{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
dmL²>_`àdmhm§Mo AÜ``Z
(J«m_rU d X{cV gm{hË`)
Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ 11
V¥Vr` df© H$cm
(_amR>r)
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2015-16 nmgyZ)
gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 1
J«m_rU gm{hË` : ì`m»`m, àoaUm, ñdê$n,
d¡{eï>ço Am{U {dH$mg
1.1 C[ÔîQo>
{dÚmWu{_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg;
·
J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr, J«m_rUVm d J«m_rU g§doXZerbVm `m g§km§Mo ñdê$n g_Oob d Ë`m~Ôb
_m{hVr {_iob.
·
J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m, àoaUm bjmV `oB©b.
·
J«m_rU gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eï>ço g_OVrb.
·
J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr Midi d {dH$mg `mMo AdbmoH$Z H$aVm `oB©b.
·
J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVrb R>iH$ Q>ßno nmhVm `oVrb.
1.2 àmñVm{dH$
{deofV: 1960 Z§Va _amR>r gm{hË`àm§VmV {d{dY dmS²>_`rZ Midir Am{U Ë`mÛmao {d{dY
dmS²>_`rZ àdmh {Z_m©U Pmbo. g_mOm_Ü`o Or doJdoJir n[adV©Zo hmoVmV, Oo {dMma_§WZ ¿mS>V AgVo;
Ë`mVyZ boIH$m§Mr EH$ {nT>r {Z_m©U hmoVo. {d{eîQ> {dMmagaUrZo boIZ H$aUmao boIH$ Ë`m Ë`m dmL²>_`
dm gm{hË` àdmhmMo n«{V{Z{YËd H$arV AgVmV. J«m_rU, X{bV, ñÌr, Am{Xdmgr Ago Mma gH$g
gm{hË` àdmh _amR>rV 1960 Z§Va CX`mg Ambo. AWm©V Ë`mMr nmíd©^y_r EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m
AIoarg d {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrg emoYVm `oVo. AmO{_Vrbm ho Mmahr gm{hË`àdmh Amnë`m
ñdV§Ì Om{Udm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z AmhoV. àË`oH$ gm{hË`àdmhmÀ`m g§km, eãXH$moe, g§H$ënZm, {deof,
dmQ>Mmb `m JmoîQ>r n[anyU© AmhoV. `m gm{hË`mda {d{dY {dÚmnrR>mVyZ d ñdV§ÌnUo g§emoÜmZhr Pmbobo
Amho. J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U H¥${f{Zð> g_mO `m§À`m OrdZ Om{Udm, g_ñ`m, ñdßZo, dV©_mZ `m JmoîQ>r Á`m
gm{hË`mV {M{ÌV hmoVmV Vo J«m_rU gm{hË` AgVo. J«m_rU gm{hË`mV AWm©VM Jmd, JmdH$ar, eoV,
eoVH$ar, {ZgJ©, lÜXm, J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m g_ñ`m, Om{Udm, VoWrb ^yV-^{dî` d dV©_mZmVrb OrdZmMo
YmJoXmoao, J«m_g§ñH¥$VrVrb bmoH$m§Mo bmJo~m§Yo, XwîH$mi, nrH$nmÊmr, ehar g§ñH¥$VrMo J«m_g§ñH¥$Vrda hmoUmao
AmH«$_U, _moR>`m IoS>çm§Mo doJmZo hmoUmao eharH$aU Aem gd© JmoîQ>r§Mo à{Vq~~ J«m_rU gm{hË`mV C_Q>Vo.
X{bV hm g_mO J«m_rU OrdZmMmM EH$ ^mJ Agbm Var X{bV gm{hË`mMo Am{U AWm©VM g_mOmMo
ñdê$n d {deof ñdV§Ì AmhoV. X{bV gm{hË` EH$ ñdV§Ì, ñd`§nyU© gm{hË`àdmh Amho.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / _amR>r ....1
1.3 {df`{ddoMZ
J«m_rU gm{hË` {dímofV… Jmdmer, eoVrer Am{U {VWë`m _mUgm§er {ZJ{S>V Amho. àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb
JmWmgáeVrnmgyZ _hmZw^md, dmaH$ar na§naoV eoVrMo CëboI AmhoVM. _hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ Va
eoVH$ar, gm_mÝ` _mUgo d Ë`m§Mo àíZ, g_mO {M{ÌV Pmbm Amho. _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr eoVH$è`m§Mr pñWVr
Amnë`m boIZmVyZ g_mOmg_moa _m§S>br. Ë`m§À`m eoVH$è`mMm AgyS>, Jwbm_{Jar, V¥Vr`aËZ (ZmQ>H$) Aem
nwñVH$m§VyZ VËH$mbrZ J«m_rU g_mOaMZm, J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr, eoVH$è`m§À`m g_ñ`m `m§Mo CëboI d {MÌU
nmhVm, AmnÊmmg J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr nm`m^aUr _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr Ho$ë`mMo bjmV `oVo. J«m_rU ^mJmMo
g§ñH$ma Pmbobm, J«m_rU ^mJmV am{hbobm _mUygM H$mir Am{U nm§T>arMo {MÌ AmnÊmmg CËV_nUo XmIdy
eH$Vmo. H$mir åhUOo eoVr^mVr-nrH$nmUr hmo`. nm§T>ar åhUOo bmoH$arVr, lÜXm, A§YlÜXm, na§nam,
Om{Udm Aem ~m~r Á`m§À`mer {ZJ{S>V AmhoV; Vo J«m_rU bmoH$ Am{U Jmd hmo`. gmR>Z§Va {ejUàgma
d Midir_wio J«m_rU ^mJmVrb boIH$ `m gd© Om{UdoZo {bhÿ bmJbo.
· J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr
H$mir d nm§T>ar Agm Á`mMm AmnU CëboI Ho$bm Ë`m g§X^m©V `oUmè`m gd© ~m~tZm J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr
åhUVm `oB©b. nm§T>ar åhUOo J«m_rÊm g_yhmZo amhmd`mMr OmJm hmo`. Ka, _§{Xa, Jëë`m, g_mOmVrb
à{VpîR>Vm§Mr (CXmhaUmW© nmQ>rb, Hw$bH$Uu dJ¡ao) AgUmar d {d{dY g_mOmMr (CXmhaUmW© Hw§$^ma,
bmohma, gwVma, X{bV dJ© BË`mXr) AgUmar Kao d Ë`m§À`m Jëë`m-Ami`m Aem gd©gmYmaU aMZoMo Jmd
AgVo. H$mir åhUOo eoVH$ar Á`m _mVrV eoVmV H$îQ> H$aVmo Vr eoVO_rZ hmo`. JmdmV ~bwVoXmaAbwVoXma AmhoVM. AJXrM `mXr Úmd`mMr Va gwVma, bmohma, gmoZma, Ýhmdr, Ymo~r, Hw§$^ma, Mm§^ma,
Vobr, _mir, H$moir, YZJa, am_moímr, dogH$a, damS>r, H¡$H$mS>r, ^wVo, OmoJVr, Omoer, dmgwXod, d¡Xw
qnJim, {\$añVr, ^Q>Ho$ Ago gmaoOU `m J«m_g§ñH¥$VrMm KQ>H$ AgVmV. J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr d {VMo A{bH$S>rb
~XbVo ê$n nmhmd`mMo Pmbo Va AmZ§X `mXd `m§Mo J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr ho nwñVH$ nmhVm `oBb
© . gÜ`m J«m_rU OrdZmda
hmoUmao eharH$aUmMo n[aUm_hr AmZ§X `mXd `m§Zr J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr `m nwñVH$mVyZ {X½X{e©V Ho$bo AmhoV. 1960
nyduMr JmdmMr, IoS>`mMr aMZm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr nmhmd`mMr Pmë`mg amîQ´>g§V VwH$S>moOr _hmamOm§Mr
J«m_JrVm, qÌ. Zm. AmÌo `m§Mo JmdJmS>m, Zm. Jmo. Mm\o$H$a `m§Mo Am_Mm Jmd ~Xbmnya, {d._. Xm§S>oH$a
Am{U OJVmn `m§Mo JmdahmQ>r hr Mma nwñVHo$ CëboIZr` AmhoV. Mmahr nwñVHo$ J«m_aMZoMr Am{U
J«m_g§ñH¥$VrMr g_mOemñÌr` MMm© H$aVmV. noaUrgmR>r eoVH$ar d eoV_Oya OoWo EH$Ì H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`mbm
IoS>o åhUmdo, Ago {Ì.Zm. AmÌo gy{MV H$aVmV. AWm©V {d{dY na§nam, gU, CËgd, ar{V[admO, eoVr,
nrH$nmUr, ~bwVoXma-AbwVoXma, H$mê$Zmê$ `m gmè`m§Mm H|$ÐñWmZr eoVH$ar Amho, Ago CnamoŠV Mmahr
nwñVH$mVyZ X{e©V hmoVo.
· J«m_rU g§doXZerbVm
ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§Va {ejUmZo IoS>`mVrb AZoH$ VéU 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
OdiÀ`m VmbwŠ`mÀ`m AWdm ehamÀ`m {R>H$mUr
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_hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU KoÊ`mg `oD$ bmJbo; Ë`m§Mr nmio_wio _mÌ J«m_rU ^mJmVM hmoVr. `m VéUm§Mr
J«m_rU g§doXZerbVm H$m` hmoVr ? Ë`m§Zr {b{hbo Ë`mbm J«m_rU gm{hË` åhUmd`mMo H$m` ? `m~m~V
S>m°. Jmo._m. ndma `m§Zr "J«m_rU g§doXZímrbVm' hm boI {b{hbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m boImVrb H$mhr _wÔo
1. J«m_rU _ZmMo, J«m_rU OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aUmao gm{hË` Vo J«m_rU gm{hË` hmo`.
2. Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$ `m§Zr "~mdZH$er' `m H$Wmg§J«hmV H$mhr H$Wm J«m_rU H$WmZH$mÀ`m {b{hë`m nU
Ë`m§Zm dadaMo J«m_rU OrdZhr _mhrV Zmhr; Va J.b. R>moH$i, _.^m. ^mogbo `m§Zm J«m_rU
OrdZmMm Vnerb _mhrV AgyZhr Ë`m§Zr Ë`mMm Cn`moJ a§OH$ ào_H$Wm {b{hÊ`mgmR>r nmíd©^y_r
åhUyZ Ho$bm Ë`m_wio Vohr Añgb J«m_rU gm{hË` Zìho.
3. EImXm boIH$ H$moUË`m d`mV H$moÊmVo g§ñH$ma J«hU H$aVmo, H$moÊmË`m dmVmdaUmV Ë`mÀ`m
ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr OS>UKS>U hmoVo. Ë`mMr AZw^d KoÊ`mMr j_Vm d YmQ>Êmr H$er Amho, `mda Ë`m§Mo
ì`pŠV_Îd KS>Vo. `mZwgma Omo boIH$ J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ Aem nÜXVrZo KS>Vmo Ë`mMr g§doXZerbVm
hr J«m_rU g§doXZímrbVm åhUVm `oB©b.
4. eoVH$ar d AÝ` ~bwVoXma d BVa dJ©, eoVrMm ì`dgm` H$aUmao Jmd, VoWrb gdmªMo {Oìhmi`mMo
g§~§Y AgUo, Jmd ho OUy _moR>o Hw$Q>w>§~ dmQ>Uo _hËdmMo, JmdmV H$moUVrhr gwIXw…ImMr KQ>Zm ¿mS>br
Va Ë`mMo gJi`m§ZmM gwIXw…I hmoVo. EImÚm KamVrb gyZ _mhoar Ambr H$s Jmd^a {eXmoar dmQ>br
OmVo. OmdB© hm gmè`m JmdMm AgVmo, gmaoM ì`dhma Jmdmer OmoS>bobo AgVmV. A{^_mZmñnX
Agmo dm bÁOmñnX gmao Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~§Y EH$ÌM AgVmV. gm_w{hH$ OrdZ
OJÊ`mMr OmUrd VoWo _hËdmMr R>aVo. ehar AmH«$_UmVhr IoS>çmVrb nma§nm[aH$ OrdZnÜXVr {Q>Hy$
nmhVo.
5. ehar Am{U J«m_rU OrdZnÜXVrV \$aH$ Amho. J«m_rU g§doXZerbVoÀ`m A§JmZo _amR>r J«m_rU
gm{hË` {dMmamV KoVbo Va ì`§H$Q>oe _mSJyiH$a ho Aìdb XOm©Mo J«m_rU boIH$ R>aVmV.
· J«m_rUVm _yë`
IaoVa J«m_rU gm{hË` Agm gm{hË`mMm doJim àH$ma _mZmd`mMm H$m? `m~Ôb `m gm{hË`
MidirÀ`m d gm{hË` {Z{_©VrÀ`m gwédmVrbmM dmX hmoVm. ""J«m_rUËdmbm ñdV… {gÜX Ago _yë`
Zmhr. J«m_rU gm{hË` hr g§km _yë`gyMH$ ZgyZ J«m_rÊm gm{hË` hr gmo`rgmR>r dmnamd`mMr dU©Zna g§km
Amho. J«m_rU ho {deofU {d{eîQ> boIZmV H$emMo {MÌU Amho, `mMm \$ŠV {ZX©oe H$aVo. åhUyZ J«m_rU
OrdZmMo, _ZmMo {MÌU H$aUmao gm{hË` Vo J«m_rU gm{hË` åhUVm `oVo. H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, H${dVm `m
dmS²>_`àH$mam§Zm EdT>çmM AWm©Zo ho {deoîmU bmdVm `oVo.'' Agm {dMma S>m°. Jmo. _m. ndma `m§Zr _m§S>bm
Amho. AmOAIoa J«m_rU gm{hË`mMm Pmbobm {dH$mg Am{U dmQ>Mmb nmhVm S>m°. Jmo. _m. ndma `m§Mm
{dMma nyU©V… ñdrH$maUr` Zmhr Ago bjmV `oB©b. J«m_rU hm g_mOmMm EH$ ^mJ Agbm Var
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AmVmn`ªVÀ`m J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVyZ J«m_rUVm ho EH$ ñd`§{gÜX _yë` Amho. hr JmoîQ> ñnîQ>
Pmë`mMo {XgVo.
JmdJmS>çmMo _Ü`dVr© Ho$§Ð eoVr Am{U eoVH$ar hoM Amho. eoVr hr Ho$di CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ ZgyZ
Vr EH$ OrdZe¡br Amho. eoVH$ar hr Ho$di EH$ ì`ŠVr ZgyZ g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. eoVH$è`m§À`m àË`oH$ {nT>rMo
g§ñH$ma, arVr, na§nam, g§Ho$V Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrV g_m{dîQ> AmhoV. J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m gd© ì`dÀN>oXH$.{deofm§ZmM
AmnU J«m_rUVm åhUyZ AmoiIVmo. Hw$R>ë`mhr àXoemVrb bhmZ _wbm§Zm AmnU Oa CJdË`m gy`m©Mo {MÌ
H$mT>md`mg bmdbo Va Vmo XmoZ S>m|JamÀ`m _Ü`o CJdUmam gy`© Ë`mImbyZ CJ_ nmdUmar ZXr, CS>Umao númr,
PmS>o, `m§Mo ZH$iVnUo {MÌ aoImQ>Vmo. {ZgJ© `m JmoîQ>r{df`r Or AmngwH$Vm _mZdr _§oXy_Ü`o AgVo Ë`mMo
ho àË`§Va Amho. gm{hË`mVXoIrb J«m_rU gm{hË` åhUVmM S>moiçmg_moa g§nyU© JmdR>mUmMo.{MÌ `oVo.
JmdmVrb dog, MmdS>r, KmQ>, Xodio, ZXr, AmoT>o, Zmbo, eoV, {edma, ~m§Y, gd© ney, njr, àmUr, gd©
_mUgo `m§Mo ghOrdZ AmT>iy bmJVo. `m àË`oH$ ¿mQ>H$mMo AmnmngmVbo ZmVo, Á`m ^mdZmaÁOy§Zr ~m§Ybo.Jobo
Amho Am{U Oo {d{dY àg§Jr àË``mbm `oVo Ë`mÀ`m gm{hË`mVrb àË``mbm J«m_rUVoMm _moR>m ñne© AgVmo.
""^modVmbÀ`m {ZgJm©ímr J«m_rU IoSy>VmMr VÐþþnVm Am{U Ë`mVyZ V`ma Pmbobr Ë`mMr _ZmoaMZm
`mMm J«m_rUVm V`ma hmoÊ`mer g§~§Y Amho. ^maVr` eoVH$ar {ZgJm©da Adb§~yZ AgyZ nmD$g-nmÊ`mÀ`m
bharnUm_wio Vmo H$m`_M hV~b Pmbobm Amho. na§naoMo d {ñW{VerbVoMo g§ñH$ma Am{U ~o^adí`mÀ`m
eoVr ì`dgm`m_wio eoVH$ar hm H$m`_M YmñVmdbobm Am{U X¡ddmXr ~Zbobm AgÊmo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho.
Ë`mÀ`m YmaUm, g_O Am{U Ë`mÀ`m A§YlÜXm `m Ë`mÀ`m OJÊ`mMm EH$ ^mJ ~Zboë`m AmhoV.
JmdJmS>çmÀ`m arVr_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Om{Vì`dñWoVXoIrb ñdV…bm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m n«`ËZm_wio
Ë`mÀ`m YmaUm§da _`m©Xm Amë`mMo {XgVo. eoVrH|${ÐV ì`dñWoZoM hr OmVr`Vm {Z_m©U Ho$bobr Agbr Var
Vr Ë`m n[apñWVrV V`ma Pmbobr ì`dñWm hmoVr. Xm[aÐ`, AkmZ, A§YlÜXm, ~oaH$snUm, gyS>d¥ËVr `m
J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m d¥ËVt_YyZ J«m_rUVoMo n[aUm_ A{YH$M Q>moH$Xma hmoVmV. `m _mZdr d¥ËVr gd©Ì
AmT>iVmV, _mÌ »moS>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V Ë`m Amnbo ñdV…Mo EH$ Img J««m_rU Ago ê$n V`ma H$aVmV.
J«m_rU _mUgmÀ`m YmaUm Am{U g_O Ang_O `m§À`mgh Ë`mÀ`m hmS>m_mgmV {^Zboë`m Ë`mÀ`mVrb
gd© Z¡g{J©H$ àoaUm hr `m J«m_rUVoÀ`m {ZXe©H$ AmhoV. Ë`m g§nyU© YmaUm `m ^modVmbÀ`m {ZgJm©bm VgoM
JmdIwarVë`m ar{V[adm§OmZm CnH$maH$ R>aUmè`m AemM AmhoV. åhUyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVë`m g§nyU© g§Ho$VmMm
ì`yh åhUOo J«m_rUVm `m _yë`mMm n[anmof åhÊmVm `oB©b.'' (àm. g§Vmof ndma dmS²>_`àdmhmMo AÜ``Z
nwpñVH$m n¥îR> 5 d 6)
AWm©VM JmdJmS>m, JmdahmQ>r, J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr, {Zg½m© Am{U ~mobr `m J«m_rUVm `m _yë`m§À`m YmaUm
J¥hrV Yaë`mg Ë`mÑîQ>rZo àm{V{Z{YH$ åhÊmyZ AmnUmg H$mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMm CëboI H$aVm `oB©b. {dÇ>b
dmK, Zm.Ym| _hmZmoa `m§Mr H${dVm, AmZ§X `mXd `m§Mr JmoVmdim, amOZ Jdg `m§Mr VUH$Q>, ~mbmOr
_XZ B§Jio `m§Mr {P_ nmoar {P_, ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$am§Mr _mUXoer _mUg§, am. a§ ~moamS>o `m§Mr nmMmoim
`m gm{hË`H¥$Vr J«m_rUVoMo {ZH$f nyU© H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV.
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· ñdê$n Am{U àoaUm
J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m àoaUm§Mm emoY KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. àoaUm nmhVmZm `m gm{hË`mMo ñdê$nhr
CbJS>V OmVo. AmZ§X `mXd `m§Zr "J«m_rUVm: gm{hË` Am{U dmñVd' `m Ë`m§À`m J«§WmV J«m_rU gm{hË`
gdVm gw^m Amho H$m` ? J«m_rU gm{hË` Am{U gm_m{OH$ OmUrd, _amR>r IoS>o OwZo Am{U Zdo, J«m_rU
ho {deofU H$m` Ano{jVo ? gm{hË`mVrb J«m_rUVm Aem erîm©H$m§Zr boI {bhÿZ MMm© Ho$br Amho. `m
gdmªVyZ J«m_rUVm d Ë`m gm{hË`mÀ`m àoaUm `m§Mrhr MMm© Amo¿mmZoM `ooVo. "J«m_rU gm{hË` ñdê$n Am{U
emoY' ho S>m°. ZmJZmW H$moVmnëbo `m§Mo nwñVH$ Amho. Ë`m§Zr AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r gm{hË`mVrb J«m_rUËdmMr
AmÚ àñ\w$aUo åhUyZ _hmË_m \w$bo Am{U H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a `m§Mm CëboI Ho$bm Amho. ~ir~m nmQ>rb hr
H¥$îUamd ^mboH$am§Mr J«m_rU H$mX§~ar, dmB©H$a ^Q>Or (AZwdm{XV H$mX§~ar) Am{U {namOr nmQ>rb `m
YZwYm©ar `m§À`m H$mX§~è`m Am{U AWm©VM _hmË_m \w$bo d h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o `m§Mo boIZ S>m°. ZmJZmW
H$moVmnëbo `m§Zm "J«m_rUËdmMr AmÚ àñ\w$aUo' dmQ>VmV. _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo boIZ åhUOo J«m_rU
gm{hË`mMm n{hbmd{hbm, na§Vw geŠV A{dîH$ma hmo`, Ago _V S>m° ZmJZmW H$moVmnëbo Zm|X{dVmV.
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`m gm{hË`mMm d {dMmagaUrMm {d{dY dmS²>_`rZ àdmhmda à^md OmUdVmo. AWm©VM
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mr d¡Mm[aH$ ^y{_H$m J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo ñdrH$mabobr Amho. V¥Vr`aËZ (ZmQ>H$) eoVH$è`mMm
AgyS>, Jwbm_{Jar, A»m§S> BË`mXr gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mr ^y{_H$m OmÊmdVo. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm,
~§YwVoMr hr d¡Mm[aH$ ^y[_H$m J«m_rU gm{hË`mbm bm^bobr Amho. Á`m§Zr Á`m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJmVrb eoVH$ar,
_{hbm, eyÐm{VeyX«, H$m_Jma, _Oya `m§À`m pñWVr~Ôb {dMma _m§S>bo; Ë`mÀ`m {dMmam§Mm dmagm J«m_rU
gm{hË`mÀ`m _mJo Amho.
`m AWm©Zo _hmË_m \w$bo, S>m° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO, _hmË_m Jm§Ümr `m gdmªÀ`m
{dMmamMm à^md J«m_rU gm{hË`mda Amho. S>m°. ZmJZmW H$moVmnëbo `m§À`m nwñVH$mVrb "J«m_rU Am{U
àmXo{eH$ ñdê$n {dMma' `m boImV emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m MidirMm Am{U gË`emoYH$ Obem§Mm n[aUm_
J«m_rU gm{hË` {Z{_©Vrda Pmbobm Amho; Ago {dÜmmZ `oVo. amOfr© emhÿ Am{U _hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`m
MidirVyZ IoS>çmVrb eooVH$è`mMr pñWVr, Ë`mMo emofU H$aUmao KQ>H$ `mMr g_mOmbm OmUrd H$ê$Z
{Xbr OmV Ago. AWm©VM `m§Zm AmnU J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m àoaUm åhUy ímH$Vmo. eoVH$è`m§À`m Xw…Imbm
eoQ>Or, ^Q>Or d bmbOr (gaH$mar A{YH$mar) H$go H$maUrämyV AmhoV, `mMo {MÌU _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr
Amnë`m boIZmVyZ Ho$bo. eoVr, {eúmU, XwîH$mi, nma§nm[aH$ Y_©ì`dñWm, {d{dY nmVirda hmoUmao
eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU, Y_© d ~«måhU `m§Zr Ho$bobr \$gdUyH$, eoVH$ar ñÌrMo H$îQ>, Ë`mMo Kag§gma `m
gmè`mMo AË`§V gyú_ dU©Z _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. ho Ho$di dU©Z ZgyZ Ë`m_mJo eoVH$è`m§À`m
Xw…ImMm _moR>m H$idim Amho.
H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a ho _hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`mM gË`emoYH$s na§naoVrb AmhoV. 1877 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr
"XrZ~§Ümy' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV ~ir~m nmQ>rb hr _amR>rVrb n{hbr J«m_rU H$mX§~ar {b{hbr (AmZ§X `mXd
_mÌ _amR>rVrb n{hbr J«m_rU H$mX§~ar åhUyZ YZwYm©ar `m§À`m {namOr nmQ>rb `m H$mX§~arMm CëboI
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H$aVmV. ZmJZmW H$moVmnëbo ~ir~m nmQ>rb `m H$mX§~arg _amR>rVrb n{hbr J«m_rU H$mX§~ar _mZVmV.)
gË`emoYH$s na§naoVrb _wH§w$X nmQ>rb `m§Mr "T>É>memñÌr namÞo' hr H$mX§~ar, YZw©Ymar `m§Mr {namOr nmQ>rb
hr H$mX§~ar Am{U h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o `m§Mr "H$mi Va _moR>m H$R>rU Ambm' hr H$Wm `m AmYw{ZH$ J«m_rU
gm{hË`mÀ`m AmYma^yV àoaÊmmM R>aVmV. _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Mr "IoS>`mH$S>o Mbm' hr 1925 _Ümrb KmofUm
Am{U _hfu {dÇ>b am_Or {e§Xo `m§Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m`©hr {VVHo$M _hÎdnyU© Amho.
· ì`m»`m Am{U d¡{eîQ>ço
J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr Midi hrM J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr àoaUm Amho. J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr AmÚ àñ\w$aUo
hrM nwT>rb J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr àoaH$ ímŠVr Amho. h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o `m§Mo eoVH$ar{df`H$ boIZhr
CëboIZr` R>aVo. _mÌ 1920 Vo 1945 Xaå`mZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo J«m_rU gm{hË` ho Ho$di a§OZdmXr hmoVo.
a{d{H$aU _§S>imVrb H$dr {Jare d `ed§V `m§Mr H${dVm Am{U J. b. R>moH$i (JmdJw§S> hr H$mX§~ar),
J. Í`§. _mS>ImobH$a, _. ^m. ^mogbo, \$S>Ho$-Im§S>oH$a, a. dm. {XKo (gamB©, nmUH$im `m H$mX§~è`m) `m§Mo
gm{hË` Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmVM AS>Hy$Z nS>bo "JmdmÀ`m _mVrMo g§ñH$ma, VoWrb g_yhmMr OrdZe¡br, _mVr
Am{U _mUg§ `m~ÔbMm {Oìhmim, JmdÀ`m g_ñ`m d na§nam VgoM {ZgJ© Am{U ~mobr `m§Mr AmË_r`Vm
Á`m gm{hË`mV AgVo Ë`mbm "J«m_rU gm{hË`' åhUVm `oB©b AdVaU Q>mH$m `m gm{hË`mMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>`o
nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm `oVrb.
1. J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr, Hw$Q>w>§~, Om{VaMZm, g_yh H|${ÐVVm Am{U {ZgJ©gÝ_wIVm `m§Zm J«m_rÊm gm{hË`
àmYmÝ` XoVo. `m nmM JmoîQ>r H§o$ÐñWmZr AmhoV.
2. n[aga, {ZgJ©, bmoH$OrdZ, na§nam, lÜXm A§YlÜXm, gU{dYr, JmdJmS>m, ZmVrJmoVr, ~bwVoXmar,
J«m_n§Mm`V, Xw…I, X¡Ý`, Xm[aÐ`, AkmZ, XwîH$mi, H$mir AmB©, _yë`g§ñH¥$Vr, J«m_~mobr, nma Am{U
{edma `m§Zm J«m_rÊm gm{hË`mMo ¿mQ>H$ _mZVm `oB©b.
3. {ZgJ© Am{U ~mobr^mfm `m§Zmhr J«m_rU gm{hË`mV _hËdmMo ñWmZ Amho. J«m_rU _Zwî` hm
{ZgJ©gÝ_wI Am{U ~mobr{ZîR> Amho. J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo _hmamîQ´>mVrb AZoH$ ~mobtMo OVZ Ho$bo Amho.
JmoVmdim H$mX§~arMr ~mobr H$moëhmnwar Va YJ H$mX§~arMr ~mobr dèhmS>r Amho. {ZgJm©bm gOJ Ho$bo Amho.
{ZgJ© hm KQ>H$ OrdZmMmM EH$ ^mJ ~Zbm.
4. Vmo Vmo H$mbI§S> Am{U Ë`mdoioÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m, J«m_rU bmoH$m§À`m g_ñ`m `mM J«m_rU
gm{hË`mÀ`m àoaUm ~Zë`m AmhoV. H$mi ~Xbbm, g_ñ`m ~Xbë`m; Ë`m_wio J«m_rU gm{hË`mMm {df`
d Ame` ~XbV Joë`mMo {XgVo.
· dmQ>Mmb Am{U {dH$mg
J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m, àoaUm, d¡{eîQ>`o nm{hë`mZ§Va AmnUmg Ë`mMr dmQ>Mmb Am{U
{dH$mgmMo Q>ßno nmhVm `oVrb. H$mhr Zm|Xr AmnU àÏm_V… H$ê$ `m. AmZ§X `mXd `m§Zr n{hbr _amR>r
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J«m_rU H$mX§~ar åhUyZ YZwYm©ar `m§À`m "{namOr nmQ>rb' `m H$mX§~arMm CëboI Ho$bm Amho. `m CbQ>
ZmJZmÏm H$moVmnëbo H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a `m§À`m "~ir~m nmQ>rb' `m H$mX§~arMm CëboI H$aVmV. n{hbr._amR>r
J««m_rU H$d{`Ìr åhUyZ ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar `m§Mm CëboI AmZ§X `mXd H$aVmV. _amR>r _mVrMm n{hbm
àmXo{eH$ J«m_rU H$mX§~arH$ma åhUyZ AmZ§X `mXd `m§§Zr a. dm. {XKo `m§Mm CëboI Ho$bm Amho..Ama§^H$mimV
{d.g. gwIQ>UH$a Am{U bú_Uamd gaXogmB© `m§Zr Jmo_§VH$ (Jmodm) nmœ©^y_rbm R>odyZ H$mhr H$Wm {b{hë`m
AmhoV. Á`mbm AmnÊm J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m AmÚ àoaUm åhUVmo Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm `oB©b.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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9.
10.
_hmË_m \w$bo `m§Mo gm{hË`
H¥$îUamd ^mboH$am§Mr "~ir~m nmQ>rb' hr H$mX§~ar
_wH§w$X nmQ>rb `m§À`m "T>É>memñÌr namÞo' d "hmoirMr nmoir' `m H$mX§~è`m
"Hw$bH$Uu brbm_¥V' hm _wH§w$X nmQ>rb `m§Mm {dS>§~Z H$mì`g§J«h
YZwYm©ar `m§Mr "{namOr nmQ>rb' hr H$mX§~ar
YZwYm©ar `m§MrM "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or' hr AZwdm{XV H$mX§~ar
h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o `m§Mr "H$mi Va _moR>m H$R>rU Ambm' hr H$Wm
_hfu {dÇ>b am_Or qeXo `m§Zr _m§S>bobo eoVH$è`m§Mo Xw…I
gË`emoYH$ Obgo Am{U amOfu emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo H$m`©
_hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§Mr IoS>çmH$S>o Mbm hr KmofUm
Iao Va `m àoaUm åhUOoM J«m_rÊm gm{hË`mÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m dmQ>MmbrVrb R>iH$ Zm|Xr AmhoV, ho
búmmV `oB©b. J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m {dH$mgmMo, dmQ>MmbrMo àma§^rMo àoaUmXm`r Q>ßno AmhoV. h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o
`m§Zr 1897 _Ü`o {b{hbobr H$Wm; XwîH$mimV Xw…ImMo {Xdg H§$R>Umè`m eoVH$ar Hw$Q>w§~mMr Amho. AmOhr
\$maímr n[apñWVr ~Xbbr Zmhr.
