{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
~r. E. ^mJ-3 : g_mOemñÌ nona-7
nmpíM_mÎ` g_mOemñÌr` {dMmad§V
(Western Sociological Thinkers)
go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
KQ>H$-1
Am°JñV> H$m°åV
(1798-1857)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
1.1 àmñVmdZm
1.2 Aä`mg {df`mMr _m§S>Ur
1.2.1 VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_
1.2.2 {dkmZdmX AWdm àË`jdmX
1.2.3 gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ
1.3 gmam§e
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
1.5 ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
g_mOemñÌm{df`r Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m CËH«$m§VrdmXr {dMmam§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoV AgVmZm Am{U
g_mOemñÌ {df`mcm d¡km{ZH$ XOm© {_idyZ XoV AgVmZm Ë`mZr KoVcoë`m à`ËZm§Mr XIc KodyZ `m
KQ>H$m§_Ü`o AmnU Imcrc Aä`mg C{Ôï>m§da {deof cj XoUma AmhmoV.
1. "VrZ AdñWmMm {Z`_' ñnï> H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cocr CËH«$m§VrdmXr {dMmagaUr g_OyZ
KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUma AmhmoV.
1
2. Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§À`m {dkmZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZm_Ü`o g_mOemñÌr` Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ñnï>
Ho$coë`m Ë`m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo Am{U {dMmam§Mo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
3. Ë`mM à_mUo H$m°åV `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U
gm_m{OH$ JVr emñÌ Aem XmoZ àH$mam§_Ü`o H$go dJuH$aU Ho$co Amho ho OmUyZ KoUma
AmhmoV.
1.1 àñVmdZm
~r. E. ^mJ 3 _Ü`o {eH$V Agcoë`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gÌ H«$. 5
gmR>r ""nmíMmË` g_mOemñÌr` {dMmad§V'' Am{U gÌ H«$. 6 gmR>r ""^maVr` g_mOemñÌr` {dMmad§V''
hm A{Ve` _hÎdmMm Agm nona Amho. `m nona_Ü`o EHy$U AmR> KQ>H$ g_m{dï> Ho$coco AmhoV. `m gd©
KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$mhr nmíMmË` Am{U ^maVr` g_mOemñÌkm§Mr _m{hVr {_iUma
Amho. g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mm CJ_ gmYmaUV: \«$mÝg, O_©Zr, B§½cS>, BQ>cr `m gma»`m `wamo{n`Z
Xoem§À`m _YyZ 17 ì`m eVH$mV Pmcm. na§Vw ^maVm_Ü`o Ë`mMr gwédmV 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m
Ama§^mnmgyZ Pmcocr {XgVo. Ago åhQ>co OmVo H$s, `wamo{n`Z g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Á`m {dMmam§Mr nm`m^aUr
Ho$cr Vo {dMma àm_w»`mZo Vo Á`m g_mO ì`dñWo_YyZ Amco, Ë`m g_mOm§Zm cmJy nS>Umao hmoVo. na§Vw
Iè`m AWm©Zo ho gd© {dMma Ho$di `wamo{n`Z g_mOmnwaVo _`m©{XV ZìhVo Va, Ë`m {dMmam§Mm ñne© EHy$U
_mZdr g_mO Am{U dV©Zmer Agcocm AmT>iVmo.
Á`m doir {dÚmWu Aem g_mOemñÌr` {dMmad§VmMo {dMma Aä`mgVrc Ë`m doir Ë`mZm
g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mm B{Vhmg g_OyZ `oB©c. `m nona_Yrc n{hco gÌ H«$. 5 gmR>r Mma KQ>H$ ho
àm_w»`mZo (CXm. Am°JñV H$m°åV, E{_c Sw>aImB©_, H$mc© _mŠg© Am{U _°Šg do~a ho nmíMmË`
{dMmad§VmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>rMo AmhoV. Am{U gÌ H«$. 6 gmR>r (S>m°. Or. Eg. Kw`}, S>m°. E_. EZ.
lr{Zdmg, S>m°. E. Ama. XogmB© Am{U S>m°. BamdVr H$d}) ho ^maVr` {dMmad§VmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>rMo
AmhoV.
àË`oH$ KQ>H$m_Ü`o Á`mdoir g_mOemñÌr` {dMmad§VmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmB©c Ë`mdoir
Ë`m{dMmad§Vmer g§~§{YV AgUmao g¡Õm§{VH$ {dMma ho Cn-KQ>H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Xcoco AmhoV. VgoM
Ë`m {dMmad§VmZo àH$m{eV Ho$coco Ë`mMo g_mOemñÌr` {cImZ, Ë`mÀ`m {dMmamda BVa Aä`mgH$m§Mm
Agcocm à^md Am{U Ë`mMm WmoS>Š`mV OrdZ n[aM` _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m à`ËZmMo EH$ à_wI C{Ôï> åhUOo, g_mOemñÌkm§Zr H$em àH$mao Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur
d¡km{ZH$ Am{U g¡Ym§{ZH$ nÕVrZo Ho$cr Amho `mMr Amnë`mcm H$ënZm `oV.o "Masters of Sociological
Thought" `m nwñVH$mMo coIH$ cwB©g H$moPa `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Aä`mg _m§S>Ur_Ü`o Ago Z_yX Ho$co Amho
2
H$s, {d{dY g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Á`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mo `moJXmZ Ho$co Amho Vo {dMma åhUOo
g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mo gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVremñÌ Amho. ("The Knowledge contributed by
different sociologists be called as the ecology of sociological ideas.")
❒
Am°JñV H$m°åV>Mm Aëngm n[aM` :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Mm OÝ_ 19 OmZo. 1798 amoOr. \«$mÝgÀ`m X{jU àm§VmV AgUmè`m
"_m±Q>no{cAa' eham_Ü`o Pmcocm hmoVm. VéU d`m_Ü`o Am°JñV H$m°åV {ejU KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m
{dMmamda gdm©V OmñV à^md S>°{Z`c BZH$m°ÝQ´>r `m J{UV {df`mÀ`m {ejH$mMm hmoVm. H$m°åV ho
1814 _Ü`o n°arg eham_Ü`o AË`§V Zm_m§{H$V AgUmè`m "BH$moc nm°crQ>oH${ZH$' `m emioMr àdoe nyd©
n[ajm CÎmrU© Pmcoco hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va Vo n°[ag eham_Ü`o H$m`_Mo a{hdmer åhUyZ am{hco. Am°JñV H$m°åV>
`m§À`m EHy$U OrdZmda Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©da eodQ> n`ªV Á`m à_wI Aä`mgH$mMm à^md hmoVm Ë`mMo
Zm§d "hoÝar g|Q>-gm`_Z' Ago hmoVo.
\«|$M amÁ` H«$m§VrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ \«$mÝg _Yë`m g_mO ì`dñWo_Ü`o Á`m {d{dY KQ>Zm KSy>Z
Amë`mZo Or EH$ àH$maMr Aì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmcr hmoVr Ë`m {df`r Am°JñV H$m°åV g_mYmZr ZìhVo.
Ë`m§Zm Á`m àH$maMr g_mO ì`dñWm Ano{jV hmoVr Ë`m àH$maMr g_mO ì`dñWm Z¢{VH$Voda AmYm[aV
Agmdr Ago dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ H$aV AgVmZm, dñVw{Zð> {Z`_m§da AmYm[aV
Aem ñdê$nmMr EH$ d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mgmMr emIm {Z_m©U Ho$cr. Ë`mcm "g_mOemñÌ' qH$dm "g_mOmMo
{dkmZ' (Science of Society) Ago åhQ>co OmVo. "BH$moc nm°cr Q>oH${ZH$' _Ü`o H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm
Ë`m§Zr ‘Positive Philosophy’ "{dkmZ{ZîR> VÎdkmZ' ho g_mOemñÌr` {cImZ H$ê$Z Vo 1842 _Ü`o
àH$m{eV Ho$co. `m J«§Wm_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mr A{Ve` aMZmË_H$ Aer _m§S>Ur Ho$cr
Amho.
H$m°åV `m§Zr gd© àW_ Sociology hr g§km _m§S>cr. Á`m doir H$m°åV `m§Zr n{hë`m§Xm Á`m
gm_m{OH$ emñÌmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Ë`m doir Ë`m§Zr Ë`mcm 'Social Physics' Aer g§km {Xcr hmoVr.
na§Vw hr g§km ~opëO`_ _Yë`m "A°S>më\$ Š`yQ>coQ>' `m g§»`memñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§H$Sy>Z Mmoacr Jocr
Amho Ago cjmV Amco. Ë`m doir Ë`m§Zr 'Sociology' hr c°Q>rZ Am{U J«rH$ eãXmVyZ V`ma Pmcocr
Z{dZ g§km _m§S>cr. H$m°åV Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aV hmoVo H$s, Á`m_YyZ g_mOmgmR>rMo
{dkmZ (Science of Society) Z¡g{J©H$emñÌm gmaIo Agoc d Ë`m _YyZ _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m JVH$mcrZ
KQ>Zm§Mm AmT>mdm KodyZ Ë`m KQ>Zm- g§~§YrMm ^{dî` H$mcrZ doY KoVm `oB©c. Ë`m§Mo Ago _V hmoVo H$s,
_mZdr g_mOmMm Aä`mg Aem d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Pmcm nm{hOo H$s, Ogm AmnU g^modVmcÀ`m.Z¡g{J©H$
KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m d¡km{ZH$ {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Positive Philosophy `m
J«§Wm_Ü`o H$aVmZm \«$mÝg _Yë`m CX²~moYZ H$mcI§S>mVë`m {dMmam§À`m {damoYmV {dMma ñnîQ> Ho$co hmooVo.
3
1.2 Aä`mg {df`mMr _m§S>Ur
`m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o EHy$U VrZ ^mJ AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_, {dkmZdmX Am{U
gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ d gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m gdm©Mm Aä`mg H$m°åV `mZr
Ho$cm.
1.2.1 VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_
(Law of Three Stages)
VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_ qH$dm _mZdr {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm§Mm {Z`_ H$m°åVÀ`m g_mOemñÌr`
{dMmamVrc EH$ à_wI {dMma g_Ocm OmVmo. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m {dMmamVyZ Ë`m§Zr _mZdr d§e EH$m
{ZíMrV Aem AdñWm§À`m _YyZ H$gm àJV hmoV Jocm `m g§~§Yr {dícofU Ho$co Amho. `m g§X^m©V
d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr dmZa d§em nmgyZ Vo AmYw{ZH$ `wamo{n`Z g_mOmn`ªV hmoV Jocoë`m
dmQ>MmcrMm g§X^© {dMmamV KoVcocm Zmhr. `m CcQ> Ë`m§Zr d¡km{ZH$ nÕVr _Yë`m VwcZmË_H$
nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aV AgVmZm {d{eï> H$mcI§S>mMm AmYma KodyZ Amnë`m {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr
Amho.
H$m°åV>À`m _Vo, AmnU gd©OUM EH$m {d{eï> AdñWm§À`m _YyZ OmV AgVmZm ~më`m AdñWm,
nm¡J§S>AdñWm Am{U d¥Õm AdñWm§À`m _YyZ OmV AgVmo. na§Vw `m àË`oH$ AdñWo_Ü`o Amncr _mZ{gH$
Hw$dV EH$ gmaIr ZgyZ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ AgVo. Á`mà_mUo _mZdmMr _mZ{gH$ àJVr hr n{hë`m AdñWoVyZ
Xwgè`m AdñWoV OmV AgVmZm hmoV AgVo Ë`mM à_mUo Amnë`m {dkmZ emIm§Mr dmQ>Mmc XoIrc
Aem AdñWm§À`m _YyZ hmoV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§S>Ur _Ü`o doJdoù`m AdñWm§À`m _Ü`o \$aH$
nS>V Joë`mMo {XgVo.
1.
Y_©emñÌr` AWdm H$mën{ZH$ AdñWm :-
H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, Y_© emñÌr` AdñWo_Ü`o _mZd Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmcr KSy>Z `oUmè`m gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zm§Mm AW© OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo, d Agm AW© OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm Ë`mcm Ago dmQy>
cmJVo. H$s, `m gd© KQ>Zm H$moUË`m Var AX²^yV Aem Z¡g{J©H$ eŠVr_wio AWdm Bída eŠVr_wio KSy>Z
`oV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio _mZdr {dMmam§Mr hr AdñWm åhUOo, EH$m AWm©Zo Z§VaÀ`m XmoZ AdñWm§Mr
gwê$dmVM hmoVr. _mZdr _Z ho Zoh_rM Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm§Mo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ H$arV
Amco Amho. `m à`ËZm§Mm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZM _mZd Amncm CJ_ Hw$Ry>Z Pmcm ho OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm
Vmo AmnU Hw$Ry>Z Amcmo? `m {df`r _m{hVr emoYy cmJcm VgoM Vmo Amnë`m OJÊ`mnmR>r_mJÀ`m
H$maUmMm hoVy OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm AmnU H$emgmR>r OJVmo? Aem àH$maMo àíZ Am{U Ë`mMr CÎmao
emoYy cmJcm. Ë`mÀ`m `m gd© àíZm§Mo g_mYmZ AX²^yV Z¡g{J©H$ eŠVr Am{U BídaeŠVrÀ`m _XVrZo
4
hmoV Joco. {d{dY dñVyÀ`m _Ü`o AgUmar OmXy{Jar d ~hþXoddmXmMr g§H$ënZm (AZoH$ Xod-XodVm§Mr
nyOm) `m AdñWo _Ü`oM àMcrV Agcocr AmT>iVo. ~hþXoddmXmÀ`m {dMmamZ§Va _mZd EHo$ídadmXr
(Monotheism) {dMmam§Mm nmR>nwamd H$ê$ cmJcm. Ë`mcm Ago dmQy> cmJco H$s Ë`mÀ`m gd© g_ñ`m§Mo
g_mYmZ EHo$ídadmXmÀ`m nyOoAM}VyZ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
2.
AmÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWm :-
Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, _mZdr àJVrMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r BVa XmoZ AdñWm§Mm {dMma H$aVm
AmÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWocm \$mago _hËd Zmhr. `m AmÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWo_Ü`o _mZd A_yV© eŠVrda {dídmg
R>ody cmJcm. hr AdñWm åhUOo EH$ àH$mao Y_©emñÌr` AdñWm Am{U {dkmZdmXr AdñWm§À`m _Ycr
pñWË`§VamMr AdñWm AgyZ `m AdñWoÀ`m gmømZo Y_©emñÌr` AdñWoH$Sy>Z {dkmZdmXr AdñWoH$S>o
OmVm `oVo. `m àH$maÀ`m AdñWo_Ü`o _mZd Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmcr KSy>Z `oUmè`m KQ>Zm§Mr H$maU_r_m§gm
Bída eŠVrÀ`m AmYmao Z XoVm A_yV©eŠVrMm AmYma KodyZ ñnï>rH$aU XoVmo. Amnë`m g^modVmcMm
{ZgJ© hr EH$ AX²^yV eŠVr AWdm A_yV© eŠVr AgyZ {ZgJm©Vrc {d{dY KQ>Zm H$m KSy>Z `oVmV?
`m g§~§YrMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$co OmVo. Aem àH$mao KSy>Z `oUmè`m KQ>Zm§À`m _mJo AgUmè`m AZoH$
àH$maÀ`m H$maUm§Mm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. _mZdr {dMma Aem {R>H$mUr `odyZ nmohMcoco AgVmV H$s,
Á`m _Ü`o KSy>Z `oUmè`m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mo H$maU EH$M Am{U Vo åhUOo "{ZgJ©' Amho Ago g_Oco
OmVo.
3.
{dkmZdmXr AdñWm :-
{dkmZdmXr AdñWo_Ü`o _mZdr {dMma ho {dídmÀ`m CËnÎmr g§~§Yr Am{U KQ>Zo_mJrc H$maUm§Mm
emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. `m AdñWo_Ü`o ì`ŠVr H$mën{ZH$ {dMma Am{U AX²^yVeŠVr `mgma»`m
A§YlÕoMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z {ZíMrV Aem {Z`_m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV d `m {Z`_m§À`m _XVrZo Ë`m§À`m
g^modVmcrKSy>Z `oUmè`m KQ>Zm§ OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. `m AdñWo_Yrc {Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Ur
AZw^dOÝ` g§emoYZ Am{U g¡Õm§{VH$ _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao hmoV AgVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m {Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Ur
H$aVmZm H$m°åV `m§Zr Z¡g{J©H$ emómVrc {Z`_mgmaIo H$mQ>oH$moa {Z`_ _m§S>Ê`m_Ü`o CËgwH$Vm Z XmI{dVm
A_yV© nmVirda {Z`_m§Mr H$er _m§S>Ur H$aVm `oB©c `m g§~§Yr {dMma Ho$cm. Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo,
Á`m doir Iè`m AWm©Zo {dkmZdmXr AdñWm nyU©Ëdmcm `oVo Ë`m doir AmnmoAmnM n{hë`m XmoZ
AdñWm åhUOo Y_©emñÌr` d AÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWm Zï> hmoVmV. Am°JgñV H$m°åVÀ`m VrZ AdñWm§À`m
{Z`_m§Mr A_§c~OmdUr g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY ñVam_Ü`o Pmcocr AmT>iyZ `oVo. Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr
_mZdr àJVrgmR>r `m {Z`_m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVmZm _mZdmMr àJVr {d[dY AdñWm§À`m _YyZ H$er hmoV
5
Jocr ho ñnï> H$aVmZm ~më`mdñWoMm g§~§Y Y_©emñÌr` AdñWoer, nm¢JS>mdñWoMm g§~§Y AmÜ`mpË_H$
AdñWoer Am{U àm¡T>mdñWoMm g§~§Y {dkmZdmXr AdñWoer OmoS>cocm {XgVmo. `m {Z`_mMm g§~§Y H$m°åV
`m§Zr emñÌmMr loUr aMZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoIrc Cn`moJmV AmUcm. àË`oH$ emñÌmMm {dH$mg EH$m
{d{eï> AdñWo_YyZ H$gm hmoV Jocm ho ñnï> H$aVmZm g_mOemñÌ hm {df` _mÌ {dkmZdmXr AdñWoVyZ
H$m Jocm Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOemñÌm_Ü`o {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§À`m {dH$mgmcm A{YH$ _hËd {Xcoco
{XgVo. Ë`m§Zr {dídmMr {d^mJUr VrZ àH$mam§_Ü`o Ho$cr Amho. {dídmMm gwédmVrMm B{Vhmg åhUOo
Y_©emñÌr` AdñWm hmo`. Ë`mZV§a.{dídmMr dmQ>Mmc AmÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWo_YyZ Pmcr. Am{U eodQ>r
H$m°åVÀ`m g_H$mcrZ H$mcI§S>mV {díd {dkmZdmXr AdñWon`ªV `odyZ nmohMco hmoVo. H$m°åVMr Aer
YmaUm hmoVr H$s, {dkmZdmXmer g§~§YrV {Z`_m§Mo ñdê$n g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtZm g_OyZ `oB©c d Ë`m
à_mUo Vo Ë`mMm nmR>nwamdm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVrc. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, EImÚm {d{eï> _mZdr g_mOmMr
àJVr H$em àH$mao KSy>Z Amcr ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>rMo _mJ©Xe©Z `m {Z`_mÀ`m AmYmao H$aVm `oVo. na§Vw
`m {Z`_m§À`m gmømZo AmnU g_mOm_Ü`o AQ>i ñdê$nmV AgUmè`m g_mO n[adV©ZmMr AWdm
{dH$mgmMr {Xem _mÌ ~Xcy eH$V Zmhr.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1 *
A) ~hþn`m©`r àíZ.
1. Imcrc n¡H$s H$moUË`m AdñWo_Ü`o _mZd gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Bída eŠVrÀ`m à^mdm_wio
KSy>Z `oVmV Ago g_OVmo?
(A)AmÜ`m{_H$ AdñWm
(~) Ym{_©H$ qH$dm H$mën{ZH$ AdñWm
(H$){dkmZdmXr AdñWm
(S>) darcn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
2. Imcrc n¡H$s H$moUË`m AdñWo_Ü`o _mZd H$moUVrhr gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm A_yV© eŠVrÀ`m
à^mdm_wio KSy>Z `oVo Ago g_OVmo?
(A)AÜ`m{Ë_H$ AdñWm
(~) Ym{_©H$ qH$dm H$mën{ZH$ AdñWm
(H$){dkmZdmXr AdñWm
(S>) darcn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
3. Imcrc n¡H$s H$moUË`m AdñWo_Ü`o ì`ŠVr Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mm AWdm AX²^yV eŠVrMm
Ë`mJ H$aVmV?
(A) Y_©emñÌr` AWdm H$mën{ZH$ AdñWm
(~) AmÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWm
6
(H$) {dkmZdmXr AdñWm
(S>) darc n¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
4. Imcrc n¡H$s H$moUVm {dMma H$m°åVÀ`m VrZ AdñWoÀ`m {Z`_m§er gwg§JV Amho?
(A)aMZmË_H$-H$m`m©Ë_H$ {dMma
(~) CËH«$m§VrdmXr {dMma
(H$)g§Kfm©Ë_H$ {dMma
(S>) darc n¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
5. {dkmZdmXr AdñWo_Ü`o {Z`_m§Mm emoY H$moUË`m AmYmamdaVr KoVcm OmVmo?
(A)AZw^dOÝ` g§emoYZ
(~) AVm{H©$H$ {dMma
(H$)VÏ` g§H$cZ
(S>) darcn¡H$s EH$hr Zmhr.
1.2.2 H$m°åVMm àË`jdmX AWdm {dkmZdmX
(Positivism by August Comte)
{dkmZdmXr {dMmam§À`m _m§S>Ur _wio Am°JñV H$m°åVMr g_mOemñÌm_Ü`o Iyn à{gÕr Pmcr. `m
{R>H$mUr {dkmZdmXmMm AWdm àË`jdmXmMm AW© {Z`_m§À`m _m§S>UrVrc gmaIonUm Agm AgyZ ho
{Z`_ ñWc, H$mc napñWVr AZê$n ~XcV ZgVmV. Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m
{Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Ur g§emoYZ Am{U g¡Õm§{VH$Vm$ `mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoV AgVo.
1.
dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ :-
H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, Amnë`m g^modVmcr AgUmao {díd ho O¡{dH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ ñdê$nmV Amho.
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§g_moa Aem {dídmVrc KQ>Zm§Mm emoY KodyZ Ë`m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©
AgVo. Ë`m§Zr Aä`mgH$m§Zm Am{U g§emoYH$m§Zm dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z {dídmVrc KQ>Zo
g§~§YrMo gË` OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm Aä`mgm_Ü`o V§VmoV§V nUm AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am Ago gw{MV Ho$co.
VgoM {dkmZdmXmMm nwañH$ma H$aV AgVmZm, g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ dmñVddmXr emñÌ AgyZ Ë`mMm Ë`m§Zr
à_wI dmñVddmXr AgUmè`m ^m¡{VH$emñÌmer g§~§Y XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm.
2.
g_mOemñÌmgmR>rÀ`m Aä`mg nÕVr :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVmZm g_mOemñÌ AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m
Á`m à_wI Aä`mg nÕVtMo {dícofU Ho$co Amho, Ë`m _Ü`o {ZarjU, à`moJ nÕVr, VwcZmË_H$ nÕVr,
Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ nÕVrMm CëcoI Ho$cocm {XgVmo. Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, AmnU `m nÕVtMm
Amnë`m g^modVmcÀ`m {dídmg~§YrMo AZw^dOÝ` kmZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZm_Ü`o
Cn`moJ H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
7
3.
gm_m{OH$ {dídmg~§YrMo {Z`_ :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV ho Ho$di g_mOemñÌmVrc Aä`mg nÕVrdaM ~mocV ZmhrV Va Ë`m§Zr g¡Õm§{VH$
_m§S>Ur (Theroy) da XoIrc {dMma ñnï> Ho$co AmhoV. Amnë`m g^modVmcÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmg~§YrMo
Ë`m§Zr g¡Õm§{VH$ {dícofU H$arV AgVmZm, H$m§hr {Z`_ ñnï> Ho$co AmhoV. Aem ñdê$nmMo {Z`_ ho
gm_mÝ`V… g^modVmcÀ`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m KQ>Zm§À`m {ZarjUmdarc AgyZ
Ë`m _Ü`o _mZdr dV©ZmMm g_mdoe Ho$cocm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr VrZ AdñWm§À`m {Z`_mMm AmYma KodyZ
_mZdmÀ`m ~m¡ÕrH$ àJVrMo {dícofU Ho$co Amho. Aem {dícofUm_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr Y_©emñÌr` AdñWm,
AmÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWm Am{U {dkmZdmXr AdñWm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, darc VrZ
AdñWm§À`m n¡H$s, eodQ>À`m {dkmZdmXr AdñWoV ì`ŠVr Ë`m§À`m g^modVmcÀ`m {dídm g~§YrMr
_m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ {dMmam§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aVrc.
4.
g_mO ì`dñWm Am{U àJVrgmR>r {dkmZdmXmMm Cn`moJ :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV Á`m doir EH$m ~mOycm {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aV AgVmZm H$Yrhr Z
~XcUmè`m {Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmV, Ë`mM doir Vo Xwgè`m ~mOycm Ë`m§À`m g_H$mcrZ g_mOì`dñWoer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m ZH$mamË_H$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>r {dkmZdmXmMm H$gm
Cn`moJ hmoD$ eH$Vmo `m g§~§YrMo {dícofU XoVmV. `m {R>H$mUr ZH$mamË_H$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm åhUOo,
\«$mÝg g_mO ì`dñWo_Yë`m amOH$s` Am{U Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§À`m _Ü`o KSy>Z `oUmao AÚ:nVZ Agm AW©
{dMmamV KoVcm Amho. H$m°åVMo {dkmZdmX åhUOo EH$ àH$maMo Ago à{VH$mamË_H$ {dMma hmoVo H$s, Á`m
_YyZ Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmcr KSy>Z `oUmè`m ZH$mamË_H$ d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Urda AmKmV H$aVm `oV hmoVm.
H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, {dkmZdmXr hoM EH$_od Ago {dMma AmhoV H$s, Á`m _YyZ g_mOmMr ì`dñWm Am{U
àJVr H$ê$Z KoVm `oVo. {dkmZdmXr {dMma ~wÕrd§VmÀ`m ZH$mamË_H$ d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>Urda Am{U gm_m{OH$
ì`dñWoda {Z`§ÌU R>odVmo Ë`mM doir Vmo Xwgè`m ~mOycm g_mOm_Ü`o {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§Mr dmT> H$ê$Z
g_mOmMr àJVr KS>dyZ AmUrV AgVmo.
{dkmZ dmX hr Am°JñV H$m°åVMr A{Ve` _hÎdnyU© Aer {dMmagaUr hmoVr. Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m
H$mcI§S>mV d¡Mm[aH$ _V^oXmMo à_mU OmñV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§À`m gmømZo
d¡Mm[aH$ _V^oXmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr EH$m {R>H$mUr Ago åhQ>co Amho H$s,
"_mZdmMo {dMma `m EHy$U {dídmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aVmV.' (Ideas govern the world) `m {R>H$mUr
{dkmZdmXr {dMmam§Mm Cn`moJ H$mën{ZH$ d¡Mm[aH$ _m§S>UrVyZ Ho$cocm ZgyZ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
Ho$cocm Amho. Am{U Ë`m_wio {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§À`m _m§S>UrV \«$mÝg_Ü`o àM{cV AgUmè`m Ym{_©H$
{dMmam§Zm J¥{hV Yacoco Zmhr.
