Paper IX (A) Rural Sociology (Marathi Version)

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : g_mOemñÌ nona-9 (A)
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ
(Rural Sociology)
go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
KQ>H$ : 1
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgjoÌ
(Field of Rural Sociology)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 C{ÔîQ>o
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m d Aä`mg {df`
1.3.2 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n
1.3.3 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` d {dH$mg
1.3.4 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd
1.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
1.5 gmam§e
1.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CÎmao
1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>
1.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
1.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction)
g_mOemñÌ ho A{cH$S>rc H$mimV åhUOo 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©À`m eodQ>À`m Q>ßß`mV
CX`mg Amcoco gm_m{OH$ emñÌ Amho. _mZd g_mOmMm g_J« d nÕVera Aä`mg g_mOemñÌ
H$aVo. A{Ic _mZd g_mOmMo J«m_rU d ZmJa Ago XmoZ {d^mJ nS>VmV. `m XmoÝhr {d^mJm§Mm
nañnag§~§Y òV Agcm Var Ë`m§À`mV {^ÝZVm Amho. {edm` Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`mhr {^ÝZ AmhoV. åhUyZ
`m XmoÝhr {d^mJm§Mo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mg H$aUo `mo½` R>aoc Ago
g_mOemñÌkm§Zm dmQy> cmJco. Ë`mVyZM J«m_rU {d^mJmMm åhUOoM g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao Vo
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ d ZmJa {d^mJmMm åhUOo g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao Vo ZmJa g_mOemñÌ Aem
XmoZ emIm CX`mg Amë`m AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ `m emIoMm g{dñVa Aä`g AmnU
`m nwñVH$mV H$aUma AmhmoV.
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1.2 C{ÔîQ>o (Objectives)
`m AÜ``Z KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m H$aVm òB©c.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` d ì`mßVr gm§JVm òB©c.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd {deX H$aVm òB©c.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrc nÕVr d V§Ìo dm gmYZo ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter)
`m AÜ``Z KQ>H$mV Vwåhr J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgjoÌ g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
Ë`mÑîQ>rZo `m KQ>H$mMo nmM {d^mJ nmS>Ê`mV Amcoco AmhoV. n{hë`m {d^mJmV Vwåhr J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m H$m§hr ì`m»`m Aä`mgUma AmhmV. Xwgè`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm
Aä`mg{df` d ì`mßVr g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. {Vgè`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n
H$go Amho ho nmhUma AmhmV. Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd g_OmdyZ KoUma
AmhmV. Va eodQ>À`m nmMì`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m Aä`mgnÕVr d
V§Ìo qH$dm gmYZo Aä`mgUma AmhmV.
1.3.1 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m d Aä`mg {df`
`m {R>H$mUr AmnU gd©àW_ J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m H$m§hr _mÝ`da J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Zr
Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m {dMmamV KoUma AmhmoV.
1. àm. {OcoQ> : J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrc n[apñWVtMm d àd¥ÎmtMm emoY KoD$Z J«m_rU àJVrMr VÎdo
àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m g_wXm`m§Mm nÕVera Aä`mg H$aUmar g_mOemñÌmMr emIm åhUOo
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ hmo`.
2. Q>r. Ec. pñ_W : J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ {ZînÝZ Pmcoë`m g_mOemñÌr`
KQ>Zm Am{U VÎdo `m§Zm J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ Ago åhUVm òB©c.
3. ~Q´>mªS> Am{U BVa : ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU n`m©daUmVrc _mZdr
g§~§YmMm Aä`mg Amho.
4. S>r. g±S>agZ : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU n`m©daUmVrc OrdZmMo g_mOemñÌ Amho.
5. E\$. Eg. M°nrZ : J«m_rU cmoH$g§»`m, J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z d J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m
`m§Mm Aä`mg åhUOo J«m_rU OrdZmMo g_mOemñÌ hmo`.
6. S>m°. E. Ama. XogmB© : J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo emñÌ åhUOo J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌ hmo`.
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7. àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio : J«m_rU g_mOmMm åhUOoM J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mm d Ë`m
g§~§YmVyZ CX²^dUmè`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m Aä`mgmÀ`m
AmYmao J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Umè`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emIog J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌ Ago åhUVmV.
darc ì`m»`m§dê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ hr g_mOemñÌmMr EH$ emIm Amho.
`m emIoV J«m_rU g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ g§~Y§ m§Mm, gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm, gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm d
g_ñ`m§Mm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo Am{U `m Aä`mgmÀ`m AmYmao J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m
àJVrMo qH$dm {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ qH$dm VÎdo emoYyZ H$mT>cr OmVmV.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` (Subject Matter of Rural Sociology)
darc ì`m»`mdê$Z ho cjmV òVo H$s J«m_rU g_mO hm J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df`
Amho. J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ, Ë`m§Mo nañnag§~Y§ , Ë`m§À`m g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, g_yh VgoM gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m BË`mXtMm emñÌr`ÑîQ>çm Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYyZ
H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m`© J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ H$aVo. `m emñÌmMm Aä`mg{df`H$ Zo_H$m H$m` Amho ho
g_OÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hr _mÝ`da g_mOemñÌkm§Mr `mg§X^m©Vrc _Vo AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
1. cm°ar ZoëgZ `m§À`m _Vo J«m_rU n`m©daUmVrc {d{dY g_yhm§Mo dU©Z d {dícofU H$aUo
hm J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Amho.
2. Q>r. Ec. pñ_W `m§À`m _Vo "J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo hm J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Amho.
3. E. Ec. ~Q´>mªS> `m§À`m _Vo "J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm' hm `m emñÌmMm Aä`mg{df`
Amho.
4. E. S>ãcy. hoO `m§À`m _Vo J«m_rU g_mOmer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m
""gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm'' hm J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df` Amho.
5. àm. Q>m`ca `m§À`m _Vo J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~Y§ , J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ, J«m_rU
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, J«m_rU OrdZmVrc {d{dY g_ñ`m BË`mXr ~m~tMm g_mdoe `m emñÌmÀ`m
Aä`mg {df`mV hmoVmo.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌm§À`m darc _Vm§À`m AmYmao J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg {df`mV
qH$dm ì`mßVrV nwT>rc ~m~tMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.
1. J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm Aä`mg : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU g_wXm`m§Mm åhUOoM
IoS>çm§Mm gdmª{JU d nÕVera Aä`mg H$aVo. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AW©, d¡{eîQ>ço, J«m_rU
g_wXm`mV hmoUmao ~Xc, J«m_rU g_wXm`m§Mr aMZm, J«m_rU g_wXm`m§Mo åhUOo IoS>çm§Mo {d{dY àH$ma
BË`mXtMm Aä`mg `m emñÌmV hmoVmo.
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2. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmV J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ BË`mXr gd© A§Jm§Mm qH$dm n¡cy§Mm
g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. g±S>agZ åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo `m emñÌmV J«m_rU cmoH$g§»`m,
n`m©daU, J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ, ì`dgm`, Am{W©H$ pñWVr BË`mXtMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.
3. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg : ~Q´>mªS> åhUVmV H$s J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmV J«m_rU
gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm åhUOoM J«m_rU ^mJmVrc gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, g_yh, gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU
ì`dñWm BË`mXtMm Aä`mg hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU {ddmhg§ñWm, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm,
{ejUg§ñWm, Y_©g§ñWm B. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mm, AmßVg§~§Yr g_yh, ì`mdgm{`H$ g_yh B.
gm_m{OH$ g_yhm§Mm, Om{Vì`dñWm d dJ©ì`dñWm `mgma»`m gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU ì`dñWoMm Am{U
amOH$s` g§ñWm (ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm) d Ym{_©H$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ `§ÌUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo.
4. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg : J«m_rU g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVr-ì`ŠVr, ì`ŠVrg_yh Am{U g_yh-g_yh `m§À`mV KS>Umè`m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mghr `m emñÌmV Ho$cm
OmVmo. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo J«m_rU g_mOmVrc ghH$m`©, ñnYm©, g§Kf© BË`mXr à{H«$`m§Mm D$hmnmoh ho emñÌ
H$aVo.
5. J«m_rU Am{W©H$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg : eoVr hm J«m_rU g_mOmMm _w»` ì`dgm` Amho.
VoWrc BVa ì`dgm`hr àË`j - AàË`jnUo eoVrdaM Adc§~yZ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU
AW©ì`dñWm hr eoVràYmZ Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmV O{_Zrcm Iyn _hÎd Amho. åhUyZ
J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y ho O{_Z{df`H$ g§~Y§ mda AmYmacoco AmhoV. J«m_rU g_mOì`dñWmhr
eoVr ì`dgm`mer {ZJS>rV Amho. J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo AmMma{dMma, lÕm_yëò, gUg_ma§^,
BÀN>mAmH$m§jm, OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ d OrdZnÕVr BË`mXrdahr eoVrì`dgm`mMm _moR>m à^md
nS>cocm Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU Am{W©H$
OrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. åhUyZ eoVr ì`dgm`mMr pñWVr, Ë`m ì`dgm`mVrc
g_ñ`m, eoVH$ar, Hw$io, eoV_Oya `m§Mo nañnag§~Y§ , J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ BË`mXr Am{W©H$
~m~tMm Aä`mg ho emñÌ H$aVo.
6. J«m_rU Y_m©Mm Aä`mg : ~hþg§»` J«m_rU cmoH$ AS>mUr, {Zaja, A§YlÕ, Xod^moio d
éT>r{à` AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mda Y_m©Mm _moR>m nJS>m Amho. Ym{_©H$ {dYr d H$_©H$m§S> Vo _moR>çm
lÕoZo nma nmS>VmV. J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y, X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma, gUg_ma§^, AmXe© d _yëò,
_Zmoa§OZmMo àH$ma BË`mXrda Y_m©Mm {dcjU à^md nS>cocm Amho. J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mr OrdZnÕVr d
dV©Z ho Y_m©Ûmao {Z`§{ÌV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m
Y_©lÕm, Y_m©MaU, H$_©H$m§S>, Ym{_©H$ ñWio (Xodmc`, VrW©ñWio B.) J«m_rU Y_© d BVa
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m§À`mVrc nañnag§~§Y BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg `m emñÌmV Ho$cm OmVmo.
7. J«m_rU d ZmJa g_mOmVrc {^ÝZVoMm Aä`mg : A{Ic _mZd g_mOmMo J«m_rU d ZmJa
g_mO Ago XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. `m XmoÝhr g_mOmV n`m©daU, AmH$ma_mZ, cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm,
ì`dgm`, ñVarH$aU ì`dñWm, gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo ñdê$n, gm_m{OH$ J{V{ecVm
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BË`mXr~m~VrV {^ÝZVm Amho. hr {^ÝZVm Aä`mgë`m{edm` J«m_rU g_mOmMo (ZmJa g_mOmMohr)
`WmW© ñdê$n g_OUma Zmhr. åhUyZ Q>r. Ec. pñ_W åhUVmV H$s J«m_rU d ZmJa g_mOmVrc
{^ÝZVm ñnîQ> H$aUmè`m JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmV Ho$cm nm{hOo.
8. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_g`m§Mm Aä`mg : J«m_rU g_mOmV {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Vrd«Vm gVV dmT>V Mmccr Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m
g_mOmVrc AkmZ, Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, AZmamo½`, cmoH$g§»`mdmT>, ê${T>{à`Vm, A§YlÕmiynUm,
_Zmoa§OZ d {ejU gw{dYm§Mm A^md, g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMo {dKQ>Z, ehamH$S>o hmoUmao ñWcm§Va, Z¡{VH$ d
Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§Mm hmoUmam èhmg BË`mXr g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Ë`m§À`mdarc Cnm``moOZm
`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. àm. Q>m`ca `m§Zr J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmda {deof Omoa
{Xcocm Amho.
9. J«m_rU nwZa©MZoMm Aä`mg : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU,
XiUdiUmMr àJV gmYZo, {ejUàgma BË`mXtMm à^md nSy>Z J«m_rU g_mOmMo {dKQ>Z gwê$
Pmco. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmV AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$Z J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ AË`§V
H$îQ>Xm`H$ ~Zco. Ë`m_wio `m g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_mOmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ `moOZm, àH$ën d H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco. `mcmM J«m_rU nwZa©MZm Ago
åhUVmV. `m nwZa©MZm H$m`©H$« _mMm à^md nSy>Z J«m_rU {dH$mgmg MmcZm {_imcr Amho. Ë`m_wio
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌk ho J«m_rU nwZa©MZoMm AW©, C{ÔîQ>o, gmYZo, nwZa©MZm H$m`©H«$_m§Mo _yë`_mZ
BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$ê$ cmJco AmhoV. `mg§X^m©V S>m°. E. Ama. XogmB© åhUVmV H$s J«m_rU
g_mOmMm emñÌr` Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYUo ho J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo H$m`©
Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU nwZa©MZoMm H$m`©H«$_ èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmZo _hÎdmMr
^y{_H$m ~Omdcr nm{hOo.
10. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm Aä`mg : A{cH$S>rc H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU,
ZmJarH$aU, cmoH$emhrH$aU, {ZY_uH$aU XiUdiUmMr àJV gmYZo, e¡j{UH$ d Amamo½`
gw{dYm§Mm àgma, J«m_rU nwZa©MZoMo H$m`©H«$_ BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nSy>Z J«m_rU g_mOmV n[adV©Z
hmoD$ cmJco Amho. Ë`m_wio `m n[adV©ZmMm Aä`mg J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmcm H$aUo ^mJ nS>V Amho.
`mÑîQ>rZo J«m_rU n[adV©ZmMo ñdê$n, Ë`mMr H$maUo, Ë`m n[adV©ZmÀ`m _mJm©Vrc AS>Wio, Ë`m
n[adV©ZmMr {Xem d JVr BË`mXr ~m~tMm dñVw{ZîR> Aä`mg `m emñÌmV hmoVmo.
darc {ddoMZmdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`mßVr AË`§V {dñV¥V Amho.
J«m_rU g_mOmMm g_J« Aä`mg `m emñÌmV hmoVmo. ~XcË`m n[apñWVrZwgma J«m_rU g_mOmV Zdo
Zdo àíZ d g_ñ`m CX²^dVmV; d Ë`m§Mr XIc J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmg KoUo ^mJ nS>V.o Ë`m_wio `m
emñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgjoÌmV gVV ZdZdrZ KQ>H$m§Mr â nS>V Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr
ì`mßVr pñWa ZgyZ J{Verc Amho ho cjmV òV.o
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1.3.2 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n (Nature of Rural Sociology)
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m, Aä`mg{df` d ì`mßVr Aä`mgë`mZ§Va J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n AmnU g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ñdê$nmMo `WmW©
AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc _wÔo {dMmamV ¿`mdo cmJVmV.
1. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ {dkmZ (emñÌ) Amho. H$maU J«m_rU g_mOmMm Vo d¡km{ZH$
nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVo. d¡km{ZH$ nÕVr hr Aä`mgmMr EH$ {deof nÕVr Amho. `m nÕVrZo EImÚm
{df`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm gd©àW_ Ë`m {df`mer g§~§{YV Agcoë`m KQ>Zm§Mr {ZarjU d BVa
gmYZm§À`mÛmao _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$cr OmVo. `mcmM VÏ` g§H$cZ (data collection) Ago åhUVmV.
Z§Va Ë`m _m{hVrMo g§H$cZ, {dícofU d dJuH$aU Ho$co OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao
KQ>ZmKQ>Zm_Yrc nañnag§~Y§ m{df`r A§XmO dm VH©$ åhUOoM Aä`wnJ_ (hypothesis) Ho$cm OmVmo.
nwT>o Ë`m Aä`wnJ_mMr à{MVr (verification) KoD$Z Ë`mMr {gÕVm (proof) Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va
{gÕ Pmcoë`m Aä`wnJ_mMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU (generalization) H$ê$Z Ë`mcm gm_mÝ` {Z`_mMo ê$n
{Xco OmVo. Am{U eodQ>r Ë`m {Z`_mMm AJmoXaÀ`m {Z`_m§er g_Ýd` gmYcm OmVmo. Aem nÕVrZo
EImÚm {df`mcm cmJy nS>Umao AZoH$ {Z`_ emoYyZ Ë`m§Mr gwì`dpñWV aMZm Ho$cr H$s Ë`mg {dkmZ
Ago åhUVmV. doJdoJù`m {df`m§Mm `m nÕVrZo Aä`mg hmoD$ cmJë`mZo doJdoJir {dkmZo CX`mg
Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s àËòH$ {dkmZ ho Amnë`m Aä`mg{df`mcm cmJy nS>Umao {Z`_ emoYyZ
H$mTy>Z Ë`m§Mr ì`dpñWV aMZm H$aVo. CXm. nXmW©{dkmZ OS>Ðì`m§Mm (matter) Aä`mg H$ê$Z
Ë`mg§~§{YMo {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Vo. CXm. JwéËdmH$f©UmMm {Z`_. AW©emñÌ ho _mZdmÀ`m Am{W©H$
{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§{YMo {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Vo CXm. _mJUr nwadR>çmMm {Z`_. J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌ XoIrc J«m_rU g_mOmMm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo
gm_mÝ` {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Vo d Ë`m§Mr ì`dpñWV aMZm H$aVo. åhUyZ Vo EH$ {dkmZ åhUOo emñÌ
(science) R>aVo.
2. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho AZw^dm{YîR>rV (Empirical) {dkmZ Amho. AZw^d{Zanoj emñÌo
(Non-empirical sciences) Am{U AZw^dm{YîR>rV emñÌo (empirical sciences) Ago EH$
emñÌm§Mo dJuH$aU Amho. Á`m emñÌmVrc {Z`_ (kmZ) Ho$di ~m¡{ÕH$ qMVZmVyZ ñ\w$acoco AgVmV
d Ë`m§Mo àm_mÊ`hr (gË`Vm) ~wÕrÀ`mÛmao Vnmgco OmVo, Ë`mgmR>r AZw^dmMr JaO ZgVo, Ë`m§Zm
AZw^d {Zanoj emñÌ Ago åhUVmV. CXm. J{UV Am{U VH©$emñÌ. `mCcQ> Á`m emñÌmVrc
{Z`_m§Mr C^maUr AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao Ho$cr OmVo d Ë`m§Mo àm_mÊ`hr AZw^dmÛmaoM Vnmgco OmVo.
Ë`m§Zm AZw^dm{YîRrV emñÌo åhUVmV. CXm. nXmW© {dkmZ, agm`ZemñÌ, AW©emñÌ, amÁèmñÌ
BË`mXr. h¡S´>moOZ d Am°pŠgOZÀ`m g§`moJmVyZ nmUr V`ma hmoVo hm agm`ZemñÌmVrc {Z`_ qH$dm
h[aVÐì` ~ZÊ`mgmR>r dZñnVtZm gy`©àH$memMr JaO AgVo hm dZñnVremñÌmVrc {Z`_ Ho$di
~m¡{ÕH$ qMVZmÛmao H$YrM g_Ocm ZgVm. Ë`mgmR>r àË`j AZw^dmMr JaO AgVo. åhUyZ hr
emñÌo AZw^dm{YîR>rV R>aVmV. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ XoIrc AgoM EH$ AZw^dm{YîR>rV emñÌ Amho.
H$maU Ë`mVrc {Z`_m§Mr C^maUrhr J«m_rU g_mOmVrc KQ>Zm§À`m AZw^dm§À`m AmYmao hmoVo. J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌ Ho$di ~m¡{ÕH$ qMVZ Z H$aVm J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo dñVw{ZîR> {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`m
6
AmYmao J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo gm_mÝ` {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Vo d Ë`m§Mo àm_mÊ`hr AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmaoM
VnmgyZ nmhmVo. åhUyZ Vo AZw^dm{YîR>rV emñÌ R>aVo.
3. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho VÏ`mË_H$ qH$dm dñVw{ZîR> (Positive) {dkmZ Amho. VÏ`mË_H$
(Positive) emñÌo d AmXem©Ë_H$ (Normative) emñÌo Agohr EH$ emñÌm§Mo dJuH$aU Amho. Or
emñÌo Amnë`m {df`m§Mm Aä`mg AmXemªÀ`m qH$dm _yë`m§À`m (ideals or norms) g§X^m©V H$aVmV
Ë`m§Zm AmXem©Ë_H$ emñÌo åhUVmV. CXm. VH©$emñÌ, Zr{VemñÌ, gm¢X`©emñÌ, BË`mXr. `mCcQ> Or
emñÌo Amnë`m {df`mMm Aä`mg VÏ`m§À`m qH$dm dñVwpñWVrÀ`m (facts) g§X^m©V H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm
VÏ`mË_H$ emñÌo åhUVmV. CXm. nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`ZemñÌ, AW©emñÌ, amÁèmñÌ BË`mXr.
AmXem©Ë_H$ emñÌo ""H$m` Agmdo'' (what ought to be) `m àíZmMm Va VÏ`mË_H$ emñÌo ""H$m`
Amho'' (what is) `m àíZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmV. Zr{VemñÌ _mZdmMo dV©Z AmXe© ñdê$nmV H$go
Agmdo `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ _mZdr dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVo åhUyZ Vo AmXem©Ë_H$ emñÌ R>aVo. `mCcQ>
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo gm_m{OH$ dV©Z àË`jmV H$go Amho `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ
dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVo. Zr{VemñÌmà_mUo _mZdr dV©ZmV Mm§Jco-dmB©Q>, `moJ-A`mo½` Agm ôX Z
H$aVm J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo dV©Z Ogo Amho Vem ñdê$nmV Aä`mgVo. åhUyZ Vo
VÏ`mË_H$ emñÌ R>aVo.
4. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmH$S>o nyd©H$WZ j_Vm (power of prediction) Amho. H$moUË`mhr
emñÌmVrc {Z`_ ho g_mZ n[apñWVrV gd©Ì IaoM R>aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao AMyH$
nyd©H$WZ H$aVm òVo. Or pñWVr AmVm CncãY Zmhr {VÀ`m{df`r H$m§hrVar {ZdoXZ H$aUo åhUOo
nyd©H$WZ hmo`. `m AWm©Zo nyd©H$WZ ho ^{dî`H$mimà_mUoM ^yVH$mim{df`rMohr Agy eH$Vo. CXm.
IJmocemñÌmVrc {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao ^{dî`mV H$moR>o d H|$ìhm gy`©J«hU hmoB©c ho AMyH$nUo gm§JVm
òVo. nwamVÎdemñÌmVrc {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao CËIZZmV gmnS>coë`m ZmÊ`m§Mm qH$dm àmÊ`m§À`m
gm§JmS>çm§Mm H$mcmdYr gm§JVm òVmo. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrc {Z`_m§À`m AmYmaohr Ago nyd©H$WZ
H$aVm òVo. Á`m {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vo
VrM n[apñWVr BVaÌ {dÚ_mZ Agoc Va VoWohr Vo {ZîH$f© h_ImgnUo cmJy nS>Vrc Ago H$WZ
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ H$ê$ eH$Vo. Aem nyd©H$WZmÀ`m AmYmao J«m_rU g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r d
J«m_rU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hr H$m`©H«$_hr ho emñÌ gyMdy eH$Vo. AWm©V òWo EH$ JmoîQ>
cjmV R>odcr nm{hOo d Vr åhUOo Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmVrc {Z`_ ho A{YH$ {ZpíMV d H$mQ>oH$moa
Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m gmømZo AMyH$ nyd©H$WZ H$aVm òV.o J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo {Z`_ {VVHo$go
{ZpíMV d H$mQ>moH$moa Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`m gmømZo Ho$coco nyd©H$WZ ho Zoh_rM AMyH$ R>aoc `mMr ImÌr
XoVm òV Zmhr.
5. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ hr g_mOemñÌmMr EH$ emIm Amho. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX`
A{cH$S>rc H$mimVrc Agë`mZo Vo EH$ ZdrZ {dkmZ Amho. VWm{n Ë`mMm AënmdYrV IynM
{dH$mg Pmcocm Amho. J«m_rU g_mOm{df`r Ë`mZo _moR>çm à_mUmV dñVw{ZîR> _m{hVr CncãY H$ê$Z
{Xcocr Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ ñdV§Ì {dkmZ Amho Agm H$mhtMm g_O hmoD$
eH$Vmo. na§Vw òWo ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOo H$s J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmg ñdV§Ì {dkmZ Z _mZVm Ë`mg
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J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMrM EH$ emIm _mZUo A{YH$ VH©$g§JV R>aVo. J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg
H$aUmao emñÌk XoIrc AgoM _mZVmV. `mg§X^m©V àm. Q>m`ca åhUVmV H$s ""J«m_rU g_mO hm
A{Ic _mZd g_mOmMmM EH$ A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho ho cjmV KoD$ZM J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg
Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio _mZd g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ ho g_mOemñÌ R>aVo Am{U J«m_rU
g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho g_mOemñÌmMr EH$ emIm R>aVo.
WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_mOmMm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aUmao J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho
AZw^dm{YîR>rV d VÏ`mË_H$ {dkmZ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr nyd©H$WZ j_Vm Amho d ho emñÌ
g_mOemñÌmMr EH$ emIm Amho.
1.3.3 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` d {dH$mg
(Origion and Development of Rural
Sociology)
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m, Aä`mg{df`, ñdê$n BË`mXtMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm
Vwåhr J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` d {dH$mg g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho AJXr
A{bH$S>rb H$mimV CX`mg Ambobo {dkmZ Amho ho Iao. VWm{n, J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg
àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ hmoV Ambobm Amho. CXm. ^maVmV doXJ«§W, _hmH$mì`, _Zwñ_¥Vr, H$m¡{Q>ë`mMo
AW©emñÌ BË`mXr J«§WmV J«m_rU g_mOmMo VoWrb OrdZmMo d g_ñ`m§Mo dU©Z Ho$bobo AmT>iVo.
BVahr XoemVrb AZoH$ {dMmad§VmZr J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo. VWm{n, hm
Aä`mg d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z Ho$bobm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm hm Aä`mg emñÌr` qH$dm
d¡km{ZH$ ñdê$nmMm ZìhVm.
A_o[aHo$V CX`
J«m_rU g_mOmMm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr gwê$dmV 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V
A_o[aH$m `m XoemV Pmbr. åhUOoM J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` hm A_o[aH$oV Pmbm. J«m_rU
OrdZmMr Xþ…IX pñWVr d VoWrb bmoH$m§Zo àíZ d g_ñ`m `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo `m
emñÌrMr gwê$dmV Pmbr. AWm©V H$m§hr emñÌm_Üò `m JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg hmoVM hmoVm. _mÌ Vmo
Aä`mg AmZwfm§{JH$ Agë`mZo n`m©á d g_mYmZH$maH$ ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmMm Img
Aä`mg H$aUmè`m EH$m doJi`m {dkmZmMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr. `mVyZM J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX`
Pmbm. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Am¡Úmo{JH$saU, eharH$aU, ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWm `m§Mm
à^md nSy>Z J«m_rU g_mOmV Jar~r, ~oamoOJmar, AÞYmÝ`mMr Q>§MmB©, Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U
Pmë`m. n[aUm_r J«m_rU OrdZmMr XþX©em Pmbr. J«m_rU bmoH$ amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmW© eham§H$S>o
ñWbm§VarV hmoD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio IoS>r Aomg nSy> bmJbr. J«m_rU OrdZmMo {dKQ>Z gwê$ Pmbo. `m
pñWVrH$S>o {dMmad§VmMo bj Jobo d Ë`m§Zr J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m pñWVrMo d àíZm§Mo AdbmoH$Z H$ê$Z
Ë`mda {bImU Ho$bo d Vo à{gÕ Ho$bo. `m {bImUmVyZM J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Pmbm.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm {dH$mg
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` 19 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbm Agbm Var Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmMr gwédmV
20 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbr. `m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm AmnUmg nwT>rb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao KoVm òB©b.
8
1) g_mOemñÌ {d^mJmMr ñWmnZm
{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrbg A_o[aH$m d `wamo{n`Z Xoem§Vrb H$m§hr {dÚmnrR>m_Üò
g_mOemñÌ `m {df`mÀ`m AÜ`mnZmgmR>r ñdV§Ì {d^mJ (Department) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm EH$ ¿mQ>H$ åhUyZ J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmg _hËd XoÊ`mV òD$
bmJbo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m AÜ``Zmg d g§emoYZmg _moR>r MmbZm {_imbr.
A_o[aHo$Vrb AZoH$ {dMmad§V CXm. h±S>agZ, ~Q>a{\$ëS>, {JbrZ, \±«$H$brZ {JqS>½O, Q>m`ba
BË`mXtZr J«m_rU OrdZmMo {díbofU Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmg JVr {_imbr.