J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m 1920 Vo 1945 `m H$mbI§S>mV a§OH$ J«m_rU H$Wm {b{hbr Jobr. {d.g.
gwIQ>ÊmH$a Am{U bú_U gaXogmB© `m§À`m H$mhr AndmXmË_H$ H$Wm gmoS>ë`m Va `m H$mimVrb J«m_rU
gm{hË` a§OZdmXr hmoVo. J«m_rU nmœ©^y_rda \w$bV OmUmè`m e¥§Jm[aH$ ào_H$Wm Ago Ë`mMo ñdê$n Agë`mMo
bjmV `ooVo. \w$bo-emhÿ-Am§~oS>H$a Am{U {d.am. {e§Xo `m§Zr J«m_rU gm{hË`mbm {Xbobm d¡Mm[aH$ dmagm
H$mhrgm _mJo nS>ë`mMo `m H$mimV {XgVo. _mÌ lr. _. _mQ>o `m§À`m H$WmboIZmnmgyZ _amR>r J«m_rÊm
gm{hË`mbm d¡^dmMo {Xdg Amë`mMo {XgVo. Cno{jVm§Mo A§Va§J Am[U _mUwgH$sMm J{hda `m Ë`m§À`m XmoZ
H$Wmg§J«hm§Zr nwT>o Ambobo J«m_rU {díd dmñVd hmoVo. X{bV Am{U eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya, pñÌ`m, bhmZ _wbo
`m§À`m~Ôb lr. _. _mQ>o `m§Zr Á`m AmË_r`VoZo H$Wm {b{hë`m Vem H$Wm _amR>r gm{hË`mV Šd{MVM
{b{hë`m Joë`m AgVrb. lr. _. _mQ>o `m§Zm _amR>r J«m_rU H$WoMo AJ«XyV åhQ>bo Jobo Amho. AWm©VM `m
H$mimV _amR>r J«m_rU gm{hË` a§OZdmXmVyZ ~mhoa nS>ë`mMo OmUdVo. 1945 Z§Va `m gm{hË`mZo Zdr Pon
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¿moVbr. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a `m§À`m _mUXoer _mUgm§Zr Am{U ~ZJadmS>r `m H$mX§~arZo J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m
H$jm {dñVmaë`m. "_mUXoer _mUg§' Añgb _mVrMm JwUY_© KoD$Z Ambobr hmoVr. _mUXoemMr ñd^md
d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`m§À`mV hmoVr. VoWrb _mVrMo JwUY_© _mS>JyiH$am§Zr Amnë`m `m H$WmVyZ {M{ÌV Ho$bo.
"~ZJadmS>r' `m H$mX§~arVyZ Ë`m§Zr EH$ IoS>o C^o Ho$bo. VoWo AgUmao YZJa, emim_mñVa, JmdnwT>mar
(H$ma^mar) `m§À`m eãX{MÌmVyZ JmdmÀ`m g_ñ`m, amJbmo^, {Oìhmim, na§nam, Xw…I `m§Mr _m§S>Êmr Ho$br.
Ë`m§À`m ~amo~arZo ím§H$a nmQ>rb, X. _m. {_amgXma, aU{OV XogmB© Ago boIH$ {bhÿ bmJbo. AJXrM `mXr
Úmd`mMr Pmë`mg nwT>o AmZ§X `mXd, am. a§. ~moamS>o, gIm H$bmb, ~m~m nmQ>rb, MméVm gmJa, _hmXod
_moao, ^mñH$a M§XZ{ed, a§JZmW nR>mao, à{V_m B§Jmobo, amOZ Jdg, gXmZ§X Xoe_wI, CÕd eoiHo$,
~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yar, ~m~mamd _wgio, AmÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o, AmZ§X nmQ>rb, VmZmOr amD$ nmQ>rb, _mohZ nmQ>rb,
a§Jamd ~mny nmQ>rb, Zm. Ymo. _hmZmoa, B§Ð{OV ^mboamd, lrH$m§V Xoe_wI, Zmam`U Hw$bH$Uu-H$dR>oH$a,
àH$me hmoiH$a, Ho$ed Xoe_wI, g§Vmoîm nÙmH$a ndma, {dÇ>b dm¿m, h_rX XbdmB© `mgma»`m boIH$ Am{U
H$dtMr Zmdo ¿moVm `oVrb. `mMr H$mhr _m§S>Ur nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm `oB©b.
1. H$mX§~arH$ma … ì`§H$Q>oe _mSJyiH$a (~ZJadmS>r), AmZ§X `mXd (Pm|~r, JmoVmdim, Zm§JaUr,
Kaq^Vr), am. a§. ~moamS>o (nmMmoim), CÕd ímoiHo$ (YJ), AmÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o (\${H$am), h_rX XbdmB©
(B§YZ), e§H$a nmQ>rb (Q>ma\w$bm), _mohZ nmQ>rb (Im§XonmbQ> Am{U {bJmS>, ~ñVmZ, gmIa\o$am), amOZ
Jdg (VUH$Q>, äm§S>ma^moJ, Mm¡S>H§$, ~-~irMm) gXmZ§X Xoe_wI (~mamo_mg, VhmZ), ~m~mamd _wgio
(hmë`m hmë`m XyY Xo) ~mbmOr _XZ B§Jio ({P_ nmoar {P_) H¥$îUmV ImoV (JmdR>mU, am¡§Xmim)
2. H$WmH$ma … lr. _. _mQ>o (Cno{jVm§Mo A§Va§J, _mUwgH$rMm J{hda), ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a
(JmdmH$S>À`m JmoîQ>r, H$mir AmB©, _mUXoer _mUg§), AmZ§X `mXd (Iimi, CIS>bobr PmS>o), gIm
H$bmb (T>J, gm§O), AmZ§X nmQ>rb (\w$JS>`m), aU{OV XogmB© (d¡emI, AmfmT>, H$mVi), _hmXod _moao
({MVmH$), MméVm gmJa (ZmJrU, ZXrnma, _m_mMm dmS>m), ^mñH$a M§XZ{ed (bmb {MIb, Zdr dmê$i§,
A§Jma _mVr), gXmZ§X Xoe_wI (Iw§XiKmg), amOZ Jdg (AmnU _mUgmV O_m Zmhr), e§H$a nmQ>rb
({ZdS>H$ e§H$a nmQ>rb, g§nmXH$ dm.b. Hw$bH$Uu), Amgmam_ bmo_Q>o (BS>m nrS>m Q>imo), X._m. {_amgXma
(_mÂ`m ~mnmMr n§oS>, ga{_gi, ^moH$admS>rÀ`m JmoîQ>r) AmÊÊmm ^mD$ gmR>oÀ`m àm{V{Z{YH$ H$Wm (g§nmXH$
S>m°. Eg. Eg. ^mogbo)
IoS>çmda hmoUmè`m AmH«$_UmMm n{hbm ~Xb aoImQ>bm Vmo AmZ§X `mXd `m§Zr Amnë`m "CIS>bobr
PmS>o' `m H$Wmg§J«hmV. 1975-80 Z§Va gmaoM OZOrdZ ~XbV Jobo. àgma_mÜ`_m§Mo AmH«$_U,
OmJ{VH$sH$aU, _wŠV AW©ì`dñWm `m§Zr IoS>r CX²ÜdñV Pmbr. J«m_rU _mUgo XoemoYS>rbm bmJbr. J«m_rU
VéUm§nwT>o eharH$aUmMo AZoH$ _moh C^o am{hbo. ZmVr-{Oìhmim g§nV Jobm. `m gmè`m§Mo {MÌU
E|ímrZ§VaÀ`m boIH$m§Zr Amnë`m 1H$Wm-H$mX§~è`mVyZ Ho$bobo Amho. `m g§X^m©V VUH$Q>, {P_ nmoar {P_,
am¢Xmim, ~-~irMm, bmb {MIb, nmMmoim, ÜmJ, H$mnygH$mi, VhmZ, MmioJV (àdrU ~m§XoH$a), Hw§$Xm
(AemoH$ H$m¡{VH$ H$moir) Aem _hËdnyU© gm{hË`H¥$VrMm Cëbo»m H$aVm `oB©b. doJir dmQ> MmoImiUmao
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MméVm gmJa, _hmXod _moao AmhoVM. ~XbVo J«m_dmñVd Ë`m§À`m boIZmVyZ `oV Amho.
1.4 ímãXmW© d {Q>nm
gË`emoYH$s Obgo … _hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`m gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr Am{U {dMmam§Mr H$m`©H$V©o
IoS>monmS>r OmD$Z OZOmJ¥Vr H$arV AgV. Ë`mVyZ eoVH$è`mMr Xþ…IpñWVr _m§S>V.
H$mir … Á`m O{_ZrV noaUr H$aVmV Vr O_rZ hmoo`. _mVrÀ`m a§Jmdê$Z {Vbm H$mir åhUVmV.
nm§T>ar … bmoH$ dñVr H$aVmV Vr OmJm, Kao-dñVr-emim-_§{Xa Aer g_yh{ZîR>Vm. Kao nm§T>è`m
_mVrMr ~m§YVmV Ë`mdê$Z Ambobo {deofU.
1.5 g_mamo n
_amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m àm§VmMm {dMma Ho$bm Va X{bV d J«m_rU ho XmoZ gH$g gm{hË`àdmh {Z_m©U
Pmbobo AmhoV, Ago {XgVo. `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`àdmhm§Zr _amR>r ^mfm d gm{hË` g_¥Õ Ho$bo Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr,
_mUyg Am{U {ZgJ© `m§Mo ZmVog§~§Y ÑT> H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ho gm{hË` H$aVo. J«m_rU gm{hË` Ho$di J«m_rUM
ZgyZ Ë`mbm Ë`m Ë`m àmXo{eH$VoMmhr Moham Amho. Ë`m_wio H$moëhmnya, H$moH$U, _mUXoe, ImZXoe, dèhmS>
BË`mXr n«m§VmVrb J«m_g§ñH$¥Vr, VoWrb eoVH$ar d ímoVrer {ZJ{S>V g_ñ`m, VoWrb ~mobrVrb eãX d
bH$~r `m§Mohr {X½Xe©Z J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo Ho$bo Amho. _amR>rVrb n{hbr J«m_rU H$mX§~ar H$moUVr ? J«m_rU
d àmXo{eH$ Ago gdVo gw^o H$amdoV H$m ? J«m_rU gm{hË` ho gmo`rgmR>rMo erf©H$ Amho, J«m_rU
gm{hË`mMm doJim dJ© ZH$mo; Aem AZoH$ MMm©-dmXm§VyZ AmO J«m_rU gm{hË`mbm ñd`§{gÕ dmS²_`rZ
_yë` àmá Pmbobo Amho. J«m_rU gm{hË` nwaogo g_¥Õ Amho, Am{U AmVm hm àdmh ^{dî`H$mbrZ
dmQ>MmbrgmR>rhr AmídmgH$ ~Zbm Amho Ago åhÊmVm `oVo.
1.6 dmMZ
J«m_rÊm gm{hË` Midirbm Zo_H$m Ho$ìhmnmgyZ àma§^ Pmbm, ho gm§JUo Vgo \$ma Ad¿mS> Amho. EImXo
H$m_ A_yV© ñdê$nmV gwê$ ìhmdo, EH$m hmVmZo ho H$m_ gwê$ AgVmZmM Xwgè`m hmVmZo `m hmVmbm `oD$Z
{_imdo, Xwgè`m hmVmZo, {Vgè`m hmVmbm `oD$Z {_imdo. {Vgè`m hmVmbm MdÏ`m hmVmZo `oD$Z {_imdo...H$mhr
H$mbmdYrZ§Va EH$mMdoir AZoH$ hmVm§Zr ho H$m_ hmoV ahmdo, `m H$m_mbm hiyhiy _yV© ê$n `oV Omdo, `m
_yV© ê$nmbm H$iV ZH$iV EImXo Zmd `oD$Z {^S>mdo, Vgo H$mhrgo J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMo Pmbob.o Amho.
J«m_rU gm{hË` Midirbm _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mo A{YîR>mZ Amho, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
nU OmoVramd \w$ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mr d J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMr gwg§JV d gwì`dpñWV _m§S>Êmr H$aÊ`mV
`m MidirMo àdV©H$ H$_r nS>bo AmhoV, ho ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr.
X{bV gm{hË` MidirVrb AmH«$_H$Vm, {VMo PnmQ>bonU, X{bV gm{hË` MidirÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m
H$mimVbm _Vr Hww§$R>rV H$aUmam àM§S> doJ Am{X ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z X{bV gm{hË` MidirMr d
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J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMr Zoh_rM VwbZm Ho$br OmVo, nU Aer VwbZm H$aUo J¡a Amho, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo.
X{bV gm{hË` Midi d J«m_rU gm{hË` Midi `m XmoÝhr Midir _ybV…M {^Þ AmhoV. X{bV
gm{hË` Midihr OmVr ì`dñÏmoer {ZJ{S>V Amho, Va àm_w»`mZ§ J«m_rU gm{hË` Midi hr AW©ì`dñWoer
{ZJ{S>V Amho. emofUmMo g§X^© XmoÝhr Midirbm bmJy hmoVmV. nU ho emofU {^Þ ñVam§daMo Amho. {^Þ
ñdê$nmMo Amho. OmVrÀ`m àíZmda _mUgo nQ>H$Z EH$Ì `oVmV, Amnbo emofU H$aUmao H$moUVo KQ>H$ AmhoV
ho Ë`m§Zm nQ>H$Z R>a{dVm `oVo; gm§JVm `oVo; nU Am{W©H$ emofUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Vgo ¿mS>V Zmhr. `mMo
H$maUhr ñnîQ>, CKS> Amho. ^maVr` AW©ì`dñÏmoMr aMZmM Aer Pmbobr Amho H$s H$iV ZH$iV EH$
Xwgè`mMo emofU H$arV amhVo. Am{U Ago Ooìhm KS>Vo Voìhm Ë`m§Mm g_yh V`ma hmoUo `m g_whmbm
AmH«$_H$Vm `oÊmo, àM§S> doJ àmá hmoUo \$ma AdKS> OmVo. OmVrì`dñWm Ho$ìhm Zm Ho$ìhm Var ZîQ> hmoUma
AmhoV, OmVrì`dñWoMo gmao g§X^© Ë`mdoir nwgbo OmUma AmhoV. nU AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m ~m~VrV Ago KS>ob
Ago AmOVar dmQ>V Zmhr. Am{W©H$ emofUmÀ`m bT>`mbm AmOVar A§V {XgV Zmhr. åhUyZM J«m_rU
gm{hË` Midirbm H$mimÀ`m gr_maofm {ZX©o{eV H$aVm `oV ZmhrV.
J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMm Zo_H$m OÝ_H$mi gm§JVm `oV Zgbm, Var 1970-72 gmbmÀ`m
Amgnmg J«m_rU gm{hË` Midi AmH$ma KoD$ bmJbr, Ago T>mo~i _mZmZo åhUVm `oB©b. `m H$mimVbm
~hþVm§e dmMH$ ZmJar A{^éMr Agbobm hmoVm. OdiOdi gJirM à{gÕr_mÜ`_o ZmJar A{^éMr
Agboë`m bmoH$m§À`m hmVmV hmoVr. A_wH$ àH$maMm Moham _moham Agbobr J«m_rU gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Ho$br
H$s, Vr MQ>H$Z _mÝ`Vm nmdVo, `mMr OmUrd Ë`m H$mimVë`m J«m_rU boIH$m§Zm hmoVr d Ë`mZwgma Vo
gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$arV hmoVo. AmnU AmË_d§MZm H$arV AmhmoV, AmnU {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m J«m_rU gm{hË`mV
Amnë`mM _mUgmMr AmnU qQJbQ>dmir H$arV AmhmoV, `mMohr Ë`m§Zm AmË_^mZ XoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. J«m_rU
gm{hË` MidirZo boIH$m§Zm AmË_^mZ XoÊ`mMo _mobmMo H$m_ Ho$bo.
J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirZo J«m_rU gm{h{Ë`H$m§Zm AmË_^mZ XoÊ`mMo _mobmMo H$m_ Ho$ë`mMm _r da
CëboI Ho$bm Amho. ho AmË_^mZ åhUOo H$m` ho _bm ñnîQ> H$amd`mg hdo, Á`m IoS>`mV _r OÝ_bmo,
IoS>çmVë`m Á`m KamV _r bhmZmMm _moR>m Pmbmo, Ë`m Kambm AmJ bmJbr Va Ë`m KamVbm EH$ KQ>H$
åhUyZ _mPo H$V©ì` H$m`? Aem àg§Jr EH$ boIH$ åhUyZ _mPo H$V©ì` H$m`? Ë`m KamVbm EH$ KQ>H$
åhUyZ _r Ë`m ¿mamH$S>o Ymdm`bm hdo, Vr AmJ {dPdÊ`mMm _r à`ËZ H$am`bm hdm. Vr AmJ
bmdUmè`mMm _r emoY ¿`md`mg hdm; ho Pmbo Ë`m KamVbm EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ _mPo Agbobo H$V©ì`. nU
`mM àg§Jr boIH$ åhUyZ _mP§ H$V©ì` H$m`? Ë`m Kambm bmJboë`m AmJrM§ `eñdr {MÌU Ho$bo Va
VodT`mV boIH$ åhUyZ _mPr O~m~Xmar g§nVo H$m`? AmË_^mZmMm g§X^© XoD$Z ~mobm`Mo Pmbo Va
VodT>`mZo _mPr O~m~Xmar g§nVoM Ago Zmhr. Ë`m Kambm bmJboë`m AmJrÀ`m `WmW© {MÌUm~amo~aM Vr
AmJ bmdUmao hmV H$moUVo AmhoV `mH$S>o Ogo dmMH$m§Mo bj doYmd`mg hdo, Ë`mà_mUoM `m hmVmMm `mo½`
Vmo ~§Xmo~ñV ìhmdm `mgmR>r dmMH$m§Mr _Zo V`ma H$amd`mg hdrV.
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WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm`Mo åhUOo, ho OrdZ Ag§ Amho ho gm§JU§, {OVHo$ Amdí`H$ Amho {VVHo$M ho OrdZ
Ag§ H$m Amho ho gm§JUohr Amdí`H$ Amho.
J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirZo J«m_rU gm{h{Ë`H$m§À`m boIZmbm {Xem XoÊ`mMo _mobmMo H$m_ Ho$bobo
Amho, ho _r da Z_yX Ho$boboM Amho. hr Midi gwê$ hmoÊ`mÀ`m AJmoXa àË`oH$ gm{hpË`H$ gwQ>m gwQ>m,
EH$Q>m hmoVm. _mUgo Ooìhm gwQ>r gwQ>r, EH$Q>r AgVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zm H$go dmJdm`Mo ho R>a{dUo gmono AgVo.
nU `m _mUgm§Mm Ooìhm g_yh V`ma hmoVmo, EH$m {d{eîQ> {dMmamZo hr _mUgo Ooìhm EH$Ì `oVmV, EH$m
R>am{dH$ gyÌm§Zr hr _mUg§ Ooìhm EH$Ì Jw§\$br OmVmV, Voìhm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo, Ë`m§Mo ApñVËd
ZmH$maUo \$ma Ad¿mS> AgVo. gwQ>çm gwQ>çm, EH$Q>çm _mUgmMm AmdmO Xm~Uo Vgo \$ma gmono AgVo. nU
`m gJiçm§Mm AmdmO Ooìhm EH$ hmoVmo, `m AmdmOmbm Ooìhm gm_y{hH$ ê$n bm^Vo, Voìhm hm AmdmO
Xm~Uo \$ma AdKS> OmV AgVo. J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirZo gd© J«m_rU gm{hpË`H$m§Zm EH$Ì AmUbo. Ë`m§Zm
EH$m {d{eîQ> gyÌmV Jmodbo. Ë`m§À`mV g_yhmMo ~i {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Ë`m§Mo A{ñVËd ZmH$maUo AdKS> Ho$bo.
J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirZo J«m_rU gm{h{Ë`H$m§Zm à{VîR>m {Xbr. AmË_gÝ_mZ {Xbm. BVHo$M Zìho, Va BVa
Oo Xþb©{jV AmhoV, Cno{jV KQ>H$ AmhoV-Ë`m§Zmhr Ë`m§À`m ApñVËdmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xbr. Ë`m§Zmhr
ñdËdmMr OmUrd {Xbr.
hr OmÊmrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mg lr. eaX Omoer `m§À`m ZoV¥Ëdm»mmbr eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZmXoIrb H$mhr A§ímr
H$maUrämyV Amho. eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m `m bT>`mZo eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZm§{df`r _bm Am{U _mÂ`mgma»`m
H$mhr J«m_rU gm{h{Ë`H$m§Zm A§V_w©I Ho$bo. _mÂ`m Am{U _mÂ`m à_mÊmoM BVa H$mhr J«m_rU gm{hpË`H$m§À`m
gm{hË`mV eoVH$è`m§À`m OrdZmMo {MÌÊm `oV hmoVo. nU Vo ~hþVm§er JmdmVbo, eoVH$è`m§À`m KamVbo hmoVo.
J«m_OrdZmMm EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ, Hw$Qw>§~mMm à_wwI KQ>H$ EdT>`mnwaVoM ho {MÌU _`m©{XV hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Mo
eoVH$ar åhUyZ àË`j eoVrVbo OJUo A^mdmZoM _mÂ`m Am{U _mÂ`mgma»`m BVa H$mhr J«m_rU
gm{hpË`H$m§À`m gm{hË`mV `oV hmooVo. eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m bT>`mZo eoVH$è`m§À`m Iè`mIwè`m àíZm§H$S>o bj
doYbo. eoVH$è`m§Zm d ímoV_Owam§Zm Oo hrZ-XrZ OrdZ OJmdo bmJVo, Ë`mbm Ho$di {ZgJ©M H$maUrämyV
Zmhr, Va eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU H$aUmao {d{dY KQ>H$, gwbVmZr g§H$Q>o H$maUr^yV AmhoV. `m XoemVbm
H$moUVmhr CËnmXH$ Amnë`m CËnmXZmbm Amboë`m IMm©Mm {hemo~ V`ma H$aVmo, Amnë`mbm hì`m
Agboë`m Zâ`mMr, {dH«$oË`mbm Úmì`m bmJUmè`m H${_eZMr, CËnmXZmMr qH$_V {ZpíMV H$aVmo. nU
eoVr_mbmMo CËnmXZ H$aUmam eoVH$ar hm EH$M `m XoemVbm Agm KQ>H$ Amho H$r, Ë`mbm Amnë`m
CËnmXZmMm IM© R>a{dVm `oV Zmhr. `m CËnmXZmda {H$Vr H${_eZ ¿`m`Mo, ho R>a{dVm `oV Zmhr. AWdm
`m CËnmXZmda Amnbm {H$Vr Z\$m hdm Amho, hohr R>a{dÊ`mMm Ë`mbm A{YH$ma Zmhr. Am{U åhUyZ Vmo
gd©M ñVam§da emofUmMm ~ir R>aV Amho.
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo ho {dXmaH$ gË` bmoH$m§g_moa AmUbo. BVHo$M Zìho, Va eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo `m
àíZm§da bT>m C^m Ho$bm. eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m `m bT>`mMm aoQ>m J«m_rU gm{hË` Midirbm {_iob, Ago
gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV dmQ>bo hmoVo. nU Vgo KS>bo Zmhr. 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
KS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm dmQ>V Zmhr. eoVH$ar g§¿mQ>Zm
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AW©H$maUmnbrH$S>o OmÊ`mg gÜ`mVar V`ma Zmhr. Am{W©H$ g§nÞVm Ambr H$s AmnmoAmnM gwg§ñH¥$VVm
`oVo, Aer lr. eaX Omoer `m§Mr `m~m~VMr ^y{_H$m Amho. gm{hË` ho bT>`mMo _mÜ`_ hmoD$ eH$Vo, `mda
lr. eaX Omoer `m§Mm {dídmg Zgmdm Ago {XgVo. _wimV Jwbm_mbm _mob Zgë`m_wio Ë`mZo {Z_m©U
Ho$boë`m gm{hË`mbm H$m` _mob AgUma? Agm Ë`m§Mm `m~m~VMm gdmb Amho.
J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMr gwédmV hmoD$Z \$ma df©o Pmbr ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio EdT>`mVM `m MidirMo
_yë`_mnZ H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. Varhr A§V_w©I hmoD$Z `m MidirMm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r, nwT>À`m
dmQ>MmbrÀ`m {Xem R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r `m MidirMm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mg haH$V Zgmdr, Agm AmT>mdm KoVbm
AgVm AmnUmbm H$m` {Xgob? J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMr AmOn`ªVMr dmQ>Mmb nwwaogo g_mYmZ XoV
Zmhr. EH$m {OÔrZo, Omo_mZo, Bf©oZo hr Midi Mmbob, Ago _Ü`§VarÀ`m H$mimV dmQ>bo hmoVo. nU Ë`m~m~V
gme§H$Vm {Z_m©U ìhmdr Aer gÜ`m `m MidirMr pñWVr Amho. J«m_rU gm{hË` MidirMr JVr
_§Xmdbr Amho ho _mÝ` H$am`bm hdo. (J«m_rU gm{hË` Midi … am. a§. ~moamS>o `m§Mm boI : dmS²>_`rZ
Midir Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ, g§nmXZ gw_Vr bm§S>o, ímãXmb` àH$meZ 2008, lram_nya)
1.7 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
bKwËVar àíZ
1.
J«m_g§ñH¥$VrMo {deof Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.
2. "J«m_rU g§doXZerbVm' åhUOo H$m` Vo ñnîQ> H$am.
3. "J«m_rUVm' ho dmS²>_`rZ _yë` H$go R>aVo Vo {bhm.
4. J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m àoaUm {bhm.
5. 1920 n`ªVMm àma§^rÀ`m H$mimVrb J«m_rU gm{hË`mMm {dH$mg Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.
1.8 àíZmoËVa
J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm.
n«mñVm{dH$ … J«m_rU gm{hË` hm gmYmaUV… 1960 Z§Va JVrZo nwT>o Ambobm gm{hË`àdmh Amho.
gmR>nydu lr. _. _mQ>o `m§À`m Cno{jVm§Mo A§Va§J Am{U _mUwgH$sMm J{hda `m H$Wmg§J«hm§Zr `m
gm{hË`àdmhmMr CÎm_ gwédmV Ho$br hmoVr. àma§^rÀ`m H$mir _mÌ _hmË_m \w$bo `m§À`m gm{hË`mZo J«m_rU
gm{hË`mMr nmíd©^y_r V`ma H$ê$Z R>odbr. H¥$îUamd ^mboH$a, _wHw§$X nmQ>rb, YZwYm©ar, h[a^mD$ AmnQ>o
`m§Mohr `moJXmZ Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho.
{ddoMZ … 1960 Z§Va gwê$ Pmbobr J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr Midi 1970-75 _Ü`o Omoa Yê$
bmJbr, Vmon`©§V Ë`mMo nS>gmX åhUyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrb {nT>r {bhÿ bmJbr hmoVr. 1975 Z§Va ~XbË`m
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J«m_rU OrdZmMm, ehamMo IoS>`mda hmoUmè`m AmH«$_UmMm doYhr J«m_rU gm{hË`mVyZ KoVbm OmD$ bmJbm.
Aem J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr d¡{eîQ>`o nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
1. J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr, J«m_g_mO, eoVr d eoVH$ar, {ZgJ© Am{U ~mobr ho J«m_rUVoMo KQ>H$ AgyZ
J«m_rU gm{hË`mV ho KQ>H$ àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmV. J«m_rU OrdZe¡br `oWo _hËdmMr R>aVo.
2. J«m_rUVm ho dmS²>_`rZ _yë` åhUyZ J«m_rU gm{hË`mVyZ nwT>o `oVo. ímoVr, eoVH$ar, ~bwVoXma,
H$mê$Zmê$ `m§Mr OrdZnÜXVr, nrH$nmUr, XwîH$mi, lÜXm A§YlÜXm, gU, ar{V[admO, gmdH$mar,
ZXrZmbo, newnjr, àmUr, Aímm gd© _yV©-A_yV© JmoîQ>tMo ghOrdZ J«m_rU gm{hË`mV AgVo.
3. J«m_rU boIH$mda J«m_rU n[agamMo, J«m_rU dmVmdaUmMo g§ñH$ma Pmbobo AgVmV. Ë`mZwgmaM
Ë`mMr AZw^d KoÊ`mMr YmQ>Ur ~ZV AgVo. AWm©V hm boIH$ J«m_OrdZ aoImQ>Vmo. `m
boIH$m§À`m g§doXZímrbVobm J«m_rU g§doXZerbVm åhUVm `oB©b.
4. H¥${fì`dñWm Am{U JmdJmS>m ho J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`m AmñWooMo {df` AmhoV. g_yh ^mdZm,
emofUmg ZH$ma hr _yë`ohr `oÏmo Omonmgbr OmVmV.
5. J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo _amR>rÀ`m AZoH$ ~mobtZm OVZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. H$moëhmnwar, dèhmS>r,
S>m§Jr, A{hamUr, H$moH$Ur _mUXoer Aem àmXo{eH$ ~mobr J«m_rU gm{hË`m_wio {Z{üV Pmë`m.
dmMH$m§Zm Ë`mMm A{YH$ n[aM` Pmbm.
6. Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVr `m XmoZ JmoîQ>rVhr J«m_rU gm{hË`mV H$mhr à`moJ Pmbo. YJ, JmoVmdim,
gma»`m H$mX§~è`m ~mobr^mfoV {b{hë`m Joë`m. H$mhr gm{hË`H¥$VtZr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ~§Üm ñdrH$mabo
7. n[adV©ZmMo {dMma hrM J«m_rU gm{hË`mMr àoaUm Amho. Ë`m_wio _hmË_m \w$bo Vo _hmË_m Jm§Yr
`m§À`mn`ªV Á`m§Zr Á`m§Zr g_VoMo d n[adV©ZmMo d¡Mm[aH$ ~i {Xbo; Ë`mbm ñdrH$maÊ`mMo H$m`©
J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo Ho$bo Amho.
8. gm_y{hH$ ämmZm_wio J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo doimodoir hmoUmao ~Xb ñdrH$mabo. ~XbUmao J«m_dmñVd
gm{hË`H¥$VrV Ambo. gd© KQ>H$m§Zm gmo~V KoVë`mZo {ZgJ© d ~mobr `m KQ>H$m~amo~aM EH$
n`m©daUr` ^mZ J«m_rU gm{hË`mZo {Xbo.
g_mamon … dmaH$ar-_hmZw^md BWn`ªVhr J«m_rUVoMr na§nam emoYVm `oVo. 1920 Vo 1940 `m
H$mimV J«m_rU gm{hË` a§OZàYmZ am{hbo. Z§Va _mÌ `m gm{hË`mZo gm_m{OH$ d dmñVddmXr Moham
ñdrH$mabm.
1.9 dmMZ
J«m_rUVm … gm{hË` Am{U dmñVd (1981) AmZ§X `mXd, _ohVm àH$meZ, nwUo
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J«m_rU gm{hË` … ñdê$n Am{U g_ñ`m (1985) AmZ§X `mXd, _ohVm àH$meZ, nwUo
J«m_rU gm{hË` … ñdê$n Am{U emoY (1985) ZmJZmÏm H$moVmnëbo, _ohVm àH$meZ, nwUo
J«m_rU gm{hË` … EH$ qMVZ (1988) X. Vm. ^mogbo, _ohVm àH$meZ, nwUo
_amR>r H$WoMr pñWVrJVr (1995) A§Obr gmo_U, à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo
dmS²>_`rZ Midir Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ (2008) g§nmXH$ gw_Vr bm§S>o, eãXmb`, lram_nya
J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr (2000) AmZ§X `mXd, _ohVm àH$meZ, nwUo
1.10 CnH«$_
1. "XwîH$mim_wio eoVH$ar hV~b hmoD$Z AmË_hË`oMm {dMma H$aVmo' `m H$Wm~rOmÀ`m AmYmao
J«m_rÊm ^mfoV H$Wm {bhm.
2. Vw_À`m n[agamVrb J«m_rU boIH$mMr ^oQ> ¿`m; Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo AZw^dJ«hU d boIZ `m{dîm`r
MMm© H$am.
· · ·
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gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 2
~, ~irMm : Ame`gyÌo
2.1 C[ÔîQo>
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb Ame`gyÌm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg;
·
H$mX§~ar_Ü`o boIH$m§Zo H$moUH$moUË`m Ame`gyÌm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr AmhoV, `mMo AmH$bZ.hmoB©b.