8
* ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2 *
A) _moH$ù`m OmJm ^am.
1. ................... emñÌm_Ü`o {Z`_ Zoh_rM pñWa Am{U Z ~XcUmao AgVmV.
2. "g_mOemñÌ' hr g§km XoÊ`mnydu Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr g_mOemñÌmcm ................ Aer
g§km {Xcr hmoVr.
3. {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§À`m _Ü`o \«$mÝg_Yë`m ................ {dMmam§Zm Jm¡U ñWmZ {Xco hmoVo.
4. ................. AdñWo_Ü`o {dkmZdmXr {dMmam§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo.
5. H$m°åV `m§Zr .................. `m à_wI Z¡g{J©H$emñÌmer g_mOemñÌmMr VwcZm Ho$cr
Amho.
1.2.3 gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ
`m {R>H$mUr Am°JñV H$m°åVMo g_mOemñÌ Á`m à_wI XmoZ KQ>H$m§À`mda {deof ^a XoVo Vo åhUOo
gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z hmo`. gm_m{OH$ pñWVr emñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ
`m§À`mVrc _yc^yV \$aH$ {dMmamV KoVë`mZo g_mO ì`dñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVr OmUyZ KoÊ`mg _XV
hmoVo. `m {R>H$mUr AmnU g_mO ì`dñWm åhUOo g_mOmMo AñVrËd {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo
g_mOmVrc KQ>H$m§À`m _Ü`o H$m`_ ñdê$nr AgUmao ñW¡`© {dMmamV KoVmo Va, gm_m{OH$ àJVrMm AW©
g_mOmVrc {dH$mg `m AWm©Zo hmoV AgVmo. Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, `m g§H$ënZm ñdV§Ì ZgyZ Ë`m
nañnam§er g~§{YV AmhoV.
❑
gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ
(Social statics) :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr gwê$dmVrg gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌmMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm g_mO
ì`dñWoÀ`m ñW¡`m©gmR>r nm`m^yV KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZr g_mO ì`dñWo_Yë`m
{d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z Vo KQ>H$ H$em àH$mao H$m`© H$aVmV `m g§~§Yr MMm© Ho$cr Amho.
Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, g_mO-ì`dñWm Am{U Ë`m§Mo KQ>H$ `m§À`m _Yrc nañnag§~§Ym_wio `m
KQ>H$m§À`m _Yrc EoŠ` ñd`§ñ\y$V© ñdê$nmMo AgVo. Á`m doir Aem KQ>H$m§À`m _Ü`o nañnam§_Yrc
EoŠ`mMm A^md {XgyZ `oVmo Ë`mdoir g_mOm_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo.
9
1.
Hw$Qw>§~ : g_mO-ì`dñWoMm EH$ KQ>H$ :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr ì`ŠVr hm g_mOmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ ZmH$maV AgVmZm Hw$Qw>§~ hm Iè`m AWm©Zo
g_mO ì`dñWoMm gd© àW_ KQ>H$ AgVmo d Aem Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr {_iyZ Am{Xdmgr ì`dñWm V`ma hmoVo d
Ë`mVyZ nwT>o amï´´>mgmaIr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, H$m¢Qw>{~H$ dmVmdaUm_Ü`o ì`ŠVrÀ`m
Ah§^mdr (Egoistic) ñd^mdmda AHw§$e R>odyZ ì`ŠVrcm gm_m{OH$ dV©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ Ho$co
OmVmV. gd© _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm, Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWm hr gd© àW_ Aer AmXe© Z_wZm
nÕVr AgyZ {VMm CJ_ Hw$Qw>§~ Am{U ZmVog§~§Y ì`dñWo _YyZ hmoV AgVmo. Vgo nmhVm EHy$U g_mO
ì`dñWmM Hw$Qw>§~mMr {_iyZ V`ma Pmcocr AgVo. Am{U Ë`m_wio g_mO ì`dñWoMm Vmo Iè`m AWm©Zo
KQ>H$ AgVmo d Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o g_mOmVrc dJ©, OmVr B. gmaIo chmZ AmH$mamMo KQ>H$
AgVmV. Z§Va chmZ ehao, ZJa ho g_mOmMo Zì`mZo ñWmnZ hmoUmao KQ>H$ AgVmV.
2.
^mfm : _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ ^mJ :-
H$m°åV>À`m _Vo, ^mfoÀ`m gmømZo Amnë`m JVH$mcrZ {nT>rÀ`m {dMmam§Mm gmR>m H$aVm `oVmo Am{U
nyd©Om§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMm R>odm OVZ H$ê$Z R>odVm `oVmo. ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ EH$m ~mOycm AmnU
g_mOmVrc gXñ`m§Zm EH${ÌV R>ody eH$Vmo, Ë`mM doir Xwgè`m ~mOycm Amnë`m nyd©Om§À`m {dMmam§er
XoIrc {ZJS>rV ahmVmo. ì`ŠVtIoarO g_mO ApñVËdmV amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Oa g_mOm_Ü`o gd©
gXñ`m§gmR>r g_mZ ^mfm Zgoc Va AmnU g_mO ì`dñWo_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` Am{U gm_§Á`g {Z_m©U
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. _mZdr g_wXm`mgmR>r g_mZ ~mocr^mfm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. Var gwÕm H$m°åV>À`m _Vo,
^mfoMm Cn`moJ g_mOmgmR>r EH$ _mÜ`_ åhUyZ H$aVm `ody eH$Vmo na§Vw {VÀ`m gmømZo _mZdr dV©Zmcm
{Xem XoVm `oV Zmhr.
3.
g_mZ Ym{_©H$ lÕm :-
Ho$di g_mZ^mfm hm _mZdr g_mOmMm _hËdmMm KQ>H$ ZgyZ g_mZ Ym{_©H$ lÕm hm gwÕm
_mZdr g_wXm`mMm EH$ _hËdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. Y_© g_mOmcm EH$ gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMo VÎd {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z XoVmo H$s, Á`m_wio Ë`m VÎdmÀ`m AmYmamda g_mO EH$g§K ahmVmo, AÝ`Wm g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVrì`ŠVtÀ`m _Yrc _V^oXm_wio g_mO-ì`dñWm Zï> hmoÊ`mMr {^Vr AgVo. Y_m©_wio ì`ŠVrcm {VÀ`m
ñdV…À`m Ah§^mdr dV©Zmda _mV H$aVm `oVo Am{U Vmo g_mOmVrc Amnë`m gmo~V AgUmè`m BVa
gXñ`m§er AmnwcH$sZo ahmÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Y_© hm g_mOmVrc EH$ eŠVremcr ñdê$nmMm Agm
KQ>H$ Amho H$s, Omo g_mZ lÕm Am{U g§àXm`mÀ`m ì`ŠVtZm EH${ÌV R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Y_© hm
g_mO-ì`dñWoÀ`m _wimer AgVmo.
10
4.
l_-{d^mOZ :-
Y_© Am{U ^mfm `m KQ>H$m§À`m IoarO l_{d^mOZ hm Mm¡Wm KQ>H$ gwÕm g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtZm
nañnam§er OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m`© H$aVmo. g_mOmVrc {d{dY àH$maMr H$m`} g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtZm EH${ÌV
OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV Oo g_mO AmH$mamZo _moR>o AgVmV Aem g_mOm_Ü`o {d{dY à«H$maÀ`m H$m`©
nÕVr Am{U Ë`m§À`m {dVaU nÕVr_wio Jw§VmJw§V {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. H$m°åV `m§À`m _Vo, Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m l_ {d^mOZmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m A§Jr AgUmè`m H$m`© JwUm§Mm
{dH$mg hmoD$Z nañnam§da {dg§~yZ ahmÊ`mÀ`m àd¥Îmr_Ü`o dmT> hmoVo, Am{U Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Ü`o EoŠ`
{Z_m©U hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`mM doir AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOì`dñWo_Yë`m l_{d^mOZmMm n[aUm_
g_mO-ì`dñWoda hmoVmo.
Aem àH$mao, Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr ^mfm, Y_©, g_mZ Ym{_©H$ lÜXm Am{U l_{d^mOZ `m
g_mO-ì`dñWoÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOmMo ì`mnH$ ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$co Amho. H$m°åVÀ`m
_Vo, g_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m {Z{_©Vr gmR>rÀ`m AQ>r g_mO ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n Am{U gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌmMm
Aä`mg hm àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmer g~§{YV AgVmoM. gm_m{OH$ JVr emñÌ ho
àm_w»`mZo _mZdr àJVr Am{U CËH«$m§Vrer g§~§YrV AgVo.
❑
gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ
(Social Dynamics)
gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo Am°JñV H$m°åVMo _w»` C{Ôï> ho gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m
H«$_mg§~§YrÀ`m {Z`_mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMo hmoVo. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, g_mO hm n[adV©Zerc AgVmo. na§Vw
g_mOmVrc ho n[adV©Z EH$m {d{eï> gm_m{OH$ {Z`_mà_mUo Am{U H«$_m H«$_mZo KSy>Z `oV AgVo.
g_mOm_Ü`o àJVr KSy>Z `oVo `mMm AW© g_mOmV CËH«$m§VrdmXr ñdê$nmV Q>ßß`m-Q>ßß`mZo hiydma ~Xc
KSy>Z `oVmV. H$m°åV `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌmcm _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m àJVrMm {gÕm§V åhUyZ g§~mo{Yco
Amho.
1.
_mZdr {dMmam§Mo ~XcVo ñdê$n :-
Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr _mZdr àJVrMm AmT>mdm KoV AgVmZm, g_mOmVrc ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$m§À`m
_Yrc ~Xcm§nojm _mZdr {dMmam§À`m _Ü`o KSy>Z `oUmè`m n[adV©Zmda Amnë`m Aä`mgmMo cj A{YH$
H|${ÐV Ho$co Amho. H$m°åV `m§Zr g_mOmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVmZm, g_mO hm Y_©emñÌr` AdñWonmgyZ
{dkmZmdmXmMo dM©ñd AgUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmn`ªV H$gm CËH«$m§V hmoV Jocm `m g§~§Yr Ë`m§Zr
Amnco {dMma ñnï> Ho$co.
11
2.
gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌmnojm gm_{OH$ JVremñÌ A{YH$ _hÎdmMo :-
_mZdr g_mO OrdZmg§~§YrÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ
Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§Zm g_mZ _hÎd Agco Var, H$m°åV `m§Zr gm_m{OH$
JVremñÌmcm A{YH$ _hÎd {Xco Amho. `mcm H$maU åhUOo Ë`mZm \«$mÝg g_mO ì`dñWo_Ü`o Á`m
àH$maÀ`m g_mO n[adV©ZmMr Anojm hmoVr Vr g_mO H$ë`mUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ìhmdr Ago dmQ>V hmoVo.
na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$Yrhr H«$m§VrH$mar n[adV©Zmcm gmW {Xcr Zmhr. H$maU CËH«$m§VrdmXr n[adV©Zm_wio
Mm§Jë`m ñdê$nmMo n[adV©Z KSy>Z `ody eH$Vo `m {dMmamda Ë`m§Mr Iyn> lÕm hmoVr.
3.
gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmVyZ àJVrMo gmVË` {Q>Hy$Z ahmVo :-
H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrc àJVrMo _yë`_mnZ ho Ë`m g_mOmVrc {dH$mgmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ _moOco OmVo. H$moUVmhr g_mO hm _ycV… JVr{ec ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. àË`oH$ g_mO
ì`dñWm§À`m _Ü`o n[adV©Z ho Oar {XgyZ `oV Agco Var, àË`oH$ g_mOmVrc n[adV©ZmMr JVr EH$m
{d{eï> H$mc I§S>mV EH$ gmaIr ZgyZ Ë`m _Ü`o {^ÝZVm {XgyZ `oVo.
gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg hm àm_w»`mZo gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ
Aem XmoZ àH$mam§VyZ Ho$cm Amho. gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ åhUOo g_mOmMr _yc^yV AdñWm, gm_m{OH$
g§aMZm qH$dm g_mOmMr ì`dñWm~Õ aMZm H$s, Á`m_wio g_mO-ì`dñWocm ñW¡`© {_iV AgVo.
gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ hr Xwgar Aer H$ënZm Amho H$s, {OMm g~§Y hm g_mOmVrc àJVrer OmoS>cm
Amho. H$m°åV `m§À`m _Vo, g_mOmMr àJVr Am{U ì`dñWm `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV.
eodQ>r AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, àË`oH$ g_mO ì`dñWocm EH$ nm`m^yV Aer g§aMZm AgVo qH$dm
ì`dñWm AgVo. na§Vw `mM g§aMZo_Ü`o H$mc_mZmZwgma n[adV©Z AWdm {dH$mg KSy>Z `oV AgVmo.
* ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3 *
A) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. H$m°åVÀ`m g_mOemñÌmMo à_wI XmoZ àH$ma H$moUVo AmhoV?
2. H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m g_mOemñÌm_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ ñW¡`m©Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo?
3. gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌmMo H$moUVo Mma KQ>H$ AmhoV?
4. gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌmMm Aä`mg {df` H$moUVm?
5. H$m°åV `m§Zr H$moUË`m `wamo{n`Z g_mOmV n[adV©ZmMo ñdê$n nm{hco hmoVo?
12
1.3 gm§ame
`m nonaMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm, gwédmVrcmM AmnU Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Mo {dMma OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm. `m {dMmad§VmZo Amnë`m {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur àm_w»`mZo 17 ì`m eVH$mV \«$mÝg _Ü`o
CX²^dcoë`m gm_m{OH$ VmU-VUmd Am{U amOH$s` hmcMmcrÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda Ho$cocr hmoVr. H$m°åV
`m§Zr àm_w»`mZo g_mOmg§~§YrMo ^{dî`mVrc ñdê$n nyd©H$WZ H$aoc Ago g_mOemñÌ {Z_m©U Ho$co.
àW_ Cn-KQ>H$m§V AmnU H$m°åVÀ`m VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_ `mMr Va {ÛVr` KQ>H$mV {dkmZdmXr
Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mr MMm© Ho$cr. H$m°åVMo Ago _V hmoVo H$s, g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Am{U g§emoYH$m§Zr
Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o V§VmoV§VnUm AmUÊ`mgmR>r {dkmZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ A§Jr ~mZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm
nm{hOo. g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r {dkmZdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mm Adc§~ gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmÛmao gm_m{OH$
OrdZmg~§YrMo AZw^dOÝ` kmZ {_idÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. H$m°åV `m§Mo Ago _V hmoVo H$s, {dkmZdmXmMm
nwañH$ma H$aUo åhUOo, \«$mÝg g_mO ì`dñWo_Ü`o ê$T> AgUmè`m Z¡{VH$ Am{U amOH$s` Aì`dñWogma»`m
ZH$mamË_H$ KQ>Zm§ Zmhrem H$aUo hmo`.
V¥Vr` Cn-KQ>H$m§§_Ü`o H$m°åV `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ `m XmoZ
àH$mam§Mr MMm© Ho$cr Amho. g_mOemñÌmMo Aem XmoZ àH$mam_Ü`o dJuH$aU H$ê$Z H$m°åV `m§Zr _mZdr
g_mOmVë`m g_mO ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n Am{U àJVrMo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$co Amho. H$m°åV `m§À`m _Vo,
gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgm_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ ñW¡`© (Social Stability) {dMmamV KoVco OmVo, d
Ë`m _Ü`o Hw$Qw>§~, ^mfm, g_mZ Y_©, lÕm, l_-{d^mOZmMo ñdê$n B. gma»`m g_mO-KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg
Ho$cm OmVmo Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm AmnU g_mOmVrc n[adV©Z AWdm àJVrMm Aä`mg gm_m{OH$
JVremñÌm_Ü`o H$aVmo. gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌm_Ü`o _mZdr {dMmam§Mo ~XcVo ñdê$n, Am{U H$moUË`mhr
g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg Aä`mgcm OmVmo.
`m gd© KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma Ho$cm AgVm, Am°JñV H$m°åV hm {dMmad§V àm_w»`mZo g_mOemñÌna§naoÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mcI§S>mVrc hmoVm Ago {XgyZ `oVo. H$m°åVÀ`m {dMmam§Mm g§X^© AmOhr
{VVH$mM Cn`moJmMm Amho. H$m°åVÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Aem gm_m{OH$ napñWVr_Ü`o
Pmcr H$s, Á`m doir ZH$mamË_H$ {dMmam§_wio g_mO ì`dñWm {dñH$irV Pmcocr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Aem
ZH$mamË_H$ {dMma _m§S>Urda _mV H$amd`mMr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dkmZdmXmÀ`m {dMmamVyZ
g_mOmMo CX²~moYZ H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© Ho$co.
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
✺
emñÌm§Mr loUr aMZm : Á`m H«$_mZo emñÌm§Mm CX` KSy>Z Amcm Vmo H«$_.
13
✺
gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ : gm_m{OH$ ñW¡`© qH$dm g_mOmMo {d{dY KQ>H$ Am{U Ë`m§Mr
H$m`©nÕVr.
✺
gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ : g_mOmMo ~XcVo ñdê$n Aä`mgUo.
✺
{dkmZdmX AWdm àË`jdmX : gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$emñÌm§À`m
Aä`mgmda AmYm[aV AgUmam d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ.
✺
{dMmagaUr : Aä`mgmgmR>r Aä`mgH$mZo ñdrH$macocr {dMmam§Mr nÕVr.
✺
Y_©emñÌr` : Y_m©À`m Aä`mgmda AmYm{aV.
✺
AÜ`mpË_H$ : VËdkmZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr emIm, Á`m _Ü`o _yV© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm
OmVmo.
✺
~hþXod dmX : ~hþXod dmXmMr g§H$ënZm H$s, Á`m_Ü`o AZoH$ Xod-XodVm§Mr nyOm
hmoVo.
✺
EHo$ídadmX : EHo$ídadmXmMr g§H$ënZm H$s, Á`m _Ü`o EH$m XodVoMr nyOm hmoVo.
✺
KQ>H$ : EH$m nmgyZ AcJ Agcocr d ñdV…Mo ñdV§Ì ñWmZ AgUmar ~m~.
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZmgmR>rMr CÎmao
❀
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-1
1. Ym{_©H$ qH$dm H$mën{ZH$ AdñWm.
2. AmÜ`m{Ë_H$ AdñWm.
3. {dkmZdmXr AdñWm.
4. CËH«$m§VdmXr {dMma.
5. AZw^dOÝ` g§emoYZ.
❀
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-2
1. Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm_Ü`o.
2.
Social Physics.
14
3. Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Zm.
4. {dkmZdmXr.
5. ^m¡{VH$emñÌ.
❀
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-3
1. gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ.
2. gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌm_Ü`o g_mO ì`dñWm Am{U g_mOmV KS>Umè`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m
`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.
3. ^mfm, Hw$Qw>§~, Y_© Am{U l_{d^mOZ.
4. gm_m{OH$ àJVr Am{U {dH$mg.
5. \«$mÝg g_mO ì`dñWm.
1.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
A) {dícofUmË_H$ ñdê$nmMo àíZ.
1. Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Mr g_mOemñÌmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
2. H$m°åVMo {dkmZdmXm g~§YrMo {dMma ñnï> H$am.
3. H$m°åVMm VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_ ñnï> H$am.
~) {Q>nm {chm.
1. gm_m{OH$ pñWVremñÌ.
2. gm_m{OH$ JVremñÌ.
3. H$m°åVMm {dkmZ dmX.
4. H$m°åVMm VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_.
15
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$
1.
Aron Raymond (1965) : "Main Currents in Sociological Thought", Vol. l New
York : Basic Books Aronson Ronald.
2.
Coser Lewis A. (1966) : "Masters of Sociological Thought", Jaipur and New
Delhi : Rawat Publications.
3.
Ritzer George (1996) : "Classical Sociological Theory", New York : The
McGraw - Hill companies, Inc.
❒❒❒
16
43
B.A.III : Sociology_Paper-VII_Semister-V_Western Sociological Thinkers
KQ>H$-2
E{_c Sw>aImB©_
(1858-1917)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.0 C{Ôï>o
2.1 àmñVmdZm
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 gm_m{OH$ gË`mMm Aä`mg
2.2.2 AmË_hÎmoMm {gÕm§V
2.2.3 Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V
2.3 gmam§e
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
2.5 ñd`§:-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Imcrc Jmoï>r gmÜ` hmoUma AmhoV.
✺
gm_m{OH$ gË` Am{U Ë`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg OmUyZ KoUo
✺
AmË_hË`m {gÕm§V g_OyZ KoUo
✺
Y_© {gÕm§VmMo AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoUo.
17
2.1 àñVmdZm
Am°JñV H$m°åVMm dmagm Mmc{dUmam, g_mO emñÌmV d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMm nwañH$ma
H$aUmam Am{U gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMm gË` g§H$ënZoÛmao {dMma H$aUmam EH$ \«|$M {dMmad§V åhUwZ
Sw>aImB©_H$S>o nm{hco OmVo.
Sw>aImB©_ hm EH$ hþema {dÚmWu Am{U VÎddoÎmm åhUyZ AmoiIÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. Vmo àË`oH$
Jmoï>rMm VÎdkmZmgmaIm Aä`mg H$arV hmoVm. g_mO emñÌmcm A{YH$ gm_m{OH$ d emñÌr` ñdén
àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`m_Ü`o Sw>aImB©_Mm {ghm§Mm dmQ>m Amho. Ë`mZo _mZd g_mOmMo emñÌewÕ AÜ``Z hoM
Amnco Or{dV H$V©ì` _mZco. g_mO hm ì`{ŠVnojm loîR> d _hÎdmMm Amho Ago g_OyZ Sw>aImB©_Zo
Amnco gd© {gÕm§V _m§S>co.
\«|$M {dMmad§V Sw>aImB©_Zo Imcrc VrZ CnKQ>H$m_Ü`o Amnco g¡Õm§{VH$ {dMma _m§S>co AmhoV.
CXm. (1) gm_m{OH$ gË` g§H$ënZm, (2) AmË_hË`m {gÕm§V, (3) Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V (Y_©{df`H$
{dMma).
2.2.1 "gm_m{OH$ gË`' g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg
(The Study of Social Facts)
Sw>aImB©_Zo gm_m{OH$ gË`mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm ZdrZ emñÌmMm Cn`moJ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho
Ago _V _m§S>co. gm_m{OH$ gË` OmUyZ KoUo hm g_mOemñÌmMm _w»` Aä`mg{df` Agë`m_wio
d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma hr H$mimMr JaO Amho Ago Sw>aImB©_cm dmQ>Vo. gm_O emñÌkm§Zr
Amncm Aä`mg hm Ho$di g§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmao Z H$aVm Vmo gm_m{OH$ gË`mÀ`m AmYmao H$amdm Ago
_V _m§S>co. AWm©V Ë`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm Adc§~, ì`{ŠVJV AmdS>r {ZdS>rH$S>o Xwc©j Am{U
gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m_Yrc H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y emoYwZ Ë`mMo {dícofU H$amdo `mgmaIo _mJ© gwM{dco.
❒
gm_m{OH$ gË`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço :-
Sw>aImB©_Zo Amncr "gm_m{OH$ gË`' g§H$ënZm {dfX H$aVmZm `m g§H$ënZoMr Imcrc {d{dY
R>iH$ d¡{eð>o gm§{JVcr.
A) gm_m{OH$ gË` AWdm VÏ`o hr g_mOmVrc ~mø pñWVrer g§~§{YV AmhoV.
~) Aer VÏ`o doJir Am{U àñWm{nV g_mOmer g§~§{YV AmhoV.
H$) Vr _mZdr _`m©Xm n{cH$S>o {ZgJm©er g§~§{YV AgVmV.
S>) gË` OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$mZo Amnë`m AZw^dmMm VgoM {dMmam§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm.
18
WmoS>Š`mV gm_m{OH$ gË`mdaM _mZdr OrdZ AmYm[aV Agë`mZo Ë`mV H$moUVmhr ~Xc hmoV
Zmhr. {ejU Am{U gd`r `m _mZdmer g§~§{YV AmhoV. `m Jmoï>r g_mOmMr JaO åhUyZ AmoiIë`m
OmVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m _mZdr ídmgmà_mUo gdm©Zm n[a{MV AmhoV. CXm. gd© cmoH$ gyn ho M_À`mZo
{nVmV, na§Vw Vo Oa gai {nco Va H$mhr Var A_mÝ` Jmoï> KS>V Amho Ago dmQ>Vo.
Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, g_mOmV Zoh_rM gm_m{OH$ gË` `mo½` ZgVo. CXm. H$m`Xo. na§Vw gm_m{OH$
gË` ho Zoh_rM AñVrËdmV AgVo. R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUr Am{U R>am{dH$ àXoemV gm_m{OH$ gË`m_Ü`o ~Xc
hmoV AgVmV. `m gd© _wÚm§§À`m AmYmao Sw>aImB©_ Ago gw{MV H$aVmo H$s, gm_m{OH$ gË` ho EH$ ZdrZ
emñÌ Amho. Ë`mMm Aä`mg åhUOo g_mOemñÌmMo Aä`mgjoÌ hmo`.
❒
gm_m{OH$ gË`mÀ`m {ZarjUmgmR>rMo {Z`_ :-
Sw>aImB©_Zo Amncr gm_m{OH$ gË` g§H$ënZm {deX H$aVmZm gm_m{OH$ gË`mÀ`m {ZarjUmgmR>rMo
Imcrc 6 {Z`_ gm§{JVcoco AmhoV.
1.
gm_m{OH$ gË`mMm dñVy åhUyZ {dMma H$aUo :-
Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, g_mOemñÌ åhUOo gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§Mm Aä`mg hmo`. gm_m{OH$ VÏ`o hr dñVw
gmaIr AgVmV. Vr _ZmV ZgVmV Va Ë`mMo ~mhoa OmdyZ {ZarjU H$amdo cmJVo. gm_m{OH$ gË`mMm
dñVwpñWVrer g§~§Y OmoSy> Z`o. AmË_ n[ajUmH$S>o Xwc©j H$amdo na§Vw {ZarjU Am{U à`moJ `mZm _hËd
Úmdo `mMmM AW© gm_m{OH$ gË`mZm dñVw åhUwZ _mZco Omdo. CXm. ì`ŠVtÀ`m \°$eÝg.
2.
ì`ŠVrJV _VàUmcr Am{U gm_m{OH$ gË` `mMm ñdV§Ì {dMma H$aUo :-
Sw>aImB©_Zo gm_m{OH$ gË`mMm hm Xwgam {Z`_ {dfX H$ê$Z Ë`mÛmao gm_m{OH$ gË`mMr ImÌr
ì`ŠVrJV _VàUmcrVyZ Z H$aVm Vr {ZarjUmVyZ H$ê$Z KoVcr nm{hOo Ago åhQ>co. `mMm AW©
gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr Oer Agoc Ver Vr ñdrH$macr nm{hOo. Xmohm|Mm {dMma ñdV§ÌnUo Ho$cm
Jocm nm{hOo. åhUOoM d¡`{ŠVH$ ^y{_H$m ~mOycm R>odcr nm{hOo. VaM KQ>ZoMr gË` _m{hVr {_iy
eH$Vo.
