Paper X Constitution of United States of America (Marathi Version)

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~r. E. ^mJ-3 : amÁèmñÌ nona-10
A_o[aHo$Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm
(Constitution of United States of America)
go{_ñQ>a 5 H$[aVm
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
KQ>H$ - 1
A) g§KamÁ` emgZ : AW© d ñdê$n
~) g§{dYmZmMr d¡{eï>ço
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1 A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$n, d¡{eï>ço, d H|$ÐrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr
1.2.2 A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr d¡{eï>ço
1.3 gmam§e
1.4 nm[afm{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.5 ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr g§X^© J«§W
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
g§KamÁ` g§ñWm d EH$mË_ g§ñWm Ago emgZ g§ñWoMo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. EH$mË_ emgZ g§ñWm åhUOo
gd© gÎmm EH$mM {R>H$mUr H|$Ðr^yV Pmbob AgVo. H|$Ð hoM g§nyU© XoemgmR>r H$m`Xo H$aVo. `mCbQ> g§KamÁ`mV
H|$Ð gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ`gaH$ma `m§À`m_Üò g§{dYmZmZwgma gÎmm {d^mJUr Pmbobr AgVo. àñVwV àH$aUm_Üò
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV Ë`mMr C{Ôï>o nwT>rbà_mUo ·
g§KamÁ` nÕVrMm CX` d A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$n `m§Mm Aä`mg.
·
g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrgR>rÀ`m nyd© AQ>r d g§KamÁ`mMo àH$ma.
·
g§KamÁ`{Z{_©VrMr d¡{eï>o.
·
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m g§{dYmZmMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>o
·
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m H|$ÐraH$UmÀ`m àd¥Îmr.
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E_.E. ^mJ-2/amÁèmó ....1
1…1 àñVmdZm :
g§KamÁ`mV AZoH$ amÁò EH$Ì òdyZ EH$m g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. AmO Á`mbm AmnU AmXe©
g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm åhUVmo Vr A_o[aHo$À`m g§KamÁ`mÀ`m AmYmamdaM g§KamÁ`mMm {gÕm§V AmYm[aV Amho.
B.g. nyd© 3 è`m eVH$m_Üò J«rg _Üò OJmVrb n{hbo g§KamÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambo. Ë`m g§KamÁ`mMo Zmd
"A{H$Ù' g§KamÁ` Ago hmoVo. _mÌ ho g§KamÁ` AË`§V bd{MH$ ñdê$nmMo g§KamÁ` hmoVo.
àm{MZ ^maVmV XoIrb B.g. nyd© 5 ì`m eVH$mV g§KamÁ` ApñVËdmV hmoVr. àmMrZ H$mimVrb AZoH$
N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r amÁò EH$Ì òdyZ "{bÀN>dr' g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV hr g§KamÁò Zï> Pmbr.
H$maU hr g§KamÁò bd{MH$ ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mV BQ>br_Üò "BQ>m{b`Z {gQ>rO²' EH$Ì òdyZ
g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. na§Vw hr g§KamÁ` VmËnwaË`m ñdê$nmMr hmoVr
1898 _Üò A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U Pmbo. `m g§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr EH$mEH$s Pmbr Zmhr. `mÀ`m_mJo
Odinmg 150 dfm©Mm g§Kfm©Mm B{Vhmg Amho. 13 dgmhVr EH$Ì òdyZ {~«Q>re gÎmo {déÕ g§Kf© H$ê$Z
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$o$br. A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ g§KamÁ` ho OJmVrb n{hbo g§KamÁ` Amho. àñVwV
àH$aUm_Üò amÁèmómÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm g§KamÁ`mMr d g§{dYmZmMr AmoiI ìhmdr åhUyZ g§KamÁ`mMm AW©,
ñdê$n, AmXe© Ago A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`, A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr à_wI d¡{eï>o d A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m
H|$ÐraH$UmÀ`m àd¥Îmr `m§Mr g{dñVa _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo 1.2.1 g§KamÁ`mMm AW© :
_mZd {Xdg|{Xdg àJVrH$arV Mmbbm AgVmZmM Ë`mÀ`m àJVr~amo~aM g_mOì`dñWmhr ~XbVmZm
{XgVmV. OJmVrb àËòH$ g_mOmMr {Xem doJiçm àH$maMr Amho. `m_wio Ë`m_YyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m emgZ
nÕVrhr {^Þ ñdê$nmÀ`m {XgVmV. `m gdmª_YyZM OJm_Üò àm_w»`mZo EH$mË_ d g§KamÁ`§mË_H$ emgZ ì`dñWm
ApñVËdmV Amboë`m {XgVmV. `m ì`dñWm§ZmM Unifary system d Federal system Ago B§JO« r_Üò
åhQ>bo OmVo.
`m _yi b°{Q>Z eãXmnmgyZ 'Federation' (g§KamÁ`) hm eãX à`moJ ApñVËmd Ambm.
g§KamÁ` ì`dñWo_Üò AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr ñdIwfrZo EH${ÌV òÊ`mMr BÀN>m Xe©{dbobr AgVo. Am{U `m ñdIwfrÀ`m
BÀN>oVyZM g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoVo. AemàH$maÀ`m g§KamÁ`mMm amÁ`H$ma^ma g§{dYmZmdaM Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
OJmVrb àËòH$ Xoembm g§{dYmZmMr JaO AgVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mim_Üò Va g§{dYmZm{edm` emgZ `§ÌUm
MmbdUo eŠ` Zmhr. H$maU g§KamÁ`m_Üò AZoH$ amÁò EH$Ì òdyZ Amnbo hŠH$ d ñdmV§Í` A~m{YV R>odV
AgVmV. gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mim_Üò {b{IV d A{b{IV g§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr AmnUmg nhmd`mg
{_iVo. {b{IV g§{dYmZmbm OmñV _hÎd àmßV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ H$mim_Üò {b{IV g§{dYmZmbm Iyn
_hÎd àmßV Pmbobo Amho. {b{IV g§{dYmZmbm g§KamÁ` emgZ nÕVr_Üò AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. g§KamÁ`
emgZ nÕVr_Üò EH$mM Üò`mÀ`m nwVugmR>r AZoH$ emgZg§ñWm (KQ>H$amÁ`) EH$Ì Amë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. Aem
'Foedus'
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àH$maMr g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm 1787 gmbr gd©àW_ A_o[aHo$_Üò ApñVËdmV Ambr. H$mbm§VamZo Z§VaÀ`m
H$mbI§S>mV A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo AZwH$aU OJmVrb ~è`mM Xoem§Zr Ho$bo. g§KamÁèmgZ ì`dñWoMo CÎm_
CXmhaU åhUyZ A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo Zmd KoVbo OmVo. Ago gr. E\$. ñQ´>m±J `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. H$maU OJm_Üò
gd©àW_ g§KamÁ`nÕVrMm à`moJ A_o[aHo$V Ho$bm Jobm.
g§KamÁ` nÕVr_Üò emgZmMo XmoZ ñVa {Z_m©U hmoVmV. àW_ ñVa _Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr (H|$ÐñWZr) d {ÛVr`
ñVa KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m ñVamda H$m`©aV AgVmo. `m ñVam§À`m {R>H$mUr Ago Ano{jV AgVo H$s, H|$ÐemgZmMm
_Ü`dVu ñVa _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~r{df`r {ZU©` KoB©b d amÁ`ñVamda ñWm{ZH$ d H$_r _hÎdmÀ`m {df`mda {ZU©`
hmoB©b. g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoMo d¡{eï>ço åhUOo emgZmMo XmoZ ñVa, {b{IV g§{dYmZ d gÎmoMo {d^mOZ {b{IV
ñdê$nmV AgVo. `m AmYmdaM g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm òB©b H$s, g_mZ {hVg§~§Y
Agbobr KQ>H$amÁò EH$Ì òdyZ Ë`m§Mo gw gwÌ{Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~iH$Q> Aem _Ü`dVu emgZmMr Amdí`H$Vm
AgVo. `mVyZM g§KamÁ`mË_H$ ì`dñWoMm CX` Pmbm. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo amï´>m_Üò EH${OZgrnUm {Z_m©U
H$aUo hm _yi CÔoe `m_Üò A{^àoV AgVmo.
OJm_Üò Mma nÕVrÀ`m ì`dñWm àm_w»`mZo nhmd`mg {_iVmV.
1) EH$mË_ ì`dñWm : EH$mË_ ì`dñWm åhUOo XoemMr g§nyU© emgZ {df`H$ gÎmm _Ü`dVu gaH$maH$S>oM
H|$Ðr^yV Pmbobr AgVo Am{U H$m`Xoera[aË`m _Ü`dVu gaH$maÀ`m _VmZwgma XoemMm emgZ H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm
OmVmo. CXm. Aa~amï´>o, B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg, BQ>br.
2) AY©g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm : AY©g§KamÁ` åhUOo _Ü`dVu gaH$maH$S>o MbZ, naamï´> ì`dhma, g§ajU
`m§Mo A{YH$ma {Xbobo AgVmV. Va KQ>H$ amÁ`mH$S>o ñWm{ZH$ d H$_r _hÎdmMo A{YH$ma XoD$Z emofm{YH$ma
_Ü`dVu g§KamÁ`mVyZ \w$Qy>Z OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZmhrV.
3) g§KamÁ` : H|$ÐmH$S>o MbZ, naamï´> d g§ajU `m§Mo A{YH$ma {Xbo OmVmV d ~mH$s gd© A{YH$ma
KQ>H$amÁ`mH$S>o AgVmV. VgoM KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm g§KamÁ`mVyZ \w$Qy>Z OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZgVmo. CXm. A_o[aH$m.
4) bd{MH$ g§KamÁ` : KQ>H$amÁò VmËnwaVr EH$Ì òD$Z naamï´>, g§ajU d H$mhr H$m`Xo H|$ÐrV gÎmoÀ`m
hVmV XoVmV. VgoM g§KamÁ`m_YyZ \w$Qy>Z OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma KQ>H$ amÁ`mZm AgVmo. CXm. nyduMo J«rH$ g§KamÁ`,
U.S.S.R. (gmopìhEV a{e`m).
WmoS>Š`mV emgZ g§ñWm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr Agmo Vr EH$mË_ Agmo, g§KamÁ`mË_H$ Agmo, AY©g§KamÁ`mË_H$
Agmo qH$dm bd{MH$ g§KamÁ`mË_H$ Agmo àËòH$ amÁ`mV àmXo{eH$ {d^mJ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AgVmV
d Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$mhr A{YH$ma gmon{dbobo AgVmV. na§Vw A{YH$mamMr hr dmQ>Ur H$moUË`m nÕVrZwgma d H$moUË`m
VÎdmZwgma Pmbobr Amho Ë`mdê$Z emgZì`dñWoMo darb àH$mao Mma àH$ma nS>VmV.
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B
g§KamÁ`mÀ`m ì`m»`m :
1) _m°Q>oñŠ`w : AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr EH${ÌV òD$Z EH$ amÁ`mMo g^mgX hmoÊ`mMr g§_Vr XoUo åhUOo
g§KamÁ` (Federal government is a convention by which several similar states agree to
be members of a large one montesquiey)
2) àm. S>m`gr : g§KamÁ` hr amï´>r` EoŠ` d amï´>r` gÎmm Am{U ñW{ZH$ gÎmm `m§Mm g_Ýd` KS>dyZ
AmUUmar EH$ amOH$s` `§ÌUm hmo`. (A federal state is a political contrivance intended to
reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of state rights - Dicey)
3) h°_rëQ>Z : ZdrZ amÁ``§ÌUm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ amÁ`V§Ìkm§Zr EH$Ì òdyZ V`ma Ho$bo
gaH$ma åhUOo g§KamÁ` hmo`. (Federal Governemtn is an association of states to form a
new state - Hamiltion)
4) àm. JmZ©a : amï´>r` EoŠ` d gm_Ï`© `m§Mr àmßVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ qH$dm XmoZ nojm A{YH$ ñdV§Ì
KQ>H$ amÁò ñdV:Mo doJionU H$m`_ amIyZ EH$ _Ü`dVu gaH$ma {Z_m©U H$aVmV d H$amamV g_m{dï>
Agbobo A{YH$ma Amnë`mH$S>o R>odVmV. `m CÔoemZo Ho$bobo g§`moOZ åhUOo g§KamÁ` hmo`.
WmoS>Š`mV, g§KamÁ` åhUOo amÁ`m§À`m hŠH$m§Zm ~mYm Z òVm amï´>r` EoŠ` Am{U gm_Ï`© øm§Mr {Z{_©Vr
ìhmdr åhUyZ {Z_m©U Ho$bobo g§`moOZ Amho.
B
g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr :
OJm_Yrb g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg qH$dm AdbmoH$Z Ho$bo AgVm g§KamÁ` nÕVr_Üò
AZoH$ amÁò EH${ÌV òÊ`mMr qH$dm g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ nÕVr AmhVo. Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo A) H|$ÐmH$fu g§KamÁ` nÕVr : Á`m nÕVr_Üò KQ>H$ amÁò qH$dm gmd©^m¡_ amÁò g_mZ
{hVg§~§YmMo ajU ìhmdo. åhUyZ à~i Aem _Ü`dVu gÎmoMr ñWmnZm H$aVmV d Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$
AgUmè`m Amnë`m gmd©^m¡_ gÎmoMm H$mhr ^mJ _Ü`dVu gÎmoH$S>o XoVmV d am{hbobm gôMm ^mJ ñdV:
Odi R>odVmV. Voìhm H|$ÐH$dfu g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CXm. A_o[aH$m, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m.
~) H|$ÐmoËgmar g§KamÁ` nÕVr : EH$mË_ emgZ nÕVr Pmboë`m XoemV Ooìhm _Ü`dVu gÎmm
Amnë`m àm§VmV KQ>H$amÁ`mZm XOm© XoD$Z H$mhr à_mUmV A{YH$ma KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm ~hmb H$aVmV. Voìhm
H|$ÐmoËgmar g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoVo. CXm. ^maV, H°$ZS>m.
A_o[aHo$Mo g§KamÁ` n{hë`m nÕVrZo {Z_m©U Pmbobo Amho. {\$bmS>opë\$`m òWrb n[afXo_Üò 13
dgmhVr EH$Ì òD$Z amÁ`m§Mm g§K {Z_m©U Ho$bm d Z§Va H|$ÐmoËgmar àd¥Îmr g§KamÁ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. `mbm à{H«$òVyZ AmO A_o[aHo$V 51 KQ>H$amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmbr. VrM ~m~ ^maVm~Ôb gm§Jm`Mr
Pmbr Va ^maVmVrb gd© g§ñWmZmMo gŠVrZo {d{bZrH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Z§Va 1956 _Üò ^mfmdma àm§V
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aMZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ KQ>H$amÁ` ApñVËdmV Ambr. `mMmM AW© H$moUË`mhr g§KamÁ`mV àW_ H|$ÐmH$fu
àd¥ÎmrVyZ amÁ`m§Mm g§K {Z_m©U hmoVmo d nwT>o H|$ÐmoËgmar àd¥ÎmrVyZ g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. _mÌ Aer
g§KamÁò {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r {b{IV g§{dYmZ, gÎmoMr {d^mJUr d ñdV§Ì Ý`m`_§S>i `m KQ>H$m§Mr {ZVm§V
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. AZoH$ KQ>H$amÁò {_iyZ g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoVo. àËòH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo ñdV§Ì emgZ
AgVo. VgoM g§KamÁ`mMo EH$ H|$Ð emgZ AgVo. åhUOoM g§KamÁ`mV H|$ÐemgZ Am{U KQ>H$ amÁ` emgZ
Aer Xþhoar emgZ ì`dñVm AgVo. Ho$. {g. ìhoAa `m§Zr g§KamÁ`mMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
g§KamÁ`mV H|$Ð emgZ Am{U KQ>H$amÁ` emgZ `m_Üò AemàH$mao A{YH$ma {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambobr
AgVo H$s, àËòH$ emgZ Amnë`m A{YH$ma joÌmV ñdV§Ì AgVo d H|$Ð emgZ VgoM KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo emgZ
hr g_mZ XOm©Mr AgVmV.
· g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~r :
1) à~i BÀN>meŠVr : g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r gd© KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm EH$Ì òÊ`mMr à~i
BÀN>meŠVr Agmdr. Ë`mM ~amo~a Ë`m amÁ`mVrb bmoH$m§Mrhr à~i BÀN>m Agbr nm{hOo. gdm©V _hÎdmMo
åhUOo ZoV¥ËdmX²dmao Ë`m BÀN>oMo A{dîH$aU ìhmdo bmJVo.
2) EH${OZgËd : KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m EH$Ì òÊ`mÀ`m BÀN>o~amo~aM `m amÁ`m_Üò {H$_mZ g_mZ YmJo
Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Ë`mÀ`m_Üò EH${OZgrnUm Amdí`H$ AgVmo. KQ>H$amÁ`m_Üò EH$g_mZ B{Vhmg,
g_mZ g§ñH¥$Vr, g_mZ {dMmagaUr, g_mZ ^mfm AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. darb KQ>H$ g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrgmR>r
Amdí`H$ AgVmV. CXm. A_o[aHo$V EH$ ^mfm, EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr, Y_© d d§e B. KQ>H$ KQ>H$amÁ`mV g_mZ
AmT>iVmV. VgoM ^maVmMr g§ñH¥$Vr d B{Vhmg EH$ Agbobm nhmd`mg {_iVmo.
3) naH$s` gÎmobm AmdmhZ : na{H$` gÎmonmgyZ YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmë`mg qH$dm _moR>çm gm_«mÁ`mbm
AmìhmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r KQ>H$amÁ` {Z_m©U hmoD$Z g§KamÁ` ApñVËdmV òD$ eH$Vo. CXm. {~«{Q>e gÎmo{déÕ
bT>Ê`mgmR>r A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`m_Yrb KQ>H$amÁò EH${ÌV òdyZ (13 dgmhVr) g§KamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
VgoM gmopìhEV a{e`m ho g§KamÁ` A_o[aHo$~am~oa ñnYm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {dMma H$ê$Z {Z_m©U Pmbobo
g§KamÁ` hmoVo.
4) bmoH$emhr~Ôb ÑT>{dídmg : g§KamÁ` ho bmoH$emhrda AmYm[aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§KamÁ`
nÕVr èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mVrb bmoH$m§À`m _Zm_Üò bmoH$emhr~Ôb ÑT>{dídmg d ào_ AgUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maa A§{V_Vm g§KamÁ` ho à{V{ZYr_m\©$V bmoH$emhrÀ`m _mJm©Zo Mmbdbo OmVo.
5) XiUdiUmgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g{_nVm : bmoH$m§Mr BÀN>m à{V{ZYtMr BÀN>m EdT>oM KQ>H$
g§KamÁ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV AmhoV Ago Zmhr. Va `m KQ>H$m ~am~oaM XiUdiUmÀ`m gmoB©gmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$
g{_nVm Amdí`H$ AgVo.
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1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 g§KamÁ`mMr d¡{eï>ço / g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrMr nyd© AQ>r :
1) {b{IV g§{dYmZ d gm§{dYmZmMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd : {b{IV d VmR>a g§{dYmZ ho g§KamÁ`mMo
Img d¡{eï>o Amho. H|$Ð d KQ>H$amÁ`gaH$mamZr g§{dYmZmbm gd©loð> _mZbo nm{hOo. g§{dYmZmMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd
g§KamÁ`nÕVrMm {deof Amho. g§{dYmZmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m H$m`©joÌmV emgZg§ñWm§Zr H$m`© H$amd`mg hdo.
{b{IV g§{dYmZmÀ`m Amdí`H$Vo{df` K.C. pìhAa åhUVmV H$s, The terms of Agreement which
establishes the general and regional governments of which distributes powers between
them must be binding upon these general governments. This is a logical necessity
from the definitions of federal government itself (Federal government Page No. 53)
g§{dYmZ ho VmR>a Agmdo H$maU g§{dYmZ VmR>a Agob Va Ë`m_Üò gVV ~Xb hmoÊ`mMm g§^d ZgVmo. VgoM
gÎmm{d^mOZ VÎdm_wio gÎmmg§Kfm©Mr eŠ`Vm OmñV AgVo. ho gd© Q>miÊ`mgmR>r g§KamÁ`m_Üò {b{IV
g§{dYmZ d g§{dYmZmMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd Agmdo.
2) gÎmoMr {d^mJUr : _Ü`dVu gaH$ma / H|$Ð gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` `m§À`m A{YH$ma joÌm§Mr ñnï>
d {ZpíMV {d^mJUr ho g§KamÁ` nÕVrMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho. `m {d^mJUr_wioM darb XmoÝhr gaH$mao
Amnë`m joÌmV ñdmV§Ì g_Obr OmVmV. `m {d^mJUrÀ`m {d^mOZmMr VaVwX g§{dYmZmV Ho$bobr AgVo.
g§KamÁ` ì`dñVo_Üò gÎmoMo {d^mOZ `mo½` [aË`m Pmbobo AgVo. H|$ÐmH$S>o naamï´>, g§ajU B. _hÎdmMo {df`
AgmdoV. Cabobo A{YH$ma KQ>H$amÁ`mH$S>o AgmdoV. g§{dYmZmX²dmao H|$Ð-amÁ` A{YH$mamMr {d^mJUr ìhmdr
Aer g§KamÁ`mMr nyd©AQ> AgVo.
`m§Zr ^maVr` g§{dYmZmMm gImob Aä`mg Ho$bm AgVm Vo åhUVmV H$s, "^maVmV
H|$ÐmH$S>o OmñV à_mUmV A{YH$ma AgyZ KQ>H$amÁ`mH$S>o Aënà_mUmV A{YH$ma AmhoV. Ho|$Ð Am{U KQ>H$
amÁ` / àm§{VH$ gaH$ma `m§À`m_Yrb g§~§Ymda g§KamÁ` nÔVr Adb§~yZ AgVo. XmoÝhr gaH$maÀ`m
{hVg§~YmV ~mYm Ambr Va _mÌ g§KamÁ`nÕVr èñdr hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. `mM H$maUmñVd A{YH$mamMr
{d^mJUr XmoÝhr gaH$ma_Üò `moJ nÕVrZo d ñnï>nUo hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
K. C. Wheare
3) ñdV§Ì Ý`m`nm{bH$m : g§KamÁ`mÀ`m g§{dYmZmMo nmbZ H$adyZ KoÊ`mMo d Ë`mMo g§ajU
H$aÊ`mMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar Ý`m` _§S>imda AgVo. Ë`m_wio ñdV§Ì Ý`m`nm{bH$m hm g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoMm
{Vgam _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm Amho. _Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$ma `m§Zm XoD$ Ho$boë`m H$m`©joÌmVM amhÿZ
Ë`m§Zm H$m`© H$amdo bmJVo. Oa {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m H$m`©joÌmda EImÚm KQ>H$mH$Sy>Z A{VH«$_U hmoV Agob Va
Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUmar {Vgar gÎmm _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVo Vr åhUOo Ý`m`nm{bH$m hmo`. g§{dYmZmZo
Zo_yU {Xboë`m A{YH$mamÀ`m _`m©XoMr Om{Ud doirM Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. `mM Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
{dMma Ho$bm Va Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm {Xbobm A{YH$ma `mo½` R>aVmo.
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Ý`m`ì`dñWm \$ŠV g§KamÁ` ì`dñWo_ÜòM H$m`© H$aVo qH$dm AgVo Ago Zmhr. Va EH$mË_
emgZì`dñWm Agboë`m Xoem_Üò gwÕm {Z:njnmVrnUo Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$m`© H$arV AgVo. g§KamÁ`
ì`dñWoV Ý`m`_§S>i ñdV§Ì d ñdm`Îm H$m`© H$aVo. H$m`©H$mar _§S>i d {d{Y_§S>i `m§Zm H$moUVohr KQ>Zm~mø
H¥$Ë` H$aÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Ý`m`nm{bH$m ~OmdV AgVo.
B
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$n :
H$mob§~gZo A_o[aHo$Mm emoY bmdë`mZ§Va `wamonmVrb bmoH$ hiyhiy A_o[aHo$V ñWm`rH$ Pmbo. `m
ñWm{`H$ Pmboë`m bmoH$m§_Üò {~«Q>ZMo bmoH$ gdm©V OmñV hmoVo. B.g. 1607 Vo 1776 øm H$mimV {~«Q>re
nÕVrMr ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mao ñWmnZ Pmbo. `m gaH$mam§Zr òWrb bmoH$m§da gÎmmàmßV hmoVmM AÝ`m` H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m Jwbm_{JarV OISy>Z R>odbo. na§Vw 1776 gmbr A_o[aHo$Vrb 13 dgmhVr EH$Ì òdyZ {~«Q>re
gm_«mÁ`mbm {damoY H$ê$Z A_o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í`mMr KmofU Ho$br. 4 Owb¡ 1776 A_o[aHo$V 13 dgmhVrZr
Amnë`m ñdmV§Í`mMr KmofUm H$ê$Z 1976 À`m OyZ_Üò amÁ`g§KmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. {~«Q>re gÎmoer `wÕ
H$aÊ`mMm àg§J Amnë`mg gd© dgmhVrZr gm_w{hH$[aË`m à{VH$ma H$aUo hm amÁ`g§K ñWmnÊ`_mJMm à_wI
hoVy hmoVm. VgoM `wÕH$mimV nañna ghH$m`© Am{U _¡{ÌgmR>r Omo g§K ñWmnZ Ho$bm Vmo åhUOo amÁ`g§K
hmoVm. 13 dgmhVrÀ`m à{V{ZYrMr {_iyZ ~bobr H$m±J«og hr amÁ`g§KmMr _Ü`dVu `§ÌUm (gaH$ma) hmoVr.
_mÌ `m H$m±J«ogbm Zm__mÌ A{YH$ma hmoVo. VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i d Ý`m`_§S>i Aer ñdV§Ì
`§ÌUm H$m±J«ogMr ZìhVr. amÁ`g§KmMr hr _`m©Xm d Anè VoWrb à{V{ZYrÀ`m d amï´>dmXr {dMmad§VmÀ`m
bjmV Amë`mZ§Va _Ü`dVu gÎmm åhUOoM H|$Ð gÎmm A{YH$ ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo {dMma gwê$ Pmbo.
`mMmM n[aUm_ åhUOo 1787 Mo {\$bmoS>pë\$`m A{YdoeZ hmo`. `m A{YdoeZm_Üò amÁ`m§Mr ñdm`ÎmVm
gwa{jV R>odyZ _Ü`dVu gaH$ma A{YH$ à~i d n[aUm_H$maH$ H$aÊ`mMm èñdr à`ËZ g§{dYmZmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ Pmbm.
A_o[aHo$À`m g§{dYmZmZo g§KamÁ` nÕVr hr amÁèmómbm _hÎdnyU© Aer XoUJr {Xbobr Amho. H$maU
g§KamÁ`mMm gd©àW_ à`moJ bmoH$emhrÀ`m _mJm©Zo A_o[aHo$V Pmbm. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo AZwH$aU
OJmVrb AZoH$ Xoem§Zr Z§VaÀ`m H$mim_Üò Ho$bobo AmnUmbm nhmd`mg {_iVo. H°$ZS>m, ^maV d pñdËPbªS>
B. XoemV g§KamÁò {Za{Zamiçm nÕVrZo ApñVËdmV Ambr. 1789 _Üò 13 dgmhVr EH$Ì òdyZ A_o[aH$Z
g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`m_Üò 50 KQ>H$amÁò hmoVr. gÜ`H$mbm_Üò
A_o[aH$Z 51 KQ>H$amÁ`mMm g_mdoe Amho. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` nydu ñdV§Ì d gmd©^m¡_ Agboë`m dgmhVr
EH${ÌV òD$Z {Z_m©U Pmbobo Agë`mH$maUmZo Vo H|$ÐmH$fu (Centripetal) ñdê$nmMo g§KamÁ` Amho. `m
g§KamÁ`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà_mUo1) _Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` `m§À`mVrb A{YH$mamMr {d^mJUr :
_Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` `m§À`mVrb A{YH$mamMr {d^mJUr g§{dYmZmZo {ZpíMV Ho$br Amho.
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gÎmoMo {d^mOZ qH$dm {d^mJUr H$aVmZm _Ü`dVu gaH$mabm H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV. Va H$mhr
A{YH$mamda {Z~ªY KmVbo AmhoV. Ë`mMàH$mao KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV Va H$mhr
A{YH$mamda {Z~ªY KmVbo AmhoV. VgoM emofam{YH$ma KQ>H$amÁ`mH$S>o {Xbobo AmhoV.
A) _Ü`dVu gaH$maMo A{YH$ma d ~§YZo : g§KamÁ`mMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd, AUweŠVr, amï´>mMo A§VJ©V
d ~mø g§H$Q>mnmgyZ g§ajU, naamï´>mer Vh, H$ama, `wÕ, g¡Ý`, g§KQ>Z, AW©ì`dñVm, MbZì`dñWm,
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma, Vma, Q>nmb, H|$ÐmH$Sy>Z KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m H$ma^mamMr VnmgUr, amOYmZrMr (dm°qe½Q>Z)
àemgZ ì`dñWm B. _hÎdmÀ`m {df`mg§~§Yr _Ü`dVu gaH$mabm H$m`© H$aVm òB©b d Ë`mg§~§Yr {d{dY
H$m`Xo H$aVm òVrb.
Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`m{damoYr H$m`Xo, _yb^yV hŠH$ {damoYr H$m`Xo, ì`ŠVrMr g§nÎmr ~oH$m`XoeranUo {hamdyZ
KoUo, eómó ~miJÊ`mda ~§Xr KmbUo, KQ>H$amÁ`mVyZ {Z`m©V hmoUmè`m dñVy§da H$a AmH$maUo, JwÝhoJmambm
ñdV: {damoYr gmj XoÊ`mg ~iO~ar H$aUo VgoM gÝ_mZZr` nXì`m ~hmb H$aUo B. ~m~VrV _Ü`dVu
gaH$mabm H$m`© H$aVm òUma Zmhr. Aem àH$maMr g§{dYmZmV VaVyX Amho.
~) KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$maMo A{YH$ma d ~§YZo : H|$ÐgaH$mabm åhUOoM _Ü`dVu gaH$mabm {Xbobo
A{YH$ma gmoSy>Z Cd©[aV A{YH$ma KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo Am§VaamÁ`r`
ì`mnma d {Z`§ÌU, amÁ`mMr Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm nmhUo, {ejU, Amamo½` d gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm R>odUo, {XdmUr
d \$m¡OXmar Xmdo, ñWm{ZH$ emgZmÀ`m H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU, eoVr, XiUdiUmÀ`m gmo`r gw{dYm {Z_m©U
H$aUo, Am§VJ©V em§VVm d gwì`dñWm, ñWm{ZH$ H$a B. ~m~VrV H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm d H$m`© H$aÊ`mMm
KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm A{YH$ma A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmZo {Xbobm Amho.
2) {b{IV d n[aÑT> g§{dYmZ :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ A_o[aHo$V gd©loð> _mZbo OmVo. A_o[aHo$À`m g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ 6 _Üò "g§{dYmZ
hm XoemMm gdm}ÀM H$m`Xm Amho. àËòH$ amÁ`mVrb Ý`m`m{Ye hm H$m`Xm bjmV R>odyZ H$m`© H$aVrb d
H$m`ÚmMo ajU H$aVrb. VgoM _Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ`, EH$ KQ>H$ amÁ` Xþgao KQ>H$ amÁ` øm§À`mV
{Z_m©U Pmbobm g§Kf© g§{dYmZmVrb VaVwXrZwgma gmoS>{dbm OmB©b.' Agm C„oI Ho$bobm Amho. A_o[aHo$Mo
g§{dYmZ ho n[aÑT> qH$dm An[adV©Zr` Amho. Ë`m_wioM A_o[aHo$V 225 dfm©À`m H$mbmdYr_Üò \$ŠV 30
KQ>ZmXþéñË`ma Pmboë`m AmhoV. H$maU KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> d H${R>U ñdê$nmMr nÕVr dmnabr
OmVo. n[aÑT> g§{dYmZm_wio _Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$ma `m§À`m_Üò H$_r g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
^m¡Jmo{bH$Ñï>çm _moR>çm KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zr bhmZ KQ>H$amÁ`mda dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$ê$ Zò åhUyZ A_o[aH$Z
{gZoQ>_Üò gd© KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm g§KamÁ`mV EH$Xm gm_rb Pmë`mZ§Va \w$Qy>Z {ZKÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr. `mdê$Z
g§{dYmZmMo loð> {XgyZ òVo.
3) ñdV§Ì Ý`m`nm{bH$m :
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A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eï>o åhUOo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` hmo`. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV
_Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$ma `m§Zr Ho$bobm H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm Oa Vmo g§{dYZmÀ`m {déÕ Agob
Va Vmo Ad¡Y R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm Amho. _Ü`dVu gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$ma
Am{U EH$ KQ>H$amÁ` d Xþgao KQ>H$amÁ` `m§À`mVrb g§Kf© d dmX gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mX²dmao gmoS>dVm òVmV.
gdm©V _hÎdnyU© åhUOo Ý`m`mb`mMo {ZU©` gdmªda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmV. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` g§{dYmZmVrb
VaVwXtMm AW© bmdyZ H|$Ð AWdm KQ>H$ amÁ` emgZmMr H¥$Vr qH$dm H$m`Xm g§{dYmZmer gwg§JV Amho H$s
{dg§JV Vo VnmgVo Am{U {dg§JV Agë`mg Ad¡Y R>adVo. `mbmM Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z Ago åhUVmV.
`m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$ê$Z gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` g§{dYmZmMo d g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoMo ajU H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU©
H$m`© H$aVo.
· ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
1) ............. dgmhVr EH$Ì òdyZ A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.
2)
Federation
hm eãX ........... `m by°{Q>Z _yi eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm.
3) g§KamÁ`m_Üò emgZ ì`dñWoMo ............ d ........... ñVa {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
4) A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr ............ `m nÕVrZo Pmbobr Amho.
5) .............. `m§À`m_Üò ^maVmV H|$ÐmH$S>o OmñV à_mUmV A{YH$ma AmhoV.
6) 13 dgmhVr EH$Ì òdyZ ............... amoOr A_o[aH$Z ñdmV§Í`mMr KmofUm Ho$br.
7) A_o[aHo$À`m g§{dYmZmVrb H$b_ ............... Zwgma A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ hm gdm}ÀM H$m`Xm
Amho.
8) AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr EH${ÌV òdyZ EH$ amÁ`mMo g^mgX hmoÊ`mMr g§_Vr XoUo åhUOo ...........
hmo`.
9) ^maV ho .............. nÕVrZo g§KamÁ` ~Zbo Amho.
10) gÜ`H$mimV A_o[aHo$V .............. KQ>H$ amÁò AmhoV.
