{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : B{Vhmg nona-8
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMm amOH$s` B{Vhmg
(Political History of Medieval India)
go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
KQ>H$ : 1
gmYZo
1.0 C{Ôï>ço
1.1 n«ñVmdZm
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 {b{IV gmYZo (Vm[aI-B-{\$éPemhr : {P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr; AH$~aZm_m : A~wb \$Pb ;
A_wŠË`_më`Xm : H¥$îUXodam`; JwbeZ-B-B~«m{h_r : \o$[aíVm)
1.2.2 nwamVËdr` gmYZo ({MÌo Am{U ñ_maHo$ dJiyZ)
1.2.3 naH$s` d¥Îmm§V (BãZ ~VyVm, ~{Z©`a, Xwq_Jye nmB©e)
1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©
1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 ñdmÜ`m`
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©
1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :
hm KQ>H$ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm
• _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMr {b{IV gmYZo H$moUVr hmoVr ho H$iyZ `oB©b.
• {b{IV gmYZmVrb nmoH$ir ^éZ H$mT>Umar VgoM Ë`m§Zm nwï>r H$aUmar nwamVËdr` gmYZo H$moUVr Vo
bjmV `oB©b.
• doimodir Á`m naH$s` àdmem§Zr ^maVmbm ^oQ> {Xbr Am{U Amnbr {Z[ajUo Zm|Xdbr, Aem naH$s`
d¥Îmm§VmVyZ VËH$m{bZ ^maV H$gm {XgVmo Vo hr H$iyZ `oB©b.
1
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8 / 1
1.1 àñVmdZm :
B{Vhmg hm Eo{H$d _m{hVrdéZ {b{hVm `oV Zmhr. B{Vhmg {bhmd`mMm Agob Va Vmo g_H$mbrZ Aem
àmW{_H$ nwamì`m§À`m qH$dm gmYZm§À`m _XVrZoM {bhmdm bmJVmo. _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg Amnë`mbm
{bhmd`mMm Agob Va Ë`m H$mimVrb {d{dY gmYZo CnbãY AmhoV. hr gmYZo Oer {b{IV AmhoV VerM
A{b{IVhr AmhoV. `m àË`oH$ àH$mamVrb àm{V{Z{YH$ gmYZm§Mm {dMma Amnë`mbm `m n«H$aUm_Ü`o H$amd`mMm
Amho.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 {b{IV gmYZo :
VmarI-E-{\$amoPemhr : {P`mD$ÔrZ ~aZr (1285-1357) :
{P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr hm _raV Am{U ~wb§Xeha `oWrb a{hdmgr hmoVm. hm à{Vð>rV gæ`X n[admam§_Yrb. `mMo
d{S>b, H$mH$m, AmOmo~m gd© CÀMnXñW hmoVo, `mMo AmB©Mo d{S>b hþñ_ CX {XZ, ho {J`mgw{ÔZ ~ë~ZMo CÀM
A{YH$mar hmoVo Va d{S>b _wìdm`X Cb _wëH$ ho Obmbw{ÔZ {IbOrMm _wbJm AH©$br ImZ `mMo Zm`~ hmoVo.
`mMm H$mH$m H$mPr-Abm-D$b-_wëH$, AëbmD${ÔZ {IbOrMm {dídgZr` gëbmJma Am{U amOYmZrMm
H$moVdmb hmoVm. ñdV: ~aZr hm _whå_X VwKbH$mMm 17 df} Z{X_ ({dídmgy g{Md) hmoVm. WmoS>Š`mV, ~aZrMo
gmao ~mbnU amOYmZr_Ü`o _moR>_moR>çm bmoH$m§_Ü`o Jobo. `mMr AZoH$ CÀMnXñW nXm{YH$mè`m§~amo~a CR>~g hmoVr.
Ë`m_wioM `mÀ`m {bImUm_Ü`o CÀM nXm~Ôb A{^_mZ {XgyZ `oVmo. `mCbQ>, gm_mÝ`m§À`m OrdZmnmgyZ hm Xya
Agë`mZo `mÀ`m {bImUm_Ü`o gm_mÝ`m§~Ôb EH$ VwÀN>Vm {XgyZ `oVo.
nwT>o {\$amoOemh VwKbH$mÀ`m H$mimV _mÌ ~aZrda gwbVmZmMr _Ou am{hbr Zmhr. Ë`mbm àemgZmÀ`m
~mhoa ahmdo bmJbo. H$mhr Vkm§À`m _Vo ~ZuZo {d{dY J«§W {bhÿZ gwbVmZmMr _Ou g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm. _mÌ Vmo An`er R>abm. {dnÝZmdñWoVM Ë`mMo {ZYZ Pmbo.
Ë`mÀ`m J«§Wm§_Ü`o "VmarI-B-{\$aPemhr' Am{U "\$Vdm-B-Ohm§{Xar' `m à_wI J«§Wm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
VmarI-E-{\$amoPemhr (1357-1358) :
~aZr hm AëbmD${ÔZ {IbOr Am{U VwKbH$m§À`m g_H$mbrZ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio `m H$mim~m~V Vmo _hÎdmMr
Am{U Vnerbdma _m{hVr XoVmZm {XgVmo. AWm©V, `mZo {d{dY B{VhmgJ«§W dmMyZ, {IbOrnyd© B{Vhmgmdahr
àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho. Ë`m_wio "VmarI' hm J«§W BëVV_enmgyZ Vo {\$amoOemh VwKbH$mÀ`m ghm dfm©n`ªVÀ`m
H$mim~m~V _m{hVr XoVmo. ~aZrZo Amnë`m "VmarI' _YyZ {d{dY gwbVmZm§Mr _m{hVr XoVmo. hr _m{hVr XoVmZm Vmo
\$ŠV Ë`m§Mm amÁ`{dñVma Am{U namH«$_M gm§JV Zmhr; Vmo `m gwbVmZm§Mr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$, ^y{_H$m, ì`pŠV_Îd
`mMrhr _m{hVr XoVmo. Vmo g§^mfUmÀ`m nÕVrZo {b{hVmo åhUOo OUy H$mhr gwbVmZ Am{U ~aZr MMm© H$arV
AmhoV. AWm©V ho g§^mfU H$mën{ZH$ Amho.
2
Vmo ~ë~Z `m gwbVmZm~Ôb {b{hVmo H$s ~ë~Z hm Ü`o`dmXr AgyZ, Ë`mZo Amnbo amÁ` CÎm_ àemgZmZo
amIbobo hmoVo. Vmo EH$m _{bH$nmgyZ, Amnë`m à`ËZmZo gwbVmZ ~Zbm. Ë`mZo emgZmMr à{VîR>m nwÝhm EH$dma
àñWm{nV Ho$br. Ë`mZo àemgZm_Ü`o H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmMm ^oX^md Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`mZo {Xëbr Xa~mamMo d¡^d
{Z_m©U Ho$bo. Vmo A{Ve` Ý`m`r hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV Jwbm_m§Zmhr à{Vð>oZo dmJdbo OmV Ago. VgoM
AëbmD${ÔZ {IbOr amOnXm{df`H$ {dMmamMr _m[hVr XoVmo. ~aZr {b{hVmo H$s AëbmD${ÔZ hm EH$
bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar amOm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m ~mOma{Z`§ÌUmMo Am{U aoeqZJMo g_mZ dmQ>nmMo YmoaU ho H$mimÀ`m
nwT>Mo hmoVo. Ë`mZo amOH$maU Am{U Y_© `m§_Ü`o ì`dpñWV A§Va R>odbobo hmoVo. Vmo åhUV Ago H$s "Y_m©bm _mÝ`
Agmo dm Zgmo, em§VVm {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U AÝ`m`mbm R>oMUo ho _mPo H$V©ì` Amho.' VgoM Vmo _whå_X [~Z
VwKbH$m~m~Vhr {b{hVmo. Vmo _whå_X {~Z VwKbH$mÀ`m gm{hpË`H$ JwUm§Mo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gw§Xa hñVmjamMo
^a^éZ H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo. ~aZrÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma, _whå_X_Ü`o EH$ gwbVmZ Am{U Y_©Jwé `m XmoKm§Mm dmg Ago.
Vmo glÕ hmoVm Am{U Bñbm_bm Oo _mÝ` Zmhr Aem H$moUË`mhr ì`gZm§nmgyZ Vmo Xya Ago. VgoM Ë`mMm _wpñb_
àOo~m~V VmoM AmJ«h hmoVm. AWm©V ~aZr hohr gm§JVmo H$s _whå_X, {ejm XoÊ`mÀ`m ~m~V H$Yrhr \$aH$ H$aV
Zgo. gm_mÝ` Agmo AWdm {dÛmZ, _J Vmo ^bo _wpñb_ Agob Var Ë`mbm H«y$a {ejm {Xbr OmV Ago. ~aZr
Zm|XdVmo H$s amOYmZr_Ü`o gX¡d añË`mda àoV§ nS>bobr AgV. amoO Hw$Um Zm Hw$UmbmVar _¥Ë`wX§S>mMr {ejm {Xbr
OmV Ago. {\$amoPemh VwKbH$mMr \$ma Aën H$ma{H$X© ~aZrbm AZw^dm`bm {_imbr. Vmo {\$amoOehmZo Omo
H$mbdm ~m§Ybm Ë`mMr _m{hVr XoVmo. VgoM, Ë`mÀ`m OdiÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr "_mÂ`m{déÕ H$mZ ^abo' Aer
VH«$mahr H$aVmo.
~aZrMr ^y{_H$m, {dMma Am{U "VmarI' Mo _hÎd :
• ~aZrbm 13-14 ì`m eVH$mVrb amOH$s` n[apñWVrMr Am{U AmìhmZm§Mr gImob OmUrd {XgVo.
• "VmarI' hm {IbOr Am{U VwKbH$ gwbVmZm§À`m H$mimVrb `m H$mimVrb amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ Am{U
àemgH$s` B{VhmgmMm _hÎdmMm ñÌmoV Amho.
• hr _m{hVr XoVmZm ~aZr Á`mà_mUo gwbVmZm§Mo namH«$_ Am{U Ë`m§Mm amÁ`{dñVma gm§JVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo,
Ë`mÀ`m A§VJ©V gwYmaUm, àemgH$s` gwYmaUo~m~V _m{hVr XoVmo. VgoM Vmo `m gwbVmZm§Mr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$,
^y{_H$m, ì`pŠV_Ëd `mMrhr _m{hVr XoVmo. AWm©V ho XoVmZm, Vmo "gwbVmZ Am{U ñdV:' Aem H$mën{ZH$
g§^mfUmÀ`m nÕVrZo {b{hVmo. `m g§^mfUm_wio hm J«§W _Zmoa§OH$ dmQ>Vmo.
• "VmarI' _YyZ ~aZrMo B{Vhmg{df`H$ {dMma ñnîQ> hmoVmV. Vmo åhUVmo H$s B{Vhmgm_wio, bmoH$m§Zm
B©ídar` g§Xoe, n¡J§~am§Mo H$m`©, amOmÀ`m H$V©¥ËdmMm n[aM` hmoVmo. VgoM B{Vhmg Amnë`mbm YmoŠ`mnmgyZ
gmdYhr H$aVmo.
• B{Vhmg Amnë`mbm Agm \$m`Xoera AgVmZm, AmnU B{VhmgmH$S>o H$m Xwb©j H$aVmo ? gm_mÝ`m§M§ EH$
Rr>H$ Amho, nU {dÛmZhr B{VhmgmH$S>o bj XoV ZmhrV. Aer qMVm Vmo ì`ŠV H$aVmo. ~ë~Z~Ôb {b{hVmZm,
3
Ë`mbm H$moUVrhr _m{hVr VËH$m{bZ {dÛmZm§Zr {Xbr Zmhr. Ë`m~Ôb Vmo IoX ì`ŠV H$aVmo.
• AWm©V, IwÔ ~aZrÀ`m "VmarI' _Ü`o H$mhr Xmofhr AmhoV, Ogo H$mbH«$_ XoÊ`m~Ôb Amig H$aVmo
Am{U {OWo XoVmo VoWo ^anwa MwH$m H$aVmo. VgoM, hm KQ>Zm XoÊ`mnojm gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` ^mî` H$arV
amhVmo.
• Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Ëd Am{U {dMmam§_Ü`o EH$àH$maMr ì`pŠV{Zð>Vm Am{U nyd©J«hXy{fVnUm {XgyZ `oVmo.
hm CÀMnXñWm§À`m dVw©imVrb Agë`mZo Ë`mMm CÀM dJm©H$S>o EH$àH$mao PwH$md am{hbobm Amho. Ë`mZo "VmarI'
hm J«§W emgH$ VgoM A{^OZ dJmªgmR>r (Al\$) {b{hbobm Am{U Ë`m§ZmM _hËd XoUmam Agm Amho. H$maU
~aZrÀ`m _Vo Aem CÀMnXñWm§ZmM B{Vhmg g_Oy eH$Vmo Am{U VoM B{VhmgmMm Cn`moJ H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$é
eH$VmV.
• Ë`mÀ`m _Vo kmZ ho CÀM d§emVM am{hbo nm{hOo. Vmo BëV_eMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo H$s Ë`mZo H${Zð>
dJm©Vrb A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bobo hmoVo.
• hm gm_mÝ`m§V H$YrM am{hbobm Zgë`mZo, gm_mÝ`m§àVr Ë`mÀ`m R>m`r VwÀN>VmM {XgyZ `oVo. Vmo H${Zð>
dJu` _wpñb_ (A\$Ob), Y_mªV[aV _wpñb_ (AP©b) `m§Zm _moR>çm nXmda MT>VmZm nmhVmZm Vmo d¡VmJVmo. Aem
H${ZîR> dJmªZm H$mhrM ApñVËd ZgVo ho Ë`mMo R>m_ _V Amho.
• ~aZr gwÝZr n§Wr` hmoVm. `m n§WmMm Ë`mbm A{^_mZ hmoVm. {~Ja gwÝZr _w{ñb_m§~Ôb Ë`mbm {VañH$ma
hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm H$moUVrhr nXo {Xbr OmD$ Z`oV Ago Ë`mMo åhUUo hmoVo.
• Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mbm qhXy§À`m~Ôbhr {VañH$ma hmoVm. _mÌ, hm {VañH$ma Ym{_©H$ ñdê$nmMm ZìhVm.
Ë`mdoiMo qhXy ì`mnmar d gmdH$ma ho YZmT>ç AgV Am{U "YZmT>ç bmoH$ ~§S> H$aVmV' hr Ë`mMr AmdS>Vr
g§H$ënZm hmoVr. åhUyZ, Ë`mMm hm qhXy§À`m ~Ôb {VañH$ma Amho.
• Ë`mÀ`m_Ü`o EHy$UM gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§~Ôb VwÀN>VoMr ^mdZm Amho. _J ho gm_mÝ`, X[aÐr, H${Zð>
dJm©Mo _wgb_mZ AgmoV qH$dm {h§Xy !
darb Xmof Agbo Varhr, AëbmD${ÔZ {IbOrnmgyZ {\$amoOemh VwKbH$mÀ`m àma§{^H$ dfm©n`ªVMm
gwbVmZemhrMm B{Vhmg Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r hm _hÎdmMm J«§W Amho ho {ZpíMV.
AH$~aZm_m : A~wb \$Pb
AH$~amÀ`m (1556-1605) ZdaËZ Xa~mamVrb EH$ "A~wb \$Pb' `mZo "AH$~aZm_m' hm J«§W
{b{hbobm Amho. AH$~amÀ`m AmXoemZwgma {b{hbobm hm EH$ AH$~amMm M[aÌmË_H$ B{Vhmg Amho. AH$~a hm
H$bmào_r d a{gH$ ~mXehm hmoVm. Ë`mZo {MÌH$mam§Mm EH$ ñQw>{S>Amo {Z_m©U Ho$bobm hmoVm. `m ñQw>{S>Amo_Ü`o
{d{dY Xoer, naXoer {MÌH$ma AgV. Amnë`m M[aÌm_Ü`o gw§Xa {MÌohr AgmdrV Aer AH$~amMr BÀN>m hmoVr.
Ver nÕVhr Ë`m H$mimV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio `m J«§WmV, `m ñQw>{S>AmoVrb OdiOdi 49 {MÌH$ma hr gd© bKw{MÌo
4
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Jw§Vbobr hmoVr. Agm hm bKw{MÌm§Zr ZQ>bobm J«§W 1590 Vo 96 `m H$mimV {gÕ Pmbm. hm gw§Xa
J«§W gÚm pìhŠQ>mo[a`m A±S> Aë~Q>© dñVwg§J«hmb`m_Ü`o R>odÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
A~wb \$Pb (1551-1602) :
`mMo nyU© Zmd "A~wb-\$Áb-BãZ-_w~maH$' Ago AgyZ, eoI _w~maH$ `m {dÛmZmMm hm _wbJm hmo`.
A~yb \¡$Or hm `mMm ^mD$. \¡$Or hm EH$ CÎm_ H$dr AgyZ, AH$~amÀ`m ZdaËZ Xa~mamVrb EH$ hmoVm. `mÀ`m
gm§JÊ`mdéZ, AH$~amZo A~wb \$Pbbm Amnë`m godoV KoVbo. hm àW_ {Xëbr àm§VmMm {XdmU åhUyZ H$m_
H$arV Ago. Ë`mM~amo~a AH$~amMm amOZ¡{VH$ nÌì`dhmahr nhmV Ago. `mMr {dÛÎmm Am{U H$V©¥Ëd nmhÿZ
AH$~amZo `mbm n§MhOmar _Zg~Xmar XoD$ Ho$br. H$mhr H$mimVM hm AH$~amMm {_Ì ~Zbm. Ë`mMm AH$~amÀ`m
ZdaËZ Xa~mam_Ü`o àdoehr Pmbm. hm Ogm {dÛmZ hmoVm Vgm Y_©g{hîUyhr hmoVm. Ë`m_wio AH$~amZo Amnbo
g{hîUy YmoaU am~dVmZm A~wb \$PbMm dma§dma gëbm KoVbm. Á`mdoir AH$~amZo ñdV:bm Y_©JwénX KoVbo
Am{U AmXoe H$mT>bm. Vmo _hOa hm A~wb \$Pb `mZoM {b{hbobm hmoVm. VgoM AH$~amZo "{XZo Bbmhr' hm
Omo Zdm Y_© H$mT>bm Ë`mMr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$, boIZ A~wb \$PObMoM hmoVo. nwT>o AH$~a Am{U Ë`mMm _wbJm
Ohm§Jra `m§À`m_Ü`o dmaemÀ`m àíZm§déZ dmX gwé Pmbo. `m_Ü`o Ohm§JraÀ`m _ZmV, AH$~amÀ`m àË`oH$
OdiÀ`m _mUgm§~Ôb Ûof {Z_m©U Pmbm. `mVyZM XwX£dmZo A~wb \$PbMm ~ir nS>bm. 1602 _Ü`o, Ohm§JraZo
Amnbm {_Ì draqgJ ~w§XobmH$Sy>Z (AmoN>m©Mm amOm) A~wb \$PbMm IyZ H$a{dbm.
AH$~aZm_m :
n{hbm ^mJ :
AH$~aZm_m `m J«§WmÀ`m n{hë`m ^mJm_Ü`o AH$~anyd© ^maVmMr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. `m_Ü`o V¡_ya
d§emMr _{hVr, ~m~aMo nm{ZnV `wÕ Am{U _wKb KamÊ`mMr ñWmnZm, hw_m`y±Mr H$ma{H$X©, "gya' KamÊ`mÀ`m
eoaemhMm namH«$_ Am{U {Xëbr_Yrb AënH$mi gya KamÊ`mMr H$ma{H$X©, hw_m`y±Mo nbm`Z Am{U nwÝhm naV
`oUo B. ~m~tMr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. AH$~amÀ`m OÝ_mn`ªV hm ^mJ `oVmo.
Xwgam ^mJ :
`m ^mJm_Ü`o AH$~amMr 1602 n`ªVÀ`m amOH$s` H$ma{H${X©Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. AH$~amMo Xwgao nm{ZnV
`wÕ (1556), AH$~a _wKb ~mXehm hmoVm, Ë`mMo CÎma ^maVmVrb namH«$_ Am{U _wKb amÁ`{dñVma `mMm
Vnerbdma B{Vhmg `m ^mJm_Ü`o {Xbobm Amho. `m ^mJm_Ü`o qhX§yÀ`m _Yrb Mmbr[aVr, ê$T>r na§nam `m§Mrhr
_m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.
{Vgam ^mJ :
hm ^mJ gdm©V _hÎdmMm Am{U d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. `m ^mJm_Ü`o _w»`Ëdo AH$~amÀ`m àemgZ ì`dñWoMr
_m{hVr {_iVo. `mÀ`m Aem doJù`m ñdê$nm_wio hm ^mJ "EoZ-B-AH$~ar' åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. "EoZ'
5
åhUOo YmoaU, H$m`Xm. AH$~amMo gd© YmoaU `m ^mJm_Ü`o _m§S>bobo Amho. `m ^mJmMo nwT>o AmUIrZ nmM ^mJ
AmhoV; `mà_mUo
1. amOKamÊ`mMr/ImOJrH$S>rb _m{hVr :
`m I§S>m_Ü`o àemgZmÀ`m {d{dY ~m~tg§~§Yr 90 H$m`Xo {Xbobo AmhoV. `mVrb ImOJrH$S>rb _m{hVrMm
{dMma H$aVm, 15 ì`m "EoZ' _Ü`o OZmZImZm (amUrdgm), 23 ì`m EoZ _Ü`o emhr _wXnmH$ImZ (ñd`§nmH$Ka),
26 ì`m EoZ _Ü`o H$moUË`m H$mim_Ü`o H$moUVo nXmW© ~ZdmdoV `mMohr YmoaU {Xbobo Amho. VgoM \$io,
^mOrnmbm, AÎmao, OmO_ `m dñVy§~Ôb Ë`m H$moRy>Z `oVmV, Ë`m§Mo Xa hm VnerbgwÕm {_iVmo. H$mhr EoZ ho
{MÌH$bo~m~Vhr AmhoV. `mM~amo~a `m ^mJmVrb EH$m "EoZ' _Ü`o Q>m§H$gmirMr, VoWrb gmoZo Am{U Mm§XrVrb
ZmUr nmS>Ê`mMo V§ÌkmZ, `m n«{H«$`o_Ü`o Jw§Vbobo H$m_Jma `m~m~V _m{hVr {_iVo. Va 20 ì`m EoZ _Ü`o,
amO_wÐm§~m~V _m{hVr {_iVo.
VgoM `m ^mJm_Ü`o bîH$ar ì`dñWo~Ôbhr ~mXehmMo YmoaU H$iVo. 35 ì`m EoZnmgyZ Amnë`mbm
Vmo\$ImÝ`mMr ì`dñWm H$er Agmdr, emhr hÎmr, D§$Q>, KmoS>XimVrb àmÊ`m§Zm H$go gm§^mimdo, Ë`m§Mo ImÚ H$go
~Zdmdo, AmoiIrgmR>r "S>mJ' H$go ÚmdoV `mMm Vnerb AmT>iVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a B_maV ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr IM©
`oVmo, H$m_Jmam§Mo nJma B. ~m~t~m~Vhr _m{hVr {_iVo.
2. ~mXehmMo godH$, àemgH$s` Am{U bîH$ar ì`dñWm :
`m ^mJm_Ü`o, gd© godH$ dJ©, Ë`m§Mr nXo, doVZ, A{YH$ma, O~m~Xmè`m B. ~m~V Vnerbdma _m{hVr
{Xbobr Amho. VgoM amÁ` ho \$ŠV àM§S> g¡Ý`mZo AmoiIbo OmD$ Z`o Va Xa~mamV {H$Vr H$bmH$ma, gm{hpË`H$
AmhoV `mdéZ Vo AmoiIbo Omdo Agm AH$~amMm H$Q>mj hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo Amnë`m Xa~mam_Ü`o g§JrVH$ma,
{MÌH$ma B. H$bmH$mam§Zm Aml` {Xbobm hmoVm. Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe H$éZ, EH$ "ZdaËZ Xa~ma' {Z_m©U Ho$bobm hmoVm.
hr _m{hVr {_iVo.
`m_Yrb 25 do EoZ {ejUmg§X^m©V Amho. `m{R>H$mUr AH$~a AmXoe XoVmo H$s, {dÚmÏ`mªZm àW_ _yimja§
{eH$dmdrV, Ë`mZ§Va diUXma Aja H$go H$mT>mdo ho {eH$dmdo. _J nwT>o Ë`mbm OmoS>mjao {eH$dmdrV. _J H$mhr
YS>o, H${dVm nmR> H$aÊ`mg {eH$dmdo. nwT>o Ë`mbm Z¡{VH$ {eH$dUhr Úmdr. `m{R>H$mUr AH$~a EH$ _hÎdmMm
g§Xoe XoVmo Vmo åhUVmo H$s {ejU Ago nm{hOo H$s Á`m_Ü`o {dÚmÏ`mªZo àË`oH$ Jmoï> ñdV: {eH$br nm{hOo. {ejH$mZo
Ë`mMm \$ŠV _XVZrg åhUyZ H$m_ H$amdo.
3. gm_«mÁ`mMo àemgZ, Ý`m`{df`H$ YmoaU Am{U H$m`Xo :
`m ^mJm_Ü`o AH$~amMr _hgyb nÕVr, Ë`mMo _hgyb{df`H$ à`moJ, gm_«mÁ`mMo àemgH$s` Am{U _hgyb
{d^mJ, _hgyb A{YH$mar-doVZ-A{YH$ma-O~m~Xmar-{Z`_, _hgyb {H$Vr Jmoim hmoD$ eHo$b `mMm A§XmO
(O_m) Am{U àË`j Jmoim hmoUmam _hgyb (hm{gb), Xmohm|Vrb V\$mdV Am{U `m gdmªMr àM§S> AmH$S>odmar
AgUmao H$moï>H$ B. ~m~tMr _hÎdnyU© _m{hVr {_iVo. VgoM VËH$m{bZ ^maVmVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, {nHo$,
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nmUrnwadR>m, _Oyar, eoVH$è`m§Mr AdñWm `m ~m~tdahr àH$me nS>Vmo.
4. qhXy§Mo VËdkmZ, emñÌo, gm_m{OH$ Mm{b[aVr, gm{hË` :
`m_Ü`o AH$~amÀ`m g{hîUy YmoaUmMr _m{hVr {_iVo. VËH$m{bZ ^maVm_Ü`o qhXyMr àM§S> g§»`m hmoVr.
Aem qhXyÀ`mda amÁ` H$am`Mo Va "Bñbm_r' H$m`Úmà_mUo Zìho Va Y_©{ZanojnUo amÁ` Ho$bo nm{hOo. Ago Ho$bo
VaM Amnbo gm_«mÁ` {Q>Ho$b ho AH$~amZo OmUbo hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo qhXy§À`m ghmæ`mZo Amnbo gm_«mÁ` dmT>ob
Am{U {Q>Ho$b ho hr Ë`mbm _m{hV hmoVo. `mVyZ AH$~amMo g{hîUy YmoaU {Z_m©U Pmbo. `m H$mimVrb qhXy§Mr
Y_©emñÌo, Ë`m§Mo VËdkmZ, qhXy§À`m_Yrb gm_m{OH$ Mm{b[aVr, qhXy§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobo gm{hË`, {dkmZ `m~m~V
_m{hVr {_iVo.
VgoM `mM ^mJmV naH$s` àdmgr, _wpñb_ g§V `m~m~Vhr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.
5. AH$~amMo {dMma VgoM A~wb \$PbMo M[aÌ :
`m_Ü`o AH$~amMo g§Xoe EH$Ì Ho$bobo AmhoV. AH$~amMr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$, Ë`mMo YmoaU g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r
hm ^mJ _hÎdmMm Amho.
_hÎd :
• A~wb \$Pb hm Xa~mar B{VhmgH$ma Agë`mZo Ë`mbm gd© àH$maMo emgH$s` nÌì`dhma, AmXoe,
H$mJXnÌo, Zm|Xr ghO {_imboë`m AmhoV Am{U _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`mZo `m gd© H$mJXnÌm§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ
Amnbm J«§W {b{hbobm Amho. åhUOoM hm J«§W Añgb, àmW{_H$ gmYZm§da AmYmabobm J«§W Amho.
• Ë`mZo {d{dY A{YH$mè`m§À`m _wbmIVr KoD$Zhr _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$bobr Amho.
• Amnbo boIZ H$aVmZm, \$PbZo, {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ VgoM {damoYr Aem gd© _Vm§Mm {dMma Ho$bobm Amho.
ho EH$m Mm§Jë`m B{VhmgH$mamMo bjU AgVo.
• AH$~aH$mbrZ _wKb àemgZm~m~V dñVw{Zð> Am{U Vnerbdma _m{hVr XoUmam hm EH$ A{YH¥$V J«§W
Amho.
• VgoM _wKbH$mbrZ ^maVm~Ôb {Z[ajUohr `m J«§Wm_YyZ {_iVmV.
• _mÌ `m{R>H$mUr ho bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo H$s A~wb \$Pb hm EH$ AH$~amMm {Zð>mdmZ godH$ hmoVm.
qH$~hÿZm Vmo AH$~ambm na_oídañdê$nM _mZV Ago. Ë`mV Vmo Xa~mar B{VhmgH$ma hmoVm. Ë`m_wio `m J«§WmVyZ
AH$~amMr Am{U _wKb àemgZmMr \$ŠV EH$M ~mOy H$iVo.
A_wŠV_më`Xm : H¥$îUXodam`
H¥$îUXodam` (1509-1529) hm {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`mMm EH$ _hmZ g_«mQ> hmo`. Ë`mZo "A_wŠV_më`Xm' ho
_hmH$mì` {b{hbo. "(EH$ ñÌr) {OZo (Xodmbm) hma An©U H$aÊ`mnydu ñdV: n[aYmZ Ho$bobm hmoVm' hm
7
"A_wŠV_më`Xm' Mm eãXe: AW©. ho _hmH$mì` VobJy ^mfoVrb nmM A{^OmV H$bmH¥$Vr_Ü`o EH$ JUbo OmVo.
`m _hmH$mì`mMm à_wI {df` åhUOo d¡îUd n§WmMm àgma. nU Aem Ym{_©H$ {bImUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
H¥$îUXodam`mZo Amnbr amOnXmMr g§H$ënZm, amOZrVr, àemgH$s` YmoaU `m~m~V _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Vmo EH$
CÎm_ àemgH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo ~mbnUmnmgyZ amOH$maUmMo ~maH$mB©Zo {Z[ajU Ho$bobo hmoVo. VgoM Ë`mZo {Vå_agy
`m Á`oð> amO{Z{VkmH$Sy>Zhr amOZrVrMo YS>o KoVbobo hmoVo. H¥$îUXodam` Ogm Wmoa g_«mQ> hmoVm VgoM g§ñH¥$V Am{U
VobJy ^mfoVrb EH$ _hmZ gm{hpË`H$ hmoVm. Ë`mMo Xa~mar Ë`mbm "gm{hË`-g_am§JU-gmd©^m¡_' Ago åhUVmV.
`mMm AW© åhUOo aU^y_r Am{U gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmVrb g_«mQ>. Ë`mbm "H$mì`-ZmQ>H$-Ab§H$ma-__©k' Agohr
ZmdmObo OmVo. "A_wŠV_më`Xm' hm EH$ "à~§Y H$mì`mMm' àH$ma Amho. Oar `mV nwamUo Am{U _hmH$mì`mVrb
Jmoï>r AgVrb Var `mVrb H${dVm `m Zì`m AmhoV. `mVrb H$Wm _hÎdmMr Zmhr. Va Ë`m`moJo Amnë`m n§WmMm
àMma Am{U Ë`mZwf§JmZo `oUmè`m BVa ~m~r _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV.
CÔoe :
Amo[agmÀ`m JOnVr{déÕ _mo{h_ H$mT>bobr AgVmZm H¥$îUXodam`mZo {dO`dmS>m `oWo N>mdUr Q>mHo$bobr
hmoVr. `mdoir Ë`mZo lrH$mHw$b_ `oWrb {dîUw_§{Xambm ^oQ> {Xbr. Vmo {Xdg EH$mXerMm Agë`mZo Ë`mZo
Cndmghr Ho$bobm hmoVm. Aemdoir Ë`mb EH$ ñdßZ nS>bo. Ë`m_Ü`o àË`j {dîUwZo, "Amnë`m JmoXmXodr
ZmdmÀ`m EH$m ^ŠVrUrda Vy VobJy_Ü`o H${dVm {bhr' Ago gm§{JVbo. amOmZo gH$mir ho ñdßZ Amnë`m
ghH$mè`m§Zm gm§{JVbo. Ë`m§Zr Ë`mà_mUo {b{hÊ`mMm H¥$îUXodam`mbm AmJ«h Ho$bm. Aem àH$mao "A_wŠV
_më`Xm' hm J«§W {gÕ Pmbm.
H$Wm~rO :
`m J«§WmV EHy$U Mma H$Wm AmhoV. Ë`m H$Wm EH$_oH$m§er g§~§{YVhr AmhoV. `mVrb _w»` H$Wm `m
na§naoVyZ, nwamUmVwZ KoVboë`m AmhoV. Va `mVrb EH$m "`_wZmMm`m©' À`m {dîUy^ŠVr~m~V Amho. VgoM `m_Ü`o
JmoXmXodr Am{U lra§J_ `oWrb lr{dîUy `m§À`m ào_m~m~V Am{U {ddmhm~m~V l¥§Jm[aH$ dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho.
`m_Ü`o nm§S>ç amÁ`mVrb lr{dëbrnwËVya `oWrb {dîUw{MÎm `mMr Am{U Ë`mMr _wbJr JmoXmXodr, A§Xb, H$moS>mB©
(H$moVmB© = \w$bm§Mr _mi) `m§À`m {dîUy^ŠVrMo dU©Z Amho. JmoXmXodr hr 12 AidmamVrb (d¡îUd g§V) EH$_od
ñÌr Aidma g§V hmo`. hr JmoXmXodr, Xodmbm hma An©U H$aÊ`mAJmoXa, ñdV: KmbV Ago. {hÀ`mer nwT>o {dîUyZo
{ddmh Ho$bobm Amho. Va Xwgè`m H$Wo_Ü`o lr{dëbrnwËVa `oWrb {dîUy{MËV hm XodmÀ`m AmkodéZ _Xwam `oWo
OmVmo. VoWo dmX{ddmXmV ^mJ KoVmo. Vmo dmX qOHy$Z d¡îUd n§WmMo loîR>Ëd R>gdVmo. Aer àñVmdZm Amho. Va
dmX KmbVmZm Vmo {dîUynwamUmVrb I§{S>Š` Am{U Ho$grÜdOmMr H$Wm gm§JVmo; Aer H$Wm Amho. {Vgar H$Wm hr
"`_wZmMm`m©Mr' H$Wm Amho. `oWo VéU {dîUw^ŠV `_wZm hm H$Å>a {ed^ŠV nm§S>ç amOmg_moa dmX{ddmX H$aVmo. Vmo
dmX qOH$Vmo. `m~Xë`mV amOm Ë`mbm AY} amÁ` Am{U ~{hU {ddmhmgmR>r XoVmo. `_wZm amOm Pmë`m_wio Ë`mMo
gd© kmZ {dgaVmo Am{U g§gmamV a_Vmo. nwT>o am_ {_lm hm EH$ {dîUy^ŠV Ë`mMo _Z didVmo. Iar g§nÎmr hr
lr{dîUyÀ`m MaUrM Amho ho nQ>dwZ XoVmo. `_wZmbm {dîUwMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. Ë`mbm níMmVmn hmoVmo. Vmo Amnbo amÁ`
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_wbmH$S>o gmondVmo. ho amÁ` gmondVmZm `_wZmMm`© Amnë`m _wbmbm amOZrVr{df`H$ CnXoe XoVmo. ho CnXoe
åhUOo H¥$îUXodam`mMo {dMma hmoV. `_wZmMm`© g§Ý`mg KoD$Z {dîUw^ŠVr_Ü`o Amnbo Cd©[aV Am`wî` KmbdVmo.
Va MdWr H$Wm hr _mbm Xmgar `m Añn¥í` {dîUw^ŠVmMr Amho. `m_Ü`o XmgarMr Anma {dîUw^ŠVr Am{U
Ë`mZo ~«åhamjgmbm {Xbobr _wŠVr hm {df` Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, "{d{eîR>mÛ¡Vr d¡îUd n§WmMo' _hÎd RmgyZ gm§JÊ`m~amo~aM, Amnbo amOZrVrna qMVZ
H¥$îUXodam`mZo `m J«§WmÛmao _m§S>bobo Amho. `_wZmMm`m©À`m H$Wo_Ü`o, `_wZmMm`© Amnbo amÁ` _wbmbm XoVmZm Vmo
amÁ`H$ma^mam{df`H$ CnXoe XoVmo. ho CnXoe åhUOo H¥$îUXodam`mMoM {dMma AmhoV Am[U ho {dMma H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m
amOnXm{df`r g§H$ënZm, Ë`mMo YmoaU, Ë`mMr Amnojm `m gdmªMo Xe©Z KS>dVmV.
H¥$îUXodam`mMo {dMma, `_wZmMm`m©À`m CnXoemÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ, Amnë`mg_moa `oVmV, ho Ago;
• bmoH$H$ë`mU ho amOmMo àYmZ H$V©ì` Agbo nm{hOo. nr{S>V bmoH$m§Mo Xw:I Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo gX¡d
à`ËZerb Agbo nm{hOo. amOmbm bmoH$H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$mhr Ìmg Pmbm Var Ë`mZo Vmo ghZ Ho$bmM nm{hOo. Ë`mZo
bmoH$m§Mr JmèhmUr Ho$ìhmhr Am{U Hw$R>ohr EoH$br nm{hOoV.
• g§ajU ho hr amOmMo _hÎdmMo H$V©ì` Amho. Á`mà_mUo eoVH$ar Hw§$nU KmbyZ, VU H$mTy>Z, eoVrMo ajU
H$aVmo Ë`mà_mUo amOmZo Amnë`m àOoMo ajU Ho$bo nm{hOo.
• amOmZo Y_m©à_mUo AmMaU Ho$boM nm{hOo. Á`mà_mUo AmnU Vm§XimÀ`m {nH$m§Zm OmñV nmUr XoVmo
Ë`mMà_mUo gd© nwéfmWm©_Ü`o Y_m©H$S>o Amnbo A{YH$ bj hdo.
• amOmZo XmZeya ho AgboM nm{hOo Am{U Aem XmZY_m©VyZ nwÊ` àmßV hmoV AgVo. `m nwÊ`mMr Ë`mbm \$ma
JaO AgVo H$maU Ë`mbm `wÕm_Ü`o qhgH$ dmJmdo bmJVo.
• amOmZo Amnbr {XZM`m© hr {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMr R>odmdr. gH$mir Ë`mZo _m{be H$éZ, ì`m`m_ H$amdm,
nwT>o Ë`mZo d¡Úm§H$SyZ Amnbr Vã`oV VnmgyZ ¿`mdr. _J Amnbo gëbmJma, _§Ìr `m§À`mer MMm© H$amdr. Xwnmar nyOm
H$amdr Am{U Y_©MM}_Ü`o ag ¿`mdm. ^moOZmZ§Va WmoS>rer H$a_UwH$ H$éZ ¿`mdr. g§Ü`mH$mir hoam§H$Sy>Z ~mVå`m
¿`mì`mV. amÌr g§JrV EoH$mdo Am{U {dlm§Vr ¿`mdr.
• amOmZo H$m` H$é Z`o ho hr `m_Ü`o {Xbobo Amho. H«y$a {ejm XoD$ Z`oV, MwJbImoè`m§Zr {Xbobr _m{hVr
Vnmgë`m{edm` Iar _mZy Z`o, H¥$V¿Z _mUgm§Mr g§JV H$é Z`o, `mo½` _mUgm§H$S>o Xwb©j H$é Z`o, gËg§J
H$amdm, {hVeÌy§Zm Am{U jyÐ _Zmod¥ÎmtZm bm§~ R>odmdo, napñÌ`m, OwJma Am{U {eH$ma `mnmgyZ Xya ahmdo.
• amOmMo gëbmJma ho {dÛmZ Am{U 50 dfm©nwT>rb Am{U 70 dfm©Imbrb AgmdoV. Ë`m§Zm gÎmoMm bmo^
Zgmdm, AWm©V Ago gëbmJma Oar Agbo Var IwÔ amOmbm H$ma^mamn¡H$s 75% kmZ hdo. VgoM amOmZo gëbm
KoVmZm \$ŠV EH$mMmM gëbm KoD$ Z`o. H$maU AemZo Ë`mMoM _hÎd dmT>V OmVo Am{U bmoH$ Aem ì`pŠVbm
bmM XoD$Z, d{ebm bmdyZ Amnbo H$m_ H$éZ KoVmV.
9
• àemgH$ Zo_VmZm Vo Zoh_r bmoH$m{^_wI Agbo nm{hOoV. A{ejrV, ImoQ>maS>m, bmoH$_Vm§Mr ndm© Z
H$aUmam, naXoer Aem§Zm Zo_y Z`o. VgoM amOmZo Zì`mZo Zo_boë`m A{YH$mè`mbm bJoM AmVë`m dVw©imV KoD$ Z`o.
H$maU Aem doir Ë`mMm Ah§H$ma \w$bVmo Am{U {_Ìm§_Ü`o Vmo ~T>m`m _maV ~gVmo. `m_wio amÁ`mVrb JwßV
KS>m_moS>r ngaV OmVmV. H$moUr {H$Vrhr H$V©¥ËddmZ Agbm Var Ë`mbm VS>H$m\$S>H$s CÀM nXmda Zo_w Z`o. VgoM
EH$Xm Zo_ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMr MyH$ Pmbr Var Ë`mbm VS>H$m\$S>H$s H$mTy> Z`o. amOmZo, _wimVM ZmUr nmaIUmè`m§gmaIo,
_mUg§ nmaIyZ Zo_mdVr Am{U Ë`m§Zm Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo ~T>Vr Úmdr.
• H$a Jmoim H$aUmao A{YH$mar Zo_VmZm EH$mH$S>o EH$mM H$amMr O~m~Xmar Úmdr. Ogo _§{XaH$a Jmoim
H$aUmam doJim Am{U amOH$a Jmoim H$aUmam doJim. `m_wio A\$amV\$a hmoV Zmhr.
• amOmZo `m àemgH$m§Ü`o EH$ {ZH$mon ñnYm© {Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo. OoUoH$éZ 1. gdmªVrb CÎm_moÎm_ ~mhoa
nS>ob, 2. EH$_oH$m§da {Z`§ÌU am{hb, 3. amOm{déÕ ~§S> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo EH$ hmoD$ eH$Uma ZmhrV. VgoM, Vo
N>moQ>çm H$m_[JarMr Oar ~T>mB© _maV AgVrb Var amOmZo Vo ghZerbnUo EoHy$Z ¿`mdo. åhUOo Ë`m§Zm hþén `oB©b.
• A{YH$mè`m§Zm {Z`{_V Am{U ì`dpñWV doVZ {Xbo nm{hOo. H$maU Vo Or MmH$ar H$arV AgVmV Vo
nmoQ>mnmÊ`mgmR>r. Ë`m§Mr H$_mB© ~§X Pmbr Va Vo amOmÀ`m {déÕ CR>Vrb.
• amOmZo Amnë`m amÁ`mV gd©{R>H$mUr bmoH$dñVr hmoB©b ho nhmdo. Ë`m{R>H$mUr bmoH$dñVr OmñV Agob,
Va Ë`m{R>H$mUmhÿZ Vr hbdyZ Xwgè`m [aH$må`m OmJo_Ü`o Ý`mdr.
• O{_Z _hgyb ho EH$ amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÝZmMo à_wI gmYZ Oar Agbo Var amOmZo \$ma H$_r H$a bmdmdoV.
Jar~ eoVH$è`m§Zm Va eoVgmè`mV _moR>çm à_mUmV gwQ> Úmdr. H$mhr H$maUm_wio eoVH$ar Oa namJ§Xm Pmbm Agob
Va Ë`mbm naV ~mobdmdo d Ë`mÀ`m O{_ZrMo nwZê$ÁOrdZ H$amdo.
• amOmZo A{YH$m{YH$ O{_Z bmJdS>rImbr AmUbr nm{hOo. nmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m gmo`r Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.
åhUOo O{_Z _hgyb _moR>çm à_mUmda {_iob.
• `mgmR>r JaOy§Zm O{_Zr ^mS>oVËdmda Úmì`mV Am{U Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z CËnÝZmMm AYm© ^mJ H$a åhUyZ
¿`mdm. åhUOo Vo hr Iwe Am{U amÁ`mbmhr CËnÝZ.
• nmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m gmo`r~m~V amOm A{YH$ OmJéH$ {XgVmo. Ë`mZo Vbmd, H$mbì`m§gma»`m {d{dY
ObqgMZmÀ`m `moOZm Amnë`m amÁ`mV am~{dÊ`mMo AmXoe {Xbobo AmhoV.
• ImUr ho amÁ`mMo _hÎdmMo CËnÝZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio amOmZo, Vkm§À`m ghmæ`mZo gX¡d Aem ImUtMm emoY
¿`mdm.
• ImUrà_mUoM O§Jb ho EH$ _hÎdmMo CËnÝZmMo gmYZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio d¥jbmJdS>rgmR>r amOmZo gX¡d
à`ËZerb Agmdo. hr O§Jbo gX¡d ñdÀN> amIbr nm{hOoV, Ë`m§Mr H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo.
• ì`mnma hr _hÎdmMm AgVmo. {deofV: naamÁ`mVrb VgoM naH$s` ì`mnmam§Mo gX¡d ñdmJV Ho$bo nm{hOo.
10
Ë`m§Zm g§ajU {Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zm Kao, ì`mnmamÀ`m OmJm {Xë`m nm{hOoV.
• amOmZo IM© H$aVmZm H$miOrnyd©H$ H$amdm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m IMm©Mo Mma ^mJ H$amdo EH$ ñdV:gmR>r
Am{U XmZY_m©gmR>r, XmoZ g¡Ý`mÀ`m IMm©gmR>r Am{U Mm¡Wm I{OÝ`mV.
• A§VJ©V Am{U ~mø eÌy§da gX¡d bj R>odmdo. amOmZo gX¡d OmJéH$ Agbo nm{hOo. Á`mà_mUo PmS>mda
Pmonbobo Añdb Amnbm EH$ S>moim ~§X H$aVo Am{U Xwgam CKS>m R>odVo. Ë`mMà_mUo amOmZohr amO{dbmgmV _½Z
AgVmZm Amnë`m A§VJ©V VgoM ~mø eÌyda bj R>odbo nm{hOo. eÌy Oa g§YrgmR>r Ambm Va Ë`mMo ì`dpñWV
EoHy$Z ¿`mdo _J {ZU©` ¿`mdm.
• `wÕm_Ü`o ZrVrMo nmbZ H$amdo. {H$ëbo qOHy$Z ¿`mdoV _mÌ Oa pñÌ`m nH$S>ë`m Joë`m Va Ë`m§À`m~Ôb
"Ë`m§Zm _mhoar Ogo dmJdbo OmVo' Vgo gÝ_mZnwd©H$ dmJdbo Omdo.
• amOmZo naamï´>r` YmoaU gX¡d {_ÌËdmMo amImdo. Ë`m§À`m d{H$bm§Mm gÝ_mZ H$amdm.
• gr_odarb Am{Xdmgr O_mVter `wÕ H$é Z`o. Va Ë`m§À`mer _¡Ìr H$amdr. `m§Zm `wÕmda KoD$Z Omdo.
åhUOo Á`mdoir amOmMo g¡Ý` `wÕmV Jw§Vbobo AgVo Ë`mdoir Vo bwQ>mbwQ> H$éZ ñdV:Mm IM© ^mJdVrb.
• amOmZo CÎm_ hoam§Mo Omio {Z_m©U H$amdo. `mgmR>r {H$Vrhr IM© hmoD$ Xo Ë`m§Zm {d{dY ^mfm§Mo kmZ
Agmdo. Vo H$moR>ohr ghO {_giyZ OmUmao AgmdoV Am{U ImÊ`m{edm` ~aoM {Xdg Cnmer amhÊ`mMr gd`
Agmdr.
• IM© {H$Vrhr hmodmo, amOmZo CÎm_ g¡Ý` gX¡d ~miJboM nm{hOo. Mm§Jbo nm`Xi hdo, CÎm_ KmoS>Xi
hdo, hÎmrXi hdo, eñÌm§ñÌo hdrV. `mgmR>r Omo IM© hmoVmo Vr EH$ Amdí`H$ ~m~ Amho.
• na{H$`m§Zm bJmobJ hmH$byZ XoD$ ZH$m. Ë`m§Mr `mo½` Vr VnmgUr H$am. nU Ë`m§Mo ñdmJVM H$am. Ë`m§Mm
Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
• CÎm_ KmoS>XimgmR>r na{H$` ì`mnmam§Zm gX¡d Iwe R>odmdo Am[U KmoS>çm§À`m ì`mnmamda _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U
H$amdr.
• {ejm XoVmZm nyU© {dMmam§Vr Am{U gd© nwamdo VnmgwZ gmdH$merZo Úmdr. Vr {ejmgwÕm H$R>moa Zgmdr.
Oa \$merMr {ejm Úm`MrM Agob Var Ë`mAJmoXa Ë`mbm XmoZdoim j_m H$amdr.
ZrVr_yë`o :
• Amnë`m g§~§{YVm§Zm gX¡d AmZ§XmV R>odmdo H$maU Ag_mYmZr _mUg§ gmnmnojm YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVmV.
• n¡em_wioM àíZ gwQ>VmV Ago Zmhr, Mm§Jbr _mUg§ gmo~V AgUo ho _hÎdmMo.
• Hw$Umbm XwIdy ZH$m H$maU H$moU Ho$ìhm JaOobm nS>ob ho gm§JVm `oV Zmhr.
• lr_§Vm§nojm H${Zð> bmoH$m§Zm _hÎd Úmdo. H$maU Vo ñdV:bm {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gX¡d H$ï> H$arV ahmVmV
11
Am{U {Zð>mdmZ AgVmV. `mCbQ> lr_§V bmoH$ ho g§YrgmYy AgVmV.
Aem n«H$mao "A_wŠV_më`Xm' ho gmYZ Amnë`mbm H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m amOnXmÀ`m VgoM amOZrVrÀ`m
g§H$ënZm g_OyZ ¿`m`bm _XV H$aVo. VgoM Ë`mH$mim_Ü`o EH§$Xa àemgZ H$go MmbV hmoVo, Zo_UyH$m H$em
Ho$ë`m Om`À`m, CËnÝZmMr H$moUVr gmYZo hmoVr, àOogmR>r amOm H$moUH$moUË`m H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm am~dm`Mm
B. ~m~tMrhr _m{hVr Amnë`mbm {_iVo. Ë`mM~amo~a, EH$ CÎm_ XOm©Mm gm{hpË`H$ åhUyZhr H¥$îUXodam`mMo
ì`pŠV_Îd Amnë`mg_moa C^o amhVo.
JwbeZ-B-B~«m{h_r : \o$[aíVm (1560-1620)
\o$[aíVmMo _yi Zmd _whå_X H$mgr_ qhX emh Ago hmoVo. npíM_ Am{e`mVrb H°$ñnr`Z gmJamÀ`m
{H$Zmè`mdarb AñÌm~mX `m{R>H$mUr Ë`mMm OÝ_ Pmbm. Jwbm_ Abr qhXemh ho Ë`mÀ`m d{S>bm§Mo Zmd. Ë`mdoir
Ah_XZJa_Ü`o {ZOm_emhr hmoVr. _wV©Om {ZOm_emh hm VoWrb amOm hmoVm. Ë`mMm _wbJm åhUOo "_ramZ hþgoZ'
hm hmo`. `mdoir, _wV©Om {ZOm_emhZo, amOnwÌ _ramZbm \$magr {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r Jwbm_ AbtZm Amnë`m amÁ`mV
{Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio Jwbm_ Abr Ah_XZJabm Ambo. `oWoM amOnwÌm~amo~a \o$[aíVmZohr Amnbo {ejU nyU©
Ho$bo. nwT>o {ejU nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va, \o$[aíVmbm {ZOm_emhrVM ZmoH$ar {_imbr. Vmo 1587 _Ü`o, _wV©Om
{ZOm_emhÀ`m g§ajH$XimMm à_wI åhUyZ H$m_ nhmV hmoVm. `mdoir amOnwÌ _ramZZo ~§S> Ho$bo d d{S>bm§Mr gÎmm
CbWyZ bmdbr. AWm©V nyduÀ`m _¡Ìrbm ñ_éZ Ë`mZo \o$[aíVmbm {Od§V gmoS>bo. _mÌ Ë`mbm hmH$byZ {Xbo.
nwT>o \o$[aíVm, 1589 _Ü`o {dOmnwaÀ`m B~«m{h_ Am{Xbemh Xwgam `mÀ`m nXar ZmoH$arbm Ambm. EH$Va
Ë`mbm \$ŠV bîH$ar godoMm AZw^d Agë`m_wio àemgZm_Ü`o Vmo Hw$MH$m_r R>abm. Va XwgarH$S>o hm {e`m
Agë`mZo, Am{XbemhrVrb gwÝZr dmVmdaUmV Vmo gX¡d AñdñW am{hbm. Ë`mbm CÀM nX {_iU§ _wpíH$b hmoV
Job§. eodQ>r, 1593 _Ü`o B~«m{h_ Am{Xbemh Xwgam `mZo Ë`mbm "^maVmMm B{Vhmg' {b{hÊ`mMr H$m_Jrar
gmondbr.
JwbeZ-B-B~«m{h_ qH$dm VmarI-B-\o$[aíVm (1606) :
"JwbeZ-B-B~«m{h_r' `m J«§WmbmM "VmarI-B-\o$[aíVm' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. \o$[aíVmZo `m J«§WmÀ`m
àñVmdZo_Ü`o, _wpñb_m§À`m AmJ_ZmnyduMm ^maVmMm B{Vhmg g§{jßVnUo {Xbobm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a Aa~m§À`m
nwd}H$S>rb `eñdr Km¡S>Xm¡S>rMr hr _m{hVr Amnë`mbm `oWyZ {_iyZ OmVo.
nwT>o \o$[aíVmZo ^maVmMm B{Vhmg EHy$U 12 nwpñVH$m§_Ü`o _m§S>bobm Amho. B~«m{h_ Am{Xbemh Xwgam `mÀ`m
Anojoà_mUo Ë`mZo X»IZÀ`m emøm§da (Am{U Ë`mVhr Am{Xbemhrda) A{YH$ ^a {Xbobm Amho. `m J«§Wm_Ü`o
EHy$U 12 nwñVHo$ AmhoV. `mVrb n{hë`m 10 nwñVH$m§_Ü`o EHo$H$m amÁ`mMm B{Vhmg {Xbobm Amho; Ogo, JPZr
Am[U bmhmoaMo amOo, {XëbrMo amOo, X»IZ `oWrb amOo (EHy$U ghm àH$aUo), JwOamV_Yrb amOo, _midm `oWrb
amOo, ImZXoeMo amOo, ~§Jmb-{~hmaMo amOo, _wbVmZMo amOo, qgYMo amOo, H$mí_raMo amOo B. 11 do nwñVH$
_b~ma_Yrb _wpñb_m§~m~V _m{hVr XoVo. Va 12 do nwñVH$ ^maVmVrb _wpñb_ g§Vm§Mr _m{hVr XoVo.
12
eodQ>r g_mamonm_Ü`o "^maVmMm ^yJmob Am{U hdm_mZ' `m~m~V \o$[aíVm _m{hVr XoVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a
H$mí_raÀ`m {gH§$Xa ~wV{eH$ZÀ`m H$mimVrb qhXy§À`m H$ÎmbrMrhr _m{hVr `m_Ü`o {_iVo.
`m J«§Wm§À`m {bImUmgmR>r \o$[aíVmZo {d{dY g§X^© dmnabobo {XgyZ `oVmV. Ogo, VmarI-B-{\$amoOemhr
(~Zu), V~H$mV-B-AH$~ar ({ZO_w{ÔZ) B.
• Am{Xbemhr Am{U {ZOm_emhr~Ôb EH$ A{YH¥$V B{Vhmg åhUyZ hm J«§W à{gÕ Amho. \o$[aíVm
Xa~mam§_Ü`o ZmoH$arbm Agë`mZo Ë`mbm CÀMnXñW A{YH$mè`m§Mr _m{hVr hmoVr; AmoiI hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m
_wbmIVr KoD$Z Ë`mZo _m{hVr {_idbobr Amho. VgoM IwÔ amOmZo Ë`mbm ho H$m_ gm§{JVë`mZo, emgH$s`
XâVaImZo Ë`mbm gX¡d CKS>r AgV. åhUyZ Ë`mZo gaH$mar, gmd©O{ZH$ H$mJXnÌo, nÌì`dhma `m§Mm Aä`mg
Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mVyZ Ë`mZo {_idbobr _m{hVr AWm©VM A{YH¥$V Amho.
• Vmo _wpñb_ amOm§Mo namH«$_ gm§JVmZm A{Ve`moŠVr Am{U ImoQ>r dU©Z§ H$aVmo. Ë`mdoir {dO`ZJa~amo~a,
X»IZÀ`m emøm§Mm gX¡d g§Kf© hmoV Ago. Aemdoir \o$[aíVm `m bT>m`m§Mr _m{hVr XoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _m{hVrZwgma
X»IZÀ`m emøm `m gX¡d {dO`r {XgVmV Am{U {dO`ZJa gX¡d nam^yV ! g_H$m{bZ BVa gmYZm§_YyZ
Amnë`mbm ho bjmV `oVo H$s Vmo MwH$sMr _m{hVr XoVmo Amho.
• \o$[aíVm, X»IZ emøm§À`m qhXy~ÔbÀ`m YmoaUm~m~V MwH$sMr _m{hVr XoVmo. "bT>m`m_Ü`o {H$Ë`oH$
hOmamo qhXy§Mr H$Îmb Ho$br', "hOmamo _§{Xa§ VmoS>br' Ago \o$[aíVm {b{hVmo. Ia§ Va Ë`mdoiMr bmoH$g§»`m bjmV
KoVm _wimV ho eŠ` dmQ>V Zmhr. VgoM, \o$[aíVmZo {Xboë`m H$Îmbr_Ü`o _maë`m Joboë`m qhXy§Mr Am{U VmoS>boë`m
_§{Xam§Mr g§»`m bjmV KoVbr Va AmOVmJm`V EH$hr qhXy VgoM _§{Xa X{jUo_Ü`o {Xgbo ZgVo ! `mCbQ>
B~«m{h_ Am{Xbemh Xwgam hm A{Ve` g{hîUy amOm hmoVm ho BVa g_H$mbrZ gmYZ§ XmIdyZ XoVmV. X»IZ
emøm§_Ü`o {H$Ë`oH$ _amR>o gaXma, ~«måhU àemgH$ H$m_mbm hmoVo ho hr Amnë`mbm _m{hV Amho. _J \o$[aíVm
Ago ImoQ>o H$m {b{hVmo ? Va Ë`mdoir Aem boIH$m§Mm EH$ Agm (J¡a) g_O hmoVm H$s, Amnbm _wpñb_ amOm,
BVa Y_u`m§Mr H$Îmb H$aVmZm, Ë`m§Mr Ym{_©H$ lÕmñWmZ§ VmoS>VmZm Oa AmnU XmIdbo Va Ë`m amOmbm Y_©lÕm
_wpñb_ àOoMm, Y_©Jwé§Mm, _wpñb_ OJVmMm nmqR>~m {_iob, Ë`mMo H$m¡VwH$ hmoB©b. åhUyZ {Zìdi \o$[aíVmM
Zìho Va VËH$m{bZ A{VY_©lÕmiy Xa~mar boIH$m§Zr `m KmoS>MwH$m Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m Aem MwH$m§_wio,
XwX}dmZo, _wpñb_m§Mr A{Ve` ZH$mamË_H$ Aer à{V_m {Z_m©U Pmbobr {XgyZ `oVo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ............... `mZo VmarI-B-{\$amoPemhr hm JǤW {b{hbm.
A) A~wb \$Pb
~) {P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr
13
H$) \o$[aíVm
S>) {^_goZ gŠgoZm
2. "EoZo AH$~ar' hm JǤW ............... `mZo {b{hbm.
A) A~wb \$Pb
~) {P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr
H$) \o$[aíVm
S>) {^_goZ gŠgoZm
3. "A_wŠV_më`Xm' hm J«§W ............... ^mfo_Ü`o Amho.
A) _amR>r
~) Vm_ri
H$) VobJy
S>) H$ÝZS>
4. "gm{hË`-g_am§JU-gmd©^m¡_' Aem {~éXmZo ............... `m amOmMm Jm¡ad hmoV Ago.
A) H¥$îUXodam` ~) AÀ`wVam`
H$) am_am`
S>) harha
5. ............... `mZo JwbeZ-B-B~«m{h_r hm J«§W {b{hbm.
A) A~wb \$Pb
~) {P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr
H$) \o$[aíVm
S>) {^_goZ gŠgoZm
1.2.2 nwamVËdr` gmYZo ({MÌo Am{U ñ_maHo$ dJiyZ) :
_mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ^m¡{VH$ Adeofm§Mm emoY KoD$Z, Ë`mdéZ Ë`m _mZdmMm B{Vhmg g_OyZ KoUmao
emñÌ åhUOo "nwamVËdemñÌ' hmo`. _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb Ago Ag§»` Adeof nwamVËdemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmZo
emoYbo Jobo AmhoV; àH$memV AmUbo Jobobo AmhoV ho Adeof åhUOoM nwamVËdr` AWdm A{b{IV gmYZo hmoV.
`m§À`m Aä`mgmZo, AmnU {b{IV gmYZm§Vrb nmoH$ir ^éZ H$mT>Vmo. VgoM {b{IV gmYZm§_YwZ {_iUmè`m
_m{hVrbm R>mognUm AmUy eH$Vmo. Ogo, EImÚm {H$ëë`mMr _m{hVr AmnUmbm {b{IV gmYZm§VyZ {_iVo Iar,
_mÌ hm {H$ëbm Iè`m AWm©Zo g_OwZ ¿`m`Mm Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m Adeofm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo ho Amdí`H$ AgVo.
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m nwamVËdr` gmYZm§Mo dJuH$aU AmnU Imbrb à_mUo H$é eH$Vmo :
Ym{_©H$ ñWmnË` (ñ_maHo$) :
ñ_maHo$ hr pñWa ñdê$nmV AgVmV. _Ü``wJm_Ü`o qhXyMo Ym{_©H$ ñWmnË`mMm {dMma H$aVm `m_Ü`o _§{Xao,
_R> B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Va _wpñb_ Ym{_©H$ ñWmnË`mMm {dMma H$aVm `m_Ü`o _erX, BXJmh, XJm©, _H$~am B.
Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
{ZYm{_©H$ ñWmnË` (ñ_maHo$) :
`m_Ü`o g§ajUmË_H$ ñWmnË`, dgVrñWmZo Aem ñWmnË`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Ü`o g§ajUmË_H$
ñWmnË`m_Ü`o {H$ëbm, JT>r, JmdHy$g `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aVm `oB©b. dgVrñWmZm§_Ü`o ZJao d ZJaaMZm, añVo,
nmUrnwadR>çmÀ`m gmo`r, Y_©emim/gamB© gmaIo gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmnË` Va dmS>o/Kam§gmaIo d¡`pŠVH$ ñWmnË` `m§Mm
{dMma hmoVmo.