3.
nyd© g§H$ënZm§Mo {Z_y©cZ :-
Sw>aImB©_Zo gm_m{OH$ gË`mMm nyd© g§H$ënZm§Mo {Z_y©cZ hm {Vgam {Z`_ gm§{JVcm. gË` OmUyZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$mZo Amnë`m AZw^dmMm VgoM {dMmam§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm. AZmdí`H$ g§H$ënZm
AWdm nyd© J«hm§Mm Ë`mJ H$amdm. VaM Aä`mgm_Ü`o dñVw{Zð>Vm `ody eHo$c.
19
4.
KQ>Zm§er g§~§{YV VÏ`m§Mo ~mø d¡{eîQ>çmZwgma nyd©ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo :-
Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, H$moUË`mhr Aä`mgH$mcm Amnco AÜ``Z H$m`© gImoc d àJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
KQ>Zoer g§~§{YV ~mø d¡{eîQ>çm§Mo nyd©ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. CXm. ~oH$mar Am{U JwÝhoJmarMr
àd¥Îmr AWdm Xm[aÐ` Am{U dmT>Vo OZZ à_mU Ago ñnï>rH$aU Ho$ë`m_wio Amnco AÜ``Z H$m`©
A{YH$ àJV d V§VmoV§VnUo H$aVm `oVo.
5.
gm_m{OH$ gË` ho _mZdr àH$Q>rH$aUmÀ`m ncrH$S>Mo Agco nm{hOo.
6.
gm_m{OH$ gË`mMm Aä`mg {ZarjUmÛmao Ho$ë`m_wio {ZíMrV d gwñnï> hmoVmo.
AemarVrZo Sw>aImB©_Zo Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ gË` g§H$ënZoÛmao gm_m{OH$ VÏ`mZm EH$ dñVw _mZyZ
Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm åhUOo {ZpíMV d ñnï> ñdénmV gË` àH$Q> H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©c Agm {dMma
_m§S>cm. `mMm AW© gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _mZdr ^mdZm, nyd©J«h Am{U ì`ŠVrJV
KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎd XoD$ Z`o Agm {dMma {deX Ho$cm.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1 *
1. gm_m{OH$ gË`mMo AñVrËd d¡`{ŠVH$ kmZmÀ`m ncrH$S>o H$m AgVo?
2. gm_m{OH$ gË`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr?
3. ì`ŠVrcm gm_m{OH$ gË`m_Ü`o gh^mJr H$m ìhmdo cmJVo?
4. gm_m{OH$ gË`mMo Sw>aImB©_Zo H$moUVo {Z`_ gm§{JVco?
5. gm_m{OH$ gË`mg dñVw åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mMr JaO H$m Amho?
2.2.2 AmË_hÎmoMm {gÕm§V
(Theory of Suicide)
""cr gwgmB©S>''
E{_c Sw>aImB©_Zo 1897 _Ü`o 'Lee Suicide' ""cr gwgmB©S>'' hm AmË_hÎmog§~§Yr {ddoMZ
H$aUmam J«§W {chÿZ Ë`m_Ü`o "AmË_hÎ`m' hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm AgyZ Vr {dKQ>ZmVwZ {Z_m©U hmoVo
Agm _hËdnyU© {dMma _m§S>cm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, g_mOmVrc AmË_hÎmoMr KQ>Zm ho gm_m{OH$ gË` Amho.
Aem KQ>Zm ghg§~§YmVrc n[apñWVrVyZ Am{U R>am{dH$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z KS>V AgVmV.
Sw>aImB©_nydu AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr AmË_hË`m hr Z¡amí`, Xm[aÐ`, ~oH$mar, emar[aH$ AmOma,
Ag\$c ào_g§~§Y BË`mXr H$maUmZo Ho$cr OmVo Ago _V _m§S>co. _mÌ Sw>aImB©_Zo hr gd© H$maUo
20
A_mÝ` H$ê$Z àW_V: AmË_hË`m hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm AgyZ Cn`wŠVVmdmXr gm_w{hH$
OrdZmÀ`m {dKQ>ZmVyZ Vr {Z_m©U hmoVo Agm {dMma _m§S>cm. Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, AmË_hË`m ho EH$
gm_m{OH$ gË` (Social Fact) Agë`m_wio Aem KQ>ZoMo {dícofU gm_m{OH$ H$maUmÀ`m g§X^m©VM
Ho$co nm{hOo. Ë`mÀ`m `m {ddoMZmcm g_mOemñÌr` ~¡R>H$ AgyZ Ë`mMm hm {dMma l_{d^mJUrÀ`m
{dMmamer {ZJS>rV Amho. Á`mZm àmá n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYVm `oV Zmhr Aem ì`ŠVrM
AmË_hÎ`oMm _mJ© ñdrH$maVmV `m nmíd©^y_rda Sw>aImB©_ AmË_hÎ`oH$S>o EH$ "gm_m{OH$ gË`' åhUyZ
nmhVmo.
❒
AmË_hË`oMr ì`m»`m :Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hË`oMr ì`m»`m Imcrc à_mUo gm§{JVcr.
""Á`m H¥$VrMm eodQ> AmË_Zme qH$dm _¥Ë`y_Ü`o hmoVmo Aer ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z KS>Umar hmoH$mamË_H$,
ZH$mamË_H$, àË`j AWdm AàË`j H¥$Vr åhUOo AmË_hË`m hmo`.'' CXm. ñdV: Ji\$mg cmdyZ KoUo,
AmJ cmJcoë`m KamV ~gyZ amhUo `mdê$Z Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmVrc Ag_W©VVm
AmË_hÎ`m àd¥Îmrg H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
❒
AmË_hË`og O~m~Xma AgUmar H$maUo AWdm KQ>H$ :-
Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hÎ`m hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm AgyZ `m KQ>Zocm Imcrc {d{dY H$maUo
O~m~Xma Agë`mMo Z_yX Ho$co. CXm. (1) AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d Z¡VrH$ _yë`m§Mm
èhmg, (2) Hw$Qw>§~mMo Xwc©j, (3) àmßV n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMr AeŠ`Vm, (4) AgmYmaU
d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y, (5) gm_m{OH$ EH$VoMm èhmg BË`mXr.
Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, AmË_hË`ocm darc AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ H$maUoM A{YH$ à_mUmV O~m~Xma
AgVmV Ooìhm g_mOmH$Sy>Z gdmª{JU {dH$mgmgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, l_{d^mOZ, {deofrH$aU, ZdrZ
Z¡{VH$ _yë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo V|ìhm OwÝ`m dV©Zm{df`H$ {Z`_m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> {~KSy> cmJVo.
Aemdoir ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Ü`o AmË_hÎmoMo à_mU dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.
AmOÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_m{OH$ aMZoV KSy>Z `oUmao ~Xc, ZrVr_ÎmoMm
èhmg, ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMr dmT>, Ag§Vw{cV gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y `mgmaIr gm_m{OH$ H$maUo AmË_hÎmocm
O~m~Xma AgVmV. Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, àË`oH$ _mZd g_mOmV gmVË`mZo AmË_hÎ`m hmoV AgVmV Am{U
Ë`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrda Adc§~yZ AgVmV. VgoM Ë`m doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m AgVmV.
21
❒
AmË_hÎ`oMo dJuH$aU qH$dm àH$ma :-
Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hË`oMo dJuH$aU qH$dm àH$ma {deX H$aVmZm AmË_hË`m hr àm_w»`mZo EH$
gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm AWdm gm_m{OH$ gË` Amho Ago _V _m§S>co Am{U Imcrc à_wI Mma àH$ma
gm§{JVco.
1.
namW©dmXr qH$dm na{hVdmXr AmË_hË`m
(Altruistic Suicide)
Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hË`oMm hm àW_ àH$ma {dfX H$ê$Z `m_Ü`o ì`ŠVr Xwgè`mÀ`m {hVmgmR>r
AmË_hË`m H$aVo. ì`ŠVrda nyU©V: JQ> AWdm g_whmMo dM©ñd AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr ñdV:Mm Ord
dmM{dÊ`mnojm g_mOmgmR>r ~{cXmZ H$aVo. CXm. amï´>{hVmgmR>r g¡{ZH$m§Mo ~{cXmZ, nVrÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va
Ë`mÀ`m {MÎmoda OmiyZ KoUmè`m ñÌrMo ~{cXmZ, `mgma»`m KQ>Zm na{hVdmXr AmË_hË`m åhUyZ
AmoiIë`m OmVmV.
WmoS>Š`mV AmË_hÎ`oÀ`m `m àH$mam_Ü`o "ñd'OrdZ BÀN>onojm g_yh AWdm JQ>{Zð>m A{Ve`
_hÎdmMr _mZcr OmVo. Ë`m_wioM Sw>aImB©_Zo na{hVdmXr AmË_hÎ`ocm "g_mO{hVmgmR>r ì`ŠVrMm ~ir'
Aer H$ënZm _m§S>cr. OnmZr cmoH$ AZoH$ àg§Jr namW©dmXr AmË_hË`m H$aUo ng§V H$aVmV. Ho$di
g_yh [hVmgmR>r ì`ŠVr gd© àH$maMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoVo. `mMmM AW© ñd{hVmnojm JQ>mer
~m§{YcH$s hm {dMma loîR> AgVmo. CXm. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` cT>çmVrc ^JVqgJ, ~m~y JoUy B. Mo
~{cXmZ
2.
AmË_H|${ÐV AWdm Ah§dmXr AmË_hË`m
(Egoistic Suicide)
Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hË`oMm hm Xwgam àH$ma gm§{JVcm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, `m àH$mamV ì`ŠVr g_mOmV Z
{_igVm ñdV:_Ü`oM Jw§J amhVo. ñdV:cm g_mOmnmgyZ doJio g_OVo. AmnUmg H$moUmMmM AmYma Zmhr
Ago g_OyZ EH$mH$s OrdZmMm A§V AmË_hË`oZo H$aVo. Aem ì`ŠVr Ho$di ñdV:MmM {dMma H$aVmV.
Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o EH$ àH$maMr Ah§^mdmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Aem KQ>Zm Á`m g_wXm`mV KS>VmV Ë`mV
ì`ŠVrJV ñdm`ÎmVm d ñdV:Mr O~m~Xmar `m§À`mda Omoa {Xcocm AgVmo. Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, H$moUVrhr
ì`ŠVr Ooìhm EH$mH$s AgVo Voìhm Vr Amncm Ah§H$ma OnÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Amncm Ah§H$ma
XwImdcm Jocm H$s, Aer ì`ŠVr AmË_hÎmoMm _mJ© Odi H$ê$ cmJVo.
Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_H|${ÐV AmË_hË`oMr Imcrc AZoH$ CXmhaUo {Xcr AmhoV. CXm. H°$Wm°{cH$
Y_©n§Wr`m§nojm àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> Y_©n§{W`m§_Ü`o AmË_hÎ`oMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. AnË` AgUmè`m§À`mnojm
AnË` ZgUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Ü`o AmË_hÎmoMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. {dYdm AWdm KQ>ñ\$moQ>rV {ñÌ`m§À`m_Ü`o
Aer AmË_hË`m A{YH$ AmT>iyZ `oVo.
22
3.
à_mUH$ewÝ` AWdm {ZamemdmXr AmË_hÎ`m
(Anomic Suicide)
Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hÎmoMm à_mUH$ewÝ` AmË_hË`m hm {Vgam àH$ma gm§{JVcm. `m_Ü`o O|ìhm
g_mOmV AmH$pñ_V AWdm AMmZH$ ~Xc KSy>Z `oVmV Am{U Aem ~Xcmer ì`ŠVtZm g_m`moOZ
gmYVm `oV Zmhr V|ìhm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z AmË_hË`oMm Omo _mJ© ñdrH$macm OmVmo. Ë`mcmM à_mUHo$ewÝ`
AmË_hÎ`m Ago åhQ>co OmVo. CXm. ì`mnmamVrc _§Xr, {XdmiImoar, AmH$pñ_H$ Amcoco Xm[aÐ`, J_dmdr
cmJcocr ZmoH$ar, _mcH$sÀ`m ha{dcoë`m dñVw Aem doir ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmMr MmH$moar~Õ Mm¡H$Q>
T>mgiVo. ZdrZ n[apñWVr, _yë`o AWdm {Z`_Zo ì`ŠVrda {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$V Zmhr. `m_wio ApñWaVm
{Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U Ë`mVyZ Aem ì`ŠVr AmË_hÎmoMm _mJ© pñdH$maVmV.
4.
X¡ddmXr AmË_hË`m
(Fatalistic Suicide)
AmË_hË`oÀ`m `m àH$mam_Ü`o ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m OrdZm_Ü`o Amcoë`m An`emMo Imna (Xmof)
Xwgè`mÀ`m _mWr \$moS>Vo Am{U {ZameonmoQ>r ñdV:Mo OrdZ g§n{dVo. CXm. _ZmnmgyZ H$ï> Z H$aVm
An`e Amë`mg Xod AWdm Z{e~mda {dídmg R>odyZ AmË_hË`m Ho$cr OmVo. gÜ`mÀ`m g§{_l g_mOmV
X¡ddmXr AmË_hË`m A{YH$ à_mUmV KSy>Z `oVmV.
AmË_hË`oÀ`m darc Mma à_wI àH$mam§Mm nam_e© KoVë`mZ§Va Sw>aImB©_ Aem {ZîH$fm©àV
nmohMVmo H$s, g_mOmVrc gd©M ì`ŠVr AmË_hË`m `m {dMmamcm ~ir nS>V ZmhrV. Á`m§Zm ~XcË`m
n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr AemM ì`ŠVr AmË_hË`oMm _mJ© Adc§{~VmV.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-2 *
1. Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hË`og§~§Yr {ddoMZ H$aUmam H$moUVm J«§W {c{hcm?
2. Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, AmË_hË`m hr H$moUVr KQ>Zm AgyZ Vr Ho$§ìhm Ho$cr OmVo?
3. Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_hË`oMo {H$Vr d H$moUVo àH$ma gm§{JVco?
4. na{hVdmXr AmË_hË`m åhUOo H$m`?
5. Sw>aImB©_Zo AmË_H|${ÐV AmË_hÎmoMr H$moUVr CXmhaUo gm§{JVcr AmhoV?
2.2.3 Sw>aImB©_Mm Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V (Y_m©g§~§YrMo {dMma)
(Theory of Religion)
Sw>aImB©_Zo 1912 _Ü`o "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" hm J«§W {chÿZ
Ë`m_Ü`o Y_m©Mo ñdén, Y_m©Mr {Z{_©Vr, Y_m©Mm g_mO OrdZmdarc à^md Am{U Y_m©Mr H$m`}
23
BË`mXrMm AmT>mdm KoVcm. ""Y_© åhUOo gm_y{hH$ à{V{ZYrËdmMm A§e VgoM Vo EH$ gm_m{OH$ gË`
d gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Amho'' Agm à_wI {dMma _m§S>cm.
Sw>aImB©_Zo Amnë`m Y_©{df`H$ {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o ""g_mO {hM XodVm Amho'' Ago _mZyZ Y_m©Vrc
nyOm-AMm©, hmo_ hdZ, B©ída^ŠVr `m H$ënZmZm \$mQ>m {Xcm. {ZgJm©Vrc àË`oH$ dñVyV AmË_m qH$dm
X¡dr eŠVr Amho hm _°Šg_wëcaMm {dMma ImoSy>Z H$mT>cm Am{U ""Y_© åhUOo n{dÌ dñVwÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc
lÕm d àWm `m§Mr EH$mË_ nÕV'' Aer Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m gm§{JVcr. VgoM n{dÌ Jmoï>r_Ü`o AWdm
H$m`m©_Ü`o gh^mJ ho Y_m©Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m`© _mZco.
Y_m©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r lÕm d àWm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. g_mZ lÕm Am{U àWmda {dídmg
R>odUmè`m gd© ì`ŠVr EH$m g_mZ Z¡VrH$ g_wXm`mV nañna g§~§YmVyZ ~m§Yë`m OmVmV. lÕm d àWm§_wio
cmoH$ EH$Ì `odyZ n{dÌ Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aVmV. lÕm d Ym{_©H$ {dYr gm_w{hH$nUo Ho$ë`mZo Y_m©Mm
{dH$mg hmoVmo Aer _hÎdnyU© {dMmaàUmcr Sw>aImB©_Zo àH$Q> Ho$cr.
❒
Y_m©Mr CËnÎmr :-
Sw>aImB©_nydu ES>dS>© Q>m`ca Am{U _°Šg_wëca `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr {ZgJm©Vrc àË`oH$ dñVyV AmË_m
qH$dm X¡dr eŠVr Amho Ago _mZyZ AmÎå`mMr nyOm hoM Y_m©Mo _yi ñdê$n g_OÊ`mV Amco. na§Vw
Sw>aImB©_Zo Amnë`m Y_©{df`H$ {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm nm{dÍ` Am{U Anm{dÍ`mMr H$ënZm `mda
^mî` Ho$co. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, nm{dÍ`mMr H$ënZm hmM Y_m©Mm _wcmYma Amho. Y_m©Mm OmñVrV OmñV ^mJ
n{dÌ dñVwer g§~§{YV AgVmo. n{dÌ Jmoï>rVyZM _mZd Am{U g_mOH$ë`mU A{^àoV AgVo. Ë`m_wioM
Ë`mZo n{dÌ dñVw§er g§~§{YV Jmoï>rZm Y_© _mZco. CXm. Y_m©Mr n{dÌ {MÝho d àWmna§nam. Ë`mZo
Hw$c{MÝhmMm g§~§Y JwT> qH$dm n{dÌ eŠVrer OmoS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. `mgmR>r Sw>aImB©_Zo Am°ñQ´>o{c`mVrc
Aé§Q>m (Arunta tribe) O_mVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z `m O_mVr_Yrc ì`ŠVr gUg_ma§^mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo
EH$Ì `oVmV, Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o g_yh loîR>Vm dmT>Vo, Aem Y_© eŠVrnwT>o ì`ŠVr ZV_ñVH$ hmoVmV Ago ñnîQ>
Ho$co. `mVyZM Y_m©da {dídmg AgUmè`m§Mm EH$ Z¡{VH$ g_yh CX`mg `oVmo.
❒
Y_m©Mr H$m`} :-
eodQ>r Sw>aImB©_Zo Y_© åhUOo g_mOmMr nyOm Ago _mZyZ Y_m©Mo ^ard H$m`©. (1) g_mOmV
EH$Vm amIUo, (2) g_mOmV ÑT>Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo, (3) {dYm`H$ H$m`m©cm àoaUm XoUo, (4) An{dÌ
H$m`m©nmgyZ Xya amhÊ`mMr AZwkm XoUo Am{U (5) Y_m©À`m {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$aUo `mg§~§Yr g{dñVa
{dícofU Ho$co. `m g§X^m©V gmoamo{H$ZZo "g_mO hmM Y_m©Mm AmYma AgVmo' Ago åhQ>co Va Sw>aImB©_Zo
Y_m©H$Sy>ZM AmXe© g_mO ñWmnZ Ho$cm OmVmo hm _hÎdnyU© {dMma _m§S>cm Ë`m_wio Sw>aImB©_Mm Y_©
{gÕm§V åhUOo g_mOemñÌmcm Ë`mZo {Xcocr A_yë` XoUJrM Amho Ago _mZco OmVo. Sw>aImB©_Zo eodQ>r
24
Ago ñnï> Ho$co Amho H$s, ""AmnU Ym{_©H$ ^mdZo~m~V ~m¡{ÕH$ n`m©` emoYco nm{hOoV H$s, Oo A{YH$
H$mcmdYrgmR>r d Z¡{VH$ H$ënZm§gmR>r dmhZ åhUyZ R>aVrc.''
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-4 *
1. E{_c Sw>aImB©_Zo Y_m©er {ZJS>rV H$moUVm J«§W {c{hcm?
2. Sw>aImB©_Zo Y_m©{df`H$ {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o H$moUË`m H$ënZmZm \$mQ>m {Xcm?
3. Sw>aImB©_Zo Y_m©Mr ì`m»`m H$er Ho$cr Amho?
4. Sw>aImB©_À`m _Vo, Y_m©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$moUVr Jmoï> Amdí`H$ Amho?
5. Sw>aImB©_Zo Y_m©Mm _wcmYma H$moUVm gm§{JVcm?
6. Sw>aImB©_Zo Hw$c{MÝhmMm g§~§Y H$emer OmoS>cm Amho?
2.3 gmam§e
`m KQ>H$mV AmnU \«|$M g_mOemñÌk E{_c Sw>aImB©_ `mZo {Xcocr gm_m{OH$ gË`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
Aä`mgcr d Ë`m {Z`_m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$co. Sw>aImB©_À`m AmË_hË`m `m {gÕm§VmÛmao AmË_hË`m hr
ì`ŠVrJV ~m~ Zmhr Va Vr EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Amho ho g_OmdyZ KoVco. eodQ>r Sw>aImB©_Mm Y_m©Mm
{gÕm§V n{dÌ dñVw§À`m g§X^m©Vrc lÕm d àWm `m§Mr EH$mË_ nÕV AgyZ gd© ì`ŠVr EH$m g_mZ
Z¡{VH$ g_wXm`mV nañna g§~§YmVyZ ~m§Yë`m OmVmV ho g_OmdyZ KoVco.
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX qH$dm g§km
✺
Introspection
-
AmË_n[ajU H$aUo.
✺
Constraining
-
{Z~ªY.
✺
Conjecture
-
AZw_mZ.
✺
Solidarity
-
EH$Vm.
✺
Normlessness
-
{ZU©` Z KoVm `oUo.
✺
Associational
-
g§~{§ YV.
✺
Reductionist
-
Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m Jmoï>tMo gmono n¥W:H$aU.
25
✺
Personified
✺
Transcendental
✺
Dissolution
-
{ZOud dñVwV _mZdmMo JwU AgUo.
VÎdkmZmncrH$S>rc AZw^d.
{dgO©Z.
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-1 *
1. H$maU `m à{H«$`oMm g§~§Y ì`ŠVrJV AmË_n[ajUmer Zmhr Oa AmnUmg kmZ {_idmd`mMo
Agoc Va AmnUmg _ZmÀ`m ~mhoa OmdyZ {dMma H$amdm cmJoc.
2. Sw>aImB©_Zo g_m{OH$ gË`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà_mUo gm§{JVcr.
1) gm_m{OH$ VÏ`o g_mOmV ~møê$n AgVmV.
2) Vr ì`ŠVrda {Z~ªY åhUyZ AgVmV.
3) Vr g_mOmV {dIwacocr AgVmV.
4) {ZgJm©er g§~§{YV AgVmV.
3. ì`ŠVrcm gm_m{OH$ gË`m_Ü`o gh^mJr ìhmdo cmJVo H$maU Ë`mÛmao dñVw{Zð>Vm g_OVo
VgoM Ë`mMm AW© g_OyZ KoVm `oVmo.
4. Sw>aImB©_Zo gm_m{OH$ gË`mMo Imcrc {Z`_ gm§{JVco.
CXm. 1) gm_m{OH$ gË` ho dñVw åhUyZ {dMmamV KoVco nm{hOo.
2) gm_m{OH$ gË`mMo {ZarjU ì`ŠVrJV àH$Q>rH$aUmÀ`m ncrH$S>rc AgVo.
3) {d{eï> _mZ{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ J¥{hV YéZ dñVw{Zð>nUo {ZarjU H$aUo.
4) KQ>Zm§er g§~§{YV VÏ`m§Mo ~mø d¡{eîQ>çmZwgma nyd©ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo.
5) nyd©g§H$ënZm§Mo {Z_y©cZ H$aUo.
6) ì`ŠVrJV _VàUmcr Am{U gm_m{OH$ gË` `m§Mm ñdV§Ì {dMma H$aUo.
5. gm_m{OH$ gË`mg dñVw åhUyZ g§~mo{YÊ`mMr JaO AgVo H$maU Ë`m_wio {ZpíMV d ñnï>
ñdénmV gË` àH$Q> H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©c.
26
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-2 *
1.
"Lee Suicide".
2. "gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm' AgyZ àmßV n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYVm `oV Zmhr Aem doir ì`ŠVr
AmË_hË`m H$aVo.
3. Mma àH$ma CXm. (1) na{hVdmXr (2) AmË_H|${ÐV (3) à_mUH$ ewÝ` (4) X¡ddmXr
4. Xwgè`mÀ`m {hVmgmR>r Ho$cocr AmË_hË`m åhUOo na{hVdmXr AmË_hË`m hmo`.
5. H°$Wm°{cH$ n§Wmnojm àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> n§WmV A{YH$ à_mU, AnË` ZgUmè`m ì`ŠVr, {dYdm
AWdm KQ>ñ\$moQ>rV {ñÌ`m `m§À`m_Ü`o AmË_H|${ÐV AmË_hË`m A{YH$ à_mUmV
AmT>iVo.
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-3 *
1.
“The Elementary forms of Religious life”.
2. Y_m©Vrc nyOm-AMm©, hmo_ hdZ, B©ída ^ŠVr `m H$ënZmZm Y_©{df`H$ {gÕm§VmV \$mQ>m
{Xcm.
3. "n{dÌ dñVw§À`m g§X^m©Vrc lÕm d àWm `m§Mr EH$mË_ nÕV åhUOo Y_© hmo`.'
4. Y_m©À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r lÕm d àWm `m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
5. Sw>aImB©_Zo nm{dÍ`mMr H$ënZm hm Y_m©Mm _wcmYma gm§{JVcm.
6. Hw$c{MÝhmMm g§~§Y JwT> qH$dm n{dÌ eŠVrer OmoS>cm Amho.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (gamd qH$dm J¥hnmR>)
1. gm_m{OH$ gË` AWdm VÏ` `mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§da Q>r>n {chm.
2. Sw>aImB©_Zo gm§{JVcoco AmË_hË`oMo àH$ma {chm.
3. Sw>aImB©_À`m Y_©{df`H$ {gÕm§VmMr _m{hVr {chm.
27
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$
1.
Aron, Raymond : "Main Currents in Sociological Thought", (Vol. I & II).
2.
Barnes H. E. : "An Introduction to the History of Sociology", Phoenix Books.
The University of Chikago Press London, 1966.
3.
Bogardus E. S. : "Development of Sociological thought".
4.
Beteille Andre - "Sociology : Essays on Approach & Method".
5.
Coser, Lewis A. : "The Masters of Sociological Thought".
6.
Fletcher R. : "The Making of Sociology", (Vol. I & II).
7.
George Ritzer : "Classical sociological Therory".
8.
Mohite / Salunkhe : "Samajshastriya Vicharvant", Phadake Prakashan,
Kolhapur.
9.
Vaidhya N. S. : "Samajshastriya Vichar Parampara", Vidhya Prakashan,
Nagpur.
❏❏❏
28
43
B.A.III : Sociology_Paper-VII_Semister-V_Western Sociological Thinkers
KQ>H$-3
H$mc© _mŠg©
(1818-1883)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àmñVmdZm
3.2 Aä`mg {df`mMr _m§S>Ur
3.2.1 Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX
3.2.2 dJ© g§Kf© {gÕm§V
3.2.3 H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
3.5 ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Imcrc Jmoï>r gmÜ` hmoUma AmhoV.