· A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m H|$ÐrH$aU àd¥Îmr dmT>rMr H$maUo :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr d¡{eï>o nm{hbr AgVm qH$dm Aä`mgbr AgVm A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` ho EH$
AmXe© g§KamÁ` Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b. Ago Agob Va Joë`m H$mhr dfm©_Üò A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mVrb
H$mhr A§er gÎmm _Ü`dVu gaH$maH$S>o (H|$ÐH$S>o) PwH$bobr {XgVo. A_o[aHo$À`m Joë`m 150 Vo 175
dfm©Vrb n[apñWVrH$S>o nm{hbo Va AÜ`j d H|$ÐgaH$ma `m§À`m gÎmo_Üò ì`mnH$ dmT> Pmbobr {XgVo.
g§{dYmZm_Üò Oar H|$Ð d KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm g_mZ Ý`m` XoUmar VaVwX Agbr Var KQ>Zm~mø KQ>H$m§_wio
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A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`m_Üò H|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m àd¥Îmr ~iH$Q> Pmë`mMr ~arM H$maUo {XgVmV. Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo
A_o[aHo$Mo g§ajU Am{U g§dY©Z `mgmR>r H|$ÐgaH$ma d à~i d gm_Ï`©embr Agbo nm{hOo Agm gd©Ì gya
Mmby Pmbobm Amho. A§VJ©V `mXdr, n{hbo d Xþgao _hm`wÕ, OJmVrb AUdó ñnYm©, KQ>ZmXþéñVr d
Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZU©` `m_wio KQ>H$amÁò Xþ~©b ~ZV Mmbbr AgyZ H|$Ð gaH$maMo A{YH$ma {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V
Mmbbo AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo g{dñVa nmhþ`m.
1) A§VJ©V `mXdr :
1861 Vo 1865 `m H$mbI§S>mV A_o[aHo$V A§VJ©V `mXdr `wÕ Pmbo. "Q>oŠgmg' {déÕ "ìhmB©Q>' `m
dmXmV gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo Agm {ZU©` {Xbm H$s, g§KamÁ` A{dZmer AgyZ g§KamÁ`mVyZ H$moUË`mhr
KQ>H$amÁ`mbm ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio A§VJ©V qH$dm J¥h`wÕmbm g_W©nUo Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r
H|$Ð gaH$mabm d amï´>mÜ`jmbm OmñVrV OmñV A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m A{YH$mamMm dmna amï´>mÜ`j d
H$m±J«og `m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$bm.
2) 1929-30 Mr Am{W©H$ _hm_§Xr :
1929-30 gmbr OmJ{VH$ Am{W©H$ _hm_§Xr {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>db {Z{_©Vr, H$O©,
~mOma^md, _mbH$-_Oya g§~§Y B. ~m~VrV KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$maMo Am{W©H$ ì`dñWodarb {Z`§ÌU Anwao nS>V
Mmbbo AgyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoda KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mm Vm~m qH$dm {Z`§ÌU amhV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
A_o[aH$Z AW©ì`dñWm S>~KmB©bm Ambr. `m _§XrVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`j
éPdoëQ> `m§Zr 'New Deal' ZmdmMm H$m`©H«$_ am~dbm Jobm. `m H$m`©H«$_mA§VJ©V A{YH$ Jw§VdUyH$
{dH$mgmMo àH$ën d amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr `m_wio A_o[aHo$À`m AW© ì`dñWobm Zdg§OrdZr {_imbr. `m
Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mim_Üò A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jm§Zr Amnë`m A{YH$mamV _moR>çmà_mUmV dmT> Ho$br. n[aUm_r
H|$ÐrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr dmT>br.
3) Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZU©` :
A_o[aHo$Mo g§{dYmZ \$maM bhmZ Agë`m_wio g§{dXmZmVrb A§V^y©V VÎdm§Mm AW© bmdÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mda Amho. g§{dYmZmMo g§ajU H$aUo, ~XbË`m H$mimZwgma g§{dYmZmV _hÎdnyU©
â KmbÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mZo Oo {ZU©` KoVbo AmhoV, Ë`m_Üò H|$ÐgaH$mabm PwH$Vo _mn XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wio H|$ÐmÀ`m A{YH$mamV dmT>b Pmbr n[aUm_r KQ>H$amÁ`mMo A{YH$ma H$_r hmoV Jobo. `m
gdmªMm n[aUm_ H|$ÐrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr dmT>V Jobr.
4) H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZoVyZ ghmæ`Vm AZwXmZ :
g§{dYmZmVrb XþéñVrZwgma H|$Ð gaH$mabm amï´>mÀ`m {hVmgmR>r H$a bmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {_imbm.
Ë`mVM â åhUyZ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMm pñdH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm ghmæ`Vm AZwXmZ H|$Ð gaH$mabm
Úmdo bmJbo. A_o[aHo$Vrb gd© KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr Zmhr. n[aUm_r H|$ÐmÀ`m
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ghmæ`mda KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm Amnbr AW©ì`dñWm Mmbdmdr bmJVo. Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm H$aVmZm H|$Ð gaH$ma d
amï´>mÜ`j KQ>H$amÁ`mda H$mhr AQ>r bmXVmo. `m_wio H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m A{YH$mamV dmT> hmoVo. `m g§X^m©V
CXmhaU XoVmZm {b`moZmS>© åhUVmV H$s, ""{OWo g§nÎmr Ë`m{R>H$mUr gÎmmgwÕm OmñV à_mUmV EH$dQ>Vo. `mMm
n[aUm_ g§{dYm{ZH$ gÎmm{d^mOZ nU Zï> hmoVo.''
5) amï´>mÜ`jmdarb ÑT>{dídmg :
A_o[aHo$_Üò amï´>mÜ`j ho nX eŠVrembr d à{Vð>oMo _mZbo OmVo. `m nXm~Ôb A_o[aH$Z bmoH$m§Zm
àM§S> A{^_mZ, AmpË_`Vm d {dídmg Amho. Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmV A_o[aHo$Mo _hÎd Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va
dmT>ë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ`mMr {Zð>m Amnë`m KQ>H$amÁ`m§À`m JìhZ©anojm amï´>mÜ`jm~Ôb A{YH$ AmXa d
{dídmg dmT>bm. `m gdmªÀ`m n[aUm_r KQ>H$amÁ`m§À`m à{Vð>onojm amï´>mÜ`jmMr à{Vð>m dmT>br.
6) Am§Vaamï´>r` _hÎd :
Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va d a{e`mÀ`m {dKQ>ZmZ§Va Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmV A_o[aHo$Mo dM©ñd dmT>bo.
OJmMo ZoV¥Ëd A_o[aHo$H$S>o Ambo. OJmVrb bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoÀ`m ajUmMo CÎmaXm{`Ëd g§`wŠV amï´> g§KmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ A_o[aHo$Zo pñdH$mabo. Ë`m_wio EH$ eŠVrembr A_o[aH$m R>odÊ`mgmR>r amï´>mÜ`j d H|$ÐgaH$ma
A{YH$m{YH$ A{YH$mag§nÞ R>odUo A_o[aH$Z OZVobm d KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm Amdí`H$ dmQ>bo. åhUyZM A_o[aH$Z
g§KamÁ`m_Üò H|$ÐrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr dmT>br.
7) OmJ{VH$sH$aU :
OJmVrb g§nyU© amï´´>m§Zr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. n[aUm_r Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamV KQ>H$amÁ`mnojm
H|$Ð gaH$maMr ^y{_H$m A{YH$M Agë`m_wio H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m d AÜ`jmÀ`m A{YH$mamV _moR>çm à_mUmV
dmT> hmoV Jobr. Ë`m_wio H|$ÐrH$aU àd¥Îmr dmT>rbm bmJbr.
AemàH$mao darb gd© H$maUm_wio AmXe© g§KamÁ`ì`dñWm AgUmè`m A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`m_Üò
H|$ÐrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr dmT>bobr Amho ho ñnï> hmooVo•
· ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZ - 2.
1) 10 ì`m KQ>ZmXþþéñVrZwgma A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmV H$emMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm?
2) g§{dYmZmVrb VÎdm§Mm AW© bm§~Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar A_o[aHo$V H$moUmMr Amho.
3) Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmVrb A_o[aHo$Mo _hÎd H$Yr dmT>bo?
4) H$moUË`m H$maUm_wio A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV H|$ÐrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr dmT>br.
5) AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV g§{dYm{ZH$ gÎmm{d^mOZ Zï> hmoV Mmbbo Amho. Ago H$moUË`m {dMmad§Vmbm
dmQ>Vo?
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1.2.2 A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr d¡{eï>o :
30 E{àb 1789 nmgyZ AmOn`ªV åhUOo 225 df© A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ H$m`©aV Amho. OJmVrb
{Z{_©V g§{dYmZmV Vo gdm©V OwZo g§{dYmZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr Or H$mhr d¡{eï>ço
AmhoV Ë`m~amo~aM g§{dYmZmMr hr VerM d¡{eï>ço AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo Aä`mgVm òVrb.
1) {Z{_©V d {b{IV g§{dYmZ :
1787 _Üò {\$bmS>opë\$`m òWrb n[afXo_Üò {b{IV ñdê$nmÀ`m g§{dYmZmMm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV g§{dYmZ ho gd©loð> _mZbo OmVo. OJmVrb {b{IV ñdê$nmMr n{hbr amÁ`KQ>Zm
åhUyZ A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. B§½b§S>À`m g§{dYmZmà_mUo A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ hiyhiy {Z_m©U
Pmbobo Zmhr. Va A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ {ZpíMV H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmbobo Amho. na§Vy nwÝhm Ë`m_Üò WmoS>çm\$ma
à_mUmV H$b_m§Mr â KmbÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
2) OJmVrb gdm©V bhmZ g§{dYmZ :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ ho OJmVrb BVa Xoem§À`m g§{dYmZmMr VwbZm H$aVm gdm©V bhmZ g§{dYmZ Amho.
A_o[aH$Z _yi g§{dYmZm_Üò 4 hOma eãX AgyZ 12 nmZm§_Üò g§{dYmZ _w{ÐV Pmbobo Amho. VgoM g§nyU©
g§{dYmZ dmMyZ H$mT>m`bm Ho$di AYm© Vmg bmJVmo. A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ bhmZ Agë`mMo H$maU
g§{dYmZH$Ë`mªZr emgZmMr \$ŠV _yb^yV VÎdo d àemgZmÀ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aem VÎdm§Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z
EH$ _yi Mm¡H$Q> V`ma Ho$br Amho. Á`m ~m~rnwT>rb H$mbmZwgma H$m`ÚmZwgma R>a{dVm òVmV. Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe
g§{dYmZmV H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z_m©Ë`m§Zm dmQ>br Zmhr. _Ýamo åhUVmo H$s, "A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ ho g§{jßVVoMm
EH$ Z_wZm Amho. H$maU Ë`m_Üò \$ŠV Mma hOma eãX AgyZ AÜ`m© VmgmV dmMyZ nyU© hmoVo.'
3) n[aÑT> g§{dYmZ :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMo _hÎdnyU© AmUIr EH$ d¡{eï>o åhUOo ho g§{dYmZ A{Ve` VmR>a qH$dm n[aÑT>
Amho. `m g§{dYmZm_Üò n[adV©Z qH$dm XþþéñVr H$amd`mMr Agob Va gm_mÝ` H$m`Úmnojm doJir Aer
{deof nÕVr dmnamdr bmJVo. KQ>ZmXþéñVrgmR>r H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo g§_Vr {Xbr
nm{hOo. VgoM A_o[aHo$Vrb 3/4 KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mr _§Oyar {_imë`m{edm` H$moUVrhr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$aVm òV
Zmhr. A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmVrb KQ>Zm XþéñVr n«{H«$òV KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
åhUyZM gÜ`H$mbmn`ªV 30 KQ>ZmXþéñË`m A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZm_Üò Pmboë`m AmhoV. `mdê$Z A_o[aH$Z
g§{dYmZ {H$Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV VmR>a/n[aÑT> Amho ho AmnUmbm {XgyZ òVo.
4) g§{dYmZmbm gd©loð> ñWmZ / _hÎd :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ ho A_o[aHo$Vrb gd©loð> H$m`Xm Amho. (The supreme law of the country)
darb {dYmZ A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$b_ 6 _Üò ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m
AZwgma {Z_m©U Ho$bobo gd© H$m`Xo, A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m
A{YH$mam§VJ©V Ho$bobo H$ama qH$dm ^{dî`mV
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hmoUmao H$ama A_o[aHo$Mo gdm}ÀM H$m`Xo AgVrb Am{U KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrb Ý`m`mYre Ë`mbm ~m§Yrb
AgVrb, H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m g§{dYmZm_Üò qH$dm H$m`Úm_Üò `m§À`mer {dg§JV AgUmar H$moUVrhr
~m~ Ad¡Y g_Obr OmB©b. `mM H$maUmñVd A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMm _moR>çmà_mUmV AmXa Ho$bm OmVmo.
ìhoda åhUVmo H$s, "There can, indeed, be no other people anywhere in the world, who
regard their constitutions with greater respect of than do the Americans." (ì`dhmamV
A_o[aH$Z OodT>m Amnë`m g§{dYmZmMm gÝ_mZ H$aVmV, VodT>m gÝ_mZ AÝ` H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$
Amnë`m g§{dYmZmMm H$arV ZgVrb) BVŠ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV A_o[aH$Z ZmJ[aH$ g§{dYmZmbm loð> _mZVmV.
5) g§KamÁèmgZ ì`dñWm :
g§KamÁ` nÕVr_Üò {b{IV g§{dYmZ, H|$Ð d KQ>H$amÁ` `m§À`m_Üò gÎmoMr {d^mJUr, Ý`m`mb`rZ
ñdmV§Í` `m ~m~tMr {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m gd© ~m~r A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmZo pñdH$maboë`m AmhoV.
A_o[aHo$Vrb 13 dgmhVr EH$Ì òdyZ {~«Q>re gÎmo{déÕ g§Kf© H$ê$Z A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.
gÜ`H$mim_Üò A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV 51 KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV gd© KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mm
XOm© g_mZ Amho. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$amÁ`mbm g§KamÁ`mVyZ \w$Qy>Z OmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
Zmhr. g_mZ amï´>r` {hVg§~§YmMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmar amï´>r` gÎmm d KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m d¡`pŠVH$ {hVg§~§YmMo
à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmar amï´>r` gÎmm d KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m d¡`pŠVH$ {hVg§~§YmMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmar KQ>H$amÁ`
gÎmm `m§Mm gwaoI _oi A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV {XgyZ òVmo. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` hm g§KamÁ` nÕVrMm n{hbm
à`moJ Amho. OJmV AmO ApñVËdmV Agboë`m g§KamÁ`mV A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` ho gdm©V OwZo g§KamÁ` Amho.
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` ho H|$ÐmH$fu nÕVrZo ~Zbobo Amho.
6) Ý`m`mb`rZ ñdmV§Í` / ñdV§Ì Ý`m`nm{bH$m :
gdm}ÀM H$m`Xm åhUyZ XoemÀ`m g§{dYmZmMm AmXa hmoV ahmdm Am{U H$moUmH$Sy>Zhr Ë`m§Mr AdhobZm
qH$dm C„§KZ hmoD$ Zò `mH$[aVm A_o[aHo$V ñdV§Ì Aem gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
ì`ŠVrMo ñdmV§Í` d emgZmMr gÎmm `m§À`m g_VmobmMo nmbH$Ëd gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o XoÊ`mV Ambo
Amho. A_o[aH$Z Ý`m`XmZ nÕVr Xþhoar ñdê$nmMr Amho. g§KamÁ` Ý`m`mb` d KQ>H$amÁ` Ý`m`mb` Aer
XmoZ àH$maMr Ý`m`_§S>io ñdV§ÌnUo Amnë`m joÌmV H$m`©aV AgVmV. EH$_oH$m§Zm g_m§Va Aer loUr~Õ
aMZm Amho. g§KamÁ` emgZ nÕVrV _Ü`dVu gaH$mao d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$mao `m§À`mVrb qH$dm KQ>H$
amÁ`mVrb AmnmngmVrb g§Kf© gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` H$m`© H$aVmV.
Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMo VÎd ho A_o[aH$Z emgZ ì`dñWoMo AmYw{ZH$ g§{dYmZdmmXVrb _hÎdnyU©
`moJXmZ Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`Xm qH$dm H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMo AmXoe KQ>ZoVrb {Z`_m§er gwg§JV Agmdo
bmJVmV. H$m`ÚmMm AW© bmdÊ`mMo H$m`© Ý`m`mb` H$aV AgVo. bmdbobm AW© gwg§JV H$s {dg§JV ho
R>a{dÊ`mMm Am{U Vmo {dg§JV R>aë`mg Vmo Ad¡Y åhUyZ aÔ~mVb R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM
Ý`m`mb`mbm Amho. `mbmM Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z Ago åhUVmV. Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMo VÎd
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A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV ñnï> ñdê$nmV _m§S>bobo Amho. na§Vw `m g§{dYmZmZo Or emgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U
Ho$bobr Amho Ë`m emgZì`dñWoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo ho VÎd Amho. H|$ÐgÎmm d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$mao `m§À`m
A{YH$mamMr g§{dYmZmZo {ZpíMV {d^mJUr Ho$bobr Amho. `mVrb H$moUË`mhr emgZmZo `m KQ>ZmË_H$
_`m©XoMo C„§KZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm à{V~§Y KmbÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.
åhUyZ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm hm A{YH$ma ~hmb Ho$bobm Amho. ^maVmZo A_o[aHo$À`m Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z
nÕVrà_mUo ^maVmV gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho.
7) gÎmoMr {d^mJUr / gÎmm {d^mOZ :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Ë`m§À`mdaVr _m°ÝQ>oñŠ`wÀ`m gÎmm{d^mOZmÀ`m VÎdmMm \$ma _moR>m à^md
nS>bobm {XgyZ òVmo. `mM H$maUmñVd A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§{dYmZmV gÎmm {d^mOZmMo
VÎd, {Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZmMr VaVyX Ho$bobr {XgVo. ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mÀ`m ajUmgmR>r Ý`m`{d^mJ, emgZ
{d^mJ Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>i `m§V gÎmm{d^mOZ Amdí`H$ Amho. Ago 1748 gmbr _m±Q>oñŠ`wMm gÎmm{d^mOZmMm
{gÕm§V gm§JVmo. Aem nÕVrZo g§{dYmZmVrb VaVwXrZwgma emgZmMo {VZhr {d^mJ (H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar
_§S>i d Ý`m`_§S>i) nañnam§nmgyZ AbJ R>odbobo AmhoV. VgoM KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mr gÎmm Am{U H|$ÐgaH$maMr
gÎmm `m§À`m_Üò gÎmoMr {d^mJUr Ho$bobr Amho. A_o[aH$Z emgZ {df`H$ gÎmm amï´>mÜ`jm§Zm H$m`ÚmMr
gÎmm H$m±J«ogbm, Ý`m`{df`H$ gÎmm gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm g§{dYmZmZo {Xbobr Amho.
8) gÎmoMo {Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZmMr VaVyX :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZH$Ë`mªZr {Z`§ÌU Am{U g§VwbZ `m VÎdmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bobm Amho. gÎmoMo {d^mOZ
VrZ {d^mJmV H$ê$Z Ë`mMo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmbZ H$aUo AeŠ` Amho. `mMr OmUrd g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Ë`mZm Pmbr
hmoVr. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr gÎmoMo {Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZ ho VÎd pñdH$mabo. åhUOoM H$m`Xo_§S>i, amï´>mÜ`j d
Ý`m`nm{bH$m `m§Zm H$mhr A{YH$ma {Xbo nU Ë`mda BVa {d^mJm§Mo {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mV Ambo. CXm- A_o[aH$Z
amï´>mÜ`jmbm emgZ{df`H$ A{YH$ma {Xbo. _mÌ Ë`mda {gZoQ>Mo {Z`§ÌU R>odbo Amho. H$m`Xo_§S>imbm
H$m`Xo{df`H$ gÎmm {Xbr. na§Vw amï´>mÜ`jmbm ZH$mam{YH$mamMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. VgoM Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr
Zo_UyH$ amï´>mÜ`jmÛmao Ho$br OmVo. `mdê$Z AmnUmg Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, gÎmoMo {Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZ `m§Mm
{_bmn A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZm_Üò {XgVmo.
9) AÜ`jr` emgZnÕVr :
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmZo g§gXr` nÕVrnojm doJiçm Aem AÜ`jr` nÕVrMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho.
AÜ`jr` nÕVrZwgma A_o[aHo$Mm AÜ`j d Ë`mMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i (_§Ìr_§S>i) ho H$m±J«ogbm (H$m`Xo_§S>imbm)
O~m~Xma R>odÊ`mV Amboobo Zmhr. VgoM H$m±J«og AÜ`jm{déÕ A{dídmgmMm R>amd _m§Sy> eH$V Zmhr AWdm
AÜ`jmbm àíZhr {dMmê$ eH$V Zmhr. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo hm AÜ`j dmñV{dH$ à_wI AgyZ Ë`mbm
_moR>çm à_mUmV A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. A_o[aH$Z AÜ`j hm OZVoH$Sy>Z àË`jnUo _VXmZ
à{H«$òVyZ {ZdSy>Z OmV Agë`m_wio A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmZo JUamÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$bobr Amho.
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10) _yb^yV hŠH$ :
g§{dYmZmV _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aUmao A_o[aH$m ho OJmVrb n{hbo amï´> Amho. na§Vw gwê$dmVrÀ`m
g§{dYmZm_Üò ì`ŠVrMo _yb^yV hŠH$ ZìhVo. 1791 _Yrb 10 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmV
_yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gdm©V _hÎdnyU© ~m~ åhUOo _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mda gmon{dbobr Amho. Z§VaÀ`m H$mim_Üò OJmVrb BVa H$mhr amï´>m§Zr _yb^yV
hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe Amnmnë`m amï´>mÀ`m g§{dYmZmV Ho$bm. emgZmH$Sy>Z ZmJ[aH$m§À`m A{YH$mam§da A{VH«$_U
hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ g§{dYmZmZo emgZmdahr H$mhr ~§YZo KmVbr AmhoV. Ë`m_wioM ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV{dH$mgmgmR>r
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {d{dY àH$maMo _yb^yV hŠH$ ~hmb Ho$bobo AmhoV. ^maVm_Yrb _yb^yV hŠH$ A_o[aH$Z
g§{dYmZmVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m_YyZM KoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
11) Xþhoar ZmJ[aH$Ëd :
A_o[aHo$À`m _yi g§{dYmZmV Xþhoar ZmJ[aH$Ëd A_o[aH$Z ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo ZìhVo. 28 Owb¡
1868 amoOrÀ`m 14 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma A_o[aHo$Vrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§KamÁ`mMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd d Á`m
KQ>H$amÁ`mV amhVmo Ë`m KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo ZmJ[aH$Ëd AemàH$maMo Xþhoar ZmJ[aH$Ëd XoÊ`mV Ambo. _mÌ `m
KQ>H$amÁ`mV {Zdmg H$[aV AgVmZm Xþgè`m KQ>H$amÁ`mMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd XoVm òV Zmhr. g§{dYmZmVrb
VaVwXrZwgma EH$mM doir g§KamÁ`mMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd KQ>H$amÁ`mMo ZmJ[aH$Ëd ì`ŠVrbm {_iVo. ^maVm_Üò
ZmJ[aH$mbm EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Amho.
12) Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` :
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m g§{dYmZm_Üò H$moUË`mhr Y_m©bm A{YH¥$V _mÝ`Vm {Xbobr Zmhr. g§{dYmZmÀ`m
Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ gd© Y_© g_mZ AmhoV. VgoM Y_m©À`m AmYmamda gaH$ma ôX^md H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr
Y_m©bm emgZmH$Sy>Z àmoËgmhZ AJa Aml` {Xbm OmV Zmhr d H$moUË`mhr Y_m©da ~§Xr KmbV Zmhr.
^maVmà_mUo A_o[aH$m ho Y_©{Zanoj g§KamÁ` Amho. B§½b§S>_Üò B§½b§S>bMm amOm hm àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§WmMmM
Agmdm Ago ~§YZ Amho. Ë`m_wio B§½b§S>bm Y_©{Zanoj amï´> åhUVm òUma Zmhr.
darb doJdoJiçm àH$mao A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr qH$dm amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {d{dY d¡{eï>ço nhmd`mg
{_iVmV.
· ñd`§: AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
1) A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMm pñdH$ma H$moUË`m n[afXo_Üò Ho$bm ?
2) H$moUË`m XoemMo g§{dYmZ OJmVrb gdm©V bhmZ g§{dYmZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo?
3) A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmZo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm H$moUVm Agm {deof A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho?
4) A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Ë`m§da H$moUË`m {dMmad§Vm§À`m gÎmm{d^mOZ VÎdmMm à^md nS>bobm
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OmUdVmo?
5) A_o[aHo$Zo H$moUË`m emgZ nÕVrMm pñdH$ma Ho$bobm Amho?
1.3 gmam§e :
emgZg§ñWoMo EH$mË_ emgZ ì`dñWm d g§KamÁ` emgZ ì`dñWm Ago XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. `mn¡H$s
àñVwV àH$aUm_Üò g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. àm{MZ H$mir d
_Ü``wJrZ H$mimV gwÕm g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm J«rH$, BQ>br d ^maVmV ApñVËdmV hmoVr. na§Vw H$mimÀ`m
AmoKmV `m ì`dñWm§Mm èhmg Pmbm. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` ho OJmVrb EH$ AmXe©
g§KamÁ` Amho. `m g§KamÁ`mMm OJmVrb AZoH$ g§KamÁ`m§Zr AZwH$aU H$ê$Z Amnë`m g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm
{Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrgmR>r {b{IV g§{dXmZ, gÎmoMr {d^mJUr, ñdV§Ì Ý`m`nm{bH$m `m§Mm
àm_w»`mZo Cn`moJ hmoVmo. H|$ÐmH$fu d H|$ÐmoËgmar nÕVrZo OJmVrb AZoH$ g§KamÁò {Z_m©U Pmbr. H|$ÐmH$fu
nÕVrZo A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` Va H|$ÐmoËgmar nÕVrZo ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` ho OJmVrb gdm©V eŠVrembr g§KamÁ` ~Zbobo AmnUmbm {XgyZ òVo. A_o[aH$Z
g§KamÁ`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrnydu VoWo {~«{Q>e gÎmo{déÕ dgmhVrMm g§Kf© nhmd`mg {_iVmo. `m g§Kfm©_YyZM
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va A_o[aHo$Vrb à{V{ZYrZr d {dMmad§Vm§Zr AmXe© Aem g§{dYmZmMr CÎm_ àH$mao {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.
A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr d¡{eï>o nm{hbr Va OJmVrb AmXe© Ago g§{dYmZ Agë`mMo {XgVo. gdm©V _hÎdmMo
åhUOo ho g§{dYmZ OJmVrb gdm©V bhmZ AgyZ XoIrb AmXem©dV ~Zbo Amho. na§Vw Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ` hiyhiy H|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m àd¥ÎmrH$S>o diVmZm {XgVo. hr àd¥Îmr g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo
KmVH$ Amho.
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
g§KamÁ` : AZoH$ KQ>H$amÁ` EH$Ì òdyZ _Ü`dVu gaH$ma ~ZdVo d `m gaH$mabm H$mhr A{YH$ma
XoVo d H$mhr A{YH$ma Amnë`mH$S>o R>odUo.
H|$ÐmH$fu : KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zr EH$Ì òdyZ g§KamÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
H|$ÐmoËgmar : _Ü`dVu gaH$maZo KQ>H$amÁ`mMr {Z{_©VrH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ma XoUo.
n[aÑT> : VmR>a, ~XbÊ`mg H${R>U.
g§{dYmZ : amÁ`KQ>Zm
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1
1) 13
2)
Foedus
3) _Ü`dVu gaH$ma (H|$Ð d KQ>H$amÁ` gaH$ma (KQ>H$amÁ`)
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4) H|$ÐmH$fu
5)
8) g§KamÁ`
9) H|$ÐmoËgmar
6) 4 Owb¡ 1776
K. C. Wheare
7) H$b_ 6
10) 51
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2
1) _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm
2) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`
4) _Ü`dVu gaH$ma d AÜ`j `m§À`m H$m`m©V dmT>
3) Xþgè`m_hm`wÕmZ§Va
5) {b`moZmS>©
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3
1) 1787 _Üò {\$bmS>opë\$`m
2) A_o[aH$m
3) Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z
4) _m°ÝQ>ño Š`w
5) AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr
1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` qH$dm àíZ.
A) {Q>nm {bhm.
1) g§KamÁ`mMm AW© d ì`m»`m
2) g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrÀ`m nÕVr.
3) g§KamÁ` {Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ ~m~r
4) A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$n.
~) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) g§KamÁ` åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am?
2) A_o[aH$Z g§{dYmZmMr R>iH$ d¡{eï>ço gm§Jm?
3) A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m H|$ÐrH$aUmÀ`m àd¥ÎmrMr MMm© H$am.
1.7 g§X^© J«W
§
A) B§J«Or g§X^© J«§W
1)
J. C. Johari - 'Comparative Politics', Sterling, Delhi.
2)
S. R. Maheshwari - Comparative Govt. & Politics, Laxmi Naraya Agarwal,
Agra 1983
3)
Vidya Bhushan, Comparative Politics, Atlantic Publication and Distributers,
Delhi.
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E_.E. ^mJ-2/g_mOemó ....2
~) _amR>r g§X^© J«§W :
1) ^mñH$a b. ^moio, emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, Vm¡b{ZH$ AÜ``Z, qnnimnwao àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
2) em§Vmam_ ^moJbo, à_wI Xoem§Mr emgZ nÕVr, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
3) S>m°. Ho$. Ho$. H$mdioH$a, àm. ^mi~m {d^wVo, {ZdS>H$ g§{dYmZo, ^mJ-2, em§Vr àH$meZ,
gmVmam.
4) S>m°. dmg§Vr am__, S>m°. {dO` XoR>o, VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg,
nwUo.
BBB
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KQ>H$ - 2
A_o[aHo$Mo H$m`Xo_§S>i
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 à{V{ZYr J¥hmMr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma
2.2.2 {gOoa `m g^mJ¥hmMr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma
2.2.3 {gZoQ>Mm à^mdrnUm
2.2.4 {dYr{Z`_m§Mr à{H«$`m
2.2.5 H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g{_Ë`m.
2.3 gmam§e
2.4 nm[afm{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.5 ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr g§X^© J«§W
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm ·
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imMr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma `m§Mr _m{hVr KoVm òB©b.
·
H${Zð> d d[að> g^mJ¥hmVrb \$aH$ {dfX H$aVm òB©b.
·
{gZoQ> `m d[að> g^mJ¥hmMm à^mdrnUm OmUyZ KoUo.
·
H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {dYo`H$ {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m `mMr _m{hVr KoUo.
·
H$m`Xo_§S>im_Üò AgUmao {d{dY KQ>H$ ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3/amÁèmó/A_o[aHo$Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm ....1
2.1 àñVmdZm :
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§S>im_Üò XmoZ g^mJ¥ho AmhVo. XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm {_iyZ H$m±J«og Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
à{V{ZYr g^m (J¥h) ho H${Zð> g^mJ¥h AgyZ Vo XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h åhUyZ XoIrb
AmoiIbo OmVo. {gZoQ> (senate) ho d[aï> g^mJ¥h AgyZ Vo KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h Amho.
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imbm H$m±J«og ho Zmd R>odÊ`mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo `m eãXmZo g§KamÁ`mMm ^md
àH$Q> hmoVmo. H$m`Xo_§S>imMo ñdê$n {ÛJ¥hr Ho$bo Amho. H$maU H$m`Xo {df`H$ gÎmm EH$mM g^mJ¥hmÀ`m hmVr
Agë`mg EH$mM g^mJ¥hmMr Owb_r gÎmm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m{edm` EH$m g^mJ¥hmZo KmB© KmB©Zo {dYo`H$
_§Oya Ho$ë`mg {ÛVr` g^mJ¥hmV g{dñVa MMm© hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMr aMZm {ÛJ¥hr H$aÊ`mV Ambr
Amho.
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§himMm Aä`mg aH$V AgVmZm gÎmm {d^mOZ Am{U {Z`§ÌU d g§VybZ nÕVrMm
pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho. A_o[aH$Z g§KQ>ZoZo "AÜ`jr` bmoH$emhrMm' pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho. `m_wio `m nÕVr_Üò
H${Zð> g^mJ¥h (à{V{ZYrJ¥h) ho A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ~m~V Xþæ`_ Ago g^mJ¥h Amho. Va d[að> g^mJ¥h ({gZoQ>)
`m g^mJ¥hmV A{YH$ A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV.
H$mhr H$m`Xo_§him_Üò g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm {deof A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. `m{edm` g^mJ¥hmVrb
gXñ`m§À`m A_`m©X ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm KmbÊ`mgmR>r 1917 gmbr EH$ H$m`Xm Ho$bm Amho.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
2.2.1 à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmMr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma (à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥h) :
B
à{V{ZYr g^m
(House of Representatives) :
à{V{ZYr g^m ho H$m±J«ogMo àW_ g^mJ¥h Amho. `mbm H${Zð> g^mJ¥h XoIrb åhUVmV. ho g^mJ¥h
bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. H$maU `m g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z àm¡T> d JwßV _VXmZ
nÕVrZo hmoVo.
·
à{V{ZYr gôMr aMZm :
`m g^¥hmMr gXñ` g§»`m gwê$dmVrg 65 BVH$s hmoVr. Z§Va XoemMr bmoH$g§»`m d KQ>H$amÁ`m§V dmT>
hmoV Joë`mZo `m g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Jobr. 1929 À`m {dYr {Z`_mZwgma 435 BVH$s
g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m hmoVr. 1958 d 1959 gmbr AmbmñH$m d hdmB© hr XmoZ KQ>H$amÁò g§KamÁ`mV
g_m{dð> Pmë`mZo `m g^mJ¥hmMr gXñ` g§»`m 435 BVH$s Amho. bmoH$g§»òÀ`m dmT>rZwgma `m g^mJ¥hmMr
gXñ` g§»` ~XbV AgVo. gÜ`m 3,45,000 bmoH$g§»òbm EH$ à{V{ZYr Ago à_mU AgboMo {XgVo.
·
_VXma g§K :
EH$à{V{ZYr _VXma g§KmVyZ `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m
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g^mgXm§
Mr {ZdS> hmoV AgVo. amÁ`KQ>ZoV _VXma g§K
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{Z_m©U H$aÊ`m~m~V H$moUVrhr ì`dñWm Ho$br ZìhVr. _VXma g§K {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb
H$m`Xo_§S>imZm XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m_wio _VXma g§K ho {df_ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio 1842 gmbr EH$
H$m`Xm H$ê$Z amÁ`mV g_mZ nÕVrMo _VXma g§K {Z_m©U H$amdoV Ago R>adbo. na§Vw g_mZVoMo ho VÎd
nyU©nUo Am_bmV Ambo Zmhr. _VXma g§KmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVmZm Oo[a_±S>tJ nÕVrMm Adb§~ àËòH$
KQ>H$amÁ`mZo Ho$bm. `m nÕVrZwgma Á`m _VXma g§KmV gÎmmYmar nj AgVmo Ë`m§Mo C_oXdma naV {ZdSy>Z
òVrb Aem nÕVrZo _VXma g§K {Z_m©U Ho$bobo AgVmV. hr nÕV _°goÀ`wEQ>g² `m amÁ`mMm JìhZ©a
""amO~«rO Ooar' `m ì`ŠVrZo 1812 gmbr `m nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m
Zmdmdê$Z Oo[a_±S>tJ hm eãX àM{bV Pmbm Amho.
