoVo. Vo CÜ`moJnVrMo g_W©H$ hmoVo. AW©ImVo
ñdV:H$S>o `oVmM B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr H«$m§VrH$mar {ZU©` KoVbo. EH$ AÜ`mXoe H$mTy>Z 14 _hÎdnyU© ~±H$m§Mo
am{ï´>`rH$aU Ho$bo. amOoaOdmS>çm§Zm {Xbo OmUmao VIo, {deof gw{dYm ~§X Ho$ë`m. amï´>nVrnXmgmR>r ìhr. ìhr.
Jrar `m§Mo Zm_m§H$Z dmng ¿`mdo `mgmR>r qgS>rHo$Q> B§{Xam Jm§Yrda X~md AmUy bmJbo. Voìhm B§{Xam Jm§YrZo
H$m±J«og nmQ>uZo Cä`m Ho$boë`m C_oXdmambm _V XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ Zmhr. bmoH$ ñdV:À`m {ddoH$mZo amï´>nVrMr
{ZdS> H$aVrb. Ago _V _m§S>bo. 20 Am°JñQ> amoOr ìhr. ìhr. Jrar amï´>nVrnXr {ZdSy>Z Ambo. qgS>rHo$Q>À`m
ZoË`m§Zr 12 Zmoìh|~a 1969 amoOr B§{Xam JmYrbm nj{Z`_m§Mm ^§J Ho$bm Ago åhUyZ njmVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo.
åhUOo Ë`m AmVm àYmZ_§Ìr nXmda amhy eH$V ZìhË`m. Voìhm Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«ogMo {d^mOZ Ho$bo. Amnë`m
njmg `m§Zr H$m±Jo«g (Am`) ho Zm§d {Xbo. Va {damoYH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`m njmbm H$m±J«og (Amo) Ago Zm§d {Xbo.
Ë`m§Mr gXñ` g§»`m 68 hmoVr. g§gXoVrb Va H$m±J«og (Am`) `m njmÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m 220, åhUOoM
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A{YH$ Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m n§VàYmZ nXmda JXm Ambr Zmhr. gZ 1970 _Ü`o CÀMV_ Ý`m`mb`mZo ~±H$m§Mo
amï´>r`rH$aU Ad¡Y R>adbo. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo EH$m AÜ`mXoemÛmao nwÝhm ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo.
g§gXoVrb ~hþ_V amï´>nVr `m§À`m ~mOyZo Agë`mZo ho eŠ` Pmbo.
8) ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU :
eoVr, bKwCÚmoJ Am{U Z`m©Vrbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z nVnwadR>m H$aVm `mdm `mgmR>r 14
~±H$m§Mo am{ï´>`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ~±H$m§À`m am{ï´>`rH$aUm_wio N>moQ>o ì`mnmar, eoVH$ar, [ajmMmbH$, Q>°Šgr
MmbH$m§Zm H$Om©Mr gw{dYm {Z_m©a Pmbr. Ë`m_wio Jar~ d _Ü`_dJm©À`m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr_Ü`o gwYmaUm
hmoÊmg _XV Pmbr. Ë`m_wio `m dJm©V B§{Xam Jm§YrMr bmoH${à`Vm dmT>br.
9) g§Wm{ZH$m§Mo {deofm{YH$ma aÔ :
^maV ñdV§Ì hmoVmZm g§ñWmZo ^maVm_Ü`o {dbrZ H$aVmZm ñWm{ZH$m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z _mZYZ qH$dm VZIm
{Xbm OmV hmoVm. ho g_Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mÀ`m {damoYmV Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm {damoY
hmoV hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m `m {ZU©`mMo ñdmJV XoemÀ`m JmoaJar~, _Ü`dJm©Zo Ho$bo.
10) H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm H$m`Xm :
EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mbH$sMr {H$Vr O_rZ Agmdr `mda _`m©Xm KmbUmam H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
O_rZXmamH$S>o _`m©Xonojm OmñV O_rZ Agob, Ë`m O{_ZrMo nwZdm©Q>n Jar~ d ^y{_hrZ bmoH$m§À`m_Ü`o H$aVm
`oB©b Aer `m H$m`ÚmMr g§H$ënZm hmoVr.
11) {d_m ì`dgm`mMo am{ï´>`rH$aU :
{d_m H§$nÝ`m OZVoMo emofU H$aV hmoË`m d hm n¡gm ^maVmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r CnbãY ZìhVm H§$nZr
_mbH$m§À`m KemV OmV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWobm ~i àmßV hmVo hmoVo.
12) gZ 1971 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m :
gwYmaUmdmXr H$m`©H«$_m_wio {damoYH$mda {_idboë`m {dO`m_wio B§{Xam Jm§YrMr à{V_m bmoH${à` Pmbr
hmVo. nU bmoH$g^oV {Z{d©dmX ~hþ_V Zgë`mZo KoVbobo {ZU©` am~{dUo H$R>rU hmoD$ bmJbo. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo
VZIo ~§X Ho$ë`mMm {ZU©`mda gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo Ad¡Y R>adbm. `m gd© noMàg§JmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr _wXV nyd© {ZdS>UyH$m Omhra Ho$ë`m. 27 {S>g|~a 1970 amoOr bmoH$g^m {dgOuV Ho$br.
_wXVrÀ`m EH$ df© nyU© bmoH$g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$m KoÊ`mMo R>adbo.
`m {ZdS>UyH$s_Ü`o B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m {damoYH$m§Zr EH$OyQ> Ho$br. H$m±J«og (Amo), ñdmV§Í` nmQ>u d OZg§K
d g§`wŠVg_mOdmXr nj `m njmZr JR>~§YZ Ho$bo d Ë`mbm J«±S> Ebm`Ýg (~S>r AmKmS>r) Ago Zm§d {Xbo.
Ë`m§Zr B§{Xam hQ>mdMr Zmam {Xbm. `m àMmam_Ü`o {damoYH$m§Zr B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m {damoYmV d¡`pŠVH$ nmVirda
{Q>H$m Ho$br. Va B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr g§VybrV àMma H$aV Jar~r hQ>mdMm Zmam {Xbm. `m {ZdS>UyH$sV 518
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n¡H$s 352 OmJr Ë`m§Zm {dO` {_imbm. KQ>Zm XþéñVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao ~hþ_V Ë`m§Zm {_imbo. B§{Xam
Jm§Yr EH$ à^mdebr gd©g§nÞ ZoË`m åhUyZ nwT>o Amë`m.
13) ~m§Jbm XoemMr {Z{_©Vr (1971) :
^maVmMr \$miUr hmoD$Z ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ ho XmoZ Xoe {Z_m©U Pmbo. Y_m©À`m AmYmamda Pmboë`m
d {d^mOZmZo _wñbr_ ~hþg§»`oZo Agbobm àXoemMo nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ d npíM_ nmH$sñVmZ Z_m©U Pmbo. XmoZ
doJdoJiçm ^yàXoembm Ho$di Y_m©À`m AmYmao EH$Ì ~m§YyZ R>odUo AeŠ` hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ^mfm doJdoJiçm
hmoË`m. npíM_ nm{H$ñVmZ n§Om~r Va nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ ~§Jmbr ^mfm ~mobbr OmV hmoVr. npíM_
nm{H$ñVmZmMr amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, g¡Ý`, Zm¡H$aemhr Aem {d{dY joÌm_Ü`o _wñH$mQ>Xm~r Mmbdbr hmoVr.
`m{damoYmV nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmbm. npíM_ nmH$sñVmZ gmo~V bT>m XoÊ`mgmR>r _wŠVdm{hUrMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 1970 _Ü`o nm{H$ñVmZ_Ü`o {ZdS>UyH$m KoÊ`mV Amë`m. `mV nyd© nm{H$ñVmZmVrb
eoI_wOr~wa ah_mZÀ`m Adm_r {bJ njmZo 99% OmJm qOH$ë`m nU bîH$ar hþHy$_ehm `mømImZ `m§Zr
Adm_r {bJbm gaH$ma ~Zdy {Xbo Zmhr. `m {damoYmV nyd© nm{H$ñVmZmV H$m`Xo^§JmMr Midi gwê$ Pmbr.
`mømImZ `m§Zr nyd© nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü`o g¡{ZH$s H$m`©dmhrbm gwê$dmV Ho$br. {Zdm©grVmMo bm|T>o ^maVmV `oD$
bmJbo. 1971 n`ªV `mMr g§»`m EH$ H$amoS> n`ªV nmohMbr. `m eaZmWuMr gmo` H$aVmZm ^maVmMr
AW©ì`dñWm H$mob_Sy>Z Jobr.
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr hr n[apñWVr Y¡`m©Zo d gmdYmZVoZo hmVmibr. àW_ Ë`m§Zr {d{dY Xoem§Mm Xm¡am
H$ê$Z nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m AÝ`m`mMr _m{hVr gd© OJmg {Xbr d ^maVmbm AZwHy$b bmoH$_V V`ma H$adyZ
KoVbo. nm{H$ñVmZZo ñdV: ho `wÕ gwê$ Ho$bo. ho `wÕ 13 {Xdg Mmbbo. nm{H$ñVmZbm nyd© {g_oda Jw§VdyZ
R>odbo d ^maVmdê$Z {d_mZ CÈ>mZmg à{V~§Y Ho$bm. ^maVr` goZm nyd© n{H$ñVmZ_Ü`o Kwgbr _wŠVdmhr
Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a hmoVr. ^maVr` goZm T>mŠ`mbm nmohMbr. Ë`m§Zr nm{H$ñVmZr N>mdUrbm doT>m KmVbm. npíM_
nm{H$ñVmZmH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm H$moUVrhr _XV {_imbr Zmhr. 16 {S>g|~a 1071 amoOr 93,000 nmH$ g¡{ZH$m§Zr
eaUmJVr ñdrH$mabr. 17 {S>g|~abm `wÕ~§Xr Omhra Pmbr.
· ñdV§Ì ~§Jbm XoemMo gaH$ma :
eoI _wOr~wa©h_mZ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ~m§Jbm XoemMo ñdV§Ì gaH$ma AñVrËdmV Ambo. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo
bJoMM ~m§JbmXoembm amï´> åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. BVa Xoem§Zrhr ~m§Jbm Xoembm amï´> åhUyZ hiyhiy _mÝ`Vm
{Xbr.
· `wÕmMo n[aUm_ :
B§{Xam Jm§Yr bmoH${à`VoV dmT> Pmbr. {damoYr njmda YmH$ {Z_m©U Pmbm. nm{H$ñVmZ d {_Ìamï´> X{jU
A{e`mVrb amOH$maUmV àdoe H$ê$Z T>dimT>di H$aÊ`mnyduM ObX hmbMmbr H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr X{jU
A{e`mV gÎmmg§VwbZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. d ^maVmMm Xamam dmT>{dbm. nyd© nm{H$ñVmZmV gÎmmn[adV©Z Pmbo.
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Owpë\$H$ma Abr ^wÅ>mo nm{H$ñVmZMo amï´>nVr Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmg_moa em§Vr dmVm©Mm àgmVmd R>odbm.
· {g_bm H$ama :
XmoÝhr ZoË`m _Ü`o {XK© MMm© hmoD$Z {g_bm H$ama Pmbm. ^maVmZo nm{H$ñVmZr g¡Ý` d qOH$bobr O_rZ
nm{H$ñVmZbm dmng H$amdr. XmoÝhr XoemV {ddmX Pmë`mg XmoÝhr Xoem§Zr gm_§Oñ`mZo Vmo gmoS>dmdm. {Vgè`m
njmg `m ~mob{Z_Ü`o AmUy Z`o. H$pí_a ^maVmÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMm ^mJ Agë`mZo nm{H$ñVmZbm
{Xbm Zmhr. Ooìhm Ho$ìhm XmoÝhr Xoem_Ü`o VZm§d {Z_m©U hmoVmV Voìhm {g_bm H$amamZwgma nwT>Mr ~mobUr Ho$br
OmVo.
14) {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ :
amOñVmZmV nmoIaU `m {R>H$mUr na_mUy {dñnmoQ> H$ê$Z ^maV hm na_mUy COm© g§nÞ Xoe Amho ho
OJmbm XmIdyZ {Xbo.
15) AmUr~mUr :
· {damoYH$m§Mo Am§XmobZo :
JwOamV_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªMo Am§XmobZ _hmJmB©, OrdZm§dí`H$ dñV§wMm VwQ>dS>m `m{déÕ 1974 À`m
àma§^rnmgyZ Jmdm§JmdmVyZ ehamVyZ hr ì`mnH$ Am§XmobZ gwê$ Pmbo `m Am§XmobZmbm nmR>t~m {_iy bmJbm
hmoVm. n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmD$ bmJbr. _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Zr amO{dYmZ g^m ~aImñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ah_Xm~mXÀ`m JwOamV {dÚmnrR>mV CnmofU Ho$bo. \o$~«wdmar 1975 _Ü`o JwOamV {dYmZg^m ~aImñV
H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z amï´>nVr amOdQ> bmJy H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z OyZ _Ü`o {ZdS>UyH$m KoÊ`mMo Omhra Ho$bo. {~hma _Ü`o
hr 1974 _Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªZr Am§XmobZ N>oS>bo hmoVo. `m Am§XmobZmbm O`àH$meZmam`U d {damoYr nj `m§Mm
nmR>t~m hmoVm. Ë`mVM Abmhm~mX H$moQ>m©Mm {ZH$mb B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`ma {damoYr bmJbm. 1971 À`m
{ZdS>UyH$sVrb B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mr {ZdS> `m {ZU©`mZo Ad¡Y R>a{dbr. Ë`mM~amo~a H$moUË`mhr nXmH$[aVm
{ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dÊ`mg ghmdfm©H$arVm Ë`m§Zm AnmÌ R>a{dbo. {dÚmÏ`mªMr A§XmobZo d XoemV nagbobr
AamOH$Vm `mV `m {ZH$mbmZo ^a KmVbr. {damoYH$m§À`m Am§XmobZmbm AmVm AmUIrZM Yma Ambr. B§{Xam
Jm§Yr `m§Zm amOrZm_m XoÊ`mg ^ma nmS>mdo `mgmR>r Xoe^a Am§XmobZo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. amÁ`mÀ`m
amOYmÝ`m, {OëhçmÀ`m {R>H$mUr _moR>r {ZXe©Zo H$aÊ`mMr `moOZm Ë`m§Zr Omhra Ho$br. EdT>rM Zìho Va
bîH$a nmobrg d gaH$mar A{YH$ar `m§Zr B§{Xam Jm§YrMo AmXoe YwS>H$mdyZ bmdmdoV d KQ>Zobm àm_m{UH$
ahmdo Ago gm§JyZ B§{Xam hQ>mdMm Zmam {Xbm.
· AmUr~mUr Omhra :
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zm {damoYH$m§Zr gd© ~mOy§Zr H$moS>rV nH$S>bo hmoVo. XoemV gd©Ì Jm|Yi d AaOH$Vm
dmT>Vm hmoVr. bîH$a d nmobrg `m§Zm ~§S>mMo AmdmhZ H$aÊ`mV `oV Agë`m_wio Ë`mVrb YmoH$m AmoiIyZ
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Anmë`m {dídmgy ghH$mè`m§Mm gëbm KoZ AmUr~mUr Omhra H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` AË`§V
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JwßVnUo KoVbm. Ë`m àË`j amï´>nVrbm ^oQ>ë`m d 26 OyZ 1975 amoOr amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 352 ìu`m
H$b_mZwgma XoemV A§VJ©V AmUr~mUr Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
AmUr~mUrZo XoemVrb amOH$s` à{H«$`m Wm§~ë`m. ì`ŠVrMo _yb^yV hŠH$ d A{YH$mamMm g§H$moM
Pmbm. d¥ÎmnÌmda H$S>H$ {Z~ªY KmbÊ`mV Ambo. {damoYr njmMo à_wI ZoVo, amOH$s` H$m`©H$V}, Jw§S>, ñH$a,
gmR>o~mO, g_mOH§$Q>H$ Aem gw_mao EH$ bmI bmoH$m§Zm A Q>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
· drg H$b_r H$m`©H«$_ :
XoemVrb Am{W©H$ d gm_mOrH$ ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r 1 Owb¡ 1975 amoOr AmUr~mUrÀ`m
H$mimV B§{Xam Jm§YrZo gwYmaUm§Mr {dg H$b_r `moOZm Omhra Ho$br. doR>{~Jmar Zï> H$aUo, eoVH$ar d
^y{_hrZm§Mr ImOJr H$O© _m\$ H$aUo Ë`m§Zm gwb^ hßË`mZr H$O© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm
H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr d A{V[aŠV O{_ZrMo ^y{_hrZm§Zm dmQ>n H$aUo, Am{W©H$ Ñï>çm Xþ~©b KQ>H$mgmR>r
Ka ~m§YUrgmR>r O_rZ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. eoV_OyamMo [H$_mZ doVZ dmT>{dUo, OrdZ {df`H$ dñVyÀ`m
qH$_Vr H$_r H$aUo, hmV_mJ ì`dgm`mbm CÎmoOZ, OrdZ {df`H$ dñVy§Mo {dVaU Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$aUo,
CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo, H$aMwH$do{Jar d MmoaQ>çm Am`mVrbm nm`~§X KmbUo. `m H$mimV g§O` Jm§XrMr à{V_m
OZVog_moa C^r H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Pmbo. Vo AmH«$_H$ àd¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. 20 gyÌr H$m`©H«$_mbm g§O` Jm§YrZo nmM
H$b_r `moOZm OmoS>br. àm¡T> gmjaVm, Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ, PmonS>nÅ>r {Z_y©bZ, dZrH$aU d hþ§S>mnÕVrMo {Z_y©bZ
hr Vr nmM H$b_o hmoVr. ho H$m`©H«$_ {dYm` ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. nU `mMr A§_b~OmdUr {Zðy>anUo Ho$ë`m_wio
OZVoÀ`m _ZmV àM§S> Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmbm. g§nyU© XoemV gw_mao EH$ bmI bmoH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV S>m§~Ê`mV
Ambo. darb C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§O` Jm§Yr `m§Zr A{dMmar d A_mZwf _mJm©Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm.
Ë`m_wio OZ_mZgmV H$m±J«og njmMr ZmMŠH$s Pmbr.
· {ZdS>UyH$sMr KmofUm d AmUr~mUrMr g_mßVr :
OmZodmar 1977 _Ü`o B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr _mM©_Ü`o {ZdS>UyH$m KoÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$br. amOH$s` ZoË`m§Zr
H$mamdmgmVyZ _wŠVVm Ho$br. OZVoMo hŠH$ d A{YH$ma OZVobm ~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm ñdmV§Í`
~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV B§{Xam Jm§YrMm Xmê$Z nam^d Pmbm. _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m eodQ>À`m
~¡R>H$sV CnamfQ´>nVr H$S>o AmUr~mUr aÔ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Am{U {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ gÎmm n[adV©Z KSy>Z Ambo. bmoH$emhrMm hm {dO` hmoVm.
16) H$m±J«og njmVrb \y$Q> d H$m±J«og (Am`) njmMm CX` :
gZ 1977 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV njmbm Amboë`m An`em_wio H$m±J«og njmV A§VJ©V _V^oX {Z_m©U
Pmbo. nam^dmMo Imna B§{Xam Jm§Yr d g§O` Jm§Yrda \$moS>Ê`mV Ambo. OmZodmar 1978 _Ü`o H$m±J«ogMo nwÝhm
{d^mOZ Pmbo. H$m±J«og njmAÜ`j ~«÷mZ§X aoÈ>r `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbrb H$m±J«ogbm H$m±J«og (ga) Va B§{Xam
Jm§Yr `m§À`m JQ>mbm H$m±J«og (Am`) g§~moYbo OmD$ bmJbo.
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· B§{Xam Jm§YrMo nwZamJ_Z :
gZ 1977 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV gÎmoda Ambobo OZVm gaH$maZo B§{Xam Jm§Yr gmo~V gwS>mMo amOH$maU
Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m _mJo Mm¡H$er g{_Ë`m§Mm ggo{_am bmdbm. Aer OZVoMr YmaUm hmoD$ bmJbr. J«m_rU d
ehar ^mJmVrb Aëng§»`m§H$, _{hbm d g_mOmVrb Jar~, Xþ~©b K`H$m§À`m _ZmV B§{Xam Jm§Yr ~Ôb
àJmT> ^ŠVr hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m Ë`m§Zr KoVbobo {ZU©` {ZU©` ho OZVm {dgabr ZìhVr. gÎmmàmßVrZ§Va XmoZ
dfm©Àu`m AmV gÎmmê$T> OZVm njmV \y$Q>m\y$Q> Pmbr. A§VJ©V H$bh dmT>rbm bmJbo. H|$ÐmVrb OZVm njmMo
gaH$kma AñWra hmoD$Z Aën_VmV Jobo Ë`m_wio OmZodmar 1980 _Ü`o bmoH$g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`m. `m
{ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«og Am` bm 529 n¡H$s 353 OmJmda {dO` {_idyZ B§{Xam Jm§YrMo gaH$ma gÎmoda Ambo.
Ë`m§À`m Xþgè`m H$ma{H$XuV nj g§KQ>Zm {Ii{Iir Pmbr. Ë`m_wio d OZVm gaH$ma `mÀ`mVrb nj
hm _hÎdmMm Xþdm H$_Hw$dV Pmbm. `mMm n[aUm_ gaH$ma d OZVm `m§À`mVrb Xar dmT>V Jobr. OmZodmar
1983 _Ü`o Am§Y« Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mV {dYr_§S>i {ZdS>UyH$sV B§{Xam H$m±J«og nam^d Pmbm. 1980 Vo
1984 `m H$mimV XoemV OmVr`, Ym{_©H$ X§½`m§Mo à_mU Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bo. Ym{_©H$, amOH$s`,
^rfH$ Am{U OmVr` g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo. hr n[apñWVr hmVmiVmZm ~aoM VZmd B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zm
gmogmdo bmJbo.
17) I{bñVmZMm àíZ d B§{Xam Jm§YrMr hË`m :
n§Om~mV {eIm§Mm XheVdmX dmT>V hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr {eIm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì I{bñVmZMr _mJUr Ho$br hmoVr.
hm àíZ dmQ>mKmQ>rZo gmoS>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$aV hmoË`m. nU AH$mbtÀ`m AmZ§Xnyagm{h~ R>amdmbm
g§_Vr XoUo qH$dm ^maVmVyZ \w$Qy>Z {ZKyZ ñV§Ì I{bñVmZÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbm _mÝ`Vm XoUo AeŠ` hmoVo. n§Om~
_Yrb XheVdmXr H$madm`m_wio amï´>r` EoŠ`mbm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. A_¥Vga _Yrb gwdU©_§{XamV
I{bñVmZr XheVdmXr KwgyZ ~gbo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm ZoVm OZ}bqgJ {~«XmZdmbo hm hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrV
gwdU© _§{XamVyZ XheVdmXmMo CÀMmQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r bîH$ar H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr R>adbo. `m
H$m`©dmhrbm Am°naoeZ ãë`y ñQ>ma ho gm§Ho$VrH$ Zm§d {Xbo. hr H$m`©dmhr 6 OyZ 1984 bm nyU© Pmbr. `mV
{~«ÐUdmbo d Ë`mMo ghH$ma _mabo Jobo. nU `m bîH$ar H$m`©dmhr_wio erI bmoH$m§À`m ^mdZm XþImdë`m
Joë`m.
gwdU©_§{XamÀ`m nm{dÍ`mMm ^§J Ho$ë`m~Ôb B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Ë`mÀ`m gwajm ajH$mn¡H$s erI
XheVdmÚm§À`m g§nH$m©V Agboë`m g~BÝñnoŠQ>a {~`§VqgJ d H$m±ñQ>o~b gVd§V qgJ `m§Zr 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
1984 amoOr Jmoiçm KmbyZ hË`m Ho$br.
18) _wë`_mnZ :
^maV EH$ AmYw{ZH$, ñdmdb§~r, g_W© amï´> ~Zmdo hr Ë`m§Mr _hÎdH$m§jm hmoVr. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ
Ho$bo. H¥$fr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ d d¡km{ZH$ joÌmV ZoÌ{XnH$ àJVr Ho$br. XoemV h[aV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr.
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Ë`m§À`m H$mimV {d_mZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ `m joÌmV _moR>r àJVr Ho$br. 1969 gmbr Ë`m§Zr B§{S>`Z ñnog [agM©
Am°aJZm`PoeZ Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m ~amo~aM gm_mOrH$ Ý`m`, bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm `m_wio Ë`m
bmoH${à` ZoË`m ~Zë`m Jar~ bmoH$ Ë`m§Zm Amnbm CÔma H$Vm© _mZy bmJbo.
Ë`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVrda {Q>H$mhr hmoVo H$s Ë`m hþHy$_emhr àd¥ÎmrÀ`m hmoË`m. njm A§VJ©V {ZdS>UyH$m
Ë`m§Zr KoVë`m ZmhrV. AmUr~mUr bmXÿZ OZVoÀ`m _wb^yV hŠH$mMm g§H$moM Ho$bm. g§O` Jm§Yrbm
amOH$maUmV nwT>o AmUyZ KamUoemhrbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. B. Var Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©_wio Xoe AmO AZoH$
joÌmV AmKmS>rda Amho.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) àYmZ_§Ìr bmb~hmXÿa emór `m§À`m _§Ìr_§S>imV B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr H$moaË`m ImË`mMo _§Ìr åhUyZ
H$m_ Ho$bo?
2) {XëbrÀ`m A{bßVVmdmXr n[afXoV ^mJ KoVboë`m `wJmoñbmpìh`mÀ`m d B{OßVÀ`m ZoË`m§Mr Zmdo
gm§Jm.
3) qg{S>Ho$Q>bm B§{Xam Jm§Yr EodOr H$moUË`m ZoË`mg àYmZ_§Ìr ~Zdmd`mMo hmoVo?
4) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr 27 {S>g|~a, 1970 amoOr bmoH$g^m {dg{O©V H$ê$Z _wXVnyd© {ZdS>UyH$m H$m
Omhra Ho$ë`m?
5) J«±S> AbmEÝg (~S>r AmKmS>r) `m ZmdmZo g§K{Q>V Pmboë`m AmKmS>r_Ü`o H$moUH$moUVo nj gm_rb
hmoVo?
6) ~m§Jbm XoemMo ñdV§Ì gaH$ma H$moUË`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ApñVËdmV Ambo?
7) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`m drg H$b_r `moOZobm g§O` Jm§Yr `m§Zr OmoS>bobr nmM H$b_o gm§Jm.
8) I{bñVmZr XheVdmÚm§Zr bnyZ ~gÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m _§XramMm Aml` KoVbm hmoVm?
9) I{bñVmZr XheVdmXr {déÕ Ho$boë`m H$madmB©Mo gm§Ho${VH$ Zm§d gm§Jm.
~) `mo½` n`m©` [ZdS>m.
1) XþîH$mim_Ü`o AÞYmÝ`mMr Q>§Mmg© Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr ............. `m XoemMm
Xm¡am Ho$bm.
A) A_o[aH$m
~) B§½b§S>
H$) \«$mÝg
S>) nm{H$ñVmZ
2) J¥h_§Ìr JwbOmarbmb Z§Xm `m§Zm ........... g§~§{YV _moMm© ì`dpñWV hmVmiVm Ambm Zmhr
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åhUyZ a{OZm_m Úmdm bmJbm.
A) _hmJmB©
~) XþîH$mi
H$) XþîH$mi
S>) ~oamoOJmar
3) 1967 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«og nj gÎmoda Ambm Ë`mdoir B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr ........... `m§Zm
CnàYmZ_§Ìr nX {Xbo.
A) H$m_amO
~) _moamaOr XogmB©
H$) Awb Kmof
S>) Eg. Ho$. nmQ>rb
4) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr .......... ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$bo.
A) 20
~) 15
H$) 14
S>) 10
5) npíM_ nm{H$ñVmZgmo~V bT>m XoÊ`mgmR>r nwd© nm{H$ñVmZZo ........... `m g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br hmoVr.
A) _wpñb_ {bJ
~) _wŠV dm{hZr
H$) Amdm_r {bJ S>) ñdV§Ì nmQ>u
6) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr amOñVmZmV ............. `m {R>H$mUr na_mUw {dñ\$moQ> Ho$bm.
A) ghmam
~) nmoIaU
H$) O¡gb_oa
S>) ñdV§Ì nmQ>u
7) amÁ` KQ>ZoÀ`m .............. ì` H$b_mZwgma XoemV A§VJ©V AmUr~mUr Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) 352
~) 360
H$) 170
S>) 252
1.2.3 amOrd Jm§Yr :
amOrd Jm§YrMm OÝ_ 20 Am°JñQ> 1944 amoOr _w§~B©V Pmbm. B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mo {nVm n§{S>V Zohê$
Vwé§JmV hmoVo Va H$_bmXodrMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mr ~mi§VnUmV XoIaoI H$aÊ`mgm§ Abmhm~mXoV
H$moUr Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Mr AË``m H¥$îUm {hZo ~mi§XnUmgmR>r _w§~B©V ~mobmdyZ KoVbo hmoVo. amOrd `m§Mo ~mbnU
{Xëbr `oWo {Ì_yVu ^dZmV Jobo. Ë`mMo {ejU {Xëbr `oWrb {ed{ZHo$VZ d g|Q> H$mob§~g ñHy$b `m emioV
Pmbo. {nË`mÀ`m {ZYZm Z§Va Ë`m§Zm {ejUmgmR>r {dXoer nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr {Q´>{ZQ>r H$m°boO _YyZ
_°H°$m{ZH$b B§{O{ZAatJMm Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$bm. {dXoemV gm_mÝ` {dÚmÏ`m©à_mUo Ë`m§Zr N>moQ>çm _moR>çm
Zm¡H$è`m Ho$ë`m d Amnë`m IMm©g bmJUmao n¡go H$_dbo. dH©$em°n_Ü`o H$m_Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m§Zm B§{O{ZA[a¨J
_Ybo àË`j kmZ àmßV Pmbo. {dbm`VoV AgVmZmM `m§Mr ^oQ> gmo{Z`m _mB©Zmo {hÀ`m ~amo~a Pmbr. XmoKm§Zr
b½ZmMm {ZU©` KoVbm. XmoÝhr njmÀ`m g§_VrZo hm {ddmh 25 \o$~«wdmar 1968 bm {Xëbr `oWo àYmZ_§Ìr
^dZmV d¡{XH$ _§ÌmÀMmoaUmV g§nÞ Pmbm. ^maVmV dmnXg Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr EH$m ImJr H§$nZrV {d_mZ
nm`bQ> åhUyZ Zm¡H$ar Ho$br.
1) amOH$maUmV àdoe :
amOH$maUmV amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zm {deof AmdS> ZìhVr.123456789012345678901234567890121234567
nU Ë`m§Mm bhmZ ^mD$ g§O` Jm§Yr _mÌ B§{Xam
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Jm§Yrbm amOH$maUmÀ`m H$m_mV _XV H$aV Ago. nU Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y 23 OyZ 1980 bm {d_mZ CÈ>mZmÀ`m
à{ejUmdoir Pmbm. B§{Xam Jm§Yr {nVm, n{V d nwÌ `m§À`m_wio _¥Ë`y_wio EH$mH$s Pmë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zm
amOH$s` d àemgH$s` H$m_mgmR>r {dídmg{Z` ghH$m`m©Mr _XV Amdí`H$ hmoVr. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zm
AmB©À`m _XVrgmR>r amOH$maUmV àdoe H$amdm bmJbm.
àW_ Ë`m§Zr H$moUVohr nX Z KoVm Xoe^a ^«_§Vr H$ê$Z gm_mÝ` OZVoMo OrdZ OmUyZ KoVbo
H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m ^oQ>r KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo àíZ OmUyZ KoVbo. Xoe{dXoemÀ`m amO{ZVrVkmÀ`m g§nH$m©V Amë`mZo
amOH$maUmÀ`m àË`j g§nH$m©V Amë`mZo amO{ZVrMo kmZ Ë`m§Zm hmoD$ bmJbo. àW_ Ë`m§Zr 1981 _Ü`o
{Xëbr `oWo ^aboë`m eoVH$è`m§À`m n[afXobm g§~moYrV Ho$bo. nÞmg bmImÀ`m da eoVH$ar `m g^og Ambo
hmoVo. `m n[afXoV Ë`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§À`m {nH$mgmR>r doioV nmUr d IVmMm à~§Y H$amd`mg gaH$mabm
gm§{JVbo. Jmdm JmdmV {dOoMr ì`dñWmhr gaH$maZo H$amdr Ago gaH$mabm gwMdbo. `mZ§Va amOrd Jm§YrZo
amOH$maUmV gH«$s` gh^mJ ¿`md`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. OyZ 1981 _Ü`o bmoH$g^ogmR>r 8 OmJoda
Cn{ZdS>UyH$m hmoUma hmoË`m. g§O` Jm§YrÀ`m {ZYZmZo [aŠV Pmboë`m A_oR>r bmoH$g^m _VXma g§KmgmR>r
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br. Vo `m _VXma g§KmVyZ 16 OyZ 1981 ~hþ_VmZo {ZdSy>Z Ambo.
2) àYmZ_§Ìr amOrd Jm§Yr :
B§{Xam Jm§YrMr hË`m Ë`m§À`m A§JajH$m§Zr {X. 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1984 bm Ho$br. AmVmn`ªV njmV
n§VàYmZmMr OmJm [aŠV Pmë`mda Ë`m OmJoda njmVrb d[að> ì`ŠVr àYmZ_§ÌrnXr {damO_mZ hmoV Ago
d Z§Va njmA§VJ©V {dYrdV àYmZ_§ÌrnXmÀ`m ZoË`mMr {ZdS> hmoV Ago. d Ë`m ZoË`mg amï´>nVr amï´>nVr
àYmZ_§Ìr nXmMr enW XoV. amï´>nVr ½`mZr PobqgJ `m§Zr hr à{H«$`m I§S>rV H$ê$Z amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zm Ë`mM
{Xdm 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1984 {dYrdV àYmZ_§Ìr nXmMr enW {Xbr.
· àYmZ_§Ìr åhUyZ amOrd Jm§Yr H$m`© :
Ë`m§À`mg_moa n§Om~_Yrb XheVdmX, Amgm_À`m àíZmZo CJ« ê$n YmaU Ho$bo hmoVo. ho XmoÝhr àíZ
Ë`m§Zr em§VVoÀ`m d g_Pm¡Ë`mÀ`m _mJm©Zo gmoS>dbo.
· OmVr` X§Jb :
àYmZ_§Ìr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m g_moa B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m IwZmZ§Va CX²^dboë`m OmVr` X§Jbr bm gm_moao Omdo
bmJbo. AmB©Mm _¥Ë`y d Ë`m~amo~a `oUmar Xþ:I ~mOybm R>odyZ Vo dmñVdmbm gm_moao Jobo. erI g_mO `m
X§JbrMo bj hmoVm. 31 Am°ŠQ>mo~a Vo 3 Zmoìh|~a `m H$mimV {eImMo Kao bwQ>br Ë`m§Mr XþH$mUo Omibr.
amOrd Jm§Yr 3 Zmoìh|~abm B§{XamOrÀ`m A§Ë`g§ñH$mam {Xder gH$mir {XëbrÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV {\$ê$Z nmhUr
Ho$br d ËdarV bîH$a V¡ZmV Ho$bo Am{U X§Jb em§V Pmbr.
· ^monmiMr dm`y XþK©Q>Zm :
Ë`m§Zr nX J«hU Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ad¿`m XmoZ AmR>dS>123456789012345678901234567890121234567
çmV Pmbr. `w{Z`Z H$m~m©B©S> À`m H$maImÝ`mVyZ
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{dfmar dm`wdMr JiVr hmoD$Z 2000 bmoH$ R>ma Pmbo. Va hOmamo bmoH$m§V dm`y JiVr_wio {^VrMo dmVmdaU
{Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. à^m{dV bmoH$m§Zm ZwH$gmZ ^anmB©Mr Ho$g nwT>o Iyn df© Mmbbr.
3) Q>oŠZm°bm°Or {_eZ :
^maVmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmbm 21 ì`m eVH$mV {dkmZ d V§Ì_mZ `mMr H$mg
Yamdr bJob ho Ë`m§Zm C_oObo hmoVo. ^maVmZo EH$ AmYw{ZH$ amï´> åhUyZ ZdrZ ghóH$mV àdoe H$amdm Ago
Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ghm V§ÌkmZ joÌmMr C^maUr Ho$br. ghm A{dH$grV joÌ {ZdSy>Z VoWo
{dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrb kmZmMm C\$^moJ H$amd`mMm Am{U d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo {dH$mg gmYm`Mm hm
`m H$m`©H«$_mMm CÔoe hmoVm.
· gdmªgmR>r {nÊ`mMo ñdÀN> nmUr :
XoemVrb gd© IoS>çm_Ü`o {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm ñdÀN> nwadR>m ìhmdm `mgmR>r CnJ«hmMm Cn`moJ,
^yJ^©emó, ZmJar A{^`m§{ÌH$s Am{U {Odagm`Z emó `m§À`m _XVrZo ObómoV AmoiIUo d ewÕ
{nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m H$aUo hr `m _mJMr g§H$ënZm hmoVr.
· gmjaVm :
ñdmV§Í` {_iyZ 40 df© Pmbr Var ^maVmV 40% bmoH$ {Zaja hmoVo. {ZajaVm Xÿa H$aÊ`mgm§ Xÿa
{MÌdmUr d ÑH$lmì` `m _mÜ`_m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm. `m _mo{h_oVyZ g§nyU© gmjaVm
A{^`mZmMm OÝ_ Pmbm.
· bgrH$aU :
J^©dVr _{hbm d _wbm§À`m b{gH$mUmgmR>r ì`mnH$ H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm.
· ídoVH«$m§Vr :
ídoV H«$m§Vr åhUOo XþYmMm _hmnya, XþYmMm ^anya nwadR>m, XþY XoUmè`m OZmdam§Mo Amamo½` OnUo Am{U
XþY CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo `mMm `m H$m`©H«$_m_Ü`o g_mdoe hmoVmo.
· ImÚVob :
ImÚVobmÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo. ImÚVob ^maVm~mhoê$Z Am`mV H$amdo bmJo.
Ë`mV naH$s` MbZ IM© hmoB©. ImÚVobmÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmë`mZo naH$s` MbZm§Mr ~MV Pmbr.
· Xÿag§Mma :
`m _mÜ`_mMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgm§ àË`oH$ IoS>çmV EH$ Var XþaÜdZr Agmdm Ago C{Ôï> R>a{dÊ`mV
Ambo.
4) g§JUH$sH$aUmda ^a :
^maVr` g§JUH$ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mbm amOrd Jm§YrZo
_hÎd nyU© ñWmZ {Xbo. g§JUH$mÀ`m Am`mV
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H$amV gyQ> XoÊ`mV Ambr. g§JUH$mÀ`m gwQ>çm ^mJmÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbm àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. ^maVr` ~mOmamV
naXoer H$maImZXmam§Zm _wŠV àdoe XoÊ`mV Ambm. H$m`m©b`o Am{U e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§_Ü`o g§JUH$mÀ`m
Cn`moJmbm MmbZm {_imbr. Ë`m§À`m YmoaUm_wio AmO ^maV g§JUH$ joÌmV AJ«oga Amho. Ë`m§Zr
AW©ì`dñWoVrb OmMH$ {Z`§ÌUo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$br. Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aU, {Z`m©V dmT>{dUo, Am`mV H$a H$_r
H$aUo `m gmaIr AZoH$ àJVrerb nmdbo amOrd Jm§YrZr CMbbr.
5) gdmªJrU {dH$kmgmMo à`ËZ :
· ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmZm _O~yVr :
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm _O~yV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ nmdbo CMbbr. `m {df`mda MMm©
dmX{ddmX H$ê$Z 64 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr {dYo`H$ bmoH$g^o_Ü`o _m§S>bo Vo bmoH$g^oV _§Oya Pmbo. _mÌ
amÁ`g^oV H$m±J«ogbm ~hÿ_V Zgë`mZo {dYo`H$ Zm_§Oa H$aÊ`mV Ambo. nm`m^yV nmVirda bmoH$emhr
ê$OdÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ AmÎmmn`ªV H$moUË`mhr gaH$maZo Ho$bm ZìhVm Vo àM§S> _moR>o H$m_ amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr
Ho$bo.
· Odmha amoOJma `moOZm :
Odmhabmb Zohê§$À`m OÝ_eVmãXr {Z{_Îm 1989 _Ü`o hr `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZo
A§VJ©V IoS>çmVrb àË`oH$ Jar~ Hw$Qy>§~mVrb EH$m ì`ŠVrbm Var 50 Vo 100 {Xdg H$m_ nwa{dUo Ago `m
`moOZoMo CÔrï> hmoVo. `m `moOZoMm 80% IM© H|$Ð gaH$ma XoUma hmoVr.
· ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU :
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr ZdrZ e¡j{UH$ YmoaU bmJy Ho$bo. `m YmoaUmMm amoI XoIrb J«m_rU joÌ d Jar~
OZVm `mH$S>oM hmoVm. {ejUmMo gmd©{ÌH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am°naoeZ ãb°H$~moS>© (ISy> \$im _mo{h_)
AmIÊ`mV Ambr. `m AV§J©V emim§Zm e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`mMm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmUma hmoVm. `m e¡j{UH$
YmoaUm_wio Xÿa{ejU `moOZoMm A§V^m©d hmoVm. VgoM, `m A§VJ©V ZdmoX` {dÚmb`mMr `moOZm AmIÊ`mV
Ambr. `m ZdmoX` {dÚmb`mÀ`m {Zdmgr emim§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb hþema {dÚmÏ`mªZm XO}Xma
{ejUmMr gmo` H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
· _{hbm§H$[aVm amï´>r` `moOZm :
gZ 1899 _Ü`o _{hbm§H$arVm EH$ amï´>r` `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZ|VJ©V n§Mm`V
g§ñWm§_Ü`o {ó`m§Zm 30% amIrd OmJm§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZoA§VJ©V {ó`m§À`m Amamo½` d
{ejU `m§Mm XoIrb {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gZ 1986 _Ü`o hþ§S>m~ir {df`H$ JwÝhçm§Zm Amim
KmbÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ H$R>moa {ejoMr VaVyX AgUmao H$m`Xo g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
· n`m©daU g§ajU d g§dY©ZmH$S>o bj :
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr n`m©daU {d^mJ ho ZdrZ ImVo gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m H$ma{H$Xu_Ü`o J§Jm ZXr
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ewÕrH$aUmMr ì`mnH$ _mo{h_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$moUVohr _moR>o àH$ën gwê$ H$aÊ`mnydu `m ImË`mMr
nadmZJr KoUo A{Zdm`© R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo. A{bßVVmdmXr amï´>m§À`m Zdì`m {eIa n[afXoV "{dídg§ajU
{ZYr' C^maÊ`mMm àñVmd amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr gmXa Ho$bm hmoVm.
· XoemÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ à{Vð>ogmR>r à`ËZ :
XoemÀ`m {d{dY gmV ^mJm§_Ü`o {d^mJr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ H|$Ðo C^mê$Z ñWm{ZH$ d àmXo{eH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$
d¡{eï>çm§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. npíM_ XoemV ^maVr` H$bm§Mo CËgd Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
· njm§Va ~§Xr H$m`Xm :
gZ 1985 _Ü`o {damoYr njm§er MMm© H$ê$Z njm§Va~§XrMm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g§gXoVrb
H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmVrb EH$ V¥{V`m§e gXñ` nj gmoSy>Z Jobo VaM Ë`m§Zm ñdV§Ì nj åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm
_riy eHo$b. ZmhrVa Aem Xb~Xby gXñ`m§Mo gXñ`Ëd aÔ hmoB©b. Aer VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmV H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. `m _wio gXñ`m§À`m {Zð>m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s `m§Zm Amiy ~gbm.
· àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm ñdV§ÌVm ~hmb Ho$br :
amOrd Jm§YrZr d¥ÎmnÌo, XÿaXe©Z, AmH$medmUr B. àgma_mÜ`_m§Zm ñdV§ÌVVm ~hmb Ho$br. Ë`m_wio
H$m_ Z H$aUmè`m _§Í`m§da {Q>H$m hmoD$ bmJbr, ZmoH$aemhr gMoV Pmbr. _§Ìr d A{YH$mar `m§À`m H$m_m§da
dMH$ {Z_m©U Pmbm. `m gd© Jmoï>t_wio amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Mr ""{_ñQ>a ŠbrZ'' Aer à{V_m ~Zbr.
6) naamï´> YmoaU :
n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ d B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr AmIyZ {Xboë`m _mJm©MmM Ë`m§Zr Adb§~ Ho$bm.
ApÊdH$ eó ~§XrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. X{jU A{\«$Ho$Vrb dU©Ûofm{déÕÀ`m bT>çmbm XoIrb nmqR>~m {Xbm.
Zm{_{~`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í` Midirg `m§Zr nmqR>~m Omhra Ho$bm. AZoH$ N>moQ>çm _moR>çm Xoem§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m.
AZoH$ Am§Vaamï´>r` n[afXm§V gH«$s` gh^mJ KoVbm.
· ghm amï´>m§Mr {eIa n[afX :
B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr nmM I§S>m§_Yrb ghm X|Mm EH$ JQ> V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm. AO©|{Q>Zm, J«rg, _opŠgH$mo,
ñdrS>Z, Q>m§Pm{Z`m Am{U ^maV `m Xoem§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z _hmgÎmm§Mr YmoaUo d ApÊdH$ gm_Ï`© `m§da dMH$
amhÊ`mH$arVm H$mhr à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo hmoVo. amOrd Jm§YrZr `m ghm amï´>m§Mr n[afX {Xëbr `oWo
^a{dbr. `m n[afXoV Zì`m AqhgmdmXr aMZoMr hmH$ {Xbr. {Xëbr Om{haZmå`mV {Z:eórH$aUmMr `moOZm
g_m{dï> Ho$br. ApÊdH$ eóg§~§YrMr H¥${V `moOZm V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Vr g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m {Vgè`m
{deof gÌm_Ü`o amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr gmXa Ho$br. ApÊdH$ {Z:eórH$aUmda ho Img gÌ OyZ 1988 _Ü`o
^abo hmoVo. amOrd Jm§YtZr gmXa Ho$boë`m `moOZoMo {ef©H$ gZ 2010 n`ªV gd© ApÊdH$ Aóm§Mo {Z_w©bZ
Ago hmoVo.