✺
H$mc© _mŠg©Mm Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§V _m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo.
✺
_mŠg©Mr dJ© g§Kf© g§H$ënZm OmUyZ KoUo.
✺
_mŠg©Mr H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm _m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo.
29
3.1 àñVmdZm
H$mc© _mŠg© hm O_©Z g_mOemñÌk A{YH$ H«$m§VrH$mar {dMma àd¥ÎmrMm Agë`m_wio Ë`mZo Amnco
gd© {dMma dmñVdVoer {ZJS>rV {dfX Ho$co. VgoM {d{dY H$ënZm§Mr Am{U Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr.
H$mc© _mŠg©da hoJocÀ`m {dMmam§Mm Iyn à^md hmoVm. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ AWm©VM _mŠg©À`m {d{dY
{dMmam§da Pmcm.
H$mc© _mŠg©Zo Amnë`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o hoJocZo gm§{JVcoë`m H$ënZm ñnï>nUo
ZmH$maë`m. Ë`mMm hm {gÕm§V hoJoë`mà_mUo AÜ`mË_dmXmda AmYm[aV ZgyZ Vmo ^m¡{VH$ dmXmda
AmYmacocm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, ^m¡{VH$ ~Xc hoM _hËdmMo AmhoV. OJmVrc àË`oH$ ~XcmMo H$maU
Û§Û Agë`mZo _mZdmZo Zoh_r dmñVdVm {dMmamV KoVcr nm{hOo.
_mŠg©Mr dJ© g§Kf© g§H$ënZm gdm©V _hËdnyU© AgyZ `m {dMmam_wioM Vmo OJ à{gÕ {dMmad§V
åhUyZ AmoiIcm Jocm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, dJ© g§Kf© hm EH$ dmñVd g§Kf© AgyZ ^m¡{VH$dmXr g_mOmMm
Vmo EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, Am{W©H$ H$maUmZwgma _mZd g_mOmV _mcH$-Jwcm_,
ga§Om_Xma-eoV_Oya Am{U ^m§S>dcXma-H$m_Jma ho dJ© EH$_oH$m§{déÕ g§Kfm©Mr ^y{_H$m pñdH$maVmV.
`m nmíd©^y_rda Ë`mZo _mZdr B{Vhmg g§Kf©énr Amho Ago _V _m§S>co. VgoM H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm
hr g§H$ënZm g_mOmVrc ^m¡{VH$Vo_wio åhUOoM dñVwdarc _mcH$s_wio {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo Agm
_hËdnyU© {dMma ñnï> Ho$cm. ^m§S>dcemhr CËnmXZ ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dcXma dJ© hm Zoh_rM H$m§_Jma
dJm©da Amnco dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aVmo. EH$ àH$mao Ë`mcm Amncm Jwcm_ g_OVmo. Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z \$ŠV
emar[aH$ l_ H$ê$Z KoVmo Am{U H$m_mMm `mo½` _mo~Xcm _mÌ XoV Zmhr. Aemdoir CËnmXZ à{H«$`oVrc
H$m_Jma AmnmoAmn Amnë`m H$m_m_Ü`o AcJVm qH$dm A{cßVVoMo YmoaU A_cmV AmUVmo. WmoS>Š`mV
^m§S>dcemhr g_mOì`dñWoV ^m§S>dcXma Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü`o Ag§VwcZ dmT>V Joë`mZo
àñWm{nVm§{déÕ {dñWmnrV à{H«$`ocm MmcZm {_iVo. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ H$m_Jmam§À`m_Ü`o Xwamdm
{Z_m©U hmoVmo.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
(Presentation of Subject Matter)
H$mc© _mŠg©nydu AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr g_mOdmX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. na§Vw Ë`mMr
åhUmdr Aer emñÌr` {M{H$Ëgm Ho$cr Jocr Zmhr. H$mc© _mŠg©Zo _mÌ g_mOdmXr {dMmamZm ZdrZ én
XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mÀ`m g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr_wio nyd© `wamon, MrZ Am{U S>mì`m {dMmagaUrMr
amï´>o à^m{dV hmodyZ {VWo g_mOdmXr H«$m§Vrcm gwê$dmV Pmcr.
_mŠg©Zo Amnë`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§_Ü`o l_, _yë`, ^m¡{VH$Vm `m§Zm AmYma^yV _mZyZ l_mcm
30
`mo½` ñWmZ {_imdo Am{U l{_H$mcm Ë`mMm `mo½` _mo~Xcm {_imdm Aer AmJ«hmMr ^y{_H$m pñdH$macr.
`m nmíd©^y_rda Ë`mZo Amnco Imcrc _hËdnyU© {dMma _m§S>co.
CXm. 1) Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX.
2) dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V.
3) H$m_Jma AcJrH$aU YmoaU AWdm namË_Vm.
3.2.1 H$mc© _mŠg©Mm Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX
{damoY {dH$mgdmX {gÕm§V
(Dialectical Materialism)
AWdm
_mŠg©À`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmamVrc gdm©V _hËdnyU© {gÕm§V åhUyZ Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmH$S>o
nm{hco OmVo. `m {gÕm§Vmda hoJocoÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm à^md AmT>iyZ `oVmo. _mŠg©Zo Amncm hm {gÕm§V
{damoYr ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ _m§S>cm. hoJoc hm d¡Mm[aH$ VÎdkmZmÀ`m B{VhmgmMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ AmoiIcm
OmVmo. _mŠg©Zo `m {gÕmVm§Ûmao g§Kf©dmXr {dMmagaUr {deX Ho$cr Am{U hoJocÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$ j_Voda
Cä`m AgUmè`m Û§ÛdmXmcm ZH$ma {Xcm.
H$mc© _mŠg©À`m _Vo, {ZgJ© hm ^m¡{VH$ dñVwpñWVrMm àW_ KQ>H$ AgyZ AmYr ^m¡{VH$ g¥ï>rV
~Xc hmoVmV d Z§Va H$ënZm g¥ï>rV ~Xc hmoVmV. CXm. ZXr àW_ Amnco ñdê$n ~XcVo d Ë`mZwgma
_mZd Amnë`m {dMmamV ~Xc H$ê$ cmJVmo. `mMmM AW© _mŠg©Zo H$ënZme{ŠVnojm ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$mg
O~m~Xma Yaco. Ë`mÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma {damoYr {dMma à{H«$`oVyZ EH$ Zdm {dH$grV {dMma {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
OJmVrc àË`oH$ ~XcmMo H$maU Û§Û Agë`mZo _mZdmZo Zoh_r dmñVdmMm {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo Ago ñnï>
_V H$mc© _mŠg©Zo _m§S>co. _mŠg©À`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {dMmamMm _wcmYma d¡km{ZH$ Agë`mZo
hoJocnojm hm {gÕm§V Iyn àM{cV Pmcm.
hoJocZo MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo dñVwpñWVr, gË` Am{U emídVVm `m§Mm g§~§Y _Z Am{U AmËå`mer
OmoS>cm. Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`m Am{U _mZdr g§Kf© `m_Ü`o \$aH$ Agë`mZo hoJocÀ`m Û§ÛdmXm~m~V AZoH$
AW© KoVco OmVmV. _mŠg©Zo _mÌ A_wV© H$ënZm§Mm dada AW© KoUmè`mZm ~m¡{ÕH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {damoY
Ho$cm. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, H$ënZm§Mm AW© ì`dhmar ÑîQ>rZo cmdUo `mo½` Amho. _mŠg©Mo VÎdkmZ ho EH$
emñÌ Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m {dMmamZm g_mOemñÌr` _hËd Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo.
WmoS>Š`mV hoJoc hm H$ënZmdmXr Agë`mZo Ë`mcm dmñV{dH$ OJ ho {dMmam§Mo ~mø ñdê$n
dmQ>Vo. Ë`mMm H$ënZmdmX {dídmÀ`m Am{U _mZdr g_mOmÀ`m AñVrËdmAJmoXaM {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho
`m J¥hrVH$mda AmYm[aV Agë`mZo Vmo H$mc© _mŠg©À`m {dMmam {déÕ Agcocm OmUdVmo. AWm©V
31
_mŠg©Zo hoJocÀ`m H$ënZmdmXmcm {damoY Ho$cm Agcm Var Ë`mZo Û§ÛmË_H$ g§H$ënZoMr H$moR>ohr ñVwVr Ho$cr
Zmhr.
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, {dídmVrc H$moUVrhr dñVy Iè`m AWm©Zo pñWa Zmhr. gd© dñVy qH$dm KQ>Zm
`m_Ü`o Zoh_r A§V{d©amoY AgVmo. Aem A§V{d©amoYm_wioM Û§ÛmË_H$ g§Kf© hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ {dH$mg KSy>Z
`oVmo, VgoM {dídmVrc H$moUVrhr dñVw nyU©nUo ñdV§Ì Zmhr. g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m ~m~VrV XoIrc
EH$ ì`ŠVr Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrda AmYm[aV Agë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg `oVo. Ooìhm ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVrV ~Xc hmoVmo
Voìhm ì`{ŠVcm Amnco {dMma XoIrc ~Xcmdo cmJVmV. ^m¡{VH$ OJmV {dH$mg Am{U {dZmemMo {MÌ
gVV gwê$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo `mVyZ g§Kfm©Mm CX` hmoVmo Am{U Aem g§Kfm©VyZM g_mOH«$m§Vr KSy>Z
`oVo. Ë`m_wioM H$mc© _mŠg©Zo _mZdr B{Vhmg g§Kf©ê$nr AgyZ Ë`mVyZ {damoY {dH$mgdmX hr à{H«$`m
gX¡d CX`mg `oVo Ago _V _m§S>co Amho.
_mŠg©Mo ^m¡{VH$dmXr {dMma ho Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`oer Am{U _mZdr B{Vhmgmer
g§~§{YV AmhoV. B{VhmgmnmgyZMo _mZdr AñVrËd gdm©Zm n[a{MV Amho. ^m¡{VH$ dñVwgmR>r _mZdmda
H$moUVohr {Z`§ÌU Zmhr na§Vy Ë`mcm Ë`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$amdm cmJUma Amho. g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$
n[apñWVr åhUOo g_mOmMm nyU© {dH$mg hmo`. AWm©V Ë`mgmR>r _mZdmcm ~amMgm H$mcmdYr Kmcdmdm
cmJVmo. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV _Zwî` OmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U ñdV§ÌnUo OJÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ZdZdrZ dñVwMr
{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho.
❒
_mŠg©À`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§VmMr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço :-
H$mc© _mŠg©Mm Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§V AWdm {damoY {dH$mgdmX g§H$ënZm hr ^m¡{VH$dmXmda
AmYm[aV Agë`mZo _mŠg© `m {gÕm§VmMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço Imcrcà_mUo gm§{JVcr.
1.
dñVy§Mo AñWm`r ñdê$n :-
_mŠg©À`m Û§ÛdmXr Ñ{îQ>H$moUmZwgma {dídmVrc H$moUVrhr dñVy Iè`m AWm©Zo pñWa Zmhr.
àË`oH$ dñVyMm {dH$mg hmoVmo Am{U {dZmehr KSy>Z `oVmo. `mMm AW© CËnÎmr, {dH$mg Am{U c` ho
{ZgJ© {Z`_ àË`oH$ dñVycm cmJy nS>VmV. ho n[adV©Z {damoY {dH$mgdmXmÀ`m VÎdmda hmoV AgVo.
åhUOoM Vo H$Yr gai hmoV Zmhr. CXm. nmUr Ja_ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vo ~amM doi Ja_ amhVo. Ë`mMr
cJoM dm\$ ~ZV Zmhr. _mÌ EH$m {ZpíMV AdñWoZ§Va n[adV©ZmMm hm H«$_ g§nwîQ>mV `oVmo. _mZd
g_mOmV XoIrc {ZpíMV AdñWoZ§Va OwZr g_mO ì`dñWm g§nwîQ>mV `oD$Z Ë`m{R>H$mUr ZdrZ g_mO
ì`dñWm àñWm{nV hmoVo. CXm. ga§Om_emhrcm ^m§S>dcemhr Am{U ^m§S>dcemhrVyZ g_mOdmX AWdm
gmå`dmX.
32
2.
dñVyVrc A§V{d©amoY :-
_mŠg©À`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§VmMo ho gdm©V R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ç AmT>iVo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, gd©
dñVy qH$dm KQ>Zm `m_Ü`o Zoh_r A§V{d©amoY qH$dm nañna g§Kf© AgVmo. Aem g§Kfm©V Û§Û KSy>Z `oVo.
Ago Û§Û {damoYmVyZ {dH$mg `mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo. Aem doir g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oVo.
_mŠg©À`m _Vo dJ©g§Kfm©Mr à{H«$`m dmT>V OmdyZ {VMm {dñ\$moQ> Pmcm AWdm H«$m§Vr Pmcr H$s g§nyU©
g_mOì`dñWmM ~XcVo.
3.
dñVydarc nañnamdc§{~Ëd :-
_mŠg©À`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$ {gÕm§VmMo ho {Vgao R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ç AmT>iyZ `oVo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo,
{dídmVrc H$moUVrhr dñVy nyU©nUo ñdV§Ì Zmhr. àË`oH$ dñVy EH$_oH$m§da AmYm[aV Amho. EH$ _mZd
g_mO XoIrc Xwgè`m g_mOmda AmYm[aV Amho.
darc d¡{eîQ>çm§dê$Z Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, ^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVrV ~Xc Pmcm H$s, ì`ŠVrMo
{dMmaXoIrc ~XcVmV. ^m¡{VH$ OJmV {dH$mg Am{U {dZmemMo MH«$ Aì`mhVnUo gwê$ Agë`mZo gX¡d
n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo. n[adV©Z{damoYr Am{U n[adV©ZdmXr `m§À`m_Ü`o g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo. `m g§Kfm©VyZ
g_mOH«$m§Vr KSy>Z `oVo. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, OJmVrc gd© g§Kf© ho àm_w»`mZo Am{W©H$ g§Kf© AgVmV.
Aem arVrZo _mŠg©Zo AJmoXaÀ`m _mZdr B{Vhmgmcm _hËd {Xco Am{U H$ënZm eŠVrnojm
^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$mg O~m~Xma Yaco. OJmVrc àË`oH$ ~XcmMo H$maU Û§Û Agë`mZo _mZdmZo Zoh_r
dmñVdmMm {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo Ago ñnîQ> _V _m§S>co. Ë`mÀ`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕm§VmMm _wcmYma
d¡km{ZH$ Agë`mZo hoJocnojm hm {gÕm§V Iyn àM{cV Pmcm. ñnoÝgaÀ`m CËH«$m§VrdmXmnojm _mŠg©Mm
Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX doJim Zmhr. `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o g_mOmMo emñÌ, Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr, {dH$mg Am{U
gwYmaUm `m~m~V nyU© _m{hVr {Xcr Amho. _mŠg©Zo _Zwî` hm {ZgJm©MmM EH$ ^mJ Amho `mda Omoa
{Xcm AgyZ g_mOmÀ`m B{VhmgmVyZ ^m¡{VH$ H¥${V Am{U g§ñWmË_H$ ~m§YUr `m§Mm H«$_ {ZpíMV Ho$cm
OmVmo, Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ë`mZo Amncm hm {gÕm§V _m§S>VmZm H$mën{ZH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moU Z pñdH$maVm dmñVd
Ñ{îQ>H$moU ñdrH$macm. Ë`m_wio _mŠg©Mm hm {gÕm§V AmOXoIrc Iyn àM{cV Amho.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1 *
1. _mŠg©Zo Ë`mÀ`m {ZgJ© Am{U g_mO {gÕm§Vm_YyZ H$moUmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmg {damoY Ho$cm Amho?
2. hoJocÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm H$moUVm ^mJ _mŠg©Zo {eëcH$ R>odcm Amho?
3. _mŠg© Am{U E§OoëgZo H$em_wio dñVwMr dmñVdVm OJmV _m§S>cr Amho?
33
4. Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMo R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ç H$moUVo Amho?
5. _mŠg©Zo `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o H$ënZm eŠVrnojm H$moUË`m KQ>H$mg O~m~Xma Yaco?
3.2.2 dJ© g§Kf©
(Class Struggle)
_mŠg©Mm dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V hm CËnmXZ nÕV AWdm CËnmXZ ì`dñWoer {ZJS>rV AgyZ gdm©V
_hÎdnyU© {gÕm§V åhUyZ _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mMm hm {gÕm§V g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ aMZoer {ZJS>rV AgyZ
g_mOmV XmoZ dJ© CX`mg Amco Am{U Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr CËnmXZ à{H«$`oÛmao Pmcr. `mVrc EH$m dJm©Mm
CËnmXZ gmYUmda nyU© _mcH$s hŠH$ AgVmo Va Xwgam dJ© Aem _mcH$snmgyZ d§{MV AgVmo. Á`m
dJm©H$S>o CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mr _mcH$s AgVo Agm dJ© Am{W©H$ ^y{_Ho$VyZ _mcH$, gm_m{OH$ ÑîQ>rZo
emofUH$Vm© Am{U amOZ¡VrH$ÑîQ>çm emgH$ AgVmo. CXm. ñdm_r, gm_§V (ga§Om_Xma), ^m§S>dcXma
BË`mXr. `mCcQ> Á`m dJm©cm \$ŠV emar[aH$ H$ï>M H$amdo cmJVmV Am{U _mcH$ XoB©c Ë`m doVZmda
{dZmVH«$ma OrdZ OJmdo cmJVo Agm dJ© Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm {ZY©Z, gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rZo emo{fV Va amOZ¡{VH$
ÑîQ>çm em{gV AgVmo. CXm. Jwcm_, eoV_Oya, H$m_Jma BË`mXr.
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, n{hcm dJ© Zoh_r Xwgè`m dJm©Mo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, _mZ{gH$ emofU H$aVmo.
`mVyZM `m C^` dJm©_Ü`o gVV EH$_oH$m{dê$Õ g§Kf© àd¥Îmr dmT>V OmVo. `m nmíd©^y{_da _mŠg©Zo
_mZdr B{Vhmg g§Kf©énr Amho Ago _V _m§S>co. dJ©g§Kf© hm EH$ dmñVd g§Kf© AgyZ ^m¡{VH$dmXr
g_mOmMm Vmo EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho. Am{W©H$ H$maUmZwgma _mZd g_mOmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ
Vo AmOn`ªV Oo Oo dJ© CX`mg Amco Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o EH$_oH$m{déÕ g§Kfm©Mr ^w{_H$m {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo
ñnï> hmoVo.
❒
g_mOmMr Am{W©H$ aMZm :-
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, CËnmXZ eŠVr Am{U CËnmXZ gÎmm `mVyZM gÎmmYmar d gÎmonmgyZ d§{MV Aem
XmoZ dJm©Mm CX` Pmcm. n¡gm, g§nÎmr AWdm ^m§S>dc `m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mer {ZJS>rV g_mOmV
dJ©ì`dñWm CX`mg Amcr. _mZdmZo Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrMm
VgoM V§ÌkmZmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ Am{U CËnmXZmMo gmYZ `mVyZM CËnmXZ
gÎmm {ZpíMV hmoVo.
❒
gm_m{OH$ dJm©er g§~§Y :_mŠg©À`m _Vo, _mZdmMm CËnmXZ nÕV Am{U CËnmXZ gmYZm§er {ZpíMV _mJm©Zo g§~§Y `oV
34
AgVmo. H$m_mMr {d^mJUr Am{U g§nÎmrMm g§~§Y `mVyZ _mZdmMr OmJm {ZpíMV R>aVo. àË`oH$mÀ`m
AmdS>r {ZdS>rZwgma CËnmXZ gmYZm§er g§~§Y `oÊ`mVyZM "dJ© OmUrd' {Z_m©U Pmcr. AWm©V Ooìhm
CËnmXZ gmYZmMr _mcH$s AgUmam dJ© Am`wî`^a emar[aH$ H$ï> H$aUmè`m cmoH$m§Mo emofU H$aVmo
VoìhmnmgyZM C^` dJm©Mo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d _mZ{gH$ g§~§Y g§Kf©_` ñdê$nmMo ~Zco, `mcmM
_mŠg©Mm dJ© g§Kf© {gÕm§V Ago g§~mo{YÊ`mV Amco.
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOmV CËnmXZ Am{U {dVaU `m_Ü`o EH$àH$maMr ""~ir Vmo
H$mZ {nir'' Aer _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mVyZM "dJ©OmUrd' (Class Consciousness) CX`mg
`oVo ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWmM dJ©g§Kfm©À`m {Z{_©VrMo Am{U {dZmemMo gmYZ AgVo. eodQ>r `m.
dJ©g§Kfm©Mr n[aUVr H«$m§VrH$mar n[adV©ZmV hmoV AgVo. Aem H«$m§Vr_YyZ "emofH$ dJm©Mm {dZme hmoVmo
Am{U emo{fV dJm©Mr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV hmoVo. `mcmM _mŠg©Zo gmå`dmX AWdm g_mOdmX' Ago
Zmd {Xco. AWm©V Omon`ªV ^m§S>demhr g_mO ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV am{hc Vmo n`ªV dJ©g§Kf© amhUmaM
ho {Ìdma gË` Amho.
❒
_mŠg©À`m dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§VmVrc _hËdnyU© ~m~r :_mŠg©Zo Amncm Omo dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V ñnï> Ho$cm Ë`mVrc _hËdmÀ`m ~m~r Imcrc à_mUo.AmhoV.
1.
H$m_Jma dJm©Mm CX` :-
^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWoV CËnmXZ gmYZmMr _mcH$s ZgUmam Am{U ^m§S>dcXmamÀ`m
{Z`§ÌUmImcr emar[aH$ H$îQ> H$aUmè`m H$m_Jma dJm©Mm CX` Pmcm. Aem dJm©_Ü`o H$mcm§VamZo
^m§S>dcXmam§À`m {dê$Õ g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr ^mdZm dmT>V OmVo.
2.
g§nÎmr AWdm ^m§S>dcmcm _hÎd :-
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWoV ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z ho g§nÎmrer Agcoë`m g§~§Ymdê$Z
R>aVo. VgoM ì`ŠVrMo ñWmZ {VÀ`m Am{W©H$ CËnmXZmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m _mcH$s hŠH$mdê$Z R>aVo.
dJ©Om{UdoMr dmT> Am{U CËnmXZ gmYZmMr _mcH$s `mVrc {df_Vm `m_wio ^m§S>dcXma d H$m_Jma
`m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
3.
Xm[aÐ`m_Ü`o dmT> :-
^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dcXmam§H$Sy>Z H$m_Jmam§Mr Or Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ Ho$cr OmVo,
Ë`m_wio gVV H$m_JmamÀ`m Xm[aÐ`mV dmT> hmoV OmVo. Cnmg_ma, AmOma, ^yH$~ir `mMo à_mU dmT>V
OmVo. `mCcQ> ^m§S>dXmamMo OrdZ _mÌ EofmAmam_mMo ~ZVo.
35
4.
Xwamdm qH$dm AcJVm :-
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWoV Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ Am{U H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUMr
A`mo½` n[apñWVr `m_wio H$m_JmamÀ`m _Zm_Ü`o CËnmXZ à{H«$`o{df`r Xwamdm qH$dm AcJVoMr ^mdZm
dmT>V OmVo. CËnmXZ à{H«$`o{df`r AmË_r`Vm dmQ>V Zmhr.
5.
Am{W©H$ gÎmm d A{YH$mamMo H|${ÐH$aU :-
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, Á`m§À`m hmVmV Am{W©H$ gÎmm AgVo Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dUo AdKS>
ZgVo. ^m§S>dcXma dJm©H$Sy>Z Zoh_r Amnë`m Am{W©H$ gÎmoMm d A{YH$mamMm dmna H$m_Jma dJm©Mr
{nidUyH$ H$aUo `mgmR>rM Ho$cm OmVmo. Aem dJm©H$S>oM gÎmm d A{YH$mamMo H|${ÐH$aU Pmcoco AgVo.
H$m_Jma dJ© _mÌ Aem A{YH$ma qH$dm gÎmonmgyZ d§{MV hmoVmo. n[aUm_V: H$m_Jma dJm©_Ü`o
^m§S>dcXma dJm©{déÕ dJ©g§Kf© ^mdZm dmT>rg cmJVo.
6.
gmå`dmXmMm CX` :-
_mŠg©À`m dJ©gK§ f© {gÕm§VmVrc gdm©V eodQ>Mr _hËdnyU© ~m~ åhUOo gmå`dmX qH$dm g_mOdmXmMm
CX` hr hmo`. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, Ooìhm CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV H$m_Jma dJm©Mr gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoB©c Aemdoir
g§nÎmrÀ`m ImOJr _mcH$s hŠH$mVrc {df_Vo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar dJ©ì`dñWmM Zï> hmoB©c Am{U dJ©
{dahrV g_mO CX`mg `oB©c. `mcmM _mŠg©Zo gmå`dmX Ago Zmd {Xco. Aem g_mO ì`dñWoV àË`oH$
ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m Hw$dVrZwgma CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV gh^mJ KoD$ eHo$c. Ë`mMm hm {gÕm§V ñVarH$aUmMm
{gÕm§V ZgyZ Vmo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm ì`mnH$ Agm {gÕm§V Amho. VgoM hm {gÕm§V åhUOo g_J«
g_mOn[adV©ZmMo EH$ gmYZ Amho. `m {gÕm§VmÀ`m gImoc Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg EH$ JmoîQ> _mÝ`
H$amdr cmJoc, Vr åhUOo _mŠg©Mm dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V dñVwpñWVr{ZXe©H$ hmoVm.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2 *
1. g_mOmV H$moUË`m àmW{_H$ dñVwpñWVrÀ`m AmYmao BVam§er g§~§Y {ZpíMV Ho$co OmVmV?
2. g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ aMZo_Ü`o H$moUË`m Jmoï>r g_m{dï> Ho$ë`m OmVmV?
3. H$moUË`m Jmoï>r_wio dJ© g§~§Y Am{U dJ© g§Kf© àñWm{nV hmoVmV?
4. dJ© OmUrd åhUOo H$m`?
5. _mŠg©À`m dJ© g§Kf© {gÕm§VmVrc _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r H$moUË`m?
6. gmå`dmX åhUOo H$m`?
36
3.2.3 H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm/H$m_Jma A{cßVVoMo YmoaU
Labour) (_mŠg©Mm H$m_Jma namË_VoMm {gÕm§V)
(Alienation of
H$mc© _mŠg©Mm H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm qH$dm H$m_Jmam§Mo A{cßVVoMo YmoaU hm {dMma XoIrc
_hËdmMm åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, AcJVm ho ^m§S>dcemhrMo d¡{eîQ>ç AgyZ Ë`mVrc
CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV H$m_Jmam§Mr AcJVm gmVË`mZo {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`mZo Amncm darc {dMma ^m¡{VH$dmXr
Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ ñnï> Ho$cm Amho. ""AcJVm, AcJrH$aU qH$dm namË_Vm åhUOo EImÚm g_mOmnmgyZ
AcJ hmoUo AWdm Ë`m_Ü`o OmUrdnyd©H$ Agh^mJ XmI{dUo hmo`.''
_mŠg©Zo ^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWo_Yrc H$m_Jmam§Mr AcJVm nwT>rcà_mUo Xe©{dcr Amho.