{MÌo :
`m_Ü`o q^Vrdarb {MÌm§nmgyZ Vo J«§Wm_Yrb bKw{MÌm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
14
gwQ>o Adeof :
`m_Ü`o KaJwVr gmYZo, Cn{O{dHo$gmR>r bmJUmar AdOmao, eñÌmñÌo, XmJXm{JZo Am{U Ab§H$ma, dņ̃,
~m§JS>çm§Mo-_Ê`m§Mo VwH$S>o, hmS>o B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
{deof Adeof :
`m_Ü`o ZmUr, _yVu, Vm_«nQ>/{ebmboI `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aVm `oB©b.
`m{R>H$mUr Amnë`mbm \$ŠV gwQ>o Am{U {deof Adeofm§Mm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho. Varhr ñ_maHo$ Am{U
{MÌm§Mmhr WmoS>Š`mV {dMma H$é.
Ym{_©H$ ñWmnË` (ñ_maHo$) :
Ym{_©H$ ñWmnË` (ñ_maHo$) V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ àmoËgmhZna dmVmdaU bmJVo VgoM amOgÎmoÀ`m Aml`mMr
JaO AgVo. _Ü``wJm_Yrb _whå_X-{~Z-VwKbH$, AH$~a, B~«m{h_ Am{Xbemh Xwgam Ago H$mhr amOo dJiVm
^maVm_Ü`o darb dmVmdaU Am{U Aml` Xmohm|Mmhr A^md {XgyZ `oVmo. Ë`m_wio àmMrZ H$mimÀ`m VwbZoZo, `m
H$mimV qhXyMr CëboIZr` Aer _§{Xao {Z_m©U Pmbr ZmhrV. _mÌ {dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o Ago dmVmdaU
Am{U Aml` XmoÝhr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Img {dO`ZJa e¡brMr _§{Xao V`ma Pmbr. _mÌ _amR>m
gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m {dñVma H$mimV qH$dm noedmB©_Ü`o Img "_amR>r e¡brMr' _§{Xao V`ma Pmbobr {XgyZ `oVmV. _w{ñb_
e¡brMm CX` Am{U {dH$mg hm _mÌ ^maVm_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmbm. `m_Ü`o X¡Z§{XZ Z_mOnR>UmgmR>r "_{eXr',
ewH«$dmaÀ`m Z_mOnR>UmgmR>r "Om_m _{eX', B©XÀ`m Z_mOnR>UmgmR>r "BXJmh', gw\$s g§Vm§À`m H$~ardarb B_maVr
åhUOo "_H$~am' Aem dmñVy V`ma Pmë`m. da CëboIboë`m gwbVmZ Am{U ~mXemhÀ`m H$ma{H${X©V ^maVmVrb
XmoÝhr Y_m©_Ü`o gm§ñH¥${VH$ XodmUKodmUrMo dmVmdaU {dH${gV Pmbo. Ë`m_wio XmoKm§À`m dmñVy_Ü`o EH$_oH$m§Mo
{deof {XgyZ `oVmV. Ogo, H$_mZr Am{U Kw_Q> ho Bñbm_r e¡brMo {deof qhXy _§{Xam§Zr pñdH$mabo Am{U H$_i d
Ë`mV R>odbobm Am_bH$ ho qhXy H$igmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Am{Xbemhr ñWmnË`m§Zr pñdH$mabo.
{ZYm{_©H$ ñWmnË` :
g§ajUmË_H$ ñWmnË`mMm {dMma H$aVm CÔoe gmYZgm_wJ«rMr {dnwbVm/A^md, `wÕaMZm `m ~m~tMm
à^md nS>bobm {XgyZ `oVmo. Ogo, N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Mo ñdßZ d¡^dembr hmoVo nU Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
gmYZgm_wJ«rMm A^md hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr AmH«$_UmgmR>r "J{Z_r H$mdm' hr `wÕnÕVr pñdH$mabr Am{U
g§ajUmgmR>r S>m|Jar {H$ëë`m§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. VgoM, Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamda ñdamÁ`mMr hþHw$_V {Z_m©U
ìhmdr `mgmR>r H$moH$U {H$Zmam ObXwJmªZr _O~wV Ho$bm. `mCbQ>, _Ü``wJmVrb gd© BVa amOm§Zr _¡XmZr
nÕVrMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm Am{U g§ajUmgmR>r ^wB©H$moQ> hm àH$ma {ZdS>bm. Va `m H$mimV eham§Zm VQ>~§Xr Ago
Va Jmdm§Zm JmdHy$g Ago. "JT>r' ho naJÊ`mVrb Xoe_wIm§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. ho EH$mMdoir g§ajUmË_H$
ñWmnË` AgVo VgoM Vo Ë`m§Mo {ZdmgñWmZhr AgVo.
15
dgVrñWmZmMm {dMma H$aVm Amnë`mbm d¡{dÜ`nyU© ñWmnË` {XgyZ `oVo. `m_Ü`o àW_ ZJam§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo. qhXy na§naoà_mUo ZJao hr ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r dgbobr AgV. Ë`m§Mr aMZm ~w{Õ~imÀ`m nQ>mgmaIr, Am`VmH¥$Vr
qH$dm Mm¡agmH¥$Vr Ago. _Ü`o _§{Xa d Ë`mbm OmoS>Umao C^o-AmS>do añVo, `m añË`m§_wio V`ma hmoUmè`m Mm¡H$moZm_Ü`o
ì`dgm`/OmVtà_mUo "noR>m' {XgyZ `oVmV. `m{R>H$mUr ZXrMm dmna gd©H$mi H$aVm `mdm `mgmR>r ZÚm§Zm KmQ>
~m§Ybo OmV. VgoM dmS>çm§_Ü`o {d{har AgV. Va _wpñb_ na§naoà_mUo ZJao hr _moŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr dgbobr
AgV. _J Odi ZXr Zgbr Var \$aH$ nS>V Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m aMZo_Ü`o àW_ Om_m _{eX, Odi {H$ëbm, `m§Zm
OmoS>Umao C^o-AmS>do añVo, `m añË`m§À`m H$S>obm ì`dgm`m§Zwgma "_mohëbm' {XgyZ `oVmo. ZXr Odi Zgë`mZo
nmÊ`mMr H¥${Ì_ gmo` H$aUo ho `m{R>H$mUr Amdí`H$ Ago. `mgmR>r _wimVM hr ZJao, ImobJQ> ^mJmV dg{dbr
OmV. g^modVmbÀ`m C§M ^mJmVyZ `oUmao nmUr gmR>dÊ`mgmR>r Vbmd ~m§YV. `m VbmdmVyZ nmUr, CVmamMo V§Ì
dmnéZ (gm`\$Z V§Ì), ^w_rJV nmQ>m§Ûmao ZJam§_Ü`o {\$adbo OmV Ago. Aem aMZm Ah_XZJa, JmodiH$m|S>m,
{dOmnya, {dO`ZJa, nwUo `m{R>H$mUr {XgyZ `oVmV. `m{edm` "AmS>' (Aê§$X Vm|S>mMr, {~Znm`è`mMr {dhra),
"{dhra' (ê§$X Vm|S>mMr, {~Znm`è`m§Mr), "~mad' (ê§$X Vm|S>mMr, nm`è`m§Mr), Aem gmo`rhr Ho$boë`m AgV.
{edm` JëbmoJëbr hm¡X (N>moQ>r ~mad) Ago. Va VrW©ñWim§À`m {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m hm¡Xmbm " Hw§$S>/VrW© ' Ago.
d¡`pŠVH$ ñWmnË`m_Ü`o "dmS>çm§Mm' g_mdoe àm_w»`mZo H$aVm `oB©b. {h§Xy na§naoà_mUo, _Ü`o AmH$memH$S>o
Iwbm Mm¡H$ Am{U g^modVr OmoË`mda Imoë`m Aer Am`VmH¥$Vr aMZm AgUmao dmS>o {XgyZ `oVmV. "Im§~ Am{U
Ë`mda Vwù`m' Aem aMZoda dmS>çm§Mr ~m§YUr Ago. ho dmS>o VQ>mZo ~§{XñV AgV. Va _wpñb_ na§naoà_mUo, nwT>o
A§JU Am{U _mJo Imoë`m Aer aMZm {XgyZ `oVo. Xm¡bVm~mXÀ`m CËIZZm_YyZ _mQ>|Zr Ago XmoÝhr àH$maMo dmS>o
emoYyZ H$mT>bobo AmhoV.
{MÌo :
{MÌm§Mm {dMma H$aVm, `m H$mimVrb gdm©V à{gÕ Aer {M̧ H$mT>Ê`mMr nÕV åhUOo "bKw{MÌ' hr
hmoV. hr {M̧ J«§Wm_Ü`o H$mT>br OmV. `mMm CÔoe "J«§Wm_Yrb _m{hVr A{YH$ _Zmoa§OH$ ìhmdr qH$dm A{YH$ ñnï>
g_Omdr' hm Ago. n{e©`Z na§nam Am{U ^maVmVrb O¡Z Y_u`m§Mr na§nam `m_YyZ bKw{MÌm§Mr Img ^maVr`
e¡br V`ma Pmbr. `mVyZ AH$~amZo {deof ê$Mr XmIdyZ {MÌH$mam§Mm EH$ ñQw>{S>AmoM V`ma Ho$bm. `mVyZ, Ago
{M{ÌV J«§W V`ma Ho$boM {edm` ì`ŠVr{MÌUmMo "Aë~åg' hr V`ma Ho$bo. AemM àH$mao {^Îmr{M̧hr {XgwZ
`oVmV. AH$~amZo Amnë`m \$Vohnya {gH«$s `m CnamOYmZr_Ü`o Aer {M̧ H$mTy>Z KoVbr hmoVr. {dO`ZJa_Ü`ohr
Img {dO`ZJar e¡brMr {^Îmr{M̧ AgV. VgoM X»IZÀ`m emøm§_Ü`o hr Img X»IZr e¡brMr {M{ÌV J«§W
V`ma Pmbo. Va _amR>m gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o bKw{M̧, {^Îmr{M̧, H$mM{MÌo, nQ>{MÌo Ago AZoH$ àH$maMo
{MÌàH$ma {Z_m©U Pmbo. dmB©_Yrb dmS>çm§_Ü`o {deofV: OdiÀ`mM _oUdbr `oWrb ZmZm \$S>Udrg dmS>çm§_Yrb
{^Îmr{MÌo à{gÕ Aer AmhoV.
gwQ>o Adeof : (Artefacts)
gwQ>çm Adeofm_Ü`o KaJwVr gmYZo, CnOr{dHo$gmR>r bmJUmar AdOmao, eñÌmñÌo, XmJXm{JZo Am{U Ab§H$ma,
16
dņ̃, ~m§JS>çm§Mo-_Ê`m§Mo VwH$S>o B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mVrb KaJwVr gmYZm_Ü`o _mVrÀ`m VgoM YmVyÀ`m
^m§S>çm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. VgoM XJS>mMr OmVo, nmQ>m, dad§Q>m Aer gmYZo {_iVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo "_ygi' gmaIo
bmH$S>r gmYZ hr Amnë`mbm CnbãY hmoVo. Va CnOr{dHo$Mr AdOmao nmhVm Amnë`mbm Hw$èhmS>, Zm§Ja (bmH$S>r/
bmoI§S>r), Hw$Xi, nhma, Zmb, N>Ìr, hmVmoS>m, Hw§$^mamMo MmH$, dñVam, EoaU B. Ag§»` gmYZo {_iVmV. Va
eñÌm§ñÌm§_Ü`o hr d¡{dÜ` {XgwZ `oVo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$Q>çma, O§~r`m, gwam, {~Mdm, dmKZIo Aer N>moQ>r eñÌohr
{XgwZ `oVmV. "Xm§S>nÅ>m' ho hr d¡{dÜ`nyU© eñÌ Amnë`mbm {XgwZ `oVo. XwéZ _mam H$aUmè`m eñÌm§_Ü`o ^mbm,
{dQ>m, Vmo\$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Vmo\o$Mo Jmoiohr Amnë`mbm gmnS>VmV. Va g§ajUmgmR>r "T>mb' {XgyZ `oVo.
`m H$mimVrb bmoH$ XmJXm{JZo Am{U Ab§H$mam§Mo Img em¡{H$Z hmoVo. Ago Ab§H$ma gmoZo, Mm§Xr, Vm§~o,
{_l YmVw, _m¡ë`dmZ XJS> B. dmnéZ ~Zdbobo AgV. nwéf, pñÌ`m, bhmZ _wb§ BVHo$M Zìho Va KmoS>m, D§$Q>, hËVr
Ago àmUrgwÕm Ab§H$mam§Zr gOV AgV. pñÌ`m§Mo Va H$nmimdaÀ`m {~§XrnmgwZ nm`mVrb OmoS>ì`mn`ªV Xm{JÝ`m§Mo
Ag§»` àH$ma AmT>iVmV. ho d¡{dÜ` BVHo$ Amho H$r hmVmÀ`m àË`oH$ ~moQ>mdarb A§JR>rMm àH$ma doJim Amho
Am{U Ë`mMo Zmdhr doJio Amho ! {edm` Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr H$erhr Agmo Am[U YmVw H$moUVmhr Agmo. Ab§H$mam§Mr
hm¡g àË`oH$mZo nyU© Ho$bobrM Amho. Oo Ab§H$mam§~m~V VoM doe^yfo~m~V. Amnbm Xoe àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM dņ̃
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV AmKmS>rda hmoVm. OJm_Yrb gdm}Îm_ dñÌm§Mr ~mOmanoR> åhUOo ^maV Aer »`mVr hmoVr. hm
àM§S> {Z`m©Vj_ Agm CÚmoJ hmoVm. `m~m~V ^maVm_Ü`o {d{dY {R>H$mUr H|$Ð {Z_m©U Pmbobr hmoVr Am{U Ë`m§À`m
d¡{eîQ>çmdéZ `m dñÌm§Zm Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUMo Zmd nS>bo hmoVo, Ogo OaVmarMr n¡R>Ur, ~Zmagr emby, H$m§Orda_
gmS>r B. `m gmS>çm§da gmoZo Am{U Mm§XrÀ`m Vmam§Zr "OarH$m_' Ho$bo OmV Ago. \$ŠV pñÌ`m§À`m gmS>çmM Zìho Va
nwéfm§Mrhr dñÌo d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Ago. {Zìdi S>moŠ`mbm ~m§YUmè`m dñÌm§Zm nJS>r, \o$Q>m, _§{Xb, é_mb, nQ>H$m Ago
àH$ma hmoVo. Ë`mV {d{dY g_ma§^mZwgma, XOm©Zwgma, OmVrZwgma `m_Ü`o \$aH$ nS>V Ago. {edm`, gmS>çm§à_mUoM
{d{eï> Jmdm§_Ü`o {d{eï> dņ̃ V`ma hmoV Ago. Ogo OwÝZaMo YmoVa doJio Am{U gmgdS>Mo YmoVa doJio. AemM
àH$mao, CËIZZm§_YyZ Amnë`mbm ~m§JS>çm§Mo VwH$S>o gmnS>VmV. `m ~m§JS>çm {d{dY a§Jr H$mMoÀ`m qH$dm ^mOboë`m
_mVrÀ`m AgV. VemM Ë`m EH$a§Jr AgV Ë`mMà_mUo {d{dYa§Jrhr AgV. ~«åhnwarÀ`m (H$moëhmnyaÀ`m) CËIZZmVyZ
gmnS>boë`m Aem ~m§JS>çm H$moëhmnyaÀ`m "Q>mD$Z hm°b dñVwg§J«hmb`m_Ü`o' nhm`bm {_iVmV. Ago ho gwQ>o Adeof
Amnë`mbm CËIZZm§_YyZ {_imbobr AmhoV. Va ~arMer AÝ` _mJm©Zo åhUOo Hw$R>oVar nS>bobr Am{U CËgmhr
bmoH$m§Zr Jmoim Ho$bobr Aer {_imbobr AmhoV. ho gd© Adeof gÚm {d{dY dñVwg§J«hmb`mV _m§S>bobo AgVmV.
H$moëhmnyaÀ`m "Ý`y n°bog (NÌnVr ehmOr) dñVwg§J«hmb`m_Ü`o' _Ü``wJrZ eñÌm§ñÌm§_Yrb àM§S> d¡^d nmhVm
`oVo. nwÊ`mMo "amOm {XZH$a Ho$iH$a dñVwg§J«hmb`' Amnë`mbm _amR>mH$mbrZ gmYZo, AdOmao, dñÌo, Ab§H$ma
`m§Mo Xe©Z KS>dVo.
{deof Adeof : (Antiquities)
`m_Ü`o ZmUr, _wVu, Vm_«nQ>/{ebmboI `m§Mm g_mdoe H$aVm `oB©b. Jwbm_ KamÊ`mnmgyZ Mm§XrMr ZmUr
nmS>Uo gwé Pmbobo hmoVo. `mbm "Q>§H$m' Ago åhUV. hr ZmUr Á`m{R>H$mUr nmS>br OmV Ë`mbm "Qm§H$gmi' Ago
17
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8 / 2
åhQ>bo OmVo. `m Q>m§H$gmir eŠ`Vmo gaH$marM AgV. nwT>o nwT>o, ImOJr gmdH$mam§Zm, _ŠË`mZo `m Qm§H$gmir
V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbr. `m ZmÊ`m§da Hw$amUmVrb dMZ§ Am{U I{b\$m§Mr Zmdo AgV.
nwT>o AëbmD${ÔZ {IbOrZo, X{jUoVrb bwQ>rÀ`m ~imda gmoÝ`mMr ZmUr nmS>Uo gwé Ho$bo. Ë`mMm dmagXma
Hw$Vw~w{ÔZ _w~maH$Zo _mÌ I{b\$m§Mo Zmd Amnë`m ZmÊ`m§déZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo. _whå_X VwKbH$mZo Va {_lrV ZmUo
H$mTyZ à{VH$mË_H$ MbZnÕVrMm An`er à`moJhr Ho$bm. _wKb H$mimV _mÌ ZmÊ`m§_Ü`o gw~H$Vm Am{U
d¡{dÜ` `oD$ bmJbo. ~m~a d hþ_m`yZZo "eméIr' ho Mm§XrMo ZmUo gwé Ho$bo. `m_Ü`o eoaehm gya `m ~mXehmZo
Mm§XrMm "én`m' ho ZmUo gwé Ho$bo. AmO Vmo Mm§XrMm Oar Zgbm Var ^maVmMo MbZ åhUyZ AmnU Vmo
pñdH$mabobm Amho. VgoM Ë`mZo Vm§ã`mMo "Xm_' ho ZmUo gwé Ho$bo. Va AH$~amZo, I{b\$m§Mr Zmdo XoUo ~§X Ho$bo.
Va AmVm _wJb ZmÊ`m§da Amnë`mbm am_-grVm, njr Aem à{V_mhr {Xgy bmJVmV. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m ZmÊ`m§da
Q>m§H$gmirMo Zmd Am{U df©hr H$moabobo Ago. VerM Ë`mZo Jmob ZmUr H$mT>brM {edm` Mm¡H$moZr ZmUrhr
H$mT>br. Ë`mZo gmoÝ`mMm "_whÿa', Mm§XrMm "én`m' Am{U "\w$byg' ho Vm§ã`mMo Zdo ZmUohr gwé Ho$bo. Vmo Amnë`m
_mo{h_o~amo~a {\$aVr Q>§H$gmihr KoD$Z OmV Ago. nwT>o Ohm§JraZo, Hw$amUmVrb dMZohr XoUo ~§X Ho$bo. Ë`mEodOr
~mXehm, Q>m§H$gmirMo Zmd Am{U à{V_m XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. `m à{V_m§_Ü`o amerMH«$, àmUr, {ZgJ©Ñí`o
{XgyZ `oVmV. H$mhr ZmÊ`m§da Ë`mMr ñdV:Mrhr à{V_m Amho. nwT>o ehmOhmZZo gm¡a Am{U Mm§Ð _mg ZmÊ`m§da
{b{hUo gwé Ho$bo. Va {dO`ZJaZo "damh' ho gmoÝ`mMo ZmU H$mT>bobo hmoVo. `m§À`m ZmÊ`m§da lrì`§H$Q>oe,
~miH¥$îU, Jê$S> Aem à{V_m {XgVmV. Va N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gmoÝ`mMm "hmoZ' Am{U Vm§ã`mMr
"{edamB©' hr ZmUr gwé Ho$br. "amOm {ed' Am{U "N>ÌnVr' Aer Ajao Ë`mda {XgyZ `oVmV. Ë`m§Mr Q>m§H$gmi
am`JS> `m amOYmZrda hmoVr. nwT>o _amR>m gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o _ŠVm XoD$Z {d{dY gaXmam§Zr Amnmnë`m
Om[Jar_Ü`o VgoM gmdH$mam§Zr {d{dY {R>H$mUr Q>§H$gmir gwé Ho$ë`m. hr gd© ZmUr Amnë`mbm dñVwg§J«hmb`m_Ü`o
nhmd`mg {_iVmV.
_Ü``wJm_Ü`o Aml`mÀ`m A^mdmVwZ {eëno/_wVu \$maem {Z_m©U Pmboë`m ZmhrV. _mÌ aOnwVm§À`m
amOñWmZ_Ü`o, {dO`ZJa_Ü`o, X{jUoVrb Zm`H$m§Zr ~m§Yboë`m _§{Xam§da Am{U _amR>m e¡brVrb _§{Xam§da _mÌ
Amnë`mbm gw§Xa _wVu {XgwZ `oVmV. `m _wVu Oem XodXodVm§À`m AmhoV VemM Aßgam, `j, gmYw-g§V, XmZeya
ì`ŠVr, àmUr-njr `m§À`mhr AmhoV. dmB©À`m H$mer{dídoída Am{U Hw$é§XdmS>À`m {dîUw_§{Xamda Amnë`mbm
Aem MwÝ`mVyZ ~Zdboë`m _wVu {XgwZ `oVmV. `m _wVu_Ü`o ~aoMgo {ZYm{_©H$ {df`hr AmhoV, Ogo ~mimbm
_m§S>rda KoD$Z ~gbobr AmB©, nVr-nËZr B. Va {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o {d{dY H$m`m©gmR>r "^yXmZ§' {Xbr OmV.
nmR>emim MmbdÊ`mgmR>r, _§{Xam§Mr XoI^mb H$aÊ`mgmR>r, VbmdmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r, H$moUr {deof H$m`©
Ho$bo Agob Va, H$moUr namH«$_ Ho$bm Agob Va Aer "^yXmZ§' {Xbr OmV. `m ^yXmZm§Mm Vnerb EH$m XJS>mda
H$moabobm Ago. hm XJS> Or O{_Z XmZ {Xbobr Amho Ë`m{R>H$mUr nwabobm Ago. `mbm "{ebmboI' Ago åhUVm
`oB©b. Va hmM Vnerb doiàg§Jr nwamdm åhUyZ dmnaVm `mdm `mgmR>r Vm§ã`mÀ`m nÍ`mdahr H$moabobm Ago.
`mbm "Vm_«nQ>' Ago åhUVm `oB©b. `mVrb VnerbmdéZ Amnë`mbm amOmMr d§emdi Am{U namH«$_, XmZ
KoÊ`mè`mMo H$V©¥Ëd, XmZmMm Vnerb åhUOo O{_ZrMr MVw:{g_m dJ¡ao, XmZ Á`m {Xder Am{U _whþVm©da {Xbo
18
Ë`mMm Vnerb B. ~arM _m{hVr Amnë`mbm {_iyZ OmVo. Aem ^yXmZm§Zm "emgZ_²' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ................ `m ~mXehmZo Mm§XrMm én`m ho ZmUo gwé Ho$bo.
A) hþ_m`yZ
~) eoaehm
H$) AH$~a
S>) Ohm±{Ja
2. N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§Zr gmoÝ`mMo ................ ho ZmUo gwé Ho$bo.
A) hmoZ
~) {edamB©
H$) damh
S>) _whÿa
3. nm`mH$[aVm é§X Vm|S>mMr d {~Znm`è`m§Mr ............. Ago.
A) AmS>
~) hm¡X
H$) {dhra
S>) ~mad
4. CËIZZm_YyZ pñÌ`m§À`m .................... `m Ab§H$mamMo {d{dY a§Jr H$mMoMo VwH$S>o gmnS>VmV.
A) q~Xr
~) OmoS>dr
H$) H$U©\w$bo
S>) ~m§JS>r
5. XwéZ _mam H$aUmè`m eñÌm§_Ü`o .................. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) Vmo\$m
~) H$Q>çma
H$) {~Mdm
S>) dmKZIo
1.2.3 naH$s` d¥Îmm§V (BãZ ~VyVm, ~{Z©`a, Xwq_Jye nmB©e) :
_whå_X BãZ ~VyVm (1304-1369) :
hm Q>±Or`a (_moamoŠH$mo) `oWrb a{hdmgr. `mMo _yi Zmd "eoI A~y AãXyëbmh _whå_X BãZ AãXwëbmh
bdmVr Q>±Or BãZ ~VyVm' Ago. `mMo d{S>b Q>±Or`a_Yrb EH$ H$m`XoVk hmoVo. Vmo "bdmQ>m' ZmdmÀ`m ~~©a
O_mVrVrb hmoVm.
aohobm (àdmg) (1325-1354) :
Ë`mZo 1325 _Ü`o Amnbo Ka gmoS>bo Am{U "hmO' `mÌobm Jobm. `mgmR>r Ë`mbm 16 _{hZo bmJbo. hm
àdmg `mZo EH$Q>çmZoM Ho$bm. `oWwZ nwT>o Ë`mZo EHy$U VrZ doim hr hmO`mÌm Ho$br. (1325, 1327, 1332).
hm àW_ EH$Q>çmZoM Am{U Vohr Z _iboë`m dmQ>odéZ àdmg H$arV Ago Am{U ~hþVoH$doim Ë`mZo
O{_ZrdéZM àdmg Ho$bobm Amho. AWm©V, nwT>o nwT>o, bwQ>mé§À`m hëë`m_wio gwa{jVVogmR>r Vmo ì`mnmè`m§À`m
Vm§S>çm§~amo~a OmD$ bmJbm. VgmM OhmOmVyZhr, {H$Zmè`m{H$Zmè`mdéZ hm àdmg H$é bmJbm. `mÀ`m
{dÛdÎmo_wio, {deofV: _wpñb_ Y_©emñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio `mMo àË`oH$ amOXa~mar ñdmJV hmoV Ago. Ë`m_wio,
Ë`mÀ`m àdmgmV H$mhr doim amOmZo ajH$hr {Xbo hmoVo.
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Amnë`m 29 dfm©À`m àdmgm_Ü`o Ë`mZo kmV _wpñb_ VgoM {~Ja_wpñb_ Xoem§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. Ë`mÀ`m
àdmgm_Ü`o CÎma Am{\«$H$m (B{OßV, gwXmZ, gmo_m{b`m, AëOo[a`m, Q>çw{Z{e`m), nyd© Am{\«$H$m (_moJm{Xey,
_m|~mgm, Q>m§Pm{Z`m), nyd© `wamon (BñÌm`b, VwH©$ñWmZ), _Ü`nyd© ({g[a`m, bo~ZmZ, gm¡Xr Aao{~`m, BamH$,
n{e©`m), _Ü` Am{e`m (CO~oH$sñVmZ, `wH«o$Z, VwH©$_oZrñVmZ, ~wImam, g_aH§$X), X{jU Am{e`m (A\$Jm{UñVmZ,
^maV, _mb{Xd, lrb§H$m), _Ü` Am{e`m, Am½Zo` Am{e`m, MrZ `m {R>H$mUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m
àdmgmXaå`mZ Ë`mZo Ë`mdoiÀ`m {H$Ë`oH$ à{gÕ eham§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. hr ehao _w»`Ëdo amOYmZrMr hmoVr,
ì`mnmar H|$Ðo hmoVr VgoM VrW©ñWi§hr hmoVr. Ogo H¡$amo, ~JXmX, {eamP, X_mñH$g, {Xëbr B. {R>H$mUÀ`m
ì`mnmar dñVy§~Ôb, Am`mV {Z`m©Vr~Ôb Vmo {b{hVmo. Ë`mZo _mb{Xdgma»`m {d{dY ~oQ>m§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. VoWrb
AZw^d Zm|X{dbo.
^maV Am{U BãZ ~VwVm :
Ë`mÀ`m {Vgè`m hmO `mÌoXaå`mZ (1332), {Xëbr `oWrb _whå_X {~Z VwKbH$ `m loð> amÁ`H$Ë`m©~Ôb
_m{hVr {_imbr. Ë`mbm {Xëbr Xa~mar ZmoH$ar H$aÊ`mMr CËgwH$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`mZo qhXwHw$e nma H$éZ 12
gßQ>|~a 1333 amoOr qgYw ZXr nma Ho$br. Ë`mZo ^maVmV àdoe Ho$bm. 1334 _Ü`o _whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m
Xa~mam_Ü`o Ambm. Ë`mbm {XëbrMm H$mPr `m nXmda Zo_bo. `m nXmda Vmo OdiOdi ghm df} hmoVm. AWm©V,
qhXy§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV g§»`m Agboë`m ^maVm_Ü`o Ë`mMo _wpñb_ H$m`Xo bmdÊ`mMo à`ËZ An`er R>abo.
Ë`mV, _whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m g§e`r ñd^mdm_wio Ë`mbm _ZñVmn hmoV hmoVm. åhUyZ, doJdoJir {Z{_Îm§ H$mTy>Z
Vmo {Xëbr gmoSy>Z Om`Mm à`ËZ H$é bmJbm. nU Vmo Ë`mV An`er R>abm. AIoa Ë`mbm EH$ g§Yr Ambr.
1347 À`m Xaå`mZo MrZ_Yrb `wdmZ KamÊ`mMo XyV {Xëbrbm Ambo. Ë`m§Zm ~m¡Õ _§{XamMm OrUm}Õma H$am`Mm
hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ _whå_XZo BãZ ~VyVmbm `m XyVm§~amo~a nmR>dbo. XwX}dmZo, dmQ>_mè`m§À`m
hëë`m_wio hm BVa bmoH$m§nmgyZ doJim Pmbm. Ë`mMr nwÝhm ^Q>H§$Vr gwé Pmbr. EH$ Mm§Jbr ~m~ hmoVr Vr åhUOo
{XëbrVyZ Ë`mMr gwQ>H$m Pmbr. `m ^Q>H§$VrVyZM Vmo CÎma àXoebm (A{bJS>-H$Zm¡Obm) Jobm, _hmamï´>m_Ü`o
(Xm¡bVm~mX) Ambm, H$Zm©Q>H$bm (CÎma H°$Zam {Oëhm) Jobm. H$mbrH$Vbm Jobm. H$mbrH$V_Ü`o Va Vmo Pm_mo[aZ
amOmMm nmhþUm hmoVm. AWm©V Ë`mbm MrZbm ^oQ> Úm`Mr BÀN>m hmoVr. `mVyZM Vmo àW_ _mb{Xdbm Jobm.
`m{R>H$mUr Vmo à_wI Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ H$m_ nmhÿ bmJbm. BWo Ë`mZo amOKamÊ`mVrb EH$ _wbr~amo~a {ddmhhr
Ho$bm. nwT>o Vmo lrb§Ho$bm Jobm. {VWo Ë`mZo _§{Xa§ nm{hbr. nwÝhm Vmo ^maVmÀ`m nyd© {H$Zmar Ambm. `m{R>H$mUr
_XyaoÀ`m amÁ`mV Vmo H$mhr H$mi am{hbm. nwÝhm MrZgmR>r {ZKmdo `mgmR>r Vmo {MVJmd (gÜ`m ~§½bmXoe) bm
Ambm, Amgm_bm Jobm. `oWyZ, nwT>o pìhEQ>Zm_, gw_mÌm, Omdm Ago H$aV MrZbm Jobm (1345).
1646 _Ü`o Ë`mZo naVrMm àdmg gwé Ho$bm. 1349 _Ü`o Vmo _moamoŠH$mobm naV Ambm. nwÝhm Vmo Am{\«$Ho$bm
àdmg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Jobm. AIoa 1354 _Ü`o Vmo pñWa Pmbm. Ë`mdoir, _moamoŠH$mo_Ü`o _[a{ZS> ZmdmMo amOKamUo
amÁ` H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m AmJ«hmdéZ BãZ ~VyVmZo Amnbo àdmgdU©Z {bhÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. AWm©V, Vmo
gm§JV hmoVm Am{U BãZ OwPmæ`m hm EH$ {dÛmZ Vo {bhÿZ H$mT>V hmoVm. `mVyZM "aohbm (àdmg)' hm d¥Îmm§V {Z_m©U
20
Pmbm. `mMo _yi Zmd "Vwh\$VwÝZwOma \$s JamB{~b A_gma d AOmB~wb Ag\$ma' (AW© : Á`m§Zm {d{dY eham§Mo
d¡^d nhmd`mMr Am{U àdmgmMm Wama AZw^dmMr Vi_i Amho Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ^oQ>).
BãZ ~VyVmZo EHy$U 29 df} àdmg Ho$bm. `m_Ü`o Ë`mZo OdiOdi 1 bmI 17 hOma {H$_rMm àdmg
Ho$bm. `m àdmgm_Ü`o Ë`mZo OdiOdi 40 Xoem§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. aohobm nyU© Pmë`mda Ë`mMr _moamoŠH$mo `oWo
Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ Zo_UwH$ Pmbr. 1369 _Ü`o Ë`mMo {ZYZ Pmbo.
_hÎd :
• VËH$m{bZ kmV OJmMr, VoWrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr (gmJa, nd©V B.) VgoM añË`m§Mr _m{hVr
XoVmo.
• VËH$m{bZ eham§Mr, VoWrb ZJaaMZoMr, g_mOaMZoMr, d¡^dmMr _m{hVr XoVmo.
• ^maVm_Yrb H$mnS> CÚmoJ, YmVwH$m_, H$mJX, gmIa, M_m}ÚmoJ B. CÚmoJm§~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmo. JwOamV
Am{U ~§Jmb ho H$mnS>mÀ`m CËnmXZm~m~V AJ«oga hmoVo Ago Vmo Z_wX H$aVmo.
• ì`mnmar H|$Ðm§Mr _m{hVr XoVmZm H$moUË`m H|$ÐmVyZ, H$moUË`m _mbm_Ü`o ì`mnma hmoV hmoVm ho {h Vmo
gm§JVmo, Ogo _moJm{Xey_Yrb CÎm_ XOm©À`m H$mnS>mMm ì`mnma, Q>m§Pm{Z`mMm gmoÝ`mMm ì`mnma, gw_mÌm `oWrb
H$mnya, gwnmar, bd§J `mVrb ì`mnma B. VgoM dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo Am{U XiUdiUmaÀ`m gw{dYm§~m~V Vmo
_m{hVr XoVmo. Ë`mdoir {Xëbr-_wbVmZ, AmJ«m-bmhmoa ho h_añVo hmoVo ho {Z[ajU Vmo Zm|XdVmo.
• `mÀ`m d¥Îm§VmVyZ OZ_mZgmMo CÎm_ {Z[ajU nhmd`mg {_iVo.
• ^maVmMm {dMma H$aVm, Vmo {Xëbrda amÁ` H$aUmè`m gwédmVrÀ`m gwbVmZm§~Ôb _m{hVr (hr Ë`mbm
H$_mbw{ÔZ _whå_X H$Sy>Z {_imbr, Vmo H$mOr-Cb-H$ÁOmV `m nXmda hmoVm.) XoVmo.
• gwbVmZ BëVV_eÀ`m Ý`m`ì`dñWo~m~V _m{hVr XoVmo.
• ~ë~ZZo, Zm{gé{ÔZMr hË`m H$éZ amÁ` {_idbo `m KQ>ZoMr Vmo _m{hVr XoVmo.
• _whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m {d{dY à`moJm§~Ôb Vmo _m{hVr XoVmo.
Q´>°ìhëg BZ _wJb E|nm`a (_wJb gm_«mÁ`mVrb àdmg) (1656-68) : \«$mpÝgg ~{Z©`a :
\«$mpÝgg ~{Z©`a (1620-88) hm EH$ \«|$M S>m°ŠQ>a Am{U ^Q>H$m hmoVm. `mZo 1656 À`m Xaå`mZ ^maVmbm
^oQ> {Xbr. Ë`mZo Xmam {eH$moMm (emhOhmZMm _wbJm Am{U Am¡a§JOo~Mm ^mD$) S>m°ŠQ>a åhUyZ H$mhr H$mi H$m`©
Ho$bo. nwT>o Vmo dmagm `wÕmMm gmjrXma hmoVm. XmamÀ`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va Vmo Am¡a§JOo~À`m H$mimV _wJb Xa~mamer
g§~§{YV hmoVm. `mÀ`m Xa~mamV Vmo OdiOdi 12 df} hmoVm. Ë`mZo "_wJb gm_«mÁ`mVrb àdmg' hm Amnbm
d¥Îmm§V à{gÕ Ho$bobm. `m{edm` Ë`mZo _mZdOmVrÀ`m {d{dY d§em~Ôbhr J«§W {b{hbm. `m{R>H$mUr, Ë`mÀ`m
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"_wJb...' `m JǤWmVrb _m{hVrMm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho.
~{Z©`aMm OÝ_ npíM_ \«$mÝg_Yrb "A§Oy' `m àXoem_Ü`o Pmbm. hm _wimV EH$m eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mVrb.
~mbnUrM AZmW Pmë`mZo, `mMo nmbZnmofU `mÀ`m H$mH$mZo Ho$bo. d`mÀ`m 15 ì`m dfm©nmgyZ `mMo n°[ag_YyZ
Amnbo {ejU Mmby Ho$bo. `mMm e°nob ZmdmMm EH$ {_Ì hmoVm. Vmo Am_XmanwÌ hmoVm. `m Ë`mÀ`m {_Ìm_wio,
~{Z©`aMr Wmoam_moR>çm§Mr AmoiI Pmbr. Ë`m§À`m dVw©imV àdoe Pmbm. nwT>o "{S> Anm©Z' `m \«|$M amOXyVmÀ`m
g§nH$m©_Ü`o hm Ambm. `mÀ`m ~amo~a, 1647 nmgyZ, ~{Z©`aMm `wamonMm àdmg gwé Pmbm, Ogo nmob§S>, O_©Zr
B. Xaå`mZ Vmo 1652 _Ü`o S>m°ŠQ>ahr Pmbm. nwT>o Ë`mZo A{YH$ nyd}H$S>o àdmg gwé Ho$bm. Ë`mZo, n°boñQ>mB©Z,
B{OßV, Aao{~`Z àXoe `m npíM_ Am{e`mVrb Xoem§Zm d {d{dY eham§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. 1658 _Ü`o Ë`mZo
gyaV_Ü`o àdoe Ho$bm. `oWyZ Ë`mMm ^maVm_Ü`o àdmg gwé Pmbm. 1664-65 À`m Xaå`mZ, Ë`mZo ~mXemhÀ`m
AmXoemZwgma H$mí_rabm ^oQ> [Xbr. Ë`mM~amo~a, nyU© CÎma ^maVm_Ü`o Vmo {\$abm. Ë`mZ§Va, EH$ N>§X åhUyZ Ë`mZo
_wJb gm_«mÁ`mV àdmg Ho$bm. Vmo JwOamV, Am§Y« àXoe, H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamï´> Aem {d{dY amÁ`m§_Ü`o {\$abm.
1669 _Ü`o Vmo n°[agbm naV Jobm. VoWo Ë`mZo Amnë`m àdmgmMm d¥Îmm§V {b{hbm.
H$m{h Vkm§À`m _Vo ~{Z©`aZo Omo d¥Îmm§V {b{hbobm Amho Ë`mÀ`m _w»` CÔoe hm ì`mnmamgmR>r ^maV {H$Vr
\$m`Xoera Amho ho gm§JÊ`mMm hmoVm. Ë`mM~amo~a, _wJb bîH$amMo dU©Z H$éZ Ë`mbm, \|«$Mm§Zm Ë`m§À`m g§^mì`
eÌyÀ`m ~imMrhr _m{hVr Úm`Mr hmoVr. VgoM, _wJb amOd¡^dmMo dU©Z H$éZ, 14 ì`m bwB©À`m H$a{H$Xuda
{Q>H$m H$aUo hmhr CÔoe Ë`m_mJo hmoVm.
_wJb n[adma Am{U dmagm `wÕ :
~{Z©`a dmagm `wÕmMm àË`j gmjXma hmoVm. Ë`mZo `m dmagm `wÕmMo Vnerbdma dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. ho
{b{hVmZm Vmo ehmOhmZ, Xmam {eH$mo, Am¡a§JOo~ `m§À`m ì`pŠV_Îdm~Ôbhr {b{hbobo Amho. VgoM, Vmo
_wJbm§À`m hao_/OZmZImÝ`mVrb amOH$Ý`m§À`m XwX}dr n[apñWVr~Ôbhr {b{hVmo.
_Zg~Xmar àWm :
~{Z©`aZo _Zg~Xmar àWoMo hr dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. hr àWm, àW_ AH$~amZo gwé Ho$bobr hmoVr. nwT>o
Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$mimn`ªV `m àWoZo A{Ve` {h{S>g ñdê$n YmaU Ho$bobo hmoVo. Vmo `m _Zg~Xma Am{U
~mXehmÀ`m g§~§Ym~Ôb {b{hVmo. XmoKm§À`mVrb ZOamUm§À`m XodmUKodmUrg§~§YmV {b{hVmo. ~{Z©`a Amnë`m
dmMH$m§Zm hm Bemamhr XoVmo H$s "ZOamUm/^oQ>r Am{U bmM {Xë`m{edm` Vw_Mo H$moUVohr H$m_ hmoUma Zmhr.'
Vmo `m _Zg~Xmam§À`m {dbmgr OrdZm~Ôb Am{U `m OrdZe¡br_wio Vo H$O©~mOmar H$go Pmbo, [^H$mar H$go
Pmbo hohr Z_wX H$aVmo. Amnbr M¡Z {Z`{_VnUo Mmby ahmdr `mgmR>r _Zg~Xma àOoda H$go AË`mMma H$aV hmoVo
hohr Vmo {b{hVmo.
_wKb Xa~ma, emhOhmZMo namH«$_ Am{U _wKb bîH$a :
~{Z©`a, ~mXehmMm WmQ>-_mQ>, _wJb Xa~ma, {VMo d¡^d, E¡íd`©nyU© Ago Xa~mar dmVmdaU, Xa~mar
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{eï>mMma B. ~m~V Vnerbdma _m{hVr XoVmo. VgoM, Ë`mZo ehmOhmZÀ`m {d{dY bT>m`m§~Ôb Vnerbdma dU©Z
Ho$bobo Amho. Vmo Ya_nya, gm_wJT>, IZdm `wÕm§~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmo. ho {b{hV AgVmZm, Vmo _wJb bîH$amMrhr
_m{hVr XoVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s _wJb bîH$a ho d¡{dÜ`nyU© Ago. `m_Ü`o aOnwVm§Mo g¡Ý` Ago, _Zg~Xmam§Mo g¡Ý`
Ago, C_amdm§Mo-O{_ZXmam§Mo g¡Ý` Ago. Vmo `wÕaMZo~m~Vhr _m{hVr XoVmo. _wJb bîH$amVrb nm`Xi,
Vmo\$ImZm B. ~Ôb d _wJbm§À`m eñÌmñÌm§{df`rhr Vmo _m{hVr XoVmo.
H$mí_ra Am{U {Xëbr :
~{Z©`a, EH$m gaH$mar AmXoemZwgma, H$mí_raÀ`m Xm¡è`mda Jobobm hmoVm. Ë`mZo H$mí_raÀ`m {ZgJ©g§nÝZ
d¡^dmMo ~hmaXma dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. VgoM VoWrb ~mJ~JrMo, V`ma hmoUmè`m embtMr Ë`mZo _m{hVr {Xbobr
Amho. VgoM, Vmo {Xëbr (ehmOhmZm~mX) `m ehamÀ`m {Z`moOZmMohr dU©Z H$aVmo. {VMr ZJaaMZm, VoWrb é§X
añVo, ^ì` B_maVr, {d{dY ñdê$nmMo ~mOma Am{U XwH$mZo B. Mr _m{hVr XoVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a Vmo Am{W©H$
{df_Vo~Ôbhr gm§JVmo. Vmo gm_mÝ`m§À`m X`Zr` OrdZm~m~V _m{hVr XoVmo.
emhr H$maImZo :
~{Z©`a _wJbm§À`m emhr H$maImÝ`m§Mr _m{hVr XoVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo "~è`mM {R>H$mUr _moR>o hm°ëg AmhoV.
`m§Zm H$maImZo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.' ~{Z©`a ^maVr`m§À`m doe^yfoZo à^m{dV Pmbobm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m H$nS>çmdarb
^aVH$m_mMo Ë`mbm {deof AmH$f©U hmoVo. Ë`mZo "H$nS>o' V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImÝ`mMr _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.
`m{R>H$mUr ~aoM H$bmH$ma, H$mamJra H$m_mV Jw§Vbobo AgV. Ë`m§À`mda EH$ A{YH$mar XoIaoI H$arV Ago.
Aem H$maImÝ`m§_Ü`o aoe_r, _b_brMo A{Ve` gw§Xa H$mnS> V`ma hmoV Ago. ho H$mnS> OJmVrb _hmJ
H$nS>çm§_Ü`o JUbo OmVo. `m H$mnS>mMr dņ̃ _wJb pñÌ`m n[aYmZ H$arV AgV. VgoM nwéfm§À`m nJS>çm `m
H$mnS>mÀ`m AgyZ, Ë`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m \w$bm§Zr gwemo{^V Ho$boë`m AgV.' ~{Z©`Z Aem H$maImÝ`m§_Ü`o am~Umè`m
{d{dY H$bmH$ma Am{U H$mam{Jam§Mr Iwn àe§gm H$aVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s, ho H$mamJra A{Ve` CÀM XOm©Mr dñVy
~ZdVmV. VgoM Vo `wamo{n`Z dñVy nmhÿZ, Ë`mgmaIrM Am{U Ë`mM XOm©Mrhr dñVy bJoMM ~Zdy eH$VmV. Vmo
_wKb {MÌH$mam§Mohr Iwn H$m¡VwH$ H$aVmo. AWm©V, `m H$mamJram§Zm A{Ve` H$R>moanUo dmJdbo OmVo hohr Vmo Z_wX
H$aVmo. Ë`m§M`m nJma Iwn H$_r Ago ho hr Vmo gm§JVmo.
CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnma :
~{Z©`aZo ^maVmVrb {d{dY à{gÕ eham§Zm ^oQ>r {Xboë`m hmoË`m. `m_Ü`o AmJ«m, JmodiH$m|S>m, {dOmnya,
Am¡a§Jm~mX, gwaV, Ah_Xm~mX Aem {R>H$mUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ~{Z©`a {b{hVmo H$s hr ehao åhUOo _wimV
d¡^dembr Aer CÚmoJ Am{U ì`mnma H|$ÐoM hmoVr. VgoM nydunmgyZ ^maV {Z`m©Vr_Ü`o g_¥Õ Amho. Vmo {b{hVmo
H$s ^maVmÀ`m Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmam_Ü`o Am`mVrnojm {Z`m©VM _moR>r hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ^maVm_Ü`o naXoemVyZ gmoZo
Am{U Mm§XrMr _moR>çm à_mUmda AmdH$ hmoV Ago. `m g_¥Õ {Z`m©Vr_wio ^maV hm d¡^dembr Xoe Pmbobm Amho.
`m AZwf§JmZo ~{Z©`a añË`m§Mr n[apñWVr, MbZ, dmhVwH$sMr gmYZo, Am`mV-{Z`m©Vr_Ü`o Jw§Vboë`m dñVy B.
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~m~tMr _m{hVr XoVmo.
gm_m{OH$ Mmbr[aVr :
qhXyÀ`m OmVg§ñWo~m~V ~{Z©`aZo Amnbo {Z[ajU Zm|Xdbobo Amho. Ë`mbm `wamonmVrb Jwbm_{JarÀ`m
nÕVrMm AZw^d hmoVm. _mÌ ^maVm_Ü`o "OÝ_mdéZ Am{U ì`dgm`mdéZ H$m ^oX Ho$bm OmVmo ?' `m~m~V
AmíM`© ì`ŠV H$aVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s `m XoemV gmoZmamMm _wbJm gmoZmaM hmoVmo. VgoM Vmo gd© OmVr `m
ñdV:À`m OmVrVM d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y R>odVmV ho gm§JVmo. VgoM Vmo ^maVr` g_mOmVrb H$_©H$m§S> Am{U A§YlÕoMm
Omo à^md hmoVm Ë`m~m~V {b{hVmo. {ejUmda Y_m©Mm nJS>m Amho Ago Vmo gm§JVmo. VgoM, gVrgma»`m dmB©Q>
Mmbr~Ôbhr Vmo _m{hVr XoVmo.
• ~{Z©`aÀ`m `m d¥Îmm§Vm_wio Amnë`mbm ehmOhmZÀ`m AIoaÀ`m Am{U Am¡a§JOo~À`m H$ma{H$Xr©doir
"^maV' H$gm hmoVm `mMo {Z[ajU {_iVo.
• ~{Z©`aMo {Z[ajU A{Ve` VQ>ñW, {Zanoj Aem ñdê$nmMo Amho. Ë`m_wio B{VhmgmMm EH$ g_H$mbrZ
Am{U {dídgZr` gmYZ åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m d¥Îmm§VmMo _hÎd Amho.
• Ë`m H$mimVrb ^maVmMr amOH$s`-bîH$ar, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr~m~V àË`jXeu _m{hVr
`m gmYZm§VyZ {_iVo.
• dmagm `wÕ, _Zg~Xmar àWoMo dmñV{dH$ ñdê$n, {Xëbr (ehmOhmZm~mX) Mo Vnerbdma dU©Z, CÚmoJ
Am{U VoWrb H$mamJra, ì`mnma Am{U dñVy `m~m~VMr Vnerbdma Am{U VQ>ñW _m{hVr `m J«§WmVyZ {_iVo.
• VgoM, Ë`m H$mimVrb Am{W©H$ {df_Vo~m~Vhr Amnë`mbm _m{hVr {_iVo. EH$mM doir àM§S> lr_§V
Am{U àM§S> Xm[aÐç ho ^maVmMo dmñVd hmoVo ho Vmo gm§JVmo.
• ~{Z©`a naH$s` hmoVm VgoM Ë`mMo boIZ \«|$M ^mfo_Ü`o hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _wJb Vo dmMUo eŠ` ZìhVo.
åhUyZ Ë`mZo d¥Îmm§VmV {ZanojnUo {b{hbobo Amho. ~è`mM {R>H$mUr _wKb ì`dñWoda Qr>H$mhr Ho$bobr Amho.
• VgoM ~{Z©`a, _wJb Xa~mamMo-VoWrb ~mXehmMo dU©Z H$éZ, Amnë`m _m{hVrVyZ, Mm¡Xmì`m bwB©bm
Bemamhr XoVmo. `wÕ§ Am{U gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamnojm, {d{dY Xoem§er Am{W©H$ g§~§Y AgUo ho \«$mÝgÀ`m {hVmMo Amho
Ago Vmo gm§JVmo.
• Vkm§À`m _VmZwgma, hm d¥Îmm§V {b{hÊ`m_mJMm ~{Z©`aMm CÔoe {Zììi àdmgdU©Z H$aUo hm ZìhVm.
Ë`mdoir, g_¥ÜX ^maVm~amo~a ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r `wamonmVrb àË`oH$ Xoe Am{U Ë`m XoemVrb ì`mnmar CËgwH$
hmoVo. Aemdoir ^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWm, VoWrb {eï>>mMma, gm_m{OH$ ê$T>r-na§nam, CÚmoJ ì`mnmar H|$Ðo, ~mOmamMr
VmH$X, añË`mMr Am{U dmhVyH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mr ì`dñWm, MbZnÜXVr, H$mamJram§Mr j_Vm Am{U Ë`m§Mo nJma,
'H$m_ H$go H$éZ ¿`m`Mo' B. Mr _m¡ë`dmZ _m{hVr ~{Z©`aZo Amnë`m d¥Îmm§VmV {Xbobr Amho. `mMm \$m`Xm \«|$M
ì`mnmam§Zm Pmbm.
24
d¥Îmm§V - S>oq_Jmo nmB©e :
hm EH$ nmoVwJuO àdmgr AgyZ, H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o `mZo {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`mbm ^oQ> {Xbr.
Ë`mÀ`m d¥Îmm§VmMo Zmd "Á`m Jmoï>r _r nm{hë`m Am{U ZaqgJMo amÁ` BË`mXr g§~§Yr _m{hVr {_idyZ KoVbr
Ë`m{df`r' Ago Amho. Jmoì`mMo nmoVw©JrO ho {dO`ZJa gm_«më`mbm "ZaqgJMo amÁ`' Ago åhUV AgV. hm
d¥Îmm§V 1520-22 Z§Va {b{hbobm Amho. ho bjmV R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho H$s {dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`mMm _w»`
Jm^m hm Vw§J^Ðm ZXrH$mR>r hmoVm. `m{R>H$mUr XmoZ amOYmZrdMr VgoM _moR>r eha hmoVr, AZoJm|Xr (gm_«mÁ`mMr
n{hbr amOYmZr), {~gZJ ({dO`ZJa-gÜ`m h§nr), {Vê$_bXodr Amå_ZnÅ>U (H¥$îUXodam`Zo Amnë`m bmS>Š`m
nËZrÀ`m Zmdo ~m§Ybo : gÜ`m hmoñnoQ>), ZmJbnya, H$_bmnya B.
H¥$îUXodam`mMo ì`pŠV_Îd, {XZM`m© Am{U amOH$s` {eï>mMmam~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s H¥$îUXodam`
hm _Ü`_ C§MrMm, Jmoam, ñWyb AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mda XodrMo d«U AmhoV. Vmo A{Ve` Ý`m`r Amho Ago Amnë`mbm
H$iVo. Ë`mMr {XZM`m© hr gy`m}X`mnyduM gwé hmoV.o A§Jmbm Vob bmdyZ gd© Vob {ZWion`ªV Vmo Hw$ñVr IoiVmo,
VbdmarMm gamd H$aVmo, KmoS>Xm¡S> H$aVmo. ho gd© gy`m}X`mn`ªV. _J nwT>o ñZmZ H$éZ nyOm H$aVmo. Ë`mbm nm§T>è`m a§JmMo
dñÌ {deof AmdS>V hmoVo Ago Amnë`mbm H$iVo. nwT>o amÁ`H$ma^mamg gwédmV hmoV.o àW_ Vmo eham§Vrb gd©
A{YH$mè`m§~amo~a MMm© H$éZ H$m_H$mO H$aVmo. _J, VQ>~X§ rOdi dmQ> nmhUmè`m BVa bmoH$m§Zm ~mobmdbo OmVo.
Ë`m§À`m~amo~a Ë`mMr MMm© MmbVo. nmB©e Xa~mar {eï>>mMam~Ôbhr {b{hVmo. {deof åhUOo Xa~mamV amOmgh gd©OU
AZdmUr AgV. MM}di
o r gd© amOmg_moa ApñVÝ`mV hmV KmbyZ, ZOa Imbr H$éZ ho ~gbobo AgV. amOm
Ë`m§À`mer _Ü`ñWm§_m\©$V ~mobVmo. gd©OU S>mŠo `mda hmV C§M H$éZ Z_ñH$ma H$aVmV.
nmB©e gm_«mÁ`mMr gr_m ñnï> H$éZ g§mJVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _m{hVrZwgma {dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ` ho Jmodm Vo Amo[a`m
(Amo[agm) Am{U CÎmaobm `m{XbMmAmo (Am{Xbemhr) VgoM AmoPo_obwH$mo ({ZOm_emhr) n`ªV ngabobo hmoVo. `m
gm_«mÁ`mMo àemgZ {d{dY gaXmam§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$bo OmV Ago. ì`mnmar H$am§~amo~aM, O{_Z _hgyb ho
CËnÞmMo à_wI gmYZ Ago. gamXmam§Zm hr Jmd§ {Xbr OmV, Ë`m§À`mH$S>oM _hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
{Xbobr Ago. {Xdmir_Ü`o Zddf© gmOao Ho$bo OmV Ago. `mdoir dm{f©H$ nJma gdmªZm {Xbm OmV Ago. VgoM,
Ë`mZo {dO`ZJaÀ`m bîH$amMo, eñÌmñÌm§Mo, g§»`oMo dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho.
{dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`mVrb {d{dY eha§, Jmd§, ~§Xa§ `m§Mm CëboI H$aVmo. Ogo hmoZmoa (hmoZmda), dmQ>oH$bm
(^Q>H$i), ~«mH$mbmoa (~géa) B. Ë`m§À`mVrb A§Vam~Ôbhr _m{hVr XoVmo. Ë`mZo XmaMm (Aao{gHo$ao) `m ZJamMo
Vnerbdma dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. h§nr `oWrb ZJaaMZoMr, Ka§m~Ôb, añË`m§~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmo. _hÎdmMr ehao
XJS>r VQ>~§XtZr `wŠV AgV. `m VQ>~§Xr àg§Jr Xþhoar, {Vhoar AgV. ZJam§Zm EH$mnojm A{YH$ àdoeÛma AgV.
_wimV amOYmZrMr ehao hr Z¡g{J©H$ _moR>_moR>çm XJS>m§Zr doT>bobr AgVo. Ë`m§Mm àdoe hm qIS>rVyZM hmoV Amho.
Ë`mnwT>o I§XH$, VQ>~§Xr, Xþgar VQ>~§Xr, _moH$io _¡XmZ, é§X añVo, añË`m§À`m XþV\$m© gmdbrgmR>r PmS>o-Kao-XþH$mZo
Am{U _¡XmZmÀ`m n{bH$S>o _moR>m dmS>m. nwÝhm _moH$io _¡XmZ Am{U _J amOdmS>m Aem àH$maMr gmYmaU aMZm
amOYmZrMr hmoVr. gd© Kao ho EH$_ObrM AgV. "Im§~ Am{U Vwù`m§À`m' nma§nm[aH$ aMZoda Kao ~m§Ybr OmV Va
25
eham§_Ü`o ~mJ~JrMo (Am§~m, g§Ìr, _mog§~r B.) AgV. {edm` ^mVeoVrhr Ho$br OmV Ago. ~hþYm XrK©H$mbrZ
doT>çmÀ`m doir `mMm Cn`moJ hmoV Agmdm. VgoM, nmB©eZo `m ZJam§Vrb {d{dY ^mJm§Mo, _§{Xam§Mo, _hmbm§Mohr
gw§Xa dU©Z Ho$bobo Amho. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s amOYmZrÀ`m eham§Zm VgoM \$ŠV _hÎdmÀ`m eham§Zm (Oer ~§Xao) VQ>~§Xr
Ago. gmYmaU Jmdm§Zm d BVa eham§Zm VQ>~§Xr ~m§Ym`Mr nadmZJr ZìhVr. gm_«mÁ`mVrb J«m_rU ^mJmMo Vmo dU©Z
H$aVmo. Vmo åhUVmo H$s Jmdm§À`m _mJo Am_am`m AgV. àdmg H$aVmZm, ì`mnmar {dl§mVrgmR>r `m Am_am`m§Mm
Aml` KoV.
Vmo nmUrnwadR>çmg~§Yr _m{hVr nwadVmo. Ago {XgVo H$s Ë`mdoir ~ma_mhr dmhUmè`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m hm
H$_r Ago. Ë`m_wio amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm H$b Vbmd ~m§YÊ`mH$S>o Ago. gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$hr Amnë`m JmdmV Vbmd
~m§YV, amOYmZrÀ`m eham§_Ü`o Vbmd ~m§Ybo OmV. H¥$îUXodam`Zohr Agm _moR>m Vbmd ~m§Ybobm hmoVm. Aem
Vbmdm§_Ü`o ^y{_JV Pao AgV. VgoM nmdgmMo nmUrhr gmR>dbo OmB©. VgoM, g^modVmbÀ`m S>m|Jaam§JmVyZ `oUmao
nmUr, Zim§Ûmao `m Vbmdm_Ü`o gmoS>bo OmB©. nmB©e `m VbmdmMo ~m§YH$m_ Mmby AgVmZm hOa hmoVm. Vmo {b{hVmo
H$s 15-20 hOma _Oya `m H$m_mV ì`J« hmoVo. `m H$m_mMr O~m~Xmar hr bîH$ar A{YH$mè`m§H$S>o {Xbobr hmoVr.
nmB©e éT>r, Amhma Am{U gm_m{OH$ aMZo~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmo, Vmo XodXmgr àWo~Ôb {b{hVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s
H$mhr pñÌ`m `m Xodmbm dm{hboë`m AgV. `m§Mo H$m_ Xodmb` Ago. VgoM, CËgdmÀ`m doir Z¥Ë` H$aUo Ago. Ë`m
ñd¡a dmJV AgyZ, añË`mda Cä`m AgV Ago Vmo {b{hVmo. `mn¡H$s H$mhr {ñÌ`m A[YH$mar Am{U lr_§VdJm©Mr
A§JdñÌo åhUyZ amhVmV Agohr Vmo {b{hVmo. Aem XodXmgr pñÌ`m§À`m _wbrhr XodXmgrM R>aVmV Ago Vmo {b{hVmo.
AmhmamMm {dMma H$aVm, ~hþVoH$ bmoH$ emH$mhmar AgV. _mÌ Oo _m§gmhmar AgV Vo Jmod§e Am{U Sw>ŠH$a gmoSy>Z
BVa àmUr ImV. nmZ ImÊ`mMm `m bmoH$m§Zm {deof N>§X hmoVm Ago Vmo {b{hVmo.
Ë`mZo gm_«mÁ`mVrb eoVr, ì`mnmam~Ôb Vnerbdma {b{hbobo Amho. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o
eoVrMo àM§S> CËnmXZ hmoV Ago. Ogo Vm§Xyi, _H$m, {ÛXb YmÝ`o, H$mnyg Am{U Jhÿ ^anya à_mUmV hmoVmo Ago
Vmo {b{hVmo. Vob{~`m§Mm hr Vmo CëboI H$aVmo. VgoM, Vob H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m KmÊ`mMohr dU©Z H$aVmo. nmB©e
gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m g_¥Õ ì`mnmamMr _m{hVr XoVmo. naH$s` ì`mnmè`m§Mo àM§S> ñdmJV Ago. Vmo ho ñdmJV "hñVm§XmobZ'
H$éZ H$arV Ago Aer _m{hVr nmB©e XoVmo. `m ì`mnmè`m§À`m amhÊ`mMr, ^moOZmMr, ì`mnmamMr CÎm_ ì`dñWm
Ho$bobr Ago. eham§_Ü`o {d{dY dñVy {dH$Umè`m doJdoJù`m ~mOmanoR>m AgV. Ogo {hao, Odm{hamVm§Mr,
YmÝ`mMr, Vob-Xy½YOÝ` nXmW© B. VgoM doJdoJù`m ^mJmV, doJdoJù`m dmar ho ~mOma ^aV. ho ~mOma
g§Ü`mH$mir ^aV AgV Ago Amnë`mbm H$iVo. añË`mÀ`m H$S>obm H$mamJram§Mr hr dñVr Ago. VgoM
ImQ>H$m§Mrhr XwH$mZo AgV. ì`mnmar dmhVwH$sMm gdm©V à{gÕ _mJ© åhUOo ~¡bm§À`m Vm§S>çmÛmao hmoUmam ì`mnma.
amOYmZrVrb añVo ì`mnmar _mbmMr dmhVwH$ H$aUmè`m ~¡bm§Zr JO~Obobo AgV. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s ^Q>H$ibm
ì`mnmar _mbmMr dmhVwH$ BVH$s Amho, H$s Xadfu nmM Vo ghm hOma AmoPo bmXbobo ~¡b OmVmZm {XgVmV. Va
ZXr Amobm§S>VmZm ho bmoH$ Q>monbrgma»`m Jmob Zmdm§Mm dmna H$aV. `m Q>monbr AmVyZ doVmÀ`m Va ~mhoéZ H$mVS>o
bmdboë`m AgV. `m Jmob Jmob {\$aV {H$Zmè`mH$S>o OmV AgV.