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· X{jU A{\«$Ho$Vrb d§e{dÛofmg {damoY :
X{jU A{\«$Ho$À`m g§e{dÛoem{déÕ H¥$Vr H$aUmam Am{U amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y VmoS>Umam ^maV hm n{hbm
Xoe hmoVm. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr hm àíZ gd© eŠVr{Zer CMbyZ Yabm. amï´>Hw$b n[afXoVhr ~hþg§»` gXñ`m§Zr
X{jU A{\«$Ho${déÕ H¥${V H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~mOyZo H$m¡b {Xbm. B§½b§S>À`m àYmZ_§Ìr _mJm©aoQ> W°Ma `m§À`m hQ>dmXr
^y{_Ho$_wio hr H¥${V nyU©Ëdmg nmohmoMbr Zmhr. gZ 1986 _Ü`o hamao `oWo ^aboë`m {eIa n[afXoV AmH«$_U,
dgmhVdmX Am{U dU©^oX `m§À`m{déÕ bT>Ê`mH$[aVm EH$ {ZYr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV amOrd Jm§Yr `eñdr
Pmbo. VrZ dfm©Z§Va A{bßVVmdmXr amï´>m§Mr n[afX Pmbr. `mdoion`ªV X{jU A{\«$Ho$da ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$ë`m_wio
A{\«$Ho$Vrb BVa Xoem§Mo Oo ZwH$gmZ Pmbo hmoVo Vo ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mH$arVm 50 bmI S>m°bg© amOrd Jm§YtZr
{dH${gV d {dH$gZerb amï´>m§H$Sy>Z Jmoim Ho$br.
· Zm{_{~`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í` bT>çmg nmqR>~m :
Zm{_~r`mda X{jU Am{\«$Ho$Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. Zm{_~r`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r ñdmnmo hr g§KQ>Zm bT>m XoV
hmoVr. `m g§KQ>Zog amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr amOZ¡{VH$ _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. Am{U Pm§~r`m, qP~mãdo, A§Jmobm Am{U
Q>mPm{Z`m `m Xoem§Zm _o 1986 _Ü`o ^oQ>r {Xë`m d Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mgnrR>mda Zm{_~r`mÀ`m àíZmbm dmMm
\$moS>br. gZ 1910 gmbr Zm{_~r`m ñdV§Ì Pmbm. `m ñdmV§Í` gmohiçmg amOrd Jm§Yr hOa hmoVo.
· A_o[aH$m d a{e`m g§~§YmV gwYmaUm :
amOrd Jm§YrÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV ^maVmZo XmoÝhr _hmgÎmm§er g§~§Y gwYmabo. gZ 1985 gmbr Ë`m§Zr
A_o[aH$m Xm¡am Ho$bm. A_o[aHo$Mo AÜ`j amoZmëS> aoJZ `m§À`mer MMm© `eñdr Pmbr. A_o[aHo$Zo ^maVmbm
hdm_mZmÀ`m _m{hVrMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mH$arVm _hmg§JUH$ XoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ë`m§Zr aoJZbm Ho$br. Va
a{e`mMo AÜ`j Jmodm©Moìh `m§Mo {ZH$Q>Mo g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmbo hmoVo. nmM dfm©À`m AdYrV ho XmoZ ZoVo
AmR> doim EH$_oH$m§Zm ^oQ>bo.
· MrZ ^oQ> :
gZ 1988 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr MrZbm ^oQ> {Xbr. MrZMm ^oQ> XoUmao Vo Xþgao ^maVr` àYmZ_§Ìr hmoVo. gZ
1986 _Ü`o XmoÝhr XoemÀ`m gahÔrda Pmboë`m dmXmdmXr _wio XmoÝhr XoemMo g§~§Y AMmZH$ Xþamdbo hmoVo.
`m ^oQ>rV à{XK© g_ñ`m {Z`{_V ^oQ>r Ûmao gmoS>dÊ`mV, nañnam§er ì`mnmar g§§~Y dmT>dmdoV Am{U
naamï´>g§~§Y ÑT> H$amdoV Aer Cn`wŠV MMm© Pmbr.
· ~m§JbmXoe Zonmi d nm{H$ñVmZ :
`m eoOmarb Xoemer ^maVmZo \$mago Mm§Jbo g§~§Y ZìhVo. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr nm{H$ñVmZbm ^oQ> {Xbr
hmoVr. nU XmoÝhr XoemÀ`m g§§~§YmV gwYmaUm KSy>Z Ambr Zmhr. ZonmiZo ^maVr` _mbmda _moR>çm à_mUmV
OH$mV bmdbr. _mÌ MrZÀ`m dñVyÀ`m Am`mVrda gdbVr hmoË`m. MrZ _moR>çm à_mUmV Zonmibm bîH$ar
gm{hË` nya{dV hmoVm. 1989 _Ü`o ^maVmZo Zonmida Am{W©
H$ ZmHo$~§Xr bmdbr Voìhm XoemV MMm© gwê$
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Pmë`m. ~m§Jbm Xoe _wpñb_ _wbVÎdmdmXmH$S>o PyH$V hmoVm. ZÚm§À`m nmÊ`mg§~§Yr Agbobo V§Q>o AOyZ
gwQ>bobo ZìhVo. EH§$XarV `m Amnë`m eoOmarb amï´>m~amo~a ^maVmMo g§~§Y \$mago Mm§Jbo ZìhVo.
· A{bßVVmdmXr Midi Am{U amOrd Jm§Yr :
A{bßVVmdmXr Midirbm Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ C{Ôï> {Xbr. ApÊdH$ {Z:eórH$aU gma»`m {df`mV ê$Mr
JoVbr. gÎmm g§VyZ amIÊ`mV `e {_idbo.
7) amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Mr g§ajU {ZVr :
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m g§ajU ì`dñWoH$S>o nyU©nUo bj {Xbo. bîH$amÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmbm
MmbZm {Xbr. Ë`m_wbo Ë`m§À`m H$mimV gajUmdarb IM© XþßnQ> Pmbm. gZ 1983 _Ü`o B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr
jonUmó {Z{_©Vr àH$ënmbm AZw_Vr {Xbr hmoVr. amOrd Jm§YrZo `m àH$ënmbm JVr XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.
Ë`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV {Ìeyb Am{U n¥Ïdr `m _mÜ`_ në`mÀ`m jonUmómMr A½Zr Xÿanë`mÀ`m jonUmómMr
`eñdr Mm§Jbr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
^maVr` Ama_mamÀ`m {dH$mgmMm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm. AUweŠVrda MmbUmar nmU~wS>r
gmopìhEV a{e`mH$Sy>Z ^mS>oVÎdmda {_idÊ`mV Ambr. {d_mZdmhÿ OhmO B§½b§S> H$Sy>Z IaoXr H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
hm°{dËPa OmVrÀ`m Vmo\$m ñdrS>Z H$Sy>Z AmUë`m Joë`m. AOy©Z hm ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMm n{hbm aUJmS>m
{dH${gV H$aÊ`mg _§Oyar XoÊ`mV Ambr. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV eodQ>À`m XmoZ dfm©V EHy$U am{ï´>`
IMm©À`m EH$ n§M_m§e IM© g§ajU joÌmV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g§ajU IaoXr gm{hË` àH$aUmV Ë`m§§À`mda
^«ï>mMmamMo Amamon Pmbo.
8) lrb§H$m gmo~V dmQ>mKmQ>r :
^maVmVrb Vm{_iZmSy> àXoemVrb V{_i OZVm {nT>çmZ{nT>çm lrb§Ho$V ahmV hmoVr. CÎma lrb§Ho$Vrb
Om\$Zm {OëhçmV V{_i bmoH$ ~hþg§»` hmoVo. ^mfm, {ejU d gaH$mar {Z`wŠË`m `m g§X^m©V lrb§H$Z
gaH$ma Vm{_im§gmo~V ^oX^md{ZVrMm Adb§~ H$arV hmoVr. `m {ZVr {damoYmV V{_i OZVm g§KQ>rV Pmbr
d Ë`m§Zr geó g§KQ>Zm ñWmnyZ {dÐmoh H$ê$ bmJbr. `m g§KQ>ZoMo Zmd Eb.Q>r.Q>r.g©. ({bÅ>o) Ago hmoVo d
Ë`mMm à_wI à^mH$aU hmoVm. {bÅ>oMo gXñ` ñdV:g V{_i Q>m`Jg© åhUV. ^maVr` V_ri OZVoMr
ghmZw^yVr `m V{_i bmoH$m§gmo~V hmoVr. Om\$Zm {Oëhm Ë`m§Mo à_wI H|$Ð hmoVm. ñdm`ÎmVoÀ`m _mJUrgmR>r
{bÅ>o `m g§KQ>ZoUo _mJUr Ho$br Voìhm lrb§H$Z gaH$maZo V_ri OZVog hdr Agbobr ñdm`ÎmVoMr _mJUr
YwS>H$mdyZ {Xbr d Om\$Zm ^mJmV _moR>çm à_mUmV X_Z {ZVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. hOmamo V{_i ZmJ[aH$
{Zdm©grV hmoD$Z ^maVmV Aml`mbm Ambr. Ë`m§À`m ñdm`ÎmVoÀ`m _mJUrMr OmJm AmVm ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
_mJUrZo KoVbr. lrb§Ho$Vrb V{_im§gmR>r ^maVmZo H$mhr Var H$amdo, Ago ^maVmVrb V{_i OZVog dmQy>
bmJbo. ^maVmZo X¡Z§{XZ JaOoÀ`m dñVy d AÞYmÝ`mMr _XV Om\$Zm `oWo nmR>dbr. nU lrb§H$Z gaH$maZo
Vr ZmH$mabr. _mbdmhÿ {d_mZmÛmao hr _XV ^maVmZo nwÝhm nmR>dbr. AmVm MyH$ H$iyZ Amë`mZo lrb§H$Z
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gaH$maZo OhmOmVyZ _XV nmR>{dÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xbr. lrb§H$Z AÜ`j O`dY©Zo `m§Zr amOrd Jm§Yter g§nH©$
gmYbm d `m àíZr ^maVmMr _XV _m{JVbr. amOrd Jm§Yr d O`dY©Z `m§À`m dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z Owb¡ 1987
_Ü`o amOrd-O`dY©Zo H$ama Pmbm. `m H$mamZwgma lrb§Ho$À`m CÎma Am{U nyd© àm§VmV Vm{_i dñVr A{YI
Amho ho XmoÝhr àm§V EH$Ì H$amdoV, gÎmoMo nwaogo {dH|$ÐrH$aU ìhmdo, LTTE {bÅ>o hr g§KQ>Zm ~aImñV H$amdr.
g§KQ>ZoVrb gXñ`m§Zr Amnbr eóo lrb§H$Z gaH$maÀ`m hdmbr H$amdrV, lrb§Ho$Zo {dZ§Vr Ho$ë`mg ^maVr`
g¡Ý` lrb§Ho$À`m _XVrbm nmR>{dÊ`mV `mdo Ago R>abo. hm H$ama nyU©V° H¥$VrV `oD$ eH$bm Zmhr. lrb§H$m
gaH$mada Amnbm {dídmg Zmhr, Ago gm§JyZ EbQ>rQ>rB©Zo eóo Imbr R>odÊ`mg ZmH$mabo. `m g§KQ>ZoZo ~aoM
AmT>odoT>o KoD$Z H$amamg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr hmoVr. nU H$amamda ñdmjar _mÌ Ho$br Zmhr. n[apñWVrMr Jw§VmJw§V
dmT>V Jobr. O`dY©Zo `m§Zr H$amamÝd`o ^maVr` g¡Ý`mMr _XV _m{JVbr. ^maVr` g¡Ý` V{_i bmoH$m§{déÕ
lrb§Ho$V bTy> bmJbo. V{_i dmÚm§Zm ñWm{ZH$ OZVoMm nmqR>~m hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m naXoemMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$
_m{hVr hmoVr. `m CbQ> ^maVr` g¡Ý` Ë`m {R>H$mUr ZdIo hmoVo. ^maVr` g¡Ý` EbQ>rQ>rB©bm Z_moham_
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aV Agë`mZo V{_i OZVm ^maVr` bîH$amÀ`m {déÕ hmoVr. O`dY©ZoÀ`m OmJr ào_Xmgm
Ambo Voìhm pñWVr A{YH$M {~H$Q> Pmbr. ào_Xmgm `m§Zr ^maV gaH$maZo Amnbo g¡Ý` H$mTy>Z ¿`mdo Agm
AmJ«h Yabm. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr g¡Ý` _mJo KoÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. lrb§Ho$Vrb `m Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m àH$aUmV
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zm Amnbm àmU J_dmdm bmJbm.
gZ 1989 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m àMmamgmR>r Vo nmoa~§Xa `oWo Jobo AgVm VoWo Ë`m§Zr {X. 29 _o, 1989
amoOr hË`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
9) _wë`_mnZ :
amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr AZoH$ H$m_o Ho$br. Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr Xoembm {dkmZ V§ÌkmZ joÌm_Ü`o AJ«oga Ho$bo,
ho EH$ hmo` ! Vo AZoH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mV `eñdr Pmbo. EH$ lrb§Ho$Vrb V{_im§Mm àíZ gmoS>bm Va
Ë`m§Mo naamï´>r` YmoaU `eñdr R>abo hmoVo. OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV Xoembm à{Vð>m àmßV Pmbr. XoemMr
AW©ì`dñWm g_mYmZH$maH$ hmoVr. {dH$mg Xa dmT>V hmoVr. XoemÀ`m gwajog§X^m©V Ë`m§Mo YmoaU `mo½` hmoVo.
Ë`m§À`m H$mimVM XoemVrb g§JUH$sH$aUmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr Jar~ OZVoÀ`m CËgmZmH$[aVm gwê$
Ho$bobo H$m`©H«$_, Ë`mMà_mUo gmjaVm, {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m bgrH$aU d n§Mm`V amO ~iH$Q>rH$aU
`m `moOZm am~{dë`m.
Ë`m§À`m H$m`©àUmbr_Ü`o H$mhr ÌwQ>r XoIrb hmoË`m Vo XmoZ _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$Xm Var Ë`m§À`m _§Ìr_§S>imV
~Xb H$arV AgV. nm`m^yV n[apñWVr~m~V d njg§KQ>Zo~m~V Vo ~aoMgo AZ{^k hmoVo. YmS>g d {ZJ«h
hr amOH$s` ZoV¥ËdmMr H$gmoQ>r AgVo. gZ 1989 _Ü`o `m XmoÝhr JwUm§Mo Xe©Z KS>{dbo. ~mo\$mog© àH$aUmV
Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ àH$maMo d¡`pŠVH$ Amamon H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m Amamonm§Zm Ë`m§Zr Y¡`m©Zo Vm|S>
{Xbo.
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· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$_m§H$ 3
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) amOrd Jm§Yr àW_ bmoH$g^oda H$moUË`m _VXma g§KmVyZ {ZdSy>Z Jobo?
2) Q>oŠZm°bm°Or {_eZ `m H$m`©H«$_mMm C„oI H$moUVm hmoVm?
3) Q>oŠZm°bm°Or {_eZ_Ü`o {ZdS>boë`m ghm joÌm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
4) Odmhabmb Zohé§À`m OÝ_eVmãXr{Z{_Îm amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr H$moUVr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br ?
5) njm§Va~§Xr H$m`Xm H$moUË`m gmbr g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm?
6) A[ÊdH$ {Z:e{óH$aUmgmR>r amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr g§`wŠV amï´> g§Km_Ü`o gÌm_Ü`o gmXa Ho$boë`m
`moOZoMo {ef©H$ H$moUVo hmoVo?
7) Zm{_{~`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r bT>Umè`m g§KQ>ZoMo Zm§d gm§Jm.
8) amOrd Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$mimV H$moUË`m _Ü`_ nmë`mÀ`m jonZmómMr `eñdr MmMUr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr?
9) amOrd Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$mimV H$moUË`m Xÿa nëë`mÀ`m jonZmóm§Mr `eñdr MmMUr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr?
10) {bÅ>oMo gXñ` ñdV:g H$m` åhUyZ KoV ?
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) H$m`m©b`o Am{U e¡j[aH$ g§ñWm_Ü`o g§JUH$mÀ`m Cn`moJmbm .............. `m àYmZ_§Í`mÀ`m
H$mimV MmbZm {_imbr.
A) B§[Xam Jm§Yr
~) Odmhabmb Zohê$
H$) amOrd Jm§Yr
S>)nr. ìhr.Zaqgh am
2) ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWoÀ`m ~iH$Q>rH$aUmMr amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr ............... Mo KQ>Zm XþéñVr
{dYo`H$ Amdí`H$ bmoH$g^oV _m§S>bo.
A) 64
~) 74
H$) 73,
S>) 53
3) _{hbm§gmR>r V`ma Ho$boë`m amï´>r` `moOZo A§VJ©V n§Mm`V g§ñWmZ_Ü`o {ó`m§gmR>r ...............
OZmr VaVyXH$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) 33%
~) 30%
H$) `mn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr S>) 60%.
4) X{jU Am{\«$Ho$À`m d§e{dÛofUm{déÕ H¥$Vr Am{U amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y VmoS>Umam ..............hm
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Xoe nm{hbm hmoVm.
~) A_o[aH$m
~) B§½b§S>
H$) MrZ
S>) ^maV
5) amOrd Jm§Yr d O`dY©Z `m§À`mV ............... gmbr amOrd O`mdY©Zo H$ama Pmbm.
A) 1986
~) 1988,
H$) 1187
S>) 1985
1.2.4 nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd :
_o, 1991 À`m bmoH$go^À`m _Ü`dVu {ZdS>UyH$m§À`m àMma Xm¡è`m_Ü`o V{_iZmSy>_Yrb lrnoam§~wXÿa
`oWo 29 _o 1991 amoOr EH$m _mZdr ~m±~ñ\$moQ>mV amOrd Jm§YrMr hË`m Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va {ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`m.
Ë`mV H$m±J«ogbm 232 OmJoda {dO` àmßV Pmbm. `mdoir Ë`m§Zm ~hþ_V {_imbo Zmhr. nU gdm©V OmñV
OmJm {_idyZ hm nj àW_ ñWmZm§da Ambm hmoVm. H$m±J«og g§gXr` XbmMo ZoVo åhUyZ Zaqghamd `m§Mr {ZdS>
Ho$br. 20 OyZ 1991 amoOr Ë`m§Zr àYmZ_§Ìr nXmMr enW KoVbr. Vo XoemMo Xhmod àYmZ_§Ìr Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr
gZ 1951 Vo 1996 hm nmM dfmªMm H$m`©H$mb nyU© Ho$bm.
1) nyd©M[aÌ :
lr Zaqgh amd `mMm OÝ_ 28 OyZ 1921 amoOr Am§Y«àXoeeVrb d§Jmam Jmdr gm_mÝ` VobJy ~«m÷U
eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr Amnbo CÀM {ejU \$½`©gZ H$m°boO nwUo d {hñbm°n H$m°boO ZmJnya `oWyZ
nyU© Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr ~r.Eñgr. d Eb.Eb.~r. `m nXì`m àmßV Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi h¡Ðm~mX `oWo d{H$br
Ho$br. Vo ~hþ^m{fH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm 17 ^mfm AdJV hmoË`m. Ë`m§Mo _amR>r ^mfodarb à^yËd hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr _amR>r
H$mX§~arH$ma h. Zm. AmnQ>o `m§À`m "nU bjmV H$moU hmoVm' `m _amR>r H$mX§~arMo VobJy ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zm
AZoH$ {df`mV ag hmoVm. gm{hË` Am{U g§JUH$ ho Ë`m§À`m AmdS>rMo {df` hmoVo.
2) amOH$s` H$maH$sX© :
^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` bT>çmVrb "N>moS>mo ^maV Am§XmobZm'V Ë`m§Zr ^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. ñdmV§Í` àmßVrZ§Va
Vo H$m±«Jog njmMm gH«$s` H$m`©H$Vm© åhUyZ nyU©doi amOH$maUmV gh^mJr Pmbo. Vo 1957 gmbr Am§Y« àXoe
{dYmZg^oV {ZdSy>Z Ambo. Ë`m§Zr gZ 1962 Vo 1971 `m H$mimV Am§Y« {dYmZg^oV {d{dY ImË`m§Mo _§Ìr
åhUyZ H$ma^ma gm§^mibm. gZ 1969 H$m±J«og {d^mJbm Voìhm amd B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m ~mOyZo ^ŠH$_ C^o
amhrbo. Ë`m§Zr B§{Xam Jm§YrMo {Zð>mdmZ ghH$mar åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. Am§Y« àXoemMo _w»`_§Ìr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr XmoZ
df© H$m_ Ho$bo. 1972 gmbr Ë`m§Mr bmoH$g^oda n{hë`m§Xm {ZdS> Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr H|$ÐmV J¥h, g§ajU, naamï´>
ì`dhma, B. ImVr gm§^mibr. Zaqgh amd `m§Zr XoemÀ`m Am§Y«, _hmamï´> Am{U Amo{S>gm Aem doJdoJiçm
amÁ`mVyZ {ZdS>UyH$m bT>dë`m d qOH$ë`mhr !
3) àYmZ_§Ìr åhUyZ H$maH$sX© :
nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§Mr H$maH$sX© VrZ Jmoï>r_wio123456789012345678901234567890121234567
Amnë`m bjmV amhVo. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV ^mmaVr`
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AW©ì`dñWoVrb Zohê§$À`m g§{_Ì AW©ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z Iwë`m ~mOmar AW©ì`dñWoH$S>o Pmbobo pñWË`m§Va, ^maVr`
OZVm njmMm à~i nj åhUyZ CX`, Am{U CÎma àXoemVrb ~m~ar _{eXrMm {dÜd§g d Ë`mVyZ
^S>H$boë`m OmVr` X§Jbr!
4) Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm :
Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` àYmZ_§ÌrnXmMr gwÌo hmVr KoVbr. Ë`mdoir ^mamVr` AW©ì`dñWm S>~Kmg©bm Ambr
hmoVr. Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z KoVboë`m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$aUo ^maVmbm AeŠ` Pmbo hmoVo. Xoe
WH$~mH$sXma, ZmXma ~Zbm hmoVm. naH$s` MbZmMm gmR>m g§nbm hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrVyZ Ë`m§Zr Xoembm
~mhoa H$mT>bo. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU AmIbo. `m YmoaUmMr CXmarH$aU, ImOJrH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr
R>iH$ d¡{eï>ço hmoVr. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm A_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AW©Vk S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgJ
`m§Mr XoemMo AW©_§Ìr åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb naH$s` Jw§VdUyH$, ^m§S>db amoIo~mOma
(H°${nQ>b _mH}$Q>) A§VJ©V CÚmoJY§Xo Am{U ì`mnma ì`dñWm `m joÌmV àmYmÝ`mZo gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. OwZmQ>
nadmZm nÕVrV ~Xb Ho$bo. Ë`mV gwQ>gwQ>rV {Z`_ AmUbo. ^maVr` Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m
Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ àma§^ Ho$bm. Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYrÀ`m (Internationjal Monetary Fund - IMF) {ZX}emMr
A§_b~OmdUr H$ê$Z {XdmiImoarÀ`m dmQ>oda Agboë`m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm gmdabr. Ë`m§À`m `m H$m_mMo
d¡{eï>ço åhUOo Aën_VmVrb gaH$maMo à_wI AgVmZm H$R>moa amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ {ZU©`mMr {dYo`Ho$
g§gXoSy>Z g§_V H$ê$Z KoVbr.
· S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgh `m§À`m Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mr C{Ôï>o :
1) A§XmOnÌH$s` VyQ> H$_r H$aUo.
2) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb CÚmoJY§ÚmMo ImOJrH$aU H$aUo.
3) nm`m^yV gw{dYm joÌmVrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>{dUo.
`m C{Ôï>nyVugmR>r ì`mnma joÌmV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z ^mJ ^m§S>dbmVrb naXoer àË`j Jw§VdUyH$sÀ`m
{Z`_m§V ~Xb Ho$bo. naH$s` H$O} ñWra amIyZ naamï´> ì`mnmamgmR>r ^maV Iwbm Ho$bm. gaH$mar _mbH$sÀ`m
CÚmoJm§À`m ImOJrH$aUmg àmYmÝ` {Xbo. CCÚmoJmMr nadmZm nÕVr gmonr Ho$br. {Z`m©Vrda dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r
én`mMo Ad_yë`Z Ho$bo. gaH$mar IMm©bm H$mÌr bmdbr. gaH$mar AZwXmZm_Ü`o H$nmV oH$br. eoVrdarb
AZwXmZmVhr H$nmV Ho$br.
5) naamï´> YmoaU :
amd `m§Mo naamï´> YmoaU dmñVddmXr hmoVo. npíM_ `wamon, A_o[aH$m d MrZ `m§À`mer g»` dmT>dyZ
amOZ¡{VH$ g§§~YmV ~iH$Q>r AmUÊ`mMo YmoaU d à`ËZ hmoVo. amd `m§À`m naamï´>_§Ìr nXmÀ`m H$m`©H$mimV
BómB©b gmo~V ^maVmMo g§§~Y H$mhr H$mi JwßVnUo gH«$s` Pmbo hmoVo. Vo amd `m§À`m H$mbI§S>mV CKS>
hmoD$Z 1992 _Ü`o BómB©b ZdrZ {Xëbr `oWo Amnbm123456789012345678901234567890121234567
XþVmdmg gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr {Xbr. Ë`m§Zr
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^maVr` amO{ZVrkm§Zm nm{H$ñVmZ XheVdmXr H$m`©dm`om§Zm IVnmUr KmVbo hr ~m~ Am§VaamîQ´>r` nmVirda
CJS> H$ê$Z _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m naamîQ´> YmoaUmbm "nyd}H$S>o nhm' Ago A{^Zd
dia {Xbo. Ë`m_wio ^maV "A{e`Z (Association of South Est Asian Nations – ASEAN)' À`m
A{YH$ Odi OmD$ eH$bm. {V~oQ>Mo Y_©Jwé XbmB© bm_m `m§À`mnmgyZ ^mmaVmbm Xÿa amhÊ`mMo R>a{dbo
H$maU MrZbm ^maVm~Ôb {dídmg dmQ>mdm. BamUer _¡Ìr g~§Y dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMm amd `m§Zr OmoaXma
nwañH$ma Ho$bm. amï´>g§KmÀ`m _mM©, 1994 _Ü`o {OZoìhm `oWo ^aboë`m ~¡R>H$sV `m YmoaUmMm ^maVmbm
\$m`Xm Pmbm. nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m àYmZ_§Ìr ~oZPra ^wÅ>mo `m§Zr Oå_w H$pí_a_Yrb _mZdr hŠH$ n[apñWVr~m~V
EH$ R>amd _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. na§Vw, MrZ d BamUÀ`m {damoYm_wio Vmo A`eñdr R>abm.
6) _w§~B© ~m°å~ñ\$moQ> _m{bH$m :
12 _mM© 1993 amoOr _w§~B©V ~m±~ñ\$moQ> _m{bH$m KSy>Z Ambr. `m ~m±~ñ\$moQ>m_Ü`o OrdrV d {dÎmhmZr
KSy>Z Ambr. amd `m§Zr àË`j KQ>ZmñWir ^oQ> XoD$Z `m KQ>ZoV nm{H$ñVmZMm hmV Agë`mMo AmT>ië`m_wio
bJoMM Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m JwßVMa {d^mJmbm A_o[aH$m, B§½b§S> Am{U npíM_ `wamonr` Xoem§Vrb JwßVMa
g§KQ>Zm§À`m XheV{damoYr Vkm§Zm _w§~B©Vrb ^rfU n[apñWVrMr nmhUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_§{ÌV H$aÊ`mMm
AmXoe {Xbm.
7) \w$Q>raVmdmXr MiditZm nm`~§X :
amd `m§Zr n§Om~ d H$í_ra_Yrb \w$Q>radmXr Miditer `eñdrnUo _wH$m~bm Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr n§Om~_Ü`o
{ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ`mMm YmS>er {ZU©` KoVbm. H$í_raMr n[apñWVr hmVmiVmZm A_o[aHo$À`m X~mdmbm ~ir Z
nS>Vm ^maV gaH$maZo n{hbm XheVdmX{damoYr H$m`Xm "Q>mS>m (Terrorist and Disruptive Activities
(Prevention) ACt – TADA)' _§Oya Ho$bm Am{U H$í_ra_Yrb XheVdmXmMm {~_moS> H$aÊ`mMo ^maVr`
bîH$amg gm§{JVbo. nU n[apñWVr ^`mdh ~Zbr hmoVr. amÁ`mÀ`m n`©Q>Z ì`dgm`mda n[aUm_ Pmbm hmoVm.
amÁ`mVrb n[apñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo VoWo Img nmobrg nWHo$ V¡ZmV Ho$br. _mÌ ZmJ[aH$m§Zr
`m nmorbgm§{déÕ AË`mMmamÀ`m VH«$mar XmIb Ho$ë`m.
8) ~m~ar _{eXrMm {dÜd§g d OmVr` X§Jb :
gZ 1980 À`m XeH$À`m CÎmamYm©V ^maVr` OZVm nj d {díd qhXÿ n[afX `m§Zr am_OÝ_^y_rMm
àíZ amîQ´>r` amOH$maUmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AmUbm. ~m~ar H$erX hr _moJb amOdQ>rMm g§ñWmnH$ ~m~a `mZo
~m§Ybr hmoVr. Va ^maVr` OZVm nj d {díd qhXþ n[afXoMo åhUUo hmoVo H$s, _erXrMr OmJm am_mMr
OÝ_^y_r Amho. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Xoe^a _moR>o Am§XmobZ C^o Ho$bo. aW`mÌm H$mT>br, ì`mnH$ {ZfoY_moM}, g^m
d n[afXm `m§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo. `mgmR>r Xoe^amVyZ H$magodH$ Am`moÜ`obm nmohMy bmJbo. `mdoir _moR>r
Am{U~mUrMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. CÎmaàXoe amÁ`mMo _w»`_§Ìr n[apñWVr hmVmiy eH$bo ZmhrV. Va
H|$Ð gaH$ma Aën_VmV Abñ`mZo Vo H$_Hw$dV hmoVo. H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm ho {df` amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m
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gwajm ~b V¡ZmV H$aUo qH$dm amÁ`mV amï´>nVr
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amOdQ> bmJy H$aUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Aem n[añWVrV {XZm§H$ 6 {S>g|~a, 1992 amoOr {d{hnÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr
~m~r _erX CX²ÜdñV Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va gd© Xoe^a qhXþ-_wpñb_m§_Ü`o X§Jbr Pmë`m. `mV AZoH$ bmoH$ _mabo
Jobo. àYmZ_§Ìr Zaqgh amd `m§Zr H$V©ì`mV H$gya Ho$br, VoMOmVr` X§Jbrg O~m~Xmma AmhoV, Ago
Ë`m§À`mda Amamon hmoD$ bmJbo. gaH$maZo OmVr` X§JbrMr Mm¡H$Ur H$aÊ`mgm§r bm`~Z ìh°Z Am`moJmMr
Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. Am`moJmZo Mm¡H$er Ho$br. Ë`mV H|$Ð gaH$maMr ^y{_H$m Am`moJmZo _mÝ` Ho$br d Mm¡H$erA§Vr
amd `m§Zr `m àH$aUmV {ZXm}f Agë`mMm {ZdmS>m {Xbm.
9) {H$ëbmar (bmVya) ^yH§$n 1993 :
bmVya {OëhçmVrb {H$ëbmar `oWo _moR>m {dZmeH$mar ^yH§$n hmoD$Z Ë`mV Xhm hOma bmoH$ _mabo Jobo.
hOmamo bmoH$ {dñWm{nV Pmbo. ~arM _wbo AZmW Pmbr `m àb§H$mar AmnÎmrÀ`m doir amd `m§Zr AmYw{ZH$
V§ÌkmZ d gmYZgm_wJ«rMm dmna H$ê$Z _XV H$m`© am~{dbo. VgoM, g§H$Q>J«ñV bmoH$m§Zm {Xbmgm XoÊ`mgmR>r
d nwZa©MZm H$m_m§À`m g§KQ>ZmgmR>r V§ÌkmZ d gmYZgm_J«rMm Hw$ebVoZo dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. _hmamï´>mMo
_w»`_§Ìr eaX ndma `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo `m H$m_mbm JVr {Xbr.
10) Zaqgh amd `m§À`m ^«ï>mMmamMo Amamon :
Za{gh amd `m§Mo gaH$ma Aën_VmVbo hmoVo. gZ 1993 _Ü`o Ë`m§À`m {damoYH$m§Zr g§gXo_Ü`o Ë`m§À`m
gaH$mada A{dídmg R>amd AmUbm. Voìhm amd `m§Zr PmaI§S> _wŠVr _moMm©Mo gXñ` d g§^dV: OZVm
XbmVrb \w$Q>ra gXñ`m§Zm _Ü`ñWm_m\©$V bmImo én`m§Mr bmM XoD$Z A{dídmg R>amdmÀ`m doir gaH$mabm
nmqR>~m Úmd`mg ^mJ nmS>bo. Agm Amamon Ë`m§À`mda R>odÊ`mV Ambm. PmaI§S> _wŠVr _moMm©Mo e¡b|Ð _hmVmo
_m\$sMm gmjrXma Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mbm bmM {Xë`mMo H$~yb Ho$bo. 2000 gmbr `m Ho$gMm {ZH$mb
bmJbm. amd Ë`m§Mo gmWrXma ~wQ>m qgJ VrZ dfm©À`m gl_ H$mamdmgmMr {ejm d EH$ bmI én`m§Mm X§S>
Aer {ejm Pmbr. nU {Xëbr hm`H$moQ>m©Zo Img Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb aÔ H$ê$Z amd d ~wQ>m qgJ `m§Zm
Xmof_wŠV Omhra Ho$bo.
{dídZmW àVmn qgJ `m§Mm _wbJm AO` qgJ `m§Zr g|Q> {H$Q²>g ~oQ>mdarb \$ñQ>© Q´>ñQ> ~±Ho$_Ü`o ImVo
CKSy>Z Ë`mV Amnë`m d{S>bm§À`mgmR>r EH$drg Xebj S>m°ba R>odbo, Ago Xe©{dUmar ImoQ>r H$mJXnÌo
Zaqgh amd `m§Mo ghH$mar _§Ìr Ho$. Ho$. {Vdmar, M§Ðmñdm_r d EZ. Ho$. AJ«dmb `m§Zr V`ma Ho$br, Agm
Amamon Ho$bm. na§Vw, `m àH$aUmer g§~§{YV nwamì`m A^mdr Ë`m§Mr {ZXm}f gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
B§½b§S>_Yrb ì`mnmar bIw^mB© nmR>H$ `m§Zo Zaqgh amd, M§Ðmñdm_r d Ho$. EZ. AJ«dmb `m§Zr
Amnë`mbm EH$ bmI S>m°bg©bm \$g{dbo, Agm Amamon Ho$bm. ^maVmgmR>r nona nënÀ`m nwadR>çmMo H§$ÌmQ>
{_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m h_r~Ôb Ë`mZo hr aŠH$_ {Xbr hmoVr. nU 2003 gmbr `m IQ>ë`mVyZ Vo Xmof_wŠV
Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m h`mVrVM Ë`m§À`mda Pmboë`m ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m AmamonmVyZ _wŠV Pmbo.
Ë`m§Mo 23 {S>go~§a 2004 amoOr {Xëbr `oWo öX`{dH$mamÀ`m PQ>Š`mZo {ZYZ Pmbo.
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11) _wë`_mnZ :
Zaqgh amd `m§Zr Amnbo Aën_VmVrb gaH$ma A{Ve` H$m¡eë`mZo Mmbdbo. H$m±J«og gaH$ma_Yrb Vo
n{hbo àYmZ_§Ìr hmoVo. Jm§Yr-Zohê$ n[admamVrb gXñ` ZgVmZm Ë`m§Zr nmM dfmªMm H$m`©H$mb nyU© Ho$bm.
Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©H$mmV ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ^maVmV Iwë`m ~mOmar AW©ì`dñWoMm
àma§^ Pmbm. Vo EH$ ñdmV§Í` g¡{ZH$, Ñï>o ZoVo hmoVo. Vo Wmoa _wËgÔr, {dÛmZ Am{U ~hþ^mfm{dX hmoVo.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§Zm {H$Vr ^mfm AdJV hmoË`m?
2) ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm A§_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§Zr AW©_§Ìr åhUyZ
H$moUmMr {ZdS> Ho$br?
3) nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§À`m gaH$maZo Ho$boë`m XheVdmX {damoYr H$m`Xm H$moUË`m ZmdmZo
AmoiIbm OmVmo?
4) ~m~ar _erX H$moUr ~m§Ybr hmoVr?
5) ~m~ar _{eXrÀ`m {dX²Üd§gmZ§Va Cgiboë`m Ym{_©H$ X§Jbrg§X^m©V H$moUË`m Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr?
~) Imbrb CnàíZm§_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z
dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1) nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd ho XoemMo .............. do àYmZ_§Ìr hmoVo.
A) 8 do
~) 8 do
H$) 10 do
S>) 12 do
2) gZ 1992 _Ü`o ............. `m Xoembm Zdr {Xëbr `oWo Amnbm amOXþVmdmg gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr
nadmZJr {Xbr.
A) nm{H$ñVmZ
~) BómB©b
H$) BamU
S>) ~m§Jbm Xoe
3) _w§~B©_Ü`o ~m±~ñ\$moQ>mMr _m{bH$m ................. gmbr KSy>Z Ambr.
A) 1993
~) 1992
) 1998
S>) 2001
4) bmVya {OëhçmVrb ............. `oWo _moR>m {dZmeH$mar ^yH§$n 1993 gmbr Pmbm hmoVm.
A) C_aJm
~) {H$ëbmar
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H$) nair
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S>) ~m{e©
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1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
~hþ^m{fH$ - AZoH$ ^mfm g_OUmao.
{XdmiImoar - H$O©~mOmar (H$O© ^aÊ`mMr nV J_mdUmao)
JwßVMa g§KQ>Zm - XoemgmR>r hoa{Jar H$aUmè`m g§KQ>Zm.
H$magodH$ - Ym{_©H$ ~m~tMm nmR>nwamdm H$aUmao ñd`§godH$
Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmUo{ZYr - OmJ{VH$ {dÎm nwadR>m H$aUmar `wZmoA§VJ©VMr g§ñWm
d§e{dÛoe - H$mim Jmoam ^oX
_wbVËddmX - OmVr` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ àíZmH$S>o ~KÊ`mMm amoI
am{ï´>`rH$aU - gaH$maMr _mbH$sm / {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aUo.
_wñH$mQ>Xm~r - _mZ_mZr / AÝ`m`H$maH$ ~m~r bmXUo.
AmUr~mUr - A§VJ©V em§VVm d gwì`dñWm hmVm~mhoa Jobr AgVm em§VVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ZmJ[aH$m§Mo _wb^yV A{YH$ma H$mhr H$mimgmR>r JmoR>{dUo. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 352 ì`m H$b_mV hr VaVyX Amho.
gaH$ma Aën_VmV OmUo - gÎmo_Ü`o amhÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobo ~hþ_V J_mdUo.
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
·
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$_m§H$ - 1
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) ì`mo_oeM§Ð ~°ZOu, 2) bmoH$m§Mo _§S>i, 3) _oKZmW ghm d nr. gr. _hmbZdrg, 4) amï´>r`
gm{hË` AH$mX_r d Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>.
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) A_o[aH$m, 2) JmohË`m~§Xr, 3) _moamaOr XogmB©, 4) 14, 5) _wŠV dm{hZr, 6) nmoIaU, 7) 352
·
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$_m§H$ - 2
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) gwMZm d àgmaU, 2) `wJmoñbmpìh`mÀ`m _me©b {Q>Q>mo d B{OßVMo Zm{ga Ah_X, 3) _moamaOr
XogmB©, 4) ~hþ_V Zgë`mZo {ZU©` KoUo H$R>rU hmoD$ bmJbo d g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo VZIo, ~±H$m§Mo am{ï>`rH$aU ho
KoVbobo {ZU©` gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo Ad¡Y R>adbo. 5) H$m±J«og (Amo), ñdV§Ì nmQ>u, OZg§K d g§`wŠV
g_mOdmXr nmQ>u, 6) eoI _w{O~wa©h_mZ, 7) àm¡T> gmjaVm, Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ, PmonS>nÅ>r {Z_w©bZ, dZrH$aU
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d hþ§S>m nÕVrMo {Z_©wbZ, 8) A_¥Vga_Yrb gwdU©_§Xra, 9) Am°naoeZ ãë`w ñQ>ma.
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) A_o[aH$m, 2) JmoahË`m~§Xr, 3) _moamaOr XogmB©, 4) 14, 5) _wŠV d{hZr, 6) nmoIaU, 7)
352
·
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$_m§H$ - 3
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) A_oR>r, 2) A{dH${gV joÌo {ZdSy>Z VoWo {dkmZ A«m{U V§ÌkmZ joÌmVrb kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo {dH$mg gmYmdm. 3) gmjaVm, bgrH$aU, ídoVH«$m§Vr, ImÚVob, Xÿag§Mma d gdmªgmR>r
{nÊ`mMo ñdÀN> nmUr, 4) Odmha amoOJma `moOZm, 5) 195, 6) 2010 n`ªV gd© ApÊdH$ Aóm§Mo
{Z_w©bZ, 7) ñdmnmo, 8) {Ìeyb, 9) A½Zr, 10) V{_i Q>m`Jg©
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) amOrd Jm§Yr, 2) 64 dr, 3) 30%, 4) ^maV, 5) 1987
·
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$_m§H$ - 4
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) 17, 2) S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgJ, 3) Q>mS>m
bm`~Z ìh°Z Am`moJ.
(Tada),
4) _moJb amOdQ>rMm g§ñWmnH$ ~m~a, 5)
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) 10 do, 2) BómB©b, 3) 1993, 54) {H$ëbmar.
1.5 gmam§e :
^maVmZo g§gXr` bmoH$emhr emgZ àUmbrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. `m emgZ ì`dñWo_Ü`o amOH$s`
njm§Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. ho amOH$s` nj amï´>mnwT>rb A§VJ©V d ~møàíZm§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMo
{d{dY n`m©` gwM{dV AgVmV. VgoM Vo amï´>r` d naamï´>{df`H$ Ü`o` YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mg§~§Yr XoIrb _mobmMr
H$m_{Jar ~Omdy eH$VmV.
{S>g|~a 1985 _Ü`o 72 amOH$s` H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr EH$Ì `oD$Z ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
H$m±J«ogÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m H$m_r ga E. Amo. øw_ `m§Zr _hÎdmMr ^w{_H$m ~Omdbr. `m amï´>r` H$m§J«ogZo EH$
amï´>r` g§KQ>Zm `m ZmË`mZo ^maV ñdV§Ì hmoB©n`ªV amï´>r` Midit_Ü`o _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr. `m njmZo
OZ_V OmJ¥V H$ê$Z ñdmV§Ì²`mMm bT>m {Xbm. gZ 1885 Vo 1947 hm H$m±J«og njmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` MidirMm
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H$mbI§S> åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 amoOr ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm d 26 OmZodmar 1950 amoOr
^maVr` àOmgÎmmH$ ApñVËdmV Ambo. Ë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì ^maVmV H$m±J«og nj hm gdm©V _moR>m nj åhUyZ nw
Ambm. `m njmVrb ZoË`m§Zr amï´> C^maUrV _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ho$bo. XoemÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gwédmVrÀ`m 40
dfmªÀ`m H$mimV ~hþnjr` nÕVr Agbr Var H$m±J«og njmMoM dM©ñd hmoVo. AmOhr hm nj EH$_od à^mdr
nj åhUyZ H$m`©aV Amho.
amï´>r` H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmMo H$m_H$mO bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo åhUOoM dmX{ddmX, MMm©, àg§Jr _VXmZ
Aem nÕVrZo MmbV Ago. EH$m AWm©Zo amï´>r` H$m±J«ogZo ^maVr` bmoH$emhrbm g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMo ê$n
{Xbo. Aem VèhoZo XoemV gm§gXr` bmoH$emhrMr {~Oo KÅ> éOdbr d Vr bmoH${à` Ho$br.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`gdobm {damoY H$aÊ`mÀ`m g_mZ ^w{_Ho$_wio {^Þ d¡Mm[aH$ Ñï>rH$moZ
AgUmao H$m`©H$Ë`mªMo JQ> H$m±J«ogÀ`m ZmdmImbr H$m_ H$aV hmoVo. H$m±J«og A§VJ©V gmå`dmXr nj, g_mOdmXr
nj, eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV hmoVr. _mÌ ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va hr n[apñWVr ~Xbbr. gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob
`m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo gZ 1948 gmbr H$m±J«ogÀ`m O`nya A{YdoeZm_Ü`o H$m±J«ogMr ZdrZ KQ>Zm _§Oya H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. Aem [aVrZo H$m±J«og `m amï´>r` g§KQ>ZoMo H$m±J«og njm_Ü`o énm§Va Pmbo.
H$m±J«ogZo Zohê§$À`m H$mbI§S>mV bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. hoM YmoaU B§{Xam Jm§YrZo
nwT>o Zobo. amOrd Jm§YrÀ`m H$mimV g§JUrH$aUmda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm. Va Zaqgh amd `m§À`m H$mbI§S>mV
ZXdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. naamï´>r` YmoaUm_Ü`o _mÌ H$m±J«ogÀ`m gd© àYmZ_§Í`m§Zr
Zohê§$À`m A{bßVVmdmXmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Agbm Var XoemMr g§ajU ì`dñWm gwgÁO R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ
_mÌ amOrd Jm§YrÀ`m H$mimV Ho$bm Jobm. Ë`m§À`m H$mimV g§ajUmdaMm IM© XþßnQ> Pmbm hmoVm.
AUwD$O}À`m g§~§YmV gd© H$m±J«og àYmZ_§Í`m§Zr Xoe AUwCOm© g§nÞ ~ZdÊ`mH$S>o bj {Xbo. AUwCO}Mm Cn`moJ
em§VVogmR>r H$aÊ`mda ^maVmZo ^a {Xbm. Ë`m§Zr A{bßVVmdmXmMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z gÎmmg§VwbZ amIÊ`mÀ`m
à`ËZm~amo~aM XoemMm {dH$mghr gmYbm. ^maVmZo Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Ym_Ü`o Amnbm em§VVoMm XÿV åhUyZ
_hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr.