^m§S>dcemhr CËnmXZ ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dcXma dJ© hm H$m_Jmam§À`mda gmVË`mZo Amnco dM©ñd {Z_m©U
H$aVmo. Ë`mcm Amncm Jwcm_ g_OVmo. VgoM `m dJm©cm Amnë`mM A§{H$V R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo.
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z \$ŠV emar[aH$ l_ H$ê$Z KoVco OmVmV. _mÌ Ë`mZm H$m_mMm `mo½` _mo~Xcm {Xcm OmV
Zmhr. Aemdoir CËnmXZ à{H«$`oVrc H$m_Jma AmnmoAmn AcJ hmoVmo AWdm CËnmXZ à{H«$`o~m~V
AcrßVVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$maVmo. `mVyZM ^m§S>dcXma Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü`o g§Kfm©cm gwê$dmV
hmoVo. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, AcJVm, Xwamdm Am{U {dZ_wIVm `m _wiÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` g§H$ënZm AmhoV.
_mŠg©Mm hm {dMma hoJoc d â`wAa ~°M `m§À`m g§H$ënZm§À`m _wimer AgwZ _mZdmÀ`m Z{e~mZwgma
AmË_rH$ g_mYmZmMo Ü`o`, eodQ> Am{U n[apñWVr `m~amo~aM _mZdr JaOm nwaoem à_mUmV nyU© Z
hmoUo ì`ŠVr Ag_mYmZr AgUo Am{U H$m_JmamZm H$m_mMm `mo½` _mo~Xcm Z XoUo `mMo ho {MÌU
Amho.
â`wAa ~°MZo g_mOaMZoMo ñnï>rH$aU Û§ÛmË_H$ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmer {ZJS>rV Ho$co
Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, AcJVm Am{U g_mOmMr aMZm `m§Mm g§~§Y àoaUm, dJ© g§Kf© d amOH$s` H¥$Vrer
AgVmo. _mŠg©Zo _mÌ _mZdr ñd^md Am{U {ZgJ© `m§Zm A{YH$ _hËd {Xco. _mŠg©À`m _Vo,
^m§S>dcemhr_Ü`o CËnmXZ, XodmU KodmU Am{U g_mOmVrc H$m_mMr {d^mJUr `m§Mm g§~§Y g§nÎmrer
AgVmo. Ooìhm H$m_Jmam§À`mda ñdV:EodOr BVam§Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo Am{U CËnmXZ à{H«$`oer {ZJS>rV
Ë`m§Mo BVamer g§~§Y g§Kf©`wŠV AgVmV, Aemdoir H$m_Jma AcJVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$maVmV.
❒
H$m_Jmam§À`m Am{W©H$ joÌmVrc AcJVoÀ`m AWdm AcrßVVoÀ`m ~mOy (H$m_Jma
AcrßVVoMo àH$ma)
H$mc© _mŠg©Zo ^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWo_Ü`o H$m_Jmam§Mr Am{W©H$ joÌmVrc AcJVm A{Ve`
_hÎdnyU© g_OyZ Aem AcJVocm Imcrc Mma ~mOy Agë`mMo Z_yX Ho$co. CXm. 1) H$m_Jmam§Mr
CËnmXZmVrc AcJVm (2) H$m_Jmam§À`m_Ü`o dñVwnmgyZ AmT>iUmar AcJVm (3) H$m_Jmamcm ñdV:nmgyZ
37
AcJVm dmQy> cmJVo (4) g_mOmnmgyZ H$m_Jma A{cßVVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$maVmo. _mŠg©Zo H$m_Jma
AcrßVVoMo Mma àH$ma gm§JyZ Ë`mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU nwT>rcà_mUo Ho$co Amho.
1. H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXZmVrc AcJVm : ^m§S>dcemhr CËnmXZ nÕVrV H$m_Jma hm
_hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ AgyZ Ë`mcm ñdV:Mo ApñVËd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m_Ü`o _Z cmdyZ H$m_ H$amdo cmJVo.
na§Vw CËnm{XV _mcmda Ë`mMm H$moUVmhr _mcH$s hŠH$ ZgVmo. gd© àH$maMo ñdm{_Ëd ^m§S>dcXmamMoM
AgVo. Vmo CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mm _mcH$ Z amhVm Jwcm_ ~ZVmo. H$m_m{df`r dmQ>Umar AmË_r`Vm ZîQ>
hmoD$Z Ë`m{df`r naHo$nUm dmQy> cmJVmo. Ë`mVyZM H$m_Jmam§_Ü`o Aem CËnmXZ à{H«$`o{df`r AcJVoMr
^mdZm dmT>rg cmJVo. WmoS>Š`mV, ñdV: V`ma Ho$coë`m _mcmda Oa Amncm A{YH$ma Zgoc Va Agm
H$m_Jma ^m§S>dcXmamnmgyZ AcJ hmoV OmVmo.
2. dñVy§nmgyZ AcJVm : _mŠg©Zo Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr Am{U _mZdr l_ `m XmoZ JmoîQ>r doJiçm
_mZë`m. Omon`ªV {ZgJ© hr g§nÎmr _mZyZ {VÀ`mda CnOr{dH$m hmoV AgVo Vmon`ªV H$moUVmhr Xþamdm
ì`ŠVr_Ü`o AgV Zmhr. na§Vw Ooìhm _mZd CËnm{XV dñVy§da ñdV:Mr _mcH$s àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmo, Voìhm Xþamdm AWdm AcJVoMm àma§^ hmoVmo. CXm. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV
^m§S>dcXmam§Mm {Z{_©V dñVy§da A{YH$ma AgVmo. H$m_Jmamcm \$ŠV l_ H$amdo cmJVmV. ñdV:Mo l_
{dHy$Z AWdm A{Ve` H$îQ> H$ê$Z l_mMr Aën qH$_V {_iVo. Ë`mMo A{V[aŠV _yë` AWdm \$m`Xm
Ë`mÀ`mEodOr ^m§S>dcXmamcmM {_iVmo. {Xdg|{Xdg H$m_Jma \$m`ÚmnmgyZ AcJ hmoVmo. `mVyZM
_mcH$-H$m_Jma dJ©-g§Kf© Vrd« ~ZVmV. ^m§S>dcXma {Xdg|{Xdg YZdmZ Va H$m_Jma {Xdg|{Xdg
\$m`ÚmnmgyZ AcJ hmoVmo. AmoKmZoM H$m_Jmam§_Ü`o dñVy§nmgyZ AcJVm {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
3. ñdV:nmgyZ AcJVm : _mŠg©À`m _Vo, H$m_Jmam§Zr ^anya H$îQ> H$ê$Z XoIrc CËnm{XV
_mcmda VgoM Ë`mnmgyZ {_iUmè`m \$m`Úm§da Ë`m§Mr _mcH$s Zgoc Va H$m_Jma dJmªMr H$m_m{df`r
dmQ>Umar AmË_r`Vm H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m{df`r naHo$nUm dmQy> cmJVmo. Amnco H$îQ> ñdV:gmR>r ZgyZ
Xþgè`mgmR>r Amho, Aer ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo Aemdoir Ë`m H$m_Jmamcm
ñdV:nmgyZ AcJVm dmQy> cmJVo.
4. g_mOmnmgyZ AcJVm : ^m§S>dcemhr_Ü`o H$îQ> H$aUmam dJ© (_Oya AWdm H$m_Jma)
{Xdg|{Xdg Jar~M hmoV OmVmo. l_mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`mcm H$_r doVZ {_imë`mZo Ë`mMr l_eŠVr H$_r
hmoVo. `mCcQ>, A{V[aŠV _yë`mMr gVV dmT> hmoV OmVo. ^m§S>dcXmamMr _ŠVoXmar Am{U gm_«mÁ`dmX
gwê$ hmoVmo. ^m§S>dcXma d H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü`o g§Kf© ^mdZm dmT>rg cmJVo. `m_Ü`o ^m§S>dcXma dJ©
Zoh_r epŠV_mZ ~ZVmo. Vmo n¡emÀ`m Omoamda H$m_Jmam§Mo Am{W©H$ emofU H$ê$ cmJVmo. Aem doir
H$m_Jma dJ© AmnU H$moUmgmR>r H$îQ> H$am`Mo? g_mOmMo {hV H$emgmR>r nmhm`Mo? `m àd¥ÎmrMm ~ZVmo.
AmoKmZoM Vmo g_mOmnmgyZ AcJVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$maVmo.
38
WmoS>Š`mV Ooìhm H$m_Jmam§Mm CËnm{XV _mcmda H$moUVmhr _mcH$s hŠH$ ZgVmo Voìhm AmoKmZoM
H$m_Jmam§À`m_Ü`o CËnmXZ à{H«$`o {df`r Xwamì`mMr AWdm AcJVoMr ^mdZm dmT>rg cmJVo. `mVyZM
_mcH$ -H$m_Jma dJ© g§Kf© Vrd« ~ZVmV. Ooìhm H$m_Jmam§À`mda BVam§Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo Aemdoir
dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ, CËnmXZmMr gmYZo d Ë`mMr _mcH$s Am{U CËnmXZ à{H«$`oer AgUmam g§~§Y
BË`mXr~m~V H$m_Jma dJm©Mr oAcJVm {ZXe©Zmg `oVo. g_mOaMZoV hm H$m_Jma dJ© Zoh_r AcJ
am{hcocm OmUdVmo. `mcmM _mŠg©Zo H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm Ago g§~mo{Yco Amho. ^m§S>dcemhrMm
Ogm {dH$mg hmoVmo, Ë`mà_mUmV g_mOmV dJ© g§Kf© dmT>V OmVmV. H$îQ> H$ê$Z XoIrc `mo½` _mo~Xcm
{_iUma Zgoc Va H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV Xwamì`mMr ^dZm {Z_m©U hmoVo. EH$ dJ© Xwgè`m
dJm©nmgyZ AcJVoMo YmoaU pñdH$maVmo.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-3 *
1. _mŠg©À`m _Vo AcJVm ho H$moUË`m g_mO ì`dñWoMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho ?
2. _mŠg©Zo ^m§S>dcemhr_Yrc H$m_JmamÀ`m AcJVoMo ñnï>rH$aU H$go Ho$co ?
3. _mŠg©Mm H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm hm {dMma H$moUmÀ`m g§H$ënZoÀ`m _wimer AmT>iyZ
`oVmo?
4. â`wAa ~°MZo g_mOaMZoMo ñnï>rH$aU H$moUË`m g§H$ënZmer {ZJS>rV Ho$co Amho?
5. _mŠg©Zo H$m_Jmam§À`m Am{W©H$ joÌmVrc AcJVoÀ`m H$moUË`m ~mOy _m§S>ë`m AmhoV? AWdm
H$m_Jma namË_VoMo H$moUVo àH$ma gm§{JVco?
3.3 gmam§e
H$mc© _mŠg©Zo `m KQ>H$mV Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX, dJ©g§Kf© Am{U H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm
BË`mXr g§H$ënZm§Mm g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑîQ>rZo AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mZo CËnmXZ nÕVrer
{ZJS>rV _mZdr g§~§Y, CËnmXZ gmYZmMr _mcH$s Am{U ^m§S>dcXma d H$m_Jma dJm©_Yrc
dJ©g§Kf© OmUrd BË`mXrMo dmñVd {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. dñVwÀ`m CËnmXZmda l_rH$m§Mm _mcH$s hŠH$
Zgë`mZo hm dJ© CËnmXZ gmYZmnmgyZ AcJVoMo YmoaU ñdrH$maVmo. Ë`mÀ`m VÎdkmZmÀ`m _wimer
Ë`mMm àË`j AZw^d Agë`mZo, gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§À`m joÌmV Ë`mZo darc _hÎdnyU© {gÕm§VmÛmao Oo
`moJXmZ Ho$co Vo A{ÛVr` Amho. Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY {gÕm§Vm§Zr OJmMm ZH$memM ~XcyZ Q>mH$cm.
^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m emofUm{déÕ _mŠg©Zo AmdmO CR>{dcm Am{U l{_H$m§Mr Ý`m` ~mOy KoVcr. Ë`m_wio
39
Vmo l{_H$m§À`m öX`mVrc g_«mQ> ~Zcm. l{_H$m§_Ü`o OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z H«$m§VrÀ`m _mJm©Zo
dJ©{dahrV g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$aVm `oB©c. `mcmM H$mc© _mŠg©Zo gmå`dmX qH$dm g_mOdmX ho Zmd
{Xco.
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX qH$dm g§km
✺
Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX
: OJmVrc àË`oH$ ~XcmMo H$maU Û§Û.
✺
dJ© g§Kf©
: CËnmXZ nÕV d CËnmXZ g§~§Y `m Am{W©H$ aMZoer
{ZJS>rV {dMma.
✺
H$m_Jmam§Mo AcJVoMo YmoaU : ^m§S>dcemhrMo d¡{eï>, H$m_Jmam§Mm _mcH$s hŠH$ d§{MV
AWdm H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV Xwamì`mMr ^mdZm.
3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-1 *
1. _mŠg©À`m {gÕm§VmMo ñdê$n hoJocoÀ`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m {déÕ Amho.
2. _mŠg©Zo hoJocMr Û§ÛmË_H$ g§H$ënZm ñdrH$macr na§Vy H$ënZmdmXmg ZH$ma {Xcm Amho.
3. _mŠg© Am{U E§OoëgZo dñVy§Mr à{H«$`m Am{U ñdê$n ho OJmVrc dñVwpñWVrer g§~§YrV
Agë`mMo ñnï> Ho$co Amho.
4. A§V{damoYm_wioM Û§ÛmË_H$ g§Kf© hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ {dH$mg KS>V `oVmo. ho _mŠg©À`m Û§ÛmË_H$
^m¡{VH$dmXmMo R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.
5. _mŠg©Zo Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX {gÕmVm_Ü`o H$ënZm eŠVrnojm ^m¡{VH$ KQ>H$mg O~m~Xma
Yaco.
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-2 *
1. _mZdmMm ^m¡{VH$ OJmer g§~§Y hm àmW{_H$ dñVwpñWVr d BVam§er H$gm g~§{YV
Amho.
40
2. dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ Am{U CËnmXZ gmYZo, Ë`m§Mm _mZdmer VgoM g§nÎmrer AgUmam g§~§Y `m
~m~r Am{W©H$ aMZoer {ZJS>rV AgVmV.
3. CËnmXZ gmYZmer g§~§Y d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam dJ© g§~§Y
4. CËnmXZ Am{U {dVaU `m_Ü`o EH$ àH$maMr "~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir' Aer _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U
Pmë`mZo CX`mg `oUmar OmUrd.
5. H$m_Jma dJm©Mm CX`, g§nÎmrcm _hËd, Xm[aÐ`m_Ü`o dmT>, H$m_Jma AcJVm, A{YH$mamMo
H|${ÐH$aU, gmå`dmXmMm CX`.
6. ""g_mO ì`dñWoV àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrMm ñdV:À`m Hw$dVrZwgma CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV gh^mJ. VgoM
dJ©{dahrV g_mOmMm CX` åhUOo gmå`dmX hmo`.''
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-3 *
1. ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOì`dñWoMo d¡{eîQ>ç.
2. ^m§S>dcXma dJ© gmVË`mZo H$m_Jmam§À`mda Amnco dM©ñd {Z_m©U H$aVmo, Ë`mZm Amncm
Jwcm_ g_OVmo Am{U Amnë`mM A§{H$V R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo.
3. hoJoc d â`wAa ~°M.
4. Û§ÛmË_H$ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmer {ZJS>rV.
5. CËnmXZ, dñVw, ñdV:nmgyZ Am{U g_mOmnmgyZ AcJVm AWdm A{cßVVm.
3.6 gamd qH$dm J¥hnmR>
1. H$mc© _mŠg©À`m Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmda Q>rn {chm.
2. dJ©g§Kfm©Mr ì`m»`m {chm.
3. H$m_Jma dJm©Mr AcJVm åhUOo H$m`?
41
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$
1.
Aron, Raymond : Main Currents in Sociological Thought (Vol. I & II)
2.
Bogardus E.S : Development of Sociological Thought
3.
Barnes H.E : 'An Introduction to the History of Sociology', Phoenix Books.
The University of Chicago Press London 1966
4.
Cohen P. S. : 'Modern Social Theory'
5.
Coser, Lewis A : 'The Masters of Sociological Thought'
6.
Fletcher R. : 'The Making of Sociology' (Vol. I & II)
7.
Mohite, Salunkhe : Samajashastriya Vicharvant, Phadake Prakashan,
Kolhapur.
8.
Marulkar Vijay : Samajshastriya Vicharancha Itihas, Prachi Prakashan,
Mumbai.
9.
Vaidhya N. S. : Samajshastriya Vichar Parampara, Vidhya Prakashan,
Nagpur.
❏❏❏
42
43
B.A.III : Sociology_Paper-VII_Semister-V_Western Sociological Thinkers
KQ>H$-4
_°Šg do~a (1864-1920)
(Max Weber)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
AZwH«$_{UH$m
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm {gÕm§V.
4.2.2 gÎmoMo àH$ma
4.2.3 Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m à«íZm§Mr CÎmao
4.5 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.6 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
(Objectives)
`m `w{ZQ>À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg Imcrc Jmoï>r g_OVrc.
✺
_°Šg do~aMm gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm {gÕm§V, gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr Ho$cocr ì`m»`m, {H«$`m Am{U
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m `m Xmohm|_Ü`o ñnï> Ho$cocm \$aH$, Am{U gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oÀ`m {gÕm§VmMo
àH$ma BË`mXr Jmoï>r g_OVrc.
43
✺
_°Šg do~aMo Y_m©À`m g_mOemñÌmVrc `moJXmZ AmnUmg g_Ooc. `m_Ü`o Ë`mZo {Z_ucoco
AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhrMo AmXe© àmén, AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhrMr nmM _yc^yV VËdo,
^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>dmXmZo {Xcoë`m gmV XoU½`m `m gdmª~m~VMo kmZ
Ë`mÀ`m ""àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> B{WŠg A±S> {X pñn[aQ> Am°\$ H°${nQ>°{cP_'' `m {gÕm§VmÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ
AmnU {_idUma Amho.
✺
_°Šg do~aZo gÎmoMr AJa A{YH$mamMr ì`m»`m Zo_H$s H$er Ho$cr Amho? `m~amo~aM Ë`mZo
A{YH$mamMo na§naoda AmYm[aV na§nam{Y{ï>V A{YH$ma, M_ËH$ma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m
ì`{ŠVÀ`m j_VoVyZ àmßV Pmcocm M_VH¥$VrOÝ` AJa X¡drJwUm{Y{ð>V A{YH$ma Am{U VH©$
d H$m`Xm `mda AmYm[aV H$m`Xm{Y{ï>V A{YH$ma `màH$mao A{YH$mamÀ`m AmXe© àménm§Mo
Ë`mZo Ho$coco {ddoMZ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
4.1 àmñVm{dH$
(Introduction)
`m nwñVH$mVrc àma§^rÀ`m VrZ `w{ZQ>_Ü`o Vwåhr Am°JñQ> H$m°åV, E{_c Sw>aImB©_ Am{U H$mc©
_mŠg© `m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmcm Amnë`m {dMmam§Zr diU cmdÊ`mV `eñdr Pmcoë`m VrZ
g_mOemñÌkm§À`m `moJXmZmMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. `m `w{ZQ>_Ü`oXoIrc AmnU Amnë`m
{dMmam§Zr g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmV ^a KmcUmè`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Zm EH$ Zdo diU XoUmè`m
_°Šg do~a `m O_©Z g_mOemñÌkmÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$ `moJXmZmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m `w{ZQ>_Ü`o
AmnU Ë`mMm gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm {gÕm§V, Ë`mZo Ho$coco A{YH$mamMo AJa gÎmoMo àH$ma Am{U ""Y_m©Mm
{gÕm§V Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z'' `m ~m~tMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `mÀ`m ghmæ`mZoM
AmnU _°Šg do~aMo g_mOemñÌmÀ`m {dH$mgmVrc `moJXmZ {ZpíMV H$aUma AmhmoV.
àW_ AmnU _°Šg do~aMo OrdZ, Ë`mÀ`mda nS>cocm à^md Am{U Ë`mZo Ho$cocr dm§L²>_`
{Z{_©Vr `mMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. H$maU H$moUË`mhr {dMmad§VmMr d¡Mm[aH$ ~¡R>H$ hr
Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmV KS>coë`m KQ>Zm, g§nH$m©V Amcocr _mUgo d Ë`m H$mimVrc Ë`m g_mOmMr gm_m{OH$,
amO{H$`, Am{W©H$ d Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr `m§MmM n[anmH$ AgVmo.
❒
_°Šg do~aMm OrdZd¥Îmm§V :-
2 E{àc 1864 amoOr O_©ZrVrc Ea\$Q>© `m ehamV _°Šg do~aMm EH$m g§nÝZ Hw$Qw>§~mV OÝ_
Pmcm. gmV ^md§S>mVrc _°Šg do~a hm gdm©V _moR>m _wcJm hmoVm. do~aMo _mVm-{nVm àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> n§WmMo
AZw`m`r hmoVo. gmcPdJ© `oWo H°$Wm°{cH$ n§{W`m§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m N>imcm H§$Q>miyZ `m Hw$Qw>§~mMo nyd©O
44
{~co\$sëS> ehamV ñWm{`H$ Pmco hmoVo. VoWo _°Šg do~aÀ`m AmOmo~m§Zr VmJmMm ì`mnma gwê$ Ho$cm hmoVm.
AënmdYrVM Vo EH$ gwIr d g§nÝZ Hw$Qw>§~ ~Zco hmoVo. do~aÀ`m d{S>cm§Zr H$mhr H$mi Amnë`m
d{S>cm§À`m ì`mnmamV cj KmVco nU Z§Va ~{c©Z ehamV gaH$mar ImË`mVrc ZmoH$ar pñdH$macr.
`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr Ea\$Q>© ehamV Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Pmcr. VoWoM _°Šg do~aMm OÝ_ Pmcm.
cdH$aM do~aÀ`m d{S>cm§Zr ZmoH$arV ag dmQ>V Zgë`mZo Amnë`m ZmoH$arMm amOrZm_m {Xcm d Vo
~{c©Z `m Ë`m§À`m _yi ehamV naV Amco. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ì`dgm`m~amo~aM amOH$maUmV àdoe Ho$cm,
d amï´>r` CXma_VdmXr njmMo g^mgXËd pñdH$maco. `mdoir O_©ZrMm à_wI Agcoë`m {dñ_mH©$ ~amo~a
do~aÀ`m d{S>cm§À`m amOH$s` njmZo {_iVoOwiVo KoVco hmoVo. EH$ gwg§ñH¥$V Hw$Qw>§~ åhUyZ do~aÀ`m
KamÊ`mMm Zmdcm¡{H$H$ hmoVm. AZoH$ amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d g§emoYH$ cmoH$m§Mo Ë`m§À`m Kar gmVË`mZo
`oUo OmUo hmoVo. n[aUm_r chmZnUmnmgyZM _°Šg do~acm Ë`m H$mimVrc Wmoa amOH$s` ZoË`m§Mm d
AW©Vkm§Mm ghdmg cm^cm hmoVm. {ÌËgHo$, {e~oc Am{U _m°_goZ `m B{VhmgH$mam§er do~aMr AmoiI
`m_wioM Pmcr hmoVr. EHy$UM do~aÀ`m dS>rcm§Mr d¥Îmr gÀMm n«m°Qo>ñQ>§Q>mnojm gwImgrZM hmoVr. `mD$cQ>
do~aMr AmB© _mÌ Ho$di Ym{_©H$M ZìhVr Va Y_©©VËdm§Mo Amnë`m dV©ZmVyZ H$mQ>oH$moa nmcZ ìhmdo
`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo à`ËZerc Agcocr ñÌr hmoVr. n[aUm_r do~aÀ`m AmB©-d{S>cm§_Ü`o dma§dma g§Kf© d
VmUVUmd {Z_m©U hmoV AgV Ë`mMm H$iV ZH$iV do~aÀ`m ^mdZm§da d {dMmam§da n[aUm_ hmoD$Z
Vmo cmOmiy d EH$cH$m|S>çm d¥ÎmrMm ~ZV Jocm. `mda Cnm` åhUyZ do~aZo Amnë`mcm dmMZmMm N>§X
cmdyZ KoVcm Am{U AJXr chmZ d`mVM Ë`mZo hmo_a, {ggoamo, JQ>o, H$mÝQ>, emonoZ `m§Mo VËdkmZ
AmË_gmV Ho$co hmoVo.
Amnco àmW{_H$ {ejU nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va do~aZo d`mÀ`m 18 ì`m dfu hm`S>ocdJ© {dÚmnrR>mV
H$m`ÚmMo {ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r àdoe KoVcm. VoWo Amë`mZ§Va do~ada Ë`mMo B{VhmgVk d CXma_VdmXr
H$mH$m ha_Z ~m°_JmQ>©Z d Y_©{Zð> nU AmH«$_H$ ñd^mdmMr _mder B©S>m `m§À`m ì`{ŠV_ËdmMm à^md
nS>cm. H$mH$m, _mder, _mdg ^m§dS>o `m§À`m_wio Ë`mcm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZmMm Iè`m AWm©Zo cm^ Pmcm.
H$m`ÚmÀ`m Aä`mgm~amo~arZoM do~aZo amo_Z H$m`Xm d amo_Z g§ñWm§Mmhr gImoc Aä`mg Ho$cm.
AW©emñÌmÀ`m ì`m»`mZm§Zm hOoar cmdcr. _Ü``wJrZ B{Vhmg d VËdkmZmVhr ag KoVcm d ~«åhkmZmMo
g{dñVa dmMZ Ho$co. H$m`ÚmMm Aä`mg nyU© Pmë`m~amo~a Ë`mZo ñQ´>mÝg~J© `oWo g¡Ý`XcmV ZmoH$ar
nËH$acr. VoWohr Vmo Ë`mÀ`m _mder d H$mH$m§À`m ghdmgmV Amcm. gZ 1884 gmcr Amncr
g¡Ý`mVrc ZmoH$ar g§ndyZ Vmo Amnë`m ~{c©Z `m ehamVrc _yi Kar naVcm Am{U nwT>rc {ejU
KoÊ`mgmR>r ~{c©Z {dÚmnrR>mV àdoe KoVcm. gwê$dmVrMr H$mhr df} {ejU KoVë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo H$mhr
H$mi ~{c©Z Ý`m`mc`mV H${Zð> dH$sc åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$co d naV EH$Xm ~{c©Z {dÚmnrR>mV {dÚmWmªZr
{Xcoë`m {\$_YyZ MmcUmar àmÜ`mnH$mMr ZmoH$ar pñdH$macr. `m 8 dfm©À`m H$mimV Vmo Amnë`m AmB©cm
gmVË`mZo N>miÊ`m_wio A{O~mV Z AmdS>Umè`m Amnë`m d{S>cm§daM Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Adc§~yZ hmoVm.
45
Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV Ë`mZo ""{hñQ>ar Am°\$ H$_{e©`c gmogm`Q>rO BZ Xr {_S>c EOog'' hm à~§Y 1888
gmcr gmXa Ho$cm. 1891 gmcr Ë`mZo ""amo_Z A°J«o{aAZ {hñQ´>r'' hm g§emoYZ àH$ënhr nyU© Ho$cm
`mMoM \$i åhUyZ Ë`mcm ~{c©Z {dÚmnrR>mV nyU© doi àmÜ`mnH$mMr ZmoH$ar {_imcr.