2) J«§W{Z{_©Vr
{dÚmnrR>m§_YyZ J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm {df`mMo AÜ``Z gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va nwT>o `m {df`mda
AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr J§W« {bhrbo. CXm. {dëgZ, {gñg, {dë`åg `m§Zr gm§p»`H$s nÕVrMm d
gd}jU V§ÌmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z "ŠdoH$a {hb', "E ìhmo{OAa pìhboO', "A°Z A_o[aH$Z pìhboO' ho
J«§W àH$m{eV Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va S>m°. gr. Oo. Jm°pënZ `m§Zr ""X gmo{e`b A°ZmQ>m°_r Am°\$ A°Z
A°J«rH$ëMa H$å`w{ZQ>r'' hm J«§W à{gÕ Ho$bm. nwT Oo. E_. {OboQ> `m§Zr "H$ÝñQ´>ŠQ>rìh ê$ab
gmo{e`m°bm°Or' ho erf©H$ Agbobo J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmdarb n{hbo nmR>çnwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo. nwT>o
nm°b Eb. dm½Q> `m§Zr "B§Q´>moS>ŠeZ Qy> ê$ab bmB©\$' hm J«W§ àH$m{eV Ho$bm. nwT>o gmoamoH$sZ, {På_a_Z
d Jm°pënZ `m§Zr "{gpñQ>_°{Q>H$ gmog© ~wH$ BZ ê$ab gmo{e`m°bm°Or' hm J«§W d g±S>agZ `m§Zr "ê$ab
gmo{e`m°bm°Or A±S> Am°J©Zm`PoZ' hm J«§W VgoM EZ. Eb. {gåg `m§Zr "Bbo_|Q>og Am°\$ ê$ab
gmo{e`m°bm°Or' hm J«§W àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Aem `m {d{dY J§«Wm§À`m àH$meZm_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ
hm {df` hiyhiy {dÚmWu {à` hmoD$ bmJbm. {dÚmWu, {ejH$ d gm_mÝ` dmMH$ ho `m {df`mÀ`m
Aä`mgmH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$ bmJbo. `mVyZM J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmg _moR>r JVr
{_imbr.
3) J«m_rU OrdZ Am`moJ
A_o[aHo$Vrb ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m à^mdm_wio J«m_rU g_mOmV AZoH$ J§^ra g_ñ`m
{Z_m©U Pmë`m. `m g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A_o[aHo$Mo VËH$mbrZ amîQ´>nVr ê$PdoëQ> `m§Zr
S>rZ ~obr `m {dÛmZmÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr 1907 _Üò J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m Aä`mgmR>r EH$ Am`moJ
(Commission) ñWmnZ Ho$bm. `m Am`moJmZo J«m_rU g_ñ`m§{df`r bmoH$m§Mr _Vo H$m` AmhoV ho
OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r gw_mao 1 bmI A_o[aH$Z ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z EH$ XrK© àíZmdbr ^ê$Z KoVbr. `m
àíZm§Zm {Xbobo CÎmao {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`mda EH$ Ahdmb `m Am`moJmZo àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `m
AhdmbmV J«m_rU g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r IoS>çm§Mo gdm©ojU H$amdo d {dMmad§VmMr
A{YdoeZo âdyZ Ë`m_Üò J«m_rU àíZm§Mr MMm© KS>dyZ AmUmdr Aer {e\$mag Ho$br. `m
{e\$magr_wio J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m gd©ojUmg d g§emoYZmg A_o[aHo$V _moR>r MmbZm {_imbr. VgoM
J«m_rU àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`m_Üò {dMmad§V, amÁ`H$V}, g_mOgwYmaH$ VgoM gm_mÝ` bmoH$hr ag
KoD$ bmJbo. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rÊm OrdZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mZo A_o[aHo$V J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmg Iè`m AWm©Zo MmbZm {_imbr.
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4) eoVr AW©emñÌ _§S>i
n{hë`m _hm`wÕm_wio OJmVrb gd©M amîQ´>m§Vrb IoS>çm§Mr _moR>r XþX©em Pmbr. J«m_rU
Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ OrdZ CÕñV Pmbo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr JaO
^mgy bmJbr. `mVyZ IoS>çmVrb g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dyZ H$aÊ`mMm CX²XoemZo A_o[aHo$Vrb eoVr ImË`mZo
eoVr AW©emñÌ _§S>imMr (Bureau) ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m _§S>imÀ`m A§VJ©V S>m°. Jm°pënZ `m§À`m
AÜ`jVoImbr "J«m_rU OrdZmMm Aä`mg' `m ZmdmMm EH$ ñdV§Ì H$j gwê$ Ho$bm. hm H$j AmO
{S>ìhrOZ Am°\$ \$m_© nm°ß`wboeZ A±S> ê$ab bmB©\$ `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. `m H$jmZo {d{dY
g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm d ímoVr ImVo `m§À`m _XVrZo J«m_rU g_mOmVrb àíZm§Mo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV
Ho$br. nU KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr nwaogr Mm§Jbr Zgë`mZo `m g§emoYZ H$m`m©g Ë`m§Zr
Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$br Zmhr. Ë`m_wio A_o[aHo$Vrb H$m`Xo_§S>imZo nZ}b A°ŠQ> `m ZmdmMm H$m`Xm
1925 _Üò g_§V Ho$bm d Ë`mÛmao J«m_rU g§emoYZmgmR>r KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm gÎmm d {ZYr nwa{dbm. `m
H$m`Úm_wio J«m_rU g§emoYZmg _moR>o àmoËgmhZ {_imbo.
5) gm_m{OH$ {dkmZo n[afX
nZ}b A°ŠQ>Zwgma J«m_rU g§emoYZmg {_iUmao AW©gmhmæ` {VVHo$go Cn`wŠV R>abo Zmhr. H$maU
g§emoYZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao à{e{jV g§emoYH$ \$mago CnbãY Pmbo ZmhrV. Ago g§emoYH$
CnbãY ìhmdoV åhUyZ "gm_{OH$ {dkmZo n[afX' `m ZmdmMr g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m
n[afXoZo g§emoYZ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Img à{ejU dJ© gwê$ Ho$bo d g§emoYH$m§Zm {eî`d¥Îmr XoÊ`mg
gwê$dmV Ho$br. EdT>oM Zìho Va `m g§emoYH$m§Zm {d{dY KQ>H$amÁ`m§Vrb eoVr {dÚmb`mV àË`j
g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ J«m_rU g_mOmMo g§emoYZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwaogo g§emoYZ CnbãY hmoD$ bmJbo d Ë`m§Zr g§emoYZ H$m`m©V _m¡{bH$ `moJXmZ {Xbo.
1930 _Üò Amboë`m Am{W©H$ _hm_§Xrda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g§emoYH$m§Zr A_o[aHo$Vrb gaH$mabm
_moR>o ghH$m`© Ho$bo.
6) Ì¡_m{gH$mMo àH$meZ
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ `m ZmdmMo EH$ Ì¡_m{gH$ (VrZ _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$Xm àH$m{eV hmoUmao) 1936
_Üò àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mg A_o[aH$V gwê$dmV Pmbr. `m _m{gH$m_YyZ J«m_rU OrdZm{df`rMr _m{hVr
à{gÕ hmD$ bmJbr. `m _m{gH$mMm à^md nSy>Z A_o[aH$Z J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Zr "J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌr` g§ñWm' `m ZmdmMr EH$ g§ñWm 1937 _Üò ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g§ñWoZo J«m_rU
g_mOmÀ`m g§emoYZmg _moR>r MmbZm {Xbr. n[aUm_r, J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmg _moR>r _XV
Pmbr.
7) A_o[aH$Z J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Mr {dXoemVrb H$m_{Jar
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va OJmVrb gd©M amîQ´>m§_Üò d VoWrb J«m_rU g_mOmVhr _moR>o ~Xb KSy>Z
Ambo. Ë`mVyZ H$m§hr ZdrZ àíZ d g_ñ`m CX²^dë`m. `mMH$mimV AZoH$ amîQ´>o ñdV§Ì Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmMo H$m`©H«$_ am~{dUo gwê$ Ho$bo. `m H$m`©H«$_m§Mo _yë`_mnZ
H$ê$Z _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgy bmJbr. Ë`m_wio
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A_o[aHo$Vrb J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Zr `m Zdmo{XV ñdV§Ì amîQ´>m§_Üò OmD$Z VoWrb J«m_rU g_ñ`m§Mm
d J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. CXm. S>m°. EZpñ_¨Ja `m§Zr ^maVmVrb g_wXm`
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. hm°dS>© dragZr `m§Zr J«rg_Yrb àm¡T>{ejU H$m`©H«$_mg
_mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo. am°~Q>© ho {\${bnmB©Ýg XoemVrb J«m_rU nwZa©©MZoÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m_Üò gh^mJr Pmbo. àm.
Q>m`ba d pñ_W `m§Zr AZwH«$_o AO]{Q>Zm d ~«mPrb _Üò OmD$Z VoWo J«m_rU g§emoYZ Ho$bo.
AemàH$mao doJdoJi`m J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§À`m g§emoYZ H$m`m©_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ~rOo
A_o[aHo$~mhoarb XoemVhr ê$Obr Jobr. VoWrb _hm{dÚmb`mV d {dÚmnrR>mV J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo
AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ d g§emoYZ hmoD$ bmJbo. `m {df`mdarb nmR>çnwñVHo$ d g§emoYZ nong©
àH$m{eV hmoD$ bmJbo. CXm. Mmb©g² by{_g `m§Zr "ñQ>S>rO BZ ê$ab gmoeb Am°J©Zm`PoeZ', Q>r.
Eb. pñ_W `m§Zr "~«mPrëg nrnb A±S> BpÝñQ>Q>çyeÝg', bm°ar ZoëgZ `m§Zr "ê$ab gmo{e`m°bm°Or'
H$mob~ d ~w«Za `m§Zr "E ñQ>S>r Am°\$ ê$ab gmogm`Q>r', E\$. Eg. M°nrZMo "gmoeb ñQ´>ŠMa BZ ê$ab
gmo{e`m°bm°Or', ~Q´>mªS> d Ë`m§Mo H$m§hr ghH$mar `m§Zr "ê$ab gmo{e`m°bm°Or' Ago {d{dY J«§W
àH$m{eV Ho$bo. `m J«§Wm_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmg OmoaXma MmbZm {_imbr.
8) Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§KQ>Zm§Mr H$m_{Jar
amîQ´>g§K, g§`wŠV amîQ´>o, Am§VaamîQ´>r` _Oya g§KQ>Zm, AÝ` d H¥$fr g§KQ>Zm, `wZoñH$mo, OmJ{VH$
Amamo½` g§KQ>Zm, Am§VaamîQ´>r` H¥$fr {dH$mg {ZYr BË`mXr g§KQ>Zm§Zr J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY
àíZm§Mm d g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg d g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>r Am{W©H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ _XV d _mJ©Xe©Z
nwa{dbo. n[aUm_r, J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m AÜ``Zmg MmbZm {_imbr.
9) J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`mátMm {dñVma
da dU©Z Ho$boë`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m à^mdm_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmg MmbZm
{_imbr. _hËdmMo åhUOo `m emñÌmMr ì`már gVV {dñVmaV Mmbbr Amho. gwê$dmVrg `m
emñÌmV J«m_rU g_ñ`m§À`m AÜ``Zmda {def â {Xbm Jobm. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ J«m_rU OrdZmVrb
g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm, g_yh {ejU, Amamo½`, _Zmoa§OZ BË`mXr{df`H$ gmo`rgw{dYm, J«m_rU n[adV©Z
J«m_rU {dH$mg, J«m_rU nwaa©MZm, J«m_rU-ZmJa g§~§Y BË`Xr {df`m§Mo AÜ``Z d AÜ`mnZ Ho$bo
OmD$ bmJbo d Ë`m AmYmao J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>bo OmD$ bmJbo.
AemàH$mao 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V A_o[aHo$V J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` Pmbm d nwT>o
`m emñÌmMm OJmVrb {d{dY amîQ´>m§V {dH$mg KSy>Z Ambm. AënmdYrVM `m emñÌmZo gm_m{OH$
emñÌm§VJ©V _hËdnyU© ñWmZ nQ>H$m{dbo Amho.
1.3.4 J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd (Importance of Rural Sociology)
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m, Aä`mg {df` d ñdê$n Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr `m
emñÌmMo _hÎd qH$dm Cn`wŠVVm Aä`mgUma AmhmV. _mZdr dV©Z d _mZdr g§~§Y `m§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUmar AZoH$ emñÌo AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr emñÌo ~arM OwZrhr AmhoV. Ago AgVmZm J«m_rU
cmoH$m§À`m nañnag§~Y§ mMm d dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m doJù`m emñÌmMr åhUOo J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌmMr JaO H$m ^mgcr Agm àíZ nS>Vmo. `m àíZmMo CÎma {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmg
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J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd qH$dm Cn`wŠVVm g_OmdyZ ¿`mdr cmJVo. `m emñÌmMo _hÎd
nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm òB©c.
1. Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎd : ImÚg§H$cZ, {eH$ma d _mgo_mar `m AdñWm§_Üò _mZd
AÝZnmÊ`mÀ`m emoYmW© gVV ^Q>H$V Ago. eoVrMm emoY cmJë`mZ§Va _mZdmMr hr ^Q>H§$Vr g§ncr
d Vmo EH$m {R>H$mUr dñVr H$ê$Z pñWa OrdZ OJy cmJcm. Ë`mVyZM IoS>r CX`mg Amcr. nwT>o
cmoH$g§»`m dmT>V Jocr. VgoM _mZdr OrdZmMm {dH$mg hmoV Jocm. n[aUm_r H$m§hr IoS>çm§Mm
{dñVma hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm ehamMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmco. AemàH$mao _mZd g_mOmÀ`m CËH«$m§VrÀ`m à{H«$òV
àW_ IoS>r d Ë`mZ§Va ehao CX`mg Amcr. Ë`m_wio _mZd g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm àW_ CX`mg
Amcoë`m IoS>çm§À`m åhUOoM J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmg Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm AJ«H«$_ XoUo ^mJ
nS>Vo.
2. g¡Õm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎd : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y,
gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mo àH$ma, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm d EH§$Xa gm_m{OH$ OrdZ BË`mXrMm g{dñVa d
nÕVera Aä`mg H$aVo. Ë`m_wio AmnUmg J«m_rU OrdZmMo `WmW© kmZ {_iVo d Ë`m_wio J«m_rU
g_mOm{df`r Agcoco Amnco nyd©J«h, J¡ag_OyVr H$mën{ZH$ _Vo Xya hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. VgoM
J«m_rU g_mOm{df`rMo emñÌr` kmZ ho eoVremñÌ, AW©emñÌ BË`mXr emñÌm§Zm Ë`m§À`m Aä`mg
KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>V.o AemàH$mao J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg hm
g¡Õm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
3. ~hþg§»`m§H$ cmoH$m§Mo emñÌ åhUyZ _hÎd : OJmV gd©ÌM IoS>r d ehao àmMrZ
H$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV AmhoV. AJXr gwédmVrnmgyZM IoS>çm§V amhUmè`m cmoH$m§Mr g§»`m hr
ehamV amhUmè`m cmoH$g§»ònojm Zoh_rM OmñV am{hcocr Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§{VZ§Va
ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m à{H««$òg àma§^ hmoD$Z IoS>çmVrc cmoH$ ehamH$S>o ñWcm§Va H$ê$ cmJco. Ë`m_wio
ehamV amhUmè`m§Mr g§»`m dmTy> cmJcr Amho. Ago Agco Var AmOXoIrc OJmVrc EHy$U
cmoH$g§»òn¡H$s {Zåå`mhÿZ A{YH$ cmoH$g§»`m IoS>çmVM dmñVì` H$aVmZm AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio
IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao J«m_rU g_OemñÌ ho OmJVrH$
~hþg§»`m§H$ cmoH$m§Mo emñÌ R>aVo. Oa AmnUmg J«m_rU cmoH$m§{df`r nwaogr emñÌr` _m{hVr Zgoc Va
AmnUmg ~hþg§»`m§H$ cmoH$m§{df`r H$m§hrM _m{hVr Zmhr Ago hmoB©c. AemàH$mao J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ
ho ~hþg§»`m§H$ cmoH$m§Mo emñÌ Agë`mZo Ë`mcm AmnmoAmnM _hÎd àmßV hmoVo.
4. gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZmÀ`mÑîQ>rZo _hÎd : AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV XiUdiUmÀ`m àJV
gmYZm§_wio J«m_rU d ehar g_mOm§Mm nañnam§er K{ZîR> g§nH©$ òV Amho. Amnë`m JaOmnyVugmR>r ho
XmoÝhr g_mO nañnamda Adc§~yZ AmhoV. AmOÀ`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV Va g§nyU© OJ ho
EH$ Jmd (IoS>o) ~ZV Mmcco Amho. Ë`m_wio doJdoJù`m OrdZnÕVrMo cmoH$ EH$Ì òUo An[ahm`©
~Zco Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV J«m_rU VgoM ehar cmoH$m§Zm nañnam§À`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo `WmW©
kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. AÝ`Wm gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZmMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho Ho$di J«m_rU cmoH$m§À`m ÑîQ>rZoM Zìho Va ehar cmoH$m§À`m ÑîQ>rZohr Cn`wŠV
R>aVo. åhUyZM cm°ar ZoëgZ åhUVmV H$s J«m_rU qH$dm ehar ì`ŠVrcm Amncm g_mO gmoSy>Z BVa
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g_mO H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV amhVmo ho _m{hV Zgoc Va Vr ì`ŠVr nwaoer gw{e{jV Amho Ago åhUVm
òUma Zmhr. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmV J«m_rU d ZmJa g_mOmVrc gmå` d ôXmMm VgoM
nañnag§~§YmMm nÕVera Aä`mg hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio AmnUmg XmoÝhr g_mOm{df`rMo `WmW© kmZ
{_iVo. Am{U Ago kmZ Agcoë`m ì`ŠVrMo H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV nÕVeranUo g_m`moOZ hmoD$
eH$Vo. WmoS>Š`mV ~XcË`m n[apñWVrV gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg
_hÎdmMm R>aVmo.
5. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m {Z_y©cZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎd : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo kmZ ho
J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Vo. `m emñÌmMm CX`M _yir J«m_rU
g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmÀ`m JaOonmoQ>r Pmcocm Amho. J«m_rU g_ñ`m§Mm emñÌr`ÑîQ>rZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`m {Z_y©cZmMo Cnm` ho emñÌ gyM{dVo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_ñ`m§À`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>r ho emñÌ
Cn`wŠV R>aVo. J«m_rU g_ñ`m§{df`r cmoH$_V OmJ¥V H$aUo, cmoH$m§Mo Ë`mÑîQ>rZo à~moYZ H$aUo,
Ë`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Mo g§KQ>Z H$aUo, J«m_rU g_ñ`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>r AmIcoco H$m`©H«$_ èñdr H$aUo
BË`mXr H$m`} J«m_rU g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmÀ`m AmYmao nma nmS>Vm òVmV. CXm. J«m_rU cmoH$m§Zm
cmH$g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m Xwîn[aUm_m§Mr Om{Ud H$ê$Z XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm chmZ Hw$Qw>§~mMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ XoVm
òVo d Ë`mÛmao Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZmMm H$m`©H«$_ èñdr H$aVm òVmo. A{e{jV AgÊ`mMo VmoQ>o J«m_rU
cmoH$m§Zm nQ>dyZ XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm gmja hmoÊ`mMr àoaUm XoVm òVo d AemàH$mao gmjaVm àgmamMm
H$m`©H«$_ èñdr H$aVm òVmo.
6. J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`mÑîQ>rZo _hÎd : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU {dH$mg gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr _hÎdmMo R>aVo. AmO OJmV gd©ÌM J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo d J«m_rU nwZa©MZoMo
H$m`©H«$_ am~{dco OmV AmhoV. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU g_mOmMm emñÌr` Aä`mg H$ê$Z
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYyZ H$mT>Vo. Ë`m_wio ho {Z`_ J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m d nwZa©MZoÀ`m
H$m`©H«$_mg _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aVmV. `mg§X^m©V Q>r. Ec. {ñ_W åhUVmV H$s J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU
OrdZmMo emñÌr` kmZ Va XoVoM {edm` J«m_rU H$ë`mU d J«m_rU nwZa©MZoÀ`m H$m`m©V `mo½` Vo
ghH$m`© H$aVo. J«m_rU nwZa©MZoÀ`m joÌmV `m emñÌmZo Jm¡admMo ñWmZ {_i{dcoco Amho. S>m.° E.
Ama. XogmB© `m§À`m _Vo J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYUo ho `m emñÌmMo C{ÔîQ> Amho. AemàH$mao
J«m_rU g_mOmMo AÜ``Z d g§emoYZ H$ê$Z `m g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo {Z`_ emoYUo d Ë`mAmYmao
J«m_rU g_mOmMo H$ë`mU gmÜ` H$aUo ho `m emñÌmMo Üò` Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmMo hmoUmao {dKQ>Z
Wm§~dyZ VoWo ZdrZ ì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ho emñÌ H$ê$ eH$Vo. VgoM J«m_rU {dH$mg
H$m`©H«$_m§Mo {dícofU d _yë`_mnZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©hr ho emñÌ H$aVo. CXm. ^maVmVrc g_wXm`
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$_, n§Mm`V amÁ`nÕVr, {dñWm{nVm§Mo nwZd©gZ BË`mXr H$m`©H«$_m§Mo {ZarjU, narjU
d _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Zr J«m_rU {dH$mgmV _mocmMo `moJXmZ {Xcoco Amho. VmËn`©
J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`mÑîQ>rZo J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmg IynM _hÎd Amho.
7. {d{dY joÌmVrc cmoH$m§À`mÑîQ>rZo _hÎd : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho {d{dY joÌmVrc
cmoH$m§Zm Amncr H$m`} nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Vo. CXm. amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo YmoaU
R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Va àemgH$m§Zm Ë`m YmoaUmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m emñÌmMo kmZ Cn`moJr
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nS>Vo. AmO amÁ`H$ma^mamMo joÌ IoS>çmnmS>çmn`ªV {dñVmacoco Agë`mZo emgH$s` H$_©Mmè`m§Mm
J«m_rU g_mOmer K{ZîR> g§~§Y òV Amho. åhUyZ _hgyc A{YH$mar, H¥$fr A{YH$mar, newg§dY©Z
A{YH$mar, Amamo½`m{YH$mar, {ejUm{YH$mar BË`mXtZm Ë`m§Mr H$V©ìò nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r J«m_rU
gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo d J«m_rU g_ñ`m§Mo kmZ Cn`moJr nS>V.o VgoM J«m_rU {dH$mg H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m
godm^mdr g§ñWm d gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V} `m§Zmhr J«m_rU g_mOmMo emñÌr` kmZ Cn`moJr nS>Vo. Aem
kmZmÀ`m A^mdr J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ Aèñdr R>ê$ eH$Vmo. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU {dH$mg
H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m èñdrVogmR>r J«m_rU g_mOmMm emñÌr` Aä`mg Cn`moJr R>aVmo.
1.4 ñd`§…AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check Your Progress)
Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.
1. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMr H$moUVrhr EH$ ì`m»`m Úm.
2. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmg VÏ`mË_H$ emñÌ H$m åhUVmV?
3. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrc {ZîH$fmªÀ`m AmYmao Ho$coco nyd©H$WZ Zoh_rM AMyH$ R>aoc `mMr
ImÌr H$m XoVm òV Zmhr?
1.5 gmam§e (Let us Sum Up)
J«m_rU g_mOmMm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m emIog J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌ Ago åhUVmV. `m emñÌmV J«m_rU g_wXm`, J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ OrdZ, J«m_rU gm_m{OH$
g§KQ>Zm d gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m, J«m_rU Am{W©H$ d Ym{_©H$ OrdZ, J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, J«m_rU
nwZa©MZm d n[adV©Z BË`mXr ~m~tMm g{dñVa d nÕVera Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ
ho AZw^dm{YîR>rV d VÏ`mË_H$ {dkmZ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o _`m©{XV à_mUmV nyd©H$WZ j_Vm Amho.
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg hm AZoH$ ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m
{dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV àW_ IoS>r CX`mg Amë`mZo IoS>çm§À`m åhUOoM J«m_rU g_mOmÀ`m
Aä`mgmg Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎd àmßV hmoVo. OJmVrc ~hþg§»`m§H$ cmoH$ J«m_rU n`m©daUmV
dmñVì` H$arV Agë`mZohr J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV
J«m_rU d ZmJa g_mOm§Mm K{ZîR> g§~§Y òV Agë`mZo gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZmÀ`mÑîQ>rZo J«m_rU
g_mOmMm Aä`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. J«m_rU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo {Z_y©cZ H$ê$Z J«m_rU {dH$mg gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU g_mOmMo emñÌr` kmZ {d{dY joÌmVrc cmoH$m§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
1.6 ñd`§…AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to Check your Progress)
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao
1. ~Q´>mªS> Am{U ghH$mar `m§À`m _Vo ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ ho J«m_rU
n`m©daUmVrc _mZdr g§~Y§ mMm Aä`mg Amho.
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2. J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo gm_m{OH$ dV©Z àË`jmV H$go Amho `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ Ë`m§À`m dV©ZmMm
Aä`mg J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ H$aVo åhUyZ Ë`mg VÏ`mË_H$ emñÌ Ago åhUVmV.
3. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo {ZîH$f© {VVHo$go `WmW©, {ZpíMV d H$mQ>oH$moa Zgë`mZo Ë`m§À`m
gmømZo Ho$coco nyd©H$WZ ho Zoh_rM AMyH$ R>aoc `mMr ImÌr XoVm òV Zmhr.
1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment)
A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.
1. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`m XoD$Z Ë`mMm Aä`mg {df` ñnîQ> H$am.
2. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ åhUOo H$m`? J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.
3. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMm CX` d {dH$mg ñnîQ> H$am.
~) WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm (Q>rnm {chm)
1. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo _hÎd
2. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo ñdê$n
1.8 qMVZ Am{U H$m`© (Reflection and Action)
EImÚm gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m g§ñWog ôQ> Úm Am{U VoWrc g§emoYH$mH$Sy>Z
IoS>çmVrc OrdZm{df`rMr _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m gmYZm§Mr
AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`m. VgoM Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z VÏ`g§H$cZ H$aVmZm òUmè`m AS>MUr OmUyZ
¿`m. Am{U Ë`mMo EH$ {Q>nU H$am.
1.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings)
1. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ - àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio, àH$m{eH$m gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio,
gm§Jcr, 2005.
2. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ - S>m°. JwéZmW ZmS>Jm|S>o, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ nwUo, 1986.
3. Rural Sociology - N. Jayapalan - Atalantic Publishers and Distributer, New
Delhi, 2002.
4.
Rural Sociology - Doshi & Jain.
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KQ>H$ 2
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrc _yc^yV g§H$ënZm
(Basic Concepts in Rural Sociology)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 J«m_rU g_mO
2.2.2 eoVH$ar g_mO
2.2.3 J«m_rU-ZmJa ôX
2.2.4 J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË`
2.3 gmam§e
2.4 ñ_aUmW© g§km
2.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6 ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va VwåhmgJ«m_rU g_mO hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
eoVH$ar g_mO `m g§H$ënZoMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.
J«m_rU d ZmJa g_mO `m§À`mVrc ôX gm§JVm òVrc.
J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` hr g§H$ënZm {deX H$aVm òB©c.
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
H$moUË`mhr {dkmZemIoMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`mVrc _yc^yV g§H$ënZm§Mo ñdê$n
g_OmdyZ ¿`mdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m_Yrc
_yc^yV g§H$ënZm§Mo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ ¿`mdo cmJVo. Ë`mgmR>r àW_ g§H$ënZm åhUOo H$m` ho
WmoS>Š`mV nmhy.
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g§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m :
1) M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio : EImÚm dJm©Vrc qH$dm àdJm©Vrc gd© gXñ`m§Zm cmJy nS>Umar
gm_mÝ` g§km åhUOo g§H$ënZm hmo`. (A concept is a general term which is applicable to all
members of a class or category.)
2) Bcr {MZm°` : dñVy, KQ>Zm, ì`ŠVr, à{H«$`m d H$ënZm `m§À`m {d{eîQ> dJm©Vrc gd©
gXñ`m§Mm {ZX}e H$aUmar gm_mÝ` g§km åhUOo g§H$ënZm hmo`.
(A concept is a general term
that refers to all members of a particular clas of object, events, persons,
relationships, processes and ideas.)
àËòH$ {dkmZmV AZw^dmg Amboë`m VÏ`m§Mo ñdê$n d d¡{eîQ>ço gmaê$nmV ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
g§H$ënZm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. CXm. g_mOemñÌmV g_mO, g_wXm`, gm_m{OH$ g_yh, gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm, gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm, àH$m`© BË`mXr g§H$ënZm AmhoV. g_mOemñÌmà_mUoM J«m_rU
g_mOemñÌmVhr AZoH$ g§H$ënZm V`ma Ho$boë`m AmT>iVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s `m{R>H$mUr Vwåhr 1) J«m_rU
g_mO 2) eoVH$ar g_mO 3) J«m_rU-ZmJa ôX 4) J«m_rU -ZmJa gmVË` `m Mma g§H$ënZm
Aä`mgUma AmhmV.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrb g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r `m KQ>H$mMo Mma {d^mJ nmS>bobo
AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s n[hë`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU g_mO, Xþgè`m {d^mJmV eoVH$ar g_mO, {Vgè`m
{d^mJmV J«m_rU d ZmJa g_mO `mVrb ôX d Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU ZmJa gmVË` `m
g§H$ënZm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho.