·
`m H$mX§~ar_Yrb Ame`gyÌmÀ`m Aä`mgm§Vr g_mOmVrb H$moUH$moUVo àíZ boIH$mbm _hÎdmMo
dmQ>VmV `mMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
·
gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm_m{OH$ OrdZOm{Udm H$em àH$Q> hmoVmV Vo g_Oob.
·
J«m_dmñVdmMo Xe©Z doJdoJù`m n¡by§_YyZ AmnUmg CbKSy> eHo$b.
·
gm{hË`H¥$Vt_YyZ _m§S>boë`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoVm `oVrb.
2.2 àmñVm{dH$
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmnUmg ~,~irMm `m amOZ Jdg `m§À`m H$mX§~arMo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMo
Amho. H$moUË`mhr H$bmH¥$VrMo ñdê$n nhmd`mMo Agob Va Vr H$bmH¥$Vr H$moUË`m H$mbI§S>mV {Z_m©U
Pmbr, ho nhmdo bmJVo. H$maU H$bmH¥$Vr hr g_mOmMo AnË` AgVo. g_mOOrdZmMo à{Vq~~M
gm{hË`H¥$VrV nS>V AgVo. {edm` H$bmH¥$VrMm Aä`mg n[anyU© ìhmd`mMm Agbm, Va AmnUmg Oa
boIH$mMm n[aM` Agob; Va Ë`m boIH$mMr gm{hË`H¥$Vr H$iÊ`mg A{YH$ _XV {_iVo. Ë`m_wio AmnU
`m àH$aUmÀ`m gwédmVrgM dV©_mZ g_mOdmñVd Am{U boIH$mMm n[aM` WmoS>Š`mV nmhÿ.
amOZ Jdg ho _amR>r gm{hË`mVrb 1980 À`m XeH$mZ§VaMo _hÎdmMo boIH$ AmhoV. dV©_mZ
g_mOdmñVd dmñVdXeunUo Amnë`m H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m§_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr {M{ÌV Ho$bo Amho. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVr`
g_mOOrdZ AZoH$ àH$mam§Zr ~XbV Jobo. {ejU, g_mOH$maU, amOH$maU, Y_©H$maU, Om{VdmñVd AmXr
gd©M joÌmV bjUr` ~Xb KSy> bmJbo. {edm` 1990 Z§Va ImgJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU
`m_wio g_mOOrdZ H$_mbrMo ~XbyZ Jobo. MiditMm èhmg, ^m¡{VH$ gmYZ gw{dYm§Mr {Z{_©Vr, {dkmZmMm
A{ddoH$s dmna, gÎmmñnYm©, _mUgm-_mUgm§_Yrb g§dmXhrZVm `m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` _mUygM H$m`, nU gd©
g_mOM Z¡{VH$Vobm nmaIm Am{U namË_ ~Zy bmJbm-Xþ^§JyZ Jobm. g§doXZerb _mUgmMr Hw$M§~Zm hmoV
Jobr. Aem `m JaJaË`m g_mOdmñVdmbm {^S>m`Mo H$go? Agm àíZ H$bmd§V Am{U {dMmad§Vm§_Ü`o
_moR>çm à_mUmV {Z_m©U Pmbm. Aem JaJê$Z Q>mH$Umè`m dmñVdmV gmè`m g_mOmbmM EH$ àH$maÀ`m
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{XemhrZVoZo J«mgy bmJbo. AemàH$maMo AË`§V ApñWa Am{U Agwa{jV dmñVd eãXm§{H$V H$aUmao Oo
_moOHo$ _amR>r boIH$ AmhoV. Ë`mVrbM EH$ AmKmS>rMo Zmd åhUOo S>m°. amOZ Jdg ho AmhoV.
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H$Wm, H${dVm, H$mX§~ar, b{bVboI, ~mbgm{hË`, g_rjm, g§nmXZ Aer _wŠV
_wem{\$ar H$ê$Z _amR>r gm{hË`mV Amnbm Agm ñdV§Ì R>gm C_Q>dbm Amho. AmOhr {b{hVm hmV
Agboë`m amOZ Jdg `m§Zr Or gm{hË`g§nXm {Z_m©U Ho$br Amho, Vr ~hþ{dY Amho. Ë`m§Zr Mm¢S>H§$
(1985), ^§S>ma^moJ (1989), qYJmUm (1991), H$in (1997), VUH$Q> (1989) `m H$mX§~è`m
{b{hë`m AmhoV. [adUmdm`br _w§Jr (2001), AmnU _mUgmV O_m Zmhr (2008), T>d Am{U b»I D$Z
(g§nmXH$ : S>m°. aUYra qeXo (2010) ho H$Wmg§J«h VgoM H$mMmH$dS>çm (2006) H¡${\$`V (2010) ho
b{bV boIg§J«h Ë`m§Zr {b{hbobo AmhoV. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr {b{hbobo g_rjUmË_H$ {bImUhr XIb
KoÊ`mOmoJo Amho. ^mD$ nmÜ`o `m§Mr H$Wm (2010), ^mD$ nmÜ`o `m§Mr H$mX§~ar (2006), amoH$S>o nmPa
(2010), gr_m^mJmVrb _amR>r ~mobr (2009), V¥Vr`n§{W`m§Mr ~mobr (2010), _amR>rMo Ame``wŠV
AÜ`mnZ (1995), XodXmgr MiditMm B{Vhmg (2012) Aer g_rjm Am{U g§emoYZmË_H$ {bImUhr
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. "Mm§JXod MVwîQ>`m'g§~Yr (2000), Aì`ŠV _mUgm§À`m H$Wm (2011) hr
Ë`m§Mr g§nmXZohr n«H$m{eV AmhoV. {edm` hþ§XH$m (1982) hm Ë`m§Mm H${dVmg§J«h AgyZ, {d{dY X¡{ZHo
Am{U _m{gHo$, Xrnmdbr A§H$m_YyZ Vo gmVË`mZo boIZ H$arV AgVmV. _wamir `m _m{gH$mMo Vo g§nmXH$
AgyZ `m _m{gH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU n[agamVrb Zdmo{XV boIH$, H$dtZm Ë`m§Zr ì`mgnrR> {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr _moOHo$M nU _hÎdnyU© ~mbgm{hË`hr {b{hbobo Amho.
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr n{ü_ _hmamîQ>´mVrb eoVH$ar, H$m_H$ar, XodXmgr Aem AZoH$ Midir OdiyZ
nm{hë`m-Aä`mgë`m AgyZ `m MidirV àm_m{UH$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m ^y{_Ho$V Vo dmdabo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zm J«m_rU g_mOH$maU, amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, ^m§S>dbr ì`dñWm BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMo gOJ ^mZ Amho.
Am{U ho ^mZ Ë`m§À`m gd©M gm{hË`H¥$Vt_YyZ gmVË`mZo nmPaV amhVo. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr _w»`V: npíM_
_hmamîQ>´ Ë`mVhr JmaJmoQ>r, AmOam, JS>qh½bO, {ZnmUr, _waJyS> Aem gr_mdVu n[agamVrb _mUgm§Mo,
{ZgJm©Mo, g_mOdmñVdmMo OrdZ{dœ - OrdZOm{Udm `m§Mo {MÌU Ho$bobo Agbo; Var Vo Ho$di `m
àm§VmnwaVo gr{_V hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVrb Ame`, {df` nmhVm Vo J«m_dmñVdmMo àm{V{Z{YH$
{MÌU H$aUmao dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`H¥$Vt_YyZ ì`mnH$ OrdZÑîQrMm àË`` `oVmo. Ë`m§Zr
{b{hbobr VUH$Q> hr _amR>rVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr H$mX§~ar AgyZ `m H$mX§~arg A{Ib ^maVr` nmVirdarb
gm{hË` AH$mX_r `m nwañH$mamZo Jm¡a{dbo Amho. Aem AZoH$ nwañH$mamZo gÝ_m{ZV Agboë`m amOZ Jdg
`m§À`m ~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arbm gmobmnya `oWrb H$_b n«{VîRZÀ`mdVrZo XoÊ`mV `oUmam amÁ`ñVamdarb
CËH¥$îQ> gm{hË` {Z{_©VrMm> nwañH$ma bm^bobm Amho. {Xdg|{Xdg A{YH$m{YH$ CX²ÜdñV hmoV Mmbboë`m
AmOÀ`m J«m_rU g_mOdmñVdmMm àIa àË`` XoUmar H$m§X~ar åhUyZ ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arMm AmnUmg
{dMma H$aVm `oB©b.
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2.3 {df`{ddoMZ
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmVm AmnU amOZ Jdg `m§Zr {b{hboë`m ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV àmYmÝ`mZo
OmUdV Agbobr Ame`gyÌo nmhUma AmhmoV. hr H$mX§~ar dV©_mZ J«m_rU dmñVdmMo {MÌU H$aVo. AmOMo
EHy$UM g_mOdmñVd àM§S> Jw§VmJwVmMo ~Zbo Amho. J«m_dmñVdhr AWm©VM `mbm AndmX Zmhr. Aem `m
J«m_dmñVdmMo {MÌU amOZ Jdg `m§Zr AZoH$ Ame`gyÌm§À`mÛmao `m H$mX§~arV AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
Amho. {ZdoXZ, Zm|Xr, S>m`arVrb nmZo, Ñí`, nÌo Ago {d{dY àH$ma `m H$mX§~ar_Ü`o boIH$mZo `moObobo
AmhoV. `m gmè`m àH$mam§_YyZ H$mX§~arMm Ame` ì`ŠV hmoV amhVmo. H$bmßßmm H$moUHo$ar hm EH$m gaH$mar
Am°{\$gmV ZmoH$arbm Agbobm J«m_rU `wdH$ Amho. Vmo EH$ g§doXZerb boIH$hr Amho. {XnyeoQ> `m EH$m
^m§S>r {dH$Umè`m _mUgmer Vmo _¡Ìr H$aVmo. g§~§Y àñVm{nV H$aVmo. H$ëbmßnmbm {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wmhr
{bhmd`mMr Amho. b½Z Pmbobm hm boIH$ EHo$ {Xder AMmZH$ Jm`~ hmoVmo. `m JmoîQ>rMm ZmhH$ Ìmg
{XnyeoQ> `m§Zm hmoVmo. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZoM {bhÿZ R>odboë`m boIZgm_J«rVyZ Ë`mMo OrdZm`wî` CbJS>V
OmVo. {edm` H$ëbmßnmZo Or C\$ami hr {gZo_mMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hbobr Amho; Ë`m_YyZhr J«m_dmñVdmMo
AZoH${dY nXa CbJS>V OmVmV.
{dI§{S>V dmñVdVoMm emoY : ~,~irMm hr H$mX§~ar EHy$UM _amR>r J«m_rU H$mX§~arÀ`m
nmœ©^y_rda doJionUmZo CRy>Z {XgUmar Amho. EH$aofr` H$WmZH$, gwê$dmV-_Ü`-eodQ> Ago R>moH$io~mO
Am{dîH$aU Aer ê$T> MmH$moar~ÕVm `m H$mX§~arZo ZmH$mabobr Amho. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr _wÔm_hÿZ
H$mX§~arÀ`m ê$nm_Ü`o Ho$bobr hr _moS>VmoS> g_W©Zr` Amho; H$maU AmOMo g_mOdmñVdM VwH$S>çmVwH$S>çmZo, {dI§{S>VnUo àË``mg `oVo Amho. AmOÀ`m J«m_rU OrdZmVrb amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU, {ejU,
ghH$mar g§ñWm, gaH$mar H$m`m©b`o, nmo{bgr `§ÌUm, na§namMmbrarVr, n`m©daU ho gmaoM H$mid§S>V Mmbbo
Amho. g§doXZerb _mUgmMo OJUoM H$go ^«[_îQ>mgmaIo Pmbo Amho. `m C{Û½ZVoVyZ AWdm `m _mZ{gH$VoVyZ
boIH$mZo dV©_mZ dmñVd `m H$m§X~arV _m§S>bo Amho. AWm©VM gwgyÌ, AmIrdaoIrd, MQ>nQ>rV, dmMH$m§À`m
^md^mdZm§Zm gmX Kmbob-AmdS>ob Ago {bImU Ano{jV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Á`m VwH$S>çm-VwH$S>çm§_Ü`o ho
g_mOdmñVd OmUdbo, Vo VgoM boIH$mZo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. ghm{OH$M ho gmao {dI§{S>VnUo
Ambobo Amho. nU `m H$mX§~arVrb dmñVd {dñH$irV ZŠH$sM Zìho. {dI§{S>VnUo Ambobo ho dmñVd
Ame`gyÌm§Zr amOZ Jdg `m§Zr ~m§Ybobo AmhoV. AmOÀ`m g_mOdmñVdmV Jar~ eoVH$ar, H$îQ>H$ar,
àm_m{UH$ Am{U _yë`{ZîR>nUo OJUmè`m _mUgm§Mr AmOMr g_mOì`ì`ñWm nÕVeranUo H$er X`Zr`
AdñWm H$aVo; Ë`mbm H$go EH$Q>o nmS>Vo; ho AË`§V gyÌ~ÕnUo amOZ Jdg `m H$mX§~arV _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmV. {dI§{S>V dmñVdmMm J§^ranUo doY KoVmV.
g§doXZerb boIH$mMr àm{V{Z[YH$ AmË_H$Wm : amOZ Jdg `m§ M r hr H$mX§ ~ ar EH$m
g§doXZerb boIH$mMr AmË_H$Wm Amho. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mMr hr àm{V{Z{YH$ AmË_H$Wm Amho.
AË`§V à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV _m_mH$S>o {ejU KoVbobm H$moUHo$ar. _m_boXma Am°{\$gmV ZmoH$arbm Amho.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / _amR>r ....2
ZmoH$arÀ`m {R>H$mUr MmbV Agboë`m ^«îQ> ì`dhmambm Vmo d¡VmJbm Amho. `m ^«îQ> ì`dhmamnmgyZ Xÿa
amhÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ H$aVmo. nU Aem ì`dhmamV Ë`mbm AmoT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ AÝ` ghH$mar OmUrdnyd©H$
H$aV amhVmV. ^«îQ> ì`dhmambm Vmo ~ir nS>V Zmhr; åhUyZ Ë`mMr ~Xbrhr Ho$br OmVo. _ZñVmn hmoVmo
Varhr Aem ì`dñWobm Vmo Ow_mZV Zmhr. JmdmVrb {XnyeoQ> `m ^m§S>r {dH«o$Ë`mer Vmo {_ÌËdmMo ZmVo
àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m H$m_mV Ë`mbm _XVhr H$aVmo. Aja Mm§Jbo Agë`m_wio
Ë`mÀ`m ^m§S>çm§da Zmdo KmbÊ`mMohr H$m_ Vmo H$aVmo. {deof åhUOo Vmoo ñdV:~Ôb H$_r Am{U Xþ{Z`o{df`r
\$ma ~mobVmo. ì`pŠVJV ^md^mdZm§À`m në`mS> OmD$Z Amnë`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m _mUgm§Mo, Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§Mo
{díbofU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§H$S>o, S>m|JamV amhUmè`m åhmVmè`mH$S>o OmD$Z
^dVmbmVrb g_ñ`m§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUmÀ`m, _mUgm§À`m CÞVrÀ`m
Ad¿`m dmQ>mM ~§X Pmë`m_wio AIoarg hV~b hmoVmo.
g§doXZerb Agboë`m H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arbm AmOMo g_mOdmñVd MwH$sÀ`m {XeoZo Mmbbobo Amho,
Ago dmQ>V amhVo; Amnë`m hmVr AmVm H$aÊ`mgmaIo H$mhrM {eëbH$ Cabo Zmhr; n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa
Jobr Amho; dV©_mZ dmñVdmVrb àíZm§Zm AmnU {dMma H$aUmam boIH$ AgyZhr Amnë`mOdi CÎmao
ZmhrV; `m Om{UdoZo Vmo ^rVrÀ`m ^w`mamV ~wS>mbobm Amho. g_mO, Hw$Qw>§~, ZmVodmB©H$, {_Ì_§S>ir `m
gmè`m§nmgyZ AmnU VwQ>bo Jobmo AmhmoV. AmOMo g_mOdmñVd ~XbÊ`mgmR>r g_mOH$maUr, amOH$maUr,
{dMmad§V, Y_©, _h§V, gmYy, g§Ý`mgr, Hw$UmH$S>oM CÎmao ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm `m gdmªerM g§dmX
VwQ>bobm Amho. nyd©gwar åhUyZ Vmo OmoVramdm§er nÌm§Ûmao g§dmX gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. VWm{n OJÊ`mMm
VmU ghZ Z hmoD$Z `m gmè`m§nmgyZ namË_ hmoD$Z {ZKyZ OmVmo. H$ëbmßnmMo EHy$UM OJUo, dmJUo nm{hbo
H$s H$ëbmßnm ho AmOÀ`m dV©_mZ J«m_dmñVdmVbo EH$ àm{V{Z{YH$ nmÌ Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. H$maU {dMma
H$aUmè`m, H$mhr {b{hUmè`m-~mobUmè`m g§doXZerb _mUgmMr AmO Or AdñWm Pmbr Amho; Zo_Š`m
Ë`mM AdñWoVyZ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar OmV Amho. `m g§X^m©V {dMma H$aVm H$ëbmßnm hr EH$ àm{V{Z{YH$
ì`pŠVaoIm Amho, Ago åhUVm `oVo.
g_mOdmñVdmMo ~ir : `m H$mX§~arV ^oQ>Umao H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm ho XmoKohr
AmOÀ`m g_mOdmñVdmMo ~ir R>abobo AmnUmg {XgVmV. {dMmanyd©H$ nm{hbo Va AmnUmg Ago {Xgob
H$s hr XmoZ _w»` nmÌo/ì`pŠVaoIm Va ~ir R>aboë`m AmhoVM VWm{n eoVH$ar, H$îQ>H$ar, eoV_Oya,
H$m_H$ar Aem l_Ordr dJm©Mo OrdZ OJUmao, g§doXZerb boIH$-{dMmad§V, n[adV©ZmÀ`m gmè`m
Midir Ago AmOMo gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Mo g_J« OJUoM _moR>çm doJmZo ~ir OmV Amho. ^m§S>dbr
ì`dñWoZo gmè`m OJÊ`mbmM H$go {ZaW©H$Ëd AmUbo Amho; `mMo AË`§V naIS> {MÌU amOZ Jdg `m§Zr
`m H$mX§~arV Ho$bo Amho. H$ëbmßnm Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm hr XmoZ _mUgo, Vgo nm{hbo Va gwg§ñH¥$V, gÁOZ,
Hw$UmÀ`mhr AÜ`mV-_Ü`mV Z nS>Umar, nmn^rê$ Aer AmhoV. ^anya H$îQ> H$amdo, Ë`mMm `mo½` Vmo
_mo~Xbm {_imdm Am{U Am`wî` gwImg_mYmZmZo, AmZ§XmZo OJmdo EdT>rM _m\$H$ BÀN>>m `m XmoKm§Mrhr
Amho. nU AmOÀ`m ^«îQ>, ñdmWu, ^m§S>dbXmar ì`dñWobm \$ŠV emofUmMrM ^mfm H$iVo. _mUgm§Mm
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Am{U _mUwgH$sMm gam©g ~ir KoVbm OmVmo; Am{U {ZaW©H$Ëd _mUgmÀ`m dmQ>çmbm `oVo.
H$ëbmßnm Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm `m§Zm Ago Am`wî`m~ÔbMo {ZaW©H$Ëd Ambobo Amho. `m ì`dñWoZo Ë`m§Zm
Vgm {dMma H$amd`mg ^mJ nmS>bo Amho. H$ëbmßnm hm gw{e{jV Amho. ZmoH$aXma Amho. _{hÝ`mÀ`m
_{hÝ`mbm Ë`mbm nJma {_iVmo. Vmo boIH$hr Amho. nm§T>anoeo Am`wî` B_mZoBV~mao OJÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ
H$aVmo. H$mhr VS>OmoS>r Ë`mZo Ho$ë`m AgË`m Va Vmo Vgm g_mYmZr am{hbm AgVm. nU `m ì`dñWoV Ë`mMm
Ord a_V Zmhr. Vmo {b{hVmohr CÎm_ H$maU Ë`mbm Hw$R>bo Var EH$ nm[aVmo{fH$hr {_iVo-nonamV Zmd N>mnyZ
`oVo. Var Ë`mMm Moham {Z{d©H$maM amhVmo. H$maU AmnU {b{hë`mZo g_mOmV \$magm gH$mamË_H$ ~Xb Zmhr
KSy> eH$V; ho Ë`mZo _Zmo_Zr AmoiIbo Amho. Ë`m_wio nwañH$ma, à{gÕr Aem ~mø JmoîQ>r Ë`mMo _Z àgÝZ
H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. `mVrb \$mobnU AmoiIbobm Vmo boIH$ Amho. {gZo_mÀ`m Y§ÚmÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr Ë`mMr
AerM ^y{_H$m Amho. J«m_dmñVdmnmgyZ H$mogmoXÿa AgUmar _mUgo {gZo_mÀ`m joÌmV CVabr AgyZ n¡gm
Am{U à{gÕr Aem gd§J Jmoï>rÀ`m _mJo hr _mUgo bmJbr AmhoV; hohr Ë`mZo nwaVo AmoiIbo Amho.
Ë`m_wio `m joÌmVhr Vmo a_y eH$V Zmhr. {gZo_mÀ`m Y§ÚmVrb H$mhr _mUgo Ë`mbm {MÌnQ>mMr H$Wm
{bhmd`mg gm§JVmV. J«m_rU n[agamer H$moUVoM ZmVo Zgbobo-J«m_dmñVd Z g_Obobo bmoH$, Ë`m§Zr
H$amd`mg bmdboë`m VS>OmoS>r Ë`m_wio BWohr Ë`mbm {ZaW©H$Ëd OmUdy bmJVo.
AmB©{df`r __Ëd Agbo Var nËZr, _m_m BVa AmßVñdH$s` `m§À`m g§dmXhrZ ZmVog§~§Ym§_wiohr BWohr
Vmo H$moaS>mM amhVmo. {eH$boë`m {nT>rVrb g§doXZerb _mUgmbm Ogo {ZaW©H$ËdmZo J«mgbo Amho, VgoM
AS>mUr Agboë`m nU AkmZr Zgboë`m AmS>ì`mßnmbmhr dmñVdmZo {ZaW©H$VmM nXar {Xbr Amho.
AmS>ì`mßnm eoVH$ar Amho. XmoZ _wbo Am{U nËZr Ago ho Mm¡H$moZr Hw$Qw>§~ Amho. H$ëbmßnmZo {b{hboë`m
{MÌnQ> Ñí`m§_YyZ AmS>ì`mßnmMo OJUo AmH$iV OmVo. AmOÀ`m J«m_rU dmñVdmV AmS>ì`mßnmhr JmoMr
Pmbr Amho. JmdmVb§ amOH$maU, n`m©daUmMm {dZme, Xbmb, H$O©~mOmarnUm, H$H©$amoJmZo dmaboë`m
~{hUrÀ`m A§{V_ [H«$`mH$_m©H$[aVmhr H$O© ¿`mdo bmJV Agë`m~ÔbMr Aghmæ`Vm; AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m
Z{e~r Ambobr Amho. _wbmMo {ejU, _wbrMo b¾, Ë`m§Mo ^{dVì`, JmdÀ`m gan§MmZo {d{hargmR>r Ho$bobr
AmS>dUyH$, Xþ^Ë`m OZmdamMo _aU Aem EH$mnmR>monmR EH$> Amboë`m g§H$Q>m§_wio AmS>ì`mßnmMr OrdZmdaMr
dmgZmM CSy>Z Jobr Amho. Vmohr A§YmamV Hw$R>oVar JS>n hmoVmo. Ago ho J«m_dmñVd J«m_rU OZVoÀ`m Am{U
ZmoH$aXmam§À`mhr Z{e~r Ambobo Amho. Ë`m_wio `m ì`dñWoV ~ir Ho$di AmS>ì`mßnmMm qH$dm H$ëbmßnmMmM
Jobm Ago Zìho; Va àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$nmV g_J« J«m_dmñVdmMmM AmO ~ir OmV Amho. _mUgm§Mo ho Ago
~ir OmUo AmnU Vmo Wmondy eH$Ê`mg Ag_W© R>aVmo AmhmoV; Aer OmUrd hr H$mX§~ar nmZmonmZr XoV
amhVo.
^«îQ>mMmaMo XemdVma : ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va gdmªZmM Iè`m AWm©Zo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Ý`m`
Am{U hŠH$ àñVm{nV hmoVrb Ago dmQ>bo hmoVo. {edm` AmMmamMo, {dMmamMo Am{U CÀMmamMohr ñdmV§Í`
g_ñV g_mOmbm {_iob Aer Anojm hmoVr. VWm{n gÎmm Am{U g§nÎmrÀ`m Omoamda hþHy$_emhrM g_mOmV
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amOamognUo emo[fVm§da bmXbr OmD$ bmJë`mMo {XgVo Amho. `m gdmªMo Vnerbdma {MÌU ~,~irMm `m
H$mX§~arV Ambobo {XgyZ `oVo. ^«îQ>mMmam_wio gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo {OUo H$go ApñWa, Agwa{jV ~Zbo
Amho, ho AZoH$ àg§Jm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ boIH$mZo `m H$mX~arV _m§S>bo Amho. JmdmVrb nwT>mar, VWmH${WV
amOH$maUr, Ë`m§Mo Mobo, gaH$mar Am°{\$ga, {d_m EO§Q> BË`mXr bmoH$ eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU H$aÊ`mMr EH$hr
g§Yr gmoS>VmZm {XgV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`mÀ`m OrdZmV {H$Vrhr H$îQ> Ë`mZo Cngbo Var AR>am{dœo
Xm[aÐç H$mhr gwQ>V Zmhr. `m H$mX§~arVrb H$ëbmßnm, Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm ho XmoKo Va `m g_mOì`dñWoV
~ir R>aboboM AmhoM. nU {XnyeoR>hr JmdmVrb ^«îQ> H$ma^mamnmgyZ gwQ>bobm Zmhr. emb{~Ðo ZmdmÀ`m
EH$m nmobrg A{YH$mè`mÀ`m ^«îQ H$ma^mambm {XnyeoR> ~ir> nS>Vmo. gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mo ajUH$V} nmobrgM
{XnyeoR>bm H$er AÝ`m`mMr dmJUyH$ XoVmV. n¡go KoD$Z Ë`mbm _mahmU H$ê$Z H$go An_m{ZV Ho$bo OmVo,
`mMo {MÌU amOZ Jdg VnerbmZo H$aVmV. {edm` gÎmm Am{U g§nÎmrMm _mO `oD$Z JmdmVrb nwT>marnU
{_a{dUmao CXmaVobm H$go nm`Xir VwS>dV AmhoV. emo{fH$nUmMr IwboAm_ H$er ZmbñVr, Q>a CS>{dbr
OmD$ bmJbr Amho, X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ ì`dhmamVbm {Oìhmim AmQ>V Mmbbm AgyZ g§doXZerbVoMrgwg§dmXmMr ggohmobnQ> hmoV Agë`mMr OmUrd hr H$mX§~ar dmMVmZm gX¡d hmoV amhVo.
^«îQ> ì`dhmamZo J«m_rU ^mJmV H$go W¡_mZ KmVbo Amho `mMo AZoH$ g§X^© `m H$mX§~arV `oV amhVmV.
eoVH$è`m§Mo hŠH$mMo IVhr JmdmVbm ñdV:bm nwT>mar g_OUmam {Od~m XmZdmS>o goH«o$Q>arÀ`m g§JZ_VmZo XoV
Zmhr. gm~wXmÊ`mMm àmoOoŠQ> H$mT>Ê`mMm CÔoemZo Jm`amZ hS>nÊ`mMm àH$ma {Zb©ÁOnUo gwê$ AgVmo.
`mH$m_mH$[aVm gaH$mar `§ÌUoda X~md AmUbm OmVmo. nmobrg `§ÌUoMm hñVjon dmT>V OmVmo. nmobrghr
JmdmVrb ^m§S>Uo {_Q>dÊ`mEodOr Á`mÀ`mH$S>o n¡gm Amho; Ë`mÀ`mM ~mOyZo C^o amhVmZm {XgVmV. J[a~m§Zm
Ý`m` {_iVM Zmhr; CbQ> `m nmVirdahr J[a~m§Zm _mahmU Ho$br OmVo, An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmVo.
AmS>ì`mßnmbmhr `mMo Mm§JboM MQ>Ho$ ~gbobo AmhoV. ImOJr gmdH$marZohr J«m_rU OZVoMo H$go emofU
Mmb{dbo Amho `mMohr {MÌU `m H$mX§~arV `oVo. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m Aghmæ`VoMm \$m`Xm ImOJr gmdH$ma
KoVmo. `m àH$maÀ`m {nidUwH$sbm CnH$mamMo ñdê$n {Xbo OmVo. H$O©~mOmarnUm_wio AÝZ, dñÌ Am{U
{Zdmam `m _yb^yV JaOmhr eoVH$ardJm©bm H$em nyU© H$aVm `oV ZmhrV, Ë`mMo _Z {dfÊU H$aUmao {MÌU
amOZ Jdg H$aVmV. {daboë`m gmS>rMm VwH$S>m OmoSy>Z AmS>ì`mßnmMr ~m`H$mo A§J PmH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
Va H$ëbmßnm Amnë`m d{S>bm§{df`rMr EH$ AmR>dU S>m`arV Zm|X{dVmZm åhUVmo, ""dS>rb Hw$UmÀ`mhr
~m§Ymbm Jobo H$s _w§S>mg§hr R>odm`Mo H$mTy>Z - H$m Va \$mQ>ë`mda ZdrZ ¿`m`bm bmJ§b. ^ÐmßnmÀ`m Cgmbm
nmUr nmOVmZm CKS>oM Kwgm`Mo garV. ~§S>r Var Kmbmdr. åhUm`Mo, A§JmM§ H$mVS>§ \$mQ>b§ Va ^ê$Z
`oV§`. H$mnmS> \$mQ>b§ Va Zd§ AmUm` bmJV§`. H$m` ~mobUma. AmnU ho Ago nm§T>anoer hmoD$Z ~gbmo,
JmdmH$S>o Xþb©j Pmb§. AmB© dS>rbM H$m` nU Wmoabr d{hUrhr eoUmÀ`m ~wQ>çm S>moŠ`mdê$Z ZoD$Z WmnV
AgVo Am`wî`mÀ`m eoUr.'' H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arbm ho gd© OmUdV AgVo. nU Amnë`m AmOy~mOyÀ`m Xÿ{fV
dV©_mZ dmñVdm_wio namË_nU Ambobm H$ëbmßnm H$mhr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoZo
{ZgJm©Mo/n`m©daUmMohr {H$Vr A_mZwfnUo emofU Ho$bo Amho Am{U PmS>m§Mr, S>m|Jam§Mr, O§Jbm§Mrhr
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{dëhodmQ> ñdmWu Am{U g§YrgmYy bmoH$m§Zr H$er bmdbobr Amho; `mMohr {MÌU amOZ Jdg `m§Zr
~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV Zo_Ho$nUmZo Ho$bo Amho. O§JbVmoS>, hdoMo-nmÊ`mMo àXÿfU, S>m|Jam§Mo gnmQ>rH$aU
Aem n`m©daUmbm KmVH$ JmoîQ>r ^m§S>dbXmar ì`dñWoZo ^«îQ> amOH$maÊ`m§Zm hmVmer Yê$Z gam©g Mmb{dboë`m
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm n`m©daUmbm nyaH$ AgUmar J«m_rU-Am{Xdmgr OrdZe¡br CX²ÜdñV hmoV
Agë`mMr qMVm `m H$mX§~arV AZoH$Xm ì`ŠV hmoVo.
g§dmXhrZVoMm àIa àË`` : ImCOm g§ñH¥$Vr_wio (ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU Am{U OmJ{VH$rH$aU)
{dkmZ-V§ÌkmZmMm PnmQ>çmZo Pmbobm {dH$mg, ^m¡{VH$ g_¥ÜXr, M§JidmXr d¥Îmr, l_mMr bmO, n¡emgmR>r,
EofAmam_r OrdZe¡brgmR>r H$amì`m bmJboë`m VS>OmoS>r, _yë`hrZ OJUo Aem JmoîQ>t_wio J«m_rU OrdZmVrb
_mUygM _mUgmnmgyZ H$gm Xÿa Jobm. Ë`mÀ`mVrb g§dmXM H$gm hanbm; `mMohr {MÌU `m H$mX§~arV
amOZ Jdg VnerbmZo H$aVmZm {XgVmV. J«m_OrdZmVbm nañnam§_Yrb ^mdZoMm Amobmdm, EH$_oH$m§À`m
g§H$Q>H$mir _XVrbm YmdyZ `oUo-OmUo ho OdiOdi Wm§~boM. _mZdr ZmVog§~§Ym§_Ü`ohr H$_mbrMm
H$moaS>onUm Ambm. ZmVog§~§Ym§nojm KamVrb MH$MH$sV dñVy§Mm hì`mg dmT>bm. Aem àd¥ÎmrMr I§V
H$moUHo$arbm AmhoM; H$maU Amnë`m KamVhr JaO ZgVmZm MH$MH$sV dñVy Amë`m; nU "`m JmdmV
Amë`mnmgyZ H$moU nmhwUm Ambm ho AmR>dVM Zmhr. AmnUM Amnë`m ^modVr H$S>oH$moQ> q^V C^r Ho$bobr
Amho.' H$ëbmßnmÀ`m `m CÒmamdê$Z _mUgm _mUgm§_Yrb Xþamdm AYmoao{IV hmoVmo. Wmoaë`m _mderbm
^oQ>m`bm hd§ Ag§ H$moUHo$arbm dmQ>V§, nU nmM dfm©V EH$Xmhr _mderH$S>o Ë`mMo OmUo hmoV Zmhr.