H$m±J«ogÀ`m gd© àYmZ_§Í`m§À`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zm _wbVÎddmXmÀ`m g_ñ`oer PJS>mdo bmJbo. \w$Q>radmXr
d¥Îmrda {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gdmªZr à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ago Agbo Var àmXo{eH$ ñVamda d amï´>r`
ñVamda _wbVËddmXr njm§Mm CX` d {dH$mg Pmbm.
XoemÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m±J«ogÀ`m gd© àYmZ_§Í`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`mgm§ Zohê§$Zr {_l
AW©ì`dñVoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Jar~r hQ>mdMm Zmam {Xbm. amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr XoemÀ`m
{dH$mgmgmR>r V§ÌkmZmMr _XV KoVbr. Va Zaqgh amd `m§Zr ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm.
Aem VèhoZo H$m±J«ogÀ`m H$mI§S>mV XoemMm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm.
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1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ.
1) n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§À`m H$m`©H$V©¥ËdmMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.
2) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mo naamï´> YmoaU ñnï> H$am.
3) B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$m`©H$V©¥ËdmMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.
4) amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Mo naaamï´> YmoaU {dfX H$am.
5) amOrd Jm§Yr `m§À`m H$m`©H$V©¥ËdmMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.
6) nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§À`m H$m`m©Mo _wë`_mnZ H$am.
7) nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§Mo naamï´> YmoaU ñnï> H$am.
{Q>nm {bhm.
1) n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Mm A{bßVdmX d n§Merb VÎdo.
2) Zohê$ `m§Mr bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmMr g§H$ënZm.
3) AmUr~mUr
4) B§{Xam Jm§Yr Am{U qgS>rHo$Q> g§Kf©
5) amOrd d lrb§Ho$gmo~VÀ`m dmQ>mKmQ>r
6) nr. ìhr. Zaqgh amd `m§Mo ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU.
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«W
§ :
1) B§{S>`m {gÝg B§{S>n|S>Ýg - {~nrZ M§Ð
2) ^maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr - ^JdVreaU {_lm.
3) ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV - àMm`© `. Zm. H$X_, àm. S>m°. éU ^mogbo
4) ^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU - ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb.
BBB
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KQ>H$ - 2
à_wI amOH$s` nj
- S>m°. {Zdmg daoH$a
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 OZVm nj : _moamaOr XogmB©
2.2.2 OZVm Xb : ìhr. nr. qgJ
2.2.3 ~r. Oo. nr. : AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r
2.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.4 gmam§e
2.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr g§X^© J«§W, `mXr.
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
·
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb à_wI amOH$s` nj g_OyZ KoVm `oB©b.
·
OZVm njmÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m H$maUm§Mr MMm© H$aVm `oB©b.
·
n§VàYmZ _moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
·
OZVm Xb `m njmMr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
·
n§VàYmZ ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
·
^maVr` OZVm nmQ>u `m njmMr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
·
n§VàYmZ AQ>{~bhmar dmOno`r `m§À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
2…1 àñVmdZm :
AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhr amÁ`mV amOH$s` njm§Zm AË`§V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. àm{V{Z{YH$ bmoH$emhr
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / B{Vhmg ....1
amÁ`m§V amOH$s` njm§Zm _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr bmJVo. ^maVmV ~hþnjnÕVr Amho. ^maVmV amï´>r`
nmVirdaMo VgoM àmXo{eH$ ñdê$nmMo {d{dY amOH$s` nj H$m`© H$aVmZm {XgVmV. ^maVmV ~hþnjnÕVr
Agbr Var gwadmVrÀ`m 40 dfmªÀ`m H$mimV H$m±Jgo« hm EH$_od à^mdr d eŠVrembr nj hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrnmgyZ
nwT>o 40 dfm©Mm H$mbI§S> {dMmamV KoVbm Va amï´>r` nmVirda H$m±J«og hm EH$_od à^mdr gÎmmYmar nj åhUyZ
H$m`© H$arV hmoVm. gZ 1977 Vo 1980 `m OZVmnj _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Mm H$m`©H$mbmMm AndmX d 1989 d
1998 Vo 2004 dmOno`r `m§Mm H$m`©H$mbmMm AndmX gmoS>bm Va ^maVmV H$m±J«og à^mdembr nj hmoVm.
epŠVembr Am{U gÎmmYmarnj åhUyZ Am{U ~mH$sMo amOH$s` nj H$_Hw$dV Xþ~©b {damoYrnj åhUyZ AmoiIbo
OmV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVVm EH$njr` bmoH$emhr nÕVr Amho Aer CnhmgmË_H$ Q>rH$m Ho$br OmV Ago. Varhr
`m H$mbI§S>mV ^maVr` amOH$maUmÀ`m B{VhmgmV OZVmnj _moamaOr XogmB©, OZVmXb - ìhr. nr. qgJ d
^mOnm AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r `m§À`m H$maH$sXuMr XIb KoUo C{MV R>aVo. ^maVr` njnÕVrMo ñdê$n EH$njr`
Amho. Agm {ZîH$f© {ZpíMV H$mT>Vm `oV Zmhr. `m g§~§YrV àH$aUm_Ü`o OZVmnj, OZVmXb, ^mOnm `m njm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr, VÎdàUmbr, Ü`o`YmoaUo, H$m`©H«$_ pñWVr d `m njm§Mo ZoV¥Ëd `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
2.2.1 OZVmnmQ>u : _moamOr XogmB© :
B.g. 1977 gmbr OZVm nj ñWmnZ Pmbm Am{U bmoH$g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV XmoZ V¥Vr`m§e OmJm
{_idyZ gÎmmê$T> Pmbm. n§Mdrg df} gÎmoda AgUmam H$m±J«og `m {ZdS>UyH$sV nam^yV Pmbm. OZVm njmÀ`m
CX`m_wio ^maVr` amOH$maUmbm doJio diU bmJbo. g§gXr` emgZ nÕVr Iè`m AWm©Zo gwê$ Pmbr.
gÎmmê$T> OZVm njmbm H$m±J«og nj {damoYr njmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ {damoY H$ê$ bmJbm. na§Vw hm OZVm nj
Ho$di AS>rM dfo© gÎmoda am{hbm. Xþhoar {Zð>m, A§VJ©V Xþhr `m H$maUm_wio hm nj 1980 À`m bmoH$g^oÀ`m
{ZdS>UyH$sV nam^yV Pmbm. VarnU AS>rM dfm©À`m H$mimV OZVmnjmZo gÎmoMo amOH$maU Ho$bo. ^maVr`
amOH$maUmbm doJio diU {_imbo. Voìhm OZVmnjmMm CX` H$gm Pmmbm, Ë`mMr Ü`o` YmoaUo H$moUVr
hmoVr, Ë`mMo H$m`© H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. `m{df`r Aä`mg H$aUo H«$_àmßV R>aVo.
1971 gmbr n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§YrZm bmoH$g^oV {Z{d©dmX ~hþ_V àmßV Pmbo. 1971 Vo 1976 `m
H$mimV B§{Xam Jm§YrZr gÎmoMm Xþén`moJ Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr EH$m{YH$maemhr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z {damoYr amOH$s` njm§Mo
IÀMrH$aU H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. ^«ï>mMmar, Owb_r d¥ÎmrZo amOH$ma^ma Mmby R>odbm. Ë`m_wio H$m±J«og
njm{df`r OZVoV Ag§Vmof dmT>bm. XoemVrb {damoYrnj Am{U {d{dY g§KQ>Zm `m§Zm EH$Ì `odyZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m
EH$m{YH$maemhr {déÕ gd© ^maV^a bT>m gwê$ Pmbm. `mVM OwZ 1975 amoOr Abmhm~mX CÀM
Ý`m`mb`mZo 1971 _Yrb B§{Xam Jm§YtMr bmoH$g^odarb {ZdS> Ad¡Y Amho Agm {ZU©` {Xbm. Ë`m_wio
B§{Xam Jm§YtÀ`m amOrZmå`mMr OmoaXma _mJUr Ho$br. n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmD$ Z`o åhUyZ B§{Xam Jm§YtZr 25
OwZ 1975 amoOr AmUr~mUr Kmo{fV Ho$br. hr AmUr~mUr gw_mao nmdUo XmoZ df} am{hbr. AmUr~mUrÀ`m
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H$mimV ZmJarH$m§À`m _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g§H$moM Pmbm. VgoM {damoYr njmÀ`m hOmamo ZoË`m§Zm Vwé§JmV
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo. 42 ì`m KQ>Zm XþéñVrZo Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$ma g§nwï>mV AmUbo hmoVo. Aem EH$m{YH$maemhr
àñWm{nV H$ê$Z B§{Xam Jm§YrZr g§nyU© Xoemda dMH$ ~g{dbm hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrV ^maVr` OZVm
Amnë`m ~mOyZo H$m¡b XoB©b Aem ImoQ>çm g_OyVrZo Ë`m§Zm Koabo. Ë`mVM Ë`m§Zr 18 OmZodmar 1977 amoOr
bmoH$g^oMr {ZdS>UyH$ KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Am{U Vwé§JmV S>m§~yZ R>odboë`m {damoYr njm§À`m ZoË`m§Zm
gmoSy>Z {Xbo.
OZVm njmMm CX` H$gm Pmbm ho nmhVmZm Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, 18 OmZodmar 1977 amoOr _moamaOr
XogmB© `m§À`m {ZdmgñWmZr (1) g§KQ>Zm H$m±J«og (_moamaOr XogmB©, {ZOqbJßnm, Ho$. H$m_amO, g. H$m.
nmQ>rb) (2) ^maVr` OZg§K (AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r, Eb. Ho$. AS>dmUr, ZmZmOr Xoe_wI), (3)
g_mOdmXr nj (O`àH$me Zmam`U, AmMm`© Za|Ð Xod, AÀ`wVamd nQ>dY©Z, AemoH$ _ohVm, {_Zw _gmZr,
Zm. J. Jmoao, Eg. Eg. Omoer), (4) ^maVr` bmoH$Xb (Mm¡Yar MaUqgJ) `m XoemVrb à_wI njm§Zr
{_iyZ OZVm nj ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm EH$_wIr {ZU©` KoVbm. H$m±J«ogÀ`m EH$m{YH$maemhr {déÕ bT>m
XoÊ`mgmR>r hm nj 23 OmZodmar 1977 amoOr OZVmnj åhUyZ ñWmnZ Pmbm. gmå`dmXr nj gmoSy>Z
O`àH$me Zmam`U `m§Zr XoemVrb à_wI {damoYr njm§Zm EH$Ì AmUyZ OZVm njmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m
_ZmV AZoH$ df} KmoiV Agboë`m {dMmambm _wV© ê$n Ambo. bmoH$emhrdmXr H$m±J«og JQ> d Ð_wH$ nj Am{U
_mŠg©dmXr H$å`w{ZñQ> nj `m§Zr OZVmnjmbm nmR>t~m {Xbm. 1977 À`m bmoH$g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV OZVm
njmbm A^wVnyd© `e {_imbo. OZVmnj d Ë`m§Mo {_Ìnj `m§Zm bmoH$g^oÀ`m 542 n¡H$s 330 OmJm
{_imë`m. H$m±J«ogbm \$ŠV 154 OmJm {_imë`m. n§VàYmZ åhUyZ O`àH$me Zmam`U d AmMm`© Oo. ~r.
H¥$nbmZr `m§Zr _moamaOr XogmB© `m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br d Ë`mZwgma 23 _mM© 1977 amoOr _moamaOr XogmB© ^maVmMo
n{hbo {~Ja H$m±J«ogr n§VàYmZ Pmbo. Mm¡Yar MaUqgJ `m§Zm Cnn§VàYmZ nX XoÊ`mV Ambo.
· nj H$m`©H«$_ :
OZVm njmMm {ZdS>UyH$ H$m`©H«$_ àm_w»`mZo Am§XmobZ H$mimV OZVobm {Xboë`m AmídmgZm§da
AmYmabobm hmoVm. Jm§Yrà{UV bmoH$emhr ho `m H$m`©H«$_mMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. (1) AmUr~mUr aÔ H$aUo, 2)
_wb^yV hŠH$m§Mo ajU H$aUo, 3) 42 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr aÔ H$aUo, 4) d¥ÎmnÌ ñdmV§Í` gwa{jV R>odUo, 5)
A§VJ©V gwajm H$m`Xm aÔ H$ê$Z gd© amOH$s` H¡$Úm§Mr _wŠVVm H$aUo, 6) Jm§YrdmXr VÎdmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo,
7) Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo, 8) eha d IoS>o `m§Vrb {df_Vm Xÿa H$aUo 9) {ZajaVm H$_r H$aUoo,
10) ZmJar hŠH$ Am`moJ Zo_Uo, 11) _mJmgboë`m OmVr O_mVtÀ`m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo, 12) {ó`m§Mo
hŠH$ gwa{jV R>odUo, 13) ^«ï>mMmambm Amim KmbUo.
Aem àH$maMr amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg§~§Yr Ü`o`YmoaUo OZVm njmÀ`m OmhraZmå`mV
g_m{dï> hmoVr. na§Vy `m§Mr nwV©Vm `m njmH$Sy>Z hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. `mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo AZoH$ amOH$s`
nj {_iyZ ~Zboë`m `m njmVrb A§VJ©V H$bh, Xþhoar {Zð>m `m_wio `m njmMo AS>rM dfm©VM {dKQ>Z
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Pmbo. AmnU EH$Ì H$m Ambmo `mMm {dga ZoË`m§Zm nS>bm. _moamaOr XogmB© d Cnn§VàYmZ MaUqgJ
`m§À`m_Ü`o Q>moH$mMo _V^oX hmody bmJbo. MaUqgJmZr OZVm njmV ~§S> nwH$mabo d amOrZmm_ {Xbm. gZ
1979 _Ü`o njm_Ü`o dmX{ddmX A§VJ©V H$bh Iyn dmT>bo. H|$ÐemgZmMo AmgZ S>i_irV Pmbo.
{damoYrnjZoVo `ed§Vamd MìhmU `m§Zr bmoH$g^o_Ü`o A{dídmg R>amd _m§S>bm d AZno{jVnUo A{dídmg
R>amd _§Oya Pmbm. _moamaOr gaH$maZo amOrZm_m {Xbm.
1980 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sV OZVm njmbm 31 OmJm Va OZVm (Eg) d bmoH$Xbmbm 41 OmJm
{_imë`m. H$m±J«og "Am`' njmbm 351 OmJm {_imë`m. nwT>o 1984 gmbr Pmboë`m AmR>ì`m bmoH$g^oÀ`m
{ZdS>UwH$sV OZVm njmbm 11 OmJm Va ^mOnbm Ho$di 2 OmJm {_imë`m hmoË`m. bmoH$Xbmbm 2 OmJm
{_imë`m hmoË`m d H$m±J«og (Eg) njmbm 3 OmJm {_imë`m hmoË`m.
OZVm nj gaH$maÀ`m H$maH$sXu_Ü`o AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© KS>m_moS>r_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr ZD$ amÁ`mV _wXVnyd©
{ZdS>UyH$m qOH$ë`m, amï´>nVtMr {~Z{damoY {ZdS>UyH$ Pmbr. Ë`m_Ü`o Zrb_ g§Ord aoÈ>r `m§Zm {~Z{damoY
{ZdSy>Z AmUbo. 42 dr KQ>Zm aÔ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 44 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr Ho$br. na§Vw ho gd© H$arV AgVmZm
OZVoMm ^«_{Zamg Ho$bm. X{bVm§daMm AË`mMma B. gaH$ma amoIw eH$bo Zmhr. Ym{_©H$ qhgmMma dmT>bo.
XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVrMm doJ _§Xmdbm d _hmJmB© dmT>br. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm AnojoZo nyU© ~hþ_VmZo {ZdSy>Z
{Xboë`m n{hë`m§Xm {~Ja H$m±J«ogr gaH$maMm _wXVrÀ`m AmV eodQ> Pmbm.
· _moamaOr XogmB© (OÝ_ - 29 \o$~«wdmar 1896, _¥Ë`y - 10 E{àb 1995)
_moamaOr XogmB© ho {~Ja H$m±J«ogr n§VàYmZ åhUyZ ^maVXoembm n[apñWVr n[a{MV Amho. Jm§YrdmXr
n[adV©ZdmXr gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V} åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AmoiIbo OmVo. JwOamV_Yrb ~bgmS> {OëhçmV ^Xobr
`oWrb ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mV Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. _w§~B©À`m {dëgZ H$m°boO_YyZ nXdr n`ªVMo {ejU nyU©
Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr emgH$s` godoV àdoe Ho$bm. gZ 1930 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr B§J«O àemgZmV S>oß`wQ>r H$boŠQ>a
åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo. na§Vw 1930 À`m _hmË_m Jm§YrÀ`m g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§J Am§XmobZmV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mgmR>r
gaH$mar ZmoH$arMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. gZ 1932 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm XmoZ df} H$mamdmg ^moJmdm bmJbm. gZ 1937 _Ü`o
Ë`m§Zm XmoZ df} H$mamdmg ^moJmdm bmJbm. gZ 1937 n`ªV Vo JwOamV àXoe H$m±J«og H${_Q>rMo g{Md åhUyZ
H$m_ nm{hbo. gZ 1937, 1946 _Ü`o _w§~B© àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo _§S>imda Vo {ZdSy>Z Jobo hmoVo.
gZ 1952 _Ü`o Vo _w§~B© amÁ`mMo _w»`_§Ìr Pmbo. Ë`m§Mm {Û^m{fH$ amÁ`mbm {damoY hmoVm. g§`wŠV
_hmamï´> MidirMo Am§XmobZ Ë`m§Zr Hw$ebVoZo hmVmiVm Ambo Zmhr. _w§~B© H|$Ðem{gV àXoe ìhmdm `m
{dMmagaUrMo Vo hmoVo. g§`wŠV _hmamï´> MidirÀ`m _moMm©da Jmoir~ma H$aÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr AmXoe {Xbo hmoVo.
Zohê$ _§Ìr _§S>im_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr AW©_§Ìr åhUyZ H$m_ nm{hbo. na§Vw Zohê§$Mr g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`
ZìhVr. Va ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoMo nmR>ramIo hmoVo.
n§{S>V Zohê§$À`m d bmb~hmXÿa emór `m§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va Vo H$m±J«ogMo d[að> ZoVo Agë`m_wio
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n§VàYmZnXmMo à_wI XmdoXma åhUyZ Vo AmKmS>rda hmoVo. B§{Xam Jm§Yr d _moamaOr `m§À`m_Ü`o _V^oX {Z_m©U
Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Vo H$m±J«og _YyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z lr.{Z{OqbJßnm `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr g§KQ>Zm H$m±J«og njm_Ü`o
gm_rb Pmbo. bmoH$g^oV Ë`mdoir g§KQ>Zm H$m±J«og hm à_wI {damoYr nj ~Zbm. O`àH$me Zmam`U `m§À`m
EH$_wIr ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$m±J«ogÀ`m EH$m{YH$maemhr {déÕ d ^«ï>mMmam{déÕ bT>çmV Vo gh^mJr Pmbo. gZ
1975 Vo 77 `m nmD$Zo XmoZ dfm©À`m AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zm H$mamdmg ^moJmdm bmJbm.
gZ 1977 gmbr d`mÀ`m 81 ì`m dfu Ë`m§Zmn§VàYmZnX ^yf{dÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. n§VàYmZ
Pmë`mZ§Va nm{H$ñVmZ d MrZ `m eoOmar Xoemer g§~§Y gwYmaÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. 42 dr KQ>Zm XþþéñVr
Ho$br. Zrb_ g§Ord aoÈ>r `m§Zm amï´>nVr åhUyZ {~Z{damoY {ZdSy>Z AmUbo. nU A§VJ©V H$bh, ^«ï> H$ma^ma
`m_wio H|$ÐemgZmMo AmgU S>i_irV Pmbo d Ë`m§À`mda A{dídmg R>amd _§Oya Pmbm. n§VàYmZnXmdê$Z
Ë`m§Zm nm` CVma ìhmdo bmJbo. g{H«$` amOH$maUmVyZ Vo {Zd¥Îm Pmbo. ^maV gaH$maMm ^maVaËZ d
nmH$sñVmZÀ`m {ZemZ-E-nm{H$ñVmZ Aem XmoÝhr nwañH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV Pmbobo ho EH$_od ^maVr` AmhoV.
d`mÀ`m 99 ì`mdfu Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
_moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m amOH$s` H$ma{H$XuMm AmboI.
·
1) _w§~B© àm§VmMo _w»`_§Ìr
1952 Vo 1957
2) Zohê$ _§Ìr _§S>im_Ü`o AW©_§Ìr
1958 Vo 1963
3) B§{Xam Jm§Yr _§Ìr_§S>im_Ü`o AW©_§Ìr d Cnn§VàYmZ
1967 Vo 1969
4) ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ
1977 Vo 1979
5) {Z`moOZ Am`moJmMo AÜ`j
1977 Vo 1979
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Imbrb {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) ........... _Ü`o OZVm njmMr ñWmnZm nyU© H$am.
A) 1974
~) 1975
H$) 1976
S>) 1977
2) ........... gmbr XoemV B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr AmUr~mUr Omhra Ho$br.
A) 1974
~) 1975
H$) 1976
S>) 1977
3) gZ 1977 _Ü`o ............. ho amï´>nVr åhUyZ {~Z{damoY {ZdSy>Z Ambo.
A) lr. ìhr.ìhr. {Jar
~) S>m°. PmH$sa hþgoZ
H$) ½`mZr P¡bqgJ
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S>) lr.Zr_b g§Ord aoÈ>r
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4) {ZemZ-E-nm{H$ñVmZ hm nm{H$ñVmZMm gdm}ÀM nwañH$ma .......... Zo H$moUË`m n§VàYmZmbm
Jm¡a{dbo Amho.
A) n§{S>V Zohê$
~) bmb~hmXÿa emór H$) B§{Xam Jm§Yr
S>) _moamaOr XogmB©
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) _moamaOr XogmB©
2) O`àH$me Zmam`U
3) 1977 Mr bmoH$g^m {ZdS>UyH$
H$) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao Úm.
1) _moamaOr XogmBªÀ`m H$m_{JarMo _wë`_mZ H$am.
2) OZVm njmÀ`m An`emMr _r_m§gm H$am.
2.2.2 OZVm Xb : ìhr. nr. qgJ
gZ 1987 gmbr ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zr H$m±J«og nj gmoS>ë`mZ§Va H$m±J«ogbm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$
Y_©{Zanoj bmoH$emhrdmXr amOH$s` nj {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm _m§S>br. OZ_moMm©, OZVmnj Am{U
^maVr` bmoH$Xb `m VrZ njm§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z OZVm Xb nj {Z_m©U Ho$bm. `mdoir ìhr. nr. qgJ, M§ÐeoIo
_Yw X§S>dVo, A{OV qgJ, am_H¥$îU hoJS>o, Xodr bmb, {~Oy nQ>Zmg©H$, am_{dbmg nmgdmZ, Om°O© \$Zmª{S>g,
~mnygmho~ H$miXmVo BË`m{X ZoVo _§S>ir EH$Ì `oD$Z hm Zdm nj ñWmnZ Pmbm. 11 E{àb 1989 amoOr
OZVm Xbmbm bmoH$g^oV amOH$s` nj åhUyZ {_imbr. {S>g|~a 1989 À`m Zdì`m bmoH$g^oÀ`m
{ZdS>UyH$sV OZVm Xbmbm 141 OmJm {_imë`m. ^maVr` OZVm njmÀ`m 85 gXñ`m§Zr Am{U S>mì`m
AmKmS>rÀ`m 52 gXñ`m§Zr amï´>r` AmKmS>r gaH$mabm nmR>t~m {Xbm. Ë`m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«og njmbm 197
OmJm {_imë`m. bmoH$g^oV H$m±J«ogM gdm©V _moR>m nj hmoVm. na§Vw H$m±J«og gaH$ma ~Z{dÊ`mg CËgwH$
Zgë`mMo amOrd Jm§YrZr ñnï> Ho$bo. S>mdo nj d ^mOn `m§Zr ìhr.nr. qgJ `m§À`m amï´>r` AmKmS>rbm
gaH$mabm ~mhoê$Z nmR>t~m XoÊ`mMo Omhra Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio 2 {S>g|~a 1989 amoOr OZVm XbmMo {dídZmW
àVmnqgJ ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ Pmbo. Xodrbmb Cnn§VàYmZ Pmbo.
A) amï´>r` _moMm© (AmKmS>r) gaH$maZo _§S>b Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetÀ`m A§_b ~OmdUrbm àmYmÝ`
{Xbo. 22 {S>g|~a 1978 amoOr OZVm gaH$maZo ~r. nr. _§S>i `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Am`moJ {Z`wŠV Ho$bm.
^maVr` g§{dXmZmÀ`m 340(1) 15(4) Am{U 16(4) `m H$b_m§Mm Ý`m`mb`mZo doimodoir bmdbobm AV©
Am{U {Xboë`m {ZU©`mÛmao {dMma H$ê$Z _§S>b Am`moJmZo Amo~rgrÀ`m ì`m»`mZ `mÚm V`ma Ho$ë`m. `m
Am`moJmZo 31 {S>g|~a 1980 amoOr gm_m{OH$ e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m 11 H$gmoQ>çm bmdyZ
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CÎma _mJmgdJu` OmVrMr (Amo~rgr) `mXr V`ma Ho$br. `m `mXrV EHy$U 3743 OmVtMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. `m `mXrV EyU 3743 OmVtMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. _§S>b Am`moJmMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br
AgVm _mJmgdJu` 52% OZVoMo {hV, H$ë`mU hmoUma Amho ho OmUyZ 13 Am°JñQ>, 1990 amoOr ìhr. nr.[
g§J `m§À`m gaH$maZo _§S>b Am`moJmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr A{YgyMZm H$mT>br. Ë`m_wio Xoe^a amIrd
OmJm {damoYr Am§XmobZ, X§Jbr KSy>Z Amë`m. ^maVr` OZVm njmZo Am`moÜ`oVrb am_ _§{Xa C^maUrMm àíZ
nwT>o H$ê$Z "aW`mÌoMm H$m`©H«$_' gwê$ Ho$bm. _mJmgdJu` 52 Q>ŠHo$ OZVoMm nmR>t~m OZVm Xbmbm {_iob
ho AmoiIyZ bmbH¥$îU AmS>dmUr `m§Zr Am`moÜ`m am_ _§{Xa àíZ nwT>o AmUyZ _§S>b Am`moJmbm {damoY Ho$bm.
^mOnmZo VS>OmoS>rMr ^y{_H$m ñdrH$mê$Z gh_VrMo YmoaU R>odmdo `mgmR>r ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zr ~aoM à`ËZ
Ho$bo. na§Vw bmbH¥$îU AmS>dmUr `m§Zr VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm "aW`mÌm' MmbyM R>odbr. n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmD$
Z`o åhUyZ bmbH¥$îU AmS>dmUr `m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VËH$mbrZ CÎma àXoeMo _w»`_§Ìr _wbm`_qgJ
`mXd `m§Zr Am`moÜ`m-am_OÝ_^y_r `m OmJoda H$magodm H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xbr Zmhr. g§~§{YV ^mJmV
144 H$b_mImbr O_md~§Xr bmJy Ho$br hmoVr. Xaå`mZ _§{Xa-_{eXrÀ`m n[agamV bjmdYr bmoH$ O_m
Pmbo. hOmamo H$magodH$ dmXJ«ñV Y_©ñWimH$S>o OmD$ bmJbo. nmobrgm§Zr bmR>r_ma, Jmoir~ma Ho$bm. X§Jbr,
qhgmMma KSy>Z Ambo. _w»`_§Ìr _wbm`_qgJ `mXd d ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zm O~mXma Yê$Z ^mOnmZo amï´>r`
AmKmS>r gaH$maMm nmR>t~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm. {dídZmW àVmnqgJ `m§Zr Amnbr {ZY_u ^y{_H$m {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r
Amnë`m n§VàYmZnXmda nmUr gmoS>bo. 7 Zmoìh|~a 1990 amoOr n§VàYmZ ìhr.nr. qgJ `m§À`m _§Ìr
_§S>im{déÕ A{dídmgmMm R>amd _§Oya Pmbm. _§S>b Am`moJmÀ`m A§_b ~OmdUrgmR>r OZVm XbmZo Ho$boë`m
d ñË`wË` à`ËZmbm ^maVr` amOH$maUmV VmoS> Zmhr. nwT>o 16 Zmoìh|~a 1992 amoOr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m
I§S>nrR>mZo ~hþ_VmZo {Xboë`m {ZU©`mZwgma BVa _mmJgdJu` bmoH$m§gmR>r 27 Q>ŠHo$ OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mda
{eŠH$m_moV©~ Pmbo. OZVmXb Am{U _§S>b Am`moJmMo ZmVo AVwQ> Amho.
~) ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zr H$mí_ra_Yrb ZoVo _wŠVr _h§_X gB©X `m§Zm J¥h_§ÌrnX {Xbo Vo XoemMo n{hbo
_wñbr_ J¥h_§Ìr R>abo. ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zr gÎmmJ«hU Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$mhr {XdgmVM (d {dÚm_mZhr) _w»`_§Ìr
_wŠVr _h§_X gB©X `m§À`m S>m°ŠQ>a é~¡æ`m `m H$Ý`oMo XheVdmÚm§Zr AnhaU Ho$bo. {VÀ`m gwQ>Ho$gmR>r
^maVmÀ`m Vmã`mV Agboë`m H$mhr H$Å>a A{VaoŠ`m§Zm gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mMr AQ> gaH$mabm _mÝ` H$amdr bmJbr.
Ë`m_wio ìhr. nr. qgJ gaH$maMr OZ _mZgmVrb à{V_m S>mJmibr.
H$) n§VàYmZ ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zm H$mí_ra_Yrb XheVdmX d \w$Q>radmX `m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.
n§eO~Mr pñWVr nydunojm OmñV {~KS>bobr Amho. XoemMo J¥h_§Ìr H$mí_raMo AgyZ Vmo àíZ hmVmiÊ`mV
ìhr. nr. qgJ gaH$mabm An`er R>abo. lrb§Ho$V nmR>{dÊ`mV Amboë`m ^maVr` em§{VgoZoÀ`m VwH$S>çm naV
AmUÊ`mMr amOrd Jm§Yr gaH$maZo gwê$ Ho$bobr à{H«$`m ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV nyU© Pmbr.
·
_§Ìr_§S>imVrb _V^oX d M§ÐeIa n§VàYmZ :
ìhr. nr. qgJ _§Ìr_§S>i EH${OZgr ZìhVo. _§Ì123456789012345678901234567890121234567
r_§S>imV ~aoM A§VJ©V _V^oX hmoVo. Am{U Vo
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gmoS>{dÊ`mVM `m gaH$maMr eŠVr doi IM© hmoV hmoVm. M§ÐeoIa d ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§À`m _Ü`o H$_mbrMo
_V^oX hmoVo. amï´>r` AmKmS>rbm {Xbobm nmR>t~m ^mOnZo H$mTy>Z KoVë`mZ§Va OZVm Xbm_Ü`o \y$Q> nS>br. 58
gXñ`m§Zr M§ÐeoIa `m§Mr JQ>ZoVm åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br. bmoH$g^oV ìhr. nr. qgJ gaH$madaMm A{dídmg
R>amd _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm. Vmo 142 {déÕ 346 _Vm§Zr _§Oya Pmbm. n[aUm_V: 7 Zmoìh|~a 1990 amoOr ìhr.
nr. qgJZr Amnë`m gaH$maMm amOrZm_m gmXa Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va M§ÐeoIa `m§Zr H$m±J«ogÀ`m nmR>tã`mZo gaH$ma
~Z{dbo 10 Zmoìh|~a 1990 amoOr M§ÐeoIa n§VàYmZ Pmbo. 5 _mM© 1991 amoOr H$m±J«ogZo M§ÐeoIa `m§À`m
gaH$maMm nmR>r§~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm d ho gaH$ma H$mogibo. CÎmanXoe, h[a`mUm amOñWmZ, JwOamW, {~hma `m
amÁ`mV gZVm XbmMm {deof à^md nS>bm hmoVm.
1991 gmbr 10 ì`m bmoH$g^oMr {ZdS>UyH$ hmoD$Z OZVm Xbmbm 60 OmJm {_imë`m. 1996 À`m
11 ì`m bmoH$g^oV OZVm Xbmbm Ho$di 46 OmJm {_imë`m. Xaå`mZ OZVm XbmVrb Ooð> ZoË`mV
ì`pŠVJV amJmnmoQ>r _V^oX, g§Kf© gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. 1996 gmbr g§`wŠV AmKmS>rMo gaH$ma gÎmodê$Z `oD$Z
OZVm XbmMo XodoJm¡S>m ho n§VàYmZ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr n§VàYmZ Pmë`mZ§Va am_H¥$îU hoJS>o `m§Zm njmVyZ ~S>V\©$
Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio am_H¥$îU hoJS>o `m§Zr bmoH$eŠVr hm Zdm nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm. nwT>o 1997 gmbr `mM njmMo
B§ÐHw$_ma JwOamb n§VàYmZ Pmbo. {~hma_Ü`o OZVm XbmÀ`m AÜ`jnXm{df`r bmbyàgmX AmVU eaX `mXd
`m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmbm. `m g§Kfm©VyZ bmbyàgmX `m§Zr ñdV:Mm amï´>r` OZVm Xb ZmdmMm nj H$mT>bm.
Amo[agm_Ü`o OZVm Xbm_Ü`o \w$Q> nSy>Z ZdrZ {~Oy nQ>ZmB©H$ `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§À`m _wbmZo ZdrZ nQ>Zmg©H$
`m§Zr {~Oy OZVm Xb ZmdmMm ZdrZ nj H$mT>bm. 1998 _Ü`o bmby àgmX `mXd d {ZVre Hw$_ma
`m§Mmg§Kf© namH$moQ>rbm Jobm Am{U {ZVreHw$_ma d Om°O© \$Zm©{S>g `m§Zr g_Vm nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm. AmO
OZVmXb njmVrb _mVã~a _§S>ir {dIwaboë`m AmhoV. {d{dY njmV {dKQ>Z Pmbobo Amho. bmoH$eŠVr,
amï´>r` OZVmXb, {~OyOZVmXb, g_mOdmXr OZVm Xb, g_mOdmXr nj, {H$gmZ _Oyanj, h[a`mZm
bmoH$Xb, g_Vmnj, OZVmXb goŠ`wba, g§`wŠV OZVmXb, bmoH$ OZeŠVr Ago {d{dY nj {Z_m©U hmoD$Z
OZVm XbmMm à^md H$_r Pmbobm Amho.
· OZVm XbmMr Ü`o` YmoaUo :
OZVm XbmÀ`m Om{haZmå`mV gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mda A{YH$ ^a {Xbm hmoVm. Y_©{ZanojVm, gm_m{OH$
Ý`m`, gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU, g§KamÁ`mMo ñW¡`© `m Jmoï>tZm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m njmV àm_w»`mZo 1)
eoVr_mbmg `mo½` ^md {_idyZ XoUo, 2) g§{dYmZ {demoYZmÛmao amIrd OmJoMo à_mU 50% nojm OmñV
H$aUo. 3) _{hbmgmR>r 33 Q>ŠHo$ OmJm amIrd R>odUo, 4) àgma _mÚ_m§Zm ñdm`Îmm XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm emgH$s`
{Z`§ÌUmnmgyZ _wŠV H$aUo, 5) g§KamÁ`mÀ`m ñW¡`m©gmR>r KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zm OmñV A{YH$ma XoUo, 6) {ejUmMm
A{YH$ma hm _wb^yV hŠH$ H$aUo, 7) ^maVr` AW©ì`dñVm ñdmdb§~r ~Z{dUo BË`mXr.
· {dídZmW àVmn qgJ (1939 Vo 2008) :
ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Mm OÝ_ 25 OyZ 1931 amoOr 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
Abmhm~mX _Ü`o EH$m O_rZXma Hw$Qy>§~mV Pmbm.
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Ë`m§Mo {ejU ~Z©b ~mD$Z, H|${~«O ñHy$b, S>ohamSy>Z, CX`àVmn H$m°boO, dmamUgr Am{U \$½`w©gZ H$m°boO
nyUo `oWo Pmbo. Vo H$m`ÚmMo nXdrYa hmoVo. VgoM \$½`wgZ H$m°boO_XÿZ Ë`m§Zr ^m¡{VH$emó {df`mMr nXdr
g§nmXZ Ho$br. AUweók hmoD$Z g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr BÀN>m hmoVr.
Odmhabmb Zohê§$À`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr CÎma àXoeÀ`m ñWm{ZH$ amOH$maUmV àdoe Ho$bm. gZ 1969
Vo 71 `m H$mimV Vo CÎma àXoe {dYmZg^m gXñ` hmoVo. gZ 1971 Vo H$m±J«og V\}$ bmoH$g^oda Jobo. gZ
1980 Vo 1982 `m H$mimV Vo CÎma àXoeMo _w»`_§Ìr hmVo. _w»`_§Ìr nXmMr Ë`m§Mr H$ma{H$X© A`eñdr
R>abr. gZ 1983 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mm H|$Ðr` _§Ìr_§himV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gZ 1984-87 `m
H$mbmdYrV amOrd JmYtÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>im_Ü`o AW©_§Ìr hmoVo. amOrd Jm§YtÀ`m _§Ìr_§himV {dÎm _§Ìr
Agboë`m {dídZmW àVmnqgJ `m§Mr àVð>m d bmoH${à`Vm n§VàYmZ nojm C§Mmdbr Agë`mMm hm H$mi
hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m_wio Aem pñWVrV Ë`m§À`mH$S>rb AW©ImVo H$mTy>Z amOrd Jm§Yr `m§Zr 1987 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm
g§ajU _§Ìr åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. g§ajU_§Ìr nXmMm Ëu`m§Mm H$m`©H$mb dmXJ«ñV R>abm. nmU~wS>çm IaoXr
ì`dhma ~mo\$mog© àH$aU `m~Ôb Ë`m§Zr Jm§Yr KamÊ`mda ~oNw>Q> Amamon Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm à{gÕr {_imbr.
{damoXH$m§Zr Ë`mMm \$m`Xm KoVbm. 1987 gmbr Vo H$m±J«og_YyZ ~mhoa nS>bo Am{U ^«ï>mMmamer bT>Ê`mÀ`m
_wÚmda Ë`m§Zr OZ_moMm©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`mVyZM 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1988 amoOr OZVmXbmMm OÝ_ Pmbm.
^maVr` OZVm nmQ>uÀ`m nmR>tã`mda Vo 9 ì`m bmoH$g^oV Vo ^maVmMo AmR>do n§VàYmZ ~Zbo (2 {S>g|~a
1989) ^maVmVrb AmKmS>çm§Mo amOH$maUm§Mo OZH$ _mZbo OmUmao ìhr. nr. qgJm§Mr n§VàWmZ nXmMr
H$maH$sX© hm dmXJ«ñV d A`eñdr H$mi R>abm. Ë`m§À`mda Hw$Q>rb ñd^mdmMo H$_Omoa Am{U amOZ¡{VH$
An[anŠdVm Agm {eŠH$m eodQ>n`ªV am{hbm gZ 1991 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sZ§Va g{H«$` amOH$maUmVyZ
{Zd¥Îm Pmbo. 27 Zmoìh|~a, 2008 amoOr Ë`m§Mo {Xëbr `oWo H$H©$amoJmZo {ZYZ Pmbo.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) Imbrb {Xboë`m `mo½` n`m©`mVyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.
1) OZ_moMm©Mr ñWmnZm ............. `m§Zr Ho$br.
A) amOrd Jm§Yr
~) ìhr. nr. qgJ
H$) M§ÐeoIa
S>) _moamaOr XogmB©
2) ............. ho OZVm XbmMo AÜ`j hmoVo.
A) M§ÐeoIa ~) EZ. Q>r. am_mamd
H$) ìhr. nr. qgJ
S>) bmby `mXd
3) _§S>b Am`moJmMr Zo_UyH$ ............... gaH$maZo Ho$br.
A) OZVmXb ~) H$m±J«og
H$) OZVmnj
S>) amï´>r` AmKmS>r
4) gZ 1989 À`m Zdì`m bmoH$g^oV .............. hm nj gdm©V _moR>m nj hmoVm.
A) H$m±J«og ~) OZVm Xb H$)
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S>) H$å`w{Zï> nj
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~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) OZVm Xb
2) ìhr. nr. qgJ
3) _§S>b Am`moJ
H$) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) {dídZmW àVmnqgJ `m§À`m amï´>r` amOH$maUmVrb H$m_{JarMo _wë`_mnZ H$am.
2) OZVmXb njmMr ñWmnZm d gaH$maÀ`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
2.2.3 ^maVr` OZVm nj : AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r
(Bhartiya Janata Party : Atal Bihari
Vajpeyi) :
· ^maVr` OZVm nj :
^maVr` OZVm njmMo _wi OZg§K Zm_H$ njmV Agë`m_wio AmYr Ë`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo JaOoMo
Amho. 1925 gmbr "amï´>r` ñd`§godH$ g§K' `m qhXþËddmXr g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm S>m°. hoJS>odma `m§Zr Ho$br.
gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV g§KmMo H$m`© _hmamï´> d AmOw~mOwMm H$mhr àXoe `mnwaVo _`m©{XV hmoVo. nU 1940
Z§Va g§KmÀ`m emIm XoemV {R>H${R>H$mUr gwê$ Pmë`m. g§Kmer {Zð>m R>odUmao H$m`©H$V} àMmaH$ {d{dY
amÁ`mV Z_m©U Pmbo. amï´>r` ñd`§godH$ g§KmÀ`m {dMmagaUrVyZ OZg§K hm amOH$s` nj CX`mbm Ambm.
8 E{àb 1950 amoOr Zohê$-{b`mH$V H$ama Pmbm. Ë`mAÝd`o R>abo H$s, nm{H$ñVmZmVrb Aën
g§»`m§H$m~m~V ^maV gaH$ma H$moUVmM hŠH$ gm§Jy eH$Uma Zmhr. gaH$maMr hr ^y{_H$m Z AmdSy>Z S>m°.
í`m_màgmX _wIOvZr _§ÌrXmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm Am{U 21 Am©ŠQ>mo~a, 1951 amoOr {Xëbr `oWo amÁ`mVyZ
Amboë`m 500 à{V{ZYr g_moa Ë`m§Zr OZg§K `m Zì`m njmMr ñWmnZm Omhra Ho$br. H$m±J«ogMr YmoaUo hr
^maVmbm {dKQ>ZmH$S>o ZoV AmhoV; {VÀ`m hþHy$_emhr d¥Îmrda A§Hw$e Mmb{dUmam g_W© {damoYr nj AmO
ApñVËdmV Zmhr. Xoembm AmO Zì`m amOH$s` njmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho, Omo XoemVrb EH$ ZdrZ
H$m`©H«$_, ZdrZ AmXe© d A{YH$ gm_Ï`m©Mm _§Ì Xody eHo$b. amï´>r` ñd`§godH$ g§KmV H$m`© Ho$bobo AZoH$
Vê$U OZg§KmV gm_rb Pmbo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV OZg§Kmbm {ZdS>UwH$m§_Ü`o \$mago _moR>o `e g§nmXZ H$aVm Ambo
Zmhr. ^maVmVrb H$moUË`mhr amÁ`mV `m H$mimV hm nj gÎmm àmßV H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr. _mÌ CÎma
^maVmVrb qhXr ^m{fH$ CÎma àXoe, _Ü`àXoe, {h_mMb àXoe Am{U amOñWmZ, JwOamV `m nÅ>çm_Ü`o
Amnbm `m njmZo bjUr` à^md {Z_m©U Ho$bobm hmoVm.
gZ 1975 gmbr B§{XamOrZr XoemV Am{U~mUr Omhra Ho$br. {damoYr njm§À`m AZoH$ ZoË`m§Zm Vwé§JmV
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~§{XñV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mV OZg§KmMo AZoH$ ZoVo hmoVo. 1977 gmbr {ZdS>UyH$m Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amë`m
Voìhm à_wI {damoYr njm§Zr {_iyZ "OZVm nj' `m Zì`m njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Á`m njm§Zr {_iyZ OZVm
njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Ë`mV OZg§KmMm à_wI g_mdoe hmoVm. 1977 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV OZVm njmÀ`m
bmoH$g^oV ~hþ_V {_imbo Am{U Vmo nj gÎmmê$T> Pmbm. nyduÀ`m OZg§KmMo AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r,
bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr, ZmZmOr Xoe_wI BË`mXr ZoVo OZVm njmÀ`m _§{Ì_§S>im_Ü`o gm_rb Pmbo. OZVmnjmMm
à`moJ \$ma H$mi {Q>H$bm Zmhr. OZVm njmVrb H$moUË`mhr g§gX-gXñ`mZo amï´>r` ñd`§godH$ g§KmÀ`m
X¡Z§{XZ H$m`m©V ^mJ KoD$ Z`o Agm OZVm njmÀ`m g§gXr` g{_VrZo R>amd Ho$bm. Ë`mVyZ OZVm njmV \y$Q>
nS>br. nyduÀ`m OZg§KmMo ZoVo, H$m`©H$V} OZVm njmVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo Am{U Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` OZVm nj `m
Zì`m njmMr 1980 gmbr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
· ñWmnZm d dmQ>Mmb :
1980 gmbr OZg§KmMo ZoVo H$m`©H$V} OZVm njmVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo Am{U Ë`m§Zr AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r
`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ^maVr` OZVm njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm, bmoH$emhr, ^mdmË_H$,
Y_©{ZanojVm, Jm§YrdmXr g_mOdmX Am{U _yë`m{Y{ð>V amOH$maU `m VÎdm§er Zì`m njmMr ~m§YrbH$s
Agë`mMo Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ho$di gÎmmñnYm© Z H$aVm H$mhr R>mog VÎdo Am{U amï´>r` Ü`o`o g_moa R>odyZ
EH$ amï´>ì`mnr _V¡Š` (Z°eZb H$m°ÝgoÝgg) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr à{Vkm ^mOnZo Ho$br. \°${gP_ d A{Yg^mdmX
`m§À`m {déÕ bT>m XoÊ`mMm g§H$ën `m njmZo gmoS>bm hmoVm.