·
C_oXdmamMr `mo½`Vm (nmÌVm) :
à{V{ZYr J¥hmMm g^mgX hmoÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdmamH$S>o nwT>rb nmÌVm Agmdr bmJVo.
1) C_oXdmamMo d` H${_V H$_r 25 df} nyU© Agmdo.
2) {ZdS>UyH$sg Cô ahmÊ`mgmR>r Vmo gmV df} A_o[aHo$Mm ZmJarH$ Agmdm.
3) Á`m KQ>H$amÁ`mMo Vmo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUma Amho Ë`m KQ>H$amÁ`mMm Vmo ZmJarH$ d a{hdmer
Agbm nm{hOo.
4) Vmo gaH$mar ZmoH$a Zgmdm.
·
_VXmZm{YH$ma :
d`mMr 18 df} nyU© H$aUmè`m àËòH$ ZmJarH$mg _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho. _VXmZmg nmÌ
AgÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMo {H$_mZ XmoZ df} g§~§{YV KQ>H$amÁ`mV dmñVì` Agbo nm{hOo d {H$_mZ EH$ df} Ë`m
_VXma g§KmV dmñVì` Agbo nm{hOo.
·
H$m`©H$mb :
`m g^mJ¥hmMm H$m`©H$mb amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma 2 dfm©Mm Amho. BVa bmoH$emhr XoemVrb H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmnojm
A_o[aHo$À`m `m g^mJ¥hmMm H$mbI§S> AË`§V Aën Amho. Ë`m_wio amOH$maUmVrb Ooð> d AZw^dr bmoH$ `m
{ZdS>UyH$sH$S>o \$mago AmH$fr©V hmoV ZmhrV. `m g^mJ¥hmMm H$mbmdYr ~XbÊ`mMo WmoS>o\$ma à`ËZ Pmbo
hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`mMm Cn`mJo Pmbm Zmhr. `m g^mJ¥hmMr A{YdoeZo dfm©VyZ {H$_mZ EH$doim hmoVo d ho
A{YdoeZ {H$_mZ nmM _{hZo Mmby ahmVo.
·
JUg§»`m :
`m g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ AÜ`m©nojm OmñV g^mgX CnpñWV AmgodV EdT>o
g^mgX CnpñWV ZgVrb Va g^m VhHw$~ H$aÊ`mV òVo.
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doVZ d ^Îmo :
`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m àËòH$ g^mgXmbm 69,800 S>m°bg© BVHo$ dm{f©H$ doVZ {_iVo. `m{edm` {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ
d BVa gw{dYm Ë`mbm g^mgXËdmÀ`m H$m`©H$mimV {_iVmV.
·
g^mgXmMo {deof A{YH$ma :
bmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWog àËòH$ g^mgXmbm g^mJ¥hmg Amnbr _Vo à^mdrnUo d {Z^©`nUo _m§S>Vm
Ambr nm{hOoV. `mgmR>r ^mfU ñdmV§Í`m~amo~a g^mgXmbm Ý`m`mb`rZ H$madmB© nmhÿZ _wŠV ahmVm Ambo
nm{hOo. `mgmR>r àËòH$ g^mgXmg nwT>rb à_mUo {deof A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV.
1) à{V{ZYr J¥hmÀ`m àËòH$ g^mgXmbm `m J¥hmÀ`m A{YdoeZmgmR>r OmV d òV AgVmZm à{V~§Y
H$aVm òV Zmhr. \$ŠV XoeÐmoh Kmoa AnamY. em§VVm ^§JmMo JwÝho `mgmR>r g§ajU XoVm òV Zmhr.
2) g^mJ¥hmV Amnbo _V AWdm ^y{_H$m _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r gd© g^mgXm§Zm ^mfU H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`
{Xbo Amho. Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m ^mfUmda Ý`m`mb`rZ H$madmB© H$aVm òV Zmhr.
3) Á`m g^mgXmMo dV©Z Am{U AmMaU AZ¡{VH$ d A`mo½` Agob Aem g^mgXmMo gXñ`Ëd
2/3 ~hÿ_VmZo aÔ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g^mJ¥hmbm Amho. CXm. 1918 gmbr ìhr. Eb. ~J©a `m§Zm
gaH$maÀ`m H$m`m©V AS>Wim AmUë`mÀ`m H$maUmdê$Z Ë`mMo gXñ`Ëd gôZo aÔ Ho$bo hmoVo.
·
à{V{ZYr J¥hmMm AÜ`j / g^mnVr
(Speaker) :
à{V{ZYrJ¥hmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`mZ§Va n{hë`m A{YdoeZmV g^mnVrMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.
g§gXr` emgZ nÕVrà_mUo g^mnVrMr {ZdS> Pmë`mZ§Va Vmo {ZnjnmVrnUo H$m_ H$aVmo. na§Vy `m
g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mnVr hm amOH$s` njmÀ`m H$m`mV© g{H«$` gh^mJr AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ho nX nyU©nUo amOH$s`
ñdê$nmMo Amho.
g^mnVr nXmgmR>r C_oXdma {ZpíMV H$aV AgVmZm amOH$s` njmÛmao nwT>rb XmoZ ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$bm
OmVmo. EH$ C_oXdmamMr bmoH${à`Vm d Xþgar åhUOo C_oXdmamMo d` Ooð>Vm hmo`. g^mnVrMm H$m`©H$mi hm
à{V{ZYr J¥hmÀ`m EdT>mM åhUOo XmoZ dfm©Mm Amho.
g^mnVrbm {H$Vr A{YH$ma AgmdoV `m g§~§YrMm CëboI KQ>ZoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV
Ë`mZo Amnbr gÎmm d à^md dmT>dÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Ë`mZwgma Vmo gd© ñWmB© d àda g{_Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$
H$aV Ago. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMo g{_VrMr Vmo Zo_UyH$ H$aV Ago Am{U `m g{_VrMm Vmo AÜ`j Ago.
{Z`_ g{_VrMm gwÕm Vmo à_wI Agë`mZo Or {dYo`Ho$ Ë`mbm Or `mo½` dmQ>V VrM g^mJ¥hmnwT>o MM}bm
R>odÊ`mMr Vmo ì`dñWm H$aV Ago. Ë`m_wio {dYo`Ho$ gmXa H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Vo _§Oya hmoB©n`ªV Ë`mMmM A{YH$ma
{dYo`H$mda hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr {dYr{df`H$ joÌmV Ë`mMr hþHy$_emhr {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr.
1911 À`m {dYr{Z`_mZwgma g^mnVrÀ`m hmVmVrb A{YH$ma H$_r Ho$bo {Za{Zamiçm g{_Ë`m
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Zo_Ê`mÀ`m A{YH$ma g^mJ¥hmbm XoÊ`mV Ambm. ñWm`r g{_VrVrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> à{V{ZYr g^m H$ê$
bmJbr. Ë`m_wio g^mnVrÀ`m A{YH$mamda d hþHy$_emhrda {Z`§ÌU Ambo d Ë`mMr gÎmm _`m©{XV Pmbr.
à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXmMo ñWmZ AÜ`j Am{U CnmÜ`j Z§Va {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo Amho. AÜ`jnXmÀ`m
dmagXmam_Üò Ë`mMo ñWmZ {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo Agë`m_wio `m nXmbm A_o[aH$Z emgZ ì`dñWo_Üò _hÎd
àmßV Pmbo Amho.
·
g^mnVrMr H$m`} :
1) g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO ì`dñWrV MmbÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar g^mnVrMr AgVo. Ë`m_wio `m ~¡R>H$sMo
AÜ`ñWmZ pñdH$mê$Z Vmo g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO ì`dñWrVnUo nma nmS>V AgVmo.
2) g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ AgVmZm g^mJ¥hmV {Z`§ÌU R>odUo g^mgXmZm Amnbo _V ì`ŠV
H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr XoUo.
3) à{V{ZYr J¥hmÀ`m g^mgXmZm {_imboë`m {deof A{YH$mam§Mo ajU H$aUo.
4) {dYo`H$ {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m Amnë`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr nma nmS>Uo.
5) EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg Amnbo {ZUm©`H$ _V
(Casting vote)
XoUo.
6) g^mJ¥hmVrb H$m_H$mOmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm AW© bmdUo.
7) g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwairV d em§VVoZo MmbÊ`mgmR>r g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV AS>Wim
AmUUmè`m g^mgXmda H$madmB© AWdm Ë`m§Mo g^mgXËd VmËnwaË`m H$mbmgmR>r aÔ H$aUo BË`mXr H$m`}
g^mnVrbm H$amdr bmJVmV.
·
à{V{ZYr J¥hmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
1) {dYr{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
H$moUË`mhr {df`mdarb {dYo`H$ àW_ à{V{ZYrJ¥hmV _m§S>bo Omdy eH$Vo. `m g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$
{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m Pmë`mZ§Va Vo {gZoQ>À`m _§OyargmR>r nmR>dbo OmVo. Oa EImXo {dYo`H$ àW_ {gZoQ>Zo _§Oya
H$ê$Z à{V{ZYr J¥hmH$S>o nmR>dbo Agë`mg `m g^mJ¥hmZo _§Oyar XoB©n`ªV {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoD$
eH$V Zmhr. `m{edm` {gZoQ>Zo _§Oya Ho$boë`m {dYo`H$mV àm§V{ZYr J¥h XþéñË`m gwMdy eH$Vo. XmoÝhr
g^mJ¥hmV EImÚm {dYo`H$m~m~V _VôX Pmë`mg Vo {dYo`H$ XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g§`wŠV g{_VrH$S>o nmR>dbo
OmVo. `m g{_VrV Vo {dYo`H$ _§Oya qH$dm Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mV òVo. WmoS>Š`mV gm_mÝ` {dYo`H$m~m~V XmoÝhr
g^mJ¥hmZm g_mZ A{YH$ma AmhoV.
2) Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma :
H$moUËmhr àH$maMo Am{W©H$ {dYo`H$ ho gd©àW_ H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>Ê`mMr àWm Amho. Ë`mà_mUo
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AW© {dYo`H$ ho àW_ à{V{ZYrJ¥hmV _m§S>br OmVmV. {d{dY H$a AmH$maUr, amï´>r` {ZYr, O_m H$aUo d
IM© H$aUo `m g§~§YrÀ`m {dYo`H$m~m~V `mM g^mJ¥hmbm {deof A{YH$ma AmhoV. AW© {dYo`H$mbm
à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo _§Oyar {Xë`mZ§VaM Vo {gZoQ> g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>dbo OmVo. {gZoQ> `m {dYo`H$m_Üò XþéñË`m
gwMdy eH$Vo. na§Vw `m XþéñË`m à{V{ZYrJ¥hmbm _mÝ` Agmì`m bmJVmV.
3) Ý`m{`H$ A{YH$ma :
AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j, Ý`m`m{Ye d AÝ` CÀM nXmdarb ì`ŠVrZo nXmda H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm J§^ra
ñdê$nmMm JwÝhm Ho$bm Agë`mg Ë`m§Zm nXmdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma `m g^mJ¥hmbm XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. _hm{^`moJmMm àñVmd gôÀ`m g^mgXmH$Sy>Z gmXa H$aÊ`mV
Amë`mda _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma `m g^mJ¥hmbm Amho. {gZoQ> \$ŠV Ë`m AmamonmMr
Mm¡H$er H$aVo d {ZU©` XoVo.
4) KQ>ZmXþéñVr d {Zdm©MZ {df`H$ A{YH$ma :
à{V{ZYr J¥hmbm KQ>Zm XþéñVrMm àñVmd _m§S>Ê`mMm d _§Oya H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. `m J¥hmZo
2/3 ~hÿ_VmZo KQ>Zm XþéñVr _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vo Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>dbo OmVo. `m {edm` AÜ`jnXmÀ`m
hmoUmè`m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$moUË`mhr C_oXdmambm ñnï> ~hþ_V {_imbo Zmhr Va gdm©{YH$ _Vo {_idUmè`m
n{hë`m {VZ C_oXdmam_YyZ EH$mMr AÜ`jnXmda {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma à{V{ZYr J¥hmbm Amho.
A_o[aHo$V g§KQ>rV amOH$s` njm§Mm CX` Pmë`m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m AÜ`j {ZdS>rMo _hÎd g§nbo Amho.
5) àemgH$s` A{YH$ma :
àemgZmVrb H$moUË`mhr ImË`m_Üò J¡aì`dhma Pmbm Agë`mg Aem àH$aUm§Mr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mV
`mdr Agm R>amd à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥h _§Oya H$aVo. `mZ§Va ho g^mJ¥h Mm¡H$er g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z g§~YrV
ImË`mMr VnmgUr H$aVo hm A{YH$ma `m g^mJ¥hmg Amho.
· à{V{ZYr J¥hmMo ñWmZ d ^y{_H$m :
bmoH$emhr emgZ nÕVr_Üò bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmè`m g^mJ¥hmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. àW_
g^mJ¥h ho _hÎdmMo d loð> g_Obo OmVo. na§Vw A_o[aHo$V à{V{ZYrJ¥h ho A{YH$mamÀ`m ~m~VrV H${Zð> ~Zbo
Amho. `mMr nwT>rb à_mUo H$maUo AmhoV.
1) AënH$m`©H$mb :
`m g^mJ¥hmMm H$m`©H$mb \$ŠV XmoZ dfm©Mm Amho. `m H$mbmdYrV `m g^mJ¥hmMr \$ŠV XmoZ
A{YdoeZo hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio `m g^mJ¥hbm à^mdrnUo H$m_ H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m Aën
H$mbmdYr_wio g^mgXmZm ^mdr {ZdS>UyH$sMr H$miOr gVV AgVo. `mMm n[aUm_ g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m`©j_Voda
hmoV AgVmo.
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2) gXñ` g§»`m :
`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXmMr g§»`m \$ma OmñV Agë`m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda {Z`§ÌU
R>odyZ g{dñVa MMm© H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `mCbQ> {gZoQ>Mr g^mgX g§»`m _`m©{XV Agë`mZo EImÚm
{dYo`H$mda g{dñVa d Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr MMm© hmoD$ eH$Vo.
3) à{V{ZYrMm XOm© :
`m g^mJ¥hmMm H$mbmdYr H$_r Agë`m_wio AË`§V _hÎdmMo amOH$s` joÌmVrb bmoH$ `m J¥hmÀ`m
{ZdS>UyH$sH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ghmOrH$M Xþæ`_ d H$_r _hÎdmMo bmoH$ `m g^mJ¥hmV
{ZdS>yZ òVmV. `m{edm` C_oXdma hm g§~§YrV {Zdm©MZ joÌmMm a{hdmer Agmdm Aer AQ> Agë`m_wio
à{V{ZYrÀ`m {ZdS>rbm _`m©Xm òVmV. `m g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgX ñWm{ZH$ àíZmda A{YH$ MMm© H$aV
AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {dMmambm _`m©Xm òVo.
4) AÜ`jmda {Z`§ÌU :
AÜ`jmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$ma à{V{ZYr J¥hmbm {Xbobm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ho g^mJ¥h bmoH$m§Mo
à{V{ZYrËd H$aV AgyZXoIrb Agm A{YH$ma `m g^mJ¥hmbm Zgë`mZo `mbm Xþæ`_ ñWmZ {_imbo Amho.
Ë`m_wio ho g^mJ¥h H$_Hw$dV d H$_r _hÎdmMo _Zbo Amho.
à{V{ZYr J¥h H$_Hw$dV Agbo Var `m g^mJ¥hmMo _hÎd {Q>Hy$Z Amho. H$maU {dYo`H$ {Z{_©Vr_Üò
XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmZm g_mZ A{YH$ma AmhoV. Am{W©H$ {dYo`Ho$ hr gd©àW_ H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmVM _m§S>br OmVmV.
A_o[aHo$Mm AÜ`j hm _hÎdnyU© {df`mda {ZU©` KoVmZm d YmoaU R>adVmZm {gZoQ> à_mUo à{V{ZYr J¥hmVrb
d[að> g^mgXm~amo~a MMm© H$aV AgVmo. `m g^mJ¥hmMm H$mbmdYr XmoZ dfm©Mm Agë`m_wio Xa XmoZ dfmªZr
bmoH$m§Mm H$b H$moUË`m amOH$s` njmH$S>o Amho ho g_OVo d Ë`mZwgma {dÚ_mZ AÜ`jmbm Amnë`m YmoaUmV
~Xb H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iV AgVo. `m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmMr ^y{_H$m d ñWmZ ho doJio d _hÎdnyU© Amho.
2.2.3 dñVw{Zð> àíZ
(Objective type questions) :
1) A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imbm ............ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
(g§gX, H$m±J«og, `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
2) A_o[aH$Z H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmg ............. åhUVmV.
(bmoH$g^m, amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og, à{V{ZYr J¥h)
3) A_o[aHo$À`m H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmV ............ EdT>o g^mgX AmhoV.
(550, 258, 435)
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4) A_o[aHo$À`m H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmMm H$m`©H$mb ............ df} Amho.
(XmoZ, nmM, gmV)
5) A_o[aHo$À`m H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r C_oXdmamÀ`m ........... d`mMr AQ> Amho.
(30 df} nyU©, 25 df} nyU©, 18 df} nyU©)
6) à{V{ZYr J¥hm_Üò ......... d`mMr AQ> nyU© H$aUmè`mZm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho.
(18 df} nyU©, 21 df} nyU©, `mn¡H$s Zmhr.)
7) H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ H$aÊ`mgm§ ............. JUg§»`m Agmdr bmJVo.
(23/ g^mgX g§»`m, {Zå`m nojm OmñV, `mn¡H$s Zmhr)
8) H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmMo EImXo {dYo`H$ _§Oya H$aÊ`mgmR>r ......... ~hþ_Vm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
(1/2, 2/3,
3/4)
9) H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmÀ`m C_oXdmamgmR>r AO© H$aVmZm C_oXdma hm ......... df} A_o[aHo$Mm ZmJarH$
Agbm nm{hOo.
(nmM, XmoZ, gmV)
10) AW©{df`H$ {dYo`Ho$ hr gd©àW_ ............... g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>br OmVmV.
(d[að>, H${Zð>, `mn¡H$s Zmhr)
2.2 {gZoQ> aMZm, H$m`} A{YH$ma :
{gZoQ> ho A_o[aHo$Vrb {ÛVr` g^mJ¥h Amho. Ë`mbm darï> g^mJ¥h Ago XoIrb åhQ>b OmVo. ho g^mJ¥h
KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
· {gZoQ>Mr aMZm :
{gZoQ> _Üò àËòH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mbm XmoZ à{V{ZYr nmR>dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. gÜ`m A_o[aHo$V 50
KQ>H$amÁò AmhoV. àËòH$ KQ>H$amÁ`mMo AmH$ma_mZ, bmoH$g§»`m `m§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm àËòH$ KQ>H$amÁ`mbm
XmoZ à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z g^mJ¥hmV nmR>dVm òVmV. Ë`m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmMr gXñ` g§»`m 100 BVH$s Amho.
gd© KQ>H$amÁ`mZm g_mZ XOm© ho {gZoQ>À`m aMZoMo d¡{eï>ç Amho.
· {ZdS>UyH$sg Cô amhÊ`mMr nmÌVm :
{gZoQ>Mm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZdS>UyH$sg Cô ahmÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdmamMr nwT>rb nmÌVm Agmdr
bmJVo.
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1) C_oXdmamÀ`m d`mMr 30 df} nyU© Agbr nm{hOohV.
2) {ZdS>UyH$sbm Cô ahmÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdma H$_rV H$_r 9 df} A_o[aHo$Mm ZmJ[aH$ Agbm nm{hOo.
3) C_oXdma Á`m KQ>H$ amÁ`mVyZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dUma Amho `m KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mm Vmo a{hdmer Agbm
nm{hOo.
4) gaH$mar ZmoH$amZm {ZdS>UyH$sg C^m ahmVm òV Zmhr.
· C_oXdma {ZdS>Ê`mMr nÕVr :
A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>Zog {gZoQ>À`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> AàË`j H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX hmoVr. åhUOoM KQ>H$
amÁ`mÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb gXñ` {gZoQ>gmR>r XmoZ à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> H$aV hmoVo. 1913 gmbr amÁ`KQ>ZoV
17 dr XþéñVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Am{U {ZdS>UyH$sMr nÕV àË`j H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mZwgma OZVoH$Sy>Z
àË`j _VXmZ nÕVrZo {gZoQ>À`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr.
· {gZoQ>Mm H$m`©H$mb :
{gZoQ> ho H$m`_ ñdê$nmMo g^mJ¥h Amho. Vo H${Yhr {dgOuV hmoV Zmhr. `m g^mJ¥hmVrb àËòH$
g^mgXmMm H$m`©H$mb 6 dfmªMm Amho. àËòH$ XmoZ dfmªZr `m g^mJ¥hmVrb 1/3 g^mgX Amnbm ghm
dfm©Mm H$m`©H$mb g§në`mZo {Zd¥Îm hmoV AgVmV. `m [aH$må`m OmJr naV VodT>oM ZdrZ g^mgX {ZdSy>Z
òVmV. Ë`m_wio g^mJ¥hmMr gXñ` g§»`m {Q>Hy$Z ahmVo.
· g^mJ¥hmMm g^mnVr
(Ex-Officio)
:
A_o[aHo$Mm CnmÜ`j hm {gZoQ>Mm nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmo. {gZoQ>bm EH$m g^mgXmMr {ZdS> VmËnwaVm
AÜ`j åhUyZ H$aVm òVo. nX{gÕ AÜ`jmÀ`m J¡a hOoarV VmËnwaVm AÜ`j H$m_ H$aV AgVmo. {gZoQ>À`m
g^mnVrbm nwT>rb H$m`} H$amdr bJVmV.
1) g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO {Z`_mZwgma MmbdUo.
2) g^mJ¥hmV àËòH$ g^mgXmg ~mobÊ`mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
3) g^mgXm§À`m {deof AYrH$mam§Mo ajU H$aUo.
4) g^mJ¥hmVrb em§VVm {Q>H$dUo.
5) g^mJ¥hmV EImÚm àíZmda g_mZ _Vo {_imë`mg Vmo Amnbo {ZUm©`H$ _V
Xody eH$Vmo.
(Casting vote)
6) EImÚm R>amdmdarb MMm© nyU© hmoVmM Vmo R>amd _VXmZmg Q>mH$Vmo d _VXmZmMm {ZU©` Kmo{fV
H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© g^mnVrZo H$amdo bmJVo.
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· {gZoQ>À`m g^mgXm§Mo {deof A{YH$ma :
1) {XdmUr JwÝhçm~m~V {gZoQ>bm g^mJ¥hmH$S>o A{YdoeZmgmR>r OmV d naV òV AgVmZm AQ>H$
H$aVm òV Zmhr.
2) àËòH$ {gZoQ>g©bm g^mJ¥hmV Amnbo _V ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^mfU H$aVm òVo. Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m
^mfUm {déÕ Ý`m`mb`mV H$madmB© H$aVm òV Zmhr.
3) àËòH$ {gZoQ>aZo g^mJ¥hm_Üò {eñVrMo nmbZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. AÝ`Wm Ë`mMo gXñ`Ëd
g^mJ¥h 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo aÔ H$ê$ eH$Vo.
· {\${b~ñQ>[a¨J
(Filibustering) :
{gZoQ>À`m àËòH$ g^mgXmbm {_imboë`m A{YH$mam_Üò "^mfU ñdmV§Í`' hm EH$ A{YH$ma Amho. `m
A{YH$mamMm dmna H$ê$Z EImXm g^mgX A_`m©X H$mi ^mfU H$ê$ eH$VmV. `m _mJm©Zo Vo g^mJ¥hmÀ`m
H$m_H$mOmV AS>Wim AmUy eH$VmV. `m A{YH$mamMm dmna {deffV: A{YdoeZmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmÀ`m eodQ>r
H$ê$Z EImXo {dYo`H$ _§Oya H$aÊ`mg àV~§Y Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_wio g^mJ¥h {dYo`H$ gmXa H$aUmam g^mgX
Vo {dYo`H$ _mJo KoVmo. qH$dm Vo _mJo Z KoVë`mg gVV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ^mfUm_wio MMm© nyU© hmoÊ`mEodOr
A{YdoeZmMo H$m_H$mO Wm§~Vo. n[aUm_V: Vo {dYo`H$ _§Oya hmoV Zmhr. `màH$mao ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
A{YH$mamMm Xþén`moJ hmoUmar AZoH$ CXmhaUo {gZoQ> _Üò KS>br AmhoV. CXm. Q>oŠgmg amÁ`mMm EH$ {gZoQ>a
"eo\$S>©' hm ghm Vmg nÞmg {_ZrQ>o amï´>g§Km§À`m H$m`m©g§~§Yr ^mfU H$aV hmoVm. Va 1908 gmbr am°~Q>©
bm°\$m°boQ> `m§Zr {gZoQ>_Üò gbJ 18 Vmg ^mfU Ho$bo hmoVo. AemàH$mao ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mMm A{VaoH$ H$aUo
`mbm {\${b~ñQ>[a¨J Ago åhQ>b OmVo. `m A{YH$mam_wio g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Ago
hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ 1917 gmbr EH$ H$m`Xm nmg H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZwgma {gZoQ>À`m 1/6 g^mgXm§Zr
EImÚm gXñ`mMo ^mfU ~§X H$amdo Agm R>amd _§Oya Ho$ë`g `m àñVmdmbm g^mJ¥hmVrb 2/3 gXñ`m§Zr
nmR>t~m {Xbm Va Ë`mMo ^mfU ~§X H$aVm òVo. `m Z{dZ {Z`_mMm dmna \$maM H$_r Ho$im Ho$bm OmVmo.
H$maU {gZoQ>Mm EImXm g^mgX qH$dm g^mgXm§Mm bhmZgm JQ> {\${b~ñQ>tJ `m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z g§nyU©
XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo bj Amnë`mH$S>o doYy eH$Vmo. `m d¡{eï>çnyU© nÕVr_wio g^mgXm§Zm nyU© XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo
ZoV¥Ëd H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV hmoV AgVo.
· {gZoQ>Mo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
1) H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
AW© {dYo`H$ gmoSy>Z AÝ` H$moUË`mhr {df`mdarb {dYo`H$ àW_V: {gZoQ> _Üò _m§S>Vm òVo d Ë`mZ§Va
Vo à{V{ZJ«hmÀ`m _§OyargmR>r Omdy eH$Vo. Oa à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo {dXo`H$ àW_ _§Oya H$ê$Z {gZoQ>H$S>o nmR>dbo
Va Vo {gZoQ>À`m _§Oyar {edm` {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m
_§Oyar {edm` {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr ~m~V XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm g_mZ
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A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. Va XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$mbm g§_Vr XoÊ`mdê$Z _VôX Pmbo Va g§`wŠV g{_Vr
{Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo. `m g{_VrV XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMo à{V{ZYr AgVmV. `m g{_VrV {dYo`H$m g§~§Yr EH$_V
Pmbo Zmhr. Va Vo {dYo`H$ aÔ _mZbo OmVo.
2) AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
AW©{df`H$ {dYo`H$ ho gd©àW_ H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmV åhUOo à{V{ZYr J¥hmV _m§Sy>Z _§Oya Ho$bo OmVo.
Ë`mZ§Va Vo {gZoQ>À`m _§OyargmR>r nmR>dbo OmVo. {gZoQ> ho {dYo`H$ aÔ H$ê$ eH$Vo qH$dm Ë`mV XþéñË`m gyMdy
eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio {gZoQ>À`m _§Oyar{edm` AY©{dYo` _§Oya hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. WmoS>çmV Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV XmoÝhr
g^mJ¥hmZm g_mZ A{YH$ma AmhoV Ago {XgVo.
3) emgZ {df`H$ A{YH$a :
hm {gZoQ>À`m g^mJ¥hmbm _hÎdmMm d H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmbm Zgbobm A{YH$ma Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m
amï´>mÜ`jmbm {Za{Zamiçm A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. CXm. amOXÿV, Ý`m`m{Ye,
CÀM A{YH$mar B. A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aVmZm AÚjm§Zo {gZoQ>Mm gëbm KoVbm nm{hOo Agm g§Ho$V
Amho. AÜ`jmZo {Z`wŠV Ho$boë`m nXmZm Omo n`ªV {gZoQ> _mÝ`Vm XoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV Ë`mZo Ho$bobr {Z`wŠVr
A§{V_ _mZbr OmV Zmhr.
· {gZoQ>Mm {eï>mMma :
AÜ`jmÀ`m `m A{YH$mam g§~§YmV {gZoQ>Mm {eï>mMma (Senatorial courtesy) hr àWm {Z_m©U
Pmbobr Amho. `m àWoZwgma AÜ`j hm Zo_UyH$m H$aV AgVmZm g§~§YrV KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrb XmoZ {gZoQ>g© ~amo~a
AÜ`j MMm© H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio Á`m KQ>H$ amÁ`mV A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$amd`mMr Amho. Ë`mVrb XmoZ
à{V{ZYtÀ`m Zo_UyH$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm {_imbr åhUOo g§nyU© g^mJ¥hmH$Sy>Z Ë`m {Z`wŠVrMo g_W©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
{gZoQ> H$Sy>Z AZoH$ doim AÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>rbm {damoY Ho$bm OmVmo. {gZoQ>Mm {damoY Agob Va Ë`m Zo_UyH$m
hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. na§Vw A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aV AgVmZm Á`m KQ>H$ amÁ`mV Zo_UyH$m H$amd`mÀ`m
AmhoV Ë`m KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m {gZoQ>g©Zm gëbm_gbV Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m {ZdS>rbm {damoY hmoV Zmhr. `mbmM
"{gZoQ>Mm {eï>mMma' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
1) _hm{^`moJmMm A{YH$ma :
amï´>mÜ`j, Cnamï´>mÜ`j d AÝ` d[að> nXmda H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrZo J§^ra ñdénmMm JwÝhm qH$dm
KQ>Zm~mø dV©Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r amÁ` KQ>ZoV _hm{^`moJmMr nÕV {Xbr Amho. `mZwgma
EImÚm A{YH$mè`mda `m _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {gZoQ>bm {Xbm Amho. gd©àW_
à{V{ZYrJ¥h g§~§YrV A{YH$mè`mda Amamon R>odVo `m {gZoQ>_Üò AmamonmMr Mm¡H$er Ho$br OmVo Am{U
2/3 ~hÿ_VmZo hm Amamon _mÝ` Ho$bm Va g§~§YrV A{YH$mar ~S>V\©$ hmoVmo.
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3) naamï´>mer Vh _§OyarMm A{YH$ma :
amï´>mÜ`j hm naamï´>m~amo~a AZoH$ àH$maMo Vh d H$ama H$aV AgVmo. `m Vhm§Zm qH$dm H$amamZm
{gZoQ>Mr 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo _§Oyar Agmdr bmJVo. Ë`m{edm` hm H$a qH$dm Vh A§_bmV òdy eH$V Zmhr.
{gZoQ>Mm hm A{YH$ma \$ma _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio amï´>mÜ`jmbm naamï´>mer Vh qH$dm H$ama H$aVmZm
{gZoQ> ~amo~a gëbm_gbV H$amdr bmJVo. Am{U Ë`mMr g§_Vrhr ¿`mdr bmJVo. {gZoQ> hm A{YH$mamMm
dmna H$ê$Z amï´>mÜ`jmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo.
4) KQ>Zm XþéñVrMm A{YH$ma :
KQ>Zm XþéñVrMo {dYo`H$ {gZoQ>_Üò àW_ gmXa Ho$bo Omdy eH$Vo d 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Ho$bo Omdy
eH$Vo. Va EImXr KQ>Zm XþéñVr {dYo`H$ à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo _§Oya H$ê$Z {gZoQ>H$S>o nmR>dë`mg `m J¥hmÀ`m
2/3 ~hÿ_Vm{edm` KQ>Zm XþéñVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV KQ>Zm XþéñVr~m~V XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmZm g_mZ
A{YH$ma AmhoV.
· Cnamï´>nVtÀ`m {ZdS>r g§~§YrMm A{YH$ma :
{Zdm©MZ _§S>imZo Cnamï´>nVr nXmgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$m KoVë`mZ§Va H$moUË`mhr C_oXdmambm ñnï> ~hþ_V Z
{_imë`mg n{hë`m {VZ C_oXdmamn¡H$s EH$m C_oXdmamMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {gZoQ>bm {Xbobm Amho.
· {gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ d _hÎd :
{Zdm©MZ _§S>imZo Cnamï´>nVr nXmgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$m KoVë`mZ§Va H$moUË`mhr C_oXdmambm ñnï> ~hþ_V Z
{_imë`mg n{hë`m {VZ C_oXdmamn¡H$s EH$m C_oXdmamMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {gZoQ>bm {Xbobm Amho.
· {gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ d _hÎd :
g§KamÁ` emgZ nÕVr_Üò KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo. `mZwgma
{gZoQ> ho KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h V`ma Ho$bo Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmbm amÁ`KQ>ZoZo à^mdr
d A{YH$ma g§nÞ Ago ~Zdbo Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgX ho àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma nÕVrZo {ZdS>bo OmV
Agë`mZo ho g^mJ¥h XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m ~amo~a Vo KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo XoIrb à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo Ago åhUmdo
bmJVo. `m {edm` `m g^mJ¥hmbm àË`j AÜ`jmda d Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mam§À`mda àË`j {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr
gÎmm {Xë`m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmMo _hÎd dmT>bo Amho. H$m`Xo{df`H$, Am{W©H$ d emgZ {df`H$ A{YH$mam_Üò
`m g^mJ¥hmbm à{V{ZYrJ¥hm ~amo~a A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV. `m {edm` naamï´> Vh d H$ama Am{U
A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m_Üò amï´>mÜ`jmbm {gZoQ>À`m _§Oyar{edm` A{YH$mamMm dmna H$aVm òV Zmhr.
Ë`mH$S>o ho g^mJ¥h AË`§V H$m`©j_ ~Zbo Amho. {\${b~ñQ>[a¨JMm Img A{YH$ma {gZoQ>bm Agë`m_wio `m
A{YH$mamMm dmna g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgX H$aV AgVmV. `m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmMo _hÎd A{YH$ dmT>bobo
{XgVo.
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2.2.3.1 dñVw{Zð> àíZ.
1) {gZoQ> `m g^mJ¥hmMr g^mgX g§»`m ............ BVH$s Amho.
(437, 258, 100)
2) A_o[aHo$V ........... KQ>H$amÁò AmhVo.
(50, 100, `mn¡H$s Zmhr)
3) {gZoQ>Mm g^mgX hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo ............ BVH$s df} A_o[aHo$Mm ZmJ[aH$ Agbm nm{hOo.
(5 df}, 10 df}, 9 df})
4) {gZoQ> `m g^mJ¥hmMm H$m`©H$mi ............. BVH$m Amho.
(5 df}, 2 df}, H$m`_ñdê$nr)
5) {gZoQ>Mm g^mnVr {ZdS> ............ H$Sy>Z hmoVo.