H$mH$mÀ`m {ZYZmMr ~mV_rhr Ë`mbm AmR>dS>çmZ§Va H$iVo. Ë`m_wio S>m`arVrb nmZmV CnpñWV Ho$bobm
àíZ _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo, "q^VrÀ`m AmV VS> Am{U VS>\$S> OrdKoUr. `m H$moaS>çm VS>\$S>rbm Var H$gbm
AW©. AmobM hadbr OJÊ`mVrb. gJir gwZgmZ H$moaS>onUmMr gÝZmQ> dmQ>. MmbVm MmbVm WH$Uma ho
{ZpíMV. ho gJi§ H$moaS>onU AmVyZ CISy>Z Q>mH$V`§. åhUyZ Va {ZOud MH$MH$sV dñVy `oV ZgVrb
KamV?' J«m_OrdZmVhr ì`ŠVr Am{U ZmVog§~§Y `m XmoÝhtMo dñVwH$aU Pmë`m_wio Amnë`mbm Hw$Umerhr
OmoSy>Z KoVm `oV Zmhr. `mMr I§V H$ëbmßnmbm Amho. Cn`mo{JVm _yë` hoM EH${dgmì`m eVH$mMo EH$
_hÎdmMo _yë` R>abo AgyZ; ì`ŠVrMr à{VîRm Am{U ZmVog§~§YmVrb {Oìhmim {dê$Z Joë`mMo gmdQ>
H$mX§~ar^a OmUdV amhVo.>
JmdmVrb KamKamV-_mUgm_mUgmV g§dmXhrZVoMo Am{U g§e`J«ñVVoMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho.
H$ëbmßnmZo aoImQ>boë`m AmS>ì`mßnmbmhr `m g§e`J«ñVVoMr {eH$ma ìhmdo bmJbo Amho. {Od~m XmZdS>oÀ`m
_wbmÀ`m b¾mV {Od~m AmS>ì`mßnmbm T>moamgmaIo H$m_ bmdVmo, nmoQ>mV ^wHo$Mm AmJS>m|~ Cgibobm
AgVmZmhr b½ZmV ^oQ> åhUyZ Ambobr ^oQ> nm{H$Q>o àm_m{UH$nUo Vmo ñdV:Odi EH${ÌV H$aVmo. nU
{Od~m XmZdS>o AmS>ì`mßnmda A{dídmg XmIdVmo. Ë`mÀ`mda g§e` KoD$Z AmS>ì`mßnmMo {Igo VnmgVmo.
n¡emgmR>r, ImoQ>çm à{VîR>ogmR>r JmdmVrb _mUwgH$s H$er g§nV Mmbbr Amho. _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMm, Ë`mÀ`m
^mdZoMm {dMma H$gm Xÿa \o$H$bm OmD$ bmJbm Amho Am{U Amnë`m MwH$sÀ`m dmJUwH$sMo g_W©Z H$go
{Zb©ÁOnUo Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo Amho, `mMo _Z {dXrU© H$aUmao {MÌU `m àg§JmÀ`m AmYmao amOZ Jdg `m§Zr
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Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wio "AmVm JmdmVyZ {\$aVmZm A§Jmda AMmZH$ ehmao `oVmV.' Ago boIH$mZo Zm|X{dbobo
{dYmZ {dMmaàd¥Îm H$am`bm bmdVo. ^mdZoMm AmobmdmM ZîQ> Pmboë`m Jmdm~Ôb boIH$ nwT>o _hÎdmMr
{dYmZo H$aVmV, "g§e`mZo eãX bX~Xbo H$s _m`oMo nmPa AmnmoAmnM AmQ>V OmVmV. _m`oZ§ AmoW§~bob§
Jmd-AmQy>Z H$moaS>§ Pmbob§. H$moaS>çm H$moaS>çm g§e`mÀ`m {d{har. g§e`mMr ^w`ma§ EH$ Imob g§e`mMm
S>moh. Hw$R>§M W|~ Zmhr. H$moUË`m {XeoZo Mmbbo ho Vm§S>o OJÊ`mÀ`m _moS>VmoS>rV. Jmd JmdmVyZ hÔnma hmoV
OmVmZm.' _mUwgH$sMm ~ir XoD$Z AmnU Hw$R>o Mmbbmo AmhmoV? hm àíZ A§V_w©I H$amd`mg bmdVmo.
JmdmMo JmdmVyZ hÔnma hmoUo ho gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ`mgmR>r Mm§Jbo bjU Zgë`mMr OmUrd `m H$mX§~arVyZ
àH$fm©Zo hmoVo.
OmoVramdm§er g§dmX : B{Vhmg Am{U na§naoMo ^mZ AgUo, Ë`mM~amo~a g_mOOrdZmVrb H«$m§{VH$mar
ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo d Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mo ñ_aU AgUo hm _mUgmÀ`m OJÊ`mMm EH$ An[ahm`© ^mJ AgVmo.
VWm{n AmOÀ`m g_mOmV B{VhmgmMo-Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo doJmZo {dñ_aU hmoV Amho. g_mOmgmR>r ho
Mm§Jbo bjU Zmhr. Voìhm `m nmœ©^y_rda H$ëbmßnmZo OmoVramdm§er gmYbobm g§dmX AË`§V _hÎdmMm
dmQ>Vmo. ^«îQ> ì`dñWoZo {H$S>boë`m dV©_mZmV _ZmVbo {hVJyO, AñdñWVm gm§Jm`Mr H$moUmbm? _yë``wŠV
gm§JUo-~mobUo EoH$m`À`m _Z:pñWVrV H$moUrM Zgë`mZo H$ëbmßnmZo WoQ> OmoVramdm§erM g§dmX gmYbm
Amho. OmoVramdm§er H$ëbmßnmZo Ho$boë`m g§dmXmVyZ AmOÀ`m {dXmaH$ dmñVdmMm àIa àË`` `oVmo.
AemàH$maÀ`m g§dmXmMr `moOZm _amR>r H$mX§~arV AË`§V AndmXmË_H$ Agë`m_wio _hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo.
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar dV©_mZ J«m_rU OrdZmMm AZw^d OdiyZ KoVbobm Am{U AmOMo dV©_mZ
H$iÊ`mÀ`m në`mS> Jobo Amho; ho g_OyZ MwH$bobm Am{U Ë`m_wio ñdV:M Jm|YiyZ Jobobm boIH$ Amho.
Vmo _. OmoVramd \w$bo `m§À`mer dma§dma g§dmX gmYVmZm {XgVmo. OmoVramd ho eoVH$è`m§Mo, H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo
nwT>mar hmoVo. g_mOYm{O©Um {dMma g_mOmV ê$O{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUmao ÐîQo H¥${Verb {dMmad§V hmo>Vo. nU
AmOMo g_mOdmñVd OmoVramdm§À`m {dMmamer \$maH$V KoUmao Amho. Ë`m_wio OmoVramdm§er nÌm§_YyZ
~mobUmam-{hVJyO H$aUmam H$ëbmßnm _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. Vmo OmoVramdm§Zm "Am_Mo nUOmo~m, _mÂ`m
d§emdirVrb nwéf' Ago g§~moYVmo. g_mOmVrb _hÎdmMr nXo ~«m÷Um§Zr ~iH$mdbobr Agë`mZo Vo
J[a~m§Mr AmS>dUyH$ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVë`m _hÎdmÀ`m nXm§da ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zr Ambo
nm{hOo; Am{U Ë`m§ZrM Amnë`m g_mOmMm CÕma Ho$bm nm{hOo. Aer _.\w$ë`m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr.
ñdmV§Í`moÎmaH$mimV {dÚm Ambr, {ejU Ambo; AmVm _mUgmMo OJUo AW©nyU© hmoB©b Ago dmQ>bo hmoVo;
nU {ejU, g_mOH$maU, amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, àemgZ BË`mXr joÌo ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m hmVr Ambr Var
OmoVramdm§Zm Ano{jV g_mOn[adV©Z PmboM Zmhr. KS>bo Vo `mCbQM>. {eH$bobm, ZmoH$arbm bmJbobm,
amOH$maUmV-àemgZmV, gÎmm hmVr Agbobm ~hþOZ g_mOM bm^mWu ~hþOZ g_mOmg ZmS>Vmo Amho,
\$g{dVmo Amho; Aer {d{MÌ n[apñWVr CØdë`m_wio Aghmæ` d hV~b Pmbobm H$ëbmßnm OmoVramdm§Zm
ho gmao H$WZ H$aVmo Amho. H$ëbmßnmZoM OmoVramdm§g_moa ~hþVm§e {R>H$mUr AmT>iUmao EH$ _hÎdmMo CXmhaU
R>odbo Amho. ~hþOZ g_mOmVyZ {eH$boë`m nU ~hþOZm§Mr AmS>dUyH$ H$aUmè`m Vhgrb H$MoarVrb
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gm¡Xm{_Zr Iwê$H$bo `m ñÌrZo CKS>nUo Mmb{dbobm ^«îQ>mMma H$ëbmßnm OmoVramdm§Zm H$WZ H$aVmo.
gm{dÌr~mBªÀ`m g_mOmoÕmaH$ {dMmamMr, Ë`m§Zr {ó`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r Á`m hmbAnoîQ>m gmogë`m Ë`m
gmè`m§Mr {eH$boë`m e§^ar ZìdXQ>ŠHo$ ~m`H$m§H$Sy>ZM H$er YyiYmU hmoVo Amho; ho H$moUHo$ar {ZXe©Zmg
AmUyZ XoVmo. "amÁ`mMo ^aVr _§S>i `m Am`moJmH$Sy>ZM ^«îQ> ì`dhma hmoV AgyZ nmQ>~§Ymao, gmd©O[ZH$
~m§YH$m_, _w»`{Z~§YH$, Cn{Z~§YH$ BË`mXr ImË`m§Vrb {Z`wŠË`m hmoV Agë`mH$maUmZo VoWrb A{YH$mar
H$m_mda hOa Pmë`m Pmë`m AmnUmH$Sy>Z AmoVbobm n¡gm bdH$amV bdH$a H$gm {ZKob; `mMm Ü`mg
KoD$Z \$m`btÀ`m {T>Jmè`mV KwgVmV. Ë`m§Zm H$m_mMm Vnerb {XgÊ`mEodOr ZmoQ>m§Mm {T>Jmam {Xgy
bmJVmo.' Ago dmñVd H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar OmoVramdm§À`m Ü`mZmV AmUyZ XoVmo.
OmoVramdm§er g§dmX gmYVmZm AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMo Oo g§X^© H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `m§Zr {Xbobo AmhoV Vo
_hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV. J«m_OrdZmMm AmVm nyU©V: H$m`mnmbQ> Pmbm Amho. ho OmoVramdm§Zm gm§JVmZm H$ëbmßnm
åhUVmo, H$mbmZwê$n AZoH$ MrOdñVy AmVm hÔnma Pmë`m AmhoV. Hw$aHy$, ~wÅ>r, hmam, Q>monb§, H$UtJ, VÅ>o,
XþaS>r `m§Mm dmna ~§X Pmbm Amho. gwVma-bìhma-Mm§^ma-qenr ho Amnmnë`m ì`dgm`mVyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z
Ë`m§Zr n¡emer g§~{YV Zdo CËnÝZmMo _mJ© nËH$abobo AmhoV. `m gdm©V A{YH$ Xem Pmbr Vr eoVrer
{MH$Qy>Z am{hboë`m eoVH$è`m§Mr, h[aVH«$m§VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr eoVH$è`m§Mr nma§n[aH$ Xoer ~r-{~`mUo
^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoZo nÜXVeranUo g§ndyZ Q>mH$br. ^anya CËnmXZmÀ`m ZmdmImbr hm`{~«S> OmVr
eoVH$è`m§À`m KamV {eê$Z gdmªMo Am`wî`M H$go {ZgÎd H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo Amho, {edm` amgm`{ZH$ IVm§À`m
Am{U H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§À`m ì`dgm`mVhr ~moJg{Jar {eabr Amho. `m gmè`m àH$mam§Mr VH«$ma Á`m§Zm {ZdSy>Z
{Xbo-Anojm ~miJbr Ë`m _m`~mn gaH$mabm gm§Jmdr, Va Vohr ImOJr H§$nÝ`m§Mo ~Q>rH$ Pmbobo AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ` eoVH$è`m§Mo Am`wî` H$mid§Sy>Z Jobo Amho. `m gmè`m§Mo Vnerbdma dU©Z H$„mßnm
H$moUHo$ar OmoVramdm§Zm gm§JVmo.
H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§Zr eoVH$è`m§À`m CÝZVrbm hmV^ma bmdbm nm{hOo, hr amñV Anojm Amho. nU {VWohr
eoVH$è`m§À`m nXar H$go An`eM nS>Vo, `mMr _Z {dfÝZ H$aUmar hH$sH$V H$ëbmßnm OmoVramdm§Zm
naIS>nUo gm§JVmZm åhUVmo,""H¥¥${f H|$ÐmMo nmoQ>^ê$ {dÛmZ eoVH$è`m§Zm H$go ZmS>Vm `oB©b `mMoM g§emoYZ
H$aV AmhoV. hr ~m~ qMVmOZH$. doJdoJù`m CÀM{dÚoÀ`m nXì`m KoVbobo ho bmoH$ IV H§$nÝ`m,
{~`mUm§À`m H§$nÝ`m `m§À`m VmQ>mImbMo _m§Oa ~ZyZ Ë`m§ZmM \$gdUwH$sMo {d{dY _mJ© CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV
AmhoV. `m gmè`m nT>rH$ {dÛmZm§Mm eoVH$è`m§Zm H$mS>rMmhr Cn`moJ Zmhr ho AmVm {gÕ Pmbo AgVmZm `m
g§ñWm eoVH$è`m§Mo Zmd KoD$Z Ë`m§MoM emofU H$ê$Z Hw$èhmS>rMm Xm§S>m JmoVmg H$mi ~Zboë`m AmhoV.''
H$ëbmßnmÀ`m OmoVramdm§er `m àH$maÀ`m g§dmXm§_YyZ eoVH$è`m§{df`rMr H$Ud {XgyZ `oVo. eoVH$è`m§Mr
EHy$UM n[apñWVr {Xdg|{Xdg CJ« ~ZV Mmbbr Amho. Ë`m_wio àmßV n[apñWVrV Ameobm OmJm Cabr
Zgë`mMr I§VM OmoVramdm§er Ho$boë`m g§dmXmVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.
{ejUì`dñWoMr hV~bVm : AmOÀ`m EHy$UM {ejU ì`dñWoMr J{bVJmÌ AdñWm nmhÿZ
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ghm{OH$M `m H$mX§~arVbm boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar AñdñW Pmbm Amho. hr AñdñWVm `m H$mX§~arV
Vmo AZoH$Xm ì`ŠV H$aVmZm {XgVmo. A{dÚoZo AZoH$ àH$maMo AZW© Ho$bo Agë`mMr OmUrd _. \w$bo `m§Zr
~hþOZ g_mOmg H$ê$Z {Xbr hmoVr. {eH$bo nm{hOo, kmZr Pmbo nm{hOo `m {dMmamnmgyZ àoaUm KoD$Z
{eHy$Zgdê$Z ~hþOZm§À`m {nT>çm g_mOmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV Amë`m. H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb `m§À`mgmaIo
{ejU_hfr© {Z_m©U Pmbo. VWm{n ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr g_mOmbm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m l_mYm[aV {ejU
nÕVrEodOr AmnU _°H$moboZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr {ejU nÕVrM AmOhr AZwgaV AmhmoV. `mMr OmUrd hr
H$mX§~ar dmMH$mbm H$ê$Z XoVo. Ho$di AjamVM kmZ AgVo; Aer MwH$sMr g_OyV H$ê$Z KoD$Z Amnbm
gmam g_mOM nXì`m§À`m nmR>r bmJbm. ZmoH$aXma hmoD$Z, nm§T>anoem hmoD$Z eoVrer, H$îQ>mer, [aVr^mVr§er, na§nam§er, n`m©daUmer, _mUgm§er ZmVo VmoS>yZ ~gbm. ""AmnUmg H$emMo kmZM Zmhr.' hr g_O
Ambr; nU Ë`mbm Iyn doi hmoD$Z Jobm. {ejUmMr H«$m§Vr Pmbr. {ejU JmdmoJmdr nmohmoMbo nU
{ejUmVyZ a`VoÀ`m Am`wî`mV _mÌ {Vi_mÌhr \$aH$ nS>bm Zmhr. Aer amñV VH«$ma `m H$mX§~arV
H$ëbmßnm gmVË`mZo Zm§oX{dVmZm {XgVmo. "Aem {ejUmZo Am_Mr gJir {nT>rM ~wiJr Ho$br Amho.' Agm
CÛoJmMm gya Vmo bmdVmo. H$maU Am_À`m emgZmZo emim ZmdmMo H$m§oS>dmS>o V`ma Ho$bo AmhoV, R>ard
ñdê$nmMo Aä`mgH«$_, A{YH$m§emZo emioV àdoe KoVboë`m Am_À`m ~hþOZg_mOmVë`m _wbm§Zm nmR>çnwñVH$
dmMyZ XmI{dbo H$s Amnbr O~m~Xmar g§nbr; Ago g_OUmao ~hþOZ g_mOmVboM nmoQ>mWu {ejH$.
Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`m {ejUmZo l_M H$mTy>Z KoVbo Agë`m_wio "{eH$m`Mo Vo ZmoH$argmR>r. n§»`mImbr ~gyZ
n¡go {_idÊ`mgmR>r. l_ H$aUo, am~Uo, H$_rnUmMo. {eH$bo H$s {dH$V ¿`m`Mo l_. AjamMo Am{U l_mMo
dm§Xo bmdyZ ~aoM gmYbo B§J«Om§Zr. Am_À`m _m`~mn gaH$mabm VrM ì`dñWm {à` Pmbr. Ë`m§Zm Var Hw$R>o
hdr Amho, kmZ{Z{_©Vr. hdr bmMmam§Mr \$m¡O' {ejU joÌmV Mm§Jbo H$m_ H$aUmao gÝ_mZZr` AndmX
dJibo; Var H$moUHo$arZo AmOÀ`m T>mgiË`m {ejUì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©V Zmo§X{dbobr _Vo {ejUmer
g§~§{YV AgUmè`m gdmªZmM {dMmaàd¥Îm H$amd`mbm bmdUmar AmhoV. emioMr qMVmOZH$ nQ>g§»`m,
emioV _mñVam§MmM nÎmm ZgUo, emiobm B_maVr Zgë`mZo nS>Š`m dmS>çmgma»`m OmJoV emioMo dJ©
^a{dUo, H«$sS>m§JUo, à`moJemim, ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho Aem _yb^yV gw{dYm ZgUo, Jwê$Or Agm ñdV:Mm CëboI
Hw$Ur Ho$bm Va Vmo An_mZ g_OUmao {ejH$ (ga), Xadfu àdoememR>r _wbm§Zm Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{ejH$m§Mr Mmbbobr Ymdni Aer gJir {ejUmMr XÿadñWm nmhÿZ H$ëbmßnm H$_mbrMm AñdñW
Pmbobm Amho. H$maU {ejUmMm Am{U g_mOmMm gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Amho ho AmoiIUmam
H$ëbmßnm Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejUmH$S>o Pmbobo Ajå` Xþb©j Ë`mbm AñdñW H$aVo. {ejU g§ñWm
Mmb{dUmè`m VWmH${WV {ejU _h{fªZrhr {ejUmMm H$gm ì`mna Mmb{dbm Amho; Ë`mMohr dmñVdXeu
dU©Z `m H$mX§~arV Ambobo Amho. H$mX§~arVbo Aßnmgmho~ ìhZJwÎmo {ejH$ AmhoV, {edm` Vo n§Mm`V
g{_VrMo gXñ`hr AmhoV. EImX-Xþgam VmgM Vo emioH$S>o [\$aH$VmV. n¡go KoD$Z {ejH$ ^aVr H$aUo,
{ejH$m§Zm _ù`mVbr H$m_o gm§JUo, {enm`m§Zm JmoR>çmV eoU-nmUr H$aÊ`mg gm§JUo, H$moè`m MoH$da gøm
KoD$Z {ejH$m§Mr / H$_©Mmè`m§Mr Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ H$aUo Aem àH$maMm ì`dhma ìhZJwÎmo H$aV
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AgVmV. Ë`m_wio "Aem MH«$mV gmnS>bobm _mUyg H$m` {eH$dUma _wbm§Zm? Am{U Ë`mZo H$m {eH$dmdo?'
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arZo CnpñWV Ho$bobm hm àíZ _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo.
{XemhrZ Midir : g_mOmVrb AÝ`m` AË`mMmamÀ`m {damoYmV PJS>Umè`m MiditMr EH$
\$ma _moR>r na§nam 1990 À`m XeH$mnydu _hmamîQ>´mV hmoVr. ^m§S>dbXmam§da Am{U g_mO{dKmVH$ H$madm`m
H$aUmè`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªda `m MiditMm X~md hmoVm. VWm{n CÎmamoÎma `m Midir {Zîà^ hmoV Joë`m.
gÎmmYmè`m§Zr Am{U ^m§S>dbXmam§Zr nÕVeranUo `m MiditZm {MaSy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. AmOhr
MiditMm èhmg _moR>çm à_mUmda gwê$M Amho. `m MiditÀ`m nam^dmMr, èhmgmMr, MiditÀ`m
O~m~XmatMr Mm§Jbr _r_m§gm `m H$mX§~arV amOZ Jdg `m§Zr Ho$br Amho. H$m§Vmam_Or `m§Zm H$ëbmßnmZo
{b{hbobr Or nÌo AmhoV; `m nÌm§_YyZ MiditMo, {deofV: eoVH$è`m§À`m MiditMo g§X^© `oV amhVmV.
{dX^m©Vrb eoVH$è`m§À`m Midit_Ü`o H$m§Vmam_Or H$m`©aV AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZo
{dMmabobo àíZ Zo_Ho$ dmQ>VmV. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao H$moUHo$ar `m§ZrM {Xbobr AmhoV. "A^mdJ«ñV AgUmè`m
{dX^m©V n[apñWVrÀ`m {damoYmV bT>Ê`mMo Oo ~i {XgVo; Vo gmYZgw{dYm AgUmè`m nQ>çmV H$m {XgV
Zmhr? AmYw{ZH$VoÀ`m g§nH$m©V AgUmè`m bmoH$m§V {Zamem, AñdñWVm, d¡\$ë`J«ñVVm A{YH$ dmdaVmZm
{XgVo, `mMr H$maU_r_m§gm H$er H$aVm `oB©b? Amnë`m Midir EH$maë`m AmdmOmV ~mobVmV H$m?'
Ago Zo_Ho$ Am{U AmOÀ`m J«m_dmñVdmer OdiyZ ZmVo gm§JUmao àíZ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar H$m§Vmam_Or
`m§Zm {dMmaVmo. {edm` `m Kwg_Q>rda Cnm` åhUyZ AmnU H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo; `mMo {Xem{X½Xe©Z
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZhr H$aVmo. "`m àíZm§Mm OmJa AmnU H$m`_ H$arV am{hbo nm{hOo. n`m©`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo
_hÎdmMo AgyZ eoVH$è`m§Mo bT>o àXoemZwgma H$m`©H«$_ XoD$ZM C^o Ho$bo OmD$ eH$VmV. H$maU `m gdmª_YyZ
EH$gyÌ {Z{_©Vrbm ~iH$Q>r `oD$Z eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZm§gmR>r ho bmoH$ EH${ÌVnUo bT>VmhoV Ago {MÌ {Z_m©U
hmoD$ eHo$b; Am{U gÎmmYmè`m§da X~mdJQ> {Z_m©U hmoD$ eHo$b' Ago AmemXm`r {MÌ H$ëbmßnm
H$moUHo$arZo MiditnwT>o R>odbobo Amho. eoVH$è`m§Mo-H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo EHy$UM OrdZ_mZ gwYmaÊ`mg _XV
H$aUmao ho {MÌ {~H$Q> nU _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. AË`§V à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV H$ëbmßnmZo MiditÀ`m g§X^m©V
_m§S>bobo ho {dMma g_mOYm{O©Uo dmQ>VmV.
MiditÀ`m èhmgmbm ^«îQ amOH$maUr Am{U ^m§S>dbemhr Oer H$maUr^yV Amho; VerM MiditÀ`m
èhmgmbm MiditÀ`m A§VJ©V amOH$maUhr H$maUr^yV Amho. ho H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arZo Zm|X{dbobo _Vhr
AË`§V _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. H$maU "MidirVë`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr WoQ> amOH$maUmV CS>r KoVbr; Am{U
àË`oH$mbmM Am_Xma-ImgXma hmoÊ`mMo S>mohmio bmJbo.'> Aer à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠV H$ê$Z H$ëbmßnm nwT>o
åhUVmo, "gd©gm_mÝ` H$m`©H$Vm©M H$moUË`mhr MidirMm AmË_m AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m {OdmdaM Midi
MmbV AgVo. gd©gm_mÝ` H$m`©H$Ë`m©bm ^y{_H$m {Z^mdÊ`mMo jU gVV `oV AgVmV. Ë`m Ë`m doir
gd©gm_mÝ` H$m`©H$Ë`m©Zo MmoI ^y{_H$m nma nmS>br Zmhr; Va Midi ZoV¥Ëdm~amo~a \$a\$Q>V OmÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm AgVo. Am{U Z§Va MiditMo Oo hmoVo Ë`mMr Pi gm_mÝ` H$m`©H$Ë`m©bmM nmohMVo.' H$ëbmßnm
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>Vmo. nU Vmo H$m§Vmam_Or `m§À`mer "AmnU g§dmX
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VmoS>m`Mm Zmhr' ho Oo {dYmZ H$aVmo Vo AW©nyU© Amho. H$maU MidirVë`m H$m`©H$Ë`mª_Yrb g§dmX VwQ>Uo
åhUOo gÎmmYmè`m§À`m, ^m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVr Am`VoM H$mobrV {Xë`mgmaIo hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio g§dmXmMo ZmVo
A^§J R>odUo Ago Oo H$ëbmßnmbm dmQ>Vo; Vo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m_wioM H$ëbmßnm AñdñWVoZo "Midi
Mmb{dUmao bmoH$ Oa eoVH$è`mÀ`m Jim KmoQ>V AgVrb Va ~m|~bUo EdT>o Var eoVH$è`mÀ`m nmoamZo Ho$bo
nm{hOo' ho Oo åhUVmo Ë`mbm AmOÀ`m J«m_dmñVdmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. Ë`m_wio AmOÀ`m g_mOH$maUmV,
amOH$maUmV eoVH$è`m§Mr Midi Oar {XemhrZ hmoVo Amho; ho dmñVd Agbo Var `m H$mX§~arVbm boIH$
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arZo MiditnwT>o R>odbobm g_J«VoMm-AmemdmXmMm {dMma _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo.
{MÌnQ>H$boMo J«m_dmñVdmH$S>o Xþb©ú` : {MÌnQ> hr EH$ AË`§V bmoH${à` Am{U n¡go {_idyZ
XoUmar H$bm Amho. {MÌnQ>mMo OJ gdmªZmM ^wai KmbUmao AgVo. `m H$boÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _Zmoa§OZmgmo~VM
Amnë`m ^dVmbmVrb dV©_mZ dmñVd OJmMr-AmOÀ`m gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mr _m§S>Ur, _mUgm§Mo àíZ,
Ë`mbm eŠ` Va CÎmao XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo ho A{^ì`º$ hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AWm©VM {MÌnQ> joÌhr
{ZpíMVM `mbm AndmX Zmhr. nU `m joÌmVhr AndmX dJiVm Y§XodmB©H$nUm A{YH$ {eabm Amho. n¡gm
{_idÊ`mMo EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ `m joÌmH$S>o nmhUmè`m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho; {edm` `m H$boer g§~§{YV
Oo bmoH$ AmhoV, Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ àíZm§er, _mUgm§À`m ì`Wm doXZm§er H$mhrEH$ XoUoKoUo ZgVo. Aem `m
{MÌnQ> joÌmVrb R>H$do{Jarda amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `m§Zr {b{hbobr {MÌnQ> Ñí`o Am{U
Zm|Xr, S>m`arVrb {bImU `m§À`mÛmao Mm§JbmM àH$me nmS>bm Amho.
J«m_rU n[agamVrb g_ñ`m§Mm _gmbm åhUyZ {MÌnQ>mV dmna H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mm Am{U n¡go {_idm`Mo
`m _mZ{gH$VoMm `m H$mX§~arVbm qPJmê$ Xmê$dmbm Amho. Nw>nr Xmê$dmbm `m ~mB©~amo~a Zoh_r {\$aUmam
qPJmê$ Xmê$dmbm H$ëbmßnmbm {gZo_mMr nQ>H$Wm {bhmd`mg amOr H$aVmo. C\$ami ho {gZo_mMo Zmd,
gm_m{OH$ {MÌnQ>, nQ>H$Wm-g§dmX-JrVo-H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar. Ago gJio R>aVo. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar
J«m_rU OrdZ Iè`m AWm©Zo OJbobm-AZw^dbobm Amho. J«m_rU g§doXZerbVm Ë`mÀ`m OJÊ`mMmM EH$
A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Pmbobr Amho. Ë`m_wio Vmo AmS>ì`mßnm ho EH$ J«m_OrdZmVrb àm{V{Z{YH$ nmÌ H$ënyZ
Ë`mMr Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr AmOÀ`m J«m_OrdZmV hmoUmar Kwg_Q> nQ>H$WoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m§S>Ê`mMm
àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ H$aVmo. H$ëbmßnmZo {b{hboë`m Ñí`m§_YyZ JmdmVbo EH$_oH$m§Zm g§n{dÊ`mMo gyS>mMo
amOH$maU, gm_m{OH$ {hVg§~§Ym§Mm {dMma Z H$aUmao g_mOH$maU, Y{ZH$m§gmR>r Om{Udnyd©H$ am~{dÊ`mV
`oUmao AW©H$maU, CX²ÜdñW Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWm, H$_mbrMo Xm[aÐ`, ghH$mar g§ñWm, XÿY g§KmVrb \$gdo{Jar,
gmdH$marnme, gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m§_Yrb ^«îQ>mMma, H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm§nmgyZ bm^mWvZm Xÿa R>odUo,
n`m©daUmH$S>o Xþb©j, ê$T>r-na§nam-[aVr^mVr§Mo gmo{`ñH$a {dñ_aU, XÿaXe©ZÀ`m Amhmar Jobobr {nT>r, ã`wQ>r
nmb©a Am{U T>m~m g§ñH¥$Vrbm ~ir nS>boë`m VéU VéUr, JmdmVrb Jw§S>{Jar `m gdmªMo {MÌU H$ê$Z
AmOMo Iao-dmñVdXeu IoS>o C^o H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. `m Ñí`m§À`mÛmao H$ëbmßnmZo J«m_dmñVdmMm Omo
Ym§S>moim KoVbobm Amho Vmo àm{V{Z{YH$ Am{U _hÎdmMm Amho. AmOMo H$moUVohr IoS>o H$ëbmßnmZo
a§J{dboë`m IoS>çmgmaIo Amho. nU J«m_OrdZmV ~moH$miV
Mmbboë`m `m H$moUË`mhr g_ñ`m qPJmê$
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Xmê$dmbm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`mbm _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>V ZmhrV. nmS>ì`mMm gUmbm Amnë`m EHy$UM
g§ñH¥$VrV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. nU Amnbm g_mOM gU-g_ma§^mnmgyZ Xÿa Jobm Amho. gUm§À`m _mJrb
g_mOYm{O©Um hoVyM ZîQ> Pmbm AgyZ; H$moUË`m {Xder H$m` H$amd`mMo `mMo ^mZM AmnU hadyZ ~gbmo
AmhmoV; `mMm CëboI H$aÊ`mgmaIm àg§J H$ëbmßnmZo EH$m Ñí`mV {b{hbobm Amho. Ñí`mVbm EH$
åhmVmam AmS>ì`mßnmbm åhUVmo, "~m`H$m§Mr Ho$g§ H$mnm`M§ XþH$mZ {ZKmb§` JmdmV. AmO nmS>dm. Hw$Xi
_mamdr, Am¡V Ownmd§, Vadm Omimdm. H$m` ~m`H$m§Mr Ho$g§ H$mnm`M§ XþH$mZ H$mT>md§? H$br ~Xmbbr.' `m
àg§Jmdê$Z gU g_ma§^m§Mohr AmnU H$m` H$ê$Z ~gbmo AmhmoV, `mMo {dXmaH$ dmñVd dmMH$m§nwT>o `oVo.