2.2.1 J«m_rU g_mO (Rural Society)
J«m_rU g_mO hr J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrb EH$ _hËd nyU© g§H$ënZm Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmMm
Aä`mg J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ H$aVo. Ë`m_wio gd©àW_ J«m_rU g_mO hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ ¿`mdr
bmJVo. J«m_rU g_mO d ZmJa g_mO Ago _mZd g_mOmMo _w»` XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. _mZdm§Mo
doJdoJio g_yh OJmÀ`m doJdoJi`m ^yàXoemV dñVr H$ê$Z amhmVmV. `m dñVrMo IoS>o (J«m_) d
eha (ZJa) Ago XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. IoS>çmV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m g_mOmg J«m_rU g_mO Va
ehamV amhmUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m g_mO ehar g_mO Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s J«m_rU g_mOmMo ñdê$n
Vwåhr `m {R>H$mUr Aä`mgUma AmhmV.
J«m_rU g_mOmMo ñdê$n
J«m_rU g_mOmMo ñdê$n g_OÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb _wX²Xo {dMmamV KoD$ `m.
1) IoS>çmVrb g_mO… J«m_rU g_mO hm IoS>çmV qH$dm J«m_mV (Village) amhmUmè`m
bmoH$m§À`m g_mO Amho. H$moUË`mhr {d{eîQ> g_mOmVrb bmoH$ ho EH$Va IoS>çmV qH$dm ehamV
amhmVmV. IoS>çmbm J«m_rU g_wXm` (Rural Community) Va ehambm ehar g_wXm` (Urban
Community) Ago åhUVmV. J«m_rU g_mO hm AZoH$ IoS>çm§Mm åhUOoM J«m_rU g_wXm`m§Mm
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{_iyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AW© AmnU nwT>rb {Vgè`m KQ>H$mV g{dñVanUo ñnîQ>
H$aUma AmhmoV. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_mOmV AZoH$ IoS>çm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2) gm_{OH$ gOm{V`Vm… J«m_rU g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ gOm{V`Vm _moR>çm à_mUmda
AmT>iVo. J«m_rU g_mOmVrb bmoH$ ho doJdoJi`m IoS>çmV amhmV Agco Am{U Vo doJdoJi`m
Y_m©Mo, OmVrMo, ^mfoMo, dJm©Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡br (Life- Style) qH$dm OrdZ_mJ©
(Way of Life) hm ~hþVm§er g_mZ Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mr _Vo, H$ënZm, {dMma,
dV©ZàH$ma, ê$T>r d na§nam, lÕm,_yëò, nmoemI d ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMr nÕVr BË`mXr JmoîQ>r
EH$gma»`mM (Uniform) AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV
~hþVm§er g_mZVm {Z_m©U Pmbobr AmT>iVo. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_mO hm gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm gOmVr`
ñdê$nmMm AgVmo.
3) eoVr àYmZ OrdZ… J«m_rU g_mO hm eoVràYmZ g_mO AgVmo. H$maU `m g_mOmVrb
~hþg§»`mH$ bmoH$m§Mm eoVr hm _wI ì`dgm` AgVmo Am{U `m g_mOmV Oo {~JaeoVr
ì`dgm`(Non-agricultural occupations) MmbVmV Vo XoIrb àË`j AàË`jnUo ímoVr
ì`dgm`mer g§b½Z AgVmV. CXm. newnmbZ, Xþ½Yì`dgm`, {dUH$m_, gwVmaH$m_ BË`mXr. Ë`m_wio
J«m_rU g_mO, H¥$fH$ g_mO (Agrarian Society), eoVH$ar g_mO (Peasant Society) BË`mXr
g§H$ënZm g_mZ AWm©Zo KoVë`m OmVmV. eoVrì`dgm`mV eoVO{_Zrg _hËdmMo ñWmZ AgyZ J«m_rU
g§~§Y ho eoVO{_Z{df`H$ g§~§Ymda AmYmabobo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mo Ho$di Am{W©H$
OrdZM Zìho Va gm_m{OH$- gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZXoIrb eoVrì`dgm`mdaM AmYmabobo AgVo. J«m_rU
bmoH$ d J«m_rU g_mOOrdZ `mda eoVr ì`dgm`mMr _moR>r N>mn nS>bobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU
g_mO hm eoVràYmZ g_mO åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
4) Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm à^md… J«m_rU g_mOmda Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm _moR>m à^md
AgVmo. H$maU ~hþg§»` IoS>r hr {Zg©JmÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV dgbobr AmhoV VgoM eoVr ì`dgm`m_wio
J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mm {ZgJ©eŠVter d KQ>H$m§er (CXm. hdm, nmUr, D$Z, dmam, newnjr, d¥jdobr
BË`mXr) gVV d K{ZîR> g§~§Y òVmo. Ë`m§À`m ~hþVoH$ JaOm `m {ZgJm©ÛmaoM nyU© hmoVmV. _mÌ
{ZgJm©Vrb KS>m_moS>tMo dñVw{ZîR> kmZ J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm Zgë`mZo Vo {ZgJ©eŠVtZm XodXodVm (CXm.
nO©Ý`XodVm, ObXodVm, dm`wXodVm, gw`©XodVm, M§ÐXodVm BË`mXr) _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr nyOm-AMm© H$aVmV.
Ë`m_wio J«m_rU bmoH$ ho A§YlÕmiy d X¡ddmXr ~Zbobo AmT>iVmV.
5) nma§n[aH$ OrdZnÕVr… J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mr OrdZnÕVr hr nma§n[aH$ ñdê$nmMr Amho.
na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m ê$T>r, dV©ZàH$ma, _yëò, lÕm, _Vo, {dMma BË`mXtMm `m bmoH$m§da _moR>m
nJS>m AgVmo d `m JmoîQ>tMo nmbZ Vo _moR>çm {ZîR>oZo H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m_Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mg Vo
ghOmghOr V`ma hmoV ZmhrV. AWm©V J«m_rU g_mOmV n[adV©Zmg A{O~mV dmd ZgVmo Agm `mMm
AW© Zmhr. `m g_mOmVhr n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo, _mÌ Ë`mMr JVr IynM g§W AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV
J«m_rU OrdZ ho na§nam{à` AgVo.
6) AZm¡nMm[aH$ g§~§Y… J«m_rU bmoH$ ho EH$_oH$m§À`m K{ZîR> d {ZË` g§nH$m©V AgVmV.
Ë`m§Mm EH$_oH$m§er g_moamg_moaMm g§nH©$ òV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV ào_, {Oìhmim, AmpË_`Vm,
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ghH$m`©, _moR>çm à_mUmda AgVo. Ë`m§Mo OrdZ ho Hw$Qw>§~, Amá{_Ì, IoS>o Aem àmW{_H$ g_yhmV
ì`VrV hmoV AgVo. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§À`m nañnag§~§YmV AZm¡nMm[aH$Vm _moR>çm à_mUmda {Z_m©U hmoVo.
WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y ho AZm¡nMm[aH$ (informal) ñdê$nmMo AgVmV.
7) pñÌ`m§Mm H${ZîR> XOm©… BVa g_mOmà_mUo J«m_rU g_mOXoIrb nwéfàYmZ Amho. Ë`m_wio
`m g_mOmV nwé§fmMm XOm© loîR> d pñÌ`m§Mm XOm© H${ZîR> ({ZåZ) _mZbm OmVmo. nwéfm§Zm AZoH$
{deof{YH$ma {Xbobo AgyZ pñÌ`m§Zm _mÌ AZoH$ A{YH$manmgyZ d§{MV R>odbo OmVo. `m g_mOmVrb
H$m`©{d^mOZ ho qbJôXmda AmYmabobo AmT>iVo. pñÌ`m `m eoVr d BVa ì`dgm`mV nwéfm§~amo~arZo
H$m_ H$arV Agë`m Var KaH$m_ _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ hrM Ë`m§Mr à_wwI H$m_o _mZbr OmVmV. gd©
ì`dhmamMo {ZU©` àm_w»`mZo nwéfM KoVmV. pñÌ`m§Zm \$mago {ZU©` ñdmV§Í` ZgVo. Ë`m§À`mda
ê$T>rna§nam§Mr ~§YZo KmVbobr AmT>iVmV.
8) AàJV g_mO… ehar g_mOmÀ`m VwbZoV J«m_rU g_mO hm Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$,
e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>`m AàJV qH$dm _mJmgbobm Amho. OJmVrb ~hþg§»` J«m_rU g_mOmV XrK©H$mi
AmOÀ`mgmaIr Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmMr ì`dñWm ZìhVr. AmOhr J«m_rU g_mOmV AmYw{ZH$
e¡j{UH$ gmo`r gw{dYm \$maem CnbãY ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmV e¡j{UH$ _mJmgbonUm
~è`mM à_mUmV {Q>Hy$Z Amho. eoVr hm J«m_rU g_mOmMm _w»` ì`dgm` AgyZ Vmo XoIrb ~è`mM
à_mUmV AàJV Amho. ~hþVoH$ eoVH$ar ho AàJV V§ÌmZo eoVr H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo CËnÝZ AënM
Amho. n[aUm_r, J«m_rU Am{W©H$ OrdZ AàJV Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmV nm`m^yV gw{dYm (nŠHo$
añVo, drO, ewÕ nmUr, dmhVyH$ d g§àofU gmYZo, Amamo½`{df`H$ godm BË`mXr) nwaoem à_mUmV
nmohMcoë`m ZmhrV. VgoM Zdo kmZ, H$ënZm, _Vo BË`mXr JmoîQ>r J«m_rU cmoH$ ËdarV ñdrH$marV
ZmhrV. n[aUm_r hm g_mO gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çmhr AàJVM Agë`mMo {XgVo.
2.2.2 eoVH$ar g_mO (Peasant Society)
J«m_rU g_mO hr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr eoVH$ar g_mO hr g§H$ënZm
g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. VWm{n, hr g§H$ënZm {VVH$ser ñnîQ> qH$dm Ag§{X½Y Zmhr. H$maU J«m_rU
g_mO, eoVH$ar g_mO, H¥$fH$ g_mO `m VrZ g§H$ënZm AZoH$OU g_mZ AWm©Zo AmcQy>Z nmcQy>Z
dmnaVmZm {XgVmV. VgoM `m VrZ g_mOm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço hr nañnam§nmgyZ \$magr {^ÝZhr ZmhrV.
Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar g_mO hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo. Ago Agco Var AZoH$ emñÌkm§Zr
"eoVH$ar g_mO' `mda Amnmncr _Vo _m§S>cocr AhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vm§À`m AmYmao AmnU hr g§H$ënZm
ñnîQ> H$aUma AmhmoV.
eoVH$ar g_mOmMm AW©: ""Á`m g_mOmV eoVH$è`m§Mo à^wËd qH$dm dM©ñd AgVo Am{U
eoVH$è`m§Mm g_yh hm BVa gm_m{OH$ g_yhmhÿZ {^ÝZ AgVmo Ë`m g_mOmg eoVH$ar g_mO Ago
åhUVmV.
VWm{n, H$m§hr doim eoVH$ar g_mO hr g§km hr Á`m g_mOmV eoVH$è`m§Mr g§»`m _moR>çm
à_mUmda AgVo Ë`mgmR>rhr dmnacr OmVo.
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eoVH$ar åhUOo H$moU? : eoVH$ar g_mO `m g§H$ënZoV eoVH$ar hr Or g§km dmnacocr Amho
{Vcm EH$ {ZpíMV Agm AW© Amho. B§J«Or ^mfoV eoVH$è`mgmR>r Farmer Am{U Peasant `m
XmoZ g§km AmhoV. _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m eoVO{_Zrda _mcH$s AgUmè`m qH$dm Aem O{_ZrMo
ì`dñWmnZ nmhUmè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r B§J«Or ^mfoV Farmer hr g§km dmnaVmV. `mCcQ> chmZ
AmH$mamÀ`m eoVO{_Zrda {Zdm©h Mmc{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo gmÜ`m CËnmXZ V§ÌmZo eoVr ì`dgm`
H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrgmR>r B§J«Or ^mfoV Peasant hr g§km dmnaVmV. `mg§X^m©V am°~Q>© aoS>{\$ëS> ho
emñÌk åhUVmV H$s {Zdm©hmgmR>r eoVrì`dgm` H$aUmar ì`ŠVr hr Peasant hmo`. `m ì`ŠVrÀ`m
Amnë`m O{_Zr{df`rÀ`m ^mdZm Vrd« AgVmV d {VMm OrdZ_mJ© hm nma§n[aH$ AgVmo.
eoVH$ar g_mOmMr ì`m»`m… CnamoŠV {ddoMZmÀ`m AmYmao eoVH$ar g_mOmMr (åhUOo
Peasant Society Mr) ì`m»`m AmnUmg nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b.
""Á`m g_mOmV gmnojV… gmÜ`m CËnmXZ V§ÌmZo d Amnë`m H$wQw>§{~`m§À`m _XVrZo _w»`V…
{Zdm©h Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r O{_ZrÀ`m bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>çmda eoVr ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr
~hþg§»`mH$ AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo VoWrb gm_m{OH$ g§~Y§ mV à^wËd AgVo Ë`m g_mOmg eoVH$ar
g_mO Ago åhUVmV.''
eoVH$ar g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço… eoVH$ar g_mO hr g§H$ënZm g_OÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$ar g_mOmMr
d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgUo C{MV R>aVo.
{Q>AmoS>m°a emZrZ `m§Zr eoVH$ar g_mOmMo 4 Am`m_ qH$dm n¡by gm§{JVbobo AmhoV.
1) eoVH$ar g_mOmV Hw$Qw>§~ hm g_yh gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZoMm _yb^yV KQ>H$ (EH$H$) åhUyZ eoVr
ì`dgm` H$aVmo.
2) eoVH$ar g_mOmV eoVO_rZ hoM CËnÞmMm _w»` ñÌmoV (gmYZ) AgVmo. H$m§hr Hw$Qw>§~o
newnmbZ H$ê$Zhr CËnÞ {_i{dVmV.
3) eoVH$ar g_mOmMr na§namJV Aer g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo d Vr bKw AmH$mamÀ`m J«m_rU
g_wXm`m§er {ZJS>rV AgVo.
4) eoVH$ar g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMm XOm© hm Xþæ`_ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo.
ao_§S> \$W© `m§Zrhr eoVH$ar g_mOmMr 4 d¡{eîQ>ço gm§{JVbobr AmhoV.
1) eoVH$ar g_mOmMm eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` AgVmo.
2) `m g_mOmV eoVr ì`dgm` hm gmÜ`m V§ÌmZo Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) `m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtH$S>o eoVO{_ZrMo bhmZ-bhmZ VwH$S>o AgVmV.
4) `m g_mOmV Hw$Qw>§~ ho Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ H$m`©aV AgVo.
darb {ddoMZmÀ`m AmYmao eoVH$ar g_mOmMr nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>ço AmnUmg gm§JVm òVrb.
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1) bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Mm g_mO… eoVH$ar g_mO hm bhmZ eoVH$è`m§Mm åhUOoM Aën^yYmaH$
eoVH$è`m§Mm g_mO AgVmo. `m g_mOmV eoVH$è`m§{edm` BVahr ì`ŠVr AgVmV nU Ë`m
eoVH$è`m§erM g§~§{YV AgVmV. Ago Agbo Var `m g_mOmV eoVH$è`m§À`m g_yhmMo à^wËd AgVo.
`m g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$ g§~Y§ ho Hw$Qw>§~, Amáì`dñWm, eoOma BË`mXr g_yhm§da AmYmabobo AgVo.
2) eoVr _w»` ì`dgm`… `m g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMm eoVr hm _w»` ì`dgm` AgyZ hm
ì`dgm` Hw$Qw>§{~`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo d gmÜ`m CËnmXZ V§ÌmÛmao Ho$di {Zdm©h Mmb{dÊ`mÀ`m CX²XoemZo
Ho$bm OmVmo. OmXm CËnmXZ Pmë`mg Vo g_mOm~mhoarb ì`ŠVtZm {dH$bo OmVo d Ë`mVyZ
OrdZmdí`H$ BVa dñVy d godm IaoXr Ho$ë`m OmVmV. eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m O[_Zr{df`r AË`§V ào_
AgVo d Vo Ho$di Am{W©H$ \$m`ÚmgmR>r Amnbr O_rZ {dH$Ê`mg V`ma ZgVmV. eoVr{edm` BVahr
H$m§hr ì`dgm` (CXm. newnmbZ, hñVì`dgm` B.) `m g_mOmV {XgyZ òVmV. nU Ë`m§Mo à_mU
Aën AgVo.
3) na§namJV g§ñH¥$Vr… eoVH$ar g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Aer na§namJV g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo Am{U
{VMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hm g_mO H$arV AgVmo. Amnë`m na§namJV g§ñH¥$VrV ~Xb H$aÊ`mg
hm g_mO ghgm V`ma hmoV Zmhr. Amnbo Hw$Qw>§~, eoVr, OrdZe¡br BË`mXr{df`r `m g_mOmg
A{^_mZ dmQ>V AgVmo. OJmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm `m g_mOmMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ gZmVZr ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. hm
g_mO gmYo OrdZ OJVmo. Ë`m_wio g§nÎmrMo àXe©Z H$aUo d M¡ZrMo OrdZ OJUo `m JmoîQ>tZm `m
g_mOmV ñWmZ ZgVo.
4) Xþæ`_ XOm©… Cƒ dJu` loîR>OZ dJmªÀ`m VwbZoV eoVH$ar g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtMm XOm© hm
Xþæ`_ AgVmo. Om°O© S>mëQ>Z åhUVmV H$s, _Ü``wamonmV {nP§Q> ì`ŠVtMm XOm© hm H${ZîR> _mZbm
OmB©. CƒdJu` loîR>OZ ho eoVH$ar g_mO d Ë`m ~mhoarb {díd `m§À`mV _Ü`ñWmMr ^y{_H$m
~Om{dVmV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar g_mO hm `m loîR>OZm§da Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
5) gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z… eoVH$ar g_mOmMo g§KQ>Z ho Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh, Amág§~Y§ `mda
AmYmabobo AgVo. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ d d¡dm{hH$ g§~§YmÛmao `m g_mOmMo ~mø OJmer g§~Y§ àñWm{nV
hmoVmV. `mg§X^m©V aoS>{\$ëS> åhUVmV H$s, gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ImbÀ`m nmVirda AmßVg§~Y§ d
eoOmag§~§Y AgVmV Va daÀ`m nmVirda ì`pŠVJV d Am¡nMm[aH$ g§ñWmË_H$ g§~§Y AgVmV.
6) pñÌ`m§Mo H${ZîR> ñWmZ… J«m_rU g_mOmà_mUoM eoVH$ar g_mOmVhr pñÌ`m§Mo ñWmZ d XOm©
H${ZîR> ({ZåZ) ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. `m g_mOmV nwéfàYmZ ì`dñWm AgVo. Ë`m_wio gd©M joÌmV
nwéfm§Mo dM©ñd AgVo. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ d Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamVrb gd© {ZU©` nwéfM KoVmV. pñÌ`m§Mo
H$m`©joÌ ho "Mwb d _yb' EdT>çmnwaVoM _`m©{XV AgVo. VWm{n, pñÌ`m `m eoVr ì`dgm`mV
_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Om{dV AgVmV. Varhr, KaH$m_ d _wbm§Mo g§JmonZ hrM pñÌ`m§Mr _w»` H$m`©o
_mZbr OmVmV.
2.2.3 J«m_rU Am{U ZmJa {^ÝZVm (ôX qH$dm \$aH$) (Rural-Urban differences)
àmñVm{dH$ : g_wXm`mMo J«m_rU g_wXm` (Jmd qH$dm IoS>o) d ZmJa g_wXm` (ZJa qH$dm eha)
Ago XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. Ë`mn¡H$s ZmJa g_wXm`mMm g_J« d nÕVera Aä`mg ZmJa g_mOemñÌmV
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hmoVmo. ZmJa g_wXm`mMo n[anyU© d `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`m§Mm VwcZmË_H$
Aä`mg H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_wXm` ZmJa g_wXm`mhÿZ H$gm {^ÝZ Amho åhUOoM Ë`m§À`mV H$moUVo ôX
AmhoV ho g_OmdyZ ¿`mdo cmJVo.
AS>MUr :
VWm{n Ë`m§À`mVrc ôX ñnîQ> H$aÊ`m_Üò nwT>rc AS>MUr AmhoV.
1) gmd©{ÌH$ ì`m»òMm A^md : J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm` `m§Mr gd©Ì cmJy nS>oc Aer d
gdmªZm _mÝ` hmoB©c Aer ì`m»`m H$aUo AË`§V H$R>rU Amho. IoS>o åhUOo H$m` d ZJa åhUOo H$m`
ho AmnUmg H$iVo. VWm{n Ë`m§Mr g_mYmZH$maH$ ì`m»`m H$aVm òV Zmhr. åhUyZM ~J}c åhUVmo
H$s ZJa åhUOo H$m` ho àËòH$mg _m{hV Amho nU Ë`mMr H$moUrhr g_mYmZH$maH$ ì`m»`m {Xcocr
Zmhr.
2) cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU : IoS>o H$_r cmoH$g§»òMo Va ZJa OmñV cmoH$g§»òMo AgVo Ago
ñWycnUo åhQ>co OmVo. nU cmoH$g§»òÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m§À`mV ñnîQ>nUo ôX H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo. H$maU
Ë`mgmR>r doJdoJù`m XoemV doJdoJio à_mU ñdrH$macoco {XgVo. CXm. \«$mÝg_Üò 2000,
A_o[aHo$_Üò 2500, ^maVmV 5000 Va OnmZ_Üò 30,000 cmoH$g§»òÀ`m dñVrcm eha _mZco
OmVo.
3) A§emMm \$aH$ : IoS>o d eha ho _mZdr dñVrMo åhUOoM g_wXm`mMo XmoZ àH$ma AgyZ
g_wXm` OrdZmMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço XmoÝhr_Üòhr AmT>iVmV. \$ŠV Ë`m d¡{eîQ>çm§_Üò A§emMm åhUOo
à_mUmMm \$aH$ (Difference of degree or quantity) AmT>iVmo. IoS>çmV eham§Mr H$m§hr
d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iVmV Va ehamVhr IoS>çm§Mr H$m§hr d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iVmV. ehamOdirc IoS>çmV
ZmJar OrdZmMo H$m§hr A§e AmT>iVmV Va ehamVrc H$m_JmadñË`m d PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm `m§À`mV J«m_rU
OrdZmMr PcH$ nhmd`mg {_iVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mV ñnîQ> Aer {d^mOZaofm AmIVm òV Zmhr.
åhUyZ _°H$m`ìha åhUVmV H$s, "ZJa H$moR>o g§nVo d IoS>o H$moRy>Z gwê$ hmoVo ho R>a{dUmar {d^mOZaofm
AmIUo H$R>rU Amho.'
4) n`m©daUmVrc {^ÝZVm : IoS>çmVrc d ehamVrc n`m©daU doJdoJio AgVo. VWm{n
EH$mM ehamVrc doJdoJù`m ^mJmV doJdoJio n`m©daU AmT>iVo. CÀM^«y lr_§Vm§Mr H$m°cZr,
nm§T>anoem _Ü`_dJu`m§Mo AnmQ>©_|Q>g², H$m_Jmam§Mr Mmi d J[a~m§Mr PmonS>nÅ>r `m§À`mVrc n`m©daU
doJdoJio AgVo. Ë`m_wio `mn¡H$s Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m n`m©daUmMr VwcZm IoS>çmVrc n`m©daUmer
H$amd`mMr Agm àíZ nS>Vmo.
5) ~XcVo ñdê$n : `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`mVrc ôX Xe©{dÊ`m_Yrc EH$ à_wI AS>MU Aer
H$s `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`mMo ñdê$n ~XcV Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, XiUdiUmMr àJV
gmYZo B. _wio Ë`m§À`mVrc g§nH$m©Mo à_mU IynM dmT>co Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mVrc A§Va
PnmQ>çmZo H$_r hmoV Amho. ehamVrc AZoH$ ZmJar gw{dYm (CXm. emim, _hm{dÚmcò, ~±H$m,
H¥${Ì_ nmUrnwadR>m, drO, nŠHo$ añVo, XiUdiUmMr gmYZo B.) IoS>çmV CncãY hmoD$ cmJë`m
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AmhoV. Ë`m_wio EImÚm dñVrg H$moR>n`ªV IoS>o åhUmd`mMo d {Vcm eha åhUÊ`mg H|$ìhm gwédmV
H$amd`mMr ho R>a{dUo H$R>rU OmV Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV AmO ewÕ J«m_rU g_wXm` d ewÕ ZmJa g_wXm` AmT>iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV
ñnîQ> ôX Xe©{dUo H$R>rU OmVo. Ago Agco Var J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mV H$m§hr ôX XmI{dco
OmVmV. gmoam{H$Z d {På_a_Z `m§Zr 'Principles of Rural Urban Sociology' `m J«§WmV H$m§hr
{ZH$f dmnê$Z `m XmoÝhr g_mOmVrc ôX ñnîQ> Ho$co AmhoV.
ôX :
1) ì`dgm`mVrc {^ÝZVm : eoVr hm J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm` Amho. eoVr{edm`
BVahr H$m§hr ì`dgm` (CXm. newnmcZ, Xþ½Yì`dgm`, Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmcZ, {dUH$m_, cmohmaH$m_,
gwVmaH$m_ B.) J«m_rU cmoH$ H$aVmV. VWm{n ho ì`dgm` àË`j-AàË`jnUo eoVrerM {ZJS>rV
AgVmV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm OmoS>Y§Xo qH$dm nyaH$ ì`dgm` Ago åhUVmV. `mCcQ> ehar cmoH$m§Mo
ì`dgm` {~JaeoVr ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. chmZ_moR>o CÚmoJ, H$maImZo, ì`mnmanoR>m, {d{dY dñVy§Mr
{dH«$s H|$Ðo, Amamo½` godoMr H|$Ðo, gëcmXm`r H|$Ðo, dmhVyH$ d g§XoedhZmMr ì`dñWm, {ejUg§ñWm,
~±H$m, {d_m H§$nÝ`m, emgH$s` d {Z_emgH$s` H$m`m©cò B. Mr ehamV aocMoc AgVo Am{U
Ë`m§À`m_Üò H$m_ H$ê$Z ehar cmoH$ {Zdm©h MmcdVmV. `m gd© ì`dgm`m§Zm {~JaeoVr ì`dgm`
åhUVmV. ehamV eoVr ì`dgm`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m dñVy§Mo CXm. IVo, O§VyZmeHo$, eoVr
AdOmao B. Mo CËnmXZ d {dH«$s H$aUmao ì`dgm` AgVmV Am{U Ë`m_Üò hr H$m§hr ehar cmoH$
Jw§Vcoco AgVmV. Ago ì`dgm`hr {~JaeoVrM _mZco OmVmV.
2) n`m©daUmVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU g_wXm`mda Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm A{YH$ à^md AgVmo.
eoVr ì`dgm`m_wio J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mm {ZgJm©er K{ZîR> g§~Y§ òVmo. Ë`m§À`m ~hþVm§er JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm
{ZgJm©H$Sy>Z hmoVo. CXm. Ë`m§Mr nmÊ`mMr JaO ZXr, AmoT>o, Vcmd `m§À`mÛmao, Va B§YZmMr JaO
O§JcmÛmao nyU© hmoV.o åhUyZ Vo {ZgJm©da Adc§~yZ AgVmV. JaOnyVugmR>r Vo {ZgJm©cm eaU
OmVmV. Ë`m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ KS>m_moS>tMo (D$Z, dmam, nmD$g) emñÌr` kmZ Zgë`mZo Vo Z¡g{J©H$ eŠVtZm
XodXodVm (CXm. OcXodVm, dm`wXodVm, A{½ZXodVm, dZXodVm) _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr nyOm H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo
X¡ddmXr, A§YlÕm ~Zcoco {XgVmV. Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$M Zìho Va gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZhr
Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmZo à^m{dV Pmcoco AgVo. Ë`m§Mo AmMma{dMma, gd`r, lÕm, Ñ{îQ>H$moZ,
gUg_ma§^, {d{dY H$cm B. ~m~r {ZgJm©er _moR>çm à_mUmda {ZJS>rV AgVmV. `mCcQ> ehar
g_wXm`mda Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmnojm _mZd{Z{_©V (H¥${Ì_) n`m©daUmMm A{YH$ à^md AgVmo.
Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm àË`j à^md ehar OrdZmda \$magm nS>V Zmhr. ehar cmoH$ Amnë`m
JaOmnyVugmR>r {ZgJm©da \$mago Adc§~yZ Z amhVm {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmda AmYmacoë`m H¥${Ì_
CnH$aUm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mda OmñV â XoVmV. CXm. nmÊ`mgmR>r H¥${Ì_ nmUrnwadR>çmMr ì`dñWm
H$aVmV. B§YZ åhUyZ cmH$S>mEodOr Ec.nr.Or. J°g d drO dmnaVmV. CÝhmù`mV W§S> hdm
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Hy$ca, n§Im, EAaH§${S>eZa dmnaVmV. {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m à^mdm_wio ehar
cmoH$ {M{H$ËgH$, ~w{ÕdmXr, {dkmZdmXr, à`ËZdmXr ~Zcoco AgVmV. A§YlÕm, Xod^moù`m
H$ënZm, AemñÌr` {dMmagaUr `m§nmgyZ Vo Xÿa amhVmV. {ZgJm©cm eaU Z OmVm Ë`mMo emñÌr`
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kmZ {_idyZ Ë`mÀ`mda _mV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. H¥${Ì_ n`m©daU C^mê$Z Amnco OrdZ gwIr
d gwgø H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, J«m_rU cmoH$m§À`m _Zmod¥Îmrda d OrdZmda Z¡g{J©H$
n`m©daUmMm Va ehar cmoH$m§À`m _Zmod¥Îmrda d OrdZmda _mZd{Z{_©V n`m©daUmMm A{YH$ à^md
AgVmo.