(g^mgXmVyZ, nX{gÕ, `mn¡H$s Zmhr.)
2.2.3 {gZoQ>Mm à^md :
{gZoQ> ho g^mJ¥h OJmVrb gd© {ÛVr` J¥hm_Üò AË`§V H$m`©j_ d à^mdr R>abo Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmbm
{Xboë`m àË`j A{YH$mam_wio ho g^mJ¥h à{V{ZYr J¥hmnojm _hÎdmMo ~Zbo Amho. nwT>rb H$maUm§_wio ho
g^mJ¥h à^mdr R>aÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.
1) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXr :
amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr H$aV AgVmZm Ë`mVrb g^mgXm§Zm emgZmMm H$moUVmhr EH$ {d^mJ hþHy$_emhr
àd¥ÎmrMm hmody Zò åhUyZ Ë`mZr {gZoQ>bm amï´>mÜ`jm§À`m H$m`m©d` {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {Xbo. Vh d
H$ama H$aVmZm amï´>mÜ`jmbm {gZoQ>Mr _mÝ`Vm Úmdr bmJob. hr amï´>KQ>ZoV VaVwX Ho$br. KQ>Zm XþéñVr d
{dYo`H$ {Z{_©Vr_Üò nU {gZoQ>bm g_mZ A{YH$ma {Xbo. Ë`m_wio BVa Xoemà_mUo {ÛVr` g^mgX H$_Hy$dV
Z ~ZVm Vo à^mdr Pmbobo {XgVo.
2) g^mgX g§»`m :
{gZoQ>_Üò \$ŠV 100 g^mgX AmhoV. A_o[aHo$V nÞmg KQ>H$ amÁò AmhoV. àËòH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mbm
Ë`m KQ>H$mMo AmH$ma_mZ qH$dm bmoH$g§»`m `m§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm àËòH$s XmoZ g^mgX g^mJ¥hmV nmR>dVm
òVmV. hr g^mgX g§»`m _`m©{XV d {Z`§{ÌV ñdê$nmMr Agë`mZo EImÚm {df`mda g^mJ¥hmV {dñV¥V d
Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr MMm© hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m {edm` g^mnVrbm g^mJ¥hmV {Z`§ÌU R>odVm òVo. `m _`m©XrV
g^mgX g§»òH$S>o g^mJ¥hmMo _hÎd dmT>bo Amho. `mCbQ> à{V{ZYr J¥hmV g^mgX g§»`m OmñV Agë`m_wio
EImÚm {df`mda g{dñVa Am{U Mm§Jbr MMm© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
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3) ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma :
{gZoQ>À`m àËòH$ g^mgXmbm g^mJ¥hmV Amnbo _V _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mZm ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma
{Xbm Amho. `m A{YH$mamMm A_`m©X dmna H$ê$Z g^mgX Amnbm à^md g^mJ¥hm_Üò nmS>VmV `m{edm`
àËòH$ ~m~rda g{dñVa MMm© hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m ^mfU ñdmV§Í`m_wio {gZoQ>À`m g^mJ¥hmMo _hÎd d
à^m{dnUm dmT>bm Amho.
4) {ZdS>UyH$sMr nÕV :
{gZoQ>À`m àËòH$ g^mgXmMr {ZdS> hr àm¡T> d JwßV _VXmZ nÕVrZo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Vo àË`j
bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z {ZdS>yZ òV AgVmV. àËòH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mbm \$ŠV XmoZM à{V{ZYr {gZoQ> _Üò nmR>dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Agë`m_wio AË`§V à^mdr d H$m`©j_ à{V{ZYr `m g^mJ¥hmV {ZdSy>Z òV AgVmV. `m_wio {gZoQ>
ho KQ>H$ amÁ`m~amo~a bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h ~Zbo Amho. `m nÕVr_wio {gZoQ>Mm à^mdrnUm
dmT>Ê`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.
5) H$m`_ñdê$nr g^mJ¥h :
{gZoQ> ho H${Yhr ~aImñV Z hmoUmao H$m`_ñdê$nr g^mJ¥h Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmMr Aer aMZm Ho$br
Amho H$s, Xa XmoZ dfmªZr 1/3 g^mgX {Zd¥Îm hmoVmV d Ë`mOmJr naV VodT>oM g^mgX {ZdS>bo OmVmV.
àËòH$ g^mgXmMm H$mbmdYr hm 6 dfm©Mm Amho. `mCbQ> à{V{ZYr J¥hmÀ`m g^mgXmMm H$m`©H$mb \$ŠV
XmoZ dfm©Mm Amho. Ë`m_wio XoemVrb à^mdr d H$m`©j_ amOH$s` njmVrb bmoH$ `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m
{ZdS>UyH$sH$S>o AmH$fuV hmoVmV. ghmOrH$M `m H$mbmdYr_wio d njmVrb loð> d H$m`©j_ bmoH$m§Mm dm
g^mJ¥hmV g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio {gZoQ> ho à{V{ZYr J¥hmÀ`m VwbZoV A{YH$ H$m`©j_ d à^mdr ~Zbo
Amho.
6) AÜ`jmÀ`m H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma :
amÁ`KQ>ZoZo A_o[aHo$À`m AÜ`jmbm A_`m©X A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr_wio
AÜ`jmda d Ë`mÀ`ma H$m`m©da _`m©Xm òV ZmhrV. na§Vw AÜ`jmZo J¡adV©Z Ho$ë`mg AWdm KQ>Zm~mø dV©Z
Ho$ë`mg d hþHy$_emhr àd¥ÎmrZo dmJy bmJë`mg Ë`mbm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r _hm{^`moJmMm A{YH$ma KQ>ZoZo
H$m`Xo_§S>imbm {Xbm Amho. `mZwgma à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo AÜ`jmda Amamon R>odë`mg {gZoQ>bm Ë`m AmamonmMr
Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z nXmdê$Z (AÜ`jmbm) Xÿa H$aVm òVo. `m nÕVr_wio àË`j AÜ`jmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr
gÎmm {gZoQ>bm {_imë`m_wio ho g^mJ¥h à^mdr ~Zbo Amho.
7) H$m`ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr {dMmanyd©H$ hmoVo :
EImÚm {dXo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoV AgVmZm g§~§YrV {dYo`H$mda gd© Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ g{dñVa
MMm© hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. à{V{ZYr J¥hmMr g^mgX g§»`m 437 Agë`mZo `m g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$mda MMm©
H$aUo AeŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. n[aUm_r `m g^mJ¥hmVyZ Vo {dYo
`H$ KmB©Zo d {deof MMm© Z hmoVm _§Oya hmodyZ
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Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m _§OyargmR>r OmD$ eH$Vo. à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m {dYo`H$mda g{dñVa d ñnï>nUo
MMm© hmoD$ eH$Vo. H$maU `m g^mJ¥hmMr g^mgX g§»`m _`m©{XV Agë`mZo d `m g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgX
H$m`©j_ d AZw^dr Agë`mZo g§~§YrV {dYo`H$mda gImob MMm© hmoD$ eH$Vo d Amdí`H$ AgUmao
{dYo`H$M _§Oya hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio `m g^mJ¥hmbm H$m`ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr {dMmanyd©H$ H$aUmao g^mJ¥h Ago
åhQ>bo Amho. `m_wio {gZoQ>Mm à^mdrnUm dmT>Ê`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.
8) naamï´>r` A{YH$ma :
naamï´>mV Zo_bo OmUmao dH$sb Am{U à{V{ZYr {gZoQ>À`m ghH$m`m©Zo d g§_VrZo Zo_bo OmVmV. VgoM
naamï´>mer Ho$boë`m VhmZm d H$amamZm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {gZoQ>bm Amho. `m_wio {gZoQ> AÜ``m§À`m
naamï´> {dYo`H$ H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odVo. hm A{YH$ma à{V{ZYr J¥hmbm {Xbobm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {gZoQ>Mo _hÎd
d à^mdrnUm dmT>bobm Amho.
· {gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ :
{gZoQ> ho OJmVrb gd© {ÛVr` g^mJ¥hm_Üò AË`§V à^mdr d eŠVr_mZ Ago g^mJ¥h Amho. `m
g^mJ¥hmV KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd Amho. `mCbQ> BVa XoemV d[að> g^mJ¥hmZm \$maM H$_r
A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. {gZoQ>bm BVa Xoem§À`m d[aï> g^mJ¥hmÀ`m VwbZoV \$ma _moR>o A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV.
AÜ`jmZr Ho$boë`m Zo_UyH$mZm _mÝ`Vm XoUo naamï´>r` Vh d H$amamZm _mÝ`Vm XoUo `m XmoZ A{YH$mam_wio
{gZoQ>Mo _hÎd à{V{ZYr J¥hmnojm _hÎdmMo ~Zbo Amho. bm°S>© ~«mB©g `m§À`m _Vo, ""{gZoQ> ho g^mJ¥h EH$m
JwéËdmH$f©Z eŠVrMo H|$Ð ~ZdÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ Vo EH$ àH$mao à{V{ZYr gôÀ`m bmoH$ bharda {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Xþgè`m ~mOybm AÜ`jmÀ`m _hÎdmH$m§jobm bJm_ KmbÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
{gZoQ>Mm {eï>mMma `m nÕVr_wio {gZoQ>Mr gÎmm H$_r Pmë`mgmaIr dmQ>V Agbr Var BVa XoemVrb
d[að> g^mJ¥hmnojm {ZpíMV {gZoQ>bm OmñV A{YH$ma AmhoV. EH§$XarV {gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ A_o[aHo$À`m
H$m`Xo_§S>im_Üò _hÎdmMo Amho.
2.2.3.1 dñVw{Zð> àíZ.
1) {gZoQ> ho H$m`Xo _§S>imMo .............. g^mJ¥h Amho.
(d[að>, H${ZîR, `mn¡H$s Zmhr)
2) {gZoQ>À`m .................. ~hÿ_Vm{edm` KQ>Zm XþéñVr hmoV Zmhr.
(1/2,
2/3,
3/4)
3) {gZoQ>À`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> ................ nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo.
(KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z, d§ena§noZo, àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma)
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4) {gZoQ>Mm g^mJ«hmV àËòH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mVyZ ............... à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z nmR>dbo OmVmV.
(Xhm, nmM, XmoZ)
5) {gZoQ> ho .................. à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo.
(XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo, KQ>H$amÁ`mMo, `mn¡H$s Zmhr.)
2.2.4 {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr à{H«$`m :
H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr hr àm_w»`mZo H$m`Xo V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Pmbobr AgVo. H$m`ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr hr
H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m g^mgXmH$Sy>Z V`ma Ho$br OmdyZ Vr g^mJ¥hmV ~hÿ_VmZo _§Oya Ho$br OmVo. `m nÕVrbm
{dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va H$aUo Ago åhUVmV. {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va H$aV AgVmZm àËòH$ XoemV
doJdoJiçm nÕVr AñVrËdmV AmhoV. ^maVm_Üò {dXo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va H$aV AgVmZm n{hbo dmMZ,
Xþgao dmMZ, g{_Vr AdñWm, {Vgao dmMZ, g^mJ¥hmMr ~hÿ_VmZo _§Oyar Ë`mZ§Va Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmV XoIrb
{hM nÕV dmnê$Z A§Vr_ amï´>nVrMr ghr Pmë`mZ§Va {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. na§Vw A_o[aHo$V
AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr Agë`m_wio `mH$S>o WmoS>m ôX ñnï> {XgVmo.
1) {dYo`H$ g^mJ¥hmV gmXa H$aUo (n{hbo dmMZ) :
AW© {df`H$ gmoSy>Z gd© {dYo`H$mMr gwadmV H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hm_Üò hmoD$ eH$Vo. ho {dYo`H$
_m§S>Ê`mnydu ñdV:À`m njmMr g§_Vr KodyZM g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$ _m§S>Ê`mV òVo. EH$Q>çm g^mgXmbm
{dYo`H$ g^mJ¥hmV gmXa H$amd`mMo Agob Va Vo g§~§YrV g^mJ¥hmÀ`m A{XH$mè`mÀ`m eoOmarb noQ>r_Üò
Vo {dYo`H$ Q>mH$bo OmVo. à{V{ZYr gôÀ`m A{YH$mè`mbm H$b§H$ d {gZoQ>À`m `m A{YH$mè`mbm goH«o$Q>ar
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr_Üò AÜ`j qH$dm Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i ho H$m`Xo_§himMo gXñ`
Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm {dYo`H$ {Z{_©Vr _Üò g_m{dï> H$ê$Z KoVbo OmV Zmhr. Vg§~§YrV g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXmZo
{dYo`H$ noQ>r_Üò Q>mH$ë`mZ§Va Vo à{dð> Pmbo Ago g_OÊ`mV òVo. Am{U Z§Va Ë`m {dYo`H$mMr {df`dma
dmQ>Ur hmoVo. Am{U Ë`m {dXo`H$mZm gaH$mar gwMZoÀ`m ñdê$nmV N>mnbo OmVo. {dYo`H$ N>mnyZ Pmbo H$s, Ë`m
{dYo`H$mMo n{hbo dmMZ Pmbo Ago g_OÊ`mV òVo.
`mZ§Va Xþgao dmMZ hmoÊ`mnydu g{_VrH$S>o Vo {Z`§ÌH$ {dMmamW© (Aä`mgmgmR>r) nmR>dÊ`mV òVo.
g{_Vr Amdí`H$ dmQ>ë`mg Ë`m {dYo`H$mÀ`m {hVg§~§Yr g^mgXm§Mr _wbmIV hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va gwYmaUm H$ê$Z
qH$dm Z H$aVm Vo {dYo`H$ g{_VrH$S>o nmR>dbo OmVo. na§Vw `mn¡H$s AZoH$ {dYo`Ho$ g{_VrH$S>o gmXa Ho$br
OmV ZmhrV. `m nÕVrbm "{nOZ hmoqbJ E {~b' (Pigeon-holing a bill) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw
AemàH$mao gmXa Z Ho$bobr {dYo`Ho$ g^mJ¥hmV gmXa H$aÊ`mV `mdrV Agm R>amd g^mJ¥hmZo ~hÿ_VmZo _§Oya
Ho$ë`mg g{_Ë`m§Zm Vo gmXa H$amdo bJVmV.
gd© gmYmaUnUo EH$m H$m±J«ognwT>o Xhm hOma Vo ~mam hOma {dYo`Ho$ òVmV. n{hë`m dmMZmZ§Va Vr
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{dYo`Ho$ g{_Vr AdñWoH$S>o nmR>{dbr OmVmV.
· g{_Vr AdñWm :
n{hë`m dmMZmZ§Va Vo {dYo`H$ g{_Vr AdñWoH$S>o nmR>{dbo OmVo. Vo {dYo`H$ Á`m {df`mer g§~§YrV
AgVo Ë`m {df` g{_VrH$S>o Vo {dYo`H$ nmR>dÊ`mV òVo. {df` g{_VrV Vo {dYo`H$ Joë`mZ§Va `m {df`mMm
CÔoe H$m` Amho Am{U ho {dYo`H$ amï´>mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {H$VnV Cn`wŠV Amho Vo `mo½` Amho H$m A`mo½` Amho
ho g{_Vr R>adVo Am{U H$mhr {dYo`Ho$ hr A`mo½` AmhoV Ago dmQ>ë`mg Vr {dYo`H$ òWoM aÔ Ho$br
OmVmV. Aem àH$mao gw_mao 65% {dYo`Ho$ hr g{_Vr AdñWoV aÔ Ho$br OmVmV. g{_VrZo aÔ Ho$bobr
{dYo`Ho$ H$m±J«ogH$S>o nyU© {dMmamgmR>r òD$ eH$VmV. na§Vw ghgm H$m`Xo_§S>i `m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$aV
Zmhr. `m~m~V {db_Z Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""g{_Vr_ÜòM H$m±J«og Iao H$m`© H$arV AgVo Ago åhUmdo
bmJob. H$mhr {dYo`Ho$ hr g{_VZo _§Oya _mÝ` Ho$bobr AgVmV. `m {dYo`H$mÀ`m g§~§Yr g{_Vr g§nyU©
_m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo. EImXo {dYo`H$ Á`m gaH$mar {dYo`H$mer g§~§YrV Agob Ë`mMm gëbm
KoÊ`mV òVmo `mM ~amo~a Vk bmoH$m§Mm gëbm KoÊ`mV òVmo. `mZ§Va àË`j g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$m Am`mo{OV
Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Am{U `m ~¡R>H$sV {dYo`H$mÀ`m àËòH$ eãXmda d dmŠ`mda g{dñVanUo MMm© d {dMma
{dZr_` H$mT>Ê`mV òVmo. gd© _m{hVr Jmoim Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amdí`H$ Ë`m gwYmaUm gwMdë`mZ§Va Ë`m
{dYo`H$mg§~§Yr g§~§Yr gd©gmYmaU [anmoQ>© V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. Am{U Vo {dYo`H$ [anmoQ>© g{hV H$m`Xo_§S>imH$S>o
nmR>dbo OmVo. g{_Vr_Yrb gd© g^mgXm§Mo Ë`m {dYo`H$m~m~V EH$_V Zgbo Va g{_VrVrb {damoYr
g^mgXm§Mm doJim [anmoQ>© V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo d Vo XmoÝhr [anmoQ>© H$m`Xo _§S>imH$S>o nmR>dbo OmVmV.
· gw{ÌH$aU Am{U {ÛVr` dmMZ :
g{_VrH$Sy>Z {dYo`H$ Amë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo nwT>rb Mma gw{MV {d^mOZ Ho$bo OmVo. `m gw{MZm H°$b|S>a
(Calender) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
1) g§K H°$b|S>a : Á`m {dXo`H$mMm g§~Y g§nÎmrer Amho Aem {dYo`H$mMm g_mdoe g§K gwMr_Üò
Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) J¥h H°$b|S>a : AW© {dYo`Ho$ gmoSy>Z OodT>r {dYo`Ho$ AgVrb Vr gd© {dYo`Ho$ J¥h H°$b|S>a _Üò
Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) gh_Vr H°$b|S>a : J¥h H°$b|S>aÀ`m Á`m {dYo`H$mMo XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV, H$_V hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
dmQ>Vo Aem {dXo`H$m§Mm `m gyMr_Üò g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. Am{U Á`m {dYoH$mZm H$_rV H$_r {damoY
hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agob Aem àH$maÀ`m {dYo`H$m§Mm g_mdoe `m gw{M_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) ImOJr H°$b|S>a : Á`m {dYo`H$m§Mm g§~§Y XoemVrb H$mhr ì`ŠVter AWdm {deof g§ñWm§er
g§~§YrV AgVrb d Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe `m gy{M_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo.
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· Xþgao dmMZ :
Xþgè`m dmMZmgmR>r Or {dYo`Ho$ g^mJ¥hmV MM}gmR>r KoVbr OmVmV Ë`mdoir dmMZ H$aV AgVmZm
{dYo`H$mda H$b_dma MMm© hmoVo. `m dmMZmV Amdí`H$ Ë`m XþéñË`m {dYo`H$mV Ho$ë`m Omdy eH$VmV.
H$Yr H$Yr `m {dYo`H$mda naV {dMmad hmdm Aer _mJUr H$aÊ`mV òVo. hr _mJUr Pmë`mg {dYo`H$mda
MMm© Ho$br OmVo Am{U _VXmZ KoVbo OmVo.
· {Vgao dmMZ :
ho dmMZ \$mago _hÎdmMo ZgVo. `mdoir \$ŠV {df©H$mMo dmMZ Ho$bo OmVo. {Vgè`mV dmMZmZ§Va
{dYo`H$mbm _§Oyar {_imë`mZ§Va Vo Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>dÊ`mV òVo.
· Xþgao g^mJ¥h :
Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmV XoIrb {dYo`H$mda n{hbo dmMZ, g{_Vr AdñWm, {ÛVr` dmMZ d V¥{V` dmMZ
øm AdñWoH$Sy>Z {dYo`H$mbm Omdo bmJVo. Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmV XoIrb ho {dXo`H$ ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Pmbo Va Vo
amï´>mÜ`jm§À`m ghrgmR>r nmR>dbo OmVo.
· amï´>mÜ`jm§Mr ñdmjar :
H$m`Xo_§S>imZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m àËòH$ {dYo`H$mda AÜ`jm§Mr ñdmjar Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m {dYo`H$mMo
H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. H$m`Xo_§himZo _§Oya H$ê$Z {dYo`Ho$ AÜ`jm§À`m ghrgmR>r nmR>dë`mZ§Va Ë`mbm Xhm
{XdgmÀ`m AmV AÜ`jm§Zr Vo {dYo`H$ g§_V AWdm Zmg§_V H$amdo bmJVo. AÜ`jm§Zr {dYo`H$mbm g§_Vr
{Xbr Va Ë`mMo H$m`XÚmV énm§Va hmoVo. AÜ`jmZo Vo {dYo`_ Zm_§Oya Ho$bo Va Vo {dYo`H$ naV H$m`Xo
_§S>imH$S>o òVo Am{U H$m`Xo_§himZo VoM {dYo`H$ naV 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo nma Ho$bo Va AÜ`jmbm Ë`m
{dYo`H$mbm _mÝ`Vm ÚmdrM bmJVo.
· _VôX Xÿa H$aÊ`mMr nÕV :
EImÚm {dYo`H$m~m~V XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgXm§Mr {_iyZ EH$ g§`wŠV g{_Vr {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m g{_Vr_Üò àËòH$ g^mJ¥hmVyZ n§Yam-n§Yam g^mgX KoÊ`mV òVmV d `m g{_VrV {Z_m©U
Pmbobo _VôX Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Am{U XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmZm _mÝ` hmoVrb Aem gwYmaUm d
~Xb {dYo`H$mV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m {dYo`H$mbm XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV g§_Vr KoÊ`mV òVo. g§_Vr
{_imë`mZ§Va Vo {dYo`H$ amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m ghrgmR>r nmR>dbo OmVo.
darb àH$mao {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m nyU© Ho$br OmVo. A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imbm
XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$ {Z_uVr _Üò g_mZ A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho. BVa Xoem§Vrb d[að> g^mJ¥hmZm
{dYo`H$ {Z{_©Vr _Üò Ago A{YH$ma {Xbobo ZmhrV. CXm. ^maV d B§½b§S> `m XoemVrb d[að> g^mJ¥hmZm
H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma \$maM _`m©{XV AgboMo {XgVmV.
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2.4.1.1 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
1) .............. {df`H$ {dYo`Ho$ gd©àW_ H${Zð> g^mJ¥hm_Üò _m§S>mdr bmJVmV.
(AW©, J¥h, gm_mÝ`)
2) à{V{ZYr gôÀ`m A{YH$mè`mbm .................. Ago åhUVmV.
(g^mnVr, ŠbmH©$,
goH«o$Q>ar)
3) {gZoQ>À`m gôÀ`m A{YH$mè`mbm .............. Ago åhUVmV.
(goH«o$Q>ar, g^mnVr, ŠbmH©$)
4) Á`m {dYo`H$mMm g§~§Y g§nÎmrer AgVmo Aem {dYo`H$mMm g_odme ............. gw{M_Üò
Ho$bm OmVmo.
(J¥h, gh_Vr, g§K)
5) Á`m {dYo`H$mMm g§~§Y XoemVrb H$mhr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm `m§À`mer g§~§YrV AgVmo Aem
{dYo`H$mMm g_mdoe .............. gwMt_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo.
(g§K, J¥h, ImOJr)
6) H$m±J«ogZo _§Oya Ho$bobo {dYo`H$ .................. {XdgmÀ`m mV amï´>mÜ`jmZo _§Oya H$amdo bmJVo.
(Xhm, nmM, {dg)
7) {dYo`H$ n{hë`m dmMZmZ§Va ............... gmR>r OmVo.
(Xþgè`m dmMZmgmR>r, g{_Vr AdñWo, `mn¡H$s Zmhr.)
2.2.5 H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g{_Ë`m :
bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMr H$m`} Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>br AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m_mV _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Za{Zamiçm g{_Ë`m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr nÕV AZoH$ XoemV
{Z_m©U Pmbobr {XgVo. A_o[aHo$V gwajm g{_Vr nÕVrMm {dH$mg Pmbobm {XgVmo. AÜ`jr` emgZ
nÕVr_wio A_o[aH$Z g{_Ë`m§Zm \$ma _hÎdmMo A{YH$ma {_imbobo {XgVmV. BVa g§gXr` emgZ nÕVrV
n§VàYmZ d Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i ho H$m`Xo_§S>imMo g^mgX AgVmV. Ë`m_wio {dYo`Ho$ {Z_m©U H$aUo d BVa
H$m`m©_Üò H$m`Xo_§S>imV Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm à^md H$km`Xo_§S>im_Üò nS>bobm {XgVmo. na§Vw
AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr_Üò AÜ`j d _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mm H$m`Xo_§S>imer H$mhrhr g§~§Y ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio
Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr {dYo`Ho$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$m`Xo_§S>imda òVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhr
g^mJ¥hmMr g^mgX g§»`m bjmV KoVm H$moUVohr H$m`© ì`dñWrV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wio
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AZoH$ H$m_o hr g{_VrH$S>o gmondbr OmVmV. {dYo`H$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò g{_VrMo H$m`© _hÎdmMo AgVo.
Ë`m_wio A_o[aHo$Vrb `m g{_Ë`m§Zm g^mJ¥hmMo S>moio, H$mZ d S>moHo$ g_Obo OmVo.
· g{_Ë`m§Mr aMZm :
1) ñWm`r g{_Ë`m :
à{V{ZYr gôÀ`m g^mJ¥hmV g{_Ë`m§Mr g§ñWm {dg Amho. Va {gZoQ> `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g{_Ë`m§Mr
g§»`m gmoim Amho. `m g{_VrVrb g^mgXm§Mr Ho$di Am¡nMm[aH$ [aË`m g^mJ¥h H$aV Agbo Var àËòH$
nj Amnë`m njmÀ`m ~¡R>H$sV H$moUË`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> H$amd`mMr ho {ZpíMV H$aV AgVmo. Am{U
Á`mdoir g^mJ¥hmnwT>o Á`m g^mgXm§Mr Zmdo òVmV. Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ g^mJ¥h H$aVo. àËòH$ nj
Amnbo g§»`m~i {H$Vr g^mJ¥hmV Amho `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z Amnbo {H$Vr d H$moUVo g^mgX g{_VrV
AgmdoV ho R>adV AgVmo. A_o[aHo$Vrb ñWm`r g{_Ë`mM {df`dma {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m AgVmV. CXm. AZwXmZ
g{_Vr, H¥$fr g{_Vr, ~±H$ g{_Vr BË`mXr g{_Ë`m {df`dma A_o[aHo$V V`ma Ho$boë`m AgVmV.
2) {deof g{_Ë`m :
Aem àH$maÀ`m g{_Ë`m {deof CÔoe nyU© H$aÊ`mH$aVm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. EImXo {deof {dYo`H$
Agob Va Ë`m _Vmda MMm© Ho$br OmVo. MMm© nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va Aem g{_Ë`m aÔ Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
A_o[aHo$Vrb g{_Ë`m `m {df`dmaM Ho$boë`m AgVmV. Ë`m_wio AJXr Šd{MV doiobm Aem {deof g{_Ë`m
Zo_ë`m OmVmV.
gH$b g{_Vr : `m àH$maÀ`m g{_VrV g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gd© g^mgXm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. EImÚm
{dYo`H$mda {dMma {d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g^mJ¥hm_Üò n[adV©Z gH$b g^m g{_Vr H$aÊ`mV `mdo Aer
gwMZm g^mJ¥hmVrb H$moUVmhr g^mgX H$ê$ eH$Vmo. gyMZm _§Oya Pmë`mg g^mgXmMo ê$nm§Va gH$b
g{_VrV hmoVo. Aemdoir g^mJ¥hmMm g^mnVr AÜ`j gWmZmda amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. g^mnVrMr OmJm Xþgam
g^mnVr KoVmo. hr gH$bg^m gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 100 g^mgX hr JUg§»`m gm§JrVbr Amho. `m g{_Vrg
àËòH$ g^mgXmbm nmM {_ZrQ>o ~mobVm òVo. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g{_VrZo EImÚm g^mgXmbm OmñV H$mi ~mobVm
òVo. `m g{_VrÀ`m doir g^mJ¥hmMo {Z`_ bmJy H$aVm òV ZmhrV. g{_VrMo H$m_H$mO g§në`mZ§Va naV
g^mJ¥hmV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mV òVo Am{U g^mnVr naV AÜ`j nXmda òVmV. gH$b g^m g{_VrMm AÜ`j
g^mJ¥hmbm Ahdmb gmXa H$aVmo. AW© {df`H$ {dYo`Ho$ Am{U _hÎdmMr gm_mÝ` {dXo`Ho$ `mda MMm©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aem àH$maMr g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo.
{Z`_ g{_Vr : hr g{_Vr \$ma _hÎdmMr g_Obr OmVo. `m g{_VrV 15 g^mgX AgVmV.
g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m`© nÕVrMr ê$naoem R>adÊ`mMm A{YH$ma `m g{_Vrbm Amho. EImXo {dYo`H$ g^mJ¥hmH$S>o
naV {dMmamgmR>r nmR>dm`Mo H$s Zmhr ho R>adÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g{_Vrbm Amho. àËòH$ g{_Vr Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
Amboë`m {dYo`H$mda MMm© H$ê$Z EH$ [anmoQ>© V`ma H$aVo Am{U Vmo [anmoQ>© Am{U {dYo`H$ `m g{_VrH$S>o
nmR>dyZ XoVo `m {deof A{YH$mam_wio `m g{_Vrbm \$ma _hÎd àmßV Pmbobo Amho.
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g§`wŠV g{_Vr : XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV _VôX Pmë`mg ho _VôX Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r
XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrb g^mgXm§Mr g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo. `m g{_VrV XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVyZ 15-15 g^mgX
KoVbo OmVmV Am{U Á`m {dYo`H$m ~m~VrV _VôX AgVrb Va VodT>rM {dYo`Ho$ MM}bm KoVbr OmVmV.
Am{U _VôX {_Q>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. _VôX Oa Xÿa Pmbo ZmhrV Va Vo aÔ Ho$bo OmVmV. MMm©
Pmë`mZ§Va hr g{_Vr bJoM ~aImñV H$aÊ`mV òVo. `m g{_Ë`m§À`m ~¡R>H$s ~m~V JwßVVm amIrb OmVo.
YmoaU g{_Vr : à{V{ZYrJ¥h Am{U {gZoQ> `m g^mJ¥hmH$Sy>Z Amboë`m Ag§»` {dYo`H$m_YyZ Á`m
{dYo`H$mbm nmRt~m {_iob Aer {dYo`Ho$ ~mOybm H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m`© hr g{_Vr H$aV AgVo. `m {dYo`H$m
g§~§Yr {damoYr njm~amo~ahr hr g{_Vr {dMma {d{Z_` H$aVo. ~hþ_Vdmë`m njmMm ZoVm `m g{_VrMm
AÜ`j AgVmo.
A_o[aHo$Zo g{_Ë`m `m {ZU©` KoUmar _hÎdmMr H|$Ðo ~Zbr AmhoV. g{_Ë`m§Zr {Xbobo ~hþVoH$ {ZU©`
g^mgJ¥hmH$Sy>Z _mÝ` Ho$br OmVmV. `m_Üò {deofV: ghH$mar IM© {df`H$ {dYo`H$mZm \$ma _hÎd {Xbo
OmVo. VgoM gaH$mar CËnÞ {df`H$ g{_Vr hr EH$ _hÎdmMr g{_Vr Amho. d¡Ym{ZH$ à{H«$òV `m gd©
g{_Ë`m _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdV AgVmV. A_o[aHo$À`m g{_VrZo WmoS>o \$ma Xmof {XgV Agbo Var hr
g{_Vr nÕV òWo èñdr Pmbobr {XgVo.
2.2.5.1 dñVw{Zð> àíZ :
1) à{V{ZYr gôÀ`m g^mJ¥hmV g{_Ë`m§Mr g§»`m ............. Amho.
({dg, gmoim, Xhm)
2) {gZoQ> `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g{_VrMr g§»`m .............. Amho.
(gmoim, Xhm, nmM)
3) g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gd© g^mgXm§Mm g_mdoe ............... g{_VrV Ho$bm OmVmo.
({deof, {Z`_, gH$b)
4) g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrMr énaoem R>adÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ............. {_Vrbm Amho.
(gH$b, {Z`_, g§`wŠV)
5) XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV _VôX Pmë`mg ho _VôX Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r ............
g{_Vr Zo_br OmVo.
(gH$b, g§`wŠV, `mn¡H$s Zmhr.)
6) H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m g^mJ¥hmH$Sy>Z Amboë`m Ag§»` {dYo`H$mnmgyZ Á`m {dYo`H$mbm ~hþ_VmMm
nmR>t~m {_iob Ago dmQ>Vo Aer {dXo`Ho$ ~mOybm H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m`© ............ g{_Vr H$aVo.
(VH$S>o, »`mB©,
YmoaU)
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2.3 gmam§e :
·
à{V{ZYr J¥hmMr aMZm H$m`} Am{U A{YH$ma :
à{V{ZYr J¥h ho H$m±J«ogMo H${Zð> g^mJ¥h Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmMm H$mbmdYr XmoZ dfmªMm Amho. `m
g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> àm¡T> d JwßV _VXmZ nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. g^mgX {ZdS>rgmR>r bmoH$g§»òÀ`m
AmYmamda _VXma g§KmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. `m g^mJ¥hmMr g^mgX g§»`m 437 BVH$s Amho. `m
g^mJ¥hmMm g^mgX åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mgmR>r C_oXdma åhUyZ Ë`mH$S>o nwT>rb nmÌVm Agmdr bmJVo. Vmo
A_o[aHo$Mm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm, Ë`mÀ`m d`mMr 25 df} nyU© AgmdrV. Vmo g§~§YrV KQ>H$amÁ`mMm a{hdmer
Agmdm d {ZdS>UyH$s nydu Vmo gmV df} A_o[aH$mMm ZmJarH$ Agmdr.
`m g^mJ¥hmMo A{YdoeZ dfm©VyZ EH$Xm âdbo OmVo. `m g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO MmbdÊ`mgmR>r {H$_mZ
{Zåå`m nojm OmñV g^mgX g^mJ¥hmV CnpñWV Agmdo bJmVmV. `m g^mJ¥hmVrb àËòH$ g^mgXmbm
g^mJ¥hmV Amnbr _Vo ñnï>nUo _m§S>Ê`mgm§ H$mhr {deof A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV.
`m g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO MmbdUmar EH$m g^mgXmMr g^mnVr åhUyZ {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. Vmo
g^mJ¥hmda {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO em§VVoZ nma nmS>Ê`mgm§ Amdí`H$ Ë`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna
H$aV AgVmo. EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg Vmo Amnbo {ZUm©`H$ _V Xody eH$Vmo.