$`m{edm` "ZmgmS>r dO© AgUmè`m _mUgmbm eoVH$ar åhUVmV' Aer AË`§V H$_rV H$_r eãXmV
eoVH$è`mMr Ho$bobr gw§Xa ì`m»`m; Aer Zm|X ¿`mdrV Aer {H$VrVar dmŠ`o, g§dmX, KQ>Zm, àg§J, g§Kf©
H$„mßnmZo {MÌnQ>mÀ`m Ñí`m§_Ü`o aoImQ>bobo AmhoV. nU `m H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$mer {MÌnQ>mer g§~{YV
qPJmê$ Xmê$dmë`mbm ñdmañ` Zmhr. Ë`mbm {MÌnQ>mMm Zm`H$ ~mhoa»`mbrnUm H$aUmam, ~m`H$m§À`m ZmXr
bmJbobm hdm Amho. H$WmZH$mer H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm g§~§Y ZgVmZm Ë`mbm {gZo_mV bmdUr KwgS>m`Mr
Amho. eoVH$è`mMr AmoTy>Z VmUyZ AmË_hË`m XmIdm`Mr Amho. Ë`m_wio H$ëbmßnmÀ`m boIZñdmV§Í`mda
{gZo_mVbo bmoH$ ~§YZo KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. nU Amnë`m boIZmÀ`m g§X^m©V H$ëbmßnm H$moUVrhr
VS>OmoS> H$aV Zmhr. {gZo_mMo {M{ÌH$aU Zmhr Pmbo Var Amnë`mbm H$mhr \$aH$ nS>Uma Zmhr. Agm {dMma
H$ê$Z J«m_dmñVd OgoÀ`m Vgo _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$ëbmßnm H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio {MÌnQ> H$boMo MH$MH$sV OJ
Am{U J«m_dmñVd `m§À`mVrb H$_mbrÀ`m XÿañWnUmMo Xe©Z ho EH$ _hÎdmMo gyÌ `m H$mX§~arV àË``mg
`oVo.
[ñÌ`m§Mo emofU : AmOÀ`m J«m_dmñVdmV ì`pŠVJV, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m
MH«$mV gmnS>boë`m {ó`m ho EH$ {dXmaH$ {MÌ Amho. dmQ>çmbm Ambobo Xþ:I H$moUVrhr VH«$ma Z H$aVm
_yH$nUmZo gmogUmè`m AZoH$ {ó`m J«m_rU ^mJmV AmnUmg {XgVmV. ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV J«m_OrdZmVrb
ñÌr{díd Vgo VwbZoZo AënM Ambobo Amho. n[apñWVrÀ`m MH«$mV gmnSy>Z Aghmæ` Pmbobr, KamXmamMm
Ë`mJ H$amdm Ago dmQy>Z KaXma Ë`mJbobr _mUgo Am{U Ë`m§Mo ^md{díd Ogo Vn{ebmZo `m H$mX§~arV
`oVo; Vgo pñÌ`mÀ`m OJÊ`m ^moJÊ`mMo {MÌU A^mdmZoM `oVo Ago åhQ>bo nm{hOo. {XnyeoQ>Mr Ho$di
AmXiAmnQ> H$aUmar ~m`H$mo, ehar g§ñH¥$VrV dmT>bobr Am{U _mUwgH$sbm nmaIr Pmbobr AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m
^mdmMr-g§JmßnmMr ~m`H$mo, H°$Ýgagma»`m AmOmamer PJS>Umar Am{U Xmê$S>çm Zdè`m~amo~a g§gmamMm
JmS>m AmoT>Umar AmS>ì`mßnmMr ~hrU Aem [ñÌ`m `m H$mX§~arV Amë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ñd^mdmMo AZoH$
nmnwÐo aoImQy>Z `m nmÌmMmhr {dH$mg boIH$mbm H$aVm Ambm AgVm. VWm{n AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m ~m`H$moMmVm`ìdmMm emo{fH$nUm àm{V{Z{YH$ nmVirda CVabm Amho Ago åhUVm `oVo.
AmS>ì`mßnmMm ^mD$ g§Jmßnm `mZo KamMr dmQ>Ur _mJUo, AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m KamVrb Xm[aÐ`mH$S>o
VwÀN>VoZo nmhUmar g§JmßnmMr ~m`H$mo, {VMo An_mZmñnX ~mobUo ho gmao ghZ H$ê$Zhr Ka EH$g§Y H$go
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amhrb `mMm {dMma H$aUmar Vm`ìdm `m àg§JmV CRy>Z {XgVo. Amnbm _wbJm {eH$bm nm{hOo, Aer [VMr
_ZmnmgyZ BÀN>m Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Amnë`mbm nS>ob Ë`m IñVm H$mT>mì`m bmJë`m Var [VMr VH«$ma Zmhr.
_wbmÀ`m {ejUmgmR>r Vr {VÀ`m nmobrg ^mdmbm-Amßnæ`mbm amOr H$aÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ H$aVo. nU BWohr
{VÀ`m nXar An`eM nS>Vo. _wbm§À`m O~m~Xmè`m, ehamVrb {ejUmMr X`Zr` AdñWm, ^nHo$~mOnUm,
Q>çyeZÀ`m gd`r, N>moQ>çm Imoë`m§_wio amhÊ`mMr Am~mi Aem g~~r Amßnæ`m Am{U Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo
A{ZVm ho XmoKohr H$ê$ bmJVmM; Vm`ìdmMm Ord JwX_ê$ bmJVmo. ^mdmbm Z gm§JVmM ^ë`m nhmQ>oM Vr
{VÀ`m Kar {ZKyZ OmVo. gw_r `m {VÀ`m _wbrÀ`m ^{dî`mÀ`m {dMmamZohr Vr AñdñW Amho. Zdè`mÀ`m
haEH$ g§H$Q>mV Vr Ë`mÀ`mgmo~V AgVo. ZmZm{dY g_ñ`m§Zr Koabobm, EH$Q>m-EH$mH$s nS>bëo `m AmS>ìdmßnmbm
Vr Zoh_r Yra XoVmZm {XgVo.
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arMr AmB©hr emo{fH$nUmMo _y{V©_§V CXmhaU Amho. H$ëbmßnm Am{U Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo
`m§À`m_Ü`ohr VUmdmMo ZmVo Amho. KamV Vmo a_VM Zmhr. lr_§Vr amhUrMo AmH$f©U, KamV Amdí`H$Vm
ZgVmZm \${Z©Ma KoÊ`mMm _moh, H$nS>obÎmo `m§Mm hì`mg Aem H$maUm§_wio H$ëbmßnm Ë`mÀ`m nËZrnmgyZ
VwQ>bm Amho. AmB©{df`r _mÌ Ë`mbm H$_mbrMo __Ëd Amho. H$m_mda AgVmZmhr Ka-KamVrb AmB© Ë`mÀ`m
S>moŠ`mVyZ OmV Zmhr. H$ëbmßnmZo emim {eH$mdr åhUyZ Vr R>m_ Amho. Ë`m_wio Vr H$ëbmßnmbm eoVmVbo
X_UwH$sMo H$m_ bmdV Zmhr. {MIbH$moiß`mgmR>r EH$Xm emim MwH${dbr åhUyZ {VZ§ H$ëbmßnmbm
{ZJS>rÀ`m H$mR>rZo _ma-_ma _mabo Am{U Z§Va ñdV:M Mwbrg_moa aS>V ~gyZ H$ëbmßnmbm nmoQ>^a Oody
KmVb§. EH$Xm eoVmVbo Q>moH$UrMo H$m_ H$ê$Z H$ëbmßnmÀ`m hmVmbm \$moS> Ambo, Va amÌ^a Vr
H$ëbmßnmMm hmV Amnë`m hmVmV Yê$Z Pmonbr. "H$ëbmßnm {eHy$Z gm`o~ Pmbm H$s Am_À`m KaM§ nm§J
{\$Q>Uma' Ag§ Vr àË`oH$mbm gm§Jm`Mr, {VMm AmdmO Ë`mÀ`m H$mZmV gX¡d ^abobm AgVmo. AmB©bm
XdmImÝ`mV A°S>{_Q> Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr Ë`mbm H$idÊ`mMr VgXr Hw$Ur KoV Zmhr. n¡emMr AS>MU Ambr
åhUyZ KamVrb BVam§Zm H$ëbmßnmÀ`m _Yë`m ^mdmbm H$ëbmßnmMr AmR>dU `oVo. Ë`m_wio KamVrb gdmªer
XÿaÀ`m nmhþÊ`m§gmaI§ H$ëbmßnmMo ZmVo am{hbo Amho. Aem AZoH$ N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm KQ>Zm àg§Jm§dê$Z J«m_rU
ñÌrÀ`m emofUmMr AZoH$ ê$no dmMH$m§g_moa C^r amhVmV.
~iramOmÀ`m Y_m©Mm AmJ«h : `m H$mX§~arÀ`m AIoarg amOZ Jdg `m§Zr Y_m©Mr Or {M{H$Ëgm
Ho$bobr Amho Vr g§doXZerb a{gH$ dmMH$mbm, Aä`mgH$mbm {dMmaàd¥Îm H$am`bm ^mJ nmS>Vo. H$ëbmßnm
H$moUHo$arÀ`m S>m`arVrb A§{V_ nmZmV Agbobr hr MMm© dmMH$m§À`m _ZmV {dMmam§Mo H$mhÿa _mO{dVo.
H$ëbmßnmZo CnpñWV Ho$boë`m àíZmMr CÎmao Yw§S>miÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amd`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. S>m`arVë`m `m
nmZmbm `m H$mX§~arMm na_moÀMq~Xÿ åhQ>bm Var A{Ve`moŠVr R>ê$ Z`o. eoVH$è`mMm åhUyZ EH$ Y_©
AgVmo. OrdZY_©. Amnë`m EHy$UM OrdZì`dhmamVyZ H$iV ZH$iV nU {ZîR>oZo Vmo Amnbm Y_© OnV
AgVmo. MmbrarVr, na§nam, gU, g_ma§^, bmoH$H$bm, H$mù`m AmB©Mo (eoVrMo) bmbZnmbZ, n`m©daU,
AdKo ^yV_mÌ (ney, njr, àmUr BË`mXr), ~r-{~`mUo, eoVrMr Am¡Omao hr gmar Ë`m eoVH$è`mMr Y_©
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gm§^miÊ`mMr _mÜ`_o AgVmV. On, Vn, _m¡Z, EHy$UM H$_©H$m§S>o hr Oer EImÚm nwñVH$s gmYH$mMr
_mÜ`_o AgVmV Am{U `m _mÜ`_m§À`mÛmao Vmo Ë`mÀ`m gmo`rMm Y_© nÕVeranUo, àg§Jr ñdV:Mm ñdmW©
gmYyZ, gÎmm g§nÎmr Aer ^m¡{VH$ _m`m O_{dÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo nmiV AgVmo. `m hoVygmR>r Hw$UmMmhr ~ir
Úmd`mg Vmo _mJo nwT>o nmhV Zmhr. BVHo$M Zìho Va hmM Iam Y_© Agë`mMr ImoQ>r ~VmdUrhr Vmo
OJOmhranUo H$arV AgVmo. Agm H$moUVmhr ì`pŠVJV AWdm H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ñdmW© eoVrY_m©er EH${ZîR>
Agbobm Iam eoVH$ar _ZmVhr AmUV Zmhr. H$maU Vmo OJmMm nmoqeXm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio EoVImD$
Y_©na§naoÀ`m ~amo~a {dê$Õ Agm l_na§naoVyZ Ambobm Y_© eoVH$è`mZo {Q>H${dbobm Amho. ghOnUo Vmo
Amnë`m Z§Va `oUmè`m {nT>çm§Zm `m Aem Y_m©Mr Xrjm Vmo XoV AgVmo. Ë`m l_na§naoVyZ Amboë`m eoVH$ar
Y_m©bm gwê§$J bmdÊ`mMo H$mañWmZ Amnë`m AdVr^dVr nÕVeranUo gwê$ Pmbo. `mV Y_©H$maUmVrb
g§{YgmYy bmoH$m§~amo~aM amOH$maUr, g_mOH$maUr, VWmH${WV {ejU_hfu gh^mJr Pmbo VoìhmnmgyZM
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$argma»`m, AmS>ì`mßnmgma»`m _mUgm§Mo OJUo _wpíH$b Pmbo. Ë`m_wio S>m`arVrb `m
eodQ>À`m nmZm_Ü`o BVa gd© àñWm{nV Y_mªMr MMm© _moR>çm AmdmOmV gd©Ì EoHy$ `oV AgVmZm;
eoVH$è`mÀ`m Y_m©Mr MMm© Amnë`m Y_©g§ñWmnH$m§Zr, Y_©_mVªS>mZr H$er Ho$br Zmhr? Agm amñV àíZ
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H$ëbmßnmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZS>anUo {dMmabm Amho.
H$ëbmßnm Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm `m XmoKm§Zrhr Ë`m§À`m _yë`{ZîR OJÊ`mVyZ Amboë`m> {d{eîQ> Y_m©À`m
{dê$Õ dV©Z Ho$bobo Zmhr. OrdZ gmYo Agmdo, gwa{jV Agmdo, Ho$boë`m H$m_mMm `mo½` Vmo _mo~Xbm
{_imdm, g_mOmV, {_Ì_§S>it_Ü`o, Hw$Qw>§~mV _mZ_amV~ {_imdm, AmnU bmoH$m§À`m gwImMm {dMma H$aVmo
Voìhm bmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m gwImg_mYmZmMm {dMma H$amdm, PmS>§, O§Jb§, Jm`r, Jwa§ hohr Amnë`m Am`wî`mMm
A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AmhoV Voìhm Ë`m§Zmhr XþIdy Z`o Agm AË`§V gmYm nU OrdZì`dhmamV AmUmd`mg
AË`§V AdKS> OrdZY_© àm_m{UH$nUo OmonmgUmè`m `m XmoZ ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV. VWm{n `m§À`m `m Aem
Y_m©bm H$dS>r_mob qH$_V XoD$Z kmZmnmgyZ, l_na§naonmgyZ \$maH$V KoUmè`m Y_m©Mm CXmoCXmo gmd©{ÌH$
hmoVmo. åhUyZ H$ëbmßnmZo e§H$amMm`©, _hmdra, BVHo$M Zìho Va Jm¡V_ ~wÕ `m§Zmhr "~wÕm, Vy Va eoVH$arM.
nU Vy H$m` gm§{JVb§ eoVH$è`m§Zm?' Agm gdmb Ho$bm Amho. ho gd© _hmË_o kmZr ho IaoM. nU eoVrM§
g_ñV dV©yi; O{_ZrÀ`m _emJVrnmgyZ ~r-{~`mUm§Mr OnUyH$, noaUr, ^m§JbUr, IVm§Mm dmna,
{ZgJm©Mo-n`m©daUmMo dmMZ, H$mnUr, _iUr BË`mXtnmgyZ Vo ~mOmanoR>on`ªVMo EH$àH$maMo nydm©nma MmbV
Ambobo emñÌ eoVH$è`m§Mo Amho. EH$àH$maMm Y_© eoVH$è`m§Mm Amho. Am{U ho gmao hOmamo df} R>mD$H
AgUmam eoVH$ar AS>mUr H$gm? Ë`mbm kmZr åhUmdoM bmJob. Ë`mMm kmZmMm AmXa ìhm`bmM hdm.
nU Vmo Vgm H$m Ho$bm OmV Zmhr? Agm AñdñW H$aUmam àíZ H$ëbmßnm {dMmaVmo. {edm` "{dÇ>bm,
Vy Jmoim Ho$b§g eoVH$è`m§Zm. nU H$m Zmhr Ë`m§Zm H$mhr åh§Q>bmg? H$moUVmM Y_© eoVH$è`m§Zm H$mhrM H$m
gm§JV Zgob? Vo H$moUË`m _mUgm§Zm CnXoe H$aVmV? eoVH$è`m§Zm {niyZ Oo OJVmV Ë`m§ZmM Y_m©Mr JaO.
eoVH$è`m§bm Y_m©Mr JaOM ZgVo. H$maU eoVr hmM Ë`mMm Y_©. eoVrY_m©Mr _m§S>Ur H$moU H$m H$aV
Zmhr?' Agm AmV© àíZ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZo {dMmabm Amho. H$ëbmßnm AWm©VM Jm¡V_ ~wÕ,
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e§H$amMm`©, _hmdra `m§À`mgmaIm kmZr Zmhr. nU Ë`mZo `m àkmd§VmZm àíZ {dMmaÊ`mMo YmS>g
àm_m{UH$nUo, `m _hmËå`m§Mm AmXa ~miJyZ Ho$bo Amho; ho _hÎdmMo Amho. H$maU H$ëbmßnmÀ`m àíZm§_mJo
~iramOmÀ`m-eoVH$è`m§À`m ^{dVì`mÀ`m {hVmMm {dMma Amho. _amR>r J«m_rU H$mX§~arV dmQ>çmbm `oVrb
Vo ^moJ {Z_yQ>nUo ^moJUmè`m Zm`H$m§À`m ^ë`m _moR>çm `mXrV Y_©ñWmnZoÀ`m g§ñWmnH$m§ZmM àíZ
{dMmaUmam hm Zm`H$ {daim Ago åhUmdo bmJob.
Ho$di nwñVH$s Y_m©À`m _m§S>Urnojm l_ì`dñWoda AmYmaboë`m ~irÀ`m Y_m©Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. hr H$bmßnmZo Am{U AWm©VM boIH$ åhUyZ amOZ Jdg `m§Zr KoVbobr _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m
Amho. `m H$mX§~arÀ`m Ame`mV Am{U AmH¥${V~§YmV {edm` H$ëbmßnm, AmS>ì`mßnm, Vm`ìdm Aem
_yë``wŠV OJUmè`m nmÌm§À`m MbZdbZmVyZ eoVH$ar Y_m©Mr ^y{_H$m KoUmao _hÎdmMo gyÌ Ñí` AWdm
AÑí` ê$nmV Aì`mhVnUo dmhV AgVmZm {XgVo. _amR>r J«m_rU H$mX§~arV Aer _ybJm_r d _yb^yV
^y{_H$m KoUmao amOZ Jdg ho EH$ AndmXmË_H$ CXmhaU Amho; Ago åhUmdo bmJob.
2.3 eãXmW© d [Q>nm
~Xbm_ - ZgVr CR>mR>od, {~bm_V, am§o~mQ> - g_ñ`m, MH$_m H$aUo - H$m_ \$Îmo H$aUo, Wæ`mH$
@@ \w$JS>r _§Jidma - AmXiAmnQ>, {VanQ>Uo - nmR>dUo, R>mUH$mbm - nwÝhm Ë`mM OmJoda, \$m§JgyZ Vnerbdma, Pm|~S> - g_ñ`m, Xþ_ bmJUo - gwJmdm bmJUo, S>moŠ`mV {Ja{_Q> - {dMmaMH«$, gmgyb Mmhÿb, gaH$XmZ - ~oOma, AmXmdV - g§e`, Hw$Hw$S>H$m§o~m -^maÛmO njr, Xm~Omoa - ^anya, {H${ZQ> gm`§H$mi, Am~OyH$ - AmíM`©, ÝhmB©ZnV - hÔnma hmoUo, Vmbm_mbm nmhÿZ - EHy$U n[apñWVrMm A§XmO
KoD$Z
· dmMZ CVmam :
Ñí` : OJyMo Ka
OJy g_moaÀ`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm ho ~K AmS>ì`mXm, Vwbm~r {hemo~ åhmB©V Agmdm.
_mÂ`mH$Sy>Z ì`mOmZ§ KoVbo 2000/{då`mÀ`m H$m_mV n{hë`m§Xm KmVbo 1500/Xþgè`m§Xm KmVbo 1000/nadm gmho~mbm {Xbo 1500/_Ü`o hmV CgUo KoVbmg 200/VwÂ`m H$m_mgmR>r OmÊ`m`oÊ`mMm IM© Pmbm 400/Agm EHy$U IM© Pmbm ghm hOma ghmeo. EdT>o n¡go _mPo JoboV. _mJZ§ MoH$ Amë`mda åhUerb
ho Hw$R>bo. åhm`Vr Agmd§. MoH$ AmbmM Zmhr Va Vwbm EdT>çm aH$_oM§ ì`mO ^mJdmd§ bmJob.
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AmS>ì`mßnm, H$m`? `oUma ÝhmB© MoH$ ?
OJy, Vg§ Ýhd§ Jm@@ AmbmM Zmhr Va. ho Oa VaM§ gm§{JVb§.
AmS>ì`mßnm, øm \§$XmV nS>m`bmM ZH$mo ìhV§ JS>çm Sw>B©da bB© Omb§ arZ.
H$emVZ§ \o$Sy> ho _bmM H$i§Zm Omb§`.
Vmo VgmM ~mhoa nS>Vmo.
Ñí` : AmS>ì`mßnmMo Ka
AMmZH$ OmoamMm nmD$g gwê$ hmoVmo. bmoH$ hdmb{Xb. Vm`ìdm EH$Q>rM KamV. Vr C§~è`mbm `oVo.
JëbrV nmUrM nmUr.
Vm`ìdm, ømo dmÚm KamV `oUmar ngm _yi ~r Hw$OdyZ Q>mH$Vmo`, dmQ>V§.
nmdgmMm Omoa dmT>VM OmVmo.
Ñí`
{^Obobm AmS>ì`mßnm COXmabm `oD$Z VgmM ~gVmo. Vm`ìdm Odi `oVo.
H$nS>§ Var ~Xbm.
gmo`m~rZMr _mVr Pmbr. AmVm eoVmVM CJdb§.
Ë`o H$m` Amnb§M Pmb§`. OJmM§ Ë`o Amnb§.
OJmM§ `oJi§. Amnë`m S>moñŠ`mda S>m|Ja hm`.
ìhB©b H$m` Var.
ìhË`mV XJS>§.
Vmo EH$X_ JßnJma hmoD$Z ~gVmo.
Ñí` : nhmQ>
^mJQ>m`bm {XZy {eaJmdo AmaS>VM AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m XmamV `oVmo. OmoamZo Xma AmnQ>Vmo åhUVmo.
AmS>ì`m, CR> a§@@ AmŠH$m g§nbr. \$moZ Ambm`.
Vm`ìdm A§Wê$UmdaM _moR>çmZo aSy> bmJVo. AmS>ì`mßnm Xma CKS>Vmo. {XZy AmV `oVmo.
_Kmer Ambm \$moZ. g§nbr åhU§. dmB©Q> Pmb§ Jm@@
Vm`ìdmÀ`m aS>Ê`mZo Jëbr Jmoim hmoVo. AmS>ì`mßnm nQ>mnQ> Amdam` bmJVmo. _Ü`oM Ë`mÀ`m Ü`mZmV
`oVo. Vmo {XZybm åhUVmo.
JaO _ma JS>çm. åhm`maM§ bwJS>§ Ýhm`bm nm`Oo. e§^a XmoZeo Xo CgU§. _mÂ`mH$S>§ H$m`M ÝhmB©V.
{XZy H$mhrM Z ~mobVm KamH$S>o OmVmo. H$nS>o KmbyZ AmS>ì`mßnm Odi `oVmo.
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{XZy, KoVë`mV n¡go Mb. d`Zrbm ^mB©a H$mT>.
Vm`ìdm, AmS>ì`mßnm, {XZy KamVyZ ~mhoa nS>VmV. Am`m~m`m Vm`ìdmbm g_OyV KmbyZ aS>m`M§
Wm§~dVmV.
Ñí` : ~{hUrMo Ka
XhZ AmQ>monyZ gJio KamH$S>o naVbobo AmhoV. JmdmVbo bmoH$ nm`mda nmUr KoD$Z OmV AmhoV. nmhþUo
n¡ ~mhoaÀ`m H$Å>rda ~gbobo AmhoV. AemM g§Jmßnm `oVmo. AmS>ì`mßnmOdi Q>oH$Vmo.
AmS>ì`mßnm, EH$X_ VnmgyZ H$embm Ambmg ? Vr H$moU ìhVr VwPr ? {XZy _Ü`o nS>Vmo Jßn Jm@@
hr doi Zìh§ åhUV Wm§~dVmo. AmS>ì`mßnm CRy>Z ~mOybm OmVmo. g§Jmßnm Imbr _mZ KmbyZ ~gyZ
amhVmo.
Ñí` : dmQ>oda
AmS>ì`mßnm, H$gbm Jm@@ Ob_. ^ZrÀ`m _`Vmbm~r CñU§ n¡go ¿`m`Mr nmir. øobm H$m` Ob_
åhUË`mV.
{XZy, AmJm@ EoZ doir ìhV§` Amg§. bB© _Zmbm ZH$mo bmD$Z KoD$ VwPr ^Z Am{U _mPr H$moU Ýhd§
Vr?
AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m S>moiçmM§ nmUr VwQ>m`bm V`ma ZgVo.
Ñí` : _Ü`mÝh amÌ
AmS>ì`mßnm H$S>r hiyM H$mTy>Z JëbrV `oVmo. gJirH$S>o {H$a© A§Yma. VgmM Mmbm` bmJVmo.
Vm|Xë`mÀ`m XmamV Hw$Ìo ^w§H$m` bmJVo. Ë`mbm XJS> _mê$Z nidVmo. niVm niVm Hw$Í`mMm Hw$B©@@ Hw$B©@@
AmdmO. H°$_oam A§YmamMr dVw©i§ nH$S>Vmo.
eoVH$è`mÀ`m KamV OÝ_bmo. eoVH$arM Pmbmo AgVmo. MwHy$Z H$maHy$Z Pmbmo. hr _mPr MyH$ Zmhr.
_bm Á`m§Zr emioV KmVb§ Ë`m§Mr qH$dm eoVH$è`m§À`m nmoamZ§ {eH$md§ åhUUmè`m§Mr. Ag§ åhUm`bm OmJm
ZmhrM Ag§ Zmhr. åhUUmè`m§Zm Ag§ dmQ>V hmoV§, Aja Amb§ H$s kmZ Amb§M. Aja Am{U kmZ XmoZ
doJiçm Jmoï>r. Aja `oÊ`mgmR>r emim. _J kmZàmßVrgmR>r H$m` ?
_mUyg eoVr H$ê$ bmJbm. l_na§nam V`ma Pmbr. H$YrVar `m am~Umè`m bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>b§,
Amnë`mVë`m H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr gJiçm§M§ OrdZ g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mgmR>r l_ Z H$aVm \$ŠV {dMma H$amdm. _J
Ë`m§Zr H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm Vg§M gwM{db§. Vwåhr \$ŠV {dMma H$am. kmZ {Z_m©U H$am. Amåhr Vw_M§ nmoQ>nmUr
~KyZ KoVmo. Va `m§Zr Ho$bo ^bV§M. Á`m§Zr hmS>mMr H$mS>§ H$ê$Z `m§Zm _moH$irH$ {Xbr Ë`m§Mm {dMma Z
H$aVm ho ñdV:gma»`m l_ Z H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§MmM {dMma H$ê$ bmJbo. Ë`mVyZ On, Vn, _m¡Z,
g§Ý`mg, VníM`m©, gmYZm, g_mYr, _moj Agbo ^bVoM H$m` H$m` H$aV ~gbo. Vo \$ŠV ñdV:MoM ~KV
Jobo.
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Ë`m§Zr VníM`m© Ho$br. Ë`m§Zm kmZàmßVr Pmbr. Jm¡V_ ~wÕmZ§ ~moYrd¥jmImbr VníM`m© Ho$br. Ë`m§Zm
kmZ àmßVr Pmbr. ho Ia§ Agob. nU Ë`m§Zm H$moUV§ kmZ àmßV Pmb§. Vo kmZ H$m`? Ë`m kmZmM§ ñdê$nì`mßVr-_`m©Xm EH$ {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg. H$moU ho e§H$amMm`©. Ë`m§M§ kmZ H$m`? A_wH$-V_wH$ Ag§ gm§Jm
Zm. _hmdra, Ë`m§Mo kmZ A_wH$-V_wH$, ~gdoída, Ë`m§M§ kmZ A_wH$-V_wH$, gm§Jm Zm ? H$m \$ŠV
gm§JUmam, _hmdra åhUmbo, ~wÕ åhUmbo, e§H$amMm`© åhUmbo, åhUmbo H$s kmZ H$s kmZmMr H$gmoQ>r AOyZ
H$mhr? Zgob Va Am_Mm AmOmo~m åhUmbm Vo kmZ H$m Zmhr? kmZ-kmZ åhUOo H$m` ? H$s AkmZ. Vo
Va eoVH$è`mÀ`m OJÊ`mV ^anya. _J eoVH$ar kmZr H$m Zmhr? Mm§Jb§ OJm`M§. Hw$Umbm? àË`oH$mbm.
_J Vmo kmZr H$m Zmhr? Hw$Umbm {dMmamd§? A_wH$ åhUVmo eoVH$è`mZ§ Am_À`mda OmV bmXbr. Á`mbm
Ë`mbm OJdm`M§. OJdUmam OmV H$er V`ma H$aob? Á`m§Zm kmZ àmßVr Pmbr Vo eoVH$è`m§À`m _wŠVrgmR>r
H$m Zmhr ~mobbo? `oey, Vy eoVH$è`m{df`r H$m` åhUmbmg ? n¡J§~am, Vy eoVH$è`m§Zm H$m` gm§{JVb§g?
e§H$amMm`m©, Vwbm eoVH$ar _mhrV hmoVm? _hmdram, eoVH$ar VwÂ`m ~mobÊ`mV Hw$R>§? ~wÕm, Vy Va
eoVH$arM. nU Vy H$m` gm§{JVb§ eoVH$è`m§Zm? {dÇ>bm, Vy Jmoim Ho$b§g eoVH$è`m§Zm. nU H$m Zmhr Ë`m§Zm
H$mhr åhQ>bmg? H$moUmMmM Y_© eoVH$è`m§Zm H$mhrM H$m gm§{JV Zgob? Vo H$moUË`m _mUgm§Zm CnXoe
H$aVmV? eoVH$è`m§Zm {niyZ Oo OJVmV Ë`m§ZmM Y_m©Mr JaO. eoVH$è`mbm Y_m©Mr JaO ZgVo. H$maU
eoVr hmM Ë`mMm Y_©. eoVrY_m©Mr _m§S>Ur H$moU H$m H$aV Zmhr? OJmVë`m H$ï>H$è`m§Mm l_ hmM Y_©
Agob Va Ë`mÀ`m l_mda OJUmao øm nwñVH$s Y_m©Mr _m§S>Ur H$m H$aVmV? Y_© hr OJÊ`mbm Amdí`H$
Jmoï>. Hw$UmÀ`m? eoVH$è`mbm Agë`m Y_m©Mr JaO AgVo Ag§ H$g§ {gÕ H$aVm `oB©b? _J Y_© Hw$UmMr
ImO?