3) AmH$mamVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU g_wXm` AmH$mamZo chmZ AgVmo. H$maU eoVr hm _w»`
ì`dgm` Agë`mZo eoVrgmR>r (YmÝ` cmJdS>rgmR>r) _moR>çm ^y^mJmMr (O{_ZrMr) JaO ^mgVo.
Ë`m_wio amhÊ`mgmR>r (dñVrgmR>r) H$_r OmJm dmnamMr cmJVo. `mCcQ> ehar g_wXm` AmH$mamZo
_moR>m AgVmo. ehamMr cmoH$g§»`m IoS>çmÀ`m _mZmZo OmñV AgVo. _`m©{XV OmJoda hOmamo, cmImo,
H$amoS>mo cmoH$ XmQ>rdmQ>rZo amhVmV. ehao hr CÚmoJmMr, ì`mnmamMr, amoOJmamMr, {ejUmMr, ^m¡{VH$
gmo`rgw{dYm§Mr H|$Ðo Agë`mZo g^modVmcÀ`m àXoemVrc cmoH$ ehamH$S>o gVV ñWcm§Va H$arV
AgVmV. Ë`mVyZM ehamMm AmH$ma qH$dm {dñVma dmT>V OmVmo. ZJamÀ`m ^modVr CnZJao ApñVËdmV
òVmV d Ë`mVyZM H$mhtZm _hmZJamMo ñdê$n òV.o
4) cmoH$g§»òÀ`m KZVoVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU g_wXm`mV Ho$di cmoH$g§»`mM Zìho Va
cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm XoIrc H$_r AgVo. Xa Mm¡ag {H$._r. _mJo {H$Vr cmoH$ dmñVì` H$aVmV
`mdê$Z cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm R>a{dcr OmVo. IoS>çmVrc cmoH$ EH$Va eoVmV Kao ~m§YyZ amhVmV qH$dm
eoVmOdiÀ`m OmJoda amhVmV. VgoM IoS>çmV amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yrhr H$_rM AgVmV. n[aUm_r VoWo
cmoH$g§»`m d {VMr KZVm H$_rM amhVo. `mCcQ> ehar g_wXm`mV cmoH$g§»`m d cmoH$g§»òMr
KZVmhr IynM OmñV AgVo. ehamV amoOJmamÀ`m, {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr {dnwc à_mUmV Agë`mZo
eham^modVmcÀ`m àXoemVyZ cmoH$ ehamH$S>o gVV ñWcm§Va H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio VoWrc cmoH$g§»`m
dmT>V amhVo. {edm` ehamV H$maImZo, XþH$mZo, H$m`m©cò, añVo, emim, ~mJm, H«$sS>m§JUo B. gmR>r
OmJm amIrd R>odcr OmVo. Ë`m_wio ahmË`m OmJoMr Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo. n[aUm_r H$_rV H$_r OmJoV
OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$m§Zm {Zdmg H$aUo ^mJ nS>V.o n[aUm_r cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm dmT>V OmVo.
WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_wXm`mV cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm H$_r Va ehar g_wXm`mV OmñV AgVo.
5) cmoH$g§»òMr gOm{V`Vm d {dOm{V`Vm `m~m~VMr {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU g_wXm`mV
cmoH$g§»òMr gOmVr`Vm AmT>iVo. IoS>çmVhr {d{dY OmVrY_m©Mo d dJm©Mo cmoH$ amhV Agco Var
Ë`m§Mo OrdZ àË`j-AàË`jnUo eoVr øm EH$mM ì`dgm`mda AmYmacoco AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m
_mZ{gH$VoV d OrdZnÕVrV _moR>çm à_mUmda EH${dYVm (EH$gmaIonUm) AmT>iVo. Ë`m§Mo
AmMma{dMma, lÕm_yëò, ê$T>rna§nam, gUg_ma§^, gd`r, ^mfm, dof^yfm, Ho$e^yfm, ^moOZì`dñWm
B. ~m~VrV ~hþVm§er g_mZVm AmT>iVo. `mcmM cmoH$g§»òMr gOmVr`Vm åhUVmV. `mCcQ> ehar
g_wXm`mV cmoH$g§»òMr {dOmVr`Vm A{YH$ AgVo. H$maU ehamV CÚmoJY§ÚmMr, {ejUmMr
CncãYVm Agë`mZo g^modVmcÀ`m àXoemVyZ {^ÝZ {^ÝZ d§emMo, Y_m©Mo, OmVrMo, ^mfoMo g§ñH¥$VrMo
cmoH$ ehamV EH$Ì Amcoco AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmíd©^y_r {^ÝZ
{^ÝZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo AmMma{dMma, lÕm_yëò, ê$T>rna§nam, gUg_ma§^, gd`r, ^mfm,
dof^yfm, Ho$e^yfm, ^moOZì`dñWm B. ~m~r {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgVmV. `m {^ÝZVocmM cmoH$g§»òMr
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{dOmVr`Vm åhUVmV. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_wXm`mV cmoH$g§»òMr gOmVr`Vm Va ehar g_wXm`mV
cmoH$g§»òMr {dOmVr`Vm AgVo.
6) J{VercVoVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU g_wXm`mV J{VercVog \$magm dmd ZgVmo. J{VercVm
åhUOo EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m {R>H$mUr OmÊ`mMr {H«$`m hmo`. J{VercVm hr VrZ àH$maMr AgVo.
(A) ^m¡Jmo{cH$ J{VercVm : åhUOo EH$m ^m¡Jmo{cH$ {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m ^m¡Jmo{cH$
{R>H$mUmH$S>o OmUo hmo`. CXm. EH$ Jmd qH$dm eha gmoSy>Z Xþgè`m Jmdr qH$dm ehar OmUo hmo`.
(~) ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VercVm : åhUOo eoVr gmoS>y Z ZmoH$ar qH$dm ì`mnma H$aUo.
(H$) gm_m{OH$ J{VercVm : åhUOo EH$m gm_m{OH$ XOm©H$Sy>Z qH$dm ñVamH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m
gm_m{OH$ XOm©H$S>o qH$dm ñVamH$S>o OmUo hmo`. CXm. H${ZîR> gm_m{OH$ XOm©V ~Xc H$ê$Z CÀM
gm_m{OH$ XOm© {_i{dUo.
J«m_rU g_wXm`mV `m {VÝhr àH$maÀ`m J{VercVog \$maer g§Yr ZgVo. H$maU VoWo eoVr{edm`
BVa ì`dgm` \$mago CncãY ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr eoVr ì`dgm`mVM Jw§Vcr OmVo. {edm`
IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§_Üò {Oìhmù`mMo, AmpË_`VoMo g§~Y§ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Amnco Jmd, Amnco
Hw$Qw>§~, Amnco eoV, Amnco AmßV{_Ì B. Zm. gmoS>y Z XþgarH$S>o OmUo ì`ŠVrcm ZH$mogo dmQ>Vo.
Ë`m_wio IoS>çmV ì`mdgm{`H$ d ^m¡Jmo{cH$ J{VercVog \$magm dmd {_iV Zmhr. VgoM IoS>çmV
ì`ŠVrMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© qH$dm ñWmZ qH$dm ñVa hm OÝ_, OmV, ì`dgm`, qcJ, d` B. À`m
AmYmao {ZpíMV hmoVmo d Ë`mcm ê$T>rna§naoMr _mÝ`Vm AgVo. AkmZ, {ZajaVm, ê$T>r{à`Vm,
A§YlÕm, X¡ddmXrd¥Îmr B. _wio ê$T>rna§naoMr ~§YZo PwJmê$Z XoÊ`mMo YmS>g ì`ŠVrH$S>o ZgVo. åhUyZ
na§naoZo {_imcocm XOm© (A{n©V XOm©) ì`ŠVr {Z_yQ>nUo ñdrH$maVo. ñdH$V¥ËdmZo Ë`mV ~Xc
H$aÊ`mMr g§Yrhr {Vcm \$maer {_iV Zmhr. AemàH$mao J«m_rU g_mOmV J{VercVog dmd ZgVmo.
`mCcQ> ehar g_wXm`mV {VÝhr àH$maÀ`m J{V{ecVog _moR>m dmd AgVmo. ehamV ì`{ŠVdmX,
ì`{ŠVñdmV§Í`, XiUdiUmMr àJV gmYZo, {ejU-à{ejUmÀ`m gmo`r d {d{dY ì`dgm` B.
CncãY Agë`mZo ì`ŠVr Amnë`m nmÌVoV dmT> H$ê$Z EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ XþgarH$S>o OmD$ eH$Vo. EH$
ì`dgm` qH$dm ZmoH$ar gmoSy>Z Xþgam ì`dgm` qH$dm ZmoH$ar H$ê$ eH$Vo. VgoM H${ZîR> ñVamVrc
ì`ŠVr ñdH$V©¥ËdmZo CÀM {ejU, gÎmm, g§nÎmr, H$cmH$m¡eëò B. àmßV H$ê$Z Ë`mAmYmao CÀM
gm_m{OH$ ñVa dm XOm© {_idy eH$Vo. CXm. ŠcmH©$Mm H$coŠQ>a hmoD$ eH$Vo. `mCcQ> H$V¥©ËdeyÝ` dm
AH$m`©j_ ì`ŠVr CÀM ñVamVyZ H${ZîR> ñVamH$S>o \o$H$cr OmD$ eH$Vo. AemàH$mao ehamV
ì`mdgm{`H$, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ d gm_m{OH$ J{VercVog IynM dmd AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_wXm`mV
gm_m{OH$ J{VercVog \$magm dmd ZgVmo Va ehamV Vmo AgVmo.
7) ñWcm§VamÀ`m {XeoVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU cmoH$ ho àm_w»`mZo ehamH$S>o ñWcm§Va H$aVmV.
åhUOo Vo doJù`m àH$maÀ`m n`m©daUm_Üò ñWcm§Va H$aVm. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va OJmV gd©ÌM
J«m_rU g_wXm`mMo _moR>çm à_mUmda {dKQ>Z gwê$ Pmco. Ë`m_wio IoS>çmVyZ cmoH$ ehamH$S>o ñWcm§Va
H$ê$ cmJco. `mcmM ZmJarH$aU åhUVmV. ZmJarH$aUmMr hr àd¥Îmr {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>VM Amho.
`mCcQ> ehar cmoH$ ho àm_w»`mZo EH$m ehamH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m ehamH$S>o qH$dm ehamÀ`m EH$m
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{d^mJmH$Sy>Z Xþgè`m {d^mJmH$S>o ñWcm§Va H$aVmV. åhUOoM Vo g_mZ n`m©daUm_Üò ñWcm§Va
H$aVmV. gmYmaUnUo ehamV OÝ_cocr d dmT>cocr ì`ŠVr IoS>çmH$S>o ñWcm§Va H$arV Zmhr. VgoM
IoS>çmVyZ ehamH$S>o Jococr d VoWo éicocr ì`ŠVrhr nwÝhm IoS>çmH$S>o ñWcm§Va H$aÊ`mg ghgm
V`ma ZgVo Agm AZw^d Amho.
8) gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aUmVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU VgoM ehar g_wXm`mVhr gm_m{OH$
ñVarH$aU AmT>iVo. VWm{n J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrc {d{dY gm_m{OH$ ñVam§_Üò qH$dm dJmª_Üò
cjUr` Agm \$aH$ OmUdV Zmhr. H$maU J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo EHy$UM amhUr_mZ {ZåZ (hcŠ`m)
XOm©Mo Amho. Xþgao åhUOo J«m_rU cmoH$ _ycV… gmYr amhUr ng§V H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio VoWrc CÀM d
H${ZîR> ñVamVrc cmoH$m§À`m amhUr_mZmV {deof \$aH$ ZgVmo. Jar~, _Ü`_, lr_§V `m§Mo amhUr_mZ,
gd`r, AmMma, {dMma, lÕm_yëò d EH§$Xa OrdZnÕVr `m§À`mV {deof V\$mdV ZgVo. `mCcQ>
ehar g_wXm`mVrc {d{dY gm_m{OH$ ñVam§_Üò qH$dm dJmª_Üò cjUr` \$aH$ OmUdVmo. ehamVrc
ñVarH$aU åhUOo dJ©ì`dñWm hr Am{W©H$ pñWVrda AmYmacocr AgVo. ehamV A{VCÀM^«y d
{dcmgr OrdZ OJUmao J^©lr_§V AgVmV. ImD$Z {nD$Z gwIr AgUmao _Ü`_ cmoH$hr AgVmV
VgoM AË`§V {ZH¥$îQ> amhUr_mZ AgUmao H${ZîR> ñVamVrc Jar~ cmoH$hr AgVmV. Am{U `m {VÝhr
dJm©À`m Am{W©H$ VgoM gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV H$_mcrMr V\$mdV AgVo. Ë`m_wio
ehamVrc ñVarH$aU àH$fm©Zo cjmV òVo.
9) gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m ñdê$nmVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU cmoH$m§V àË`j ñdê$nmMr
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z òVo. H$maU IoS>çmMm chmZ AmH$ma, H$_r cmoH$g§»`m, g_mZ ì`dgm`
d g§XoedhZmÀ`m àJV gmYZm§Mr H$_VaVm B. _wio IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Mm nañnam§er K{ZîR> Agm
g_moamg_moaMm {ZË` g§nH©$ òVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m AmpË_`VoMo, {Oìhmù`mMo d ghH$m`m©Mo g§~Y§
àñWm{nV hmoVmV. `mCcQ> ehar cmoH$m§V AàË`j ñdê$nmMr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m KSy>Z òVo.
H$maU ehamMm _moR>m AmH$ma, OmñV cmoH$g§»`m, {d{^ÝZ ì`dgm`, g§XoedhZmÀ`m àJV gmYZm§Mr
{dnwcVm B. _wio ehar cmoH$m§Mm nañnam§er K{ZîR> Agm g_moamg_moaMm {ZË` g§nH©$ òV Zmhr.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV hmoUmar gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hr AàË`j dm gm§Ho${VH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVo. ehar
cmoH$ EH$mM g_wXm`mV ahmV AgyZhr Vo nañnam§er Am§Va{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Q>nmc, d¥ÎmnÌo,
XÿaÜdZr, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©Z, B§Q>aZoQ>, B©-_oc Aem gmYZm§Mm A{YH$ dmna H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§À`m g§~Y§ mV \$magr AmpË_`Vm, {Oìhmim d ghH$m`© ^mdZm ZgVo.
10) gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU ì`dñWoVrc {^ÝZVm : J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrc gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU
ì`dñWm AZm¡nMm[aH$ (Informal) ñdê$nmMr AgVo. chmZ AmH$ma d H$_r cmoH$g§»`m `m_wio
IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Mo nañnam§er AË`§V K{ZîR>, g_moamg_moaMo, AmpË_`VoMo, ghH$m`m©Mo d ì`{ŠVJV
ñdê$nmMo g§~Y§ AgVmV. Aem g§~§Ym§Zm àmW{_H$ g§~§Y åhUVmV Am{U J«m_rU cmoH$m§À`m dV©ZmMo
{Z`§ÌU Aem àmW{_H$ g§~Y§ mÛmao AZm¡nMm[aH$nUo nU à^mdr[aË`m hmoV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~, eoOmar,
AmßVg§~Y§ r (ZmVcJ), {_Ìn[adma B. àmW{_H$ g_yh ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aVmV. Ë`mgmR>r
cmoH$_V, cmoH$ê$T>r, cmoH$ZrVr, Y_©H$ënZm, gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ _yëò B. AZm¡nMm[aH$ gmYZm§Mm
(gm_m{OH$ {Z`_m§Mm) dmna H$aVmV. `mCcQ> ehamVrc gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU ì`dñWm hr Am¡nMm[aH$
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AgVo. _moR>m AmH$ma d OmñV cmoH$g§»ò_wio ehar cmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y ho AË`§V
Am¡nMm[aH$, AàË`j, H$m_McmD$, H$amamË_H$ d ì`ŠVr{Zanoj AgVmV. Ë`m g§~§YmV {Oìhmim,
K{ZîR>Vm, {ZH$Q>Vm ZgVo. Aem g§~Y§ mg Xþæ`_ g§~§Y åhUVmV. ehar cmoH$m§À`m dV©ZmMo {Z`§ÌU
Aem Xþæ`_ g§~Y§ mÛmao Am¡nMm[aH$nUo Ho$co OmVo. ehamV gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~,
eoOmar, {_Ì, ZmVcJ B. àmW{_H$ g_yh Anwao d Ag_W© R>aVmV. VgoM ehar cmoH$g§»`m
{dOmVr` Agë`mZo cmoH$_V, cmoH$ê$T>r, cmoH$ZrVr, Y_©H$ënZm, _yëò B. gmYZohr {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mg Hw$MH$m_r R>aVmV. åhUyZ ehamV gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r H$m`Xm, nmocrg, Ý`m`mc`,
Vwé§J Aer Am¡nMm[aH$ gmYZoM dmnacr OmVmV.
(Formal)
2.2.4 J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` (Rural-Urban Continuum)
àñVmdZm : ""J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` ({Za§VaVm qH$dm AI§S>Ëd)'' hr J«m_rU d ZmJa
g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmVrc EH$ _hÎdnyU© g§H$ënZm Amho. `m g§H$ënZoMo _yi gmoamo{H$ZÀ`m {cImUmV
AmT>iVo. VWm{n Vr gd©àW_ ñnîQ> ñdê$nmV am°~Q>© aoS>{\$ëS> `mZo Ë`mÀ`m "H¥$fH$ g_mO d
g§ñH¥$Vr' `m J«W§ mV _m§S>cr d {Vcm EH$ {ZpíMV AW© d g§X^© àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcm.
J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` åhUOo H$m`? J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm` ho nañnam§nmgyZ nyU©V… {^ÝZ
ZmhrV. `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço EH$_oH$m§V {_gicocr AmT>iVmV. XmoÝhtMo ApñVËd
EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJio H$aVm òV Zmhr. XmoÝhr g_wXm`mV ñnîQ> gr_maofm AmIVm òV Zmhr. EH$m
Q>moH$mcm J«m_rU d Xþgè`m Q>moH$mcm ZmJa g_wXm` Amho Ago _mZco Var `m XmoÝhtÀ`m_Üò òUmè`m
g_wXm`mV, _J Ë`m§Zm J«m_rU åhUm qH$dm ZmJa, EdT>r g_mZVm AgVo H$s Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ
nyU©V… AcH$ qH$dm n¥WH$ H$aVm òV Zmhr. `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`m_Üò g_mOaMZm, gm_m{OH$ _yëò,
Y_©lÕm, OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ BË`mXtÀ`m ~m~VrV EH$àH$maMr {Za§VaVm qH$dm AI§S>Ëd {XgyZ
òVo. `mcmM J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` Ago åhUVmV. J«m_rU g_wXm` (IoS>o) d ZmJa g_wXm` (eha) ho
XmoÝhr nañnag§~§{YV, nañnamdc§~r d nañnam§Zm à^m{dV H$aUmao AgyZ Ë`m§À`mV g_mZVoMo AZoH$
Xþdo AmhoV. `m _wÚmda hr g§H$ënZm â XoV.o
J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË`mMo ñdê$n :
nwT>rc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm òV.o
1) J«m_rU-ZmJa {^ÞVoÀ`m {damoYr : J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` hr g§H$ënZm J«m_rU-ZmJa
{^ÝZVm (Rural-urban contrast or differences) `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m {damoYr Aer g§H$ënZm Amho.
J«m_rU d ZmJa ho A{Ic _mZd g_wXm`mMo XmoZ {d^mJ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço nañnam§nmgyZ doJir
qH$dm {^ÝZ AmhoV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg n¥WH$nUo Pmcm nm{hOo Ago _V gmoam{H$Z, {På_a_Z,
ñnoÝga, Q>moZrO, do~a, Q>r.Ec. pñ_W B. Zr. _m§S>co. cwB©g dW©, Ë`mÀ`m "ZJadmX EH$ OrdZe¡cr'
`m emoY{Z~§YmV åhUVmo H$s, J«m_rU d ZmJa ho g_wXm` gm_m{OH$ ~§YZmMo ñdê$n, _Zmod¥Îmr Am{U
OrdZñVa B. ~m~VrV {^ÝZ AmhoV. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg XmoZ Y«yd åhUOo XmoZ Q>moHo$ g_OyZ Ho$cm
nm{hOo. gmoamo{H$Z d {På_a_Z VgoM Q>r. Ec. pñ_W `m§Zrhr J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mV ì`dgm`,
n`m©daU, cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm, gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU, gm_m{OH$ J{VercVm, gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m
27
B. ~m~VrV ôX qH$dm {^ÝZVm AgVo; åhUyZ `m XmoÝhrMm Aä`mg `m ôXm§À`m ñdê$nmVM Ho$cm
nm{hOo Ago _V _m§S>coco Amho.
J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` hr g§H$ënZm darc _Vmg {damoY H$aUmar Amho. `m g§H$ënZoZwgma XmoÝhr
g_wXm` nañnamhÿZ nyU©V… {^ÝZ AgUmao XmoZ Y«yd AmhoV Ago g_OUo àË`jmV AË`§V H$R>rU
Amho. åhUyZ hr g§H$ënZm J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mVrc {^ÝZVm ZmH$maVo d `m XmoÝhrV AZoH$
~m~VrV g_mZVm Amho, XmoÝhr g_wXm`mg OmoS>Umao AZoH$ Xþdo (linkagess) AmhoV `m _VmMm
nwañH$ma H$aVo.
2) {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Mr _Vo : J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` hr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnîQ>nUo
g_OÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Mr _Vo Aä`mgUo C{MV R>aoc.
A) ~Q´>mªS> d ghH$mar `m§À`m _Vo EH$ à{V_mZ (Model) åhUyZ J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mVrc
{^ÝZVoMr ì`mnH$ ì`m»`m H$aVm òVo. VWm{n `m XmoÝhrVrc A§Va qH$dm {^ÝZVm hr VwcZmË_H$
A§emVM hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m XmoZ Y«wdmV EH$ Aer e¥§Icm (gmIir) Amho H$s Or Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§er
OmoS>V.o
~) [añg_Z åhUVmo H$s J«m_rU-ZJa {^ÝZVoMo {gÕm§V Ho$di nmR>çnwñVH$mV AgyZ Vo \$ŠV
narjoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZoM _hÎdmMo AmhoV. g§emoYZ nÕVrÀ`m ê$nmV Vo H$YrM à_m{UV Pmcoco ZmhrV.
J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mVrc {^ÝZVm ^m¡Jmo{cH$ d ^m¡{VH$ pñWVrÀ`m AmYmao XmIdyZ XoUo `mo½`
Zmhr. g_mOemñÌr` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aVm `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`mMo {ddoMZ ho g_mOaMZm d
gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y `m§À`m AmYmao Ho$co nm{hOo. Vgo Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mV
EH$àH$mao gmVË` {XgyZ òB©c.
H$) Ama. B. nm¡c åhUVmV H$s J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` hr g§H$ënZm nydu ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m
à{H«$òÀ`m ê$nmV g_OmdyZ {Xcr OmV Ago. `m à{H«$òÀ`m {dícofUmV "gr_m' VÎdmg _hÎd
{Xcoco Zmhr. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$òV KamMr ^m¡{VH$ aMZm d ì`dgm`
`m§À`mVrc ~Xcmnojm g_mOaMZoVrc ~Xcmg _hÎd AgVo. AmO OoWo H$moR>o J«m_rU d ZmJa Agm
ôX Amho Ë`mMm AmYma cmoH$g§»`mË_H$ qH$dm ^m¡{VH$ ñdê$nmMm Zmhr Va Vmo ôX EH$m gm_m{OH$
à{H«$òÀ`m énmV {XgyZ òVmo. AmO gdm©V _moR>o VÏ` ho Amho H$s OJmV gd©ÌM ^m§S>dcemhr
g_mOmMm {dH$mg hmoV Amho Am{U Aem g_mOmV ZmJar VgoM J«m_rU OrdZmVrc d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm
g§`wŠV à^md {XgyZ òVmo.
darc {d{dY Aä`mgH$m§À`m {dMmamdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mVrc
{^ÝZVm ñnîQ>nUo XmIdyZ XoVm òV Zmhr. XmoÝhrMr d¡{eîQ>ço EH$_oH$m§V {_gicocr AmT>iVmV.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV gmVË` {XgyZ òV.o
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU d ZmJarH$aU `m§Mm à^md : _mZd g_mOmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ IoS>o d
ZJa åhUOoM J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm` AmhoV. nydu IoS>çm§nojm ZJam§Mr g§»`m IynM H$_r hmoVr.
Varhr `m XmoÝhr_Üò g_wXm` OrdZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar H$m§hr gm_mB©H$ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.
H$mcm§VamZo `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`mV n[adV©Z hmoD$ cmJco. Ë`m§Mm nañnam§da à^md nSy> cmJcm. XmoÝhr
28
g_wXm` nañnamV gm_rc hmoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$ cmJco. gmoamo{H$Z åhUVmo Ë`mà_mUo Jmd d eha ho
XmoÝhr {d^mJ EH$ê$n hmoÊ`mMr Or àd¥Îmr Amho Ë`m_wio XmoÝhrMr cjUo EH$_oH$m§V {_giV AmhoV.
VWm{n XmoÝhrMrhr {deof cjUo ZîQ> Z hmoVm gwa{jV amhVmV. AmO hr àd¥Îmr \$ŠV H$m§hr XoemV
àH$Q> hmoV Amho nU Vr A{YH$m{YH$ dmT>V OmUo An[ahm`© Amho. øm_wio OJmV gm_m{OH$gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV EH$ Zdo ê$n, EH$ Zdr g¥îQ>r {Z_m©U hmoB©c. gmamo{H$ZÀ`m `m {dMmamVM J«m_rU
ZmJa gmVË`mMr {~Oo AmT>iVmV.
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU d ZmJarH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmcr. gwédmVrg _moR>o
CÚmoJY§Xo ehamVM {ZKmco. IoS>çmVrc Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ ~§X nS>co. Ë`m_wio ~oH$ma IoSy>V amoOJmamgmR>r
ehamH$S>o ñWcm§Va H$ê$ cmJco. ehao hr CÚmoJmMr, ì`mnmamMr, {ejUmMr d M¡ZrÀ`m OrdZmMr
H|$Ðo ~Zcr. n[aUm_r IoS>çmVrc cmoH$ ehamH$S>o A{YH$M AmH${f©V hmoD$ cmJco. VWm{n
IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Zr ehamV òVmZm Amncr J«m_rU OrdZnÕVrMr d g§ñH¥$VrMr AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço
AmUcr. Ë`m_wio ehamV J«m_rU d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm {eaH$md Pmcm. ehamVrc H$m_Jma dñVr d
PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm `m§À`m_Üò J«m_rU OrdZe¡crMr PcH$ _moR>çm à_mUmda {XgyZ òVo. `mCcQ> Xþgè`m
~mOyZo ZJam§Mm {dñVma dmT>V OmD$Z Ë`m§Mr gr_m eoOmaÀ`m IoS>çm§Zm OmD$Z {^S>cr. ZJam§Zr
g^modVmcÀ`m IoS>çm§Zm Amnë`m nmoQ>mV KoVco. ehamcJVÀ`m IoS>çmV ehar OrdZmVrc ZmJar
gw{dYm (nŠHo$ añVo, drO, Zi`moOZm, d¥ÎmnÌo, emim, ~±H$m, XdmImZo B.) {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJë`m.
J«m_rU cmoH$ ehar cmoH$m§À`m OrdZnÕVrMo (nmofmI, Ho$e^yfm, A{^dmXZ nÕVr, \°$eZ, M¡ZrÀ`m
dñVy dmnaUo B.) AZwH$aU H$ê$ cmJco. AemàH$mao J«m_rU OrdZmV ehar g§ñH¥$VrVrc KQ>H$m§Mm
{eaH$md hmoD$ cmJcm. WmoS>Š`mV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU d ZmJarH$aU `m à{H«$`m§Mm à^md nSy>Z J«m_rU
d ZmJar g_wXm`mV EH$ àH$maMr g_mZVm {XgyZ òD$ cmJcr. EH$_oH$m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço EH$_oH$m§V
{_giy cmJcr Am{U J«m_rU d ZmJa gmVË` {Z_m©U Pmco.