`m g^mJ¥hmbm H$m`ÚmZo nwT>rb àH$maMo A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. {dXo`H$ {Z{_©Vr_Üò `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m
~hÿ_VmÀ`m _§Oyar {edm` Vo Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>dbo OmV Zmhr. Am{W©H$ {dYo`H$ gd© àW_ ho g^mgX
_§Oya H$aVo d _§OyargmR>r Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>dbo OmVo. `m{edm` g^m{Z`moJmÀ`m A{YH$mam_Üò ho
g^mJ¥h àñVmd _§Oya H$ê$Z {gZoQ>H$S>o nmR>dy eH$Vo. KQ>Zm XþéñVrgmR>r `m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m 2/3 ~hÿ_VmMr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
g^mJ¥h XoemVrb bmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h _mZbo OmVo. A{YH$mam§À`m ~m~VrV ho g^mgX
{gZoQ> nojm H$_r _hÎdmMo g_Obo OmVo.
2.2 {gZoQ>Mr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma :
{gZoQ> ho KQ>H$amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao {ÛVr` g^mJ¥h Amho. ho H$m`_ ñdénr g^mJ¥h AgyZ Vo
H$Yrhr ~aImñV hmVo Zmhr. {gZoQ>Mr aMZm Aer Ho$br Amho H$s, àËòH$ KQ>H$mVyZ 2 à{V{ZYr Ago 100
à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmV AgVmV.
`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sg Cô ahmUmè`m C_oXdmamMr nmÌVm nwT>rbà_mUo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m d`mMr 30
df} nyU© Agbr nm{hOoV. {ZdS>UyH$snydu Vmo ZD$ df} A_o[aHo$Mm ZmJ[aH$ Agbm nm{hOo. Á`m KQ>H$
amÁ`mVyZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dUma Amho Ë`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Vmo a{hdmer nm{hOo Am{U Vmo gaH$mar ZmoH$a Zgmdm.
`m g^mJ¥hmMm g^mnVr nX{gÕ AgVmo. Ë`mMo H$m`© åhUOo g^mJ¥hmV em§VVm, gwì`dñWm amIUo,
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g^mgXm§À`m {deof A{YH$mam§Mo ajU H$aUo, g_mZ _Vmda
à{H«$`m nma nmS>Uo B.
(Casting vote)
XoUo d {dYo`H$ {Z{_©VrMr
{gZoQ>bm \$ma ì`mnH$ à_mUmda A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. AW© {df`H$ {dXo`H$ gmoSy>Z H$moUVohr {dYo`H$
àW_ `m g^mJ¥hmV òdy eH$Vo. {gZoQ>À`m ~hþ_Vm{edm` H$moUVohr {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoD$ eH$V
Zmhr. Am{W©H$ {dYo`H$mV ~Xb d XþéñVr gwMdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {gZoQ>bm Amho. `m{edm` Ë`mbm emgZmda
àË`j {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr gÎmm {_imbr Amho. amï´>mÜ`jmbm A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aV AgVmZm d
naamï´> YmoaU {df`H$ Vh d H$ama naV AgVmZm {gZoQ>À`m g§_Vr {edm` hm A{YH$ma dmnaVm òV Zmhr.
`m{edm` KQ>ZmXþéñVr, _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdUo, Cnamï´>nVrMr àg§Jr {ZdS> H$aUo ho A{YH$ma `m
g^mJ¥hmbm AmhoV.
{gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ ho H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmnojm _hÎdmMo ~Zdbo Amho. H$maU g§KamÁ` nÕVr_Üò KQ>H$
amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmè`m g^mgXmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {Xbo Amho.
2.3 {gZoQ>Mm à^mdrnUm :
{gZoQ> ho OJmVrb {ÛVr` g^mJ¥hm_Üò AË`§V à^mdr g^mJ¥h ~Zbo Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmMo g^mgX
bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma nÕVrZo {ZdS>bo OmV Agë`mZo ho g^mJ¥h KQ>H$amÁ`m~amo~a bmoH$m§Mohr
à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
`m g^mJ¥hmMm à^mdrnUm dmT>Ê`mg nwT>rb ^mfm§À`m_wio _XV Pmbr Amho. g^mgXm§Mr _`m©{XV
g§»`m, ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mMm g^mgXm§Zm {_imbobm A_`m©X A{YH$ma, {ZdS>rMr nÕV, AÜ`jm§À`m H$m`m©d
àË`j {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm amÁ` KQ>ZoZo {Xbobm A{YH$ma `m_wio ho g^mJ¥h à^mdr ~Zbo Amho.
·
{dYr{Z`_m§Mr à{H«$`m :
H$m`Xo_§S>imMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo H$m`Xo H$aUo hmo`. H$m`Úm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm {dYo`H$mMo
H$m`ÚmV énm§Va H$amdo bmJbo. `mgmR>r Vo {dYo`H$ nwT>rb à{H«$òVyZ OmV AgVo. n{hbo dmMZ, g{_Vr
AdñWm, Xþgao dmMZ, {Vgao dmMZ, Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmMr g§_Vr Am{U AÜ`jmMr ñdmjar `m àH$mao
{dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoV Zgob Va XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr g§`wŠV g{_Vr Zo_yU {dYo`H$mda
{ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo.
·
H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g{_Ë`m :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mim_Üò H$m`Xo_S§ >imÀ`m H$m_mMm ì`mn _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>bm Amho. `m_wio H$m`Xo_S§ >imÀ`m
H$m_mV _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z{Zamiçm g{_Ë`m V`ma Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
`m_Üò ñWm`r g{_Vr _hÎdmMr AgVo. `m g{_VrMr aMZm {df`dma Ho$bobr AgVo. `mZ§Va g§nyU©
g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr gH$b g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AgVo. EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g{dñVanUo MMm©
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H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr g{_Vr Zo_bobr AgVo. gm_mÝ`Vm AW© {df`H$ d _hÎdmMr gm_mÝ` {dYo`Ho$ `mda MMm©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aer g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMr énaofm R>adÊ`mgmR>r {Z`_ g{_Vr
{Z_m©U Ho$bobr AgVo. EImXo {dYo`H$ g^mJ¥hm_Üò naV MM}gmR>r nmR>dmdo qH$dm Zmhr `m~m~V {ZU©`
KoÊ`mMo H$m`© hr g{_Vr H$aVo. EImÚm {dYo`H$m~m~V _VôX Agob Va XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr
g§`wŠV g{_Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo. EImÚm {dYo`H$mbm ~hþ_VmZo nmR>t~m {_iy eHo$b Aer {dYo`Ho$ ~mOybm
H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ YmoaU g{_Vr H$aV AgVo.
2.4 nm[afm{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
1) nX{gÕ (Ex-Officio) : EImXo nX àË`j {ZdhUyH$sZo Z âVm Vo KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXrZwgma Ho$bo
OmVo `mbm nX{gÕ Ago åhUVmV.
2) g§KamÁ` (Federation) : EImÚm XoemVrb emgZ ì`dñWoV H|$Ð gaH$ma d KQ>H$amÁò Aer
{ÛXb emgZ nÕVr V`ma Ho$bobr AgVo. Am{U A{YH$ma joÌmMr {d^mJUr H|$Ð d KQ>H$amÁ`m_Üò Ho$bobr
AgVo Ë`m emgZ nÕVrbm g§KamÁ` åhUVmV.
3) {ZUm©`H$ _V (Casting vote) : EImÚm àñVmdmda qH$dm {dYo`H$mda g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg
~hþ_VmZo {ZU©` hmoÊ`mgm§ g^mnVrbm Amnbo _V XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma åhUOo {ZUm©`H$ _V hmo`.
4) {deof A{YH$ma (Privileges) : H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m àËòH$ g^mgXmbm g^mJ¥hmV Anmbr _Vo
ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ë`m§Zm {Xbobm A{YH$ma åhUOo {deof A{YH$ma hmo`.
5) JUnyVu (Quorum) : EImÚm g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar g§»`m
åhUOo JUnyVu hmo`.
6) àm{^`moJ (_hm{^`moJ) (Impeachment) : EImÚm _hËdmÀ`m nXmdarb ì`ŠVrbm H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r (Ë`mZo J¡adV©Z Ho$ë`mg) H$m`Xo_§S>imbm amÁ` KQ>ZoZo {Xbobm A{YH$ma åhUOo àm{^`moJ hmo`.
7) Oo[a_°S´>r§J (Jerry Mandering) : bmoH$g§»òÀ`m AmYmamda à{V{ZYrMr {ZdS> H$aV AgVmZm
gÎmmYmar nj Amnë`mM njmMo bmoH$ OmñVrV OmñV H$go {ZdSy>Z òVrb ho nmhÿZ _VXma g§Km§Mr {Z{_©Vr
H$aUo åhUOo Oo[a_°S´>tJ hmo`.
8) {\${b~ñQ>atJ (Filibystering) : {gZoQ>À`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mgXmbm g^mJ¥hmV Amnbo _V
ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r A_`m©X ^mfU ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Oa EImXm g^mgX `m A{YH$mamMm dmna
H$ê$Z g^mJ¥hmV AS>Wim AmUV Agob Va Ë`mbm {\${b~ñQ>[a¨J åhUVmV.
9) {gZoQ>Mm {eîQ>mMma (Senatorial courtesy) : AÜ`j, A{YH$mè`mÀ`m Zo_UyH$m H$aVmZm
\$ŠV KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb XmoZ {gZoQ>g²©Mm gëbm hmoVmo hm gëbm åhUOo g§nyU© g^mJ¥hmMm g_Obm OmVmo. `mbm
{gZoQ>Mm {eï>mMma åhUVmV.
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10) {nOZ hmobtJ E {~b (Pigeion-holing a bill) : g{_Vr AdñWoV {dYo`H$ Amë`mZ§Va naV
gmXa Ho$br OmV ZmhrV. `m àWobm {nOZ hmobtJ E {~b åhUVmV.
2.5 dñVw{Zð> àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
2.1
1) H$m±J«og
2) à{V{ZYr J¥h
3) 437
4) XmoZ
5) 25 df} nyU©
6) 18 df} nyU©
7) {Zåå`mnojm OmñV
8) 2/3
9) gmV
1) 100
2) 50
3) 9 df}
4) H$m`_ ñdê$nr
5) nX{gÕ
1) d[að>
2) 2/3
3) goH«o$Q>ar
4) g§K
5) ImOJr
6) Xhm
7)
g{_Vr AdñWm.
1) 20
2) gmoim
3) gH$b
4) {Z`_
5) g§`Šw V
6) YmoaU
10) H${Zð>.
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ :
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao Úm.
1) à{V{ZYr J¥hmMr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma ñnï> H$am.
2) {gZoQ> `m g^mJ¥hmMr aMZm, H$m`} d A{YH$ma `mda g{dñVa MMm© H$am?
3) A_o[aHo$V {gZoQ>Mm à^mdrnUm dmT>Ê`mMr H$maUo g{dñVanUo {dfX H$am?
4) {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m g{dñVanUo {dfX H$am?
5) A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo_§S>im_Üò g{_Ë`m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm ñnï> H$ê$Z Ë`m g{_Ë`m§Mr H$m`} g{dñVa
nUo {bhm.
~) Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>çmV CÎmao {bhm.
1) à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmMo A{YH$ma
2) à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmMm g^mnVr
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3) {gZoQ>Mr H$m`} d A{YH$ma
4) {gZoQ>g©, g§~§YrMm {eï>mMma
5) {\${b~ñQ>atJ
6) g{_Vr AdñWm
7) g§`wŠV g{_Vr.
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1) àmMm`© S>m°. {dO` ZbmdS>o d àm. {dídZmW ndma ({S>g|. 2005) "A_o[aHo$Mm B{Vhmg' \$S>Ho$
àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
2) am. O. bmoQ>o (OyZ 2011) "VwbZmÎ_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU', qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$nZr
npãbeg©, ZmJnya.
3) {X. dm. BÝXmndma, àm. Z{bZr H$mZoQ>H$a (1979) "{ZdS>H$ amOH$s` ì`dñWm3, lr. _§Joe
àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
4) àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb, ({S>g|. 2012) "A_o[aH$m Am{U \«$mÝgMr amÁ`KQ>Zm', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëmnya.
5) àm. à. J. _wio (1988) "{ZdS>H$ AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` ì`dñWm', {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
6) M§ÐeoIa `. emór (1973) "à_wI Xoem§Mr emgZ àUmbr', nm`b àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
BBB
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KQ>H$ - 3
H$m`©H$mar _§S>i - aMZm d H$m`}
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`j
3.2.2 A_o[aH$Z Cnamï´>mÜ`j
3.2.3 A_o[aH$Z AÜ`jr`_§S>i (g{Md _§S>i)
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 nm[afm{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.5 ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr g§X^© J«§W
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm ·
A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$, A{YH$ma, H$m`} Am{U ñWmZ g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
·
A_o[aHo$À`m Cnamï´>mÜ`jm§Mr {ZdS>, A{YH$ma, H$m`} d ñWmZ g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
·
A_o[aH$Z AÜ`jr` _§Ìr_§S>imMr aMZm, {ZdS>, A{YH$ma d H$m`} ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.
3…1 àñVmdZm :
AmYw{ZH$ emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©V Pmbobr dmT> Am{U OZVoÀ`m àVr gaH$maMo CÎmaXm{`Ëd `m H$maUm_wio
emgZmÀ`m VrZ emIm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. CXm. H$m`Xo H$aUmao H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`Úm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmao
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~r.E. ^mJ-3/amÁèmó/A_o[aHo$Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm ....1
H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Am{U Ý`m`XmZ H$aUmao Ý`m`_§S>i hmo`. bmoH$emhr emgZnÕVrV ho {VÝhr {d^mJ _hÎdmMo
AgVmV. A_o[aH$Z amï´>KQ>ZoZo bmoH$emhr emgZ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mZwgma A_o[aH$Z emgZmV
ho {VÝhr {d^mJ _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gÎmm{d^mOZmÀ`m VÎdmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Amho.
Ë`mZwgma H$m`Xo{dfH$ gÎmm, H$m`©H$mar gÎmm Am{U Ý`m`XmZ{df`H$ gÎmm `m emgZmÀ`m à_wI VrZ gÎmm
nañnam§nmgyZ ñdV§Ì R>odë`m AmhoV. åhUOoM Ë`m§Mr O~m~Xmar doJdoJiçm {d^mJm§À`m hmVr gmon{dÊ`mMm
à`ËZ A_o[aH$Z KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ho$bm Amho. emgZg§ñWoMo H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i d Ý`m`_§S>i ho {VÝhr
{d^mJ AmnAmnë`m H$m`©joÌmV ñdV§Ì AgVrb. _mÌ `mVrb H$moUVmhr {d^mJ BVam§À`m H$m`©joÌmV hñVjon
H$aUma Zmhr. AemàH$mao ì`dñWm amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Aem[aVrZo àËòH$ {d^mJ Amnë`m
H$m`©joÌmV ñdV§Ì d gd©loð> AgVmo. na§Vw Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z gÎmoMm J¡admna hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ Ë`m§Mo EH$_oH$m§da
{Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr "{Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZmMr nÕVr' hr amÁ`KQ>ZoV gm§{JVbr Amho. Ë`m_wio emgZmMm H$moUVmhr
{d^mJ epŠVembr qH$dm daMT> hmoV Zmhr. VgoM A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mZwgma emgZmÀ`m BVa XmoZ {d^mJmnojm Ë`mMo ñWmZ d¡{eï>çnyU© d _hÎdnyU© AgVo. amï´>KQ>ZoZoM
amï´>mÜ`j nX à^mdembr {Z_m©U Ho$bo Agë`m_wio AmO OJmVrb gdm©V A{YH$ gm_Ï`©embr nX åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVo. AemàH$mao d¡{eï>çnyU© Agboë`m A_o[aH$Z emgZ nÕVrVrb H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr aMZm,
A{YH$ma, H$m`} d KQ>ZmË_H$ ñWmZ `m g§~§YrMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV 1) amï´>mÜ`j, 2) Cnamï´>mÜ`j d 3) AÜ`jr` _§Ìr_§S>i ho _hÎdmMo
VrZ KQ>H$ AmhoV.
3.2.1 A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j :
A_o[aHo$V AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr Agë`m_wio amï´>mÜ`j hm A_o[aHo$Mm KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVd
H$m`©H$mar à_wI Amho. B§½b§S>À`m amOmà_mUo Vo Zm__mÌ emgH$ ZgyZ Ë`mbm amï´>à_wI Am{U g§KamÁ`mMm
H$m`©H$mar à_wI Aem Xþhoar ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr bmJVo. åhUOoM amï´>à_wI d emgZà_wI åhUyZ
amï´>mÜ`jmbm amÁ` KQ>ZoZo ì`mnH$ gÎmm {Xbobr Amho. Vmo Amnë`m A{YH$ma joÌmV gd©loð> g_Obm OmVmo.
H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr {ZUm©`H$ gÎmm EH$Q>çm amï´>mÜ`jmbm àmßV Pmbobr Amho. AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr_wio
A_o[aHo$V amï´>mÜ`j hm EH$M H$m`©H$mar à_wI AgVmo. B§½b§S>_Yrb amOm d n§VàXmZ `m XmoÝhr nXmZm
AgUmar gÎmm A_o[aHo$Vrb EH$Q>çm amï´>mÜ`jmbm àmßV Pmbobr Amho. Ë`mbm amÁ` H$ma^mamV _XV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r _§{Ì_§S>i AgVo. na§Vw _§Ìr_§S>imMr ^y{_H$m \$ŠV gëbmJmamMr AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aHo$Mm
amï´>mÜ`j hm g§KamÁ` à_wI, KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVd H$m`©H$mar à_wI EH$Q>mM AgVmo. A_o[aHo$V Ë`mÀ`mnojm
Xþgao H$moUVohr loð> nX Zmhr. Ë`m_wio amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` joÌmV A_o[aHo$Mo amï´>mÜ`jnX AË`§V gÝ_mZmMo,
à{Vð>oMo Am{U _hÎdmMo g_Obo OmVo.
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· amï´>mÜ`jmMr KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyX :
A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Xþgè`m H$b_mV amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m nXmMr d Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr VaVyX Ho$bobr
Amho. amï´>KQ>ZoV Xþgè`m H$b_mV Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, "A_o[aHo$À`m g§`wŠV g§ñWmZmÀ`m AÜ`jmH$S>o
H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma amhVrb.' åhUOoM A{YemgZ{df`H$ gÎmm A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr amhrb. Ë`mZwgma
amï´>mÜ`j hm KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVd H$m`©H$mar à_wI ~Zbm Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo g§KamÁ`mMr H$m`©H$mar {df`H$
gÎmm EH$Q>çm amï´>mÜ`jmH$S>o XodyZ gd©eŠVr_mZ d _hÎdnyU© Ago {Zdm©{MV nX {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho.
· amï´>mÜ`jnXmgmR>r nmÌVm :
A_o[aH$Z amï´>Ü`jnXmMr {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr nmÌVm amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$b_ 2 À`m nmoQ>H$b_
1 _Üò gm§{JVbr Amho Vr nwT>rbà_mUo1) Vr ì`ŠVr A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr OÝ_OmV ZmJ[aH$ Agmdr.
2) {VMo d` 35 df} nyU© Pbobo Agmdo.
3) {VMo A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mV H$_rVH$_r 14 df} dmñVì` Agbo nm{hOo.
4) Ë`mì`ŠVrbm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr {ejm Pmbobr Zgmdr qH$dm Vmo JwÝhoJma Zmgmdm.
5) amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma `m nXmgmR>r ór d nwéf XmoÝhrhr nmÌ R>a{dbo AmhoV. na§Vw AmOn`ªVÀ`m
AÜ`jnXmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV EH$mhr órZo C_oXdmar Omhra Ho$bobr Zmhr.
· amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ :
A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXrZwgma "amï´>mÜ`j hm AàË`j {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVrZo {ZdS>bm OmVmo.
amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ë`mÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r EH$ {d{eï> Aer à{H«$`m gm§{JVbr Amho, Or BVa H$moUË`mhr
bmoH$emhr amï´>mV AmT>iV Zmhr. A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm {Zdm©{MV AgVmo. A_o[aH$Z OZVm Ë`mbm
AàË`j nÕVrZo {ZdSy>Z XoVo. Ë`mÀ`m {ZdS>rgmR>r EH$ {Zdm©MH$ _§S>i {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo. KQ>ZoZwgma àËòH$
KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb bmoH$ Ë`m KQ>H$amÁ`mMo H$m±J«og_Üò ({gZoQ> d à{V{ZYr g^mgX) OodT>o à{V{ZYr AgVrb
VodT>oM Xþgao à{V{ZYr ({Zdm©MH$) {ZdS>VmV. Am{U `m {Zdm©MH$ JUmH$Sy>Z (AÜ`jr` _VXma) amï´>mÜ`jmMr
{ZdS> hmoVo.
Aem[aVrZo amÁ`KQ>Zoà_mUo amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ AàË`jnUo hmoV Agbr Var ì`dhmamV `m
{ZdS>UyH$sbm àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbobo {XgVo. åhUyZM Aem d¡{eï>çnyU© {ZdS>UyH$sMr
à{H«$`m H$er MmbVo ho g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
1) amOH$s` njm§À`mH$Sy>Z AÜ`jr` C_oXdmam§Mr {ZdS> :
A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ Xa Mma dfmªZr òUmè`m brn dfm©V hmoVo. {ZdS>UyH$ dfm©V hr
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{ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$`m gmYmaUV: 7 Vo 8 _{hZo Mmby AgVo. A_o[aHo$V {ÛnjnÕVr AgyZ VoWrb amOH$maUmV
[anpãbH$Z d S>o_moH«$m°{Q>H$ ho à_wI XmoZ nj AmhoV. ho XmoÝhrhr amOH$s` nj {ZdS>UyH$ dfm©V gwê$dmVrÀ`m
H$mimV amÁ`mVrb _hÎdm§À`m ehamV Amnmnë`m njmMo amï´>r` _oimdo ñdV§ÌnUo â{dVmV. `m _oimì`mV
ho nj Amnbo amï´>mÜ`j d Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXmMo C_oXdma {ZpíMV H$amV. gXaÀ`m _oimì`mgmR>r àËòH$
KQ>H$amÁ`mMo njà{V{ZYr hOa AgVmV. àËòH$ KQ>H$amÁ`mVyZ C_oXdmamgmR>r Zmdo gwM{dÊ`mV òVmV.
C_oXdmam§Mr ^mfUo hmoVmV. Z§Va njà{V{ZYtMo _VXmZ hmoVo d Á`mbm OmñV _Vo {_iVrb Vmo Ë`m njmMm
amï´>mÜ`jmMm A{YH¥$V C_oXdma åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV òVo. Ë`mMdoir njmMm Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMm C_oXdma hr
{ZdS>bm OmVmo. AemàH$mao ho XmoÝhr nj Amnmnbr njmMr ñdV§Ì d doJJiçm {R>H$mUr A{YdoeZo KodyZ
Amnbo amï´>mÜ`j d Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMo C_oXdma ~hþ_VmZo {ZdS>VmV.
2) AÜ`jr` _VXmam§Mr ({Zdm©MH$ JUmVrb gXñ`m§Mr) {ZdS> :
A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ AàË`jnÕVrZo hmoVo. åhUOoM `m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r Img {Zdm©MH$
_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. `m {Zdm©MH$ JUmVrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àË`j OZVoH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. Am{U
ho {Zdm©MH$ amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV àË`j _VXmZ H$aVmV. åhUOoM amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV àË`j
_VXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r OZVoH$Sy>Z Oo Img à{V{ZYr ({Zdm©MH$) {ZdS>bo OmVmV, Ë`m§Zm AÜ`jr` _VXma Ago
åhUVmV. àËòH$ KQ>H$amÁ`mVyZ OodT>o à{V{ZYr {gZoQ> d à{V{ZYrJ¥hm_Üò {ZdS>bobo AgVmV, VodT>oM Xþgao
à{V{ZYr OZVoH$Sy>Z "AÜ`jr` _VXma åhUyZ {ZdS>bo OmVmV. gÜ`m {gZoQ>_Üò 100 d à{V{ZYrJ¥hmV
435 Ago EHy$U H$m±J«og_Üò 535 à{V{ZYr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio VodT>oM Xþgao 535 AÜ`jr` _VXma åhUyZ
gd© KQ>H$amÁ`mVyZ {ZdS>bo OmVmV. [anpãbH$Z d S>o_moH«${Q>H$ ho XmoÝhr nj `m {ZdS>UwH$sV àËòH$
KQ>H$amÁ`mV Amnbo AÜ`jr` _VXmamMo C_oXdma Cô H$aVmV. KQ>H$amÁ`mV Á`m njmbm gdm©V OmñV _Vo
{_iVrb Ë`m njmMo C_oXdma Ë`m KQ>H$amÁ`mVyZ òVmV. AemàH$mao gd© KQ>H$amÁ`mVyZ Á`m njmMo OmñV
C_oXdma (AÜ`jr` _VXma) {ZdSy>Z òVrb Ë`m njmÀ`m amï´>mÜ`jmMm {dO` òWoM {ZpíMV hmoVmo.
AÜ`jr` _VXmamMr hr {ZdS> brn dfm©À`m Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mVrb n{hë`m gmo_dmaZ§Va òUmè`m _§Jidmar
H$aÊ`mV òVo.
amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV AÜ`jr` _VXmam§Mr {ZdS> AË`§V _hÎdmMr AgVo. H$maU `m {ZdS>UwH$sV
Oo EHy$U 535 AÜ`jr` _VXma {ZdS>bo OmVmV Ë`mn¡H$s Á`m njmbm ~hþ_V {_iiVo. Ë`m njmMm
C_oXdma amï´>mÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS>bm OmVmo ho gdmªZm _m{hV AgVo. åhUOoM Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV AÜ`jr`
_VXmam§À`m {ZdS>UwH$sMo {ZH$mb Omhra hmoVmM amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> AàË`jnUo {ZpíMV hmoV AgVo.
Ë`m_wio nwT>o AÜ`jr` _VXmam§Zr amï´>mÜ`jmMr Ho$bobr {ZdS> Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVo.
3) AÜ`jr` _VXmam§H$Sy>Z amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> :
Zmoìh|~a_Üò OZVoZo {ZdSy>Z {Xbobo AÜ`jr` _VXma amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mV
_VXmZ H$aVmV. amï´>mÜ`jnXmgmR>rMo _VXmZ {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m Xþgè`m ~wYdmaZ§Va òUmè`m n{hë`m
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gmo_dmar KoVbo OmVo. àËòH$ KQ>H$amÁ`mV amOYmZrÀ`m {R>H$mUr _VXmZ H|$Ð AgVo. VoWo Ë`m KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb
AÜ`jr` _VXma Amnë`m njmÀ`m C_oXdmambm _VXmZ H$aVmV. `m {ZdS>UyH$sMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo VoWo
O~aXñV nj{Zð>m Agë`m_wio AÜ`jr` _VXma Á`m njmH$Sy>Z {ZdSy>Z Ambobo AgVmV. Ë`mM njmÀ`m
C_oXdmambm _VXmZ H$aVmV.
_VXmZmZ§Va gd© noQ>çm dm°qe½Q>Zbm AmUë`m OmVmV. 6 OmZodmar amoOr {gZoQ>Mm AÜ`j XmoÝhr
g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g§`wŠV ~¡R>H$sV _V_moOUr H$aVmo. Á`m C_oXdmambm {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar
270 BVH$s _Vo åhaOoM EHy$U _VXmam§À`m AÜ`m©hÿZ A{YH$ _Vo {_imbr AgVrb Ë`mMr amï´>mÜ`j åhUyZ
{ZdS> Pmbr Ago Omhra H$aVmo. na§Vw `m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$moUË`mM C_oXdmambm Amdí`H$ EdT>r _Vo {_imbr
Zgë`mg, à{V{ZYrJ¥hm `m {ZdS>UyH$sV gdm©V OmñV _Vo {_imboë`m n{hë`m VrZ C_oXdmamVyZ EH$mMr
amï´>mÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aVo. {ZdSy>Z Ambobm C_oXdma 20 OmZodmar amoOr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m
gaÝ`m`m{YemH$Sy>Z dm°qe½Q>Z òWo A{YH$ma d nXJ«hUmMr enW KoD$Z amï´>mÜ`jnXmMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmo.
· amï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb :
A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mbr Mma dfm©Mm AgVmo (H$b_ 2 Zwgma) VgoM gZ 1951 À`m 22
ì`m KQ>ZmXþþéñVrZwgma EH$mM ì`ŠVrbm XmoZ nojm OmñVdoim amï´>mÜ`j hmoVm òV Zmhr.
· amï´>mÜ`jmMr ~S>V\$s© (_hm{^`moJ nÕVr) :
amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma amï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb Mma dfm©Mm Agbm Var Ë`mZo XoeÐmoh, bmMbwMnV, ^«ï>mMma
qH$dm AÜ`jnXmMr d amï´>mMr à{Vð>m Ywirg {_i{dUmar J§^ra ñdê$nmMr H¥$Vr, JwÝhm Ho$ë`mg Ë`mbm
_hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdyZ Ë`mbm H$m±J«og nXÀ`wV H$ê$ eH$Vo. (H$b_ 2 {d^mJ 4 Zwgma).
darbàH$maÀ`m EImÚm H¥$Vr~Ôb à{V{ZYrJ¥h, amï´>mÜ`jmda AmamonnÌ XmIb H$ê$ eH$Vo. ho AmamonnÌ
Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va `mdoir gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm gaÝ`m`m{Ye
{gZoQ>Mo AÜ`jnX ñdrH$maVmo. Mm¡H$er Xaå`mZ Amamonr amï´>mÜ`jmbm Amnbr ~mOy _m§S>Vm òVo. Ë`mgmR>r
dH$sbmMm gëbm KoVm òVmo. VgoM ~MmdmgmR>r gmjrXmahr KoVm òVmV. eodQ>r Mm¡H$er nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va
AÜ`jmdarb Amamon {gZoQ>Zo 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo g§_V Ho$ë`mg, amï´>mÜ`jmbm Ë`mÀ`m nXmdê$Z H$_r Ho$bo OmVo.
`m à{H«$òbm "_hm{^`moJmMr' qH$dm "à{^`moJmMr nÕVr' Ago åhUVmV. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aHo$À`m H$m±Jo«gbm
amï´>mÜ`jmMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zgbm Varhr Ë`mÀ`m J¡adV©Zm~Ôb Ë`mbm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Amho. AmOn`ªV A°S´>çw Om°ÝgZ, ào-[aMS>© {ZŠgZ, {~b pŠb¨Q>Z `m AÜ`jm§À`mda AemàH$maMo
AmamonnÌ XmIb Pmbo hmoVo. na§Vw {gZoQ>_Üò ~hþ_VmÀ`m A^mdm_wio Vo _§Oya Z Pmë`m_wio EH$mhr
amï´>mÜ`jmbm _hm{^`moJmÀ`m à{H«$òÛmao nXÀ`wÎm H$aVm Ambo Zmhr.
· amï´>mÜ`jmMm dmagm :
amï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb nyU© hmoÊ`myndu Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y, amOrZm_m, _hm{^`moJ `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo
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AÜ`jnX [aH$m_o Pmë`mg CnmÜ`j Ë`m nXmMr gwÌo hmVr KoB©b Aer VaVyX amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$br Amho. gZ
1974 _Üò H$m±J«ogZo AÜ`jnXmMm dmagmH«$_ nwT>rbà_mUo R>a{dbm. amï´>mÜ`jnX [aH$m_o Pmbo Va
Cnamï´>mÜ`j, à{V{ZYrJ¥hmMm g^mnVr, {gZoQ>Mm g^mnVr Am{U Ë`mZ§Va AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imVrb Áòð>
_§Ìr Agm H«$_ {dMmamV KoÊ`mV òVmo. AmVmn`ªV AmR> doim amï´>mÜ`j nX [aH$m_o Pmbo d CnmÜ`jmbm
AÜ`jnXmMr g§Yr {_imbr Amho. H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo amï´>mÜ`jmMo nX [aH$m_o Pmë`mg Vm~S>Vmo~
CnmÜ`jnXmbm Vo nX ñdrH$mamdo bmJVo. åhUOoM AÜ`jnX H$YrM [aH$m_o R>odbo OmV Zmhr.
· amï´>mÜ`jmMo doVZ d ^Îmo :
gÜ`m A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmbm Mma bmI S>m°bg© dm{f©H$ doVZ Am{U BVa IMm©gmR>r nÞmg hOma
S>m°bg© {_iVmV. VgoM àdmgIM© d A{VÏÌM©hr {Xbm OmVmo. `m{edm` Ë`mbm amhÊ`mgmR>r "ìhmB©Q>
hmD$g' ho gaH$mar {ZdmgñWmZ {Xbo OmVo. Ë`mdarb gd© IM© (A§XmOo dm{f©H$ XmoZ bmI S>m°bg©) gaH$mar
I{OÝ`mVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©H$mbmV doVZ H$_r Ho$bo OmV Zmhr. {Zd¥ÎmrZ§Va Ë`mbm dm{f©H$
63,000/- S>m°bg© {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ {Xbo OmVo. amï´>mÜ`jmMo doVZ d ^Îmo H$m±J«og R>a{dV AgVo.
· amï´>mÜ`jmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVd H$m`©H$mar à_wI AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmZo g§KamÁ`mMm
H$ma^ma MmbVmo. A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ë`mbm ì`mnH$ à_mUmV A{YH$ma {Xbobo AmhoV. Vmo A_o[aH$Z
g§KamÁ`mMm à_wI d A_o[aHo$Mm àW_ ZmJ[aH$ AgVmo. amÁ`KQ>ZoZoM Ë`mbm ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma d gÎmm XodyZ
amï´>mÜ`j ho nX à^mdr d eŠVrembr ~Z{dbo Amho. _Z«mo `m {dMmad§VmÀ`m _Vo, "AmOn`ªV bmoH$emhr
amÁ`mV H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm BVH$s ì`mnH$ gÎmm ZìhVr H$s, {OVH$s A_o[aH$Z AÜ`jmbm Amho'.
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm dmñVd emgH$ AgyZ Ë`mMo A{YH$ma gdm©V A{YH$ AmhoV. VWm{n Vmo hþHy$_ehm
Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mbm Oo A{YH$ma {_imbobo AmhoV, Vo A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>Zm, H$m±J«ogMo H$m`Xo, Ý`m`mb`rZ
{ZU©` d g§Ho$V `mZwgma {_imbobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vmo A{YH$mam§Mm dmna `mo½` [aË`m H$arV AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m
`m A{YH$mam~m~V bm°S>© ~«mB©g åhUVmo, "amÁ` Mmb{dUmam Am{U emgZH$ma^ma H$aUmam A_o[aHo$Mm
amï´>mÜ`j hm EH$ {Zdm©{MV g_«mQ> hmo`.' WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jnX ho OJmVrb bmoH$emhr amï´>m_Yrb
gdm©V à^mdr d _hÎdmMo nX Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo 1) H$m`©H$mar (emgZ) {df`H$ A{YH$ma :
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMr g§nyU© gÎmm amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m hmVr AgVo. A_o[aHo$Mm H$m`©H$mar à_wI d gd©loð>
à_wI àemgH$ åhUyZ Ë`mbm nwT>rb A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV.