Ambr H$m n§Mm`V.
~Q²>Q>çm~moi.
{dídmÀ`m {Z{_©VrnmgyZ AmnU `mXr H$ê$ Amob.... Imob.. nmD$g... nmUr... _mVr... ImVr... PmS>... O§Jb... _mÊg§H$mÊg§...
gmV ~mam... AmR> A... H$~bm`V... XñVwa IwÔ... øm gÁÁ`mV... Ë`m H$m`ÚmV.
~-~irMm AWm©V OZ-JU-_Z...
À`m Am`bm. gJi§ H$m|S>ã`±S>.
{XnyeoR>, Amnë`mbm "H$moS>ã`°S>' hr H$mX§~ar {bhm`Mr Amho ho {ZpíMV.
q^JmaH$a åhUVmo, H$moUHo$arbm noM gmoS>dVm Ambm Zmhr. Ë`mbm _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOmH$S>§ Omd§ dmQ>V§.
`mMm AW© H$m`? _mS>rMm _hmamO OmV-nmV _mZV Zmhr. eoVr H$ê$Z amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Zm {damoY H$aVmo`.
Vmo H$m` Var H$ê$Z _m§S>m`À`m ZmXmV Amho. AmO_mdyZ ~KVmo`. {ZîH$f© _hmamOmH$S>§hr ZmhrV. nU
Ë`mÀ`m _m§S>UrM§ H$moUHo$è`mbm AmH$f©U Amho. Ë`mbm nS>bobo àíZ _hmamOmbm nS>boV, Ag§ åhUm`bm
OmJm Amho.
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / _amR>r ....3
AmVm Agb§ ho H$m`, Amnë`mbm H$iV Zmhr. _J H$moUHo$ar hdm Amho. \$ŠV {Od§V. H$moUHo$ar
AgUma `mV e§H$m Zmhr. \$ŠV Vmo Hw$R>o Agob? _hmamO åhUVmo`. npíM_obm emoYm. À`m Am`bm,
ho H$m_ q^JmaH$ada gmondbob§ ~a§. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>§ dmMZmM§ q^J Amho. Ë`m q^JmVyZ Ë`mbm {Xg§b
H$mhr.
Amnë`mbm YZJamÀ`m åhmVma~mMm emoY KoU§ _hÎdmM§. {MJè`m, {^H$m Hw$UrVar H$a§bM _XV.
O§JbM gm§Jb H$mhr Var, H$moUHo$è`m{df`r. Zmhr Var O§Jb Amnë`m npíM_obmM `oV§.
2.5 g_mamon
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, amOZ Jdg `m§Mr ~,~irMm hr H$mX§~ar dV©_mZ J«m_rU OrdZmMo n[aUm_H$maH$
{MÌU H$aUmar _hÎdmMr H$mX§~ar Amho. `m H$mX§~arMm Ame`wgyÌm§À`m AZwf§JmZo {dMma H$aVm Ago åhUVm
`oVo H$s, 1990 Z§aV ^maVmV doJmZo Amboë`m ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m_wio g_mO_mZgmV
Oo Am§Va~mø ~Xb Pmbo, AdKo OZOrdZM Am_wbmJ« ~XbyZ Jobo. AWm©VM J«m_rU OrdZhr `mbm
AndmX am{hbo Zmhr. nma§n[aH$ J«m_rU OrdZ, Ë`m OrdZmVë`m ê$T>r, na§nam, g§ñH¥$Vr, Mmbr[aVr Aem
gd©M ~m~r hÔnma hmoD$ bmJë`m. Aem `m ~o^ademÀ`m, Agwa{jV dmñVdmV _yë`mË_H$ nmVirda
OJUmè`m g§doXZerb _ZmMr H$er Kwg_Q> hmoVo; `mMo àË``H$mar {MÌU `m H$mX§~arÀ`m AZwf§JmZo amOZ
Jdg `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar, AmS>ì`mßnm, Vm`ìdm hr _mUgo AerM `m dmñVdmer
PJS>V-PJS>V _yH$nUo ~ir Jobobr AmhoV. `m nmÌm§Mo dV©_mZ dmñVdmV OJUo-_aUo, {ZKyZ OmUo ho
nm{hbo AgVm, `m H$mX§~arVrb AZoH$ nmÌo Amnë`m ^modVrMm gm_m{OH$-amOH$s` àíZm§Mm Jw§Vm
gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. VWm{n AmOÀ`m àíZmMo ñdê$nM BVHo$ {dH«$mi Amho, H$s
gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Zm ~ir OmÊ`m{edm` n`m©`M CaV Zmhr. Ho$di `m H$mX§~arVbr _mUgoM AmOÀ`m.{dXmaH$
dmñVdmbm ~ir nS>bobr ZgyZ g§doXZerbVoZo-_yë`mË_nUo OJUmè`m àË`oH$mMoM OJUo AmO ~ir
R>aVo Amho, `mMm àË`` hr H$mX§~ar dmMVmZm XoVo. S>m`ar, Zm§oXr, {MÌnQ> Ñí`o, _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo
`m§Zm {b{hbobr nÌo Aer Am{dîH$ma V§Ìo `m H$mX§~arV boIH$mZo dmnabobr Agë`m_wio J«m_OrdZmMo
boIH$mbm AmH$ibobo AZw^dg§{MV {dñVmamZo `m H$mX§~arV Ambobo Amho. _amR>r J«m_rU H$mX§~arÀ`m
B{VhmgmV Ame` Am{U Am{dîH$ma `m§À`m g§X^m©V {dMma H$aVm ~,~irMm hr H$mX§~ar doJionUmZo CRy>Z
{XgVo.
2.6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ Am[U CÎmao
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZo H$moUË`m {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hbr Amho ?
(C\$ami / ~o~Zmi / ~o~Zmd)
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2. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arZo O§JbmVë`m åhmVmè`mMr AmoiI H$moUr H$ê$Z {Xbr?
({MJè`m / am_Á`m / {eì`m)
3. kmZr _hmamO H$moUË`m S>m|JamV amhmVmV?
(JmS>rÀ`m / _mS>rÀ`m / dmS>rÀ`m)
4. eoVH$è`m§À`m Midirg§~§Yr H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar H$moUmer nÌì`dhma H$aVmo?
(emhÿ _hmamOm§er / _hmË_m \w$b|er / H$m§Vmam_er)
5. "Vw_À`m bmo^mg Amåhr bm`H$ Cabmo Zmhr AmhmoV.' Ago H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar H$moUmbm
åhUVmo?
(eH$amMm`mªZm / _hmdram§Zm / _hmË_m OmoVramdm§Zm)
CÎmao :
1. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZo C\$ami `m {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hbr Amho.
2. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mbm O§JbmVë`m åhmVmè`mMr AmoiI {MJè`mZo H$ê$Z {Xbr.
3. kmZr _hmamO _mS>rÀ`m S>m|JamV amhVmV.
4. eoVH$è`m§À`m Midirg§~§Yr H$ëbmnm H$m§Vmam_Or `m§À`mer nÌì`dhma H$aVmo.
5. "Vw_À`m bmo^mg Amåhr bm`H$ Cabmo Zmhr AmhmoV.' Ago H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar _. OmoVramd
\w$bo `m§Zm åhUVmo.
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arVyZ H$moUH$moUVr Ame`gyÌo ì`ŠV hmoVmV?
amOZ Jdg ho _amR>r gm{hË`mVrb EH$ _hÎdmMo Zmd Amho. Amnë`m H$Wm-H$mX§~è`mÀ`mÕmao Ë`m§Zr
J«m_dmñVdmMo Vnerbdma {MÌU Ho$bobo Amho. Mm¢S>H§$, ^§S>ma^moJ, VUH$Q> Aem _hÎdnyU© H$mX§~è`m,
[adZmdm`br _ww§Jr, AmnU _mUgmV O_m Zmhr ho H$Wmg§J«h, H$mMmH$dS>çm, H¡${\$`V ho b{bVboIg§J«h,
h§þXH$m hm H$mì`g§J«h Aer gm{hË`g§nXm amOZ Jdg `m§À`m Zmdmda àH$m{eV Amho. `m gm{hË`
boIZmgmo~VM Ë`m§Zr bjUr` g_rjm Am{U g§nmXZohr Ho$bobr AmhoV. _wamir `m _m{gH$mMo Vo g§nmXH$
AgyZ `m _m{gH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU n[agamVë`m AZoH$ Zdmo{XV boIH$, H$dr, g_rjH$ `m§Zm Ë`m§Zr
ì`mgnrR> CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho. VUH$Q> hr amOZ Jdg `m§Mr ~hþM{M©V H$mX§~ar AgyZ `m H$mX§~arg
gm{hË` AH$mX_rMm ^maVr` nmVirdarb nwañH$ma bm^bm Amho. ~, ~irMm (2012) hr amOZ Jdg
`m§Mr H$mX§~ar _amR>r J«m_rU H$mX§~arVrb _hÎdmMr H$mX§~ar Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU, ImgJrH$aU,
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CXmarH$aU Aem 1990 Z§Va _moR>çm doJmZo ^maVmV Amboë`m JmoîQ>t_wio J«m_dmñVd H$_mbrMo ~Xbbo.
Agwa{jV Am{U ^`J«ñV Pmbo. eoVH$ar Am{U H$m_Jma Midi, J«m_rU OrdZmVrb ê$T>r na§nam§Mo ~XbVo
ñdê$n, eoVH$è`m§Mo ^md{díd, ~XbVr Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWm, gU-g_ma§^-CËgd `m§Mo {dH¥$VrH$aU Aem AZoH$
àH$maMo KQ>H$ doJdoJù`m ê$nmVyZ gmVË`mZo `m H$mX§~arVyZ àË``mbm `oVmV. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr ~,~irMm
`m H$mX§~arVyZhr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§VaMo IoS>o AË`§V dmñVdXeunUo dmMH$m§À`m ZOaog_moa C^o Ho$bo AgyZ
`m H$mX§~arVbo dmñVd g§doXZerb _mUgmbm {dMmaàd¥Îm H$am`bm bmdVo.
~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOZ Jdg AZoH$nXar Ame` ì`ŠV H$aVmV, Ago {XgVo.
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va Zdm _Ü`_dJ© CX`mbm Ambm. {ejU, ZmoH$ar, ehar OrdZe¡br `m_wio Vmo Amnë`m
JmdmnmgyZ, JmdÀ`m _mUgmnmgyZ VwQ>bm. Ë`mMo eoVrer na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo ZmVo VwQ>bo. l__yë` H$_r
Pmbo. l_mMr Am{U {ejUmMr \$maH$V Pmbr. _mUgmMm ^m¡{VH$ {dH$mg Pmbm, OJUo MH$MH$sVnm°{be Ho$ë`mgmaIo Pmbo; nU Agwa{jV Am{U ^`mZo J«mgboë`m ehar _Zmbm gwI, g_mYmZ, em§VVm,
no«_, H$éUm Aem _yë`m§Zm {Vbm§Obr Úmdr bmJbr. n[aUm_r OJUoM ^ogya Pmbo. JmdmVrb VWmH${WV
nwT>mè`m§Zr gÎmm, g§nÎmrbmM Amnbo Ü`o` _mZbo Am{U Jar~ eoVH$è`mMo {OUoM Aghm` H$éZ Q>mH$bo.
Ë`m_wio {ejUmZo Amnë`m g_mOmMr àJVr hmoB©b Ago dmQ>bo hmoVo, Vo Pmbo Zmhr. {edm` h[aVH«$m§Vr,
eoVrbm {dkmZmMr OmoS> Aem ~m~t_wio na§naoZo MmbV Ambobm eoVrMm JmT>m AmoT>Umè`m Jar~ eoVH$è`mMrH$m_H$è`mMr CÝZVr hmoB©b Ago dmQ>bo hmoVo, Vohr Pmbo Zmhr. ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoZo _mUgmMo AdKo
OrdZM A^mdJ«ñV, VmUVUmdm§Mo H$ê$Z Q>mH$bo. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb H$ëbmßnm
H$moUHo$ar, AmS>ì`mßnm, Vm`ìdm Aem nmÌm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dV©_mZ J«m_OrdZ Vnerbdma Am{U n[aUm_H$manUo
ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho.
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr `m H$mX§~arVrb Ame` S>m`ar, nÌo, Zm|Xr, {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm Aem _mÜ`_m§À`m
AmYmao ì`ŠV Ho$bm Amho. `m H$mX§~arMm ê$T>mWm©Zo gwédmV, _Ü` Am{U eodQ> Agm AmH¥${V~§Y Zgë`mZo
H$mX~arbm AZoH$ Ama§^ AmhoV, nU {ZpíMV Agm eodQ> Zmhr. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar hm boIH$
VmbwŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr B_mZoBV~mao ZmoH$ar H$aVmo Amho. Jar~ eoVH$ar Hw$Q>§w~mVyZ Vmo Ambm Amho. Ë`mMo
b¾hr Pmbo Amho. Vmo boIH$ Agë`m_wio Amnë`m ^dVmbmer Vmo ñdV:Mo H$mhr ZmVo àñWm{nV H$ê$
BpÀN>Vmo. VWm{n gaH$mar H$MoarVrb ^«îQ> ì`dhmambm Vmo _ZmnmgyZ d¡VmJbm Amho. n¡emgmR>r _mUgo
Amnë`m OdiÀ`m _mUgmbmhr AmoiIV ZmhrV. Or _mUgo ^«îQ> AmMaU H$aVmV, Vr gmarM _mUgo
~hþOZ g_mOmVrb AmhoV. AmnU {eH$bmo, Amnë`mbm ZmoH$ar bmJbr, AmnU Amnë`mM AZoH$ eVHo$
ZmS>ë`m Joboë`m ~hþOZ g_mOmMo H$mhr XoUo bmJVmo. Voìhm Aem ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m _mUgm§À`m AmnU
Cn`moJr nS>bo nm{hOo; hr ^mdZmM ZîQ> Pmë`mMo H$ëbmßnmÀ`m {ZXe©Zmg `oVo. {edm` {ejU
g§ñWm§_Ü`ohr ~hþOZm§Mr _wbo _moR>çm à_mUmV {ejU KoV AmhoV, {ejH$ åhUyZhr ~hþOZg_mOmVrb bmoH$
~hþVm§e AmhoV. g§ñWmMmbH$hr ~hþOZg_mOmVrb bmoH$ AmhoV. {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dUmao bmoH$hr
~hþOZ g_mOmVrbM AmhoV. VWm{n {ejUmMo g_mOmer, kmZmer, l__yë`m§er Agbobo ZmVo PnmQ>çmZo
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ZîQ> hmoV Mmbbobo Amho. `mMrhr _Z {dfÊU H$aUmar OmUrd H$ëbmßnmbm Pmbr Amho. Hw$Qw>§~mVhr
Ë`mMo _Z a_V Zmhr. H$maU ^m¡{VH$ JmoîQ>tÀ`m Amhmar Jobobr nËZr, Ho$di n¡emgmR>r g§~§Y R>odUmao
ZmVodmB©H$ `m_wio KamnmgyZhr Vmo VwQ>bm Amho. eoVr, n`m©daU `m§Mm PnmQ>çmZo èhmg hmoV AgyZ
gU-g_ma§^ `m_Ü`ohr A{ZîQ> àWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. _ZmVbr hr IXIX ~mobyZ XmIdmdr
Agm _mUyg H$ëbmßnmbm gmnS>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mZo _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§À`mer gmYbobm g§dmX
_hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. OmoVramdm§Zm Vmo Amnbm dmag _mZVmo. nUOmo~m `m KaJwVr ZmdmZo Vmo Ë`m§Mm CëboI
H$aVmo.
g_mOOrdZmVë`m S>mì`m Midirhr AmVm {Zîà^ Pmë`m AgyZ d§{MVm§Zm AmVm H$moUr dmbr
am[hbm Zgë`mMr I§Vhr H$ëbmßnm dma§dma ~mobyZ XmI{dVmo. eoVH$è`m§À`m Midirhr AmVm W§S>mdë`m
AgyZ `m Midit_Ü`ohr gÎmoMo amOH$maU Yw_mHy$i Kmby bmJbo Agë`mMm {dMma Vmo H$m§Vmam_ `m§Zm
{b{hboë`m nÌmVyZ ~mobyZ XmI{dVmo. qPJmê$ Xmê$dmbm `m {MÌnQ>joÌmer g§~§{YV _mUgmer Ë`mMm n[aM`
hmoVmo. C\$ami hr nQ>H$Wmhr Vmo {b{hVmo. VWm{n {MÌnQ>joÌmH$S>o Ho$di VmËH$mi n¡gm {_idyZ XoUmar
H$bm åhUyZ nmhÊ`mÀ`m d¥Îmr_wio `m joÌmVrb bmoH$m§Mohr J«m_dmñVdmH$S>o H$go gmo{`ñH$a Xþb©ú` Pmbo
Amho; `mMm OdiyZ n[aM` Pmë`m_wio BWohr Ë`mMo _Z a_y eH$V Zmhr. {XnyeoQ> `m {_Ìmbmhr Z gm§JVm
Vmo {ZKyZ OmVmo.
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZo Or C\$ami hr nQ>H$Wm {b{hbr Amho. AmS>ì`mßnm hm Ë`m H$WoMm Zm`H$
Amho. AmS>ì`mßnm hm Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar Amho. VWm{n JmdmVrb gan§M, amOH$s` nwT>marnU {_adUmar
_mUgo BË`mXr Ë`mMo O_ob Vgo emofU H$aVmV. {dhra, IVo Aem Amdí`H$ JmoîQ>t_Ü`o Ë`mMr nÕVera
ZmS>dUyH$ Ho$br OmVo. AmS>ì`mßnmMm ^mD$ g§Jmßnm Vmohr ehar Pmbm Amho. JmdmnmgyZ VwQ>bobm g§Jmßnm
KamMr dmQ>Ur _mJVmo, Ë`mÀ`m nËZrbmhr J«m_OrdZ AS>mUrnUmMo, _mJmgbobo dmQ>Vo. AmS>ì`mßnmMr
~m`H$mo Vm`ìdm emofUmMo _y{V©_§V CXmhaU Amho. Amnbo Ka A^§J amhmdo, _wbm§Zr {eH$mdo, Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jbr
ZmoH$ar bmJmdr `mgmR>r {VMr gX¡d VJ_J AgVo. Vr {VÀ`m ^mdmH$S>o _wbm§À`m {ejUmÀ`m hoVyZo OmVo.
nU {VWohr {VÀ`m nXar {ZamemM nS>Vo. gmdH$mar nme {Xdg|{Xdg A{YH$M Amdibm OmVmo Am{U
AmS>ì`mßnmbm OJUoM H$R>rU hmoD$Z ~gVo. ~{hUrÀ`m A§{V_ {H«$`mH$_m©gmR>rhr Ë`mbm gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z
H$O© ¿`mdo bmJVo. ^«{_îR>mgmaIr Ë`mMr AdñWm hmoVo. gd©M nmVirda An`er R>abobm AmS>ì`mßnm
Hw$Umbm Z gm§JVm gdaVm A§YmamV EH$Q>mM {ZKyZ OmVmo.
`m H$mX§~arVbm H$ëbmßnm Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm ho XmoKohr dmñVdmMm VmU Agø Pmë`m_wio {ZKyZ
OmVmV. `mdê$Z EH$ gyÌ AmnUmg OmUdVo, Am{U Vo åhUOo AmOÀ`m EHy$UM g_mOdmñVdmV eoVH$arH$m_H$è`m§Mr, H$m_Jmam§Mr, g§doXZerb _mUgmMr, {dMmad§VmMr-H$bmdVmMr àM§S> JmoMr hmoV AgyZ
AmOÀ`m OrdKoÊ`m dmñVdmVyZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>rMr CÎmao Hw$UmH$S>oM ZmhrM. åhUyZ AmS>ì`mßnmMo
Am{U H$ëbmßnmMo {ZKyZ OmUo EH$m nmVirda g_W©Zr` R>aVo. amOZ Jdg EH$ boIH$ åhUyZ H$ëbmßnm
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Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm `m§À`m ~mOyZo C^o amhVmV ho _hÎdmMo Amho. H$ëbmßnm Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm `m XmoKm§À`m
Am`wî`mMm AZoH$nXar AmboI dmñVdXeu nÕVrZo amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H$mT>bobm Amho. {dI§[S>V dmñVdmMr
Zo_H$s _m§S>Ur, nmÌm§Zm bm^bobr àm{V{Z{YH$Vm, ^«îQ>mMmamMo {dXmaH$ Xe©Z, g§dmXhrZVoMm àIa àË``,
OmoVramdm§gma»`m nyd©gwater ñdV:bm OmoSy>Z KoUo-Ë`m§À`mer g§dmX gmYUo, gm{hË`-{ejU-g_mOH$maUamOH$maU-g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXtMr naIS> _r_m§gm, MiditZm {Xem{X½Xe©Z H$aUo, H$boVë`m H$mam{JardaMm
amJ ì`ŠV H$aU§, pñÌ`m§À`m emofUmH$S>o ghmZw^yVrnyd©H$ nmhU§ Aem àH$maMr AZoH$ Ame`gy̧ amOZ Jdg
`m§Zr ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV _m§S>bobr AmhoV.
2. ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV J«m_dmñVdmMm {dXmaH$ àË`` H$gm `oVmo?
~,~irMm hr amOZ Jdg `m§Mr _amR>r J«m_rU gm{hË`mVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr H$mX§~ar Amho. amOZ
Jdg `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m EHy$UM gm{hË`boIZmV J«m_rU dmñVdmMr Zo_H$s _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma
H$mbI§S>mV ^maVmV AZoH$ àH$maMo gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. `m gmè`m§Mo
à{Vq~~ gm{hË`mV nS>Uo An[ahm`© hmoVo. _amR>r H$Wm-H$mX§~arH$mam§Zr ho dmñVd Amnë`m gm{hË`H¥$Vt_YyZ
_m§§S>Ê`mMm àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ Ho$bm. 1990 Z§Va ImgJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Amnë`m
^maVmVhr Ambo. `mMm n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm H$s, ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoÀ`m XS>nUmImbr gd©gm_mÝ`
eoVH$ar, H$îQ>H$ar ZmS>bm OmD$ bmJbm. Ë`mMo emofU AmYrhr hmoV hmoVo; nU ~XbË`m g_mOì`dñWoV
Ë`mÀ`m emofUmMo ñdê$nhr ~Xbbo. gÎmm-g§nÎmrÀ`m hì`mgmZo _mUygM _mUgmnmgyZ nmaIm hmoD$ bmJbm.
l_mda AmYm[aV g_mOì`dñWm _mJo nS>V Mmbbr Am{U l_ {dH$V KoÊ`mMr, _mUygnU bmWmS>Ê`mMr
^mdZm g_mOmV A{YŠ`mZo {Z_m©U Pmbr. g§doXZerb _mUgmMo _yë``wŠV OJUo ZmH$mabo OmD$ bmJbo.
Ë`m_wio àm_m{UH$ H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, {dMmad§V, boIH$-H$bmd§V EH$Q>m-EH$mH$s nSy> bmJbm. namË_nU
Ë`mÀ`m dmQ>çmbm Ambo. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr J«m_OrdZmVrb Ago ho g_mOdmñVd OdiyZ nm{hbo-AZw^dbo
Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m gmè`m§Mr Zo_H$s _m§§S>Ur Ho$br Amho.
~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arbm EH$M EH$ Ago ê$T>mWm©Zo H$WmZH$ Zmhr. AmOMo OrdZdmñVdM eVI§{S>V
Pmbo Agë`mZo {dI§{S>VnUo ho dmñVd H$mX§~arV `oUo hr EH$àH$maMr An[ahm`©VmM hmoVr. amOZ Jdg
`m§Zr ho {dI§{S>VnU gyÌ~ÕnUo `m H$mX§~arV _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. {XnyeoR>, H$„mßnm H$moUHo$ar
Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm Aem VrZ à_wI ì`pŠVaoIm `m H$mX§~arV dma§dma ^oQ>V amhVmV. `m nmÌmÀ`m Am`wî`mV
Amboë`m KQ>Zm, àg§J `m§À`m AmYmao AmnUmg g_mOdmñVdmMr AmoiI hmoV amhVo. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar
hm EH$ gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mV H$m_ H$aUmam g§doXZerb ñd^mdmMm boIH$ Amho. Ë`mbm Vmo OoWo H$m_
H$aVmo, {VWbm ^«îQ>mMma AñdñW H$aVmo. Ka, Hw$Qw>§~mVhr Ë`mMo bj bmJV Zmhr. Ho$di ì`dhmamer ZmVo
àñWm{nV H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Mr Ë`mbm K¥Um Amho. Ë`m_wio ~m`H$moer Am{U Ë`mÀ`m BVa ZmVodmB©H$m§er
Ë`mbm OwidyZ KoVm `oV Zmhr. {MÌnQ> ì`dgm`mer nQ>H$Wm boIH$ åhUyZ Ë`mMm g§~§Y `oVmo. VWm{n `m
joÌmVrb ì`ŠVtMm J«m_dmñVdmer H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm g§~§Y Zmhr; ho Ü`mZmV Amë`mda Vmo `m
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bmoH$m§nmgyZhr Xÿa OmVmo. Amnë`m _ZmVrb ^md^mdZm§Zm dmQ> H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo OmoVramdm§er g§dmX
gmYVmo. AmOMo g_mOH$maU, {ejU, amOH$maU Aem {H$Ë`oH$ JmoîQ>r Vmo OmoVramdm§Zm _ZmnmgyZ gm§JVmo.
`m gm§JÊ`mVyZ Ë`mMm àm_m{UH$nUm Am{U J«m_dmñVd dmMH$m§Zm OmUdV amhVo. _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§er
Am{U Miditer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m H$m§Vmam_Or `m§À`merhr Vmo g§dmX àñVm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmo. VWm{n AmOÀ`m _yë`hrZ OJÊ`mÀ`m ì`dhmamer {_iVo OwiVo KoÊ`mV Vmo An`er R>aVmo, Am{U
Hw$UmbmM H$mhr Z gm§JVm gdaVm {ZKyZ OmVmo.
H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arZo Or C\$ami `m {gZo_mMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hbobr Amho. Ë`m nQ>H$WoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr
J«m_dmñVdmMr àIaVm àË``mg `oVo. AmS>ì`mßnm hm `m {MÌnQ>mMm Zm`H$ Amho. àm_m{UH$nUo,
B_mZoBV~mao Amnbo H$m_ H$aUmmam Vmo EH$ Jar~ eoVH$ar Amho. XmoZ _wbo Am{U ~m`H$mo Ago Hw$Qw>§~
Agboë`m AmS>ìdmßnmÀ`m Z{e~r XþX£dmMm \o$am Amho. JmdmVrb EH$_oH$m§Zm g§n{dÊ`mMo amOH$maU,
gmdH$mar, H$Om©Mm dmT>Vm ~moOm, _wbm§Mo Anwao {ejU, nmdgmMr A{Z`{_VVm Aem g§H$Q>m§Zr Koaboë`m
AmS>ì`mßnmbm ~{hUrÀ`m A§{V_ {H«$`mH$_m©gmR>rhr H$O© ¿`mdo bmJVo. T>moamgmaIo H$îQ> H$ê$Zhr Ë`mbm
JmdmVrb AZoH$ bmoH$ ZmS>dVmV, IV, {dhra Aem H$m_mgmR>rhr Ë`mMr \$gdUyH$ Ho$br OmVo. A{dídmg
XmI{dbm OmVmo. AmS>ìdmßnmhr H$mX§~arÀ`m AIoarg ^«{_îQ>mgmaIo dV©Z H$ê$ bmJVmo. Aem `m OJÊ`mMm
VmU ghZ Z Pmë`m_wio EHo${Xder H$moUmbmhr Z gm§JVm A§YmamV Hw$R>oVar {ZKyZ OmVmo.
~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb KQ>Zm àg§J nm{hbo, H$s AmOMo J«m_rU OrdZ Am{U `m dmVmdaUmV
OJUmar-Am`wî`mMm ^moJ {Z_yQ>nUo ^moJUmar _mUgo {Xgy bmJVmV. `m _mUgm§À`m OJÊ`mVyZ J«m_rU
dmñVdmMm àË`` `oVmo. amOZ Jdg `m§Zr `m H$mX§~arÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU dmñVdmMm Zo_Ho$nUmZo doY
KoVbm Amho; Ago åhUVm `oVo. ~,~irMm hr EH$m g§doXZerb boIH$mMr-H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mMr
AmOÀ`m J«m_dmñVdmVrb Oer emoH$m§{VH$m Amho; VerM Vr AmS>ì`mßnm `m _yë`{ZîR> OrdZ OJy
BpÀN>Umè`m Jar~ eoVH$è`mMrhr emoH$m§{VH$m Amho. H$ëbmßnm hm {eH$bobm, _m_boXma Am°{\$gmV ZmoH$ar
H$aUmam EH$ _Ü`_dJu` _mUyg Amho. Am{U AmS>ì`mßnm hm J«m_ì`dñWm Ony nmhUmam eoVH$ar Amho. hr
XmoZ nmÌo `m H$mX§~arVrb _Ü`dVu nmÌo AmhoV. AmOÀ`m g_mOì`dñWoV eoVH$ar qH$dm ZmoH$aXma H$moUrhr
Agbm Var g§doXZerb, _yë`{ZîR>VoZo amhUmè`m _mUgmbm àñWm{nV ì`dñWoV H$go ~ir Omdo bmJVo.
gd©M nmVù`m§da Ë`mMo emofU H$go Ho$bo OmVo. Am{U `m emofUmbm ~ir nSy>Z hr _mUgo H$er namJ§Xm
hmoVmV, namË_ hmoVmV; `mMo àm{V{Z{YH$ {MÌU amOZ Jdg `m§Zr Ho$bo Amho.
2.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m
1. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mZo ZmgmS>r dO© AgUmè`m _mUgmbm H$moUVr Cn_m {Xbr Amho ?
(H$m_H$ar / eoVH$ar / _Oya)
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2. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m ~m`H$moMo Zmd H$m` Amho.
(Vm`ìdm / em§Vm / amOr)
3. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar _. \w$bo `m§Mm H$moUË`m KaJwVr ZmdmZo C„oI H$aVmo ?
(AmOmo~m / nUOmo~m / åhmVma~m)
4. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m bhmZ ^mdmMo Zmd H$m` Amho ?
(am_m / g§Jmßnm / `ëbmßnm)
5. AmS>ì`mßnm hm Vm`ìdmMm ZmË`mZo H$moU Amho?
(Zdam / gmgam / Xra)
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. eoVH$è`m§Mo OrdZ dmñVd ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV H$emàH$mao Ambo Amho?
2. "J«m_dmñVdmbm ~ir nS>boë`m g§doXZerb ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr emoH$m{VH$m åhUOo ~,~irMm hr
H$mX§~ar Amho.' `m {dYmZmMr MMm© H$am.
bKwÎmar àíZ
1. ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV Ambobo {MÌnQ>{dœmMo {MÌU H$am.
2. ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV boIH$mZo g§dmXhrZVoMo Xe©Z H$go KS>{dbo Amho, ñnîQ> H$am.
2.8 dmMZ
1. eoVH$è`mMm AgyS> : _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo, (_hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL>_`) _hmamîQ´
amÁ` gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, 1991
2. ~ird§e : Am. h. gmiw§Io, bmoH$m`V àH$meZ, gmVmam, nwZ_w©ÐU 2008
3. `m eoVmZo bim bm{dbm : Zm. Ymo. _hmZmoa, g_H$mbrZ àH$meZ, nwUo 1995
4. JmdR>mU : H¥$îUmV ImoV, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B© 2005
2.9 CnH«$_
Vw_À`m JmdmVrb gU g_ma§^m§À`m ~XbË`m ñdê$nmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
···
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gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 3
~, ~irMm : A{^ì`ŠVr
3.1 C{Ôï>o
{dÚmWu {_Ìhmo ! `mnyduÀ`m KQ>H$m_Ü`o AmnUmg J«m_rU gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n "~, ~irMm' `m
H$mX§~arVrb Ame`gyÌo VgoM H$mX§~arH$ma amOZ Jdg `m§Mm n[aM` Pmbm Amho. `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o
H$mX§~arH$mamZo g§H«$_Uerb J«m_ì`dñWoÀ`m aoImQ>ZmgmR>r `moOboë`m {d{dY A{^ì`ŠVrV§Ìm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z
¿`m`Mm Amho.