4) nañna g§nH$m©Mo dmT>Vo à_mU : àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ IoS>r d ehao AmhoV. nU nydu
Ë`m§Mm nañnam§er \$magm K{ZîR> g§nH©$ Zgo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _mÌ XiUdiUmMr àJV gmYZo
CncãY Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Mm K{ZîR> d {ZË` g§nH©$ òD$ cmJcm. ho XmoÝhr g_wXm` Amnë`m
JaOmnyVugmR>r EH$_oH$m§da Adc§~yZ AmhoV. eha ho nmUr, XÿY, ^mOrnmcm, \$io, AÞYmÝ` d
CÚmoJmgmR>r cmJUmam H$ÀMm _mc `mgmR>r IoS>çmda Adc§~yZ Amho. Va IoS>o ho nŠH$m _mc, CÎm_
{ejU d Amamo½` gw{dYm, ì`mnma, M¡ZrÀ`m dñVy B. gmR>r ehamda Adc§~yZ Amho. Aem `m
nañnamdc§~Zm_wio `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`m§Mm K{ZîR> g§nH©$ òD$Z Ë`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço EH$_oH$m§V {_giV
AmhoV. n[aUm_r J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` {XgyZ òVo.
5) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo H$m`©H«$_ : AmO OJmV gd©ÌM J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ am~{dco OmV
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio nŠHo$ añVo, ~§{XñV JQ>mar, ñdÀN>Vm, {ejU g§ñWm, Amamo½` H|$Ðo, ~±H$m, hm°Q>oc,
{gZo_m XiUdiUmMr d dmhVwH$sMr àJV gmYZo, KaJwVr dmnamMr `§Ìo d AdOmao B. ZmJar
OrdZmVrc JmoîQ>r IoS>çmV nmohMë`m AmhoV. Zdr _yëò, Zdo kmZ, Zì`m H$ënZm ehamH$Sy>Z
IoS>çmH$S>o hiyhiy g§H«$_rV hmoV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio IoS>çmMo nma§nm[aH$ ê$n ~XcyZ Ë`mcm ZJamMm
Vm|S>mdim àmßV hmoV Amho.
29
6) ZmJar g_ñ`m : A{cH$S>rc H$mimV ZJam_Üò amhË`m OmJoMr Q>§MmB©, PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm,
àXÿfU, dmhVwH$sMr H$m|S>r, JwÝhoJmar, _mZ{gH$ VmUVUmd, YH$mYH$sMo OrdZ B. g_ñ`m Vrd«
Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ehamVrc YZmT>ç cmoH$, godm{Zd¥Îm d em§VVm{à` cmoH$ ehamnmgyZ Odi
Agcoë`m IoS>çmV dmñVì` H$ê$ cmJco AmhoV. Vo IoS>çmV òVmZm ZmJar OrdZmMr cjUo KoD$Z
òV AmhoV. Ë`m_wiohr IoS>çm_Üò ZJamMr VÎdo dmT>V AmhoV. Am{U åhUyZ J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË`mg
MmcZm {_iV Amho.
AemàH$mao J«m_rU d ZmJa hr XmoZ Q>moHo$ _mZcr OmV Agcr Var àË`jmV _mÌ XmoÝhrMr
d¡{eîQ>ço EH$_oH$m§V AmT>iVmV. ewÕ J«m_rU d ewÕ ZmJa g_wXm` H$moR>ohr ApñVËdmV ZmhrV.
Ë`m§À`mV ñnîQ> d {ZpíMV gr_maofm KmcVm òV Zmhr. XmoÝhrMrhr gwñnîQ> ì`m»`m CncãY Zmhr.
_°H$m`ìha åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo IoS>o H$moR>o g§nVo d eha H$moRy>Z gwê$ hmoVo ho R>a{dUo H$R>rU Amho.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV Q>moH$mMr {^ÝZVm Amho Ago _mZUo hr Ho$di H$ënZm AgyZ àË`jmV _mÌ
Ë`m§À`mV gmVË` AmT>iVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Imcrc {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) J«m_rU g_mOmVrc OrdZ ................. àYmZ AgVo.
A) CÚmoJ
~) eoVr
H$) godm
2) eoVH$ar g_mO hm .............. eoVH$è`m§Mm g_mO AgVmo.
A) chmZ
~) _moR>çm
H$) ~mJmB©VXma
3) J«m_rU g_wXm`mV cmoH$g§»òMr .............. AmT>iVo.
A) {dOm{V`Vm
~) gOm{V`Vm
H$) AZoH${dYVm
4) J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` `m g§H$ënZoMo _yi .................. À`m
A) ~Q´>mªS>
~) aoS>{\$ëS>
H$) gmoarH$sZ
S>) Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ
S>) lr_§V
S>) ~hþ{dYVm
{cImUmV AmT>iVo.
S>) [añg_Z
2.3 gmam§e
`m Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmVrc à_wI 4 g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVcoë`m
AmhmV. gd©àW_ Vwåhr J«m_rU g_mOmMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgcocr AmhoV. ñWwc_mZmZo
IoS>çm§V amhUmè`m cmoH$m§À`m g_mOmg J«m_rU g_mO åhUVmV. hm g_mO gOmVr` ñdê$nmMm
AgyZ VoWrc OrdZ ho eoVràYmZ AgVo. `m g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~Y§ ho AZm¡nMm[aH$
ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. VgoM Ë`m§Mr OrdZnÕVr hr nma§n[aH$ (na§namJV) ñdê$nmMr AgVo. {ñÌ`m§Mm
XOm© {ZåZ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. VwcZoZo J«m_rU g_mO hm _mJmgcocm (AàJV) Agm AgVmo. `mZ§Va
Vwåhr eoVH$ar g_mO hr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVcocr Amho. Á`m g_mOmV gmnojV… gmÜ`m
CËnmXZV§ÌmZo d Amnë`m Hw$Qw> §{~`m§À`m _XVrZo àm_w»`mZo {Zdm©h Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r O{_ZrÀ`m chmZ
chmZ VwH$S>çmda eoVr ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr ~hþg§»`m§H$ AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mo VoWrc
30
gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV à^wÎd AgVo Ë`m g_mOmg eoVH$ar g_mO Ago åhUVmV. eoVH$ar g_mO hm
Aën^yYmaH$ åhUOoM chmZ eoVH$è`m§Mm g_mO AgVmo. VoWrc _w»` ì`dgm` eoVr AgVmo. VgoM
`m g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr hr nma§n[aH$/na§namJV AgVo. CÀM A{ÔZm§À`m VwcZoV eoVH$ar g_mOmÀ`m
gXñ`m§Mm XOm© Xþæ`_ AgVmo. `m g_mOmMo gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z ho Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh d Amág§~Y§ `mda
AmYmacoco AgVo. J«m_rU g_mOmà_mUoM eoVH$ar g_mOmVhr {ñÌ`m§Mm XOm© Xþæ`_ ñdê$nmMm
AgVmo. `mZ§Va Vwåhr J«m_rU-ZmJa ôX H$aÊ`m_Üò òUmè`m AS>MUr g_OmdyZ KoVë`m AmhmV. `m
XmoÝhr g_mOmV ì`dgm`, n`m©daU, AmH$ma, cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm, J{VercVm, ñWcm§Va, gm_m{OH$
ñVarH$aU, gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m, gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU ì`dñWm BË`mXr~m~V Agcocr {^ÝZVm
g_OmdyZ KoVcocr Amho. gdm©V eodQ>r J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË` hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> Ho$cocr Amho. hr
g§H$ënZm J«m_rU d ZmJa g_wXm`mVrc {^ÝZVm ZmH$maVo d XmoÝhrVrc g_mZVoda â XoVo.
2.4 ñ_aUmW© g§km
gOmVr` g_mO : Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH${d{YVm AgUmam g_mO.
Jm¡U ñWmZ : Xþæ`_ qH$dm H${ZîR> ñdê$nmMo ñWmmZ.
Aën^yYmaH$ : eoVO{_ZrMo chmZ chmZ VwH$S>o YmaU H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr.
{dOmVr`Vm : Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~hþ{dYVm
AmpË_`Vm : AmnconUmMr ^mdZm
ñWcm§Va : EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m {R>H$mUr OmUo
gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU : g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mo loîR>-H${ZîR> ñVamV hmoUmao {d^mOZ
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m : ì`ŠVrì`ŠVrV qH$dm g_yhmg_yhmV hmoUmè`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Mr
à{H««$`m
gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU ì`dñWm : Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Zwgma dV©Z H$aÊ`mg ^mJ
nmS>Ê`mgmR>r g_mOmH$Sy>Z qH$dm g_yhmH$Sy>Z dmnaë`m OmUmè`m gmYZm§Mr d à{H«$`m§Mr
ì`dñWm.
Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU : _moR>_moR>o CÚmoJY§Xo C^maÊ`mMr à{H«$`m.
ZmJarH$aU : J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òMo ZJamH$S>o hmoUmao ñWcm§Va.
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) ~
2) A
3) ~
4) H$
31
2.6 ñdmÜ`m`
A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.
1) J«m_rU g_mOmMm AW© gm§JyZ Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.
2) eoVH$ar g_mO hr g§H$ënZm {deX H$am.
3) J«m_rU-ZmJa {^ÝZVoMr MMm© H$am.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1)
2)
3)
4)
J«m_rU g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
eoVH$ar g_mOmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
J«m_rU-ZmJa ôX ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m AS>MUr
J«m_rU-ZmJa gmVË`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W
àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ - àH$m{eH$m gm¡ _m`mXodr I§S>mJio (2015)
S>m°. Jwê$ZmW ZmS>Jm|S>o : J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ - H$m°pÝQ>Z|Q>c àH$meZ, nwUo.
eer Ho$. O¡Z : ZJar` g_mOemñÌ - [agM© npãcHo$eZ -O`nya (1996)
32
KQ>H$ 3
J«m_rU g_wXm`
(Rural Community)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
3.2.2 IoS>çm§Mr dJuH$aUo
A) H|$ÐrV IoS>o, {dIwacoco IoS>o d aofmË_H$ IoS>o
~) ñWcm§VarV IoS>o, A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>o d ñWm`r IoS>o
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 ñ_aUmW© g§km
3.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.6 ñdmÜ`m`
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg
J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrc.
IoS>çmMr dJuH$aUo ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço d IoS>çm§Mr dJuH$aUo Aä`mgUma AmhmV.
J«m_rU g_wXm` hr J«m_rU g_mOemñÌmÀ`m AÜ``ZmVrc H|$ÐñWmZr Agcocr g§H$ënZm Amho.
Ë`m_wio `m emñÌmV J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. J«m_rU g_wXm`
åhUOo IoS>o hmo`. AJXr àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV _mZd AÝZ emoYÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xþgè`m
{R>H$mUr gVV ^Q>H$V Ago. eoVrMm emoY cmJë`mZ§Va _mÌ Ë`mMr AÝZmMr qMVm g§ncr d Vmo
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g_yh H$ê$Z EH$m {R>H$mUr ñWm`r ñdê$nmMr dgmhV H$ê$Z amhÿ cmJcm. `mVyZ IoS>o åhUOoM
J«m_rU g_wXm` CX`mg Amcm. AWm©V OJmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV dgcocr hr IoS>r EH$gmaIr ZgyZ
Vr doJdoJù`m àH$maMr AmhoV. J«m_rU g_mOemñÌkm§Zr {d{dY {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao IoS>çm§Mr
doJdoJir dJuH$aUo Ho$cocr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s ^m¡{VH$ aMZoZwgma Ho$coco IoS>çm§Mo dJuH$aU Am{U
dgmhVrMr pñWaVm `m AmYmao Ho$coco dJuH$aU Aer XmoZ dJuH$aUo `m{R>H$mUr Vwåhr Aä`mgUma
AmhmV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
{ddoMZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo `m KQ>H$mMo XmoZ {d^mJ nmS>coco AmhoV. n{hë`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU
g_wXm`mMr ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> Ho$cr OmVrc. BVa Xþgè`m {d^mJmV àW_ ^m¡{VH$ aMZoZwgma
Ho$coco IoS>çm§Mo H|$ÐrV IoS>o, {dIwacoco IoS>o d aofmË_H$ IoS>o ho dJuH$aU ñnîQ> Ho$co OmB©c. d
Ë`mZ§Va dgmhVrMr pñWaVm hm {ZH$f {dMmamV KoD$Z Ho$coco ñWcm§VarV IoS>o, A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>o
d ñWm`r IoS>o ho dJuH$aU ñnîQ> Ho$co OmB©c.
3.2.1 J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço
J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ Vwåhr Ë`mÀ`m H$m§hr ì`m»`m g_OmdyZ
KoUma AmhmV. gmYmaUnUo Oo eha qH$dm ZJa Zmhr Ë`mg IoS>o åhUOoM J«m_rU g_wXm` Ago
åhUVmV. `m g_wXm`mV cmoH$g§»`m H$_r AgyZ eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` AgVmo. AWm©V
EdT>çmdê$Z J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AW© ñnîQ> hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ J«m_rU g_wXmamÀ`m ì`m»`m {dMmamV
KoD$.
1) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio : J«m_rU g_wXm` åhUOo gmnojV… cKw AmH$mamÀ`m ^yàXoemVrc
Aer _mZdr dgmhV H$s, {OÀ`m_Üò cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm H$_r AgyZ àmW{_H$ g§~§YmMo àm~ë`
AgVo Am{U _w»`V… H¥$fràYmZ Ago Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ AmT>iVo.
2) h°amëS> nrH$ : J«m_rU g_wXm`mV Aem nañnag§~§{YV qH$dm Ag§~§{YV ì`ŠVtÀ`m
g_whmMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo H$s, Omo EH$m _moR>çm Hw$Qw>§~mnojm _moR>m Amho d Ë`m ì`ŠVtMr Kao AJXr
OdiOdi qH$dm A{Z`{_VnUo dgcocr AgVmV. `m g_wXm`mÀ`m H¥$fr`mo½` O{_Zrda eoVr Ho$cr
OmVo d g^modVmcÀ`m nS>rH$ O_rZrda Jwao Mmacr OmVmV. eoOmaÀ`m gr_on`ªV ngacoë`m
H¥$fr`mo½` d nS>rH$ O{_Zrda Ë`m g_wXm`mMr _mcH$shŠH$mMr ^mdZm AgVo.
3) amYmH$_c _wIOu : IoS>o åhUOo Agm _mZdr g_yh H$s, Á`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr gmnoj Aer
gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$ gmåò AmT>iVmV, Á`mMo ñdê$n AZm¡nMm[aH$ d àmW{_H$ g_yhmgmaIo
AgVo. VoWo cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm H$_r AgyZ eoVr hm à_wI ì`dgm` AgVmo.
J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr d¡{eîQço
darb {d{dY ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm òVrb.
1) H¥$fràYmZ g_wXm`… J«m_rU g_wXm` hm H¥$fràYmZ åhUOo eoVràYmZ g_wXm` AgVmo.
H$maU Ë`mVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Mm ì`dgm` eoVr dm H¥$fr AgVmo. BVa Oo {~JaeoVr ì`dgm` VoWo
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MmbVmV (CXm. newnmbZ, Xþ½Yì`dgm`, gwVmaH$m_, {dUH$m_ BË`mXr) Vo eoVrer g§b½Z AgVmV.
eoVrbm nyaH$ Ago AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ~è`mM doim J«m_rU g_wXm` d H¥$fH$ g_wXm` ho XmoZ eãX
g_mZ AWm©Zo dmnabo OmVmV. `m g_wXm`mV eoVr ì`dgm`m_wio O{_Zrg _hËdmMo ñWmZ AgVo d
O{_ZYmaH$ ì`ŠVtZm VoWo Cƒ ñWmZ, XOm© d à{VîR>m AgVo. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ ì`ŠVr O_rZ
O{_ZYmaH$ ~ZÊ`mMr AmH$m§jm ~miJyZ AgVo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMm `m g_wXm`mÀ`m Am{W©H$,
gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmda _moR>m à^md AgVmo. bmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~Y§ , Ë`m§Mo dV©Z,
AmMma{dMma, lÜXm, _yëò, gUg_ma§^, doe^yfm, Amhma, {ZdmgñWmZ BË`mXrda H¥$fr ì`dgm`mMm
_moR>m nJS>m nS>bobm {XgyZ òVmo. `m{edm` bmoH$m§À`m _mZ{gH$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ OrdZmdahr `m
ì`dgm`mMr N>mn AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_ËdmMr d gm_m{OH$
OrdZmMr OS>UKS>U hr H¥$fr ì`dgm`mÛmao Pmbobr AgVo d Ë`m_wio hm g_wXm` H¥$fràYmZ g_wXm`
AgVmo.
2) bKwAmH$ma… ZmJa g_wXm`mnojm J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AmH$ma hm bhmZ AgVmo. H¥$fr
ì`dgm`mgmR>r Iyn {dñV¥V O{_ZrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio dgmhV H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUOoM Kao
~m§YyZ amhÊ`mgmR>r H$_r O_rZ dmnabr OmVo. _hËdmMo åhUOo J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr bmoH$g§»`m
XoIrb H$_r AgVo d bmoH$g§»òMr KZVmhr H$_rM AgVo. Ë`m_wiohr `m g_wXm`mg dgmhVrgmR>r
H$_r OmJm bmJV AgVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ hm g_wXm` bKwAmH$mamMm AgVmo.
3) {deofrH$aUmMm A^md… J«m_rU g_wXm`mV {deofr H$aUmMm A^md AmT>iVmo. H$maU
òWrb ì`ŠVr H$moUVmVar EH$M EH$ ì`dgm` H$ê$Z Amnbm {Zdm©h Mmb{dV ZgVmV. eoVr
ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrg eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©M {H«$`mà{H«$`m§Mo (CXm. Zm§JaUr,
noaUr, H$moinUr, ^m§JbUr, H$mnUr, _iUr B.) kmZ AgVo d Vr Ë`m nma nmS>rV AgVo.
`m{edm` eoVrer gb§½Z Agboë`m H$m§hr ì`dgm`m~m~VMohr (CXm. gwVmaH$m_, bmohmaH$m_,
XmoaXmoaI§S> ~Z{dUo B.) WmoS>\o $ma kmZ AgVo. AmO eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmoD$ bmJë`mZo AmYw{ZH$
`§ÌmMo d V§ÌmMo kmZ hr ì`ŠVrg AgVo. eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbo d _{hbm `m§Zmhr eoVr
ì`dgm`mVrb H$m_m§Mo ~aoMgo kmZ AgVo d Vo eoVrÀ`m H$m_mV Amnë`m narZo `moJXmZ XoV
AgVmV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_wXm`mV {deofrH$aU \$mago {XgyZ òV Zmhr.
4) Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm à^md… J«m_rU g_wXm`mda Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm _moR>m à^md
AgVmo. H¥$fr ì`dgm`m_wio `m g_wXm`mVrb bmoH$m§Mm {ZgJm©Vrb O_rZ, nmUr, hdm, D$Z, dmam
newnjr, d¥jdobr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§er gVV g§~§Y òV AgVmo. ho bmoH$ Amnë`m JaOm nyU©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZgJ©eŠVtMm dmna H$arV AgVmV. nU `m eŠVtÀ`m ñdê$nmMo gË` kmZ Ë`m§Zm
ZgVo. Ë`m_wio `m eŠVtda Vo hdo VodT>o {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$V ZmhrV. åhUyZ Vo {ZgJ©eŠVtZm eaU
OmD$Z Ë`m§Zm XodXodVm _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr H¥$nm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV. `mVyZM Vo {ZgJm©Mr
nyOm H$aVmV. Amnbo OrdZ {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ Amho `m ^mdZoVyZ Vo {ZgJm©{YZ amhVmV. Ë`mVyZM
Vo A§YlÕm, X¡ddmXr ~Zbobo {XgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU g_wXm`mda {ZgJm©Mm _moR>m à^md AgVmo.
5) Hw$Qw>§~mMm à^md… J«m_rU g_wXm`mda Hw$Qw>§~mMmhr _moR>m à^md AgVmo. ehar
g_wXm`mVë`mà_mUo J«m_rU g_wXm`mV EopÀN>H$ _§S>io _moR>çm à_mUmda ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr `m
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Amnë`m JaOmnyVugmR>r Hw$Qw>§~ `m g_yhmdaM Adb§~yZ AgVmV. J«m_rU ì`ŠVrMo g§nyU© OrdZ ho
{VÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mVM ì`VrV hmoV AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~ gXñ` gVV EH$_oH$mÀ`m K{ZîR> g§nH$m©V AgVmV.
Ë`m§MmV g_moamg_moaMm d àË`j Agm g§nH©$ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV ào_, {ZH$Q>Vm, AmnwbH$s,
ghH$m`©, ghmZw^yVr _moR>`m à_mUmda AgVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmda Hw$Qw>§~mMoM {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
ì`ŠVrMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© {VÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mdê$ZM R>aV AgVmo. _mb_Îmm hr XoIrb Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`mM
_mbH$sMr AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~ hmM CËnmXZ, {dVaU, Cn^moJ `m§Mm KQ>H$ AgVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mMo arVr[admO,
Hw$bmMma, àWmna§nam BË`mXrMo nmbZ ì`ŠVr _moR>`m lÕoZo d {ZîR>oZo H$arV AgVmV. AemàH$mao
J«m_rU g_wXm`mda Hw$Qw>§~mMm _moR>m à^md AgVmo.
6) àmW{_H$ g§~§Ym§Mo dM©ñd… J«m_rU g_wXm` hm àmW{_H$ g_yh AgVmo. Ë`mVrb
gXñ`m§Vrb g§~Y§ ho àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. bhmZ AmH$ma d H$_r bmoH$g§»`m `m_wio `m
g_wXm`mVrb gd© gXñ` EH$_oH$m§À`m nyU© n[aM`mMo AgVmV. ì`ŠVrMm ~hþVm§er doi Amnë`m
g_wXm`mVM ì`VrV hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ghm{OH$M Ë`m§À`mV K{ZîR>VoMo d ghH$m`m©Mo g§~Y§
{Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmd§a d OrdZmda àmW{_H$ g§~§YmMo dM©ñd {Z_m©U Pmbobo
AgVmV. J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrb ì`ŠVrg àmW{_H$ g§~§YmMo dM©ñd d {Z`§ÌU _mÝ` H$amdoM bmJVo.
Ë`m{edm` Vr J«m_rU g_wXm`mV gm_mdbr OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
7) gmYo OrdZ… J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrb OrdZ gmYo AgVo. ~hþVoH$ ì`ŠVr eoVr ì`dgm`
H$aVmV. _mÌ Vo Aën^yYmaH$ dm N>moQ>o eoVH$ar AgVmV. AZoH$OZ na§namJV nÕVrZo eoVr H$aVmV.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr eoVr {VVH$ser {H$\$m`Vera ZgVo. eoVr ì`dgm`mÛmao Ë`m§À`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm
ì`dpñWVnUo hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AZoH$m§Zm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. Oo bmoH$ ^y{_hrZ AgVmV Vo
BVamÀ`m eoVmV _Oyar H$ê$Z {Zdm©h Mmb{dVmV. _mÌ Ë`m§Zm Ho$di eoVr h§Jm_mVM H$m_ {_iVo d
BVa doir Ë`m§Zm ~oH$marg Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya `m§Zm AË`§V
H$mQ>H$garZo OrdZ OJmdo bmJVo. ehar bmoH$m§à_mUo Ë`m§Zm M¡ZrMo OrdZ OJUo nadS>Umao ZgVo.
åhUyZ Vo gmYo OrdZ OJUo A{YH$ ng§V H$aVmV. Anwè`m CËnÞm_wio Vo _yb^yV JaOm nyU©
H$aÊ`mda â XoVmV d M¡ZrÀ`m JaOm§H$S>o bj XoV ZmhrV. _hËdmMo åhUOo J«m_rU g_wXm`mVhr
H$m§hr WmoS>`m ì`ŠVr hçm gYZ AgVmV. VWm{n, Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ XoIrb BVa gd©gm_mÝ`
ì`ŠVrnojm \$mago doJio ZgVmV. g_wXm`mVrb gd©M Jar~-lr_§V ì`ŠVr `m nañnamÀ`m
n[aM`mÀ`m Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {XImD$nUm H$aÊ`mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr Ë`m_wio gYZ bmoH$XoIrb
gmYo OrdZM AZwgaVmZm {XgVmV.
AemàH$mao H¥$fràYmZ OrdZ, bKwAmH$ma, Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm à^md, {deofrH$aUmMm
A^md, Hw$Qw>§~dmXmMm à^md, àmW{_H$ g§~§YmMo dM©ñd d gmYo OrdZ BË`mXr J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr
R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.
3.2.2 IoS>çm§Mr dJuH$aUo (Classifications of Villages)
J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr IoS>çm§Mr dJuH$aUo
Aä`mgUma AmhmV. OJmV gd©Ì IoS>r AmhoV nU Vr gd© EH$gmaIr ZgyZ ^m¡{VH$ aMZm,
O{_Zrdarb _mbH$s, AmH$ma dgmhVrMr pñWaVm, OrdZnÕVr BË`mXr~m~VrV Ë`m§À`m_Üò _moR>r
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{^ÞVm AmT>iVo. hr {^ÞVm g_OÊ`mgmR>r IoS>çm§Mr {d{dY {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao Ho$bobr dJuH$aUo
AmnUmg Aä`mgmdr bmJVmV. `m {R>H$mUr Vwåhr ^m¡{VH$ aMZm d dgmhVrÀ`m pñWaVm `m XmoZ
{ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao IoS>çm§Mr Ho$bobr dJuH$aUo Vwåhr g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
A) ^m¡{VH$ aMZm `m {ZH$fmÀ`m AmYmao IoS>çm§Mo H|$ÐrV IoS>o, {dIyabobo IoS>o, aofmË_H$ IoS>o Ago
VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. `m VrZ àH$mam§Mo ñdê$n WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo1. H|${ÐV IoS>o :
IoS>o hm g_wXm` Agë`mZo Ë`mg {ZpíMV ^yàXoe AgVmo. Á`m IoS>çmVrc {ZdmgñWmZo (Kao)
Ë`mÀ`m ^yàXoemVrc EH$m {d{eîQ> {R>H$mUr H|${ÐV Pmcocr AgVmV Ë`mg H|${ÐV IoS>o Ago
åhUVmV. `m IoS>çmVrc Kao EH$_oH$m§Zm cmJyZ ~m§Ycocr AgVmV. ~è`mM {R>H$mUr XmoZ
Kam§À`m_Yrc q^Vr gm_mB©H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Kam§Mm EH$ g_yh V`ma Pmcocm AgVmo. åhUyZ Aem
IoS>çmV "g_yh IoS>o' Agohr åhUVmV. Aem IoS>çm§Mr ^m¡Jmo{cH$ EH$Vm ghOnUo ZOaoV âVo.
^maVmVrc ~hþg§»` IoS>r `m àH$maMrM AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>, CÎma àXoe, CÎmam§Mc, JwOamV, Amo[agm,
H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y« àXoe BË`mXr amÁ`m§V H|${ÐV IoS>r AmT>iVmV.
H|${ÐV IoS>çmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1) ^yàXoemMo XmoZ ^mJ : H|${ÐV IoS>çmÀ`m ^yàXoemMo _Zwî` dñVrMr OmJm d eoVr
H$aÊ`mMr OmJm Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>coco AgVmV. Ë`m§ZmM AZwH«$_o JmdR>mU d {edma Ago åhUVmV.
H$m§hr IoS>çmV JmdR>mUm^modVr EH$ g§ajH$ q^V (VQ>~§Xr dm H$moQ>) ~m§Ycocr AgVo. {Vcm dog
åhUVmV. JmdR>mUmÀ`m g^modVmcr {dñV¥V {edma åhUOoM eoVO{_Z ngacocr AgVo. EH$m
IoS>çmMo {edma eoOmaÀ`m IoS>çm§À`m {edmamn`ªV ngacoco AgVo. Ë`m_wio XmoZ IoS>çmVrc gr_m
Zd»`m ì`ŠVrg ghOnUo cjmV òV Zmhr. åhUyZ _moR>_moR>o IyUoMo XJS> amodyZ qH$dm AmS>dm añVm
H$mTy>Z gr_m {ZpíMV Ho$coë`m AgVmV. H$m§hr {R>H$mUr _mÌ ZXr, AmoT>m, Zmcm, Q>oH$S>r, Aem
Z¡g{J©H$ gr_m AmT>iVmV.
2) OmVrÀ`m AmYmao Kam§Mr {d^mJUr : ^maVmVrc H|${ÐV IoS>çmVrc Kao hr OmVrÀ`m
AmYmao {d^mJcocr AgVmV. åhUOo IoS>çmVrc EH$m {d{eîQ> ^mJmV {d{eîQ> OmVrÀ`m cmoH$m§Mr
Kao ~m§Ycocr AgVmV. ~«m÷U Jëcr, gmoZma Amir, _hmadmS>m ho eãX Kam§Mr OmVdma {d^mJUrM
gyM{dVmV. Aem IoS>çmV doJdoJù`m OmVrMo nmUdR>o, ñ_emZ^y_r, _§{Xao doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr
Agcocr AmT>iVmV.