26
JmoH$w iAï>_r, ZdamÌ-Xgam Am{U {XdmirÀ`m CËgdmMr Ë`mZo Vnerbdma _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho. Aemdoir
gmao eha l¥J§ mabobo Ago. gd© nwéf Am{U pñÌ`m ZdZ{dZ dofm§_Ü`o, d¡{dÜ`nyU© Ho$e^yfgo h Am{U Xm{JZo-Ab§H$mamZo
gwemo{^V hmoD$Z `m CËgdm_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoV AgV. g§nUy © {Xdg^a hm CËgd Mmbo. Va nhmQ>no `ªV Z¥Ë`mMm
H$m`©H$« _ Mmbo. `m gd© g_ma§^m_Ü`o amOm Am{U amOn[adma _moR>çm AmZ§XmZo gh^mJr hmoV AgV. XwJm©Xdo rbm,
{deofV: ZdamÌm_Ü`o àM§S> à_mUmda ~H$è`m§Mm ~ir {Xbm OmV Ago. Aer _m{hVr Amnë`mbm {_iVo.
amOmÀ`m ImOJr OrdZm~Ôbhr Ë`mZo {b{hbobo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _VmZwgma H¥$îUXodam`mbm VrZ nËZr hmoË`m.
Va EH$m J{UHo$~amo~ahr Ë`mZo b½Z Ho$bobo hmoV.o nmB©e `m pñÌ`m§À`m A§V:nwamMohr dU©Z H$aVmo. Vmo åhUVmo H$s
`m{R>H$mUr amOm dJiVm, H$moUË`mhr nwéfmbm _ÁOmd Amho. `oWrb gd© ZmoH$adJ© Am{U nhmaoH$arhr EH$Va pñÌ`m
AgV AWdm V¥Vr`n§Wr` AgV. Á`mdoir `m pñÌ`m eham_Ü`o OmV Ë`mdoir ~§X nmbIrVwZ OmV AgV.
nmB©e Ym{_©H$ OrdZm~m~V _m{hVr XoVmo. Vmo {b{hVmo H$s gm_«mÁ`mV Jmode§ ~§Xr hmoVr. CbQ> ~¡bmMr Vo nyOm
H$arV AgV Am{U H$mhr ~¡b Xodmbm dm{hbobo AgyZ, _moH$io gmoS>bb
o o AgV. Vmo _§{Xam~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmo. h§nr
`oWrb {dénmj _§{Xa, {dÇ>b _§{Xa, hOma am_ _§{Xa B. _§{Xam§Mo Vmo Vnerbdma dU©Z H$aVmo. VgoM amOYmZtÀ`m
eham§_Ü`o JëbrJëbr_Ü`o _§{Xa§ hmoVr Ago Vmo gm§JVmo. VgoM ~«måhU nwOmè`m{edm` Jm^mè`mV H$moUmbm àdoe Zgo
Ago Vmo {b{hVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a nmB©eZo, EH$m nwOmè`mbm bmM XoD$Z AmV àdoe {_idbm Ago hr {b{hbobo Amho.
Vmo Ë`m H$mimVrb newnú`m§Mr _m{hVr XoVmo. ~¡b VgoM JmT>do nmibo OmV. ~¡bm§Mm Cn`moJ eoVr~amo~aM,
dmhVwH$sgmR>r Ho$bm OmV Ago. Va JmT>dm§Mm Cn`moJ Ymo~r/n[aQ> H$arV Ago. nú`m§_Ü`o VrVa, H$~wVa, ~XH§$,
nmUH$m|~S>çm B. Mr Vmo _m{hVr XoVmo.
_hÎd :
nmB©eMm d¥Îmm§V àË`j{Z[ajUmda AmYmabobm Amho. Oo Ë`mZo nm{hbobo Zmhr Ë`m~Ôb, CJmM EoH$sd
_m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao dU©Z H$aV Zmhr. Ë`mMm d¥Îmm§V åhUOo EH$ N>moQ>rer nwpñVH$m Amho. Ë`m_wio AMyH$nUm
Am{U Zo_Ho$nUm Ambobm Amho. \$m\$Q>ngmam Zmhr. Vmo H$YrH$Yr dU©Z H$aVmZm, "dmMH$m§Zm ho H$mën{ZH$
dmQ>ob' Aer e§H$m ì`ŠV H$éZ, \$magm Vnerb XoV Zmhr. `wamonmVrb H$mhr eham§Mr Vmo {dO`ZJa `oWrb
eham§er VwbZm Vmo àg§Jr H$aVmo. _mÌ hr VwbZm, {dO`ZJaMo H$m¡VwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Ho$bobr Amho. _mÌ
H$moUË`mhr g§»`m XoVmZm Vmo H$mhr àg§Jr A{Ve`moŠVrnyU© _m{hVr XoVmo Ago {XgVo. ho dJiVm, nmB©eMm d¥Îmm§V
ho H¥$îUXodamÀ`m H$mimVrb {dO`ZJaMo d¡^d Am{U H¥$îUXodam`m~m~V _m{hVr XoUmao EH$ _hÎdmMo {dídgZr`
gmYZ Amho ho {ZpíMV.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ................ ho BãZ ~VyVmÀ`m àdmg dU©ZmMo Zmd hmo`.
A) aohbm
~) Q´> °ìhëg BZ _wKb Eånm`a
27
2. \«$mpÝgg ~{Z©`a hm ................ hmoVm.
A) BQ>m{b`Z
~) \«|$M
H$) nmoVw©{JO
S>) B§J«O
3. ................ `m gwbVmZmÀ`m H$mimV _whå_X BãZ ~VwVm ^maVm_Ü`o `oD$Z Jobm.
A) BëVV_e
~) ~ë~Z
H$) AëbmD${ÔZ {IbOr S>) _whå_X {~Z VwKbH$
4. ................ hm àdmgr Am¡a§JOo~À`m doiÀ`m dmagm`wÕmMm gmjrXma hmoVm.
A) S>|q_Jmo nmB©e
~) \«$mpÝgg ~{Z©`a
H$) BãZ ~VyVm
S>) AãXwb aPmH$
5. ................ `m amOmÀ`m H$mim_Ü`o S>oq_Jmo nmB©e hm àdmgr {dO`ZJabm `oD$Z Jobm.
A) H¥$îUXodam`
~) AÀ`wVXodam`
H$) am_am`
S>) harha
1.3 gmam§e
B{Vhmg hm g_H$mbrZ Aem àmW{_H$ gmYZm§À`m AmYmaoM {bhmd`mMm AgVmo. _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m
B{VhmgmMr _m{hVr XoUmar Aer àM§S> gmYZo CnbãY AmhoV. `mVrb {b{IV gmYZm§Mm {dMma H$aVm ~aZr,
\$Pb, \o$[aíVm Am{U ñdV: H¥$îUXodam`m§Zr {b{hbobo _hÎdmMo J«§W Amnë`mbm g_H$mbmda CÎm_ àH$me
Q>mH$VmZm {XgVmV. Va ~VyVm, ~{Z©`a Am{U nmB©e `m§Mo naH$s` d¥Îmm§V {h {Zanoj Am{U VQ>ñW Ago {Z[ajU
Zm|XdVmV Am{U `m XmoÝhr gmYZm§Vrb nmoH$ir Xya H$aÊ`mMo VgoM Oo Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo Vo àË`j Vgo hmoVo H$m ho
AmnU nwamVËdr` gmYZm§Zr Vnmgy eH$Vmo.
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
Aidma : X{jUoVrb d¡îUd n§WmÀ`m g§Vm§Zm "Aidma' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
_Zg~Xma : "_Zg~' åhUOo hþÔm Am{U Vmo Á`mÀ`mH$S>o AgVmo Vmo "_Zg~Xma'. AH$~amZo Amnë`m
àemgH$s` Am{U bîH$ar ì`dñWm§_Ü`o gwYma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {h àWm gwé Ho$br. gd©OU ~mXehmbm
{Zð>mdmZ AgmdoV hm _w»` CÔoe `m g§H$ënZo_mJo hmoVm. A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r KQ>H$ 3 nhmdo.
S>mJ XoUo : Amnbm KmoS>m AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r KmoS>çmÀ`m _m§S>rda EH$m {MÝhmMm S>mJ XoÊ`mV `oB© Am{U `m
KmoS>çmMr Ë`mÀ`mdarb S>mJmgh Zm|X Ho$br OmB©.
Moham : godH$mÀ`m earamdarb IyUm§gh, godH$m§Mr Zm|X H$aUo `m nÕVrg "Moham' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
dmagm `wÕ : ehmOhmZÀ`m d¥ÕmnH$mir "~mXemhr' gmR>r Ë`mÀ`m _wbm§_Ü`o Oo `wÕ Pmbo Ë`mbm
dmagm`wÕ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
28
1.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. {P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr 2. A~wb \$Pb 3. VobJy 4. H¥$îUXodam` 5. \o$[aíVm
ñd`§AÜ``Z 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. eoaehm
2. hmoZ
3. {dhra$
4. ~°JS>r
5. Vmo\$
ñd`§AÜ``Z 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. aohbm
2. \oǤ$M
3. _whå_X {~Z VwKbH$
4. \«$mpÝgg ~{Z©`a
1. {P`mD${ÔZ ~aZr
2. JwbeZ-B-B~«m{h_r
3. _Ü``wJrZ B{VhmgmMr nwamVËdr` gmYZo
4. _whå_X BãZ ~VyVm
5. \«$mpÝgg ~{Z©`a
1.6 ñdmÜ`m`
Q>rnm Úm.
XrKmo©Îmar àíZ
1. AH$~aZm_m `m J«§WmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am.
2. A_wŠË`_më`Xm `m J«§WmÀ`m AmYmao H¥$îUXodam`mMo {dMma ñnï> H$am.
3. Xwq_Jye nmB©eÀ`m d¥Îmm§VmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am.
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©
1. am_amd, EZ. H¥$îUXodam` (_amR>r AZwdmX : brbm ~mdS>oH$a), Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, B§{S>`m, Zdr {Xëbr,
2013 (n{hbr Amd¥Îmr 1994)
2. Xwq_Jwe nmB©e d \o$Zmªd ZwZre, {dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ` (_yi AZwdmX : am°~Q>© ñQw>Ab, _amR>r AZwdmX :
M§ÐeoIa Ohm{JaXmam, g§nmXZ : dgw§Yam {\${b`moPm), Z°eZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, B§{S>`m, Zdr {Xëbr, 1995.
3. _amR>r {dídH$moe, {dídH$moe {Z{_©Vr _§S>i, _hmamï´> emgZ, dmB©.
29
KQ>H$ : 2
à_wI gwbVmZ
(Major Sultans)
2.0
CpX²>X²>ï>o
2.1
àmñVm{dH$
2.2
{df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1
AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr
2.2.2
_whå_X-{~Z-VwKbH$
2.2.3
àemgH$s` nÕV - BŠVm
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
2.0 C[Ôï>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm,
• _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb gwbVmZemhrMm H$mbI§S> Aä`mgVm `oB©b.
• gwbVmZm§_Yrb EH$ à^mdembr gwbVmZ åhUyZ AëbmCÔrZ {IbOrMo H$m`© ñnï> hmoB©b.
• VwKbH$ KamÊ`mVrb _whå_X-{~Z-VwKbH$ `m gwbVmZmMo H$m`© ñnï> hmoB©b.
• gwbVmZemhrÀ`m àemgZ ì`dñWoVrb "BŠVm' nÕVrMo _m{hVr hmoB©b.
2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
Bgdr gZmÀ`m AmR>ì`m eVH$mV _h§_X H$mgr_ `mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Bñbm_Mr n{hbr ñdmar ^maVmda
Pmbr. (B.g. 711). {Vbm Vm|S> XoÊ`mMo H$m`© J¥{hbrV `m amOnyV d§emVrb amOmZr `eñdrnUo Ho$bo, nU
30
nwT>rb H$mimV _wgb_mZm§À`m EH$m_mJyZ EH$ ñdmè`m hmody bmJë`m. amOnyV em¡`m©Zo bT>b.o na§Vw Ë`m§À`mV EoŠ`mMm
A^md Agë`m_wio nwT>o _h§_X KmoarÀ`m AmH«$_UmnwT>o Ë`m§Mm {Q>H$md bmJbm Zmhr. B.g. 1206 _Ü`o _whå_X
KmoarÀ`m _¥Ë`yZV§ a Ë`mMm gaXma Hw$Vw~Ôw rZ Eo~H$ `mZo {Xëbr d AmgnmgÀ`m àXoemda Amnbr gÎmm àñWm{nV
Ho$br. Vmo _h§_X KmoarMm Jwbm_ hmoVm åhUyZ Ë`mMo KamUo Jwbm_ KamUo åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. B.g. 1206 Vo 1290
`m H$mimV Jwbm_ KamÊ`mVrb gwbVmZm§Zr Amnbr gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$br. B.g. 1290 Vo B.g. 1320 `m H$mimV
{IbOr KamÊ`mMr gÎmm hmoVr. B.g. 1320 Vo B.g. 1413 `m H$mimV VwKbH$ KamUo, B.g. 1414 Vo B.g.
1451 `m H$mimV gæ`X KamUo Am{U B.g. 1451 d B.g. 1526 `m H$mbI§S>mV bmoXr KamÊ`mZo Amnbr gÎmm
^maVmV àñWm{nV Ho$br. hm gd© H$mbI§S> (B.g. 1206 Vo B.g. 1526) "gwbVmZemhr H$mbI§S>' åhUyZ
AmoiIbm OmVmo. `m gwbVmZemhrVrb à^mdembr d à_wI gwbVmZ åhUyZ AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr d _whå_X VwKbH$
`m§Zm AmoiIbo OmVo. VgoM gwbVmZemhrÀ`m àemgZ ì`dñWoVrb "BŠVm nÕV' H$s Á`m nÕVr_wio VwH$s© gÎmoMr
nmio_i
w o qhXyñWmZÀ`m ^y_rV éObr Ë`mMm àñVwV KQ>H$mV {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.
2.2 {df` - {ddoMZ :
2.2.1 AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr (B.g. 1296 Vo B.g. 1316) :
AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr hm {XëbrMm gd©loð> gwbVmZ hmoVm. X{jU ^maVmV gÎmm àñWm{nV H$éZ Bñbm_
Y_© d g§ñH¥$Vr X{jUoV éO{dÊ`mMo lo` AëbmC{ÔZH$S>o OmVo. {XëbrMr gwbVmZemhr d qhXyñWmZMr OZVm
_§Jmob Q>moù`m§À`m AmH«$_UmnmgyZ gwa{jV amIÊ`mMo H$m`© AëbmC{ÔZ `mZo Ho$bo. "{IbOr' ho _wiMo
VwH©$ñWmZmVrb na§Vw Z§Va H$mimV Vo A\$Jm{UñVmZmVrb IëO naJÊ`mV hob_§S>À`m Imoè`mV am{hbo VoWo Ë`m§Zr
A\$JmUr MmbrarVr {ñdH$maë`m d Vo A\$JmU Agë`mMm J¡ag_O {Z_m©U Pmbm. {IbOr _moR>çm g§»`oZo
_h§_X KmoarÀ`m bîH$amV gm{_b Pmbo d Amnë`m H$V©~JmarZo CÀM nXmda nmohmoMbo. ~mp»V`ma {IbOr Va
_h§_X KmoarÀ`m bîH$amV goZmnVr nXmn`ªV nmohmoMbm. KmoarZo Ë`mbm {~hma d ~§Jmb {O§H$Ê`mg _moH$irH$ {Xbr
Am{U qOH$boë`m gd© àXoemda gw^oXma Zo_bo.
Jwbm_ d§emÀ`m AIoaÀ`m H$mimV ObmbwÔrZ {IbOr `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr {IbOrZr VwH$s© _wgb_mZm§Mm
nam^d H$éZ Jwbm_d§er` eodQ>Mm gwbVmZ H¡$Hw$~mX `m§Zm R>ma _méZ {XëbrÀ`m JmXrda {IbOr d§emMr gÎmm
ñWmnZ Ho$br. (B.g. 1290) ObmbwÔrZZo Ooìhm gÎmm Vmã`mV KoVbr Voìhm Ë`m§Mo d` 70 dfm©Mo hmoVo. Ë`mMm
nwVÊ`m AëbmCÔrZ `mZo gwbVmZmg R>ma H$éZ {XëbrMr JmXr ~iH$mdbr.
AëbmCÔrZMm OrdZd¥Îmm§V :
AëbmCÔrZMm OÝ_ B.g. 1266 _Ü`o {gagm `oWo Pmbm. bhmZnUrM d{S>bm§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mZo H$mH$m
ObmbwÔrZ `mZo Ë`mMo g§JmonZ Ho$bo d nwT>o Ë`mbm Amnbr H$Ý`m XoD$Z OmdB© H$éZ KoVbo. AëbmCÔrZMr H$V©~Jmar
bjmV KoD$Z ObmbwÔrZZo Ë`mbm CÀMnXo XoD$Z H$mam d _m{UH$nyaMm gw^Xo ma åhUyZ {Z`wŠV Ho$bo. B.g. 1292
_Ü`o ^obgmda {dO`r ñdmar Ho$br. Ë`mMo ~jrg åhUyZ Ë`mbm "A[aO-B-_w_{bH$' åhUOo `wÕ_§Ìr ho d[að>
A{YH$manX {_imbo Am{U A`moÜ`oMr gw^Xo mar {_imbr. n[aUm_r {Xëbr Xa~mamV AëbmCÔrZMo _hÎd dmT>V Jobo.
31
Xod{Jarda ñdmar (B.g. 1294) :
X{jUoV g_¥Õ Agboë`m Xod{Jar{df`r _m{hVr AëbmCÔrZbm Vmo {^bgm `oWrb _mo{h_oda AgVmZm
{_imbr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo Xod{Jarda ñdmar H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. `m ñdmarbm qhXwñWmZÀ`m B{VhmgmV AË`§V
_hÎd Amho. H$maU `m ñdmarZoM _wpñb_ bmoH$m§Zr àW_ X{jU ^maVmV àdoe Ho$bm. H$mam Vo Xod{Jar A§Va 700
_¡bmMo hmoV.o dmQ>Vo rb qhXy Zm`H$m§Mm AS>Wim `ody Z`o åhUyZ Vmo gm§JV Ago H$s, _r {XëbrMm gwbVmZ ObmbwÔrZMm
nwVÊ`m Amho. H$mH$m§Mo d _mPo ^m§S>U Pmbo Agë`mZo X{jUoVrb Vob§JUMm amOm _h|Ð{JarH$S>o ZmoH$ar
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r OmV Amho.
Xod{JarÀ`m amÁ` qdÜ`nd©V Am{U H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m Xaå`mZ ngabo hmoVo. VoWo am_M§ÐXod amOm amÁ` H$arV
hmoVm (1271-1310). Xod{JarMo amÁ` A{Ve` g§nÝZ d g_¥Õ hmoVo. AëbmCÔrZZo Xod{Jarbm doT>m XoVmM
am_M§ÐXodbm YŠH$m ~gbm Ë`mMm _wbJm e§H$aXod g¡Ý` KoD$Z XwgarH$S>o I§S>Ur dgwbrgmR>r Jobm hmoVm. am_XodmZo
g¡Ý` O_dyZ `wÕmMr V`mar Ho$br. na§Vw Ë`mMm nam^d hmodyZ Vmo {H$ëë`mÀ`m Aml`mg Jobm. AëbmCÔrZZo
{H$ëë`mbm doT>m {Xbm Am{U gd©Ì Aer A\$dm ngadbr H$s AmnU WmoS>o g¡Ý` KoD$Z Ambmo AmhmoV. gwbVmZ
20000 g¡Ý` KoD$Z Amnë`m _XVrbm `oV Amho. amOm am_M§ÐXod Km~abm Ë`mZo AëbmCÔrZer VhmMr ~mobUr
gwé Ho$br. na§Vw e§H$aXodbm ho _mÝ` Pmbo Zmhr. Ë`mZo AëbmCÔrZda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. _moR>m namH«$_ Ho$bm.
EdT>çmV am_M§ÐXod `m EH$ gaXma g¡Ý` KoD$Z e§H$aXodmÀ`m _XVrbm Ambm. na§Vw KmoS>çm§À`m Q>mnmZr d g¡Ý`mÀ`m
nm`mZo CS>mbobr Ywi nmhÿZ e§H$aXodbm dmQ>bo H$s AëbmCÔrZÀ`m _XVrbm gwbVmZmMr _w»` \$m¡O Ambr. `m
{^Vr_wio g¡Ý` g¡amd¡am niy bmJbo Am{U AëbmCÔrZbm AeŠ`àm` Agm {dO` {_imbm. am_M§ÐXod ~amo~a
Ho$boë`m Vhm_Ü`o AëbmCÔrZbm àM§S> g§nÎmr {_imbr. Ë`m_Ü`o 600 _U gmoZo, 1000 _U Mm§Xr 7 _U
_moVr, 2 _U {hao VgoM aËZo, aoe_rdñÌo, hÎmr, KmoS>o d Jwbm_ {_imbo. Ë`m{edm` E{bMnyaMm _hgyb à{Vdfu
I§S>Ur åhUyZ AëbmCÔrZbm {_imbm.
Aem àH$mao Xod{JarÀ`m {dO`m_wio X{jU ^maVmMo XadmOo {XëbrÀ`m gwbVmZmgmR>r CKS>bo Jobo.
AëbmCÔrZMm {XëbrMo V»V {_idÊ`mMm _mJ© Iwbm Pmbm.
AëbmCÔrZMr gÎmm àmßVr :
Xod{JarÀ`m ñdmarV {_imbobr àM§S> g§nÎmr KoD$Z AëbmCÔrZ H$mambm naV Ambm. hr ~mV_r ObmbwÔrZbm
H$iVmM Ë`mbm A{Ve` AmZ§X Pmbm. AëbmCÔrZZo Ë`mbm I{OZm pñdH$maÊ`mgmR>r ^oQ>rbm ~mobdbo. Ë`mà_mUo
gwbVmZ ^oQ>Ê`mg Ambm AgVmZm AëbmCÔrZZo _maoH$è`m§À`m _m\©$V Ë`mMm dY Ho$bm (20 Owb¡ 1296).
Ë`mZ§Va 26 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1296 amoOr {XëbrV àdoe H$éZ gÎmm àmßV Ho$br. ñdV:bm amÁ`m{^foH$ H$éZ KoVbm.
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m AS>MUr :
1. AëbmCÔrZ `mZo ObmbwÔrZ `m Amnë`m d¥Õ H$mH$mMm dY H$éZ amÁ` {_idë`m_wio àOm d gaXma
Ë`mÀ`m {déÕ hmoVo.
2. ObmbwÔrZMm dY Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMr nËZr _{bH$m Ohm± {hZo Amnbm bhmZ _wbJm éŠZwOwÔrZ B~«m{h_
32
`mbm {XëbrÀ`m JmXrda ~g{dbo hmoVo. na§Vw AëbmCÔrZZo {XëbrV àode Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vr _wbVmZbm niyZ Jobr.
3. qhXy amOo d gaXma `m§Zm {XëbrMr gÎmm _wpñb_m§À`m hmVr OmUo _mÝ` ZìhVo Vo ~§S> H$aÊ`mÀ`m V`marV
hmoVo.
4. ^maVmÀ`m dm`ì` àm§VmH$Sy>Z _§Jmob bmoH$ gVV ñdmè`m H$arV hmoVo _§Jmobm§nmgyZ {XëbrMo g§ajU H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Pmbo hmoVo.
5. ObmbwÔrZMm _moR>m _wbJm AH©$brImZ _wbVmZMm gw^oXma hmoVm. Vmo {Xëbrda ñdmar H$aÊ`mÀ`m {dMmamV
hmoVm.
AS>MUtMo {ZdmaU :
AëbCÔrZZo Amnë`m AS>MUtMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb Cnm``moOZm Ho$ë`m.
1. AëbmCÔrZZo OZVobm d gaXmam§Zm Amnë`m ~mOybm di{dÊ`mgmR>r gdmªZm gwdU© d Mm§XrÀ`m ZmÊ`m§Mo
dmQ>n Ho$bo. bmoH$m§Zm _oOdmÝ`m {Xë`m. Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§da ~{jgm§Mr I¡amV Ho$br. g¡{ZH$m§Zm ~jrg åhUyZ
ghm _{hÝ`mMm nJma {Xbm. Cbo_m d eoI `m§Zm O{_Zr XoÊ`mV Amë`m. n[aUm_r bmoH$m§Zr d gaXmam§Zr
AëbmCÔrZMr àe§gm H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
2. AëbmCÔrZZo CbyJImZ d {hOm~wÔrZ `m gaXmam§Zm Mmirg hOma \$m¡O XoD$Z _wbVmZbm nmR>{dbo. `m
gaXmam§Zr _wbVmZ_Ü`o AëbmCÔrZMo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo. B~«m{h_ Am{U AH©$brImZ ObmbwÔrZMm EH${Zð>
gaXma Ah_X ImZ `m§Zm H¡$X H$éZ Ë`m§Mo S>moio H$mT>bo. ObmbwÔrZMr nËZr _{bH$mOhm±bm H¡$XoV Q>mH$Ê`mV
Ambo.
AëbmC{ÔZMm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma :
{XëbrMr gÎmm H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va AëbmC{ÔZZo gwgÁO d gwg§KQ>rV g¡Ý`mÀ`m AmYmao gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMo
YmoaU hmVr KoVbo Am{U CÎma ^maV Am{U X{jU ^maVmV Amnbm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Ho$bm.
CÎma ^maVmVrb gm_«mÁ`{dñVma :
1. JwOamV {dO` (1298) :
gw{nH$ O{_Z, Z¡g{J©H$ ~§Xa d ì`mnma `m_wio JwOamVMm àXoe g_¥Õ hmoVm. Ë`mdoir JwOamVda d§emMm
H$U©Xod amOmMo amÁ` hmoVo. JwOamV H$m~rO H$aÊ`mgmR>r AëbmC{ÔZZo dOra ZwgaVImZbm \$m¡Oogh nmR>{dbo.
_wpñb_ AmH«$_U hmoVmM JwOamVMo amOo H$U©Xod amUr H$_bmXodr d _wbJr XodboXdr niyZ Jobo. `wÕ Z H$aVmM
JwOamVMm n«Xoe Vmã`mV Ambm. ZwgaV ImZZo I§~m`VMm gYZ àm§V àmßV Ho$bm d gmo_ZmWMo Xodmb` bwQ>bo.
_§{XamVrb _wVu \$moS>ë`m. amOm H$U©XodMr nËZr H$_bmXodr AëbmCÔrZÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m hmVr nS>br. Ë`m§Zr
{Vbm {Xëbrbm AmUbo. gwbVmZmZo {VÀ`mer {ddmh H$éZ Amnbr nÅ>amUr Ho$bo. nwT>o XodbXodrhr eÌwÀ`m hmVr
gmnS>br. AëbmCÔrZZo {VMm {ddmh Amnbm dS>rb _wbJm {IO«ImZ `mÀ`mer Ho$bm.
33
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8/3
`m ñdmar_Ü`oM ZwgaV ImZbm I§~m`V `oWo _{bH$ H$m\y$a ZmdmMm qhXy ImoOm {_imbm. ZwgaVImZZo
_{bH$ H$m\y$ag{hV {_imbobr gd© byQ> {Xëbrbm nmR>{dbr hmM _{bH$ H$m\y$a nwT>o AëbmC{ÔZMm àYmZ_§Ìr
~Zbm.
2. aUW§~moa H$m~rO (1299) :
amOnwVmÝ`mVrb aUW§~moa {H$ëbm amOnyV amOm h_raXod `mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. Vmo qOH$Ê`mgmR>r AëbmCÔrZZo
Amb\$ImZ d ZwgaVImZbm nmR>{dbo. g¡Ý`mZo aU W§~moabm doT>m {Xbm. h_raXodZo _moR>çm {h_VrZo bT>m {Xbm.
`mdoir AëbmCÔrZMm eya goZmnVr ZwgaV ImZ OI_r Pmbm. Voìhm ñdV: AëbmCÔrZZo _mohr_ Amnë`m hmVr
KoVbr. {dO`mMr H$moUVrM {MÝho {XgV ZìhVr. eodQ>r AëbmC{ÔZZo Hw$Q>{ZVrMm Adb§~ H$éZ amOm h{_aXodMm
àYmZ aU_ëbm `mbm {\$Vwa Ho$bo d Ë`mÀ`m _XVrZo {H$ëbm H$m~rO Ho$bm. AëbmCÔrZZo h_raXod d Ë`mÀ`m
Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm R>ma Ho$bo. aUW§~moa H$m~rO Ho$bm (1301).
3. {MVmoS>da ñdmar (1303) :
_odmS> amÁ`mMr amOYmZr {MVmoS>JS> hmoVr. CX`nyaMo amÁ`M _odmS>Mo amÁ` åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. _odmS>_Ü`o
JohbmoV d§emMm _hmamUm aËZqgh amÁ` H$arV hmoVm. ho KamUo AË`§V ñdm{^_mZr hmoVo. _wñbr_m§Zm eaU Z Amboë`m
amOnyV amOm§n¡H$s ho KamUo hmoVo. nX²{_Zr hr _odmS>Mr ê$ng§nÝZ amUr hmoVr. nX²_rZrÀ`m gm¢X`m©Zo _mo{hV hmoD$Z d
_odmS> Amnë`m amÁ`mV gm_rb H$aUo `m hoVyZo CëbmCÔrZ {IbOrZo _odmS>da AmH«$_U Ho$bo. B.g. 1303 _Ü`o
{MVmoS>bm doT>m {Xbm. amOnwVm§Zr àmUnUmZo bT>m {Xbm. na§Vw eodQ>r {dídmgKmVmZo AëbmC{ÔZZo aËZqghmbm
H¡$X Ho$bo Am{U nX²{_Zr Amnë`m ñdmYrZ Pmë`mg aËZqghbm _wŠV H$aÊ`mV `oB©b Agm {Zamon nX²{_Zrbm
nmR>{dbm. nX²{_ZrZo AëbmCÔrZÀ`m ^oQ>rg `oÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo. àË`jmV nX²{_ZrZo 700 ñÌrdoeYmar eya `moÕo
nmbIrVyZ AëbmÔrZÀ`m ^oQ>rg nmR>{dbo. `m `moÕçm§Zr aËZqghbm gmoS>dyZ AmUbo. Voìhm {MS>yZ AëbmC{ÔZZo
{MVmoS>da OmoamMm hëbm Ho$bm (1704) Ho$bm. Amnbm {Z^md bmJUma Zmhr ho bjmV `oVmM amUr nX²{_ZrZo
Amnë`m gd© aOnyV pñÌ`m§gh Omohma Z§Va gd© amOnwVm§Zr ËdofmZo _wpñb_ g¡Ý`mda hëbm Ho$bm. ^rfU bT>mB©
hmoD$Z hOmamo amOnyV `moÕo Ymam{VWu nS>bo. AëbmCÔrZZo {MVmoS> H$m~rO Ho$bo. na§Vw nX²{_Zrbm {_i{dÊ`mMr
Ë`mMr BÀN>m nyU© hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr.
_midm ñdmar (1205) :
{MVmoS> H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va AëbmCÔrZZo AB©Z-Cb-_wëH$ À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr 10,000 g¡Ý` _midm
qOH$Ê`mgmR>r nmR>{dbo. _miì`mMm emgH$ _hbH$Xod d Ë`mMm àYmZ H$mon `mZr gwbVmZmÀ`m g¡Ý`mer _wH$m~bm
H$aÊ`mMm A`eñdr à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mV Vo _mabo Jobo. gwbVmZr g¡Ý`mZo _m§Sy>, Yma, CÁOoZ d M§Xoar qOHy$Z gd©
_midm _wgb_mZr A§_bmImbr AmUbm.
_madmS>da ñdmar (1308) :
_madmS>Mm amOm erVbXod `mZo {XëbrÀ`m gwbVmZmMo A{YnË` _mZÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. Voìhm gwbVmZmÀ`m
g¡Ý`mZo Ë`mÀ`m [gdmZmÀ`m {H$ëë`mg doT>m KmVbm. erVbXodZo gmV df} {H$ëbm bT>{dbm. eodQ>r AëbmCÔrZ
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ñdV: _madmS>_Ü`o Ambm. Ë`mZo erVbXodMm nam^d Ho$bm Am{U _madmS>Mo amÁ` H$m~rO Ho$bo.
OmbmoaMr _mo{h_ (1311) :
AëbmCÔrZMr CÎma ^maVmVrb eodQ>Mr _mo{h_ OmbmoaMr hmoVr. MìhmUd§er` OmbmoaMm amUm H$mÝhoaXod
`mZo gwbVmZmbm aU^y_rda ^oQ>Ê`mMo AmìhmZ {Xbo. Voìhm B.g. 1311 _Ü`o AëbmCÔrZZo OmbmoQ> qOHy$Z VoWo
H$_mbCÔrZ JwJ©Mr amÁ`nmb åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br.
B.g. 1311 À`m gw_mamg g§nyU© amOnwVm§Zm gwbVmZmÀ`m A§_bmImbr Ambm.
X{jU ^maVmV gm_«mÁ` {dñVma :
CÎma ^maVmV Amnbr gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$ë`mZ§Va AëbmCÔrZZo gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r X{jU ñdmar hmVr
KoVbr. `m _mo{h_oMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mZo _{bH$ H$\y$ada gmon{dbr.
Ë`mH$mimV X{jUoV Mma _w»` amÁ`o hmoVr.
1. Xod{JarMo `mXdm§Mo amÁ`. Xod{Jar (Xm¡bVm~mX) hr Ë`m§Mr amOYmZr hmoVr.
2. nwd}bm Vob§JUm `oWo H$mH$Vr`m§Mo amÁ` hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr amOYmZr dma§Ji hmoVr. Vob§JUmV H$qbJ d
Am§Y«àXoe hmoVm.
3. H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m X{jUobm hmo`gim§Mo amÁ` hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr amOYmZr Ûmag_wÐ hmoVr.
4. gwXya X{jUoV nm§S>çm§Mo amÁ` hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr amOYmZr _wXam hmoVr.
hr Mma amÁ`o AmnmngmV gVV ^m§S>V hmoVr Ë`m_wio Vr Xw~©b Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mMm \$m`Xm KoUo,
Ë`m§À`mH$S>rb g§nÎmr {_i{dUo, `m amÁ`m§H$Sy>Z dm{f©H$ I§S>Ur àmßV H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm Amnbo _m§S>{bH$Ëd
pñdH$maÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo `m hoVyZo AëbmC{ÔZZo X{jU _mohr_ hmVr KoVbr hmoVr. `m _mo{h_m nwT>rb à_mUo,
Vob§JUmda ñdmar (B.g. 1303) :
B.g. 1303 _Ü`o Vob§JUmda {dO` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AëbCÔrZZo ZwgaV ImZMm ^mD$ N>ÁOy `mbm
nmR>{dbo. Ë`mÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo ~§Jmb Amo[agm _mJm©Zo dma§Jida AmH«$_U Ho$bo. Vob§JUmMm amOm àVmnéÐXod hm
namH«$_r hmoVm. Ë`mZo AëbmCÔrZÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Ho$bm Ë`m_wio Vob§JUm qOH$Ê`mMm n{hbm à`ËZ \$gbm.
Xod{Jardarb Xwgar ñdmar (B.g. 1306) :
B.g. 1296 _Ü`o AëbmCÔrZZo Xod{Jarda ñdmar Ho$br hmoVr Am{U Xod{JarÀ`m am_M§Ðam`mZo {XëbrMo
ñdm{_Ëd _mÝ` H$éZ Xadfu R>am{dH$ I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo hmoVo na§Vy Ë`mZr I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo ~§X Ho$bo hmoVo.
Ë`m{edm` JwOamVMm amOm H$U©Xod `mZr Amnbr _wbJr XodbXodr {hMm {ddmh Xod{JarMm amOnwÌ e§H$aXod
`mÀ`mer {ZpíMV Ho$bm hmoVm. Amnbm _wbJm {IO«ImZ `mÀ`mer XodbXodrMm {ddmh ìhmdm Aer AëbmCÔrZMr
BÀN>m hmoVr. B.g. 1306 _Ü`o AëbCÔrZÀ`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m VwH$S>rZo JwOamVda AmH«$_U H$éZ H$U©XodmMm nam^d
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Ho$bm hmoVm. Voìhm Vmo Xod{Jar_Ü`o Aml`mgmR>r Jobm hmoVm. Aem H$maUm§_wio AëbmCÔrZZo B.g. 1306 _Ü`o
_{bH$ H$m\y$aÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Xod{Jarda goÝ` nmR>{dbo. am_M§ÐXodmZo Amnbm {Q>H$md bmJUma Zmhr Ago nmhÿZ
eaUmJVr pñdH$mabr. XmoKm§V Vh KSy>Z Ambm. Xod{Jar am_M§ÐXodmH$S>oM H$m`_ R>odÊ`mV Ambr nU Ë`mZr
AëbmCÔrZbm {Z`{_V I§S>Ur Úmdo Ago R>abo. `mMdoir XodbXodrbm nH$Sy>Z {Xëbrbm ZoÊ`mV Ambo d VoWo
{VMm {ddmh {IO«ImZmer bmdÊ`mV Ambm.
Vob§JUmda Xwgar ñdmar (B.g. 1308) :
AëbmC{ÔZZo Vob§JUmda nwÝhm 1308 _Ü`o _{bH$ H$m\y$ada nmR>{dbo _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo Vob§JUmMr amOYmZr
dma§JiÀ`m A^oÚ {H$ëë`mbm doT>m KmVbm. WmoS>çm {damoYmZ§Va amOm àVmnéX«Xod Xwgam `mZo eaUmJVr nËH$abr.
Pmboë`m VhmZwgma Ë`mZo gwbVmZmbm 300 hÎmr, 7000 KmoS>o, _moR>çm à_mUmV _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy XoD$Z dm{f©H$
I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
hmo`gim§da ñdmar (B.g. 1310) :
B.g. 1310 _Ü`o X{jUoVrb hmo`gim§Mo amÁ` qOH$Ê`mgmR>r AëbmC{ÔZZo _{bH$ H$m\y$aMr {Z`wŠVr
Ho$br. amOm dra ~ëbmi hm hmo`giMm amOm hmoVm. _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo XodJS> d n¡R>U_mJm©Zo amOYmZr Ûmag_wÐda
AmH«$_U Ho$bo. `m `wÕmV amOm dra ~ëbmiMm nam^d Pmbm. _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo Ûmag_wÐ ehamVrb _§{Xao bwQ>br
hmo`gi amOm dra ~bmiH$Sy>Z I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
Xod{Jarda {Vgar ñdmar (B.g. 1311) :
B.g. 1310 _Ü`o Xod{JarMm amOm am_M§ÐXodMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va gÎmoda Ambobm Ë`mMm _wbJm
e§H$aXod `mZo AëbmCÔrZbm I§S>Ur XoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm åhUyZ _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo B.g. 1311 _Ü`o Xod{Jarda
AmH«$_U Ho$bo. Ë`m_Ü`o e§H$aXod _mabm Jobm Voìhm Ë`mMo amÁ` Imbgm Z H$aVm _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo am_M§ÐXodMm
OmdB© hanmbXod `mbm amOonX {Xbo.
nm§S>ç amÁ`mda {dO` (B.g. 1311) :
_{bH$ H$m\y$aZo hmo`gi amÁ`mVyZ AmUIr X{jUoH$S>o nm§S>ç amÁ`mda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. Ë`mdoir VoWo amOnwÌ
g§wXa nm§S>ç d dra nm§S>ç `m§À`mV JmXrgmR>r g§Kf© gwé hmoVm. gw§Xa nm§S>çZo gÎmm àmßVrgmR>r Amnë`m ^mdm{déÕ
AëbmCÔrZMr _XV _m{JVbr. _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo `mMm \$m`Xm KodyZ nm§S>çda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. dra nm§S>çMm
nam^d H$éZ _Xwam eha bwQ>bo. VoWrb AZoH$ _§{Xam§Mm {dÜd§g Ho$bm. am_oída `oWrb EH$ ^ì` _§{Xa CÜdñV
H$éZ VoWo EH$ _pñOX ~m§Ybr. `m ñdmar_Ü`o _{bH$ H$m\y$abm A_mn bwQ> {_imbr.
AëbmC{ÔZÀ`m X{jU {dO`mMr H$maUo :
_{bH$ H$m\y$aÀ`m ZoVË¥ dmImbr AëbmCÔrZZo X{jUoV Á`m ñdmè`m Ho$ë`m Ë`m gd© ñdmè`m§_Ü`o AëbmCÔrZbm
{dO` {_imbm Ë`mMr H$maUo :
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1. ZdrZ AmìhmZ : AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr X{jU ^maVmda ñdmar H$aUmao n{hboM gwbVmZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio
Ë`mMo g¡{ZH$ d gw^oXma ho AmìhmZ pñdH$maÊ`mg CËgwH$ hmoVo.
2. Y_©^mdZoZo ào[aV : _{bH$ H$m\y$a d BVa gaXma ho Y_©^mdZoZo ào[aV Agë`m_wio àmUmn©U H$aÊ`mg
V`ma AgV Ë`m_wio Vo {dO` àmßV H$é eH$bo.
3. `wÕm§Mm AZw^d d CÎm_ goZmZr : _{bH$ H$m\y$abm `wÕmMm ^anya AZw^d AgyZ Vo eya d CÎm_ goZmZr
hmoVo. X{jUoV Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m AZw^dmMm d `wÕH$m¡eë`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm.
4. X{jUoVrb ñdmñW d g§nÝZVm : X{jUoV dfm©Zwdf} ñdmñW d g§nÝZVm Agë`mZo VoWrb emgH$m§Zm
`wÕmMm AZw^d ZìhVm.
5. X{jUoVrb amÁ`m§_Ü`o AmnmngmV g§Kf© : AmnmngmVrb ^m§S>Um§_wio X{jUoVrb amÁ`m§_Ü`o
EH$OwQ>rMm A^md hmoVm. {damoYH$mMr gÎmm H$_Hw$dV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo doi àg§Jr na{H$`m§Mr _XV KoV AgV.
`mMm \$m`Xm AëbmC{ÔZbm {_imbm.
6. X{jUoV bîH$ar {eñVrMm A^md : X{jUoH$S>rb g¡Ý`mV {eñV, {OÔ d bT>mB©À`m à{ejUmMm
A^md hmoVm. VgoM Ë`m§Mo `wÕgm{hË` d `wÕnÕVr OwZr hmoVr.
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m X{jU {dO`mMo n[aUm_ d _hÎd :
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m X{jU {dO`mMo _hÎd d n[aUm_ nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
1. gÎmm {dñVma : AëbmCÔrZ `m§Zr CÎma d X{jU ^maVmda dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gÎmoMm
A\$mQ> {dñVma Pmbm d qhXyñWmZmV à{Vð>m àmßV Pmbr.
2. g§nÎmr àmßVr : AëbmCÔrZÀ`m X{jU ñdmarMm hoVyM ^anya g§nÎmr {_idUo hm hmoVm. Ë`mV Vmo nyU©
`eñdr Pmbm.
3. AëbmCÔrZMm YyV©nUm : X{jUoVrb amÁ`o {XëbrnmgyZ Xya Agë`mZo Ë`mZo Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m amÁ`mV
{dbrZ Z H$aVm Ë`m§Zm _m§S>{bH$ËdmMm XOm© {Xbm d Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ho$di I§S>Ur dgwb Ho$br. Ë`m§Zm A§VJ©V
ñdm`Îmm {Xbr. `m_Ü`o AëbmC{ÔZMm YyV©nUm {XgyZ `oVmo. `m{edm` hr I§S>Ur {Z`{_V {_imdr åhUyZ Ë`mZo
X{jUoÀ`m ~m~VrV H$mhrgo CXmaVoMo {_imdr åhUyZ Ë`mZo X{jUoÀ`m ~m~VrV H$mhrgo CXmaVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo.
4. amOH$s` bm^ : X{jUoVrb amOm§Mm nam^d Ho$ë`m_wio X{jUoH$Sy>Z nwÝhm AmH«$_Uo hmoÊ`mMr {^Vr
am{hbr ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm CÎma ^maVmVrb gm_«mÁ`mda Amnbo bj H|$ÐrV H$aVm Ambo.
5. _§Jmob Q>moù`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV : X{jUoV {_imboë`m g§nÎmrÀ`m AmYmamda AëbmCÔrZZo àM§S> \$m¡O
g§KQ>rV Ho$br d Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo _§Jmob Q>moù`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm.
6. X{jUoVrb àOoÀ`m hmbAnoï>m : AëbmCÔrZÀ`m X{jU ñdmè`m_wio X{jUoVrb bmoH$m§Mo AVmoZmV
hmb Pmbo. I§S>Ur XoÊ`mgmR>r VoWrb amOm§Zr bmoH$m§da H$a bmXbo. {edm` H$m\y$aZo X{jUoVrb bmoH$m§Mr àM§S>
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à_mUmV H$Vb, bwQ>mbwQ> Ho$ë`mZo bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ {dñH$irV Pmbo.
7. ñWmnË` H$boMr hmZr : _{bH$ H$m\y$aÀ`m g¡{ZH$m§Zr qhXy§À`m _§{Xam§Mm, _wVvMm dÜd§g Ho$ë`m_wio
qhXy H$bm H$m¡eë`m§Mr _moR>r hmZr Pmbr.
8. Bñbm_ Y_©àgma : X{jU {dO`mMm gdm©V _hÎdmMm n[aUm_ åhUOo hOmamo qhXy _wgb_mZ Pmbo.
X{jU ^maVmV Bñbm_ Y_© d g§ñH¥$VrMm àgma PnmQ>çmZo Pmbm.
X{jUoVrb ñdmè`m§_Ü`o AëbmCÔrZbm àM§S> byQ> {_imbr. VgoM Ë`mZo pñdH$maboë`m _mJm©Zo Z§Va {XëbrMo
gwbVmZ X{jUoH$S>o `oV am{hbo.
AëbmCÔrZMo _§Jmob {df`H$ YmoaU :
_§Jmob Q>moù`m§Mm àmXw^m©d ^maVmV àW_ dm`ì` gahÔ àm§VmV 1220 À`m gw_mamg Pmbm. Voìhm M§JoOImZ
Ë`m§Zm ZoVm hmoVm. na§Vw Voìhm {XëbrMm gwbVmZ BëVwV_e `mZo M§JoOImZMo AmH«$_U naVmdyZ bmdbo. na§Vw _Ü`
Am{e`m BamU d A\$JmUrñVmZÀ`m _wbwImda _§Jmob Q>moù`m§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m AmH«$_UmMm YmoH$m
^maVmbm H$m`_ hmoVm. gwadmVrbm _§JmobmMm Y_© ~m¡Õ Y_m©er {_iVm OwiVm AgyZ Vo Bñbm_ H$Å>a eÌy hmoVo.
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m H$mimV {Xëbr H$m~rO H$aÊ`mgmR>r _§JmobmZr bmJmonmR> ghm ñdmè`m Ho$ë`m na§Vw AëbmCÔrZZo
{Xëbr qOH$Ê`mMo Ë`m§Mo _Zgw~o CYiyZ bmdbo.
_§Jmobm§À`m ñdmè`m :
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m amÁ`amohUmZ§Va bJoMM _§Jmob gaXma H$mXaImZZo Xhm hOma KmoS>oñdmam§Mo EH$ Vw_mZ Ago
Xhm Vw_mZ KmoS>Xi ~amo~a KoD$Z qgY d n§Om~_Ü`o Ominmoi d H$Îmb gwé Ho$br. bmhmoa H$m~rO H$éZ bwQ>bo.
Omb§XaH$S>o _moMm© di{dbm _mÌ AëbmCÔrZZo nmR>{dboë`m Om\$aImZ d Cb§KImZ `m goZmZrZr _§Jmobm§Zm
amoIbo Am{U Pmboë`m {^fU bT>mB©V _§Jmobm§Mm XméU nam^d Ho$bm. drg hOma _§Jmobm§Zm R>ma Ho$bo. eoH$S>m|Zm
H¡$X H$éZ Z§Va R>ma Ho$bo B. g. 1296-97.
B.g. 1298 _Ü`o gmbXr ZmdmÀ`m goZmZrÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr _§Jmobm§Zr Xwgao AmH«$_U Ho$bo. qgY àm§V
H$m~rO H$éZ gohdmZ `oWrb {H$ëë`mV Amnbm _wŠH$m_ R>moH$bm. gw^oXma Om\$aImZZo gohdmZda AMmZH$ hëbm
H$éZ _§Jmob \$m¡Om§Mm Ywìdm CS>{dbm. gmbXr Ë`mMo ghH$mar `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ~m`H$m_wbm§gh H¡$X H$éZ ~oS>çm
KmbyZ {Xëbrbm admZm Ho$bo.
B. gZ 1299 À`m AIoarg drg Vw_mZr åhUOo XmoZ bmI _§Jmob g¡Ý`mZo Xod ImZMm VéU _wbJm
Hw$VwbJ »dmOm `m goZmnVrÀ`m ZoVË¥ dmImbr dm`ì` gahÔrda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. ho g¡Ý` qgYy ZXrnma H$éZ {XëbrH$S>o
{ZKmbo. gwbVmZemhr Zï> H$éZ {Xëbr H$m~rO H$aUo hm Ë`mMm CÔoe hmoVm. AëbmCÔrZZo gd© àm§VrH$ gw^oXmam§Zm
Ë`m§Zr Vm~S>Vmo~ Amnmnbr \$m¡O KoD$Z {Xëbrbm `mdo Agm hþHw$_ YmS>bm. gd©Ì Km~aJw§Cr CS>mbr. AmgnmgÀ`m
JmdmVrb bmoH$ Aml`mgmR>r {XëbrV `oD$ bmJbo. AëbmCÔrZZo {XëbrÀ`m Iwë`m _¡XmZmV eÌwer bT>m XoÊ`mMm
{ZU©` KoVbm. `wÕmMo ZJmao ~S>dV Vmo {XëbrÀ`m ~mhoa nS>bm d CÎmaog ghm _¡bmda Agboë`m {H$br _¡XmZmda
38
Vi R>moH$bm. VoWo doJdoJù`m àm§VmVyZ Ë`mÀ`m \$m¡Om Jmoim Pmë`m. Ë`mMr g¡Ý` g§»`m dmT>br. `wÕmgmR>r
COì`m AmKmS>rda Om\$a ImZ d S>mì`m AmKmS>rda CbwhmImZ C^o am{hbo. _Ybr AmKmS>r AëbmCÔrZZo
ñdV:H$S>o KoVbr. g¡Ý`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo, {ZdS>H$ KmoS>oñdmam§Mo EH$ amIrd Xb R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
àË`jmV Pmboë`m {^fU `wÕmV _§Jmobm§Mm àM§S> nam^d Pmbm. na§Vw `m `wÕmV Om\$aImZ _mabm Jobm.
_§Jmobm§Mo g¡Ý` I¡~a qIS>rH$S>o niyZ Jobo.
nmR>monmR>À`m VrZ nam^dm§_wio _§Jmobr gÎmobm YŠH$m ~gbm. XmoZ dfo© Ë`m§Zr AmH«$_U Ho$bo Zmhr.
Ë`mH$mimV AëbmC{ÔZ `mZo Amnbr \$m¡O A{YH$ gwg§K{Q>V d ~bdmZ ~Zdbr. \o$~«wdmar 1303 _Ü`o _§Jmob
goZmnVr VmaJr ~oJZo 1 bmI 20 hOma g¡Ý`mgh {Xëbrbm doT>m {Xbm Am{U {Xëbr g^modVmbMm àXoe OmiyZ
bwQyZ CÜdñV Ho$bm. Mmirg {Xdg hm doT>m gwé hmoVm. na§Vw VmaXr ~oJbm {Xdg|{Xdg Aer {^Vr dmQy> bmJbr
H$s, àm§Vm_YyZ `oD$ bmJboë`m emhr \$m¡Om Amnë`mbm KoaVrb d _maVrb. IamoIaM àm§Vm_Yrb emhr \$m¡Om
{XëbrV Jmoim hmoD$ bmJë`m hmoË`m. Voìhm VmaXr ~oJZo doT>m CR>dwZ ni H$mT>bm.
B.g. 1305 _Ü`o M§JrO ImZMm EH$ d§eO Ambr ~oJ, »dmOm VmaVH$ d VmaJr ~oJ `m§Zr 50000
\$m¡Oogh ^maVmda nmMdo AmH«$_U Ho$bo. bwQ>_ma d {dÜd§g hoM Ë`m§Mo C{Ôï> homVo. Ë`m§Zr _wbVmZ, n§Om~ Am{U
{edm{bH$ nhmS>mda YmS>r KmVë`m. H$S>oH$moQ> ~§Xmo~ñV Agbobo {H$ëbo Q>miyZ {Xëbrbm ~Jb XoD$Z _§Jmob
\$m¡Om J§Jm-`_wZoÀ`m Imoè`mV {eéZ bwQ>mbwQ> H$é bmJë`m. Voìhm AëbmC{ÔZ ñdV: {Xëbrbm Wm§~bm Am{U
_{bH$ H$m\y$abm _§Jmobm§À`m _mJmda nmR>{dbo. _{bH$ H$m\y$aZo _§JmobmMr H$m|S>r H$éZ A_amh `oWo Ë`m§À`mda
hëbm Ho$bm. _§Jmobm§Mm nam^d Pmbm. AmR> hOma _§Jmob {enm`m§Zm H¡$X H$éZ {Xëbrbm nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambo VoWo
Ë`m§Mr qYS> H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Zm R>ma Ho$bo. Abr ~oJ »dmOm VmaVH$ `m§Zmhr R>ma Ho$bo. niyZ OmUmè`m _§Jmobm§Zm
{XnmbnyaMm gw^oXma JmPr _{bH$ `mZo qgYy ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r nH$Sy>Z R>ma Ho$bo. `wÕmV hmVr bmJboë`m _§Jmob
ñÌr`m§Zm d _wbm§Zm amÁ`mÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m ^mJmV Jwbm_ åhUyZ {dH$Ê`mV Ambo.
B.g. 1306 _Ü`o Hw$~H$ Am{U BH$~b_§X `m§Zr 50000 _§Jmob g¡Ý`mgh ^maVmda AmH«$_U Ho$bo.
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m H$ma{H$XuVrb ho eodQ>Mo ghmdo AmH«$_U hmoVo. `mdoir _§Jmob ZoË`mZr Amnë`m \$m¡OoMo XmoZ
qH$dm {VZ {d^mJ Ho$bo Am{U doJdoJù`m _mJm©Zr ^maVmda AmH«$_U Ho$bo. Hw$~H$ bhmoada Va BH$~mb_§X
ZmJmoada MmbyZ Jobm. _{bH$ H$m\y$a d JmOr _{bH$ `m AëbmCÔrZÀ`m goZmZrZr amdr ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r Hw$~H$Mm
nam^d Ho$bm Am{U Hw$~H$mgh hOmamo _§Jmobm§Zm H¡$X H$éZ {Xëbrbm nmR>{dbo. VoWo Ë`m§Mm N>i H$éZ Ë`m§Zm
R>ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ZmJmoaOdi BH$~b_§X `mMm gwbVmZr \$m¡OoZo nam^d Ho$bm. dmMbobo _§Jmob KoD$Z Vmo
A\$Jm{UñVmZbm nimbm.
`mZ§Va _§Jmobm§Zr nwÝhm ^maVmda AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr. _§Jmobm§Mo AmH«$_U hmoD$ Z`o
åhUyZ CëbmC{ÔZZo n§Om~, _wbVmZ d qgY àm§VmV Zdo {H$ëbo ~m§Ybo. OwÝ`m {H$ëë`m§Mr S>mJSw>Or Ho$br.
gr_màm§Vm§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì g¡Ý`mMr VwH$S>r V`ma Ho$br. àË`oH$ gr_màm§Vmda Ë`mZo `mo½` gw^oXmamMr
39
{Z`wŠVr Ho$br.
AëbmCÔrZMo àemgZ d gwYmaUm :
AëbmCÔrZZo bîH$ar gÎmoÀ`m ~imda {XëbrMr JmXr {_idbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio g¡{ZH$s ~imda AmnUmg
ho amÁ` {Q>H$dmdo bmJob `mMr Ë`mbm nyU© OmUrd hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo àemgZmVrb daMm XOm©À`m gd©
nXm§nmgyZ VwH$s© Hw$brZ A{_am§Zm Xya R>odbo. _Ü`ñVar` OmJm§da ~mQ>Jo _wgb_mZ Jar~ _wgb_mZ d qhXy `m§Zm
Zo_Ê`mMo YmoaU A§JrH$mabo.
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV Ë`mÀ`m {damoYmV AZoH$ ~§S>o Pmbr. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo ~§S>mMr H$maUo åhUOo
1. bmoH$m§Odi AgUmam JaOonojm OmñV n¡gm 2. amÁ`H$ma^mamH$S>o gwbVmZmMo Xwb©j
3. gaXma d
A{_a-C_amd `m§À`m_Ü`o AgUmao d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y
4. _ÚnmZ
5. AH$m`©j_ JwßVhoa ImVo.
`mda Ë`mZo Vm~S>Vmo~ nwT>rb Cnm``moOZm bmJy Ho$ë`m.
1. BZm_o O{_Zr d n¡gm OßV Ho$bm : AëbmCÔrZZo Á`m bmoH$m§Zm BZm_mÀ`m ñdê$nmV Jmdo qH$dm O{_Zr
{Xë`m hmoË`m Ë`m OßV Ho$ë`m gaH$ma O_m Ho$ë`m. bmoH$m§Odirb n¡gm H$mTy>Z KoVbm. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Odi
n¡gm Z amhrë`mZo Vo ~§S>m§nmgyZ Xya am{hbo.
2. _ÚnmZmbm ~§Xr : AëbmCÔrZZo _ÚnmZmda _ÚmÀ`m {dH«$sda ~§Xr KmVbr. A_br nXmWmªÀ`m {dH«$sdahr
~§X KmVbr. ñdV: gwbVmZmZo _ÚnmZ H$aUo gmoSy>Z {Xbo. gmd©O{ZH$ _ÚnmZmda nyU© ~§Xr KmVbr d hm {Z`_
_moS>Umè`m§Zm H$S>H$ {ejm R>moR>mdë`m.
3. gaXma A_ra C_amd `m§À`m ^oQ>tZm ~§Xr : gaXma A_ra C_amd ho {ddmh {d{dY g_ma§^ CËgd `m
{Z{_ÎmmZo EH$Ì `oVmV d gwbVmZm§{déÕ H$Q>-H$mañWmZo H$aVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m EH$Ì `oÊ`mbm d ^oQ>rbm ~§Xr
KmVbr.
4. JwßVhoaImVo gj_ Ho$bo : AëbCÔrZZo JwßVhoa ImVo A{YH$ gj_ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§À`m ~marH$gmarH$
hmbMmbr§Mr _m{hVr gwbVmZmbm {_iy bmJbr. gaXma A_ra C_amd `m§À`m hmbMmbr, ~mobUr, JwßV~oV
gwbVmZmbm H$iy bmJbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m{déÕ bJoM Cnm``moOZm hmoD$ bmJë`m.
àemgH$s` Cnm``moOZm :
I
_§ÌrnXo : àemgZmVrb gd© A{YH$ma A§Vr_V: gwbVmZmH$S>o hmoVo. JaOoZwgma gwbVmZ _§Ìr Zo_V Ago.
AëbmCÔrZMo Mma à_wI _§Ìr hmoVo Vo nwT>rb à_mUo,
1. XrdmZ-E-dOmaV :
hm _w»`_§Ìr hmoVm. `mbm dOra åhUV. dOra hm O_rZ _hgyb VgoM {XdmUr àemgZ `m~m~VrV gwbVmZmg
CÎmaXm`r hmoVm.
2. XrdmZ-E-Am[aO (AP©) : hm `wÕ_§Ìr hmoVm. g¡Ý` ^aVr, Ë`m§Zm doVZ dmQ>Uo, g¡Ý`mbm gVV
40
gwgÁO R>odUo hr Ë`mMr H$m_o hmoVr.
3. XrdmZ-E-BÝem : gwbVmZmÀ`m KmofUm, \$Vdo, nÌo `m§Zm n«{gÕr XoUo, gaH$mar nÌì`dhma gm§^miUo
hr Ë`mMr H$m_o hmoVr.
4. XrdmZ-E-agmbV : hm naamîQ´> _§Ìr hmoVm. naamÁ`m§er nÌì`dhma, Ambobo amOXyV, amOà{V{ZYtMo
ñdmJV H$aUo ho `mMo H$m_ hmoVo.
II
Ý`m`ì`dñWm : gwbVmZ hmM A§Vr_ Ý`m`m{Ye hmoVm. gwbVmZm§À`m ImbmoImb H$mPr, Ë`mÀ`m
hmVmImbr AZoH$ Zm`~ H$mPr hmoVo. H$mPrÀ`m _XVrbm _wŠVr AgV. _wŠVr H$m`Xo H$arV AgV. {d{dY
àm§Vm_Ü`ohr AerM Ý`m`ì`dñWm hmoVr. IoS>çm_Ü`o n§Mm`V Ý`m` XoV Ago. {ejm A{Ve` H$S>H$ hmoË`m.
III nmobrg d JwßVhoa : "H$moVdmb' hm nmobrg {d^mJmÀ`m à_wI A{YH$mar hmoVm. AëbmCÔrZZo nmo{bg
{d^mJmV ~è`mM gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. ZdrZ nXo {Z_m©U Ho$br. CXm. {XdmU-E-[a`mgV nX ì`mnmamda H$R>moa
{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$bo.
JwßVhoa ImË`mMm à_wI A{YH$mar "~arX-E-_w_m{bH$' hm hmoVm. `m ImË`mV Ë`mZo JwßVhoam§ì`{V[aŠV
AZoH$ ~mV_rXma {Z`wŠV Ho$bo hmoVo Ë`m§Zm "_wÝhr' Ago åhUV.
IV S>mH$ ì`dñWm : AëbmC{ÔZMr S>mH$ì`dñWm A{Ve` CÎm_ hmoVr.
V
g¡Ý` ì`dñWm : AëbmCÔrZMo àemgZ ho nwU©V: g¡Ý`mda AmYm[aV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo g¡Ý`mH$S>o {deof
bj {Xbo. Amnbr gÎmm {Q>H$dUo, qhXyMr ~§S>o, gaXmam§Mo CR>md _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d gËH$mar AmXoem§Mr
A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r g¡Ý`mMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr.
{H$ëbo : ho g¡Ý` {d^mJmMo à_wI A§J hmoVo. AëbmCÔrZZo {H$ëë`m§H$S>o {deof bj {Xbo. H$månrb,
n{Q>`mbm, ^moOnya B. {R>H$mUr Ë`mZo _O~yV {H$ëbo ~m§Ybo. OwÝ`m {H$ëë`m§Mr XwéñVr Ho$br. {H$ëë`m§_Ü`o Hw$eb
goZmnVr, `wÕ gm_wJ«r, YmÝ` _Oya H$ma{Ja dJ¡ao AgV.
g¡Ý` {d^mJ : g¡{ZH$m§Mo A§JajH$ ñWm`r g¡Ý` àm§Vm{YH$mè`m§Mo g¡Ý` ho {d^mJ hmoVo `wÕmÀ`m doir {deof
g¡Ý` ^aVr Ho$bobr Ago.
g¡{ZH$m§Zm amoI nJma : g¡{ZH$m§Zm gaH$mar I{OÝ`mVyZ amoI nJma {Xbm OmV Ago.
g¡{ZH$m§À`m loUr : ImZ, _{bH$ A_ra d {gnhgmbma Aem g¡{ZH$m§À`m Mma loUr hmoË`m. `wÕmÀ`m doir
g¡{ZH$m§Zm KmoS>m, H$dM-{eañÌmU XoÊ`mV `oB©. àË`oH$ g¡{ZH$mOdi XmoZ Vbdmar YZwî` ~mU, JXm, Hw$èhmS>r B.
hË`mao AgV.