1893 gmcr Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmV XmoZ gwIX àg§J Amco. `m dfu Ë`mMm {ddmh "_oar A°Z
píZQ>Ja' `m 22 dfu` VéUrer Pmcm Am{U Ë`mcm "\«$s~J©' {dÚmnrR>mV Y_©emñÌ {d^mJmV
{Z`wŠVrhr {_imcr. 1895 gmcr ""amï´>r` {ejU Am{U Am{W©H$ YmoaU'' `m {df`mda Ë`mZo {Xcoë`m
ì`m»`mZm_wio Vmo Iè`m AWm©Zo àH$mePmoVmV Amcm. Ë`mcm "{hS>oc~J©' {dÚmnrR>mV AW©emñÌmMm
àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar {_imcr. VoWo Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo Amnco OwZo {ejH$ d dJ©{_Ì `m§À`mer
OdirH$ {Z_m©U Ho$cr. Amnë`m d¡Mm[aH$Vo_wio Ë`mZo `m {dÚmnrR>mVrc gd© {dÛmZm§_Ü`o ñdV:Mo
_Ü`dVu ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$co. dmMZ, qMVZ d coIZmV V„rZ Agcoë`m do~aZo gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s`
OrdZmda AZoH$ {Z~§Y {c{hco. n[aUm_r Ë`mcm {ejUjoÌm~amo~aM amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ joÌmVhr
à{gÕr {_iV Jocr.
nU hr à{gÕr EH$mEH$s I§{S>V hmoUmar EH$ KQ>Zm Ë`mÀ`m Am`wî`mV 1897 gmcr KS>cr d
Ë`mMr d¡Mm[aH$ àJVr nyU©nUo I§{S>V Pmcr. `m dfu Owc¡ _{hÝ`mV do~aMo _mVm-{nVm {hS>oc~J© `oWo
Ë`mcm ^oQ>Ê`mgmR>r Amco. AmB©Zo H$mhr {Xdg _wcmH$S>o amhÊ`mMr B©ÀN>m ì`ŠV Ho$cr do~acmhr AmB©Zo
Amnë`mOdi ahmdo AgoM dmQ>V hmoVo nU d{S>cm§Mm `mcm {damoY hmoVm. `m Jmoï>rMo n`m©dgmZ {nVmnyÌmÀ`m ^m§S>UmV Pmco. chmZnUmnmgyZ d{S>cm§Zr AmB©er Ho$coë`m N>idmXr dV©Zm_wio do~aÀ`m _ZmV
d{S>cm§{df`r {Z_m©U Pmcocm Ûof C\$miyZ Amcm. Ë`mZo d{S>cm§Mr {Z^©ËgZm H$ê$Z Ë`mZm KamVyZ
hmH$cyZ cmdco. `m_wioM do~aÀ`m d{S>cm§Mm EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV _¥Ë`y Pmcm. `m XwX}dr KQ>ZoMm
do~aÀ`m _Zmda AmKmV Pmcm d Vmo _Zmo{dH¥$VrMm ~ir ~Zcm. `mVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mcm nmM
df} cmJcr. AWm©V `m nmM dfm©À`m H$mimV Ë`mMo dmMZ, _ZZ, coIU nyU©nUo R>ßn Pmco. {hS>oc~J©
{dÚmnrR>mVrc Amnë`m ZmoH$arMmhr Ë`mZo amOrZm_m {Xcm d {hS>oc~J© `oWrc EH$m Amamo½`Ym_mV H$mhr
{Xdg am{hcm. VoWo Ë`mÀ`mda AZoH$ Vkm§Zr CnMma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nU Ë`mMmhr \$magm Cn`moJ
Pmcm Zmhr. AnmoAmnM Ë`mÀ`m ~m¡ÕrH$ pñWVrV n[adV©Z hmoV Joco. `mZ§Va Ë`mcm cJoM g§Yrhr
{_imcr d Vmo 1903 gmcr "O_©Z gm_m{OH$ emñÌ {Z`VH$mcrH$mÀ`m' g§nmXH$s` {d^mJmV ê$Oy
Pmcm. gw_mao ghm dfm©À`m àXrK© H$mcmdYrZ§Va åhUOoM 1909 gmcr Ë`mZo "O_©ZrMr gm_m{OH$
g§aMZm' `m {df`mda g|Q> cwB©g `oWrc H$cm Am{U {dkmZ H$m±J«og g_moa {Z~§Y dmMcm. `mZ§Va Ë`mZo
A_o[aHo$cm ^oQ> {Xcr. A_o[aH$Z gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Zr Vmo Mm§JcmM à^m{dVhr Pmcm. 1910 gmcr
{g_oc~amo~a Ë`mZo ""O_©Z gmo{e`m°cm°{OH$c gmogm`Q>rÀ`m'' ñWmnZoV ^mJ KoVcm d ~arM dfo© Vmo `m
gmogm`Q>rMm g{Md åhUyZ H$m`©aV am{hcm. 1918 gmcr Ë`mZo "pìhEÝZm' {dÚmnrR>mV EH$ gÌ
àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ H$m_hr Ho$co. 1919 gmcr å`w{ZM {dÚmnrR>mZo Ë`mcm {dÚmÏ`mªg_moa ì`m»`mZ
46
XoÊ`mgmR>r {Z_§{ÌV Ho$co. VoWo Ë`mZo {Xcocr "{dkmZ EH$ ì`dgm`' d "amOH$maU ì`dgm`' hr
ì`m»`mZo ~arM JmOcr. 1918 Vo 1920 `m VrZ dfm©À`m H$mimV Vmo à{gÕrÀ`m AË`wÀM {eIamda
nmohMcm hmoVm.nU hm H$mihr \$ma {Q>H$cm Zmhr. 1920 À`m OyZ _{hÝ`mÀ`m gwédmVrcm Ë`mcm Vmn
`oD$ cmJcm. âë`yMm Vmn Agmdm åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`mda CnMma gwê$ Ho$co nU Vã`oVrV H$mhrM \$aH$
nS>cm Zmhr. eodQ>r Ë`mcm Ý`w_mo{Z`m Pmcm Agë`mMo {ZXmZ Pmco nU Vmon`ªV \$ma doi Pmcm hmoVm.
14 OyZ 1920 amoOr `m _hmZ g_mOemñÌkmZo Amnë`m ~m¡ÕrH$ j_VoZo {eIa JmR>coco AgVmZmM
Amncr BhcmoH$mMr `mÌm g§ndcr.
❒
_°Šg do~aMr J«§Wg§nXm :-
_°Šg do~a hm AË`§V Hw$emJ« ~wÕr_Îmm Am{U Aä`mgy Agm Aï>n¡cy ì`{ŠV_ËdmMm g_mOemñÌk
hmoVm ho Ë`mÀ`m {dnyc Aem {cImUmdê$Z ghOnUo cjmV `oVo.Ë`mZo O_©Z ^mfoV AZoH$ nwñVHo$
{c{hcr AmhoV Am{U AmVmn`ªV Ë`mÀ`m AZoH$ nwñVH$m§Mo B§J«Or ^mfoV ^mfm§Vahr CncãY Pmco Amho.
`mn¡H$s H$mhr _hËdmMr nwñVHo$ Imcrcà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm `oVrc.
1. àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> B{WŠg A°ÊS> {X pñn[aQ> Am°\$ H°${nQ>°{cP_ (Protestant Ethics and
the Spirit of Capitalism) : 1905 gmcr àH$m{eV Pmcoco _°Šg do~aMo ho nwñVH$
åhUOo kmZmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrc Ë`mMo gdm©V _hËdmMo `moJXmZ _mZco OmVo. `m nwñVH$mV
Ë`mZo ^m§S>dcemhr Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§{Q>P_ `m§À`mVrc g§~§Ym§Mo E{Vhm{gH$ nwamì`m§À`m ghmæ`mZo
ñnï>rH$aU Ho$co Amho.
2. Y_m©Mo g_mOemñÌ (Sociololgy of Religion) : Amnë`m àm°Q>oñQ>§{Q>P_À`m Aä`mgmÀ`m
AmdS>rVyZM Ë`mcm ^maVmVrc d MrZ_Yrc Y_m©À`m Aä`mgmMr àoaUm {_imcr hmoVr.
XmoÝhr Xoem§Vrc Y_m©da Ë`mZo {cImU Ho$co nU Vo nyU© hmoD$ eH$co Zmhr. Ë`mMo ho {cImU
(A) "X [a{cOZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m (The Relogion of India), (~) "X [a{cOZ Am°\$
Mm`Zm H$Ýâ`wE{ZP_ A°ÊS> VmAmo{`P_ (The Relogion of China, Confucianism
and Taoism) d (H$) {X A±{gE§Q> Á`wS>mBP_' (The Ancient Judaism) `m VrZ
I§S>mV àH$m{eV Pmco Amho.
3. AW©emñÌ Am{U g_mOemñÌ (Economy and Sociology) : _°Šg do~aÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va
ho àH$m{eV Pmcoco H$m_ AgyZ `mV Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m g_H$mcrZ g_mOemñÌkm§À`m {Z~§Ym§Mo
g§H$cZ Ho$co hmoVo. `m coIm§Mo Q>mcH$m°Q> nmg©Ýg `m§Zr B§J«Or ^mfoV ^mfm§Va H$ê$Z 1947
gmcr 'The theory of social and Economic Organization' `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Ho$co
Amho.
47
4. g_mOemñÌmVrc {Z~§Y (Essays on Sociology) : g_mOemñÌm_Yrc _°Šg do~aÀ`m
_hËdnyU© {cImUm§Mm `mV g_mdoe Amho.
5. _°Šg do~a `m§Mo gm_m{OH$ emñÌmVrc nÕVremñÌ (Max Weber on Methodology
of Social Sciences) :6. {X {gQ>r (The City) : `m _hËdnyU© nwñVH$m§~amo~aM do~aZo g_H$mcrZ amOH$s`
n[apñWVrda Ag§»` d¥Vn{Ì` coI, AZoH$ Q>mMUo Am{U nona à{gÕ Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`mZo
O_©Z gm_m{OH$emñÌ {Z`VH$mcrH$mVhr Amnco Ag§»` Aä`mg {Z~§Y d coI à{gÕ Ho$co
hmoVo.
❒
_°Šg do~adarc à^md :-
do~a hm _ycV: Aä`mgy Am{U ñd`§^y Agm {dMmad§V hmoVm. Amnë`m {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmcm
gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mnydr©M Vmo Ë`mÀ`m dmMZmÀ`m AmdS>r_wio hmo_a {g{gamo, JQ>o, pñnZm|Pm, H$mÝQ> Aem
VËdkm§À`m {dMmam§er A{^_wI Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m ~hþg§»` dm§L²>_`mda
O_©{ZVrc VËH$mcrZ, ~m¡{ÕH$ Am{U amOH$s` dmVmdaUmMm à^md nS>cm hmoVm. `m H$mimV O_©ZrV
emñÌr` nÕVtMm dmna gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§V Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo H$m? `m {df`r AmXe©dmXr VËdkmZmË_H$
MMm© gwê$ hmoVr. do~aZo gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Vhr emñÌr` nÕVrMm Am{U gm_m§Ý`rH$aUmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm
OmD$ eH$Vmo AgoM _V _m§S>co hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`mda {dëhoZamoea, Bcmo_a, d°JZa, ~«oÝQ>moZm, {S>ëWr, [aH$mQ>©,
{ZñVo Aem {dMmad§Vm§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md nS>ë`mMo ñnï>nUo OmUdVo. H$mc© _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§Mmhr
Ë`mÀ`mda à^md hmoVm nU Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m ""Am{ÕW©H$ {ZUm©`H$dmXmÀ`m'' {gÕm§Vmda Ë`mVrc C{Udm
XmIdyZ XoD$Z {Q>H$m Ho$cr Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo.
`m ~amo~aM ñdV:À`m KamVrc H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmVmdaU, O_©ZrVrc VËH$mcrZ amOH$s`,
gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr, àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> d H°$Wm°{cH$ Y_©n§WmVrc g§Kf©, n{hco _hm`wÕ, amï´>dmXr
{dMmagUr Am{U ^m§S>dcemhr àYmZ g_mOì`dñWm `m gdmªÀ`m à^mdmVyZ Img do~aMr Aer
EH$ {dMmaàUmcr {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo d {VZo g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§À`m {dH$mgmcm EH$ ñdV§Ì diU
{Xë`mMo Am{U g_mOemñÌmÀ`m B{Vhmgmda ñdV:Mo EH$ AT>i ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mMo _m§Ý` H$amdo
cmJVo.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
(Presentation of Subject Matter)
g_mOemñÌr` d¡Mm[aH$ {dídmV "AmÝdoeZmË_H$ g_mOemñÌ' `m g§H$ënZoMr _m¡ë`dmZ ^a
48
KmcUmam g_mOemñÌk åhUyZ do~acm AmoiIco OmVo. Amnë`m ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm d {dMmam§Vrc
ñdV§Ìo_wio do~aZo AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemñÌmV ñdV:Mo EH$ doJio ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$co Amho. gd© gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zm§Mm AË`§V nÕVeranUo Aä`mg H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr Am{U gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm `m§À`mVrc
ghg§~§Y ì`mnH$ à_mUmV ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`mZo Ho$cm hmoVm. Vmo EH$ Ý`m`m{Ye, AW©Vk, VËdk
Am{U B{VhmgVk hmoVm `m~m~V Xw_V Zmhr, nU Vmo _ycV: g_mOemñÌk hmoVm ho hr {VVHo$M gË`
Amho `mMrM à{MVr AmnUmg Ë`mZo _m§S>coë`m nw{T>c {gÕm§VmVyZ `oUma Amho. åhUyZM AmnU AmVm
Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY {gÕm§VmMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV.
4.2.1 gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm {gÕm§V
(Theory of Social Action)
_°Šg do~aÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§_Ü`o Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oÀ`m {gÕm§Vmcm EH$ doJioM ñWmZ
cm^coco {XgyZ `oVo. Amnë`m g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgm{df`mda MMm© H$aVmZm _°Šg do~acm gm_m{OH$
{H«$`oMr g§H$ënZm gwMcr Agmdr. g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm Vmo åhUVmo. ""g_mOemñÌ ho Ago
EH$ emñÌ Amho H$s, Á`mV gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oÀ`m AWm©g§~§Yr OmUrd {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo H$s, Á`m_wio
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm Aä`mg Am{U n[aUm_ `mg§~§YmV H$m{`©H$ ñnï>rH$aU XoUo eŠ` hmoVo. ""qH$dm''
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mm AW© ñnï> H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmg§~§Yr Am{U n[aUm_m§g§~§Yr OmUrd {Z_m©U
H$aUmao emñÌ åhUOo g_mOemñÌ hmo`'' Aer EH$m dmŠ`mV do~aMr g_mOemñÌmMr ì`m»`m ñnï>
H$aVm `oVo.
_°Šg do~aZo _m§S>cocr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr g§H$ënZm Ë`mÀ`m gd© g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Vrc
_Ü`dVu g§H$ënZm Amho. gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm Vmo åhUVmo. ""ì`{ŠV qH$dm ì`{ŠVg_yhmH$Sy>Z
Ho$cr OmUmar {H«$`m AemM doir gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m g_Omdr H$s, O|ìhm {VÀ`mer à{VH$mË_H$ qH$dm
AW©nyU© g§~§Y Amcocm AgVmo Am{U {VÀ`mda BVam§Mm n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Ë`mZwgma {VMo ñdê$n ~XcV
OmVo.'' ('Action is social in so far as, by virtue of the subjective meaning attached to it
by the individual it takes account ofthe behaviour others and thereby oriented in its
Xwgè`m eãXmV Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, "gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m åhUOo EImÚm ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z KS>Umar Aer
{H«$`m H$s, Or Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {H«$`m Am{U dV©ZmZo à^m{dV Pmcocr AgVo Am{U Ë`mZwgma Ë`m
{H«$`oÀ`m {XeoV ~Xc Pmcocm AgVmo.' Aem àH$mao ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, AmnU AemM {H«$`m§Zm gm_m{OH$
{H«$`m åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, Á`m Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m {H«$`m§_wio à^m{dV, _mJ©X{e©V AJa {ZpíMV Pmcoë`m
AgVmV. Aem àH$mao gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr ì`m»`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va do~aZo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§À`m {ZpíMVrgmR>r
Mma H$gmoQ>çm ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§MmM C„oI gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr d¡{eîQ>ço Agmhr Ho$cm OmVmo.
Ë`m§Mm AmT>mdm AmnUmg Imcrcà_mUo KoVm `oB©c.
course')
49
1.
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m AÝ` ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^yVH$mi, dV©_mZH$mi d ^{dî`H$mimVrc {H«$`m§er
g§~§YrV AgVmV :-
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m, H$s Á`mV H$Ë`m©À`m {H«$`oVrc An`e Am{U {ZpîH«$`Vm g_m{dï> hmoVmV.
BVam§À`m ^yV, dV©_mZ AJa ^{dî`H$mcrZ dV©ZmVyZ AmH$mamg `oVmV. AemàH$mao ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s,
{H«$`ocm gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Ago Vmon`ªV åhUVm `oV Zmhr H$s, Omon`ªV {VMm Xwgè`mÀ`m dV©_mZ, ^yV
AJa ^[dî`mVrc Ano{jV dV©Zmer g§~§Y AgV Zmhr. CXm. nydu Ho$coë`m EImÚm {H«$`oMm ~Xcm
KoÊ`mgmR>r EImÚmZo Xwgè`mda Ho$cocm h„m hm ^yVH$mcrZ KQ>ZoMmM n[anmH$ AgVmo. `m~amo~aM
EImÚm nXdrÀ`m dJm©V àmÜ`mnH$ H$mhr àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chÿZ XoV AgVrc d {dÚmWu {chÿZ KoV
AgVrc Va Vr {H«$`m dV©_mZmer g§~§YrV AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo ^{dî`mV Amnë`m H$mog©Mr n[ajm
XoÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr V`mar H$aÊ`mMr Or {H«$`m H$aUma AmhmV Vr XoIrc ^{dî`H$mcrZ gwa{jVVogmR>rMr
{H«$`m R>aVo. do~a ho hr ñnï> H$aVmo H$s, `m gd© {H«$`m KS>V AgVmZm g§nH$m©V `oUmar Xwgar ì`ŠVr
H$m`_ Amnë`m AmoiIrMr AgocM Ago Zmhr. nU Xwgè`m H$Ë`m©À`m {H«$`mVM Amnë`m {H«$`m§Mm CX`
hmoV AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV gm_m{OH$ OrdZ OJV AgVmZm Amncm AZoH$ cmoH$m§er g§~§Y `oVmo d Ë`mVyZM
H$iV ZH$iV AmnU BVam§À`m {H«$`m§er {_iË`mOwiË`m {H«$`m H$aVmo. `m gd© {H«$`m gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m
`m g§kog nmÌ R>aVmV.
2.
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m `m ì`ŠVtÀ`m {H«$`m§er g§~§YrV AgVmV :-
do~aÀ`m _Vo, H$moUVrhr {H«$`m gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m R>aV Zmhr Omon`ªV Vr AÝ` ì`ŠVrÀ`m {H«$`m§er
g§~§YrV AgV Zmhr. ì`ŠVrMr àË`oH$ {H«$`m _J Vr AJXr CKS> ñdê$nmMr Agcr Var gm_m{OH$
{H«$`m AgVoM Ago Zmhr. `m g§X^m©V ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm do~a åhUVmV H$s, H$Ë`m©Mr {H«$`m hr Oa
{ZOr©d qH$dm A_mZdr` dñVy§À`m g§X^m©V Agoc Va Vr {H«$`m Agm_m{OH$ {H«$`m AgVo. CXm.
_Zwî`mMo Ym{_©H$ dV©Z.
3.
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§V _mZdr g§nH$m©~amo~aM {dMmam§Mr d eãXm§Mr XodmU KodmU hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho :-
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`o~m~V hr {Vgar _hËdmMr H$gmoQ>r Amho. _mZdm_mZdmVrc àË`oH$ {H«$`m hr
gm_m{OH$ ñdê$nmMr AgV Zmhr. VgoM EImÚm XwK©Q>ZoVyZ nañnam§Zm dmMdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Ho$cocr
{H«$`mXoIrc gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m AgV Zmhr. CXm. XmoZ gm`H$cñdmam§Zr Q>ŠH$a hmoVmZm nañnam§Mr AmoiI
ZgVmZmXoIrc nañnam§Zm dmMdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm Ho$cocr {H«$`m gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Zmhr. H$maU Aem
{H«$`oV gm_m{OH$Vm ZgVo Va ñdV:cm hmoUmè`m XwImnVrnmgyZ g§ajU {_idUo hmM hoVy AgVmo. nU
Aem Q>ŠH$arZ§Va Oa Ë`m§À`mV dmXmdmXr d ^m§S>U Pmco Va Vr _mÌ gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m ~ZVo. qH$dm
50
EImÚm ñ_JcaZo nmo{cg Orncm Q>ŠH$a {Xcr d Ë`mV H$mhr OUm§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmcm AJa H$mhr OI_r
Pmco Va _mÌ Vr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m ~ZVo.
4.
AZoH$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar EH$gmaIr {H«$`m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Zìho :-
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m `m AZoH$ ì`ŠVtZr Ho$coë`m EH$gma»`m {H«$`mer qH$dm BVam§Zr à^m{dV
Ho$ë`m_wio KS>coë`m {H«$`oer H$moUVohr gmYå`© Xe©drV ZmhrV. `mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm do~aZo nwTr>c
CXmhaU {Xco Amho. ehamVrc JO~Ocoë`m añË`mZo cmoH$m§Mr `o-Om Mmccocr AgVo. EdT>çmV nmD$g
`oVmo. ~hþg§»` cmoH$ Amnë`mOdirc N>Í`m CKS>VmV. do~a nwT>o ñnï> H$aVmo H$s, nmD$g Amë`mda
cmoH$m§Mr N>Í`m CKS>Ê`mMr {H«$`m hr g_mZ Agcr Var Vr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Zmhr, H$maU Vr
nañnag§~§YmVyZ CX`mcm Amcocr Zmhr. `m~amo~aM dV©_mZnÌmVrc EImÚm ZoË`mMo ^mfU dmMë`mZ§Va
Oa AmnUmg amJ Amcm Am{U Vw_Mm amJ BVam§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo AW©eyÝ` Agoc Va Vr {H«$`m ñdm^m{dH$
_mZmdr cmJoc gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Zìho. WmoS>Š`mV ì`ŠVrÀ`m Á`m {H«$`m AÝ` ì`ŠVtZm VemM {H«$`m
H$aÊ`mg à^m{dV H$aVmV V|ìhm Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m åhUVmV Am{U g_mOemñÌ Ho$di AemM
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§À`m AÜ``Zm§er g§~§YrV Amho.
❒
gmam§e :-
darc gd© dU©Zmdê$Z ho ñnï hmoVo H$s, _°Šg do~aÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m åhUOo Ho$di AemM
{H«$`m H$s, Á`m AÝ` ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^yVH$mi, dV©_mZH$mi d ^{dî`H$mimVrc {H«$`m§er g§~§YrV AgVmV.
Á`m {H«$`m§V _mZdr g§nH$m©~amo~aM {dMmam§Mr d eãXm§Mr XodmU-KodmU hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo Am{U
AZoH$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar EH$gmaIr {H«$`m åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Zìho. AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$
{H«$`m§À`m H$gmoQ>çm§Mm AJa d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnU _°Šg do~aZo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oÀ`m
Ho$coë`m dJuH$aUmMm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.
❒
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo àH$ma
(Types of Social Action)
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg hmM g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg{df`$ Agë`mMo ñnï> Ho$ë`mZ§Va Am{U
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mr ì`m»`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va _°Šg do~aZo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Vrc AW©nyU© A{^_wIVoÀ`m
AmYmamda Ë`m§Mo Mma àH$ma ñnï> Ho$co AmhoV Vo Imcrcà_mUo :
1. ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmXr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m.
2. _yë`m{^_wI gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m.
3. g§doJmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m.
4. na§namdmXr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m.
51
1.
~wÕràm_mÊ`dmXr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m :-
_°Šg do~a `m§À`m _VmZwgma _mZdr {H«$`ocm ~wÕràm_§Ê`dmXr {H«$`m hr g§km AemdoirM
AmnUmg XoVm `oVo H$s,> Ooìhm ì`ŠVr OmUrdnyd©H$ Amncr CncãY gmYZo Am{U gmÜ`o `m§À`mV
`moOZmnyd©H$[aË`m g_m`moOZ àñWm{nV H$ê$Z {H«$`m H$aVo. CXm. g_Om EImÚm ì`ŠVrcm Zdm H$maImZm
gwê$ H$amd`mMm Amho Aer ì`ŠVr àW_ AmnU CËnm{XV H$amd`mÀ`m _mcmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV H$aVo.
Z§Va ~mOmanoR>oV _mcmMr {H$Vr _mJUr hmoB©c VgoM CËnm{XV _mcmÀ`m {dVaUmMo _mJ© H$moUVo `m gd©
~m~tMm gImoc {dMma H$aVo. do~a nwT>o Ago ñnï> H$aVmo H$s, Á`mdoir ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m A{YH$m{YH$
\$m`ÚmMm {dMma H$ê$Z Am{U H$maImÝ`mVrc H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m`©j_VoMm {dMma H$ê$Z {ZU©` KoV
Agoc Va {VMr hr {H«$`m ~wÕràm_m§Ê`dmXr {H«$`m R>aVo.
2.
_yë`m{^_wI gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m :-
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mm hm Xwgam àH$ma AgyZ Aem {H«$`m§V ì`ŠVrda _yë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. Aem
{H«$`oV ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm¢X`m©Ë_H$ Ym{_©H$ qH$dm Z¡{VH$ dV©UwH$sMm g_mdoe hmoVmo H$s, Oo dV©Z g_mOmZo
H$moUË`mhr g§`w{ŠVH$ H$maUm{dZm pñdH$macoco AgVo. `m g§X^m©V A{YH$ ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmZm do~a
åhUVmo H$s, AmnU _yë`m{^_wI {H«$`m H$aVmo H$maU AmnUmH$Sy>Z Aem àH$maÀ`m {H«$`m KS>mì`mV
Am{U Ym{_©H$ d Z¡{VH$ AmXe© {Q>Hy$Z ahmdoV Aer g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z Anojm Ho$cr OmVo. Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m {H«$`m§_Ü`o A§{V_ _yë`mg§~§Yr àíZ Z {dMmaVm Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr OmVo qH$dm ì`ŠVrZo
{d{eï> àH$mao dV©Z Ho$coM nm{hOo Ago J¥hrV Yaco OmVo. CXm. AmnU XaamoO na_oídamMr àmW©Zm
H$aÊ`mZo AJa MM©cm {Z`{_V ^oQ> XoÊ`m_wio Amncm Zo_H$m H$m` \$m`Xm hmoUma ho AmnUmg _m{hV
ZgVo. VarXoIrc AmnU Aem {H«$`m H$aVmo H$maU Ë`m_wio _yë`m§Mo ajU hmoB©c d `m _yë`m_wio
Amnë`mcm EH$Va _moj àmßV hmoB©c Zmhr Va na_oídamda AgUmao Amnco ào_ AJa lÕm ì`ŠV H$aVm
`oB©c Aer Amncr lÕm AgVo. gmam§e {d{eï> {H«$`m AmnU H$m H$aVmo Ë`mMm \$m`Xm H$m`? Aem
àíZm§Mr CÎmao _m{hVr ZgVmZmXoIrc AmnU Á`m {H«$`m H$aVM AgVmo Aem {H«$`m§Zm _yë`m{^_wI
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. Ho$di g_mO_m§Ý` _yë`m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r qhXy§H$Sy>Z {d{dY
gUm§doir Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m _yë`m{^_wI {H«$`m ñnï> H$aVm `oVrc. CXm. g§H«$m§VrV {ViJyiM H$m
dmQ>md`mMo qH$dm Xgè`mcm AmnQ>çmMr nmZo "gmoZo' åhUyZ H$m dmQ>m`Mr `m§Mr CÎmao gmnS>cocr ZgyZ
XoIrc Ho$di g_mO_m§Ý` _yë`o {Q>Hy$Z am{hcr nm{hOoV Am{U g_mOgXñ`m§Zr Amnë`mcm Zmdo R>ody Z`o
åhUyZ Aem {H«$`m AmnU H$aVM AgVmo.