1984 gmbr Ë`mdoiÀ`m n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Mr Ë`m§À`m gwajmajH$m§Zr hË`m Ho$br. Ë`mdoir
Pmboë`m {ZdS>UwH$sV H$m±J«ogÀ`m ~mOwZo ghmZw^yVrMr bmQ> hmoVr. H$m±J«ogbm Ë`m_wio bmoH$g^oV àM§S> ~hþ_V
{_imbo. ^mOnmbm Ho$db 2 OmJm {_imë`m hmoË`m. na§Vw 1989 À`m 9 ì`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV ^mOnZo
85 OmJm {_idyZ Amnbm à^md dmT>{dbm. bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr `m§À`mH$S>o njmMr gyÌo Amë`mZ§Va
njmÀ`m Ü`o` YmoaUmV d H$m`©H«$_mV \$aH$ nS>bm. {Xëbr, {h_mMb àXoe, JwOamV, amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe,
_hmamï´> Aem amÁ`mV OZVm njmMm à^md dmT>V Jobm. 1989 gmbr ^maVr` OZVm njmZo ìhr. nr. qgJ
`m§À`m amîQ´>r` _moÀ`m© gaH$mabm ~mhoê$Z nmR>t~m {Xbm. ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§À`m _§{Ì_§S>imV ^mOn gm{_b
Pmbm Zmhr. 11 _{hÝ`m§À`m H$ma{H$XuZ§Va ^maVr` OZVm njmZo amï´>r` _moMm© gaH$maMm (ìhr. nr. qgJ,
gaH$ma) nmR>t~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm. ^maVr` OZVm njmMo AÜ`j bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr `m§Zr aW `mÌm,
H$magodm, erbmÝ`mg Aer Midi gwê$ Ho$ë`m_wio ìhr. nr. qgJ AS>MUrV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr aW`mÌobm
{damoY Ho$bm. Xaå`mZ, bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr `m§Zm AQ>H$ Pmë`m_wio ^maVr` OZVm njmZo amï´>r` _moMm©
gaH$maMm nmR>t~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm.
1991 À`m 10 ì`m bmoH$g^oV ^mOnmbm 180 OmJm {_imë`m _Vm§Mo à_mU 24.85% hmoVo.
^maVr` OZVm njmMo ZoVo AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r `m§Zr {_Ì njm§Mo ghH$m`© KoD$Z gaH$ma ~Z{dbo. `mdoir
^mOnmZo AÊUmÐ_wH$, V¥U_yb H$m±J«og d VobJw Xog_, {edgoZm, AH$mbr Xb `m njm§Mm nmR>t~m KoD$Z
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"amï´>r` bmoH$emhr AmKmS>r' - ambmoAm (National Democratic Alliance - NDA) Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
Am{U AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Amnbo gaH$ma ~Z{dbo. na§Vw {_Ìnjm§Vrb A§VJ©V
dmXm_wio dmOno`tÀ`m `m gaH$mabmhr \$ma H$mi ñW¡`© bm^bo Zmhr. O`b{bVm `m§À`m AÊUm Ð_wH$ njmZo
ambmoAm _YyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z dmOno`r gaH$maMm nmR>t~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm. Ë`m_wio dmOno`r gaH$ma Aën_VmV
Ambo 17 E{n«b 1999 amoOr gaH$ma g§gXoV {dídmgXe©H$ R>amd _§Oya H$ê$ eH$bo Zmhr. dmOno`r
gaH$maMm `mdoir \$ŠV EH$m _VmZo nam^d Pmbm d gaH$ma nS>bo. AemàH$mao dmOno`r `m§Mm H$m`©H$mb
\$ŠV 13 _{hÝ`m§Mm R>abm. `m H$mimV dmOno`r gaH$maZo AmpÊdH$ MmMÊ`m nmoIaU `oWo KS>dyZ AmUë`m.
1999 _Ü`o nm{H$ñVmZ ~amo~a g§~§Y gwYmaÊ`mgm§ amOZ¡{VH$ em§Vr à{H«$`obm JVr {Xbr. {Xëbr bmohma ~g
`mÌm gwê$ Ho$br `mM gaH$maÀ`m H$mimV H$ma{Jb g§Kf© (1999) _Ü`o KSy>Z Ambm. nm{H$ñVmZZo ^maVmV
H$mí_ra Imoè`mV KwgImoar Ho$br. dmOno`r `m§Zr H$mí_ra_Yrb A{VaoH$s H$madm`m§Mm {~_moS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r
bîH$amH$adr "Am°naoeZ {dO`' hr _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr, AË`§V à{VHw$b n[apñWVrV gw_mao VrZ _{hZo
geó g§Kfm©_Ü`o ^maVmZo nm{H$ñVmZMm nam^d Ho$bm. nm{H$ñVmZZo ^maVr` àXoemVyZ _mKma KoVbr.
H$ma{JbÀ`m {dO`m_wio n§VàYmZ dmOno`r `m§Mr OZ_mZgmVrb à{V_m COiyZ {ZJmbr. Ë`m§À`m YmS>gr d
g_W© ZoV¥ËdmMr Xoe^a àe§gm Pmbr.
1999 À`m 13 ì`m bmoH$g^oV ^mOnmbm 182 OmJm {_imë`m d ^mOnmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr amï´>r`
bmoH$emhr AmKmS>rbm (ambmoAm NDA) bmoH$g^oÀ`m EHy$U 543 n¡H$s 303 OmJmda {dO` {_imbm.
Ë`m_wio dmOno`r ^maVmMo {Vgè`m§Xm n§VàYmZ Pmbo. `m {ZdS>UyH$m§da H$maJrbÀ`m ^maV {dO`mMm à^md
nS>bm. `mdoir g§gXoV ambmoAmÀ`m (NDA) {Z{d©dmX ~hþ_Vm_wio pñWa gaH$ma gÎmoda Ambo. (gZ 1999
Vo 2004) hm H$mbmdYr dmOno`r gaH$maZo `eñdr nma nmS>bm. `m H$mimV dmOno`r gaH$maZo Am{W©H$
gwYmaUm, nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg, naamï´> ì`dhma BË`mXr joÌmV C„oIZr` H$m_Jrar ~Omdbr. na§Vw
H$mhr H${R>U noM àg§Jmbm `m gaH$mabm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. `m_Ü`o {d_mZ AnhaU àH$aU ({S>g|~a
1999), g§gXoda XheVdmXr hëbm (13 {S>g|~a 2001) 2002 gmbm_Yrb JwOamV _Yrb X§Jb, `m gd©
~XZm_rH$maH$ àH$aUm§Zm d KmoQ>miçm§Zm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. naamï´> YmoaUm§Zm KmoQ>miçm§Zm gm_moao Omdo
bmJbo. naamï´> YmoaUm_Ü`o dmOno`r `m§Zr A_o[aH$m, nm{H$ñVmZ, MrZ `m Xoem§er amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y H$m¡eë`mZo
hmVmibo. A_o[aHo$Mo AÜ`j {~b pŠb¨Q>Z (_mM© 2000) nm{H$ñVmZMo AÜ`j OZab nadoO _wea©\$ `m§Zr
^maVmbm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. Owb¡ 2003 _Ü`o dmOno`r `m§Zr MrZbm ^oQ> {Xbr. dmOno`r `m§Zr ^maVr`
AW©ì`dñWobm Zdg§OrdZr {Xbr. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ, nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm Pmbobm {dH$mg, ì`mnma Am{U
Jw§VdUyH$s_wio XoemMm {dH$mg Pmbm.
· 2004 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m :
Zmoìh|~a, {S>g|~a, 2003 _Ü`o amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe Am{U N>ÎmrgJS> amÁ`m§V Pmboë`m {dYmZg^m
{ZdS>UyH$sV ^maVr` OZVm njmbm _moR>m {dO` {dO` {_imbm. Ë`mdê$Z XoemVrb _VXmam§Mr gaH$mabm
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AZwH$bVm Amho. Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm. XoemVrb OZVoÀ`m `m H${WV AZwHy$b _mZ{gH$VoMm (Feel good
factor) \$m`Xm H$ê$Z KoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo gÎmmYmar ^mOnZo _wXVrnyduM 13 dr bmoH$g^m ~aImñV H$ê$Z
bmoH$g^oÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m Omhra Ho$ë`m. ^mOnZo B§{S>`m em`qZJ `m KmofUoZr (Slogan) OmoaXma
àMma Ho$bm. na§Vw àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sV ambmoAmMo (NDA) Mo bmoH$g^oVrb g§»`m~i {Zåå`mZo KQ>bo.
^mOnmbm `m {ZdS>UyH$sV 134 OmJm {_imë`m. _Vm§Mr Q>ŠHo$dmar hmoVr 22.16 H$m±J«og bmoH$g^oVrb
gdm©V _moR>m nj R>ê$Z H$m±J«ogZo AZoH$ bhmZ njm§Zm ~amo~a KoD$Z "g§`wŠV nwamoJm_r AmKmS>r' gnwAm
(United Progressive Alliance - UPA) Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgJ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr
gaH$ma ~Z{dbo. AemàH$mao gZ 1980 Vo 2004 `m dmOno`r `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ^mOnmMr dmQ>Mmb
nmhV AgVmZm Ho$di H|$Ðm_Ü`oM Zìho Va AZoH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`m§V EH$ à~i amOH$s` nj åhUyZ àñWm{nV
Pmbm. {_Ìnjm~amo~a AmKmS>r H$ê$Z qH$dm ñWi ~imda XoemVrb AZoH$ amÁ`mV H|$Ðm_Ü`o hm nj
gÎmmê$T> Pmbm. 2 OmJmdê$Z AmO nyU© ~hþ_Vmn`ªV hm nj H|$Ðm_Ü`o pñWa Pmbm Amho. Za|Ð _moXr `m
njmMo n§VàYmZ AmhoV. Joë`m 25 dfm©_Ü`o Xoem_Ü`o n{hë`m§XmM EH$m njmbm nyU© ~hþ_V àmßV Pmbo
Amho.
· ^mOnmMr VÎdàUmbr YmoaUo d H$m`©H«$_ :
^maVr` OZVm njmZo bmoH$emhrdarb {Zð>m ì`ŠV Ho$br AgyZ gd© àH$maÀ`m \°${gñQ> d hþHy$_emhr
àd¥ÎmtZm {damoY Ho$bm Amho. Ym{_©H$ joÌmV `m njmZo "hmoH$mamË_H$' Y_© {ZanojVm' ho VÎd nwañH$m[abo Amho.
XoemÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoVyZ àmßV Pmboë`m Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mr nwZ©ñWmnZm ìhmdr, Ë`m_wio
amï´>r` EH$mË_Vm ~iH$Q> hmoB©b Aer `m njmMr YmaUm Amho. `mM ~amo~a "g_mZ ZmJar H$m`Xm A§_bmV
AmUÊ`m~m~V hm nj AmJ«hr Amho. Am{W©H$ joÌmV CXmarH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUmMm hm nj g_W©H$ Amho.
· H$m`©H«$_ :
amï´>r` gwajobm YmoH$m {Z_m©U AgUmè`m Xoem§VJ©V d Xoem~mhoarb àd¥ÎmtMm ~r_moS> Ho$bm nm{hOo,
emgZ `§ÌUm hr H$m`©j_ d nmaXeu Agbr nm{hOo, Am`moÜ`oV am__§Xra ~m§YUo, am_goVwbm YŠH$m Z
bmdVm goVy-g_wÐ_ àH$ën nyU© H$aUo, Oå_w H$mí_ragmR>r Img VaVyX AgUmao KQ>ZoVrb 370 do H$b_
aÔ H$aUo. XheVdmX {damoYmV H$S>H$ H$m`Xm A_bmV AmUUo. àË`oH$ ZmJarH$mbm AmoiInÌ XoUo. naXoer
KwgImoam§Zm Xoem~mhoa Kmb{dUo B. H$m`©H«$_ AmhoV.
· AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r :
^maVr` amOH$maUmVrb ^rî_ {nVm_h åhUyZ _mOr n§VàYmZ AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r `m§Zm AmoiIbo
OmVo. A{Ve` gd© gm_mÝ` Aem _Ü`àXoem_Yrb ½dmëhoa `oWrb ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mV 25 {S>g|~a 1924 amoOr
`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. ½dmëhoaÀ`m pìhŠQ>mo[a`m H$m°boO_YyZ Ë`m§Zr nXdr KoVbr Va H$mZnyaÀ`m X`mZ§X A°½bmo
H$m°boO_YyZ amÁ`emó {df`mVyZ E_. E. Mr nXdr àmßV Ho$br. Vo EH$ CÎm_ H$dr AmhoV. gwê$dmVrbm
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H$mhr H$mi nÌH$ma åhUyZhr Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo Amho.
· amOH$s` àdmgmMr gwê$dmV :
amOH$maUmer dmOno`r `m§Mm n{hbm g§~§Y gZ 1942 _Ü`o ^maV N>moS>mo MidirÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ambm
`m Am§XmobZm_Ü`o Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$hr Ombr hmoVr. gZ 1947 _Ü`o Vo amï´>r` ñd`§godH$ g§KmMo nyU©doi H$m`©H$V}
åhUOo àMmaH$ ~Zbo. Z§Va Vo bdH$aM í`m_ àgmX _wIOu d n`m©`mZo ^maVr OZg§KmÀ`m g§nH$m©V Ambo.
^maVr` OZg§KmMo ZoVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr H$maH$sX© gwê$ Pmbr. gZ 1957 _Ü`o dmOno`r àW_ bmoH$g^oda
~bam_nya _YyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambo. bmoH$g^oVrb Ë`m§À`m dŠV¥ËdmZo VËH$mbrZ n§VàYmZ Odmhabmb Zohê$
à^m{dV Pmbo hmoVo d dmOno`r EHo$ {Xder ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ hmoVrb. Ago ^mH$sVhr n§. Zohê§$Zr Ho$bo hmoVo.
gZ 1968 _Ü`o Vo OZg§KmMo amï´>r` AÜ`j Pmbo. gZ 1957 Vo 1977 `m H$mbmdYrV Vo OZg§KmÀ`m
g§gXr` JQ>mMo ZoVo hmoVo.
gZ 1975 Vo 1977 `m H$mimV B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Omhra Ho$boë`m A§VJ©V AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV
BVa {damoYr ZoË`m§à_mUo dmOno`rZmhr AQ>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
gZ 1977 gmbr bmoH$g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$m Omhra Pmë`m. Ë`mdoir O`àH$me Zmam`U `m§À`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr H$m±J«og {déÕ gd© {damoYj nj EH$OwQ> Pmbo. Ë`m_Ü`o dmOno`r `m§Mm OZg§Khr gm_rb Pmbm.
AZoH$ {damoYr njm§Mm {_iyZ OZVm nj V`ma Pmbm. 1977 À`m bmoH$g^m {ZdS>UwH$sV OZVm njmbm
~hþ_V {_imë`mZ§Va V`ma Pmboë`m _moamaOr XogmB© _§Ìr_§S>im_Ü`o AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r naamï´> _§Ìr hmoVo.
XoemMo naamï´> _§Ìr `m ZmË`mZo Ë`m§Zr g§`wŠV amï´>g§KmÀ`m OZab Ag|ãbrV qhXrVyZ ^mfU Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mm D$a A{^_mZmZo ^ê$Z Ambm.
· ^mOnmMr ñWmnZm :
gZ 1980 _Ü`o bmoH$g^oÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV OZVm njmMm nam^d Pmë`mZ§Va OZVm njmMo
{dKQ>Z Pmbo. gZ 1980 _Ü`o Vo OZVm njm_YyZ ~mhoa nS>bo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` OZVm njmMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. 1984 À`m bmoH$g^m {ZdS>UwH$sV ^mOnmbm Ho$di 2 OmJm àmßV Pmë`m. Ë`m XmoZ OmJonmgyZ Vo
182 OmJm n`ªV bmoH$g^o_Ü`o `m njmZo _Ob _mabr d H|$Ðm_Ü`o {~Ja H$m±J«ogr pñWa gaH$ma Ë`m§Zr
Xoembm {Xbo. VrZ doim n§VàYmZ Pmboë`§m dmOno`r `m§Zr Am§Vaamï´>r` d amï´>r` amOH$maUmV Amnbm doJim
R>gm C_Q>{dbm. "amï´>r` _hm_mJ© {dH$mg àH$ën' Am{U "n§VàYmZ _§Ìr J«m_gS>H$ `moOZm' VgoM "gd©{ejm
A{^`mZ' `m Ë`m§À`m H$ma{H$Xu_Yrb JmOboë`m d `eñdr `moOZm hmoË`m.
dmOno`r `m§Mm amOH$s` H$maH$sXuMm AmboI
1) 10 do n§VàYmZ 16 _o 1996 Vo 10 OyZ 1996
2) 13 do n§VàYmZ 19 _mM© 1998 Vo 13 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1999
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3) 14 do n§VàYmZ - 13 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1999 Vo 22 _o 2004.
4) ^maVmMo naamï´>_§Ìr - 19 _mM© 1998 Vo 5 {S>g|~a 1998
5) ^mOnm AÜ`j - 1980 Vo 1986
6) ^maVr` OZVmnj g§gXr` XbmMo ZmVo - 1980-84-86-93-96
7) 11 ì`m bmoH$g^oVrb {damoYrnj ZoVo
dmOno`r `m§Zm {_imbobo nwañH$ma
1) gZ 1992 - nÙ{d^yfU nwañH$ma.
2) gZ 1993 - {S>. {bQ> H$mZnya {díd{dÚmb`
3) gZ 1994 - bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$ nwañH$ma
4) gZ 1994 - CËH¥$ï> g§gXnQy> nwañH$ma
5) gZ 2014 - ^maV aËZ nwañH$ma
6) gZ 2015 - ~m§JbmXoe gaH$maMm à{Vð>oMm _wpŠVg§J«m_ gÝ_mZ nwañH$ma.
· ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
A) Imbrb {Xboëu`m n`m©`m_YyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.
1) ^maVr` OZVm njmMr ñWmnZm .......... _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) 1975
~) 1977
H$) 1979
S>) 1980
2) ^maVr` OZVm njmMo n{hbo AÜ`j ........... ho hmoVo.
A) bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr
~) AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r
H$) ZmZmgmho~ Xoe_wI
S>) _moamaOr XogmB©
3) dmOno`r EH$ {Xdg ^maVmMo n§VàYmZ hmoVrb Ago ^m{H$V ........... `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho.
A) B§{Xam Jm§Yr
~) n§{S>V Zohê$
H$) bmb~hmXþa emór
S>) _moamaOr XogmB©
4) .......... `m§Zr dmOno`r "^maVr` amOH$maUmVrb ^rî_ {nVm_h' Ago dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.
A) S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgJ
~) S>m°. _wabr _Zmoha Omoer
H$) bmbH¥$îU AS>dmUr,
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S>) ì`§H$ßnm Zm`Sy>
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~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1) ^maVr` OZm nj
2) AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r
3) ^mOnmMr H$m`©H«$_ d YmoaUo
H$) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1) dmOno`tÀ`m H$m_{JarMo _wë`_mnZ H$am.
2) ^mOnmMr ñWmnZm d dmQ>Mmb g{dñVa _m{hVr Úm?
2.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
1) (S>) 1977
2) (~) 1975
3) (S>) lr. Zrb_ g§Ord aoÈ>r
4) (S>) _moamaOr XogmB©
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
1) (~) ìhr. nr. qgJ
2) (H$) ìhr. nr. qgJ
3) (H$) OZVm nj
4) (A) H$m±Jgo«
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
1) (S>) 1980
2) (~) AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r
3) (~) n§{S>V Zohê$
4) (A) _Z_mohZ qgJ
2.4 gmam§e :
AmYy{ZH$ bmoH$emhr_Ü`o amOH$s` njm§Zm AË`§V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV
^maVr` njr` nÔVrMo ñdê$n ho EH$ njr` nÕVrMo Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. H$m±J«og hm EH$_od
à^mdembr nj åhUyZ _mZbm OmVm hmoVm. ñdmV§Í` àmßVrnmgyZ gZ 2000 n`ªV 40 dfm©Mm H$mbI§S>
H$m±J«og hm nj gÎmoda hmoVm. na§Vw ^maVr` amOH$maUmV gZ 1977 Vo 1980 OZVm nj _moamaOr XogmB©
`m§Mm n§VàYmZ nXmMm H$mbI§S> 1989-91 OZVm Xb - ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Mm n§VàYmZ nXmMm H$mbI§S>
d 1996-98-2004 ^mOnm dmOno`r `m§Mm H$mbI§S> hm _hËdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. `m H$m±J«og {damoYr VrZ
njm§Zr doimodoir _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m nma nmS>br Amho. g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMm H$ma^ma `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r
^maVm_Ü`o `m à_wI VrZ njm§Zr à~i H$m`©j_ H$m±J«og {damoYr ^y{_H$m _m§S>br, H$m±J«og njmÀ`m H$m`m©d`
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Zoh_r A§Hw$i R>odbm. _moamaOr XogmB©, ìhr. nr. qgJ d AQ>b{~hmar dmOno`r `m§Zr Xoembm ZoV¥Ëd XoD$Z
àJVr_Ü`o _hìdnyU© ^y{_H$m nma nmS>br.
2.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
gyMZm : gamdmgmR>r àíZ ho g§~§{YV {df` {ddoMZm_Ü`o 2.2.1, 2.2.2 Am{U 2.2.3 `m
KQ>H$mÀ`m [aH$må`m OmJoZ§Va {Xbo AmhoV Vo Aä`mgmdoV.
2.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«W
§ :
1) ñdmV§Ì ^maVmMm B{Vhmg : S>m°. gw_Z d¡Ú, S>m°. em§Vm H$moioH$a, ZmJnya 2013
2) ñdmV§Í`moÎma ^maV : àmMm`© `. Zm. H$X_, àm. S>m°. AéU ^mogbo, 2015
3) ^maVr` JUamÁ`mMo emgZ Am{U amOH$maU : S>m°. ^mñH$a bú_U ^moio, 2011
4) ^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU : ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb, 2010
5) ^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU : S>m°. AbH$m Xoe_wI, 2010
6)
An eloquent speaker and a visionary Parliamentarian Sanjay Kaushik, New
Delhi, 1988 : A. B. Vajpayee.
BBB
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KQ>H$ - 3
H¥$frì`dñWm (1947-1991)
- S>m°. ~r. Eg. _mir
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
3.1 C{Ôï>o
3.2 àñVmdZm
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
^maVmVrb O{_ZXmar ì`dñWm d {Z_w©bZ H$m`Xm `mMr _m{hVr XoUo.
3.3.2
^maVmVrb Hw$i ì`dñWm d {Z_w©bZ H$m`Xm `mMr _m{hVr XoUo.
3.3.3
^maVmVrb H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm H$m`Xm d {Z_w©bZ H$m`Xm `mMr _m{hVr XoUo.
3.3.4
{dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mr ^yXmZ MidirMr _m{hVr XoUo
3.3.5
^maVmVrb h[aV H«$m§VrMr _m{hVr XoUo d n[aUm_ {dfX H$aUo
3.3.6
Vob§JUm_Yrb eoVH$ar Midi d _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm `mMr _m{hVr XoUo
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
3.5 g§X^© J«§W
3.1 C{Ôï>o :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda {dÚmÏ`mªZm Imbrb Jmoï>tMo AÜ``Z hmoB©b.
·
^maVr` O{_ZXmar åhUOo H$m` Vo g_Oob d {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr g_OVrb
·
Hw$i ì`dñWm åhUOo H$m` ho g_OyZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr g_OVrb
·
^maVmVrb O{_ZXmar d _hgyb `mMm g§~§Y g_OyZ {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr {_iob.
·
^yXmZ Midi d Ë`mMo _hËd H$iob.
·
O{_ZXmar {Z_y©bZm~m~V KQ>ZmH$mam§Mr ^y{_H$m g_Oob.
·
h[aV H«$m§VrÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§Mo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
·
eoVH$ar g§Kf© d eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr {_iob.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / B{Vhmg ....1
3.2 àñVmdZm :
`m nmR>mV EHy$U VrZ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho. n{hë`m KQ>H$mV O_rZ gwYmaUm hm à_wI
KQ>H$ AgyZ `m_Ü`o CnKQ>H$ åhUyZ O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ, H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm Am{U ^yXmZ Midi `m§Mm
A§V^m©d hmoVmo. ^maVmVrb O{_ZXmarMo ñdê$n, H$maUo d n[aUm_ `mMr _m{hVr {_iob. Va Xwgè`m
CnKQ>H$mV H$_mb O_rZYmaUm `mMo ñdê$n, Ë`mMo _hgwbm~m~V Agbobo g§~§Y `mMr _m{hVr {_iob.
O{_ZXmarÀ`m {Z_y©bZmV ^maV gaH$maZo Ho$bobo H$m`Xo d Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mr _m{hVr {_iob. {Vgam
CnKQ>H$ hm ^yXmZ MidirMm AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o ^yXmZ Midi åhUOo H$m` ho g_OyZ Ë`mVrb {d{dY Q>ßno
Am{U Am{U n[aUm_mMr _m{hVr {_iob.
Va Xwgam KQ>H$ hm h[aV H«$m§Vr `mda AgyZ `m_Ü`o h[aV H«$m§VrMr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Ë`mVrb H$mhr
à_mUV Ambobo Xmof ho nhmd`mMo AmhoV. {Vgam KQ>H$ hm eoVH$ar Midir `m~m~V AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o Am§Y«
àXoemVrb Vob§JmU d _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm `mda AmYmabobm Amho. darb gd© KQ>H$ ho Vo `m
gmbmn`ªV H¥$fr ì`dñWm `m _w»` KQ>H$mV g_{dï> Ho$bobo AmhoV.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
^maVm_Ü`o eoVr hm ~hþVm§er bmoH$m§Mm _w»` ì`dgm` AgyZ ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mda Ë`mVrb
H$mhr gwYaUm `m H$m`ÚmZo H$aÊ`mMo ^maV gaH$maZo R>a{dbo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ ^maVr` gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$,
amOH$s` Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$mda Pmbm. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm Zì`m nÕVrZo C^m H$amdr d na§naoZo Á`m
~m~r emofUmÀ`m AmhoV Ë`mV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUmdm. OJmÀ`m nmR>rda Oo ZdZdrZ emoY bmJV AmhoV
Ë`mMm dmna Amnë`m H¥$fr ì`dñWo_Ü`o H$amdm Aer AZoH$ C{Ôï>o `m_mJo hmoVr. hr C{Ôï>o g\$b
hmoÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ gaH$maZo `m~m~V nmdbo CMbbr. Ë`m gdmªMm Aä`mg hm ^maVmÀ`m Zd{Z{_©VrMm
EH$ B{Vhmg hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ho Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
· O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ
^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va VËH$mbrZ H$m±J«og gaH$maZo ^maVr` na§namJV H¥$frì`dñWm Am{U Ë`m H¥$frÀ`m
AZwf§JmZo `oUmè`m H$mhr ~m~r `mda _hËdmMo {ZU©` KoVbo. Ë`m_Ü`o H¥$fr gwYmaUm H$arV AgVmZm O_rZ
ho CËnmXZmMo Oo gmYZ Amho Ë`m_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. Á`oð> B{VhmgH$ma {~{nZ M§Ðm `m§Zr
`mVrb XmoZ Q>ßß`m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm Amho. `mVrb n{hbm Q>ßnm åhUOo g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm Am{U Xwgam Q>ßnm
åhUOo Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm hmo`. n{hë`m Q>ßß`mV H$mhr _hËdmÀ`m ~m~tda bú` H|${ÐV Ho$bo Jobo `m_Ü`o
O{_ZXmar CƒmQ>Z, Hw$inÕVr_Ü`o gwYmaUm, O_rZYmaUm AmH$ma_mZmda _`m©Xm d ghH$marH$aU Aem
~m~tMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. Va Xwgè`m Q>ßß`mV h[aVH«$m§VrMm C„oI H$amdm bmJob. ho XmoÝhr Q>ßno EH$_oH$mg
nyaH$ Ago hmoVo.
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3.2.1 O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`Xm
· ^maVmVrb O{_ZXmar àWm nmíd©^y_r
^maVmVrb O{_ZXmarMr àWm hr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobr hmoVr. amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r
amOmbm O_rZ _hgyb Amdí`H$ Agë`mZo Vmo dgyb H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$mhr H$_©Mmar qH$dm _Ü`ñW bmoH$
H$arV AgV. Ë`mVrb ~hþVoH$ bmoH$ ho O_rZXma hmoVo. dgyb Ho$boë`m aH$_oVrb H$mhr ^mJ hm Ë`m
dgwbrXmamZm {_iV hmoVm. ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©Z§Va {~«{Q>em§Zm O_rZ _hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
{_imbo. Ë`m§Zr `m ì`dñWoV H$mhr _hËdmMo ~Xb Ho$bo. Ë`mVrb _hËdmMm ~Xb åhUOo 1793 gmbr
bm°S©> H$m°Z©dmbrgMr H$m`_Ymam nÕV. `m Zì`m nÕVrZo ~§Jmb, {~hma Am{U Amo[agm amÁ`mV O{_ZXmar
àWm gwé Pmbr. ~mH$sÀ`m amÁ`m_Ü`o VoWrb pñWVr nmhÿZ a`Vdmar d _hmëdmar àWm gwé Ho$ë`m.
1) {~«Q>reH$mbrZ _hgyb dgwbr nÕVr :
H$m`_Ymam nÕVr_Ü`o O_rZXma ho O{_ZrMo H$m`_ ñdê$nmMo _mbH$ ~Zbo. Ë`m§Zm d§ena§namJV d
O{_ZXmar hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mMohr A{YH$ma àmá Pmbo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar Oo O_rZ H$gV hmoVo Vo \$º$ Hw$i
åhUyZ am{hbo. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Mo Oo nydu JmdR>mU O§Jbo Hw$aUo H$mbdo d BVa ~m~tda A{YH$ma
hmoVo Vo g§nyU© Zï> hmoD$Z Vo gd© A{YH$ma O_rZXmamÀ`m AIË`marImbr Jobo. B©ñQ> H§$nZrMm gdm©V _moR>m
\$m`Xm åhUOo dgyb Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oo _Zwî`~i bmJUma hmoVo Vo Ë`m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§H$Sy>ZM
{_imbo. doi, l_ `mMr ~MV hmoD$Z H§$nZrbm nmR>r~m XoUmam Zdm dJ© åhUOo O_rZXma {Z_m©U Pmbm.
`m O{_ZXmambm VËH$mbrZ g_OV Am{U H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m Xa~mamV à{Vð>m àmá Pmbr.
a`Vdmar nÕV _Ü`o _Ðmg, _w§~B©, nyd© ~§Jmb d Amgm_À`m H$mhr ^mJmV gwé Ho$br.`m nÕVr_Ü`o
a`V eoVH$è`mbm O_rZ H$gÊ`mMo d ^moJdQ>m ho A{YH$ma {Xbo. `m_Ü`o _hgwbmMm Xa A{YH$ Agë`mZo
IM© Am{U CËnmXZ `mMm Vmi_oi ~gV ZìhVm. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ gmdH$mar ~moH$mibr. O{_ZXmar
Am{U a`Vdmar `m nÕVr_Yrb Amboë`m An`em_wio EH$ ZdrZ `moOZm H$mT>br Am{U Vr åhUOo
_hmbdmar nÕV. _hmbdmar nÕVr EH$ Jmd AWdm {d^mJ `mVyZ {_iUmè`m _hgwbmg ì`º$sg O~m~Xma
Yabo OmV hmoVo. hr nÕV AmJ«m, AdY, Am{U CÎma àXoemVrb H$mhr ^mJmg bmJy Ho$br hmoVr. `m {VÝhr
`moOZm ^maVr` amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$mda n[aUm_ KS>dyZ Joë`m O{_ZXmarZo
^maVmVrb OZVo_Yrb gd© ~m~tMm EH$monm Zï> Pmbm d O_rZXma hm gd}gdm© ~Zbm. eoVH$ar d ^y{_hrZ
KQ>H$m§Mr AdñWm Jwbm_mà_mUo Pmbr. emofU H$aUmam EH$ dJ© Am{U emo{fV dJ© Ago H$mhrgo ñVa {Z_m©U
Pmbo.
· 1947 Z§VaÀ`m O_rZ gwYmaUm :
^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Oo gd© ñVamda ~Xb Pmbo Ë`mbm _moR>m AdYr bmJbm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ho ~Xb
H$mhr H$mimZ§Va Pmbo. O_mVdmXr X§½`m§Mr Pi AOyZhr em§V Pmbr ZìhVr. n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§Zr `m gd©
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àíZm§Zm gm_moao OmV CËnmXZmMr gmYZo Am{U Ë`m gmYZmda Oo Adb§~yZ hmoVo Ë`m KQ>H$m§À`m ~m~V
H$m`Xoera nmdbo CMbUo Mmby Ho$bo.
· g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm à{H«$`m
`m g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm à{H«$`m 1960 n`ªV Agë`mMo {XgVo. `m à{H«$`oMr H$mhr _hËdmMr d¡{eï>o
hmoVo.
1) OhmJraXmar, O{_ZXmar Aem BVa nÕVr Zï> H$aUo.
2) O_rZ H$gUmam Hw$i qH$dm eoVH$ar `m§Zm H$mhr _`m©Xon`ªV h_r XodyZ Z§Va Hw$im§Mm I§S> H$_r
H$aUo d Z§Va Ë`m§Zm O_rZ _mbH$sMo A{YH$ma XoUo.
3) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm {ZpíMV H$aUo.
4) ghH$mar d gm_wXm{`H$ eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r {Z`moOZ H$aUo.
· O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V {dYo`mH$m§Mo gmXarH$aU :
O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ _§Ìr JmoqdX d„^ n§V `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr 1949 _Ü`o
EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma CÎma àXoe, _Ü` àXoe, {~hma, _Ðmg,
Amgm_ d _w§~B© `m àm§VmVrb O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V H$aÊ`m~m~VMr {dYo`Ho$ {dYmZg^mVyZ gmXa H$aÊ`mV
Ambr.
· KQ>ZmH$mam§Mr I~aXmar :
hr {dYo`Ho$ gmXa H$aVmZm `m XoemMr KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ gwé hmoVo. Ë`mdoir KQ>Zm
g{_Vr_Yrb O_rZXmam§Mo à{V{ZYr ImOJr _mb_ÎmoÀ`m _wb^yV A{YH$mamda JXm `oVo Aer ^y{_H$m
KoVrb Ago dmQ>V hmoVo. `m {dYo`H$m§Zm {damoY H$aVrb Aer ^rVr ì`º$ Ho$br OmV hmoVr. `mgmR>r KQ>Zm
g{_Vr_Yrb EH$ doJim _mJ© H$mT>bm. Ë`m§Zr `m~m~V amÁ`mÀ`m {dYmZg^m§Zm H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbo.
Ë`mZwgma O_rZXmam§À`m O{_ZrMr ZwH$gmZ^anmB© {_iob Oa ZwH$gmZ^anmB© H$_r Agob Va Vr Hw$im§Zm
ghOnUo nobVm `oB©b BVH$sM Agob d ZwH$gmZ^anmB© {H$Vr Agmdr ho R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`m
amÁ`mÀ` {dYmZg^m§Zm ho AgVrb Ago Omhra Ho$ë`mZo {damoYmMr eŠ`Vm g§nbr hmoVr. Varhr H$mhr Xmdo
`m~m~V Ý`m`mb`mV JwXabo Jobo.
· KQ>Zm XwéñVr :
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m KoVbr Agbr Var gwÕm `mg {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ý`m`mb`mV AmìhmZ {Xbo Jobo. nmQ>Um _Yrb O_rZXmam§Mm Xmdm Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo J«mø Yabm. Ë`m_wio
Ë`mH$mir {~hmaÀ`m H$m±J«ogZo O{_ZXmar {dgO©Z H$aUmar KQ>Zm XwéñVr 1951 gmbr H$ê$Z KoVbr. AemM
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mVyZ gwQ>Ê`mgmR>r eodQ>Mr d Mm¡Wr KQ>Zm XwéñVr
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1955gmbr _§Oya Pmbr. Ë`m XwéñVrZwgma O{_ZXmar {dgO©Z H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {d{Y_§S>img {_imbo. d
_wb^yV h¸$ d ZwH$gmZ^anmB© `m~m~VMm A§{V_ H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. VËH$mbrZ H$m±J«og_Yrb COdm
JQ> `m {dYo`H$mg {damoY H$aob Ago dmQ> hmoVo nU Ë`mhr JQ>mZo `m KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXrbm _§Owar {Xbr.
·
A§_b~OmdUr :
{d{dY amÁ`m_Ü`o `m~m~VMo H$m`Xo _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm gaH$mar Xa~mar
`m~m~VMr Hw$io Am{U O{_ZXmar `m§À`m h¸$m~m~VMr `mo½` H$mJXnÌo CnbãY ZìhVr. Varhr `mbm
{damoY Z H$aVm bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo H$moUË`mhr qhgo{edm` O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mV gaH$mabm ~aoM `e
àmá Pmbo. nU Á`m O_rZXmam§Zr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirV ^mJ KoVbm Ë`m§À`mhr A{YH$mamda JXm Ambr.
`m H$m`ÚmVrb H$mhr nidmQ>mhr emoYyZ nwT>rb H$mimV H$mhr AS>ga {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo.
· `m H$m`ÚmMo n[aUm_
1) Hw$io d{hdmQ>Xma :
`m H$m`ÚmZo gw_mao 2 H$moQ>r Hw$io hr O{_ZrMo d{hdmQ>Xma ~Zbo. 1950 Vo 1951 `m H$mimV
42% Hw$imn¡H$s 1960 _Ü`o 25% Hw$io O_rZ_mbH$ ~Zbo. `mVyZ EH$ Jmoï> ñnï> hmoVo Vr åhUOo `m
H$m`ÚmZo AZoH$ Hw$io hr ñdV… O_rZ _mbH$ ~Zë`mZo Ë`mMr EH$àH$maÀ`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wº$Vm Pmbr.
2) amÁ`{Zhm` doJdoJù`m ZwH$gmZ^anmB© :
O{_ZXmarMo A{YH$ma g§nwï>mV Amë`mda O_rZXmam§Zm Or ZwH$gmZ^anmB© Úm`Mr hmoVr Vr AË`§V
Aën Aer hmoVr.H$mer_ amÁ`mV Va A{O~mV ^anmB© {Xbr Jobr ZìhVr. n§Om~ amÁ`mV Aën
ZwH$gmZ^anmB© Am{U Vr {h hßË`m-hßË`mZo {Xbr OmUma hmoVr. `m~m~V CÎma àXoemVrb nÕV Adb§~Ê`mV
Ambr. Ë`mZwgma N>moQ>o d ~So> O_rZXma Ago XmoZ JQ> V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. N>moQ>o O_rZXma Oo dm{f©H$
dm{f©H$ eoVgmam 25 én`o XoV hmoVo Ë`m§Mr ^anmB© dm{f©H$ CËnZmÀ`m 20 nQ> {Xbr. Va ~So> O_rZXma Oo
dm{f©H$ eoVgmam 2,000 Vo 10,000 XoV hmoVo Ë`m§Mr ^anmB© dm{f©H$ CËnZmÀ`m 2 Vo 4 nQ> XoÊ`mV Ambr.
`m~m~V AmUIr EH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm Vmo åhUOo Á`m Hw$im§Zm {h a¸$_ XoUo eŠ` Zgob Va {h a¸$_
40 df© BVŠ`m _wXVrV XoÊ`mMr _w^m XoÊ`mV Ambr. `mVyZ O_rZXmam§Zm 1/40 BVH$s a¸$_ {_imbr.
· O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmVrb Xmof :
1) Xmof`wº$ VaVwXr :
`m H$m`ÚmV d¡`{º$H$ eoVr hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br hmoVr. `m g§H$ënZoVyZ H$mhr AS>MUr {Z_m©U
Pmë`m. `m H$m`ÚmV O_rZXmam§Zm O_rZ ñdV… H$gÊ`mg Amdí`H$ Agob Va Vr O_rZ ñdV… H$So>
R>odÊ`mMr ^y^m CÎma àXoemV R>odÊ`mV Ambr. `m H$b_mImbr CÎma àXoe, _Ðmg {~hma, `m àm§VmV {H$Vr
O_rZ ñdV…H$So> R>odmdr `mbm H$mhr _`m©Xm ZìhVr. 1949 gmbÀ`m Hw$_maßnm g{_VrZo Amnë`m
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AhdmbmV d¡`{º$H$ eoVr `m~m~V A{YH$ Iwbmgm Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m_Ü`o Omo eoV H$gÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mV
{H$_mZ emar[aH$ H$ï> H$aVmo d _emJVrÀ`m H$m_mV àË`j gh^mJr hmoVmo VmoM d¡`{º$H$ eoVr eoVr
H$aUmam Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br hmoVr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ d¡`{º$H$ eoVr `m ZmdmImbr O_rZXmam§Zr eoVr
H$gUmar Hw$io `m ì`dñWoVyZ ~mOybm Ho$br. Ë`m_wio `m Hw$im§Zm H$moUVmhr \$m`Xm Pmbm Zmhr.
2) O_rZXmam§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bo AS>Wio :
gXa O{_ZXmar _wº$ AWdm {dg{O©V H$m`Xo ho amÁ`mÀ`m {dYr_§S>im§Zr _§Oya H$amd`mMo hmoVo. `m~m~mMo
{dYo`H$ àË`j `mo½` nÕVrZo gXa hmoD$ Z`o d Pmë`mg Vo Ë`mMr MMm© hmoÊ`mg {db§~ bmJmdm Aer
VaVyX O_rZXma H$ê$ bmJbo. H$mhr doim _yi {dYo`H$mV AZoH$ XwéñË`m gwM{dÊ`mg gwédmV Pmbr hmoVr.
Ë`m_wio O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ hmoÊ`mg ~amM {db§~ bmJbm.
3) Ý`m`mb`mVrb Xmdo :
O{_ZXmarMo A{YH$ma gmoS>Ê`mg {db§~ bmJdm `m Ñï>rZo O_rZXmam§Zr VmbwŠ`mnmgyZ Vo gdm}ƒ
Ý`m`mb`mV Xmdo Zm|Xdbo. `mVrb Xmdo Am{U à{VXmdo hmoÊ`mg ~amM H$mi Jobm. {ZH$mb {damoYmV
Joë`mda H$Yr-H$Yr Hw$im§Zm ho O_rZXma H$mJXnÌo XoV ZgV Ë`m_wio Hw$im§Zm nwÝhm Ý`m`mb`mMo XadmOo
{POdmdo bmJbo. {ZH$mb Pmë`mda ~è`mMdoim Á`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr A_b~OmdUr H$amd`mMr AgVo Vo
O_rZXmam§À`m _OuZwgma dmJV AgV. Ë`m_wio Hw$im§Zm ~amM Ìmg ghZ H$amdm bmJbm.
· g_mamon :
^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV hm H$m`Xm _hËdmMo ñWmZ {ZpíMV H$aVmo. H$maU `m H$m`ÚmZo àmMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ Vo {~«Q>re gÎmo n`ªVÀ`m O{_ZXmar `m àWobm _wR>_mVr {Xbr. `m H$m`ÚmZo H$mhr AmìhmZo C^r
Ho$br Agbr Var gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xbmgm {_imbm. Ë`m_wio Oo nma§n[aH$ CËnmXZmMo gmYZ åhUOo
O_rZ ho eoVH$è`mÀ`m Vmã`mV Ambo. O_rZXmam§Zr àË`j-AàË`j {damoY Ho$bm Agbm Var _moR>çm
O_rZXmam§Zm Amnbr eoH$S>mo EH$a O_rZ Hw$im§À`m Zdo H$amdr bmJbr. `m H$mimV gaH$maZo hr `eñdr
A§_b~OmdUr H$ê$Z ga§Om_Xmar Zï> H$aÊ`mV `e {_idbo. AWm©V `mbm AZoH$ O_rZXmam§Zr Oar {damoY
Ho$bm AWdm Xmdo Ho$bo Agbo Var H$mhr H$mimZo Var `mg ~aoM `e àmá Pmbo. åhUyZ hm H$m`Xm ^maVr`
eoVr `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hËdmMm R>aVmo.
3.2.3 Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`Xm :
`m nmR>mVrb KQ>H$ XmoZ ho Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`Úm~m~V Amho. Hw$im§À`m ~m~VrV ^maV gaH$maZo Oo
H$m`Xo Ho$boV Ë`mVrb _hËdmÀ`m ~m~r Aä`mgm`À`m AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o Hw$i H$m`Xm d Ë`mVrb VaVwXr
d Ë`mMo n[aUm_ d VgoM Ë`mVrb Hw$im§Zm H$moUË`m ~m~r g§ajH$ R>aë`m Ë`mMm Aä`mg `m KQ>H$mV
Amho.
O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZmgmR>r Oo H$m`Xo d Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$arV AgVmV EH$ _hËdmMr ~m~
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{e„H$ hmoVr Am{U Vr åhUOo Hw$im§Zm g§ajU XoUo. a`Vdmar nÕVr_Yrb Hw$im§Zm O{_ZrMr _mbH$s
H$m`ÚmZo XoÊ`mgmR>r hm Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`Xm Ambm.
^maV gaH$ma `m~m~V A§_b~OmdUr H$arV AgVmZm H$mhr AS>MUr nwT>o Amë`m.
1) H$mhr O_rZXmam§Zr d¡`{º$H$ eoVr `m ZmdmImbr Amnë`mH$So> Vmã`mV R>odbobr O_rZ Ë`m§Zr
H$gÊ`mg Hw$im§H$So>M R>odë`m hmoVm
2) Hw$im§Zm {_imboë`m O{_Zr Ë`m§Zr CnHw$im§Zm H$gÊ`mg {Xë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§À`m O_rZ _mbH$sMo
àíZ gmoS>{dUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.
3) O{_ZXmar àíZ gwQ>bm Var a`VdmarMm àíZ _mJu bmdUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `m a`Vdmar
nÕVr_Ü`o N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o O_rZXma hmoVo Ë`mÀ`m O{_Zr H$gV Agboë`m Hw$im§Mo àíZ AË`§V Jw§VmJw§VrMo hmoVo.
· Hw$i H$m`ÚmVrb H$mhr C{Ôï>o d VaVwXr :
Hw$iH$m`Xm H$aÊ`m_mJrb H$mhr _hËdmMr C{Ôï>o Aä`mgmZo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m_Ü`o EHy$Z VrZ C{Ôï>o
hmoVr Ë`m_Ü`o Hw$im§À`m {hVg§~§YmMo ajU H$aUo ho Ë`m_mJrb à_wI H$maU Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. hr C{Ôï>o
nwT>rb à_mUo
1) Á`m Hw$im§Zm gbJ H$mhr df} O_rZ H$gÊ`mg {Xbr Amho Ë`m§Zm g§ajU XoUo.
2) Hw$imZo Úmd`mMr I§S>mMr a¸$_ H$_r H$ê$ Vr dm{f©H$ 1/4 qH$dm 1/6 BVH$s H$aUo.