A) H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr : A_o[aHo$Mm H$m`©H$mar à_wI d àemgH$ `m ZmË`mZo amÁ`KQ>Zm,
H$m±J«ogMo H$m`Xo, Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZU©`, naamï´>mer Ho$bobo H$ama `m§Mr `mo½` àH$mao A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Ë`mbm Amho. Aem H$m`Úm§Mr d H$amamg§~§Yr {Z`_, A{Y{Z`_ H$ê$Z, àemgH$s` `§ÌUobm
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A§_b~OmdUr {df`H$ AmXoe XoÊ`mMo d Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© amï´>mÜ`jmbm H$amdo bmJVo. {d{dY
ImË`m§À`m àemgZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Vmo H$aVmo. H$moUË`mhr ImVoà_wImbm
Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mMr _m{hVr Vmo {dMmê$ eH$Vmo. H$moUVmhr A{YH$mar J¡a_mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$arV Agob Va
Ë`mbm amï´>mÜ`j nXÀ`wV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m g§nyU© àemgZmda XoIaoI R>odUo,
amÁ`mV em§VVm d gwì`dñWm R>odUo, H$m`Úm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo B. H$m`} amï´>mÜ`jmbm H$amdr bmJVmV.
~) d[að> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m Zo_UyH$m H$aUo : A_o[aHo$À`m àemgZmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m d[að> A{YH$mè`m§À`m
Zo_UyH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jmbm Amho. `mZwgma _§Ìr_§S>imVrb _§Ìr, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mVrb
Ý`m`m{Ye, naamï´>mV nmR>dmd`mMo amOXÿV, d[að> g¡Ý`m{YH$mar, amÁ`à{V{ZYr, gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>imMo
gXñ` `m§À`m Zo_UyH$m amï´>mÜ`j H$arV AgVmo. _mÌ Aem Zo_UyH$m§Zm Ë`mbm {gZoQ>Mr _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr
bmJVo. `mbmM "{gZoQ>a g§~§Yr {eï>mMma' Ago åhUVmV. `mà_mUo {Z`wŠV Ho$boë`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm nXÀ`wV
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$mahr Ë`mbm Amho. na§Vw AemàH$maMr nXÀ`wVr H$aVmZm Ë`mbm Mm¡H$er g{_Vr Zo_mdr
bmJVo. Am{U `m Mm¡H$erA§Vr A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ë`mbm ~S>V\©$ H$aVm òVo.
2) H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j KQ>ZmË_H$ à_wI Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm H$m§hr H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$mahr àmßV
Pmbobo AmhoV. A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gÎmm{d^mOZ VÎdmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z H$m±J«og, amï´>mÜ`j d Ý`m`_§S>i
`m§À`mV gÎmm{d^mOZ H$ê$Z ho {VÝhr {d^mJ Amnmnë`m H$m`©joÌmV ñdV§Ì Ho$bobo AmhoV. Var na§Vw `m
{VÝhr {d^mJmV gÎmoMm g_Vmob d {Z`§ÌU amhÊ`mgmR>r KQ>ZoZo "{Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZ' ho VÎdhr ñdrH$mabo
Amho. Ë`m_wio amï´>mÜ`j hm H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMm à_wI AgyZhr Ë`mbm H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$mahr àmßV Pmbo
AmhoV. amï´>mÜ`j H$m±J«ogMm gXñ` Zgbm Zarhr KQ>ZmË_H$ amï´>à_wI åhUyZ Ë`mMm H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrÀ`m
à{H«$òV _hÎdmMm gh^mJ AgVmo. amï´>mÜ`jmbm H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma nwT>rbà_mUo àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV.
A) H$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ ~mobmdUo : H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr A{YdoeZo ~mobmdUo, Vr ñW{JV
qH$dm VhHw$~ H$aUo, doiàg§Jr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMr Img A{YdoeZo ~mobm{dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jmbm Amho.
~) H$m±J«ogH$S>o g§Xoe nmR>{dUo : H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm amÁ`mVrb EH§$Xa n[apñWVr g§~§Yr
Ahdmb g§Xoe nmR>{dUo, gyMZm H$aUo Agm A{YH$ma Ë`mbm Amho. Aem àH$maMm {b{IV qH$dm Vm|S>r
g§Xoe qH$dm amï´>mÜ`j ñdV: H$m±J«og_Üò CnpñWV amhÿZ Xody eH$Vmo. `m g§Xoem_Üò amï´>mMr YmoaUo, H¥$Vr d
Ë`m§Mr gmYZo `m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. amï´>mÜ`jmMm g§Xoe åhUOo {d{Y{Z`_m§Mr Mm¡H$Q> d _mJUr AgVo.
Ë`m_wio `m g§XoemZm _hÎd Agë`m_wio H$m±J«ogbm Ë`mH$S>o Xþb©j H$aVm òV Zmhr.
H$) dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma : H$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ Mmby ZgVmZm amï´>mÜ`jmbm ZdrZ
H$m`ÚmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg Ë`mg§~§Yr dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`mbm Amho. `m dQ>hþHy$_mMo
_hÎd H$m`ÚmEdT>oM AgVo. `m dQ>hþHy$_mbm Z§Va H$m±J«og H$m`ÚmMo ê$n XoV AgVo.
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S>) {d{Y{Z`_m§Zm _§Oyar XoUo : H$m±Jo«gZo _§Oya Ho$boë`m àËòH$ {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va
hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m {dYo`H$mda amï´>mÜ`jmMr ñdmjar Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUOoM amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m _§Oyar{edm`
H$m±J«ogZo g§_V Ho$boë`m H$moUË`mhr {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoV Zmhr. g^mJ¥hmVrb {dYo`H$mMo
H$m`ÚmV énm§Va H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr Vmo H$mhr gyMZm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. H$m±J«ogZo _§Oya Ho$bobo {dYo`H$ Ë`mbm _§Oya
Zgob Va Vmo Ë`m {dYoH$mg ZH$ma Xody eH$Vmo. `mbmM amï´>mÜ`jmMm ZH$mam{YH$ma (Veto Power) Ago
åhUVmV. amï´>mÜ`jmMr BÀN>m Zgë`mg Ë`m {dYo`H$mbm ZH$ma XoÊ`mMm, Ë`mV XþéñË`m gwM{dÊ`mMm Ë`mbm
A{YH$ma Amho. na§Vw hm _`m©{XV ZH$mam{YH$ma Amho. H$maU amï´>mÜ`jmZo ZH$ma {Xbobo qH$dm naV nmR>{dbobo
{dYo`H$ H$m±J«ogZo nwÝhm 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya H$ê$Z Xþgè`m§Xm, amï´>mÜ`jmH$S>o nmR>{dbo Va Ë`mg Ë`mbm g§_Vr
ÚmdrM bmJVo. VgoM amï´>mÜ`jmbm EH$ Img {IemVbm ZH$mam{YH$ma (Pocket Veto) Mm A{YH$ma Amho.
H$m±J«ogZo A{YdoeZmÀ`m eodQ>À`m 10 {XdgmÀ`m H$mbmdYrV EImXo {dYo`H$ g§_V H$ê$Z amï´>mÜ`jmH$S>o
nmR>{dbo Agob, Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©V Ë`mZo H$moUVmM {ZU©` KoVbm Zgob. Aemdoir H$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ Ë`m
Xhm {XdgmV g_mßV Pmbo Agob Va Vo {dYo`H$ AmnmoAmn aÔ hmoVo. `m nm°Ho$Q> ìhoQ>moÀ`m dmnam~m~V H$m±J«og
H$m§hrM H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio `m ZH$mam{YH$mamMm dmna AZoH$ amï´>mÜ`jm§Zr AZoH$doim Ho$bobm Amho.
CXm. ào-éPdoëQ> `m§Zr 260 doim Va Q´>_Z `m§Zr 70 doim `m A{YH$mamMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrV H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmà_mUoM amï´>mÜ`jmMm gh^mJhr {VVH$mM _hÎdmMm
Amho.
3) Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMm à_wI `m ZmË`mZo amï´>mÜ`jmbm H$m§hr Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbobo
AmhoV. Vmo {gZoQ>À`m g§_VrZo g§KÝ`m`mb`mÀ`m gd© Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m Zo_UwH$m H$aVmo. A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mÀ`m
H$m`ÚmMm ^§J Ho$ë`m_wio {ejm Pmboë`m JwÝhoJmam§Zm X`m XmI{dÊ`mMm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma Amho. JwÝhoJmam§Mr
{ejm _m\$ H$aÊ`mMm, Vr H$_r H$aÊ`mMm, {ejoMo ñdê$n ~XbÊ`mMm qH$dm {ejoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrV
~Xb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jmbm Amho.
4) Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma :
A_o[aHo$Mm H$m`©H$mar à_wI `m ZmË`mZo amï´>mMo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jmbm
Amho. à_w»`mZo Ë`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbrb "ã`wamo Am°\$ {X ~OoQ>' ho H$m`m©b` A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aVo Am{U
Vo V`ma Pmë`mZ§Va amï´>mÜ`jmg_moa R>odbo OmVo. Vmo Ë`mV Amnë`mbm Ano{jV Agbobo ~Xb H$ê$Z Vo
g§XoemghrV H$m±J«ogH$S>o g§_VrgmR>r nmR>{dVmo. H$m±J«ogZo _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va A§XmOnÌH$mMr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mbmM A{YH$ma Amho. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aHo$Mo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aUo, Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aUo, Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV àemgZmbm _XV H$aUo, _§Oya Pmboë`m YZ{dYo`H$mda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo Am{U
Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo Aer Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMr H$m`} Ë`mbm H$amdr bmJVmV.
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5) naamï´>{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm naamï´> YmoaUmMm {eënH$ma AgVmo. Vmo Ë`m XoemÀ`m naamï´>YmoaUmMo {ZYm©aU
d g§MmbZ H$aVmo. `m joÌmV Ë`mbm ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma Amho. naamï´>r` YmoaU R>a{dUo, naamï´>mer H$ama, Vh,
g§Yr qH$dm `wÕ H$aUo, naamï´>mV amOXþV nmR>{dUo, naamï´>mVyZ Amboë`m amOXÿVmZm _mÝ`Vm XoUo, ZdrZ amï´>m§Zm
d VoWrb emgZmZm _mÝ`Vm XoUo, g§`wŠV amï´>g§KQ>ZoVrb A_o[aHo$Mo YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aUo, naamï´>mer g§~§Y
àñWm{nV H$aUo, A_o[aHo$Mm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ naamï´>Xm¡ao H$aUo BË`mXr naamï´>{df`H$ A{YH$ma Ë`mbm àmßV
Pmbobo AmhoV. AWm©V Ë`mÀ`m `m H¥$Vrbm {gZoQ>Mr _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr bmJob.
6) bîH$a (g¡Ý`) {df`H$ A{YH$ma :
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm {VÝhr gZmXbmMm à_wI AgVmo. A_o[aHo$À`m g§ajH$ goZoMm à_wI
goZm{YH$mar `m ZmË`mZo g¡Ý`mVrb à_wI A{YH$mè`m§À`m {Z`wŠË`m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`mbm Amho. VgoM
XoemÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`m d eÌynjmMm nam^d H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Amdí`H$ Vo {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ë`mbm
AgVmo. A_o[aH$Z g¡Ý`mbm OJmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV Vmo nmR>dy eH$Vmo. åhUOoM H$moUË`mhr Xoem~amo~a
Vmo `wÕ Kmo{fV H$ê$ eH$Vmo, `wÕ Wm§~dy eH$Vmo, `m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$aVmZm `m gd© KS>m_moS>rMr
H$ënZm Ë`mbm {gZoQ>bm Úmdr bmJVo. VgoM KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m amÁ`nmbmÀ`m {dZ§Vrdê$Z KQ>H$amÁ`mV
em§VVm, gwì`dñWm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo g¡Ý` nmR>dy eH$Vmo.
7) njZoVm :
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm Ë`mÀ`m njmMm ZoVm AgVmo. H$m±J«og_Üò Oa Ë`mÀ`m njmMo ~hþ_V Agob
Va H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$òda Vmo Amnë`m BÀN>oZo à^md nmSy> eH$Vmo. gÎmoda AgVmZm Amnë`m njmMr
Üò`YmoaUo, H$m`©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mMm, njmZo {Xboë`m AmídmgZm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMm, njmMr à{V_m
C§MmdÊ`mMm, njmMr g§KQ>Zm ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mMm, njmMo gXñ` gmT>{dÊ`mMm VgoM njmMm OmñVrV OmñV
àMma d àgma H$aÊ`mMm Am{U njmbm ~hþg§»`m§H$m§Mm nmR>t~m {_i{dÊ`mMm njmbm {d{dYjoÌmV gÎmm
àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm njZoVm `m ZmË`mZo Vmo à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. VgoM njZoVm åhUyZ njmbm _mJ©Xe©Z
H$aUo, gëbm XoUo, OZVobm {dídmgmV KodyZ Amnë`m njmÀ`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr XoÊ`mMo H$m`© amï´>mÜ`j
H$aVmo.
8) amï´>ZoVm (OZVoMm ZoVm) :
A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm OZVoH$Sy>Z AàË`r[aË`m {ZdS>bobm AgVmo. åhUOoM OZVoH$Sy>Z ~hþ_VmZo
Ë`mMr {ZdS> Pmbobr Agë`m_wio Vmo OZVoMm ZoVm AgVmo. VgoM Vmo amï´>mMm ZoVm AgVmo. g§nyU© OZVoÀ`m
dVrZo ~mobÊ`mMm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma AgVmo. åhUOoM OZVoMm Vmo AmdmO AgVmo. OZVoMm ZoVm `m ZmË`mZo
Ë`mbm AZoH$àH$maMr bmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m`} H$amdr bmJVmV. amï´>mÜ`j amï´>r` {hVg§~§YmMo IaoIwao
à{V{ZYrËd H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJmVrb OZVoÀ`m BÀN>m AmH$m§jm d JaOm bjmV
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KodyZ, {d{dY Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§YmV g_Vmob amIyZ Vmo bmoH$H$m`m©Mr H$m`} H$aVmo. XoemV Mm§Jë`m
gmom`rgw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aUo, XoemV H$m`Xm d gwì`dñWm amIUo Am{U bmoH$m§Zm em§VVm_` OrdZ àmßV H$ê$Z
XoUo, ZmJ[aH$m§À`m OrdZmMo d _mb_ÎmoMo, hŠH$mMo g§ajU H$aUo BË`mXr H$m`} Ë`mbm H$amdr bmJVmV.
9) _§{Ì_§S>imMm à_wI :
darb A{YH$mam{edm` _§{Ì_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo, Ë`m§Mo ImVodmQ>n H$aUo, _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m ~¡R>H$m
KodyZ Ë`mMo AÜ`jñWmZ ñdrH$maUo, Ë`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm gëbm XoUo, Ë`mÀ`m H$m_H$mOmda XoIaoI
d {Z`§ÌU R>odUo, amï´>mbm A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XoUo Aer AZoH$àH$maMr H$m`}
amï´>mÜ`jmbm H$amdr bmJVmV. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm _§{Ì_§S>imMm {Z_m©Vm, _§{Ì_§S>imMm à_wI
Am{U emgZ à_wIhr AgVmo.
amï´>mÜ`jmMo ñWmZ :
A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo amï´>mÜ`jmbm darbà_mUo ì`mnH$ gÎmm d A{YH$ma XodyZ ho à^mdembr nX
~Z{dbo Amho. XoemMm KQ>ZmË_H$ à_wI AgyZ g§nyU© amÁ`H$ma^ma Ë`mÀ`mM ZmdmZo MmbVmo. VgoM Vmo
dmñVd H$m`©H$mar à_wI Agë`m_wio g§KamÁ`mMr g§nyU© H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ gÎmm Ë`mbmM àmßV Pmbobr
Amho. A_o[aH$Z H$m±J«og, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`, OZVm amOH$s` nj Am{U {d{eï> n[apñWVr `m§Zr amï´>mÜ`jmMo
gm_Ï`© dmT>{dÊ`mg _XV Ho$br Amho. àemgZmMm à_wI `m ZmË`mZo d[að> A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m Vmo
{gZoQ>À`m _XVrZo H$aVmo. A_o[aH$Z naamï´>YmoaUmMm {eënH$ma `m ZmË`mZo Vmo naamï´>YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aVmo.
Vmo _§{Ì_§himMm à_wI AgyZ amï´>mMo YmoaU R>a{dUo d Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr hr H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma
Amho. VgoM A_o[aH$Z g§KamÁ`mMm à_wI, emgZà_wI, g§ajUXbmMm à_wI, A_o[aHo$Mm n{hbm ZmJ[aH$,
à_wI àemgH$, H$m`Xo_§S>imMm _mJ©Xe©H$, naamï´>YmoaUmMm {Z_m©Vm, amï´> ZoVm, njZoVm, OZVoMm ZoVm,
Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmVrb à_wI ZoVm AemàH$maÀ`m AZoH$ ^y{_H$m Vmonma nmS>Vmo. VgoM A_o[aH$m hr
OJmVrb Am{W©H$ _hmgÎmm Agë`mZo OJmZohr Ë`mMo ZoV¥Ëd _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. `mdê$Z A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j
nX ho OJmVrb EH$ à^mdembr, ~bembr d _hÎdmMo nX Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b. `mg§X^m©V amï´>mÜ`jmMo
_hÎd gm§JVmZm _Ýamo åhUVmo, ""OJmV AmOn`ªV BVa H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrZo BVŠ`m {dñV¥V gÎmoMm Cn`moJ
Ho$bobm Zmhr H$s {OVH$m A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`j H$aVmo.
3.2.1.1 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
1) A_o[aHo$V ................. emgZ nÕVr Amho.
(AÜ`jr`, g§gXr`, EH$mË_)
2) A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrMo d` ......... df} Agbo nm{hOo.
(50, 35, 30)
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3) A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jmbm amhÊ`mgmR>r ............ ho gaH$mar {ZdmgñWmZ {Xbo OmVo.
(amï´>nVr^dZ, amO^dZ, ìhmB©Q> hmD$g)
4) A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jmbm gÜ`m ........... bmI S>m°bg© dm{f©H$ doVZ {Xbo OmVo.
(2, 3,
4)
3.2.2 A_o[aHo$Mm Cnamï´>mÜ`j :
A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m ~amo~a Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMo nXhr {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. amÁ`KQ>Zm
V`ma H$aVodoir Cnamï´>mÜ`j nXm{df`r AZwHy$b d à{VHy$b MMm© Pmbr hmoVr. Varhr K`ZmH$mam§Zr ho nX
{Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. H$maU amï´>mÜ`jmMo nX _¥Ë`y, amOrZmm_ qH$dm nXÀ`wVr_wio [aH$m_o Pmë`mg Ë`mMo
H$m_H$mO nmhÊ`mgmR>r ho n`m©`r nX åhUyZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho.
· Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXmMr {ZdS> :
A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$s ~amo~aM d Ë`mM nÕVrZo Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> {Zdm©MH$
_§S>imH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. amï´>mÜ`jnXmÀ`m C_oXdmamgmo~V S>o_moH$m°{Q>H$ d [anpãbH$Z ho XmoÝhr nj ñdV§Ì
Amnbo Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXmMo C_oXdma nj _oimì`mV {ZpíMV H$aVmV. AÜ`jr` _VXma Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV
amï´>mÜ`jmà_mUoM Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXmÀ`m Amnë`m njmÀ`m C_oXdmambm ñdV§ÌnUo _VXmZ H$aVmV. AÜ`jmÀ`m
_V_moOUrdoirM {gZoQ>Mm AÜ`j, CnmÜ`jnXmgmR>r _V_moOUr H$aVmo. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mg
Amdí`H$ VodT>r åhUOo EHy$U _VmÀ`m AÜ`m©hÿZ A{YH$ _Vo Á`m C_oXdmamg {_iVmV Vmo {ZdSy>Z Amë`mMo
{gZoQ>Mm AÜ`j Omhra H$aVmo. na§Vw H$moUmbmM {ZUm©`H$ _Vo (~hþ_m) {_imbr Zgë`mg gdm©V OmñV _Vo
{_imboë`m n{hë`m XmoZ C_oXdmamVyZ {gZoQ> EH$mMr Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXr {ZdS> H$aVmo. (12 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr).
WmoS>Š`mV amï´>mÜ`j d Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ {bn dfm©V EH$mM doir d EH$mM nÕVrZo hmoV AgVo.
Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXmgmR>r nmÌVm :
amï´>mÜ`jnXmgmR>r Or nmÌVm Amdí`H$ AgVo VrM Cnamï´>mÜ`jnXmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo.
1) Vmo A_o[aHo$Mm OÝ_OmV ZmJarH$ Agmdm.
2) Ë`mMo d` 35 df} nyU© Pmbobo Agmdo.
3) Ë`mMo A_o[aHo$V H$_rV H$_r 14 df} dmñVì` Agbo nm{hOo.
Aem AQ>r nyU© H$aUmar ì`ŠVrM CnmÜ`jnXmgmR>r nmÌ g_Obr OmVo.
· H$m`©H$mb :
Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb Mma dfm©Mm AgVmo. na§Vy _¥Ë`y, amOrZm_m qH$dm nXÀ`wVr BË`mXr
H$maUm_wio ho [aH$m_o Pmë`mg, 25 ì`m KQ>Zm XþéñVrZwgma amï´>mÜ`j Zì`m Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$ê$
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eH$Vmo. _mÌ `m {ZdS>rbm H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMr ~hþ_VmZo _§Oyar {_iUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
· Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMr nXÀ`wVr :
A_[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmà_mUoM H$m±J«og Cnamï´>mÜ`jmda _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdyZ nXÀ`wV H$ê$
eH$Vo. AÜ`jmà_mUoM CnmÜ`jmbm doVZ d ^Îmo {_iVmV.
Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo CnmÜ`jmbm \$mago _ÎdmMo A{YH$ma {Xbobo ZmhrV. H$m§hr H$maUmZo amï´>mÜ`jmMo
nX [aH$m_o Pmbo Va Vmo AÜ`jnXmMr gyÌo hmVr KoVm Am{U AÜ`jmMo gd© A{YH$ma d H$m`} nma nmS>Vmo.
na§Vw BVadoir _mÌ Vmo {gZoQ>Mm nX{gÕ AÜ`j åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmo. {gZoQ>Mm AÜ`j åhUyZ Ë`mbm nwT>rb
A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmV.
1) {gZoQ>Mo AÜ`jnX ñdrH$maUo, 2) {Z`_mZwgma {gZoQ>Mo {Z`_Z d g§MmbZ H$aUo, 3) {gZoQ>_Üò
em§VVm d gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo, 4) g^mJ¥hmV {dYo`H$mda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo, 5) {dYm`H$mda
_VXmZ KoUo, 6) ~hþ_VmMm {ZU©` Omhra H$aUo, 7) EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg ñdV:Mo
{ZUm©`H$ _V XoUo, 8) gXñ` d g^mJ¥hmÀ`m à{Vð>oMo d {deofm{YH$mamMo OVZ H$aUo, 9) amï´>r` gwajm
_§S>imMo g^mgËd ñdrH$maUo. AemàH$maMr H$m`} CnmÜ`jmbm H$amdr bmJVmV.
Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMo ñWmZ :
darbà_mUo {gZoQ>Mm nX{gÕ AÜ`j åhUyZ Cnamï´>mÜ`j H$m`© H$aVmo. na§Vw {gZoQ>À`m H$m_H$mOm~m~Vhr
Ë`mbm \$mago A{YH$ma ZmhrV. H$maU `m g^mJ¥hmMo ~hþVm§er H$m`© Ë`mÀ`m ê$T>r d na§namZwgma MmbVo.
åhUOoM A_o[aHo$V Cnamï´>mÜ`j ho nX AË`§V H$_r _hÎdmMo Amho.`m g§X^m©V dwS´>mo {dëgZ `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo
Amho H$s, ""`m nXmMo dU©Z H$aVmZm _w»` KmoQ>mim hmoVmo Vmo hm H$s, `m nXm{df`r {H$Vr WmoS>o ~mobVm
òVo ho gm§JVmZmM Ë`m nXmMo dU©Z gm§JyZ g§H$Vo.'' `mdê$Z A_o[aHo$À`m emgZmV Cnamï´>mÜ`jnX {H$Vr
H$_r XOm©Mo Amho ho g_OyZ òVo.
darbà_mUo CnmÜ`jnX H$_r _hÎdmMo Agbo Var, amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV njmVrb EImÚm
JQ>mbm g§Vwï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm EImÚm àXoemMm nmR>t~m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r ho nX {Xbo OmVo. A{bH$S>À`m
H$mimV H$m§hr AÜ`jm§Zr H$m§hr amOH$s` d emgH$s` ñdê$nmMr O~m~Xmar Cnamï´>mÜ`jmH$S>o gmon{dbr
hmoVr. CnmÜ`jmbm _§{Ì_§himÀ`m ~¡R>H$sV CnpñWV amhÊ`mg g§Yr XoUo, Ë`mbm amï´>r` gwajm g{_VrMo
gXñ`Ëd XoUo, Amnbm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ naamï´>mV nmR>{dUo. AemàH$maMr H$m_o H$mhr amï´>mÜ`j Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o
gmon{dVmZm {XgVmV. na§Vw ho amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m ñd^mdmda d Ñ{ï>H$moZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. VgoM AmH$pñ_H$
H$maUmZo amï´>mÜ`jnX [aH$m_o Pmë`mg qH$dm emar[aH$Ñï>çm EImXm amï´>mÜ`j ho nX gm§^miÊ`mg gj_
Zgë`mg amï´>mÜ`jnXmMr O~m~Xmar Cnamï´>mÜ`jmbm gm§^mimdr bmJVo. AemàH$mao A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV
Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMo nX H$m§hrgo _hÎdmMo hmody eH$bo Amho.
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3.2.2.1 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
1) A_o[aHo$À`m CnmÜ`jmMr {ZdS> ............. H$aVmV.
(gaÝ`m`mYre, amï´>mÜ`j, AÜ`jr` _VXma)
2) Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb ........... dfm©Mm AgVmo.
(5, 6, 4)
3) A_o[aHo$Mm Cnamï´>mÜ`j ........... `m J¥hmMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmo.
(à{V{ZYr, {gZoQ>, bmoH$g^m)
4) Cnamï´>mÜ`jmbm _hm{^`moJ nÕVrZo ............ ho nXÀ`wV H$ê$ eH$Vo.
(gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`, H$m±J«og, amï´>mÜ`j)
3.2.3 A_o[aH$Z AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i ({MQ>Urg _§S>i)
A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV _§{Ì_§S>imMr VaVyX Zmhr. na§Vw "AÜ`jmbm gaH$mar ImVo à_wImH$Sy>Z Ë`m
Ë`m ImË`mÀ`m H$ma^mamÀ`m g§~§YmV boIr gëbm KoVm òB©b Ago C„oI amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 2 À`m Ymam
2(1) _Üò AmT>iVo. Ë`mZwgma Joë`m 200 dfm©À`m H$mimVrb àWoZwgma _§{Ì_§S>imMm {dH$mg hmoD$Z
AmOMo _§{Ì_§S>i {Z_m©U Pmbobo Amho. gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV A_o[aHo$Mo n{hbo amï´>mÜ`j Om°O© dm°qe½Q>Z
`m§Zr {gZoQ> d gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` `m§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mam~m~V gëbm XoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr Ë`mg
ZH$ma {Xbm. åhUyZ Ë`mZo ImVoà_wImZmM gëbm {dMmaÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Om°O© dm°qe½Q>Z `m§Zr Amnë`m
H$m`©H$mar YmoaUmV d H$m`m©V Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg g§~§{YV ImVoà_wImÀ`m ~¡R>H$s KoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br.
na§Vw nwT>o `m ~¡R>H$s dma§dma hmody bmJë`m. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm gëbmJmamMo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbo. amÁ`H$ma^ma
H$arV AgVmZm amï´>mÜ`jmbm `m gëbmJma _§S>imMr gVV Amdí`H$Vm dmQy> bmJë`mZo Ë`mMo 1793 nmgyZ
_§{Ì_§S>imV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. AemàH$mao amï´>mÜ`jmbm gëbm XoÊ`mÀ`m _§{Ì_§himMr {Z{_©Vr, {dH$mg hm
amOH$s` JaO d g§Ho$VmVyZ Pmbobm Amho. dmñV{dH$ amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m _§{Ì_§S>imbm "AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i'
åhUÊ`mEodOr "AÜ`jmMo {MQ>Urg _§S>i qH$dm g{Md _§S>i' åhUOo A{YH$ `mo½` R>aob. H$maU g§gXr`
nÕVr à_mUo ho AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i ZgVo. Va Vo amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m _OuZwgmaV Ë`mbm O~m~Xma amhUmao Ago
_§{Ì_§S>i AgVo.
· _§{Ì_§S>imMr {ZdS> :
amï´>mÜ`jmZo gÎmmJ«hU Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vmo Amnë`m _§{Ì_§S>imVrb gXñ`m§Mr Zmdo Kmo{fV H$aVmo. Ë`mZo
Amnbo Oo gëbmJma, ghH$mar {ZdS>bobo AmhoV. Ë`mbmM amï´>mÜ`jmMo _§{Ì_§S>i qH$dm g{Md _§S>i Ago
åhUVmV. _§{Ì_§S>imVrb _§Í`mMr Zo_UyH$ amï´>mÜ`j ñd_OuZo H$aVmo. gmYmaUV: _§Ìr qH$dm {MQ>Urg `m§À`m
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Zo_UwH$m H$aVmZm amï´>mÜ`j nwT>rb ~m~r {dMmamV KoVmo.
1) XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJm§Mo à{V{ZYrËd _§{Ì_§S>imV Agmdo.
2) Amnë`m njmVrb {d{dY JQ>m§Zm nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd XodyZ g_Vmob amIUo.
3) XoemVrb VÁk, hþema ì`ŠVtMr Zo_UyH$ H$aUo.
4) {d{eï> à^mdr JQ>mbm à{V{ZYrËd XoUo.
5) Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg {damoYrnjmVrb ì`ŠVrZm _§{ÌnX XoUo.
AemàH$mao {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ amï´>mÜ`j _§Í`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m H$aVmo. AWm©V _§{Ì_§S>imMr {ZdS> hm
amï´>mÜ`jmMm gd©ñdr A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`m_wio Vmo Amnë`m YmoaUmbm AZwHy$b d ghmæ`^yV R>aVrb AemM
ì`ŠVtMr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmo. Ë`mZo Ho$boë`m _§Í`m§À`m Zo_UwH$sbm {gZoQ>Mr _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr bmJVo. na§Vw ghgm
{gZoQ> Ë`mÀ`m Zo_UwH$sZm {damoY H$arV Zmhr. åhUOoM _§Í`m§À`m Zo_UwH$s~m~V amï´>mÜ`jmbm nyU© ñdmV§Í`
AgVo.
· _§{Ì_§S>imMm H$m`©H$mb d _§Í`m§Mr nXÀ`wVr :
A_o[aHo$À`m _§{Ì_§S>imMm H$m`©H$mb Mma dfm©Mm AgVmo. na§Vy _§{Ì_§S>imVrb _§Í`m§Mo ApñVËd
amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m _Ouda Adb§~yZ AgVo. H$maU amï´>mÜ`jmbm _§Ìr Zo_Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. VgmM Ë`m§Zm
~S>V\©$ H$aÊ`mMmhr A{YH$ma Amho. EImÚm _§Í`mMo amï´>mÜ`jmer _VôX Pmbo Va Ë`mbm amOrZm_m Úmdm
bmJVmo. _§{Ì_§S>imVrb _§Ìr ho Zoh_r amï´>mÜ`jmbm O~m~Xma AgVmV qH$dm amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m BÀN>oZwgma Vo
nXmda amhVmV. `mg§X^m©V Am°J hm {dMmad§V åhUVmo, ""_§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Zr ho Zoh_r bjmV R>odm`bm
nm{hOo H$s, Ë`mMo _§{Ì_§S>imVrb ApñVËd AÜ`jmÀ`m BÀN>oda AmYm[aV Amho. Vo AÜ`jmÀ`m H¥$nmN>ÌmVM
H$m`© H$ê$ eH$VmV.''
· AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imMo ñdê$n :
A_o[aHo$À`m AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imVrb _§Ìr ho H$m`Xo_§S>imMo (H$m±J«ogMo) gXñ` ZgVmV. Am{U
Agë`mg _§{ÌnXmMm H$m`©^ma ñdrH$maÊ`mnydu Ë`mbm H$m±J«ogÀ`m gXñ`ËdmMm amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJVmo.
åhUOoM _§{Ì_§S>i ho nyU©V: H$m`Xo_§S>im_m\©$V A{bßV AgVo. Vo H$m±J«ogÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV gh^mJr hmoD$
eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM Vo H$m±J«og_Üò H$moUVohr {dYo`H$ _m§Sy> eH$V Zmhr. H$m±J«og _§{Ì_§S>imda A{dídmg
R>amd AmUy eH$V Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV _§{Ì_§S>i d H$m±J«og EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ ñdV§Ì amhÿZ H$m`© H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio
_§{Ì_§S>i ho H$m`Xo _§S>imbm O~m~Xma ZgyZ amï´>mÜ`jmbm nyU©nUo O~m~Xma AgVo. åhUOo _§{Ì_§S>i ho
amï´>mÜ`jmMo d¡`pŠVH$ gëbmJma åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. na§Vw Ë`mMm gëbm amï´>mÜ`jmda ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmo.
· AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§himMr aMZm :
A_o[aH$Z àemgZmV OodT>o {d^mJ (ImVr) AgVmV 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
VodT>oM g^mgX _§{Ì_§S>imV AgVmV. A_o[aHo$À`m
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àemgZmV gÜ`m
gXñ`mMr EHy$U
H$m`©joÌ BË`mXr
Zo_UyH$ amï´>mÜ`j
nwT>rbà_mUo-
({S>g|~a 2012 AIoarg) EHy$U 15 ImVr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio VoWrb _§{Ì_§himVrb
g§»`m 15 Amho. àemgZmVrb doJdoJir ImVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm, Ë`m§Mr aMZm d
{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m±J«ogbm Amho. `m ImVoà_wImMr åhUOoM _§Í`mMr
{gZoQ>À`m g§_VrZo H$aVmo. hëbr A_o[aHo$À`m _§{Ì_§S>imV AgUmar _§ÌrnXo d ImVr
1) naamï´> ì`dhma_§Ìr (naamï´> ImVo), 2) AW©_§Ìr (AW© ImVo), 3) g§ajU_§Ìr (g§ajU ImVo), 4)
Ý`m`_§Ìr (Ý`mÌmVo), 5) Q>nmb _§Ìr (Q>nmb ImVo), 6) J¥h_§Ìr (J¥h ImVo), 7) ì`mnma _§Ìr (dm{UÁ`
ImVo), 8) H¥$fr_§Ìr (H¥$fr ImVo), 9) _Oya _§Ìr (_Oya ImVo), 10) dmhVyH$ _§Ìr (dmhVyH$ ImVo),
11) Amamo½` _§Ìr (Amamo½`, {ejU d g_mOH$ë`mU ImVo), 12) J¥h{Z_m©U d ZmJar {dH$mg _§Ìr
(J¥h{Z_m©U d eha {dH$mg ImVo), 14) D$Om© _§Ìr (D$Om© ImVo), 14) {Zd¥Îm g¡{ZH$m§~m~VMo _§Ìr ({Zd¥Îm
g¡{ZH$m§~m~VMo ì`dhma ImVo) 15) Am§V[aH$/J¥h^y_r gwajm _§Ìr (Am§V[aH$ / J¥h^y_r gwajm ImVo)
AemàH$mao A_o[aH$Z AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imMr aMZm Amho.