IS>o g¡Ý` : AëbmCÔrZZo 4,50,000 KmoS>oñdmam§Mo IS>o g¡Ý` C^mabo hmoVo.
hOoar a{OñQ>a : àË`oH$ g¡{ZH$mMr _m{hVr {_imdr åhUyZ hOoar a{OñQ>a ~ZdyZ Ë`mV g¡{ZH$mMo Zmd, a§J,
én, em[aarH$ IwU `mMr Zm|X Ho$bobr Ago Ë`m_wio `wÕmÀ`m doir J¡ahOa ahmUo qH$dm Amnë`m Zmdmda Xwgè`mg
41
nmR>{dUo `m Jmoï>tZm Amim ~gbm.
KmoS>çm§Zm S>mJ XoÊ`mMr nÕV : KmoS>çm§Mr AmXbm~Xb H$aVm `oD$ Z`o åhUyZ AëbmCÔrZZo KmoS>çm§Zm
S>mJ XoÊ`mMr nÕV gwé H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
gwbVmZ AëbmCÔrZ bîH$amH$So OmVrZo bj XoV hmoVm. {edm` Ë`mZo bîH$amMo ZoV¥Ëd eya d H$V©~Jma
Aem goZmnVtH$S>o gmon{dbobo hmoVo. AbyYImZ, Om\$aImZ, ZgaV ImZ, Amb_ImZ d _{bH$ H$m\y$a ho Ë`mMo
Zm_m§{H$V goZmnVr hmoVo H$s Á`m§Zr CÎma d X{jU ^maVmV gÎmm {dñVmamMo H$m`© Ho$bo.
Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm :
1. O{_Z _hgyb ì`dñWm :
AëbmC{ÔZZo Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV H$mQ>oH$moa YmoaU am~{dbo. O{_ZXmar nÕV ~§X H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© Ohm{Jar
BZm_-O{_Zr d _mb_Îmm gaH$ma O_m Ho$br. O_rZ _hgyb {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo amÁ`mVrb gd© gaH$mar
O{_ZrMr _moOUr H$éZ KoVbr. Ë`mMr gaH$marXßVamV Zm|X H$éZ KoVbr. O{_ZrÀ`m CËnÝZmZwgma 1/4 Vo 1/2
eoVgmam {ZpíMV Ho$bm.
eoVgmè`m ì`Vr[aŠV KanÅ>r, Hw$aUnÅ>r, OH$mV, {O{P`m, Am`mV-{Z`m©V H$a AmH$mabo OmV hmoVo.
H$a dwgbr AË`§V H$S>H$nUo Ho$br OmB©. H$a XoÊ`mg Cera H$aUmè`mg H$R>moa emgZ Ho$bo OmB©.
OZVoH$Sy>Z OmXm H$a dgyb H$aUmè`m bmM KoUmè`m d ~oB©_mZ A{YH$mè`m§Zm ~S>V\©$ H$aÊ`mV `oB©.
^«ï>mMmambm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$mè`m§Mo nJma dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambo. bmM KoUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm
H$mT>yZ Q>mHy$Z ZdrZ H$m`©j_ A{YH$mè`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br Ë`m_wio ^«ï>mMma Wm§~yZ amÁ`mMr Am[W©H$ pñWVr
gwYmaÊ`mg _XV Pmbr.
~mOma^md-{Z`§ÌU :
_§Jmob AmH«$_H$m§Mm à{VH$ma d gm_«mÁ` {dñVma `mgmR>r AëbmCÔrZbm gVV IS>o g¡Ý` R>odmdo bmJV
hmoVo. g¡{ZH$m§À`m {Zð>oda d VËna gododa qghmgZmMr gwa{jVVm Adb§~yZ hmoVr åhUyZ g¡{ZH$m§Zm H$emMr XXmV nSy>
Z`o. gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§nojm Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ A{YH$ g§nÝZ Agmdo Aer AëbC{ÔZMr BÀN>m hmoVr. ~mOmamV dñVyÀ`m
{H$_Vr dmT>ë`m H$s g¡{ZH$m§Mo doVZ dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo `mMm n[aUm_ gaH$mar I{OZm [aH$m_m hmoB©b hm noM
AëbmC{ÔZ nwT>o {Z_m©U Pmbr. `mda Cnm` åhUyZ g¡{ZH$m§Zm d gaH$mar ZmoH$adJm©bm ñdñV XamV {OdZmdí`H$
dñVy {_imì`mV åhUyZ AëbmC{ÔZZo ~mOmamda {Z`§ÌU KmbyZ AZoH$ dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr R>adyZ {Xë`m.
AëbmCÔrZMo ~mOma^md {Z`§ÌU hr Ë`m H$mimVrb AË`§V H«$m§VrH$maH$ d AmíM`©H$maH$ KQ>Zm hmoVr. ho
YmoaU Ë`mZo nwT>rb à_mUo am~{dbo.
AÝZYmÝ` ^md {Z`§ÌU :
Imbgm JmdmVyZ eoVgmam énmV dgyb gaH$mar YmÝ`-H$moR>mamV O_m H$am`Mo. Q>§MmB©À`m H$mimV (XwfH$mi
42
AJa Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr) Vo YmÝ` a`VoÀ`m JaOoZwgma {ZYm©arV ^mdmZo {dH$m`Mo.
AëbmCÔrZZo YmÝ` ~mOmamMm {Z`§ÌH$ åhUyZ (ehZm-B-_§S>r) _{H$ H$~yb `m ~wÕr_mZ ì`ŠVrMr
Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`mOdi ~mOmam§da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r KmoS>Xi d nm`Xi XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Vo
ì`mnmè`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odV AgV Ë`m_wio H$moUVmhr ì`mnmar YmÝ`mMr gmR>dUyH$ H$é eH$V Zgo. {Z`_mZwgma
Z\o$Imoa gmoR>o~mOrbm ~§Xr hmoVr.
ì`mnmar bmoH$m§Zm gaH$mamV Amnbo Zmd Zm|XdyZ ì`mnmamgmR>r nadmZm ¿`mdm bmJo. {ZYm©arV ^mdmV ho
ì`mnmar YmÝ` {dH$V KoV AgV. ì`mnmè`m§Zm _m\$H$ Z\$m d Zo-AmUrMm IM© YéZ ~mOma^md AmH$maÊ`mMr
nadmZJr Ago.
~mOma^md d _mbmMo gm¡Xo `m {df`rMo Ahdmb gwbVmZmH$S>o ~mOma {Z`§ÌH$ _§wer d hoa `m {VKm§H$Sy>Z
nmR>{dbo OmV AgV. Ahdmbm§_Ü`o \o$a\$ma AmT>ië`mg gwbVmZ Ymaoda YarV Ago. Ë`m_wio nmD$g nS>mo qH$dm
Z nS>mo ~mOma^md gVV pñWa hmoVo.
Adf©U qH$dm XwîH$mi nS>bm AgVmZm {eYm-dmQ>nmMr nÕV R>abr mhoVr. amOYmZrVrb àË`oH$ _mohëë`mbm
amoO OodT>o AÝZ-YmÝ` bmJVo VodT>o amoOÀ`m amoO gaH$mar H$moR>mamVyZ KoUo ñWm{ZH$ YmÝ`-{dH«o$Ë`m§Zm Zo_yZ {Xbo
hmoVo Am{U gm_mÝ` {JèhmBH$mbm ~mOmamV AYm© _U YmÝ` {dH$V KoÊ`mMr nadmZJr hmoVr. n[aUm_ AëbmC{ÔZÀ`m
H$mimV \$ma _moR>m XwîH$mi OmUdë`mMo qH$dm bmoH$ Cnmg_marZo _oë`mMo CXmhaU AmT>iV Zmhr.
H$mnS> ~mOma {Z`§ÌU :
YmÝ` ~mOmamà_mUo H$mnmS> ~mOma hm nyU© ñdV§Ì hmoVm. {XëbrÀ`m ~XmD$Z XadmÁ`mOdiÀ`m àeñV
_¡XmZmMr EH$ ~mOy H$mnS> ~mOmamgmRr amIbr hmoVr. Ë`mbm "gamB©-AXmb' Ago Zmd hmoVo. `m ~mOmamda EH$
nadmZm A{YH$mar (aB©g-nadmZm) Zo_bobm hmoVm. {XëbrV `oUmè`m gd© {h§XyñWmZr d naXoer H$mnS> {dH«o$Ë`m§Zm
Amnbm _mb `mM ~mOmamV gaH$maZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m ^mdmV {dH$mdm bmJo. YmÝ` {dH«o$Ë`m§à_mUo H$mnS>
{dH«o$Ë`m§Mmhr EH$ g§K ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. amoOÀ`m dmnamMr OmS>r^aS>r d V`ma H$nS>o ñdñV ^mdmZo {dH$mdo
bmJV d ho ^md CËnmXZmMr qH$_V {heo~mV KoD$Z R>a{dbobo AgV. C§M àVrÀ`m gwVr, aoe_r d {dbmgr dñÌm§Zm
amOYmZrV \$ma _moR>r _mJUr hmoVr. {edm` hr dñÌo H$mí_ra amOñWmZ, JwOamV, _hmamï´>, ~§Jmb Aem XyaXyaÀ`m
{R>H$mUm§hÿZ AmUmdr bmJV Am{U Vo IMm©Mo H$m_ hmoVo. C§Mr dñÌm§da Agm gaH$mar IM© hmoV Agë`mZo Aem
dñÌm§Mr {dH«$s {Z`§{ÌV hmoVr. lr_§V bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mr nV d EonV bjmV KoD$Z H$mnS> IaoXrMm dmQ>m R>adyZ {Xbobm
hmoVm d VodT>çm dmQ>çmMmM nadmZm Ë`m§Zm {Xbobm Ago.
àmÊ`m§Mm ~mOma^md {Z`§ÌU :
KmoS>o, JwéT>moao, Jwbm_ dJ¡ao àmÊ`m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s `m_Ü`o R>am{dH$ KmoS>o ~mOmamVM KmoS>çm§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s
hmoV Ago. KmoS>çm§Mm Cn`moJ g¡Ý`mgmR>r hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m {H$_Vr _mUgm§nojm OmñV hmoË`m. gaH$mar {Z~ªY
_moS>Umè`m ì`mnmè`m§Zm XohmÝV emgZ hmoV Ago.
43
åh¡er, Jm`r, ~¡b, C§Q>, eoù`m, _|T>çm, JmT>d dJ¡ao KaJwVr OZmdao gaH$maZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m qH$_VrVM
{dH$mdr bmJV AgV. `wÕmV qOH$boë`m _mUgm§Zm H¡$X H$éZ Jwbm_ ~Z{dÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr. AëbmC{ÔZMr
H$ma{H$X© `wÕm§Zr ^abobr Agë`mZo ñÌr, nwéf Jwbm_m§Mr g§»`m \$ma hmoVr. JwamT>moam§à_mUo _mVr_mob qH$_VrV
Ë`m§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s MmbV Ago.
~mOmamMo nyU© {Z`§ÌU {XdmU-E-[a`mgV (dm{UÁ` _§Ìmb`) d ZOra H$m`m©b` (dOZ_mn {Z`§ÌH$)
`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. AëbmCÔrZZo hr gd© ì`dñWm _{bH$ `mHw$~ `mMoH$S>o gmon{dbr hmoVr. Vmo AË`§V B_mZXma
d gË`{Zð> Agë`m_wio Ë`mZo ~mOma^md {Z`§ÌUmMr `moOZm H$mQ>oH$moanUo am~{dbr. H$_r dOZ-_mn XoD$Z
Jar~, AS>mUr {JèhmB©H$mMr \$gdUyH$ H$aUmè`m XwH$mZXmamMo _mbmÀ`m dOZmBVHo$ _m§g H$mnbo OmV Ago.
VgoM \$Q>Š`m§Mr {ejm {Xbr OmV Ago.
AëbmC{ÔZÀ`m ~mOma^md {Z`§ÌUm_wio gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§Mm VgoM g¡{ZH$m§Mm \$m`Xm Pmbm. Vmo
g¡{ZH$m§Zm IwëH$-E-IwXm (_mZdVoMm A§e) g_OV hmoVm. JmoaJar~ a`VoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma Ë`mMm _ZmV
ZìhVm. VgoM AëbmCÔrZMr hr ì`dñWm amOYmZr {Xëbr d {VÀ`m n[agamnwaVoM _`m©XrV hmoVo.
AëbmCÔrZMm _¥Ë`y :
AëbmCÔrZMo eodQ>Mo {Xdg A{Ve` dmB©Q> Jobo. A{Ve` l_m_wio, dmT>Ë`m d`m_wio d _Ú godZm_wio
Vmo AmOmar nS>bm. Ë`mMr nËZr d _wbm§Zr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o bj {Xbo Zmhr. Aem pñWVrV AëbmCÔrZZo _{bH$
H$m\y$abm X{jUoVyZ ~mobmdyZ KoVbo. _{bH$ H$m\y$ahr H$nQ>r YyV© hmoVm. AëbmCÔrZMm eodQ> Odi Ambm Amho
ho AmoiIyZ Ë`mZo H$Q> H$mañWmZ aMbo. amUr _{bH$m-E-OhmZ {IO«ImZ d Aë\$ImZ `m gdmªZr Vwåhmbm
_maÊ`mMm H$Q> aMbm Amho Ago Ë`mZo gwbVmZmÀ`m _ZmV ^a{dbo. Ë`m_wio gwbVmZmZo {MSy>Z Ë`m {VKm§Zm
Vwé§JmV Q>mH$bo. `m Jm|YimMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z Xod{Jar d {MVmoS> ñdV§Ì Pmbo d JwOamV_Ü`o ~§S> Pmbo. `m ~mVå`m
H$mZmda `oVmM gwbVmZ {IÝZ d {Zame Pmbm. Ë`mMr Vã`oV {~KS>br d 2 OmZodmar 1316 amoOr Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y
Pmbm.
AëbmCÔrZMr `mo½`Vm :
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m `mo½`Vo~m~V B{VhmgH$mam§_Ü`o XmoZ {^ÝZ _Vo AmhoV. Eb{\$ñQ>Z gmaIo B{VhmgH$ma
AëbmCÔrZbm AË`§V `eñdr amÁ`H$Vm© g_OVmV Va S>m°. ìhr. E. pñ_WgmaIo B{VhmgH$ma Ë`mMr H$ma{H$X©
åhUOo gwbVmZemhrdarb EH$ _moR>m H$b§H$ _mZVmV. nU AëbmC{ÔZ namH«$_r d `eñdr goZmnVr hmoVm ho
gd©OU _mÝ` H$aVmV. Ë`mÀ`m `mo½`VoMo _yë`_mnZ nwT>rb à_mUo :
^maVmVrb n{hbm _wñbr_ g_«mQ> :
AëbmCÔrZZo qgYy nmgyZ ~§Jmbn`ªV d {h_mb`mnmgyZ am_oída n`ªVMm ^maV Bñbm_r gÎmoImbr
AmUbm. Vmo EH$ eya `moÕm, Hw$eb goZmnVr hmoVm. Amnbr gmhgr H¥$Vr d O~a _hÎdmH$m§jm `m§À`m Omoamda
44
Ë`mZo EH$m N>moQ>çm amÁ`mMo gm_«mÁ`mV n[adV©Z Ho$bo.
Hw$eb àemgH$ :
AëbmCÔrZ EH$ CÀM XOm©Mm àemgH$ hmoVm. OwÝ`m àemgZ àUmbrV A_wbmJ« ~Xb H$éZ ZdrZ
àemgZmMr ñWmnZm H$aUmam Vmo n{hbm gwbVmZ g_Obm OmVmo.
ñWmnË` d gm{hË` H$boMr AmdS> d OmonmgZm :
AëbmCÔrZ {Zaja hmoVm Var Ë`mbm gm{hË` d H$boMr AmdS> hmoVr. A{_a Iwgamo, A_ra hgZ,
AbmCb_wëH$ gmaIo Y_©n§S>rV Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamV hmoVo. Ë`mbm ñWmnË` H$boMrhr AmdS> hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m
H$ma{H$XuVrb AZoH$ _{eXr, {H$ëbo Am{U Vbmd, {garMm {H$ëbm, AbmB© XadmOm Ë`mÀ`m H$bm ào_mMr gmj
XoVmV.
àJV gwYmaUm :
~mOma{Z`§ÌU ^md{ZYm©aU, X¡Z§{XZ dñVy§Mo àg§Jr aoeqZJ B. Jmoï>r AëbmC{ÔZZo A_bmV AmUë`m. `m
Jmoï>r H$mimÀ`m _mZmZo \$maM n«JV hmoË`m. ~Zu {bhVmo, ""AëbmC{ÔZÀ`m H$mimV gd© OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy ñdñV
d {ZpíMV ^mdmV {_iV AgV. ì`mnmè`m§Zm Ë`mZo gMmoQ>rZo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo.''
AëbmCÔrZbm _mUgm§Mr Mm§Jbr nmaI hmoVr. `mo½` ì`ŠVrbm `mo½` H$m_r bmdÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o
hmoVo. gd© emgH$s` godm§da KÅ> nH$S> R>odyZ Ë`mV J¡aì`dhma, ^«ï>mMma Am{U bmMImoar hmoUma Zmhr Aer `§ÌUm
Ë`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$br.
Y_© d amOH$maUmMr \$maH$V :
AëbmCÔrZZo amO{ZVrbm Y_©{Zanoj ~Z{dbo. amOH$maUmV B_m_ d Cbo_m `m§Mr bwS>~wS> Ë`mZo ~§X Ho$br.
ho Ë`mMo _moR>o YmS>g hmoVo. amOH$maUmV amÁ`mÀ`m {hVmMm {dMma H$éZ Ý`m`mÝ`mæ`Vm R>admdr bmJVo Ago Ë`mZo
gwbo_m§Zm R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVbo. Ë`mMr ~amo~ar eoaehm gwar d AH$~a `m§À`mIoarO AÝ` H$moUË`mhr gwbVmZmbm
H$aVm Ambr Zmhr.
AëbmCÔrZMo Xmof :
JwUm§~amo~aM AëbmCÔrZÀ`m {R>H$mUr AZoH$ Xmof hr hmoVo. ImOJrOrdZmV Vmo Mm[aÍ`eyÝ` H$nar, g§e`r
H$mdo~mO d ñdmWu hmoVm. ñd^mdmZo Vmo A{Ve` H«w$a hmoVm. Ý`m`{ZVrMm Am{O~mV J§Y ZìhVm.
qhXyÀ`m ~m~VrV AëbmCÔrZ H«w$a d Owb_r hmoVm. Vmo åhUVmo, Bñbm_À`m YmoaUmn«_mUo H$m{\$am§Zm XmoZM
n`m©` AgVmV Vo åhUOo Bñbm_Mm pñdH$ma qH$dm _¥Ë`y Ë`mZo hOmamo qhXyZm _wñbr_ Y_m©Mr {Xjm {Xbr.
AëbmCÔrZ A{Z`§ÌrV Owb_r gwbVmZ hmoVm na§Vw àemgH$ åhUyZ Vmo VS>\$Xma d H$m`©j_ hmoVm. _Ü``wJrZ
^maVmVrb Vmo EH$ AJ«JÊ` emgH$ hmoVm. CÎm_ àemgZ àñWm{nV H$aUmam amÁ`H$ma^mamV Y_m©Mr bwS>~wS> ~§X
nmS>Umam {dÛmZ XyaXeu gwYmaH$ {dÚm d H$bmào_r Agm AëbmCÔrZ _hmZ emgH$ hmoVm.
45
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`o nyU© H$am.
1. ................ hr _odmS>Mr amOYmZr hmoVr.
A) _midm
~) O`nya
H$) {MVmoS>JS>
S>) aUW§~moa
2. ................ hm X{jU ^maVmda ñdmar H$aUmam n{hbm gwbVmZ hmoVm.
A) ObmbwÔrZ {IbOr
~) AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr
H$) _whå_X VwKbH$
S>) Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$
3. AëbmCÔrZÀ`m X{jUoVrb gÎmm{dñVmamMo lo` goZmnVr ................ bm Úmdo bmJVo.
A) _{bH$ H$m\y$a
~) Om\$a ImZ
H$) ZgaV ImZ S>) Amb_ ImZ
4. AëbmCÔrZÀ`m H$mimV JwOamVda ................... d§emMo amOo amÁ` H$arV hmoVo.
A) MìhmU
~) amOnyV
H$) Jw{hbrV
S>) ~§Yobo
5. AëbmCÔrZÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV _§Jmobm§Mo n{hbo AmH«$_U ........... À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Pmbo.
A) VmaJr ~oJ
~) H$mXaImZ
H$) gmbXr
S>) »dmOm VmaVH$
2.2.2 _whå_X-{~Z-VwKbH$ (B.g. 1325 Vo B.g. 1351) :
AëbmCÔrZÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbVmZMm gw^oXma JmPr _{bH$ `m§Zo {XëbrMr JmXr nQ>H$mdbr.
ñdV:bm {J`mgwÔrZ VwKbH$ ehm Ago Zmd YmaU H$éZ 8 gßQ>|. 1320 amoOr gÎmoMr gwÌo ñdV:À`m hmVr KoVbr
d VwKbH$ KamÊ`mMr gÎmm ñWmnZ Ho$br. ho KamUo 1320 Vo 1388 `m H$mimV {XëbrÀ`m V»Vmda hmoVo.
{J`mgwÔrZÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm Ë`mMm _wbJm \$H$éÔrZ _whå_XZo _whå_X {~Z VwKbH$ ho Zmd YmaU H$éZ
{XëbrMr gÎmm Vmã`mV KoVbr.
_whå_X-{~Z-VwKbH$ hm {XëbrÀ`m V»Vmda ~gboë`m gd© gwbVmZm§_Ü`o A{YH$ {dÛmZ hmoVm. Ë`mbm
IJmob, {dkmZ, J{UV, VH©$emñÌ, VÎdkmZ, d¡ÚH$ B. AZoH$ {df`m§Mo kmZ hmoVo. Ë`mZo g¡{ZH$s {ejUhr KoVbo
hmoVo. `wdamO AgVmZmM Vob§JUmÀ`m bT>mB©V {dO` {_idyZ Ë`mZo Amnbo em¡`© d ZoV¥ËdJwU {gÕ H$aUo hmoVo.
{nË`mÀ`m _moR>çm gm_«mÁ`mMm dmagm Ë`mbm {_imbm hmoVm. amÁ`mamohUmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`mZo {dÛmZ Bï>{_Ì, g¡Ý`
d gaXmam§Zm n¡gm d nXì`m ~hmb Ho$ë`m. Ah§_X A`mOm§Zm Ë`m§Zr Amnbm dOra Zo_bo. Xod{Jar d dma§Ji `oWrb
~§S>o _moSy>Z X{jUoV nwÝhm Amnbm A§_b ~g{dbm. _moJbm§Mo {Xëbrda AmH«$_U Pmbo hmoVo Ë`m§Zm ^anya I§S>Ur
XoD$Z naV nmR>{dbo d Z§Va amÁ`mVrb A§VJ©V H$ma^mamH$S>o bj {Xbo.
_whå_X VwKbH$mMo A§VJ©V YmoaU :
_whå_X VwKbH$ _moR>m _hÎdmH$m§jr XyaXeu {dMmamMm d H$mhr doJio H$éZ XmI{dÊ`mMr {OÔ ~miJUmam
46
hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ì`dhm[aH$ amO{ZVrH$S>o Ë`mZo bj {Xbo Zmhr. àemgZm_Ü`o Y_©, d§e, Hy$i `m§Mm à^md Zï>
H$éZ JwUm§Zwgma gdmªZm àJVrMr g§Yr XoD$Z EH$ AmXe© amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Ë`mMo ñdßZ hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo
H$mhr ZdrZ `moOZm d Zdo n«`moJ H$aÊ`mMm Ü`mgM KoVbm. AZoH$ `moOZm A_bm§V AmUë`m Ë`m nwT>rb à_mUo,
1. _hgwbmg§~§Yr gwYmaUm :
gd© amÁ`mV _hgwbmMm Xa EH$M Agmdm Aer _whå_XmMr BÀN>m hmoVr. àË`oH$ àm§VmÀ`m àm§VrH$
A{YH$mè`mZo Amnë`m àm§VmÀ`m O_m ~§XrMo d IMm©Mo a{OñQ>a R>odmdo d Ë`mMr EH$ àV {Xëbr Xa~mamV
nmR>dmdr Agm hþHw$_ Ë`mZo Omar Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio àm§VmÀ`m O_m~§Xrbm {eñV bmJbr. àm§VmÀ`m O_mIMm©Mm
{hemo~ {Z`{_VnUo {XëbrH$S>o `oD$ bmJbm.
2. XwAm~mVrb H$admT> :
J§Jm d `_wZoÀ`m XwAm~mVrb àXoe AË`§V gw{nH$ hmoVm. _whå_XmZo amÁ`mamohUmÀ`m doir A_mn n¡gm
dmQ>bm Agë`mZo I{OZm [aH$m_m Pmbm hmoVm, VgoM XwAm~mVrb àOm qhXy hmoVr. `m qhXy§da A{YH$ eoVgmam
bmXbm Va qhXy àOm X[aÐr d Xw~©b hmoB©b d ~§S> H$aÊ`mMr VmH$X Ë`m§À`mV ahmUma Zmhr. åhUyZ XwAm~mÀ`m
àXoemV eoVgmam dmT>{dbm. Ë`m{edm` Kao, OZmdao, Hw$aUo `mdahr H$a ~g{dÊ`mV Ambo.
H$admT>rMr `moOZm `mo½` nÕVrZo H$m`©dmhrV `mdr åhUyZ gwbVmZmZo ""{XdmU-E-_wñVI[aO'' ZmdmMo
EH$ ñdV§Ì ImVo gwé Ho$bo. H$moUË`m àm§VmV H$a dgwbr {ZQ> hmoV Zmhr ho nhmÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m ImË`mMo hmoVo.
"{XdmU-E-H$mohr' ho H¥$fr ImË`mMo ñdV§Ì ImVo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m ImË`mZo _hgwbmg§~§YrMr gd©
_m{hVr Jmoim H$amd`mMr hmoVr. H$a dgwbrMo YmoaU AË`§V H$S>H$ d H$R>moa H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mMm \$m`Xm Ë`m
ImË`mVrb ^«ï>mMmar d ñdmWu A{YH$mè`m§Zr H$éZ KoVbm. H$a EdT>çm H$S>H$nUo dgyb H$aÊ`mV `oV H$s
eoVH$ar {^Ho$bm bmJbo. Jmdo gmoSy>Z bmoH$ OmD$ bmJbo. Jmdo Amog nS>V Jobr. VgoM `m `moOZoMr A§_b~OmdUr
gwé Pmbr. V|ìhmM B.g. 1326 _Ü`o XwAm~mV _moR>m XwîH$mi nS>bm.
H$a dgwbrH$arV gwbVmZmÀ`m àOoMm A{YH$mè`m§Zr A{Ve` N>i Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar dJ© H§$Jmb
Pmbm. lr_§V bmoH$m§Zr ~§S>o gwé Ho$br. Ë`mMmhr AË`§V H«w$anUo {~_moS H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m àXoemVrb Iar
dñVwpñWVr O|ìhm gwbVmZmbm H$ibr V|ìhm Ë`mZo XwîH$miJ«ñVm§Zm H$O}, CÎm_ ~r-{~`mUo nwa{dbo. qgMZmgmR>r
H$mbdo d {dhrar IUë`m. na§Vw hr _XV Ceram nmohmoMë`mZo Ë`mMm H$mhrhr Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. {edm` ^«ï>mMmar
A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ambobr _XV XwîH$miJ«ñVm§n`ªV nmoMy {Xbr Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV AH$m`©j_ d ^«îQ>mMmar A{YH$mè`m§_wio
H$admT>rMr `moOZm A`eñdr Pmbr d gwbVmZ _mÌ A{à` Pmbm.
3. eoVr{df`H$ gwYmaUm :
_whå_Xmbm eoVr{d^mJmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr AmdS> hmoVr. Ë`mZo eoVr {d^mJmbm "{XdmU-E-H$mohr' Ago
Zmd {Xbo. eoVH$è`m§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Z ghmæ` XoUo, OmñVrV OmñV O{_Z bmJdS>rImbr AmUUo ho `m {d^mJmMo
C{Ôï> hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r gaH$maZo VrZ bj {~Ko AmogmS> àXoemV eoVr gwé Ho$br. eoVrMr _emJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
47
A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m Ho$ë`m. aIdmbXmam§Mr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. `m `moOZogmR>r XmoZ dfm©V 70 bmj Q>§H$m IM©
Ho$bo na§Vw hr `moOZm nwU©nUo A`eñdr R>abr. H$maU gaH$maZo KoVbobr O{_Z ZmnrH$ hmoVr. gwbVmZmZo ñdV:
bj Z KmbVm A{YH$mè`m§da ^amogm R>odbm. `m `moOZogmR>r nwa{dbobm n¡gm ^«ï> A{YH$mè`m§Zr JS>n Ho$bm.
amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mMm à`moJ (1326-1327) :
{XëbrMr amOYmZr ~XbyZ Vr X{jUoV Xod{Jar `oWo ZoUo hr _h§_XmMr `moOZm hmoVr. amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mMm
hm H«$m§VrH$mar {ZU©` _whå_XmZo H$m KoVbm `mMr H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JrVbr OmVmV.
1. Xod{Jar ho _Ü`dVu {R>H$mU hmoVo. Xod{JarMm {H$ëbm hm A^oÚ [H$ëbm hmoVm.
2. _moJbm§À`m gVVÀ`m ñdmè`m§nmgyZ {Xëbr AgwajrV hmoVr. åhUyZ amOYmZr gwa{jV {R>H$mUr ZoUo.
3. X{jUoV Bñbm_ Y_m©Mm àgma H$aUo Xod{Jar ho Y_© àgmamMo H|$Ð ~Z{dUo.
4. amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r VgoM X{jUoÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmZmgmR>r gwbVmZmZo amOYmZr Xod{Jarbm
ZoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
5. "VarI-E-_w~maH$emhr' `m J«§WmMo boIH$ "`hm-{~Z-Ah_X' `m§Mo _Vo, gwbVmZmÀ`m H$admT>r_wio
Á`m ~§S>mù`m Pmë`m Ë`m_wio amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
6. CÎmaog gVV XmoZ df} nS>bobm ^rfU XwîH$mi Am{U `mCbQ> X{jUoV AgUmar gw~mÎmm åhUyZ
gwbVmZmZo Xod{Jarbm amOYmZr ZoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
7. BãZ ~VwVmÀ`m _Vo {XëbrMo ZmJ[aH$ gwbVmZmbm [eì`m XoUmar Ë`mMr qZXm H$aUmar nÌo amÌrÀ`m
doir Ë`mÀ`m amO_hmbmV \o$H$sV åhUyZ g§VßV hmoD$Z Ë`mZo amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
darb gd© H$maUm§_wio gwbVmZmZo amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
amOYmZr ñWbm§VamMr dmQ>Mmb :
_whå_X VwKbH$mZo àW_ Xod{JarMo Zmd ~XbyZ "Xm¡bVm~mX' Ago R>odbo. EH$ \$Vdm H$mTy>Z Ë`mV
A~mbd¥Õ pñÌ`m d nwéfm§Zr Amnë`m gd© gm_mZm§gh Xm¡bVm~mXbm Omdo Agm AmXoe H$mT>bm. gwbVmZmZo
amOXa~ma d emgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§À`m~amo~a {XëbrVrb gd© àOmOZm§Zm hÅ>mZo Xod{Jarbm Zobo. {Xëbr Vo
Xod{Jar A§Va 700 _¡bmMo hmoVo. `m añË`mda ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r gwIgmoB© H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m Ago A{YH$mar
gm§JV Agbo Var bm§~Mm àdmg d XiUdiUmMr Anwar gmYZo `m_wio bmoH$m§Mo hmb hmoD$Z hOmamo bmoH$m§Mm
ñWbm§VamV _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Anma Ðì` IM© Pmbo. àË`jmV Xod{Jar_Ü`o bmoH$m§Mm amhÊ`mMm àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm.
ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mo ~ñVmZ ZrQ> ~goZm. OZVoM d A{YH$mar dJm©V Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`mMm ghH$mar
H$m_H$mOmda A{Zï> n[aUm_ hmoD$ bmJbm. gwbVmZmbm Amnbr MyH$ bjmV Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo nwÝhm Amnbr
amOYmZr Xm¡bVm~mXhÿZ {Xëbrbm hbdbr. gdmªZm nwÝhm {Xëbrbm naVÊ`mMm AmXoe XoUmam \$Vdm H$mT>bm.
48
ñWbm§VamÀ`m An`emMr H$maUo d n[aUm_ :
1. gwbVmZmZo \$ŠV Xa~mamVrb _mUgo H$_©Mmar dJ© VgoM amOdmS>çmVrb bmoH$m§nwaVm hm {ZU©` _`m©{XV
R>odbm Zmhr. g§nyU© bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$ë`mZo Jm|Yi {Z_m©U Pmbm.
2. {XëbrVrb bmoH$m§Mr Xm¡bVm~mXbm `oÊ`mMr Am{O~mV BÀN>m ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV Ag§VmofmMr
^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
3. {XëbrVrb _wgb_mZr bmoH$m§Mr Xm¡bVm~mX `oWrb qhXy§~amo~a amhÊ`mMr Am{O~mV BÀN>m ZìhVr.
4. Xm¡bVm~mXnmgyZ dm`ì` gahÔrH$S>rb àXoe d ~§Jmb \$ma Xya Agë`mZo Ë`m àXoemda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo
H$R>rU Pmbo. gwbVmZmbm {Xëbr d Xm¡bVm~mX Xaå`mZ \o$è`m _mamì`m bmJy bmJë`m.
5. {Xëbr COmS> ~Zbo VoWrb Am{W©H$ gw~Îmm Zï> Pmbr Va amOYmZrÀ`m JaOm Xm¡bVm~mX nwè`m H$é
eH$bo Zmhr.
6. amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoV emgH$s` `§ÌUoda d gaH$mar I{OÝ`mda VmU nS>bm.
`m `moOZoMo H$mhr XyaJm_r n[aUm_hr Pmbo Vo åhUOo X{jU d CÎma `m§À`m_Yrb gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$
AS>Wio Xya Pmbo. Bñbm_ Y_© d g§ñH¥$VrMm X{jUoV àgma Pmbm.
à{VH$mË_H$ MbZmMm à`moJ (1329 Vo 1332) :
_whå_X VwKbH$mZo ZmUo nÕVrV A_wbmJ« gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. AZoH$ àH$maMr Zdr ZmUr MbZmV AmUbr. ZmUr
nS>VmZm Ë`m§Mm Z_wZm, XOm© R>adyZ gw~H$Vm `oÊ`mgmR>r H$mQ>Ho $moanUo bj {Xbo. Ë`mZo àW_M MbZmgmR>r Vm§ã`mMr
ZmUr nmS>br. `mbm H$maU amÁ`mÀ`m {VOmoarV _m¡ë`dmZ YmVyMo à_mU H$_r hmoV.o gVVMr `wÕ,o ~§S>mù`m _moS>y Z
H$mT>U.o Xa~mar IM© d gwbVmZmZo Ho$bobo {d{dY à`moJ `m_wio gaH$mar I{OZm [aH$m_m Pmbm hmoVm.
XwîH$mimgma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrZo CËnÝZmV VyQ> `oV hmoVr. ZdZdrZ à`moJ H$aÊ`mMr gwbVmZmMr
_hÎdmH$m§jm {edm` Ë`mH$mimV OJmV gd©Ì Mm§XrMm VwQ>dS>m {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. MrZÀ`m amOmZo H$mJXr
ZmoQ>m§Mo àMbZ gwé Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mV Vmo `eñdr Pmbm hmoVm. BamUÀ`m _§Jmob emgH$mZm§hr Agm à`moJ Ho$bm
hmoVm `m§À`mnmgyZ àoaUm KoD$Z _h§_XmZohr ZdrZ MbZ àMbZ AmUÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Vm§ã`mÀ`m 100
ZmÊ`m§À`m ~amo~a EH$ gmoÝ`mMr Q>§H$m Aer qH$_V R>adyZ Vm§ã`mÀ`m ZmÊ`mMo àMbZ gwé Ho$bo.
gwbVmZmZo EH$ \$Vdm H$mTy>Z Vm§ã`mMr amO_wÐm KmofrV Ho$br Ë`mMo _yë` Ë`mZo Mm§Xr d gmoÝ`mÀ`m
_yë`m~amo~a {ZYm©[aV Ho$bo. `m Vm§ã`mÀ`m ZmÊ`m§Ûmao OZVm Amnbo gd© ì`dhma H$aob Agm _whå_XmZo AmXoe
H$mT>bm. hr H$ënZm `mo½` hmoVr na§Vw Vr \$gbr H$maU gwbVmZmZo Q>m§H$gmioda gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU R>odbo Zmhr.
Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zr ImOJr[aVrZo ZmUr nmS>br. bmoH$m§Zr gaH$mar {VOmoarV Vm§ã`mMr ZmUr ^abr Am{U gmoÝ`mMr
ZmUr ñdV:Odi R>odbr. gaH$mar {VOmoarV Vm§ã`mÀ`mZmÊ`m§Mo T>rJÀ`m T>rJ {Z_m©U Pmbo.
Vm§ã`mÀ`m ZmÊ`mMo _yë` gmoÝ`mÀ`m ZmÊ`m~amo~a R>a{dÊ`mV Amë`mZo bmoH$m§Zr ^am^a _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy
49
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8/4
IaoXr Ho$ë`m. naXoer ì`mnmar ^maVmVrb dñVy Vm§ã`mÀ`m ZmÊ`mV {dH$V KoD$ bmJbo d gmoÝ`mÀ`m {H$_VrV
{dHy$ bmJbo. _mÌ naXoemVyZ ^maVmV _mb `oUo ~X§ Pmbo H$maU Vm§ã`mÀ`m {H$_VrV _mb {dH$Ê`mg Vo V`ma
ZìhVo Ë`m_wio ì`mnma R>ßn Pmbm. gmoÝ`mMr qH$_V dmT>br. V|ìhm gwbVmZmZo hr `moOZm aÔ Ho$br. Aem [aVrZo
à{VH$mË_H$ MbZmMm à`moJ A`eñdr Pmbm.
_whå_X VwKbH$mMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU :
_whå_X hm d¥ÎmrZo BVa gwbVmZm§À`m VwbZoV CXma_VdmXr hmoVm. CXma d g{hîUy d¥ÎmrMm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m
Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo hmoVr.
1. _m¡bdr d Cbo_m§Mo dM©ñd H$_r Ho$bo :
Ë`m H$mimV Ý`m` {d^mJmV Cbo_m§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m hmVmVrb hm A{YH$ma gwbVmZmZo H$mTy>Z
KoVbm. Ý`m`mÀ`m ~m~VrV H$mPrZo MwH$sMm {ZU©` {Xbm Va Vmo Ë`mbm nXmdéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$V Ago.
Ý`m`{d^mJmV BVa bmoH$m§Zm H$m_mda KoVbo. emgZmVrb VgoM amOH$s` joÌmVrb Cbo_m§Mm A{YH$ma g§nwï>mV
AmUbm. Ë`m_wio _wñbr_ Y_m©{YH$mar gwbVmZmÀ`m {damoYmV Jobo.
2. X¡dr A{YH$mamÀ`m VËdmda {dídmg :
_h§_XmÀ`m AZoH$ ZmÊ`m§da "Ab² gwbVmZ {Oëbr Aëbmh' (AëbmMo àVrH$ åhUOo gwbVmZ) Ago
H$moabo Amho. Omo gwbVmZm§À`m Amkm§Mo nmbZ H$aVmo VmoM Iè`m AWm©Zo AëbmÀ`m Amkm§Mo nmbZ H$aVmo. Aëbm
hm gwbVmZmMm g_W©H$ Amho. Aem àH$maMo _h§_XmMo {dMma hmoVo.
3. I{b\$m§Mo dM©ñd PwJméZ {Xbo :
AmOn`ªV gwbVmZmda Agbobo I{b\$m§Mo dM©ñd _h§_XmZo PwJméZ {Xbo. Ë`m_wio Y_©Jwé§Zr gwbVmZm {déÕ
àMma H$amd`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
4. qhXy {df`H$ CXma YmoaU :
_whå_XmZo H$moUmhr qhXyda _wñbr_ Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`m~m~V O~aXñVr Ho$br Zmhr. H$mhr qhXy§Zm Ë`mZo
CÀMnX {Xbo hmoVo. Vmo qhXyÀ`m AZoH$ Ym{_©H$ g_ma§^mV ^mJ KoV Ago Ë`mZo qhXyMr Xodio nmS>br ZmhrV.
_whå_XmZo qhXy `moJr d O¡Z gmYw `m§À`m~amo~a Ym{_©H$ MMm© Ho$br. O¡Z gmYw OrdZà^m gwar `m§Zm Ë`mZo EH$
hOma JmB© d AZoH$ _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy An©U Ho$ë`m. gmYw§H$arVm EH$ dñVr Cnml`o ({ZdmgñWmZo) H$mT>br d EH$
"Jmo_R>' ~m§Ybm.
_mÌ qhXy§~m~V _whå_XmMo YmoaU {ÛYm hmoVo. XwAm~mV qhXy§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agë`mZo Ë`mZo H$admT>rMr
`moOZm VoWo am~{dbr. na§Vw XmoAm~mV XwîH$mi nS>bm Amho `mMr ~mV_r H$iVmM CXma A§V:H$aUmZo Ë`m§Zm
_XVhr Ho$br.
50
Am`wî`mÀ`m g§Ü`mH$mir Ë`mbm Ago dmQy> bmJbo H$s AmnU I{b\$m {déÕ ^y{_H$m KoVë`m_wio A{à`
Pmbmo AmhmoV. hr MyH$ gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo B{OßVÀ`m I{b\$mH$S>o Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$br H$s, I{b\$mZo
gwbVmZnXmbm _mÝ`Vm Úmdr, Ë`mZo ZmÊ`m§darb Amnbo Zmd H$mTy>Z I{b\$m§Mo Zmd KmVbo. Amnbo \$Vdo Vmo
I{b\$m§À`m Zmdo H$mTy> bmJbm. B.g. 1340 _Ü`o Ë`mZo B{OßVÀ`m I{b\$mÀ`m d§eOmbm ^maVmV ~mobmdyZ
Ë`mMm gËH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`mbm AZoH$ _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy {Xë`m na§Vy Varhr _whå_X bmoH${à` hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr.
_whå_X VwKbH$mMo naamï´>r` YmoaU :
_whå_X VwKbH$mZo Ho$di A§VJ©V YmoaUmVM Zmhr Va naamï´>r` YmoaUmVhr AZoH$ à`moJ Ho$bo na§Vw Ë`m
à`moJmVhr Ë`mbm An`e Ambo.
1. ImoamgmZda ñdmar :
_§Jmobm§Mo ^maVmdarb AmH«$_U H$m`_Mo Wm§~{dUo d {díd qOH$Ê`mMr _hÎdmH$m§jm nwar H$aÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo _whå_XmZo Am{e`mVrb ImoamgmZMo amÁ` qOH$Ê`mMm {dMma Ho$bm. Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamVrb H$mhr
ImoamgmZr gaXmam§Zr Ë`mbm Ë`m~m~V CÎmoOZ {Xbo. `m _mo{h_ogmR>r 3 bmI 70 hOma \$m¡O V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. `m \$m¡Oobm EH$ dfm©Mo AmJmD$ doVZ {Xbo na§Vw àË`jmV qhXyHw$eÀ`m qIS>rVyZ ^maVr` goZm ZoUo H$R>rU
hmoVo. agX nwadR>çmMm àíZ _Ü` Am{e`mVrb hdm_mZ H$S>ì`m bT>dæ`m O_mVrnwT>o ^maVr` g¡Ý`mMm {Z^md
bmJUo H$R>rU B. AS>MUt_wio hr `moOZm hmVr KoUo AeŠ` Amho ho gwbVmZmÀ`m bjmV Ambo. Ë`m_wio gd©
{gÕVm H$éZhr hr _mo{h_ gwbVmZmZo aÔ Ho$br. g¡{ZH$m§Zm {Xbobm n¡gm dm`m Jobm.
2. MrZda ñdmar :
B{VhmgH$ma \o$[aíVmZo gwbVmZmZo Amnbm goZmnVr Iwgamo _{bH$ `m§Zm MrZda AmH«$_UmMm AmXoe {Xbm
hmoVm Ago {bhÿZ R>odbo Amho. na§Vy g_H$mbrZ B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo gwbVmZmMo MrZer gbmo»`mMo g§~§Y hmoVo.
MrZ d ^maV `m§À`m_Yrb H$Om©b àXoe qOHy$Z gr_m gwa{jV H$amdr hm gwbVmZmMm hoVy hmoVm. VgoM JT>dmb,
Hw$_m±C$^mJmVrb amZQ>r Q>moù`m {XëbrÀ`m gd©ñdmImbr AmUUo `mgmR>r Amnbm goZmnVr IwñÌmo _{bH$
`mÀ`m~amo~a _moR>r goZm nmR>{dbr. nhmS>r àXoem_wio g¡Ý`mMr _moR>r hmZr Pmbr. A{Và`mgmZo H$maOmiÀ`m
amOmZo ñdm{_Ëd _mÝ` Ho$bo. na§Vw Z§Va IwñÌmoZo {h_mb`mÀ`m ~\$m©i àXoemVyZ {V~oQ>H$S>o OmD$ bmJbm. na§Vw
^`§H$a W§S>r, nmD$g `m_wio Ë`mMo ~aoMgo g¡{ZH$ _mabo Jobo. nhmS>r Q>moirdmë`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm bwQ>bo. `m_Ü`o g§nyU©
emhr g¡Ý` Zï> Pmbo. ~aZrÀ`m _Vo Ho$di 10 g¡{ZH$ ho d¥Îm XoÊ`mgmR>r {XëbrV nmohMy eH$bo. nU nhmS>r
amOm§Zr gwbVmZmbm I§S>Ur XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
_§Jmob AmH«$_U :
gZ 1328-29 _Ü`o Va_earZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr _§Jmobm§Mr EH$ Q>moir I¡~a_mJ} ^maVmV Kwgbr d {VZo
_wbVmZ, bmhmoa qOH$sV {Xëbrn`ªVÀ`m àm§Vm§da AmH«$_U Ho$bo. Ë`mdoir _whå_X VwKbH$ amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mÀ`m
JS>~S>rV hmoVm. na§Vw gwbVmZmÀ`m emhr g¡Ý`mZo bmhmoZn`ªV _wg§S>r _mê$Z _§Jmob g¡Ý`mg noemdaÀ`m nbrH$S>o
51
{nQmiyZ bmdbo. Ago ~Xm`wZr åhUVmo. na§Vw \o$[aíVmÀ`m _Vo gwbVmZmZo Va_earZbm ^anya I§S>Ur XoD$Z _mKmar
OmÊ`mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo.
_whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m H$mimVrb {d{dY CR>md :
gwbVmZmÀ`m {damoYmV Ë`mMm MwbV ^mD$ KmoaPon Omo Jwb~½`m©Odi gmJaMm gw^oXma hmoVm Ë`mZo ~§S> Ho$bo
H$m|S>mUm (qghJS>) {H$ëboXma _wbVmZMm gw^oXma ~hmam_ Eo~m `m§Zr ~§S> Ho$bo hr ~§S>o gwbVmZmZo _moSy>Z H$mT>br.
B.g. 1335 _Ü`o _b~ma `oWrb gæ`X ObmbwÔrZ AhgZ `mZo ~§S> Ho$bo Vo ~§S> _moS>Ê`mg gwbVmZ X{jU
^maVmV Jobm na§Vw ~§S> _moSy> eH$bm Zmhr. _b~ma ñdV§Ì Pmbo. bmhmoaMm gw^oXma Am_ra hþbmOy Xwgam `mZo ~§S>
Ho$bo Ë`mV Ë`mMm nam^d hmoD$Z Vmo _mabm Jobm. Xm¡bVm~mXÀ`m gw^oXmamMo ~§S> XoIrb _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo.
B.g. 1337-38 Mo H$S>m `oWrb gw^oXmamMo ~§S> ~rXaMm gw^oXma ZwgaVIm±Mo ~§S> Am{U 1339-40 Mo
Jwb~Jm© `oWo AbrehmZo Ho$bobo ~§S> `m gd© ~§S>m§Mm gwbVmZmZo {~_moS> Ho$bm.
A`moÜ`oMm (AdY) gw^oXma EoZ-Cb²-_wëH$$hm Y_©n§S>rV hmoVm Vmo Vbdma ~hmÔa VgoM H$b_~hmÔa hmoVm.
B.g. 1340-41 _Ü`o gwbVmZmZo Ë`mMr Xm¡bVm~mXbm ~Xbr Ho$br Ë`mMm Ë`mbm amJ Ambm d Ë`mZo
gwbVmZm{déÕ ~§S> Ho$bo. nU gwbVmZmZo Ë`mbm nam^yV H$éZ nXÀ`wV Ho$bo.
gwbVmZm{déÕ gd©Ì ~§S> hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm X{jUoVrb qhXy§Zr KoVbm Am{U B.g. 1336 _Ü`o
h[aha ZmdmÀ`m qhXyZo {dO`ZJa `oWo qhXygm_«mÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
_whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m `moOZm§Zm An`e :
_whå_X VwKbH$mZo Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuV Á`m `moOZm A_bmV AmUë`m Ë`m gd© `moOZm§V Ë`mbm An`e
Ambo Ë`mMr H$maUo nwT>rb n«_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
1. gwbVmZ ñdV: O~m~Xma : H$mhr B{VhmgH$mam§À`m _Vo `m An`embm gwbVmZ ñdV:M ~è`mM A§er
O~m~Xma hmoVm. Vmo ñd^mdmZo AË`§V hÅ>r d CVmdim hmoVm. Vmo H$moUË`mhr `moOZoda J§^ranUo d gdmªJrU {dMma
H$arV ZìhVm. nyd©V`mar {edm` Ë`mZo AZoH$ `moOZm A_bmV AmUë`m. àemgH$mg Amdí`H$ AgUmao JwU
Ë`mÀ`mV ZìhVo. Amnë`m A{YH$mè`m§H$Sy>Z Mm§Jbo H$m_ H$éZ KoÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` Ë`m§À`mV ZìhVo.
2. Y_©Jwé§Zm H$R>moa emgZ : _whå_XmMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU CXmaVoMo hmoVo na§Vw amÁ` H$ma^mamVrb _m¡bdr d
Cbo_m§Mo dmT>Vo dM©ñd _mÌ Ë`mZo H$_r Ho$bo. AZoH$ Y_©Jwé§Zm H$R>moa emgZ Ho$bo. amOH$s` H$maUm§gmR>r qhXy§Zm
CXmaVoZo dmJ{dbo. na§Vw Ë`m_wio _wgb_mZ dJ© ZmamO Pmbm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ `moOZm§da Pmbm.
3. `moOZm H$mimÀ`m nwT>o hmoË`m : gwbVmZmZo `moOZm Á`m H$mimV A_bmV AmUë`m Vmo H$mi Ë`m
`moOZm§Zm AZwHw$b ZìhVm. gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm Ë`m `moOZm AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mÀ`m n{bH$S>À`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio
àOoZo Ë`mbm ghH$m`© {Xbo Zmhr. Ë`mda {MSy>Z gwbVmZmZo AZoH$m§Zm H$R>moa {ejm Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wio `e {_iUo
H$R>rU hmoV Jobo.
52
4. H$m`©j_ A{YH$mè`m§Mm A^md : gwbVmZm§À`m `moOZm§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mMr H$m`©dmhr AË`§V
Hw$ebVoZo d H$miOrnyd©H$ am~{dUmam àm_m{UH$ d ñdm_r{Zð> A{YH$mar dJ© gwbVmZmOdi ZìhVm. CbQ> ^«ï>mMmar
d bmMbwMnVImoa A{YH$mè`m§Zr `moOZm§Mm J¡a\$m`Xm KoD$Z àOoMr {nidUyH$ Ho$br Am{U gwbVmZ àoOV A{à`
R>abm.
5. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr : gwbVmZm§À`m `moOZm§Zm {ZgJm©Zohr gmW {Xbr Zmhr. Ë`mMr H$admT>rMr `moOZm
XwîH$mim_wio `eñdr hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. nmD$g, ~\©$ d dmXim_wio Ë`mÀ`m naH$s` ñdmè`m `eñdr hmoD$ eH$ë`m
ZmhrV.
6. àm§VrH$ gw^oXmam§Mr ~§S>Imoar : _whå_XmMo gm_«mÁ` {demb hmoVo. _mÌ gwbVmZ Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU R>oD$
eH$bm Zmhr. V|ìhm XyaXaÀ`m àm§Vr` gw^oXmam§Zr gwbVmZm{déÕ dma§dma ~§S> Ho$bo Vo _moS>Ê`mV n¡gm d eŠVr IMu
nS>ë`mZo gwbVmZmbm Amnë`m `moOZmV `e {_iy eH$bo Zmhr.
7. àOoVrb Ag§Vmof : gwbVmZmÀ`m `moOZm§_wio amÁ`mda Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> H$mogibo. Voìhm àOoda A{YH$
H$a bmXÊ`mV Ambo. n[aUm_r gwbVmZm{df`r A{à`Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr. ~§S>m§Zm àma§^ Pmbm. B.g. 1335 Vo
1351 n`ªV _whå_XmMr H$ma{H$X© ~§S>m§Zr ^abobr {XgyZ `oVo.
8. nañna {damoYr JwUm§Mm nwVim : _whå_X VwKbH$ nañna {damoYr JwUm§Mm nwVim hmoVm. Ago AZoH$
B{VhmgH$ma åhUVmV. _whå_X {OVH$m göX`r, CXma d {dZ_« hmoVm {VVH$mM H«w$aH$_m©hr hmoVm. Ë`mMo JwUXmof
`moOZm A`eñdr hmoÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>abo. H$moUVohr H$m_ H$adyZ KoÊ`m_Ü`o Omo Yra Amdí`H$ AgVmo Vmo
_whå_Xm_Ü`o ZìhVm.
_whå_X VwKbH$m~m~V B{VhmgH$mam§Mr _Vo :
B{VhmgH$ma Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z `mZo _whå_Xmbm doS>m Ago åhQ>bo Amho d `m~m~V Vmo Ë`mÀ`m H«$m¡`m©Mo CXmhaU
XoVmV. {O`mCÔrZ, ~aZr `mZohr _whå_Xmbm doS>m åhQ>bm Amho. VgoM Ë`mMo AmMaU Bñbm_À`m VËdm{déÕ hmoVo.
~aZr hm Y_©JwédJm©n¡H$s hmoVm. gwbVmZmZo Cbo_mdJm©Mo {deofm{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoVbo hmoVo åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV
gwbVmZm{df`r Ûof^mdZm hmoVr.
g_H$mbrZ boIH$ BãZ ~VyVm åhUVmo gwbVmZ XaamoO nmMdoim Z_mO nS>V hmoVm. Vmo Bñbm_À`m VËdmZwgma
dmJV hmoVm. Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Vmo OmJéH$ hmoVm. Ë`mMà_mUo "_whå_X aŠV{nnmgy hmoVm.' jwëbH$
AnamYmH$arVm Vmo AË`§V H$R>moa {ejm H$arV Ago. na§Vw Ë`mH$mimV _¥Ë`yX§S>mMr {ejm gd©_mÝ` hmoVr.
S>m°. B©ídar àgmX `mZr "_h§_X hm nañna{damoYr JwUm§Mm nwVim hmoVm.' Ago dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. gwadmVrbm
_whå_X ZmñVrH$ hmoVm nU Z§Va Vmo Ym{_©H$ ~ZV Jobm. Vmo Ý`m`r hmoVm nU gmYmaU AnamYmgmR>r AZoH$Xm _¥Ë`yX§S>
qH$dm earamMo Ad`d VmoS>Ê`mMr {ejm XoV Ago. na§Vw _Ü``wJmV Aem {ejm Zoh_rM {Xë`m OmV AgV.
_whå_X VwKbH$mMm _¥Ë`y :
_whå_XmÀ`m eodQ>À`m H$mimV I{OZm [aH$m_m Pmbm. amOYmZr CÜdñV Pmbr. JwOamV, _midm, qgY B.
53
{R>H$mUr ~§S>o Pmbr. ~§JmbgmaIm XyaMm àm§V ñdV§Ì Pmbm. X{jUoV ~hm_Zr hr Bñbm_r gÎmm Am{U {dO`ZJa
`oWo qhXy amÁ` ñWmnZ Pmbo. Aem {ZamemOZH$ AdñWoV JwOamVoV VmKr `mZo ~§S> Ho$bo gwbVmZmZo VmKrMm
nam^d Ho$bm na§Vw Vmo R>Ç>mÀ`m Om_ amOmH$S>o Aml`mg Jobm. V|ìhm gwbVmZ R>Ç>m `oWo ~§S> _moS>Ê`mg {ZKmbm.
na§Vw dmQ>oVM 20 _mM© 1351 amoOr gwbVmZmMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
_whå_XmMr `mo½`Vm :
_Ü``wJrZ gwbVmZm§_Ü`o _whå_X hmM gdmªV gw{ejrV {dÛmZ d Mm[aÍ`g§nÝZ hmoVm. Vmo d¡ÚH$emñÌ,
VH©$emñÌ d Ý`m`emñÌm_Ü`o àdrU AgyZ CÎm_ boIH$ d H$dr hmoVm. Vmo d¥ÎmrZo CXma hmoVm. XmZeya hmoVm.
Jar~m§Zm d X{bVm§Zm Vmo CXma A§V:H$aUmZo XmZY_© H$arV Ago. Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamV {dÛmZ n§{S>Vm§Zm d H$bmd§Vm§Zm
Aml` {_iV Ago.
_whå_X EH$ Hw$eb goZmnVr d eya `moÕm hmoVm. CÎm_ àemgH$ hmoVm. Ý`m`ào_r gwbVmZ hmoVm.
_whå_XmMo g_H$mbrZ B{VhmgH$ma {O`mCÔrZ ~aZr, Bgm_r _h§_X gwbVmZmg ZmpñVH$, nmI§S>r, AY_u,
H$m\$sa, qhXy§Mm Aml`XmVm `mgmaIr {deofU bmdVmV. na§Vw VwKbH$ KamÊ`mÀ`m gd© gwbVmZmV Vmo loð> hmoVm.
{XëbrÀ`m H$moUmhr gwbVmZmbm Ë`mÀ`mBVŠ`m AZoH$ d gwg§KQ>rV ~§S>mù`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJbo Zmhr. `m gd©
g§H$Q>mVyZ Vmo ghrgbm_V gwQ>bm. g_H$mbrZ OZVobm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr OmU Pmbr Zmhr Va g_H$mbrZ
B{VhmgH$mam§Zmhr Ë`mMr `mo½`Vm g_Obr Zmhr.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1. J§Jm-`_wZoÀ`m XAm~mÀ`m n«XoemVrb ~hþg§»` àOm .................... hmoVr.
A) _wñbr_ ~) VwH$s©
H$) qhXy
S>) {¼íMZ
2. _whå_X VwKbH$mZo {XëbrhÿZ amOYmZr .................... `oWo hb{dbr.
A) Xm¡bVm~mX
~) AmJ«m
H$) \$Îmonya {gH«$s
S>) IwëXm~mX
3. .................... `m B{VhmgH$mamZo _whå_X VwKbH$mbm "aŠV{nnmgy' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
A) S>m°. lrdmñVd
~) BãZ ~VwVm
H$) Jm{S>©Za
S>) ~aZr
4. _whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m ZmÊ`m§Zm .................... åhUV.
A) {XZma ~) hmoZ
H$) AXbr
S>) XmoH$mZr
5. MbZH$Vm© amOm åhUyZ .................... gwbVmZmbm AmoiIbo OmVo.
A) B~«m{h_ bmoXr
~) AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr
54
H$) Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$
S>) _whå_X VwKbH$
BŠVm nÕV :
gwbVmZemhr àemgZ ì`dñWoVrb BŠVm nÕVr hr O{_Z dmQ>nmMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© nÕVr hmoVr. g§nyU©
^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV Aer nÕV BVaÌ AmT>iV Zmhr. amOnwVH$mbrZ ga§Om_emhr qH$dm _moJbm§Mr OhmJraXmar
`mnojm hr nÕV doJir hmoVr. "BŠVm' qH$dm "BŠVoXmar' `m ZmdmZo hr nÕVr AmoiIVmV.
BŠVm nÕVrMm àma§^ :
VwH$s© amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr AZoH$ AmH«$_Uo H$éZ qhXyñWmZda {dO` {_idbm. gwadmVrbm VwH$s© gaXmam§Mr g§»`m
H$_r hmoVr na§Vw Ë`m§Zr `oWrb bjmdYr OZVoda amÁ` Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr à_wI eham§da d {H$ëë`m§da Amnbr nH$S>
~g{dbr na§Vw _moR>çm à_mUmV ApñVËdmV Agboë`m J«m_rU OZg_wXm` AOyZ qOH$md`mMm hmoVm. ho H$m`© nyU©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm gwbVmZm§Zm g§nyU© XoemV Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r "BŠVm nÕV' emoYyZ H$mT>br.
B.g.À`m Zdì`m eVH$mV BŠVm nÕV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
"BŠVm nÕV' ñdê$n :
BŠVm nÕVrbm {ZpíMV a§Jén ZìhVo. gwbVmZm§À`m _hËdmH$m§jr d H$V©~Jma A{_am§Zm Iwe H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm O{_Zr dmQ>Uo EdT>oM {VMo ñdê$n hmoVo. VgoM bîH$amVrb _hÎdnyU© ì`ŠVtZm O{_ZrMo _moR>o nÅ>o "BŠVm' `m
ZmdmZo ~jrg XoÊ`mMr nÕV hmoVr. `m Zì`m O{_ZXmam§Zm "BŠVoXma' åhUV AgV. BŠVoXmam§Zr Amnë`m _wbwImVrb
~§S>Imoa d ~bdmZ qhXy amOm§da AmH«$_U H$éZ Ë`m§Zm nam^yV H$éZ Amnë`m dM©ñdmImbr AmUmdo Ago gwbVmZmMo
AmXoe AgV. åhUOo "BŠVm' hr AOyZ nyU©V: qOH$br Z Jobobr d àemgZ ì`dñWm ~iH$Q> Zgbobr ^y_r hmoVr.
`m O{_Zrda BŠVoXmamZo nyU©V: H$ãOm H$amdm Am[U VoWo Ë`mbm `mo½` dmQ>ob Aer à^mdr _wbH$s àemgZ ì`dñWm
gwé H$amdr Aer Anojm hmoVr. `mgmR>r BŠVoXma ñdV:Mr \$m¡O C^r H$arV Ago d Vmo IM© ñdV:À`m BŠË`mVyZ
H$arV Ago.
BŠVmYmaH$mbm Ë`mZo gwbVmZmMr Or godm Ho$br {VMm _mo~Xbm åhUyZ Ë`mbm "BŠVm' hr ^y_r BZm_ {_imbr
Agë`mZo Ë`mbm Ë`mMm H$mhrhr H$a ^amdm bmJV Zgo hm H$a_wŠV ^yI§S> hmoVm. BŠVmYmaH$ "IaO' åhUOo H$mhr
Img aŠH$_ qH$dm gmoZo, Mm§Xr, KmoS>o, hÎmr d BVa _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy§À`m ñdê$nmV gwbVmZmbm ZOamUm XoV Ago
{edm` gwbVmZmbm O|ìhm JaO nS>ob V|ìhm Ë`mÀ`m _XVrbm Amnbr \$m¡O nmR>dV Ago.
d§ena§namJV :
BŠVoXmam§Zr Voamì`meVH$mV qhXyñWmZmV VwH$s©gÎmm {dñVmaÊ`mV d g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mV _Xw©_H$s JmOdbr hmoVr.