3) àË`j H$gV Agbobr O_rZ H$mhr AQ>rda Hw$im§À`m _mbH$sMr H$aUo.
hm Hw$iH$m`Xm A_bmV AmUV AgVmZm ^maV gaH$maZo AË`§V hiwdmanUo `mMr A_b~OmdUr Ho$bo
{XgVo H$maU O_rZXma Am{U Hw$io hr dfm©Zwdf} EH$Ì amhÿZ H$m_ H$arV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^{dî`mV Iyn _moR>r
Xwar {Z_m©U hmoD$Z doJioM àíZ {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z`oV `mMr I~aXmar KoVbr hmoVr ho nwT>rb VaVwXtMm Aä`mg
Ho$ë`mda ñnï> hmoVo.
1) Hw$im§Zm XoÊ`mÀ`m aH$_m :
`m H$m`ÚmV O_rZ _mbmH$sgmR>r Hw$im§Zm VËH$mbrZ ~mOma^mdmnojm AË`§V H$_r a¸$_ Úmdr bmJV
hmoVr. hr a¸$_ {H$Vr hmoVr `mMo {ddoMZ {~{nZ M§Ðm `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. hr a¸$_ ~hþVoH$doim eoVgmè`mÀ`m
8 Vo 10 nQ> BVH$s hmoVr. Aem àH$maMr VaVyX `m H$m`ÚmZo H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m_Ü`o amÁ`{Zhm` H$mhr
a¸$_ doJir {XgVo. Am§Y« àXoemV hr a¸$_ 40% BVH$s R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.hm H$m`Xm H$aVmZm Oo
N>moQ>o O_rZXma hmoVo Ë`m§Mo Am{U Hw$im§Mo {hVg§~§Y {~KSy> Z`oV `mMrhr I~aXmar KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
2) d¡`{º$H$ eoVrYmaH$ O_rZXma :
d¡`{º$H$ eoVr ho VËd bmJy H$ê$Z H$mhr O_rZXmam§Zr O{_ZrMm ~amM ^mJ ñdV…H$So> R>odbm hmoVm.
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nU hr O_rZ _mÌ Hw$im§H$So> H$gÊ`mg {Xbr hmoVr. Ë`m O{_ZrMm àíZ `m H$m`ÚmZo gmoS>{dbm hmoVm. `m
O{_Zr Hw$im§Zm {_imì`m Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
3) O_rZ YmaUobm _`m©Xm :
O_rZXmamZo Amnë`mH$So> {H$Vr O{_Zr R>odmì`m `mbm _`m©Xm KmbÊ`mV Amë`m. `m _`m©Xm
amÁ`{Zhm` doJdoJù`m Agë`mMo {XgVo. _hmamï´>,H$Zm©Q>H$, Vm{_iZmSy>, Ho$ai, Amo[agm, JwOamW, {h_mMb
àXoe `m amÁ`mV O_rZXmam§Zr Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r åhUyZ {Zå_r O_rZ ñdV…H$So> R>odmdr d {e„H$
am{hbobr {Zå_r O_rZ Hw$im§Zm Úmdr. {~hma d BVa amÁ`mV {Zå_r qH$dm {H$_mZ 5 EH$a d ~§Jmb _Ü`o
2.5 EH$a O_rZ Hw$im§H$So> Agmdr Aer `m H$m`ÚmV VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
4) N>moQ>çm O_rZXmam§Zm {Xbmgm :
`m H$m`ÚmZo AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMr VaVyX Ho$br Ë`m_wio Oo N>moQ>o O_rZXma hmoVo Ë`m§Zm `mMm \$m`Xm
Pmbm. O{_ZrMo N>moQ>o VwH$So> Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr ho H$gÊ`mg Hw$im§Zm {Xbo hmoVo ho H$m`ÚmZo Hw$im§ZmM {Xbo
AgVo Va N>moQ>o O_rZXma ^y{_hrZ Pmbo AgVo qH$dm `m N>moQ>çm O_rZXmam§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMm àíZ {Z_m©U
Pmbm AgVm. Ë`m_wio ^{dî`mV Zì`m g§Kfm©bm gwédmV Pmbr AgVr. ho bú`mV KodyZ Xwgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$
`moOZoV Aem àH$mamV Aer O_rZ hr Ë`m O_rZXmam§À`m Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mV Ambr.
· `m H$m`ÚmMo n[aUm_ :
`m H$m`ÚmZo O_rZXma d Hw$io `m§À`mda XwaJm_r n[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUbo Ë`mVrb H$mhr n[aUm_mMr
MMm© H$ê$.
1) ~S>çm O_rZXmam§À`m `wŠË`m :
`m H$m`ÚmZo Hw$im§Zm g§ajU XoUo R>a{dbo Agbo Var `mVrb ~So> O_rZXma _mÌ `mbm amOr Zgë`mZo
Ë`m§Zr `wº²$`m-à`wº²$`m bT>dyZ O{_Zr Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mMm IQ>mQ>mon gwé Ho$bm hmoVm. Xwgè`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV N>moQ>çm O_rZXmam§À`m O{_Zr Ë`m§À`mH$So>M R>odÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. `mMm \$m`Xm
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ~S>çm O_rZXmam§Zr gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§À`m _XVrZo Amnë`m Zm|Xr N>moQ>çm O_rZXmam§À`m
`mXrV Amnbr Zmdo KwgS>br d O{_Zr ñdV…H$So> R>odÊ`mMr `wº$s bT>{dbr hmoVr. `mMr Zm|X gmbr
H¥$fr{df`H$ gwYmaUm g{_VrMo à_wI nr.Eg.Aßny `m§Zr Amnë`m AhdmbmV Ho$br Amho.
2) ImVo\$moS> H$adyZ KoVbr :
~S>çm O_rZXmam§Zr O_rZ Amnë`m Vmã`mV R>odÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr EH$ `wº$s bT>{dbr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m O{_ZrÀ`m Zm|XrMr ImVo\$moS> H$ê$Z Iè`m-ImoQ>çm ZmVodmB©H$m§À`m Zmdmda O{_Zr Ho$ë`m d
ñdV…g N>moQ>o O_rZXma Agë`mMo gaH$ma XâVar Zm|X Ho$br. `m_wiohr `m O{_Zr Ë`mÀ`mM Vmã`mV
am{hë`m.
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3) Hw$im§Mo amOrZm_o :
dmñV{dH$ nmhVm Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`ÚmV Hw$im§Zm g§ajU {Xbo Agbo Var Hw$im§Zm ho O_rZXma
Y_H$mdV AgV. _w§~B© d h¡Ðm~mX `m àm§VmV Ago àH$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda KS>bo. `mVrb AmUIr EH$
àH$ma åhUOo Hw$im§H$Sy>Z gº$sZo ñdoÀN>oZo amOrZm_o {bhÿZ KoVbo. eodQ>r Ago amOrZm_o KoÊ`mda Mm¡Ï`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr.
4) Hw$im§Zm ZmoH$amMm XOm© :
CÎma àXoe d ~§Jmb àm§VmV Hw$im§Zm ZmoH$a R>a{dÊ`mMm àH$ma KS>bm.O_rZXmam§Zr Amnbr eoVr
dmQ>çmZo H$am`bm bmdyZ amoI aH$_oV I§S> XoUmè`m eoVH$è`m§Zm Hw$i R>a{dÊ`mMr EH$ `wº$s H$ê$Z O{_Zr
Vmã`mV R>odë`m.eodQ>r H$m`ÚmV ~Xb H$ê$Z `m àH$mam§Zm Amim KmVbm.
5) boIr AWdm gaH$mar Zm|X Z H$aÊ`mMr àWm :
O_rZXmam§Zr Amnë`m O{_Zr em~yV R>odÊ`mgmR>r Oo AmQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ Ho$bo Ë`mVrb AmUIr EH$
àH$ma åhUOo Hw$im§~amo~a Vm|S>r AWdm AZm¡nMm[aH$ ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMr àWm {~hmagma»`m amÁ`mV Ambr
hmoVr. Hw$im§er Vm|S>r ì`dhma Pmë`mZo H$moUVhr boIr nwamdm Zgë`mZo O_rZXma hm H$m`ÚmV AS>H$V
ZìhVm. gaH$mar XâVamV {~hma_Yrb Zm|Xr `m W¸$ H$ê$Z Q>mH$Umè`m hmoË`m. VoWrb 99.6% O_rZXma
ho ñdV…M O_rZ H$gV Agë`mMr Zm|X hmoVr.
6) AZoH$ Hw$io Agwa{jV :
H$m`ÚmZo Oar Hw$im§Zm g§ajU {Xbo Agbo Var O_rZXmam§Zr _mÌ Hw$im§Zm O{_Zr {Xë`m ZìhË`m ho
ñnï> hmoVo. `m_Ü`o 1961 d 1971 `m gmbmV Or OZJUZm Pmbr Ë`m_Ü`o {h Jmoï> ñnï> Pmbr hmoVr.
1961 À`m OZJUZoZwgma 82% Hw$im§Zm g§ajU {_imbo ZìhVo.
7) Hw$im§Zm _mbH$s h¸$ :
H$m`Xm hm Hw$im§Zm O{_ZrMm _mbH$s h¸$ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm hmoVm Ë`m_wio `m H$m`ÚmZo àmW{_H$
AdñWoV gw_mao 67.8% Hw$im§Zm O{_ZrMo _mbH$s h¸$ {_imbo. O_rZXmam§Zr Ho$bobm AS>Wim qH$dm
gaH$ma XâVamV Zm|X ZgUo `m_wio hçm H$m`ÚmMr A_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm AS>MU `oV hmoVr `mgmR>r CÎma
àXoeMo VËH$mbrZ _hgyb _§Ìr Mm¡Yar MaUqgJ `m§Zr 1 bmI Hw$im§Mr Zm|X gaH$mar XâVar H$ê$Z KoVbr.
Ë`m_wio hr Hw$io O_rZ_mbH$ ~Zbr.
8) a`Vdmar Hw$im§Zm _mbH$s h¸$ :
a`Vdmar _Yrb _w§~B© Am{U JwOamW àm§VmV H$mhr CnHw$im§Zm _mbH$s h¸$ àmá Pmbo. npíM_ ~§Jmb
_Yrb {Zå_r Hw$io O_rZ_mbH$ ~Zbo.
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· Hw$ig§ajH$ H$m`ÚmÀ`m _`m©Xm :
1) g§ajU H$aÊ`mg _`m©{XV `e :
Hw$im§Zm g§ajU XoÊ`mMm H$m`Xm Oar Pmbm Agbm Var Hw$im§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mg _`m©Xm nS>ë`m. Á`m
amÁ`mV S>mì`m njm§Mr gÎmm hmoVr Ë`m_Ü`o Ho$ai d npíM_ ~§Jmb _Ü`o `m H$m`ÚmMr H$mQ>oH$moanUo
A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr. _mÌ BVa amÁ`mV _mÌ Ag§a{jV Hw$bm§Mr g§»`m _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVr.
2) gaH$maMr Zm_wîH$s :
H$m`ÚmÀ`m Xwgè`m C{Xï> åhUOo Hw$im§Zo I§S> åhUyZ XoÊ`mMr dm{f©H$ a¸$_ CËnmXZmÀ`m 1/4 qH$dm
1/6 BVH$s H$_r H$aUo Ago hmoVo. VËH$mbrZ _hmJmB©, O{_ZtMo dmT>Vo ^md ho bjmV KoVbo Va Hw$im§Zm
H$_r {H$_VrV _mbH$s h¸$ {_idyZ XoUo ho gaH$mabmhr eŠ` ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio EH$sH$So> g§ajUmMm H$m`Xm
H$am`Mm Am{U XwgarH$So> A_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV `oUmè`m AS>MUr `mVyZ gaH$maMr Zm_wîH$s Pmbr.
3) I§S>mMr dmT>Vr a¸$_ :
n{hë`m d Xwgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV Hw$im§Zr I§S> åhUyZ dm{f©H$ CËnZmÀ`m 20 Vo 25% BVHo$
hmoVo. ~hþVoH$ amÁ`mV `mMr _`m©Xm {ZíMrV Ho$br hmoVr. na§Vw dmT>Vr _hmJmB© d h[aV H«$m§VrÀ`m dmT>Ë`m
CËnmXZm_wio hm I§S> dmT>V Jobm. n§Om~, h[a`mZm Vm{_iZmSy>,Am§Y« `m àm§VmV hm I§S> 33 Vo 40% n`ªV
dmT>bm. _hmJmB©Zo ho à_mU 50% da Jobo Va h[aV H«$m§VrZ§Va ho à_mU 70% n`ªV I§S> Jobm, ho I§S>
Jar~ Hw$im§Zm eŠ` ZìhVo. n[aUm_r hr Hw$io Ag§a{jV Pmbr.
4) ghOnUo _mbH$s h¸$ {_imbm Zmhr :
Hw$im§Zm X_XmQ>r H$aUo, hþgH$mdyZ bmdUo qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z O~aXñVrZo amOrZm_o {bhÿZ KoUo ho
àH$ma Va gwé hmoVo. Ë`mì`{V[aº$ gaH$mar Xa~mar Ë`m§Zm H$mJXnÌo {_iÊ`mg AS>MUr {Z_m©U Pmë`m.
AkmZ Am{U J[a~r AgUè`m `m Hw$im§Zm O{_ZrMm _mbH$s h¸$ ghOnUo `m H$m`ÚmZo {_imbm Zmhr.
· g_mamon :
O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$aVmZm Hw$im§À`m g§ajU Am{U O{_Zr _mbH$s h¸$ {_iÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo
H$m`Xo Ho$bo na§Vw H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr bú`mV KodyZ ~S>çm O_rZXmam§Zr Amnbo _{bH$s h¸$ em~yV
R>odÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ `wº²$`m Ho$ë`m. gaH$maZo `m Jmoï>r bú`mV KodyZ doimodoir Ë`m H$m`ÚmV ~Xb Ho$bo.
nU EH$ Jmoï> bú`mV KoÊ`mgmaIr Amho Vr åhUOo Á`m amÁ`mV S>mdr gaH$mao hmoVr {VWo _mÌ `m
H$m`ÚmMr H$mQ>oH$moanUo A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr. hm H$m`Xm _mÌ H$mbmV§amZo Hw$im§À`m Iyn \$m`ÚmMm R>abm
d Ë`mVyZ Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV g_mZVm gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ gaH$maZo Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio hm H$m`Xm Hw$im§À`m Ñï>rZo
_hËdmMm R>abm.
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3.2.4 H$_mb O_rZYmaUm :
O{_Zr ho CËnmXZmMo `m XoemVrb EH$ _hËdmMo gmYZ AgyZ ho gmYZ `m XoemVrb OZVo_Ü`o
Ag_mZVoÀ`m nmVirda ApñVËdmV hmoVo. hr Ag_mZVm H$m Ambr Agm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo Ë`mdoir
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb amÁ`ì`dñWm Am{U Ë`mVrb H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm _hËdmÀ`m
{Xboë`m O~m~Xmè`m `mVyZ O{_Zr H$mhrM dJm©H$So> O_m Pmë`m Am{U O{_ZXmar dmT>br. H$mhr bmoH$m§H$So>
hOmamo EH$a O{_Zr Va XwgarH$So> ^y{_hrZ g_mOmMm àíZ _moR>m J§^ra ~Zbm hmoVm. `mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va
^maV gaH$maZo `mMr J§^ra XmIb KodyZ `m~m~Mm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. EImÚm ì`º$sH$So>
H$_mb O_rZ {H$Vr Agmdr ho Wm{dUo hm EH$ O_rZ gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmVrb _hËdmMm Q>ßnm hmoVm. hm
H$m`Xm hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mMr MMm© Or Pmbr Ë`m H$m§hr KQ>Zm§Mm AmT>mdm Kody.
1) gm_m{OH$ CXmgrZVm :
H$_mb O_rZYmaUm `m àíZmda g_mOmV ~arM CXmgrZVm hmoVr. hm àíZ gd© g_mOmMm Amho Aer
_mZ{gH$Vm VËH$mbrZ g_mOmV ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio hm àíZ gmoS>drV AgVmZm ~è`mM AS>MUr {Z_m©U
Pmë`m hmoË`m. hm àíZmda gd© g_mOmVyZ Omo CR>md ìhm`bm nm{hOo hmoVm Vmo Pmbm Zmhr. `mMo AmUIr
EH$ H$maU g§^dVo Vo åhUOo ZwH$VoM ñdmV§Ì {_imbo hmoVo AmVm `mnwT>o H$m` {dMma ìhm`bm nm{hOo ho
AmH$bZ Pmbo Zgmdo. H$m±J«og H$moUVm {ZU©` KoUma Amho Ë`m_Ü`o gm_rb hmoÊ`mMo ho EH$ YmoaU g_OV
éObo Agmdo. Ë`m_wio hr CXmgrZVm Ambr Agmdr Ago åhUÊ`mg dmd {_iVmo.
2) eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm§Mr _mJUr :
`m àíZmda n{hbr _mJUr hr 1946 gmbr Am°b B§{S>`m {H$gmZ g^m `m eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZr Ho$br.
Ë`m§Zr hr _mJUr _mJV AgVmZm EH$m eoVH$è`mH$So> {H$_mZ 25 EH$a O_rZ Agmdr Ago åh§Q>bo hmoVo.
AmOÀ`m H$mimV hr _mJUr AdmñVd dmQ>V Agbr Var Ë`m H$mimVrb bmoH$g§»`m bjmV KoVm Am{U
O_rZXmam§À`m Vmã`mVrb hOmamo EH$a O_rZ `mMo J{UV KQ>ë`mg Ë`m§Mr _mJUr hr `mo½` hmoVr.
3) XmoZ g{_Ë`m§Mo Ahdmb :
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va H$m±J«ogZo `m àíZmda J§^ra Aer ^y{_H$m KoVbr. 1947 gmbr n§VàYmZ Zohê$ `m§Zr
`m àíZmda EH$ g{_Vr Ë`m g{_VrZo H$_mb O_rZYmaUoMo AmH$ma_mZ ho {ZpíMV Ho$bo nm{hOo d A{V[aº$
O_rZ Vmã`mV KodyZ Vr O_rZ J«m_ ghH$mar g§WmZm {Xbr nm{hOo. `mMdoir 1949 gmbr gaH$maZo H$m±J«og
AJ«oar`Z [a\$m°_© H${_Q>r Oo gr Hw$_mamßnm `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Zo_br hmoVr. Ë`mMmhr Ahdmb àmá Pmbm
hmoVm. Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr EH$ gyÌ _m§S>bo hmoVo Vo åhUOo gd©gm_mÝ` EH$ eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~ Am{U Ë`mMr EH$
~¡bJmS>r `m§Zm nyU© amoOJma {_iyZ Ë`mMm {Zdm©h hmoÊ`mg {OVH$s O_rZ bmJVo Ë`mÀ`m {VßnQ>r BVH$s
O_rZ H$_mb åhUyZ Ë`mg {_imdr `m XmoÝhr g{_Ë`m§Zr O{_Zr H$moUmbm Úmì`mV Am{U H$_mb O_rZ
O_rZ {H$Vr Agmdr `mda _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmar {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr.
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3) n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVrb VËd :
n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm 1951 Vo 1956 `m H$mimV Pmbr. Ë`m `moOZoV H$_mb O_rZYmaUm
{H$Vr Agmdr `mda EH$ VËd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo. Hw$_mamßnm g{_VrZo {e\$mag H$aVmZm àË`oH$
amÁ`mVrb eoVrMm B{Vhmg Am{U Ë`mVrb CËnmXH$Vm `mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$_mb O_rZYmaUm {ZpíMV
H$amdr Ago åh§Q>bo hmoVo. `m_mJrb hoVy hm H$s, àË`oH$ amÁ`Vrb eoVr {h CËnÞmÀ`m nmVirda gmaIr
ZgUma Amho. 1953 gmbr H$m±J«og H${_Q>rMo A{YdoeZ AmJ«m `oWo ^abo hmoVo. `m_Ü`o àË`oH$ amÁ`mZo
Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb eoVr H$_mb YaU {H$Vr Amho ho {ZpíMV H$amdo d ^y{_hrZm§Zm hr O_rZ H$er XoVm
`oB©b `mMr _m{hV Jmoim H$aÊ`m~m~V R>amd nmg Ho$bm hmoVm. _Ü`o Z°eZb So>ìhbn_|Q> H$m¡pÝgbÀ`m
ñWm`r g{_VrZo Omhra Ho$bo H$s, Á`m amÁ`m§Zr H$_mb O_rZ YmaU H$m`Xm _§Oya Ho$bm Amho Ë`m§Zr n`ªV
Ë`m H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$amdr Am{U Cd©[aV amÁ`m§Zr Vmo _§Oya H$ê$Z H$m`©dmhr H$amdr.
· `m H$m`Úmbm {damoY :
1) J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ hmoUmam {damoY :
dfm©Zwdf} Á`m gÎmm, O{_Zr Vmã`mV R>odyZ ga§Om_Xmar ^moJbr hmoVr Ë`m gd© hmVyZ OmUma `mMr
_ZmV ^rVr Agë`mZo {deof H$ê$Z J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ `m H$m`Úmbm _moR>çm à_mUmda {damoY hmoD$ bmJbm.
`mMo nS>gmX d¥VnÌo, {dYr_§S>io, amÁ`mVrb H$m±J«og H${_Q>çm§À`m ~¡R>H$m `m_YyZ ho ñnï>nUo àJV hmoD$
bmJbo. gmd©O{ZH$ _mb_Îmm `m _wb^yV h¸$mda JXm `oUma Aer AmoaS> gwé Pmbr.
2) ZmJnya A{YdoeZ 1959 :
`m A{YdoeZmV `m {df`mda ~arM Ja_ MMm© Pmbr.Ë`mdoir hm àíZ \$ma {MKibm Omdy Z`o
`mgmR>r H$mhr Ooð> ZoË`m§Zr EH$ R>md nmg H$ê$ KoVbm. Ë`mZwgma 1959 n`ªV H$_mb O_rZ YmaU H$m`Xm
_§Oya H$ê$Z ¿`mdm Am{U Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$amdr. amÁ`mVrb Cd©[aV {e„H$ O_rZ n§Mm`VrH$So> gwnyX©
H$amdr d n§Mm`VrZo ^y{_hrZmZmMr _XV KodyZ ghH$mar VËdmda _emJV H$ê$ ¿`mdr Aem Ame`mMm
R>ad _§Oya H$ê$Z KoVbm
3) H$m±J«ogA§VJ©V {damoY :
ZmJnyaÀ`m A{YdoeZmZ§Va `m H$m`Úmbm {damoY H$aUmar H$m±J«og `m amOH$s` njmVrb EH$ \$ir C^m
am{hbr. `m_Ü`o H$m±J«og ga{MQ>Urg àm. EZ.Or.a§Jm `m§Zr `m H$m`Úmbm {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr n§{S>V Zohê$
`m§Zm EH$ nÌ nmR>dyZ `m H$m`Úmda H$R>moa Q>rH$m Ho$br. àm. a§Jm `m§À`m {damoYmbm nmR>nwamdm H$aUmao
AmUIr H$mhr ZoVo `m {damoYmÀ`m MidirV CVabo Ë`m_Ü`o gr.amOJmonmbmMmar Am{U {_Zy _gmZr ho
hmoV. `m gdm©Zr {_iyZ H$m±J«ogÀ`m `m YmoaUmbm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r OyZ 1959 _Ü`o ñdV§Ì nmQ>u ZmdmMm
ZdrZ nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm. H$m±J«ogbm n`m©` åhUy hm nj nwT>o `mdm Am{U Aí`m àH$maÀ`m H$m`Úmbm {damoY
Agmdm Aer ^y{_H$m hmoVr.`mVrb EH$ {deof ~m~ åhUOo O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmZo Á`m§Zm O{_Zr
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{_imë`m Aí`m ZdrZ O_rZ _mbH$m§Zrhr `m H$m`Úmbm {damoY Ho$bm.
4) {damoYH$m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ :
`m H$m`Úmbm {damoY H$aUmao Oo bmoH$ hmoVo Ë`m§Zm Ago EH$ dmQ>V hmoVo H$s, hm H$m`Xm amÁ`mÀ`m
{d{Y_§S>imV `oB©b Ë`mdoir `mg H$gyZ {damoY H$aVm `oB©b. H$maU _§Owar {_imë`mda Ë`mMr H$m`©dmhr
hr amÁ` gaH$mabmM H$amdr bmJUma hmoVr. _mÌ `mZmZmVa amÁ`mÀ`m {d{Y_§S>imMr A{YdoeZo gwé Pmbr
Am{U hm H$m`Xm àb§{~V am{hbm eodQ>r 1961 À`m eodQ>r `m {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va Pmbo.
· H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`ÚmMr Zm_wîH$s :
H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`XmMr Zm_wîH$s AmoT>dÊ`mMr doi Ambr Vr Ë`mVrb VaVwXr, dñVwpñWVr
Am{U MbmI~mO O_rZXma `m {VÝhr KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVm. 1961 gmbr hm H$m`Xm Pmbm
Agbm Var `mMr H$m`©dmhr _mÌ H$aVmZm gaH$mada Zm_wîH$sMr doi Ambr hmoVr. hr Zm_wîH$s H$m Ambr
Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
1) _moR>r O_rZ CnbãY ZìhVr:
O_rZ YmaUoMr _`m©Xm `m H$m`ÚmZo A{YH$ R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir ~è`mM amÁ`mV 70% O_rZ
_mbH$m§H$So> 5 EH$amnojm A{YH$ O_rZ CnbãY ZìhVr. Caboë`m O_rZXmamH$So> Á`m O{_Zr CnbãY
hmoË`m Ë`m§Zm hm H$m`Xm bmJy hmoV ZìhVm H$maU EH$m ì`º$sH$So> {H$Vr O_rZ Agmdr hr _`m©Xm `m
H$m`ÚmZo amÁ`{Zhm` doJdoJir Agë`mMo {XgVo. Am§Y«V àXoemV 27 Vo 312 EH$a, Ag§ _Ü`o 50,
Ho$aimV 15 Vo 37.5, n§Om~ amÁ`mV 30 Vo 60, npíM_ ~m§Jb 25, _hmamï´> 18 Vo 126, Aer EH$amV
O_rZ YmaU Ho$bo O_rZYmaH$ hmoVo. EH$m ~mOybm H$m`Xm Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOybm gwQ>H$m `m_wio dmQ>nmgmR>r
O_rZ CnbãY hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr.
2) ì`{º$JV O{_Zr :
hm H$m`Xm \$º$ EH$m ì`º$sgmR>r H$m`Xoera VaVyX Xe©dV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio hm H$m`Xm Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r
ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio EImÚm Hw$Qw>§~mZo A{YH$ O_rZ J«hU Ho$bobr Agbo Va hm H$m`Xm Ë`mg bmJy hmoV
ZìhVm.H$m§hr MbmI~mO O_rZ _mbH$m§Zr Amnë`m O{_Zr øm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m Zmdo Ho$ë`m
Agë`mZo Ë`m gXñ`mÀ`m ì`{º$JV O{_Zr Pmë`m Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm hm H$m`Xm bmJy hmoV ZìhVm.
3) Hw$Qw>§~ {dñVmamda O_rZ {dñVma :
`m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXrZwgma Oa O_rZXmam§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm {dñVma _moR>m Agob Va Ë`m à_mUmV
O{_ZrMm {dñVma dmT>dÊ`mMr _w^m XoÊ`mV Ambr. `m H$m`ÚmZo {H$Vr Q>¸o$ O_rZ ì`má H$amdr ho
amÁ`{Zhm` doJdoJio Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ho$ai_Ü`o 67%, _Ü` àXoemV 90%, {~hma, _Ðmg d _hmamï´>mV
100%, {ÌnwamV 140% Aer O_rZ ì`má H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX hmoVr. Am§Y« àXoemV Va Hw$Qw>§~mVrb àË`oH$
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gXñ`mbm 6 Vo 72 EH$a O_rZ ì`má H$aÊ`mMr _w^m hmoVr. `mbm AndmX \$º$ Oå_y H$mí_ra, npíM_
~§Jmb, {h_mMb àXoe, Am{U n§Om~ amÁ` hmoVo. `m amÁ`m§Zm hr Hw$Qw>§~ {dñVmamda O_rZ {dñVma hr VaVyX
bmJy ZìhVr.
4) _moR>çm ^m§S>dbXmam§da H¥$nm :
`m H$m`ÚmZo `m XoemVrb AZoH$ O{_Zr _mbH$ `mda A§Hw$e bmdbm Agbm Var _moR>m ^m§S>dbr
O_rZ YmaH$m§À`mda _mÌ H¥$nm Xe©{dbr hmoVr. `m_Ü`o Mhm-H$m°\$s d a~amMo _io, Xw½Yì`dgm`, eoir_|T>r nmbZ, ~mJ, gmIa H$maImÝ`mH$So> Agbobo _io `m§Zm _mÌ `mVyZ gwQ> XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio
_moR>o ^m§S>dbr ì`dgm` H$aUmao ho ghrgbm_V `m H$m`ÚmVyZ gwQ>bo.
5) O_rZXmam§Mr MbmIr :
hm H$m`Xm A_bmV `oÊ`mgmR>r ~amM doi bmJbm hmoVm `m Xaå`mZ H$mhr MbmI O_rZXmam§Zr
Amnë`m O{_Zr `m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m Zmdmda H$ê$Z ImVo\$moS> Ho$br. Va H$mhr O{_Zr {dHy$Z Q>mH$ë`m. H$mhr
{R>H$mUr Hw$im§Zm Y_H$mdyZ O{_Zr Vmã`mV KoVë`m Ë`m_wio _wiMo Hw$i ho ^y{_hrZ Va PmboM nU O_rZ
_mbH$m§H$So> _mÌ `m O{_Zr am{hë`mZo H$m`ÚmZo Ë`m§Zm A§Hw$e am{hbm Zmhr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ
dmQ>nmgmR>r O{_Zr CnbãY Pmë`m ZmhrV.
6) A{V[aº$ O{_ZtMr dmZdm :
`m gd© àH$mamVyZ AZoH$ O_rZXmam§Zr Amnbr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVbr Agbr Var H$mhrM O{_Zr
gaH$maÀ`m hmVr bmJë`m. 1961 Vo 1970 gmbmn`ªV {~hma, åh¡gya, Ho$ai, Amo[agm,amOñWmZ `m amÁ`mV
EH$ EH$a gwÕm O_rZ CnbãY Pmbr Zmhr. Am§Y« àXoemV Ho$di 1400 EH$a O_rZ {_imbr Va Oå_y
H$mí_ra amÁ`mV 23000 hOma EH$a O_rZ {_imbr. `m O{_Zr _mÌ Hw$im§Zm dmQy>Z XoÊ`mV Amë`m.
· Z§VaMr H$m±J«og ^y{_H$m :
1970 Z§Va H$m±J«gZo O_rZ gwYmaUm H$m`©H«$_mbm JVr {Xbr. B§{XamOtÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr 1970
gmbr XoemVrb gd© amÁ`mVrb _w»`_§Í`mMr ~¡R>H$ ~mobm{dbr. n§VàYmZ Jm§Yr `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm `m~m~V
AmìhmZ Ho$bo Zì`m H¥$fr YmoaUmV Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar Hw$io, ^y{_hrZ _Oya,`m§Zm gh^mJr hmoVm `oB©b
Aem g§ñWm {Z_m©U H$amd`mÀ`m AmhoV. `mÀ`mhr AJmoXa {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr ^yXmZ Mmidi C^r Ho$br
hmoVr na§Vw `mM Xaå`mZ ZjbdmXr MidirMm CJ_hr Pmbm hmoVm.
3.2.5 ^yXmZ Midi :
_hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Zr `m Xoembm Oo AZoH$ ZoVo {Xbo ËË`mVrb {dZmo~m ^mdo ho EH$ hmo`. {dZmo~m ^mdo
`m§Zr `m Xoembm EH$ _moR>r Midi {Xbr Vr åhUOo ^yXmZ Midi hmo`. `m ^yXmZ MidirMo
VËd, `m MidirMo ñdê$n, Am{U MidirZo H$m` gmÜ` Ho$bo `mMm Aä`mg `m KQ>H$mV H$amd`mMm
Amho.
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· {dZmo~m§Mo nydm©`wî` :
{dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mm OÝ_ 11 gßQ>|~a 1895 gmbr am`JS> VmbwŠ`mVrb noU_Yrb JmJmoXo `m Jmdr
Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo ~mbnU ~S>moXm `m g§ñWmZ_Ü`o Jobo. bhmZnUrM A§H$J{UV, am_m`U _hm^maV, BgmnZrVr
`mVrb {ejUmMo g§ñH$ma Pmbo hmoVo. nmpíM_mË` {dMmad§V Wmoamo, H$mbm©B©b,B_g©Z `m§Mrhr AmoiI Ë`m§Zm
dmMZmVyZ Pmbr hmoVr. ^maVr` J«§Wm_Ü`o Xm~moY, _moamon§VmMr Ho$H$mdbr,`mMr dmMZ Pmbo hmoVo. {dZmo~m§Zr
Amnë`m _w§OrdoirM AmOÝ_ ~«åhMmar amhÊ`mMm EH$ _moR>m {ZU©` KoVbm hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm J¥ôË`mJmMr àoaUm
Jm¡V_ ~wÕ, e§H$amMm`©, d am_Xmg `m§À`mnmgyZ KoVbr hmoVr.
· _hmË_m Jm§YrOtÀ`m ghdmgmV :
{dZmo~m ^mdo ho Jm§YrOtMo EH$ AZw`m`r åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr AmoiI Amho. {dZmo~m _Ü`o Jm§YrOtÀ`m
ghdmgmV Ambo. Jm§YrÀ`m _mJ©Xem©Imbr Ë`m§Zr amï´>r` H$m`m©bm gwédmV Ho$br Agbr Var Vo 1921 _Ü`o
amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMo g^mgX ~Zbo. 1923 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm MidirVrb gh^mJmZo df©^a Vwé§Jdmg Pmbm. 1921
Vo 1940 `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr Aml_mV amhÿZ {d{dY {df`mda J«§WboIZ Ho$bo.
ñd`§nyU© IoSo> hr g§H$ënZm am~{dÊ`mgmR>r 300 IoS>çm§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. 1934 _Ü`o J«m_godm _§S>i
d _hmamoJr godm _§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$bo. 1930-1931 À`m H$mimV JrVmB© {b{hbr. 1974 _Ü`o JrVm
à{Vð>mZ ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `mO~amo~a Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU d gdmªgmR>r _§{Xa Iwbo Ago H$m`©H«$_ am~{dbo.
Ë`m§Mm AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm H$m`©H«$_ åhUOo ^yXmZ Midi hmo`. _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§À`mda apñH$Z `m§À`m
AZ Qy> X bmñQ> `m J«§WmMm à^md hmoVm. Ë`mMm AW© Agm H$s, eodQ>Mm ì`º$s AWdm g_mO Agm hmoVm.
Ë`mVyZM Jm§Yr VËdmMm nam^d {dZmo~m§da Pmbm Am{U ^yXmZmMr g§H$ënmZ nwT>o Ambobr {XgVo.
· Jm§Yr VËdm§Mm {dñVma :
{dZmo~m§Zr Jm§YrOtÀ`m VËdmMm Imobda Aä`mg Ho$bm Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr H$mhr ZdrZ g§H$ënZm nwT>o
AmUë`m hmoË`m Ë`m nwT>rb à_mUo 1) Jm§YrOtMo AZmgº$s `moJ ho VËd ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. ho VËd ^JdVJrVm `m J«§WmVyZ Ambo hmoVo.
{dZmo~m§Zr g_`moJ ho VËd nwT>o AmUbo. ho VËd åhUOo ^JdVJrVoMr {eH$dU hmoVo.
2) Jm§YrOtÀ`m Xwgè`m EH$m VËdmMm {dñVma Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm Vo åhUOo AÝVmoX` ho hmo`. Ë`mMoM EH$
ZdrZ ê$n åhUyZ gdm}X` hr g§H$ënZm nwT>o Ambr. gdm}X` `m AW© gdmªMm {dH$mg Agm
hmoVm.
3) Jm§YrOtMr {dídñV hr g§H$ënZm {dZmo~m§Zr nwT>o AmUbr Vr åhUOo ^yXmZ hr hmo`.
4) Jm§YrOtMr qhX ñdamO hr g§H$ënZm Ë`m§Zr `mMm {dñVma H$aV emgZ_wº$ g_mO hr g§H$ënZm
_m§S>br.
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5) gË`mJ«h hm g§H$ënZoÀ`m ~m~VrV Ë`m§Zr Amnbo {dMma ì`º$ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma
gË`mJ«h Vr ì`º$s H$aVo Á`mMm gË` `m g§H$ënZoda {dídmg Amho. nU Á`m ì`º$s¨Mm gË`
`m g§H$ënZoda {dídmg Zmhr Ë`mMm {dZmo~m§Zr {dMma Ho$bm ZìhVm.
· {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Mo ^yXmZ {df`H$ {dMma :
AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo `m§À`mda Jm§YrOtMm à^md hmoVm. {dZmo~m Ë`m§Mo gƒo AZw`m`r hmoVo. XoemMr
\$miUr Pmë`mda XoemV gd©Xya O_mVdmXr X§Jo noQ>bo hmoVo. Aem doir EH$ O~m~Xmar åhUyZ g_mOmVrb
H$mhr bmoH$ Amnbr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. {dZmo~m§Zr ho X§Jo e_{dÊ`mgmR>r Xoe^a nX`mÌm gwé Ho$br. `m
nX`mÌobm åhUmdm {VVH$m à{VgmX {_iV Zmhr ho {dZmo~mOtÀ`m bú`mV Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr `mda gImob
qMVZ Ho$bo Am{U Ë`mVyZ H$mhr VËdo Ë`m§Zm Jdgbr. qMVZ hm H$moUË`mhr _moR>çm H$m`m©Mm AmYma
AgVmo. Jm§YrMm à^md AgUmè`m {dZmo~m§Zr Zo_Ho$ hoM Ho$bo. `m qMVZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb à`moJ
am~{dÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.
1) H$m§MZ_wº$s :
{dZmo~m§Zr `m XoemV Or nX`mÌm Ho$br Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m EH$ Jmoï> bú`mV Ambr H$s, `m XoemV
^`mZH$ {df_Vm Amho. _mZdmÀ`m gd© g_ñ`m øm n¡gm hm KQ>H$mer {ZJS>rV AgyZ Ë`mV _moh hm KQ>H$
à_wI AgyZ _mohmbm ~mOybm Ho$ë`mg gd© g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU hmoD$ eHo$b. hr g§H$ënZoMo gmå` Jm¡V_
~wÕmÀ`m V¥îUm `m {dMmamer Amho.
2) {dZmo~m§Zm EH$ {dídmg hmoVm Vmo åhUOo An[aJ«h hm ì`{º$JV OrdZmV Agbm nm{hOo Vgm Vmo
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm_Ü`o Ambm nm{hOo åhUOo g_ñ`m gwQ>Vrb.
3) n¡gm `m KQ>H$mbm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVyZ {Zd¥Îmr XoUo.
4) F$fr eoVr hm EH$ à`moJ Ë`m§Zr ndZma Aml_mV `eñdr [aË`m nma nmS>bm hmoVm. Ë`mMmhr à`moJ
Vo gd© Xoe^a H$ê$ BpÀN>V hmoVo. {deofV… ho à`moJ Oa gd© XoemVrb IoS>çmV Ho$bo Va gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV
ZdrZ àdmh {Z_m©U hmoVrb Aer EH$ Ë`m§Zm Anojm hmoVr Ë`mgmR>r Vo hr EH$àH$maMr H«$m§Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Aml_mVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo. ho gd© à`moJ `eñdr am~{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr XoenmVirda, "gdm}X` g_mO' ZmdmMr
g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br.
· ^yXmZ H$m`©H«$_ :
1) Vob§JUm _Yrb à`moJ :
`m Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imbo Am{U _Ü`o _hmË_m Jm§YrMm IyZ Pmbm hm H$m Iyn _moR>m Y¸$m hmoVm.
`m IwZmMo nS>gmXPmbr åhUyZ XoemÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV X§Jbr Am{U Ominmoir gwé Pmë`m. Ë`m X§Jbr
em§V H$aÊ`mMr EH$ _moR>r O~m~Xmar {dZmo~m§Zr KoVbr. `m X§Jbr em§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Am§Y« àXoemVrb
Vob§JUm ^mJmV ^«_§Vr Ho$br.
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`m ^mJmVrb OZgm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mo àíZ AË`§V J§^ra ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. gmå`dmXr JQ>mZo eoVH$è`m§Mr ~m§YUr
geó JQ>mV Ho$br hmoVr Va Xwgè`m ~mOybm lr_§V O_rZXma hmoVo.
2) ^yXmZ H$m`©H«$_mVrb n{hbo `e :
AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo Am§Y« àXoemVrb Vob§JUm ^mJmVrb nmoM_n„r `oWo 18 E{àb 1941 _Ü`o
nmohmoMbo. VoWrb n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoVbm Am{U àW_ Ë`m§Zr h[aOZ dñVrbm ^oQ> {Xbr. Ë`m
dñVr_Yrb ì`Wm OmUyZ KoVë`m. Amåhmbm 80 EH$a OmJm {_imë`mg Am_Mo àíZ gwQ>Vrb Aer ì`Wm
VoWrb bmoH$mZr _m§S>br hmoVr. nU {dZmo~m§Zr àË`oH$mb O_rZ {_iUma Zmhr nU Vwåhmbm gdmªZm {_iyZ
H$m_ H$amdo bmJob Ago gm§{JVbo. `mMdoir nmoM_n„r _Yrb EH$ gmYZ eoVH$ar am_M§Ð aoÈ>r `m§Zr
Amnbr e§^a EH$a O_rZ {dZmo~m§H$So> gwnyX© Ho$br. Am{U {dZmo~m§À`m H$m`m©g n{hbo `e àmá Pmbo.
3) {dZmo~mOtMm Ñï>rH$moZ :
AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo `mMr Ñï>r hr B©ídadmXr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr `m KQ>ZoMo dU©Z XoIrb AgoM Ho$bo
Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo _r O_rZ _m{JVbr Am{U _bm O_rZ {_imbr hm B©ídar g§Ho$V Amho. nwT>o åhUVmV
Xod åhUbm VwPr Oa Aqhgoda lÕm Agob Va Vwbm g§Yr {_imbr Amho Vy _mJV Om Vwbm O_rZ {_iV
OmB©b.
hdm, nmUr Am{U gy`©àH$me ho XodmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bo Agë`mZo Ë`mda gdmªMm A{YH$ma Amho Am{U
O_rZXoIrb XodmZo {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho. ^yXmZ `k hm ^maVr` g§H¥$VrMm ^mJ Amho. {dZmo~m§Zr H$éUm `m
VËdmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo H$m`Xm Am{U H$Îmbr H$ê$Z H$moUVmhr àíZ gwQ>V Zmhr Ë`mgmR>r
H$éUm ho VËd Amdí`H$ Amho.
4) AmMm`mªMr nX`mÌm :
{dZmo~m ^mdo `m§Zr Jm§YrOtÀ`m à_mUo Amnë`m VËdmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xoe^a nX`mÌm Ho$br.
XaamoO n§Yam _¡b nm`r MmbV 13 _{hZo 3 _{hZo Am{U 3 {Xdg nX`mÌm Ho$br. `m nX`mÌoZo gw_mao 80
hOma {H$bmo_rQ>a A§Va H$mnbo hmoVo. JmdmoJmdMo gm_mÝ` bmoH$ H$m`©H$V} åhUyZ `m_Ü`o gm_rb hmoV hmoVo.
{X„r, H$mZnya, _raV, {~hma, ~§Jmb, Amo[agm, Am§Y«, Vm{_iZmSy>, Ho$ai, H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamï´>, JwOamW,
amÁ`ñWmZ, n§Om~, H$mí_ra `m amÁ`mVrb {d{dY ^mJmV hr A^yVnyd© nX`mÌm Pmbr. {dZmo~m§Mm àdmg
E{àb 1951 nmgyZ Vmo 10 E{àb 1964 n`ªV gwé hmoVm.
5) ^yXmZ à`moJmg {_imbobo `e :
Vob§JUm ^mJmV Ë`m§Zr 200 Jmdm§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr 12,200 EH$a O{_ZrMo XmZ
{_imbo. XoemVrb CÎma ^mJmVrb àXoe {~hma Am{U CÎma àXoemV M§Jbo `e àmá Pmbo. 1956 À`m
_mM©AIoa 40 bmI EH$a O{_ZrMo XmZ {_imbo. `m H$m`©H«$_mbm _moR>o `e àmá Pmbo Agbo Var
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{_imboë`m O{_Zr~m~V H$mhr g_ñ`mhr hmoË`m.`mVrb ~arM O_rZ H$gÊ`mg {Zén`moJr Va H$mhr
O_rZÀ`m _mbH$sMo dmX Agë`mMo {XgVo.
6) O_rZ dmQ>n :
{dZmo~m§Zm {_imbobr O_rZ hr Oar H$mhr g_ñ`m§Mr Agbr Var Vr VerM R>odUohr `mo½` ZìhVo.
H$maU hm à`moJ Aqhgm,gË`, H$m§MZ_wº$s Am{U An[aJ«h `m VËdmda Mmbobm hmoVm. `m à`moJmda
bmoH$m§Mm {dídmg A{YH$ ÑT> ìhmdm `mgmR>r `m O{_ZrMo dmQ>n hmoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo `mgmR>r hr O_rZ
^y{_hrZm§Zm dmQ>Ê`mV Ambr. {_imboë`m 45 bmI EH$a O{_Zrn¡H$s 1957 AIoa 6.54 bmI EH$a
O{_ZrMm dmQ>n XmoZ bmI Hw$Qw>§~mV Ho$bo. 1961 À`m gwédmVrbm 8.72 bmI EH$a O{_ZrMo dmQ>n Pmbo.
7) J«m_XmZ `moOZm :
^yXmZ `m MidirMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ J«m_XmZ hm EH$ H$m`©H«$_ 1955 À`m AIoarg nwT>o Ambm.