3) XmoZ àH$maMo añVo : H|${ÐV IoS>çmV dmhVwH$sgmR>r ~{hJ©V d A§VJ©V Ago XmoZ àH$maMo
añVo AgVmV. eoOmaÀ`m IoS>çm§er g§nH©$ gmYÊ`mgmR>r Omo _moR>m d é§X añVm AgVmo Ë`mg ~{hJ©V
añVm åhUVmV. `mCcQ> IoS>çmVrc {d{dY ^mJm§Zm OmoS>Umè`m añË`mg A§VJ©V añVm åhUVmV. `m
añË`m§Zm Jëcr, Amir, ~moi B. Zmdm§Zr AmoiIco OmVo. EH$mM OmVrÀ`m qH$dm ì`dgm`mÀ`m
cmoH$m§Mm Kam§À`m AmoitZm Jëcr, Amir, ~moi Ago åhUVmV. CXm. ~«m÷U Jëcr, gwVma Amir.
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4) dmS>çm : H$m§hr _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m H|${ÐV IoS>çm§Zm cmJyZ dmS>çm AgVmV.
JmdR>mÊ`mnmgyZ WmoS>çm Xya A§Vamda 10-20 Kam§Mm Omo g_yh AgVmo Ë`mg dmS>r åhUVmV. `m
dmS>çm§Zm Hw$c, AmS>Zmd, OmV BË`mXrÀ`m ZmdmZr AmoiIco OmVo. CXm. cm§S>JodmS>r, qeXodmS>r,
YZJadmS>r BË`mXr dmS>r_Üò OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§Mr H|$Ðo (XwH$mZo) Zgë`mZo dmS>r hr Amnë`m
JaOmnyVugmR>r IoS>çmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. gmYmaUV… JmdR>mÊ`mVrc OmJm Anwar nSy> cmJë`mZo
cmoH$ IoS>çmnmgyZ WmoS>çm A§Vamda Kao ~m§YVmV d dmS>r ApñVËdmV òVo.
5) gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMm {dH$mg : H|${ÐV IoS>çmVrc Kao OdiOdi Agë`mZo cmoH$m§_Üò
K{ZîR> Agm g§nH©$ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm dmT>rg cmJyZ ñWm{ZH$
H$ma^mamMr `§ÌUm ApñVËdmV òVo. Ë`m_wio gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mg _moR>m dmd {_iVmo.
2. {dIyacoco IoS>o :
Á`m IoS>çmVrc Kao Ë`mÀ`m ^yàXoemVrc EH$m {d{eîQ> OmJoda H|${ÐV Z hmoVm Vr Ë`m
^yàXoemV gd©Ì {dIyacocr AgVmV Ë`mg {dIyacoco IoS>o Ago åhUVmV. `m IoS>çmVrc Kao
nañnam§nmgyZ {dcJ qH$dm n¥WH$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio `m IoS>çmg {dcJ qH$dm n¥WH$ dñVrMo IoS>o
Ago åhUVmV. {dcJ dñVr_wio Aem IoS>çmMr ^m¡Jmo{cH$ EH$Vm ghOnUo cjmV òV Zmhr.
^maVmV {h_mc`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mMm àXoe, Amgm_mVrc O§Jc_` àXoe, ~«÷nwÌoMo Imoao, VgoM _Ü`
àXoe, _{Unya, {_Pmoam_ BË`mXr amÁ`mVrc S>m|Jami ^mJmV `m àH$maMr IoS>r AmT>iVmV.
A_o[aHo$Vhr Aer IoS>r AmhoV.
{dIyacoë`m IoS>çmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1) ^yàXoemMo XmoZ ^mJ ZgVmV : `m IoS>çmÀ`m ^yàXoemMo JmdR>mU d {edma Ago XmoZ ^mJ
nS>coco ZgVmV. H$maU cmoH$ Amnë`m _mcH$sÀ`m {edmamV åhUOoM eoVmV Kao ~m§YyZ amhVmV.
Ë`m_wio _mZdr dñVrMr OmJm d eoVO_rZ nañnamV {_gicoë`m ZgVmV. Ë`m§À`mV ñnîQ>
{d^mOZaofm ZgVo.
2) eoVO{_ZrÀ`m AmYmao Kam§Mr {d^mJUr : `m IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Mr Kao hr eoVO{_ZrÀ`m
_mcH$sÀ`m AmYmao EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJir Pmcocr AgVmV. àËòH$OU Amnë`m _mcH$sÀ`m eoVmV
gmo`rZwgma Ka ~m§YVmo. Ë`m_wio XmoZ KamVrc A§Va ~aoM _moR>o AgVo. H$Yr H$Yr EImÚmMo Ka
Amnë`mM IoS>çmVrc Kam§nojm eoOmaÀ`m IoS>çmVrc Kam§Zm A{YH$ OdiMo AgVo.
3) añË`m§Mo àH$ma : Aem IoS>çmV ~{hJ©V d A§VJ©V dmhVwH$sgmR>r doJdoJio añVo ZgVmV.
_mÌ XmoZ Kam§Zm OmoS>Umè`m nm`dmQ>m AgVmV. Aem AZoH$ nm`dmQ>m EH$Ì {_iyZ Ë`mVyZ EH$ _moR>m
añVm V`ma hmoVmo d Vmo eoOmaÀ`m IoS>çm§H$S>o OmVmo.
4) Kam§Mm g_yh : Aem IoS>çmV H$m§hr {R>H$mUr _mÌ MmanmM Kam§Mm g_yh AmT>iVmo.
g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z AZoH$ {d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~o ApñVËdmV òD$Z Agm g_yh V`ma Pmcocm
AgVmo. åhUOoM d{S>cm§À`m níMmV AZoH$ ^mD$ Amnmnë`m dmQ>UrÀ`m eoVmV Kao ~m§YyZ amhVmV.
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5) gm_y{hH$ OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmg H$_r dmd : `m IoS>çmVrc Kao nañnam§nmgyZ Xya
Agë`mZo VoWrc cmoH$m§Mm EH$_oH$m§er K{ZîR> g§nH©$ òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV ghH$m`© ^mdZoMm
{VVH$mgm {dH$mg hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r gm_y{hH$ OrdZmÀ`m {dH$mgmghr \$magm dmd {_iV Zmhr.
3. aofmË_H$ IoS>o :
Á`m IoS>çmV EH$m añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg nÕVeranUo AmoirZo Kao ~m§Ycocr AgVmV Ë`mg
aofmË_H$ IoS>o åhUVmV. Agm añVm gai {XeoZo {H$ËòH$ {H$._r. n`ªV ngacocm AgVmo d Ë`mÀ`m
XmoÝhr ~mOyg AZoH$ IoS>r H$m§hr A§Va R>odyZ dgcocr AgVmV. `m IoS>çm§À`m aofmË_H$ dgmhVrdê$Z
Ë`m§Zm "Jw§\$cocr IoS>r' Agohr åhUVmV. _hmamîQ´>mV H$moH$U {H$ZmanÅ>rda VgoM Am§Y« àXoe,
Amo[agm, JwOamV `m§À`m {H$ZmanÅ>rdahr Aer IoS>r AmhoV. \«$mÝg d A_o[aHo$Vhr Aer nwîH$i
IoS>r AmhoV.
aofmË_H$ IoS>çmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
1) eoVmVM Kao : `m IoS>çmVrc cmoH$m§Mr Kao añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg Amnmnë`m eoVmV
~m§Ycocr AgVmV. H$moH$UmVrc Aem IoS>çmV àËòH$ Kam^modVr Hw§$nU AgVo d Ë`m Hw§$nUmÀ`m
AmV Zmair-nmo\$irÀ`m ~mJm, {dhra, ^mVeoVr AgVo. XmoZ KamVrc A§Va ~hþYm g_mZ AgVo.
Aa~r g_wÐmg {_iUmè`m ZÚmZmë`m§Zr XmoZ IoS>çmVrc gr_m {ZpíMV Pmcoë`m AmhoV. Am§Y«àXoe
d Amo[agmVrc Kao _mÌ EH$_oH$m§À`m Odi AgVmV. Vm{_iZmSy>À`m {H$Zmè`mdarc Aem
IoS>çmVrc Kao _mÌ Aer EH$_oH$m§À`m Odi ZgVmV.
2) añVo : `m IoS>çmVhr A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V Aem XmoZ àH$maMo añVo ZgVmV. Á`m añË`mÀ`m
XmoÝhr ~mOyg Kao dgcocr AgVmV VmoM añVm _w»` añVm AgVmo. `m añË`mda dgcoë`m AZoH$
IoS>çmgmR>r Vmo EH$M añVm AgVmo.
~) dgmhVrMr pñWaVm `m {ZH$fmÀ`m AmYmao IoS>çm§Mo ñWbm§VarV IoS>r, A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>r d
ñWm`r IoS>r Ago VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
1) ñWbm§VarV IoS>r (Migratory Villages) H$m§hr bmoH$g_yhmMr dgmhV qH$dm dñVr hr
pñWa ZgVo. Vo gVV ñWbm§Va H$arV AgVmV. Aem ñWbm§Va H$aUmè`m bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m dñVrbm
ñWbm§VarV IoS>o Ago åhUVmV. CXm. AZoH$ Am{Xdmgr O_mVr (CXm. _bo{e`mVrb {n½_r,
Am{\«$Ho$Vrb, ~we_oZ, lrb§H$o Vrb doX²Xm, ^maVmVrb H$mXa, M|My, ~oJm, OwAm§J, I{S>`m BË`mXr)
`m AÞg§H$bZ H$ê$Z {Zdm©h Mmb{dVmV. EH$m ^yàXoemV Omon`ªV AÞnXmW© CnbãY AmhoV
Vmon`ªVM VoWo `m O_mVr dñVr H$ê$Z amhVmV Am{U VoWrb AÞnXmW© g§nbo H$s, OoWo AÞnXmW©
CnbãY hmoVrb Ë`m ^yàXoemV Ë`m ñWbm§Va H$aVmV. Vo AÞnXmW© Agon`ªV dñVr H$ê$Z amhVmV.
Ë`m§À`m `m ñWbm§Vam_wio Ë`m§Mr dñVr EImÚm {R>H$mUr H$m§hr H$miM AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m `m
dñVrbm ñWbm§VarV IoS>o Ago åhUVmV. H$m§hr doim ñWbm§VarV IoS>çmg AñWm`r (Temporary)
IoS>o Agohr åhUVmV. _mZd O|ìhm AÞg§H$bZ d {eH$ma `m Am{W©H$ {H«$`m H$ê$Z {Zdm©h Mmb{dV
hmoVm V|ìhm Ë`mMr dñVrhr ñWbm§VarV IoS>o `m àH$maMrM hmoVr. AmOXoIrb CnamoŠV Am{X_
O_mVrMr IoS>r hr `mM àH$maMr AmhoV.
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ñWbm§VarV IoS>çm§Mr nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.
1) Aer IoS>r gVV ñWbm§VarV hmoV Agbr Var Ë`m§Mo ñWbm§Va ho EH$m {ZpíMV ^yàXoemÀ`m
A§VJ©VM hmoV AgVo. Ë`m ^yàXoemÀ`m ~mhoa OmD$Z hr IoS>r ñWbm§VarV hmoV ZmhrV.
2) ñWbm§VarV IoS>çm§Mr bmoH$g§»`m IynM H$_r AgVo d Vr XoIrb EH$mM {R>H$mUr H|$ÐrV Z
hmoVm g_yhmg_yhmZo {dIyabobr AgVo.
3) ñWbm§VarV IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§Mo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` OrdZ ho g_VoÀ`m VËdmda
AmYmabobo AgVo.
4) `m IoS>çmVrb g§KQ>Z ho bmoH$emhr ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
5) ñWbm§VarV IoS>o ho AñWm`r ñdê$nmMo Agë`mZo VoWrb Kao hr nŠŠ`m ñdê$nmMr ZgVmV. Va
Vr V§~y ñdê$nmMr AgVmV.
6) `m IoS>çmVrb OrdZ ho IynM AàJV ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
AmO OJmV gd©Ì ñWm`r àH$maMr IoS>r A{YH$ AgyZ Ë`m§À`m VwbZoV ñWbm§VarV IoS>çm§Mo
à_mUo ho AË`ën Amho.
2) A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>r (Semi- Permanant Villages) H$m§hr IoS>r hr A§eV… ñWm`r
àH$maMr IoS>r AmhoV. newnmbZ d ñWmZm§VarV eoVr `m Am{W©H$ {H«$`m H$aUmè`m bmoH$g_yhmMr
dñVr hr `m àH$maMo IoS>o AgVo. newnmbZ d ñWmZm§VarV eoVr H$aUmè`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVr (CXm.
Am{\«$Ho$Vrb eoi`m_|T>çm nmiUmar {H$aJrP O_mV Aa~ñWmZmVrb C§Q>nmbZ H$aUmar ~XmD$Z
O_mV VgoM ^maVmVrb ñWbm§VarV eoVr H$aUmè`m ZmJm, ~¡Jm, ^yB©`m `mgma»`m O_mVr) EImÚm
^yàXoemV XrK©H$min`ªV pñWa dñVr H$ê$Z amhVmV. nU Ë`m§Mr hr pñWaVm H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr ZgVo.
Ë`m àXoemVrb Mmam g§nbm d O_rZ ZmnrH$ Pmbr H$s VoWrb dñVr CR>Vo d Á`m{R>H$mUr Mmam d
{nH$mD$ O_rZ CnbãY Agob VoWo OmD$Z dñVr Ho$br OmVo. VoWo H$m§hr H$mi dmñVì` Ho$ë`mZ§Va
nwÝhm doJi`m {R>H$mUr OmD$Z dñVr C^mabr OmVo. AemàH$mao newnmbZ d ñWmZm§VarV eoVr
H$aUmè`m O_mVr øm AÞg§H$bZ H$aUmè`m O_mVrnojm A{YH$ H$mi EH$m {R>H$mUr pñWa dñVr
H$ê$Z amhVmV. na§Vy hr pñWaVm H$m`_Mr ZgVo Va A§eV… ñdê$nmMr AgVo. åhUyZ `m dñVrg
A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>o Ago åhUVmV.
ñWmZm§VarV eoVr hm _mJmgbobm Agm eoVrMm àH$ma Amho. `m àH$mamV S>m|Ja CVmamdarb PmS>o
VmoSy>Z Vr gnmQ> ^yàXoemV AmUyZ Omibr OmVm. Z§Va Ë`m amIoV {~`m S>mo~ë`m OmVmV. \$maer
_emJV Z H$aVm ñdm^m{dH$nUo Oo CËnmXZ {ZKob Vo KoVbo OmVo. O_rZ Zm§JaUo åhUOo ^y_mVoMr
N>mVr \$mS>Uo Ago g_OyZ Zm§JaUr Ho$br OmV Zmhr. _emJV d Zm§JaUr Zgë`mZo O_rZ H$m§hr
dfm©Z§Va ZmnrH$ hmoVo. _J Xþgam O{_ZrMm VwH$S>m emoYÊ`mgmR>r ñWbm§Va Ho$bo OmVo. d OoWo {nH$mD$
O_rZ CnbãY hmoB©b VoWo dñVr Ho$br OmVo. AemàH$mao eoVrMo ñWmZ gVV ~XbV amhmVo. åhUyZ
`m eoVrg ñWmZ n[adVuV qH$dm ñWmZm§VarV (Shifting Cultivation) eoVr Ago åhUVmV. `m
40
eoVrg ^maVmVrb ^yB© `m O_mV Xmhr, ~¡Jm O_mV ~odma Va ZmJm O_mV Py_ eoVr Ago åhUVmV.
Aer ñWmZm§VarV eoVr H$aUmè`m O_mVrMr dñVr hr A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>o `m àH$mamV _moS>Vo.
A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>çmMr nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.
1)
2)
3)
4)
3)
ñWbm§VarV IoS>çmnojm ho IoS>o A{YH$ pñWa ñdê$nmMr dgmhV AgVo.
`m IoS>çmVrb {ZdmgmMr O_rZ d eoVO_rZ `mda bmoH$m§Mr _mbH$s H$m`_Mr ZgVo.
`m IoS>çmVrb KaoXoIrb nŠH$s ZgVmV Va PmonS>rdOm H$ÀÀ`m ñdê$nmMr AgVmV.
ñWbm§VarV IoS>çmnojm `m IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ ho A{YH$ àJV ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
ñWm`r IoS>r (Permanant Villages)
Á`m IoS>çmVrb bmoH$ EH$mM OmJr {nT>çmZ{nT>çm pñWa ñdê$nmMr dñVr H$ê$Z amhmVmV Ë`m
IoS>çmg ñWm`r IoS>o Ago åhUVmV. ñWm`r IoS>r hm _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ CËH«$m§VrÀ`m à{H«$òVrb
AË`§V àJV Agm Q>ßnm Amho. OJmVrb VgoM ^maVmVrb ~hþg§»` IoS>r hr `mM àH$maMr AmhoV.
gd© ñWm`r IoS>r hr EH$gmaIr ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mr ^m¡{VH$ aMZm d OrdZ nÕVr hr doJdoJir Amho.
VWm{n, H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr åhUOo ñWm`r ñdê$nmMr dñVr ho Ë`m§Mo gm_mÝ` do{eîQ>ço Amho.
ñWm`r IoS>çm§Mr nwT>rb d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.
1) ñWm`r IoS>çm§Mm _w»` ì`dgm` eoVr AgyZ Ë`m§Mr eoVr hr àJV ñdê$nmMr AgVo.
2) `m IoS>çmVrb eoVO{_Zrda d {ZdmgmÀ`m OmJoda bmoH$m§Mr H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr _mbH$s AgVo
d hr _mbH$s d§ena§naoZo hñVm§VarV hmoV AgVo.
3) `m IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§Mo nañnam§er VgoM g^modVmbÀ`m IoS>çm§er K{ZîQ> Ago g§~§Y àñWm{nV
Pmbobo AgVmV.
4) `m IoS>çmVrb ñWm{ZH$ H$ma^ma nmhmÊ`mgmR>r Img `§ÌUm C^mabobr AgVo.
5) ñWbm§VarV IoS>r d A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>r `mnojm ñWm`r IoS>çmVrb OrdZ ho A{YH$ àJV
AgVo. OrdZ pñWa ñdê$nmMo Agë`mZo bmoH$m§Zm nañnaghH$m`m©Zo àJVr H$aÊ`mg ânya dmd
{_iV AgVmo.
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Imbrb {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm ............... hm _w»` ì`dgm` AgVmo.
A) newnmcZ
~) CÚmoJ
H$) H¥$fr
S>) AÝZg§H$cZ
41
2) J«m_rU g_wXm`mV ............ g§~Y§ m§Mo dM©ñd AgVo.
A) àmW{_H$
~) Xþæ`_
H$) Am¡nMm[aH$
S>) H$amamË_H$
3) ............. Am{W©H$ {H«$`m H$aUmè`m Am{X_ O_mVrV ñWcm§VarV IoS>r AmT>iVmV.
A) CÚmoJ
~) eoVr
H$) newnmcZ
S>) AÝZg§H$cZ
4) ñWmZm§VarV eoVr H$aUmè`m Am{X_ O_mVrV .................. àH$maMo IoS>o AmT>iVo.
A) ñWm`r
~) ñWcm§VarV
H$) A§eV… ñWm`r
S>) H|$ÐrV
5) OJmV ................ àH$maMr IoS>r _moR>çm à_mUmda AmhoV.
A) {dIyacocr
~) aofmË_H$
H$) H|$ÐrV
S>) dVw©imH$ma
3.4 gmam§e
`m {Vgè`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr J«m_rU g_wXm`mMm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U IoS>çm§Mr XmoZ dJuH$aUo
g_OmdyZ KoVcocr AmhoV. J«m_rU g_wXm` åhUOo cKwAmH$mamÀ`m ^yàXoemVrc Aer _mZdr dgmhV
H$s, {OÀ`m_Üò cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm H$_r AgyZ àmW{_H$ g§~§Ym§Mo àm~ë` AgVo Am{U _w»`Vm
H¥$fràYmZ Ago Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ AmT>iVo. J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr nwT>rc
d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. J«m_rU g_wXm` hm H¥$fràYmZ g_wXm` AgVmo. Ë`mMm AmH$ma chmZ AgVmo.
Ë`mda Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm à^md AgVmo. `m g_wXm`mV {deofrH$aUmMm A^md AmT>iVmo. `m
g_wXm`mda Hw$Qw>§~dmXmMm à^md AgVmo Am{U VoWrc OrdZ ho gmYo AgVo. `mZ§Va Vwåhr ^m¡{VH$
aMZoZwgma nS>Umao IoS>çm§Mo VrZ àH$ma 1) H|$ÐrV IoS>r, 2) {dIyacocr IoS>r d 3) aofmË_H$ IoS>r
`m§Mm AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgcocr AmhoV. H|$ÐrV IoS>çmVrc Kao hr EH$mM {R>H$mUr H|$ÐrV
Pmcocr AgVmV. eoVO_rZ d {ZdmgmMr OmJm Ago XmoZ ^mJ AgVmV. VgoM A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V
dmhVwH$sgmR>r XmoZ doJdoJio añVo AgVmV. òWo gm_y{hH$ OrdZmMm ~amM {dH$mg Pmcocm AgVmo.
{dIyacoë`m IoS>çmVrc Kao EH$m {R>H$mUr H|$ÐrV Z hmoVm ^yàXoemV gd©Ì {dIyacocr AgVmV. `m
IoS>çmVrc ^yàXoemMo XmoZ ^mJ ZgVmV. gmYmaUnUo cmoH$ Amnë`mM eoVmV Kao ~m§YyZ amhVmV.
VoWo A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V dmhVwH$sgmR>r doJdoJio añVo ZgVmV. _hÎdmMo åhUOo gm_y{hH$ OrdZmÀ`m
{dH$mgmg VoWo \$magm dmd ZgVmo. aofmË_H$ IoS>çmV EH$m cm§~da Jocoë`m añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOyg
AmoirZo Kao ~m§Ycocr AgVmV. `m IoS>çmV cmoH$ eoVmV Kao ~m§YyZ amhVmV. VgoM Á`m añË`mda
IoS>o dgcoco AgVo VmoM añVm A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V dmhVwH$sgmR>r dmnacm OmVmo. `mZ§Va Vwåhr
42
dgmhVrMr pñWaVm `m {ZH$fmÀ`m AmYmao nS>Umao IoS>çmMr VrZ àH$ma 1) ñWcm§VarV IoS>o, 2)
A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>o d 3) ñWm`r IoS>o ho VrZ àH$ma Aä`mgcoco AmhoV. AÝZg§H$cZ d {eH$ma
H$aUmè`m Am{X_ O_mVr AÝZmÀ`m emoYmV gVV ñWcm§Va H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m `m dñVrg
ñWcm§VarV IoS>o åhUVmV. newnmcZ d ñWmZm§VarV eoVr H$aUmè`m O_mVr EH$m {R>H$mUr XrK©H$mi
dñVr H$ê$Z amhVmV. Ë`m§À`m dñVrg A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>o åhUVmV. Or IoS>r EH$m {R>H$mUr H$m`_
ñdê$nmV dgcocr AgVmV Ë`m§Zm ñWm`r IoS>o Ago åhUVmV.
4.4 ñ_aUmW© g§km
g_wXm` : {d{eîQ> ^yàXoemda AmnconUmÀ`m ^mdZoZo amhUmam gm_m{OH$ g_yh
{deofrH$aU : H$moUË`m Var EH$m H$m`m©Vrc Hw$ecVm dm VÁkVm
àmW{_H$ g§~§Y : Hw$Qw>§~, {OdcJ {_Ì, IoS>o BË`mX chmZ g_yhm§À`m-gXñ`mVrc àË`j d
K{ZîR> g§~Y§ .
{ZgJ©eŠVr : D$Z, dmam, nmD$g BË`mXr {ZgJ© KQ>H$m§Zm {ZgJ©eŠVr Ago åhUVmV.
Am{X_ O_mVr : ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m _y»` àdmhmnmgyZ Xÿa d XþJ©_ ^mJmV amhUmao Am{Xdmgr
g_yh.
cmoH$g§»òMr KZVm : Xa Mm¡. {H$._r. _Üò amhUmar cmoH$g§»`m
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) H$
2) A
3) S>
4) H$
5) H$
4.6 ñdmÜ`m`
A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.
1) J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr ì`m»`m d d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.
2) ^m¡{VH$ aMZoZwgma nS>Umao IoS>çm§Mo àH$ma {deX H$am.
3) dgmhVrMr pñWaVm `m AmYmao IoS>çm§Mo dJuH$aU ñnîQ> H$am.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1) J«m_rU g_wXm`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
2) H|$ÐrV IoS>r
43
3) {dIyacocr d aofmË_H$ IoS>r
4) ñWcm§VarV IoS>r
5) A§eV… ñWm`r IoS>r d ñWm`r IoS>r
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W
àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio - J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ, àH$m{eH$m gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio, gm§Jcr,
2005.
S>m°. Jwê$ZmW ZmS>Jm|S>o - J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ, H$m±{Q>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ, nwUo, 1986.
A. E. Punit – Social Systems in Rural India – Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi, 1978
N. Jaypalan – Rural Sociology – Atalantic Publishers & Distributer, New Delhi,
2002.
44
KQ>H$ 4
J«m_rU {dH$mg
(Rural Development)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm
4.2.2 J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o
4.2.3 J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
4.2.4 J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc AS>Wio
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 ñ_aUmW© g§km
4.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.6 ñdmÜ`m`
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^©J«§W
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg
J«m_rU {dH$mg hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo C{ÔîQ>o gm§JVm òVrc.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo Ñ{îQ>H$moZ {deX H$aVm òVrc.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc AS>Wio ñnîQ> H$aVm òVrc.
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
J«m_rU g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm J«m_rU g_mOmMo ñdê$n Aä`mgmdo cmJVo. VWm{n, J«m_rU
g_mO pñWa ZgVmo. Ë`m_Üò ~Xc hmoV AgVmV. `m ~XcmMr H$maUo d ñdê$n AmnUmg
Aä`mgmdo cmJVo. J«m_rU g_mOmVrc ~Xcmg AZoH$ KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s J«m_rU
45
{dH$mgmgmR>r am~{dco OmUmao {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ hm EH$ à_wI KQ>H$ Amho. AmO OJmVrc gd©M
XoemV J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Ho$cocr Amho. J«m_rU g_mOmVrc gd© g_ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU
H$ê$Z J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$co OmV AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r
{d{dY `moOZm, H$m`©H«$_, àH$ën am~{dco OmV AmhoV. `m gdmªMm à^md nSy>Z J«m_rU g_mOmV
_moR>o ~Xc KSy>Z òV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU g_mOmMo ~XcVo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m g_OmdyZ ¿`mdr cmJVo. åhUyZ `m Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm
AW©, C{ÔîQ>o, Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, AS>Wio BË`mXr ~m~r Aä`mgUma AmhmV.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
{ddoMZmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>Zo `m KQ>H$mMo 4 {d^mJ nmS>co AmhoV. n{hë`m KQ>H$mV J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr
g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> Ho$cocr Amho. Xþgè`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o ñnîQ> Ho$cocr AmhoV.
{Vgè`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo Ñ{îQ>H$moZ {deX Ho$coco AmhoV. Va Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV J«m_rU
{dH$mgmÀ`m _mJm©Vrc AS>Wù`m§Mr MMm© Ho$cocr Amho.
4.2.1 J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ>nUo g_OÊ`mgmR>r àW_ AmnU J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m H$m§hr
_mÝ`da {dMmad§VmZr Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m Aä`mgy.
1) àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio : J«m_rU g_mOmV CncãY Agcoë`m ^m¡{VH$ d _mZdr
gmYZg§nÎmrMm nwaonya Cn`moJ H$ê$Z eoVr, CÚmoJ, {ejU, Amamo½`, Amhma, {Zdmg, g§ñWm d
g§KQ>Zm BË`mXr joÌmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo d Ë`mÛmao J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo {deofV… Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§Mo
OrdZ_mZ Ë`m§À`m g{H«$` gh^mJmÛmao C§MmdUo åhUOo J«m_rU {dH$mg hmo`.
2) Or. nmW©gmaWr : J«m_rU ^mJmVrc Jar~ cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ d _mZdr
gmYZg§nÎmrMm A{YH$ Mm§Jbm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§Yr XoD$Z Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo ho J«m_rU
{dH$mgmVrb {ZUm©`H$ KQ>H$VËd Amho. `m{edm` J«m_rU gmYZg§nÎmrÀ`m Cn`moJmg H$m`m©Ë_H$
_hÎd AgV Zmhr.
3) Ooåg EM². H$m°ßn : J«m_rU {dH$mg hr gm_y{hH$ à`ËZm§Mr Aer à{H«$`m Amho, H$s
{OÀ`mÛmao ZmJar joÌm~mhoa amhUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmV Am{U AmË_gmjmËH$mamV gwYmaUm
H$aÊ`mMo Üò` ~miJbo OmVo.
4) _m`Ho$b Q>m°S>amo : J«m_rU {dH$mgmV nwT>rb VrZ Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 1) OrdZmÀ`m
{d{dY ñVam§_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo. Á`m_Üò amoOJma, {ejU, Amamo½`, Amhma, {Zdmg d gm_m{OH$
godm§Mr {d{dYVm `m§Mm g_mdoe Amho, 2) J«m_rU CËnÝZmÀ`m {dVaUmVrb Ag_mZVm Am{U CËnÝZ
d Am{W©H$ g§Yr `mg§X^m©Vrb J«m_rU - ZmJa g_VmobmVrb Ag_mZVm H$_r H$aUo.3) `m
gwYmaUm§Mr JVr {Q>H${dÊ`mMr d dmT>{dÊ`mMr J«m_rU joÌmMr j_Vm dmT>{dUo.
5) OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg joÌr` YmoaU à~§Y : {d{eï> bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m-J«m_rU
^mJmVrb Jar~ bmoH$m§À`m-Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobr
46
ì`yhaMZm åhUOo J«m_rU {dH$mg hmo`. J«m_rU ^mJmV Cn{Zdm©hmMr gmYZo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
YS>nUUmè`m bmoH$m§_Üò Oo gdm©V A{YH$ Jar~ AmhoV Ë`m§À`mn`ªV {dH$mgmMr \$io nmohMdÊ`mMm
Ë`m ì`yhaMZoV g_mdoe hmoVmo. Aem g_yhm_Üò bhmZ eoVH$ar, Hy$io d ^y{_hrZ bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe
Amho.
6) Am{e`mVrb J«m_rU {dH$mgm{df`rMo Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m {df`mdarb MMm©gÌmV nwT>rbà_mUo
ì`m»`m Ho$br Jobr. ""J«m_rU {dH$mg hr Amnë`m n`m©daUmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mÀ`m J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m
j_VoV gVV dmT> H$aUmar à{H«$`m AgyZ Aem {Z`§ÌUm_wio \$m`Úm§Mo {dñV¥V {dVaU KSy>Z òV.o ''
darb ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao J«m_rU {dH$mg `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© AmnUmg nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï>
H$aVm òB©b.
1) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb CnbãY Agboë`m ^m¡{VH$ d _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmrMm nwaonya Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo åhUOo J«m_rU {dH$mg hmo`.
2) J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mo {deofV: Xw~©b qH$dm Jar~ bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ Ë`m§À`m g{H«$` gh^mJmÛmao
C§MmdUo åhUOo J«m_rU {dH$mg hmo`.
3) J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ amOH$s` BË`mXr gd© joÌmV
gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo åhUOo J«m_rU {dH$mg hmo`.
4) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Jar~ bmoH$m§n`ªV {dH$mgmMr \$io (bm^) nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobr
ì`yhaMZm åhUOo J«m_rU {dH$mg hmo`.
5) J«m_rU {dH$mg hr J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mr Ë`m§Mo n`m©daU {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm gVV
dmT>{dUmar à{H«$`m Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a Aem {Z`§ÌUm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m \$m`Úm§Mo {dñV¥V {dVaU
H$aUmarhr à{H«$`m
Amho.
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr d¡{eï>ço (Characteristics of Rural Development) :
darb ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao AmnUmg J«m_rU {dH$mg `m g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n bjmV òVo. J«m_rU
{dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ñdê$nmMo A{YH$ `WmW© AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU {dH$mg à{H«$òMr
d¡{eï>ço Aä`mgUo C{MV R>aob. J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr Imbrb d¡{eï>ço gm§JVm òVmV.
1) gmd©{ÌH$ à{H«$`m : J«m_rU {dH$mg hr J«m_rU g_mOmV Ano{jV n[adV©Z qH$dm gwYmaUm
KS>dyZ AmUUmar à{H«$`m AgyZ Vr gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMr Amho. H$maU H$m§hr WmoS>çm g_mOm§Mm
AndmX dJiVm OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ gd©M g_mOmV J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. _mZd
g_mOmV J«m_rU d ZmJa Ago XmoZ {d^mJ AmT>iVmV. ZmJa {d^mJmÀ`m VwbZoV J«m_rU {d^mJ
_mJmgbobo AmhoV. H$maU Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWm BË`mXt_wio
J«m_rU {d^mJmV Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, {ZajaVm, AkmZ, A§YlÕm, X¡ddmXrd¥Îmr, AZmamo½`, AñdÀN>Vm
BË`mXr AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV. `m g_ñ`m§Mo {Z_y©bZ H$ê$Z J«m_rU {d^mJmVrb
bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {d{dY CnH«$_, àH$ën, H$m`©H«$_, `moOZm
47
am~{dë`m OmV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU {dH$mg hr gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMr à{H«$`m Amho Ago åhUVm
òVo.
2) gdmª{JU {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m : J«m_rU {dH$mg hr J«m_rU g_mOmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg
KS>dyZ AmUUmar à{H«$`m Amho. J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV (Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`,
e¡j{UH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ BË`mXr) gwYmaUm qH$dm àJVr KS>dyZ AmUUo J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV
A{^àoV Amho. gwédmVrg J«m_rU {dH$mg åhUOo J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZmV gwYmaUm H$aUo
Agm AW© KoVbm OmB©. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo eoVr d eoVrer g§b¾ AgUmao ì`dgm` (CXm. newnmbZ,
Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmbZ, Xw½Yì`dgm` B.) J«m_moÚmoJ d hñVmoÚmoJ BË`mXtMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Zm nwaogm
amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. Ë`mÛmao Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo d Aem àH$mao Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$
OrdZmV gwYmaUm H$aUo `m ~m~tMm J«m_rU {dH$mgmV g_mdoe Ho$bm OmB©. na§Vy A{bH$S>o J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMm hm _`m©{XV AW© A_mÝ` Ho$bm OmVmo. AmO J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ OrdZm~amo~aM
gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$, amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZm§_Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo Agm J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm
ì`mnH$ AW© ñdrH$mbobm Amho. Ë`mÑï>rZo J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm e¡j{UH$ d Amamo½` gw{dYm, gH$g
Amhma, CÎm_ {Zdmg ì`dñWm (Kao), dmhVwH$sMr d XiUdiUmMr àJV gmYZo, ewÕ nmUr, drO
BË`mXr Amdí`H$ d nm`m^yV gw{dYm nwadyZ Ë`m§À`m OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© C§MmdUo `m ~m~tMmhr
J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. Ho$di EdT>oM Zìho Va J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m
g§H$ënZoV AmO gm§ñH¥${VH$ d _mZ{gH$ {dH$mgmMmhr A§V^m©d Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH$m§Mo AmMma{dMma, éT>r-na§nam, lÕm-_yëò, `§Ì-o V§Ìo, H$ënZm-Ñ{ï>H$moZ, H$bm-H$m¡eëò, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmg§KQ>Zm BË`mXtMm g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`mÑï>rZo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~wagQ>bobo d H$mb~mø
Pmbobo AmMma-{dMma, A{Zï> éT>r, na§nam, A§YlÕm d Xod^moiçm H$ënZm, na§namJV d AàJV
`§ÌV§Ìo d H$bmH$m¡eëò BË`mXtMo CÀMmQ>Z H$ê$Z J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm Zdo kmZ, Zdo {dMma, Zì`m
H$ënZm, ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìo d V§Ìo BË`mXtMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo, Ë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma
H$amd`mg bmdUo Am{U Ë`m§Zm n[adV©Zerb {dH$mgm{^_yI àJVrerb d gwYmaUmdmXr ~Z{dUo.
åhUOoM J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mr na§namJV g§ñH¥$Vr d _Zmod¥Îmr ~XbUo `mMmhr J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m
g§H$ënZoV g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. AemàH$mao J«m_rU {dH$mg hr J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m gd© n¡by§Mm
EH$mpË_H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUmar à{H«$`m Amho. ^maVmVrb g_wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ (CDP)
qH$dm EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ (IRDP) ho gdmª{JU {dH$mgmMo H$m`©H«$_ hmoV.o
3) {d{eîQ> g_yhmÀ`m {dH$mgmda â : J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV J«m_rU g_mOmMm
Am{U Ë`m_Yrb gd© bmoH$m§Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo A{^àoV Amho ho Iao. VWm{n, J«m_rU
{dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {d{eï> g_yhmÀ`m {dH$mgmda {deof â {Xbm OmVmo Am{U
Vmo g_yh åhUOo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Xw~©b qH$dm Jar~ bmoH$m§Mm g_yh hmo`. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bhmZ
eoVH$ar, Hw$io, ^y{_hrZ bmoH$ B. Xw~©b AgyZ Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMm ñVa C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r {deof à`ËZ
Ho$bo OmVmV. ^maVr` g_mOmV AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, BVa _mJmgdJ© (SC, ST,
OBC) `m§À`mda eVH$mZweVHo$ AZoH$ A{Zï> {Z~ªY d AnmÌVm bmXboë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Vo
_mJmg (Backward) d Xw~©b (Weaker) ~Zbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r
48
AZoH$ {deof KQ>H$ `moOZm am~{dë`m OmVmV. A{bH$S>o {ó`m d d¥Õ `m§Zmhr Xw~©b _mZyZ Ë`m§À`m
{dH$mgmH$S>o Img bj {Xbo OmD$ bmJbo Amho.
4) bmoH$gh^mJ : J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZoV ""bmoH$m§À`m g{H«$` gh^mJmVyZ'' Ë`m§Mm d
J«m_rU ^mJmMm {dH$mg gmYUo A{^àoV Amho. J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr YmoaUo ì`yhaMZm, H$m`©H«$_ ,
`moOZm BË`mXtMo {ZYm©aU, {Z`§ÌU d A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mV J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mm CËñ\y$V© d
g{H«$` gh^mJ Amdí`H$ AgVmo. Ë`m{edm` J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{Ôï>o g\$b hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
åhUyZ J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mda â {Xbm
OmVmo. ^maVmV J«m_rU nwZa©MZogmR>r 1952 nmgyZ gwê$ Ho$boë`m g_wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§V bmoH$m§Zr
Ano{jV gh^mJ Z {Xë`m_wioM hm H$m`©H«$_ Anèr R>abm. Ë`m_wioM {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV bmoH$m§Mm
gh^mJ dmT>mdm åhUyZ {ÌñVar` n§Mm`V amÁ`ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm CËnÝZmMr
gmYZo d A{YH$ma qH$dm gÎmm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. J«m_rU {dH$mgmV bmoH$gh^mJ dmT>mdm åhUyZ
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb CnbãY Agboë`m _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmrMm n`m©ßV Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mda VgoM {VMr
(_Zwî`~imMr) JwUdÎmm dmT>{dÊ`mda â {Xbm OmVmo. VgoM bmoH$m§_Üò {dH$mgmMr àoaUm {Z_m©U
H$aUo, Ë`m§Mo à~moYZ H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mVyZM {dH$mgm{^_yI ZoV¥ËdmMm CX` hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
åhUyZM Ooåg EM². H$m°ßn åhUVmV H$s, ""J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo A§{V_ C{Ôï> ho nm`m^yV g§aMZm
(Infrastructure) ZgyZ bmoH$ (People) AmhoV. Am{U ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Mm
gh^mJ A{Zdm`© R>aVmo.
5) {Za§Va à{H«$`m : J«m_rU {dH$mg hr {Za§Va MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho. H$maU BVa
g_mOmà_mUoM J«m_rU g_mO XoIrb nyU©V: pñWVrerb Zmhr. Ë`m_Üò ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma
~Xb hmoV AgVmV. `m ~Xbm§_wio J«m_rU g_mOmV ZdrZ JaOm, Zdo àíZ d g_ñ`m CX²^dV
AgVmV. `m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r d `m àíZm§À`m d g_ñ`m§À`m {Z_y©bZmgmR>r doJdoJio
H$m`©H«$_, CnH«$_ d `moOZm am~dmì`m bmJVmV. J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mr n`m©daUmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr
j_Vm {Za§VanUo dmT>dV ahmdo bmJVo. n[aUm_r, J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m {Za§VanUo Mmby ahmVo.
\$ŠV {VMr JVr H$_rOmñV Agy eH$Vo.
6) XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmMo A{d^mÁ` A§J : J«m_rU {dH$mg hm g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`m qH$dm XoemÀ`m
{dH$mgmMo EH$ A{d^mÁ` A§J Amho. Am{e`m-Am{\«$H$m I§S>mVrb ~hþg§»` Xoe ho IoS>çm§Mo Xoe
åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. H$maU `m Xoem§_Üò ZmJarH$aUmMr JVr _§X Amho. eham§À`m VwbZoV
IoS>çm§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. ~hþg§»` bmoH$ IoS>çm§V åhUOoM J«m_rU ^mJmV ahmVmV.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrÀ`m doir ^mVmVrb gw_mao 80% bmoH$ IoS>çmV ahmV hmoVo. åhUyZM _hmË_m Jm§Yr
Iam ^maV IoS>çmV amhVmo Ago åhUV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMr 60 df} nyU© hmoD$Zhr Jm§YrOr§Mo ho {dYmZ
IaoM R>aVo. H$maU AmOhr bmoH$g§»`m 60 hOma nojm A{YH$ IoS>çmV dmñVì` H$aVo. Ë`m_wio
XoemMm {dH$mg åhUOo IoS>çm§Mm {dH$mg ho {dYmZ AmOhr `WmW© R>aVo. åhUyZ {dH$gZerb
Xoem§À`m Ñï>rZo J«m_rU {dH$mg ho XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmMo A{d^mÁ` A§J R>aVo.
7) emgZmMm nwT>mH$ma : J«m_rU {dH$mg ho XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmMo A{d^mÁ` A§J Agë`mZo
J«m_rU {dH$mgmV emgZmMr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr R>aVo. J«m_rU ^mJmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg
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KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r emgZmbm nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Ë`mÑï>rZo J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{Ôï>o, ì`yhaMZm,
YmoaUo R>a{dUo, Ë`mÑï>rZo H$m`©H«$_m§Mr d `moOZm§Mr AmIUr d A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, Ë`mgmR>r
bmJUmar àemgH$s` `§ÌUm C^maUo d Am{W©H$ VaVyX H$aUo, bmoH$m§Mm {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mVrb
gh^mJ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$OmJ¥Vr qH$dm g_mOà~moYZ H$aUo, {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo,
Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo, Ë`mZwgma Ë`m_Üò Admí`H$ Vo \o$a\$ma qH$dm XwéñË`m H$aUo BË`mXr à_wI
O~m~Xmè`m emgZmbmM nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU {dH$mgmV emgZmMm nwT>mH$ma
AgVmo. AWm©V `m H$m_r emgZ amï´>r` VgoM Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamdarb {~JaemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm,
{dMmad§V, VÁk, g_mOgwYmaH$, gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V} BË`mXtMo _mJ©Xe©Z, gëbm d ghH$m`© KoV
AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV J«m_rU {dH$mgmV AZoH$ g§ñWm d ì`ŠVtMm gh^mJ d ghH$m`© Amdí`H$ AgVo.
Varhr emgZmMr ^y{_H$m hr AJ«H«$_mMr d {ZUm©`H$ AgVo.
4.2.2 J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{Ôï>o (Objectives of Rural Development) :
J«m_rU {dH$mg `m g§H$ënZoMm AW©, ñdê$n d d¡{eï>ço g_OmdyZ KoVë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnU
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{Ôï>o Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. J«m_rU g_mOmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg gmYUo ho J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMo Üò` Amho. `m Üò`mÀ`m nyVugmR>r J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr H$m§hr {ZpíMV C{Ôï>o {ZYm©[aV
H$aVm òVmV. gd©gmYmaUnUo gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr C{Ôï>o _w»`V: XmoZ ñdê$nmMr
AmhVo. 1) J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m nm`m^yV gw{dYm nwa{dUo Am{U 2) J«m_rU
^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m CËnÝZmV dmT> H$aUo.
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) `m g§ñWoZo J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMr nwT>rb C{Ôï>o gm§{JVbobr AmhoV.
1) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb l_eŠVrbm Am{W©H$ {H«$`m§À`m _w»` àdmhmV gm_rb H$aUo.
2) J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m {dYm`H$ eŠVrbm Am{dîH¥$V H$aUo.
3) J«m_mrU bmoH$g§»òMo ehamH$S>o hmoUmao ñWbm§Va amoIUo.
4) J«m_rU {ó`m Am{U Vê$U `m§Mm {dH$mg à{H«$òVrb gh^mJ dmT>{dUo.
5) {dH$mg Am{U n`m©daU `m§À`m EH$mpË_H$aUmÛmao J«m_rU OrdZmMr JwUdÎmm gwYmaUo.
6) {dnyb à_mUmV Agboë`m _mZdr eŠVrMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg gmYUo.
AmVm AmnU J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§Mr A{YH$ Vn{ebmZo MMm© H$ê$ `m. J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMr nwT>rb C{Ôï>o gm§JVm òVrb.
1) Xm[aÐç {Z_y©bZ : Xm[aÐç hr J«m_rU g_mOmMr à_wI g_ñ`m Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU
Xm[aÐçmMo {Z_y©bZ H$ê$Z J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo ho J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo à_wI C{Ôï>
Amho. eoVr hm J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mm à_wI ì`dgm` Amho. VWm{n, Vmo h§Jm_r d _mJmgbobm Amho.
Ë`m_wio eoVr ì`dgm`mV gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr ì`dgm`mVrb
AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ V§Ì (gwYm[aV eoVr AdOmao, IVo, O§VwZmeHo$, H¥${Ì_ nmUr nwadR>çmÀ`m gw{dYm
B.) nwa{dUo d Ë`mÛmao eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo ho J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> R>aVo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm
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df©â amoOJma CnbãY hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m CËnÝZmV dmT> hmoB©b d Ë`m§À`m OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© C§Mmdob.
eoVH$è`m§à_mUoM J«m_rU ^mJmV {~JaeoVr ì`dgm` H$aUmao H$mam{Ja AmhoV. Am¡Úmo{JH$H$aUm_wio
Ë`m§Mo hñVmoÚmoJ d J«m_moÚmoJ _moS>H$irg Amë`mZo Vo ~oH$ma d X[aÐr ~Zbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm amoOJma
nwadyZ Ë`§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU hñVmoÚmoJm§Mm d J«m_moÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo ho hr
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> R>aVo. J«m_rU amoOJmamV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVrer g§b½Z AgUè`m
neynmbZ, Xw½Yì`dgm`, Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmbZ, _Yw_{jH$m nmbZ, _Ëñ`moËnmXZ, aoe_r {H$S>çm§Mr n¡Xmg
BË`mXr OmoS>Y§Úm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo ho hr EH$ C{Ôï> Amho. WmoS>Š`mV eoVr, J«m_moÚmoJ, nyaH$ ì`dgm`
BË`mXtMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z J«m_rU amoOJmamV dmT> H$aUo d Ë`mÛmao bmoH$m§Mo CËnÝZ dmT>{dUo d
Xm[aÐçmMo {Z_y©bZ H$aUo ho J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo EH$ C{Ôï> Amho.
2) {ejU àgma : J«m_rU {dH$mgmV bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r bmoH$ ho
gw{e{jV, gwOmU, OmJ¥V, S>moigd¥ÎmrMo Agmdo bmJVmV. VWm{n, J«m_rU ^mJmV e¡j{UH$
gw{dYm§Mr H$_VaVm Agë`mZo ~hþg§»` J«m_rU bmoH$ AS>mUr, {Zaja, A§YlÕm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm gmja ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmV ~mbdmS>çm, emim, hm`ñHy$b, _hm{dÚmbò
gwê$ H$ê$Z VoWo {ejU àgma H$aUo ho J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo EH$ _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Amho. J«m_rU àm¡T>m§Zm
gmja H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmYmaUVm gmjaVm àgma H|$Ðo, àm¡T> {ejU H|$Ðo,.amÌemim, g_mO{ejU H|$Ðo
gwê$ H$aUo, J«m_rU bmoH$m§gmR>r ì`mgm{`H$ {ejU-à{ejUmMr H|$Ðo gwê$ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m A§JÀ`m
H$bmH$m¡eë`m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo AemàH$mao {ejUàgmamÛmao bmoH$m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo ho _hÎdmMo
C{Ôï> Amho.
3) Amamo½` godm nwa{dUo : Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, Hw$nmofU, AkmZ, A§YlÕm, Amamo½` gw{dYm§Mm d
ñdÀN>VoÀ`m gd`tMm A^md BË`mXr H$maUm_wio J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m Amamo½`mMm XOm© AË`§V {ZH¥$ï>
Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mo Amamo½` gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmV Amamo½` gw{dYm (Amamo½` H|$Ðo,
bgrH$aU H|$Ðo, Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë`mU H|$Ðo, à{e{jV S>m°ŠQ>a d Zg©, Am¡fYo B.) nwa{dUo. VgoM g§S>mg d
JQ>mar ~m§YUo, {nÊ`mMo ewÕ nmUr nwa{dUo, bmoH$m§Zm ñdÀN>VoÀ`m gd`r bmdUo, Hw$nmofU Wm§~{dUo,
Am{U Ë`mÛmao emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ Ñï>çm {ZamoJr d YS>YmH$Q> Ago _Zwî`~i CnbãY H$aUo,
bmoH$g§»òMr JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo ho hr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> Amho.
4) nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aUo : J«m_rU g_mOmV añVo, drO, nmUr, B§YZ BË`mXr nm`m^yV
gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aUo ho hr EH$ J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> Amho. Ë`mÑï>rZo J«m_rU ^mJmV añVo, nyb,
bmoh_mJ©, ObdmhVyH$ Aem dmhVyH$ gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm ~mø OJmer
K{Zð> g§~Y§ àñWm{nV H$aUo, J«m_rU ^mJmMo {dÚwVrH$aU H$aUo, nmÊ`mgmR>r {dhrar d Vir ImoXUo,
ZimÛmao {nÊ`mMo ewÕ nmUr nwa{dUo, d¥ÎmnÌo, AmH$medmUr, XyaXe©Z BË`mXr g§àofUmMr gmYZo nwadyZ
J«m_rU bmoH$m§n`ªV ~mø OJmVrb KS>m_moS>tMr _m{hVr A[U kmZ nmohM{dUo.
5) n`m©daUmMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z : eoVr ì`gm`m_wio J«m_rU bmoH$m§Mm Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmer
K{Zð> g§~Y§ òVmo. Ë`m§À`m ~hþVm§er JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm n`m©daUmÛmaoM hmoV.o Ë`_mwio n`m©daUmMo g§ajU
d g§dY©Z H$aUo ho hr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> Amho. Ë`mÑï>rZo _¥Xmg§YmaU, nmUbmoQ> joÌmMm
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{dH$mg, gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU, Jwam§gmR>r Mmam bmJdS>, B§YZmgmR>r ObX JVrZo dmT>Umè`m d¥jm§Mr
bmJdS>, O§Jbm§Mo g§ajU d g§dY©Z BË`mXr CnH«$_ am~{dUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
6) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` : J«m_rU g_mOmV Agbobr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Zï> H$ê$Z
g_Vm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwËd `m bmoH$emhr _yë`m§da AmYmbobr Ý`m` g_mOì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aUo ho
EH$ J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo EH$ C{Ôï> Amho. Ë`m Ñï>rZo J«m_rU ^mJmVrb lr_§V d Jar~ dJm©Vrb Xar
H$_r H$aUo, {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Mo \$m`Xo AJXr VimJmimVrb Jar~ d Xw~©b KQ>H$m§n`ªV nmohM{dUo,
Y_©ôX, OmVrôX, qbJôX, Añn¥í`VmnmbZ BË`mXr A{Zï> àWm§Zm nm`~§X KmbyZ J«m_rU ^mJmV
gm_m{OH$ g{hîUwVoMo d g_VoMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo, X{bV d _{hbm§À`m Ý`m` hŠH$m§Mo d
{hVg§~§Ym§Mo g§ajU H$aUo JaOoMo _mZbo OmVo.
7) {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna : na§namJV J«m_rU g_mOmMo AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV énm§Va KS>dyZ
AmUUo d Ë`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ d Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoUo ho XoIrb J«m_rU g_mOmMo
_hÎdnyU© C{Ôï> Amho. Ë`mÑï>rZo J«m_rU bmoH$m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$ d gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>r_mJrb emór`
H$maUH$m`©^mdmMr _m{hV H$ê$Z XoUo, emóewÕ {dMmam§Mr gd` bmdUo, CËnmXZ à{H«$òV d X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZmV {dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMm A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`moJ H$aUo CXm. eoVr_Üò gwYm[aV ~r{~`mUmo d IVo
dmnaUo, bmJdS>rÀ`m emór` nÕVr dmnaUo, AmOmamV S>m°ŠQ>aH$Sy>Z (_m§{ÌH$mH$Sy>Z Zìho)
Am¡fYmonMma KoUo, ñd`§nmH$mgmR>r J°g qH$dm {H$_mZ gy`©Myb dmnaUo, em¡Mmb`mMm dmna H$aUo,
Zoh_r VmOo, ñdÀN> d gH$g AÝZ KoUo, OodUmnydu hmV gm~UmZo ñdÀN> H$aUo BË`mXr. WmoS>Š`mV
nma§nm[aH$ ^moiçm g_OyVrEodOr emór` kmZmda J«m_rU OrdZmMr C^maUr H$aUo ho _hÎdmMo C{Ôï>
Amho.
8) g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm§Mr ñWmnZm : J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ñnYm© d g§Kf© `m ^mdZm Zï> H$ê$Z
Ë`mOmJr ghH$m`m©Mr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U nañna ghH$m`m©Zo Amnbm d Amnë`m g_wXm`mMm
{dH$mg H$aUo ho hr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo EH$ C{Ôï> Amho. Ë`mÑï>rZo J«m_rU ^mJmV dmMZmb`, ì`m`m_
emim, Vê$U _§S>i, _{hbm _§S>i, H«$sS>m _§S>i, eoVH$ar _§S>i, {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ghH$mar g§ñWm
(CXm. XyY H|$Ðo, IaoXr-{dH«$s H|$Ðo, nV g§ñWm, ~±H$m, CËnmXZ H|$Ðo B.) BË`mXr g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm
ñWmnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. g§KQ>rV eŠVrÛmao {dH$mg hm J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm AmË_m Amho.
AemàH$mao J«m_rU bmoH$m§Vrb eŠVrMm d j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m gh^mJmÛmao Ë`m§À`m
OrdZmÀ`m Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, _mZ{gH$ Aem gd© n¡by§Mm g_Vmob {dH$mg gmYyZ
Ë`m§À`m OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© C§MmdUo ho J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo _Ü`dVu C{Ôï> Amho.
4.2.3 J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo Ñ{îQ>H$moZ (Approaches to the Rural Development)
J«m_rU {dH$mg hr {Za§Va MmcUmar à{H«$`m Amho. J«m_rU OrdZmVrc gd© g_ñ`m§Mr
gmoS>dUyH$ H$ê$Z J«m_rU cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo ho J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> Amho. ho
C{ÔîQ> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_, àH$ën d `moOZm am~{dë`m Joë`m AmhoV. `mVyZ J«m_rU
{dH$mgm{df`rMo H$m§hr Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ê$T> Pmcoco AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$m§hr à_wI Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Vwåhr `m
{R>H$mUr Aä`mgUma AmhmV. Vo Ñ{îQ>H$moZ nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.
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1) ~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
2) {H$_mZ n°Ho$O Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
3) cú` g_yh Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
4) joÌ {dH$mg Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
5) EH$mpË_H$ {dH$mg Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
`m àËòH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo ñdê$n AmVm Vwåhr WmoS>Š`mV g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV.
1) ~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZ (Multi-purpose Approach)
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm hm EH$ à_wI d _hÎdmMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Amho.
AW© : Á`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV EH$mM doir EH$mnojm A{YH$ C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mda cj H|$ÐrV Ho$co
OmVo Ë`mg ~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Ago åhUVmV.
`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmZwgma H¥$fr {dH$mg, J««m_moÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg, {ejUàgma, Amamo½` godm§Mm {dñVma,
A{^d¥ÎmrV ~Xc, g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm§À`m aMZoV ~Xc, nm`m^yV godmgw{dYm§Mr {Z{_©Vr BË`mXr C{ÔîQ>o
EH$mMdoir gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. J«m_rU OrdZmMr {d{dY joÌo hr nañnamdc§~r
Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm EH$mMdoir {dH$mg H$aUo ho gmo`rMo d \$m`Xoera R>aVo Ago `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV _mZco
OmVo. ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va ^maVmV J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r hmM Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ñdrH$macm Am{U 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
1952 amoOr g_wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Ho$cm. hm H$m`©H«$_ ~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmdaM
AmYmacocm hmoVm. `m H$m`©H«$_mV H¥$fr {dH$mg, J«m_moÚmoJm§Mr ñWmnZm, gmjaVm àgma, Amamo½`
gw{dYm§Mm {dñVma, g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm d _§S>im§Mr ñWmnZm, cmoH$m§À`m _Zmod¥ÎmrV qH$dm A{^d¥ÎmrV
~Xc H$aUo BË`mXr {d{dY C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm.
`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo \$m`Xo : hm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ EH$mMdoir AZoH$ C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mda â XoV
Agë`mZo
1) doi, l_, n¡gm BË`mXtMr ~MV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
2) VgoM J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm§V {dH$mgm{df`rMm g_Vmoc {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
3) {edm` cmoH$m§_Üò {dH$mgm{df`r g_J« Aer OmUrdOmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. ho VrZ \$m`Xo
`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo AmhoV.
`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmÀ`m _`m©Xm : `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmÀ`m nwT>rc _`m©Xm AmhoV.