~hþVoH$ BŠVoXma ñdV:À`m ~imda _moR>o Pmbo hmoVo d BŠVm hr Ë`m§Mr d¡`ŠVrH$ _mb_Îmm hmoVr. Vo Amnë`mZ§Va
Amnë`m dmagm§Zm hr _mb_Îmm XoV Ago. Ë`m_wio BŠVoXmarMr d§ena§namJV nÕV gwé Pmbr Am{U VwH$s© gÎmoMr
nmio_wio qhXyñWmZÀ`m ^y_rV Imob ê$Obr. hr d§ena§namJV ~§X H$aÊ`mV ~ë~Zbmhr `e Ambo Zmhr.
AëbmC{ÔZ {IbOr Am{U _whå_X-~rZ-VwKbH$ `m gwbVmZm§Zr Ohm{JaXmar nÕV ~§X H$éZ BŠVoXmarbm
_moR>m YŠH$m {Xbm. Ë`m§Zr àemgH$s` {d^mJ åhUyZ BŠVm H$m`_ R>odbo nU Ë`m§Mo _mbH$s hŠH$ ~Xbbo. `m
55
d§ena§namJV BŠË`m§Zm gw^oXmarVrb {Oëho ~Z{dbo Am{U BŠVoXmam§Zm gw^oXmamÀ`m A§_bmImbr {Oëhm{YH$mar
~Z{dbo. gwbVmZemhrV àm§VrH$ àemgZ ì`dñWm \$maer {dH${gV Zgë`m_wio BŠVoXmam§Zm WoQ> {Xbr gaH$maÀ`m
{Z`§ÌUmImbr R>odÊ`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`m§Zm H$ma^mamÀ`m gd© ~m~VrV àm§V àemgH$mMm XOm© XoÊ`mV Ambm.
amOH$s` ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMo d àJ{Verb "BŠVo' amOKamÊ`mVrb ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m§Mr d¡`pŠVH$ _mb_Îmm åhUyZ
~hmb H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
d§ena§namJV BŠVoXmarMr A{Zï> àWm AëbmC{ÔZ {IbOrÀ`m CÎmam{YH$mè`m§Zr nwÝhm gwé Ho$br. {\$amoO
VwKbH$ `m gwbVmZmZo Va Amnbo g§nyU© amÁ` BŠË`m§_Ü`o {d^mJbo Am{U H$a_wŠV BZm_o åhUyZ BŠË`m§Mr
A{_am§Zm I¡amV Ho$br. Ago Agbo Var BŠVoXmam§Zr Amnbo OmXm CËnÝZ gaH$ma O_m H$amdo Am{U emhr {hemo~
VnmgUrgm§H$Sy>Z Amnbo O_mIM© VnmgyZ ¿`mdoV Agm X§S>H$ hmoVm.
BŠVoXmam§À`m A{YH$majoÌm ~mhoa Agbobr Jmdo eoVO{_Zr d amhVr Kao gwbVmZm§Zr n§{S>Vm§Zm gmYwg§Vm§Zm
d JaOy§Zm XmZ Ho$br. Ë`mda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r BŠVoXmam§Zr Amnë`m BŠË`mVrb O{_Zr \w$H$Q> dmQ>ë`m.
Aem arVrZo gwbVmZemhrÀ`m àemgZ ì`dñWoV BŠVoXmargma»`m ga§Om_emhrMm {eaH$md Pmbm.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
A) Imbrb {dYmZmV [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {bhm.
1. gwbVmZemhrVrb BŠVm nÕVr hr .................... dmQ>nmMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© nÕVr hmoVr.
A) nmUr
~) Ohm{Jar
H$) O{_Z
S>) n¡gm
2. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {demb OZg_wXm`mda Vm~m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r gwbVmZmZr .................... nÕV
emoYyZ H$mT>br.
A) O{_ZXmar
~) BŠVm
H$) _hgyb
S>) BZm_Xmar
3. ............... d ................ `m gwbVmZm§Zr BŠVoXmarbm _moR>m hmXam {Xbm.
A) {\$amoOehm VwKbH$ d _whå_X VwKbH$
~) Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$ d _h§_X Kmoar
H$) ObmbwÔrZ {IbOr d {J`mgwÔrZ
S>) AëbmC{ÔZ {IbOr d _whå_X {~Z VwKbH$
4. .................... `m§Zr BŠVoXmarMr d§ena§namJV nÕV gwé Ho$br.
A) VwH$s© A_ra
~) O_rZXma
H$) Ohm{JaXma
S>) ga§Om_Xma
5. ................. `m gwbVmZmZo Amnbo g§nyU© amÁ` BŠË`m§_Ü`o {d^mJbo d H$a_wŠV BZm_o åhUyZ BŠË`m§Mr
A{_am§Zm I¡amV Ho$br.
A) _whå_X VwKbH$
~) {\$amoOehm VwKbH$
56
H$) AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr
S>) Hw$Vw~wÔrZ Eo~H$
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
{IbOr : A\$JmUrñVmZmV "IbO' ZmdmMo {R>H$mU Amho. VoWo _wiMo amhUmao åhUOo {IbOr.
A_ra-B-VwPwH$ : amO{eï>mMma _§Ìr
Xod{Jar/Xm¡bVm~mX : X{jU ^maVmVrb YZmT>ç eha
Prb-B-Bbmhr : na_oídamMr n¥Ïdrdarb N>m`m
dOra/{XdmU-E-dOmaV : n§VàYmZ
OmZXma : A§JajH$
{O{P`m : {~Ja _wñbr_ bmoH$m§da bmXbobm H$a
Vw_mZ : Xhm hOma \$m¡O
{XZma : gmoÝ`mMo ZmUo
I{b\$m : _wñbr_ OJmMm EH$_od A{YnVr
{_ëbV : àOm
BŠVm : gwbVmZemhrMr MmH$ar H$aUmè`m Bñbm_Y_u` A{_am§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobr H$a_wŠV O_rZ hmo`.
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
A) `mo½` n`m©`
1. H$
2. ~
3. A
4. S
5. ~
3. ~
4. A
5. S>
3. S>
4. H$
5. ~>
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -2
A) `mo½` n`m©`
1. H$
2. A
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -3
A) `mo½` n`m©`
1. H$
2. ~
2.5 gmam§e :
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb gwbVmZemhrVrb à_wI gwbVmZm§Mm AmT>mdm `m KQ>H$mV KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
57
gwbVmZ H$mimV hmoD$Z Joboë`m AZoH$ gwbVmZm§_Ü`o AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr _whå_X VwKbH$ ho H$V©~Jma gwbVmZ
hmoVo. AëbmCÔrZ hm {Zaja hmoVm Ë`mZo VbdmarÀ`m ~imda g§nyU© ^maVmda Amnbo A{YamÁ` àñWm{nV Ho$bo
hmoVo. Ë`mZo Y_©Jwé§À`m hmVmVrb A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoVbo. AëbmCÔrZZo O_rZ-_hgyb {df`H$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m.
H¥$frjoÌmV {deof bj KmVbo. _mÌ OZVoda OmXm H$a bmXyZ H§$Jmb Ho$bo. AëbmCÔrZ `mbm g¡{ZH$m§~Ôb
{deof AmñWm hmoVr. g¡{ZH$m§Zm Iye R>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo {XëbrV ~mOma^md {Z`§ÌU `moOZm am~{dbr. `m ì`{V[aŠV
amÁ`mV Amnë`m {déÕ H$moR>ohr ~§S> hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ Ë`mZo JwßVhoa ImVo {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. Vmo CÀM XOm©Mm àemgH$
hmoVm. gm{hË` d H$bm§Mm ^moŠVm hmoVm. AëbmCÔrZÀ`m {R>H$mUr H$m{h XwJw©Uhr hmoVo. nU B{VhmgmV AëbmCÔrZbm
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmVrb EH$ AJ«JÊ` emgH$ _mZbo OmVo.
_whå_X VwKbH$ A{Ve` {dÛmZ hmoVm. VgoM `wÕHw$eb goZmnVr hmoVm. amÁ`H$ma^mamV Ë`mZo ZdrZ à`moJ
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm nU XwX}dmZo Vo `eñdr Pmbo ZmhrV. Ë`mZohr Y_©Jwé§À`m hmVmVrb A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoVbo
na§Vw Y_©Jwé§Zr Ë`mbm H$S>dm {damoY Ho$bm. _h§_XmZo H¥$frjoÌ d O{_Z _hgwb g§~§Yr {deof bj KmbyZ gwYmaUm
Ho$ë`m. XmoAm~ àm§VmV H$a dmT> Ho$br na§Vw Vr `moOZm Ag\$b Pmbr. _whå_XmZo MbZmÀ`m nÕVrV _wbJm_r
gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. doJdoJù`m àH$maMr ZmUr MbZmV AmUbr. Ë`mÀ`m `moOZm hoVy Mm§Jbo AgyZgwÕm
A§_b~OmdUrÀ`m {T>gminUm_wio \$gë`m. Var VwKbH$ KamÊ`mÀ`m gd© gwbVmZm§V Vmo loð> hmoVm.
gwbVmZr àemgZ ho BamUr, Aa~r d ^maVr` emgZ ì`dñWoMo {_lU hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m àemgZmMr H|$Ðr`
àemgZ, àm§Vr` àemgZ, naJUm àemgZ d J«m_ àemgZ `m Mma {d^mJmV {d^mJUr Ho$bobr hmoVr. BŠVm nÕV
hr gwbVmZemhrZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr O_rZ dmQ>nmMr nÕV hmoVr. bîH$ar A{_am§Zm "BŠVm' `m ZmdmZo O{_ZtMo
_moR>_moR>o BZm_ XoÊ`mMr nÕV hmoVr. hr O_rZ nwU©V: Z qOH$bobr d àemgZ ì`dñWm Zgbobr Ago. BŠVoXmam§Zr
Amnë`m namH«$_mZo Ë`m O{_Zrda nwU©nUo H$ãOm H$amdm Aer Anojm hmoVr. hr ^y_r BZm_ åhUyZ {_imbobr
Agë`mZo H$a_wŠV hmoVr. gwbVmZmZr g§nyU© XoemV Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r BŠVm nÕV gwé Ho$br.
`mVwZM ga§Om_emhr ì`dñWoMr nmio_wio ê$Obr. `mMm {dñV¥V AmT>mdm àñVwV KQ>H$m_Ü`o KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. AëbmCÔrZ {IbOrÀ`m gwYmaUm§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
2. EH$ {dOoVm d àemgH$ åhUyZ AëbmCÔrZMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
3. AëbmCÔrZÀ`m Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
4. _whå_X VwKbH$mÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
5. _whå_X VwKbH$mbm An`e H$m Ambo ? g{dñVa MMm© H$am.
6. gwbVmZemhrÀ`m àemgZmVrb "BŠVm' nÕVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
58
~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1. AëbmCÔrZMr Xod{Jardarb ñdmar
2. AëbmCÔrZMm X{jU {dO`
3. AëbmCÔrZMr ~mOma^md {Z`§ÌU `moOZm
4. _whå_XmMr XwAm~ àm§VmVrb H$a ì`dñWm
5. _whå_XmMm amOYmZr ~XbÊ`mMm à`moJ
6. _whå_XmMr à{VH$-_wÐm àMbZ `moOZm
7. _whå_X VwKbH$mMo Am[W©H$ YmoaU
8. _whå_X VwKbH$mMo naamï´>r` YmoaU
9. BŠVm nÕV
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. Jmo. g. gaXogmB© : _wgb_mZr [a`mgV
2. S>m°. AmMm`© H¥$. A.
S>m°. AmnQ>o ^m. H¥$.
} : _Ü``wJrZ ^maV (1206 Vo 1761)
3. S>m°. H$mobmaH$a am. Jmo. : _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg (1206 Vo 1707)
4.
Mujumdar R. K. & Shrivastav A. N. : History of Delhi Sultanat
5.
Habib, Muhammad : Politics and society in early Medieval period Vols I & II
6.
Mahajan V. D. : The Sultanate of Delhi
7. H¥$. Zm. {MQ>Urg : _Ü``wJrZ ^maVr` g§H$ënZm d g§ñWm
59
KQ>H$ 3
_w»` _wKb ~mXehm
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 AH$~a
3.2.2 Am¡a§JOo~
3.2.3 àemgZ ì`dñWm - _Zg~ Am{U OhmJra
3.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.4 gmam§e
3.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va 1) _w»` _wKb ~mXehm§À`m H$ma{H$XuMm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
2) g_«mQ> AH$~a `m§Mr H$ma{H$X© Aä`mgVm `oB©b.
3) Am¡a§JOo~ ~mXehmMr H$ma{H$X© Aä`mgVm `oB©b.
4) _wKb àemgZ ì`dñWm - _Zg~ Am{U OhmJra `mMr _m{hVr hmoB©b.
5) _wKbm§À`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
6) _wKbm§Mo amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaUmMm Aä`mg H$aVm `oB©b.
7) _wKbm§Mo X{jU YmoaU nhmVm `oB©b.
60
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
{hÝXwñWmZmV _wKb gÎmoMr ñWmnZm ~m~aZo Ho$br. gZ 1526 _Ü`o nm{ZnVÀ`m n{hë`m bT>mB©V {X„rMm
gÎmm{Ye B~«m{h_ bmoXrMm nam^d H$ê$Z {X„r `oWo ñdV§Ì _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ~m~a Z§Va
gÎmoda Amboë`m Ë`mÀ`m CÎmam{YH$mè`m§Zr CÎmamoÎma _wKbr gÎmoMm {dñVma H$ê$Z {hÝXwñWmZmV _wKb gm_«mÁ`
ñWmnZ Ho$bo. `m_Ü`o Iè`mAWm©Zo g_«mQ> AH$~a d Am¡a§JOo~ `m§À`m H$ma{H$XuVM _m|Jbr gÎmoMm {dñVma
_moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbm. ~m~a, hþ_m`yZ, g_«mQ> AH$~a, Ohm±Jra, ehmOhmZ, Am¡a§JOo~ øm _wKbr
gÎmm{Yem§n¡H$s g_«mQ> AH$~a d Am¡a§JOo~ `m XmoZ à_wI H$ma{H$XuMm AmT>mdm AmnU `oWo KoUma AmhmoV.
g_«mQ> AH$~a hm OJmVrb d¡^dembr g_«mQ>m§n¡H$s EH$ hmoVm. ~m~am Z§Va hþ_m`yZÀ`m H$mimV
S>i_irV Pmbobr _wKb gÎmm Iè`m AWm©Zo AH$~amÀ`m H$mimV pñWa Pmbr. _wKb amÁ`mMo gm_«mÁ`mV
ê$nm§Va AH$~amZo Ho$bo. 1556 Vo 1605 n`ªV AH$~amZo {hÝXwñWmZmda amÁ` Ho$bo.
~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~ `mZo dS>rb ehmOhmZÀ`m AmOmamMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z 1658 bm {X„rMr gÎmm hñVJV
Ho$br. _wKb ~mXehm§_Ü`o Am¡a§JOo~ {XKm©`wfr R>abm. Ë`mMr H$ma{H$X©hr _moR>r hmoVr. Am¡a§JOo~mMr g§nyU©
H$ma{H$X© `wÕm§Mr d g§Kfm©Mr R>abr. CÎmaoH$S>o d X{jUoH$S>o Am¡a§JOo~mZo _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_«mÁ` {dñVma
Ho$bm. Am¡a§JOo~ Y_mªY hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m Ag{hîUy Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm_wio AZoH$ {h§Xy amOm§Zr ~§S>o Ho$br. {h§Xyda
"{O{P`m' hm OmMH$ H$a bmXbm. {h§Xy§Zm ZdrZ _§{Xa ~m§YÊ`mg _ZmB© Ho$br. {h§Xy§Mo _wpñb_ Y_mªVa
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gÎmoMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm. n[aUm_r Ë`mMr amOdQ> Ag{hîUy R>abr. Ë`m_wio Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va
AënmdYrVM _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMo {dKQ>Z Pmbo. AWm©V `mbm Am¡a§JOo~mMr YmoaUo Am{U Xw~©b CÎmam{YH$mar
H$maUr^yV AmhoV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :3.2.1 AH$~a :_Ü``wJrZ {h§XyñWmZmVrb gd©loîR> gÎmm{Ye åhUOo g_«mQ> AH$~a. AH$~amZo _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm nm`m
_O~yV Am{U pñWa Ho$bm. AH$~amZo _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm {dñVma Ho$bm. eoaehm gyaÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va hþ_m`yZZo
Jobobr {X„rMr gÎmm naV {_i{dbr. Amnë`m _¥Ë`wnydu hþ_m`yZZo AH$~ambm Amnbm CÎmam{YH$mar åhUyZ
Kmo{fV Ho$bo hmoVo. hw_m`yZÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV AH$~amMr H$ma{H$X© d¡{eîQ>çnyU©
_mZbr OmVo. H$maU Ë`mZo _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm {dñVma Va Ho$bmM nU àemg{H$` `§ÌUoV Ë`mZo Zdo {gÕm§V
_m§S>bo. CXma Ym{_©H$ YmoaU pñdH$mabo. VmËH$m{bZ {h§XyñWmZmV ~hþg§»`oZo AgUmè`m {h§XyZm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`
XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mer {_iVo OwiVo KoD$Z, àg§Jr Ë`§mÀ`mer d¡dmhrH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z _wKb gÎmobm Ë`m§Mm
nmqR>~m {_i{dbm d _wKb gÎmm ~iH$Q> nm`mda C^r Ho$br. S>m°. B©ídar àgmXm§À`m _Vo, AH$~a ^maVr`
B{VhmgmVM Zìho Va OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgmV EH$ _hËdnyU© ~mXehm Amho. AH$~amMr `mo½`Vm Am{U Ë`mMo `e
`mMr VwbZm `wamonr`Z amOH$Ë`mªer Ho$br AgVm Ë`mMo loð>Ëd {gÕ hmoVo.'
61
AH$~amMo nyd©M[aÌ :- hþ_m`yZ d h{_Xm~mZy namJ§Xm AdñWoV amUm A_aH$moQ>À`m Aml`mbm
AgVmZmM 15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1542 amoOr A_aH$moQ> `oWo AH$~amMm OÝ_ Pmbm. ~mb AH$~ambm _mJo R>odyZ
hþ_m`wZ BamUH$S>o niyZ Jobm. AH$~a hþ_m`yZMm ^mD$ H$m_amZÀ`m hmVr bmJbm. H$m_amZZo Ë`mMo nmbZnmofU
CÎm_ Ho$bo. hþ_m`yZZo H§$Xhma H$m~rO Ho$ë`mZ§Va VoWo AH$~a Ë`m§Zm `oD$Z {_imbm. H§$Xhma `oWo AH$~amÀ`m
nmbZnmofUmMr O~m~Xmar hþ_m`yZZo Amnbm {dídmgy godH$ ~¡am_ImZ d Xmgr _mh_ AZKm `m§MoH$S>o gmon{dbr.
Ë`m§Zr AH$~ambm amO{ZVrMo d àemgZmMo CÎm_ {ejU {Xbo. BamUÀ`m ~mXehmÀ`m bîH$ar _XVrZo hþ_m`yZZo
JPZrMm àXoe Vmã`mV KoVbm. JPZr `oWrb _wKb gw^oXma qhXmbÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va hþ_m`yZZo B. g. 1551 _Ü`o
d`mÀ`m 9 ì`m dfu AH$~ambm JPZrMm gw^oXma åhUyZ {Z`wº$ Ho$bo. Ë`mM doir {h§XmbMr _wbJr gwbVmZ
a{P`m {hÀ`mer AH$~amMm {ddmh Pmbm. nwT>o hþ_m`yZZo H$m~yb `oWo Amnbo emgZ ~iH$Q> H$ê$Z bîH$ar
gm_Ï`© dmT>{dbo d {hÝXwñWmZmda ñdmar Ho$br. A{_ZImZmg AH$~amMm ajH$ åhUyZ Zo_bo. eoaehm gyaÀ`m
_¥Ë`wZ§Va Ë`m§À`m dmagmV Mmbboë`m g§Kfm©Mm \$m`Xm hþ_m`yZZo KoVbm. B. g. 1555 _Ü`o gaqhX `oWo hþ_m`yZ
d {gH§$Xa gya `m§À`mV Pmboë`m bT>mB©V {gH§$Xa gya nam^yV Pmbm. `mM gw_mamg AH$~amg hþ_m`yZZo `wdamO
åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. bdH$aM hþ_m`yZZo {X„rda Vm~m {_i{dbm d AH$~amg n§Om~Mo gw^oXmanX {Xbo.
~¡am_ImZ `mg Ë`mMm ajH$ d nmbH$ åhUyZ {Z`wº$ Ho$bo. `mM Xaå`mZ n§Om~_Ü`o {gH§$Xa gyaMo nm[anmË`o
H$aÊ`mMr H$m_{Jar hþ_m`yZZo AH$~amda gmon{dbr.
AH$~amMo amÁ`mamohU Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g_moarb AS>MUr :B. g. 1556 À`m OmZodmarV hþ_m`yZMm {X„r `oWo J«§Wmb`mÀ`m nm`è`m§dê$Z nSy>Z _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
Ë`mdoir AH$~a bmhmoa `oWo hmoVm. AH$~amMo d` Voam dfm©Mo hmoVo. _¥Ë`ynyduM hþ_m`yZZo AH$~ambm _wKb
amÁ`mMm dmag åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo hmoVo. hþ_m`yZÀ`m _¥Ë`yM dmVm© g_OVmM ~¡am_ImZmZo n§Om~ `oWrb H$bmZmoa
`oWo 14 \o$~«wdmar 1556 amoOr AH$~amMm amÁ`m{^foH$ Ho$bm.
AH$~ambm {hÝXwñWmZMm ~mXehm åhUyZ Omhra Ho$bo Agbo Var Ë`mbm {_imbobo g_«mQ> nX åhUOo EH$
H$mQ>oar _wHw$Q>M hmoVm. g§nyU© n§Om~dahr Ë`mMr gÎmm ZìhVr. {gH§$Xa gya VoWo R>mU _m§Sy>Z ~gbm hmoVm. Am½`«m
n{bH$S>o A\$JmU AOyZhr à~i hmoVo. Ë`mZr A§{V_ g§Kfm©gmR>r ho_yÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr g¡Ý` O_{dÊ`mg gwadmV
Ho$br hmoVr. H$m~wb `oWo {_Pm© h{H$_Zo ñdV:Mm à^md {Z_m©U Ho$bm hmoVm. {edm{bH$ Q>oH$S>çm§Mm àdoe
{gH§$Xa gyaH$S>o hmoVm. H$mí_ra, qgY, _whVmZ, Amo[agm, _midm, JwOamV B. CÎmaoH$S>rb amÁ`o ñdV§Ì Pmbr
hmoVr. {X„rÀ`m nyd}H$S>o ho_yZo Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo hmoVo. X{jUoH$S>o ImZXoe, dèhmS>, {~Xa, Ah_XZJa,
JmodiH$m|S>m hr _wñbr_ amÁ`o d {dO`ZJaMo {h§Xy amÁ` ñdV§Ì hmoVo. npíM_ {H$Zmè`mda nmoVy©{JOm§Mr gÎmm
hmoVr. amOñWmZmVrb O`nya {~H$mZoa, OmoYnya, aUW§~moa, ~w§Xr, _odmS>, O¡gb_oa hr amÁ`ohr AH$~amÀ`m
_mJmVrb AS>ga hmoVr. ~§Jmb, {~hma `m àXoemV ñdV§Ì _wñbr_ gÎmm hmoË`m.
_wKb gaXmam§À`mV EoŠ` d ñdm_r{Zð>m {Z_m©U H$aUo hr AdKS> hmoVo. H$m~wb, H§$XhmaMm g_mdoe _wKb
amÁ`mV Pmbm Var hþ_m`yZÀ`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va _wKb gw^oXma {_Pm© gwbo_mZ `mZo VoWo ñdV:g ñdV§Ì Kmo{fV Ho$bo.
62
AãXwb g{b_gma»`m gaXmamZo AH$~am {dê$Õ ~§S> nwH$mabo. EH§$XarV AH$~am {dê$Õ à{VHy$b n[apñWVr
hmoVr. AH$~amMm à{VñnYu A{Xbehm gyaMm àYmZ_§Ìr ho_y `mZo _wKb A{YH$mè`m§Zm hmH$byZ {Xbo d {X„r,
AmJ«m Amnë`m gÎmoImbr AmUbo. aOnyV amOmZrhr AH$~ambm {damoY H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. Aemhr H${R>U
n[apñWVrV AH$~amMm g§ajH$, _mJ©Xe©H$ ~¡am_ImZ Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rer R>m_nUo C^m am{hbm. ImZ-B-ImZmZ
hr nXdr YmaU H$ê$Z ~¡am_ImZmZo _m|Jbr g¡Ý`mMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. ho_yÀ`m ~mOyZo J§^ra YmoH$m Amho ho AmoiIyZ
~¡am_ImZmZo Ë`m ~mOybm àW_ Amnbm _moMm© di{dbm.
nm{ZnVMo Xwgao `wÕ (B. g. 1556):AH$~a d ho_y `m§À`mV nm{ZnVMo Xwgao `wÕ bT>bo Jobo. ho_yH$Sy>ZM AH$~amÀ`m amÁ`mg OmñV YmoH$m
hmoVm. ho_y C\©$ ho_M§Ð hm {hÝXy hmoVm. Vmo A{Xbehm gyaMm àYmZ_§Ìr hmoVm. Vmo OmVrZo d¡í` hmoVm. ñdV:À`m
H$V©~Jmarda d namH«$_mÀ`m Omoamda A{Xbehm gyaÀ`m Xa~mamV Ë`mZo _hËdmMo ñWmZ àmá Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mZo
AmVmn`ªV bT>boë`m EHy$U ~mdrg bT>m`mn¡H$s gd©À`m gd© Ë`mZo qOH$ë`m hmoË`m. A{Xbehm gyaZo ho_ybm
dOra Ho$bo d Ë`mg "{dH«$_{OV' hr nXrd XoD$Z gd© gÎmmgyÌo Ë`mbm {Xbr. ho_y YmS>gr d namH«$_r hmoVm.
hþ_m`yZÀ`m _¥Ë`yg_`r AH$~a n§Om~_Ü`o hmoVm. `mMm \$m`Xm KodyZ ho_yZo {X„r d Am½`«mda Amnbo dM©ñd
àñWm{nV Ho$bo. Am½`«mMm _wKb gw^oXma BíH§$XaImZ d {X„rMm gw^oXma VmaXr ~oJMm ho_yZo nam^d Ho$bm.
Ah_V `mXJma `mÀ`m _VmZwgma {X„r KoVë`mZ§Va ho_yZo ñdV:Mm amÁ`{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm B. g. 1206
nmgyZ 1556 n`ªV OdiOdi 350 df} {Xëbrda _wñbr_ gÎmm AI§S>rVnUo Mmby hmoVr. Vr na§nam Ho$di
ho_yÀ`m namH«$_m_wio I§S>rV Pmbr. åhUyZ B{VhmgH$ma åhUVmV "_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb ho_y hm
n{hbm d eodQ>Mm {X„rMm {h§Xy amOm hmodyZ Jobm.'
AH$~amH$S>o Ho$di 20,000 g¡Ý` hmoVo Va ho_yH$S>o EH$ bmImnojm OmñV g¡Ý` hmoVo. ho_ynwT>o Amnbm
{Z^md bmJUma Zmhr åhUyZ H$m~ybbm naV Omdo Agm g„m AH$~ambm AZoH$ gaXmam§Zr {Xbm hmoVm. ho_yMm
nam^d H$ê$Z {X„rda _m|Jbr gÎmm nwÝhm àñWm{nV H$am`Mr hm ~¡am_ImZmMm BamXm hmoVm. AH$~amZohr
~¡am_ImZmÀ`m YmoaUmg nyU© nmqR>~m {Xbm. Ë`mZo BVa gaXmam§Mm g„m _mZbm Zmhr. n§Om~À`m gwajoMr ì`dñWm
H$ê$Z _m|Jbr g¡Ý`mZo {X„rH$S>o OmÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. B. g. 1556 À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a_Ü`o AH$~a Omb§Ya
`oWyZ ho_y {dê$Õ {ZKmbm. gaqhXÀ`m Od BíH§$XaImZ, VmaXr~oJ, A{bHw$brImZ ho gd© AH$~ambm `odyZ
{_imbo. _mÌ {VKm§Zrhr AH$~amg H$m~ybbm OmÊ`mMm g„m {Xbm. Ë`m_wio ~¡am_ImZmZo VmaXr~oJbm R>ma
Ho$bo. VmaXr~oJbm R>ma H$aÊ`mMm hoVy gaXmam§Mo d bîH$amMo {ZVrY¡`© IMy Z`o hm hmoVm. `m_wio _wKb g¡Ý`mMo
AmË_~i dmT>bo. AemàH$mao {X„r qOH$Ê`mgmR>r AH$~a nm{ZnVH$S>o {ZKmbm.
ho_yÀ`m AmKmS>rÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Ho$ë`mZo _wKb g¡Ý`mV CËgmh {Z_m©U Pmbm. nm{ZnVÀ`m _¡XmZmda
_wKbm§er ho_yMr àË`j bT>mB© 5 Zmoìh|~a 1556 amoOr gwê$ Pmbr. ho_yÀ`m Vrd« hëë`m_wi¡ _wKb \$m¡OoV
Ii~i _mObr. _wKb g¡Ý`mÀ`m S>mì`m COì`m \$itda O~aXñV h„o H$ê$Z ho_yZo Ë`m H$_Hw$dV Ho$ë`m.
_wKb g¡Ý`mÀ`m _Ü` \$irda ho_yZo OmoaXma h„m MT>{dbm. VWm{n _wKb \$m¡OoZo Vmo VmH$VrZo amoIbm. XmoÝhr
63
g¡Ý`mV ^`§H$a KZKmoa bT>mB© gwê$ Pmbr. ho_Zy o OmoaXma h„o H$ê$Z _wKb g¡Ý`mbm _mJo aoQ>b.o ho_My m {dO`
Q>ßß`mV Ambm AgVmZmM EH$ ~mU AMmZH$nUo ho_Ày `m S>mŠo `mV Kwgbm. ho_y ~oeÕ
w hmodZy Imbr H$mogibm.
Amnbm amOm _mabm Jobm Ago dmQy>Z ho_Ày `m g¡Ý`mZo aUm§JUmVyZ dmQ> {Xgob {VH$S>o ni H$mT>bm. ~aoMgo g¡Ý`
_mabo Job.o OI_r ho_gy H¡$X H$ê$Z AH$~amg_moa AmUÊ`mV Ambo. ~¡am_ImZmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z AH$~amZo
ho_Ày `m {eaÀN>Xo H$ê$Z Ë`mg R>ma Ho$bo. AemàH$mao ho_My m nm{ZnVÀ`m Xwgè`m H$mimV nam^d Pmbm.
nm{ZnVÀ`m Xwgè`m `wÕmV AH$~ambm {dO` {_imbm. ho_yMr {X„rdarb gÎmm g§nwï>mV Ambr.
nm{ZnVÀ`m {dO`mZ§Va AH$~aZo 6 Zmoìh|~a 1556 amoOr {X„rMm Vm~m KoVbm d VoWo Amnbr gÎmm àñWm{nV
Ho$br. {hÝXyñWmZmV I§S>rV Pmbobr _m|Jbr gÎmm AH$~amZo nwÝhm gwê$ Ho$br. Vr nwT>o Odinmg nmdZoXmoZeo
dfo© {Q>H$br. AH$~amÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV nwT>o {hÝXwñWmZbm em§VVm d ñW¡`© àmá Pmbo.
Xwgè`m nm{ZnVÀ`m bT>mB©Mo n[aUm_ :{h§XyñWmZmVrb I§S>rV Pmbobr _wKbm§Mr gÎmm nwÝhm gwê$ Pmbr. hm nm{ZVnÀ`m Xwgè`m `wÕmMm
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© n[aUm_ hmoVm. {hÝXwñWmZ {XK©H$min`ªV naH$s` AmH«$_UmnmgyZ gwa{jV am{hbm. _wKb gÎmm
pñWa Pmbr d nwT>o ~amM H$mi Vr {Q>H$br. {Xëbr nmR>monmR> AH$~amZo nwT>o amOnwVmÝ`mVrb AO_oa, g§~i,
OmoZnya, MwZma, aZW§~moa B. àXoe Amnë`m A{YnË`mImbr AmUbo. _odmS>hr AH$~amÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr
Ambo. AH$~amÀ`m gÎmoImbr ~amMgm àXoe Ambm. `m H$m_r Ë`mbm ~¡am_ImZmMr _moR>r _XV Pmbr.
nm{ZnV {dO`mZo ~¡am_ImZmMo àñW dmT>bo. Iè`mAWm©Zo ~¡am_ImZM _wKb H$ma^ma nhmV hmoVm. AH$~amMm
à{V{ZYr åhUyZ gd© ì`dhma nhmV hmoVm. Amnë`m ñd^mdmZo Ë`mZo AZoH$ eÌy {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo.
AH$~amZo {X„rVyZ \$_m©Z H$mTy>Z ~¡am_ImZmbm nXÀ`yV Ho$bo. ~¡am_ImZmZo AH$~am {dê$Õ ~§S> Ho$bo.
AH$~amZo Ë`mMo ~§S> _moSy>Z H$mT>bo d Ë`mbm _¸o$bm OmÊ`mMm g„m {Xbm.~¡am_ImZ _¸o$g OmV AgVmZm
nmQ>U `oWo _w~maH$ ImZ `m A\$JmU ì`{º$Zo ~¡am_ImZmda AMmZH$ h„m H$ê$Z Ë`mg R>ma Ho$bo. hþ_m`yZbm
n{e©`mMr d {X„rMr gÎmm {_iydZ XoÊ`mV ~¡am_ImZMm _moR>m dmQ>m hmoVm. Aënd`rZ, AkmZ AH$~amMo Ë`mZo
àm_m{UH$nUo g§JmonZ Ho$bo. Ë`mg nm{ZnVÀ`m bT>mB©V _mobmMr gmW XodyZ {X„rMr gÎmm {_idyZ {Xbr.
_mh_ AZKmZo Amnbm _wbJm AmX_ImZ `mbm àYmZ_§Ìr H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr AH$~amH$S>o Ho$br. nU
AmX_ImZmMm ñdmWunUm AmoiIyZ AH$~amZo Vo A_mÝ` Ho$bo. Ë`mVM h{_Xm~mZy ~oJ_,_mh_ AZKm d
AmX_ImZmÀ`m ~¡am_ImZm {dê$Õ Ho$boë`m H$Q>mMr _m{hVr AH$~ambm {_imbr. Ë`m_wio AH$~amZo Ë`m§Mo
amÁ`H$ma^mamdarb dM©ñd H$_r Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ AH$~a-AmX_ImZ g§Kf© dmT>V Jobm. AH$~amZo AmX_ImZmg
R>ma Ho$bo. nyÌmÀ`m _¥Ë`w_wio _mh_ AZKmbm Y¸$m ~gbm. 1562 _Ü`o Vr _aU nmdbr d AH$~a Zmar
à^mdmVyZ _wº$ Pmbm.
AH$~amMm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma :
~¡am_ImZ d nS>XmemgZmÀ`m à^mdmVyZ _wº$ Pmë`mZ§Va AH$~amZo g§nyU© amÁ`H$ma^ma Amnë`m hmVr
64
KoVbm. AH$~a gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaUmMm nwañH$Vm© hmoVm. _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm _moR>çm à_mUmV {dñVma Ho$bm.
1562 _Ü`o AH$~amZo _miì`mÀ`m ~mO~hmÔÿaMm nam^d H$ê$Z _midm _wKb gm_«mÁ`mg OmoS>bm. Ë`m AJmoXaM
1560 _Ü`o Ë`mZo ½dmëhoa, AO_oa, OmoZnya, JwOamW ho àXoe H$m~rO H$ê$Z Amnë`m amÁ`mMm {dñVma Ho$bm
hmoVm. Jm|S>dZMr eya amUr XwJm©dVrMm nam^d H$ê$Z Jm|S>dZ qOH$bo. Ë`mM~amo~a MwZma hr Ë`mZo qOHy$Z KoVbo.
~§Jmb, {~hma, Amo[agm qOHy$Z VoWrb gÎmm{YemZm Amnbo _§S>{bH$ ~Z{dbo. H$m{í_a hr _wñbr_ amÁ`o qOHy$Z
CÎmaoH$S>o gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Ho$bm. A{bHw$brImZ, AãXwbImZ CP~oJ, h{H$_ {_Pm© `m§Mo CR>md _moS>y Z H$mT>bo d
Amnbr gÎmm pñWa Ho$br. Ë`mZo H$m~yb, H§$Xhma, ~mC{MñVmZ ho àXoe {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUbo.
_odmS> ({MVmoS>) _mohr_ hr EH$ AH$~amÀ`m amOdQ>rVrb _hËdmMr _mo{h_. CP~oJ ~§S>mMm {~_moS>
Ho$ë`mZ§Va aOnyVm§Mo à~i Ago _odmS>Mo amÁ` KoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 1568 _Ü`o AH$~amZo _odmS>da AmH«$_U
Ho$bo. _odmS>À`m aOnyVmZr _wñbr_ gÎmmZm {damoY H$ê$Z ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr OVZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm.
_odmS>da aOnyV amOm CX`qgh gÎmoda hmoVm. AH$~aÀ`m AmH«$_UmÀ`mdoir Ë`mZo O`_b d \$Îmoqgh `m
Amnë`m XmoZ _wbm§da {MVmoS>À`m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar gmondyZ ñdVm AIbrÀ`m S>m|Jami àXoemV {ZKyZ Jobm.
AH$~amZo {MVmoS>JS>À`m AmgnmgMm àXoe CÜdñV Ho$bm d {MVmoS>da Vmo\$m§Mm _mam gwê$ Ho$bm. aOnyVm§Zr
Mma _{hZo em¡`m©Zo {H$„m bT>{dbm. O`_b d \$Îmoqgh bT>V AgVmZm Ymam{VWu nS>bo.
{MVmoS> nS>bo Var _odmS>Mm amUm CX`qgh Aadbr nd©VmV _odmS>gmR>r _wKbm§~amo~a g§Kf© H$aV hmoVm.
Ë`mZo AadbrÀ`m S>m|Jami àXoemV CXonya ho eha ~gdyZ ñdV§Ì amÁ` ñWmnZ Ho$bo d ~amMgm ^mJ naV
{_i{dbm. amUm CX`qghmÀ`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbJm amUm àVmnqgh CX`nyaÀ`m gÎmoda Ambm. amUm
àVmnqgh d Ë`mMm _wbJm A_aqgh `m§Zr _wKbm§Zm AadbrÀ`m n«XoemV eh XoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br d
_odmS>Mm ~amMgm ^mJ Ë`m§Zr qOHy$Z KoVbm Varhr {MVmoS> _mÌ Ë`mbm qOH$Vm Ambo Zmhr.
hiXr KmQ>mMr bT>mB© (1576):
amUm àVmn{g§hmMm nyU© nmS>md H$aÊ`mgmR>r AH$~amZo aOnyV amOm _mZqgJ `mbm nmR>{dbo. _mZqgJ
d àVmnqgh `m§À`m g¡Ý`mMr JmR> hiXr KmQ>mV nS>br. XmoÝhr g¡Ý`mV Vw§~i `wÕ Pmbo. amUm àVmnqghmZo
namH«$_mMr eW© Ho$br _mÌ Ë`mbm _mKma ¿`mdr bmJbr. d{S>bm§à_mUoM Ë`mZohr AadbrÀ`m S>m|JamV Aml`
KoD$Z _¥Ë`yn`ªV (1597) AH$~amer g§Kf© Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbJm A_aqghmZohr AH$~am ~amo~a
eodQ>n`ªV g§Kf© Ho$bm. g§nyU© _odmS> qOH$Ê`mMo AH$~amMo ñdßZ AYyaoM am{hbo.
{MVmoS> nS>ë`mZ§Va aUW§~moaMm amOm gwaOZ_b hmS>m `mZo eaUmJVr nËH$ê$Z {H$„m _wKbm§À`m ñdmYrZ
Ho$bm. Ë`m nmR>monmR> H$mqbOaÀ`m amOmZohr eaUm§JVr nËH$ê$Z H$mqbOa _wKbm§H$S>o gmon{dbo. {~H$mZoa
(H$ë`mU_i), O¡gb_oa (haam`) `m amOmZrhr AH$~amg_moa eaUmJVr nËH$abr d Amnë`m _wbtMo {ddmh
AH$~amer bmdyZ {Xbo.
AH$~amMo X{jUoVrb {dO` :
g§nyU© CÎma {h§XyñWmZmV Amnbr gÎmm àñWm{nV Ho$ë`mZ§Va AH$~a X{jUoH$S>o dibm. X{jUoV
65
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8/5
gm_«mO{dñVma H$ê$Z nmoVy©{JOm§À`m dmT>Ë`m gÎmog amoIyZ Yamdo. ImZXoe, Ah_XZJa, {dOmnya, JmodiH$m§S>m
hr amÁ`ohr qOHy$Z ¿`mdr d X{jUoVrb ehm§Mo à^wËd H$_r H$amdo `m hoVyZo X{jU _mo{h_og {ZKmbm. B. g.
1591 _Ü`o Ë`mZo X{jU gÎmm{Yem§Zm Amnbo ñdm{_Ëd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMm g§Xeo nmR>{dbm. ImZXoemMm amOm
A{bImZmZo AH$~amMo ñdm{_Ëd _mÝ` Ho$bo _mÌ BVa gÎmm{YemZr ZH$ma {Xbm. Ë`m_wio B. g. 1593 _Ü`o
Ë`mZo Ah_XZJada ñdmar Ho$br. Ah_XZJaMm _wPâ\$a ehm d`mZo bhmZ Agë`m_wio Ë`mMr AmË`m
Mm§X~r~r {ZOm_emhrMm H$ma^ma nhmV hmoVr. {VZo _wKbm§er g§Kf© Ho$bm nU _wKbm§nwT>o Amnbm {Z^md
bmJUma Zmhr ho AmoiIyZ {VZo AH$~amer Vh Ho$bm d _wKbm§Mo ñdm{_Ëd _mÝ` Ho$bo.
AH$~amMr _hgyb qH$dm O_m~§Xr> :amÁ`mÀ`m CËnÝZmVrb O_rZ _hgyb hr _hÎdmMr O_m~§Xr Ago. O_rZ _hgwbmIoarO OH$mV, Am`mV
H$a, Q>m§H$gmi, XoU½`m, I§S>Ê`m, ZOamUo, _ŠVo, X§S> d dmagm `m CËnÝZmÀ`m à_wI ~m~r hmoË`m. àW_
O_rZ _moOUr H$éZ {Za{Zamù`m YmÝ`m§À`m qH$_Vr `mda eoVgmam R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm. nwT>o eoVmÀ`m
gd©gmYmaU CËnÝZmda Ymam nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mbm ZñH$ åhUV. VmoS>a_bZo O_rZ _moOUr H$éZ "AmB©ZE-Xhgmbm' hr JV Xhm dfmªÀ`m YmÝ`mÀ`m gd©gmYmaU {nH$m§À`m qH$_VrMr gamgar hmoD$Z eoVgmam
{ZpíMV H$aUmar nÕV gwé Ho$br. {Za{Zamù`m O{_ZtMr gw{nH$Vm H$_r OmñV Ago. Ë`mZwgma
1. nmobO : Zoh_r bmJdS>rImbr AgUmar O_rZ
2. nam¡Vr : EH$ qH$dm XmoZ df} nS>rH$ AgUmar O_rZ
3. MmMa : VrZ qH$dm Mma df} nS>rH$ AgUmar O_rZ
4. ~§Oa : nmM qH$dm A{YH$ df} nS>rH$ AgUmar O_rZ
EH$ V¥Vr`m§e gmam gaH$mabm Úmdm bmJo. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m H$mir eoVgmè`m_Ü`o gyQ> {Xbr OmB©
Ë`mM~amo~a eoVH$è`m§g AS>rAS>MUrV H$O© XoÊ`mV `oB© Ë`mg VH$m~r åhUV.
AH$~amMo amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaU
AH$~amMo amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaU gm_§Oñ`mMo d gbmo»`mMo hmoVo. amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaUmVyZ AH$~amMr
XyaÑï>r {XgyZ `oVo. ~hþg§»`oV AgUmè`m ^maVmVrb {h§Xyer gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm CXma d gbmo»`mMo YmoaU
R>odë`m{edm` _wñbr_ gÎmm ÑT> hmoUma Zmhr ho AH$~amZo AmoiIbo. Ë`mVyZM AH$~amMo aOnyV{df`H$
gbmo»`mMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo. gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamgmR>r d _wñbr_ gÎmm ÑT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOnyVm§Mo ghH$m`©
g§nmXZ H$aUmam AH$~a hm n{hbm _wñbr_ amOH$Vm© hmoVm. amOnyV hr O_mV eya, YmS>gr, ñdm_r{Zð> Amho
ho AmoiIyZ Ë`m§À`mer g_OyVrMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. amOnyVm§Mo ghH$m`© KodyZ Amnë`m _wñbr_ gaXmam§Zdahr
Oa~ ~gdVm `oB©b Ago Ë`mg dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`mVyZM AH$~amZo aOnyVm§er _¡Ìr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb Cnm`
`moObo.
66
1) amOnyVm§er d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y : AH$~amZo amOnyVm§er aº$mMo ZmVo OmoS>Ê`mgmR>r d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y
àñWm{nV Ho$bo. A§~aMm amOm ^ma_bÀ`m _wbrer AH$~amZo {ddmh Ho$bm. VgoM {~H$mZoa, OmoYnya, O¡gb_oa
`m {R>H$mUÀ`m amOnyV amOm§À`m _wbterhr Ë`mZo {ddmh Ho$bo. Amnë`m _wbm§Mohr {ddmh AZoH$ amOnyV
{ó`m§er H$a{dbo. AH$~amZo Ho$di amOnyV _wbrer {ddmhM Ho$bo ZmhrV, Va Amnë`m {h§Xy {ó`m§Zm Ë`mZo
nyU© Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` {Xbo. AH$~amÀ`m `m d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Ym_wio amO{ZVr_Ü`o EH$ ZdrZ `wJ gwê$ Pmbo. nañna
{damoY g§nyZ aº$mMoo g§~§Y àñVm{nV Pmbo.
2) amOnyVmZm Cƒ nXo : AH$~amZo Ho$di d¡dmhrH$ g§~§Y àñVm{nV H$ê$Z amOnyVm§Zm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`M
{Xbo Ago Zmhr Va {h§Xy amÊ`m§À`m nmbH$m§Zm gÝ_mZmMr nXo àemgZmg {Xbr. amOm ^ma_bbm C_amd Ho$bo.
^ma_bMm _wbJm ^JdmZXmg `mbm n§MhOmar _Zg~ {Xbr Va ZmVy _mZqgJ `mbm gmVhOmar XOm© {Xbm.
{edm` amOm VmoS>a_b, amOm {~a~b AmXtZm _moR>çm A{YH$mamÀ`m OmJm {Xë`m. Ë`mZrhr eodQ>n`ªV
AH$~amMr àm_m{UH$nUo godm Ho$br. AH$~amZo _mÌ {h§Xy-_wpñb_ Agm ^oX^md Z H$aVm gdm©Zm g_mZ
dmJ{dbo.
3) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` : amOnyVm§Mm nmqR>~m {_imdm `m CÔoemZo VgoM g_ñV {h§XyMm nmqR>~m {_i{dÊ`mgmRr
AH$~amZo Amnbo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU g{hîUyVoMo R>odbo. Amnë`m {h§Xy {ó`m§Zm nyU© Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` {Xbo. Ë`m§Zm
ñdV:À`m Y_m©Zwgma d [aVr[admOmZwgma gd© gUdma, AmMma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo. AH$~amZo {h§XyÀ`m
AZoH$ MmbrarVr pñdH$maë`m. {h§Xydarb AÝ`m`H$maH$ {O{P`m d `mÌm H$a ~§X Ho$bm.
4) AmH«$_H$ YmoaUmMm Adb§~ : d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$ê$Z A{YH$mamÀ`m àemgH$s` OmJm XodyZ
dm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` XoD$Zhr Oo amOnyV Odi Ambo ZmhrV qH$dm Á`mZr AH$~amMo _m§S>{bH$Ëd pñdH$mabo Zmhr
Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV AH$~amZo AmH«$_H$ YmoaU pñdH$mê$Z Ë`m§À`mer bT>m`m H$ê$Z Ë`mZm Amnë`m dM©ñdmImbr
AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wioM AH$~ambm _odmS> d aUW§~moaÀ`m emgH$m§er eodQ>n`ªV g§Kf© H$amdm
bmJbm.
5) gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm : AH$~amZo gVrMr Mmb, ~mb{ddmh `mgma»`m {h§XyY_m©Vrb A{Zï>
MmbrarVrda H$S>H$ ~§YZo KmVbr. {dYdm {ddmhmg CÎmoOZ {Xbo. `mÌm H$a ~§X Ho$bo.
AemàH$mao {d{dY Cnm`mÛmao AH$~am~Ôb {h§Xy_Ü`o ghmZw^yVrMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo. amOnyV amOmZr
Amnbr {Zð>m AH$~amàVr g_{n©V Ho$br. _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMo amOnyV ^¸$_ AmYmañW§~ ~Zbo.
AH$~amÀ`m amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ :
AH$~amZo ñdmWu hoVyZo amOnyVm§er _¡Ìr Ho$br Agbr Var Ë`mÀ`m `m YmoaUmbm B{VhmgmV _hËdmMo
ñWmZ Amho. H$maU _wñbr_ gÎmm§Zm H$m`_ {damoY H$aUmao Vr Zm{her H$ê$ nhmUmao amOnyV _wpñb_ gm_«mÁ`mMo
g§dY©H$ ~Zbo. Ë`m_wioM _wKb gÎmm ÑT> hmoD$ eH$br. _wKb gm_«mÁ` CX`mg Ambo. Xwgam n[aUm_ åhUOo
amOnyVm§_Yrb EH$s g§nwï>mV Ambr. AH$~ambm amOnyVm§À`m ghH$m`m©_wio Amnbo gm_«mÁ`, bîH$a d àemgZ
67
~iH$Q> H$aVm Ambo. {h§Xy-_w{ñb_ `m§À`mVrb d¡a^mdZm H$_r hmodyZ Ë`m§À`mV gbmoIm d EoŠ` {Z_m©U Pmbo.
AH$~amMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU :
^maVmV _wpñb_ gÎmoÀ`m ñWmnZonydunmgyZM d _wpñb_ gÎmoÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ {h§Xy-_wpñb_ Ym{_©H$
g§Kf© Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. _wpñb_mZr Y_© àMma, àgma Ho$bm Va {h§XyZr Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r
g§Kf© Ho$bm. Y_©àgmamgmR>r _w{ñb_m§Zr Ag{hîUy Ym{_©H$ YmoaU {ñdH$mabo. _wpñb_ amOH$Ë`mªMm amÁ`H$ma^ma
Y_m©{Y{ð>V hmoVm. åhUyZM Ë`mZr qhXyda {O{P`m, `mÌm H$a `mgmaIo Owb_r H$a bmdbo. nwT>o AH$~amZo Vo
Owb_r H$a aÔ Ho$bo. ~hþg§»` qhXyZm S>mdbyZ AmnU gm_«mÁ` X¥T> H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr ho AmoiIyZ AH$~amZo
Ym{_©H$ g{hîUyVoMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo. qhXyZm Xa~mamV _mZmÀ`m OmJm {Xë`m. AH$~a dg§Vn§M_r, hmoir,
ajm~§YZ B. qhXyMo gU gmOao H$arV Ago. Ym{_©H$ ~m~VrV AmnU gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mYre Agë`mMo Ë`mZo
"_hOa' H$mTy>Z Omhra Ho$bo.
AH$~amÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZM Ë`mMm _Zmda Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMo g§ñH$ma Pmbobo {XgyZ `oVmV. d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z
gwÞr n§WmMo d AmB©H$Sy>Z {e`mn§WmMo Ago XmoÝhr n§Wm§Mo g§ñH$ma Ë`mÀ`mda Pmbo. AH$~amMm OÝ_ d ~mbnU
A_aH$moQ>À`m {h§Xy amOm {dagmb `mÀ`m amOdmS>çmV Joë`mZo Ë`mÀ`mda {h§Xy g§ñH$ma Pmbo. nwT>o AH$~amMm
g§ajH$, nmbH$ ~¡am_ImZ d {ejH$ AãXwb bVr\$ ho {e`mn§Wr` d Ym{_©H$ {dMmamZo CXma hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM
AH$~amMr Ym{_©H$ ~¡R>H$ g{hîUyVoMr hmoV Jobr. `mM H$mimV n§Om~À`m ^y_rV Jwê$ZmZH$ {h§Xy d Bñbm_
Y_m©À`m EH$Voda {dídmg R>odÊ`mg bmoH$m§Zm {eH$dV hmoVo. ^maVmV "^º$s Midi' `mM H$mbI§S>mV _moR>çm
à_mUmV gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`mMmhr n[aUm_ AH$~amda Pmbm. Ë`mbm AmÜ`mpË_H$ kmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm VéU
AgVmZmM ^mgy bmJbr. gmYmaUnUo AH$~amÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMo B{VhmgH$mamZr VrZ H$mbI§S> Ho$bo
AmhoV ho Imbrbà_mUo.
1) {h§Xy§àVr CXma Ym{_©H$ YmoaU 1556-1575 :
`m H$mimV AH$~amZo {h§Xyer (amOnyVm§er) d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y OmoS>bo. AH$~amZo ñdV: d Amnë`m _wbm§Mo
AZoH$ {h§Xy {ó`m§er {ddmh Ho$bo. A~wb \$Ob `m CXma_VdmXr {_ÌmÀ`m à^mdm_wio Ë`mZo dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>yZ
`wÕH¡$ÚmZm Jwbm_ åhUyZ {dH$Ê`mMr àWm ~§X Ho$br. B. g. 1564 bm {h§Xydarb AÝ`m`H$maH$ d Owb_r
{O{P`m H$a ~§X Ho$bm. {h§Xy _§{XamZm Am{W©H$ ghmæ` Ho$bo. gº$sMo Y_©n[adV©Z ~§X Ho$bo. Amnë`m {h§XyamÊ`m§Zm
Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` {Xbo. Xa~mamV {h§Xy gU d MmbrarVr gwê$ Ho$ë`m. am_m`U d _hm^maVmgma»`m n{dÌ {h§Xy
Y_©J«§Wm§Mo _wpñb_mZm g_OÊ`mgmR>r \$maer ^mfoV ^mfm§Va Ho$bo. AH$~amZo PamoIm Xe©Z, H$nmimbm J§Y
bmdUo, VwbmXmZ B. qhXy àWm gwé Ho$ë`m.
2) B~mXVImZm 1575-1582 :
AH$~a Ym{_©H$ àd¥ÎmrMm hmoVm. Y_m©Mr gË`Vm OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo 1575 _Ü`o \$Îmonya {gH«$s
`oWo B~mXaImZm (CnmgZmJ¥h) ~m§Ybo. `m B_maVrV gd© Y_m©À`m {dÕmZmZm AH$~amZo MM}gmR>r ~mobm{dbo
68
d VoWo Ym{_©H$ MMm© KSdyZ AmUë`m. Ë`mZo _wpñb_, {h§Xy, ~m¡Õ, O¡Z, {¼íMZ, `hÿXr, nmaer B. Y_©Jwé§Zm
AH$~amZo MM}gmR>r ~mobm{dbo. B~mXVImÝ`mV àW_ Bñbm_Mo Y_©emgZ d VËdkmZ `m§Mr MMm© hmoV Ago.
Cbo_m§Mm XwamJ«h, Q>moH$mMo dmX{ddmX `mMm drQ> `oD$Z AH$~amZo BVa Y_m©Vrb Y_©km§Zm MMo©gmR>r ~mobm{dbo.
{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mr VrZ _§S>io AH$~amÀ`m ^oQ>rg Ambr. O¡Z Y_m©Mr VËdo g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {dO`goZ
gyar ^mZyM§Ð CnmÜ`m` B. n§{S>Vm§er MMm© Ho$br. O¡Z Y_m©Vrb AqhgoÀ`m {eH$dUyH$sZo Vmo à^m{dV Pmbm.
qhXy Y_m©Vrb VËdo Ë`mZo Xodr d nwéfmoÎm_ `m n§{S>Vm§H$Sy>Z g_OmdwZ KoVbr Va nmagr Y_mªMr VËdo g_OmdyZ
KoÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`mZo XñVya _|Ë`maOr amUm `m§À`mer MMm© Ho$br. B~mXVImÝ`mVrb MM}VyZ AH$~amZo VdmhrXo
Bbmhr (EHo$ídadmXr) `m VËdm§da ZdrZ Y_m©Mr C^maUr Ho$br.
3) XrZ-E-Bbmhr Y_© 1582 :
gd© Y_m©V gË`mMm A§e XS>bobm Amho åhUyZ AZoH$ Y_m©Mr CXmÎm VËdo EH$Ì H$ê$Z B. g. 1582
bm AH$~amZo "XrZ-E-Bbmhr' `m Zì`m Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ZdrZ Y_© gd©Y_©gma g_Ýd`rV d OmVnmV
{dahrV Agob VaM Vmo {Q>Ho$b. gd© _mÝ` hmoB©b Ago Ë`mg dmQ>V hmoVo. H$m~yb _mo{h_odê$Z naVë`mZ§Va Img
Xa~ma ^adyZ Ë`mZo `m Zì`m Y_m©Mr KmofUm Ho$br.
`m Y_m©Mr à_wI VËdo Aer hmoVr.
1) B©ída EH$ Amho. AH$~a hm Ë`mMm ào{fV Amho.
2) ~mXehmàVr AmXa d lÕm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd©OU Ë`mbm gmï>m§J Z_ñH$ma ({gOXm) KmbVrb.
3) _m§gmhma dÁ`© H$amdm.
4) gy`© d A{¾Mr CnmgZm H$amdo.
5) d¥Õ qH$dm Aënd`rZ _wbrer {ddmh H$ê$ Z`o.
6) OÝ_ {Xder _oOdmZr Úmdr.
7) nañnamZm ^oQ>VmZm "A„m hmo AH$~a' (B©ída _hmZ Amho) d "O„oO„hy' (_r Ë`mMm godH$ Amho)
Ag åhUmdo.
8) _mb_Îmm, à{Vð>m, OrdZ d Y_© `m§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z amOmg gd©loîR> _mZmdo.
AH$~amMm XrZo-B-Bbmhr hm Y_© CXmÎm Agbm Var Ë`mMm pñdH$ma \$magm Hw$Ur Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`mMo
ñVwVrnmR>H$, amOn[adma, amOXa~ma d AÝ` H$mhr Ago {_iyZ Y_© pñdH$maUmao XmoZ hOmam§hÿZ OmñV ZìhVo.
AH$~amMm ZdrZ Y_© \$ma bmoH$m§Zr {ñdH$mabm Zgbm Var Ë`mZo Y_© pñdH$maÊ`mgmR>r H$moUmda O~aXñVr
Ho$br Zmhr. BVa Bñbm_r emgH$mZr {hÝXy {damoYr YmoaUo pñdH$mabo hmoVo nU AH$~amZo Ym{_©H$ g{hîUyZoM YmoaU
pñdH$mê$Z Y_©g{hîUy Agm Zdm Y_© ñWmnZ Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio AH$~amàVr g_mOmV {Zð>m d AmXa {Z_m©U Pmbm.
69
Cbo_m§Mo dmT>Vo dM©ñd H$_r Pmbo. {h§Xy _wpñb_ `m§À`mVrb g§Kf© H$_r Pmbm. gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ hmoD$
bmJbo. AH$~amZo Amnë`m AmH«$_H$ YmoaUm_wio {demb gm_«mÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. H$mhr ^mJ dJiVm
g§nyU© Xoe EH$N>Ìr A§_bmImbr AmUUmam hm n{hbm _wKb emgH$ hmoVm. AH$~a hm Hw$eb goZmnVr d eya
`moÕm hmoVm.
4) Y_© g{hîUy g_«mQ> :
AH$~amZo _wpñb_oVa àOo~amo~a CXma Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`mZo gwbh-E-Hw$b (gdmªer
gbmoIm) `m g§H$ënZoMm Adb§~ H$éZ Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr AmIUr Ho$br. qhXydarb `mÌmH$a, {O{P`m H$a
Ë`mZo aÔ Ho$bm. PamoIm Xe©Z d BVa H$mhr qhXy àWm, gU-CËgd AH$~amZo Amnë`m Xa~mamV gmOao H$amd`mg
gwédmV Ho$br. amOnyVm§er d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bo. qhXy§Zm d O¡Z, nmaer, ~m¡Õ, {¼íMZ `m BVa
Y{_©`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Y_m©Zwgma dmJÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo. gd© Y{_©` Y_©Jwé§er MMm© H$éZ gd© Y_m©Vrb CXmÎm
VÎdm§Mo EH${ÌH$aU H$éZ {XZ-E-Bbmhr `m ZdrZ Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Y_©gÎmoMm amOgÎmodarb nJS>m Zï>
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo ñdV:bm Ym{_©H$ ~m~VrVrb IQ>ë`m§_Ü`o Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aUmam gdm}ÀM Ý`m`m{Ye Kmo{fV
H$aUmam "_hOa' H$mT>bm. EH§$XaM AH$~amÀ`m g{hîUy YmoaUm_wio EM. Or. dobg `m§À`m_Vo, ""AH$~amÀ`m
Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm_wio bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mÀ`m~Ôb {ZVm§V AmXa dmQw> bmJbm.''
5. loð> _wËgÔr :
AH$~amZo AË`§V à{VHy$b n[apñWVrda _mV H$éZ Amnë`m _wËgÔo{JarÀ`m Omoamda àM§S> `e {_i{dbo.
Vmo EH$ loð> amO{ZVrk hmoVm. gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r Ë`mZo amOnyVm§er gbmo»`mMo YmoaU {ñdH$méZ d¡dm{hH$
ZmVog§~§Y {Z_m©U Ho$bo. gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r amOnyVm§Zr AH$~amg _mobmMr _XV Ho$bobr {XgVo. _odmS>{déÕÀ`m
B. g. 1576 À`m hiXr KmQ>rÀ`m bT>mB©V amUmàVmn{déÕ _mZqgJ d BVa amOnyV bT>bo. `mV AH$~amMr
_wËgÔo{Jar {XgyZ `oVo. àemgZmVhr AH$~amZo AZoH$ ~m~VrV _wËgÔo{JarMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
6. Ý`m`{à` amÁ`H$Vm© :
gd© àOobm g_mZ Ý`m` {_iob `mH$S>o AH$~amZo H$Q>mjmZo bj {Xbo. Vmo ñdV: AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZXm
Ý`m`XmZmMo H$m_ nmhr. Ý`m`mda Ë`mMr {dbjU {Zð>m hmoVr. AÝ`m`, {\$Vyar, Owbw_ `mMr Ë`mbm {MS> hmoVr.
"_r ñdV: JwÝhm Ho$bm Va ñdV:bmhr {ejm H$aÊ`mg nwT>o-_mJo nmhUma Zmhr.' Ago AH$~a åhUV Ago.
AH$~a hm Ý`m`{à` g_«mQ> hmoVm. Ë`mZo AZoH$ JwÝhoJmam§Zm H$S>H$ emgZ Ho$bo.