J«m_XmZ åhUOo H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`º$sMr O{_ZrMr _mbH$s Z amhVm Vr O_rZ JmdmÀ`m _mbH$sMr hmoVm
Ago. {h J«m_XmZ `moOZm Amo[agm amÁ`mV Iyn Mmbbr. _hmamï´>, Ho$ai, Am§Y« àXoe, d _Ðmg amÁ`mV
Iyn H$mi åhUOo 1960 À`m AIoan`ªV Mmbbobr Midi hmoVr. `m J«m_XmZ `moOZoV ^maVmVrb AZoH$
amÁ`mVrb AZoH$ JmdoÀ`m Jmdo gm_rb Pmbr hmoVr. Amo[agm_Yrb 4500 hÿZ A{YH$ Jmdo, _hmamï´>mVrb
603, Ho$ai 543, Am§Y« àXoe 483, d _Ðmg 203 Aem g§»`oZo H$mhr Jmdo `m {Z`moOZmV gm_rb Pmbr
hmoVr.
· ^yXmZ MidirMo _yë`_mnZ :
`m MidirMo _yë`_mnZ H$aVmZm Ë`mdarb H$mhr _Vm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm nm{hOo Ë`mVrb H$mhr _Vo
hr MidirMo `WmW© Xe©Z KS>dUmar Va H$mhr _Vo hr Ë`mVrb Ý`yZËd Xe©dUmar AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _Vm§À`m
_Vm§Mm gmH$ë`mZo {dMma Ho$bm nm{hOo.
1) gmoB©Mr Jmdo {ZdS>br :
{dZmo~m§Zr hr Midi Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m gmoB©Mr Jmdo {ZdS>br Agm EH$ Amjon KoVbm
OmVmo. H$maU Á`m JmdmV O_rZXma ZìhVm qH$dm Á`m JmdmV \$maer {df_Vm ZìhVr Aer Jmdo
{ZdS>ë`mZo {VWo `m Midirg {damoY hmoUma ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio hr Midi `eñdr hmoÊ`mÀ`m g§^m{dV
joÌmMr {ZdS> Ho$br Á`m_Ü`o dZO{_Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoË`m. EH$m AWm©Zo Am{Xdmgr hm `m `moOZoMm
bm^Ymar Z amhVm Vmo bm^ BVam§Zm {_imbm. hm EH$ Agë`mMm Amjon KoVbm Jobm Amho.
2) ñdßZdV `moOZm
hr Midi ñdßZdV hmoVr qH$dm IwnM _moR>m AmXe© ~miJUmar hmoVr Ago H$mhr Q>rH$mH$mam§Zm
dmQ>Vo. H$maU Iyn _moR>o AmXe© ho dê$Z nyU© hmoUmao {Xgbo Var Ë`mbm ì`mdhm[aH$ _`m©Xm AgVmV. gmYm
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O{_ZrMm ~m§Y Oar gaH$bm Var Ë`m~m~V dmX-{ddmX Pmbobo AmhoV. _J Iyn _moR>çm g§VmofmZo hr O_rZ
XmZ H$aUo ho Iyn _moR>o AmXe© ñdßZ nmhÊ`mgmaIo Amho.
3) `m MidirMo Q>rH$mH$ma :
`m MidirMo Q>rH$mH$ma H$moU hmoVo Ë`mda Q>rHo$Mo g_W©Z R>aVo.ho Q>rH$mH$ma åhUOo _hmË_m Jm§YrÀ`m
gË`mJ«h, gË`, Aqhgm hm VËdmda Q>rH$m H$aUmao hmoVo. `mMm EH$ AW© Agm g§^dVmo H$s, Jm§YrOtÀ`m
EH$m {eî`mZo Ho$bobr Midi Amnë`m VmpËdH$ ^y{_Ho$bm N>oX XoUmar R>ê$ eH$Vo åhUyZ Ë`m MidirÀ`m
`emnojm Ë`mVrb Xmof MMm© Ho$ë`mZo _hËd H$_r hmoB©b. ho XoIrb Ë`m Q>rH$mH$mam§Mo EH$ àH$maMo ñdßZM
hmoVo Ago åhUVm `oB©b. ZH$mamVyZ gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mnojm ñdrH$mamVyZ àJVr hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm `oV
Zmhr.
4) {ddoH$dmXr AmdmhZ :
`m Midirg O{_Zr Á`m {_imë`m Ë`mVrb EH$ _hËdmMm ^mJ åhUOo `m MidirÀ`m
H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr EH$ {ddoH$dmXr AmìhmZ Ho$bo hmoVo. ~è`mM doim O_rZXma ho EH$ emofU H$aUmao `§Ì AgyZ
gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mr Vo {nidUyH$ H$aVmV Agm EH$ gd©_mÝ` g_O Amho. nU Xwgè`m ~mOybm gd© O{_Zr
Á`m {_imë`m Ë`m O_rZ YmaH$m§À`m àm_m{UH$nUm_wio hohr bú`mV KoVbo nm{hOo. H$moUrhr _Zwî` Amnbr
O_rZ {dZmH$maU XoUma Zmhr Va Ë`m MidirÀ`m _mJo {ddoH$dmXr Am{U {dYm`H$ Ago VaM ho eŠ`
hmoUma hmoVo. `m Midirg {_imboë`m O{_Zr nmhVm Amnë`mg hr Midi {ddoH$dmXr AmdmhZmMr hr
Midi hmoVr Ago åhUÊ`mg dmd {_iVmo.
5) {dídñVm§Mr g§H$ënZm :
hr g§H$ënZm `m MidirMm _ybmYma hmoVm. {dZmo~m ^md|Zr hr g§H$ënZm am~dVmZm g~ ^y_r
Jmonmb H$s `m VËdmMm dmna Ho$bm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ {dídñVm§Mr ^y{_H$m _ZmV OmJ¥V Pmbr.
Ë`m_wio O_rZ gwYmaU Am{U dmQ>n `m ~m~r gwH$a ~Zë`m. 1961 gmbr Vm{_iZmSy>_Yrb gdm}X`
H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr EH$ {ZU©` KoVbm Vmo åhUOo Oo O_rZXma Amnbr O_rZ XmZ H$aUma Zmhr Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV
gË`mJ«h H$am`Mm nU VoWrb g_mOdmXr bmoH$m§Zr {dídñVmMr ^y{_H$m _m§S>br hmoVr.
6) Z¡{VH$Vm hoM Iao ~i :
^yXmZ MidirMo Iao ~i H$moUVo hr MMm© Ho$br Va Ago EH$ bú`mV `oB©b H$s, Z¡{VH$Vm hmM
Iam `m MidirMm AmYma Amho. Á`m Midir Z¡{VH$Vm ~imda MmbVmV Ë`mV `e {_iVo ho
Jm§YrdmXmÀ`m ^y{_Ho$dê$Z ñnï> Pmbo Amho. {dZmo~m§Zr XoIrb `mM ^y{_H$m _m§S>ë`m. O_rZXmam§da Z¡{VH$
X~md Q>mH$Uo Am{U Amnbr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$aUo `mÛmam `m Midirg `e àmá Pmbo.
· g_mamon :
^maVmVrb Á`m H$mhr _hËdmÀ`m Midir Pmë`m Ë`m AZoH$ Agë`m Var ^yXmZmMr Midi `m
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XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm A§V_w©I hmoÊ`mg ^mJ nS>Umar hmoVr. AZoH$ H$m`Xoera IQ>mQ>mon H$ê$Zhr ~So> O_rZXma
dmQ>m-nidmQ>m emoYV hmoVo. nU `m MidirZo Oo `e {_idbo Vo {Zg§e` {dZmo~m§À`m {Zñn¥h ^y{_Ho$bm
Úmdo bmJob. `m Midirda H$mhr Amjon `oUo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho Ë`mVrb AmjonmVrb VÏ` Am{U
dñVypñWVr g_OyZ KoVbr nm{hOo. Á`m ^y{_hrZ bmoH$m§Zm Amnbo OrdZ gwairV H$aÊ`mg Omo O_rZ
H$gÊ`mVrb dmQ> {_imbm Am{U nyU© Zgbo Va H$mhr EH$ à_mUmV OrdZ gwairV Pmbo hohr H$mhr WmoS>Ho$
ZìhVo.
4.2.6 h[aV H«$m§Vr :
h[aV H«$m§Vr hr ^maVr` eoVr ì`dñWoVrb EH$ _hËdmMm Q>ßnm Amho. H«$m§Vr åhUOo A_wbmJ« ~Xb
hmo`. ^maVr` eoVr nÕVr Am{U CËnmXZ `m_Ü`o H$mhr _hËdmMo ~Xb hmoD$Z eoVr CËnÞ dmT>bo `mbm
h[aV H«$m§Vr Ago åh§Q>bo OmVo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm {~«Q>re H$mimnmgyZ eoVr ì`dgm`mV H$mhr à_mUmV ~Xb
KS>V Agbo Var Vo H$mhr gH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmMo ZìhVo. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm hr gwairV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_Ü`o {Z`moOZ _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Pmbr Am{U Ë`m _§S>imMo nX{gÕ AÜ`j åhUyZ n§VàYmZ AgmdoV Ago
R>abo Ë`mà_mUo `m {Z`moOZ _§S>imÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmZo n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMm AmamIS>m _m§S>bm Jobm. Ë`m_wio
eoVr KQ>H$mV H$mhr ~Xb KS>bo. ^maVmV ^maVmV À`m XeH$mÀ`m _Ü`mdYrZ§Va h[aV H«$m§VrMr gwédmV
Pmbr.`m Q>ßß`mbm Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm§Mm Q>ßnm Ago åh§Q>bo OmVo.
· h[aV H«$m§Vr åhUOo H$m`?
h[aV H«$m§Vr åhUOo 1940 Vo 1960 `m H$mimVrb eoVr_Ü`o g§emoYZ Am{U gmYZgm_wJ«r `m_Ü`o
Or àJVr KS>br Ë`mMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. `m_Ü`o {deof åhUOo 1920 Vo 1930 `m H$mimV H¥$fr
O¡dV§ÌkmZ emók ZmPmarZmo ñQ²am{nbr `m§À`m H$m_Mmhr A§V^m©d hmoVmo. h[aV H«$m§Vr {h g§km àW_
`wZm`Q>oS> ñQ>oQ>g EOÝgrO \$m°a B§Q>aZ°eZb S>oìhbn_|Q> (USAID) `m§Zr àW_ _m§S>br
h[aV H«$m§Vr `m H$m_mV _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m A_o[aH$Z emók Zm°_©Z ~mobm}J `m§Zr ~Omdbr hmoVr.
Ë`m§Zm \$mXa Am°\$ J«rZ [aìhmoë`weZ Ago åh§Q>bo OmVo. Ë`m§À`m _hËdmÀ`m g§emoYZm_wio bmImo bmoH$
Cnmg_marVyZ dmMbo.`m H$m_mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm 1970 _Ü`o Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ {_imbo hmoVo. 1961 _Ü`o
^maVmV _moR>m XwîH$mi nS>bm hmoVm. Ë`mdoir ^maVr` eoVr Vk S>m°. gr.gw~«÷Ê`_ `m§Zr Zm°_©Z ~mobm}J
`m§Zm ^maVmV Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo hmoVo. H$moUË`mhr {damoYmbm Z Ow_mZVm ^maV gaH$maZo JìhmMo ~rO Am`mV
Ho$bo. Am{U eoVrÀ`m à`moJmgmR>r n§Om~ hm ObqgMZ gmo`rZr `wº$ Agbobm àXoe {ZdS>bm. Ë`mVyZ
^maVmZo ñdV…Mr h[aV H«$m§Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br. WmoS>çmM AdYrV Am` Ama 8 {h ^mVmMo EH$ ZdrZ dmU
emoYyZ H$mT>bo. 1968 _Ü`o ^maVr` emók Eg.Ho$. S>r. XÎmm `m§Mo g§emoYZ àH$m{eV Pmbr Am{U
gwYm[aV Am` Ama 8 ho ^mVmMo dmU `mnmgyZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ hmoD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio hm à`moJ gd©
Am{e`m I§S>mV bmoH${à` Pmbm.
h[aV H«$m§VrMr g§H$ënZm A_o[aH$m `m amï´>mVyZ Ambr Agbr Va ^maVmV _mÌ Vr ì`mnH$ H$aÊ`mMo
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H$m_ S>m°. EZ.Eg ñdm_rZmWZ `m§Zr Ho$bo. Zm°_©Z ~mobm}J `m§Zr _opŠgH$mo _Ü`o Or gwYm[aV JìhmMr OmV
emoYbr hmoVr Vo {~`mUo ^maVmV AmUbo. ^maVr` hdm_mZ Am{U O_rZ `mMo g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Amnë`m
XoemgmR>r ZdrZ dmU V`ma Ho$bm.^maVr` Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` h[aV H«$m§VrMo OZH$ Ago åhUVmV.
1967-68 À`m H$mimV eoVr joÌmV H$mhr A_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>bo. Ë`m_wio ^maVmV h[aV H«$m§Vr Ambr
qH$dm gwédmV Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. ho eoVr_Yrb ~Xb AMmZH$ KS>bo ZmhrV Va Ë`mbm AZoH$ Jmoï>r
ghmæ`H$ R>aë`m Ë`m ghmæ`H$ R>aboë`m H$mhr H$maUm§Mm AmnU AmT>mdm Kody.
· h[aV H«$m§VrMr H$maUo :
1) H¥$fr {df`H$ g§emoYZ :
eoVr{df`H$ g§emoYZ ho EH$ _hËdmMo H$maU h[aV H«$m§Vr KS>Ê`mg H$maUr^yV R>aob Amho. ^maVr`
eoVr g§emoYZ _§S>i d ^maVmVrb {d{dY H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>mVyZ Pmbobo g§emoYZ _hËdmMo R>aob. {nH$m§Mo
àH$ma _hËdmMr IVo d eoVr H$aÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr `m g§X^m©V AMyH$ _mJ©Xe©Z eoVH$è`m§Zm Pmbo.
2) IVm§Mm A{YH$ dmna :
eoVrMo CËnmXZ A{YH$ {ZKmdo `m CÔoemZo IVm§Mm dmna A{YH$ hmoD$ bmJbm. hm dmna 1960
gmbmnmgyZ H$gm dmT>bm `mMo {ddaU nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. 1960-1961 Vo 1954-66 `m H$mimV
Xadfu 90 hOma Q>Z dmna Ho$bm Jobm. hoM à_mU nwT>o dmT>V Joë`mMo {XgVo. 1977-78 `m dfm©V 4.29
Xebj Q>Zmda nmohmoMbm. gZ 2003-2004 `m dfm©V 1 H$moQ>r Q>Zmda dmna Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. AWm©V
`mMo Xwîn[aUm_hr Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {XgyZ Ambo.
3) ZdrZ {~`mUm§Mm dmna :
H¥$fr joÌmV ZdrZ {~`mUo CnbãY Pmë`mZo A{YH$ CËnmXZ hmoD$ bmJbo. Vm`Mw§J, V¡Zm, gmoZm,
gmoZm{bH$m, gm~a_Vr, O_wZm, ~mbm, aËZm, H¥$îU, {dO`m, H$mdoar `m gmaIo {~`mUo Xa EH$ar A{YH$
CËnmXZ XoUmao hmoVo. Ë`mMm dmna _moR>§ à_mUV eoVH$è`m§Zr Ho$ë`mZo CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbr.
4) A§Va {nH$ nÕVr :
A{YH$ CËnÞ XoUmar ZdrZ ~rOo CnbãY Pmë`mZo A§Va {nH$mMr nÕV gwé Pmbr. O{_ZrÀ`m EH$mM
VwH$S>çmVyZ dfm©VyZ 3 Vo 4 {nHo$ {ZKy bmJbr. `m ZdrZ {~`mUm§Mo d¡{eï²>` åhUOo ho {nH$ 60 Vo 70
{XdgmVM {ZKV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio CËnÝZ dmT>bo
5) AmYw{ZH$ AdOmam§Mr CnbãYVm :
H¥$fr g§emoYZ H|$ÐmVyZ Ho$di ZdrZ {~`mUo `mda g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmV ZìhVo. Va eoVrbm nyaH$ Ago
ZdrZ AdOmao `mdahr g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü`o _iUr `§Ì, H$mnUr `§Ì, ^aUr `§Ì, Q>°ŠQ>a, nmUr
nwadR>m `mgmR>r bmJUmar `§Ì {Z_m©U Ho$br Jobr Ë`m_wio dmhVyH$ gwb^ Pmbr doi Am{U l_ `mMr ~MV
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hmoD$Z _mZdr OrdZ gwb^ Pmbo. `mMm n[aUm_ gH$mamË_H$ CËnmXZ j_Voda Pmbm.
6) ObqgMZ :
nma§nm[aH$ eoVr hr nmdgmda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo eoVr hmoVrhr _mJmg ñdê$nmV hmoVr. gaH$maZo _Ü`_
d bhmZ nmUr nwadR>m gmoB© {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. 1966 _Ü`o ^maVmV 80000 Q>çw~doëg CnbãY hmoË`m. Ë`mMr
g§»`m dmT>br Am{U 1977-1078 `m H$mimV XrS> bmI Q>çw~doëg H$mT>ë`m Joë`m. 1998-99 `m
H$mimV {d{har d Q>çw~doëg _m\©$V _moR>çm à_mUmda nmUrnwadR>m Pmë`mZo 3 H$moQ>r 31 bj O{_Zrbm
nmUr {_imbo. VgoM nmUrnwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1984-85 n`ªV 35 bmI 53 hOma n§n ~g{dÊ`mV
Ambo. ` {d{dY `moOZm_wio AmO 8 H$moQ>r hoŠQ>a O_rZ ~ma_mhr Amo{bVmImbr Ambr Amho.
7) H$Om©À`m gmo`r :
A{YH$ CËnmXZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`mbm AmYw{ZH$ ~rOo Am{U gm{hË` `mÀ`m dmna H$amdm
bmJVmo. `mgmR>r bmJUmam n¡gm ghOnUo CnbãY Pmbm. 1969 _Ü`o ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU Pmë`mZo eoVrbm
_moR>çm à_mUmda n¡gm CnbãY Pmbm. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m VgoM J«m_rU ~±H$m `m§Mo `moJXmZ _moR>o
Amho. `m§Zr 1994-95 `m H$mimV 21,113 H$moQ>r én`m§Mm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$bm Amho. 1997-98 `m
H$mimV 80 hOma H$moQ>rMm H$O©nwadR>m Ho$ë`mMo A§Xm{OV Amho.
8) {nH$ g§ajU :
^maVmV {nH$m§À`m g§ajUmMr h_r hoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr `moOZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. eoVmVrb Cä`m
{nH$mda amoJ nS>Uo qH$dm H$sS> bmJUo `mda AZoH$ à{VH$maH$ Am¡fYo {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio {nH$mMr
ZmgmS>r Wm~br Am{U CËnmXZ dmT>bo.
9) gmR>dUyH$ Am{U à{H«$`m :
eoVr_mbmÀ`m CËnmXZmMm àíZ Oar gwQ>bm Var Vo `mo½` arVrZo gmR>dUo hr EH$ _moR>r O~m~Xma
hmoVr. `mgmR>r ghH$mar g§ñWmÀ`m _m\©$V H$mhr JmoXm_o ~m§Ybr Jobr. Ë`mO à_mUo Zmed§V _mbmÀ`m
gmR>dUwH$sgmR>r erVJ¥ho gwÕm ~m§Ybr Jobr. eoVr _mbmda à{H«$`m H$aUmar ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. `m gdmª_wio eoVr_mbmMo ZwH$gmZ Q>mibo.
· h[aV H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_ :
1) Xoe ñd`§nyU© ~Zbm :
h[aV H«$m§VrMm EH$ _hËdmMm n[aUm_ åhUOo AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Xoe ñd`§nyU© ~Zbm. ^maV
XoemMr dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m bú`mV KoVm ~mø OJmda ^maVmbm Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§À`m OmMH$ AQ>r ñdrH$mamì`m bmJV AgV. VgoM Amnbo naH$s` MbZ _moR>§ à_mUmda IM© H$amdo
bmJV hmoVo. `mMm n[aUm_ ^maVmÀ`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mda hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. AmO{_Vrbm ^maV Xoe
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OJmVrb 20 Vo 25 Xoem§Zm AÞYmÝ`mMm nwadR>m H$aV Agë`mMo {XgVo. hm h[aV H«$m§VrMm n[aUm_ åhUmdo
bmJob.
2) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _Zwî`~imbm Ý`m` :
nma§nm[aH$ eoVr_Ü`o H$mhr CUrd Agë`mZo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _Zwî`~i `mbm amoOJmamMr g§Yr àmá
hmoV ZìhVr. h[aV H«$m§VrZo dfm©VyZ 3 Vo 4 {nHo$ KoÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV A{YH$ _Zwî`~imMr Adí`H$V {Z_m©U
Pmbr. Ë`m_wio amoOJma dmT>bm. Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar qH$dm ^y{_hrZ bmoH$ `m_Ü`o g_{dï> Pmbr. Ë`m_wio
Oo _Zwî`~i Amnë`mH$So> CnbãY hmoVo Ë`mbm EH$àH$mao Ý`m` {_iyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb J[a~r H$mhr
à_mUmV hQ>{dÊ`mg hr H«$m§Vr H$maUr^yV R>abr.
3) eoVr ì`dgm`{^_wI ~Zbr :
^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ `m H«$m§VrZo ~Xbbm. eoVr hr df©^a Hw$Qw>§~mbm bmJUmao AÞYmÝ`
{_idyZ XoUmao Ho$di EH$ gmYZ Amho. Aer Or na§namdmXr Ñï>r hmoVr Ë`m_Ü`o ~Xb KS>bm. eoVr hm
EH$ ì`dgm` AgyZ Vmo {H$\$m`Vera Amho Ë`mVyZ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m JaOm nyU© hmoD$Z n¡gm {_iy eH$Vmo hr Ñï>r
{Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` eoVH$ar `m~m~V gVH©$ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
4) Am{W©H$ {dH$mg :
XoemMr àJVr Ho$di EH$M _mJm©Zo hmoV Zmhr Va H¥$fr Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ øm XmoÝhr joÌmZo hmoUma
Amho ho gË` Agbo Var Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ ho h[aV H«$m§VrZo nwT>o Amë`mMo {XgVo. {d{dY H$maImÝ`m§Zm
bmJUmam H$ƒm _mb hm eoVr_YyZ nwadbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio CÚmoJ dmT>rg eoVrMo `moJXmZ _moR>o Amho
n[aUm_r XoemMm Am{W©H$ _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmbm.
5) ^maVmMm AmË_{dídmg dmT>bm :
h[aV H«$m§VrZo Oo A_wbmJ« ~Xb KS>bo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ AmË_{dídmg dmT>Ê`mV Pmbm. 1971 gmbMo
nm{H$ñVmZ ~amo~arMo `wÕàg§Jr Amnë`mbm A_o[aH$m `m Xoemda AÞYmÝ`mgmR>r Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJV
hmoVo. `mdoir hm nwadR>m ~§X H$aÊ`mMr ^mfm A_o[aH$m H$aV hmoVr. nU `mMdoir ^maV AÞYmÝ`mÀ`m
~m~VrV ñd`§nyU© Pmë`mZo ^maVmZo Ë`m Y_H$sMr XmIb KoVbr Zmhr. CbQ> EH$ H$moQ>r ~m§JbmXoer
{Zd{gVm§À`m AÞmÀ`m JaOm ^maVmZo nyU© Ho$ë`m. hm n[aUm_ h[aV H«$m§VrMm hmoVm.
6) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {ejU àgma :
J«m_rU ^mJmV \$º$ eoVr ì`dgm` Agë`mZo {ejUmgmR>r ehar ^mJmda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJV
hmoVo. eoVrÀ`m àJVrZo J«m_rU ^mJmV d {d{dY ì`dgm` gwé Pmbo, H$maImZo {ZKmbo Am{U Ë`m_m\©$V
emim Am{U _hm{dÚmb`o {ZKmbr. Ë`m_Ü`o BVa {ejUm~amo~a ì`dgm{`H$ {ejU, eoVr emim {ZKmë`m.
Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb OrdZ_mZ d amhUr_mZ C§Mmdbo.
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· h[aV H«$m§VrMo Xwîn[aUm_ :
h[aV H«$m§VrZo Oar _mZdr OrdZmV ~aoM gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ KS>{dbo Agbo Var H$mhr ~m~r _mÌ
ZH$mamË_H$ KS>ë`m hr dñVwpñWVr Amho.
1) _moR>o eoVH$ar Am{U h[aV H«$m§Vr :
H$moUË`mhr H«$m§VrÀ`m {dH$mgmMr n{hbr \$io hr g_mOmVrb Cƒ dJm©bm {_iVmV. hm {dH$mg
KS>bm Iam nU Á`m eoVH$è`m§À`m O{_Zr A{YH$ hmoË`m Ë`m§Zm `mMm \$m`Xm A{YH$ Pmbm. AmYw{ZH$
{~`mUo, AmYw{ZH$ AdOmao IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV hr ~S>çm O_rZXmam§Mr hmoVr. {edm` Ë`mMo O_rZ joÌ
ho A{YH$ Agë`mZo Ë`mMr nVnwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWmH$So> _moR>r nV hmoVr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm
_moR>m à_mUmda H$O© nwadR>m Pmbm. Ë`mVyZ `m ~S>çm eoVH$è`m§Mo A{YH$ CËnÝ {ZKmbo. Ë`mCbQ> Oo
eoVH$ar Aën^yYmaH$ hmoVo Vo _mÌ J{VhrZ ~Zbo.
2) ^m§S>dbemhr H«$m§VrMm CX` :
da MMm© Ho$ë`mà_mUo Oo ~So> eoVH$ar hmoVo Vo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb ^m§S>dbXma
~Zbo. `m H«$m§VrMm \$m`Xm A{YH$ à_mUV _moR>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm {_imbm. Am{U BVa _mÌ Jar~ am{hbo
`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Am{W©H$ {df_Vm dmT>rg bmJbr Am{U g_mOdmXr ^maVmVrb
^m§S>dbemhrMm CX` Pmbm.
3) O¡d{d{dYVoMo à_mU KQ>bo :
{nHo$ Am{U àmUr `m~m~V ho àH$fm©Zo OmUdV Amho. Cƒ XOm©Mr {nH$m§À`m n¡XmgmMr g§»`m AË`§V
H$_r Amho. na§Vw `mÀ`m dmnamZo ñWm{ZH$ OmVrda à^wËd JmO{dÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_wio
O¡d{d{dYVoMo à_mU KQ>V Mmbbo Amho.
4) OZwH$s` {d{dYVoMr hmZr :
{nH$m§À`m gwYm[aV OmVrgmR>r {d{dYVoMm ómoV Amdí`H$ AgVmo. eoVH$ar {nH$m§Mr {d{dYV gmoSy>Z
XoVmo Am{U ñWm{ZH$ àXoemVrb g_m`mo{OV {nH$mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo.åhUOo OZwH$s` {d{dYV H$_r hmoVo. Cƒ
{nH$m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o _wb OmVtMr g§»`m H$_r hmoVo. ho h[aV H«$m§VrZo Ho$bobo AmH«$_U hmo`.
5) g§H$arV {nH$m§Mr EH$ {nH$ nÕV YmoH$mXm`H$ :
g§H$arV {~`mUo EH$ {nH$ nÕVrbm eoËH$arV àmogm{hV hmoVmo. OZwH$s` gmYå`© Agboë`m {nH$mda
amoJamB© Ambr Va g§nyU© {nH$ Zï> hmoÊ`mMr ^rVr _moR>çm à_mUmda AgVo.
6) amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm dmna YmoH$mXm`H$ :
eoVH$ar amgm`{ZH$ H$Q>mMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV H$ê$ bmJë`mZo O{_ZrMm H$g H$_r hmoD$ bmJbm
Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ {nH$ CËnmXZmda hmoD$ bmJbm Amho.
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7) gËdhrZ AÞmMr {Z{_©Vr :
g§H$arV {~`mUo ho CËnmXZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hËdmMo AWdm A{YH$ `oUmao Agbo Var Ë`mMr JwUdÎmm d
gËd ho H$_r Agë`mMo _mZbo OmVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ _mZdr OrdZmda Pmbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. EHy$UM
gËdhrZ YmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmZo amoJmMo à_mU dmT>ë`mMo {XgVo
4.2.7 eoVH$ar g§Kf© :
A) Vob§JUm_Yrb (Am§Y«) eoVH$ar g§Kf© :
`m XoemVrb CËnmXZmÀ`m joÌmV na§naoZo H¥$fr dJ© ZmJdbm Jobm hmoVm. {~«Q>re H$mimV g_mOmVrb
lr_§V dJ© åhUOo O_rZXma dJ© hmo`. `m dJm©Zo Ë`m eoVrda am~Umam eoVH$ar Am{U eoV_Oya `m§Mr _moR>m
à_mUmda {nidUyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. O{_ZXmar, _hmbdmar Am{U a`Vdmar Aem ì`dñWm _hgyb dgwbrgmR>r
{Z_m©U Pmë`m Agë`m Var Ë`mZo am~Umè`m dJm©bm \$m`Xm Pmbm ZìhVm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ à{V{H«$`m
`oUo H«$_àmá hmoVo. {~«Q>re H$mimV eoVrda am~Umè`m `m dJm©Zo AZoH$ CR>md Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va _mÌ `mV
~Xb KS>Uma Amho Aer AZoH$ am~Umè`m KQ>H$m§Mr Anojm hmoVr nU R>abrVrhr \$mob R>abr. Ë`mMrhr
à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ H$mhr CR>md Pmë`mMo {XgVo.`m narnmR>mV Am§Y« àXoemVrb Vob§JmZm `oWrb eoVH$è`m§Zr
Ho$boë`m CR>mdmMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.
1) nmíd©^y_r :
Vob§JUm àXoemV gwé Pmbobo ho Am§XmobZ Iè`m AWm©Zo Ë`mMr amOH$s` nmíd©^y_r doJir hmoVr.
h¡Ðam~mX g§ñWmZ_Yrb Vob§JUm ^mJmV hr Midi EH$X_ KS>br Zmhr. Ë`mMr nmíd©^y_r hr 1930 À`m
XeH$mV {XgVo. 1930 _Ü`o h¡Ðm~mXÀ`m {ZOm_mÀ`m {damoYmV XmoZ amOH$s` g§KQ>Zm bT>V hmoË`m Ë`mVrb
n{hbr H$m±J«og Va Xwgar Am§Y« _hmg^m øm hmo`. `m gd© g§KQ>Zm Vob§JmZm ^mJmVrb ~S>çm O{_ZXmar
bmoH$m§Zr Or ga§Om_emhr Mmbdbr hmoVr Ë`m {damoYmV ho bmoH$ bT>V Agbobo {XgVmV.
2) Vob§JUm_Yrb eoVH$ar àíZ :
Vob§JUm_Yrb Oo eoVH$ar hmoVo Ë`m§Mo àíZ `m XoemVrb BVa eoVH$è`m§À`m nojm H$mhr doJio ZìhVo.
VoWrb ~So> O_rZXma Am{U Xoe_wI `m§Zr gº$sZo YmÝ` dgwbr H$aUo d doR>{~Jma nÕVrZo gm_mÝ`
eoVH$è`m§Zm Ooarg AmUbo hmoVo. `m d¥ÎmrÀ`m {damoYmV Am{U eoVH$è`m§À`m g§ajUmV H$moUrVar OmUo
Amdí`H$ hmoVo qH$~hþZm hr Ë`m H$mimMr JaOmhr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio `m eoVH$ar dJm©bm {Xbmgm {_iUma
hmoVm.
3) H$å`w{ZñQ>mÀ`m H$madm`m :
Vob§JUm _Yrb MidirV ^maVmVrb H$å`w{ZñQ> nj AJ«oga Agë`mMo {XgVo. 1925 gmbr
^maVmV gwé Pmboë`m S>mì`m MidirVrb H$å`w{ZñQ> nj hm {~«Q>re gÎmobm YmoH$mXm`H$ dmQ>V Agë`mZo
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`m nú`mda ~m§Yr hmoVr. nU 1940 Z§Va Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV a{e`m Am{U B§½b§S> `m§Mr _¡Ìr Agë`mZo `m
amOH$s` njmdarb ^maVmVrb ~§Xr CR>dbr hmoVr. `m njmZo Am§Y« g^oda H$ãOm {_idbm Am{U OmoaXma
Midi gwé Ho$br. Jar~ eoVH$ar bmoH$m§À`m _mJÊ`m§Mo g_W©Z H$å`w{ZñQ> njmZo Ho$bo Agë`mZo `m
njmbm OmoaXma nmR>t~m {_imbm
4) {ZOm_{damoYmVrb bT>m :
h¡Ðm~mX ho g§ñWmZ ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmV {dbrZ hmoÊ`mg ZmIwe hmoVo. {ZOm_mbm
nm{H$ñVmZr d B§J«O A{YH$ma `m§Zr \y$g bmdbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {dbrZrH$aUmgmR>r bT>m XoUo Amdí`H$
hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Am§Y« àXoemVrb H$m±J«og Am{U H$å`w{ZñQ> `m njmZo OZVobm gmW {Xbr. Am§Y«_Yrb
gr_mdVu ^mJmVrb OZVm Am{U H$m±J«og_Yrb hmoVo.ZoË`m§Zr _hmamï´>mÀ`m gr_oda bT>m XoÊ`mgmR>r geó
N>mdÊ`m Cä`m Ho$ë`m. {ZOm_mbm aPmH$ma Am{U ~S>çm _wñbr_ O{_ZXmam§Mo ghmæ` hmoVo. Am°JñQ> 1947
Vo gßQ>|~a 1948 `m H$mimVrb bT>çmV H$å`w{ZñQ> nú`mÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr _moR>r AmKmS>r KoVbr hmoVr.
5) `m bT>çmMo n[aUm_ :
`m {ZOm_ {damoYmVrb bT>çmV Vob§JUm ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Zr {ZOm_mÀ`m {damoYmV bT>m {Xbm. Am§Y«
àXoemVrb ZiJm|S>m, da§Ji Am{U Iå_m_ `m {OëømV ~So> O_rZXma Amnbr Kao d dmSo> gmoSy>Z nimbo.
`m_wio H$å`w{ZñQ>mZm AmÎmm dmQ> _moH$ir Pmbr Am{U Ë`m§Zr 300 Jmdmda Amnbo Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV
Ho$bo. O_rZXmam§Zr 1930 À`m _§XrÀ`m H$mimV bmQ>boë`m O{_Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm dmQ>n Ho$bo. nS>rH$ Am{U
O§JbmVrb O{_Zr ^y{_hrZm§Zm dmQ>Ê`mV Amë`m. _Owam§Mr _Owar dmT>dÊ`mV Ambr Aer H$m_o Ë`mdoir
Pmbr hmoVr.
6) H$å`w{ZñQ>mMm \$Vdm :
~S>çm O_rZXmam§Zr nbm`Z Ho$bo Agë`mZo H$å`w{ZñQ>m{Z O_rZYmaUm Am{U ^y_rdmQ>n `mMo {ZX}e
XoUmam \$Vdm Omhra Ho$bm. Ë`mZwgma EH$m eoVH$è`mH$So> {H$Vr O{_Z Agmdr `mMm C„oI Ho$bm hmoVm.
EH$m eoVH$è`mH$So> 500 EH$a O_rZ Agmdr Ago Ë`m§Mo åhUUo hmoVo nU hm AmH$S>m AdmñVd Agë`mZo
hm AmH$S>m 100 EH$an`ªV Ambm. Ë`mZwgma dmQ>n Pmbo d Cabobr O_rZ ^y{_hrZ bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>Ê`mV
Ambr.
7) O_rZ dmQ>nmVrb AS>MUr :
hr O_rZ dmQ>n H$aVmZm EH$ AS>MU hmoVr Vr åhUOo dmQ>br OmUmar O_rZ hr O_rZXmam§À`m
Vmã`mVrb hmoVr. nU Vr O_rZ H$moUË`mVar eoVH$è`m§À`m nyd©Om§Mr hmoVr. ho Z§Va bú`mV Amë`mda
Ë`m§Zr enWoda `mMr ehm{Zem H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo hmoVo. {edm` 100 EH$a hm AmH$S>m gwÕm AdmOdr
Agë`mMo Z§Va bjmV Ambo.
nS>rH$ O{_Zr qH$dm O§JbmVrb O{_Zr `m~m~Vhr Ë`m§Zr EH$ {ZU©` KoVbm. H$mhr eoVH$è`m§Zr
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Amnbr O_rZ O_rZXmam§ZH$So> {Xbr hmoVr Ë`m O_rZXmamZo Xwgè`m O_rZXmambm {dH$br Agbo Va Va Ë`m
O{_ZrMm Vm~m _yi _mbH$mbm XoUo eŠ` Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm nS>rH$ O§Jb ^mJmVrb O_rZ XoUo ho gyÌ Ë`m§Zr
Adb§~bo hmoVo. ho Ago Agbo Var hr H$madmB© eoVH$è`m§Zm Iyner ng§X nS>br ZìhVr. Z§Va ^y{_hrZm§Zm
O_rZ dmQ>nhr ~§X Pmbo Am{U hr Midi Wm~br.
8) h¡Ðm~mX_wº$s Z§VaMo H$å`w{ZñQ>mMo YmoaU :
h¡Ðm~mX_wº$sZ§Va H$å`w{ZñQ>mZr Amnbo YmoaU ~Xbobo Agë`mMo {XgVo. `m _wº$s g§J«m_mV eoVH$ar,
H$å`w{ZñQ> `m§Zr {ZOm_mÀ`m {damoYmV gamg© eómMm dmna Ho$bm hmoVm. ^maVr` bîH$amZo hr eóo
bîH$amH$So> XoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br nU Ë`mg à{VgmX {_imbm Zmhr. `mdoir H$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zr EH$ doJioM
YmoaU Adb§~bo hmoVo. h¡Ðm~mX O` à_mUo {ZOm_mÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ _wº$ Ho$bo Ë`mà_mUo Vo Vob§JUm Am{U
Am§Y« àXoemVrb Oo gm_«mOdmXr Am{U ^m§S>dbXmar JQ>,Zohê$§Zm gaH$mabm nmR>t~m XoUmao CÚmoJnVr, `m
{damoYmV bT>m XoÊ`mMo H$å`w{ZñQ>mZr R>a{dbo. ho H$am`Mo Agob Va Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` bîH$am{damoYmV bT>m
XoUo H«$_àmá hmoVo.
9) H$å`w{ZñQ>mÀ`m YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ :
H$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zr Oo YmoaU Adb§~bobo hmoVo Vo dmñVdVm nmhVmZm ^`mZH$ Agë`mMo {XgVo.Ë`m§Zr Oo
YmoaU ñdrH$mabo hmoVo Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` bîH$amer bT>m Úmdm bmJUma hmoVm. H$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zr
eoVH$è`m§Zm `m bT>çmV gm_rb hmoD$Z ^maVr` bîH$amer bT>m AmXoe {Xbo hmoVo.H$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zr a{e`mer
g§nH©$ gmYyZ _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U _XV _m{JVbr nU Vo dmñVdmV eŠ` ZìhVo. Ë`mO~amo~a H$å`w{ZñQ>m§H$So>
AgUmar eóo hr Iyn OwZr Am{U H$mb~mø Agë`mZo ^maVr` bîH$amer bT>m XoVmZm Ë`m§Zm An`e
Ambo. `m bT>çmV H$å`w{ZñQ>m§Zm Amnbo àmU J_dmdo bmJbo Va hOma bmoH$m§Zm Vwé§Jdmg Pmbm.
10) g§Kfm©Mr \$blwVr :
h¡Ðm~mX _wº$sZ§Va gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Zr Omo bT>m {Xbm Vr ~m~ bú`mV KodyZ ^maV gaH$maZo VËH$mi
H$mhr {ZU©` KoVbo. Ë`m_Ü`o gmbr O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V Ho$br Am{U gmbr H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`Xm
bmJy Ho$bm. `mVyZ Oo eoVH$ar O_rZ H$gV hmoVo Ë`m eoVH$a²`mn¡H$s bmI bmoH$m§Zm `mMm \$m`Xm Pmbm.
Am§Y« àXoemVrb O_rZ `m_wio bmoH$m§Zm \$m`ÚmMr R>abr d O{_ZXmar ì`dñWm Zï> hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da
Ambr. Ë`m_wio Hw$im§Zm g§ajU {_imbo Am{U Aën XamV O{_Zr {dH$V KoÊ`mMohr ñdmV§Í`hr {_imbo.
~) _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm :
1) nmíd©^w_r :
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m Anojm nwaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r n§{S>V Zohê$ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr gwYmaUm
H$`©H«$_ am~{dbo Jobo. Ë`m_Ü`o H¥$fr gwYmaUm, O{_ZrÀ`m àíZm~m~V {deof H$m`Xo, Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU,
H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>o,nmUr àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r YaUo `m~m~VMo {ZU©` H«$_mH«$_mZo KoVbo Jobo. ho dmñVd Agbo
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Var AOyZhr H$mhr ~S>çm O_rZXmam§À`m Vmã`mV Agboë`m O{_Zr Am{U Ë`mda am~Umam dJ© `mH$So> \$mago
bj Jobo ZìhVo. Vob§JmZm Am{U BVa H$mhr àm§VmV H$mhr Midir KS>ë`m nU Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ `m àíZmH$So>
\$mago bj Zgë`mMo {XgVo
2) Om{Udm§Mm A^md :
^maVmÀ`m nmVirda H$mhtM àm§VmV `m Midir Iè`m AWm©Zo Omo_ Yê$Z H$m_ H$aV Agë`mMo
{XgVo. Am§Y« àXoe, npíM_ ~§Jmb, Am{U n§Om~ `m§Mm C„oI dJibm Va ~mH$s amÁ`mV _mÌ H$mhrM
{XgVo Zmhr. `mMo EH$ à_wI H$maU åhUOo EH$ Va `m darb Midir AJXr Yrå`m JVrZo Mmbë`m
hmoË`m Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm à^md BVa amÁ`mV nS>V ZìhVm. Ë`mbm H$maU åhUOo VoWrb MidirMo ZoV¥Ëd
amOH$s` nwT>mè`m§À`m AmXoemZo Mmbë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` KQ>H$ hmM OmUrdoMm AmYma am{hbm.
eoVH$ar, _Oya Am{U Ë`m§Mr pñWVr hm OmUrdoMm ^mJ am{hbm Zmhr.
3) Zì`m {nT>rMm CX` :
`m àíZmda Iè`m AWm©Zo Om{Udm§Mr ~XbUmè`m n[apñWVrZo gwédmV Pmbr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va n{hë`m
Vrg dfm©V H$mhr EH$ à_mUV eoVH$è`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmabr Am{U Zì`m {nT>rMm CX` Pmbm. `m {nT>rbm
{ejU {_imbo Am{U {ejUmZo `m {nT>rMr ~wÕr Mm¡H$g Pmbr. {ejU ho {dMma H$am`bm bmdVo Ago
Oo gmVË`mZo åh§Q>bo OmVo Ë`mMm àË`` `mdoir Ambm. `m {nT>rZo Amnë`m g_ñ`m§Mm {dMa H$ê$ H$maUo
emoYbr Ë`m_Ü`o {ZajaVm, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ pñWVrMm ^mZ Zgë`mMo Ë`m§Zm OmUdbo.
Ë`m_wio hr pñWVr ~XbÊ`mgmR>r Zì`m {nT>rMr g§KQ>Zm 1980 gmbr {Z_m©U Pmbr.
4) _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm :
bmgbJmd _Yrb H$m§ÚmÀ`m àíZmda eoVH$è`m§Mm _hmamï´>mV g§KQ>Zm C^mabr. Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb
bmgbJmd ho H$m§Xm `m {nH$mMo _moR>o CËnmXZ H|$Ð åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. 1980 À`m h§Jm_mV {nH$ _moR>o
Ambo Agbo Var Ë`mdoir H$m§ÚmMo ^md EH$X_ Imbr Ambo. Ë`mMm \$Q>H$m gmh{OH$M CËnmXH$
eoVH$è`m§Zm ~gUma hmoVm. Ë`mMm CÐoH$ Pmbm Am{U eoH$S>mo eoVH$è`m§Zr hm àíZ g§Kfm©V AmUbm Ë`mdoir
Ë`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmam EH$_od ZoVm åhUOo eaX Omoer ho hmoVo.
5) eaX OmoetMo ZoV¥Ëd :
eaX Omoer `m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd ho `m _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xbmgm XoUmao R>abo. eaX Omoer ho Am`
E Eg. XOm©Mo g§`wº$ amï´> g§KmÀ`m Q>nmb g§KmV EH$ _moR>o A{YH$mar hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr _wXVnyd© ZmoH$arMm
amOrZm_m {Xbm Am{U ^maVmV Ambo. eaX Omoer `m§Zr `m àíZ bj H|${ÐV Ho$ë`mda Ë`m§Zm XmoZ Jmoï>r
OmUdë`m. Ë`mVrb n{hbr ~m~ åhUOo eoVH$è`m§Mr g§KQ>Zm Zmhr Am{U `m àíZmda emgZmer bT>m XoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. hm bT>m XoVmZm eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm§À`m _m\©$V H$m§ÚmÀ`m _mbmMr {dH«$s Pmbr nm{hOo Ago
H$mhr àíZ _Zmer Yê$Z Ë`m§Zr 1980 _Ü`o eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br.
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6) eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU :
Am§XmobZo åhQ>bo H$s, AO©-{dZ§Ë`m, _mJ©Xe©Zna _oimdo Ago nma§n[aH$ à`moJ ho `m XoemV hmoV am{hbo
hmoVo. Ë`mnojm doJim _mJ© hmVr KoVë`m{edm` hm àíZ _mJu bmJUma Zmhr Am{U emgZ Am{U ì`mnmar
`m§Mo ì`dhma Omon`ªV ~§X nS>Uma ZmhrV Vmon`ªV Ë`mMo `m àíZmH$So> Jm§^r`m©Zo bj OmUma Zmhr ho bú`mV
Amë`mda `m g§KQ>ZoZo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU ñdrH$maUo ng§X Ho$bo.
7) AmH«$_H$ eoVH$ar :
eaX Omoer `m§Zr H$m§ÚMo ^md dmT>dyZ {_imdo `mgmR>r añVm amoH$mo `m Am§XmobZmZo gwédmV Ho$br.