· _§{Ì_§S>imMr H$m`} :
AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr_wio A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm g§KamÁ`mMm KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVd H$m`©H$mar
à_wI Amho. XoemMm g§nyU© amÁ`H$ma^ma Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmZo MmbVmo. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo g§KamÁ`mMr g§nyU© H$m`©H$mar
gÎmm EH$Q>çm amï´>mÜ`jmbm {Xbobr Amho. Ë`mbm {_imboë`m `m A{YH$mamMr ì`mßVr bjmV KoVm Amnbr
O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r BVa H$m§hrOUm§Mo ghH$m`©, _XV KoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. Am{U `m JaOoVyZM
_§{Ì_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr d {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo
Amnë`m H$m`©H$mar gÎmoMm dmna H$arV AgVmo. gmYmaUV: AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i nwT>rb XmoZ àH$maMr
_hÎdmMr H$m`} H$arV AgVo.
1) gëbm{df`H$ H$m`} : amï´>mÜ`jmbm gëbm XoUo ho _§{Ì_§S>imMo à_wI H$V©ì` AgVo. amï´>mÜ`j
JaO nS>ë`mg _§{Ì_§S>imMr ~¡R>H$ ~mobmdVmo. Am{U Amdí`H$ Ë`m àíZmg§~§Yr _§Í`m§Mm gëbm KoD$
eH$Vmo. nU Aem àH$maMm gëbm {dMmamV ¿`mdm H$s Zmhr ho amï´>mÜ`jmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. _§{Ì_§himÀ`m
~¡R>H$sV {df` R>a{dUo, Ë`mda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo d _§Í`m§Mm gëbm KoUo BË`mXr Jmoï>r `m amîQ´>mÜ`mda
Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Oa _§Í`m§Mm gëbm `mo½` Agob d amï´>mÀ`m Ñï>rZo \$m`ÚmMm Agob Va Vmo gëbm _mÝ`
H$aVmo. WoS>Š`mV _§{Ì_§S>i ho amï´>mÜ`jmMr EH$ gëbmJma g{_Vr åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo.
2) d¡`pŠVH$ O~m~XmarMr H$m`} : _§{Ì_§S>imVrb _§Í`m§Zm Amnë`m ImË`mMo à_wI `m ZmË`mZo
H$mhr d¡`pŠVH$ ñdê$nmMr H$m`} H$amdr bmJVmV. ImË`mÀ`m H$ma^mam~Ôb Vmo AÜ`jmbm O~m~Xma
AgVmo. _mÌ ImË`mMo H$m`© hr Ë`mMr d¡`pŠVH$ O~mXmar AgVo d Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mbm H$m`© H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`
AgVo. AÜ`j Ë`mV hñVjon H$arV Zmhr. Amnmë`m ImË`mg§~§YrÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMo {Z`_ H$aUo, Amnë`m
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ImË`mg§~§Yr amï´>mÜ`jmbm _m{hVr nwa{dUo, {d{dY YmoaUmÀ`m d H$m`Úm ~m~VrV AÜ`jmbm _m{hVr
{_idyZ XoUo, Amnë`m ImË`mg§X^m©V _§{Ì_§S>i ~¡R>H$sV MMm© H$ê$Z amï´>mÜ`jmbm gëbm XoUo, Amnë`m
ImË`mÀ`m àemgZmMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` {Z`_ {Z_m©U H$aUo, ImË`mVrb H$m§hr A{YH$mè`m§À`m
d H$_©Mmè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm doimodoir _mJ©Xe©Z d gyMZm H$aUo, ImË`m§VJ©V A{YH$mè`m{déÕ
Amboë`m VH«$ma AOm©da {dMma H$ê$Z {ZU©` XoUo, àemgZmVrb {Z_m©U Pmbobo g§Kf©, V§Q>o, _VôX {_Q>{dUo,
àemgZmda XoIaoI d {Z`§ÌU R>odUo, H$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr Ahdmb V`ma H$aUo, emgZmMr YmoaUo bmoH$m§Zm nQ>dyZ
XoUo BË`mXr H$m`} _§Ìr H$aVmV. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV _§Ìr Amnë`m ImË`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmb V`ma
H$ê$Z Vmo H$m±J«ogH$S>o nmR>{dVmo, H$m±J«ogÀ`m g{_Ë`mg_moa hOa amhÿZ ImË`mMr ~mOy ñnï> H$aVmo. H$mhr ImVo
à_wIm§Zm åhUOoM _§Í`m§Zm Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z {ZU©` XoÊ`mMo H$m`©hr H$amdo bJmVo. CXm. ñWbm§Va, dmhVyH$,
eoVr, CÚmoJY§Xo, Q>nmb, H$a AmH$maUr B. Jmoï>rÀ`m~m~VrV Agm A{YH$ma Amho. AemàH$mao _§{Ì_§S>imMr
H$m`} AmhoV.
· _§{Ì_§S>imMr H$m_H$mOnÕVr :
amï´>mÜ`j hm _§{Ì_§himMm à_wI qH$dm ñdm_r AgVmo. Vmo _§{Ì_§S>imMr ~¡R>H$ ~mobm{dVmo Am{U {VMo
AÜ`jñVmZ ñdrH$maVmo. gm_mÝ`V: AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZXm åhUOo _§Jidma d ewH«$dma `m {Xder _§{Ì_§himMr
~¡R>H$ dm°qe½Q>Z òWrb ìhmB©Q> hmD$g _Üò hmoV AgVo. AmR>dS>çmVyZ {H$_mZ EH$Var ~¡R>H$ âbrM nm{hOo
Aer àWm Amho. na§Vw Aer ~¡R>H$ ~mob{dÊ`mMo Ë`mÀ`mda ~§YZ AgVo. ~¡R>H$s~m~V H$moUVrhr {d{eï>
nÕVr qH$dm {Z`_ ZgVmo. ~¡R>H$sVrb H$m_H$mOmMr Zm|X R>odbr OmV Zmhr qH$dm Ë`mVrb d¥Îmm§V à{gÕrg
{Xbm OmVm Zmhr. Aem ~¡R>H$sV _§Í`m§Zr MMm© H$aUo, Amnbr _Vo _m§S>Uo, AÜ`jmbm gëbm XoUo Aem
ñdê$nmMo H$m`© MmbVo. na§Vw hr ~¡R>H$ Ho$di Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVo. H$maU ~¡R>H$sV A§{V_ {ZU©`
KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>mÜ`jmMm AgVmo. ~¡R>H$sMo H$m_mO ho gd©ñdr AÜ`jmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. H$m§hr
AÜ`jm§Zr ~¡R>H$s {dZmoX~wÕrZo Ioir_oirÀ`m dmVmdaUmV KoVë`m AmhoV. Va H$mhr amï´>mÜ`j AmYr {ZU©`
KoV d Z§Va Vo _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m ~¡R>H$sV gm§JV AgV. AÜ`j Om°ŠgZ _§{Ì_§S>imMr ~¡R>H$ Z KoVm Amnë`m
{_Ìm§MmM gëbm KoV Ago. Am`goZ hm°daZr `m gëbmJma {_Ìm§Mo "{_Ì_§S>i' V`ma Ho$bo hmoVo. AemàH$mao
A_o[aHo$À`m AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§himMo H$m_H$mO MmbV AgVo.
· AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imMo ñWmZ :
darbà_mUo amï´>mÜ`jmbm àemgZmV ~hþ_mob ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© _§{Ì_§S>i H$arV AgVo. na§Vw
_§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©Mo gwH$mUy AÜ`jmÀ`m hmVr Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m _Ouà_mUo _§{Ì_§S>imbm H$m`© H$amdo
bmJVo. _§Ìr ho amï´>mÜ`jmMo Ho$di gëbmJma AgVmV. amï´>mÜ`j hm _§{Ì_§S>imMm {Z_m©Vm d à_wI AgVmo.
Vmo Amnë`m _Ouà_mUo _§Í`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aVmo d Ë`m§Zm nXÀ`wVhr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. _§Í`mMo _§{Ì_§S>imVrb
dM©ñdr Ë`mÀ`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. _§Ìr Ë`mbm H${Zð> AgVmV. åhUOoM Ë`mÀ`m ~amo~arMo, g_mZVoMo _§Ìr
ZgVmV. amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m VwbZoV _§{Ì_§S>imMo ñWmZ Xþæ`_ XOm©Mo AgVo. AÜ`jmZo gmon{dbobr O~m~Xmar nma
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nmS>Uo EdT>oM H$m`© _§Í`mMo AgVo. åhUOoM _§Ìr ho AÜ`jmMo EH$ àH$mao ì`ŠVrJV qH$dm ImOJr g{Md
åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. `m _§{Ì_§S>imbm emgZmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Zmhr. qH$dm Vo àË`j gaH$mahr Zmhr.
_§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m ñWmZm{df`r àmo. E. gr. \$m`Za åhUVmo, ""_§{Ì_§S>i ho AÜ`jmbm OmoS>bobm Ho$di EH$
^mJ Amho.'' _§{Ì Ë`mÀ`m ~amo~arMo ZmhrV, ghH$marhr ZmhrV. Ë`mMm gëbm KoUo qH$dm KoVbobm gëbm
ñdrH$maUo ho Ë`mbm ~§YZH$maH$ Zmhr. åhUyZ Vo AÜ`jmMo ZmoH$a AmhoV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Ago AgboVar
AmnAmnë`m ImË`mMo à_wI ì`dñWmnH$ åhUyZ _§Í`m§Mr O~m~Xmar \$ma _moR>r Amho. WmoS>Š`mV A_o[aHo$Vrb
_§{Ì_§S>i ho amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m hmVmVrb EH$ gmYZ Amho Ago åhUVm òB©b.
3.2.3.1 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
1) A_o[aH$Z _§{Ì_§S>imMr {ZdS> ........... H$aVmo.
(A°Q>Zu OZab, amï´>mÜ`j, Cnamï´>mÜ`j)
2) A_o[aH$Z _§{Ì_§S>i ............ bm O~m~Xma AgVo.
(à{V{ZYr g^m, {gZoQ>, amï´>mÜ`j)
3) gÜ`m A_o[aHo$À`m àemgZmV ............ ImVr AmhoV.
(8, 10, 15)
4) A_o[aH$Z _§{Ì_§S>imMr ~¡R>H$ ............. `m {R>H$mUr âVo.
(Ý`y`mH©$, {\$bmS>opë\$`m, dm°qe½Q>Z)
3.3 gmam§e :
A_o[aH$Z emgZ nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aVm Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, VoWo emZmÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>i (H$m±J«og),
H$m`©H$mar _§S>i (amï´>mÜ`j) d Ý`m`_§S>i `m VrZ emIm ApñVËdmV AmhoV. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gÎmm{d^mOZ
VÎdmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Agë`m_wio `m {VÝhr emIm Amnmnë`m H$m`©joÌmV ñdV§ÌnUo H$m`© H$arV AmhoV.
VgoM KQ>ZmH$mamZr amÁ`KQ>ZoV {Z`§ÌU d g§VwbZmMr nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Agë`m_wio `m {VÝhr emIm
EH$_oH$m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo d EH$_oH$m§À`mda H$m§hrMo {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ H$m`© H$aVmZm {XgVmV. `m_wio emgZmMm
H$moUVmhr {d^mJ epŠVembr qH$dm daMT> Pmbobm {XgV Zmhr. darb àH$aUm_Üò AmnU A_o[aH$Z
H$m`©H$mar _§S>imVrb amï´>mÜ`j, Cnamï´>mÜ`j Am{U AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i `m VrZ à_wI KQ>H$m§Mm g{dñVa
Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho.
1) amï´>mÜ`j :
A_o[aHo$V AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr ApñVËdmV Agë`m_wbo amï´>mÜ`j hm KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVd
H$m`©H$mar à_wI Amho. VgoM Vmo g§KamÁ` à_wH$ d emgZà_wI Amho. Ë`mMr {ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z AàË`j
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nÕVrZo Mma dfm©gmR>r Ho$br OmVo. amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>rgmR>r EH$ Img {Zdm©MH$ _§S>i, {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVo.
`m _§{Ì_§S>imVrb à{V{ZYrMr g§»`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm EdT>r åhUOoM 535 BVH$s AgVo. Ë`m§Mr
{ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. åhUOoM A_o[aH$Z OZVoH$Sy>Z H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gXñ`
g§»òEdT>oM Xþgao à{V{ZYr àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao {ZdS>bo OmVmV. Am{U ho à{V{ZYr amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m
{ZdS>UyH$sV _VXmZ H$aVmV. Am{U ho à{V{ZYr amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV _VXmZ H$aVmV. `m OZVoZo
{ZdS>boë`m `m à{V{ZYrZm "AÜ`jr` _VXma' Ago åhUVmV. amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV _VXmZ H$aUo
EdT>oM Ë`mMo H$m`© AgVo. amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ Xa Mma dfm©Zr òUmè`m brn dfm©V hmoVo. amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m
{ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$òV EHy$U Mma Q>ßno AgVmV. (1) {ZdS>UyH$ dfm©À`m gwê$dmVrg XmoÝhr amOH$s` njmH$Sy>Z
Amnë`m njmMo amï´>r` _oimdo âdyZ Amnbo AÜ`jnXmMo C_oXdma {ZpíMV H$aVmV. (2) Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV
àË`j OZVoH$Sy>Z AÜ`jr` _VXmam§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. (3) {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mV AÜ`jr` _VXmamH$Sy>Z
amï´>mÜ`jnXmgmR>r _VXmZ Ho$bo OmVo. (4) 4 OmZodmar amoOr {gZoQ>Mm AÜ`j XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m CnpñWV
_V_moOUr H$ê$Z gdm©{YH$ma _Vo {_iUmè`m C_oXdmamg {dO`r Km[fV H$aVmo. AemàH$mao {ZdSy>Z Ambobm
C_oXdma dm°qe½Q>Z òWo 20 OmZodmar amoOr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m gaÝ`m`mYremH$Sy>Z amîQ´>mÜ`jnXmMr enW
KodyZ A{YH$ma J«hU H$aVmo. amï´>mÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb Mma dfm©Mm AgVmo. J§^ra ñdê$nmÀ`m JwÝhçm~Ôb
H$m±Jo«g amï´>mÜ`jmda _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>bm MmbdyZ Ë`mbm _wXVrnydu nXÀ`wV H$ê$ eH$Vo. A_o[aHo$À`m
amï´>mÜ`jmbm H$m`©H$mar {df`H$, H$m`Xo{df`H$, Ý`m`{df`H$, naamï´>YmoaU d bîH$a {df`H$ Ago _hÎdnyU©
A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbo AmhoV. VgoM amï´>ZoVm, OZVoMm ZoVm, njZoVm Am{U _§{Ì_§himÀ`m à_wI `m ZmË`mZo
Ë`mbm _hÎdnyU© O~m~Xmar nma nmS>mdr bmJVo. WmoS>Š`mV darb gd© A{YH$ma nm{hbo AgVm amï´>mÜ`j hm
A_o[aHo$Vrb eŠVrembr ì`ŠVr Va AmhoM na§Vw OJmVrb bmoH$emhr amï´>mVrb gdm©V à^mdr A{YH$ma g§nÞ
d _hÎdmMo nX Amho.
· Cnamï´>mÜ`j :
A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo amï´>mÜ`j nXm~amo~aM Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMo nXhr {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. AWm©V AÜ`jmbm
KQ>ZmË_H$ ñWmZ Agbo Var àË`j ì`dhmamV ho nX {deof _hÎdmMo g_Obo. OmV Zmhr. H$m§hr H$maUmZo
amï´>mÜ`jmMo nX [aH$m_o Pmë`mg Ë`m nXmda H$m`© H$aè`mgmR>r Cnamï´>mÜ`jnX {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. BVa doir
Cnamï´>mÜ`j hm {gZoQ>Mm nX{gÕ AÜ`j åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmo. CnmÜ`jmMr {ZdS> AÜ`jmÀ`m ~amo~arZo d
Ë`mM nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. {ZdS>UyH$ dfm©V amï´>mÜ`jm~amo~aM Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMm C_oXdma XmoÝhr amOH$s`
njmH$Sy>Z {ZpíMV Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM AÜ`jr` _VXmam§À`mH$Sy>Z AÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`mdoir CnmÜ`jmMr
hr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. CnmÜ`jmMm H$m`©H$mb Mma dfm©Mm AgVmo. H$m±J«og _hm{^`moJmÀ`mÛmao Ë`mbm
_wXVnydVu nXÀ`wV H$ê$ eH$Vo. g§KamÁ`mMr gÎmm EH$Q>çm amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m hmVr EH$dQ>br Agë`m_wio
Cnamï´>mÜ`jnX à^md{hZ ~Zbo Amho. {gZoQ>Mm nX{gÕ AÜ`j åhUyZ Ë`mÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr g^mJ¥hmMo
H$m_H$mO MmbVo. {gZoQ>À`m H$m_H$mOmMo {Z`_ d {Z`§ÌU H$aUo, g^mJ¥hmV EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g_mZ _Vo
nS>ë`mg {ZUm©`H$ _V XoUo d BVa AZoH$ A{YH$ma {gZoQ>~m~V àmßV Pmbobo AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV amï´>mÜ`jnX
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[aH$m_o Pmë`mg Ë`m nXmda H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm Ë`mg AÜ`jnXmMo gd© A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmV. _mÌ
BVadoir Vmo {gZoQ>Mm AÜ`j åhUyZ H$m`© H$arV AgVmo.
3) amï´>mÜ`jmMo _§{Ì_§S>i ({MQ>Urg _§S>i)
A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV amï´>mÜ`j d Ë`mMo _§{Ì_§S>i ho XmoZ _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. A_o[aH$Z
amÁ`KQ>ZoV _§{Ì_§S>img§~§Yr ñnï> VaVyX Zmhr. na§Vw amï´>mÜ`jmbm amÁ`H$ma^mam~m~V ImVoà_wIm§Mm gëbm
JoVm òB©b Aer VaVyX Amho. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` JaO d g§Ho$VmZwgma amï´>mÜ`jmbm gëbm XoÊ`mgmR>r
_§{Ì_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr d {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho. na§Vw g§gXr` emgZ nÕVrà_mUo AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imMo
emgZmV ñWmZ Zmhr qH$dm `mMo amOH$s` ñdê$n Zmhr. Va "AÜ`jmMo {MQ>Urg _§S>i' åhUyZ Ë`mMo Xþæ`_
ñdê$nmMo ñWmZ Amho. amï´>mÜ`j Amnë`m ñd_OuZo _§Í`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmo. åhUOoM _§{Ì_§himMr {ZdS>
H$aÊ`mMo g§nyU© ñdmV§Í` AÜ`jmbm Amho. _§{Ì_§S>i ho amï´>mÜ`jmbm O~m~Xma AgVo. _§Í`m§Mo _§{Ì_§S>imVrb
ñWmZ d ApñVËd AÜ`jmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo AÜ`jmMo ImOJr g{Md Agë`mgmaIo dmJVmV.
A_o[aHo$À`m _§{Ì_§S>imV gÜ`m 15 ImVr d 15 _§Ìr AmhoV. amï´>mÜ`jmbm amÁ`H$ma^mam~m~V gëbm
XoÊ`mMo d _XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Vo H$aVo. amï´>mÜ`j emgZmZo g§nyU© YmoaU R>a{dV AgVmo. _§{Ì_§S>i ~¡R>H$sV
Ë`mMmM {ZU©` A§{V_ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio _§{Ì_§S>i ho H${Zð> XOm©Mo ~Zbo Amho.
3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© BË`mXr :
H$m±J«og - A_o[aHo$Mo H$m`Xo_§S>i : à{V{ZYrg^m d {gZoQ> `m H$m`Xo _§S>imÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm
{_iyZ H$m±J«og åhQ>bo OmVo.
à{V{ZYrg^m : H$m±J«og H${Zð> d OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h.
{gZoQ> : A_o[aH$Z H$m±J«og_Yrb KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mo à{VZYrËd H$aUmao d[að> g^mJ¥h.
{Zdm©MZ JU : A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Img {Z_m©a Ho$bobo _§S>i.
{MQ>Urg_§S>i : amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m _§{Ì_§S>imbm {MQ>Urg _§S>b qH$dm g{Md_§S>i Agohr åhUVmV.
brn df© : Á`m g§nyU© dfm©bm Mma Zo ^mJ OmVmo d Á`m dfm©V \o$~«wdmar _{hZm 29 {XdgmMm AgVmo.
Ë`mbm brn df© Ago åhUVmV. brndf© Xa Mma dfmªZr òVo.
3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -1 Mr CÎmao.
1) AÜ`jr`
2) 35
3) ìhmB©Q> hmD$g.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -2 Mr CÎmao.
1) AÜ`jr` _VXma
2) 4
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3) {gZoQ>
63
4) H$m±J«og
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ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -3 Mr CÎmao.
1) amï´>mÜ`j
2) amï´>mÜ`j
3) 15
4) dm°qe½Q>Z.
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
A) nwT>rb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$`m WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.
2) A_o[aHo$À`m amï´>mÜ`jmMo A{YH$ma, H$m`} d ñWmZ WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.
3) A_o[aHo$À`m Cnamï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>, A{YH$ma d H$m`} WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.
4) A_o[aH$Z AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>imMo ñdê$n, A{YH$ma d H$m`} WmoS>Š`mV {deX H$am.
5) "A_o[aHo$Mm amï´>mÜ`j hm OJmVrb gdm©V à^mdembr H$m`©H$mar à_wI Amho.' `mda ^mî` H$am.
6) "AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i ho amï´>mÜ`jmÀ`m hmVmVrb gmYZ Amho' `mda ^mî` H$am.
~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1) A_o[aH$Z amï´>mÜ`jmMr {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$`m
2) amï´>mÜ`jmMo ñWmZ
3) Cnamï´>mÜ`j.
4) AÜ`jr` _§{Ì_§S>i
5) AÜ`jr` _VXma
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1) XodJm§dH$a Eg. Or. - nmM Xoem§Mr g§{dYmZo, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZJmnya.
2) nmQ>rb ^m. {^. - amÁ`KQ>Zm§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg, lr. _§Joe àH$meZ, ZJmnya.
3) nmQ>rb {dbmg ^. - {ZdS>H$ amÁ`KQ>Zm, _ohVm npãbqeJ hmD$g, nwUo - 30
4) nmQ>rb ~r. ~r. - A_o[aH$m Am{U \«$mÝgMr amÁ`KQ>Zm, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
5) {VOmao am. A., Hw$bH$Uu _§. nm. - VwbZmË_H$ àemgZ, lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
6) òaUH$a lram_ - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
7) bmoQ>o am. O. - AmYw{ZH$ amOH$s` ì`dñWm, qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$. npãbeg©, ZmJnya.
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8) emór M§ÐeoIa `. - à_wI Xoem§Mr emgZàUmbr, nm`b àH$meZ, bú_rZJa, ZmJnya.
9) Xoe_wI AbH$m - Vm¡b{ZH$ emgZ Am{U amO{ZVr, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
10) Km§JaoH$a qM. J. - VwbZmË_H$ amOH$s` {díbofU, H$m°pÝQ>ZoZÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo.
11)
Khanna V. N. – Major Political system, Chand and Company, Delhi.
12)
Bhushan Vidya – Comparative Politics, Atlantic Publication and Distributors.
BBB
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KQ>H$ - 4
A) Ý`m`_§S>i - aMZm d H$m`}
~) amOH$s` njnÕVr
KQ>H$ g§aMZm :
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 A_o[aH$Z Ý`m`_§S>i
4.2.2 amOH$s` nj
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[afm{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.5 ñd`§: AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr g§X^© J«§W
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm ·
A_o[aH$Z Ý`m`_§S>imMr aMZm, A{YH$majoÌ d H$m`©nÕVrMm nam_e© KoVm òB©b.
·
A_o[aH$Z gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
·
A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` njnÕVrMo ñdê$n {deX H$aVm òB©b.
·
A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` njmMr d¡{eï>ço d X~md JQ>m§Mr ^y{_H$m bjmV òB©b.
4…1 àñVmdZm :
A) A_o[aHo$Mo Ý`m`_§S>i :
Ý`m`_§S>i hm emgZg§ñWoMm {Vgam _hÎdmMm {d^mJ hmo`. ImOJr ì`pŠV_Yrb IQ>bo gmoS>{dÊ`m~amo~aM
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~r.E. ^mJ-3/amÁèmó/A_o[aHo$Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm ....1
H$m`ÚmMm AW© bmdUo Am{U Ý`m`XmZ H$aUo hr Ý`m`_§S>imMr _hÎdmMr H$m`} hmoV. ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMo ajU
H$aUo. XoemV H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` àñWm{nV H$ê$Z em§VVm d gwì`dñWm A~m{YV R>odUo BË`mXr _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m
Ý`m`_§S>imMr Amho. H$moUË`mhr Mm§Jë`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoV H$m`©j_ d {Z:njnmVr Ý`m`_§S>imbm _hÎdmMo
ñWmZ AgVo. H$m`©H$mar _§S>i Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>i `m§À`m hñVjonmnmgyZ d {Z`§ÌUmnmgyZ _wŠV qH$dm ñdV§Ì
AgUmao {Z:nj Ý`m`_§S>i ho AmXe© Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo bjU hmo`. AemàH$mao Ý`m`_§S>i ho emgZmMo AË`§V
_hÎdnyU© A§J Amho. bm°S>© ~«mB©g `m§À`m _Vo "H$m`©j_ Ý`m`ì`dñWm hr CËH¥$ï> emgZg§ñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$m`ÚmÀ`m amÁ`mMr h_r XoD$ eH$Vo. Ý`m`g§ñWm Ho$di amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_m§Mm, VÎdm§Mm AW©
bmdrV AgVo Ago Zmhr Va Ë`m~amo~aM Ë`m H$b_m§À`m, VÎdm§À`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar Ý`m`g§ñWoda AgVo.
Ý`m`_§ S > i Amnë`m nw Z {d© b mo H $ZmÀ`m A{YH$mamX² d mao H$m`Úm§ M r KQ> Z mË_H$Vm nS> V miy Z nmhVo .
ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`m~amo~aM g§KamÁ`mMr ñdm`ÎmVm Am{U A{YH$ma gwa{jV R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© Ý`m`_§S>imbm H$amdo
bmJVo. _Ü`dVu gÎmm d KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mr gÎmm `m_Üò g§Kf© CX²^dë`mg Ë`mg§~§Yr Ý`m`{ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mMr
_hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m Ý`m`g§ñWobm nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.
A_o[aHo$Mo Ý`m`_§S>i : A_o[aHo$V Xþhoar ñdê$nmMr Ý`m`XmZ nÕVr Amho. A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m
{Vgè`m H$b_mZwgma g§Kr` Ý`m`mb`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. KQ>H$amÁ`mMr Ý`m`mbò d g§Kr`
Ý`m`mbò Aer Xþhoar Ý`m`ì`dñWm A_o[aHo$V Amho. A_o[aHo$V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm 1789 _Üò
Pmbr. gm§KrH$ Ý`mèmIoMr loUr~Õ aMZm AgyZ {VÀ`m {eamo^mJr EH$ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Ë`mImbr
àmXo{eH$ ñVamda AnrbmMr Ý`m`mbò Am{U Ë`mImbrb {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò AmhoV. VgoM A{nbmMr
Ý`m`mbò d {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò `m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§{dYmZmZo H$m±J«ogbm {Xbm Amho.
A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gÎmm{d^mOZ VÎdmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio Ý`m`_§S>imMo ñdmV§Í` gwa{jV Amho. VgoM
g§KamÁ`mMm pñdH$ma Ho$bobm Agë`m_wio VoWo gd©loð> gm§{KH$ Ý`m`mb` {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
4.2.1 A_o[aH$Z Ý`m`_§S>i :
·
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` :
A_o[aHo$V gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` ho EH$M KQ>Zm{Z{_©V g§KamÁ` Ý`m`mb` Amho. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr
AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVë`m{edm` A_o[aH$Z amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. KQ>Zm{Z_m©Ë`mZr Ë`m§Zm
nyÁ` AgUmè`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m ajUmgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br.
·
aMZm :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV EH$ gaÝ`m`m{Ye d BVa AmR> Ý`m`mYre Ago EHy$U ZD$ Ý`m`mYre AgVmV.
hr g§ñWm H$_r OmñV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m±J«ogbm Amho. Om°Z Oo ho A_o[aH$Z gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo n{hbo
Ý`m`mYre hmoV.
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{Z`wŠVr :
gdm©oÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m Ý`m`mYrem§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AÜ`jmbm Amho. _mÌ AÜ`jmZo
Ho$boë`m Zo_UyH$s¨Zm {gZoQ>Mr g§_Vr {_iUom Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$m`Xm Am{U Ý`m`joÌmV nma§JV AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVrMr Ý`m`mYre åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmVo.
·
H$m`©H$mb :
KQ>Zoà_mUo Mm§Jbr dV©UyH$ Agon`ªV Ý`m`mYre Amnë`m nXmda amhÿ eH$Vmo. 1937 À`m H$m`Úmà_mUo
gÎmamì`m dfm©Z§Va Ë`m§Zm {Zd¥Îm hmoVm òVo.
·
nXÀ`wVr :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yembm _hm{^`moJmÀ`m nÕVrZo nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX g§{dYmZmV
Amho. Ý`m`m{Yemda amîQ´>Ðmoh, bmMbwMnV, ^«ï>mMma qH$dm BVa EImÚm J§^ra ñdê$nmMm JwÝhm Ho$bm Agob
Va _hm{^`moJmÀ`m nÕVrZo Ë`mbm nXÀ`wV H$aVm òVo. `mgmR>r à{V{ZYrJ¥hmZo gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo g§~§{YV
Ý`m`m{Yem{déÕ AmamonnÌ _§Oya Ho$ë`mg d Ë`m AmamonnÌm§Mr {gZoQ>H$Sy>Z Mm¡H$er hmoD$Z Ë`m AmamonnÌmg
2/3 ~hþ_VmZo _§Oyar {Xë`mg Ë`m {XdgmnmgyZ Ý`m`m{Yembm nX_wŠV Ho$bo OmVo. Aem àH$maMm _hm{^`moJ
1805 gmbr Ý`m`_yVu g°å`wAb MoOÀ`m {déÕ Mmb{dbm hmoVm. na§Vw Amamon {gÕ Z Pmë`mZo Ë`mbm
nXÀ`wV H$aVm Ambo Zmhr. 1986 _Üò Ý`m`m{Ye A°bgr hoñQ>t½O `m§Zm _mÌ _hm{^`moJmX²dmao H$m±J«ogZo
nXÀ`wV Ho$bo hmoVo.
·
doVZ :
Ý`m`m{Yem§Mo doVZ R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m±J«ogbm Amho. Ý`m`m{Yem§Zm CÀM doVZ {Xbo OmVo.
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m gaÝ`m`m{Yembm dm{f©H$ 35,500 S>m°bg© Am{U ghÝ`m`mYrem§Zm 35,000 S>m°bg©
dm{f©H$ doVZ XoÊ`mV òVo. `m{edm` amhÊ`mg _mo\$V {ZdmgñWmZ d BVa gw{dYm, {Zd¥ÎmrZ§Va {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ
{Xbo OmVo.
·
H$m`©nÕVr :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo H$m_H$mO {d{eï> H«$_mZo d {d{eï> nÕVrZo MmbVo. dfm©VyZ \$ŠV ZD$ _{hZo
åhUOoM Am°ŠQ>mo~a Vo OyZn`ªV MmbVo. àËòH$ IQ>ë`mÀ`m gwZmdUrÀ`m doir gd© Ý`m`m{Ye CnpñWV
AgVmV d {ZU©` Omhra H$aÊ`mÀ`mdoir H$_rVH$_r ghm Ý`m`mYre EH$Ì ~gyZ ~hþ_VmZo {ZU©` KoVmV d
gmo_dmar Vmo Omhra Ho$bm OmVmo. IQ>ë`mÀ`m gwZmdUrÀ`m doir gaÝ`m`mYre hm ì`mg{nR>mÀ`m ~¡R>H$sÀ`m
AÜ`jñWmZr AgVmo. g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg IQ>ë`mMr nwÝhm gwZmdUr hmoVo.
·
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$majoÌ :
A_o[aH$Z KQ>ZoZo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma {Xbo AmhoV. Ë`mMo dJuH$aU Imbrbà_mUo
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H$aVm òB©b.
1) àma§{^H$ A{YH$majoÌ
2) nwZ{d©MmamMo A{YH$majoÌ
3) KQ>ZoMm AW© bmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
4) Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma.
1) àma§{^H$ A{YH$majoÌ :
Á`m IQ>ë`mMm àma§^ \$ŠV gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. Aem gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m
A{YH$mambm àma§{^H$ A{YH$ma joÌ Ago åhUVmV. `m A{YH$majoÌmV nwT>rb àH$maMo IQ>bo qH$dm dmX
òVmV.
A) g§KgaH$ma Am{U EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ KQ>H$amÁò `m§À`m_Yrb dmX, EH$ qH$dm EH$mnojm OmñV
KQ>H$ amÁò EH$m ~mOybm {déÕ EH$ qH$dm EH$mnojm OmñV KQ>H$ amÁ` `m§À`mVrb dmX `m ~m~VMm IQ>bm
àW_ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mVM XmIb H$aVm òVmo.
~) amOXÿV, ì`mnmar, à{V{ZYr, g§Yr, Zm¡goZm Am{U gm_w{ÐH$ XiUdiU Á`mV g§`wŠV amÁ`
A_o[aH$m EH$ nj Agob Ago IQ>bo àW_ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mVM XmIb H$aVm òVmV.
H$) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr gwÕm gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm
nma nmS>mdr bmJVo. `m g§X^m©Vrb IQ>bo gwÕm `m Ý`m`mb`mV àW_ òVmV d Ë`mgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`
Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~§Xr àË`jrH$aU àË`jrH$aU, na_mXoe, à{VfoY Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m Amkm H$mTy> eH$Vo.
2) nwZ{Z©U©`mË_H$ A{YH$ma joÌ :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m nwZ{Z©U©`mË_H$ A{YH$majoÌmV òUmao IQ>bo åhUOo Ago IQ>bo AgVmV H$s Oo
g§KamÁ`mMr H${Zð> Ý`m`mbò qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ`mMr CÀM Ý`m`mbò `m§Zr {Xboë`m {ZH$mbm{déÕ
nwZ{d©MmamgmR>r `m Ý`m`mb`mnwT>o òVmV. gm_mÝ`V: nwT>rb àH$maMo IQ>bo `m Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o nwZ{Z©U©`mgmR>r
òVmV.
A) Á`m dmXmV KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m Ý`m`mb`mZo EImÚm KQ>H$ amÁ`mMm H$m`Xm, g§KamÁ`mMr KQ>Zm,
H$m`Xm qH$dm Vh `m§Zm {dg§JV AgyZhr d¡Y R>a{dbm Agob.