7. {dÚm d H$boMm Aml`XmVm :
AH$~amZo Amnë`m Xa~mamV AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$, B{VhmgH$ma, g§JrVH$ma, {MÌH$ma `m§Zm CXma amOml`
{Xbm hmoVm. AH$~a hm {dÚm d H$bmào_r g_«mQ> hmoVm. Ë`mZo ^mfm§Va {d^mJmMr ñWmnZm H$éZ Ë`mA§VJ©V
AZoH$ qhXy J«§Wm§Mo \$maer ^mfoV ^mfm§Va H$adyZ KoVbo. Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamV 36 g§JrVH$ma hmoVo. AH$~amMm
ZdaËZ Xa~ma Va B{Vhmgà{gÕ Amho. ñWmnË`mÀ`m joÌmVhr AH$~amZo ^ard `moJXmZ {Xbo.
70
* AH$~amMm _¥Ë`y d `mo½`Vm :
EH§$XaM _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV EH$ gd©loð> g{hîUy, {dÚm-H$bmào_r g_«mQ> Am{U
gm_«mÁ`{Z_m©Vm åhUyZ AH$~amMo d¡{eîQ> Ago ñWmZ Amho. Am`wî`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m dfmªV Vmo gbr_À`m ~§S>mZo
ÌñV Pmbm hmoVm. AH$~a AmOmar nS>bm d Ë`mVM 15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1605 amoOr AH$~amMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. g_«mQ>
AH$~amMr 50 dfmªMr Aer d¡^dembr H$ma{H$X© hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§_YyZ AH$~amMr
`mo½`Vm ñnï> hmoVo.
1. Wmoa gm_«mÁ`{Z_m©Vm :
AH$~amZo _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_«mÁ`{dñVma H$éZ {demb gm_«mÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. npíM_og Aa~r
g_wÐ, nyd}g ~§JmbMm CngmJa, X{jUog Ah_XZJa d B©emÝ`og Amgm_ Aem Ë`mÀ`m amÁ`mÀ`m gr_m
hmoË`m. WmoS>Š`mV, H§$XhmanmgyZ Ah_XZJan`ªV Am[U JwOamVnmgyZ ~§Jmbn`ªV AH$~amMo gm_«mÁ` ngabo
hmoVo. X{jUoMm H$mhr ^mJ dJiVm g§nyU© ^maV Ë`mZo {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUbm. Ë`mMo gm_«mÁ` n§Yam gwä`m§_Ü`o
{d^mJbobo hmoVo. ""eoOmar amÁ`m§er `wÕ Ho$bo Zmhr Va Vr amÁ`o Ë`mÀ`m {déÕ `wÕ H$aVrb.'' Agm
AH$~amMm {dídmg hmoVm. AH$~a hm gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaUmMm nwañH$Vm© hmoVm. B{VhmgH$ma pìhÝg|Q> pñ_W
`m§À`m _Vo 16 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoaÀ`m ndm©V AH$~amMo gm_«mÁ` OJmV gdm©V ~bdmZ hmoVo d Vmo
n¥ÏdrVbmdarb gmd©^m¡_ ~mXehm d gdm©V lr_§V amÁ`H$Vm© hmoVm.
2. CÎm_ àemgH$ :
boZnyb À`m _Vo, "AH$~a hm ^maVmVrb EH$ gdm}Îm_ emgH$ hmoVm. Vmo Iè`m AWm©Zo gm_«mÁ`
g§ñWmnH$ d CÎm_ àemgH$ hmoVm.' AH$~a bmoH$H$ë`mUmH$mar d àOm{hVXj ~mXehm hmoVm. Ë`mMr _hgyb
ì`dñWm, Ym{_©H$ g{hîUyVm, JwUdÎmoÀ`m {ZH$fm§da Ho$boë`m {Z`wŠË`m, H$bm-ñWmnË`-dmL²>_`mbm amOml`
B. YmoaUo AH$~a gd©loð> àemgH$ Agë`mMr gmj XoVmV. hoJ åhUVmV H$s, ^maVmVrb _wpñb_ emgH$m§_Ü`o
AH$~amZo g§nyU© ^maVmMm emgH$ ìhm`Mm {ZU©` KoVë`m_wio AH$~amMr àemgZ ì`dñWm H|$Ðr` d àm§Vr`
àemgZ, Ý`m`ì`dñWm, bîH$a d àOoÀ`m AZoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm `m_wio AH$~amMr H$ma{H$X© hr _wKb
H$mimVrb gwdU©`wJ _mZbr OmVo.
3. Hw$eb goZmnVr :
AH$~a ñdV: CÎm_ d namH«$_r g¡{ZH$ hmoVm. gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r Ë`mZo àM§S> bîH$a C^mabo d AZoH$
bT>m`m Ho$ë`m. _Zg~XmarÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`mZo bîH$a C^maUr Ho$br. g§KQ>Z H$m¡eë`, ZoV¥ËdJwU,
`wÕH$m¡eë` ho Hw$eb goZmnVr åhUyZ Amdí`H$ AgUmao JwU Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Agë`mZo Ë`mZo AZoH$ bT>m`m
qOH$ë`m d gm_«mÁ`{dñVma Ho$bm.
71
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m
1) {hÝXwñWmZmV _wKb gÎmoMr ñWmnZm ---------- `mZo Ho$br.
A) AH$~a
~) ~m~a
H$) hþ_m`yZ
S>) Am¡a§JOo~
2) g_«mQ> AH$~amMm OÝ_ ----------- `oWo Pmbm.
A) \$aKoZm
~) JPZr
H$) A_aH$moQ>
S>) H§$Xhma
3) nm{ZnVMo Xwgao `wÕ ----------- gmbr Pmbo.
A) 1556
~) 1526
H$) 1561
S>) 1861
4) ~¡am_ImZ hm ------------ n§WmMm hmoVm.
A) gwÞr
~) {e`m
H$) `wgw\$OmB©
S>) aOnyV
5) AH$~amZo ------------ ~amo~a d¡dmhrH$ g§~§Y OmoS>bo.
A) _amR>m
~) Am{Xbehm
H$) amOnyV
S>) nR>mU
3.2.2 Am¡aJ§ Oo~
Am¡a§JOo~ - nyd©M[aÌ :- Am¡a§JOo~mMm OÝ_ C‚m¡ZOdi XmohmX `oWo 24 Am°ŠQ>m|. 1618 amoOr
Pmbm. _whrCÔrZ _whå_X Am¡a§JOo~ ho Ë`mMo nyU© Zm§d. ehmOhmZ Am{U _w_VmO `m§Mo ho ghmdo AnË`.
ehmOhmZZo Ohm§Jra {dê$Ó ~§S> Ho$ë`mZo Am¡a§JOo~, Xmam `mZm bmhmoaÀ`m {H$ëë`mV H¡$XoV R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
d`mÀ`m Xhmì`m dfu Am¡a§JOo~mMo {ejU gwê$ Pmbo. bhmZnUr Am¡a§JOo~ A{Ve` V„I d Hw$emJ« ~wÓrMm
hmoVm. Ë`mZo Amnbo {ejU AënH$mimVM nyU© Ho$bo. Hw$amU, hmXrg B. Y_©J«§Wm~amo~aM CXy©, qhXr, n{e©`Z,
VwH$s©, Aa~r B. ^mfmda Ë`mZo AënH$mimVM à^yËd {_i{dbo. Am¡a§JOo~mbm H$mì`, H$bm, gm{hË`, g§JrV
BË`mXrV A{O~mV AmdS> ZìhVr. Vmo Bñbm_Mm H$Å>a nwañH$Vm© hmoVm. Ym{_©H$ {ejUmV Ë`mbm {deof AmdS>
hmoVr. bhmZnUrM `wÕH$boMo {ejU _moR>çm CËgmhmV KodyZ _moR>o àm{dÊ` g§nmXZ Ho$bo hmoVo. bîH$ar {ejUmMr
Ë`mbm AmdS> hmoVr. Am¡a§JOo~ g§e`r, g§H$moMrV _Zmod¥ÎmrMm hmoVm. Vmo _hËdmH$m§jr hmoVm.
B. g. 1634 _Ü`o Am¡a§JOo~ 10 hOmar _Zg~Xma Pmbm. nwT>o X{jUoMm gw^oXma AgVmZm "{Xbag~mZyer'
Am¡a§JOo~mMm {ddmh Pmbm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo AZoH$ `wÕ_mo{h_mV {dO` {_i{dë`mZo Ë`mMm Xamam dmT>bm. B. g.
1652 _Ü`o Vmo Xwgè`m§Xm X{jUoMm gw^oXma Pmbm. {~Xa, na§mS>m, H$ë`mU B. àXoe Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo.
X{jUoVrb {dOmnya, JmodiH$m§oS>m d _amR>çm§Mo amÁ` qOHy$Z KoÊ`mMm Ë`mMm {dMma hmoVm. _mÌ Ë`mM doir
dS>rb ehmOhmZ AmOmar nS>ë`mMr ~mV_r g_OVmM nmVemhr gÎmm hñVJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§nyU© V`mar{Zer
Vmo CÎmaoH$S>o Jobm.
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amÁ`mamohU :
g_«mQ> ehmOhmZ ~mXehm B. g. 1658 _Ü`o AmOmar nS>bm. hr ~mV_r g_OVmM Ë`mÀ`m Mmar
_wbm§Zr gÎmm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {X„rH$S>o Ymd KoVbr. Mmar _wbmV dmagmh¸$mgmR>r `wÕo Pmbr. YyV©, H$mdo~mO,
_wËgÔr d _hËdmH$m§jr Am¡a§JOo~ `mV `eñdr Pmbm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo AË`§V ObX hmbMmbr H$ê$Z Am½`«mMm
{H$„m Vmã`mV KoVbm d d{S>b ehmOhmZbm {H$ëë`mV ñWmZ~Õ Ho$bo. Cd©arV {VÝhr ^mdm§Mr {ZH$mb bmdyZ
Ë`mZo AmJ«m d {X„rMr gÎmm hñVJV Ho$br. 21 Owb¡ _wKb ~mXehm åhUyZ amÁ`m{^foH$ H$ê$Z KoVbm d
ñdVmbm "Ab_Jra' hm {H$Vm~ YmaU Ho$bm. Am¡a§JOo~mMm 1659 _Ü`o AË`§V emhr WmQ>mV Xwgè`m§Xm
amÁ`m{^foH$ g§nÞ Pmbm. AË`§V {X_mIXma Pmboë`m `m gmohù`mV Am¡a§JOo~ {X„rÀ`m _`ya qghmgZmda
ñWmZmnÞ Pmbm. Ë`mZo "AãXwb _wOâ\$a _whrCÔrZ _h_§X Am¡a§JOo~ ~hmÔÿa Amb_Jra ~mXehm JmPr' Agm
bm§~bMH$ {H$Vm~ YmaU Ho$bm. Amb_Jra `m eãXmMm AW© "OJmMm ñdm_r' Agm hmoVmo. hm gmohim
{X„rÀ`m bmb {H$ëë`mV g§nÞ Pmbm. `m àg§Jr AZoH$ gaXmam§Zm ~T>Ë`m XoÊ`mV Amë`m. ZdrZ {H$Vm~
XoÊ`mV Ambo. {IbV (_mZmMr dóo) XoÊ`mV Ambr.
Am¡a§JOo~mMm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma :
1) BemÝ` YmoaU :
Am¡a§JOo~hr gm_«mÁ`dmXr YmoaUm§Mm nwañH$Vm© hmoVm. Am¡a§JOo~mMr ~hþVoH$ `wÕo
Ë`mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmVyZ CX²^dbr. _mÌ H$mhr `wÕo Ë`mZo gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r Ho$br. Amgm_ d
Hw$M{~hmaÀ`m emgH$mZr dmagmh¸$mÀ`m CX²^dboë`m Jm|YimMm \$m`Xm KodyZ ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$
Ho$bm hmoVm. Hw$M{~hmaÀ`m ào_Zmam`U `mZo _wKb àXoe hñVJV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mZo Amgm_Mr
amOYmZr JwdmhQ>r Vmã`mV KoVbr d VoWo àM§S> byQ> Ho$br. Am¡a§JOo~mZo Ë`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnbm
{dídmgy gaXma _ra Ow_bm `mMr ~§JmbÀ`m gw^oXmanXr {Z`wº$s Ho$br. {_a Oy_bmZo 1661 _Ü`o Amnbr
T>mH$m _mo{h_ gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`mMo Hw$M{~hma qOHy$Z KoVbo. VoWrb AZoH$ _§{Xao nmSy>Z _{eXr C^maë`m. àM§S>
byQ> {_i{dbr. Ë`mZo amOYmZr JmS>Jm§d qOHy$Z Ë`mMo Amb_JraZJa Ag Zmd R>odbo. `mZ§Va {_aOy_bZo
Amgm_da h„m H$ê$Z VoWohr Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$bo. Amohåg amOm O`ÜdOZo _m|JbmZm Mm§Jbm
à{VH$ma Ho$bm. _ra Ow_bmZo Ë`mMm nam^d Ho$bm d Amgm_ Hw$M{~hma _wKb gm_«mÁ`mg OmoS>bo. Varhr
nmdgmù`mMm \$m`Xm KodyZ O`ÜdOMm _wbJm MH«$Ya `mZo _m§oJbr R>mÊ`mda h„o Ho$bo d Amgm__YyZ _m|Jbr
\$m¡Om hþgH$mdyZ bmdë`m. Am¡a§JOo~mbm nyU© Amgm_ H$YrM qOHy$Z KoVbm Ambm Zmhr. `m _mo{h_oV _wKbm§Zm
Hw$M{~hmadaM g_mYmZ _mZmdo bmJbo.
_ra Ow_bmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZV§ a Am¡aJ§ Oo~mZo Amnbm _m_m em{hñVoImZ `mMr Zo_UyH$ ~§Jmbgwä`mda Ho$br.
em{hñVoImZmZohr T>mH$m _mo{h_ hmVr KoD$Z {MVJmd, AmamH$mZMm àXoe Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm. nwT>o Ë`mZo
N>VJm§dhr Vmã`mV KoVbo d Ë`mMo Bñbm_m~mX Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$bo. nwT>o N>VJm§d hoM _wKbm§Mo _w»` R>mUo ~Zbo.
2) dm`ì` gahÔ YmoaU :
Am¢aJOo~mbm gÎmoda Amë`m~amo~a dm`ì` gahÔrdarb ~§S>Imoa Q>moù`m§À`mH$S>o bj Úmdo bmJbo.
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nR>mU Q>moù`m§Mr {X„r gÎmm{Yem§Zm H$m`_MrM S>moHo$XwIr hmoVr. nR>mU eya d ñdmV§Í`{à` hmoVo. hm àXoe
ZmnrH$ d S>mo§Jar Agë`m_wio A\$JmU Q>moù`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r n§Om~À`m gwnrH$ àXoemda h„o H$ê$Z byQ>
H$aV. B. g. 1667 _Ü`o `wgw\$OmB© Q>moirMm à_wI ^mJy `mZo qgYy ZXr Amobm§Sy>Z hOmam d AQ>H$ àXoemda
h„o Ho$bo. VoWo byQ> H$ê$Z noemda_Ü`ohr byQ>mbyQ> Ho$br. qgYy ZXrdarb hmoS>çm Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVë`m.
Am¡a§JOo~mZo _ra Ow_bmMm nwÌ A{_ZImZ, H$m{_bImZ `mZm ^mJyÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r nmR>{dbo. Ë`mZr ^mJyMm
nam^d H$ê$Z hOmamo `wgw\$OmB©Zm R>ma Ho$bo d em§VVm àñWm{nV Ho$br. nU Vr jU^w§Ja R>abr.
B. g. 1672 _Ü`o Am{\«$S>r Q>moirà_wI H$_bImZ `mZo nR>mUm§Zm g§KQ>rV H$ê$Z ñdVmMm amÁ`m{^foH$
H$adyZ KoVbm. Ë`mZo _wKbm§ {dê$Õ ~§S> nwH$mabo. gd© nR>mU O_mVrZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z _wKbm§Zm ì`mnmamgmRr>
I¡~aqIS> ~§X Ho$br. Am¡a§JOo~mZo Am{\«$S>tMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{_ZImZmbm _moR>m \$m¡O\$mQ>m XodyZ
nmR>{dbo. na§Vw Vmo nR>mUm§nwT>o {Zîà^ R>abm. A{_ZImZ noemdaH$S>o niyZ Jobm. A{_ZImZmMr ~m`H$m _wbo
nR>mUm§À`m hmVr bmJbr. _wKbm§ {dê$Õ `e {_iy bmJë`mZo AZoH$ nR>mU Q>moù`m `m CR>mdmV gm{_b Pmë`m.
IQ>H$ Q>moirMm à_wI IwembImZ `m CR>mdmV gh^mJr Pmë`mZo nR>mUm§Zr H§$Xhma nmgyZ AQ>H$n`ªVÀ`m
àXoemV Yw_mHy$i KmVbm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo n[apñWVrMo Jm§^r`© AmoiIyZ A{_ZImZmÀ`m OmJr _hmã~VImZmMr
Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. Ë`mM ~amo~a 1673 _Ü`o ewOmVImZ d Ogd§VqgJ `mZm _moR>o g¡Ý` XodyZ A\$Jm{UñWmZmda
nmR>{dbo. na§Vw `m XmoÝhr goZmnVr_Yrb _V^oXm_wio Ë`mMm \$magm Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr. eodQ>r OyZ 1674 _Ü`o
Am¡a§JOo~ ñdV: `m _mo{h_oda MmbyZ Jobm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo _wËgÔo{JarMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z CR>md _moSy>Z H$mT>bm.
AZoH$ nR>mUr Q>moirà_wIm§Zm OhmJrè`m, dVZo XodyZ d Amnë`m g¡Ý`mV ~T>Ë`m XoD$Z Amnë`m ~mOybm didyZ
KoVbo. Ë`m_wio Am¡a§JOo~mbm VoWo em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aVm Ambr. Varhr KmoamB©, {KbPmB©, {eamZr, `wgw\$OmB©
B. Q>moù`m§Zr Am¡a§JOo~mg {daomY Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r Am¡a§JOo~mZo Hw$aH$_m© CXy©KyaImZ `mg nmR>{dbo.
Ë`mZo H«w$anUo AZoH$ nR>mUm§Zm R>ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm. 1675 _Ü`o Am¡a§JOo~mZo A{_ZImZmg
H$m~wbMm gw^oXma Zo_bo. nwT>ohr nR>mUm§Mm CnÐd hmoVM am{hbm. Ë`m_wio Am¡a§JOo~mMo X{jUoH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo.
Ë`mMm {edmOr amOmZo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z X{jUoV Amnbr gÎmm ~iH$Q> Ho$br.
dm`ì` YmoaUmV Am¡a§JOo~mg `e {_imbo Agbo Var Ë`mg \$ma _moR>r qH$_V _moOmdr bmJbr. `m
YmoaUmMo Ë`mÀ`m H$ma{H$Xuda nyaJm_r n[aUm_ Pmbo.
Am{W©H$ n[aUm_ : dm`ì` gahÔ YmoaUm_wio _m|Jbm§À`m {VOmoarda _moR>m VmU nS>bm. VoWrb em§VVm,
gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mgmR>r Q>moirà_wImZm bjmdYr ê$n`o XoUo ^mJ nS>bo. Ë`mM ~amo~a `m g§Kfm©Mm
ì`mnmamdahr à{VHy$b n[aUm_ Pmbm. VoWrb Q>moir à_wIm§Zm Ohm{Jar, dVZo XoÊ`mgmR>rhr _moR>m IM© Pmbm.
`m gdmªZm _wKb gÎmoda _moR>m Am{W©H$ ^ma nS>bm.
amOH$s` n[aUm_ : Am¡a§JOo~mZo dm`ì` gahÔrH$S>o bj H|$ÐrV Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMo BVa àm§VmH$S>o Xwb©j
Pmbo. {deofV: X{jUoH$S>o _wKbm§Mm \$magm YmoH$m am{hbm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio X{jUoH$S>o {edmOr amOm§À`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr _amR>çm§Zr Amnbo ñdamÁ` ~iH$Q> Ho$bo. X{jUoH$S>rb BVa gÎmmhr pñWañWmda Pmë`m. nwT>o
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Am¡a§JOo~mMm X{jUoVM _¥Ë`y Pmbm. _amR>çm§Mm nwaVm ~§Xmo~ñV Ë`mbm H$aVm Ambm Zmhr. dm`ì` gahÔ
YmoaU _m|JbmZm _moR>o hmZrH$maH$ R>abo.
CÎmaoH$S>rb {dO` :
Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m dm`ì` gahÔ YmoaUm{edm` Ë`mbm _wKbm§{dê$Õ nwH$mabobo ñdmV§Í` `wÕ d Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m
Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm{dê$Õ Pmbobo R>amd `m {dê$Õhr bT>mdo bmJbo. n{hë`m àH$mamV {~H$mZoaMm amOm H$U© `mZo
CR>md Ho$bm. Hw$M{~hmaÀ`m npíM_oH$S>o ewOm `m VmoV`mMm CR>md Ë`mM~amo~a M§nVam` ~w§Xobm `mMm CR>md,
VmoV`m XmeMo ~§S>,`wgw\$OmB©Mo H$mpí_a _Yrb ~§S>, B. {eXb Am¡a§JOo~mMm _wbJm AH$~a `mZo CÎmaog d
X{jUoV ~§S> Ho$bo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo Amnë`m A\$mQ> g¡Ý`mÀ`m Omoamda hr gd© ~§S>o _moSy>Z H$mT>br. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m
Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm_wio Ë`mbm {h§X§yMm amof AmoT>dyZ ¿`mdm bmJbm. Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ `wÕo Pmbr. Ë`m_Ü`o OmQ>>m§Mm
CR>md, gVZm_r bmoH$m§Mm CR>md, {eIm§Mm CR>md B. gm_rb AmhoV.
Am¡a§JOo~mMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU :
Am¡a§JOo~ Y_mªY hmoVm. Vmo H$Å>a gwÞrn§Wr` _wgb_mZ hmoVm. gwÞrn§{W`m ì`{V[aº$ _wgb_mZm§Mm d
{deofV: qhXyMm _m§S>bobm N>idmX ho Ë`mÀ`m amOdQ>rMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmoVo. gÎmoda Amë`mda amÁ`mVrb
_wgb_mZmZr Hw$amUmVrb {Z`_m§Mo H$mQ>oH$moa nmbZ Ho$bo nm{hOo Agm Ë`mZo AmJ«h Yabm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo
amÁ`^a Y_©{Z[ajH$ (_whVgr~) Zo_bo. Bñbm_{dê$Õ Agbobo gd© [aVr[admO ~§X Ho$bo. Ë`mMo Ym{_©H$
YmoaU nwT>rbà_mUo.
$
1) Am¡a§JOo~ d Bñbm_ Y_© : Am¡a§JOo~mbm qhXyñWmZ Bñb_r amï´> ~Zdm`Mo hmoVo. Ho$. E_. nÞrH$a
åhUVmV. ""gwadmVrnmgyZM Am¡a§JOo~ Bñbm_ amÁ` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m {dMmam§er EH${Zð> hmoVm.$'' Vmo H$Å>a
gwÞrn§Wr` hmoVm. gwÞr nWmbm à~i H$aÊ`mda Ë`mZo ^a {Xbm. Bñbm_ Y_© àMma Am{U àgmambm Ë`mZo
MmbZm {Xbr. Bñbm_ Y_© pñdH$maUmè`mZm Ë`mZo gmoB©-gdbVr, _mZmÀ`m OmJm {Xë`m. Bñbm_Mo {Z`_
~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bo. Hw$amUmVrb Y_© à_mU _mZÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo nwT>rb H$mhr AmXoe H$mT>bo.
1) ^moJ, A\w$, Jm§Om, Xmê$ B. _mXH$ nXmW© godZmda ~§Xr KmVbr.
2) Z¥Ë`, g§JrVmda ~§Xr KmbyZ Xa~mar Jm`H$m§Mr hmH$bnÅ>r Ho$br.
3) gmoZo, Mm§XrZo ~mXehmMr hmoUmar Vwbm àWm {h§Xy åhUyZ ~§X Ho$br.
4) ZmÊ`m§da H$b_m {b{hÊ`mMr àWm ~§X Ho$br.
5) {h§Xy A{^dmXZ nÕV, dmT>{Xdg, PamoŠ`mVyZ Xe©Z XoÊ`mMr nÕV ~§X Ho$br.
6) nmaem§À`m ZdamoP gUmda ~§Xr KmVbr.
7) Xa~mar Á`mo{Vfm§Zm aOm XodyZ n§MmJ V`ma H$aÊ`mda ~X§r KmVbr.
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8) {h§XyÀ`m Xgam gUmg ~mXehmZo CnpñWV ahmUo ~§X Ho$bo.
9) doí`mì`dgm`mda ~§Xr KmVbr.
10) _wpñb_ g§Vm§À`m X½`m©À`m Xe©Zmg _wpñb_ {ó`m§Zm ~§Xr KmVbr.
AemàH$mao amÁ`mV _wpñb_ Y_m©Mo A{Yð>mZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
2) Am¡a§JOo~ d {e`m n§W : Am¡a§JOo~ H$Å>a gwÞr n§Wr` Agë`mZo Ë`mZo {e`m n§Wr`m§À`mda H$S>H$
{Z~ªY KmVbo. {e`m n§Wr`m§À`mda Bída qZXoMm Amamon R>odÊ`mV Ambm d Ë`m n§WmÀ`m gmY§yZm {ejm Ho$ë`m.
aX `m {e`m n§Wr` Y_©Jwê$g nmI§S>r R>adyZ R>ma _mZbo. _hå_X Vmhra `mbmhr Rma _mabo. {e`mn§Wr` gmYyÀ`m
H$~atda {Xdm bmdÊ`mg _ZmB© Ho$br. _moha_ `m {e`mn§Wr` CËgdmda ~§Xr KmVbr. g§JrV ho Hw$amU {damoYr
g_OyZ Ë`mÀ`m dmnamda ~§Xr KmVbr.
3) Am¡a§JOo~ d {¼íMZ Y_© : Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV {¼íMZ Y{_©` B§J«Om§À`m AZoH$ ì`mnmar
dImar hmoË`m. ~§JmbMm gw^oXma em{hñVoImZmZo B§J«Om§À`m ì`mnmamda ñWm{ZH$ H$a AmH$mabo. B§J«Om§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am¡a§JOo~mZo Ë`m§À`m gwaV, hþJir, _ÀN>brnÅ>U_ `oWrb dImatda Vm~m {_i{dbm. B§J«OmZr
Z_Vo YmoaU KodyZ ~mXehmer _¡ÌrMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo. {MVJm§dÀ`m nmoVy©{JO Mm§À`mMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
em{hñVoImZmMr {Z`wº$s Ho$br. Ë`mZo MmÀ`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm. nmoVy©{JOmZrhr Amnë`m Y_©àgmamg _waS>
KmVbr d ~mXehm~amo~a _¡ÌrMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo.
4) Am¡a§JOo~ d {h§Xy Y_© : Am¡a§JOo~ gwadmVrnmgyZ {h§XyÛoîR>m hmoVm. JwOamVMm gw^oXma AgVmZm Ë`mZo
AZoH$ Xodmb`o CÜdñV Ho$br. {h§Xy Y_m©À`m AZoH$ ê$T>r n§anamda ~§Xr KmVbr. amOXa~mamV hmoUmao {h§Xy gUdma
~§X Ho$bo. Ë`mZo amOgÎmm d Y_©gÎmm EH$ Ho$ë`m. `m~m~V S>m°. ìhr. E. {ñ_W åhUVmV ""Am¡a§JOo~mbm
Y_m©{Y{ð>V amÁ` ñWmnZ H$am`Mo hmoVo. EH$ g_«mQ> d EH$ Y_© hoM Ë`mMo _w»` C{Ôï> hmoVo.'' Am¡a§JOo~mZo gÎmoda
Amë`m~amo~a {h§Xy Y_©{damoYr AZoH$ {ZU©` KoVbo. Ë`mZwgma
{h§XyZm ZdrZ _§{Xao, Y_©ñWio ~m§YÊ`mg _ZmB© Ho$br. {h§XyMr _§{Xao CÜdñV H$aÊ`mMo AmXoe {Xbo. `m
YmoaUmZwgma {X„r, A`moÜ`m, ~Zmag, ÛmaH$m, h[aÛma, _Wwam, _odmS>, O`nya, OmoYnya `oWrb AZoH$ _§{Xao
CÜdñV Ho$br. dmamUgrMo {dídZmWmMo d _Wwam `oWrb Ho$edam` _§{Xa nmSy>Z VoWo _{eXr C^maë`m. qhXyÀ`mda
{O{P`m hm H$a ~g{dÊ`mV Ambm. hm AÝ`m`H$maH$ H$a ghZ Z hmodyZ AZoH$mZr Bñbm_ Y_© pñdH$mabm. `m
H$am{damoYr Pmbobm {h§XyMm {damoY {ZX©`rnUo XS>nyZ Q>mH$bm. {h§XyÀ`mda OmñV H$a ~g{dUo. {h§XyMr ZmoH$arVyZ
hmH$bnÅ>r H$obr. {h§XyÀ`m OÌm, `mÌm, hmoir, {Xdmir `m gUm§da ~§Xr KmVbr. {h§XyÀ`m Mm§Jbo Xm{JUo
KmbUo, KmoS>çmda ~gUo, {h§Xy nÕVrMo {ejU B. da ~§Xr KmVbr. Ë`m§À`m emoH$`mÌm ~§X Ho$ë`m. àmW©Zm ~§X
Ho$ë`m. {h§XyZm ZXr{H$Zmar àoV XhZ H$aUo d ZXr_Ü`o ApñW {dgO©Z ~§X Ho$bo. {h§Xy ì`mnmè`mZm OmñV OH$mV
AmH$aUr Omdy bmJbr. B.
Am¡a§JOo~ àË`oH$ ~m~VrV Hw$amU d Y_©Jwê§$Mm g„m KoV Ago.
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Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ : Ë`mÀ`m `m Ag{hîUy YmoaUm{dê$Õ qhXy, erI Y_r©`
CR>md d ~§S>o Pmbr. ~§S>mMm {~_moS> H$aÊ`mVM Am¡a§JOo~mMr bîH$ar eº$s d A_mn YZ IM© Pmbo. n[aUm_r
Ë`mMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaUM Ë`mÀ`m {dZmemg H$maUr^yV Pmbo. Ë`m_wio _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm èhmg Pmbm.
1) Om§Q>mMo ~§S> (1669) : Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm{dê$Õ gd©àW_ _WwaoÀ`m OmQ>m§Zr ~§S> Ho$bo.
Am¡a§JOo~mZo VoWrb Ho$edam` Xodmb` nmSy>Z VoWo _{eX ~m§Ybr hmoVr. CÕd ~¡amJr `m {hÝXy gmYybm R>ma Ho$bo
hmoVo. Ë`m_wio JmoHw$i ZoV¥ËdmImbr _WwaoÀ`m OmQ>m§Zr ~§S> Ho$bo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo {ZX©`nUo JmoHw$i `mg nH$Sy>Z R>ma
Ho$bo. AZoH$ OmQ>m§Mr H$Îmb Ho$br. Varhr OmQ>m§Zr amOmam_, MwS>m_Ur `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Am¡a§JOo~mer g§Kf©
MmbyM R>odbm.
2) gVZm_r bmoH$m§Mo ~§S> (1672) : {X„rOdi _odmVÀ`m àXoemV eoVrdmS>r d ì`mnma H$ê$Z
em§VVm_` OrdZ OJUmao gVZm_r bmoH$. Ë`m§Zr Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m AË`mMmam§_wio ~§S>o Ho$br. AmgnmgÀ`m àXoemV
byQ>_ma Ho$br. Am¡a§JOo~mZo aUA§XmOImZmbm àM§S> g¡Ý` XoD$Z hOmamo gVZmå`m§Mr H$Îmb Ho$br d Ë`m§Mr
~§S>mir {MaSy>Z Q>mH$br.
3) {eIm§Mm CR>md : Ohm§JraZo 1606 _Ü`o {eIm§Mm nmMdm Jwê$ AOw©ZqghmMm dY H$ê$Z {eIm§Mo
eÌwËd AmoT>dyZ KoVbo hmoVo. Ë`mVM Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm_wio {eIm§Mr _wKbm§{damoYr ^mdZm àIa
Pmbr. {eIm§Mm Zddm Jwê$ VoO~hmÔÿaZo `m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmbm {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm R>ma Ho$bo. n[aUm_r
Am¡a§JOo~m {dê$Õ {eIm§Mm à{VH$ma dmT>bm. {eIm§Mm 10 dm d eodQ>Mm Jwê$ JmoqdXqgh `mZr {eIm§Mo g§KQ>Z
H$ê$Z Imbgm g§àXm`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ~bmT>ç bT>mD$ XbmMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z _wgb_mZm {dê$Õ `wÕmMr
JO©Zm Ho$br. Ë`mVyZ _m|Jb {eI g§Kf© AZoH$ df} Mmbbm.
Am¡a§JOo~mMo amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaU$: Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m Y_©àgma d {dñVmadmXr YmoaUmZo amOnyVm§Mo
ñdmV§Í` {hamdyZ KoVbo. amOnyVm§Mr ñdV§Ì amÁ`o qOHy$Z gm_«mÁ`{dñVma H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mZo {ZYm©a Ho$bm. Á`m
AH$~amZo amOnyVm§~amo~a CXma d g{hîUy YmoaUo pñdH$mabo d Ë`mMo ghH$m`© {_i{dbo Ë`m§M amOnyVm§er
Am¡a§JOo~ Y_©doS>onUmVyZ eÌwËdmZr dmJbm.
_madmS>Mm amOm Ogd§Vqgh hm _wKbm§Mm _m§S>{bH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo Am¡a§JOo~mbm _mobmMo ghH$m`© Ho$bo.
Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Am¡a§JOo~mZo _madmS>Mo amÁ` Imbgm H$obo d VoWo Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Bñbm_
Y_m©Mm àgma Ho$bm. Ogd§V{ghm§Mm _wbJm AOrV `mZo Am¡a§JOo~m{dê$Õ `wÕ nwH$mabo. eya XyJm©XmgZo Ë`mbm
nmqR>~m {Xbm. ~aoM {Xdg _madmS> d _odmS>À`m aOnyVmZr Am¡a§JOo~mbm eh {Xbm. nU nwT>o Hw$Q>{ZVrMm
Adb§~ H$ê$Z Am¡a§JOo~mZo BVa aOnyVmZm AOrVqghmnmgyZ doJio Ho$bo.
_odmS>dahr Am¡a§JOo~mMo bj hmoVo. A{OVqghmMr AmB© _odmS>Mr H$Ý`m hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Am¡a§JOo~ {dê$Õ
_odmS> d _madmS> EH$Ì Ambo. _odmS>Mm amOm amOqgh `mZo {MVmoS>Mr VQ>~§Xr Mmb{dbr. {MVmoS> ~iH$Q>
H$ê$Z bT>mB©Mr V`mar Ho$br. XodamB©À`m qIS>rV \$m¡Om nmR>dyZ _m|Jbm§Mm _mJ© ~§X Ho$bm. Am¡a§JOo~mZo _odmS> d
_madmS> {dê$Õ _mo{h_ gwê$ Ho$br. {MVmoS> Vmã`mV KoVbm. aOnyVmZr _mKma KoVr. amOqghmZo S>m|JamMm Aml`
77
KodyZ J{Z_r `wÕ Mmby R>odbo. Am¡a§JOo~mZo {MVmoS> `oWo Amnbm _wbJm AH$~amMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z ñdV:
AO_oabm naV Jobm. amOqgh d Ë`mMm _wbJm {^_{g§h `mZr AënH$mimV J{Z_r `wÕmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo
AH$~ambm h¡amU Ho$bo. AH$~amMm nam^d Pmë`mZo Vmo _odmS>H$Sy>Z _madmS>H$S>o dibm.
Am¡a§JOo~mbm hr ~mV_r g_OVmM Ë`mZo Amnë`m {VÝhr _wbm§gh aOnyVm§{dê$Õ àM§S> _mo{h_ AmIbr.
A\$mQ> n¡gm d _Zwî`~i KmbyZhr _wKbm§Zm `e {_imbo Zmhr. AH$~ambm ho `wÕ _mÝ` ZìhVo. Ë`mZo
XwJm©Xmger g§JZ_V H$ê$Z IwÔ {nVm Am¡a§JOo~m{dê$Õ ~§S> Ho$bo d Ë`mÀ`mda ñdmar Ho$br. XyJm©Xmg - AH$~a
EH$Ì am{hbo AgVo Va Am¡a§JOo~mbm H¡$Xhr H$ê$ eH$bo AgVo d {h§XyñWmZMm nwT>Mm B{Vhmg ~Xbbm AgVm.
nU YyV© Am¡a§JOo~mZo H$nQ>{ZVrMm dmna H$ê$Z EH$ ~ZmdQ> nÌ XyJm©XmgmÀ`m hdmbr H$ê$Z AH$~amnmgyZ
Ë`mg \$moS>bo. n[aUm_r AH$~amMo ~§S> A`eñdr hmodyZ Vmo X{jUoH$S>o niyZ Jobm.
AH$~a X{jUoV Joë`mZ§Va _wKb-amOnyV `wÕ MmbyM hmoVo. nU AH$~amMm nam^d H$aUmam _odmS>Mm
amOm amOqgh 1681 _Ü`o _aU nmdbm. Ë`mMm _wbJm O`qgh _odmS>Mm amOm Pmbm. Ë`mZo Am¡a§JOo~mer Vh
Ho$bm. `m VhmÝd`o Am¡a§JOo~mZo O`qghmbm _odmS>Mm amOm åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm Úmdr. Ë`mbm _wKb g¡Ý`mV nmM
hOmamMr _Zg~ Úmdr. O`qghmZo _wKbm§Zm Xadfu 3 bmI ê$n`o I§S>Ur Úmdr. {MVmoS> {H$ëë`mMr
O`qghmZo S>mJSw>Or H$ê$ Z`o Ago R>abo.
_wKb gm_«mÁ` ñWmnZonmgyZ _odmS>Mo amÁ` _m|Jbmer Pw§OV am{hbo. amUm àVmn, amUmg§J `mZr
_wKbm§{dê$Õ g§Kf© H$ê$Z Amnbo ñdmV§Í` amIbo hmoVo. na§Vw O`qghmZo _wKbm§Mo dM©ñd _mÝ` H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr
_Zg~Xmar pñdH$mabr.
Aem àH$mao Y_mªYVoVZy Am¡aJ§ Oo~mZo amOnyVm§er `wÕo Ho$br. gmao amOnyV _mV¥^_y r d Y_© ajUmgmR>r EH$Ì
Amho. XwJm©XmggmaIm Abm¡{H$H$ ZoVm Ë`mZm {_imbm. Ë`mZr Ho$boë`m `m à{XK© bT>çmg B{VhmgmV VmoS> Zmhr.
Am¡aJ§ Oo~mMo X{jU YmoaU : Am¡a§JOo~mMo Ym{_©H$ AË`mMma X{jUoH$S>ohr Amnë`m gw^oXmam§_m\©$V
MmbyM hmoVo. X{jUoVhr _wKbm§{dê$Õ ^`§H$a Ag§Vmof hmoVm. Am¡a§JOo~ nydu X{jUoMm gw^oXma AgVmZm Ë`mZo
{dOmnya d JmodiH$m|S>m qOHy$Z KoÊ`mMr V`mar gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. nU d{S>bm§À`m AmOanUmMr ~mV_r
H$iVmM Am¡a§JOo~ gÎmmñnY}gmR>r CÎmaoV {ZKyZ Jobm. Vmo {VH$S>oM Odinmg n§Mdrg df} CÎmaoV AS>Hy$Z
nS>bm. `m g§YrMm \$m`Xm KodyZ {edmOramOmZr X{jUoV Am¡a§JOo~mbm O~aXñV AmìhmZ C^o Ho$bo.
{edmOrÀ`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmRr em{hñVoImZ, {_Pm©amOm O`qgh, amOnwÌ _wA‚m_ B. Zm X{jUoH$S>o nmR>{dbo. na§Vw
{edmOrMm nyU© ~§Xmo~ñV Hw$UrM H$ê$ eH$bo Zmhr. nwT>o {edmOrÀ`mm _¥Ë`yZV§ a Am¡aJ§ Oo~mbm ñdV:bmM X{jUoV
`mdo bmJbo. _amR>çm§er à{XK©H$mi Ë`mbm g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm. Ë`mM Xaå`mZ Ë`mZo A{Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr
qOHy$Z KoVbr nU _amR>çm§er g§Kf© H$aVm H$aVmM Ë`mbm X{jUoVM Amnbm Xoh R>do mdm bmJbm.
1) {dOmnyaÀ`m A{Xbemhrda AmH«$_U (1686) : X{jUoV Amë`mZ§Va _amR>ç§mer g§Kf© Mmby
AgVmZmM Amnbm _wbJm AmP_ImZ `mbm A{Xbemhr qOH$Ê`mgmR>r nmR>{dbo. na§Vw A{Xbehmbm
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Hw$Vy~emhrMr _XV {_imë`mZo Ë`mbm `e Ambo Zmhr. B. g. 1686 _Ü`o ñdV Am¡a§JOo~ n«M§S> g¡Ý`m{Zer
{dOmnyada MmbyZ Jobm d {dOmnyaMm nam^d H$ê$Z {dOmnya _m|Jb gm_«mÁ`mbm OmoS>bo. {gH§$Xa A{XbehmZo
_wKbm§Mr _Zg~Xmar pñdH$mabr.
2) Hw$Vw~emhrMm AñV (1687) : {dOmnyaZ§Va Am¡a§JOo~ Hw$Vw~ehmH$S>o dibm. Hw$Vw~emhrhr
AamOH$VoZo nmoIabr hmoVr. {edmOramOo Am½`«mhÿZ gwQ>ë`mZ§Va Hw$Vw~ehmZo Ë`mZm _XV Ho$br hmoVr. VgoM
H$Zm©Q>H$ _mo{h_oVhr Ë`mZo {edmOramOmZm _XV Ho$br hmoVr. {edm` Hw$Vw~emhrMr amÁ`H$ma^mamMr gwÌo _mXÊUm
d AmH$ÊUm `m XmoZ ~«m÷U ì`{º$H$S>o hmoVr. `m gd© n[a{ñWVr_wio Am¡a§JOo~mZo {_Pm© _hå_Xbm
Hw$Vw~ehmH$S>o nmR>{dbo d Hw$Vw~ehmH$S>o _moR>çm dOZmÀ`m XmoZ {hè`m§Mr _mJUr Ho$br. na§Vw Ago {hao ZmhrV
Ago Hw$Vw~ehmZo gm§{JVbo. Ë`m_wio Am¡a§JOo~mZo AZoH$ OmMH$ _mJÊ`m Ho$ë`m. Ë`m Hw$Vw~ehmZo YyS>H$mdyZ
bmdë`mZo Am¡a§JOo~mZo Amnbm _wbJm _wA‚m_bm Hw$Vw~ehm {dê$Õ nmR>{dbo. _wKbm§Zr àW_ h¡Xam~mX qOHy$Z
KoVbo d VoWo _Zgmoº$ byQ> Ho$br. Hw$Vw~ehmZo JmodiH$m|S>çmÀ`m {H$ëë`mV Aml` KoVbm hmoVm. OmZodmar
1687 _Ü`o _m|JbmZr JmodiH$m|S>çmÀ`m {H$ëë`mbm doT>m {Xbm. {H$„m _O~yV d agX, `wÕgm_wJ«rZo ~iH$Q>
Agë`mZo _m|Jbm§Mm doT>m AmR> _{hZo Mmbbm. eodQ>r Am¡a§JOo~mZo {\$VyarMm S>md Q>mHy$Z Hw$Vw~ehmMm {dídmg
godH$ AãXwbnmZr `mbm bmM XodyZ Amnë`m ~mOybm di{dbo d {H$ëë`mMo XadmOo CKS>bo. Hw$Vw~ehm eaU
Ambm. Ë`mbm Xm¡bVm~mXÀ`m {H$ëë`mV H¡$XoV R>odyZ Hw$Vw~emhr _wKb gm_«mÁ`mg OmoS>br. `m _mo{h_oV
_wKbm§Zm àM§S> g§nÎmr {_imbr. nwT>o _wKbm§Zr gmJa, H$Zy©b, am`Mya, ~obma, ~oiJmd, ~m§{Xdme, H$m§Orda_
B. àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbo d _amR>çm§À`mH$S>o dibo.
3) _amR>çm§er g§Kf© : Hw$Vw~ehmZ§Va Am¡a§JOo~ _amR>çm§À`m amÁ`mda MmbyZ Ambm. B. g. 1687 _Ü`o
Ë`mZo _amR>r _wbImda Mmb H$ê$Z AH$bwOdi Amnë`m g¡Ý`mMr N>mdUr Ho$br. Ë`mZo gmVmè`mda g¡Ý`
nmR>{dbo. _amR>m goZmnVr h§~raamd _mo{hVo `mZo Ë`m§Zm H$S>dm à{VH$ma Ho$bm na§Vw dmB©Odi Pmboë`m `wÕmV Vmo
_mabm Jobm. _amR>çm§Mr ~mOy b§Jbr nS>br Varhr g§^mOrZo _m|Jbmer {ZH$amZo bT>m {Xbm. na§Vw _m|Jbm§À`m
_moR>çm g¡Ý`mnwT>o Ë`mMm {Z^md bmJoZm åhUyZ Vmo nÝhmim {demiJS> _mJ} H$moH$UmV CVabm. na§Vw g§J_oída
_w¸$m_r _m|Ja gaXmaeoI {ZOm_ (_wH$a©~ImZ) `mZo amÌrÀ`mdoir AMmZH$nUo g§^mOrda h„m H$ê$Z Ë`mZm H¡$X
Ho$bo. g§^mOrMm goZmnVr _hhmoOr KmoanS>ohr R>ma Pmbm. g§^mOrbm d Ë`mMm {_Ì H$dr H$be `mZm Am¡a§JOo~mMr
N>mdUr ~hmÔaJS> `oWo AmUyZ Ë`m§Mr qYS> H$mT>br. g§^mOrda _wñbr_ Y_mªVa H$aÊ`mgmR>r N>i gwê$ Ho$bm.
VWmnr g§^mOrZo Vo A_mÝ` Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMm ^`§H$a N>i H$ê$Z _mM© 1689 _Ü`o Ë`mbm R>ma _mabo. Varhr
g§^mOrÀ`m dYmZohr _amR>çm§Mo amÁ` Zï> H$aÊ`mMo Am¡a§JOo~mMo ñdßZ AYwaoM am{hbo. ga OXwZmW gaH$ma
åhUVmV ""Am¡a§JOo~mbm AmVm gd©H$m§hr {_imbo Ago dmQ>V hmoVo nU àË`jmV Vo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m
AIoaMr Vr gwadmV hmoVr. Am¢aJOo~mÀ`m OrdZmMo AË`§V Xw:IXm`H$ d {ZamemOZH$ Ago nmZ AmVm CbJS>bo
OmUma hmoVo.''
g§^mOrÀ`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va amÁ`mV H$moUrhr à^mdr ZoVm ZìhVm. _amR>r amÁ` ghO qOH$Vm `oB©b Agm
_wKbm§Mm A§XmO hmoVm nU Vmo \$gbm. H$maU g§^mOrÀ`m dYmZo _hmamï´>mV EH$ Zdm Omo_, Zdr B©fm© CËnÞ
79
Pmbr. g§^mOrbm Hww«$anUo, {ZX©`rnUo _maÊ`mV Ambo, Ë`m_wio gd© _hmamï´> noQy>Z CR>bm. Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ _amR>m
gaXma nwT>o gagmdbo. EH$m ZoË`mÀ`m ~{bXmZmVyZ hOmamo ZoVo OÝ_mg Ambo.
N>ÌnVr amOmam_ d Am¡a§JOo~ : _amR>m gaXmam§Zr {edmOramOm§Mm Xwgam _wbJm amOmam_ `mbm
N>ÌnVr ~Z{dbo. amOmam_bm H¡$X H$aÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo Am¡aJ§ Oo~mZo Amnbm goZmnVr Pwpë\$H$maImZmbm am`JS>mda
nmR>{dbo. Ë`mZo _mM© 1689 _Ü`o am`JS>mbm doT>m {Xbm. g§^mOrÀ`m nËZrZo am`JS>bm amhÿZ doT>m bT>{dbm d
amOmam_mZo ~mhoa OmD$Z _wKbm§Zm à{VH$ma H$amdm Agm _amR>çm§Mm ~oV R>abm. E{àb 1689 _Ü`o amOmam_mZo
AË`§V JwánUo am`JS>mdê$Z àVmnJS>mda à`mU Ho$bo. _wKb A{Ve` g§Vmnbo. Ë`mZr am`JS>Mm doT>m Va H$S>H$
Ho$bmM nU BVa {H$„ohr Vmã`mV KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. _amR>o J{Z_rH$mì`mZo _wKbm§er bTy>Z Ë`mZm h¡amU H$aV
hmoV.o Imobda _wgS§ >çm _mê$Z Ë`mZm Km`mi H$aV hmoV.o g§^mOr KmoanS>çmZr Va IwÔ Am¡aJ§ Oo~mÀ`m N>mdUrdaM
h„m H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m N>mdUrMo H$ig H$mnyZ AmUbo. Zmoìh|~a 1689 _Ü`o Pwpë\$H$maImZmZo \§$X {\$VyarÀ`m
ghmæ`mZo am`JS>, g§^mOrMr nËZr `og~y mB© d _wbJm emhÿ `m§Zm Vmã`mV KoVbo.
_wKbm§À`m \$m¡Om§Mm dmT>Vm aoQ>m nmhÿZ amOmam_mZo Amnbr amOYmZr H$Zm©Q>H$mV qOOr `oWo hb{dbr.
am_M§ÐnV Am_mË` ~mdS>oH$a `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr _amR>çm§Mo ñdmV§Í``wÕ MmbyM hmoVo. g§VmOr KmoanS>o d
YZmOr OmYd `m eya _amR>r goZmnVrZr gd© _hmamï´>^a g§Mma H$ê$Z _wKbm§Zm h¡amU Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr gai
Am¢aJm~mXn`©V _m|Jbr àXoemV _wg§S>çm _maë`m.
Pwpë\$H$maImZmZo qOOrbm doT>m {Xë`mZo amOmam_ qOOrhÿZ {ZgQy>Z _hmamï´>mV Ambm. Ë`mZo ñdV:
_wKbm§{dê$Õ _mo{h_ CKS>br. ~«÷nyar `oWrb Am¡aJ§ Oo~mÀ`m N>mdUrda AmH$pñ_V h„mH$Sy>Z emhÿg gmoS>{dÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bm. na§Vw Ë`mV `e Ambo Zmhr. _mM© 1700 _Ü`o amOmam_mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. amOmam_mMr nËZr aUam{JUr
Vmam~mB©Zo ZoQ>mMo g§Kf© nwT>o Mmb{dbm. _m|JbmZr gmVmè`mMm AqOŠ`Vmam, nÝhmim, {demiJS>, nair, qghJS>
Am{U {H$„o 1704 n`ªV {O§H$y Z KoVbo. _mÌ 1704 Z§Va nwÝhm _amR>çm§ Zr Omoa Yabm. Ë`mZr _m§J| br àXoemV
AMmZH$ h„oH$ê$Z byQ>mbyQ> Ho$br. I§S>Ê`m dgyb Ho$ë`m. Am¡aJ§ m~mX JwOamVn`ªV _mo{h_m H$mT>ë`m.
Am¡a§JOo~mMm eodQ> (1707) : _amR>çm§Mr J{Z_rH$mì`mZo _wKbm§Zm PwH$m§S>r XodyZ Ë`mÀ`m àXoemda
h„o H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mo{h_m MmbyM hmoË`m. _wKbm§{dê$Õ g§nyU© _amR>r amÁ` noQy>Z CR>bo. AZoH$ {R>H$mUr ~§S>o
Pmbr. _m|JbmZr KoVbobm àXoe d {H$„o nmR>monmR> _amR>çm§Zr H$m~rO H$aÊ`mMm gnmQ>m Mmb{dbm. _wKbm§Mr
gwaV, ~wèhmUnya Aer g§nÞ ehaohr _amR>çm§Zr bwQ>br. Am¡a§JOo~ AmVm earamZo d _ZmZohr WH$bm hmoVm.
Odi Odi 16-17 df} Ë`mZo _amR>ç§mer Pw§O {Xbr hmoVr Varhr _amR>ç§mZr Ë`mbm XmX {Xbr Zmhr. Ë`mVM
CÎmaoV aOnyV, OmQ>, ~w§Xobo `m§Zrhr _wKbm§{dê$Õ ~§S> nwH$mabo. _wKb gm_«mÁ` Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m S>moù`mXoIV
{dZmemÀ`m JV}V Jobo. Aem AdñWoVM 20 \o$~«wdmar 1707 amoOr AË`§V {Zame AdñWoV Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
_¥Ë`yg_`r Ë`mMo d` 88 df} hmoVo. AemàH$mao _wKb B{VhmgmVrb EH$ nd© g§nVo.
Am¡a§JOo~mMr `mo½`Vm : Am¡a§JOo~mMr gw_mao 50 dfm©Mr H$ma{H$X©. Ë`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuMr gwadmV
d eodQ> `wÕmZoM Pmbm. _wKb amOdQ>rMm Vmo eodQ>Mm ~bmT>ç g_«mQ>. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _wKb gm_«mÁ` doJmZo
80
nVZmÀ`m _mJm©g bmJbo. Am¡a§JOo~ Y_mªY hmoVm. d¡`{º$H$ Mm[aÍ` {ZîH$b§H$ Agbo Var gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV
Vmo H$nQ>r, H$mañWmZrM hmoVm. Vmo YyV©, {dídmgKmVH$s, H$nQ>r d ñdmWu hmoVm. H$nQ>mZo ^mdmMm H$mQ>m H$mTy>Z
d d{S>bm§Zm H¡$X H$ê$Z Ë`mZo gÎmm hñVJV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`mMr ahmUr AË`§V gmYr hmoVr. JaOm _`m©{XV
hmoË`m. Z¥Ë`, g§JrV, _ÚnmZ `mMm Ë`mbm {VañH$ma hmoVm.
1) Am¡a§JOo~ H$Å>a gwÞrn§Wr` : Am¡a§JOo~ H$Å>a gwÞrn§Wr` hmoVm. Ho$di qhXy, {eI, {¼íMZ B.
Y_mªMmM ZìhoVa Bñbm__Yrb {e`m n§WrMmhr Vmo {VañH$ma H$ar. Ë`mÀ`m `m {VañH$mam_wioM X{jUoVrb
{e`mn§Wr amÁ`o A{Xbemhr, {ZPm_emhr, Hw$Vw~emhrda Ë`mZo AmH«$_U Ho$bo. Ë`mÀ`m Y_mªYVo_wioM, qhXy
Ym{_©`m§À`m N>im_wioM gd© {h§Xy Ë`mÀ`m{dê$Õ noQy>Z CR>bo. aOnyV, {eI, ~w§Xobo `m§À`m{dê$Õ bT>Ê`mV Ë`mZo
Amnë`m H$ma{H$XuMr 23 df} Kmb{dbr. _amR>çm~amo~a bT>VmZmM Ë`mbm Amnbm Xoh R>odmdm bmJbm.
2) Ym{_©H$ Ag{hîUyVm : Am¡a§JOo~ {h§XyñWmZ Bñbm_Y{_©` H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV hmoVm. Ë`mZo BVa
Y{_©`m§Mm N>i Ho$bm. _wpñb_ Y_mªVamgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. qhXyda AÝ`m`H$maH$ "{O{P`m' H$a ~g{dbm.
àemgZmV {hÝXyZm _mZmÀ`m OmJm {Xë`m ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m gUmda, `mÌm, OÌm `mda {Z~ªY KmVbo. {h§XyÀ`m
gmoB© gdbVr ~§X Ho$ë`m. VgoM BVa Y{_©`m§À`mdahr AÝ`m` Ho$bo. n[aUm_r _wKb gm_«mÁ` nVZmg bmJbo.
3) amOnyVm§er d¡a : g_«mQ> AH$~amZo eya, YmS>er d namH«$_r amOnyVm§er _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y OmoS>bo d
gm_«mÁ` dmT>rgmR>r Ë`m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z KoVbm. nU Am¡a§JOo~mZo hr na§nam I§S>rV Ho$br. Ë`mZo amOnyVm§{dê$Õ
bT>m`m Ho$ë`m. _madmS>Mm amOm Ogd§VqgJ d Ë`mÀ`m XmoZ {dYdm amÊ`m, bhmZ _wbJm `m§Mm {dídmgKmV
Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio XwJm©XmgmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr amOnyVmZr Ë`mbm AIoan`ªV {damoY Ho$bm.
4) Am{W©H$ {XdmiImoar : Am¡a§JOo~mZo dm`ì` gahÔrda `wgy\$OmB© Q>moù`m§Mm, nR>mUm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV
H$aÊ`mV ~arM eº$s d n¡gm IM© Ho$bm. Ë`mÀ`m gVVÀ`m bîH$ar _mo{h_m§_wio AW©ì`dñWoda {dnarV
n[aUm_ Pmbm. X{jU YmoaUmda àM§S> IM© Ho$bm Jobm nU `mV Ë`mbm Ano{jV `e Ambo Zmhr. CbQ> à{XK©
H$mbmdYr, g§nyU© eº$s d A_mn n¡gm Ë`mbm `m YmoaUmV IMu H$amdm bmJbm. g¡{ZH$m§Mo nJmahr doioda
hmoB©Zmgo Pmbo.
5) bmoH$ H$ë`mUmH$S>o Xwb©j : Am¡a§JOo~mZo bmoH$H$ë`mUmH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo. H$bm, {eënH$bm,
g§JrV, Z¥Ë` Am{X H$bmZm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Zmhr. CbQ> Ë`mda {Z~ªY KmVbo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo.
A§VJ©V em§VVm gwì`dñWm `m~m~Vhr Ë`mZo AZmñWmM XmI{dbr. gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJVrH$So> Xwb©j Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio
OZVm ZmamO Pmbr.
6) X»IZ YmoaUmV An`e : Am¡a§JOo~mZo _moR>çm _hËdmH$m§joZo X{jU _mo{h_ hmVr KoVbr. nU
Odinmg 25 df} X{jUoH$S>o bT>m`m H$ê$Zhr Ë`mbm nyU© `e Ambo Zmhr. {dOmnya, JmodiH$m|S>m Amnë`m
dM©ñdmImbr AmUbm Var _amR>çm§~amo~aÀ`m g§Kfm©V Ë`mbm An`e Ambo. _amR>çm§~amo~aMm {XK©H$mi
g§Kfm©_wio Ë`mbm BVa Jmoï>tH$S>o bj XoVm Ambo Zmhr. CÎmaoV ~§S>mù`m Pmë`m. X{jUoV àM§S> n¡gm IM©
81
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8/6
Pmbm. àemgZ, em§VVm gwì`dñWoH$S>o Ajå` Xwb©j Pmbo. Amnbr à{Vð>m nUmg bmdyZhr Ë`mbm _amR>çm§Mo
amÁ` Zï> H$aVm Ambo Zmhr. Ë`mMm eodQ> X{jUoVM _amR>çm§er g§Kf© H$aVmZmM Pmbm.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
A - `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) Am¡a§JOo~mMm {ddmh -------- Pmbm.
A) {Xbag~mZy
~) h{_Xm~mZy
H$) H$moYm~mB©
S>) _mZ~mB©
2) Am¢aJOo~mZo amÁ`mamohZmZ§Va ñdVmbm -------- hm {H$Vm~ YmaU Ho$bm.
A) ~mXehmH$mPr
~) Ab_Jra
H$) nmVehm
S>) OhmnZm
3) nR>mU O_mVrZr _m|JbmZm ---------- hr qIS> ì`mnmamgmR>r ~§X Ho$br.
A) ~mobZqIS>
~) nmdZqIS>
H$) I¡~aqIS>
S>) KmoS>qIS>
4) Am¡a§JOo~mbm {hÝXyñWmZ ---------- amï´> ~Zdm`Mo hmoVo.
A) _wpñb_ amîQ´>
~) {h§Xy amï´>
H$) {ZY{_© amï´>
S>) {eI amï´>
H$) 1807
S>) 1818
5) Am¡a§JOo~mMm _¥Ë`y --------- gmbr Pmbm.
A) 1707
~) 1605
_wKbH$mbrZ àemgZ ì`dñWm :
A - _Zg~ :_wKbH$mbrZ bîH$ar ì`dñWo_Ü`o A{_a - C_amd, O{_ZXma, OhmJraXma `mZm AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago
ñWmZ hmoVo. gm_«mÁ`mda d g§ajU ho àm_w»`mZo bîH$amda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo bîH$amÀ`m H$m`©j_VogmR>r
"_Zg~Xmar' àWm gwê$ Pmbr.
_Zg~ hr _yiMr n{e©`Z nÕV. "_Zg~' hm _yi Amao~rH$ eãX AgyZ Ë`mMm AW© "XOm©' qH$dm "loUr'
Agm Amho. ~m~a, hw_m`yZÀ`m H$mimV _Zg~Xmar àWm gwê$ Pmbr. VWmnr {VMo Iè`mAWm©Zo g§KQ>Z AH$~amÀ`m
H$mimV Pmbo. {Vbm A§{V_ ñdê$n AH$~amZo {Xbo. Ë`m_wio _Zg~XmarMo lo` AH$~ambm {Xbo OmVo. _Zg~Xmar
dê$Z bîH$ar d ZmJar ZmoH$am§À`m hþÚm§Mr à{Vð>m _moOÊ`mMo gmYZ g_Obo OmB©. AH$~anyd© H$mimV `m
nÕVrV {Z_m©U Pmbobo Xmof Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r AH$~amMo g¡{ZH$ eº$sMo H|$ÐrH$aU H$ê$Z _Zg~XmarMr nyZa©MZm
Ho$br d {Vbm emóewÕ ê$n {Xbo åhUyZ _Zg~XmarMm CX²JmVm AH$~ambm _mZbo OmVo.
I _Zg~XmarMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1) bîH$amVrb loUr ì`dñWm : _Zg~Xma åhUOo emhr goZoVrb Cƒ nX J«hU H$aUmam A{YH$mar
82
dJ©. _Zg~ {_imboë`m A{YH$mè`mZo Ë`mÀ`m XOm©Zwgma R>am{dH$ g§»`oZo KmoS>Xi, hÎmrXi, C§Q>Xi, nm`Xi
Agm bdmO_m ~miJmdm Agm g§Ho$V hmoVm. _Zg~XmamZm g¡Ý`^aVrMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` hmoVo. _Zg~XmamZm
Ë`m§À`m loUrà_mUo g¡Ý` ~miJVm `oV hmoVo. _Zg~XmarÀ`m loUr Imbrbà_mUo hmoË`m.
1) hOmar 2) n§M hOmar 3) gmV hOmar 4) Xg hOmar
_mÌ _Zg~XmamZr `odT>o g¡Ý` ~miJboM nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ ZìhVo. Xg hOmar _Zg~Xmar hr àm_w»`mZo
amOnwÌmbm {Xbr OmB©. AH$~amZo g{b_bm Xg hOmar _Zg~Xmar {Xbr hmoVr.
2) doVZ d XOm© {ZpíMV : A{YH$mè`m§Mo doVZ Am{U XOm© {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Zg~ nÕV ho EH$
_mÜ`_ hmoVo. _mÌ _Zg~Xmarda _§ÌrnX Adb§~yZ ZìhVo. CXm. amOm _mZqgJ gmV hOmar _Zg~Xma hmoVm. nU
Vmo H$Yr _§Ìr ZìhVm.