10 Zmoìh|~a 1980 _Ü`o bmgbJmd ^mJmVyZ Oo añVo _w§~B©-H$bH$Îmm, _w§~B©-{Xbr aob _mJ© VgoM _w§~B©AmJ«m, Ago añVo amoIyZ Yabo. dmhVyH$ {dñH$irV Va PmbrM nU àemgZmMr _moR>r Ym§Xb CS>mbr. eoH$S>mo
dmhZo añË`mda Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOybm hV~b àemgZ Ago {MÌ {Z_m©U Pmbo. hr n[apñWVr gmdaÊ`mgmR>r
nmo{bgm§Mr _moR>r Hw$_H$ _mJdÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mbmhr eoVH$ar à{VgmX XoV ZìhVo åhUOo ho Am§XmobZ Iè`m
AWm©Zo Mm§JboM noQ>bo hmoVo. eodQ>r nmo{bgm§Zr Jmoir~ma Ho$bm Ë`m_Ü`o XmoZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnbm àmU
J_dmdm bmJbm. eodQ>r emgZmZo VmVS>rZo `m àíZmda {dMma H$ê$Z H$m§ÚmMo ^md dmT>dyZ {Xbo.
8) Am§XmobZmMo n[aUm_ :
`m Am§XmobZmg Ambobo `e nmhVm D$g CËnmXH$ eoVH$arhr nwT>o gagmdbm. Ë`m§Zr eaX Omoer `m§Mo
ZoV¥Ëd _mÝ` H$ê$Z Am§XmobZmMr {Xem R>a{dbr. Zm{eH$-OiJmd-Ywio `oWrb añVm amoH$mo H$aUma
Agë`mMo Omhra H$aVmM Ë`mMrhr _mJUr _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m gd© {_iUmè`m `m_wio eoVH$ar
gwImdbm. eaX Omoer `m§Zr _hmamï´>mVrb BVahr eoVr CËnmXH$ _mbmMo ^md dmT>dyZ {_iÊ`mgmR>r
_hmamï´>^a à`moJ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. Ë`m_wio _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$è`m§Mo ZoVo åhUyZ eaX Omoer `m§Mm CX`
Pmbm.
9) B§{S>`m {déÕ ^maV :
eaX Omoer `m§Zr eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Ho$br Agbr Var Ë`mbm EH$ VmpËdH$ A{Yð>mZ {_idyZ
XoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr B§{S>`m {déÕ ^maV Aer EH$ VmpËdH$ _m§S>Ur Ho$bo. ^maV hm Xoe
Iè`m AWm©Zo l{_H$ OZVoMm Amho. VoWrb bmoH$ ho eoVH$ar H¥$fr OrdZ OJUmao J«m_rU ^mJmV amhUmao
bmoH$ AmhoV hm Iam ^maV Amho. ~Xë`mV dmVmdaUmV ^maVmV àJVr Pmbr Am{U AZoH$ ZdrZ dJmªMm
CX` Pmbm Ë`m_Ü`o ehar ^mJmV amhUmao, hm¡g åhUyZ eoVrda n`©Q>Z H$aUmao ~So> O_rZXma, ì`mnmar,
ZmoH$adJ©, Cƒ A{YH$mar ho åhUOo B§{S>`m Amho Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$br. Aí`m n[apñWVrV eoVH$ar bmoH$m§Mo
Oa g§ajU H$am`Mo Agob Va eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZr B§{S>`m {déÕ-^maV Aer ^y{_H$m KoVbr nm{hOo Aer
_m§S>Ur Ho$br.
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10) BVa àm§Vmda Pmbobo n[aUm_ :
_hmamï´>mVrb `m eoVH$ar Am§XmobZMo BVa àm§Vm§dahr g§KQ>Zm ~m§YÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo n[aUm_ Pmbo.
Ë`m_Ü`o CÎma àXoe Am{U Vm{_iZmSy> `m àm§VmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo._hmamï´>mVrb eaX Omoer `m§À`mnmgyZ
àoaUm KoD$Z _õoÝÐqgJ {Q>H¡$V `m§Zr gmbr CÎma àXoemVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm ~m§YÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
VoWrb eoVH$ar hm D$g CËnmXH$ hmoVm Ë`mÀ`m _mbmbm amñV ^md {_imbm nm{hOo `mgmR>r Ë`mZrhr
Am§XmobZmMr {Xem R>a{dbr hmoVr. _õoÝÐqgJ {Q>H¡$V `mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmZo _mJUr nyU© H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r g^m
~mobm{dbr Am{U _mJUr nwU© hmoB©n`ªV g^m ~aImñV Ho$br OmUma Zmhr Ë`mgmR>r _w»`_§Í`mZo ñdV…
CnpñWV amhÿZ _mÝ`Vm Úmdr Aer ^y{_H$m KoVbr. eodQ>r _w»`_§Í`m§Zr g^obm hOa amhÿZ hr _mJUr _mÝ`
Ho$br. `mM g^oV drO {~bmMm àíZ _m§S>bm Jobm OwÝ`mM XamZo drO {~b ^ê$Z KoÊ`mMrhr _mJUr _mÝ`
Pmbr.
CÎma àXoem~amo~a eoVH$ar Midir AÝ` amÁ`mVhr dmT>br. Vm{_iZmSy>_Ü`o {ddmg`mJb g§J_
H$Zm©Q>H$_Ü`o F$Vy g§K n§Om~_Ü`o ^maVr` {H$gmZ `w{Z`Z JwOamV_Ü`o IoSy>V g_mO Am{U {H$gmZ g§K
Aem g§KQ>Zm 1986 n`ªV {Z_m©U Pmë`m. `m g§KQ>ZmZr Amnë`m _mJÊ`m nyU© H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r amñVm
amoH$mo, YaUo, Koamdmo, amOH$s` d gaH$mar A{YH$mar dJm©bm Jmd ~§Xr, Ago H$m`©H«$_ am~{dbo. `m
eoVH$è`m§À`m _mJÊ`m nmhVm dmT>r drO {~bo aÔ H$amdrV, H$Om©dar ì`mO _m\$ H$amdo, nmUrnÅ>r aÔ
H$amdr qH$dm Oár Q>mimdr Aí`m _mJÊ`m ho H$aV Agë`mMo {XgVo
11) ~mOma ì`dñWm ~XbÊ`mMr _mJUr :
eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm§Zr H$emgmR>r hm àíZ MM}bm KoVbm Va Ë`mMo CÎma Ago `oVo H$s, eoVH$è`m§À`m
_mbmbm `mo½` ^md {_imdm `mgmR>r. nU Omo eoVH$ar H$m~mS>-H$ï> H$aVmo Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Omo H$ƒm
_mb bmJVmo Ë`m_Ü`o gwQ> {Xbr OmV ZìhVr. CbQ>njr {~`mUo, IVo, qgMZmMo Xa, drO Am{U eoVrgmR>r
Amdí`H$ Agbobr dmhZo ~mOma^mdmZoM eoVH$è`m§Zm {Xë`m Joë`m. `mMm AW© gai hmoVm ^m§S>dbXmar
ì`dñWm øm AJ«oga hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio `m ~m~r {dH$V KoUo Am{U CVaË`m XamZo eoVr_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr
R>a{dUo ho fS>`§Ì Mmby hmoVo. `mgmR>r hr ~mOma ì`dñWm ~XbyZ eoVr_mbmÀ`m {H$_Vr {ZpíMV H$amì`mV
Am{U bmJUmè`m ~m~tda gwQ> {_imdr Aer Anojm hmoVr.Aem àH$mao _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$ar Midi hr
XoemÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mV ngabr Am{U AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm Pmbm.
12) eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm Am{U bm^YmaH$ :
`m eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gd© Am§XmobZmZo 80% eoVH$ar \$m`ÚmV Ambm `mMr EH$ MMm© _hmamï´>
Amho. na§Vw Ë`mMr Xwgar EH$ ~mOy åhUOo H$moUVm eoVH$ar A{YH$ \$m`Xm KoD$ bmJbm `mMrhr MMm©
Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o `mMm \$m`Xm H$mhr ~S>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm Pmbm. Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ JaOm ^mJdyZ A{V[aº$
YmÝ` Iwë`m ~mOmaV {dH«$sgmR>r AmUVmo Ë`mbmM A{YH$ \$m`Xm Pmë`mMo {XgVo. `m_Ü`o ~S>çm Am{U
_mÜ`_ dJu` eoVH$è`m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. AmYw123456789012345678901234567890121234567
{ZH$ AdOmao {dH$V KoÊ`mMr VmH$X Agbobo,
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gdbVrV drO, amgm`{ZH$ IVo, Ë`m§ZmM A{YH$ à_mUV {_imbr. `m_Ü`o Omo eoVH$ar Aën^yYmaH$ Amho
`mbm _mÌ `mMm \$magm \$m`Xm Pmbm Zmhr.
· eoVH$ar Midi J{VhrZ :
hr Midi J{VhrZ Pmbr Ago EH$ {ZarjU Amho. nU hr Omo_mV Mmbbobr Midi JVrhr H$m
Pmbr Agmdr? `mhr àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYbr nm{hOoV. `mgR>r H$mhr H$maUm§Mm WmoS>çmº$ nam_e© KoD$.
1) Midi Wm§~br Zmhr :
`m MidirZo A^yVnyd© Ago `e g§nmXZ Ho$bo Am{U hOmamo Am{U bmImo eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZmbm
dmMm \$moSy>Z àíZ _mJu bmdbo Agbo Var {h Midi `e `oVmM Wm§~Ê`mMr JaO hmoVr. Ë`_wio Midi
{XemhrZ Pmbr Ago à{gÕ B{VhmgH$ma {~{nZ M§Ð `m§Zr åh§Q>bo Amho.
ho Oar H$mhr nmVirda Iao Agbo Var Ë`mMr EH$ Xwgar ~mOy åhUOo Zì`m `wJmV ZdrZ àíZ {Z_m©U
hmoVmV. ~XbVr gm_{OH$, amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ g_rH$aUo hr eoVH$ar Am{U eoVr `mda n[aUm_H$maH$
h„ohr H$ê$ eH$VmV Ë`m_wio hr Midi Wm~br Zmhr.
2) ~So> eoVH$ar amOH$s` njmV :
~So> eoVH$ar ho gÎmm Am{U à{Vð>m àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` njmV gm_rb hmoV am{hbo Am{U
_yi g§Kfm©À`m àdmhmVyZ ~mOybm Jobo. amOH$s` njm§Mr Or Ü`m-YmoaUo AgVmV Ë`mbm `m§Mm nmR>t~m
bm^V Jobm Am{U Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar Am{U àíZ ho MMm©{dídmVyZ ~mOybm Jobo. ho g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Ñï>rZo J§^ra
hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Midi J{VhrZ ~Zbr.
3) eaX Omoer g§KQ>ZoVyZ Xya Pmbo :
eaX Omoer `m§À`mgmaIm Aä`mgy Am{U nmoQ>{VS>H$sZo H$m_ H$aUmam ZoVm `m MidirVyZ ~mOybm
Bbm. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm eaX Omoer `m§Zr eoVH$è`m§Zm EH$ _moR>m {Xbmgm {Xbm hmoVm. na§Vw H$moUVrhr
g§KQ>Zm åh§Q>bo H$s, _V^oX Am{U àVr g§KQ>Z C^m amhVo hmM EH$ amoJ `m Midirbm bmJbm. Ë`m_wio
eoVH$arhr `m g§KQ>ZmVyZ ~mOybm Jobm. Ë`m_wio ho g§KQ>Z Xw~io ~Zbo Am{U ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m Anojm nyU©
Pmë`m.
darb H$mhr ~m~rVyZ ho g§KQ>Z Xw~io ~Zbo Agbo Var EH$ AmemXm`r {MÌ X{jU _hmamï´>mV _mÌ
{Z_m©U Pmbo. eoVH$è`mÀ`m ~mOyZo bT>Umar ñdm{^_mZr eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm lr amOy eoÅ>r `m§Zr C^m H$ê$Z
Am§XmobZ Ho$bo. D$g XamMm àíZ, XwYmMo Xa àíZmgo ~aoM àíZ _mJ© bmdÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZmVyZ
{Z_m©U Pmbo. `mV Ë`m§Zmhr Mm§Jbo `e {_imbo.
· g_mamon :
^maVmgma»`m eoVr àYmZ XoemV eoVr hm AW©ì`dñWoMm H$Um hmoVm Am{U AmOhr Amho. `mM
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KQ>H$mÀ`m AmYmamda Agbobo eoVH$ar Am{Ugm_mÝ` OZVm `m§Zr Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_idyZ {Xbo. Ë`m§Zr
{Xboë`m Am{W©H$ nmR>~im_wio XoemVrb ~aoM àíZ gwQ>bo. CÚmoJ ì`dgm`, {ejU, Amamo½` Am{U BVa
~m~r `mMm AmYmañWmZ ho H¥$fr ì`dñWoÀ`m Am{W©H$VoUo KS>bo. OJmVrb amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ g_rH$aUo
~Xbbr Ë`mMo ~ao-dmB©Q> n[aUm_ `m eoVH$ar ì`dñWoda nS>bo åhUyZ EH$ amOH$s` {dMmad§V
{d._.{gagrH$a åhUVmV ^maVmV eoVH$è`m§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r g§KQ>ZoMr JaO H$m`_ Amho
3.4 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ.
· O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`Xm
àíZ 1 bm [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.
1) O{_ZXmar {Z_y©bZmMm H$m`Xm ---- `m àH$mamV _moS>Vmo.
A) O{_ZXmar gwYmaUm
~) Hw$i gwYmaUm H$)g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm
R>) Vm§{ÌH$ gwYmaUm
2) O_rZ _hmgwbm~m~V {~«Q>re H$mimV ------ `mZo H$m`_Ymam hr nÕV gwé Ho$br hmoVr.
A) bm°S©> ~oqQ>J
~) bm°S©> H$m°Z©dmbrgMr H$) bm°S©> hoñQ>r½O
S>)bm°S©> [anZ
3) {~«{Q>em§Zr ------- `m gmbr a`Vdmar hr nÕV ^maVmV gwé Ho$br.
A) 1820
~) 1821
H$) 1822
S>) 1823
4) _Ü`o O{_ZXmar {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r ------- `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr g{_Vr ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) gaXma nQ>ob
~) n§{S>V Zohê$
H$) AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo
S>) JmoqdX d„^ n§V
5) Hw$_maßnm g{_Vr àH$fm©Zo --------`m g§H$ënZoMm A{YH$ Iwbmgm Ho$bm hmoVm.
A) O{_ZXmar
~)d¡`{º$H$ eoVr
H$)d{hdmQ>Xma eoVH$ar
S>) eoVgmam
àíZ 2 am {Q>nm {bhm.
A) ^maVr` O{_ZXmar
~) {~«Q>reH$mbrZ _hgyb dgwbr nÕVr
H$) O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ d KQ>ZmH$mam§Mr ^y{_H$m
S>) O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmMo n[aUm_
B) O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`ÚmVrb Xmof
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àíZ 3 am {XKm}Îmar CÎmao {bhm
A) ^maVmVrb O{_ZXmar àWoMr _m{hVr Úm
~) O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`Xm gm§JyZ Ë`mMo n[aUm_ ñnï> H$am.
S>) g§ñWmË_H$ gwYmaUm à{H«$`m_Yrb O_rZXma {Z_y©bZmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m
· Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`Xm :
àíZ 1 bm [aH$må`m OmJm ^am
1) Hw$im§Zm
---- Mr _mbH$s XoÊ`mgmR>r Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`Xm Ambm.
A) Hw$Qw>§~mMr
~) O{_ZrMr
H$)newnmbZmMr
S>) O_rZXmamMr
2) Hw$i g§ajH$ H$m`ÚmZo ------ O_rZXmam§Zm {Xbmgm {Xbm hmoVm..
A) N>moQ>o O_rZXma
~) _Ü`_ O_rZXma
H$) _moR>o O_rZXma S>)ga§Om_Xma
3) --------- ho À`m H¥$fr{df`H$ gwYmaUm g{_VrMo à_wI hmoVo.
A) S>m°.amO|Ð àgmX
4) --------
~)AmM`© {dZmo~m ^mdo H$) nr.Eg.Aßny
S>) gr.amOJmonmbMmar
`moOZoV Hw$im§H$Sy>Z ñdoÀN>oZo amOrZm_o {bhÿZ KoÊ`mg ~§Xr KmVbr hmoVr.
A) n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$
~) Xwgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$
H$) {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$
S>) Mm¡Ï`m n§Mdm{f©H$
5) CÎma àXoemV ----------`m§Zr bmI Hw$im§Mr Zm|X gaH$mar XâVar H$ê$Z KoVbr.
A) JmoqdX d„^ n§V
~) Oo.gr.Hw$_mamßnm
H$) _§Ìr Mm¡Yar MaUqgJ
S) S>m°.EZ.Eg. ñdm_rZmWZ
àíZ 2 am {Q>nm {bhm.
A) ~S>çm O_rZXmam§À`m `wº²$`m
~) Hw$i H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVwXr
H$) Hw$i H$m`ÚmMo n[aUm_
S>) Hw$i H$m`ÚmÀ`m _`m©Xm
àíZ 3 am {XKm}Îmar CÎmao {bhm.
A) Hw$iH$m`Xm `mg§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr Úm.
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~) Hw$i H$m`Xm åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ Ë`mMo n[aUm_ ñnï> H$am.
S>) ^maV gaH$maZo Ho$boë`m Hw$i H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr XodyZ _`m©Xm ñnï> H$am.
· H$_mb O_rZYmaUm :
àíZ 1 bm [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` ^am.
1)
1946 gmbr O_rZ dmQ>nmMr n{hbr _mJUr -------- `m eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZr Ho$br.
A) Am±b B§{S>`m {H$gmZ g^m
H$) ^maVr` {H$gmZ g^m
~) eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm
H$)ñdm{^_mZr eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm
S>) ^maVr` {H$gmZ `w{Z`Z
2) -------- `m~m~V H$m±J«og AJ«oar`Z [a\$m°_© H${_Q>rZo gmbr Ahdmb gXa Ho$bm hmoVm.
A) Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ
~)eoVH$è`m§À`m AmË_hË`m
H$) eoVH$è`m§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ YmoaU
S>) H$_mb O_rZ dmQ>n
3) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm `m H$m`Úmbm {damoY ------ `m H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV {damoY Pmbm.
A) _w§~B©
~) h¡Ðm~mX
H$) ZmJnya
S>)_Ðmg
4) 1959 _Ü`o ñdV§Ì nmQ>u ZmdmMm ZdrZ nj ---------- `mgmR>r ñWmnZ Ho$bm
A) O_rZ gwYmaUm
H$)O{_ZXmar {Z_w©bZ
~)Hw$im§Mr CÞVr
S>) O_rZYmaUm H$m`Úmbm {damoY
5) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm ~m~VMo {dYo`H$ H$m`ÚmV énm§Va
A) 1958
~) 1959
---- _Ü`o Pmbo.
H$) 1960
S>) 1961
àíZ 2 am {Q>nm {bhm
A) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`Xm
~) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr
H$) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`Úmbm n[aUm_
S>) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`ÚmMr Zm_wîH$s
àíZ 3 am {XKm}Îmar CÎmao {bhm
A) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`ÚmMr _m{hVr Úm.
~) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXr Am{U n[aUm_ ñnï> H$am.
S>) H$_mb O_rZYmaUm H$m`Úmbm Zm_wîH$s H$m Ambr ho ñnï> H$am.
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· ^yXmZ Midi :
àíZ 1 bm [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` ^am.
1) ^maVmV ----- `m§Zr ^yXmZ Midi gwé Ho$br.
A) _hmË_m Jm§Yr
~) AmMm`© H¥$nbmZr
H$)AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo S>) AmMm`© OmdSo>H$a
2) -------- _Ü`o _hmamoJr godm _§S>i {dZmo~m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
A) 1934
~) 1935
H$) 1974
S>) 1975
3) gdm}X` ho ------ `m VËdmMo ZdrZ ê$n hmoVo.
A) {dídñV
4)
~)AÝVmoX`
H$)AZmgº$s `moJ
S>) qhX ñdamO
^yXmZ MidirMr gwédmV --- `m amÁ`mV Pmbr
A) _hmamï´>
~)H$Zm©Q>H$
H$)Am§Y«
S>) Vm{_iZmSy>
5) qhX ñdamO Mo {dñVmarV ê$n åhUOo --- ho hmoVo
A) emgZ_wº$ g_mO~) {~«Q>re_wº$ g_mO
H$) O_rZXma_wº$ g_mO S>) Jm§Yr`wº$ g_mO
àíZ 2 am {Q>nm {bhm
A) ^yXmZ Midi
~) Jm§Yr Am{U {dZmo~m
H$) Vob§JZm_Yrb ^yXmZ Midi
S>) J«m_XmZ
àíZ 3 am {XKm}Îmar CÎmao {bhm
A) {dZmo~m ^md|À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m
~) ^yXmZ MidirMo dU©Z H$am
S>) ^yXmZ MidirMr VËdo {dfX H$ê$Z n[aUm_ gm§Jm
· h[aV H«$m§Vr :
àíZ 1 bm [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` ^am.
1) Zm°_©Z ~mobm}J `m§Zm ---- _Yrb _hËdmÀ`m `moJXmZm_wio AmoiIVmV.
A) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr
~) h[aV H«$m§Vr
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H$) amOH$s` H«$m§Vr
H$) gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr
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2) eoVrÀ`m à`moJmgmR>r ------- àXoe hm ObqgMZ gmo`rZr `wº$ Agbobm àXoe {ZdS>bm.
A) _hmamï´>
~)Am§Y«
H$) H$Zm©Q>H$
S>) n§Om~
3) 1969 _Ü`o ------Pmë`mZo eoVrbm _moR>çm à_mUmda n¡gm CnbãY Pmbm.
A) ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`H$aU ~) gmdH$mar
H$) Am§Vaamï´>r` H$O}
S>) _w~bH$ nmD$g
4) g_mOdmXr ^maVmVrb ^m§S>dbemhrMm CX` hm --- Mm n[aUm_ hmoVm.
A) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr
~) h[aV H«$m§Vr
H$)amOH$s` H«$m§Vr
S>) gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr
5) emók Eg.Ho$. S>r. XÎmm `m§Zr A{YH$ CËnÝ XoUmao Am` Ama ho -----Mo dmU Am{e`m
I§S>mV bmoH${à` Pmbo.
A) Jhÿ
~) ^mV
H$) Ádmar
S>) ~mOar
àíZ 2 am {Q>nm {bhm
A) h[aV H«$m§Vr
~) h[aV H«$m§VrMr
H$) h[aV H«$m§VrMo n[aUm_
S>) h[aV H«$m§VrMo Xwîn[aUm_
àíZ 3 am {XKm}Îmar CÎmao {bhm
A) {dZmo~m ^md|À`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
~) ^yXmZ MidirMo dU©Z H$am.
S>) ^yXmZ MidirMr VËdo {dfX H$ê$Z n[aUm_ gm§Jm.
· eoVH$ar g§Kf© :
àíZ 1 bm [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` ^am.
1) Vob§JmZm ^mJmV eoVH$è`m§À`m g§Kfm©V ---- `m njmZo AmKmS>r KoVbr hmoVr
A) H$m±J«og
~) g_mOdmXr
H$) ñdV§Ì
S>)H$å`w{ZñQ>
2) h¡Ðm~mX ho g§ñWmZ ----- À`m A{YnË`mImbr hmoVo
A) Am{Xbehm
~) {ZOm_
H$) Hw$Vw~ehm
S>)_m|Jb
3) AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´>mV ---- `m§Zr n{hë`m§Xm eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm ~m§Ybr
A) eaX ndma
~) eaX Omoer
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91
H$) eaX nmQ>rb
S>) eaX CnmÜ`o
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3) ----- KgaVm ^mdmVyZ À`m XeH$mV n{hbo eoVH$ar Am§XmobZ Pmbo.
A) H$m§ÚmÀ`m
~) CgmÀ`m
H$) XwYmÀ`m
H$) H$O© ì`mOmÀ`m
4) CÎma ^maVmV ----- `m§Zr D$g eoVH$è`m§Mr g§KQ>Zm ~m§Ybr
A) eaX Omoer
~) {dZmo~m ^mdo
H$) _hmË_m Jm§Yr
S>) _õoÝÐqgJ {Q>H¡$V
àíZ 2 am {Q>nm {bhm
A) Vob§JUmVrb g§Kf©
~) Vob§JUmVrb g§Kf©
H$) H$å`w{ZñQ>
S>) eaX Omoer Am{U eoVH$ar bT>m
B) J{VhrZ eoVH$ar Midi
àíZ 3 am {XKm}Îmar CÎmao {bhm
A) Vob§JUmVrb eoVH$ar g§Kfm©Mr _m{hVr Úm.
~) _hmamï´>mVrb eoVH$ar MidirMo _yë`_mnZ H$am
S>) eaX Omoer `m§À`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hV Úm
3.5 g§X^© J«§W :
1)
Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharjee, Aditya Mukharje, India since independence,
Penguin, New Delhi, 2000.
2)
Krishnan Bhatiya, The Oriedal of Nationhood, New York, 1971.
3)
Rajani Kothari, Politices in India, New Delhi, 1970.
4)
Francies Frankline, India's Political Economy, 1947-1977, Delhi, 1978
5) nmQ>rb .J.{d, H¥$fr AW©emó, M¡VÝ` npãbHo$eZ, Zm{eH$
5) Ioa.gr.n, Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mo Zdo nd©, {XbrnamO àH$meZ, nwUo
7) amD$V JUoe, ^mdo AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo,
BBB
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KQ>H$ - 4
CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnma
- S>m°. A^` nmQ>rb
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
A) 4.2.1 AdOS> CÚmoJmMr gwadmV
4.2.2 H$mnS> CÚmoJ
4.2.3 bmoI§S> CÚmoJ
4.2.4 {g_|Q> CÚmoJ
~) 4.2.5 n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm `emn`e, n[aUm_
H$) 4.2.6 Am`mV Am{U {Z`m©V
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.5 gmam§e
4.6 ñdmÜ`m`
4.7 g§X^© J«§W
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o …
`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va {dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo AmnUmg..............
·
ñdm§VÍ`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb AdOS> CÚmoJm§Mr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
·
H$mnS>, bmoI§S> Am{U qg_oQ> CÚmoJmMr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
·
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mo `emn`e Aä`mgVm `oB©b.
·
Am`mV d {Z`m©V ì`mnmamMm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / B{Vhmg ....1
4.1 àmñVm{dH$ …{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo AmnU _mJrb KQ>H$mV ^maVmVrb O_rZXmar, O_rZgwYmaUm, ^wXmZMidi, h[aVH«$m§Vr
Am{U Amm§Y« d _hmamîQ´>mVrb eoVH$è`m§Mo bT>o `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. gXa KQ>H$mV ^maVmVrb AdOS> CÚmoJ
Ë`m_Ü`o H$mnS>, bmoI§S> d {g_|Q> B. à_wI CÚmoJmMr àJVr `mMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm AgyZ, ^maVmÀ`m
àJVrgmR>r gwê$ Ho$boë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mo n[aUm_ H$m` Pmbo hmoVo `mMr Zm|X ¿`md`mMr Amho. VgoM
ì`mnmamÀ`m g§X^m©V Am`mV d {Z`m©V pñWVr H$er hmoVr `mMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV gd© g_mdoeH$ CÚmoJ d ì`mnma YmoaU ZìhVo. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV XoemMo ^{dVì`
R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ^maVr`m§Mm Agë`mZo AdOS> CÚmoJ d ì`mnma {df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo. d Ver
H$m`©dmhr H$aVm Ambr. ho gd© H$aUo Mm¡H$Q>r ~mhoa OmD$Z MmbUma ZìhVo. H$maU ^maVmZo ñdrH$mabobr
bmoH$emhr, amÁ`KQ>Zm, n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, C{ÔîQ>o, `m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ AdOS> CÚmoJ {df`H$ YmoaU am~{dUo
_hËdmMo hmoVo. Zohê$ gaH$maZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUmMm nm`m KmVbm. `m _Ü`o OgOgm AZw^d `oV Jobm VgVgo
~Xb hmoV Jobo.
·
AdOS> CÚmoJ YmoaU C{ÔîQ>o …*
ObX JVrZo ^maVmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo.
*
Amdí`H$ amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
*
bmoH$emhrÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ g_mOdmXr g_mO ì`dñWm ñWmnZ H$aUo.
*
CÚmoJm§Mr dmT> KS>dyZ AmUUo.
*
CÚmoJ d ì`mnma `m§Zm ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoV _hËdmMo ñWmZ {_idyZ XoUo.
*
nm`m^yV d AdOS> Aem CÚmoJm§Mr (H$mnS>, bmoI§S> d nmobmX, `§Ìgm_wJ«r {g_|Q>) ñWmnZm
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm ObX {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo.
*
^maVmbm CÚmoJ joÌmmV ñd`§nyU© ~Z{dUo. CÚmoJr g§ñH¥$VrMm ^maVmV àgma KS>dyZ AmUUo.
darb C{ÔîQ>o gd©gmYmaU hmoVr. Ë`m ZwgmaM Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m ZwgmaM H$mnS>, bmoI§S>
d {g_|Q> `m AdOS> CÚmoJmMr gwê$dmV Pmbr.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ …(A) 4.2.1 AdOS> CÚmoJm§Mr gwadmV :^maV AmO {dH$gZerb Xoe Amho. Amnë`m AmWuH$ àJVrMm doJ dmT>{dÊ`mH$[aVm `m XoemV
Am¡Úmo{J{H$H$aU _hËdmMo Amho. åhUyZM bKy CÚmoJ _hËdmMo R>aVmV. ^maVmV `m AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJmMr gwê$dmV
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B§J«OmZr Ho$br. ñdmV§Í`m§Z§Va `mMm {dH$mg hmoV Jobm. gZ. 1950 bm "{Z`moOZ _§S>imMr' ñWmnZm
Pmmë`mda ^maVmÀ`m CÚmoJ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo {ZdoXZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_Ü`o VrZ ñVamda CÚmoJm§Mr aMZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. n{hë`m ñVamda gaH$mar _mbH$sMo CÚmoJ, Xþgè`m ñVamda ImOJr _mbH$sMo CÚmoJ d gaH$mar
Am{U ImOJr CÚmoJm§Zm nwaH$ R>aUmao CÚmoJ {Vgè`m ñVamda R>odÊ`mV Ambo. gZ. 1951 À`m "CÚmoJ {dH$mg
Am{U {Z`_Z' H$m`ÚmZo gaH$maZo Amnë`m hmVmV gd© A{YH$ma amIyZ R>odbo. {Z`_Z, g§MbZ, {dVaUmgmR>r
XoemV {R>H${R>H$mUr _§S>io {Z`wŠV Ho$br. nwT>rb H$mimV "amîQ´>r` CËnmXZ _§S>i' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Am{e`m I§S>mVrb XoemV CÚmoJjoÌmmV nañna ghH$m`© {Z_m©U ìhmdo `mgmR>r n§{S>V Zohê$ gaH$maZo "Am{e`mB©
ì`mnma g§KQ>Zm' ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m_wio Am{e`m I§S>mVrb XoemV ì`mnma d CÚmoJ joÌmmV ghH$m`© gwê$ Pmbo.
gZ. 1954 _Ü`o "amîQ´>r` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>im'Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m _§S>imZo
CÚmoJmgmR>r àM§S> H$O} dmQ>n Ho$br. Ë`m_wio XoemV CÚmoJ {Z_m©U Pmbo. gZ 1964 _Ü`o EH$ H$m`Xm H$ê$Z
Am`.S>r.~r.Am`. ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. [aPd© ~±Ho$À`m AmYrZ amhÿZ CÚmoJ d ì`mnma dmT>rgmR>r ~±Ho$H$S>o
A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo. gaH$maZo `m H$mimV naH$s` ^m§S>db Am{U Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë` ~mhoê$Z {_i{dÊ`mMm
`eñdr à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Pmbm. n§S>rV Zohê$ gaH$maÀ`m n{hë`m, Xþgè`m d {Vgè`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m {Vgè`m dfm©V H¥$fr, CÚmoJ d g§ajU joÌmmVrb CÚmoJmMm {dH$mg Pmbm. gZ 1948,
gZ 1950, gZ 1956, gZ 1977, gZ 1980, gZ 1985 d gZ 1991 À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUm_wio CÚmoJì`mnma{df`H$ joÌmV ~Xb Pmbo. ^maVmV _hËdmMo AdOS> CÚmoJ C^o am{hbo Ë`mMr _m{hVr AmnU nmhÿ.
4.2.2 H$mnS> CÚmoJ$:
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV H$mnS> CÚmoJ hm _moR>m d g§KQ>rV CÚmoJ åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. gZ. 1818
_Ü`o àW_ H$mnS> {JaUr ñWmnZ Pmbr. OJmV H$mnS> d gyV CËnmXZmV ^maVmMm {Vgam Z§~a AmT>iVmo. Va
H$mnS>mMr {Z`m©V H$aÊ`m_Ü`o gÜ`m {Vgam Z§~a Amho. _moR>r AmWuH$ JwV§dUyH$ ^maV gaH$maZo `m CÚmoJmV Ho$br
Amho. gZ. 1818 Vo 1974 n`ªV XoemV 691 H$mnS> {JaÊ`m hmoË`m. gZ 1991 n`ªV Ë`mMr g§»`m dmT>V
Jobr. AmO gw_mao 1100 À`m da H$mnS> {JaÊ`m AmT>iVmV. gÜ`m `m CÚmoJmV 1500 H$moQ>r ê$. Jw§V{dÊ`mV
Ambo AmhoV. 2.25 H$moQ>r MmË`m d 2.1 bj _mJ AmhoV `m CÚmoJmZo àË`j[aË`m 11.5 bj bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma
nwa{dbm Amho. H$mnS> {JaÊ`m, gwV{JaÊ`m d hmV_mJ `m _YyZ bmoH$ H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wioM H$mnS> CÚmoJ
^maVmVrb _moR>m CÚmoJ hmo`. H$mnS>mÀ`m {Z`m©VrV OnmZ Z§Va ^maVmMm Xþgam Z§~a bmJVmo. EHy$U {Z`m©Vrn¡H$s
33% H$mnS> {Z`m©V Ho$bo OmVo. `mMmM AW© `oWrb H$mnS> CÚmoJ naH$s` MbZ {_idyZXoUmao gmYZ Amho.
^maVmV H$mnS> CÚmoJmMr àJVr CÎmamoÎma hmoV Jobr ho Imbrb AmH$S>odmar dê$Z ñnîQ> {XgyZ `oVo.
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df©
{JaUrjoÌ
+
BVa joÌ
1950-51
1960-61
1970-71
1980-81
1983-84
1984-85
1989-90
373
4640
4050
3430
2700
2620
2087
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1010
2050
3550
4940
6000
6400
10651
EHy$U CËnmXZ (Xebj _rQ>a)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
4740
6090
7600
8370
8700
9020
12738
darb AmH$S>odmar Zwgma XoemVrb H$mnS> CËnmXZ ho dmT>V Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. H$mnCmÀ`m CËnmXZmV
dmT> d _mJUr pñWa Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oV Amho. n[aUm_r {Z`m©Vrda bj Úmdo bmJV Amho. Am{W©H$ nhmUr
AhdmbmZwgma gZ. 1990-91 _Ü`o gwV d H$mnS> `mMr {Z`m©V hr é. 2065 H$moQ>rÀ`m da hmoVr. Va V`ma
H$nS>çmÀ`m ~m~VrV {Z`m©V hr Odi Odi é. 4042 H$moQ>r Mr hmoVr.
· H$mnS> CÚmoJmÀ`m g_ñ`m …1. H$ƒm _mb :
AmO H$mngmÀ`m {H$_Vr dmT>V AmhoV. ~r.Q>r. {~`mUo _hmJ Amho, IVmdarb AZwXmZ ~§X Amho,
à{VHy$b pñWVrV eoVH$è`mZm§ H$mngmMo nrH$ ¿`mdo bmJV AgyZ {ZgJm©À`m AZwH$byb d à{VHy$b n[apñWV
eoVH$ar bmoH$m§Zm CËnmXZ ¿`mdo bmJV AgyZ Ë`mMm n[aUm_ CËnmXZmda hmoV Amho. n[aUm_r H$mngmÀ`m
qH$_Vr dmT>V OmV AmhoV. ^maVmV H$mngmMr CnbãYVm Am{U Vmo gmR>{dUo hr g_ñ`m Amho.
2. CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo :
H¥$fr joÌmmV ^maV àJV Zmhr. nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZoM nrH$ KoVbo OmVo. à{V hoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ H$_r Amho. Vo
dmT>{dÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Amnë`mH$S>o bm§~ Ym½`mMm H$mnyg Aën CËnmXrV Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mMo CËnmXZ
dmT>{dUo JaOoMo Amho. gaH$ma eoVH$è`mZm§ gmoB©-gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mg CXmgrZ Amho. hr Iar g_ñ`m Amho.
3. {dOoMr g_ñ`m :
^maVmV eoVH$è`m§Zm Mmodrg Vmg {dOoMm nwadR>m hmoV Zmhr. Z¡g{J©H$ n[añWrVr, H$moigm d BVa
Amdí`H$ dñVy§Mm A{Z`_rV nwadR>m, `m_wio drO H$_r {_iVo. n[aUm_r Ë`mMm _moR>m {dn[aV n[aUm_ H$mnS>
CÚmoJmda hmoV Amho.
4. emgH$s` H$a :
^maVmV gaH$mao ApñWa AgVmV. n[aUm_r CËnmXZ, qH$_V, {dVaU `m g§~YrMo YmoaU gVV ~XbV
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AgVo. emgH$s` YmoaUmMm n[aUm_ `m CÚmoJmda hmoV AgVmo. H$mnS> CÚmoJmdarb ~§YZo d Ag_mZ H$a
nÕVr_wio {d{dY g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. "Wm§~m d nhm' Ago emgH$s` YmoaU Agë`mZo Ë`mMm {dnarV
n[aUm_ H$mnS> CÚmoJmda hmoV Amho.
5. Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamVrb ñnYm© :
^maVmVrb H$mnS> CÚmoJmbm Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda {d{dY Xoem~amo~a ñnYm© H$amdr bmJV Amho. `mMo
_hËdmMo H$maU åhUOo H$mnS>mMo H$_r CËnmXZ d CËnmXZmgmR>r H$am`bm bmJUmam IM©, n[aUm_r Am§VaamîQ´>r`
ñVamdarb ~mOmanoR>o _Ü`o ^maVr` H$mnS>mMr qH$_V dmT>V OmVo d Ë`mMm n[aUm_ {dH«$sda hmoV Amho. Ca OmñV
Agë`mH$maUm§_wio Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda ^maVr` H$mnS>mg _mJUr H$_r Amho.
6. AmOmar H$mnS> {JaÊ`m§Mm àíZ J§^ra :
CXmgrZ emgH$s` YmoaUm_wio H$mnS> CÚmoJmbm Amdí`H$ Kgmam {ZYr Z R>odUo, {JaÊ`mMo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
Z H$aUo, H$À`m _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr dmT>{dUo, MwH$sMo H$a{df`H$ YmoaU, MrZ, H$mo[a`m, OnmZ, qgJmnya, V¡dmZ
d hm±JH$m±J `m Xoem§H$Sy>Z hmoUmar H$S>dr ñnYm©, `mda Cnm` `moOZm Z H$aUo `m_wio H$mnS> {JaÊ`m AmOmar
nS>ë`m d AmO Odi Odi 1/3 H$mnS> {JaÊ`m ~§X AmhoV.
7. Z°eZb Q>oŠñQ>mB©b H$m°anm}aoeZMo An`e :
^maV gaH$maZo AmOmar H$mnS> {JaÊ`mgmR>r "Z°eZb Q>oñŠQ>mB©b H$manmoaoeZMr (N. T. C. amîQ´>r` H$mnS>
_hm_§S>i-gZ. 1968) ñWmnZm Ho$br. gaH$maZo `m _hm_§S>imH$S>o 125 AmOmar H$mnS>{JaÊ`m Mmb{dÊ`mg
{Xë`m. nU `mVrb AZoH$ {JaÊ`m§Mr pñWVr ~Xbbr Zmhr. OwZr `§Ìo, H$m_Jmam§Mo àíZ, Anwam H$ƒm _mb,
doVZàíZ, H$_r CËnmXZ `m_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. `m AmOmar {JaÊ`mV gaH$maMo Odi
Odi 1500 H$moQ>r ê$. AS>Hy$Z nS>bo AmhoV.
· Zdo H$mnS> YmoaU :
^maV gaH$maZo gZ. 1985 _Ü`o Zdo H$mnS> {df`H$ YmoaU Omhra Ho$bo. C{ÔîQ> hmoVo- JwUdÎmmnyU© H$mnS>
{Z{_©Vr H$aUo, dmOdr qH$_VrV H$mnS> nwa{dUo, H$mnS> {Z`m©VrH$S>o bj XoUo, H$mnS> CÚmoJmV _moR>r amoOJma
{Z{_©Vr H$aUo, H$m_Jma {hVmg ~mYm Z AmUVm AmOmar {JaÊ`m ~§X H$aUo, d H$mnS> CÚmoJmV ZdrZ V§ÌkmZ
AmUUo.
`m YmoaUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$maZo H$mnS> CÚmoJmbm g§OrdZr XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm, d H$mnS>mMr
CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Var àgma _mÜ`_m§Zr gaH$maMo Zdo H$mnS> {df`H$ YmoaU {JaUr H$mbH$,
CÚmoJnVr, lr_§VdJ© `m§À`m {hVmMo Amho. d Jar~ hmV_mJ _mbH$, H$m_Jma `m§À`m {damoYr Amho, Aer {Q>H$m
Ho$br. Ago Agbo Var gZ 1990-91 Z§Va `m CÚmoJmMo YmoaU ~Xbbo AgyZ AmVm ~hþCÔo{e` Q>oŠñQ>mB©b nmH©$
Cä`m ahmV AmhoV. ^m§S>db, Zdo V§ÌkmZ, Hw$eb H$m_Jma B. emgZ nwadV AgyZ nwT>rb H$mimV H$mnS> CÚmoJ
{ZíMrV ^amar KoB©b.
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4.2.3 bmoI§S> CÚmoJ :
bmoI§S> d nmobmX hm ì`dgm` ^maVmVrb _hËdmMm ì`dgm` Amho, ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMm _hËdmMm nm`m^yV
CÚmoJ-ì`dgm` Amho. `m CÚmoJmÀ`m àJVrda XoemMr Am{W©H$ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr Adb§~yZ Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va
Zohê$ gaH$maZo Amnë`m n§MdmfuH$ `moOZoV `m CÚmoJmbm _hËd {Xbo. Ë`m_wioM `m CÚmoJmbm _hËdmMo ñWmZ
àmá Pmbo Amho. bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmVrb àJVr XoemMo Am¡Úmo{J{H$H$aU _moOÊ`mMo à_wI gmYZ hmo`.
gZ 1947 bm ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va "Q>mQ>m Am`Z© AÝS²> ñQ>rb H§$nZr' Am{U "B§{S>`Z Am`Z©
A±ÝS> ñQ>rb H§$nZr' `m XmoZ H§$nÝ`m ^maVmV hmoË`m. "Q>mQ>m H$m`Z© A°ÝS> ñQ>rb H§$nZr'Mr ñWmnZm O_eoR>Or
Q>mQ>m `m§Zr gZ. 1906 _Ü`o Ho$br. hr H§$nZr Am{e`mVrb _moR>r H§$nZr åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. AmO `m XmoÝhr
H§$nÝ`m ImOJr joÌmmVrb åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV. AmO `m XmoÝhr H§$nÝ`m AZwH«$_o 15 bj Q>Z d 8 bj
Q>Z bmoI§S> d nmobmX `mMr {Z_uVr H$aVmV. gZ. 1975-76 `m H$mimV ^maVmV bmoI§S> d nmobmX CËnmXZ
H$aUmao H$maImZo {ZKmbo.
· bmoI§S> CÚmoJmVrb àJVr :
gZ 1947 bm ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm Ë`mdoir Ho$di 1.3 Xebj bmoI§C CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
^maVmH$S>o hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV `m CÚmoJmZo àM§C àJVr Ho$br Amho. gZ. 1956 À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$
YmoaUmZwgma emgH$s` d ImOJr joÌmmV bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJ C^maUrg gwê$dmV Pmbr. Odmhabmb
Zohê§$À`m H$mimVrb n{hë`m, Xþgè`m d {Vgè`m n§MdmfuH$ `moOZoÀ`m {Vgè`m dfm©V bmoI§S> d nmobmX
CÚmoJmMr PnmQ>çmZo àJVr Pmbr. gZ. 1954 _Ü`o O_©ZrÀ`m _XVrZo éaHo$bm, gZ. 1955 _Ü`o a{e`mÀ`m
_XVrZo {^bmB©, B§½bS>À`m _XVrZo XþJm©nya, `m VrZ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb H$maImÝ`m§Zr bmoI§S> d nmobmX
CÚmoJmÀ`m àJVrMm nm`m KmVbm. ^maVmV nwT>rb H$mimV AZoH$ H$maImZo {ZKmbo.
Imbrb AmH$S>odmardê$Z bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmÀ`m àJVrMr AmnUmg H$ënZm `oB©b. (Xebj Q>Z.)
df©
H$ÀMo bmoI§S>
V`ma nmobmX
1950-51
1.5
1.0
1960-61
3.4
2.4
1970-71
6.14
4.64
1980-81
10.33
6.82
1990-91
14.7
17.8
`m AmH$S>odmar dê$Z bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmMr àJVr PnmQ>çmZo Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. gaH$maZo
gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr joÌmmV àM§S> CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mMo {XgVo. gaH$maZo gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmmVrb H§$nÝ`mgmR>r
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ì`dñWmnZ d CËnmXZ H$m`m©V gwgwÌVm Am{U EH$ {OZgrnUm AmUÊ`mgmR>r gZ. 1947 _Ü`o "ñQ>rb A°Wm°[aQ>r
Am°\$ B§{S>`m'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. CÔoe `m CÚmoJmbm bmJUmao H$ƒo bmoI§S> d XJS>r H$moigm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo
hm hmoVm. ho CÔoe gmÜ` H$aUo ^maV XoemZo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Amdí`H$
Ago V§ÌkmZ {dH$grV Ho$bo Amho.
^maVr` emgZmZo "N>moQ>o bmoI§S> d nmobmX àH$ën ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br Amho. gZ 1985 Vo
90 `m H$mimV 176 àH$ën WmnZ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr 2.33 bebj CËnmXZ Ho$bo Amho. H$ÀÀ`m bmoI§S>mÀ`m
CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmZo OJmVrb n{hë`m Xhm XoemV Amnbo ñWmZ nŠHo$ Ho$bo Amho. bmoI§S> d nmobmX
CÚmoJmÀ`m joÌmmV 4 bmImn`ªV amoOJma CnbãY Pmbm Amho. EHy$U Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§n¡H$s 8 Q>ŠHo$ H$m_Jma
`m ì`dgm`mV AmhoV. OmJVrH$ ñVamda nm{hbo AgVm AmnU AOyZ Iyn _mJo AmhmoV `mMr Om{Ud hmoVo.
^maVmMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMm Xa Iwn H$_r Amho `mMr Zm|X Vwåhmg ¿`mdr bmJob. `m joÌmVrb _hËdmÀ`m
AS>MUr bjmV ¿`mì`m bmJVrb.
· bmoI§S> CÚmoJmÀ`m g_ñ`m :
1. H$moiemMr g_ñ`m :
^maV XoemV CÎm_ àVrÀ`m H$moiemMr H$_VaVm Amho. bmoI§S> {dVidÊ`mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m XJS>r
H$moiemMr JaO AgVo. bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m H$moigm ImUr emoYë`m
nm{hOoV, d Ë`mMm {dH$mg Ho$bm nm{hOo.
2. CËnmXZ j_VoMm dmna :
bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo EH$ _hËdmMr AS>MU åhUOo. AmnU Amnë`m CËnmXZ j_VoMm
dmna nwU©nUo H$arV Zmhr. n[aUm_r Amnbm CËnmXZ IM© dmT>V OmVmo. _mJUr d nwadR>m `mV _moR>o A§Va nS>Vo.
Ë`m_wio bmoI§S> d nmobmX Am`mV H$amdo bmJVo.
3. {dH$grV V§ÌkmZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo :
bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm Amdí`H$ Ago V§ÌkmZ ñdrH$maUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ^maVmV
AemàH$maMo V§ÌkmZ CnbãY Zmhr n[aUm_r XþgarH$Sy>Z Vo AmUmdo bmJVo. BVa Xoem§H$S>yZ AmnUmbm _XV
¿`mdr bmJVo. `m g§X^m©V amOH$s` BÀN>meŠVrMr JaO _hËdmMr R>aVo.
4. qH$_V d {Z`̧U :
^maV gaH$maZo `oWo CËnm{XV Ho$bo OmUmao bmoI§S> d nmobmX `mÀ`m qH$_Vr R>adyZ {Xë`m AmhoV. gXa
{H$_Vr R>a{dVmZm Am`mV _mbmÀ`m qH$_VrMm {dMma Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. åhUyZ bmoI§S> d nmobmXmdarb {Z`§ÌU
H$mT>Uo JaOoMo Amho.
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5. àH$ënmVrb AH$m`©j_Vm :
^maV gaH$maZo bmoI§S> d nmobmX CÚmoJmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmmV àM§S> JwV§dUyH$ Ho$br Amho. na§Vy
H$m`m©ÝdrV Ho$bobo àH$ën AH$m`©_ AmhoV. H$maU emgH$s` CXmgrZVm, Amdí`H$Vo nojm OmñV H$m_Jma ^aVr,
AH$m`©j_ ì`dñWmnZ, A{YH$mar dJm©À`m ~Xë`m, Anwam H$ƒm _mb, XiUdiU joÌmmVrb ÌwQ>r, {eñVrMm
A^md B. H$maUm_wio àH$ënmV g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
4.2.4 {g_|Q> CÚmoJ :
{g_|Q> CÚmoJ hm ^maVmVrb nm`m^yV CÚmoJmn¡H$s EH$ Amho. "B§{S>`m {g_|Q> H§$nZr' nmoa~§Xa `m {R>H$mUr
gZ. 1914 _Ü`o ñWmnZ Pmbr. `m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV {g_|Q> CÚmoJmMm nm`m KmVbm. AmO 2015 n`ªV `m
CÚmoJmZo C§M ^amar KoVbr Amho. XoemV EHy$U 513 {g_|Q> H$maImZo AgyZ Ë`mVrb 148 _moR>o d 365 bhmZ
H$maImZo AmhoV. ho H$maImZo àM§S> CËnmXZ KoV AmhoV.
ho Imbrb Am{W©H$ gd}jUmdê$Z {XgyZ `oB©b…df©
(CËnmXZ - hOma Q>Z)
1950-51
2.7
1960-61
7.9
1970-71
14.3
1980-81
18.6
1981-82
20.9
1982-83
23.3
1984-90
56.2
· {g_|Q> CÚmoJmMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU :
^maV gaH$maZo {g_|Q> CÚmoJmMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Ho$bo Amho XoemVrb AZoH$ ^mJmV {g_|Q> H$maImZo ñWmnZ
Ho$bo AmhoV. {g_|Q> CÚmoJmMm H$ƒm _mb MwZIS>r, {Oßg_, {MH$Z_mVr d XJS> ho XoemÀ`m AZoH$ ^mJmV
CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {g_|Q>Mo H$maImZo {d{dY ^mJmV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gXa CÚmoJmMo
{dH|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo Amho. {g_|Q> CÚmoJmVrb _mbH$s hŠH$mVrb AmH¥$Vr~§YmMo ~aoM H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo Amho.
· bhmZ {g_|Q> àH$ënmMr ñWmnZm :
^maVmV Odi Odi {g_|Q>Mr _mJUr hr 8.50% Zo dmT>V Amho. ^{dî`mV AmUIr _mJUr dmT>Ê`mMr
eŠ`Vm J«hrV Yê$Z dmT>Vr _mJUr nwU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{V{XZ 250 Q>Z CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m {g_|Q> àH$ënm§Zm
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nadmZJr {Xbr Amho. H$ƒm _mb d l{_H$eŠVr dmnaÊ`mMm à`ËZ gaH$maZo Ho$bm Amho. `m bhmZ àH$ënm§Zr
gZ. 1985-86 n`ªV 4.6 bj Q>ZmMo CËnmXZ KoVbo Amho. Agmo{gEQ>oS> {g_|Q> H§$nZr, S>mb{_`m {g_|Q>, O¡Z
{g_|Q>, {~bm© {g_|Q> `m _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m àM§S> _moR>o CËnmXZ KoVmV.
· {g_|Q> CÚmoJmdarb {Z`§ÌUo :
`m CÚmoJmda gaH$maZo KmVboë`m {Z`§ÌUm_wio gaH$mada {Q>H$m hmoD$ bmJë`mZo gZ. 1982 _Ü`o gaH$maZo
Xþhoar qH$_V nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. `m _Ü`o R>am{dH$ H$moQ>m gaH$mabm Úmd`mMm Am{U Cabobm H$moQ>m Iwë`m
~mOmamV {dH$m`Mm. `m YmoaUm_w§io WoQ> J«mhH$mn`ªV `mo½` qH$_VrV {g_|Q> CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbo. hr nÕV gZ.
1992 n`ªV Mmby hmoVr.
· {g_|Q> CÚmoJm nwT>rb g_ñ`m :
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmZo {g_|Q> CÚmoJmV ^amar KoVbr Agbr Var `m CÚmoJmnwT>rb g_ñ`m AmhoV Ë`m
Imbrb à_mUo hmoV.
* n{hbr g_ñ`m hr ñWmnrV CËnmXZ j_Vonojm H$_r dmna ^maVmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
* {g_|Q> H§$nZrbm {dOoMm VwQ>dS>m ^mgVmo.
* A{Z`{_V H$moigm nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
* XiUdiUmVrb gw{dYm Anwè`m AmhoV.
* \$aZog VobmMm Anwam nwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo.
* CËnm{XV _mbmMr {dVaU ì`dñWm Mm§Jbr Zmhr.
* `m CÚmoJmV ñdrH$mabobo na_rQ> YmoaU ~XbUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
* AmOmar H$maImZo nwÝhm Zì`mZo nwZOu{dV Ho$bo nm{hOoV,
B. {g_|Q> CÚmoJmV à_wI g_ñ`m AmhoV.
ñd`§-AÜ`m`ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$. 1
* `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ^maV AmO............... Xoe Amho.
A) {dH$gZerb
~) àJVrerb
H$) AàJV
2. 1950 bm ...............Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
A) {Z`moOZ _§S>i
~) Am{W©H$ _§S>i
H$) gm§ñH¥${VH$ _§S>i S>) Am¡Úmo{JH$ _§S>i
S>) _mJmg
3. ..............._Ü`o Am`.S>r.~r.Am` ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) gZ. 1964
~) gZ. 1965
9
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H$) gZ. 1966
S>) gZ. 1967
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4. gwV d H$mnS> CËnmXZmV ^maVmMm............... Z§~a Amho.
A) n{hbm
~) Xþgam
H$) {Vgam
S>) Mm¡Wm
5. ...............`m XoemÀ`m _XVrZo éaHo$bm àH$ë`mMr C^maUr Pmbr.
A) OnmZ
~) O_©Zr
H$) a{e`m
S>) B§½bS>
(~) 4.2.5 n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mo n[aUm_ (`e-An`e) :
n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zr ^maVmgma»`m Xoembm Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho ho AmoiIyZ
Am{W©H$ joÌmV n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZoMm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVbm. gZ. 1950 _Ü`o {Z`moOZ _§S>imMr ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. AàJV, _mJmg amîQ´>mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ Cn`wŠV
Amho. {_l AW©ì`dñWm, {Z`moOZ, bmoH$emhr `mÛmao AàJV, _mJmg amîQ´>mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr KS>dyZ AmUVm
`oVo `mda Zohé§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr gZ. 1951 nmgyZ Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ d {_l AW©ì`dñWm Ûmao
^maVmV bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. a{e`Z n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm à_mUo Ë`m§Zr
XoemV n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm gwê$ Ho$ë`m Am{U AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ `mÛmao ^maVr` g_mOmMo n[adV©Z
H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. _mM© 1950 nmgyZ {Z`moOZ Am`moJmMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U 1 E{àb 1951
nmgyZ ^maVmMr n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gwê$ Pmbr. {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m nwT>o Mma C{ÔîQ>o R>odbr …* bmoH$m§À`m XaS>moB© CËnÞmV dmT> H$aUo.
* amoOJma {Z_m©U H$aUo.
* Am{W©H$ {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aUo.
* ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, Ý`m`-`mÛmao g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm :
· n{hbr n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm (1951-56)
`m `moOZoV gaH$maZo gaH$maZo eoVr, {dO{Z_uVr d nmQ>~§Ymao `mda OmñV ^a {Xbm. H|${Ð` A§XmOnÌH$mV
`m `moOZogmR>r 44.5 Q>ŠHo$ aŠH$_ _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambr. n{hë`m `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV ^mH$m-ZmZJb, Xm_moXa
`moOZm d {hamHy$S> àH$ën ho VrZ _moR>o qgMZ d {dÚwV àH$ën hmVr KoVbo. I{ZO d Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJm§gmR>r 173
H$moQ>r ê$. Jw§V§dUyH$ Ho$br. Va gm_m{OH$ godm, CÚmoJ d CËnmXZ dmT>, `m gmR>r 240 H$moQ>r IM© _§Oya Ho$bm.
· à_wI C{ÔîQ>o :
*
OZVobm _yb^yV gmoB© CnbãY H$éZ XoUo.
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10
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*
OZVobm amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo.
*
gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm H$_r H$aUo.
*
XoemV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm nm`m KmbUo.
*
AnyU© àH$ën nwU© H$aUo. B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e…n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr C{ÔoîQ>o `mo½` d _m\$H$ Agë`mZo Ano{jV Ü`o` JmR>Vm Ambo. `m `moOZo
A§Vr*
amîQ´>r` CËnÞmV 17 Q>¸o$ dmT> Pmbr.
*
eoVr CËnÞmV 65.8 Xebj Q>ZmZo dmT> Pmbr.
*
Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmV 40 Q>¸o$ dmT> Pmbr. (nmobmX- 30.5, {g_|Q>- 71.3, H$mnS>- 37.2)
*
gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg Pmbm. {ejU d Amamo½` godm dmT>.
amoOJma {Z_uVr Pmbr. 4.5 Xebj bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma {_imbm. n[aUm_r n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
`eñdr Pmbr.
· Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm (1956-61) :
gZ 1956 _Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMo Ü`o` d g_mOdmXr g_mO aMZm `m Ü`o`mZwgma Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$
`moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZoV AdOS> d _yb^yV CÚmoJmda OmñV ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm.
· à_wI C{ÔîQ>o …*
XoemÀ`m {dH$mgd¥Õr XamV dmT> H$aUo.
*
AdOS> d nm`m^yV ^m§S>dbr CÚmoJ ñWmnZ H$aUo.
*
OZVobm amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo. (1 H$moQ>r amoOJma)
*
Am{W©H$ gÎmoMo g_mZ dmQ>n H$éZ g§nÎmr d CËnÞ `m _Yrb Xar H$_r H$aUo.
*
4672 H$moQ>r é. ho gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmgmR>r Va 3100 H$moQ>r é. ImOJr joÌmgmR>r amIyZ R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
*
`moOZogmR>r H$O© énmZo n¡gm C^m H$aUo B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e :
`m `moOZoV H¥$fr joÌmV 82 Xebj Q>Z AÞYmÝ`mMo CËnmXZ Pmbo. H$mnyg d VmJ `m {nH$m§Mo CËnmXZ
H$_r Pmbo. amîQ´>r` CËnÞmV 20 Q>¸o$M dmT> Pmbr. Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV 55 Q>¸o$ dmT> Pmbr. AZoH$ `moOZm
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11
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gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. bmoI§S>, nmobmX, agm`Z, {g_|Q>, hodr _erZ, n°Ho$qOJ gm{hË`, H$mJX
B. H$maImZo C^m H$aÊ`mV Ambo. _mÌ BVa joÌmVrb C{ÔîQ>o nyU© Pmbr ZmhrV. gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrb godmV dmT>
Pmbr. Xþgè`m `moOZoV H$m§hr ~m~VrV _moR>r àJVr Pmbr. na§Vw H$mhr joÌmV AnojoZwgma àJVr Pmbr Zmhr.
· {Vgar n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm (1961-66)
Xþgè`m `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV gaH$mabm Oo AZw^d Ambo, Á`m AS>MUr Amë`m. Ë`m AZw^dmÀ`m Omoamda
{Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr AmIUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
· à_wI C{ÔîQ>o :
*
n{hë`m d Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§_Ü`o Or C{ÔîQ>o AnyU© am{hbr Vr nyU© H$aÊ`mMo Ü`o` {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
*
H¥$fr CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo.
*
YmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Xoembm ñd`§nyU© H$aUo.
*
bmoI§S> d nmobmX H$maImÝ`m§Mo AmYw{ZH$sH$aU H$aUo.
*
OZVobm amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ XoUo. B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e :
`m `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV amîQ´>r` CËnÞ n{hë`m Mma dfm©V drg Q>¸o$ dmT>bo nU eodQ>À`m dfm© Vo nmM
Q>ŠŠ`mZo KQ>bo. `m H$mimV gmIa, {g_|Q>, H$moigm, H$mJX, gwVr H$mnS> B. Mo CËnmXZ dmT>bo. AZoH$ {dVr`
g§ñWmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. añVo d XiUdiU joÌm_Ü`o ~arM gwYmaUm Pmbr. Am¡fYo d d¡ÚH$s` godmX _moR>r
dmT> Pmbr. EH$ H$moQ>r Mmirg bmI ~oamoOJmam§Zm amoOJma XoÊ`mV Ambm. AZoH$ H$m`Xo, {ejU {dH$mg,
_wX{b`ma Am`moJ, `w.Or.gr.Mr ñWmnZm, d amîQ´>r` {ejU _§S>i `mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. MrZ d
nm{H$ñVmZMo AmH«$_U, XoemV nS>bobm XþîH$mi, naH$s` MbZmMm VwQ>dS>m B. H$maUm§_wio hr `moOZm \$ma `eñdr
Pmbr Zmhr.
· VrZ "dm{f©H$' `moOZm :
MrZ-1962, d nm{H$ñVmZMo-1965 Mo AmH«$_U, XoemV nS>bobm XþîH$mi- 1965-66, naH$s`
MbZmMm VwQ>dS>m B. H$maUm§_wio hr {Vgar `moOZm \$ma `eñdr Pmbr Zmhr. ^maVmMr Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`dhmapñWVr
{~KS>br. n[aUm_r n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmMr nwZ~mªYUr H$aUo gaH$mabm Amdí`H$ dmQ>bo. Ë`m_wio gZ 196667 _Ü`o {Z`omOZmbm gwÅ>r {Xbr Jobr. gZ 1967-68 d 1968-69 `m H$mimVhr Mm¡Wr `moOZm gaH$mabm
gwê$ H$aVm Ambr Zmhr. Ë`m EodOr VrZ "dm{f©H$' `moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV Ho$ë`m.
· gZ 1966-67 Mr dm{f©H$ `moOZm :
gZ 1966-67 À`m dm{f©H$ `moOZm H$mimV g§H$ënrV
EHy$U IM© hm 2081 H$moQ>r é. hmoVm. Xoem_YyZ
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1,488 H$moQ>r é. Jmoim H$amd`mMo hmoVo. naH$s` XoemH$Sy>Z 581 H$moQ>r é. ¿`md`mMo hmoVo. ~mH$sMr a¸$_ hr
12 H$moQ>r é. VwQ>rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^éZ H$mT>Uo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `m dm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV àË`jmV 2,221
H$moQ>r é. IM© H$aÊ`mV Ambo. n[aUm_r 129 H$moQ>r é. Mm VwQ>rMm _mÜ`_mVyZ ^aUm H$amdm bmJbm.
`m `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr à{VHy$b bm^br, AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZ H$_r Pmbo. gd© joÌmV
_hmJmB© dmT>br. V`ma d H$ƒm _mbmÀ`m qH$_Vr dmT>ë`m. `m H$mimV én`mMo Ad_yë`Z Pmbo. n[aUm_r hr
`moOZm g§nyU© An`er R>abr.
· gZ 1967-68 Mr dm{f©H$ `moOZm :
n{hë`m dm{f©H$ `moOZoMo gd© A§XmO MwH$ë`mZo nwÝhm gZ 1967-68 bm à{VHy$b n[apñWVr hmVr KoÊ`mV
Ambr. gXa dm{f©H$ `moOZoMm IM© hm 2,264 H$moQ>r é. hmoVm. 16 H$moQ>r é. a¸$_ hr VwQ>rÀ`m _mJm©Zo C^m
H$aUoMr hmoVr. nU Vr AË`§V H$_r nS>ë`mZo 359 H$moQ>r é. ho VwQ>rMm _mÜ`_mVyZ ^aUm H$amdo bmJbo. `m
dm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmV WmoS>r \$ma gwYmaUm Pmbr. _mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV àJVr Pmbr
Zmhr.
· gZ 1968-69 Mr dm{f©H$ `moOZm :
gXa dm{f©H$ `moOZoMm IM© hm 2,337 H$moQ>r é. hmoVm. 307 H$moQ>r é. a¸$_ hr VwQ>rÀ`m _mJm©Zo C^m
H$aUoMr hmoVr. naH$s` XoemH$Sy>Z 884 H$moQ>r é. ¿`md`mMo hmoVo. `m `omOZoV AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmV gwYmaUm
Pmbr. COm© d XiUdiU joÌmV gwYmaUm Pmë`m. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWobm ñW¡`© àmá Pmbo. n[aUm_r ^maV
gaH$ma Mm¡Wr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {gÕ Pmbo.
· Mm¡Wr n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm (1969-74) :
`m `moOZoÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVhr ^maVmMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr \$ma AZwHy$b ZìhVr. AemoH$ _ohVm,
YZ§O`amd JmS>Jri `m§Zr `m `moOZoMm _gyXm V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm. eoV _mbmÀ`m qH$_V da-Imbr hmoV hmoË`m,
Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr _§X hmoVr. naH$s` Xoem§Mr XoUr dmT>V hmoVr. ^maVr` ZmoH$aXma _§S>itZr _hmJmB© ^Ë`mMr
_mJUr gaH$maH$S>o Ho$br hmoVr. X~mdmÀ`m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrda Mm¡Wr `moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV Ho$br.
à_wI C{ÔîQ>o :
*
dm{f©H$ Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrXa hm 5.5 Q>¸o$ JmR>Uo.
*
Am{W©H$ joÌmbm ñW¡`© àmá H$éZ XoUo.
*
AÞYmÝ` CËnmXZmV ñd`§nyU©Vm àmá H$aUo.
*
gm_m{OH$ d Am[W©H$ joÌm_Ü`o g_mZ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo.
*
amîQ´>r` {H$_mZ doVZmMr h_r OZVobm XoUo.
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*
~amoOJmam§Zm H$m_ XoUo.
*
OwÝ`m Am{W©H$ g§ñWm§Mr nwZa©MZm H$aUo.
*
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ _`m©{XV {dñVmaUo. B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e :
Mm¡Ï`m `moOZoVrb gmd©O{ZH$ g§H$ënrV IM© hm 15,902 H$moQ>r é. BVH$m hmoVm. Va ImOJr joÌm_Ü`o
g§H$ënrV Jw§VdUyH$ hr 8,980 H$moQ>r é. BVH$s hmoVr. `m `moOZoMm EHy$U g§H$ënrV IM© hm 24,882 H$moQ>r
é. BVH$m _moR>m hmoVm.
`m `moOZoV eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmMm Xa 5 Q>¸o$, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMm Xa 9 Q>¸o$, {Z`m©V Xa hm 7 Q>¸o$
JmR>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m `moOZoV amoOJma {Z_uVrMo bú` {ZpíMV Ho$bo Zmhr. 1970 À`m
H$mimVrb Am§VaamîQ´>r` n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Zmhr. `m `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVr Ag_mYmZ
H$maH$ hmoVr H¥$fr joÌmV h[aVH«$m§Vr À`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Pmbr. àË`jmV bú` d CËnmXZ {dMmamV KoVm
hr `moOZm `eñdr Pmbr Zmhr.
· nmMdr n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm (1974-79) :
a{e`mÀ`m YVuda n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmMo à`moJ ^maVmV Ho$bo Jobo. nU bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX, {df_Vo_wio
ñWmnZ H$aVm Ambm ZìhVm. CËnÞ d {dVaU `m_Yrb A§Va dmT>V hmoVo. bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX hr Ho$di KmofUm
R>aÊ`mMm YmoH$m hmoVm. gZ 1951 Vo 1974 n`ªV XoemV bmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV `e Ambo ZìhVo. Aem H$mhr {ZamemOZH$ n[apñWVrV nmMdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
AmIÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr 1 E{àb 1974 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr.
à_wI C{ÔîQ>o …
nmMì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr à_wI C{ÔîQ>o nwT>rb à_mUo hmoVr.
*
5.5 Q>¸o$ Xoem§VJ©V ì`mnma dmT>{dUo.
*
CËnmXH$ amoOJmamV dmT> H$aUo.
*
JmoaJar~, eoV_Owa, O§Jbr OmVr O_mVr `m§À`mgmR>r {H$_mZ JaOm CnbãY H$éZ XoUo Ë`m_Ü`o- nmUr,
{ejU, d¡ÚH$s` gmoB©, bmB©Q>, Kao, PmonS>nÅ>r gwYmaUm B.
*
g_mOH$ë`mU {d^mJmMr ì`már dmT>dUo.
*
nm`m^yV CÚmoJ, ImÚà{H«$`m CÚmoJ, eoVr `m§À`m {dH$mgmda ^a XoUo.
*
Jar~m§Zm ImÚ dñVwMm amñV qH$_VrV nwadR>m H$éZ Ë`mMo dmQ>n `§ÌUm ì`dpñWV H$aUo.
*
{Z`m©V d Am`mVbm n`m©` emoYUo.
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*
CËnÞ, qH$_V, d doVZ `m§_Ü`o Ý`m` g_Vmob àñWm{nV H$aUo.
*
àmXo{eH$ ñVamda {df_Vm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ d Am{W©H$ ñVamda Cnm` `moOZm H$aUo. B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e…nmMì`m `moOZoVrb gmd©O{ZH$ g§H$ënrV IM© hm 37,250 H$moQ>r é. BVH$m hmoVm. Va ImOJr joÌm_Ü`o
g§H$ënrV Jw§VdUyH$ hr 16,161 H$moQ>r é. BVH$s hmoVr. `m `moOZoMm EHy$U g§H$ënrV IM© hm 53,411 H$moQ>r
é. BVH$m _moR>m hmoVm.
`m EHy$U IMm©n¡H$s eoVr-12.8, qgMZ-7.3, COm©-16.2, ImUH$m_ d H$maImZXmar-20.0, ~m§YH$m_0.1, dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU-19.2, VgoM ì`mnma, AÞgmR>m, J¥h{Z_m©U d OmJm, {d_m d ~±H$, àemgZ d
g§ajU, Am{U AÝ` godmgmR>r-20.5 Q>¸o$ a¸$_ IMu Q>mH$bobr hmoVr.
`m `moOZoÀ`m A»omaÀ`m dfm©V eoVrMm dm{f©H$d¥Õr Xa hm 4 Q>¸o$ hmoVm. Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ d¥ÕrXa hm 8 Q>ŠHo$
hmoVm. AÝ` joÌmVrb d¥ÕrXa hm \$magm CËgmhdY©H$ ZìhVm. ~±H$, nVnwadR>m, CËnÞmMo g_mZ dmQ>n `mMr
dmQ>Mmb `eñdr Pmbr Zmhr. n[aUm_r nmMdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmhr An`er R>abr.
· ghmdr n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm (1980-85) :
OZVm gaH$ma nm`CVma Pmë`mda H$m±J«og gaH$maZo gZ 1980 _Ü`o ghmdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm Omhra
Ho$br.
à_wI C{ÔîQ>o …
·
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV JVr AmUUo.
*
gmYZgm_wJ«rMm H$m`©j_ dmna H$aUo.
*
^maVmbm Vm§{ÌH$ d Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV AmË_{Z^©a H$aUo.
*
COm© joÌmV nyU© j_VoZo H$m_H$mO H$aUo.
*
^maVmVrb Jar~r d ~oamoOJmar `m joÌmV KQ> KS>dyZ AmUUo.
*
Am{W©H$ Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Zm gd© gw{dYm CnbãY H$aUo.
*
CËnÞ d g§nÎmr dmQ>nmVrb {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aUo.
*
amÁ`mVrb {dH$mg Xa dmT>{dUo. "N>moQ>o Hw$Qw>§~ gwIr Hw$Qw>§~' `mda bj R>odyZ bmoH$g§»`m dmT> amoIUo B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e…`m `moOZoV CÚmoJ d V§ÌkmZ{dÚm-26 Q>¸o$, qgMZ-eoVr d nwa{Z`§ÌU-26, Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ-16,
dhmVwH$ d XiUdiU-16, gm_m{OH$ godmgmR>r-15 Q>¸123456789012345678901234567890121234567
o$ VaVwX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZo A§VJ©V Jar~r
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hQ>md gmaIr `moOZm AmUbr. Ë`mgmR>r AZoH$ Cn`moOZm Ho$ë`m. n[aUm_r Xm[aÐaofo Imbrb bmoH$m§Mo à_mU H$_r
Pmbo. hoM `m `moOZoMo \${bV hmo`.
· gmVdr n§Mdm{fH$ `moOZm (1985-90) :
{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg ^maVmbm AmYw{ZH$ ~Z{dUo, XoemVrb Am{W©H$ g§aMZmË_H$ ~Xb H$aUo.
~oH$mar d Xm[aÐ` Xÿa H$aUo. `mgmR>r gZ 1985 Vo 1990 `m H$mimV gmVdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$m`m©ÝdrV
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
à_wI C{ÔîQ>o …*
amoOJma {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
*
COm© d XiUdiU joÌmV gwYmaUm H$aUo.
*
Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb ñdrH$maUo.
*
_hmJmB© {Z`§ÌU H$aUo.
*
YmÝ` CËnmXZ dmT> H$aUo. B.
`m `moOZoMo `emn`e …`m `moOZoV _moR>m dmQ>m COm©-30.4, eoVr d J«m_rU{dH$mg-20.1, ImUH$m_ d CÚmoJ-12.5, dmhVwH$
d XiUdiU-12.8 d BVa joÌmmgmR>r Odi Odi 24.2 Q>ŠHo$ gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©Mr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. `m `moOZoV H$m`©j_Vm d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMm Iwn _moR>m à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. n`m©daUmMm
g_Vmob amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m `moOZoV Ho$bm. VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmV {dH|$ÐrH$aU AmUbo. ImOJr joÌmmV
{dH$mgmbm _hËd {Xbo. nmobmX, H$ƒo Vob, gmIa, `mMo CËnmXZ dmT>bo. eoVr ~m~V ^mV, D$g, H$mnyg,
Vob{~`m B. Mo CËnmXZ dmT>bo.
^maV XoemZo ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va {Z`moOZ~Õ dmQ>Mmb Ho$br. gZ. 1951 Vo 1990 `m H$mimn`ªV gmV
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm AmIë`m d Ë`mà_mUo H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 40 dfm§À`m `m H$mimV Z¡g{J©H$
n[apñWVr, XoemMr A§VJ©V n[apñWVr `m_wio AZoH$ MT>-CVma Pmbo. Var gwÕm `m gmV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
H$mimn`ªV ^maV XoemZo ~arM àJVr Ho$br ho ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr. n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm `eñdr Pmbr.
Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr nwU© gmYbr Jobr ZmhrV. {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$mimV Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr,
XoemMr A§V©JV n[apñWVr d `wÕo `m_wio AS>MUr {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Va gZ. 1966 Vo 69 `m "VrZ dm{f©H$
`moOZm' H$mimV Am{W©H$ pñWVr ~è`mn¡H$s gmdabr. Mm¡Ï`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZobm Amnbr C{ÔîQ>o H$mR>Ê`mg
An`e Ambo. Var h[aV H«$m§VrMr gwédmV _hËdmMr KQ>Zm hmo`. nmMdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm Am{U~mUr_wio
JmoË`mV Ambr. Va ghmdr `moOZm Jar~r hQ>md _wio à{gÕ Pmbr. AÞYmÝ`, nwadR>m, J«m_rU amoOJma `m_wio
`m `moOZobm ~è`mn¡H$s `e {_imbo Ago åhUmbo bmJob. gmVì`m `moOZobmhr H$m§hr A§er An`e Ambo Var
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Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmm~m~V `e {_imbo. `m H$mimV {Z`m©V dmT>V Jobr. Ho$Ðm§À`m `m `moOZm J§^raVoZo KoVë`m
ZmhrV. amÁ`o, KQ>H$ amÁ`o `m§Zr `m H$mimV ~è`mM doim AghH$m`© Ho$bo. n[aUm_r n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmZr R>adyZ
{Xbobo bú`o JmR>Vm Ambr ZmhrV.
· ñd`§-AÜ`m`ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$. 2.
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. gZ............... nmgyZ ^maVmV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gwê$ Pmbr.
A) 1950
~) 1951
H$) 1953
S>) 1954
2. ............... hm àH$ën n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
A) H$mo`Zm
~) J§Jm
H$) {hamHy$S>
S>) Z_©Xm
3. ............... _Ü`o g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm Ü`o` R>a{dbo.
A) gZ. 1956
~) gZ. 1965
H$) gZ. 1966
S>) gZ. 1967
4. ............... n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV `w.Or.gr. Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
A) n{hë`m
~) Xþgè`m
H$) {Vgè`m
S>) Mm¡Ï`m
5. ............... hr `moOZm Jar~r hQ>md _wio à{gÕ Pmbr.
A) {Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$
~) Mm¡Wr n§Mdm{f©H$
H$) nmMdr n§Mdm{f©H$
S>) ghmdr n§Mdm{f©H$
(H$) 4.2.6 Am`mV Am{U {Z`m©V …dñVw Am{U godm§À`m IaoXrbm ì`mnma Ago åhUVmV. hm ì`mnma XoemVrb bmoH$mV hmoV Agob Va Ë`mbm
Xoer ì`mnma åhUVmV. `m CbQ> XmoZ XoemVrb bmoH$m§V dñVw§Mr Xod-Kod hmoV Agob Va Ë`mbm {dXoer ì`mnma
åhUVmV. {dXoer ì`mnma hm VrZ àH$maMm AgVmo.
Am`mV ì`mnma …- EH$ Xoe Xþgè`m XoemH$Sy>Z dñVwMr IaoXr H$aVmo `mg Am`mV ì`mnma Ago åhUVmV.
{Z`m©V ì`mnma …- EH$ Xoe Xþgè`m Xoembm Amnë`m XoemV V`ma Pmboë`m dñVw {dH$Vmo. `mg {Z`m©V
ì`mnma åhUVmV.
nwZ{Z©`m©V ì`mnma …- EH$ Xoe Xþgè`m XoemH$Sy>Z dñVwMr IaoXr H$aVmo d {Vgè`m Xoembm {dH$Vmo. `mg
nwZ{Z©`m©V åhUVmV.
XoemÀ`m {dH$mgm_Ü`o ì`mnmamÀ`m Am`mV d {Z`m©Vrbm _moR>o _hËd Amho. H$maU XoemMm {dH$mg
ObXJVrZo ìhm`Mm Agob Va CËnmXZ j_Vm dmT>{dUo d V`ma _mb {dH«$s H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. ^maVmgma»`m
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{dH$gZerb Xoembm CËnmXZ j_Vm dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmda ^m§S>db, `§Ì gm_wJr, Vm§{ÌH$
(Q>opŠZH$b) H$m¡eë`, `mMr JaO bmJVo. {dH$gZerb XoemV `m ~m~r nwaoem ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem ~m~r
_moR>çm à_mUmda Am`mV H$amì`m bmJVmV. `m Am`mVrbm {dH$mgm{^_wI Am`mV Ago åhUVmV. VgoM
CËnmXZ j_VoMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ƒm _mb Am`mV H$amdm bmJVmo. `mbm ^aUnmofU AWdm XoI^mb
Ago åhUVmV. XoemV {dH$mg nmVir gwê$ Pmë`mda qH$_V dmT> hmoUo An[ahm`© AgVo. qH$_V pñWa
R>odÊ`mgmR>r emgZmbm ImÚ d Cn^moJ dñVwMr Am`mV H$amdr bmJVo.
{dXoer ì`mnma …- nmaV§Í` d ñdmV§Í` H$mimV ^maVmMm {dXoer ì`mnma _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoV hmoVm.
nmaV§Ì H$mimV H§$nZr gaH$ma d nmb©_|Q> gaH$maZo ^maVmMo naamîQ´>r` YmoaU ho B§½b§S>bm AZwHy$b Ago am~{dbo.
H$ƒm _mb _moR>çm à_mUmda ZoUo d V`ma nŠH$m _mb ^maVmV AmUyZ In{dUo. Ë`m_wio H$mnwg, VmJ, bmHy$S>,
Vob{~`m, Mhm, Mm_S>r, H$ƒo bmoI§S> d _gmbo B. _mb B§½b§S>bm _moR>çm à_mUmda {Z`m©V hmoV Ago. Va V`ma
H$mnS>, `§Ìo, H$mM gm_mZ, _moQ>ma, gm`H$b B. gm_mZ Am`mV Ho$bo OmB©. ñdmV§Ì H$mimV {Z`moOZmMr gwédmV
Pmë`mda ^maVmMr _moR>çm à_mUmda Am`mV hmoV Ago. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va hiwhiy {dXoer
ì`mnma _moR>çm à_mUmda gwê$ Pmbm.
· n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm H$mimVrb Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnma :
`moOZm
H$mbI§S>
Am`mV
H$moQ>r é.
{Z`m©V
H$moQ>r é.
ì`mnmaeof
H$moQ>r é.
n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1951-56
3.651
3,109
- 542
Xþgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1956-61
5,402
3,062
- 2,339
{Vgar n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1061-66
6,119
3,735
-2,394
Mm¡Wr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1969-74
9.862
9.049
-813
nmMdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1974-79
27,694
23,648
-4,049
ghmdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1980-85
74,931
42,254
-29,675
gmVdr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
1985-90
1,44,369
90,165
-54,204
^maVmV gZ 1948 nmgyZ 1951 n`ªV Am`mV OmñV hmoVr. gZ. 1951 nmgyZ {Z`moOZmg gwédmV Pmbr.
n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo nmgyZ gmVì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo n`ªV ^maVmMm {dXoer ì`mnma darb à_mUo hmoVm.
{dXoer ì`mnmamMo d¡{eîQ> åhUOo ì`mnmamÀ`m _wë`mV dmT> Pmbr. Am`mV ì`mnmamV dmT> Pmbr. {Z`m©V
ì`mnmamV dmT> Pmbr. {Z`m©Vrnojm Am`mV OmñV Agë`mZo ì`mnmaeof {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
ñdmV§Í` àmárZ§Va AZoH$ Xoem~amo~a ^maVmMm ì`mnma gwê$ Pmbm. VrZ JQ>mVrb Xoem~amo~a ì`mnma gwê$
Pmbm.
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`wamo{n` JQ> …- `wamon I§S>mVrb gd© Xoe `m JQ>mV `oVmV.
Am{e`m JQ> …- `mV Am{e`mVrb ~hþVoH$ amîQ´>o `oVmV.
Am{\«$H$m JQ> …- B{Oá, X{jU Am{\«$H$m hr amîQ´>o `m JQ>mV `oVmV.
A_o[aH$m JQ> …- A_o[aH$m d b°{Q>Z Xoe `m JQ>mV `oVmV.
(gZ. 1990 à{VeV à_mU)
A.Z§.
JQ> Xoe
Am`mV
{Z`m©V
1.
`wamo{n` JQ>
32.3
30.4
2.
Am{e`m JQ>
47.7
45.7
3.
Am{\«$H$m JQ>
.28
3.0
4.
A_o[aH$m JQ>
17.4
20.9
EHy$U
97.66
100
(g§X^© :darb JQ>mVrb Xoem ~amo~a Cn^mo½` dñVw, AÝ`YmÝ`, ^m§S>dbr dñVw, agm`Zo, IVo, H$ƒm _mb,
noQ´>moHo${_H$ë` d AdOS> _erZ B. dñVw ^maVmbm Am`mV H$amì`m bmJVmV. Va H¥$fr _mb, I{ZO _mb, gyV
d H$nS>o, VmJ d VmJmÀ`m dñVw, Mm_S>o d dñVw, hñVH$bm dñVw, {dÚwV dñVw B. _mb {Z`m©V Ho$bm OmVmo. OmñV
{Z`m©V ìhmdr `mgmR>r {dËVr` gdbVr, _wŠV {Z`m©V H|$Ðo, {Z`m©V gëbJma _§S>io, dñVw g{_Ë`m, Am§VaamîQ´>r`
_Ü`dVu gëbmJma _§S>i, {Z`m©V ì`mnma g§K, d àË`oH$ amÁ`mV ì`mnma _hm_§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo
Amho. gZ 1991 _Ü`o Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnma{df`H$ Zdo YmoaU ^maVmZo ñdrH$mabo Amho.
· ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$. 3.
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. dñVw Am{U godm§À`m IaoXrbm ............... Ago åhUVmV.
A) ì`mnma
~) CÚmoJ
H$) H$maImZXmar
S>) Am`mV
2. CËnmXZ j_VoMm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ƒm _mb Am`mV H$amdm bmJVmo Ë`mg .............
åhUVmV.
A) {dXoer ì`mnmar
~) CÚmoJ ì`mnma
H$) ^aUnmofU
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S>) Am`mV
19
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3. {Z`m©Vr nojm Am`mV OmñV Agë`mZo ............. {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
A) {dH$mg
~) CÚmoJ
H$) Am`mVeof
S>) ì`mnmaeof
4. OmñV {Z`m©V ìhmdr `mgmR>r ^maV gaH$ma H$Sy>Z ............... {Xë`m OmVmV.
A) {dÎmr` gdbVr ~) CÚmoJ gdbVr
H$) Am`mV gdbVr
S>) ì`mnma gdbVr
5. ............... Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnma{df`H$ Zdo YmoaU ^maVmZo ñdrH$mabo Amho.
A) gZ 1989
~) gZ 1990
H$) gZ 1991
S>) gZ 1992
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Am{U eãXmW©…AdOS>/bKw- _moR>o CÚmoJ
Am`.S>r.~r.Am` - Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$ ^maV.
MbZ - n¡gm
~r.Q>r. {~`mUo - bm§~ YmJm H$mnyg {~`mUo.
EZ.Q>r.gr. - amîQ´>r` H$mnS> _hm_§S>i
Am`.Ama.S>r.nr. - g_pÝdV J«m_rU {dH$mg `moOZm.
EZ.Ama.B©.nr. - amîQ´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma `moOZm.
d¥Õr - dmT>
AmË_{Z^©a - ñd`§nyU©
{dÎmr` gdbV - Am{W©H$ bm^
4.4 ñd`§-AÜ``ZàíZm§Mr CÎmao
·
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$. 1
1) A. {dH$gZerb
2) A. {Z`moOZ _§S>i
4) H$. {Vgam
5) ~. O_©Zr
3) A. gZ 1964
· ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$. 2
1) ~. 1951
2) H$. {hamHw$S>
4) H$. {Vgè`m
5) S>. ghmdr n§Mdm{f©H$
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3) A. gZ 1956
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· ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ H«$. 3
1) A. ì`mnma
2) H$. ^aUnmofU
4) A. {dÎmr` gdbVr
5) H$. gZ 1991
3) S>. ì`mnmaeof
4.5 gmam§e :
1950 bm {Z`moOZ _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Pmë`mda ^maVmÀ`m CÚmoJ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo {ZdoXZ H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. Ë`m_Ü`o VrZ ñVamda CÚmoJmMr aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. n{hë`m ñVamda gaH$mar _mbH$sMo CÚmoJ,
Xþgè`m ñVamda ImOJr _mbH$sMo CÚmoJ d gaH$mar Am{U ImOJr CÚmoJmZm nwaH$ R>aUmao CÚmoJ {Vgè`m ñVamda
R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Pmbm. n§{S>V Zohê$ gaH$maÀ`m n{hë`m, Xþgè`m d {Vgè`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m H$mimV H¥$fr, CÚmoJ d g§ajU joÌmVrb CÚmoJmMm {dH$mg Pmbm. gZ 1948, gZ
1950, gZ 1956, gZ 1977, gZ 1980, gZ 1985 d gZ 1991À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUm_wio CÚmoJì`mnma{df`H$ joÌmV ~Xb Pmbo. ^maVmV H$mnS> CÚmoJ hm _moR>m d g§KQ>rV CÚmoJ åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
gZ 1818 _Ü`o àW_ H$mnS> {JaUr ñWmnZ Pmbr. OJmV H$mnS> d gyV CËnmXZmV ^maVmMm {Vgam Z§~a
AmT>iVmo. Va H$mnS>mMr {Z`m©V H$aÊ`m_Ü`o gÜ`m {Vgam Z§~a Amho. _moR>r Am{W©H$ Jw§VdUyH$ ^maV gaH$maZo
`m CÚmoJmV Ho$br Amho.
^maVr` emgZmZo "N>moQ>o bmoI§S> d nmobmX àH$ën ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Amho. gZ 1985 Vo 90
`m H$mimV 176 àH$ën ñWmnZ Hoo$bo. Ë`m§Zr 2.33 Xebj CËnmXZ Ho$bo Amho. H$ÀÀ`m bmoI§S>mÀ`m
CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmZo OJmVrb n{hë`m Xhm XoemV Amnbo ñWmZ n¸o$ Ho$bo Amho. {g_|Q> CÚmoJ hm
^maVmVrb nm`m^yV CÚmoJm§n¡H$s EH$ Amho. "B§{S>`m {g_|Q> H§$nZr' nmoa~§Xa `m {R>H$mUr gZ 1914 _Ü`o ñWmnZ
Pmbr. `m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV {g_|Q> CÚmoJmMm nm`m KmVbm. AmO 2015 n`ªV `m CÚmoJmZo C§M ^amar KoVbr
Amho. XoemV EHy$U 513 {g_|Q> H$maImZo AgyZ Ë`mVrb 148 _moR>o d 165 bhmZ H$maImZo AmhoV. ho H$maImZo
àM§S> CËnmXZ KoV AmhoV.
^maV XoemZo ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va {Z`moOZ~Õ dmQ>Mmb Ho$br. gZ 1951 Vo 1990 `m H$mimn`ªV gmV
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm AmIë`m d Ë`mà_mUo H$m`©dmhr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 40 dfmªÀ`m `m H$mimV bm^bobr Z¡g{J©H$
n[apñWVr, XoemMr A§VJ©V n[apñWVr `m_wio AZoH$ MT>-CVma Pmbo. Var gwÕm `m gmV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
H$mimn`ªV ^maV XoemZo ~arM àJVr Ho$br ho ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr. ñdmV§Ì H$mimV {Z`moOZmMr gwédmV Pmë`mda
^maVmMr _moR>çm à_mUmda Am`mV hmoV Ago. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va hiy hiy {dXoer ì`mnma _moR>çm
à_mUmda gwê$ Pmbm. gÜ`m ^maVXoe ì`mnma, CÚmoJ joÌmV {dH$grV hmoV Amho.
4.6 ñdmÜ`m` :
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. ^maVmVrb AdOS> CÚmoJmMr g{dñVa _m{hVr {bhm.
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2. ^maVmVrb H$mnS> d bmoI§S> CÚmoJmMr àJVr g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.
3. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr Úm.
4. gZ 1951 Z§VaÀ`m {Z`moOZ~Õ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda dñVw{ZîR> _m{hVr Úm.
~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1. {g_|Q> CÚmoJ
2. H$mnS> d bmoI§S> CÚmoJ
3. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mo `emn`e
4. Am`mV-{Z`m©V ì`mnma
5. VrZ dm{f©H$ `moOZm
4.7 g§X^© J«§W :
1. bm§Oodma _mo._ "^maVr` H¥$fr AW©emñÌ' àH$meH$, nmbrdmb amYmH¥$îU, ~mogdmS>© Vw_ga, ZmJnya
30.7.1970
2. Omoer eaX e§H$a "^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMr dmQ>Mmb' àH$meH$, nmîQ>o XÎmmÌ` J§., S>m`_§S>
npãbHo$eZ, nwUo 30, 2007
3. S>m°. XogmB© - gm¡. ^mboamd "^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm' {Zambr àH$meZ, nwUo. 2002
4.
Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharji, Aditya Mukharji, (Ed), India after Independence, Viking. New Delhi, 1999.
5.
Bipin Chandra, Mridula Mukharji, Aditya Mukharji, india after Independence,
Translated Marathi (Ed.) Pardhi, Phadake, Joshi, Natu & Kshirsagar, K, Sagar
Publication. Pune. oct.2009
6. H$mobmaH$a e§. Jmo. "ñdV§Ì ^maVmMm B{Vhmg' 1947 Vo 1980 _§Joe àH$meZ. ZmJnya-1991.
BBB
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