3.
g§doJmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m :g§doJmË_H$ {H«$`m åhUOo Amnco ^mdZmàYmZ dV©Z hmo`. Xwgè`mÀ`m Amnë`m{df`rÀ`m ào_,
52
Ûof, _Ëga AJa eÌwËdmÀ`m {H«$`m§Zm Agcocm Amncm à{VgmX åhUOo g§doJmË_H$ {H«$`m hmo`. Aem
àH$mao dV©Z H$aV AgVmZm {H$Ë`oH$ doim Amnco dV©Z ^mdZm{VaoH$s ñdê$nmMo AJa Ag_§OgnUmMo
AJa Ag§`w{ŠVH$ AgVo. H$mhr doimVa hr ^mdZm{VaoH$Vm BVH$s namH$moQ>rcm nmohmoMcocr AgVo H$s,
Ë`mdoir KS>Umè`m Amnë`m dV©ZmMm ì`ŠVrcm Z§Va níMmVmnhr hmoVmo. amJmÀ`m ^amV Amnë`mH$Sy>Z
KS>coë`m dV©Zm~Ôc ì`ŠVr Z§Va eaq_Xm hmoVmV. gmam§e, ^mdZoÀ`m Amhmar Joë`mZ§Va ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z
hmoUmè`m {H«$`m åhUOo g§doJmË_H$ {H«$`m hmo`.
4.
na§namdmXr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m :-
_°Šg do~aZo {deX Ho$cocm hm gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm Mm¡Wm àH$ma Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vmà_mUo,
na§namdmXr {H«$`m åhUOo Aem {H«$`m H$s, Á`m gm_m{OH$ àWm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ
AmOn`ªV AZoH$ ì`ŠVtÛmao naV naV Ho$ë`m OmV AmhoV. Aem àH$maÀ`m {H«$`m BVam§H$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m
OmVmV åhUyZ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Zhr Ho$ë`m OmVmV. {H$Ë`oH$Xm {d{eîQ> {H«$`m H$aÊ`mMo g_mOmMo AgUmao
XS>nU ì`ŠVrcm {H«$`m H$am`cm ^mJ nmS>Vo. àm_w»`mZo g_mOmÀ`m éT>r, na§nam `m§Mo nmcZ H$aÊ`mMo
XS>nU g_mO ì`ŠVrda Q>mH$V AgVmo. BVa ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z EH$m {d{eï> nÕVrZo {H«$`m H$aÊ`m_wio
AmnUhr VemM àH$maMr {H«$`m ghOJË`m H$aVmo. CXm. na§nam§Mo nmcZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mVrc
JUoemoËgd AJa _{hcm§H$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmUmam dQ>gm{dÌr nmo{U©_m Cndmg `m na§namJV {H«$`mM AmhoV.
gmam§e g_mO_m§Ý` na§nam d àWm `mMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Or {H«$`m Ho$cr OmVo {Vcm
na§namJV {H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.
_°Šg do~aZo Aem àH$mao g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m hmM H|$Ðq~Xy Agë`mMo
ñnï> H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo Mma àH$mamV dJr©H$aU Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§Zo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mo Ho$coco
dJr©H$aU n[anyU© Zmhr. H$maU EImXr {d{eï> {H«$`m d[acn¡H$s XmoZ àH$mam§VXoIrc g_m{dï> hmoD$
eH$Vo. Aer {Q>H$m Ë`mÀ`m `m {gÕm§Vmda Ho$cr OmVo. AWm©V Ë`m§Zo {deX Ho$coco gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMo
àH$ma ho gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mr Mma AmXe© àménoM AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm Ho$di dJuH$aUmÀ`m nmVirdaM
g_OyZ KoVm `oVo.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1 *
1. _°Šg do~a `m§Zr {Xcocr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53
2. _°Šg do~aZr {deX Ho$cocr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr d¡{eîQ>ço {chm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. ~wÕràm_m§Ê`dmXr {H«$`oMr do~aZo Ho$cocr ì`m»`m {chm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. _yë`m{^_wI {H«$`oMm AW© {deX H$am.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. na§namdmXr gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMo CXmhaU Úm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.2.2 gÎmoMo àH$ma
(Types of Authority)
do~aZo Amnë`m "amOH$maUmMo g_mOemñÌ' `m nwñVH$mV à^wËd qH$dm gÎmm `mMo g{dñVa dU©Z
Ho$co Amho. do~aZo H$mhr cmoH$ gÎmoda Amncm A{YH$ma H$m gm§JVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm BVam§H$Sy>Z Amnë`m
Amkm§Mo nmcZ H$adyZ KoÊ`mMm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma cm^cm Amho Ago H$m dmQ>Vo `m ~m~rMo ñnï>rH$aU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmXe© àménm§Mm EH$ n[ajUmË_H$ gmYZ åhUyZ dmna Ho$cm Amho. `m AmYmamdaM Ë`m§Zo
gÎmoMo àH$mahr {deX Ho$co AmhoV.
_°Šg do~a `m§À`m _Vo, ""gÎmm AJa A{YH$ma åhUOo EImÚm {ZpíMV AmkoMo nmcZ Ho$co
OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm hmo`. Aer eŠ`Vm {d{dY hoVy§da AmYmarV AgVo.'' do~aÀ`m _Vo, EImÚmÀ`m A§Jr
AgUmè`m X¡dr JwUm§darc {dídmg, H$mhr doim na§nam AJa àWm§_wio cm^cocr _mÝ`Vm Am{U
H$m`ÚmZo AJa g§`wŠVVodarc {dídmgmZo {_imcocr _mÝ`Vm hr gÎmm AJa A{YH$mamMr CJ_ñWmZo
AmhoV.
54
_°Šg do~aMo amOH$maUmMo g_mOemñÌ ho Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$mamÀ`m AJa gÎmoÀ`m n[ajUmda
AmYm[aV Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vmà_mUo gd© gÎmm hr A§{V_V: VmH$Xrda AmYmacocr AgVo. H$moUË`mhr
gm_m{OH$ AJa amOH$s` ì`dñWogmR>r hr gŠVr H$m`Xoera Amho Aer _m§Ý`Vm {_imdr cmJVo. _°Šg
do~aZo ho ñnï> Ho$co Amho H$s, g_mOmVrc hr gÎmm VrZ _yc^yV _mJmªZr H$m`Xoera Agë`mMo
{ZpíMV H$aVm `oVo. hoM gÎmoMo VrZ àH$ma AmhoV. Á`m§_Ü`o na§nam{Yð>rV, M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` AJa X¡dr
JwUm{Y{ð>V Am{U H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V AJa g§`w{ŠVH$ gÎmm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. do~aZo `m VrZ àH$maÀ`m
gÎmm åhUOo gÎmoÀ`m g¡Õm§{VH$ Aä`mgmgmR>r _m§S>cocr VrZ AmXe© àménoM AmhoV `mda ^a {Xcm
Amho.
`m VrZhr gÎmm àH$mam§~m~VMo g§H$ënZmË_H$ ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm do~aZo ho ñnï> Ho$co Amho H$s,
na§nam{Y{ð>V gÎmm hr g_mOmV àM{cV Agcoë`m na§nam§À`m nm{dÍ`mdarc lÕm Am{U Ë`mMo nmcZ
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r na§naoZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$cocr ì`ŠVr AJa ì`ŠVr g_yh `m§À`m na§nam{Y{ð>V Ý`m`Voda
AmYmacocr AgVo. M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` AJa X¡dr JwUm{Y{ð>V gÎmm hr EImÚm ì`ŠVrcm cm^cocr Agm_m§Ý`
Am{U A{ÛVr` JwUm§da Am{U Ë`m§Zr {Xcoë`m Amkm§À`m Ý`m`Voda AmYmacocr AgVo, Va H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V
gÎmm hr do~aÀ`m eãXmV OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcocm AmXoe Am{U Ë`m AmXoemÛmao gyMZm
XoÊ`mgmR>r {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcocr ì`ŠVr AJa ì`ŠVr g_yh `mda AmYm[aV AgVo.
_°Šg do~aZo {deX Ho$coco gÎmm qH$dm A{YH$mamMo àH$ma Imcrcà_mUo AmhoV.
1.
na§nam{Y{ð>V gÎmm
(Traditional Authority)
:-
hr gÎmm gm_m{OH$ AmXoem§À`m n{dÌVodarc lÕm Am{U na§nam§Zr Aem AmXoemcm {Xcocm
{deof A{YH$ma AJa hŠH$ `mda AmYmarV AgVo. do~aZo Hw$cn{V gÎmog `m gÎmmàH$mamMo {dewÕ
ñdê$n _mZco Amho. `m_Ü`o {d{dY ñVamVrc cmoH$ gm§àXm{`H$ g§~§Ym§Zr EH$Ì Amcoco AgVmV.
gÎmm ñWmZmda AgUmar ì`ŠVr {Ocm "cm°S>©' åhUyZ g§~moYco OmVo. Vr BVam§da gÎmm JmOdV AgVo.
BVHo$M Zìho Va cmoH$ cm°S>©À`m Amkm§Mo nmcZ H$aVmV H$maU Ë`mÀ`m gÎmocm na§nam§Zr _m§Ý`Vm
{Xcocr AgVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va Ë`mÀ`m Amkm§XoIrc na§nam§ZrM {ZpíMV Ho$coë`m AgVmV. ^maVmV
~«m÷Um§Zm na§naoZo gdm}ÀM gÎmm cm^cr hmoVr. `m~amo~aM {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~mV {nË`mcm na§naoZoM
gÎmm cm^cocr AgVo Am{U hr gÎmm {nË`mZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m _moR>çm _wcmH$S>o hñVm§V[aV hmoV AgVo. Aem
àH$mao "na§nam{Y{ð>V gÎmm H$s, Or Ho$di na§nam§Zr {ZpíMV Ho$cr OmVo. g_mOmÀ`m Aem na§nam§da
{dídmg AgVmo. nU H$m`ÚmZo `m gÎmoMr Ý`m`Vm {gÕ H$aVm `oV Zmhr.' CXm. {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~mVrc
{nË`mMr gÎmm.
55
2.
M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` AJa X¡dr JwUm{Y{ð>V gÎmm
(Charistratic Authority)
:-
_°Šg do~aZo {deX Ho$cocm hm gÎmoMm Xwgam AmXe© àH$ma Amho. M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` AJa X¡dr
JwUm{Y{ð>V gÎmm hr nyU©nUo d¡`{ŠVH$ ñdê$nmMr gÎmm AgyZ ZoË`mÀ`m Acm¡{H$H$ gm_Ï`m©da AZw`m`m§Mm
Agcocm {dídmg hm `m gÎmoMm _w»` AmYma Amho. Aem gd©ñdr d¡`{ŠVH$ d AmË_{ZîR> ñdê$nmÀ`m
gÎmoMo Ad¡`{ŠVH$ ê$nm§Va hmoD$Z M_VH¥$VrOÝ` AJa X¡dr JwUm{Y{îR>V gÎmm ApñVËdmV `oVo. H$mhr
ì`{ŠV§À`m A§Jr Agm_m§Ý`, Acm¡{H$H$ JwU AgVmV qH$dm AÜ`m{Ë_H$ M_ËH$ma KS>{dÊ`mMo _Z Am{U
dmUr `m§Mo {dcjU gm_Ï`© AgVo `mda hr gÎmm AmYmacocr AgVo. Amnë`mOdi Agcoë`m Aem
JwUm§Mm {dH$mg ì`{ŠVH$Sy>Z Aem àH$mao Ho$cm OmVmo H$s, AnmoAmnM {VÀ`mH$S>o BVa ì`ŠVr AmH${f©V
hmoVmV, Z_« hmoVmV d Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo {Xcoë`m Amkm§Mo nmcZ H$ê cmJVmV. EImXm Y_©Jwê$, `wÕmVrc
ZoVm Am{U amOH$s` ZoVm hr `m gÎmm àH$mamMr {dewÕ ê$no AmhoV. `m gÎmm àH$mamV AmXoe XoUmam
ZoVm AgVmo d BVam§H$Sy>Z Ë`mÀ`m AmXoem§Mo V§VmoV§V nmcZ Ho$co OmVo. na§nam AJa H$m`ÚmÀ`m
Ý`m`Ëdm_wio Zìho Va `m ZoË`mÀ`m A§Jr AgUmè`m Acm¡{H$H$ JwUm§_wioM Ë`mÀ`m Amkm§Mo nmcZ
BVam§H$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. åhUyZM Omon`ªV Ago Acm¡{H$H$ JwU Ë`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m A§Jr AgVmV qH$dm
Omon`ªV M_ËH$ma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o j_Vm Amho Agm cmoH$m§Mm {dídmg AgVmo Vmon`ªV
cmoH$ Ë`mÀ`m Amkm§Mo nmcZ H$aV AgVmV. Aem àH$maMr M_VH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmm cm^cocr AZoH$
CXmhaUo AmnUmg g_mOmV AmT>iyZ `oVmV. CXm. `oey {¼ñV, Jm¡V_ ~wÕ, g§V Zm_Xod, kmZoída,
VwH$mam_, ^JdmZ _hmdra, {edmOr _hmamO Am{U _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§À`m M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmocm Ë`m
H$mimVrc cmoH$m§Zr _mÝ`Vm {Xcr hmoVr. gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimVhr gË` gmB©~m~m, AmMm`© aOZre,
nm§Sy>a§JemñÌr AmR>dco BVHo$M Zìho Va ~mimgmho~ R>mH$ao Am{U amO R>mH$ao `m§À`m AZw`m`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m
M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmocm _m§Ý`Vm {Xë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. gmam§e ""M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmm hr ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr
Agcoë`m Acm¡{H$H$ d Agm_m§Ý` JwUm§da AmYmacocr AgVo d Omon`ªV Ë`m§À`m A§Jr `m eŠVr
AmhoV Agm Ë`m§À`m AZw`m`m§Mm {dídmg AgVmo Vmon`ªV Vo Aem ZoË`m§À`m Amkm§Mo nmcZ H$aV
AgVmV.''
3.
H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmm
(Legal Authority)
:-
gÎmoMm hm {Vgam àH$ma AgyZ Vmo H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Voda AmYm[aV AgVmo. ZmoH$aemhrH$Sy>Z `m
gÎmmàH$mamÀ`m {dewÕ ñdê$nmMo à{V{Z{YÎd Ho$co OmVo. `m_Yrc _yi H$ënZm Aer Amho H$s,
Am¡nMm[aH$ nÕVtMm dmna H$ê$Z H$m`Xo {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVmV AJa ~Xcco OmVmV. Aem ñdê$nmMo
H$m`Xo H$aUmao H$m`©H$mar _§S>i ho EH$Va cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {ZdS>coOmVo AJa {Z`wŠV Ho$co OmVo. Am{U Ë`m§Zm
g§`w{ŠVH$ g§KQ>Z åh§Q>co OmVo. Aem g§KQ>Zm§_Ü`o AmT>iUmar AmkmYmaH$Vm hr H$moUË`mhr EImÚm
ì`ŠVr_wio {Z_m©U hmoV ZgVo Va cmJy H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m H$m`Xm Am{U {Z`_m§_wio {Z_m©U Pmcocr
56
AgVo. Aem àH$maÀ`m AmXoem§_Ü`o ho {ZpíMV Ho$coco AgVo H$s, H$moUr H$moUË`m AmXoem§Mo nmcZ H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. gÎmmñWmZmda Agcoë`m ì`ŠVrcm XoIrc EImXm AmXoe XoVmZm {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$amdo
cmJVo. Ago {Z`_ Am{U H$m`Xo A_yV© {Z`_Zm§À`m ñdê$nmV AgVmV. `m gÎmmàH$mamMo ñnï>rH$aU
H$aVmZm do~a nwT>o ho ñnï> H$aVmo H$s, Aem {R>H$mUr {Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcocm A{YH$mar hm Ë`mÀ`m
joÌmVrc à{ejrV Vk AgVmo. Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m loUrVrc ñWmZmZwgma EH$ {ZpíMV nJma {Xcm OmVmo.
àemgZmV H$m`©aV Agcoë`m [d{dY A{YH$mar ì`ŠVr hr `m gÎmmàH$mamMr CËH¥$ï> CXmhaUo AmhoV.
_°Šg do~aÀ`m darc gÎmm àH$mam§darc Ñ{ï>H$moUmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmZm copìhg E. H$moPa `m§Zr
Ë`m§À`m "_mñQ>g© Am°\$ gmo{eAm°cm°{OH$c Wm°Q>' `m nwñVH$mV Ago _V _m§S>co Amho H$s, do~aZo gÎmoÀ`m
{dewÕ àH$mam§Mo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$co Amho. nU Ë`mcm `mMr OmUrd hmoVr H$s, àË`jmV gÎmoÀ`m
Ý`m`Vo~m~V ~aoMXm g§{_lVm AmT>iyZ `oVo. Oar {hQ>cacm cm^cocr gÎmm hr Ë`mÀ`m A§Jr Agcoë`m
Acm¡{H$H$ JwUm§_wio cm^ë`mgmaIr dmQ>V Agcr Var Ë`mcm O_©Z H$m`ÚmVrc H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mo VgoM
cmoH$ na§nam§Mo nmR>~ihr cm^co hmoVo.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-4 *
1. _°Šg do~aZo ñnï> Ho$coë`m AmXe© gÎmm àH$mam§Mr Zmdo {chm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. nma§nm[aH$ gÎmm g§H$ënZoMm do~aZo {Xcocm AW© {chm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. _°Šg do~aZo {deX Ho$coë`m M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmmàH$mamÀ`m {dewÕ ñdê$nmMr CXmhaUo {chm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmmàH$mamMo {dewÕ ñdénmVrc à{V{ZYrH$ CXmhaU H$moUVo Vo {chm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57
4.2.3 Y_m©Mm {gÕm§V Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
(Theory of Religion and
Social Change)
_°Šg do~a `m§Zr Y_m©Mm Aä`mg A{YH$ Ho$cm, H$maU Vo ñdV: Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m
Y_©{df`H$ Aä`mgmVcm _hÎdmMm ^mJ åhUOo, Ë`m§Zr OJmVrc à_wI {d{dY Y_mªÀ`m_Yrc nañna
g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z, ^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Ho$di nmíMmË` OJVm_Ü`oM H$m? Am{U
H$gm Pmcm? `mg§~§YrMo {dícofU Ho$co. OJmVrc {¼íMZ, _wñcr_, ~m¡ÜX, Á`y ~m¡ÜX `mgma»`m à_wI
Y_mªMo gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñVamda {dícofU H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr Ë`m-Ë`m Y_m©Vrc {dMmagaUr Am{U
Ë`mZwgma KSy>Z `oUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m H¥$Vr_wio gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Am{U g_mO aMZm `m§À`m_Ü`o H$em
ñdê$nmMo n[adV©Z KSy>Z `oVo, `mg§~§Yr ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$co. _°Šg do~a `m§Mm Y_m©Mm {gÜXm§V OmUyZ
KoVmZm, nmíMmË` g_mOm_Ü`o AgUmè`m Y_m©Mr {dMmagaUr Am{U Ë`mZwgma Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m ì`ŠVtÀ`mda
Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mm nS>cocm à^md `mVyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr ^m§S>dcemhrMm CJ_ H$gm Pmcm? hm à_wI
{dMma Ë`m§À`m {gÜXm§Vm_Ü`o ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho.
❒
Y_© Am{U ^m§S>dcemhrMm CJ_ :_°Šg do~a `m§Zr Y_© Am{U ^m§S>dcemhr `m§À`mVrc nañnag§~§YmMo {dícofU H$aVmZm 1. `wamon I§S>m_Ü`o AgUmè`m {¼íMZ Y_m©Vrc àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>n§Wr` {dMmagaUrMm n[aUm_
åhUyZ `wamon_Yrc AW©ì`dñWm H$em àH$mao à^m{dV Pmcr? qH$dm Vr A{YH$ à_mUmV
H$er ^a^amQ>rg Amcr?
2. Am{e`m I§S>m_Ü`o MrZ Am{U ^maVmgma»`m XoemVrc qhXÿ Am{U VmAmo, H$Zâ`w{e`Z
Ym{_©H$ {dMmagaUtMm Ë`m-Ë`m XoemVrc AW©ì`dñWm {dH${gV hmoÊ`mda H$emàH$mao à^md
nS>Vmo?
3. àË`oH$ _mZdr g_mOmV Agcoë`m Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mm à^md g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m {dMma
Am{U H¥$Vrda H$emàH$mao KSy>Z `oV AgVmo? Ë`m_Ü`o _w»`V: Am{W©H$ H¥$VtÀ`mda hmoUmam
à^md H$em ñdê$nmMm AgVmo?
4. àm_w»`mZo Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§Mm à^md OJmVrc gd© _mZdr g_mOm§À`m_Ü`o H$gm Pmcocm
AmT>iVmo?
5. _°Šg do~a `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Y_©{df`H$ Aä`mgm_Ü`o _w»`V: nmíMmÎ` OJVmVrc àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>
{¼íMZ Y_m©Vrc {dMmagaUrMm Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`mda
58
nS>cocm à^md A{YH$ d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm Agë`mZo Ë`mMm g_mOmMm BVa joÌmda XoIrc
AàË`j n[aUm_ {XgyZ `oVmo.
6. `mCcQ> nmíMmË` OJVmIoarO AgUmao Oo Xoe AWdm g_mO AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m_Yë`m
Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§À`m n[aUm_m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm AgVm, Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§_wio
Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m g_mOm§_Ü`o d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUm§Mm A^md AmT>iyZ `oVmo.
❒
H$mc© _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§darc do~a `m§Mr Q>rH$m :-
^m§S>dcemhr AWdm Am{W©H$ H$maUm§Mm H$mc© _mŠg© `m§Zr g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aVmZm, Ë`m§Zr
OJmVrc _mZdr g_mOm_Ü`o ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm hr H$em àH$mao {dnarV n[aUm_ H$aUmar AgVo?
`mg§~§YrMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVmZm H$mc© _mŠg© `m§Zr aMZmË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ ^m§S>dcemhrMo ñdê$n ñnîQ>
H$aVmZm, ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dH$mgm_wio Ë`m g_mOmVrc {ejU g§ñWm, emgZ g§ñWm, Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh,
Y_©, OmVr BVa gd© ñdê$nmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`mda n[aUm_ {XgyZ `oV AgVmo Agm EH$V\$s© {dMma
_m§S>cocm {XgVmo.
_°Šg do~a `m§Zr _mÌ H$mc© _mŠg©À`m Ho$di Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao Ho$coë`m _mZdr g_mO
aMZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU _mÝ` Z H$aVm, Ym{_©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm AmYma KoV AgVmZm, g_mOmVrc Ym{_©H$
{dMmam§Mm ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmer Omo g§~§Y AgVmo, Vmo KQ>H$ XoIrc {VVH$mM _hÎdmMm g_Ocm Omdm
Ago _V _m§S>co. H$maU ^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWm, OJmVrc gd© _mZdr g_mOm§_Ü`o gma»`m à_mUmV
{dH${gV Pmcocr Zmhr. nmíMmÎ` OJVm_Ü`o {VMm A{YH$ {dH$mg hmoÊ`m_Ü`o, Ë`m {R>H$mUr AgUmar
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼íMZ Y_m©Mr _yë`o d {dMma à^mdr Agë`m H$maUmZo Ë`m g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m Ym{_©H$
H¥$Vr Am{U {dMmam§Mm Vmo n[aUm_ Amho H$s, Omo OJm_Ü`o BVaÌ AgUmè`m _mZdr g_mOmVrc Ym{_©H$
H¥$Vr Am{U {dMmam§_Ü`o {XgyZ `oV Zgë`m_wio Ë`m {R>H$mUr ^m§S>dcemhrMm åhUmdm Ë`m à_mUmV
à^md AmT>iyZ `oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$mc© _mŠg© `m§À`m Ho$di Am{W©H$ {ZU©` dmXmMo I§S>Z _°Šg do~a
`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Y_© {gÕm§Vm_Ü`o Ho$co Amho.
❒
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_© Am{U OJmVrc BVa Y_© `m§À`m Ym{_©H$ H$ënZm§À`m_Yrc \$aH$
_°Šg do~a `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m Y_m©g§~§YrÀ`m {dícofUmV _w»`V: nmíMmË` Xoem§_Ü`o AgUmè`m
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼íMZ Y_mªMr {dMmagaUr Am{U _yë`o `m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVmZm, Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m g_mOmVrc
ì`ŠVtÀ`m Ym{_©H$ dV©ZmMm emoY KoVmZm àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Ym{_©H$ {dMmagaUr _w»`V: ^m¡{VH$ {díd Am{U
Ë`m_Yë`m ^m¡{VH$ dñVy§nmgyZ {_iUmao gwI ZmH$maV Zmhr. CcQ>, Vr àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVtcm H$m`©
59
H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm XoUmar Agë`mZo, ^m¡{VH$ gwIm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUmar H$ënZm àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼íMZ {dMmagaUr
_m§S>V Zmhr. CcQ> H$m§hr Y_© _w»`V: Am{e`m I§S>mVrc qhXÿ Am{U MrZ_Yrc "VmAmo' Ym{_©H$
{dMmagaUr, ^m¡{VH$ {dídmVrc gwIm§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$cm VaM gwI {_iy eH$Vo Agm {dMma _m§S>V
Agë`m_wio Vo Y_© ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$m`m©cm àoaUm Z XoVm, Ë`m§Zm JyT>dmXmH$S>o (Mysticism) KodyZ OmUmao
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg BVa Xoem§nojm nmíMmË` Xoem§À`m_Ü`o OmñV à_mUmV Pmcocm
AmT>iVmo.