3) ZmJar d bîH$ar godoV \$aH$ Zmhr : _Zg~Xmambm XmoÝhr godm§Mo H$V©ì` nma nmS>mdo bmJo. Ë`m§À`m
ZmJar d bîH$ar godoV \$aH$ ZìhVm. H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mè`mg _Zg~Xma åhUyZ ^aVr Ho$bo OmB©. Ë`mÀ`m
XOm©Zwgma Ë`mbm g¡Ý` ~miJmdo bmJo. CXm. amOm VmoaS>_b, {~a~b, A~wb\$Ob ho gd© _Zg~Xma hmoVo.
4) _Zg~Xmam§À`m {d{eï> loUr : àma§^r {H$_mZ 10 d H$_mb 10,000 Mr _Zg~Xmar hmoVr.
AH$~amZo H$_mb _`m©Xm dmT>dyZ 12,000 Ho$br. _mÌ 8,000 d Ë`mdarb _Zg~Xmar amOKamÊ`mVrb
bmoH$m§gmR>r amIrd AgV. 5,000 À`m AmVrb _Zg~XmarV _Zg~Xma, C_am d C_am-B-AH$~a Aem loUr
hmoË`m.
5) {Z`wº$s, ~T>Vr, ~Xbr, ~S>V\$s© ~mXehmÀ`m _Ouda : ~mXehmÀ`m _Ouda _Zg~Xmam§Mr
{Z`wº$s, ~T>Vr, ~Xbr, ~S>V\$s© Adb§~yZ Ago. ~mXehm H$moUmbmhr H$moUË`mhr loUrV _Zg~Xma åhUyZ
{Z`wº$ H$aV Ago.
6) _Zg~Xmam§Mr VnmgUr : _Zg~Xmam§H$S>o AgUmao bîH$a, eómóo, bîH$a, KmoS>o, hÎmr, C§Q> `m§Mm
Ë`m§Zm Vn{eb R>odmdm bmJo. Ë`m§Mr VnmgUr gaH$mar nmVirdê$Z Ho$br OmB©.
7) _Zg~Xmar d§e na§namJV ZìhVr : _Zg~Xmam§À`m _¥Ë`yZV§ a Ë`mMr _Zg~ g§nïw >mV `oB.© _Zg~Xmar
Ë`mÀ`m dmagmg {Xbr OmV ZìhVr. Ë`mMr gd© _mb_Îmm gaH$maO_m hmoV Ago.
AemàH$mao AH$~amÀ`m _Zg~Xmar_wio _Ü``wJrZ bîH$ar ì`dñWoV gwYmaUm KSy>Z Ambr. XoemMr EH$
IS>r \$m¡O {Z_m©U Pmbr.
II _Zg~XmamMr JwU :
1) _wKb amOdQ> pñWa d gm_Ï`©embr hmoÊ`mV _Zg~XmarMm hmV^ma bmJbm.
2) XoemgmR>r EH$ IS>r d VËna \$m¡O C^r H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Zg~Xmar Cn`moJr nS>br.
83
3) _Zg~Xmar_wio bîH$amV gwYmaUm KS>yZ Amë`m.
4) _Zg~XmarMr {Z`wº$s, ~T>Vr, ~S>V\$s© ~mXehmÀ`m _Ouda Adb§~yZ Agë`mZo ~mXehmàVr _Zg~Xmam§Mr
{Zð>m dmT>br.
5) _Zg~Xmar_wio bîH$ar d _wbH$s H$ma^mamV H$V©~Jmar XmI{dUmè`mbm g§Yr d à{Vð>m {_iy bmJbr.
6) _Zg~Xmam§À`m ~T>Vr, ~Xë`m_wio ~mXehmMm Ë`m§À`mda A§Hw$e am{hbm.
III _Zg~Xmar nÕVrMo Xmof :
1) _Zg~Xmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m XOm©Zwgma bîH$a R>odÊ`mMr gº$s Zgë`m_wio ImoQ>r g¡Ý`^aVr Ho$br OmB©.
VnmgUrÀ`mdoir VmËnwaVr bîH$a ^aVr H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m Zmdo nyU© doVZ KoVbo OmB©. Ë`m_wio bîH$a ^aVrV
^ï´>mMma hmoB©.
2) ImoQ>çm d VmËnwaË`m bîH$a ^aVr_wio A{dídg{Z` bîH$ar g§KQ>Z {Z_m©U hmoV Ago.
3) _Zg~Xmar d§ena§namJV Zgë`m_wio _Zg~XmaM¡Z d {dbmgr d¥ÎmrZo dmJV. Amnë`m g§nÎmrMm OmñVrV
OmñV Cn^moJ KoV.
4) _Zg~Xmam§Mo bîH$a, KmoS>o, hÎmr, C§Q> B. VnmgUrMo {ZpíMV {Z`_ ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mVhr AZoH$
J¡aàH$ma, ImoQ>o {e¸o$ _maÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr gwê$ Pmë`m.
5) ~mXehm _Zg~Xmam§À`m doVZmnmoQ>r _moR>m IM© H$arV AgV. _mÌ gwg§KQ>rV bîH$a {Z_m©U Pmbo Zmhr.
bîH$a ^aVr I{M©H$ Pmbr.
6) _Zg~Xmar d§ena§namJV Zgë`m_wio Ë`mV AmpË_`Vm am{hbr Zmhr.
7) bîH$a ^aVrV d _Zg~XmarV _§Jmo{b`Z, VyH©$, A\$JmU, BamUr B. naH$s` bmoH$mZm KoVë`m_wio amï´>r`
g¡Ý` C^maUr Pmbr Zmhr.
8) g¡{ZH$mg ~mXehmnojm _Zg~Xma OdiMm dmQ>o. Ë`m_wio Vo ~mXehmEodOr _Zg~Xmamer EH${Zð> ahmV.
9) _Zg~Xmar_wio Zm¡Xb, Vmo\$ImZm {d^mJmH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo. gmJar {H$ZmanÅ>rH$S>o Xwb©j Pmë`m_wio
`wamo{n`m§Mo \$mdbo.
10) _Zg~Xmar_wio bîH$amMr H$m`©j_Vm am{hbr Zmhr. n[aUm_r hr nÕVM _wKb gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m èhmgmMo EH$
H$maU ~Zbo.
~ - OhmJra :
OhmJra hr _Zg~XmamMmM hm EH$ àH$ma hmoVm. Oar _Zg~Xmam§Mo doVZ ê$n`m_Ü`o gm§{JVbobo Agbo
Var H$mhr doim Vo n¡em_Ü`o AXm Z H$aVm _Zg~Xmam§Zm OhmJra {Xbr OmB©. OhmJra åhUOo emhr godoÀ`m
84
_mo~Xë`mV EH$mÚm A{YH$mè`mg {_iUmao {d{eï> O{_ZrMo àXoem§Mo h¸$ _Zg~Xmam§Zm amoI doVZ {_iV
Ago. Va H$mhr _Zg~Xma amoI doVZmnojm OhmJra ng§V H$aV. H$maU amoI doVZ ~è`mM doim C{eam {_iV
Ago. {edm` ~è`mMdoim Vo {_i{dÊ`mgmR> ~amM _ZñVmn ghZ H$amdm bmJo. {edm` O{_ZrdaMo qH$dm
àXoemdaMo OhmJraXmamMo {Z`§ÌU Ë`mg gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m g_Obr OmB©.
OhmJra åhUyZ EH$mXo g§nyU© IoS>oJmd, _hmb Aga _hgybr {d^mJ {Xbm OmB©. _hmb qH$dm _hgybr
{d^mJ ho naJZm qH$dm {OëømEdT>o AgV. _hgyb {d^mJ OhmJra åhUyZ XoVmZm _hgyb ImË`mbm Ë`m Ë`m
{d^mJmMo dm{f©H$ CËnÞm (O_m ~§Xr) À`m Zm|Xr R>odmì`m bmJV _mÌ `m O_m~§XrMm {hemo~ ê$n`mV Z R>odVm
Vmo Xm_ `m MbZmV R>odbm OmB©. Ë`mMo à_mU 40 Xm_ = 1 ê$n`m Ago. `m gd© {hemo~mÀ`m XñVEodOmbm
O_m Xm_r Ago åhUV.
OhmJrar XoVmZm gaH$mar hþH$_m_Ü`o OhmJrarMm gd© Vn{eb Ago. OhmJraXma ~§S>mir H$ê$ Z`o qH$dm
Ë`mMo Ë`m ^mJmV {hVg§~§Y {Z_m©U hmody Z`o åhUyZ OhmJrar ~XbÊ`mMr àWm hmoVr. OhmJraXmam§Mr _wiMr
OhmJra gaH$mar O_m H$ê$Z ZdrZ OhmJra {Xbr OmB©. n[aUm_r OhmJraXmam§da {Z`§ÌU amhr. OhmJra {Xbr
Joë`mZo OhmJraXmam§H$Sy>Z Mm§Jb H$m`© d gaH$maÀ`m H$m`©joÌmV dmT> hmoB©. ~è`mMdoim O{_ZXmamZm
_Zg~Xmar XoVmZm Ë`mZm doVZmEodOr OhmJra {Xbr OmB©. OhmJraXmamZm ~mXemhr godoÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`m Ë`m
àXoemVrb _hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. OhmJraXmam§Zm _hgyb dgybrgmR>r H$mZwZJmo, Mm¡Yar `m
A{YH$mè`m§da Adb§~yZ ahmdo bmJo. OhmJrarV em§VVm gwì`dñWm amIÊ`mMo H$m_ d Ý`m`XmZmMo H$m_
\$m¡OXma, H$mPr `m§MoH$S>o Ago. Ë`mM~amo~a dmHo$Zrg `m àXoemVrb gd© KQ>Zm§Mm Vn{eb ~mXehmbm nmR>dV
Ago. Ë`mVyZ AàË`jnUo ~mXehmMm dMH$ OhmJraXmarda Ago.
OhmJraXma Amnë`m OhmJrarV _hgyb d BVa H$a Jmoim H$aV Ago. `m H$m_mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
A_rb, A_rZ, nmoVXma, H$maHy$Z ho A{YH$mar AgV. H$mhr àg§Jr OhmJrXma {bbmd nwH$mê$Z _hgyb
dgybrMo A{YH$ma XoV AgV. OmXm ~mobr bmdUmè`mg d {bbmd KoUmè`mg BOmaXma åhUV. BOmaXma
_hgyb dgybrgmR>r eoVH$è`§mMm N>i H$aV. H$mhrdoim R>aboë`mnojm eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z OmXm _hgyb Jmoim
Ho$bm OmB©. Ë`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§À`mda Omoa O~aXñVr hmoB©. A{_Z hm _hgyb R>a{dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$ar.
nmoVXmamH$S>o OhmJrarÀ`m I{OÝ`mMo A{YH$ma AgV Va H$maHw$Z OhmJrarVrb {hemo~ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z - 3
A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) ~mXehm Amnë`m àOobm .............. Xe©Z XoV Ago.
A) PamoH$m Xe©Z
~) KmoS>ogdmar Xe©Z 3) _¡\$sb Xe©Z
4) à^mV Xe©Z
2) "_Zg~' hm _yi .............. eãX Amho.
A) n{e©`Z
~) Aao{~H$
85
3) CXy©4) qhXr
3) EH$ ê$n`m = ............. Xm_ hmo`.
A) drg
~) Vrg
3) Mmirg
4) nÝZmg
~) n§MhOmar
3) hOmar
4) amOm _mZ{g§J hm ........... _Zg~Xma hmoVm.
A) gmVhOmar
4) XghOmar
5) _hgyb dgybrMr OmXm ~mobr bmdyZ {bbmd KoUmè`mg ................ åhUV.
A) Mm¡H$sXma
~) BOmaXma
3) H$moVdmb 4) nmoVXma
3.3 ñd`§ : AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
A) 1. ~ : ~m~a
4. ~ : {e`m
2. H$ : A_aH$moQ>
3. A : 1556
5. H$ : amOnyV
ñd`§ AÜ`Z àíZ - 2
A) 1. A : {Xbag~mZy
2. ~ : Amb_[Ja
3. H$ : I¡~aqIS>
4. A : _wpñb_ amï´>
5. A : 1707
ñd`§ AÜ`Z àíZ - 3
A) 1) =
A - PamoH$m Xe©Z
2) =
~ - Aao{~H$
3) =
H$ - Mmirg
4) =
A - gmVhOmar
5) =
~ - BOmaXma
3.4 gmam§e - {h§XyñWmZmV _m|Jbr gÎmoMr ñWmnZm ~m~aZo Ho$br. nm{ZnVÀ`m n{hë`m bT>mB©V B. g.
1526 gmbr B~«m{h_ ~oXrÀ`m nam^dm~amo~aM {h§XyñWmZmV _wKb gÎmoMr gwadmV Pmbr. ~m~aZ§Va hþ_m`yZ
gÎmoda Ambm nU Ë`mbm AZoH$ AS>MUr_wio {X„rMr gÎmm J_dmdr bmJbr. _mÌ n§Yam dfm©À`m dZdmgmZ§Va
Ë`mZo nwÝhm {X„rMr gÎmm hñVJV Ho$br. B. g. 1556 _Ü`o hw_m`yZMm AnKmVr _¥Ë`y Pmbm. nU VËnyduM
Ë`mZo AH$~ambm _m|Jbr gÎmoM dmag åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo hmoVo. _mÌ AH$~amghr AZoH$ g§H$Q>mZm Vm|S> Úmdo
bmJbo. H$maU g§nyU© n§Omdahr Ë`mMr gÎmm ZìhVr. nm{ZnVÀ`m Xwgè`m bT>mB©V ho_yMm nam^d H$Sy>Z
AH$~amZo {X„rMr gÎmm Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbr.
86
{h§XyñWmZMm Iam _wKb gÎmm{Ye åhUOo g_«mQ> AH$~a hm hmo`. Ë`mZoM Iè`m AWm©Zo _m|Jbr
gm_«mÁ`mMm nm`m {h§XyñWmZmV KmVbm. _m|Jb gm_«mÁ`mMm {dñVma Ë`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuVM Pmbm. Amnë`m
àemgH$s` `§ÌUoV AH$~amZo Zdo {gÓm§V _m§S>bo. Á`m {gÕm§Vm§À`m Omoamda Ë`mZo _wpñb_ amOdQ> {h§XyñWmZmV
pñWa Ho$br. CXma YmoaU pñdH$mabo. àOm{hV S>moù`mg_moa R>odyZ amÁ`H$ma^ma Ho$bm. n[aUm_r OmJ{VH$
gÎmm{Yím§mÀ`m _m{bHo$V Ë`mg _hËdnyU© ñWmZ {_imbo. gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamgmR>r AH$~amZo CXma Ym{_©H$
YmoaU pñdH$mabo. qhXyÀ`mdaMm {O{P`m H$a aÔ Ho$bm. `mÌm H$a aÔ Ho$bm. amOdmS>çmV {h§Xy§Zm ñWmZ {Xbo.
AH$~amZo CXma amOnyV YmoaU pñdH$mê$Z amOnyVm§er d¡dmhrH$ g§~§Y OmoS>bo. ñdV: d Amnë`m _wbm§Mo amOnyV
amOH$Ý`oer {ddmh bmdyZ {Xbo d gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamV Ë`mZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo. gd© Y_m©Mm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r AH$~amZo \$Îmonya{eH«$s `oWo "B~mXVImZm' ~m§Ybm d 1582 _Ü`o AH$~amZo "{XZo-Bbmhr' `m
Zì`m Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. àemgZmV _Zg~XmarMo Zì`mZo g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z bîH$a ~iH$Q> Ho$bo.
amÁ`ì`dñWoV {eñV d H$m`©j_Vm {Z_m©U Ho$br. S>m°. B©ídaràgmX `m§À`m _Vo, AH$~a ^maVr` B{VhmgmVM
Zìho Va OmJ{VH$ B{VhmgmV EH$ _hËdnyU© ~mXehm Amho. AH$~am{df`r boZ-nybZo åhQ>bo Amho ""Vmo
^maVr` amOH$Ë`m©V gdm©V _hmZ amOH$Vm© hmoVm.''
Am¡a§JOo~mMr 50 dfm©Mr H$ma{H$X© hr Odinmg `wÕm§MrM R>abr. Vmo _wKb gm_«mÁ`mMm eodQ>Mm
~bmT>ç g_«mQ> hmo`. Am¡a§JOo~ Y_mªY d¥ÎmrMm hmoVm. Ë`mbm {h§XyñWmZ Bñbm_r amï´> ~Zdm`Mo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m
H$Å>a Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm_wio amOnyVm§Mo ghH$m`© Vmo {_idy eH$bm Zmhr. Am¡a§JOo~mMo d¡`{º$H$ Mm[aÍ` {ZîH$b§H$
Agbo Var Vmo YyV©, H$nQ>r d {dídmgKmVH$s hmoVm. gÎmogmR>r Ë`mZo ~mnmbm H¡$XoV Q>mHy$Z ^mdm§Mm dY Ho$bm.
Am¡a§JOo~ H$Å>a gwÞr nWt` hmoVm. X{jUoMr {e`m nWt` amÁ`o Ë`mZo qOH$yZ KoVbr. _amR>çm§er n«XrK© g§Kf©
H$aVmH$aVmM Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Am¡a§JOo~ namH«$_r, ewÕ Mm[aÍ`mMm d ahmUrZo AË`§V gmYm Agbm Var
Ë`mÀ`m H$Å>a Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm_wioM _wKb gm_«mÁ`mbm KaKa bmJbr.
_wKb gÎmoÀ`m àemgH$s` ì`dñWoV _Zg~Xmarbm _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. _Zg~Xmar d OhmJrar nÕVr_wio
gm_«mÁ`mMo IS>o bîH$a C^o amhÿ eH$bo. `m XmoÝhr ì`dñWm§_wioM _moR>çm gm_«mÁ`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo _wKb
amOH$Ë`mªZm eŠ` Pmbo. VWm{n _Zg~Xmar d OhmJrarVrb H$mhr Xmofm§_wio nyU© hr ì`dñWmM _wKb gÎmoÀ`m
_moS>H$irg H$maUr^yV R>abr.
3.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ :
1) g_«mQ> AH$~amÀ`m gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamMr _m{hVr Úm.
2) AH$~amÀ`m amOnyV{df`H$ YmoaUmMo dU©Z H$am.
3) AH$~amÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr MMm© H$am.
4) ~mXehm Am¡a§JOo~mÀ`m X{jU YmoaUmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
87
5) AH$~amÀ`m H$ma{H$XuMo _wë`_mnZ H$am.
6) _Zg~Xmar nÕVrda MMm© H$am.
~) bKwÎmar àíZ :
1) Am¡a§JOo~-_amR>m g§Kf©
2) nm{ZnVMo Xwgao `wÕ
3) AH$~amMo X{jU YmoaU
4) [XZ-E-B©bmhr
5) Am¡a§JOo~mMo dm`ì` gahÔ YmoaU
6) _Zg~XmarMr d¡{eîQ>ço
7) Am¡a§JOo~mMo X{jU YmoaU
8) _Zg~XmarMo JwU Xmof
9) _wKbH$mbrZ OhmJra
3.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1) S. R. Sharma - Mughal Empire in India
2) A. L. Shrivastav - The Mughal Empire
3) R. P. Tripathi - Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire
4) V. D. Mahajan - Mughal Rule in Indian
5) J. Sarkar - Mughal Administration
6) e. Jmo. H$mobmaH$a - _Ü``wJrZ ^maV (I§S> 1 d 2)
7) nr. ìhr. H$mQ>o - _Ü``wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
8) Q>r. Ho$. {~amXma - _m|JbH$mbrZ ^maV
9) Jm`H$dmS>, WmoamV - _m|Jb gm_«mÁ`mMm B{Vhmg
10) `. Zm. H$X_ - g_J« ^maVmMm B{Vhmg
88
KQ>H$ : 4
n«m§Vr` gÎmmYre
4.1
CpX²>X²>ï>o
4.1
àmñVm{dH$
4.2
{df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1
H¥$îUXodam`m
4.2.2
B~«m[h_ Am[Xbehm Xþgam
4.2.3
Mm±X{~~r
4.3
ñd`§ AÜ``Z CÎmao
4.4
gmam§e
4.5
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
4.6
g§X^© J«§W
4.1 C[Ôï>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio AmnUmbm - amOm H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mamMr d gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMr g{dñVa _m[hVr {_iob.
- amOm H¥$îUXodam`mMr `mo½`Vm H$iob.
- amOm H¥$îUXodam`H$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJVr H$iob.
- {dOmnyar gwbVmZ B~«mhr_ Am[Xbehm Xþgam `mMo H$m`© H$iob.
- B~«mhr_ Am[XbehmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr _m[hVr H$iob.
- B~«mhr_ Am[XbehmH$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJVr H$iob.
- Mm±X{~~rMo Am[Xbemhr àemgZmVrb H$m`© H$iob.
- Mm±X{~drMo {ZOm_emhr dmM{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ g_OVrb.
89
- Mm±X{~~rMr `mo½`Vm g_Oob.
A) H¥$îUXodam`
~) B~«mhr_ Am[Xbemh Xþgam
H$) Mm±X{~dr
4.1 àmñVm{dH$ -
*
[X„r gwbVmZ _h§_X {~Z VwKbH$ `m§À`m H$ma[H$XuV Ë`mÀ`m gm_«mÁ`m_Ü`o Jm|Yi Am{U AamOH$Vm
_mObr hmoVr. `mMm \$m`Xm KoDZ Ë`mMo gw^oXma d _m§S>{bH$ amOm§Zr ~§S>o H$éZ ñdV§Ì amÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br.CÎma Am{U X{jU ^maVmVrb AZoH$ àXoem§Zr ñdV:Mr ñdV§Ì amÁ`o ñWmnZ Ho$br. Ë`mV CÎmaoV OmoZnwa,
_midm, JwOamV, ~§Jmb, H$mpí_a, _odmS>, _madmS> `m amÁ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm Va X{jU ^maVmV ImZXoe ~hm_Zr
Am{U {dO`ZJa `m amÁ`mMm CX` Pmbm. Ë`mn¡H$s ~hm_Zr Am{U {dO`ZJa hr amÁ`o A{Ve` _hËdmMr hmoVr.
Ë`m§Zr X{jUoV XmoZeo dfm©nojmhr A{YH$ H$mi Amnbo dM©ñd amIbo. hr amÁ`o EH$_oH$m§er gVV bT>m`m H$aV
Agbr Var Ë`m§Zr Amnmnë`m amÁ`m§_Ü`o H$m`©j_ àemgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$bobr hmoVr. gd©Ì em§VVm d gwì`dñWm
Agë`m_wio CÚmoJY§Xo d ì`mnma ^a^amQ>rbm Ambobo hmoVo. VoWrb amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr eoVr {dH$mgmbm àmYmÝ` [Xbobo
Agë`mZo eoVr{dH$mg Pmbobm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s H$mhr amOo H$bm d g§ñH¥$VrMo CXma Aml`XmVohr hmoVo. H$mhrZr
X{jUoV d¡^dg§nÞ eham§Mrhr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr hmoVr. AemàH$mao X{jUoV CX`mg Amboë`m `m XmoÝhr amÁ`m§Zr
XrK©H$mimn`ªV Amnë`m gm_Ï`mªMm R>gm C_Q>{dbm Amho. Ë`m§Zr X{jU ^maVmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U amO[H$`
B{VhmgmV _m¡{bH$ H$m_{Jar ~Omdbobr Amho.
_h§_X VwKbH$m§À`m H$mimV X{jUoVrb _wgb_mZ gaXmam§Zr Bñ_mB©b _wI `mÀ`m ZoVË¥ dmImbr ~§S> nwH$mabo.
~§S>Imoa gaXmam§Zr Xm¡bVm~mX eha Vmã`mV KoDZ VoWo ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br d Bñ_mB©b _wIbm JmXrda
~g{dbo. Bñ_mB©b hm d`modÜ¥ X Agë`mZo Ë`mZo ñdoÀN>Zo o Amnbo A{YH$ma hgZ Om\$a J§Jy `mÀ`m ñdmYrZ Ho$bo.
hmM hgZ J§Jy ~hm_Zr amÁ`mMm g§ñWmnH$ _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`mZo gÎmoda Amë`mZ§Va "AãXþb _wOmâ\$a AbmDÔrZ
~h_Zehm' Aer nXdr YmaU H$éZ Jwb~Jm© `m [R>H$mUr ñdV§ÌnUo amÁ` H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br. (12 Am°JñQ>
1347). AënmdYrV Ë`mZo Amnë`m amÁ`mMm {dñVma _moR>`m à_mUmV Ho$bm. Ë`mMo amÁ` CÎmaobm d¡ZJ§Jm ZXrnmgyZ
X{jUog H¥$îUm ZXrn`ªV Va n{íM_obm Xm¡bVm~mXnmgyZ nydH} $S>o _m|Jran`ªV ngabo hmoV.o
hgZ J§JZy V§ a gÎmoda Amboë`m gÎmm{Yem§Zr `m ñdV§Ì amÁ`mMo gm_«mÁ`mV énm§Va H$aÊ`mV `e {_idbo._mÌ
~hm_Zr gÎmm{Yem§Zr [h¨Xÿ ìXofmZoM amÁ`H$ma^ma Ho$bm. Ë`m_yiMo {dO`ZJa d ~hm_Zr gÎmm `m§À`mV gX¡d g§Kf©
hmoV am[hbm. Ë`mVM {Vgè`m _wh_§ XehmZ§Va gÎmoda Ambobo gd© gwbVmZ Xþ~i
© d AH$m`©j_ {ZKmë`mZo ~hm_Zr
gÎmoV A§VJ©V JQ>~mOr d ^m§S>Uo gwé Pmbr. `m_wio ~hm_Zr amÁ`mMr eH$bo nmSy>Z nmM ñdV§Ì amÁ`o CX`mg Ambr.
1. {dOmnyaMr Am[Xbemhr
2. Ah_XZJaMr {ZOm_emhr
90
3. JmodiH$m|S>çmMr Hw$Vy~emhr
4. dèhmS>Mr B_mXemhr
5. {~XaMr ~arXemhr
`m nmMhr amÁ`m§Zm nañnamVrb g§Kfm©_wio Amnbm gm_«mÁ`{dñVma [H¨$dm amOH$s` à^md nmS>Vm Ambm
Zmhr. nwT>rb H$mimV _moJbm§Zr dèhmS>Mo amÁ` d Am[XbemhrZo {~XaMo amÁ` Amnë`m amÁ`mV {d{bZ Ho$bo.
gZ 1294 gmbr A„mDÔrZ {IbOrZo Xod{JarÀ`m `mXdm§da n[hbr ñdmar Ho$br Am{U ñdmar~amo~aM
Bñbm_r gÎmoMm X{jUoV àdoe Pmbm. `m Bñbm_r gÎmmYrem§Zr nwT>rb H$mimV Xod{JarMo amÁ`, dma§JiMo amÁ`,
ìXmag_wÐ d _Xþam hr ñdV§Ì [h¨Xÿ amÁ`o Zï> Ho$br. Ë`m_wio [h¨XÿÀ`m _Zm_Ü`o àM§S> Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmbm. `m
Ag§VmofmMm \$m`Xm KoDZ g§J_d§er` h[aha Am{U ~w¸$ `m XmoZ eya ~§YyZr Vw§J^ÐoÀ`m H$mR>r {dO`ZJa `m [h¨Xÿ
amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br (B.g.1336). {dO`ZJaMo amOo namH«$_r d ~wÜXr_mZ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm gm{hË` H$bm d
emñÌmMr AmdS> Agë`mZo bdH$aM {dO`ZJa X{jUoVrb [h¨Xy g§ñH¥$VrMo _mhoaKa ~Zbo. WmoS>Š`mV, X{jU
^maVm_Ü`o {dO`ZJaMo amÁ` Am[Xbemhr d {ZOm_emhr `m àm§Vr` gÎmm A{ñVËdmV hmoË`m. `m àm§Vr` gÎmm§_Yrb
H¥$îUXodam`, B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemh Xþgam d Mm§X{~~r `m§À`m{df`r àñVwV àH$aUm_Ü`o MMm© Ho$br OmUma Amho.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
4.2.1 H¥$îUXodam` (B. g. 1509 Vo B. g. 1529)
H¥$îUXodam` hm {dO`ZJaÀ`m amÁ`mdarb gdm©V H$V©~Jma d namH«$_r gÎmmYre hmo`. Vmo AË`§V namH«$_r,
Ý`m`{à` d Hw$eb amOH$maUr hmoVm. _Ü``wJrZ X{jU ^maVmMm B{VhmgmV {dO`ZJaMo gm_«mÁ` (B.g.1336
Vo B.g.1650) hm d¡^dembr H$mbI§S> hmoVm. {dO`ZJa `oWo g§J_ d§e, gmëd d§e, Vwëd d§e Am{U AaqdX
d§e `m Mma KamÊ`m§Zr gmYmaU nmdUo VrZeo df} amÁ` Ho$bo. {dO`ZJaÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o H¥$îUXodam` `mbm
A{Ve` _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
H¥$îUXodam` hm Vwëd (Vwiwd) d§emVrb gd©loð> amOm hmo`. Ë`mMm OÝ_ 16 \o$~«wdmar, 1471 amoOr Pmbm.
H¥$îUXodam` gw{e{jV d gwg§ñH¥$V hmoVm. Vmo AË`§V gmhgr d _hmnamH«$_r hmoVm. Ë`mZo {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ`mbm
d¡^dembr d e{º$embr ~Zdbo. åhUyZM Ë`mMr JUZm ^maVmÀ`m _hmZ gÎmm{Yem§_Ü`o Ho$br OmVo.
H¥$îUXodam`mMm gm_«mÁ` {dñVma :
[dO`ZJaMm amOm dra ZaqghmMm B.g.1509 _Ü`o _¥Ë`y Pmbm Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm bhmZ ^mC H¥$îUXodam`
hm {dO`ZJaÀ`m JmXrda Ambm. gÎmoda Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo àW_ Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb ~§S>Imoam§H$S>o bj di{dbo.
AË`§V Hw$ebVoZo Am{U ~hmXyarZo ~§S>Imoam§Mo ~§S> _moSy>Z H$mT>bo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va {dO`ZJaÀ`m gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMo
H$m`© hmoVr KoVbo. Ë`mZo H$mT>boë`m _mo[h_m d ñdmè`m§Mm d¥Îmm§V nwT>rbà_mUo -
91
A. ~hm_Zr gÎmoer `wÜX :
~hm_Zr gÎmoÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZM Ë`m§Mm {dO`ZJaÀ`m amÁ`m~amo~a g§Kf© gwé hmoVm. {dO`ZJa Am{U
~hm`Zr amÁ`o ApñVËdmV Agon`ªV Ë`m§À`mVrb g§Kf© gwé hmoVm. {dO`ZJa Am{U ~hm_Zr amÁ`o ApñVËdmV
Agon`ªV Ë`m§À`mVrb g§Kf© Aì`mhV gwé hmoVm. nwT>rb H$mimV ~hm_Zr gÎmoMr eH$bo hmoDZ Ah_XZJa,
dèhmS> Am{U {dOmnya hr amÁ`o {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr, na§Vw `m amÁ`m§Mo emgH$ AOyZhr ~hm_ZrMm gwbVmZ
_h_hehm `mbmM Amnbm amOm _mZV hmoVo. ~hm_Zr amÁ`mV M¡VÝ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dO`ZJada ñdmar
H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago ~hm_ZrÀ`m gwbVmZMo _V hmoVo åhUyZ Ë`mZo gd© A{_am§Zm EH$Ì H$éZ {dO`ZJada
AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm Ho$bo. ~hm_Zr g¡Ý`mbm Am[Xbemhr \$m¡Om `oDZ {_imë`m. Ë`m_wio gÎmoda Amë`m~amo~a
H¥$îUXodam`mbm `m g§H$Q>mMm _wH$m~bm H$amdm bmJbm. na§Vw H¥$îUXodam` `mdoir gmdY hmoVm. C^` njm§_Ü`o
JmodiH$m|S>`mÀ`m X{jUog 60-70 [H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamda H$mo{dbH$m|S>m `oWo KZKmoa `wÜX hmoDZ H¥$îUXodam`Zo
~hm_Zr g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Ho$bm. nam^yV _wgb_mZ g¡Ý` {~Xa Am{U {dOmnyaH$S>o nimbo. H¥$îUXodam`mZo `m
niUmè`m g¡Ý`mMm JmodiH$m|S>`mÀ`m [H$ëë`mn`ªV nmR>bmJ Ho$bm Am{U Vmo [H$„m qOHy$Z KoVbm. (B.g.1509)
~hm_Zr{déÜX OdiOdi 125 dfm©Z§Va {dO`ZJa hm {dO` {_imë`m_wio H¥$îUXodam`mMr gd©M àe§gm hmoD
bmJbr.
~. Cå_VyaÀ`m J§JamOmMm nam^d :
{dO`ZJaÀ`m X{jUog åh¡gyaOdi Cå_Vya ho N>moQ>o amÁ` hmoVo. VoWrb amOm XonÊU dmoS>o`ma `mZo
{dO`ZJaMo à^wËd PwJméZ XoDZ ñdV:Mo ApñVËd {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. amÁ`mÀ`m gwa{jVVogmR>r Ë`mZo {edg_wÐ
hm _O~yV [H$„m ~m§Ybm hmoVm. XonÊUÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbJm J§JamO `mZo gÎmoda Amë`mZ§Va d[S>bm§MoM
{dO`ZJabm {damoY H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU nwT>o Mmby R>odbo. Ë`m_wio H¥$îUXodam`mZo B.g. 1512 À`m àma§^r
Cå_VyaÀ`m {damoYmV _mo[h_ hmVr KoVbr. H¥$îUXodam`mMo bîH$ar gm_Ï`© nmhÿZ (J§JamOZo) {edg_wÐ_À`m
[H$ëë`m_Ü`o Aml` KoVbm.H¥$îUXodam`mZo [H$ëë`mg doT>m {Xbm. [H$ëë`m_Ü`o Amnbo g¡Ý` KwgdÊ`m_¿`o
H¥$îUXodam` `eñdr Pmbm. Ë`mdoir _moR>o aUH§$XZ Pmbo. J§JamOMm XméU nam^d Pmbm. amOm J§JamO niyZ
OmV AgVmZm H$mdoarV nSy>Z Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. H¥$îUXodam`mZo {edg_wÐ [H$„m d lra§JnQ¥>Q>Uhr qOHw$Z KoVbo.
H$. nmoVw©{JOm§er g§~§Y :
npíMe_ [H$Zmè`mdarb nmoVw©{JO ho _wgb_mZm§Mo eÌy hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr {dOmnwaÀ`m Vmã`mVyZ Jmodm ~§Xa qOHy$Z
KoVbo hmoVo. nmoVw©{JOm§Zr H¥$îUXodam`m§Mo gm_Ï`© nmhÿZ Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr ^Q>H$b
`m[R>H$mUr [H$„m ~m§YÊ`mMr H¥$îU[Xdam`mg nadmZJr [Xbr hmoVr. BVHo$M Zmhr Va nm{e©`Z KmoS>r AmnU \$º$
{dO`ZJabmM {dHy$ Ago AmídmgZhr [Xbo hmoVo.
S> . Amo [ agmer `w Ü X :
Cå_Vya àH$aUmMm `eñdr eodQ> Ho$ë`mZ§Va H¥$îUXodam`mZo Amo[agm{déÜX `wÜX AmKmS>r CKS>br. hr
_mohr_ B.g.1512 Vo 1516 Aer Mma df} Mmbbr. `m _mo[h_oMr _m[hVr nwT>rbà_mUo.
92
1)
CX`{JarMm nmS>md :
{dO`ZJaMr gr_m Amo[agm amÁ`mbm bmJyZ hmoVr. Amo[agm_Ü`o JOnVr KamÊ`mMr gÎmm hmoVr. CX`{JarMm
[H$„m d Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmbMm àXoe JOnVr àVmnéÐZo Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio {dO`ZJabm
YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H¥$îUXodam`mZo àYmZ gmiwd{Vå_mbm ~amo~a KodyZ Amo[agmÀ`m {déÜX _moR>r
_mohr_ H$mT>br. CX`{JarMm nyU© nmS>md H$éZ H¥$îUXodam`mZo [H$„m qOHy$Z KoVbm.
2)
H$m|S>m{dSy> d H$m|S>n„rMm nmS>md :
CX`{JarÀ`m B©emÝ`obm H$m|S>m{dSy> ho _hËdmMo eha hmoVo. VoWo EH$ [H$„mhr hmoVm. gmiwd{Vå_mÀ`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr {dO`ZJaÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo H$m|S>m{dSy> eha d [H$„m qOHw$Z KoVbm. amOm àVmnéÐMm {Zénm` Pmë`mZo
Ë`mZo H$m|S>n„r `m [H$„`m_Ü`o Aml` KoVbm. `m [H$ëë`mbm {dO`ZJaÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo doT>m [Xbm. H¥$îUXodam`mZo
OmoaXma h„m MT>dyZ [H$„m ga Ho$bm.
3) nmoÅZwé d qghmÐr R>mUr qOH$br :
H¥$îUXodam`mZo JOnVrMr amOYmZr nmoÅ>Zé qOH$Ê`mMr `moOZm AmIbr. àVmnéÐZo Amnbr amOYmZrMm
n¸$m ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bobm hmoVm. {edm` amOYmZrÀ`m ^modVmbr JOnVrÀ`m _m§S>{b\$m (_hmnmÌ) Mm àXoe hmoVm.
Voìhm H¥$îUXodam`mZo Hy$Q>{ZVrMm dmna H$éZ àVmnéÐ d _hmnmÌ `m§À`m_Ü`o g§e` {Z_m©U Ho$bm. Amnbo ~aoM
_hmnmÌ {\$Vwa Pmë`mMm g_O H$éZ àVmnéÐZo aUm§JUmVyZ ni H$mT>bm. Ë`m_wio Cd©[aV \$m¡OoMm nam^d H$éZ
H¥$îUXodam`mZo nmoÅ>ZwéMm Vm~m {_i[dbm. `m {dO`m{Z{_Îm am`mZo Ë`m[R>H$mUr EH$ {dO`ñV§^ C^mabm.
Ë`mZ§Va {dO`r g¡Ý`mZo qghmÐr d H$Q>H$hr Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbo.
Aem àH$mao H¥$îUXodam`mZo Amo[agmMo g§nyU© amÁ` qOHy$Z KoVbo. na§Vw nwT>rb H$mimV am`mZo àVmnéÐ~amo~a
_¡ÌrMm Vh Ho$bm. _¡Ìr H$m`_Mr [Q>H$mdr åhUyZ àVmnéÐZo Amnbr H$Ý`m OJÝ_mo[hZr H¥$îUXodam`mg [Xbr
Am{U g[XÀN>m åhUyZ H¥$îUXodam`mZo H¥$îUm ZXrÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>rb gd© àXoe àVmnéÐH$S>o H$m`_ R>odbm.
B>. JmodiH$m|S>çmer g§Kf©:
H¥$îUXodam`mZo Amo[agmda Or _mohr_ C^mabr Ë`mMo Vob§JUmVrb [h¨Xÿ amÁ`m§da dmB©Q> n[aUm_ KS>yZ Ambo.
Amo[agm_Yrb JOnVr KamÊ`mMr gÎmm {Ii{Iir Pmbobr nmhÿZ Vob§JUmVrb gw^oXma Hw$br H$wVy~ehm `mZo
Amo[agmda ñdmar H$éZ H¥$îUm Am{U JmoXmdar `m_Yrb àXoe qOHy$Z KoVbm. Hw$Vw~ehm EdT>çmdaM Z Wm§~Vm
Ë`mZo {dO`ZJaÀ`em Vmã`mVrb H$m|S>{dSy> `m [H$ëë`mbm doT>m [Xbm. {dO`ZJaMm gaXma gmiwd{Vå_mZo
Hw$Vw~ehmÀ`m g¡Ý`mMm nam^d H$éZ Ë`m§Zm hþgH$mdyZ bmdbo, na§Vw Amo[agmVrb Vob§JUm Am{U d¡Jr ho Oo àXoe
Hw$Vw~ehmZo qOHw$Z KoVbo Vo àXoe eodQ>n`ªV H¥$îUXodam`mZo [H¨$dm JOnVr `m§Zm qOHy$Z KoVm Ambm Zmhr.
\$>. {dOmnyaer g§Kf© :
H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m H$ma[H$XuVrb AË`§V C„oI{Z` KQ>Zm åhUOo am`MyaMm aUg§J«m_. am`Mya Am{U _wXJb
ho XmoZ naJUo {dO`ZJaÀ`m amÁ`mV hmoVo. na§Vw Jobr AZoH$ df} {dOmnwaÀ`m gwbVmZmZr Vo Amnë`m Vmã`mV
93
KoVbo hmoVo. Voìhm H¥$îUXodam`mZo ho naJUo naV KoÊ`mgmR>r àM§S> g¡Ý` KoDZ am`Mya [H$ëë`mbm doT>m [Xbm. am`mZo
`mdoir gmV bmI nm`Xi, n§Mdrg hOma KmoS>Xi d nmMeo Vo ghmeo hÎmrXb KoDZ am`Mya da AmH«$_U Ho$bo
Voìhm Bñ_mB©b Am[Xbehm [H$ëë`mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r YmdyZ Ambm. am`MyanmgyZ ZD _¡bmda 13 _o, 1520
amoOr XmoÝhr g¡Ý`m_Ü`o {ZUm©`H$ bT>mB© hmoDZ Bñ_mB©bMm nyU© nam^d hmoDZ Vmo niyZ Jobm. Am[XbemhmÀ`m
àM§S> nam^d H$éZ am`Mya d [H$ëbm am`mZo qOHy$Z KoVbm. `m g§Kfm©V nmoVw©{JOm§Mr \$ma _mobmMr _XV am`mbm
Pmbr.
J>. ~hm_Zr gÎmoMr nwZ©ñWmnZm :
B.g. 1521 Vo 1524 `m H$mimV {dO`ZJa Am{U {dOmnya `m§À`mV AZoH$ `wÜXo Pmbr. Ë`m gdm©§_Ü`o
H¥$îUXodam`mZo {dOmnyaMm nam^d Ho$bm. am`MyaÀ`m Z¡F$Ë`og Agboë`m gmJa d H¡$^mdr `oWo C^`Vm§_Ü`o Vw§~i
`wÜX Pmbo. `m `wÜXmVrb nam^dmZ§Va Am[Xbemhr g¡Ý` {dOmnwaÀ`m [XeoZo nimbo. {dO`ZJaMo g¡Ý` Ë`m§Mm
nmR>bmJ H$aV Jwb~Jm© d {~Xan`ªV nmohmoMbo. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV ~hm_Zr gÎmooMo VwH$S>o nS>bo. {~Xa d
AmgnmgMm àXoemÀ`m nwaVrM _`m©[XV Agbobr ~hm_Zr gÎmm, H$m{g_ ~arX `m dOramZo ~hm_Zr gwbVmZ
_h_yX d Ë`mÀ`m _wbm§Zm H¡$XoV Q>mHy$Z Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVbr hmoVr. H¥$îUXodam`mZo Jwb~Jm© `oWrb H¡$XoVrb
~h_Zr gwbVmZÀ`m _wbm§Zm _wº$ H$éZ Ë`mVrb _moR>m _wbJm A„mCÔrZ `mg ~hm_Zr gwbVmZ åhUyZ JmXrda
~g{dbo. `m_wio Ë`mZo ñdV:g "`dZamÁ` ñWmnZmMm`©' hr nXdr YmaU Ho$br. AemàH$mao ~hm_Zr gÎmoMr nwZñWm©nZm
H$aÊ`m_Ü`o H¥$îUXodam` `eñdr Pmbm.
H¥$îUXodam`mMm _¥Ë`y :
{dO`ZJaMm amOm H¥$îUXodam` `mZo A§VJ©V d ~mh` eÌy§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$éZ Amnë`m amÁ`mMm _moR>çm
à_mUmV {dñVma Ho$bm. d`mÀ`m 40 ì`m dfu Ë`mZo Amnë`m {Vé>_b ZmdmÀ`m Aënd`rZ _wbmg JmXrda ~g{dbo.
{dO`ZJa Xa~mamV A§VJ©V H$mañWmZ hmodyZ amOm {Vé_b {dfà`moJmg ~ir nS>bm. `mA§VJ©V Jm|YimMm \$m`Xm
KodyZ Am[XbehmZo nwÝhm {dO`ZJada ñdmar Ho$br. `m g§nyU© n[apñWVrbm Vm|S> XoÊ`mMr V`mar H$aV AgVmZm
H¥$îUXodam` EH$mEH$s AmOmar nS>bm Am{U B.g. 1529 _Ü`o Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
H¥$îUXodam`mMr `mo½`Vm :
1. H¥$îUXodam` hm EH$ H$V©~Jma d namH«$_r amOm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m H$ma[H$XuMm àma§^ ~hm_Zrdarb ñdmarZo
Pmbr Am{U {VMr AIoaXoIrb Am[Xbemhrdarb ñdmarMr V`mar H$arV AgVmZm Pmbr. Ë`mZo AZoH$
`wÜXm_Ü`o {dO`lr IoMyZ AmUbr. Ë`mZo Hw$eb ZoV¥Ëd Am{U g§KQ>Z H$m¡eë`mZo {dO`ZJaÀ`m goZobm {dO`r
goZm ~Zdbr. ~hm_Zr Am{U {dOmnya `m§À`m AmH«$_Umbm Ë`mbm gVV Vmo§S> X`mdo bmJo, na§Vw `m amÁ`m§Zm Ë`mZo
Mm§JbmM YS>m {eH${dbm.
2. gm_«mÁ`{Z_m©Vm :
H¥$îUXodam`mZo Amnë`m amÁ`mMm {dñVma H$éZ Ë`mZo Ë`mMo énm§Va {demb gm_«mÁ`mV Ho$bo. Ë`mÀ`m
94
gm_«mÁ` {dñVmam_wio Ë`mÀ`m amÁ`mÀ`m gr_m npíM_oH$S>o X{jU H$moH$UnmgyZ nyd}H$S>o {demImnÅ>U_n`ªV Va
H¥$îUm ZXrnmgyZ Vo WoQ> H$Ý`mHw$_marn`©§V OmDZ nmohmoMë`m. {~Xa, Jwb~Jm© `m _wgb_mZm§À`m amOYmÝ`m
qOH$Umam Vmo {dO`ZJaMm EH$_od amOm hmoVm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m amÁ`mbm d¡^dembr d Eoíd`©g§nÞ ~Z{dbo hmoVo.
am`mÀ`mH$mimV Á`m naH$s` àdmem§Zr {dO`ZJabm ^oQ> [Xbr VoWrb d¡^d Am{U Eoíd`© nmhÿZ Ë`m§Mo S>moio
[XnyZ Jobo. nmoVw©{JO àdmgr S>moq_Jmo nog `mZo H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho.
3. H$ë`mUH$mar amOm :
H¥$îUXodam` gVV `wÜXmV Jww§Vbm AgyZ gwÜXm Ë`mZo àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmH$S>o Am{U amÁ`H$ma^mamH$S>o H$Yrhr
Xþb©j Ho$bo Zmhr. àOoMo H$ë`mU ho Ë`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMo _w»` gyÌ hmoVo. Vmo ñdV:g àOoMm nmbH$ g_OV Ago.
Ë`mÀ`m amÁ`mV gd© OmVrY_m©À`m bmoH$m§Zm g§ajU d Aml` hmoVm. Ë`mZo Mmoa, bwQ>mé `mnmgyZ a`VoMo ajU
Ho$bo ^«ï> A{YH$mè`m§Zm H$S>H$ emgZ Ho$bo. eoVr Am{U {nÊ`mgmR>r nmÊ`mMr gmo` ìhmdr `mgmR>r amÁ`^a
H$mbì`m§Mo Omio {dUbo. [R>H$[R>H$mUr Vbmd ~m§Ybo. Vw§J^Ð ZXrda AZoH$ [R>H$mUr YaUo ~m§YyZ a`Vobm
nmÊ`mMr gmo` H$éZ [Xbr. AZoH$ AÝ`m`H$maH$ H$a Ë`mZo aÔ Ho$bo. ì`mnmar d ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm AZoH$
àH$maÀ`m gdbVr [Xë`m O§Jbo gm\$ H$éZ Ë`mZo àM§S> O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUbr. `m H$ë`mUH$mar
H$m`m©_wio H¥$îUXodam` Amnë`m àOo_Ü`o A{Ve` bmoH${à` Pmbm hmoVm.
gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmMr àJVr :
H¥$îUXodam` ñdV: {dÛmZ hmoVm Am{U {dÛmZ d H$bmH$mam§Mm Aml`XmVm hmoVm. amOmg H$bm, H$m¡eë`
d gm[hË`mMr AmdS> Agë`m_yio Ë`m gd© joÌm§Mm Ë`mH$mimV {dH$mg Pmbm. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV Pmbobr
gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJVr nwT>rbà_mUo.
A) gm{hË` :
H¥$îUXodam`mZo Amnë`m Xa~mam_Ü`o g§ñH¥$V, VobJy Am{U H$ÞS> ^mfoVrb gm[hpË`H$m§Zm amOml` [Xbobm
hmoVm. Vmo ñdV: H$ÞS> ^m{fH$ AgyZhr VobJy d g§ñH¥$V ^mfoda Ë`mMo à^wËd hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM Xa~mamVrb
n§[S>Vm§Zr Ë`mbm "A{^Zd ^moO' d g§H$bH$bm ^moOamO Aem nXì`m [Xë`m hmoË`m. Vmo ñdV: CÎm_ H$dr AgyZ
Ë`mZo VobJy ^mfoV "A_yŠË`_më`Xm' hm H$mì`J«§W {bhbm Amho. `m H$mì`J«§WmMm g_mdoe VobJy n§M_hmH$mì`mV
Ho$bm OmVmo. {edm` am`mZo Om§~wd§VrH$ë`mU_ ho ZmQ>H$hr {b[hbo hmoVo. H¥$îUXodamÀ`m amOn[admamVrb {ó`m§Zm
XoIrb gm[hË` {Z{_©VrV gh^mJ KoVbobm [XgVmo. am`mMr amUr Vw¸$m (OJÝ_mo[hZr) [hZo aMbobo nmM íbmoH$
gmnS>bo AmhoV. Vo " Vw¸$m n§MH$_ ' `m ZmdmZo à{gÜX AmhoV. am`mMr H$Ý`m _mohZm§Jr [hZo "_marMr n[aU`Z'
ho H$mì` [H¨$dm ZmQ>H$ {b[hbo.
H¥$îUXodam`mMm H$mbI§S> hm VobJy gm[hË`mMm ^a^amQ>rMm H$mb hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamV AmR> à{gÜX
VobJy H$dr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm "Að>m[X½JO' Ago åhUV AgV. "A„mgm{ZnoÔZ' hm VobJy_Yrb gd©loð> gm[hË`rH$
am`mÀ`m Xa~mamV hmoVm. Ë`mbm am`mZo "Am§Y«H${dVm {nVm_h' Aer nXdr [Xbr hmoVr. Ë`mZo "har H$Wmgma_'
Am{U "_ZwMw[aV_' hr à{gÜX H$mì`J«§Wo {b[hbr. Z§Xr {V_ÊUm `mZo "nm[aOmVmnhaU_' d "{ÌñWir X§S>H$' ho
95
gm[hË` {b[hbo. d„^mMm`© `mZo ^mñH$amMm`m©À`m "{bbmdVr' `m J«§WmMo VobJy_Ü`o ^mfm§Va Hobo.
H¥$îUXodam`mÀ`m H$mimV H$ÞS> Am{U Vm{_i ^mfoVhr gm[hË` {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. ì`mgam` C\©$ ì`mgnrR> `mZo
H$ÞS>_YyZ H¥$îUñVw{Vna [H$V©Zo {b[hbr. AmOhr hr [H$V©Zo _moR>çm ^{º$^mdmZo Jm`br OmVmV. Hw$_ma gañdVr d
kmZàH$me V{_i amOH$dr am`mÀ`m Xa~mamV hmoVo Ë`m§Zr V{_i_Ü`o H$mì`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho.
~) Z¥Ë`, g§JrV Am{U ZmQ>ç :
H¥$îUXodamÀ`m H$ma[H$XuV ZmQ>ç, Z¥Ë` Am{U g§JrV joÌmMr àJVr Pmbr. Ë`mÀ`m Xa~mamVrb ^§S>_
bú_rZmam`U `m g§JrV {ejH$mZo g§JrVmda "g§JrV gw`m}X`' ZmdmMm J«§W {b[hbm. am`mZo amOn[admamVrb
{ó`m§Zm g§JrV {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr. VËH$m{bZ {eënm_YyZ AZoH$ àH$maMr V§VwdmÚo,
M_©dmÚo `m§Mr _m[hVr {_iVo. am`mZo ñdV: H¥$îU ZmdmÀ`m JwéH$S>o drUmdmXZ {eH$ë`mMr _m[hVr {_iVo.
S>moq_Jmo nog `m nmoVw©JrO àdmemÀ`m d¥Îmm§VmdéZ Ago [XgVo H$r, H¥$îUXodam`mbm Z¥Ë`H$boMr {deof AmdS>
hmoVr. Amnë`m amÊ`m§Zr d àmgmXmVrb BVa {ó`m§Zr Z¥Ë`mV Va~oO ìhmdo `mgmR>r Ë`mZo Z¥Ë`{ejH$ {Z`wº$ Ho$bo,
Z¥Ë`J¥h ~m§Ybo.
H¥$îUXodamÀ`m H$mimV ZmQ>çH$bm ^a^amQ>rbm Ambr hmoVr. ZmQ>çH$bmH$ma, Jm`H$, ZV©H$ d dmXH$
BË`mXtMm {_iyZ Omo g§M V`ma hmoB© Ë`mbm "_oim' åhQ>bo OmB©. Ago _oio JmdmoJmdr {\$éZ Amnbr H$bm gmXa
H$arV AgV.
H$) dmñVw{eën H$bm :
H¥$îUXodam`mbm ñWmnË`H$boMr {deof AmdS> hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m H$ma[H$XuV ñWmnË`H$boMr _moR>r
àJVr Pmbr. AZoH$ gw§Xa _§[Xao, amOañVo, ~mOma, Vbmd, _moR>_moR>o amOdmS>o, B. Mr. am`mZo {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.
_mVmolr ZmJbmXodr [hÀ`m ñ_¥Vr{àË`W© am`mZo gw§Xa _§[Xa d B_maVtZr `wŠV ZmJbnya ho Zdo eha dg{dbo. VgoM
Ë`mZo Amnë`m nwÌmÀ`m ZmdmZo "AZ§Ve`ZJw§S>r' ZmdmMo CnZJa ~g{dbo. {VWo Ë`mZo AZ§Ve`Z _§[Xa C^o Ho$bo.
am`mZo _hmZd`r [S>ã~m [H¨$dm Xgam `m dmñVyMr C^maUr Ho$br. am`mZo hOmam am_ _§[Xa, H¥$îUñdm_r _§[Xa,
d¡îUd _§[Xao, Jmonwao, {dO`{dÇ>b _§[Xa B. dmñVy§Mr C^maUr Ho$br. Ë`mZo ~m§Ybobo H$m§Mr `oWrb EH$m§~oída
_§[Xam§Mr dmñVy ApìXVr` Amho. Ë`mZo ~m§Ybobr _§[Xao ñWmnË`mÀ`mÑï>rZo AË`§V d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmhoV.
WmoS>Š`mV H¥$îUXodam` hm EH$ namH«$_r, [h¨Xÿ Y_m©{^_mZr, {d{dY H$bm§Mm MmhVm Agm EH$ amOm hmoVm.
Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV {dO`ZJaÀ`m amÁ`mZo d¡^dmMo na_moƒ {eIa JmR>bo hmoVo. gd©M B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {dO`ZJaÀ`m
d¡^dmMr àe§gm Ho$bobr Amho.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z H«$. 1
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) amOm H¥$îUXodam` ------------ d§emVrb hmoVr.
A) g§J_
~) emëd
H$) Vwëd
S>) AaqdX
96
2) H¥$îUXodam`mMm ---------- gmbr _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
A) B.g.1530
~) B.g.1529
H$) B.g.1629 S>) B.g.1360
3) àVmnéÐ amOmZo Amnbr H$Ý`m --------- H¥$îUXodam`mg [Xbr.
A) OJÝ_mo[hZr
~) _mo[hZr
H$) éÐXm{_Zr
S>) JOZJm{_Zr
4) H¥$îUXodam`mZo ---------- H$mì`J«§W {b[hbm.
A) Om§~wd§VrH$ë`mU_
~) Vw¸$m n§MH$_ H$) A_yŠV_më`Xm
S>) _ZyM[aV_
5) -------- `mZo H$ÞS>_YyZ H¥$îUñVw{Vna [H$V©Zo {b[hbr.
A) Z§Xr {V_ÊUm
~) d„^mMm`©
H$) _mohZm§Jr
S>) ì`mgam`
4.2.2 B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm Xþgam (B. g. 1530 Vo B. g. 1627)
{dOmnyaÀ`m Am[XbemhrVrb gdm©V H$V©~Jma d bmoH${à` gwbVmZ åhUyZ B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm Xþgam
`mMo Zm§d KoVbo OmVo. A~wb _wO\\$a `wgw\$ Am[Xbehm `mZo Am[Xbemhr amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. (B.g.1489)
B~«m[h_ hm Am[XbemhrVrb nmMdm gwbVmZ hmoVm. Vmo gwg§ñH¥$V, CXma, {dÚoMm MmhVm hmoVm. Vmo BVa
gwbVmZm§nojm AZoH$ ~m~VrV doJim amÁ`H$Vm© hmoVm Am{U åhUyZM Ë`mbm ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV _hËdmMo ñWmZ
Amho. Ë`mMr _m[hVr nwT>rbà_mUo.
OÝ_ d ~mbnU :
B~«m[h_ Am[XbehmMm OÝ_ B. g. 1571 _¿`o Pmbm. Am[Xbemhr gwbVmZ Abr Am[Xbemhmbm
_wbJm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ^mD Vh_mñn `mMm _wbJm åhUOo B~«m[h_ `mm Amnbm dmag åhUyZ Zo_bo hmoVo.
Ë`mÀ`m nwT>À`mM dfu AbrMm IyZ Pmbm Voìhm Xa~mamVrb A{YH$mè`m§Zr ZD dfm©À`m B~«m[h_Mm amÁ`m{^foH$
Ho$bm. (B.g.1580) Aem àH$mao Aënd`mV B~«m[h_ hm {dOmnyaMm gwbVmZ ~Zbm. `mdoir amÁ`H$ma^mamMr
gd© gyÌo H$m{_bImZ X¸$Zr d Abr Am[XbemhmMr nËZr Mm§X{~~r `m§À`m hmVm_Ü`o hmoVr. H$m{_bImZ hm
AZw^dr d Hw$eb amOH$maUr Agë`m_wio Xa~mamVrb A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ë`mMr amOà{V{ZYr åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br
hmoVr. na§Vy Vmo AË`§V _hËdmH$m§jr Agë`m_wio Ë`mZo gÎmm Amnë`mH$S>oM H$m`_ amhmdr, `mgmR>r H$mañWmZo
gwé Ho$br. VgoM Xa~mamVrb [H$ídaImZ, [XbmdaImZ Am{U h_rXImZ `m gaXmam§Zrhr amÁ`H$ma^mam§da
dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$Q>H$mañWmZo gwé Ho$br. Ë`m_wio B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmÀ`m gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV
Xa~mam_Ü`o Jm|Yi Am{U AamOH$ {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo.
Am[XbemhrVrb AamOH$ :
gwbVmZ Aënd`rZ Amho `mMm \$m`Xm KoDZ à{V{ZYr H$m{_bImZmZo gd© gÎmm Amnë`m hmVr ¿`mdr `m
CÔoemZo nmdbo Q>mH$m`bm gwwadmV Ho$br. Ë`mZo XS>nemhr _mJm©Mm Adb§~ gwé Ho$bm. BVHo$M Zmhr Va
Mm±X{~~rbm An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ XoD bmJbm. Ë`m_wio Vr g§Vá ~Zbr. {VZo H$m{_bImZmbm gÎmodéZ Xÿa
97
~r.E.^mJ-3 … B{Vhmg nona 8/7
H$aÊ`mgmR>r [H$ídaImZmbm Odi H$obo [H$ídaImZo Amnë`m ghH$mè`mgh AMmZH$ H$m{_bImZmda h„m
Ho$bm Am{U Ë`mbm R>ma Ho$bo. (B.g.1580)
[H$ídaImZmH$S>o {dOmnyaMo à{V{ZYrnX (d[H$br) Amë`mZ§Va H$m{_bImZmMoM AZwH$aU Ho$bo. Ë`mZo
Mm§X{~~rÀ`m ghmæ`mZo amÁ`mMr gÎmm {_i{dbr Am{U A{Z`§{ÌVnUo amÁ` H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Am[XbemhmVrb Jm|YimMm \$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r {ZOm_emhm d Hw$Vy~emhm `m§Zr amÁ`mda AmH«$_Uo gwé Ho$br
hmoVr. [H$ídaImZmÀ`m _Z_mZrbm H§$Q>miyZ Mm±X{~~r Am{U Xa~mar _§S>itZr Xa~mamMoM à{V{ZYr nX
_wñV\$mImZmg XoÊ`mMr `moOZm AmIbr. [H$ídaImZmbm `mMr H$ënZm `oVmM Ë`mZo _wñV\$mImZmda h„m Ho$bm
d Ë`mbm R>ma _mabo. hr ~mV_r Mm±X{~~rbm g_OVmM Vr AË`§V g§Vá Pmbr. [H$ídaImZmZo Mm±X{~drda {VMm
^mD _wV©Om {ZOm_emhm `mbm {dOmnwada AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm Ho$ë`mMm Amamon H$éZ H¡$X Ho$bo. {Vbm
AË`§V An_mZrV H$éZ gmVmaÀ`m [H$ëë`mV S>m§~Ê`mV Ambo. amUrÀ`m An_mZm_wio gaXma BIbmgImZ d
BVa gaXma_§S>ir g§Vá Pmbo Am{U Ë`m§Zr [H$ídaImZmbm gÎmodéZ Xþa H$aÊ`mMm {ZíM` Ho$bm ho g_OVmM
[H$ídaImZmZo Km~éZ Ah_XZJaH$S>o nbm`Z Ho$bo. VoWo Aml` Z {_imë`mZo Vmo JmodiH$m|S>çmbm Jobm nU
VoWo _wñV\$mImZmÀ`m EH$m ZmVbJmZo Ë`mMm IyZ Ho$bm.
BIbmgImZmZo (EH$bmgImZ) {dOmnyaMo amOà{V{ZYr nX Amnë`mH$S>o KoVbo. Ë`mZo Mm±X{~~rbm H¡$XoVyZ
_wº$ H$éZ amOYmZrV AmUbo Am{U gwbVmZmÀ`m XoI^mbrMr O~m~Xmar {VÀ`mda gmon{dbr. EH$bmgImZ hm
Hy«$a hmoVm. Ë`mZo [H$ídaImZmÀ`m ~mOyÀ`m AZoH$mÀ`m H$Îmbr Ho$ë`m. AZoH$m§Zm Vwé§JmV S>m§~bo. AZoH$
A{YH$mè`m§Mr CMb~m§JS>r Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`mH$mimV Am[XbemhrVrb naH$s` _wgb_mZ d X{jUr _wgb_mZ
`m§À`mVrb g§Kf© dmT>bm. EH$bmgImZ h_rXImZmg [XbmdaImZ `m ~bmT>ç gaXmam§Mo ghH$m`© {_imë`m_wio
Ë`mMr _Z_mZr dmT>br. {dOmnya Xa~mamVrb Jm|YimMm \$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Vy~emhmZo {dOmnyada AmH«$_U
H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br. [XbmdaImZmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Am[Xbemhr g¡Ý`mZo eÌy g¡Ý`mMm XméU nam^d Ho$bm.