~) g§KamÁ`mMm H$m`Xm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$ama qH$dm Vh Ad¡Y R>a{dbm Agob.
H$) g§KamÁ`mÀ`m A{nbr` g{H©$Q> Ý`m`mb`mZo KQ>H$ amÁ`mMm H$m`Xm Ad¡Y R>a{dbm Agob Am{U
CÀM Ý`m`mb` Vo _mZÊ`mg V`ma Zgob Va Aem àH$maMo IQ>bo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o \o$a{dMmamgmR>r
òVmV.
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S>) KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb Ý`m`mb`m g_moa qH$dm BVa H${Zð> gm§{KH$ IQ>bo H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mV Mmby
AgVrb Va Vo IQ>bo gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`M ñdV:H$S>o dJ© H$ê$Z Kody eH$Vo.
B) {Oëhm Ý`m`mb`mV Mmby Agboë`m IQ>ë`mV KQ>ZmË_H$ àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm Agob Am{U Vgo
à_mUnÌ g§~§{YV Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbo Agë`mg Aem IQ>ë`mMm \o$a{dMma `m Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmVmo.
`m àH$maMo IQ>bo nwZ{Z©U©`mgmR>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV òVmV. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Aem IQ>ë`m§Mr g§nyU©
Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z {ZU©` XoVo.
3) g§{dYmZmMm AW© bmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma :
{bIrV g§{dYmZmVrb VaVwXrÀ`m AWm©dê$Z {ddmX {Z_m©U hmoVmV. KQ>ZmVkm§Zr amÁ` àemgZmMr
{ZpíMV énaofm V`ma Ho$br. na§Vw Vr g§{jßV ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {VMm AW© bmdÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o gmon{dbobr Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoV {Za{Zamiçm emgZ {df`H$ g§ñWm§Mr aMZm {Xbobr
Amho. Ë`m§À`m A{YH$mamg§~§Yr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m gdmªda ~§YZH$mH$a AgVmV. VgoM
Ë`m gdmªZm _mÝ` AgVmV. g§{dYmZmVrb eãXm§Mm AW© {d{eï> H$mimVrb n[apñWVr bjmV KoD$Z
Ý`m`mb`m§Zr bmdbm VaM àËòH$ Jmoï>rgmR>r KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$ê$Z _yi KQ>ZoV ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr JaO amhV
Zmhr. åhUyZ gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm hm A{YH$ma _hÎdmMm Amho.
4) Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma :
H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Ho$bobo H$m`Xo, H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMo AÜ`mXoe KQ>ZoVrb _yi {Z`_m§er gwg§JV AmhoV H$s
{dg§JV AmhoV `mg§~§Yr {ZU©` XoÊ`mMm gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm A{YH$mambm nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma Ago
åhUVmV. Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma hr A_oarHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMr XoUJr _mZbr OmVo. _mÌ
A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoV Vgm ñnï> C„oI Zmhr. VWmnr amÁ`KQ>Zm Am{U {VÀ`mer gwg§JV Agbobo g§KamÁ`
H$m`Xo amï´>mMm gd©Zoð> H$m`Xm hmo` Ago ñnï>nUo g§{dYmZmV åhQ>bo Amho. `mMm AmYma KoD$Z gaÝ`m`m{Yem§Zr
Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmÀ`m VÎdmMr à{Vð>mnZm Ho$br. A_o[aHo$À`m KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 3 d H$b_ 6 _Üò
KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`ÚmMo loð>Ëd ñnï> Ho$bo AgyZ Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$ma gd© KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr g§~§YrÀ`m
IQ>ë`m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ AgVrb Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
AÜ`j Oo\$agZ `m§Zr Ago _V _m§S>bo hmoVo H$s, H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr KQ>ZmË_H$Vm R>a{dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm Zmhr Agm A{YH$ma Ý`m`_§S>imbm XoUo åhUOo gÎmm{d^mOZmÀ`m VÎdmbm
haVmi \$mgÊ`mgmaIo hmo`. na§Vw gaÝ`m`mYre _me©b `m§Zr _ma~mar {déÕ _o{S>gZ d _°H$bm°H$ {d.
_o[ab°S> `m IQ>ë`mMm {ZU©` XoVmZm {Z:g§{X½YnUo ñnï> Ho$bo H$s, gdm©ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm hm A{YH$ma Amho.
B.g. 1800 gmbr AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$sV AÜ`j Om°Z A°S>åg nam^yV Pmbo d Oo\$agZ AÜ`j åhUyZ
{ZdS>bo Jobo. Ooåg _°S>rgZ hm AÜ`j Oo\$agZ `mMm goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ> hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m {déÕ {dë`_
_ma~ar `mZo _±S>°_gMm A©O H$ê$Z _°S>rgZZo _ma~arÀ`m Zo_UyH$sMm AS>dUyH$ R>odbobm AmXoe H$mT>Ê`mg
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gm§Jmdo Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$br hmoVr. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo H$moUVmhr AmXoe {Xbm Var Vmo _mZm`Mm Zmhr Ago
AÜ`j Oo\$agZ Am{U _°{S>gZ `m§Zr R>a{dbo hmoVo. `mMr nyU© H$ënZm Ý`m`m{Ye Om°Z _me©b `m§Zm hmoVr.
24 \o$~«wdmar 1803 amoOr gaÝ`m`m{Ye _me©b `m§Zr {ZU©` {Xbm H$s, goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ> {déÕ gwÕm
_±S>°_gMm AmXoe XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mg Amho. _mÌ H$m±J«ogÀ`m Á`m H$m`ÚmZwgma hm hŠH$
dmnamd`mMm Amho. Vmo H$m`Xm g§{dYmZmÀ`m {Vgè`m H$b_m§er {dg§JV Amho åhUyZ hm hŠH$ Ad¡Y Amho.
Am{U Ë`m_wio goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ>bm Agm AmXoe XoVm òV Zmhr. `m {ZU©`mZo Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm
A{YH$ma àñWm{nV Pmbm. hm {ZU©` XoVmZm Om°Z _me©b `m§Zr ñnï> gm§{JVbo H$s, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mg
H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr KQ>ZmË_H$Vm VnmgyZ nmhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. A_o[aHo$Mo g§{dYmZ {b{IV
AgyZ {VZo H$m`Xo_§himÀ`m A{YH$mam§da H$mhr _`m©Xm KmVë`m AmhoV. VgoM g§{dYmZ hm gd©loð> H$m`Xm
Amho. åhUyZ H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`Úmnojm KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`Xm loð> R>aVmo. Aem n[apñWVrV g§{dYmZmMo
g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m±J«ogZo Ho$bobm H$m`Xm g§{dYmZmer gwg§JV Amho H$s Zmhr `mMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZpíMV Amho. Om°Z _me©bÀ`m `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ {ZU©`m_wio gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm
"nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbm. Om°Z _me©bÀ`m `m {ZU©`mV nwT>rb Mma {ZîH$f© A§V^y©V hmoVo.
1) {b{IV g§{dYmZmZwgma emgZmÀ`m A{YH$ma H$jm {ZpíMV AmhoV.
2) g§{dYmZ _yb^yV H$m`Xm Agë`mZo H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$m`Úmnojm loð> Amho.
3) amÁ`KQ>Zoer {dg§JV AgUmam H$m±J«ogMm H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm KQ>Zm~mø AgyZ Vmo Ý`m`mb`mda
~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmo.
4) Ý`m`mYrem§Mo KQ>ZmXÎm Ý`m`mb`rZ A{YH$ma d KQ>ZoÀ`m g§ajUmMr Ý`m`m{Yem§Zm ¿`mdr
bmJUmar enW `m g§X^m©V H$m±J«ogZo Ho$bobo KQ>Zoer {dg§JV H$m`Xo KQ>Zm~mø AmhoV. Ago Ý`m`m{Yem§Zr
Omhra Ho$bo nm{hOo.
Ý`m`_yVu hçyO åhUVmV ""Amåhr KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV AmhmoV. na§Vw Ý`m`mYre åhUVmV VrM
A_o[aHo$Mr KQ>Zm AgVo. AWm©V Ago Agbo Var AmVmn`ªV A{Ve` H$miOrnyd©H$ Aä`mg H$ê$ZM gdm}M
Ý`m`mb`mZo `m A{YH$mamMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho. `m A{YH$mamMm dmna H$ê$Z A_o[aHo$À`m gdm}ÀM
Ý`m`mb`mMm dmna H$ê$Z A_o[aHo$À`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo AZoH$ H$m`Xo d AÜ`mXoe KQ>Zm~mø R>adyZ aÔ
Ho$bobo AmhoV. CXm. 1857 _Üò {_gwar H$ama, 1895 _Üò amï´>r` Am`H$a H$m`Xm B. A_o[aHo$À`m
Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z A{YH$mam_wio gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm amÁ`KQ>ZoMo g§ajU H$aVm Ambo. ZmJ[aH$m§Mo
ajU H$ê$Z gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo Amnbo loð>Ëd àñWm{nV Ho$bo Amho.
· gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo _hÎd :
A_o[aHo$À`m emgZnÕVrV `m Ý`m`mb`mg _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. Ý`m`_yVu h°ñH$sZ `m§Zr emgH$s`
`§ÌUoVrb g_Vmob amIUmao MH«$ Ago Ë`mMo dU©Z Ho$bo Amho. Va S>m°. \$m`Za `m§Zr A_o[aH$Z gm§{KH$
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g§aMZobm _O~yV H$aUmao {g_|Q> Ago åhQ>bo Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mZo g§{dYmZmMo, g§KamÁ`
nÕVrMo d ZmJ[aH$m§Mo ñdmV§Í`mMo g§ajH$ `m ZmË`mZo Ho$bobo H$m`© C„oIZr` Amho. åhUOoM g§{dYmZmVrb
Á`m Jmoï>r gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm {XgV ZmhrV. Ë`m Jmooï>r gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` dmMdy eH$Vo. AmYy{ZH$ H$mimVrb
amOH$s` Aä`mgH$m§Zm YmoaU {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`m_Üò gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdnyU©
Amho Ago dmQ>Vo.
· amOH$s` njnÕVr :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb emgZnÕVr_Üò amOH$s` njm§Zm ñWmZ Amho. amOH$s` njnÕVr{edm`
bmoH$emhrMr H$ënZm Aì`dhm`© Amho. _°H$ Am`ìha `m§À`m _Vo amOH$s` nj hr {d{eï> VÎd dm YmoaU
`mda A{Yð>rV Aer OZVoMr g§KQ>Zm Amho H$s Or KQ>ZmË_H$ _mJm©Zo emgZmMr gÎmm Amnë`m hmVr `mdr
`mgmR>r à`ËZerb AgVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV Iwë`m Am{U ~§{XñV Aem XmoÝhr àH$maÀ`m amÁ`ì`dñWo _Üò
amOH$s` nj ho g_mOmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m _mJm©Zr gÎmon`ªV nmohMÊ`mMr Jwé{H$ëbr Amho. amOH$s` njm_wio
emgZmbm ZoV¥Ëd _mJ©Xe©Z, {Xem d H$m`©àoaUm {_iVo. OZVm amOH$s`Ñï>çm g§K{Q>V d OmJ¥V hmoVo. àm.
_wÝamo `m§À`m eãXmV "bmoH$emhr emgZ' ho njr` emgZmMo Xþgao Zmd Amho. amOH$s` njnÕVr {edm`
H$moUVrhr bmoH$emhr emgZ àUmbr H$m`© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. amOH$s` nj XoemVrb OZVobm amOH$s` {ejU
àXmZ H$aVmZm bmoH$emhr_Üò H$m`Xoera Am{U em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo gÎmm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© amOH$s`
njmZmM H$amdo bmJVo. amOH$s` g_mOrH$aUmMo H$m_hr amOH$s` njmZmM H$amdo bmJVo. Á`m amOH$s`
njmbm ~hþ_V àmßV hmoVo. Vmo nj gÎmmYmar ~ZVmo Va Á`m njmZm Aën_V àmßV hmoVo Vo nj {damoYr
njmMr ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. WmoS>Š`mV àOmV§Ìm_Üò emgZmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§_Üò g_Ýd` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo
H$m`© amOH$s` nj H$arV AgVmV. `m àH$aUmV A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` nj nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV
òUma Amho.
A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` njnÕVrMo ñdê$n : A_o[aH$m ho {Ûnj nÕVrMo R>iH$ CXmhaU _mZbo
OmVo. VoWo S>o_m°H«°$Q>rH$ d [anpãbH$Z nj ho XmoZ à_wI nj AmhoV. A_o[aHo$À`m emgZì`dñWoda àm_w»`mZo
`mM XmoZ njm§Mm à^md AmT>iyZ òVmo. AÜ`j Am{U amÁ`nmbm§À`m {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVr_wio {Ûnj nÕVr
A_o[aHo$V {dH${gV Pmbr. Am{U EH$ gXñ` {Zdm©MZ joÌ _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amë`m_wio {ÛnjnÕVrbm
àmoËgmhZ {_imbo. A_o[aHo$V amOH$s` njm§Mr ~rOo A_o[aH$Z KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am`mo{OV Ho$boë`m
{\$bmS>opë\$`m g§_obZmV amodbr Jobr. `m gå_obZmV ho{_ëQ>ZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr epŠVembr H|$Ð gaH$maMo
g_W©Z H$aUmam EH$ JQ> hmoVm. Va Xþgam JQ> Oo\$agZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmV amÁ`m§Mr ñdm`ÎmVm Am{U ZmJar
ñdV§ÌVm g_W©H$m§Mm hmoVm. `m XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm AZwH«$_o g§KdmXr (Federalists) Am{U g§K{damoYr
(Autifederalists) åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. Aem nañna{damoYr {dMmagaUrVyZ A_o[aHo$V amOH$s` njmMm CX`
d {dH$mg Pmbm.
B.g. 1796 À`m AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$sV amOH$s` njm§Zr CKS>nUo ^mJ KoVbm. Om°Z A°S>ågÀ`m
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ZoV¥ËdmImbr \o$S>a°{bñQ> nj Va Oo\$agZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr [anpãbH$Z nj Ago XmoZ nj `m {ZdS>UyH$sV
CVabo. `mdoir [anpãbH$Z A°S>åg ho AÜ`jnXr {ZdSy>Z Ambo. Va 1800 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV [anpãbH$Z
ZoVo Oo\$agZ AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambo. B.g. 1800 Z§Va \o$S>a°{bñQ> njmMm à^md H$_r hmoV Jobm.
Oo\$agZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr njmbm S>o_m°H«o$Q>rH$-[anpãbH$Z `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmD$ bmJbo d B.g. 1824
À`m AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`mdoir `m njmV \y$Q> nSy>Z Om°Z A°S>ågÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb Z°eZb [anpãbH$Z
nj d A°S²>çy O°ŠgZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb S>o_m°H«°$Q>rH$ nj Ago XmoZ doJdoJio nj ApñVËdmV Ambo. B.g.
1834 _Üò Z°eZb [anpãbH$Z njmZo pìhJ nj ho Zmd YmaU Ho$bo. nwT>o A_o[aHo$V Jwbm_{JarÀ`m àíZmbm
{deof _hÎd àmßV Pmbo. Jwbm_{JarÀ`màWobm {damoY H$aUmam EH$ Zdm amOH$s` nj ñWmnZ Pmbm. hm
nj [anpãbH$Z nj `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmD$ bmJbm. nyduÀ`m ìhrJ nj `m Zì`m njmV {dbrZ Pmbm.
`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV A_oarHo$À`m amOH$maUmV [anpãbH$Z nj d S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ nj ho XmoZM nj pñWa Pmbo.
AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$sV `mM XmoZ njm§Mo C_oXdma AmbQy>Z nmbQy>Z {ZdSy>Z òV am{hbo.`m XmoZ njm{edm`
AmUIrhr H$mhr bhmZ nj A_o[aHo$V AmhoV. na§Vw Vo à^mdr ZmhrV.
· A_o[aHo$Vrb amO njnÕVrMr d¡{eï>ço :
[anãbrH$Z d S>o_m°H«°$Q>rH$ `m XmoZ amOH$s` njm§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. A_o[aH$Z amOH$s`
njnÕVrMr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1) {ÛnjnÕVr :
A_o[aH$Z njnÕVrMo R>iH$ d¡{eï> åhUOo {Ûnj nÕV hmo`. A_o[aHo$Vrb OZVoZohr `m XmoZM njm§Zm
g_W©Z {Xbo Amho. `m XmoZM njm§Mo H$m±J«ogda dM©ñd am{hbo Amho. `mbm A_o[aHo$Mr {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVr
amOH$s` njm§Mr {dH|$ÐrV aMZm Am{U AÜ`jr` emgZ nÕVr hr _hÎdmMr H$maUo AmhoV.
2) VÎd qH$dm {gÕm§Vm_Yrb g_mZVm :
nañna{damoYr amOH$s` {gÕm§Vmda AmYm[aV Ago amOH$s` nj A_o[aHo$V {Z_m©U Pmbo ZmhrV. XmoÝhrhr
nj A_o[aHo$Vrb gd© dJm©Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV. H$_r OmñV \$aH$mZo Xmohmohr ^m§S>dbemhrMm nwañH$ma
H$aVmV. naamï´>YmoaU, Am{W©H$ YmoaU gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm, ~oH$mar ^Îmm, _Oyam§Mm Am{W©H$ XOm© `m ~m~V
XmoÝhr njm§_Üò \$ma _moR>o _VôX ZmhrV.
3) ñWm{ZH$ JQ> à^mdr :
[anpãbH$Z d S>o_moH«°${Q>H$ ho XmoÝhr amOH$s` nj AÜ`j d CnmÜ`jm§À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV g{H«$` gh^mJr
AgVmV. na§Vw XmoÝhr nj ñWm{ZH$ JQ>m§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd XoVmV. ñWm{ZH$ JQ>m§Mm à^md XmoÝhr amOH$s`
njmda EdT>m AgVmo H$s, Ë`m§Zm ñWm{ZH$ d KQ>H$amÁ`m§er g§~§{YV {d{dY nXm§gmR>r hmoUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Üò
A{YH$ bj Kmbmdo bmJVo. amï´>r` ñVamdarb amOH$maU H$aVmZm nm`m _O~yV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ JQ>m§Zm
_hÎd Úmdo bmJVo.
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4) nj{eñVrMm A^md :
A_o[aHo$Vrb OZVm nj{Zð> AgÊ`mEodOr Xoe{Zð> Amho. [anpãbH$Z Am{U S>o_m°H«°${Q>H$ njmMo
{gZoQ>gXñ` AmnAmnë`m njmÀ`m AmXoemZwgmaM g^mJ¥hmV _VXmZ H$aVrb Aer ImÌr gXñ`m§Zr
nj{eñVrMo H$mQ>oH$maoanUo nmbZ Ho$boM nm{hOo Ago Zmhr. d[að> nmVirdarb ZoVo H${Zð> nmVirdarb
ZoË`m§da à^mdrnUo {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$V ZmhrV. nj{eñV _moS>ë`mg H$S>H$ {eñV^§JmMr H$madmB© Ho$br OmV
Zmhr. nj{eñVrMm A^md AmT>iVmo.
5) njg§KQ>Z :
A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` njm§Mr nmio_wio d¡Mm[aH$ qH$dm VmpÎdH$ ñdê$nmMr ZgyZ g§KQ>ZmË_H$ AmhoV.
XmoÝhr njm§Mr g§KQ>Zm Xoeì`mnr Amho. àËòH$ IoS>çmV d ehamV njm§À`m emIm AgyZ Ë`m darb
nmVirdarb KQ>H$m§er g§b½Z AmhoV. njmMo gXñ`njmMm H$m`©H«$_ bmoH$m§À`mn`ªV nmohM{dVmZm {XgVmV.
XmoÝhr njmV {Z`{_V doVZ KoD$Z njH$m`© H$aUmao H$m`©H$V} AmhoV. amï´>r` àmXo{eH$ d ñWm{ZH$ Aem
VrZhr ñVamda njmMr _O~yV g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV AmhoV.
6) {d{dY dJm©Mo à{V{ZYrËd :
A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` nj ho g_mOmVrb {d{dY JQ>m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV. g_mOmVrb {d{dY
JQ>m§Mo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgVmZm {XgVmV. àmXo{eH$Vm, Ym{_©H$Vm, gm_m{OH$Vm, dm§{eH$Vm, CÚmoOH$, H$m_Jma
ì`dgm`rH$ g§KQ>Zm B. AmYmamda {Z_m©U Pmbobo Oo JQ> AmhoV Ë`m§Mo {hVg§§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mda â {Xbm
OmVmo.
6) X~mdJQ>m§Mm à^md :
A_o[aHo$À`m amOH$maUmV {d{dY àH$maMo X~mdJQ> Amnbm à^md nmS>VmZm {XgVmV. AZoH$ ImOJr
g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm Amnbo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mada X~md AmUyZ Amnbo àíZ gmoS>dyZ KoVmV. CXm.
CÚmoJnVtMm JQ>, H$m_Jma, g§KQ>Zm eoVH$ar, {ejH$, _Oya, {ó`m§Mm JQ> B. X~mdJQ> amOH$s` X~md
nmS>VmV d `mMr XIb amOH$s` njm§Zm ¿`mdrM bmJVo.
4.2.2 amOH$s` njm§À`m g§KQ>Zm :
A_o[aHo$À`m amOH$s` njm§À`m g§KQ>ZoMo XmoZ ^mJ Amho.
1) H$m±J«og_Yrb g§KQ>Zm
2) H$m±J«og ~mhoarb g§KQ>Zm.
1) H$m±J«og_Yrb g§KQ>Zm :
H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmn¡H$s à{V{ZYrJ¥hmVrb g§KQ>Zm OmñV _hÎdmMr AgVo. à{V{ZYrJ¥hmV
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àËòH$ njmMo {OVHo$ gXñ` AgVmV Ë`m gdmªMr EH$ njn[afX AgVo. `m njn[afXobm "H$m°H$g' Ago
åhUVmV. `m n[afXo_YyZ EH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ g{_Vr {ZdS>br OmVo. à{V{ZYrJ¥hmVrb njZoVm øm g{_VrMm
AÜ`j AgVmo. Vmo njàVmoX d BVa A{YH$mar `m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$arV AgVmo. nj àVmoXmÀ`m
ghH$m`m©Zo Vmo à{V{ZYr J¥hmVrb H$m_H$mOmg§~§Yr Amnë`m njmMo Üò`YmoaU R>a{dVmo. VgoM Amnë`m
njmÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$arV AgVmo.
2) H$m±J«og~mhoarb g§KQ>Zm :
H$m±J«og ~mhoarb XmoÝhr njmMo g§KQ>Z Imbrbà_mUo AgVo.
A) amï´>r` n[afX : amï´>r` ñVamda àËòH$ amOH$s` njmMr EH$ amï´>r` n[afX AgVo. {VMo
A{YdoeZ AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m Xaå`mZ åhUOo Xa Mma dfmªZr âVo. `m A{YdoeZmbm gd© KQ>H$
amÁ`m§Vrb njà{V{ZYr CnpñWV amhVmV. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m gw_mao XmoZ hOma AgVo. amï´>r` n[afXoÀ`m
A{YdoeZmV AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j `m nXmgmR>r C_oXdmam§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. `m{edm` njmMo YmoaU R>a{dUo
d amï´>r` g{_VrMr {ZdS> H$aUo B. H$m`} hr n[afX H$aVo.
~) amï´>r` g{_Vr : amï´>r` g{_VrZo àËòH$ amÁ`mVrb EH$ ór d EH$ nwéf `m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo.
Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H$mi Mma dfm©Mm AgVmo. `m g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> njmÀ`m AÜ`jr` C_oXdmamH$Sy>Z
Ho$br OmVo. AÜ`jr` {ZdS>UyH$ _mo{h_oMo gyÌ g§MmbZ H$aUo, amï´>r` A{YdoeZmMo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo B.
H$m_o hr g{_Vr H$arV AgVo. hr g{_Vr XmoZ Cng{_Ë`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aVo. (i) {gZoQ> {ZdS>UyH$ _mo{h_
g{_Vr, (ii) H$m±J«og {ZdS>UyH$ _mo{h_ g{_Vr.
H$) amÁ`n[afX d _Ü`dVu g{_Vr : amOH$s` njm§Mr amÁ`ñVamdarb g§KQ>Zm amÁ`n[afX d
_Ü`dVu g{_Vr `m§Zr {_iyZ ~Zbobr AgVo. VWmnr _Ü`dVu g{_VrbmM A{YH$ _hÎd AgVo.
KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb nj`§ÌUoda XoIaoI R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© _Ü`dVu g{_Vr H$aVo. _Ü`dVu g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`jmbm
nj g§KQ>ZoV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo.
S>) ñWm{ZH$ njg§KQ>Zm : ñWm{ZH$ njg§KQ>ZoV {Oëhm, H$m¢Q>r, eha, dm°S>© B. ñVamda H$m`©
H$aUmè`m g{_Ë`m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda gdm©V VimMr g§KQ>Zm "{àqgQ> g{_Vr' hr
AgVo. `m g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`jmda Ë`mÀ`m ^mJmVrb _VXmam§er gVV g§nH©$ R>odÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar
AVo. `m g{_VrÀ`mda dm°S>© g{_Vr, eha g{_Vr, H$m¡Q>r g{_Vr Aem g{_Ë`m AgVmV.
4.2.1 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -1
A) Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) A_o[aHo$_Üò .............. ñdê$nmMr Ý`m`ì`dñWm Amho.
1) EHo$ar
2) Xþhoar
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3) {Vhoar
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2) A_o[aH$Z gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm .............. gmbr Pmbr.
1) 1789
2) 1889
3) 1989
3) .............. ho A_o[aH$Z gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo n{hbo Ý`m`m{Ye hmoV.
1) Om°Z Oo
2) A~«mh_ qbH$Z
3) g°å`wAb MoO²
4) .............. Ý`m`m{Yemg A_o[aH$Z H$m±J«og nXÀ`wV Ho$bo hmoVo.
1) ~«mB©g
·
2) A°bgr hoñQ>t½O
3) g°åÀa MoO
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
1) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yembm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ............ Amho.
1) AÜ`j
2) {gZoQ>
3) _§Ìr_§S>i
2) Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmÀ`m A{YH$mamMr à{Vð>mnZm ............ `m IQ>ë`mZo Pmbr.
1) _ma~ar {déÕ _°S>rZ
2) _ma~ar {déÕ _o[ab±S>
3) _ma~ar {déÕ Oo\$agZ
3) g§{dXmZmMm AW© bdmÊ`mMm A{YH$ma A_o[aHo$Vrb .............. Ý`m`mb`mbm Amho.
1) {Oëhm Ý`m`mbò
2) CÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo
3) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mbòL>
4) Ý`m`mb` åhUVrb VrM A_o[aHo$Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm AgVo ............ `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
1) Ý`m. hçyO
2) Ý`m. _me©b
3) Ý`m. \$m`Za
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
1) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmMr VaVwX KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ ........... _Üò Ho$br Amho.
1) H$b_-3
2) H$b_-2
3) H$b_-4
2) A_o[aH$Z .............. njnÕVr A mho.
1) {hdnjnÕVr
2) S>mH$njnÕVr
3) ~hÿnjnÕVr
3) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mVrb Ý`m`m{YemMr g§»`m ............. Amho.
1) ZD$
2) ghm
3) Xhm
4) A_o[aHo$Mm gaÝ`m`m{Ye ........... dfm©n`ªV nXmda amhÿ eH$Vmo.
1) 70
2) 80
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3) 65
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4.1.1 ñd`§:AÜ``Z ^mJ -1
Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) A_o[aHo$Vrb S>o_m°H«$m°Q>rH$ d [anpãbH$Z ho XmoÝhr nj ........ g_mOì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma H$aVmV.
1) bmoH$emhr
2) bmoH$emhr g_mOdmX
3) CXma_VdmXr ^m§S>dbemhr
2) A_o[aHo$V ........... À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr S>o_m°H«o${Q>H$ [anpãbH$Z nj ñWmnZ hmoD$Z 1800 gmbr
Vo amï´>mÜ`j Pmbo.
1) h°{_ëQ>Z
2) Oo\$agZ
3) _°{S>gZ _ÝQ>mo
3) ............. A_o[aHo$V [anpãbH$Z ZmdmM Zdm nj CX`mg Ambm.
1) 1840
2) 1855
3) 1860
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ -2
1) ........... `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbrb njmbm \o$S>a°{bñQ> JQ> åhQ>bo OmVo.
1) h°{_ëQ>Z
2) Om°ÝgZ
3) dm°qe½Q>Z
2) A_o[aHo$Mo n{hbo amï´>mÜ`j ........ AmhoV.
1) Om°O© dm°qe½Q>Z
2) A~«mh_qbH$Z
3) Om°O© ~we
3) ............ À`m AÜ`jr` {Zd_S>UyH$sV A_o[aHo$Vrb amOnjmZr àW_ ^mJ KoVbm.
1) 1796
2) 1798
3) 1896
4.3 gmam§e :
A) A_o[aHo$Mo Ý`m`_§S>i :
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` - aMZm-{Z`wŠVr- H$m`©H$mb
nmÌVm - nXÀ`wVr - doVZ - H$m`©nÕVr
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$majoÌ
1) àma§^rH$ A{YH$majoÌ
2) nwZ{d©MmamMo A{YH$majoÌ
3) KQ>ZoMm AW© bmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
4) Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma
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·
gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMo _hÎd :
`m~m~VMr gd© _m{hVr `m CnKQ>H$mV CnbãY hmoVo.
1) Ý`m`_§S>i hm emZ g§ñWoMm {Vgam _hÎdmMm {d^mJ hmo`. H$m`ÚmMm AW© bmdUo Am{U Ý`m`XmZ
H$aUo hr Ý`m`_§S>imMr _hÎdmMr H$m`} AmhoV. bm©S>© ~«mB©g `m§À`m_Vo, H$m`©j_, Ý`m`ì`dñWm hr CËH¥$ï>
emgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$m`ÚmÀ`m amÁ`mMr h_r XoD$ eH$Vo. Ý`m`_§S>i Amnë`m
nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmÀ`m A{YH$mam_wio H$m`ÚmMr KQ>ZmË_H$Vm VnmgyZ nmhVo. Ë`m_wio H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` àñWm{nV
hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
2) A_o[aHo$V Xþhoar Ý`m`ì`dñWm Amho. A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m H$b_mZwgma g§KrM
Ý`m`mb`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. (1789) A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo gÎmm{d^mOZ VÎdmMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$ë`m_wio Ý`m`_§S>imMo ñdmV§Í` gwa{jV Amho.
3) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mV EHy$U ZD$ Ý`m`m{Ye AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ amï´>mÜ`j H$aVmo. d`mÀ`m
70 dfm©n`ªV Vo nXmda amhÿ eH$VmV. _hm{^`moJmÛmao Ë`m§Zm nX_wŠV H$aVm òVo.
4) _ma~mQ>r {déÕ _°S>rgZ `m IQ>ë`mV B.g. 1803 _Üò gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm
A{YH$ma àñWm{nV Pmbm hm {ZU©` Ý`m. _me©b `m§Zr {Xbm.
~) njnÕVr :
A_o[aHo$V {ÛnjnÕVr Amho. [anpãbH$Z d S>o_moH°$Q>rH$ ho XmoZ à_wI nj AmhoV.
1) {ÛnjnÕVr.
2) epŠVembr {damoYr nj
3) nj{eñVrMm A^md
4) amï´>ì`mnr g§KQ>Z
5) VÎd Am{U H¥$Vr `m_Üò gwg§JVr
6) bmoH$emhr Vd g§{dYmZmda {dídmg.
7) {d{dY dJm©Mo à{V{ZYrËd
8) X~md JQ>m§Mm à^md.
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
àemgH$s` Ý`m`mb` : bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV àemgZmÀ`m ì`mßVr_wio Am{U H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m
g§H$ënZo_wio àemgZmMo H$m`©joÌ dmT>V Amho. àemgZmVrb dmT>Ë`m Jw§VmJw§Vr_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao dmX
{_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r àemgH$s` Ý`m`mbò ñWmnZ Ho$br OmVmV.
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_hm{^`moJ : emgZmVrb CÀMnXñV A{YH$mar, amï´>mÜ`j, gaÝ`m`m{Ye, `m§Zr KQ>ZmË_H$ JwÝhm,
J¡adV©Z, XoeXmoh Ho$bm Agob Va H$m`Xo_§S>im_Üò Ë`m§À`m {déÕ IQ>bm Mmb{dbm OmVmo Ë`mbm
_hm{^`moJ åhUVmV.
Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z : H$m`Xo_§himZo V`ma Ho$bobo H$m`Xo amÁ`KQ>Zoer gwg§JV ZgVrb Va Vo
KQ>Zm~mø R>a{dÊ`mMm Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$mamg Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma Ago åhUVmV.
amOH$s` nj : EImXr {dMmaàUmbr pñdH$mê$Z {Vbm àË`jmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r g§K{Q>VnUo amOH$s`
gÎmm g§nmXZ H$aUmè`m g§ñWm åhUOo amOH$s` nj.
{hVg§~§YrJQ> : g_mO {hVg§~§Ymda AmYmarV amOH$s` nj {deofV: gÎmmê$T> njmda X~md Q>mHy$Z
Amnbr C{Ôï>o gmÜ` H$aUmar g§KQ>Z qH$dm g_yh åhUOo {hVg§~§Y JQ> hmo`.
4.5.1 ñd`§ AÜ``Z CÎmao :
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1
1) Xþhao r
2) 1789
3) Om°Z Oo
4) A°bgr hopñQ>¨½O
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 2
1) {gZoQ>
2) _madar {déÕ _°{S>gZ 3) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` 4) Ý`m. hçyO
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 3
1) H$b_ 3
2) {ÛnjnÕVr
3) ZD$
4) 70
2) Oo\$agZ
3) 1855
4.5.2 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1
1) CXma_VdmXr ^m§S>dbemhr
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 2
1) h°{_ëQ>Z
2) Om°O© dm°qe½Q>Z
3) 1796
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhm.
1) A_o[aHo$À`m gdmo©ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm, A{YH$majoÌ ñnï> H$am.
2) A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` nÕVtMr d¡{eï>o ñnï> H$am.
~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1) Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$mZmMm A{YH$ma
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2) nwZ{Z©U©`mMo A{YH$majoÌ
3) A_o[aHo$Vrb amOH$s` njm§Mm {dH$mg
4) A_o[aHo$Vrb {ÛnjnÕVr.
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1) nmQ>rb ~r. ~r. - emgH$s` `§ÌU, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
2) Xoe_wI AbH$m - Xm¡b{ZH$ emgZ Am{U amO{ZVr, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
3) S>m°. òaUH$a lram_ - VwbZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
4) Km§JaoH$a qM. J. - VwbZmË_H$ amOH$s` {díbofU, H$m°ÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, nwUo.
5) Xoenm§S>o _. X. - emgZg§ñWm - amÁ`nÕVr, Vm¡b{ZH$ {dMma, _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR> {X H$moëhmnya
am`Q>g© H$mo-Am°n. gmogm`Q>r, {b., H$moëhmnya.
6)
Mahajan V. D. - Shet Modern Government S. S., Chand & Co. Ltd., New
Delhi.:
BBB
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