❒
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_mªMr VÎdo Am{U ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg
_°Šg do~a `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m "The Protestant Ethic and Sprit of Capitalism" `m J«§Wm_Ü`o
{¼íMZ Y_m©Mm n§W åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§WmÀ`m {dMmagaUrMm à^md åhUyZ
nmíMmÎ` OJVm_Ü`o ^m§S>dcemhrcm MmcZm {_imcr. WmoS>Š`mV, do~a `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m _m§S>Ur_Ü`o Y_©
Am{U AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhr `m§À`mVrc nañna g§~§YmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aVmZm, Y_m©Mo gm_m{OH$
n[adV©Zm_Ü`o AgUmao _hÎd ñnîQ> Ho$co.
_°Šgdo~a `m§À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm åhUOo Aem ñdê$nmMr ì`dñWm AgVo H$s,
Á`m_Ü`o _wŠV ~mOmanoR>m, ì`mdgm{`H$ ñdmV§Í`mMr _w^m, Am{U {ddoH$dmXr (Rationality) {dMmam§da
MmcUmar ì`dñWm Amho. Ë`m_wio àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©À`m {eH$dUrVyZ Ho$di nmíMmË` g_mOmMm Am{W©H$
{dH$mg Pmcm Zmhr Va Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m {R>H$mUr d¡km{ZH$ àJVr, H$m`Xo ì`dñWm, H$cm Am{U
dmñVyemñÌ dmL²>_`, {ejU Am{U emgZ ì`dñWm XoIrc Ë`m à_mUmV àJV Pmë`m.
The Protestant Ethics is not about rise of modern capitalism but is about the
origin of peculiar spirit that eventually made modern rational capitalism expand
and come to dominate the economy.
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mr {ZVrVÎdo AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m CX`mMo H$maU ZgyZ Vr ZrVrVÎdo
Aem ñdê$nmMr EH$ àoaUm Amho H$s, Á`m_YyZ nmíMmÎ` {dídm_Ü`o ^m§S>dcemhrcm {ddoH$dmXmMm
AmYma {_imë`mZo ^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ hmoD$Z Vr OJm_Ü`o dM©ñd {Z_m©U
H$aUmar AW©ì`dñWm åhUyZ àJV Pmcr. nmíMmÎ` {dídmV ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mnmR>r_mJo
Or H$m§hr BVa H$maUo doJdoJiçm Aä`mgH$m§Zr _m§S>cr hmoVr, Ë`m_Ü`o ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm, ì`ŠVtÀ`m
A§J^yV AgUmè`m JwUm§Mm XoIrc {dMma _m§S>cm hmoVm, na§Vw `m gd© H$maUm§Mm do~a `m§Zr ñdrH$ma
Ho$cm ZìhVm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Aem ñdê$nmMr pñWVr nmíMmÎ` {dídmIoarO BVaÌ g_mOm_Ü`o XoIrc
hmoVr.
60
_°Šg do~a `m§À`m _Vo, nmíMmÎ` {dídmV ^m§S>dcemhrcm {_imcocr àoaUm hr Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m
ì`ŠVtÀ`m Am{W©H$ hì`mgmVyZ Amcocr ZgyZ, àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_mªÀ`m Z¡{VH$ {eH$dUwH$sVyZ Amcocr Amho.
Ë`m_wio ì`mdgm{`H$ CÚmoJY§Xm H$aUmao CÚmoOH$ Am{U Ë`m§Zm {_iUmar ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZVr_yë`o
Aem ñdê$nmMr hmoVr H$s, ì`dgm`m_Ü`o {_idcm OmUmam Z\$m Ho$di ñdmWm©nmoQ>r ¿`md`mMm ZgVmo
Va Vmo ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZVr_yë`m§Zm Yê$Z Agcm nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio nmíMmÎ` {dídmIoarO BVaÌ Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmMr àJVr Z hmoÊ`mMo Oo H$maU ì`mdgm{`H$ Z\$m qH$dm ì`dgm` H$aÊ`m_Ü`o AgUmam Zâ`mMm
hì`mg Agë`mZo Ë`m {R>H$mUr ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm \$maer àJV hmoD$ eH$cr Zmhr.
❀
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mr {eH$dU AWdm {ZVrVÎdo
àmoQ>ño Q>Q§ > Y_m©_Ü`o, ì`dgm`m_Ü`o {_idcm OmUmam Z\$m hm {ddoH$erc nÜXVrZo Am{U ì`dñWm~ÜX
ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. `mIoarO1. doi hmM n¡gm Amho
(Time is Money)
2. CÚmoOH$ ~Zm
(Be Industrious)
3. H$mQ>H$ga H$am
(Be Frugal)
4. dŠVera ahm
(Be Punctual)
5. àm_m{UH$ ahm
(Be Fair)
6. g§nÎmr H$_dm Am{U dmT>dm
(Increase the Wealth)
Aer `m Y_m©Mr {eH$dU Amho.
_°Šg do~a `m§À`m _Vo, nmíMmÎ` {dídm_Ü`o, àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_mªÀ`m {ZVrVÎdm_wio Á`m ñdê$nmMr
^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm CX`mg Amcr hmoVr, {VMo ñdê$n ^maV Am{U MrZ_Ü`o CX`mg Amcoë`m
^m§S>dcemhrgmaIo Zmhr, H$maU Ë`mcm àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Ym{_©H$ {Z{VVÎdo H$maUr^yV AmhoV H$s, Or
nmíMmÎ` {dídm~mhoaÀ`m g_mOm_Ü`o ZmhrV. VgoM nmíMmÎ` {dídmV Agcoë`m {¼íMZ Y_m©Zo
hoVwnwañga ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm ñWmnZ Ho$cr ZgyZ Ë`m§À`m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_mªÀ`m {ZVrVÎdm§Mm Vmo
n[aUm_ Amho. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mOaMZm `m§À`m_Ycm g§~§YmMm {dMma H$aVm, ì`ŠVtÀ`m H¥$Vr
Am{U dV©ZmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ g_mOaMZm {d{eîQ> ñdê$n YmaU H$aVo. na§Vw Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV
g_mOaMZoMm {dñVma Am{U ì`mnH$Vm ì`ŠVrÀ`m {Z`§ÌUm~mhoa Joë`m_wio Vr ì`ŠVrda dM©ñd
àñWm{nV H$ê$ cmJVo.
àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©À`m {ZVrVÎdm_Ü`o X¡ddmXmer g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§Mm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVmZm "ì`ŠVrMo
61
Zer~ AWdm Y_© nyd©{Z`mo{OV AgVmo.' Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m {dMmam§Zm hm Y_© ñWmZ XoV Zmhr, CcQ>
ì`ŠVrcm H$R>moa n[al_ H$aÊ`mMr {eH$dU XoVmo. Ë`m_wioM ì`ŠVrMm Am{U n`m©`mZo g_mOmMm Am{W©H$
{dH$mg KSy>Z `oVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {Z{VVÎdo H$moUm EH$m ì`ŠVrer g§~§{YV ZgyZ gm_y{hH$ ñVamda
AmMaUmV AmUÊ`mMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vr EH$ ì`dgm` ZrVr (Business Ethics) åhUyZ
AmoiIcr OmVo. VgoM Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y hm Oar ^m§S>dcemhrMm _yi CÔoe Agcm Var, Vmo ì`ŠVrJV
\$m`ÚmMm ^mJ ZgyZ, Vmo EH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZVrMm ^mJ g_Ocm Jocm Amho.
AemàH$mao _°Šg do~a `m§Zr Y_m©À`m Aä`mgmVyZ gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ n[adV©Z H$em
ñdê$nmV KSy>Z `oVo H$s, `mMr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm Ho$di Am{W©H$ KQ>Zm§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$ê$Z H$mc© _mŠg©
`m§Zr Oo ^m§S>dcemhrMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> Ho$co hmoVo, Ë`m~ÔcMo Amnco {dMma ñnîQ> H$aVmZm "Y_©' hm
XoIrc KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm R>aVmo, ho Ë`m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xco.
❒
^maV Am{U MrZ_Ü`o ^m§S>dcemhrMm CJ_ H$m Pmcm Zmhr?
Á`mdoir nmíMmÎ` {dídmV, ^m§S>dcemhrMm CJ_ hm Ë`m {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼íMZ
Y_m©À`m {eH$dUr_YyZ Pmcm Ago _V do~a `m§Zr EH$m ~mOycm _m§S>co, Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr Am{e`m
I§S>mV AgUmè`m à_wI XmoZ ^maV Am{U MrZ `m g_mOmVrc Ym{_©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Mr VwcZm nmíMmÎ` {dídmer Ho$cr Am{U Amnë`m Ym{_©H$ {gÜXm§VmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$cm.
❒
Y_© Am{U MrZ_Yrc ^m§S>dcemhr
_°Šg do~a `m§À`m _Vo, nmíMmÎ` Xoem§À`m BVH$s ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm
Agcocm "MrZ' hm EH$ Agm g_mO hmoVm H$s, Á`m XoemV H$m`©j_ cmoH$g§»`m, CÚmoJ ì`mnmar g§ñWm,
_Zwî` ~i Am{U _m¡ë`dmZ YmVy§Mr CncãYVm, {edm` BVa ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm AgVmZmXoIrc Ë`m
{R>H$mUr ^m§S>dcemhr CX`mg H$m Amcr Zmhr? _°Šg do~a `m§Zr Á`mdoir `m KQ>ZoMm emoY KoVcm,
Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Amco H$s, MrZ g_mOmVrc ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m AmS> `oUmè`m
gm_m{OH$, aMZmË_H$, Ym{_©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg hmoD$
eH$cm Zmhr.
MrZ_Ü`o g§nyU©V: ^m§S>dcemhrMm A^md ZìhVm, Ë`m {R>H$mUr lr_§V CÚmoOH$ Am{U ì`mnmar
hmoVo. na§Vw d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo H$m_ H$aUmè`m ^m§S>dcemhr KQ>H$m§Mm Am{U ~mOmanoR>m§Mm A^md
hmoVm. Ë`m_wio MrZMr ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`m§À`m{edm` ApñVËdmV hmoVr.
62
❒
MrZ_Yrc ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dH$mgmVrc aMZmË_H$ AS>Wio
1. MrZ g_wXm`mVrc nma§nm[aH$ eoVr AW©ì`dñWm, ZmVog§~§Ymda AmYm[aV Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dñWm,
H|$ÐemgZmMm hñVjon Zgë`m_wio, nma§nm[aH$ MrZ g_wXm` AW©ì`dñWm àJV ZìhVr.
2. MrZ_Yrc emgZì`dñWm hr na§namJV, dmagm nÜXVrda AmYm[aV, njnmVr Am{U
{d{eîQ> g_yhm§Mo dM©ñd _mÝ` H$aUmar Agë`mZo, ^m§S>dcmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r åhUyZ
Amdí`H$ AgUmar Or EH$ àemgH$s` H$m`Úmda AmYm[aV d¡km{ZH$ ñdê$nmMm
ÑpîQ>H$moU R>odyZ {dH$mg H$aUmar ì`dñWm AgVo, {VMm A^md Agë`mZo ^m§S>dcemhr
{dH${gV Pmcr Zmhr. VgoM H$m`Xo ì`dñWm ^m§S>dcemhrcm nyaH$ ZìhVr. ZmoH$aemhrMm,
^m§S>dcemhrcm A§VJ©V AgUmam {damoY Am{U ì`ŠVrJV Z\$m {_idÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ
am~dcocr ^m§S>dcemhr BË`mXr H$maUm§_wio ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$V ZìhVm.
❒
"H$Zâ`w{e`Z' Am{U "VmAmo' Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§Mm AS>Wim
^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ Á`m EH$m {d{eîQ> àJV d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo, Ë`mMm A^md MrZ g_wXm`m_Ü`o "H$Zâ`w{e`Z' Am{U "VmAmo' `m XmoZ Ym{_©H$
g_wXm`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ {dMmam§À`m_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVm.
1. MrZ_Ü`o "H$Zâ`w{e`Z' Y_© g_wXm` nwñVH$s kmZmda A{YH$ ^a XoV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Vm§{ÌH$
kmZmMm Ë`m_Ü`o A^md hmoVm. `m Y_© g_wXm`mMo MrZ amÁ` KQ>Zoda dM©ñd Agë`mZo
^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dH$mgmcm åhUyZ Omo àJV d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU {dMmamV ¿`mdm cmJVmo.
Vmo MrZ emgZ ì`dñWocm KoVm `oV ZìhVm. WmoS>Š`mV, _°Šg do~a `m§À`m _Vo, "H$Zâ`w{e`Z'
Ym{_©H$ _yë`o MrZ na§naocm IVnmUr KmcÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV hmoVr.
2. MrZ_Ü`o "VmAmo' Y_© g_wXm` Am{U Ë`m§Mr _yë`o, dmñVd {dídmnmgyZ AcJ hmoVr d
Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y Acm¡{H$H$ B©ídaeŠVrer OmoS>cm OmV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmMm
A^md Agë`mZo Vmo dmñVd {dídmnmgyZ ì`ŠVtZm doJi`m _mZ{gH$ AdñWoH$S>o KoD$Z
OmUmam hmoVm. VgoM "VmAmo' Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m _yë`mZwgma "Do not introduce
innovation" åhUOo ZdrZm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$ê$ Z`o, n[adV©ZmEodOr nma§nm[aH$ {dMmam§er
EH$ê$n ahmdo, Agm g§Xoe XoUmam Agë`mZo, ^m§S>dcemhr {dH$mgmcm hr VÎdo nmofH$
ZìhVr. WmoS>Š`mV, "H$Zâ`w{e`Z' Am{U "VmAmo'gma»`m MrZ_Yë`m Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m
Ym{_©H$ _yë`m§À`m {eH$dUrVyZ ì`ŠVtZm ZdrZ g¥OZerc H$aÊ`m_Ü`o An`e Amë`m_wio,
^m§S>dcemhrMm MrZ_Ü`o {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
63
❒
^maVr` g_wXm`mVrc Y_© Am{U ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg
^maVr` g_mOm_Ü`o ^m§S>dcemhrMr _yë`o Z éOÊ`mMr AZoH$ H$maUo _°Šg do~a `m§Zr ñnîQ>
Ho$cr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo1. ^maVm_Ü`o AgUmar OmVr ì`dñWm Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$ JVrercVoMm A^md, VgoM
^maVmVrc CÀM OmVrÀ`m, OmVr{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ ì`dgm`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ
BË`mXr_wio ^m§S>dcemhrcm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVm. qhXÿ Y_m©Vë`m nwZ©OÝ_mÀ`m
g§H$ënZo_wio Or ì`ŠVr CÀM AWdm H${ZîR> OmVr_Ü`o OÝ_mcm `oVo, `mMo H$maU Ë`m
ì`ŠVrMo JVOÝ_mVrc H$_© AgVo. Ë`m_wio Á`m ì`ŠVr CÀM OmVr_Ü`o OÝ_mcm `ody eH$V
ZmhrV, Ë`m Amncm {dH$mg H$ê$Z Kody eH$V ZìhË`m.
2. nma§nm[aH$ {¼íMZ Y_m©à_mUoM ^maVmVrc qhXÿ Y_© hm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrc Zd-ZdrZ
emoY Am{U n[adV©Zmcm {damoY H$aUmam Agë`mH$maUmZo, ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg
hmoV ZìhVm. Aem àH$mao ^maVr` qhXÿ Y_© ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Yrc H$m¡eë`m§Zm H$_r dmd
XoUmam Agë`mZo, d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVm.
* ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3 *
❒
OmoS>çm Owidm.
"A' JQ>
"~' JQ>
1. nmíMmË` g_mOmVrc ^m§S>dcemhrMm
{dH$mg
(A) MrZ_Yrc ^m§S>dcemhr {dH$mgmVrc
AS>Wim
2. MrZ_Yrc "VmAmo' Ym{_©H$ {dMma_yë`o
(~) àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mr {ZVr
3. qhXÿ Y_m©Vrc OmVrì`dñWm
(H$) _°Šg do~a
4. H$mQ>H$ga H$am
(S>) ^maVmVrc ^m§S>dcemhr {dH$mgmVrc
AS>Wim
5. ì`ŠVrdV©ZmMm Aä`mgH$
(B) àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mr _yë`o.
64
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mm AW©
(Glossary)
✺
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m : ì`{ŠVH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar Aer {H«$`m gm_m{OH$ g_Omdr H$s,
O|ìhm {VÀ`mer à{VH$mË_H$ qH$dm AW©nyU© g§~§Y Amcocm AgVmo Am{U {VÀ`mda BVam§Mm
n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Ë`mZwgma {VMo ñdê$n ~XcV OmVo.
✺
~wÕràm_m§Ê`dmXr {H«$`m : ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmXr {H«$`m åhUOo Aer {H«$`m H$s, Ooìhm ì`ŠVr
OmUrdnyd©H$ Amncr CncãY gmYZo Am{U gmÜ`o `m§À`mV `moOZmnyd©H$[aË`m g_m`moOZ
àñWm{nV H$ê$Z {H«$`m H$aVo.
✺
_yë`m{^_wI {H«$`m : _yë`m{^_wI gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m åhUOo Aem {H«$`m H$s, Á`m§_Ü`o
ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm¢X`m©Ë_H$, Ym{_©H$ {H$§dm Z¡{VH$ dV©UwH$sMm g_mdoe hmoVmo Am{U Oo dV©Z
g_mOmZo H$moUË`mhr g§`w{ŠVH$ H$maUm{dZm pñdH$macoco AgVo.
✺
g§doJmË_H$ {H«$`m : g§doJmË_H$ {H«$`m åhUOo Amnco ^mdZmàYmZ dV©Z hmo`.
✺
na§namdmXr {H«$`m : gm_m{OH$ àWm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo AZoH$ ì`ŠVrÛmao Ho$cr OmUmar {H«$`m.
✺
gÎmm : gÎmm AJa A{YH$ma åhUOo EImÚm {ZpíMV AmkoMo nmcZ Ho$co OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
hmo`.
✺
nma§nm[aH$ gÎmm : Or gÎmm na§naoZo {Xcr OmVo {Vcm nma§nm[aH$ gÎmm åhUVmV.
✺
M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmm : EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Jr AgUmè`m Acm¡{H$H$ JwUm§_wio
g_mOgXñ`m§H$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm ~hmc Ho$cr OmUmar gÎmm åhUOo M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmm hmo`.
✺
H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmm : H$m`Xm AJa {Z`_ `m§À`m AmYmao EImÚm ì`ŠVrcm OmUrdnyd©H$
XoÊ`mV Amcocr gÎmm åhUOo H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmm hmo`.
4.4 gmam§e
(Let us sum up)
`m `w{ZQ>_Ü`o AmnU _°Šg do~aÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrc `moJXmZmMm Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY {gÕm§VmÀ`m
Am{U {dMmam§À`m ghmæ`mZo AmT>mdm KoVcm AgyZ Ë`mdê$Z Ë`mZo g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§À`m B{VhmgmV
_mZmMo ñWmZ nQ>H$mdë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. _°Šg do~aÀ`m _Vmà_mUo ""g_mOemñÌ ho Ago EH$ emñÌ Amho
H$s, Á`mV gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oÀ`m AWm©g§~§Yr OmUrd {Z_m©U Ho$cr OmVo. Á`m_wio gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMm
Aä`mg Am{U n[aUm_ `mg§~§YmV H$m{`©H$ ñnï>rH$aU XoUo eŠ` hmoVo.'' g_mOemñÌmMr Aem eãXm§V
ì`m»`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va do~aZo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§Mr ì`m»`m H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo Mma àH$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$co Amho
65
Vo Mma àH$ma åhUOo ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmXr {H«$`m, _yë`m{^_wI {H«$`m, g§doJmË_H$ {H«$`m d na§namdmXr {H«$`m
hmoV.
_°Šg do~aÀ`m _VmZwgma gÎmm åhUOo EImÚm AmXoemMo {ZpíMVnUo nmcZ Ho$co OmÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm hmo`. Aer AmkmnmcZVm AZoH$ hoVy§da AmYmacocr AgVo. Aem àH$mao gÎmm `m g§H$ënZoMr
ì`m»`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va do~aZo gÎmoÀ`m (1) nma§nm[aH$ gÎmm (2) M_ËH¥$VrOÝ` gÎmm Am{U (3)
H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmm `m VrZ àH$mam§Mo g{dñVa dU©Z Ho$co Amho. do~aZo {deX Ho$coco ho gÎmoMo àH$ma
{dewÕ ñdê$nmVrc AgyZ àË`jmV g_mOmV gÎmoÀ`m Ý`m`Vocm EH$mM doir EH$mnojm A{YH$ KQ>H$m§Mo
nmR>~i cm^ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. do~acmhr `mMr nyU© OmUrd hmoVr.
_°Šg do~aMo kmZmÀ`m g_mOemñÌmVrc gdm©V _m¡ë`dmZ `moJXmZ åhUOo Ë`mMo Y_m©À`m
g_mOemñÌm~m~VMo {dMma hmo`. Amnco Y_m©À`m g_mOemñÌm{df`rMo {dMma _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mZo
OJmVrc (1) H$Ýâ`w{g`{ZP_ (2) qhXy (3) ~m¡Õ (4) Bñcm_ (5) {IüZ Am{U 6) Á`y `m ghm
Y_m©Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m AmXe© àménmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Am{U Á`m§Zr
AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r `mo½` nmíd©^y_r V`ma Ho$cr Aem àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>dmXmVrc Am{W©H$
VËdm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr. `m{df`rÀ`m Amnë`m {ddoMZmV Ë`mZo àm°Q>ño Q>Q§ >dmXmH$Sy>Z AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dcemhrcm
{_imcoë`m gmV XoU½`m ñnï> Ho$ë`m Am{U `m AmYmamdaM "àm°Q>oñQ>§Q>dmX hmM ^m§S>dcemhrMm AmË_m
Amho.'' Ago _V _m§S>co.
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress)
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-1 *
1. do~a `m§À`m _Vo, ""ì`{ŠV qH$dm ì`{ŠVg_yhmH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar {H«$`m AemM doir
gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m g_Omdr H$s, O|ìhm {VÀ`mer à{VH$mË_H$ qH$dm AW©nyU© g§~§Y Amcocm
AgVmo. Am{U {VÀ`mda BVam§Mm n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Ë`mZwgma {VMo ñdê$n ~XcV OmVo.''
2. gm_m{OH$ {H«$`oMr _°Šg do~aZo gm§{JVcocr d¡{eîQ>ço :1) gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m AÝ` ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^yVH$mi, dV©_mZH$mi d ^{dî`H$mimVrc
{H«$`m§er g§~§YrV AgVmV. 2) gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m `m AÝ` ì`ŠVtÀ`m {H«$`m§er g§~§YrV
AgVmV. 3) gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m§V _mZdr g§nH$m©~amo~aM {dMmam§Mr d eãXm§Mr XodmU KodmU
hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Am{U 4) AZoH$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmUmar EH$gmaIr {H«$`m
åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m hr AmhoV.
66
3. _°Šg do~a `m§À`m _VmZwgma _mZdr {H«$`ocm ~wÕràm_§Ê`dmXr {H«$`m hr g§km AemdoirM
AmnUmg XoVm `oVo H$s, Ooìhm ì`ŠVr OmUrdnyd©H$ Amncr CncãY gmYZo Am{U gmÜ`o
`m§À`mV `moOZmnyd©H$[aË`m g_m`moOZ àñWm{nV H$ê$Z {H««$`m H$aVo.
4. _yë`m{^_yI gm_m{OH$ {H«$`m åhUOo Á`m§_Ü`o ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm¢X`m©Ë_H$, Ym{_©H$ qH$dm Z¡{VH$
dV©UwH$sMm g_mdoe hmoVmo H$s, Oo dV©Z g_mOmZo H$moUË`mhr g§`w{ŠVH$ H$maUm{dZm
pñdH$macoco AgVo.
5. _hmamï´>mVrc JUoemoËgd AJa _{hcm§H$Sy>Z Ho$cm OmUmam dQ>gm{dÌr nmo{U©_m Cndmg hr
na§namJV {H«$`oMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-2 *
1. _°Šg do~aZo gÎmoÀ`m AmXe© àH$mam§Mr (1) na§nam{Y{îR>V gÎmm (2) X¡drJwUm{Y{ð>V gÎmm
d (3) H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmm ho àH$ma Ho$co AmhoV.
2. na§nam{Y{ð>V gÎmoMm g§H$ënZmË_H$ AW© ""na§nam{Y{ð>V gÎmm hr g_mOmV àM{cV Agcoë`m
na§nam§À`m nm{dÍ`mdarc lÕm Am{U Ë`m§Mo nmcZ H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r na§naoZo {ZYm©[aV
Ho$cocr ì`ŠVr AJa ì`ŠVr g_yh `m§À`m na§nam{Y{ð>V Ý`m`Voda AmYmacocr AgVo.'' Agm
Amho.
3. _°Šg do~aZr EImXm Y_©Jwê$, `wÕmVrc ZoVm Am{U amOH$s` ZoVm hr X¡drJwUm{Y{ð>V gÎmm
àH$mamMr {dewÕ éno AmhoV Ago _m§S>co Amho.
4. H$m`Xm{Y{ð>V gÎmmàH$mamMo {dewÕ ê$n åhUOo ZmoH$aemhr hmo`.
* ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-3 *
1. = (~) àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mr {ZVr.
2. = (A) MrZ_Yrc ^m§S>dcemhr {dH$mgmVrc AS>Wim.
3. = (S>) ^maVmVrc ^m§S>dcemhr {dH$mgmVrc AS>Wim.
4. = (B) àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mr _yë`o.
5. = (H$) _°Šg do~a.
67
4.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Exercise/Home Assignment)
1. gÜ`mÀ`m ^maVmVrc Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oVrc qhXy Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m `mda EH$ {Q>nU
V`ma H$am.
2. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirVrc X¡dr JwUm{Y{ð>V gÎmm cm^coë`m ZoV¥Ëdmda {Z~§Y {chm.
4.7 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
✺
(Reflection and sction)
Vwåhr Vw_À`m AdVr^modVr amhUmè`m EImÚm X¡{dJwUm{Y{ð>V ZoV¥Ëdmcm OmUVm H$m?
OmUV Agmc Va Ë`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço {deX H$am.
4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
(Suggested Readings)
1.
Coser, Lewis A. : "Masters of Sociological Thought ldeas in Historical and
Social Context", Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 1996.
2.
Abraham M. Francis : "Modern Sociological Theory", An Introdution< Oxford
University Press, 1999.
3.
Sharma R. N. and Sharma R. K. : "History of Social Thought", Media
Promoters and Publishers PVT. Ltd, Bombay, 2003.
4.
Singh K : "History of Social Thought".
5.
Rao C. N. Shankar : "Sociology Primary Principles", S. Chand & Company
Ltd. New Delhi, 2000.
6.
Mukerjee R. N. and Ghoshal Arunansu : "Social Thought From Comte to
Mukerjee", Vivek Publication, Delhi.
7. d¡Ú Zr. g. : ""g_mOemñÌr` {dMma na§nam'', _hmamï´> J«§W _§S>i, ZmJnya - 1981
8. Hw$cH$Uu nr. Ho$. : ""gm_m{OH$ {dMma àdmh''>, _§Joe àH$meZ ZmJnya 1989
9. Hw$cH$Uu nr. Ho$. : ""àJV g_mOemñÌr` {gÕm§V'', _§Joe àH$meZ ZmJnya 1997
10. _mo{hVo Eg. Ec. d gmiw§Io nr. Eg. : ""g_mOemñÌr` {dMmad§V'', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ
2005
❒❒❒
68