1) ~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r àM§S> ^m§S>dc cmJVo. nwaoem
^m§S>dcmA^mdr `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmZwgma AmIcoë`m {dH$mg `moOZm nyU© hmoD$ eH$coë`m ZmhrV.
2) `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ gwê$ Ho$coë`m `moOZm AË`§V {dñV¥V (ì`mnH$) ñdê$nmÀ`m Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr
A§_c~OmdUr ì`dpñWVnUo H$aUo AdKS> OmVo. gd© joÌmV EH$mMdoir gwê$ Ho$coë`m
`moOZm§da ZrQ> cj XoUo H$R>rU OmVo. Ë`m_wio Ano{jV n[aUm_ {_iV ZmhrV.
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2) {H$_mZ n°Ho$O Ñ{îQ>H$moZ (Minimum Package Approach)
~hþCÔoer Ñ{îQ>H$moZmÀ`m _`m©Xm {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {H$_mZ n°Ho$O
Ñ{îQ>H$moZ ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amcm. {H$_mZ n°Ho$O Ñ{îQ>H$moZ hm g§Hw${MV ñdê$nmMm Amho.
AW© : Á`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmV J«m_rU OrdZmÀ`m H$moUË`m Var EH$mM {d{eîQ> n¡cyda qH$dm joÌmda
cj H|$ÐrV H$ê$Z Ë`mMm gImoc {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUcm OmVmo Ë`mg {H$_mZ n°Ho$O Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
åhUVmV. CXmhaU - H¥$fr joÌmMm {dH$mg hm J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm EH$ n¡cy Amho. {H$_mZ n°Ho$O
Ñ{îQ>H$moZmZwgma H¥$fr {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gd© gw{dYm (CXm. IVo, {~`mUo,
nmUrnwadR>m, O§VwZmeHo$, eoVr AdOmao, {dH«$s ì`dñWm BË`mXr) EH$ JÇ>m ñdê$nmV åhUOoM n°Ho$O
ñdê$nmV eoVH$è`m§Zm nwa{dcr OmVmV d Ë`m§À`m eoVrMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUcm OmVmo.
1960-61 _Üò ^maVmV "àH${f©V H¥$fr {Oëhm H$m`©H«$_' (Intensive Agricultural
District Programme – IADP) hm Omo H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Ho$cm hmoVm Vmo `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmdaM
AmYmacocm hmoVm. eoVrMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r `m H$m`©H«$_mV {ZdS>H$ joÌmda bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo
Jobo nwT>o {d{eîQ> {nH$mMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rhr à`ËZ Ho$bo Jobo.
\$m`Xo… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYmaboë`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMm \$m`Xm Agm H$s Ë`m_Üò EH$mM
joÌmda bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo OmV Agë`mZo Ë`m joÌmMm n`m©á {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo. CXm. H$mnyg qH$dm
D$g Aem EImÚmM {nH$mMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mda nwaonya bj H|$ÐrV Ho$ë`mZo Ë`m {nH$mMo _moR>çm
à_mUmda CËnmXZ dmT>bo.
_`m©Xm… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmMr _`m©Xm Aer H$s Ë`m_Üò Ho$di EH$mM joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmda bj {Xë`mZo
BVa joÌm§H$S>o Xþb©j hmoV.o n[aUm_r {d{dY joÌmV {dH$mgmMm Ag_Vmob {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CXm. H$mnyg
dm D$g CËnmXZmH$S>o bj {Xë`mZo Vob{~`m d {ÛXb YmÝ`m§À`m CËnmXZmH$S>o Xþb©j hmoVo d ~mOmamV
Ë`m§Mr Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U hmoD$Z qH$_Vr dmT>VmV d bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m~m~V _hmJmB©g Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo.
3) bú` g_yh ÑpîQ>H$moZ (The Target Group Approach)
hm EH$ {deof Agm ÑpîQ>H$moZ Amho.
AW©… Á`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV J«m_rU g_mOmVrb EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_yhmMm (JQ>mMm) {dH$mg KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mda â {Xbm OmVmo Ë`mg bú` g_yh ÑpîQ>H$moZ Ago åhUVmV.
`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV EImÚm g_yhmg {dH$mgmMo bú` (Q>mJ©oQ>) ~ZdyZ Ë`mMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mda â
{Xbm OmVmo. CXm. AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, N>moQ>o eoVH$ar, _{hbm, ~mbHo$, eoV_Oya
`mn¡H$s EImXm g_yh {ZdSy>Z Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r {deof H$m`©H«$_ dm `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br OmVo.
CXmhaUo… CXm. ^maVmV 1970-71 _Üò gr_m§V eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya `m g_yhmgmR>r ""gr_m§V
eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya {dH$mg A{^H$aU'' (Marginal farmers and Agricultural Labourers
Development Agency- MFAL) hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. bhmZ eoVH$è`m§gmR>r ""bhmZ eoVH$ar
{dH$mg A{^H$aU'' (Small Farmers Development Agency- SFDA) hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br.
18 Vo 35 d`moJQ>mVrb J«m_rU `wdH$m§gmR>r gwê$ Ho$bobr TRYSEM hr `moOZm VgoM ""J«m_rU
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^y{_hrZ amoOJma h_r H$m`©H$« _ RLEGP'' hm H$m`©H«$_ BË`mXr H$m`©H«$_ ho `mM ÑpîQ>H$moZmda
AmYm[aV hmoVo.
\$m`Xo… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYmaboë`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMm \$m`Xm Agm H$s Ë`m_wio
{dH$mgmÀ`mÑîQ>rZo _mJmg Agboë`m g_yhmMm {dH$mg hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zm BVa KQ>H$m§À`m ~amo~arZo
AmUÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ g_Vm d Ý`m` àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoV.o
_`m©Xm… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmMr _`m©Xm Agm H$s EH$mM g_yhmda bj H|$ÐrV Ho$ë`mZo BVa g_yhm§H$S>o
Ñb©j hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _ZmV d§{MVVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo.
4) joÌ {dH$mg ÑpîQ>H$moZ (Area Development Approach)
AW©… Á`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV A{dH${gV joÌmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mda â {Xbm OmVmo Ë`mg
joÌ {dH$mg ÑpîQ>H$moZ Ago åhUVmV.
`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo H$s, EImÚm joÌmMm {dH$mg Pmbm H$s Ë`mMo \$m`Xo
qH$dm bm^ ho H$m§hr H$mimZ§Va Ë`m joÌmVrb ImbÀ`m ñVam§n`ªV nmPaV ({PanV) OmVmV.
CXmhaUo… Adf©U àdU joÌmVrb eoVH$è`m§Zm ÑîH$mimVhr nwaogo CËnÞ {_imdo åhUyZ ^maV
gaH$maZo 1979 _Üò ""Adf©U àdU joÌ H$m`©H«$_''(Drought Prone Area ProgrammeDPAP) hm `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYmabobm hmoVm. VgoM Am{Xdmgm§Mm gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r
gwê$ Ho$bobm ""Am{Xdmgr joÌ Cn`moOZm'' (Tribal Area Subplan) hm H$m`©H«$_hr `mM
ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYm[aV hmoVm.
\$m`Xo… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZm_wio {d{eîQ> joÌmMm gImob {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H$maU Ë`mgmR>r
gd©àH$maÀ`m godmgw{dYm n`m©á ñdê$nmV CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m OmVmV. {dÎmnwadR>m, g§àofU,
dmhVyH$, {dnUZ, ghH$m`©, Vn{ebdma H¥$Vr BË`mXr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m OmV Agë`mZo
ho eŠ` hmoV.o
_`m©Xm… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmÀ`m _`m©Xm nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUVmZm XoemVrb EHy$U A{dH${gV joÌmÀ`m VwbZoV
\$ma bhmZ joÌmda OmñV gmYZg§nÎmr IM© Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo.
2) `m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmda AmYmacocm {dH$mgmMm AmamIS>m hm AË`§V g§H$sU© d _hÎdmH$m§jr
Agy eH$Vmo d Ë`mÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>r AË`§V Wmoa ZoV¥ËdmMr JaO ^mgVo _mÌ Vgo
ZoV¥Ëd CncãY hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo.
3) `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmZwgma V`ma Ho$boë`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m {d{dY {d^mJmV gmYZg§nÎmrMo
dmQ>n H$aVmZm àmYmÝ`H«$_ ~XbÊ`mMm YmoH$m AgVmo.
5) EH$mpË_H$ {dH$mg ÑpîQ>H$moZ (Integrated Development Approach)
hm J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm EH$ A{^Zd Agm ÑpîQ>H$moZ Amho.
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AW© … Á`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV {dH$mgmg§~§YrÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm, H$m`©H«$_, àH$ën BË`mXtMo
EH$sH$aÊm H$aÊ`mV òVo Ë`mg EH$mpË_H$ {dH$mg ÑpîQ>H$moZ Ago åhUVmV.
`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmV {dH$mgmÀ`m gd© n¡by§da EH${ÌVnUo bj H|$ÐrV Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_Üò EH$ H¥$Vr
AmamIS>m (Plan of Action) V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo, Á`m_Üò nwT>rb 4 àH$maÀ`m H¥$VtMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
A) H¥$fr d H¥$frg§b½Z ì`dgm`m§Mo CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo.
~) J«m_moÚmoJ, Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ, hgVmoÚmoJ `m§À`m {dH$mgmda â XoUo.
H$) J«m_rU godm joÌmVrc KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.
S>) J«m_rU ^mJmVrb l{_H$m§Zm Hw$eb ~ZdyZ Ë`m§Mr J{VerbVm dmT>{dUo.
`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmZwgma {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUVmZm nwT>rb JmoîQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
A) gmYZg§nÎmrMr `mXr ~Z{dUo.
~) bm^mWu H$wQw>§~mMo gd©ojU H$aUo.
H$) _Zwî`~imMo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo.
S>) {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV bmoH$m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoUo.
`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYmaboë`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVr d
VoWrb AJ«H«$_ `m§À`mer gwg§JV R>aUmè`m H¥$VtoMo EH$mpË_H$aU (EH$sH$aU) Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio hm
ÑpîQ>H$moZ J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m gd© n¡by§er g§~§{YV Agm Amho.
CXmhaU… 1978 _Üò ^maVmV H|$Ð emgZmMo `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYmabobm ""EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU
{dH$mg H$m`©H«$_'' (Integrated Rural Development Programme- IRDP) hm H$m`©H«$_ gwê$
Ho$bm hmoVm. `m H$m`©H«$_mV {d{eîQ> joÌ, nm`m^yV gw{dYm, {d{eîQ> g_yh, _Zwî`~i, {ejUàm{ejU, Amamo½`, nmUrnwadR>m, {Zdmam, Amhma {dÎmnwadR>m BË`mXr g§X^m©Vrb {dH$mg `moOZm§Mo
EH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. J«m_rU OZVog AZwXmZmgh {dÎmnwadR>m H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm amoOJma
{deofV… ñd`§amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo d Ë`mAmYmao Ë`m§Mo CËnÞ dmT>{dUo d Ë`m§Zm
Xm[aÐçaofoÀ`m da AmUUo hm IRDP `m H$m`©H«$_mMm hoVy hmoVm.
\$m`Xm… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmda AmYmaboë`m {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ hm AË`§V ì`mnH$ AgVmo. H$maU
Ë`m_Üò J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m gd© n¡by§da EH$mpË_H$ ñdê$nmV bj {Xbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio {dH$mg gmÜ`
H$aUo eŠ` hmoV.o
_`m©Xm… `m ÑpîQ>H$moZmMr _`m©Xm Aer H$s Ë`m_Üò EH$mpË_H$ `m g§koÀ`m AWm©~m~V g§^«_
Amho. EH$mpË_H$aU (Integrated) ho {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§Mo H$s, {dH$mgm{df`rÀ`m àemgH$s`
`§ÌUoMo Agm g§^«_ nS>Vmo. hm ÑpîQ>H$moZ J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m {dH$mgmnojm ehar bmoH$m§À`m
JaOmnyVuda A{YH$ â XoUmam Amho. Aer hr Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo. ^maVmVrb IRDP H$m`©H«$_mMo
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_yë`_mnZ H$aVmZm H$m§hr Aä`mgH$m§Zr EH$mpË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ hm ehamVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r A{YH$
^mOrnmbm \$io, A§S>r, XÿY `m§Mo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mda â XoVmo. VgoM Vmo ghH$mar eoVr d gd©g_mdoe
joÌ {dH$mg `moOZm `m {dH$mgmÀ`m _mJmªdê$Z amÁ`H$Ë`mªMo d {dMmad§Vm§Mo bj BVaÌ di{dVmo
Aerhr Q>rH$m Ho$bobr Amho.
4.2.4 J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrb AS>Wio (Obstacles to Rural Development)
J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo ÑpîQ>H$moZ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmVm Vwåhr J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m _mJm©Vrb
AS>Wio g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU, ZmJarH$aU, ^m§S>dbemhr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§À`m
à^mdm_wio J«m_rU g_mOmMo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z Ë`m_Üò AZoH$ g_ñ`m CX²^dë`m `m g_ñ`m§Mo
{ZamH$aU H$ê$Z J«m_rU g_mOmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gd©M XoemV gwê$ Pmbo. J«m_rU {dH$mg
H$m`©H«$_m§da AmOn`ªV àM§S> aŠH$_ IM© Pmbr Amho. VWm{n, Anojoà_mUo J«m_rU {dH$mg KSy>Z
Ambobm Zmhr. H$maU J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m AZoH$ AS>Wio AmUUmao AZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. `m
KQ>H$m§Mo VrZ àH$ma nmS>Vm òVrb.
A) Am{W©H$ ~) amOH$s-àemgH$s` H$) gm_m{OH$- gm§ñH¥${VH$
A) Am{W©H$ KQ>H$… (Economic Factors)
J«m_rU {dH$mgmV AS>Wim AmUUmao Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) Anwao ^m§S>db… J«m_rU {dH$mgmV H¥$fr {dH$mg H$aUo, J«m_moÚmoJmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo, J«m_rU
^mJmV nm`m^yV gw{dYm C^maUo, {ejU d Amamo½` gw{dYm nwa{dUo BË`mXr CnH«$_ am~dmdo bmJVmV
Am{U Ë`mgmR>r àM§S> ^m§S>db bmJVo. VWm{n, AZoH$ amîQ´>m§H$S>o {deofV… {dH$gZerb amîQ´>m§H$S>o
nwaogo ^m§S>db Zmhr. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU {dH$mgmV AS>Wio òVmV. H$maUo ^m§S>dbm A^mdr {dH$mg
H$m`©H«$_ nyU© H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.
2) Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm Anyam dmna… J«m_rU ^mJmV O_rZ, nmUr, dZo, IZrOo, nd©V,
g_wÐ {H$Zmam, Ordg¥îQ>r BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr _moR>çm à_mUmda CnbãY Amho. nU `m
gmYZg§nÎmrMm nwaonya dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. H$m§hrdoim `m gmYZg§nÎmrMm Am§YionUmZo Xþê$n`moJhr
Ho$bm OmVmo. AZoH$ XoemV hOmamo hoŠQ>g© O_rZ nS>rH$ Amho, AZoH$ {R>H$mUr nmdgmMo nmUr AS>dyZ
Z R>odë`mZo dmhÿZ OmVo. {dZmH$maU O§JbVmoS> Ho$br OmVo. gy`©eŠVrMm dmna drO{Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$bm
OmV Zmhr. AemàH$mao Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm nwaogm dmna Z Ho$ë`mZo J«m_rU {dH$mgmV AS>Wio
òVmV.
3) {dH$mgoÎma H$m_mda A{YH$ IM©… J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV {dH$mg H$m_mnojm
{dH$mgoÎma H$m_mda åhUOo gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§Mo doVZ d ^Îmo, B_maVr, dmhZo, H$Om©darb ì`mO,
AZwXmZ, Am°S>rQ> IM© BË`mXrda A{YH$ IM© Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio {dH$mg H$m_mgmR>r nwaogm n¡gm
{_iV Zmhr d {dH$mgmV AS>Wio òVmV.
~) amOH$s`-àemgH$s` KQ>H$ (Political- Administrative Factors)
H$m§hr amOH$s`-àemgH$s` KQ>H$hr J«m_rU {dH$mgmV AS>Wio AmUVmV.
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1) gaH$mar `§ÌUoMr CXm{gZVm… J«m_rU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_Üò emgZmMm åhUOoM
gaH$maMm nwT>mH$ma Amdí`H$ Amho. J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr YmoaUo R>adyZ Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mMr à_wI O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr Amho. VWm{n, gaH$mar `§ÌUmhr J«m_rU {dH$mgm{df`r
CXm{gZ Agë`mMo {XgVo. gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§H$S>o J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr Vi_i Zmhr. {ZîR>m, Ë`mJ,
àm_m{UH$nUm, ~m§{YbH$s BË`mXr JmoîQ>r Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Zgë`mZo J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo H$m`©H«$_ Aèñdr
hmoVmV.
2) ^«îQ>mMma… J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV _moR>m ^«îQ>mMma hmoVmZm {XgVmo. amOH$s` {dH$mg
nXm{YH$mar d gaH$mar ZmoH$a ho H$Yr ñdV§ÌnUo Va H$Yr nagnaghH$m`m©Zo J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r
Agbobm {ZYr hS>n H$aVmV. {dH$mg H$m_mda IM© Pmbm Ago ImoQ>oM H$mJXmonÌr XmI{dVmV d Vmo
n¡gm ñdV…À`m {IemV KmbVmV. J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr H$m§hr H$m_o gaH$ma ñd`§godr g§ñWm d
{~JaemgH$s` g§KQ>Zm `m§À`mda gmon{dVo. _mÌ \$ma WmoS>çm g§ñWm ho H$m_ àm_m{UH$nUo H$aVmV.
~mH$sÀ`m ~hþg§»` g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm øm J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r {Xcocm {ZYr ñdV…M hS>n H$aVmV.
EH§$XarV ^«îQ>mMma hm J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc _moR>m AS>Wim Amho.
3) amOH$maU : AmO amOH$maUmZo OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmg J«mgcoco Amho. amOH$maUr _§S>ir
hr {dH$mg H$m_mMohr amOH$maU H$aVmV. gaH$maZo AmIcoë`m Mm§Jë`m {dH$mg `moOZm§Zmhr {damoYr
amOH$s` _§S>ir Ho$di {damoYmgmR>r {damoY H$aVmV. J«m_rU ^mJmV amOH$s` JQ>VQ> AgyZ Vo
nañnam§À`m {damoYmV gVV Cô AgVmV. Y_©, OmV, àm§V, ^mfm BË`mXrda AmYmacoco amOH$maU
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo. J«m_rU ZoV¥ËdXoIrc {dH$mgmH$S>o Xþc©j H$ê$Z Ho$di gÎmm d g§nÎmr
{_i{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgVo. Ago ho g§Hw${MV d ñdmWu ZoV¥Ëd J««m_rU {dH$mgmVrc
_moR>mM AS>Wim R>aV Amho.
H$) gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ (Socio-Cultural Factors)
Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d àemgH$s` KQ>H$m§à_mUoM H$m§hr gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$hr J«m_rU
{dH$mgmV AS>Wim R>aVmV. Vo nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.
1) cmoH$g§»`m d¥Õr : gVV hmoUmar cmoH$g§»`md¥Õr hm J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc _moR>m AS>Wim
Amho. ~hþg§»` {dH$gZerc Xoem§Mr cmoH$g§»`m gVV dmT>V Amho. dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»ò_wio
{dH$mgmMr JVr _§X amhmVo. H$maU dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òÀ`m _yc^yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$macm
gVV YS>nS>mdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio {dH$mg H$m_mgmR>r nwaogm n¡gm {eëcH$ amhmV Zmhr. {ejU,
Amamo½`, nm`m^yV gw{dYm `mg§X^m©V {H$Vrhr `moOZm am~{dë`m Var dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»ò_wio Ë`m
Anwè`mM nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio {dH$mg à{H«$`m "O¡go Wo' `m AdñWoV amhmVo. {H$Vrhr {dH$mg Ho$cm Var
Ë`mMr \$io dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òÀ`m nXamV nS>V ZmhrV. WmoS>Š`mV dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»ò_wio
{dH$mgmMr à{H«$`m J{V_mZ hmoV Zmhr.
2) {ZåZ XOm©Mr _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmr : {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>dc d Z¡g{J©H$
gmYZg§nÎmr Ogr Amdí`H$ Amho VerM CÀM XOm©Mr _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmr (_Zwî`~i) hr
Amdí`H$ Amho. VWm{n, J«m_rU ^mJmVrc _Zwî`~i dm _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmr hr AË`§V {ZåZ
58
XOm©Mr (JwUdÎmoMr) Amho. ~hþg§»` J«m_rU cmoH$ ho AS>mUr, A§YlÕ, éT>r{à`, X¡ddmXr, Amigr,
X[aÐr, AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o d¡km{ZH$-Vm§{ÌH$ kmZ d H$m¡eëò ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o gwYmaUmdmXr dm
àJVrerc Agm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ Zmhr. ho cmoH$ na§namJV OrdZnÕVr gmoS>Ê`mg ZmIyf AmhoV. ñdV…
nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z Amncm d Amnë`m g_mOmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUmdm Aer ÑîQ>r Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Zmhr.
Ë`m_wio J«m_rU {dH$mgmV AS>Wio òVmV.
3) cmoH$gh^mJmMm A^md : J«m_rU {dH$mgmV cmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ Agmdm cmJVmo. VaM
{dH$mg KSy>Z òVmo. XþX£dmZo ~hþg§»` J«m_rU cmoH$ ho {dH$mg à{H«$òV gh^mJ KoV ZmhrV. {dH$mg
H$aUo hr emgZmMr O~m~Xmar Amho Ago _mZyZ Vo {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mnmgyZ Xÿa amhVmV 1952 _Üò
^maVmV gwê$ Ho$cocm g_wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ hm Ho$di cmoH$m§Zr Ano{jV gh^mJ Z {Xë`mZo
Anèr R>acm. WmoS>Š`mV {dH$mgmV cmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ ZgUo hm EH$ _moR>m AS>Wim Amho.
4) g_mOgodH$m§Mm A^md : J«m_rU {dH$mgmV gaH$ma~amo~a g_mOgodH$, gm_m{OH$
H$m`©H$V}, godm^mdr g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm BË`mXtMmhr gh^mJ Agmdm cmJVmo. Vi_irZo d {ZîR>oZo
H$m`© H$aUmè`m godH$m§Mr d g§ñWm§Mr EH$ \$irM Agmdr cmJVo. nU AmO Aem godH$m§Mm d
g§ñWm§Mm _moR>m A^md OmUdVmo. J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m`© H$aUmao godH$ d g§ñWm `m§Mr g§»`m
_moR>r Amho. nU Ë`mVrc ~hþg§»` ñdmWu AmhoV. J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr Vi_i d {ZîR>m Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
Zmhr. g_mOgodm hm Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ñdmW© gmYÊ`mMm Y§Xm ~Zcm Amho. Ë`m_wio {dH$mgmMm {ZYr
{dH$mgmda IM© Z H$aVm hS>n H$aÊ`mMoM H$m_ Ë`m H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
5) n[adV©Z {damoYr _Zmod¥Îmr : {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$ ho n[adV©Zerc d {dH$mgm{^_wI
Agmdo cmJVmV. na§Vw ~hþg§»` J«m_rU cmoH$ ho Vgo ZmhrV. Vo ê$T>r{à` d na§namdmXr AmhoV. OwZo
Vo gmoZo _mZyZ Vo OrdZ OJy BpÀN>VmV. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m na§namJV OrdZmV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mg Ë`m§Mm
{damoY AgVmo. OwÝ`m ê$T>r d na§nam§Zm Vo {MH$Qy>Z amhVmV d ZdrZ kmZ, _yëò, H$ënZm, {dMma
`m§Zm {damoY H$aVmV. cmoH$m§Mr hr n[adV©Z {damoYr _Zmod¥Îmr J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc _moR>mM AS>Wim
Amho.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
àíZ - `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Imcrc {dYmZo nyU© H$am.
1) J«m_rU {dH$mgmV ............. gh^mJ Amdí`H$ R>aVmo.
A) cmoH$m§Mm
~) amOH$maÊ`m§Mm H$) VÁkm§Mm
2) J«m_rU {dH$mgmV ................ nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm cmJVmo.
A) VÁkmcm
~) cmoH$m§Zm
H$) R>oHo$Xmam§Zm
3) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo A§{V_ C{ÔîQ> .............. AmhoV.
A) nm`m^yV gw{dYm ~) gaH$ma
H$) cmoH$
4) g_wXm` {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ ............. gmcr gwê$ Ho$cm.
59
S>) àemgH$m§Mm
S>) emgZmcm
S>) àemgH$
A) 1950
~) 1952
H$) 1955
S>) 1960
5) ............... hm H$m`©H«$_ joÌ {dH$mg Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMo CXmhaU Amho.
A) MFLA
~) IRDP
H$) DPAP
S>) CDP
4.3 gmam§e
`m KQ>H$mV Vwåhr gd©àW_ J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVcocr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r
Vwåhr àW_ J«m_rU {dH$mgmMm AW© d H$m§hr ì`m»`m Aä`mgcoë`m AmhoV. VgoM J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMr d¡{eîQ>çohr Aä`mgcocr AmhoV. 1) J«m_rU {dH$mg hr gmd©{ÌH$ à{H«$`m Amho. 2) `m
à{H«$òV J«m_rU g_mOmMm gdmª{JU {dH$mg A{^àoV Amho. 3) `m à{H«$òV {d{eîQ> g_yhm§À`m
{dH$mgmda {deof â {Xcm OmVmo. 4) `m à{H«$òV cmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ Ano{jV Amho. 5) J«m_rU
{dH$mg {Za§VanUo MmcUmar à{H«$`m Amho. 6) `m à{H«$òV emgZmMm nwT>mH$ma A{^àoV Amho. `mZ§Va
Vwåhr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr nwT>rc C{ÔîQ>o Aä`mgcr AmhoV. 1) Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZ, 2) {ejU àgma,
3) Amamo½` godm nwa{dUo, 4) nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aUo, 5) n`m©daUmMo g§ajU d g§dY©Z
H$aUo, 6) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo, 7) {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aUo, 6) g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm
ñWmnZ H$aUo BË`mXr. `mZ§Va Vwåhr J«m_rU {dH$mgmMo 5 Ñ{îQ>H$moZ g_OmdyZ KoVcoco AmhoV. 1)
~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, 2) {H$_mZ n°Ho$O Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, 3) cú` g_yh Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, 4) joÌ {dH$mg
Ñ{îQ>H$moZ, 5) EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ. gdm©V eodQ>r Vwåhr J«m_rU {dH$mgmVrc nwT>rc AS>Wio
g_\$OmdyZ KoVcoco AmhoV. ho KQ>H$ Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s`-àemgH$s` Aem
VrZ àH$maMo AmhoV.
4.4 ñ_aUmW© g§km
{dH$mg : _mZdr H$ë`mUmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>Zo OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV Ano{jV n[adV©Z KSy>Z òU.o
J«m_rU {dH$mg : J«m_rU cmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmÀ`m Ñ{îQ>Zo Ë`m§À`m OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌmV
Ano{jV n[adV©Z KSy>Z òUo.
OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo : amhUr_mZ gwYmaUo
{Za§Va à{H«$`m : gVV MmcUmar à{H«$`m
gmd©{ÌH$ : OJmV gd©Ì ApñVËdmV AgUo.
nm`m^yV gw{dYm : añVo, nmUr, drO, {ejU, Amamo½`, g§àofU BË`mXr{df`H$ gw{dYm
~hþCÔoer` Ñ{îQ>H$moZ : AZoH$ CÔoe EH$mM doir gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMm Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
{H$_mZ n°Ho$O : H$_rV H$_r n°Ho$O
EH$mpË_H$ : EH$sH$aUmË_H$
OcqgMZ : eoVrcm H¥${Ì_[aË`m nmUr nwadR>m H$aUo
60
_Yw_{jH$m nmcZ : _Y_mem nmcZ
damhnmcZ : Sw>¸$anmcZ
An`m©ßV ^m§S>dc : Anwao ^m§S>dc
Xþ~©c KQ>H$ : Am{W©H$-gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV (d§{MV) cmoH$/g_yh.
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) A
2) S>
3) H$
4) ~
5) H$
4.6 ñdmÜ`m`
A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao Úm.
1) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.
2) J«m_rU {dH$mgmMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z Ë`mMr C{ÔîQ>o {deX H$am.
3) J«m_rU {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY Ñ{îQ>H$moZm§Mr MMm© H$am.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1)
2)
3)
4)
J«m_rU
J«m_rU
J«m_rU
J«m_rU
{dH$mgmMm AW©
{dH$mgmMr C{ÔîQ>o
{dH$mgmVrc AS>Wio
{dH$mgmMm EH$mpË_H$ Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
J«m_rU g_mOemñÌ (2015), àm. M§ÐH$m§V I§S>mJio, àH$m{eH$m gm¡. _m`mXodr I§S>mJio,
gm§Jcr.
Management and Planning of Rural Development in India (1989), Chamanlal
Kashyap, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
Rural Development in India (1998), K. Venkata Reddy, Himalaya Publishing,
House.
61

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