`m {dO`m_wio Xa~mamVrb [XbmdaImZmMo dOZ dmT>bo. Ë`mbm à{V{ZYr nX Amnë`mH$S>o Agmdo Ago dmQy>
bmJbo. Ë`mZo h¡XaImZmÀ`m (h_rXImZ) _XVrZo EH$bmgImZmg H¡$X H$éZ Ë`mMo S>moio H$mT>bo.
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmÀ`m ñdV§Ì H$ma[H$Xug gwadmV :
[XbmdaImZmZo amOà{V{ZYr åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmë`mda Xa~mamVrb A_ra C_amdm§Zm Amnë`m ~mOybm
di{dbo. Xa~mamVrb _hËdmMr N>oX Amnë`m ZmVodmB©H$ d _wbm§Zm [Xbr. gwbVmZmÀ`m ImOJrVrb gd© OmJm
Ë`mZo Amnë`m _wbm§H$S>o gmon{dë`m. Xa~mamVrb naXoer _wgb_mZm§Mr hH$mbnÅ>r H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Aem àH$mao
Ë`mZo Xa~mamda Amnbo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Ë`mZo B.g.1584 bm B~«m[h_ Am{XbemhmMr ~[hU I[XOm [hMm
{ddmh _wV©Om {ZOm_emhmMm _wbJm {_amO hþgoZ `m§À`mer KS>dwZ AmUbm. I[XOm~amo~a {VMr MwbVr
Mm±X{~~r ^mdmÀ`m ^oQ>rgmR>r Ah_XZJabm {ZKyZ Jobr. `m_wio [XbmdaImZmÀ`m _mJm©Vrb AS>Wim AmnmoAmn
Xÿa Pmbm. nwT>o Ë`mZo B.g.1586 _Ü`o B~«m[h_Mm {ddmh Hw$Vy~ehmMr H$Ý`m Mm±X{~~r C\©$ _{bH$mOhmZ
[hÀ`mer KS>dyZ AmUbm. ho {ddmh KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_mJo [XbmdaImZmMm `m emh`m§er _¡Ìr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm
hoVy hmoVm.
98
B~«m[h_ hiyhiy _moR>m hmoV hmoVm Am{U Ë`mZo Amnë`m H$VwË© dmZo amOH$ma^mamda N>mn nmS>m`bm gwédmV Ho$br
hmoVr. OZVo_Ü`ohr Vmo bmoH${à` hmoV Mmbbm hmoVm. nU hoM [XbmdaImZmbm IQ>H$y bmJbo. Ë`mZo B~«m[h_bm
gwbVmZnXmdéZ Xÿa H$éZ Ë`m[R>H$mUr Ë`mMm ^mD Bñ_mB©b `mbm ~gdÊ`mMo H$mañWmZ aMbo. Bñ_mB©b `mdoir
~oiJmdÀ`m [H$ëë`mV H¡$XoV hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a [XbmdaImZmZo g§YmZ gmYbo. ho H$mañWmZ g_Oë`mda
Xa~mamVrb A{YH$mar d OZVm Ë`mÀ`mda ZmamO Pmbr. Amnbo q~J \w$Q>VmM Vmo B~«m[h_nwT>o eaU Ambm d Ë`mZo
_m\$s _m{JVbr. gwbVmZmZo Ë`mbm _m\$ H$éZ amÁ` H$ma^mamMr gwÌo Ë`mÀ`mH$S>Mo nydd© V R>do br.
B~«m[h_bm amOH$maUmMr Mm§Jbr OmU Ambobr hmoVr. AmË_{dídmg dmT>bb
o m hmoVm. Xa~mamVrb EoZCb_wëH$,
A§Hw$gImZ Am{U Am[X_ A{bImZ `m _mVã~a gaXmam§Mo nmR>~i B~«m[h_bm {_imbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio B~«m[h_Mr
VmH$X dmT>br. Voìhm nyU© V`mar{Zer B~«m[h_Zo [XbmdaImZmda h„m Ho$bm. `m g§Kfm©_Ü`o [XbmdaImZmMm
_wbJm R>ma Pmbm. [XbmdaImZmZo `wÜX^y_rVyZ ni H$mT>bm d Vmo Ah_XZJabm Jobm. nwT>o B~«m[h_Zo Ë`mbm
nH$Sy>Z Ë`mMo S>moio H$mT>bo d Ë`mbm gmVmè`mbm H¡$XoV R>odbo. darb KQ>ZoZ§Va Ë`m [R>H$mUrM gwbVmZmZo amÁ`{^foH$
g_ma§^ KS>dyZ AmUbm Am{U ^ì` Xa~ma ^a{dbm. 17 _o 1590 amoOr B~«m[h_ amOYmZr_Ü`o XmIb Pmbm.
nwT>rb H$mimV Ë`mZo ñdV§ÌnUo amÁ`H$ma^ma H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br.
Bñ_mB©bMo ~§S> :
gwbVmZ B~«m[h_emhmbm gÎmm hmVr KoVmM Xþhoar g§H$Q>mMm gm_Zm H$amdm bmJbm. EH$m ~mOyZo ~wahmZ
{ZOm_emhmMo AmH«$_U Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOwZo H¡$XoV AgUmè`m ^mD$ Bñ_mB©b `mMo ~§S>. amOnyÌ ~wahmZ `mbm
~oiJmdÀ`m [H$ëë`mV H¡$XoV R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m IMm©gmR>r gwbVmZmZo nyU© ì`dñWm Ho$bobr hmoVr.
B~«m[h_Zo Amnë`m ^mdm{déÜX ~§S> Ho$bo. Ë`mZo ~oiJm§dMm gw^oXma d VoWrb {e~§Xr `m§Zm Amnë`m ~mOybm KoVbo.
Ë`mZo Xa~mamVrb H$mhr A{YH$mè`m§Zm bmM XoDZ Amnë`m ~mOybm KoVbo. VgoM gwbVmZmmbm _XV H$aUmè`m
EoZCb_wëH$ d Am§Hw$gImZ `m§Zmhr {\$Vya Ho$bo. Ë`mZo Amnbo d[H$b ~wahmZ {ZOm_emhmH$S>o nmR>dyZ _XVrMr
`mMZm Ho$br. {ZOm_emhmZo Ë`mbm _moR>`m g¡Ý`m{Zer _XV H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ [Xbo. Bñ_mB©bZo ~oiJm§d Am{U
AmOy~mOyMm àXoe Vmã`mV KoDZ ñdV:bm Am[Xbemhr gwbVmZ åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. AemàH$mao Bñ_mB©bZo
gwbVmZmÀ`m {damoYmV ~§S>mMo {ZemZ amodbo. Voìhm gwbVmZmZo E{b`mgImZ `mbm ~§S>mMm {~_moS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r d
~oiJmdbm doT>m XoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dbo. Ë`mZo ~oiJmdÀ`m [H$ëë`mbm doT>m [Xbm, na§Vw Ë`mbm An`e Ambo.
Bñ_mB©bm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~wahmZ {ZOm_emhm Amnbo g¡Ý` KoDZ {dOmnwaH$S>o {ZKmbm.
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmZo `m Xþhoar g§H$Q>mMm _wH$m~bm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Oæ`V V`mar Ho$br. Ë`mZo h_rXImZmMr
Amnë`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m goZmnVrnXr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br Am{U Ë`mbm ~§S>Imoam§{déÜX nmR>dbo. h_rXImZmZo gmdYnUmZo
nmdbo Q>mH$m`bm gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`mZo Bñ_mB©b d EoZCb_wëH$ `m XmoKm§Zmhr Jm{\$b R>oDZ AMmZH$nUo
Ë`m§À`mda OmoaXma h„m Ho$bm. ~§S>Imoam§À`m g¡Ý`mMr XmUmXmU CS>mbr. XmoKm§Zmhr H¡$X H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {enm`mZo
EoZCb_wëH$Mr _mZ H$mnyZ _w§S>Ho$ B~«m[h_emhmH$S>o nmR>{dbo. gwbVmZmZo Vo _w§S>Ho$ Amnë`m amOdmS>çmg_moa AZoH$
[Xdg Q>m§JyZ R>odbo. ~§S>Imoam§Mr H$m` AdñWm hmoVo ho BVam§Zm g_Omdo `mgmR>r gwbVmZmZo ho Ho$bo hmoVo. ~§S>Imoa
amOnyÌ Bñ_mB©b `mMo S>moio H$mT>V AgVmZm Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. ~§S>Imoam§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~wahmZ {ZOm_emhm
99
n[a¨S>m [H$ëë`mn`ªV MmbyZ Ambobm hmoVm nU ~§S> _moS>ë`mMr ~mV_r g_OVmM Ë`mZo Vm~S>Vmo~ Ah_XZJaÀ`m
[XeoZo à`mU Ho$bo.
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMo H$m`© :
A) _b~maÀ`m am`m§Zm (Zm`H$m§Zm) dR>Urda AmUbo :
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmZo Amnë`m amÁ`mMr K>S>r ì`dpñWV ~g{dë`mZ§Va _b~maÀ`m am`m§Zm dR>Urda
AmUÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. Zm`H$m§Zr Am[Xbemhr Xa~mambm Z Ow_mZVm I§S>Ê`m XoÊ`mMo ~§X Ho$bo hmoVo. Voìhm gwbVmZmZo
_§OZImZmg I§S>Ê`m dgyb H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r nmR>dbo. Vmo g¡Ý` KoDZ ~§H$mnyabm Ambm Am{U VoWo _b~maÀ`m
amOm§Zm Amnmnbr I§S>Ur KoDZ ^oQ>Ê`mg ~mobm{dbo. Oo I§S>Ur XoVrb Ë`m§Zm _m\ Ho$bo OmB©b, na§Vw Oo ~§S>Imoar
H$aVrb Ë`m§Mm gyS> KoVbm OmB©b, Aer Ë`mZo Y_H$s [Xbr. _b~maÀ`m am`m§_Ü`o J§Jm ZmB©H$ hm à_wI hmoVm.
Ë`mZo Amnbr I§S>Ur [XbrM nU g¡Ý` KoDZ _§OZImZmÀ`m _XVrbm Ambm. Ë`m_wio BVa Zm`H$m§Zm dR>Urda
AmUÊ`m_Ü`o _§OZImZ `eñdr Pmbm.
~) {ZOm_emhrMm nam^d :
~wahmU {ZOm_emhmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mMm _wbJm B~«m[h_ hm gwbVmZ ~Zbm. ZwH$Ë`mM Pmboë`m `wÜXmV
Am[XbemhrH$Sy>Z Pmboë`m nam^dmMm ~Xbm KoÊ`mgmR>r Am[Xbemhrda ñdmar H$mT>br. Voìhm Am[XbemhmZo
h_rXImZmbm àM§S> g¡Ý`mgh {ZOm_emhr g¡Ý`m{déÜX nmR>{dbo. C^`Vm§_Ü`o ZdXþJ© `m [R>H$mUr KZKmoa `wÜX
Pmbo. `m `wÜXm_Ü`o B~«m[h_ {ZOm_emhm ~mU bmJyZ R>ma Pmbm. niUmè`m eÌy g¡Ý`mMm nmR>bmJ H$aV Am[Xbemhr
g¡Ý` [ZOm_emhrÀ`m gr_on`ªV nmohmoMbo. na§Vw gwbVmZmZo Amnë`m g¡Ý`mbm naV _mKmar ~mobmdbo. (B.g.1595)
H$) _moJbm§~amo~a g§~§Y :
B.g.1590 Vo 1597 `m H$mimV B~«m[h_Zo _moJbm§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo hmoVo. X{jUoVrb
emh`m§da gmVË`mZo _moJbm§Mr AmH«$_Uo hmoV AgV. g_«mQ> AH$~amZo Amnbm _wbJm ehmOmXm _wamX `mbm
{ZOm_emhrda AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dbo. Ë`mdoir {ZOm_emhr dOra _{bH$A§~a `mZo B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhrH$S>o
_XV _m{JVbr. _moJbm§Mm YmoH$m AmnUmbmhr hmoD eH$Vmo hm {dMma H$éZ Ë`mZo H$mhr [H$„o, _moŠ`mMr [R>H$mUo
d H$mhr \$m¡O _{bH$A§~aÀ`m _XVrbm nmR>dbr.
nwT>o _moJb ~mXehm Ohm±{JamZo _{bH$ A§~aMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ehmOmXm nadoPbm nmR>dbo. `m g§Kfm©V
B~«m[h_Zo VQ>ñW amhmdo, `m ~mXemhmÀ`m gyMZoH$S>o Xþbj
© H$éZ Am[XbemhmZo Amnbo g¡Ý` _{bH$ A§~aÀ`m
_XVrbm nmR>{dbo hmoV.o B.g. 1610 Z§Va B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm d _{bH$ A§~a `m§À`mVrb g§~Y§ {~KS>bo Voìhm
B~«m[h_Zo ~mXemhm Ohm±JraH$S>o Amnbm d[H$b nmR>dZy _moJbm§~amo~a _¡ÌrMo g§~Y§ àñWm{nV Ho$bo.
S>) ~arXemhrMm eodQ> :
_moJb ~mXehm Ohm±{JaZo X{jUoVrb gd© amÁ`H$ma^mamMr O~m~Xmar B~«m[h_H$S>o gmon{dbr hmoVr.
B.g.1619 _Ü`o B~«m[h_Zo ~arXemhrMr amOYmZr {~Xa ehamda AmH«$_U Ho$bo d VoWrb gÎmmYre {_Pm© Abr
100
~arX `mMm nam^d H$éZ ~arXemhr qOHy$Z KoVbr. B~«m[h_Zo X{jUoÀ`m amOH$maUmVyZ eodQ> KS>dyZ AmUbm.
B) Hw$Vy~emhmer g§~§Y :
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmZo Hw$Vy~emhmMr H$Ý`m Mm±X gwbVmZm C\©$ _{bH$mOhmZ [hÀ`mer {ddmh Ho$bm.
(B.g.1586) `m d¡dm[hH$ g§~§Ym_wio Am[Xbemhr d Hw$Vy~emhr `m§À`m_Ü`o ñZohmMo g§~§Y {Z_m©U Pmbo.
doiàg§Jr XmoKm§Zr EH$_oH$m§Zm bîH$ar _XV H$éZ ho g§~§Y ÑT> H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo [XgyZ `oVo.
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmZo B.g. 1590 Vo 1627 `mH$mimV H$m`©j_nUo H$ma^ma Ho$bm. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV
Ë`mÀ`mda Amboë`m g§H$Q>m§Mm, ~§S>mMm ì`dpñWVnUo _wH$m~bm Ho$bm. VgoM Amnë`m amÁ`mda Amboë`m
eÌyÀ`m AmH«$_UmMm à{VH$ma H$éZ Amnë`m àOoMo ajU Ho$bo. Amnë`m amÁ`mV H$m`©j_ àemgZ {Z_m©U H$éZ
OZVoÀ`m [hVmbm àmYmÝ` [Xbo. A{YH$mè`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm Ho$ë`m. ñdV: _wgb_mZ
AgyZhr Ë`mZo amÁ`H$ma^mamV [h¨XÿÀ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV Zo_UyH$m Ho$ë`m. Ë`mZo gm[hË`, dmñVyH$bm, {MÌ, H$bm,
g§JrV `mgma»`m H$bm§Zm àmoËgmhZ [Xë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr ^a^amQ> KSy>Z Ambr. H$m`©j_ gÎmmYre B~«m[h_
Am{XbemhmMm _¥Ë`y gßQ>|~a 1627 _Ü`o Pmbm.
gwbVmZ B~«m[h_Mo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU :
Am{Xbemhr gwbVmZ B~«m[h_ Xþgam `mZo Amnë`m amÁ`m_Ü`o CXma d Y_©g[hîUy YmoaUm§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm
hmoVm. _Ü`H$mimV BVa _wpñb_ gÎmm{Ye BVa Y{_©`m§da AÝ`m`, AË`mMma H$aÊ`m_Ü`o YÝ`Vm _mZV hmoVo.
Ë`mH$mimV Aem àH$maMo CXma Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm§Mm pñdH$ma H$aUmam B~«m[h_ BVam§nojm doJim dmQ>Vmo åhUyZM
g_«mQ> AH$~amZ§Va B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm Xþgam `mMo Zmd§ _mo§R>çm AmXamZo KoVbo OmVo. Ë`mMo Ym{_©H$ YmoaU
nwT>rbà_mUo :
CXma Ym{_©H$ YmoaU :
Am{Xbemhr gÎmm{Ye Abr Am[Xbemhm `mÀ`m H$mimV amÁ`mVrb 200-300 àmMrZ [h¨Xÿ _§[XamMm
{dÜd§g H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm d Vo 4 Vo 5 hOma _yË`m© \$moS>Ê`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. VgoM gmVË`mZo [h¨Xÿda AÝ`m`,
AË`mMma H$aÊ`mV `oV hmoVm. Aem àH$maÀ`m AÝ`m`r Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm§Mr na§nam AgVmZmhr B~«m[h_Zo CXma d
g[hîUy YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. Ë`mZo gd© Y{_©`m§Zm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` [Xbo d gdmªZm g_mZVoZo dmJ{dbo. Ë`mZo [h¨XÿZm
àemgZmV _moR>çm à_mUmV ZmoH$è`m [Xë`m. {¼íMZ Y_©Jwé§Zm Ë`mZo Mm§Jbr dmJUyH$ [Xbr. Ë`m_wio Vmo Amnë`m
àOo_Ü`o bmoH${à` ~Zbm.
{e`m d gwÞr ^oX Zmhr :
B~«m[h_À`m amÁ`m_Ü`o {e`m d gwÞr n§Wr`m§Mr g§»`m _moR>r hmoVr. Ë`mZo {e`m n§W gmoSy>Z gwÞr n§W Mmby
Ho$bm hmoVm Ago Agbo Var {e`m d gwÞr `m§À`m~m~VrV Ë`mZo ^oX^md Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`mZo gdmªZm Amnmnë`m
nÜXVrZo Y_m©MaU H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr [Xbobr hmoVr.
101
[h¨Xÿ _§[Xao d gmYyg§Vm§Zm XoU½`m :
B~«m[h_ [h¨Xÿ g§ñH¥$VrZo ^mamdbobm hmoVm. Vmo g§JrVmMm em¡H$rZ d CËH¥$ð> JrV aMZmH$ma hmoVm. `mgmR>r
Vmo gañdVrMm ^º$ d JUnVrMm {eî` ~Zbm hmoVm. Ë`mZo {ed, B§Ð, JUnVr d gañdVr `m [h¨Xÿ XodXodVm§da
AZoH$ H$dZo aMbr AmhoV. Vr AË`§V Aà{V_ AmhoV. Ë`mZo AZoH$ [h¨Xÿ _§[Xao d gmYyg§VmZm XoU½`m [Xboë`m
hmoË`m. Vo [h¨XÿÀ`m nyOm{dYr_Ü`o _moR>`m ^{º$^mdmZo gh^mJr hmoV Ago.
H$Å>a _wpñb_m§À`m {damoYmbm Ow_mZbo Zmhr :
B~«m[h_ [h¨XÿÀ`m nyOmAMm©, AmMma{dMma `m§Mo nmbZ H$aV hmoVm. VgoM BVa Y{_©`m§er CXmaVoZo dmJV
hmoVo. ho Ë`mMo YmoaU H$Å>a _wpñb_m§Zm AmdS>bo Zmhr. _wpñb_ Y_m©Vrb _w„m, _m¡bdr, H$mPr `m§Zr B~«m[h_bm
H$Å>a {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr [h¨Xÿ XodXodVm§À`m nyOm{dYr ~§X H$aÊ`mMo AmXoe [Xbo. Voìhm gwbVmZmZo ñnï>nUo
gm§{JVbo H$s, "" _r _wgb_mZ Amho d amhUma Amho, n§aVw _wgb_mZ am[hë`m_wio _bm g§JrVmnmgyZ Xÿa Omdo
bmJUma Agbo Va _r _wgb_mZ Y_©hr gmoS>oZ Am{U [h§Xÿ Y_m©à_mUo AmMaU H$arZ. g§JrV gmYZm gañdVrÀ`m
nwOo{edm` hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr. Voìhm _r Vr gmoS>Uma Zmhr.'' `mdéZ Ago [XgyZ `oVo H$s, H$Å>a _wpñb_m§Zr [H$Vrhr
{damoY Ho$bm Var B~«m[h_ Amnbo CXma Ym{_©H$ YmoaU gmoS>bo Zmhr.
B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhmbm H$mimVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg :
B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm ñdV: CÎm_ Jm`H$ d JrVaMZmH$ma hmoVm. Vmo {dÚm d H$boMm MmhVm hmoVm. Ë`mZo
Amnë`m Xa~mam_Ü`o AZoH$ H$dr, n§[S>V, Jm`H$ d H$bmH$ma `m§Zm amOml` [Xbobm hmoVm. `m_wioM Ë`m§À`m
H$mimV gm[hË`, dmñVy, {eën, {MÌH$bm, g§JrV `m joÌm§Mm {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm. Ë`mMr _m[hVr nwT>rbà_mUo:
gm[hË` :
B~«m[h_ ñdV: {d×mZ AgyZ Ë`mZo Amnë`m Xa~mam_Ü`o AZoH$ gm[hpË`H$m§Zm amOml` [Xbobm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio
Ë`mÀ`m H$mimV gm[hË`m_Ü`o _moR>r dmT> Pmbr. \$magr gm[hË`mVrb gdm©V _moR>m H$dr Pwhwar hm B~«m[h_À`m
Xa~mamV hmoVm. Ë`mZo Vrg hOmamhÿZ A{YH$ H${dVm {b[hë`m AmhoV. _Ü``wJmVrb gwn«{gÜX B{VhmgH$ma \o$[aíVm
`mbm B~«m[h_Zo amOml` [Xbobm hmoVm. Ë`mZo gwbVmZmÀ`m {dZ§VrdéZ "JwbeZ-B-B~«m[h_r' `m B{VhmgJ«§WmMr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. B~«m[h_À`m H$mimVrb gbm_r ZmdmÀ`m boIH$mZo "_O~m-Cb-KamB©~m' ho d¡{eï>çnyU© nwñVH$
{b[hbo. AãXþb `m H$drZo "B~«m[h_Zm_m' ZmdmMo [XK© H$mì` {b[hbo. Ë`m_Ü`o B~«m[h_, Ë`mMm Xa~ma, amOYmZr
BË`mXtMr ñVwVr H$aUoV Ambobr Amho. B~«m[h_Zo ñdV: "Z§~agZm_m' ZmdmMm J«§W {b[hbm Amho.
{MÌH$bm :
B~«m[h_À`m H$mimV {MÌH$boMr ^a^amQ> KSy>Z Ambr. Ë`mZo Amnë`m Xa~mam_Ü`o BamUr, [h¨Xr
{MÌH$mam§à_mUoM `wamo{n`Z {MÌH$m§amZmhr amOml` [Xbobm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mH$mimVrb à_wI {MÌH$ma \$méI hþgoZ
d _yV©OmImZ ho BamUr hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVrb BamUr, [h¨Xr d `wamo{n`Z {MÌH$mam§À`m {MÌe¡brVyZ ZdrZ
X{jUr {MÌe¡br {dH$grV Pmbobr hmoVr. {dOmnya d Hw$_aJr `oWrb {^Îmr{MÌm_Ü`o Ioi, {eH$mar, Hw$ñVr,
102
g§JrV _¡{\$br `m§gma»`m {df`mdarb {MÌo H$mT>bobr [XgVmV. B~«m[h_À`m H$mimV H$mJX, H$mnS> d q^Vrda
eoH$S>mo {MÌo H$mT>br Jobr. `mVrb H$mhr {MÌo nwUo, _w§~B©, H$bH$Îmm, [X„r `m~amo~aM b§S>Z, BpãbZ, BñV§~yb
`m na[H$` eham§_Ü`o AmO CnbãY AmhoV. \$méH$ hþgoZ `m {MÌH$mamZo hÎmrda ~gboë`m gwbVmZmMo H$mT>bobo
{MÌ CnbãY Amho. gwbVmZmZo VwH$s©, BamUr d X{jUr nohamdmVrb {d{dY {MÌo H$mTy>Z KoVbobr hmoVr.
g§JrVmVrb {d{dY amJ `m§Mr d¡{eïço XmI{dUmar {MÌo H$mT>bobr hmoVr. `mgdm©§déZ VËH$mbrZ H$mimV
{MÌH$boMr [H$Vr àJVr Pmbobr hmoVr, `mMr _m{hVr {_iVo.
ñWmnË`H$bm :
B~«m[h_À`m H$mimV ñWmnË`H$boMrhr _moR>r àJVr Pmbr. B~«m[h_Zo gmV _§{Pb, [XbIwem _§{Pb, h¡Xar
~wéO, Am{U _{„H$mOhmZ _erX `mgma»`m AZoH$ àojUr` dmñVy Cä`m Ho$ë`m. Ë`mZo Amnbr amUr _{bH$mOhZm
[hÀ`mgmR>r _{bH$mOhmZ _erX hr g§wXa dmñVy ~m§Ybr. [XbIwem _hb hr Mma_Obr dmñVy hmoVr. gmV _§{Pb
hr B_maV AË`§V d¡{ímï>çnyU© AgyZ gmV _Obr hmoVr. {Vbm gmV IUr _hmb Agohr åhUV AgV. `m _hmbmÀ`m
q^Vr {d{dY {MÌm§Zr gwemo{^V H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m hmoË`m. A§X _erX d AmWa _hmb `m gw§Xa d àojUr`
dmñVyXoIrb B~«m[h_À`m H$mimV C^maë`m Joë`m. _ohVa _hmb ZmdmMr EH$ AmJirdoJir dmñVy Ë`mZo ~m§Ybr
hmoVr. B~«m[h_Zo nmÊ`mMr gmo` ìhmdr åhUyZ Amnë`m amUrÀ`m ZmdmZo "VmO~mdS>r' ZmdmMm Obme` ~m§Ybm
hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVrb C„oI{Z` H$m_ åhUOo "B~«m[h_ amoPm' hmo` amoPm åhUOo CÚmZ, Mmar ~mOy§Zr ^¸$_
VQ>~§Xr Agboë`m {demb OmJoV ho CÚmZ hmoVo. `m CÚmZm_Ü`o XmoZ B_maVr ~m§Yboë`m AmhoV. Ë`mÀ`m H$mimVrb
AmUIr EH$ C„oI{Z` dmñVy åhUOo ZiXþJ© [H$ëë`mVrb nmUr _hmb hmo`. `m_Ü`o Z`Zaå` nmÊ`mMo H$ma§Oo
nmhÊ`mgmaIo AmhoV. B~«m[h_Zo Amnë`m Xa~mam_Ü`o _{bH$ g§Xi, BVdmaImZ gma»`m dmñVyVkm§Zm amOl`
[Xbobm hmoVm.
{dOmnyabm {dÚmnya ~Zdbo:
B~«m[h_ hm {dÚmào_r gwbVmZ hmoVm. Amnbr amOYmZr hr kmZmMo Ho|$Ð ìhmdo. `oWo {dÚoMm {dH$mg ìhmdm, `m
CÔoemZo Ë`mZo B.g.1604 _Ü`o {dOmnyaMo Zm§d ~XbwZ {dÚmnya Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m àmoËgmhZm_wio AZoH$ {d×mZ,
H$dr, H$bmH$ma `m eham_Ü`o `oDZ am[hbo hmoVo. gd©Ì em§VVm d gwì`dñWm Agë`mZo gd© OmVrY_m©Mo bmoH$
JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo ahmV hmoVo.
Zdagnya ehamMr ñWmnZm :
B~«m[h_Zo Zdagnya (Zm¡agnya) ZmdmZo ZdrZ ehamMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Amnë`m H$mì`mVyZ Am{U JrVm§VyZ ZD
agm§Mm A{dîH$ma ìhmdm, Aer Ë`mMr ^mdZm hmoVr Am{U åhUyZM Ë`mZo `m ehamg Zdagnya ho Zmd [Xbo hmoVo.
`m eham_Ü`o Ë`mZo ^ì` Agm amOdmS>m ~m§Ybm hmoVm. VgoM àojUr` _hmb, g§JrV _hmb d AZoH$ bhmZ_moR>çm dmñVy `m eham_Ü`o ~m§Yboë`m hmoË`m. AënmdYrVM ho eha à{gÜX Pmbo hmoVo.
X[jU ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm Xþgam "OJXJwé' `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Amho. Vmo ~wb§X
ì`{º$_ËdmMm gwbVmZ hmoVm. `mZo Amnë`m AmMma {dMmamZo Iè`m AWm©Zo [h¨Xÿ _wgb_mZm§Mo gm_m{OH$ Am{U
103
VmpËdH$ EoŠ` KS>dyZ AmUbo. hm Iè`m AWm©Zo OJXJwé hmoVm. Vmo {dbmgr Agbm Var gwg§ñH¥$V, g‚mZ Am{U
göX`r Agm _mUyg hmoVm. {VVH$mM Vmo a{gH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo gmVË`mZo àOoÀ`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma H$éZ
amÁ`H$ma^ma Ho$bm. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m OZVo_Ü`o Vmo AË`§V bmoH${à` ~Zbobm hmoVm.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z H«$. 2
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmÀ`m d[S>bm§Mo Zm§d --------- hmoVo
A) Abr Am[Xbemhm
~) `wgy\$ Am[Xbemhm
H$) Vh_mñn
S>) hþgoZemhm
2) --------- `mZo H$m{_aImZmbm R>ma _mabo
A) _wñV\$mImZ
~) [XbmdaImZ H$) EIbmgImZ S>) [H$ídaImZ
3) B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMr ~[hU --------- [hMm {ddmh {ZOm_ehmÀ`m _wbm§er Pmbm.
A) I{XOm
~) Mm±X{~~r
H$) ZyaOhm±
S>) _w_VmO
4) B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMm ^mD$ ---------- Ë`mÀ`m{déÜX ~§S> Ho$bo hmoVo.
A) hþgoZ
~) Bñ_mB©b
H$) {_amZ
S>) _wV©Om
4.2.3 Mm±X{~~r : B.g.1547 Vo B.g.1599
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgmda Amnbm H$V©¥ËdmMm R>gm C_Q>dUmè`m H$V©~Jma {ó`m§_Ü`o Mm±X{~~rMo
Zmd Cƒ ñWmZmda Amho. {VZo Amnë`m H$V©¥ËdmZo {ZOm_emhr (_mhoa) Am{U Am[Xbemhr (gmga) H$ma^mamda
Amnbm à^md nmS>bobm hmoVm. Amnbo _mhoa Am{U gmgaMo Zmd C‚db H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ {VZo Ho$bo Amho. X{jU
^maVmVrb ~hm_Zr gÎmoMm eodQ> Pmë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì nmM emøm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. B.g.1490 _Ü`o Ah_X
{ZOm_emhmZo {ZOm_emhr ñWmnZm Ho$br. nwT>o `m KamÊ`mV hmoDZ Joboë`m gÎmm{Yem§Zr `m gÎmoMm {dñVma H$éZ
X{jUoV Zmdbm¡[H$H$ {_i{dbm. `m gÎmoÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ Vo èhmgmn`ªVÀ`m (1936) H$mimV `m KamÊ`mV
AZoH$ H$V©~Jma gwbVmZ hmoDZ Jobo. `m gdmª_Ü`o Mm±X{~~rMo ñWmZ daÀ`m XOm©Mo Amho. AmOhr ^maVmVrb
H$V©~Jma {ó`m§_Ü`o {VMo Zm§d _moR>çm Jm¡admZo KoVbo OmVo.
Mm±X{~~rÀ`m H$mimVrb gæ`X Abr V~mV~m Am{U \o$[aíVm `m B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {VÀ`m H$m`m©Mr àe§gm
Ho$bobr Amho. \o$[aíVmZmo "JwbeZ-B©-B~«m[h_r' `m J«§WmV {VÀ`m{df`r AË`§V Mm§Jbo {b[hbo Amho. H$Z©b
_oS>moO Q>oba `mZo {VÀ`mda " Zmo~b ¹$sZ' hr VrZ I§S>mMr H$mX§~ar {b[hbr Amho. E{ë\$ÝñQ>Z d A§Q>mo{Z`mo \«o$Pa
`m§Zrhr Amnë`m B{VhmgJ«§Wm_Ü`o {VÀ`m H$m`m©Mr Zm|X KoVbobr Amho. BVHo$M Zmhr Va {dOmnyar gwbVmZ
B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm Xþgam `mZo {VÀ`mda {b[hboë`m H${dVm OJà{gÜX AmhoV.
104
OÝ_, ~mbnU Am{U {ddmh :
hþgoZ {ZOm_emhmMr nËZr IwVOm [hÀ`mnmoQ>r B.g.1550 _Ü`o Mm±X{~~rMm OÝ_ Pmbm. Aer _m[hVr
H$mPr ehm~wÔrZ `mZo VmarI B.~.ehm~r `m J«§WmVyZ [Xbobr Amho. nU H$mhr B{VhmgH$maH$m§À`m _Vo {VÀ`m
OÝ_ B.g.1547 _Ü`o Pmbm Agmdm. bhmZnUr Vr Amnbm ~hþVm§e doi {eH$ma Am{U bîH$ar à{ejUm_Ü`o
KmbdV Ago. {Vbm gVmadmXZ, JrV Jm`Z VgoM {MÌH$boMr {deof AmdS> hmoVr. {VZo Aa~r, \$magr, VwH$s©,
_amR>r, H$ÞS> BË`mXr ^mfm AdJV Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. hþgoZ {ZOm_emhmZo Amnë`m H$Ý`oMm {ddmh Am[Xbemhr
gwbVmZ Abr `m§À`m~amo~a B.g.1562 _Ü`o KS>dyZ AmUbm hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va Vr {dOmnyabm Jobr.
{dOmnyaÀ`m àemgZmVrb H$m`© :
Mm±X{~~rZo Amnbm nVr Abr Am[Xbemhmbm amÁ`H$ma^mamV _XV H$am`bm gwadmV Ho$br. Am[Xbemhrbm
Ìmg XoUmè`m {d{dY Q>moù`m§er g§~§Y gwYmabo. _m§S>{bH$ amOm§da dMH$ {Z_m©U Ho$bm. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ {VZo Amnë`m
amÁ`m_Ü`o em§VVm {Z_m©U Ho$br. Vr OZH$ë`mUmÀ`m H$m_m_Ü`o CËgmhmZo gh^mJr hmoV Ago. Vr JmoaJ[a~m§Zm
_XV H$aV Ago. `m_wio {dOmnyaÀ`m OZVo_Ü`o Vr AË`§V bmoH${à` ~Zbr hmoVr.
Mm±X{~~rMm nVr Abr Am[Xbemhm `mMm B.g.1580 _Ü`o _¥Ë`y Pmbm. Mm±X{~~rbm _yb~mi Zgë`m_wio
{VMm nwVÊ`m B~«m[h_ `mbm JmXrda ~gdÊ`mV Ambo. Vmo Ho$di ZD$ dfm©Mm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m {ejU d g§JmonZmMr
O~m~Xmar Mm±X{~~rda hmoVr. hr O~m~Xmar {VZo H$m`©j_nUo gm§^mibr. amÁ`mMr gyÌo à{V{ZYr H$m{_bImZmH$S>o
hmoVr. Ë`mZo XS>nemhrMm dmna H$éZ amÁ`mMr gyÌo Amnë`m hmVr KoVbr d Vmo Mm±X{~~rbm XoIrb An_mZmñnX
dmJUyH$ XoD bmJbm. Ë`m_wio Vr g§Vá ~Zbr. {VZo H$m{_bImZmbm gÎmodéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r [H$ídaImZmbm
Odi Ho$bo. [H$ídaImZmZo H$m{g_ImZmMo AZwH$aU H$éZ A{Z`§{ÌVnUo amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Voìhm Mm±X{~~rZo _wñV\$mImZmbm nwT>o AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. [H$ídaImZmbm `mMr H$ënZm `oVmM Ë`mZo
_wñV\$mImZmbm R>ma _mabo. `m_wio Mm±X{~~r d [H$ídaImZ `m§À`mV {dVwîR> {Z_m©U Pmbo. [H$ídaImZmZo Mm±X{~~rda
{VMm ^mD _wV©Om {ZOm_ehmbm {dOmnyada AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm Ho$ë`mMm Amamon H$éZ H¡$X Ho$bo. {Vbm
AË`§V An_m{ZV H$éZ gmVmaÀ`m [H$ëë`mV S>m§~Ê`mV Ambo. amUrÀ`m An_mZm_wio gaXma BIbmgImZ d
gaXma _§S>ir g§Vá Pmbr Am{U Ë`m§Zr [H$ídaImZmbm gÎmodéZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm {ZíM` Ho$bm. ho g_OVmM
[H$ídaImZmZo Ah_XZJaH$S>o nbm`Z Ho$bo.
BIbmgImZ {dOmnyaMm à{V{ZYr ~ZVmM Ë`mZo Mm±X{~~rMr H¡$XoVyZ _wº$Vm H$éZ {Vbm amOYmZrV AmUbo.
`mdoir {dOmnya Xa~mamV h~er Am{U X»IZr `m§À`mV ^m§S>Uo gwé hmoVr. Ë`mMm \$m`Xm KoÊ`mgmR>r dèhmS>,
Ah_XZJa d JmodiH$m|S>çmÀ`m gwbVmZmZr {dOmnyada h„o gwé Ho$bo. `m H$[R>U àg§Jr Mm±X{~~rZo {dOmnyaÀ`m
g§ajUmMr Mm§Jbr ì`dñWm Ho$br. àM§S> nmD$g Am{U A§Yma AgVmZmhr {VZo Amnë`m Mm¡Š`m§Zm ^oQ>r XoD$Z
g¡Ý`mMo _ZmoY¡`© dmT>{dbo. eÌyg¡Ý` gmR> \y$Q>mMr VQ>~§Xr CÜdñV H$aÊ`mV `eñdr Pmbo. Mm±X{~~rZo Vm~S>Vmo~
H$mogibobr q^V C^r Ho$br ho H$m_ g§non`ªV Vr ñdV: hOa hmoVr. {VZo _amR>r g¡Ý`mMr _XV {_idbr.
{dOmnyaÀ`m [XbmdaImZmÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo eÌynjmMm nam^d Ho$bm. Ë`mZo amÁ`mMm dOra BH$bmgImZ `mbm H¡$X
105
H$éZ Ë`mMo S>moio H$mT>bo. Ë`mZo amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd ñdV:H$S>o KoVbo. AZoH$ gaXmam§Zm H¡$X Ho$bo, AZoH$m§Zm
R>ma _mabo, Ë`mZo B.g.1584 bm B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMr ~[hU I[XOm [hMm {ddmh _wV©Om {ZOm_emhmMm
_wbJm hþgoZ `mÀ`m~amo~a KS>dyZ AmUbm. I[XOm~amo~a {VMr MwbVr Mm±X{~~r ^mdmÀ`m ^oQ>rgmR>r Ah_XZJabm
{ZKyZ Jobr.
{ZOm_emhr dmM{dÊ`mMo à`ËZ :
Mm±X{~~rMr gdm©V _moR>r H$m_{Jar åhUOo _moJbr AmH«$_UmnmgyZ {ZOm_emhrMo Ho$bobo g§ajU hmo`.
B~«m[h_ {ZOm_emhrÀ`m H$ma[H$XuV Ah_XZJa Xa~mamV H$Q> H$mañWmZm§Zm D$V Ambobm hmoVm. Ë`mVM {dOmnyaer
Pmboë`m `wÜXmV {ZOm_ehm _mabm Jobm. Ë`mZ§Va {ZOm_emhr Xa~mamV Jm|Yi d AamOH$ {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`mVM
AH$~a ~mXehmÀ`m AmkodéZ amOnyÌ _wamXÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr _moJb g¡Ý` Ah_XZJada Mmby Ambo. Ë`m_wio
{ZOm_emhrg_moa _moR>o g§H$Q> C^o am[hbo. Ë`mdoir {ZOm_emhrVrb gaXmam§Zr nÌo nmR>dyZ Mm±X{~~rbm Ah_XZJaMo
g§ajU H$amdo, amÁ`H$ma^ma Amnë`m hmVr ¿`mdm Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$br. Aem H$R>rU àg§Jr Mm±X{~~rZo X{jUoV
`oÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.
{ZOm_emhr [XdmU {_`m _§OZw o Ah_X `mg ZJaÀ`m JmXrda ~gdbo hmoV.o Mm±X{~~rZo B~«m[h_ {ZOm_emhmMm
_wbJm ~hmXþa `mMr ~mOy KoVbr. Ë`mbm JmXrda ~gdÊ`mgmR>r d _moJbmnmgyZ {ZOm_emhrMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mÀ`m
H$m_mg Mm±X{~~r bmJbr. BIbmgImZ, Zoh§JImZ d {_`m_§Oy ho gd©OU {ZOm_emhrMr gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`©aV hmoVo. Amnë`m g§~§YrV ì`º$sbm JmXrda AmUÊ`mgmR>r Vo à`ËZerb hmoVo. Zoh§JImZmZo _moJb g¡Ý`mMr
\$ir \$moSy>Z [H$ëë`m_Ü`o àdoe Ho$bm Am{U Vmo amUrg `oDZ {_imbm. amOnyÌ _wamXZo Ah_XZJaÀ`m [H$ëë`mbm
doT>m [Xbobm hmoVm. [Xdg|[Xdg doT>m A{YH$ H$S>H$ hmoV hmoVm. `màg§Jr Am[Xbehm d Hw$Vy~ehm `m§Mr _XV
{_idÊ`mgmR>r {_`m_§Ow {VH$S>o admZm Pmbm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m~amo~a gwbVmZ Ah_X `mbm KoVbo hmoVo. Á`mjUr
{_`m_§Ow d Ah_X `m§Zr [H$„m gmoS>bm. Ë`m jUmnmgyZ Mm±X{~~rZo [H$ëë`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr gyÌo Amnë`m hmVr
KoVbr. {VZo amOnyÌ ~hmÔwabm "{ZOm_emhm' åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. {VZo Xa~mamVrb gd© _Zg~Xmam§Zm {deofV:
X»IZr Am{U hder `m§Zm EH$Ì AmUbo. VrZo h~etMo à_wI ZoVo _wOm[hX²>XrZ g_eoXImZ A\$PbImZ ~mo[aer
d _whå_X O_mZ VgoM X{jUr _wgb_mZ ZoVm _whå_XImZ `m gdmªZm Amnë`m ~mOybm di{dbo. _whå_XImZmH$S>o
_w»` àYmZ nX XoDZ Ë`mÀ`mda [H$ëë`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar gmondbr. ehamVrb àOoÀ`m g§ajUmMr
O~m~Xmar g_eoaImZmH$S>o XoÊ`mV Ambr. {VZo Amnë`m g¡Ý`m_Ü`o Zdm Omoe d CËgmh {Z_m©U Ho$bm.
_moJb g¡Ý`mZo Ah_XZJaÀ`m [H$ëë`mbm Mmar ~mOy§Zr doT>m [Xbobm hmoVm. amOnyÌ _wamX ñdV: doT>m bT>dV
hmoVm. Mm±X{~~rZo [H$ëë`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr Oæ`V V`mar Ho$br hmoVr. Vr am̧[Xdg [H$ëë`mÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r PQ>V
hmoVr. `mMdoir Am[Xbemhr d Hw$Vw~emhr \$m¡Om amUrÀ`m _XVrgmR>r `oV hmoË`m. ho nmhVmM amOnyÌ _wamXZo
[H$ëë`mMr VQ>~§Xr CÜdñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghm gwé§J ImoXbo. `m gwé§JmMm ñ\$moQ> Pmë`mZ§Va T>mgiboë`m VQ>mVyZ
Amnbo g¡Ý` [H$ëë`mV Kwgdmdo Aer `moOZm AmIbr. Voìhm Mm±X{~~rZo Amnë`m g¡Ý`mbm ho gwé§J Zï> H$aÊ`mMo
AmXoe [Xbo d Vr ñdV: Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a H$m_ H$é bmJbr. XmoZ gwé§J Zï> H$aÊ`mV g¡Ý` `eñdr Pmbo. nU
{Vgè`m gwé§JmMm ñ\$moQ> Pmbm. VQ>mMr EH$ ~mOy CÜdñV Pmbr. AZoH$ g¡{ZH$ R>ma Pmbo. ho nmhÿZ A{YH$mè`m§Zr
106
nbm`Z H$am`bm gwédmV Ho$br d amUrbmhr nbm`Z H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. Voìhm amUrZo A§Jmda {MbIV MT>dbo.
Mohè`mda ~waIm Q>mH$bm Am{U hmVmV Z§Jr Vbmda KoDZ Vr OoWo qIS>ma nS>bo Amho {VWo YmdV Jobr. amUrMo
YmS>g nmhÿZ niUmao g¡{ZH$ _mKmar {\$abo d ËdofmZo bTy> bmJbo. _moJb g¡Ý`mZo VQ>mbm nmS>boë`m qIS>mamda
Vmo\$m S>mJë`m, Ë`mV [H$ëë`mMr VQ>~§Xr T>mgibr. Mm±X{~~r VQ>mÀ`m Vm|S>mer C^o amhÿZ _moJb g¡Ý`mbm H$mnyZ
H$mTy bmJbr. amUrZo VQ>mMr {^§V ~m§YÊ`mMo AmXoe [Xbo. Hw$eb H$mam{Jam§Zr WmoS>çmM H$mimV q^V ~m§YyZ
H$mTy>Z _moJbm§Mm añVm ~§X Ho$bm. _moJb g¡Ý` nwÝhmnwÝhm [H$ëë`mda MmbyZ OmV hmoVo. na§Vw {VVŠ`mM doim
{ZOm_emhr g¡Ý`mZo ~§XþH$m d Vmo\$m `m§Mm ^S>r_ma H$éZ _moJbr h„o naVdyZ bmdbo. [H$ëë`m ^modVmbMm I§XH$
_moJb g¡{ZH$m§À`m àoVm§Zr ^éZ Jobm hmoVm. amUr Mm±X{~~r d {VÀ`m g¡Ý`mZo _moR>çm em¡`m©Zo Ë`mMo gd© h„o
naVdyZ bmdbo. _moJb g¡Ý`mnwT>o Amnbm [Q>H$md bmJUma Zmhr, ho AmoiIyZ amUrZo {dOmnyaH$S>o _XV _m{JVbr.
Ë`mà_mUo {dOmnyar gaXma gmohobImZ Amnbo g¡Ý` KoDZ Ah_XZJaH$S>o {ZKmbm. hr ~mV_r _moJbm§Zm g_Obr.
Ë`mVM [H$„m KoÊ`mV An`e Amë`m_wio _moJb g¡Ý` {Zame ~Zbo hmoVo. Voìhm amOnyÌ _wamXZo amUr~amo~a VhmMr
~mobUr gwé Ho$br. 14 _mM© 1596 amoOr Vh Pmbm. Ë`mZwgma _wKbm§Zr ~hmXÿaemhmbm gwbVmZ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm
[Xbr, {ZOm_emhrVrb "dèhmS>' àm§V _wKb§mZm XoÊ`mV Ambm. amOnyÌ _wamX hm Mm±X{~~rMo Agm_mÝ` em¡`© d
{dbjU Y¡`© nmhÿZ WŠH$ Pmbm. Ë`mZo Amnbo gaXma {VÀ`mH$S>o nmR>dyZ {Vbm "Mm±X gwbVmZm' Agm [H$Vm~
[Xbm. Ë`mZ§Va _moJb g¡Ý` Ah_XZJaMm doT>m CR>dyZ dèhmS>H$S>o {ZKyZ Jobo.
{ZOm_emhr dmM{dÊ`mMo AIoaMo à`ËZ :
_moJbr g¡Ý`mÀ`m énmZo amÁ`mda EdT>o _moR>o g§H$Q> Ambo AgyZ gwÜXm {ZOm_emhr gaXma AmnmngmV
^m§S>VM hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Jßn H$aÊ`mgmR>r d amÁ`H$ma^ma gwairV MmbÊ`mgmR>r Mm§X{~~rZo Amnbm nwVÊ`m
B~«m[h_ Am[XbehmH$S>o _XV _m{JVbr. {_`m _§Oy `mMr g_OyV KmbyZ Ë`mbm {dOmnyabm nmR>dbo. BIbmgImZmer
g_PmoVm KS>dyZ Ambm. _whå_XImZ `mMr dOra åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. na§Vw Ë`mZo gd© H$ma^ma
~iH$m{dbm. Ë`m_wio Mm±X{~~rZo B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMr _XV _m{JVbr. Ë`mà_mUo gmohobImZ Amnbo g¡Ý`
KoDZ Ambm d Ë`mZo Ah_XZJa [H$ëë`mbm doT>m [Xbm. Voìhm dOra _hå_XImZmZo _moJb A{YH$mar ImZ-BImZmZ `mg ZJada nwÝhm h„m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mobm{dbo. Voìhm gd© gaXmam§Zr {_iyZ _hå_XImZmg nH$Sw>Z amUrÀ`m
ñdmYrZ Ho$bo. _moJbm§À`m {déÜX bT>Ê`mgmR>r Mm±X{~~rZo _moR>r \$m¡O C^r Ho$br d Am[Xbemhm Am{U Hw$Vw~emhmH$S>o
_XV _m{JVbr.
Am[XbemhmZo gmohobImZ ZmdmMm goZmnVr d Hw$Vw~emhmZo _hå_XHw$br gwbVmZ `mÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr g¡Ý`
admZm Ho$bo. C^`Vm§_Ü`o JmoXmdar {Var gmoZnV `oWo KZKmoa bT>mB© Pmbr. (16 OmZodmar, 1597) `m bT>mB©_Ü`o
Am[Xbemhr gaXma gmohobImZ `mZo _moR>m namH«$_ JmO{dbm. amUr Mm±X{~~rZo {ZOm_emhr dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r
AIoaMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. nU `m `wÜXmV {_Ì g¡Ý`mMm nam^d Pmbm. _moJb g¡Ý` {dO`r Pmbo.
Mm±X{~~rMm eodQ> :
nam^dmZ§Va Xo{Ib Am[Xbemhm Am{U Hw$Vw~emhm `m§Zr Mm±X{~~rg gd©Vmonar _XV Ho$br. AmVm _moJbr
107
AmH«$_UmMm X~m~ dmTV Mmbbm hmoVm. Ë`mMdoir Mm±X{~~r Am{U Zoh§JImZ `m§À`mVrb _V^oX Vrd« Pmbo
hmoVo. `mMm \$m`Xm _moJbm§Zr KoVbm. Ë`m§Zr {ZOm_emhrVrb _hËdmMo [H$„o bmohJS> Am{U {̧~H$ qOHy$Z
KoVbo. `mdoir amOnwÌ _wamX Am{U ImZ ImZmV `m§À`m _V^oX {Z_m©U Pmbo hmoVo. Voìhm ImZ ImZmZ `mbm
AH$~amZo CÎmaoV ~mobmdyZ KoVbo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m OmJr AZwb \$Pb `mbm X{jUoV nmR>dbo. Ë`mZo _moJbr g§Kf©
Vrd« Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`mMdoir ~§S>Imoa Zoh§JImZmZo Ah_XZJada h„m H$éZ [H$„m {O§H$Ê`mMm A`eñdr à`ËZ
Ho$bm. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV amOnwÌ _wamXMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m OmJr amOnyÌ Xm{Z`bMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. ñdV: AH$~a ~mXehm dèhmUnyabm Ambm. amOnwÌ Xm{Z`b d _moJb g¡Ý`mZo Ah_XZJada OmoaXma
h„m Ho$bm. Zoh§JImZmZo OwÞaH$S>o nbm`Z Ho$bo. Xm{Z`bZo [H$ëë`mda Vmo\$m§Mm _mam gwé Ho$bm hmoVm. _moJbm§Mo
gwé§J bmdÊ`mMo H$m_ gwé hmoVo. Mm±X{~~rÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr \$ma _moR>r qMVoMr ~m~ hmoVr. `mdoir _moJb g¡Ý` nwU©
V`mar{Zer `wÜXmg CVabo hmoVo. AZoH$ _[hZo MmbUmè`m _moJbr doT>çmnwT>o Amnbo \$mago MmbUma Zmhr d
_Zwî`hmZr ~arM hmoB©b, Agm {dMma H$éZ {VZo Ah_XZJaMm [H$„m _moJbmÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo.
na§Vw hr ~mV_r ~mhoa nS>br Am{U `m H¥$Ë`mbm {damoY AgUmè`m {dídmgKmVH$s h_rXImZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m
ghH$mè`m§Zr amUrÀ`m _hmbmda h„m Ho$bm Am{U 13 Owb¡ 1660 amoOr {VMm IyZ Ho$bm. _moJb g¡Ý`mZo
[H$ëë`mbm qIS>ma nmSy>Z Ah_XZJaMm [H$„m Vmã`mV KoVbm. gwbVmZ ~hmXÿa {ZOm_emhmbm H¡$X H$éZ
½dmëhoaÀ`m [H$ëë`mV nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo. `m `wÜXmV Mm±X{~~rMm ~ir OmdyZ XoIrb {ZOm_emhrMm {dZme
Q>iy eH$bm Zmhr.
Mm±X{~~rÀ`m _wË`y{df`r {d{dY _Vàdmh [XgyZ `oVmV. _moJb B{VhmgH$ma H$m\$sImZ `mZo Mm±X{~~rZo
{d[har_Ü`o CS>r Q>mHy$Z Ord [Xbm Aer _m[hVr [Xbr Amho. H$mPr ehm~wX²>XrZ `mÀ`m_Vo Mm±X{~~r d {VÀ`m
_¡{ÌUtZr "_Ybr ~mdS>r' ZmdmÀ`m {d[har_Ü`o Ord [Xbm. Aem àH$mao X{jU ^maVmVrb EH$ namH«$_r órMm
eodQ> KSy>Z Ambm.
Mm±X{~~rMr `mo½`Vm :
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o EH$ namH«$_r d eya `moÜXm åhUyZ Mm±X{~~rMo Zmd AJ«H«$_mZo KoVbo
OmVo. {VÀ`mH$S>rb YmS>g, em¡`© d namH«$_ d Ë`mJ `mbm B{Vhmgm_Ü`o VmoS> Zmhr. Vr AË`§V éndmZ d gw§Xa
hmoVr. EoZ VméÊ`mV {VÀ`m nVrMo {ZYZ hmoD$Zhr {VZo Amnbo dV©Z eodQ>n`ªV {Z_©i R>odbo. {dOmnya Am{U
{ZOm_emhr àemgZmÀ`m H$m`m©da {VZo Amnë`m H$V¥Ë© dmMm R>gm C_Q>{dbobm Amho. {VZo {ZOm_emhr dmMdÊ`mgmR>r
_moJbm§er [Xbobm bT>m A^yVnyd© Agm Amho. {VMm namH«$_ Am{U em¡`© nmhÿZM amOnyÌ _wamX `mZo {Vbm "Mm±X
gwbVmZm' [H$Vm~ XoDZ {VMm Jm¡ad Ho$bm. AZoH$ Xoer Am{U {dXoer B{VhmgH$mam§Zr {VÀ`m~Ôb Jm¡admoX²Jma
H$mT>bobo Amho.
B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmZo {VÀ`mda H${dVm {bhÿZ Amnbr MwbVr \$ma XoIUr hmoVr, Ë`mM~amo~a {VMo
aU^y_rdarb em¡`©, àOo{df`rMm H$idim Am{U B~«m[h_À`m ~mbnUmV Ë`mbm [Xbobo _mVoMo ào_ `m{df`r
_m[hVr [Xbobr Amho.
108
AëVm\$ hþgoZ AgmX `m§Zr {b[hbo Amho H$r, "Mm±X{~~r hr Ah_XZJaMr AqOŠ` ór hmoVr. Ë`mH$mir
{ó`m§Zm H$mhrM _hËd ZgVmZm Mm±X{~~rZo Oo em¡`© XmI{dbo Vo [h¨XþñWmZmVM Zìho Va gd© OJm_Ü`o Abm¡[H$H$
CXmhaU Amho.'
H$Z©b _oS>moO Q>oba `mZo Mm±X{~~rda "Zmo~ob ¹$rZ' hr H$mX§~ar {bhÿZ {VMr VwbZm B§½bS>Mr amUr
E{bPm~oW [hÀ`mer Ho$bobr Amho. Vmo åhUVmo,' Vr ñdV: gmYr, àm_m{UH$, X`miy d Ym{_©H$ AgyZ
[h¨XþñWmZm_Yrb {ó`m§_Ü`o EH$ _m¡ë`dmZ d {ZXm}f AZ_mob aËZ åhUyZ COiV Amho.' _mD§Q> ñQw>AQ>© Epë\$ÝñQ>Z
`mZohr Amnë`m "[hñQ´>r Am°\$ B§{S>`m' J«§WmV, "Mm±X{~~r' hr [h¨XþñWmZ_Yrb {ó`m§_Ü`o _moR>m Zmdbm¡[H$H$
{_idbobr ór Amho Ago Jm¡admoX²Jma H$mT>bo AmhoV.
A§Q>mo{Z`mo \«o$Pa `mZo, "Mm±X{~~rZo gd© \$m¡O d OZVm Amnë`mH$S>o didyZ Amnë`m amÁ`mMo g§ajU Ho$bo.
B{Vhmgm_Ü`o nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo Amnbo H$V©¥Ëd {gÜX Ho$bo.' Ago {b[hbo Amho. à{gÜX B{VhmgH$ma \o$[aíVm
`mZo "JwbeZ-B-B~«m[h_r' `m J«§WmV Mm±X{~~r{df`r A{Ve` Mm§Jbo {b[hbo Amho. Aem àH$mao AZoH$
B{VhmgH$mam§Zr Mm±X{~~rÀ`m H$m`m©Mr Vm|S> ^éZ ñVwVr Ho$br Amho.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z H«.3
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) {ZOm_emhr gwbVmZ --------`mMr Mm±X{~~r hr H$Ý`m hmoVr.
A) _wV©Om
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2) [H$ídaImZmZo Mm±X{~~rÀ`m {damoYmV H$mañWmZ H$éZ {Vbm ------[H$ëë`mV H¡$XoV R>odbo.
A) OwÝÝma
~) Ah_XZJa
H$) gmVmam
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3) dOra {_`m _§OwZo -------- `mbm {ZOm_emhm ~Z{dbo.
A) ~hmÔwa
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H$) Ah_X
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A) H$Z©b _oS>moO Q>oba
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4.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ H«§$.1
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2) B.g.1529
3) OJÝ_mo[hZr
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1) A{b Am[Xbemhm 2) [H$ídaImZ 3) I[XOm 4) Bñ_mB©b
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5) ì`mgam`
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ H«§$.3
1) hþgoZ 2) gmVmam 3) Ah_X 4) H$Z©b _oS>moO Q>oba
4.4 gmam§e :
Voamì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg Bñbm_ gÎmoZo X{jUoV àdoe Ho$bm. X{jUoVrb Ë`m§À`m ñdmè`m dmT>V OmD$Z
`oWrb [h¨Xÿ gÎmm Zï> Pmë`m. nwT>rb H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m EH$_od {dO`ZJa gÎmoZo [h¨Xÿ g§ñH¥$VrdMm èhmg
WmondyZ Yabm. `m amÁ`mV hmoDZ Joboë`m amOm H¥$îUXodam` `mZo `m amÁ`mMo gm_«mÁ`mV énm§Va Ho$bo.
H¥$îUXodam` {dO`ZJa amÁ`mVrb gd©loð> d C„oI{Z` amOm åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. Ë`mZo ~hm_Zr g¡Ý`mMm
nam^d H$éZ {dO`ZJabm _moR>m Zmdbm¡[H$H$ {_idyZ [Xbm. Vmo ñdV: {d×mZ AgyZ Ë`mZo {dÚm d H$bm `m§Zm
àmoËgmhZ [Xbo. Ë`m_wio {dO`ZJaMm _moR>çm à_mUmV gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm.
Am[XbemhrVrb gdm©V H$V©~Jma d bmoH${à` gwbVmZ åhUyZ B~«m[h_ Am[Xbemhm Xþgam `mMo Zmd KoVbo
OmVo. Ë`mZo Aënd`mV Amnë`mda nS>bobr gwbVmZnXmMr O~m~Xmar `eñdrnUo nma nmS>br. A§VJ©V Am{U
~mh` eÌynmgyZ Amnë`m amÁ`mMo g§ajU Ho$bo. Ë`mZo g[hîUy Ym{_©H$ YmoaUm§Mm Adb§~ H$éZ gd© Y{_©`m§Zm
Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` [Xbo. `m_wio Vmo Amnë`m OZVo_Ü`o AË`§V bmoH${à` ~Zbm. Ë`mZo gm[hË`, dmñVyH$bm,
{MÌH$bm, g§JrV `mgma»`m H$bm§Zm àmoËgmhZ [Xë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr àJVr Pmbr.
_Ü``wJrZo ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgmda Amnë`m H$V©¥ËdmMm R>gm C_R>{dUmè`m H$V©~Jma {ó`m§_Ü`o Mm±X{~~rMo
Zm§d Cƒ ñWmZmda Amho. {VZo Amnë`m H$V©¥ËdmZo {ZOm_emhr Am{U Am[Xbemhr H$ma^mamda Amnbm à^md
nmS>bobm hmoVm. Amnbo _mhoa Am{U gmgaMo Zm§d C‚db H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ {VZo Ho$bo Amho. {VZo {ZOm_emhr
dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r _moJb gÎmoer [Xbobm bT>m A^yVnyd© Agm hmoVm. {VMo aU^y_rdarb em¡`©-namH«$_ àOo{df`rMr
H$iH$i `m_yio Mm±X{~~r Amnë`m OZV_Ü`o AË`§V bmoH${à` ~Zbr. em¡`©, Y¡`©, CXmaVm, àg§JmdYmZ d
H$m`©j_Vm `m JwUm§Zr {VZo B{Vhmg KS>dbm.
[Q>nm {bhm A) amOm H¥$îUXodam`
~) amOm H¥$îUXodam` d Amo[agm `wÜX
H$) amOm H¥$îUXodam`mMr `mo½`Vm
S>) B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMo A§VJ©V H$m`©
B>) Mm±X{~~rMo {dOmnyaÀ`em àemgZmVrb H$m`©
[XKm}Îmar àíZ A) H¥$îUXodam`mZo gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamgmR>r H$mT>boë`m _mo[h_m§Mr _m[hVr ŸÚm.
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~) H¥$îUXodam`H$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJVrMm AmT>mdm Úm.
H$) B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmMm Ym{_©H$ YmoaUmMr MMm© H$am.
S>) B~«m[h_ Am[XbemhmÀ`m H$mimVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ àJVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
B) Mm±X{~~rZo _moJbm§er `wÜX H$éZ {ZOm_emhrMo H$em àH$mao g§ajU Ho$bo `mMr g{dñVa MMm© H$am.
4.5 g§X^© J§«W :
1) g§nmXH$ X. n. H$a_aH$a d àmo. am. {d. AmoVyaH$a : {dO`ZJa ñ_maH$ J«§W àH$meH$ ^maV B{Vhmg
g§emoYH$ _§S>i, nwUo 1936-37
2) AZw. ^. J. Hw§$Q>o _yi boIH$ \o$[aíVm : JwbeZo B~«m[h_r,
_hmamï´> amÁ` gm[hb g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B© 1982
3) àm. J. h. Iao : _Ü``wJrZ _hmamîQ´>mMm B{Vhmg, _hmamï´> amÁ` gm[hË` g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B© 2001
4) S>m°. e. Jmo. H$mobmaH$a : _Ü``wJrZ ^maV,
lr. _§Joe àH$me, ZmJnya - 1994
5) ~maJi d T>dio : _Ü`H$mbrZ ^maV, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1987
yyy
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