·
"~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb AZoH$H|$Ðr H$WmZH$-g§{hVoMo ñdê$n g_OyZ `oB©b.
·
"~, ~irMm' _Yrb ì`pŠVaoIm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoB©b.
·
"~, ~irMm' _Yrb àg§J{MÌU g_OyZ `oB©b.
·
"~, ~irMm' `m H$mX§~arVrb {d{dY {ZdoXZV§Ìm§Mm n[aM` hmoB©b.
·
"~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb ^mfm{deof g_OyZ `oB©b.
3.2 àmñVm{dH$
gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§Mo ñdê$n q~~-à{Vq~~ ñdê$nmMo AgVo. H$mX§~ar hm gm{hË` àH$ma Ë`mÀ`m
ì`mnH$ AdH$mem_wio A{YH$ OrdZñneu Amho. _mZdmMo A§V_©Z d ~mø n[aga `m_Ü`o Oo Oo KS>Vo dm
KSy> eH$Vo Ë`mMo àË`§Va H$mX§~arVyZ àË``mg `oVo. H$mX§~arH$mamMm AZw^d Ë`mZo H$mX§~arVyZ H$WmË_
nÕVrZo _m§S>bb
o m AgVmo. _mZdr OrdZmH$S>o Jm§^r`m©Zo nmhUmam boIH$ EH$mM doir ^yVH$mi d ^{dî`H$mimÀ`m
g§X^m©V dV©_mZmMm doY KoV AgVmo. ì`ŠVr, g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`m A§VJ©V ghg§~§YmVyZ Oo àg§J {Z_m©U
hmoVmV, Ë`mVyZ boIH$mg Amnë`m boIZmMo {df` {_iVmV. boIH$mÀ`m boIZÑï>rZwgma g_mOì`dhmam§Mm
CbJS>m H$ê$Z Vmo Ame`gyÌm§Mr {ZpíMVr H$aVmo. `mbmM gm{hË`mÀ`m ^mfoV Ame`Ðì` qH$dm H$WmÐì`
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. gXa Ame`Ðì` dmMH$mn`ªV `WmpñWV, Vrd« AZw^wVrZwê$nmV nmoMÊ`mgmR>r boIH$mg
à^mdr boIZV§ÌmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. nma§n[aH$ boIZV§Ìm§Mm gagH$Q> Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg Ho$di EH$aofr`
H$WmZH$ V`ma hmoVo. Aem EH$aofr`, gaigmoQ> H$WmZH$mVyZ boIH$mg A{^àoV Agbobo Ame`Ðì`
dmMH$mH$S>o ì`dpñWV g§H«${_V hmoV Zmhr, Aemdoir boIH$ Zdr A{^ì`ŠVr V§Ìo emoYVmo qH$dm CnbãY
V§Ìm§Mm doJiçm nÕVrZo Adb§~ H$aVmo. "H$mX§~ar' `m gm{hË`àH$mam_Ü`o Ago à`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`mnH$
AdH$me Am{U aMZogmR>r Amdí`H$ Aer bd{MH$Vm CnbãY Amho.
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OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm aoQ>m d na§namJV OrdZnÕVr `m XmoZ Ajm§À`m Xaå`mZ Amnë`m _JXÿamà_mUo
Am`wî` H§$R>Umè`m J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrb hV~b, {Zame OJUo ho gÜ`mMo gm_m{OH$ dmñVd Amho. ñdmV§Í`
àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m AZoH$ n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, h[aH«$m§Vr, YdbH«$m§Vr AWdm H$moUVrhr eoVH$ar-H$m_ H$aUmè`m§Mr
Midi IoS>çmVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmda gH$mamË_H$ à^md Q>mHy$ eH$bobr Zmhr. eoVH$ar d H$ï>H$ar
Ym{_©H$ dJm©g ZmJdUmè`m àd¥ÎmtMr \$ŠV Zmdo ~Xbbr nU emofU ho Aì`mhV gwê$M Amho. hm g§emoYZmMm
YmJm nH$Sy>Z IoS>çmVrb Zì`m àíZm§Zm {^Sy> nmhUmar Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrMo nma§n[aH$ gmMo ~mOybm R>odyZ
H$bmË_H$VoZo {b{hbobr "~, ~irMm' hr amOZ Jdg `m§Mr _hÎdnyU© H$mX§~ar Amho. AmOMo IoS>o, VoWrb
H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmVog§~§Ym§À`m nS>PS>rMo, CÝ_Îm amOH$maÊ`m§Mo, H¥${f^jH$ ì`mnmar d¥ÎmrMo Am{U {Xdg|{Xdg
Aà{V{ð>V hmoV Mmbboë`m H¥${fH$_m©Mo AñdñW dmñVd hr H$mX§~ar H$bmË_VoZo _m§S>Vo. _Ü`dVu àdmhmVrb
_amR>r H$mX§~arÀ`m ê$T> aMZmV§ÌmZm `m H$mX§~arV YŠH$m XoV amOZ Jdg `m§Zr AZoH$ à`moJ Ho$bo AmhoV.
àñVwV Aä`mg KQ>H$mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ho$di A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m V§Ìm§Mm {dMma AmnUmg H$amd`mMm Amho.
Ë`m§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m à`moJm§n¡H$s R>am{dH$ nmÌm§Mr H$Wm åhUOo H$mX§~ar `m gmMo~Õ H$ënZobm YŠH$m
XoUmar "CX²ÜdñVoH$S>o Mmbbobr J«m_ì`dñWm' Aer AZoH$H|$Ðr H$WmZH$aMZm hm _hÎdmMm à`moJ Amho.
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H$mX§~arÀ`m {ZdoXZV§ÌmV H$mX§~arVrb boIH$ H$ëbmnnm H$moUHo$arÀ`m qMVZmMr `moOZm
Ho$br Amho. VgoM {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm, S>m`ar, H${dVm, bmoH$H$Wm, nÌo `m§Mm gyMH$ dmna H$aVmZm
{ZdoXH$m§À`m gmMo~Õ à{VnmXZmg \$mQ>m {Xbm Amho. H$mX§~arH$mamMm AZw^d A{YH$ Vrd«VoZo AZw^dmg
`oVmo. à_mU^mfoMm gmog Z ~miJVm g_mOmÀ`m ì`dhma ^mfoVrb eãX, dmH²$à`moJ d ^m{fH$ g§Ho$Vm§Zm
H$mX§~arÀ`m g§{hVoV H$bmË_H$ ñWmZ {Xbo Amho. emofU àdÎmrÀ`m à^mdmZo èhmgmH$S>o doJmZo àdmg
H$aUmè`m J«m_rU OrdZmMr XmhH$ OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmè`m "~, ~irMm' `m H$mX§~arV A{^ì`ŠVrMr
AmYw{ZH$ aMZmV§Ìo amOZ Jdg `m§Zr `moObr AmhoV. Ë`mÑï>rZo `m H$mX§~arVrb AZoH$H|$Ðr H$WmZH$aMZm,
ì`pŠV{MÌU, àg§J{MÌU, {ZdoXZV§Ì, ^mfm{deof `m~Ôb Aä`mg H$aVm `oB©b.
3.3 {df`{ddoMZ
"~, ~irMm' _Yrb H$WmZH$mV `oUmam ^yàXoe H$moëhmnyaÀ`m AmOam, nmQ>Jmd-_R>Jmd (^wXaJS>)
Agm H$moH$UÀ`m ~mOyMm AgyZ "CßnoZ~oQ>{Jar' `m H$mën{ZH$ JmdmÀ`m ZmdmZo {ZX}{eV Ho$bm Amho. `m
H$mX§~arV `oUmam boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar namJ§Xm hmoVmo Am{U Ë`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`mMm {_Ì ^m§S>r ì`mnmar
{XnyeoR> H$mhr gm§JVmo Amho. _mÌ hr Jmoï> H$moÊ`m EH$m H$moUHo$arMr Z amhVm AmOÀ`m H$mimV ~XbË`m
n[apñWVrÀ`m doJmer Z OwidVm Amë`mZo hVme, AñdñW Pmboë`m g_J« IoS>çmMr ì`Wm _m§S>Vo.
H$mX§~arJV boIH$ "H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar' d H$moUHo$arÀ`m {MÌnQ> H$WoVrb Zm`H$ "AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao'
ho Aem hVà^ OJÊ`mMo àm{V{Z{YH$ Zm`H$ AmhoV. eoVr hr ^maVmVrb ~hþg§»` g_mOmÀ`m CnOr{dHo$Mo
_w»` gmYZ Amho. Ë`m_wio dmñV{dH$ "H¥${fg§ñH¥$Vr' hrM ^maVr` g_mOmMr Iar g§ñH¥$Vr Amho.
Xoe^amVrb gm{hË`, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` nmVirda eoVr Am{U eoVH$ar hm KQ>H$ _Ü`dVu
d {ZUm©`H$ ^y{_H$m ~OmdVmo. _mÌ Cn`moJ g§në`mda hr ^y123456789012345678901234567890121234567
{_H$m Ho$di à{VH$mË_H$ nmVirda ~mOybm nS>Vo
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Am{U Iam eoVH$ar d eoVr n[aKm~mhoa \o$H$br OmVo. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àma§^H$mimnmgyZ eoVr Am{U l_mg
na§nam Amho. _mÌ Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV n§{S>Vr na§nam CX`mbm Ambr Am{U l_na§naonojm kmZna§naog daMo
ñWmZ àmßV Pmbo. ~XbVm H$mi Am{U g_mOOrdZm~amo~a eoVr_Ü`o AZoH$ pñWË`§Vao KSy>Z Ambr, _mÌ
Ë`m_wio H¥${fg§ñH¥$VrbmM hmXao ~gy bmJbo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Ñí` n[aUm_mZ§Va eoVrg§~§Yr àíZm§Zr
A{YH$ J§^ra ê$n YmaU Ho$bo. H$mX§~arV `oUmao H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar d AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao ho Ogo `m
pñWË`§VamMo ~ir AmhoV. VgoM AZoH$ Ñí`-AÑí` nmVirdaMo ~ir `m H$mX§~arV {XgyZ `oVmV.
ZmVog§~Ym§Mr nS>PS> (H$moUHo$ar d AmS>ì`mßnmMo Hw$Qw>§~r` d ZmVodmB©H$), g_mOOrdZmVrb _yë`èhmg
({XnyeoR>, emb{~Ðo \$m¡OXma, {Od~m XmZdmS>o d Ë`mMm \$m¡OXma _wbJm) hr `m H$mX§~arVrb ~itMr {MÌUo
gmH$maUmar _hÎdnyU© Ame`gyÌo AmhoV. H$WmZH$mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr q~Xÿda `m Jw§Ë`mV {eaboë`m dmMH$mg
Jwa\$Qy>Z {Xem^yb H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm `m AZoH$ H|$ÐrH$WmZH$mV Amho. Ë`m{df`r nwT>rbà_mUo g{dñVa _m§S>Ur
H$aVm `oB©b.
3.3.1 "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb AZoH$H|$Ðr H$WmZH$-g§{hVm :
amOZ Jdg `m§À`m "~, ~irMm' `m H$mX§~arbm R>am{dH$ Ago EH$aofr` H$WmZH$ Zmhr. `m
H$mX§~arVM XmoZ {R>H$mUr Aem 'one line story' bm {damoY Xe©{dbm Amho. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar {X½Xe©H$
Hw$~wS>H$aÀ`m Aem ñdénmÀ`m {MÌnQ> H$WoÀ`m _mJUrg YwS>H$mdVmo. Va H$mX§~arMo {ZdoXH$ Agbobo nmÌ
{XnyeoR> àma§^rM ""Jmoï> gm§Jm`Mr Amho Vo {VVH§$g§ `mo½` Zmhr. emoYm`Mr Amho, ho åhUU§ `mo½`.'' Ago
ñnï> H$aVmo. `m XmoÝhr g§X^m©VyZ H$mX§~arH$mamÀ`m AZoH$H|$Ðr H$WmZH$aMZoMm Ñ{ï>H$moU ñnï> hmoVmo.
H$mX§~arÀ`m gwédmVrg H$moUHo$ar Jm`~ Pmë`mMr KQ>Zm KS>Vo. Ë`mÀ`mer {XnyeoR>Mm g§~§Y OmoS>bm OmVmo
d EH$m emoYmMr gwédmV hmoVo. H$moUHo$arÀ`m \$mB©b _YyZ "C\$ami' {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm {XnyeoR>À`m hmVmer
`oVo Am{U "AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao' Mr Xþgar H$Wm gwê$ hmoVo. H$moUHo$arÀ`m S>m`arVrb _. \w$b|Zm {b{hboë`m
nÌm§VyZ ^yVH$mi d dV©_mZmVrb eoVH$ar d Ë`m§À`m AñdñW ^dVmbMm emoY hr H$mX§~arbm d¡Mm[aH$
A{Yð>mZ XoUmar {dMmaebmH$m VoOñdr ~ZV OmVo. H$m§Vmam_OtZm {b{hboë`m nÌm§À`m JÇ>çmVyZ eoVH$ar
Midi d ghH$mamÀ`m nwZ{d©MmamMr JaO A{YH$ ÑT> hmoV OmVo. `m Xaå`mZ {XnyeoR>À`m dV©_mZmVrb
H$moUHo$arMo Hw$Qw>§~, \$m¡OXma emb{~Ðoer g§Kf©, _hgwb {d^mJmVrb H$bw{fV dmVmdaU, ñdV:À`m KamVrb
AmXiAmnQ>, H$moUHo$arMm emoY d ñdV:Mr gwQ>H$m {_iVo. `m ñWyb CnH$WmZH$m~amo~aM BVa AZoH$
bhmZghmZ CnH$Wm§Mm Jw§Vm H$WmZH$mMr Jw§Vdi A{YH$M gyú_ ~ZdVmo.
AZoH$ CnH$Wm§Zm gm_mdUmè`m "~, ~irMm' `m H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$ g§{hVoMr aMZm AZoH$H|$Ðr
AgyZ {VÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr H$moUHo$ar, AmS>ì`mßnm ho H¥${fH$g§ñH¥$VrMo à{V{ZYr AmhoV. `mVrb H$moUHo$ar
PnmQ>çmZo ~XbUmè`m ì`dñWo_wio eoVr d Hw$Qw>§~r` `mnmgwZ XþamdV nm§T>anoem ~ZV Mmbbm Amho. Ë`mMr
Ë`mbm gbhr Amho. Va Ë`mÀ`m {MÌnQ>mMm Zm`H$ Aën^yYmaH$ AmS>ì`mßnm hm gd©M nmVirda ^aS>bm
OmVmo Amho. `m XmoKm§À`m OrdZ g§Kfm©À`m g§X^m©V _. \w$bo d H$m§Vmam_OtÀ`m nÌm§À`m AZwf§JmZo H$WmZH$
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EH$m _Ü`dVu ~m§YUrH$S>o gaH$V amhVo. _mÌ H$mX§~arH$mamÀ`m gyMH$ eãXdmnam_wio Vo g|{Ð`VoZo EH$Ord
hmoV Zmhr. AZoH$ CnH$WmZH$m§VyZ g_m§Va[aVrZo EH$ H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm nwT>o gaH$V amhVo. hr H$Wm åhUOoM
gm_m{OH$ AY:nVZmMr XþX£dr JmWm hmo`. `m AY:nVZmVyZ hmoUmar AmS>ì`mßnmMr XþX©em, H$moUHo$arMo Jm`~
hmoUo Am{U {XnyeoR>bm hmoUmam ì`dñWoMm OmM hr àm{V{Z{YH$ {MÌUo AmhoV. `mVrb H$moUmÀ`mM g§Kfm©bm
nyU©{dam_ Zmhr. `m àm{V{Z{YH$ ~amo~aM AZoH$ Xþæ`_ nmÌm§Mrhr g§Kfm©VyZ gwQ>H$m Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mhr doXZoMm
A§V Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m gwQ>Ho$Mo _mJ© g§nVmV nU XþX©eoMm àdmg g§nV Zmhr. Aem AZoH$ CnH$Wm§À`m Jw§Ë`mVyZ
_moH$içm eodQ>mMo (Open Ended) H$WmZH$ amOZ Jdg `m§Zr "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV gmH$mabo Amho.
{ZdoXZmVrb AZoH$ V§Ìm§À`m dmnamZo Vo A{YH$M bd{MH$ ~Zdbo Amho. H$moUVohr R>m_ CÎma Z XoVm
dmMH$mg {dMmaàd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aem g§{X½Y, Yyga AW©àH$Q>rH$aUmMr gyMH$Vm H$mX§~arH$mamZo Xe©{dbr
Amho. H$WmZH$mMm {Z{üV eodQ> H$ê$Z gm{hË`H¥$Vr {d{eîQ> AWm©Zo ~§{XñV Pmë`mg {VÀ`mVrb g_H$mbrZVm
bmon nmdVo. AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`aMZoVrb gyMH$, Open Ended H|$Ðr H$WmZH$ aMZoVyZ gmH$mabobr
gm_m{OH$ A§Y:nVZmMr H$Wm Ago `m H$WmZH$mMo ñWyb ê$n Amho. gm_m{OH$ AY:nVZmV eoVr,
eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU, èhmgerb H¥${f g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z Ago ~hþ_wIr` H$WZ ho `m H$mX§~arMo _Ü`dVu gyÌ
Amho. AemàH$mao "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb H$WmZH$ AZoH$H|$Ðr ñdê$nmMo Amho.
3.3.2 "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb ì`pŠV{MÌUmMo doJionU
"~, ~irMm' hr H$mX§~ar aMZoMo AZoH$ à`moJ Xe©{dVo. gm{hË`mVrb ì`pŠVaoIm `m boIH$mÀ`m
H$bmË_H$ ñdmV§Í`mVyZ Amboë`m Agë`mZo gV²-AgV² Aem XmoZ Y«wdm§H$S>o A{YH$m§emZo H$bboë`m AgVmV.
àM{bV gm{hË`m_Ü`o Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m gV²àd¥Îm Va IbnmÌo AgV² (dmB©Q>) àd¥ÎmrH$S>o PwH$bobr AgVmV.
_mÌ Aem OmUrdnyd©H$ aMZobm ZH$ma XoV "~, ~irMm' _Yrb ì`pŠVaoIm _mZdr hf©-{d_fm©Xr ^md^mdZm Xe©[dVmV. _mS>rMm _hmamO gmoS>bm Va ñdV:À`m ^mdZm bndyZ Mohè`mda _mX©d OnUmar EH$hr
ì`pŠVaoIm `m H$mX§~arV AmT>iV Zmhr. ñdV:À`m ^yVH$mimdaMm nS>Vm Z CMbUmao _hmamOhr `m
ì`dñWoMo ~ir AgmdoV Aer eŠ`Vmhr H$WmZH$mVyZ gyMH$VoZo ì`ŠV hmoVoM. EH§$XarV H$ëbmßnm
H$moUHo$ar, AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao, {XnyeoR>, embq~Ðo \$m¡OXma, {Od~m XmZdmS>o d BVa Xþæ`_ nmÌm§n¡H$s
H$moUË`mhr nmÌmbm R>iH$nUo Zm`H$Ëd Z XoVm n[apñWVrÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda Ë`m§Mo ~aodmB©Q>nU H$mX§~arH$mamZo
aoImQ>bo Amho. VwbZoZo Amnbr Z¡{VH$Vm A~m{YV amIV n[apñWVrbm gm_moao OmUmao H$moUHo$ar d AmS>ì`mßnm
ho Zm`H$ åhUyZ nwT>o `oVmV BVHo$M. na§Vw n[apñWVrda _mV H$aÊ`mMr ê$T> gm{hË`mVrb Zm`H$m§Mr j_Vm
Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o Zmhr. Amnbo ñdËd OnVmZm n[apñWVrZo Amnë`m dmQ>çmbm Ambobo OJUo ho {Z_yQ>nUo
ñdrH$maVmV. n[aUm_V: AmS>ì`mßnm ^«{_ð>nUmH$S>o gaH$Vmo, H$moUHo$ar namJ§Xm hmoVmo. Va n[apñWVrda CÎma
emoYy nmhUmam {XnyeoR> "npíM_oH$S>o àdmg' H$ê$ bJVmo. nyd© XoemVrb na§namJV lÕm Am{U npíM_r
XoemVrb {dkmZ{Zð>oMm g§J_ Pmbm Va {XnyeoR>bm `mMo CÎma {_iobhr.... na§Vw gÚm \$ŠV nwT>o MmbV amhUo
EdT>oM Ë`mÀ`m hmVr Amho.
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BVa Xþæ`_ nmÌm§Mm {dMma H$aVm Vrhr n[apñWVreaU Agë`mMo ñnï> hmoVo. Ë`mMrhr R>m_ / ñdV:Mr
^y{_H$m Zmhr. n[apñWVrÀ`m PmoVm~amo~a Vr hobH$mdV amhVmV. AJXr H$moUHo$arbm ì`mdgm{`H$ JaOoà_mUo
H$WogmR>r J«m_rU {MÌU H$amd`mMo gm§JUmao {X½Xe©H$ Hw$~wS>H$a, {Z_m©Vm Xmê$dmbm d Ë`mMr A{gñQ>§Q> ho
Z\o$Imoa g§ñH¥$VrMr dmhH$. Vohr ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m hdoà_mUo {Xem ~Xby nmhUmao. Omon`ªV O_ob Vmon`ªV
dmè`mda ñdma hmoVrb. A§XmO MwH$bm H$s {dZmemH$S>o àdmg gwê$; Aer AdñWm ì`dñWoZoM _wH«$a H$ê$Z
R>odbobr. {Od~m XmZdmS>o, Ë`mMm \$m¡OXma _wbJm, godmg§ñWoVrb Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar `m§Mrhr Vèhm AerM.
{MÌnQ>mVrb AmS>ì`mßnmMo Hw$Qw>§{~` d H$moUHo$arMo Hw$Qw>§{~` `m_Ü`ohr AgmM n[apñWVreaU-hV~bVoMm
AZw~§Y Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
EH§$XarV "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb _w»` d Xþæ`_ Aem XmoÝhr nmVirdarb nmÌo Amnmnë`m
ñWmZmZwgma Amnbr ^y{_H$m MmoInUo ~OmdVmV. Amnë`m dmQ>çmMo OrdZ Vr {Z_yQ>nUo OJVmV. H$mX§~arH$mamZo
Ë`m§À`mdaVr H$moUË`mhr AZmdí`H$ JwU-AdJwUm§Mo amonZ Ho$bobo Zmhr. dmñVd OrdZmV Oer bmo^mg{hV
hmS>m_mgm§Mr MoVZm`wŠV nmÌo AmnUmg ^oQ>VmV, VerM `m H$mX§~arV AmT>iVmV. gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m
_`m©XoVM Vr dmdaVmV. n[apñWVrbm {damoY H$ê$Z; Vr ~XbÊ`mMr dm {VÀ`mda ñdma hmoÊ`mMr Hw$dV
Ë`m§À`mH$S>o ZgVo. Aem gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m g§KQ>ZoVyZ H$moUVrhr {ZpíMV {Xem Zgbobm g_mO ~ZVmo. "~,
~irMm' H$mX§~arV AgmM {XemhrZ g_mO "CnZ~oQ>Jrar' JmdmÀ`m ê$nmV aoImQ>bm Amho. VoWrb J«m_rU
OrdZ hrM H$mX§~arMr àYmZ ì`pŠVaoIm Amho, ~mH$s gd© _mZdr ì`pŠVaoIm hr {VMr Cnm§Jo AmhoV. Ago
åhUVm `oB©b.
3.3.3 "~, ~irMm' _Yrb àg§J{MÌUmMo doJionU
H$WmË_ gm{hË` ì`ŠVr Am{U {VMm ^dVmb `m§À`m gmhM`m©VyZ AmH$mamg `oVo. hm AmH$ma H$WmJV
KQ>Zm, àg§J `mVyZ gmH$ma hmoVmo. Aem AZoH$ àg§Jm§À`m gmIirVyZ H$WmZH$mMm AdH$me {gÕ hmoVmo.
boIH$mÀ`m boIZàd¥ÎmrMm à^md gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m àË`oH$ KQ>H$mà_mUo àg§J{MÌUmdahr nS>V AgVmo.
Ë`mVyZ boIH$mMr ñdV:Mr e¡br V`ma hmoVo. nwT>o `mVyZM e¡brMm nm`§S>m nSy>Z gmMo~ÕVm `oVo. àñVwV "~,
~irMm' H$mX§~ar Aem gmMo~ÕVog AndmX R>aVo. `m H$mX§~arV àg§J AZoH$ AmhoV. _mÌ Vo aoImQ>Ê`mÀ`m
nÕVr {^Þ AmhoV. EH$mM H$mX§~arV AZoH$ nÕVtZr àg§J{MÌU `oÊ`mMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. gm{hË`mV Vr
AndmXmZo {XgyZ `oVmV. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV Aem ~hþ{dY {MÌUmgmR>r àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ d {MÌnQ>
Ñí` Aem Xþhoar V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. `mVrb {XnyeoR>er g§~§{YV àg§J àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZmVrb AgyZ
Ë`m§À`m ^mdZm d Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm à^md àg§Jmda nS>Vmo. Va {MÌnQ> Ñí`mVrb àg§J Ñí`mË_H$ {MÌ_`
VQ>ñWVoZo aoImQ>bo Jobo Amho. CXmhaUmW© nwT>rb H$mhr àg§J nhm.
àg§J : 1
emb{~ÐoZ§ ~H$moQ>rbm YaZy CR>dV _mÂ`m Tw>§JUmda bmW KmVbr. Am`wî`mV n{hë`m§Xm Hw$Ur Var Aer
bmW KmVbr hmoVr. _|XÿÀ`m {MU{MÊ`m. Ë`mVyZhr AmoaS>bmo, gmho~ _mam`M§ H$m_ Zmhr. Ë`mMr nwÝhm bmW
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noH$mQ>mV. nm`ardê$Z gai _moH$içm OmJoV H$mogibmo. Ë`mZ§ Hw$Í`mbm AmoT>V Ý`md§ Vg§ _bm Ë`mÀ`m
ImobrV AmUyZ Q>mH$bm. ~hþVoH$ \w$ëb Xmê$ ß`m`bobm hmoVm. åhUmbm, eoQ>Or H$m` Vy ? gmë`m,
H$moUHo$arbm Indb§. gm§J, H$g§ Indb§ ?
_r Ë`mbm H$mhrhr Ho$bob§ Zmhr. Vw_Mm H$m` Var J¡ag_O Pmbm`. Va Vmo Z§Va bmWmM bmWm hmUV
am{hbm. nwT>§ H$m` Pmb§. H$ib§M Zmhr. OmJ Ambr Voìhm gaH$mar XdmImÝ`mÀ`m H$m°Q>da _mP§ A§J R>UH$V
hmoV§. eara H$mi§, {Zi§. g_moa XmoZ nmobrg. ~mobm`bmhr Or^ CMbV ZìhVr.
hm àg§J {XnyeoR>bm \$m¡OXma emb{~ÐoZ§ Ho$boë`m _mahmUrMm AgyZ Ë`mVyZ gm_mÝ` {XnyeoR>Mr
AJ{VH$, hmV~bVoMr OmUrd àH$Q> hmoVo.
àg§J{MÌU : 2
X¥í` - H°$_oam XmoZ-VrZeo C§~è`m§À`m Jmdmdê$Z {\$aVmo Amho. JmdmÀ`m H$mhr A§Vamdê$Z amÁ`_mJ©.
S>m§~ar añVm. Jmd hiyhiy añË`mH$S>o gaH$bo Amho. añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm ZdrZ Kao Pmbobr AmhoV.
amÁ`_mJm©bm _moR>m \$mQ>m \w$Qy>Z añVm JmdmV KwgVmo. `m añË`mÀ`m gwadmVrbm _moR>o {S>OrQ>b ~moS>©. Ë`mda
amOH$s` ZoË`m§Mo \$moQ>mo. gmo~V JmdmVë`m {Mëba nwT>mè`m§Mo Mohao.
`m ~moS>m©À`m AmngmV XmoZ nmZmMo ImoHo$, EH$ MhmMr Q>nar, EH$ Ho$eH$V©Zmb`, EH$ ^m§S>çmMo
XþH$mZ, nwT>o añË`mÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm Kao. WmoS>o Mmbë`mda bú_r godm gmogm`Q>rMm ~moS>©, Ama.gr.gr.
B_maV. `m B_maVrbm bmJyZ Am_Xma \§$S>mVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ hm°b. `m§À`mdaMo nÌo CS>mbobr. `m hm°bÀ`m
nmR>r_mJ§ ~marH$ Q>oH$S>rda _amR>r emioMr bm§~bMH$ B_maV. `m B_maVrMo H§$nmD§$S> Amobm§S>bo H$s _moR>§
Vio. gm§ñH¥${VH$ hm°beoOmar EH$ añVm. nwÝhm nmZmMm ImoQ>m. ImoŠ`mbm bmJyZ dS>madmS>r. dS>madmS>rÀ`m
~amo~a g_moa h[aOZ dmS>m. hm AmVm JmdmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Ambobm Amho.
hm àg§J H$mX§~arVrb {MÌnQ>-nQ>H$WoMm AgyZ Vmo VQ>ñW, {MÌ_` e¡brV gbJVoZo gm_moam `oVmo.
Ë`mÀ`m EH$aofr` _m§S>UrVyZ H$WmZH$ AmH$ma KoVo.
àg§J {MÌU : 3
Ñí` : EH$m em{hamMm Añnï> Moham. \$ŠV EH$ H$S>mS>Vmo`. S>\$mÀ`m Vmbmda em{hamMm AmdmO.
H$br`wJmV ~Xbb§ Jmd.
Q>mH$b§ Zmd
OwÊ`mnmÊ`mM§@@@
{^a{^ao MmH$
Km_mMr amI
amÁ` Amb§ BW§ Mmoam§M§@@
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H$moag - Hw$Um åhUmd§ Mmoa ? H$moU Cabm gmd@@
J[a~mda Kmd@@ KmbVr gmao@@ hmo@@ Or@@@
Cabr ÝhmB© {M_Ur
bmJbr hþ_Ur
Job§ AmT>çmbm
nmdiUrM§ nmUr@@
arV^mV gabr
~moH$S>mMr hr JXu CS>br@@
H$moag - Hw$Um åhUmd§ Mmoa? H$moU Cabm gmd@@
J[a~mda Kmd@@ KmbVr@@ gmao@@ hmo@@ Or@@ Or@@
darb em{hamÀ`m JmÊ`mÀ`m AmYmao Imbrb Ñí` KS>VmZm {XgVrb.
Ñí` : H°$_oam _Q>Š`mÀ`m ImoŠ`mda. g_moa JwT>r C^r Ho$bobr. emioV nmQ>rnyOZmMo jU^a Ñí`.
JwéOr nmQ>rnyOZmZ§Va OmVm-OmVm ImoŠ`mg_moa `oVmo. ImoŠ`mVë`m nmoamH$S>o e§^aMr ZmoQ> XoVmo. VrZ ~moQ>o
XmIdVmo. nmoambm åhUVmo,
nŠ`m, aqZJ nmZ bmd
JwOu@ {MÇ>r KoD$Z Om.
JwOu hmVmV {MÇ>r KoVmo. JwnMyn añË`mbm bmJVmo.
Ñí` : _w»` añË`mda _moQ>agm`H$bdê$Z ^aYmd. _wbJm BVŠ`m doJmV H$s H$mR>r Q>oH$V añË`mVyZ
MmbUmar åhmVmar nS>Vm nS>Vm gmdaVo. H°$_oam pñWamdVmo. åhmVmar, _S>§ ~erdb§ ^mS>çm§M§@@ YS>Hy$Z OmB©V§
KraU§@@ hmoM§ H$moU CbmWb§ åhUyZ nimb§ H$m Hw$Umg YŠH$b. ^mS>çmbm åhmVma§H$moVma§ {XgV Zg§b?
hm àg§J {MÌnQ> Ñí`mVrb AgyZ Ë`mbm ÜdZr _mÜ`_mMr A{YH$Mr OmoS> n[aUm_mË_H$ R>aVo
gm_m{OH$ AY:nVZmÀ`m Ñí`m§À`m nmíd©^y_rda em{hamÀ`m naIS> ~mobm§Zr àg§Jmg A{YH$ CR>md {_iVmo.
àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$nmV ho àg§J AmnU {ZdS>bobo AmhoV. H$mX§~arVrb BVa àg§JmV AemM à`moJm§Mm
Adb§~ Ho$bobm Amho. àg§J{MÌUmVrb ho d¡{dÜ` H$mX§~arV Ame`gyÌmÀ`m Amdí`H$VoZwgma AmH$ma XoV
^md{Z{_©Vr H$aVo.
3.3.4 "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arÀ`m {ZdoXZmVrb boIZV§ÌmMo ñdê$n :
H$WmË_ gm{hË` ho ^m{fH$ {ZdoXZmVyZ AmH$ma KoV AgVo. ÜdZr ho Ë`mMo _mÜ`_ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m gbJ
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EH$aofr` _m§S>UrVyZ gm{hË`H¥$VrMr g§{hVm {gÕ hmoV AgVo. H$WmË_ gm{hË`mÀ`m H$WZmgmR>r àmYmÝ`mZo
àW_néfr d V¥Vr`nwéfr Aem XmoZ {ZdXoZnÕVr ñdV§ÌnUo dmnaë`m OmVmV.
"~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H$mX§~arMm àYmZ {ZdoXH$ "{XnyeoR>' `m§À`m {ZdoXZmgmR>r
àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ nÕVr `moObr Amho. KQ>ZmonpñWV g§KQ>H$ Agm {XnyeoR> hm {ZdoXH$, dV©_mZH$mbrZ
{ZdoXZ, KQ>ZoVrb gwgyÌVm Am{U {ZdoXH$mÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUm~amo~aM Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVrb {dMmam§Mm KQ>Zm
àg§JmdaMm n[aUm_ n«Ë``mg `oVmo. `m àW_nwéfr {ZdoXZ V§ÌmÀ`m d¡{eï>çm§~amo~a N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r dmŠ`aMZm,
b`~ÕVm, doJdmZ H$WmZH$ _m§S>Ur hr _m¡{IH$ H$WZV§ÌmMr d¡{eï>ço `m {ZdoXZmV AmT>iVmV. {ZdoXZ d
g§dmXmgmR>r ~mobr^mfoVrb eãXê$nm§Mm gam©g dmna hm {ZdoXZmÀ`m n[aUm_H$maH$VogmR>r {ZdoXZ ^mfobm
H$mX§~arH$mamZo {Xbobm Zdm Am`m_ Amho
CXmhaUmW©; _§Jidma, noR> ~§X. CYmarMr {bñQ>. EH$Xm ZOa {\$adm. _J añVm R>adm. gwQ>r H$gbr.
OmñVrMm dUdm. JmS>r nwgyZ R>odbr. nmoQ>mV H$m`Var T>H$bm`M§. åhUOo ~mhoa nS>m` [aH$m_r. VmQ>mda
~gUma EdT>çmV H$moUHo$è`mMm åhodUm XmamV XÎm. ~m`H$moMr era R>UH$mdbrM. {VZ§ YmH$Q>çm nmoamda amJ
H$mT>m` gwadmV Ho$br. nU nmoa§ AmVm _moR>r PmboV. Ë`mZ§ CbQ>m {VMmM {JÝO H$mT>m` gwadmV Ho$br. AemV
nmdÊ`mbm AmV ~gdb§. nmUr {Xb§. ~m`H$mo Mhm H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZìhVr. Va H$moUHo$arMm åhodUm
gm§Jm` bmJbm. _w§~B©Mr {Q´>n dm`m Jobr. Ë`m gmogm`Q>rV YaUJwÎmr H$moU ZmhrM. Agm ImoQ>m nÎmm H$m {Xbm
Vwåhr? Ë`mMm CbQ>m gdmb. Pmb§ H$m qH$½`mU. åhQ>b§, ~m~m, XþH$mZmV nmoñQ>mÀ`m {eŠŠ`mMm bImoQ>m
Amho. XoVmo Mb. Va Vmo ~mhoaM nS>bm. XþH$mZmÀ`m Mmì`m ¿`mì`mV åhUyZ AmV Jobmo. dmT>ë`mb§ VmQ>
gmoSy>Z Mmëbm Hw$R>§? Ë`mñZr ÝhmB© `oi H$mi. åhUVM Vr ~mhoa Ambr. XmaVm H$moUHo$è`mMm åhodUm.
Ë`mbm åhUmbr, gmaI§ gmaI§ `oD$Z Vwåhr Am_M§ S>moñH§$ {\$ady ZJmogm. Vw_M§ gm_mZ H$m` hm` Vo AmOÀ`m
AmO KoD$Z Om`M§. {Vbm VerM AmV T>H$bbr. JmS>rbm {H$H$ _mabr.
"~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV amOZ Jdg `m§Zr ê$T> {ZdoXZmV BVa AZoH$ V§Ìm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm Amho.
Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr _hÎdmMr nwT>rbà_mUo;
· {MÌnQ> Ñí`o : H$mX§~arVrb Zm`H$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arÀ`m {MÌnQ> H$WoVrb Ñí`o H$mX§~arÀ`m
{ZdoXZmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ ~ZyZ `oVmV. H$mX§~arH$ma amOZ Jdg d H$mX§~arVrb boIH$ H$moUHo$ar `m
XmoKm§À`mhr qMVZmMm {df` eoVH$ar, H¥${fg§ñH¥$Vr hm AgyZ AZoH$H|$Ðr ì`m{_l H$WmZH$ aMZogmR>r
"H$WmZH$m§VJ©V H$Wm' `m aMZm V§ÌmZo `oUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao `m Zm`H$ d Ë`mÀ`m IoS>çmÀ`m
{MÌUmgmR>r {MÌnQ> V§Ì `moObobo Amho. A{YH$ ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r nwT>rb Ñí`{MÌU nhm.
Xhm-AH$am dfmªÀ`m _wbm§Mm KmoiH$m. Am§ã`mÀ`m PmS>mMo Am§~o nmS>Ê`mV JH©$. PmS>mÀ`m eoOmê$Z
H°$_oam {\$aV Hw$_ma {dÚm _§{Xa Agm \$bH$ Agboë`m emioÀ`m OwÝ`m B_maVrdê$Z {\$ê$ bmJVmo.
B_maVrg_moa P|S>çmMm H$R>S>m. Ë`mÀ`mda C^r C§M nmB©n. EH$ _wbJm Ë`m nmB©nda MT>Vmo Amho. Ë`mbm
P|S>çmÀ`m Q>moH$mbm nmohMm`M§`. PoS>çmÀ`m H$R>S>çmOdiM Imo-ImoMo AmIbobo J«mD§$S>. _wbr Imo-Imo
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IoiVmhoV. VrZMma _mñVa ìham§S>çmV IwÀ`m© Q>mHy$Z {Zdm§V Jßnm N>mQ>V ~gbobo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m AdVr^dVr nmoao hþ§XS>V AmhoV. H°$_oam pñWa.
EH$ _mñVa, `o@@ eoŠ`m@@@ BH$S>§ `o.
Xþgam _mñVa, Ë`mbm H$embm ~mobdVm`. AmnUM MŠH$a Q>mHy$ {VQ²>Q>çmH$S>§. hm àñVmd gdmªZmM
AmdS>Vmo. OmJodaMo gJio _mñVa CR>VmV. emioÀ`m nm`è`m CVê$Z añË`mbm bmJVmV. añË`mdê$Z
OmUmar-`oUmar _mUg§. Ë`mVbm EH$Q>m _mñVam§À`mOdi Wm§~Vmo.
MhmÀ`m ImoŠ`mV Vo Eogn¡g ~gVmV. AmYrMo EH$-XmoKo ~gbobo _mñVam§H$S>o Amemi^yVnUo nhmVmV. H°$_oam
{VWoM a|JmiVmo.
AemV VmË`m nmQ>bmMr ~wboQ> hm°Q>obg_moa. _mñVa Mhm JS>~S>rZo g§ndm`À`m ZmXmV. VmË`m nmQ>bmda H°$_oam.
VmË`m nmQ>rb, Am_À`m JmdmV AmXm©iH$a JwOu hmoVo. {Xdg _mdibm Var Am_Mr gwQ>H$m Zgm`Mr. gH$mir
AmR>bmM emioV `m`Mo. Vwåhmbm gm§JyZ H$m` Cn`moJ? Vwåhr _mñVa H$_r nwT>mar OmñV. Mmbm`M§. H$mi ~Xbbm.
_mñVa nQ>mnQ> Mhm KoD$Z Q>narVyZ ~mhoa nS>VmV....
H°$_oam MhmÀ`m Q>nardê$Z gai JmdmH$S>o OmUmè`m añË`mda {\$aVmo. añË`mda \$ŠV XmoZ-VrZ Hw$Ìr. ~mH$s
bm§~bMH$ añVm [aH$m_m... ^`mU.
H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$ aMZoV g§W {ZdoXZmÀ`m nmR>monmR> {MÌnQ>mMr doJdmZ g§{hVm H$WZmMr JVr dmT>dVo. Va
nmR>mno mR> `oUmao g§W {ZdoXZ àg§JmdaMo ^mî`, dU©Z, {díbofU, à{V{H«$`m, A{^àm` `m Ñí`m§Zm dmñVdmÀ`m g§X^m©V Zdm
AW© XoV.o
· nÌm§Mm dmna : `m H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WZ-{ZdoXZm_Ü`o dma§dma _. OmoVramd \w$bo d H$m§Vmam_Or `m§Zm
{b{hbobr nÌo `oVmV. H$mX§~arMo H$moUHo$ar d AmS>ì`mßnm ho XmoÝhr Zm`H$ H¥${fg§ñH¥$VrMo à{V{ZYr AmhoV.
eoVH$è`mH$S>o gaH$ma, g§KQ>Zm d g_mO `m gdmªMo g_ñ`oÀ`m A§JmZo Xþb©j Va emofUmÀ`m A§JmZo AJXr
~marH$ bj Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. `m XmoKm§À`m OrdZXe©ZmÀ`m d Ë`mg§^m©Vrb àíZm§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _. \w$bo
d H$m§Vmam_OtZm nÌo {b{hbr AmhoV. hr nÌo H$WmZH$mMr A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AgyZ Ë`m§À`m_wio H$WmZH$mMm
H|$Ðr` KQ>H$ Jm^m^yV ñdê$nmV AmH$mamg `oVmo. CXmhaUmW©; nwT>rb XmoZ nÌo nhm;
1. _. OmoVramd \w$bo `m§Zm nÌ :
OmoVramd, Vw_Mr _r_m§gm MyH$ hmoVr Ago _mPo åhUUo Zmhr. Vw_Mm ^Q>m§À`mdaMm amJ amñV hmoVm.
^Q> H$gH$go Zm{S>VmV ho Vwåhr ~mbnUmnmgyZ AZw^dë`m_wio YmaXma nÕVrZo Vwåhr ^Q>mg ZmJS>o Ho$bo. ho
Mm§JboM Ohmbo. Vwåhr Vw_À`m H$mimV Ho$bobo YmS>g Ü`mZmV KoVm, Vo Agm_mÝ`M. `mg àË`dm` Zmhr.
Vwåhr ^Q>m§g ZmJS>o Ho$bo. Vw_À`m AZw`m`m§Zr Cabr-gwabr H$ga ^ê$Z H$mT>br. Vw_À`m H$mimV
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / _amR>r ....4
{MniyUH$a, {Q>iH$ `m§gmaIo _mÝ`da Vw_À`m {damoYr JQ>mV hmoVo. Vwåhm§g hrZdÊ`mMm EH$hr àg§J Ë`m§Zr
gmoS>bm Zmhr. Varhr {b{hÊ`mMm EH$hr àg§J Vwåhr gmoS>bm Zmhr. `mMm n[aUm_ Agm Pmbm H$s
{Q>iH$m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va ~«måhU dJm©g ZoV¥ËdM H$aVm Ambo Zmhr. `mMo H$maU øm V_m_ dJm©Mo AmnU d
Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Zr _moS>bobo H§$~aS>o. `mMm AmngwH$ \$m`Xm Jm§YtZm Pmbm. Jm§YtZm ^maVr` amOH$maUmV
C^o H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vw_Mo IMu nS>bo à`ËZ H$moUr Ü`mZmVM KoVbo ZmhrV. Amnë`mH$S>o Á`mMo lo` Ë`mbm
XoÊ`mMr nÕVM Zmhr. _. Jm§Yr `m _mUgmMr Am{U Vw_Mr AmoiI AgÊ`mMo H$mhr H$maU Zmhr. nU
Vwåhr Or dmQ> {ZdS>br hmoVr Vr hoê$Z Ë`m dmQ>oMm h_añVm H$aÊ`mMr H$bm Ë`m§Zm AdJV Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr
øm ^Q>m§Mr ^bVrM n§Mm`V H$ê$Z Q>mH$br. \$ŠV Vw_À`m BVHo$ WoQ> ^Q>m§Zm AmìhmZ XoÊ`mMo Ë`m§Zr Q>mibo.
`mV Ë`m§Mr hþemar hmoVr. H$am`Mo Ë`m§Zm VoM hmoVo nU _mJ© WmoS>m doJim AZwgabm. åhUOo añVm Vw_MmM.
\$ŠV Q>mob Z ^aVm eoOmaÀ`m JmdmVyZ Ë`m§Zr JmS>r ~mhoa H$mT>br. Vwåhr åhUmb ho Am{U H$m` ZdrZ
àH$aU? åhUyZ WmoS>o {df`m§Va. Mmbob Zm? Zmhr Mmbb§ Var gm§Jm`bm hdM. Am_Mo _m`-~mn gaH$ma
Amåhmbm Mm§Jbo añVo AgmdoV åhUyZ ^anya VgXr KoVo Amho. Ë`m§Zm ñdV:bm Ago añVo ~m§YUo eŠ` Zmhr.
H$maU ~m§YH$m_ ImË`mH$S>Mm gd© n¡gm Ë`m§À`m hþOè`m§Zr AmYrM J¡a_mJm©Zo ImD$Z g§ndbobm AgVmo.
Ë`m_wio añË`mg n¡gmM Zmhr. `mda Zm_r Cnm` _m`-~mn gaH$maZr H$mT>bm Amho. ~m§Ym-dmnam-hñVm§V[aV
H$am. åhUOo añVm H$moUrVar YZXm§S>½`mZo ñdV:Mm n¡gm IMu KmbyZ V`ma H$am`Mm. Ë`mda `oUmè`mOmUmè`m dhmZmg hdm VodT>m-hdr {VVH$s dfª H$a ~gdm`Mm. KmVboë`m aŠH$_oMr XhmnQ> aŠH$_ dgyb
H$am`Mr Am{U Vmo añVm {ZH$m_r ìhm`À`m doir nwÝhm gaH$maH$S>o gmondm`Mm. åhUOo MH«$ nwÝhm nwÝhm
Mmby. EHy$U H$m` H$s OZVobm ZmS>Ê`mMo gd© CnH«$_ X`miy gaH$ma Am_bmV AmUV Amho. Vo Úm gmoSy>Z.
Vwåhmbm H$m` Q>mob Úm`Mm Zmhr.
2. H$m§Vmam_Otg nÌ :
H$m§Vmam_Or,
gJiçmV dmB©Q> Vwåhr OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo g_W©Z H$aVm`. OmJ{VH$sH$aU WmondVm `oV Zmhr. EH$X_
_mÝ`. nU Ë`mbm nobÊ`mgmR>r, _wH$m~bm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mH$S>o V`mar H$m`? H$mhrM Zmhr. {nH$mV
diy Kwgbm H$s Vmo {nH$mMo ZwH$gmZM H$aUma. Ë`mÀ`m eoUmMo IV Pmbo H$s nrH$ nwÝhm VamaUma hr EH$X_
^§nH$ Jmoï>. diy EH$mÀ`m eoVmV nrH$ ImUma Am{U Xþgè`mÀ`m eoVmV IV. bm^ Xþgè`mbmM. ho Vwåhr
g_OyZ KoV Zmhr. Vw_Mo åhUUo ~mOmanoR> Iwbr Pmbr H$s eoVH$è`mÀ`m _mbmbm qH$_V `oUma. nU Ë`mbm
_mb {nH$dm`bm nmofH$ dmVmdaU Va nm{hOo? nmUr-drO Zmhr D$g {nH$dm. H$m§Xm {nH$mdm, {dH$m.
nmD$gM Zmhr, Ádmar {nH$dm. Vw_À`m ^mH$arbm e§^a én`o Xa {_iUma. nU Ádmar nmoQ>mnwaVrhr
{nH$Ê`mgmaIo dmVmdaU Zmhr. {VWo ^mH$ar {dH$Uma H$gbr? BWë`m _yb^yV gw{dYm§Mo Vwåhr ~mobV Zmhr.
Vw_Mr Midi ~mobV Zmhr. H$m?
CnamoŠV nÌo H$mX§~arV boIH$ H$moUHo$arZo {b{hbobr Agbr Var Ë`m_Ü`o doJionU Ago H$s, _.
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OmoVramd \w$b|Zm {b{hboë`m nÌmV Ë`m§À`m "eoVH$è`mMm AgyS>' _Yrb eoVH$è`mMo Xm[aÐç, emofUmMr
_r_m§gm, ~«m÷UZrVr, gaH$maMr CXmgrZVm, gaH$mar nme, AkmZ, A§Y{dídmg, {ó`m§Mo Jm¡U ñWmZ, ê$T>r
Xmñ` `m {df`m§Mo dV©_mZmVrb {dXmaH$ "O¡go Wo' dmñVd {M{ÌV Ho$bo Amho. H$m§Vmam_OtZm {b{hboë`m
nÌmV ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVrb {d{dY eoVH$ar Midir, Ë`m§Mr ZJXr {nH$m§À`m MidirH$S>rb AmoT>,
MidirMo amOH$maU Am{U ghH$mamMr Zdr _m§S>Ur `m§Mm C„oI `oVmo.
EH§$XarV eoVH$è`mbm ZmS>Umè`m ê$T>r, {ejU, gÎmm d g§nÎmr `m KQ>H$m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm "~, ~irMm'
H$mX§~arV `m nÌm§À`m H$ënH$ aMZoVyZ A{Ve` naIS>VoZo d OmoVramdm§À`m AmgyS>mÀ`m \$Q>H$mè`mà_mUo
Vrd«-Q>moH$XmanUo `oVo. `m nÌm_wio H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ Ame`gyÌmÀ`m _Ü`dVu H|$ÐmH$S>o gaH$V amhVo.
nÌm§À`m `moOZo_wio naIS> {M{H$ËgoMm A{YH$Mm Am`m_ H$mX§~arÀ`m {ZdoXZmg d n`m©`mZo H$WmZH$mg
A{YH$ ~iH$Q>r XoVmo.
3. S>m`arVbo AmË_qMVZ :
H$WmË_H$ gm{hË`mV AmË_qMVZmg \$magm dmd ZgVmo. KQ>Zm-àg§Jm§À`m JXmamoimV qMVZmg
Amdí`H$ AdH$me CnbãY hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r {ZdoXZmMr _Vo, à{VnmXZ AWdm Ñï>rH$moU `m
_Zmo{díbofUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ àmW{_H$ KQ>H$m§nwT>o OmVm `oV Zmhr. _mÌ "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV H$WmJV
boIH$mÀ`m S>m`arMr `moOZm H$ê$Z Ë`mMm AmË_ñda geŠVnUo H$WmZH$mg nwT>o ZoVmZm {XgVmo. H$moUHo$arÀ`m
_ZmVrb AñdñWVm, gd©H$mhr Odi AgVmZmhr AmUIr H$mhr hdo Agë`mMr OmUrd, H$mhrVar hadV
Mmbë`mMr hÿahÿa Ë`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoVo.
CXmhaUmW©, Amnë`mbm Amnë`m OJÊ`mVyZ AmYma {Z_m©U H$aVm Ambo ZmhrV, H$s AmnU
gJirH$Sy>Z \$ŠV VwQ>VM OmVmo. _mS>rÀ`m kmZr _hmamOmgmaI§ Zmd Q>mHy$Z Jmd Q>mHy$Z åhUOo gJim
JmoVmdim, Ka {dgê$Z OJVm `oB©b Amnë`mbm? Agbm CÚmoJM {~Z H$m_mMm. Amnbm VwH$mam_M J«oQ>.
Amem ho g_yi IUmoZr H$mT>mdr, VoìhmMr Jmogmdr ìhmdo OoUo? Zmhr Var gwIo Agmdo g§gmar, \${OVr
gwgar H$ê$ Z`o. Amem _mé{Z`m O`d§V ìhmdo, Voìhm{M {ZKmdo gdmªVwZr, VwH$m åhUo Oar `moJmMr VmVS>r,
AmeoMr {~~wS>r H$ar AmYr.
H$mX§~arÀ`m {ZdoXZmVrb KQ>Zm§À`m JXuV g§doXZerb nÌm§Mm AmË_ñda JwXa_aVmo. Ë`mbm Oo _ZmnmgyZ
gm§Jm`Mo AgVo Ë`mbm {ZpíMVnUo _m§S>Vm `oV Zmhr. hm AmË_ñda VnerbmÀ`m n{bH$S>Mm Agë`mZo Vmo
Zo_H$m KQ>Zm~Õ H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Aemdoir qMVZ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m {d{eï> AZw^dm§À`m _`m©XoVyZ
hm A§V:ñda _moH$im Pmbm H$s Ë`mbm d¡pídH$VoMo ê$n àmßV hmoVo. H$mX§~arVrb K{Q>Vo, Ñî`{MÌo `m ~mø
OJVmVrb OS> KQ>H$m§Zm ~mOybm H$ê$Z A§V:àkoÀ`m àH$memV gV²VÎdm§Mm emoY Aem qMVZmÛmao H$mX§~arH$mamZo
KoVbm Amho. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arÀ`m gm_mÝ` Zm`H$m§À`m nam^yV g§Kfm©bm ho qMVZ namË_VoÀ`m C§Mrda
nmohmoMdVo. åhUyZM `m H$mX§~arMm Zm`H$ namJ§Xm Pmë`mda gmao Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yMr ~mV_r emoYV AgVmZm
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{XnyeoR> _mÌ Ë`mÀ`m {Od§V AgÊ`mda R>m_ Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va Vmo Ë`mÀ`m emoYmgmR>r gmao H$mhr
~mOybm R>odyZ ~mhoa nS>Vmo.
4. H${dVm :
H$WmË_ dmL²>_`mV _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m ewÕ d {Z^}i AmH$mamH$S>o OmUo Ë`mÀ`m A§J^yV _`m©Xo_wio
AeŠ` R>aVo. qMVZmà_mUoM H${dVoVyZ OrdZmÀ`m Jmä`mbm ñne© H$aUmam AmË_ñda Amidbm OmVmo.
ñdV:À`m YmaUm§er dV©_mZ OJÊ`mMr VwbZm Ho$di H${dVVyZM eŠ` hmoV.o Ë`mVyZ H$moUË`mhr AS>Wiçm{edm`
ñdV:À`m AmVë`m AmdmOmer g§dmX eŠ` hmoVmo. H$Wm dmL²>_`mVrb `m _`m©Xm§Zm ~mOybm H$ê$Z
g§doXZerb Zm`H$mMm AmË_ñda, Ë`mÀ`m ApñVËdmMm AmH$ma àH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H${dVoMm OmJmoOmJr dmna
Ho$bm Amho.
H$mì`mMm dmna : 1
eãX B©ída
eãX {Xbm Om`Mm. eãX KoVbm Om`Mm. eãX åhUOo B©_mZ.
eãX JhmU R>odbm Om`Mm. eãXmgmR>r Ord {Xbm Om`Mm.
KoVbmhr Om`Mm. eãX OrdZ_aUmMr enW.
Jm`~M Pmbm JmdmVyZ eãX-{Z:eãX hmoVmZm Jmd.
H$go AJ{VH$-hV~b.
AmoR>m§VyZ eãX Mmoarg Joboë`m _mUgm§Mo nS>Š`m AmoR>m§Mo ^H$mg gm§JmS>o.
CËIZZ H$ê$Z àË`oH$ OU emoYVmo` eãX &
H$mì`mMm dmna : 2
AmVm JmdmV {\$aVmZm A§Jmda AMmZH$ ehmao `oVmV. CJmMM S>moŠ`mMo Ho$g C^o amhmVmV. _mUgmer
_mUyg ~mobVM Zmhr _ZmVb§. \$ŠV g§e`. H$moUË`m g§e`mMm {diIm nS>V Jobm Jmdmbm.
g§e`mM§ ~r H$moUr noab§ BWë`m hdoV.
^a^ê$Z \w$Q>VM Zmhr H$moUmbm eãX. gJio _wŠ`mZ§M dmdaV ~KV AgVmV g§e`mZ§. ~mnmMm
_wbmbm. _wbmMm AmB©bm. eoOmè`mMm nmOmè`mbm. JëbrMm Kambm. KamMm Jmdmbm. JmdmMm {edmambm
\$ŠV g§e`.
g§e`mZ§ eãX bX~Xbo H$s _m`oMo nmPa AmnmoAmnM AmQ>V OmVmV.
_m`oZ§ AmoW§~bob§ Jmd - AmQy>Z H$moaS>§ Pmbob§
H$moaS>çm H$moaS>çm g§e`mÀ`m {d{har. g§e`mMr ^w`ma§
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EH$ Imob g§e`mMm S>moh. Hw$R>§M W|~ Zmhr. H$moUË`m {XeoZ§ Mmbbo ho Vm§S>o OJÊ`mÀ`m _moS>VmoS>rV.
Jmd JmdmVyZ hÔnma hmoV OmVmV.
ì`dhmar dV©_mZ OJÊ`mMm Vi gmobyZ H$mT>ë`mda hmVr amhVo Vr \$ŠV AñdñWVm; VwQ>bonU, `mMm
H$dr_Zmbm Pmbobm gmjmËH$ma Aem H${dVm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$mX§~arV `oVmo. Ogm àË`oH$ W|~mV, àË`oH$
N>moQ>çm bmQ>oVyZ g_wÐM CgiVmo. Ë`mà_mUo àË`oH$ eãX, n§ŠVr, H$S>do `mVyZ H$drMr Kmb_ob AYmoao{IV
hmoVo. VgmM eãXm§À`m JÚ aMZoVyZ hmVr Z JdgUmam AW© `m H$mì`n§ŠVr H$WmZH$mg ~hmb H$aVmV.
5. H$sV©Z :
H$sV©Z hm _wŠV g§dmXmMm nma§n[aH$ AmH¥${V~§Y Amho. bmoH$g§dmX gmYUmao à~moYZ-OmJaUmMo ho
bd{MH$ _mÜ`_ Amho. H$mX§~arÀ`m {demb AdH$membm H$sV©ZmMm hm n¡g _mZdUmam Amho. H$mX§~arMm
H|$Ðq~Xÿ AgUmè`m eoVH$è`mMr _hVr dma§dma Amd¥Îm H$ê$Z Vr dmMH$mÀ`m _Zmda KÅ> H$moaÊ`mgmR>r "~,
~irMm' H$mX§~arV _§{XamVrb ~wdmÀ`m H$sV©ZmMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. CXmhaUmW©;
Ñí`, {dÇ>bmMo JmdmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Agbobo XoD$i. IMmIM ^ê$Z Jobobo Amho _mUgm§Zr. ~wdm
H$sV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r C^o. gmo~V Q>miH$ar, _¥X§Jdmbo, noQ>rdmbo BË`mXr. H°$_oam XodimMm, H$mZmH$monam
Yw§S>miVmo Amho.
R>mo~m@@ éŠH$_mB©@@ R>mo~m @@ éŠH$_mB© @@
hm JOa dmT>V OmVmo. _Ü`oM
~wdm, Wm§~m. gd© dmÚo ~§X. EH$X_ em§VVm
H$moUo EHo$ H$mir@@ Ho$bo Jm@@ H$sV©Z
eoVmMo ZV©Z@@ amo_amo_r@@
{dRy> Voìhm Zgo @@ amZmV am~m`m@@
H$emÀ`m eod`m@@ diy AmVm@@
H$moag, R>mo@@ ~m@ éŠH$@@ _mB© R>mo~m@@ éŠH$_m~mB©@@
~wdm, Am`m-~m`m§Zmo, g§V gÁOZmZmo@@
_r ~wdm@@ B©ídamMm @@ Hw$Am@@
bmoH$hmo, {dhra ~{KVbr@@ ^md åhUVm Ë`mbm. ^md _ZrMm ^md Zìho.
^md åhUOo {dhra. `mbm _wgb_mZ Hw$Am@@ åhUVmV.
H$moag, R>mo@@ ~m@ éŠH$@@ _mB© R>mo~m@@ éŠH$_mB©@@
~wdm, bmoH$ hmo@@ _m`-~mnm§Zmo, {dÇ>b ZìhVm Voì123456789012345678901234567890121234567
hm - åhUOo H$Yr @@?
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\$ma \$ma dfm©nydu. _¥X§Jmda Wmn VmH$ @@@ {YZ² @@ VmH$ @@
~wdm, Voìhm ÝhdVm {dÇ>b @@ Voìhm ZìhVm nm§Sw>a§J, ì`mnVmn X§J@@ Voìhm H$moU ?
_§S>ir, Ooìhm {dRy> ZìhVm. nm§Sw>a§J ZìhVm. Voìhm H$moU hmoVm? eoVH$ar,
åhUOo H$m`? {dÇ>bmAmYr eoVH$ar hmoVm. {dÇ>bmZ§Va eoVH$ar hmoVm.
amOm ZìhVm Voìhm eoVH$ar hmoVm. amOm Ambm Voìhm eoVH$ar hmoVm....
R>mo~m @@ éŠH$m_mB© @@ R>moã~m éH$_mB© @@ AmS>ì`mßnm VëbrZ hmoD$Z H$sV©Z EoH$Vmo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m
_VmZwgma ~wdm Iao ~mobVmo Amho. H$moU amOm ? H$moU {dRy> ? Ë`mÀ`m Mohè`mda H$mhrVar gmnS>ë`mMm
Am§ZX. Vmo VÝ_`VoZo R>mo~m @@ éŠH$m_mB© @@ åhUVmo`.
Q>mim§Mm àM§S> dmT>V OmUmam AmdmO. AmS>ì`mßnmbm `oV OmUmar ½bmZr @@ dmT>Vo ñda EH$X_
Am^mi ì`mnUmao, R>mo~m@@ éŠH$_mB© @@ R>mo~m @@
Vgo nmhVm gy`m}X`mnmgyZ eoVmV H$ï> H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mg a§OZ, ~moY d AmÜ`mpË_H$ JaOogmR>r
H$sV©ZmH$S>o Omdo bmJVo. _mÌ `m gm§àXm{`H$ bmoH$H$boMm dmna H$mX§~arH$ma amOZ Jdg `m§Zr H¥${fna§naoMr
_hVr AYmoao{IV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm Amho.
6. bmoH$H$Wm :
H$mX§~arÀ`m gwédmVrbm H$mX§~arH$ma amOZ Jdg `m§Zr EH$ {_Ï`H$Wm {Xbr Amho. H$mX§~arJV boIH$
H$moUHo$ar Amnë`m XþH$mZXma {_Ìmg Jmoï> EoH$dVmo, ""EH$m amOmbm ~mB© g_OyZ ¿`m`Mr hmoVr. F$frZo Ë`mbm
gm§{JVb§, "n{hbr _|XÿVbr dmgZm ~mOybm H$mT>. Vwbm ~mB© g_Oob§. amOm åhUmbm, "dmgZm ~mOybm H$mT>br
H$s ~mB©V H$m` am{hb§ ?' F$fr åhUmbm "_mUyg'. H$mX§~arÀ`m EH§$Xa kmZmË_H$ _m§S>UrMm ì`yh bjmV
KoVm hr H$Wm H$mX§~arMr Zm§Xr Amho. M§JidmXr àd¥ÎmrÀ`m newnmVirdaÀ`m amOmbm F$frZo {Xbobo CÎma
ho `m H$mX§~arMo gmaVÎd Amho.
EH§$XarV {ZdoXZmMm {dMma H$aVm `m H$mX§~arV AZoH$ Ñí`I§S>mVrb EH$m g§nyU© {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm
Amho. XmoZ {^Þ g§X^mªÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>tZm EH$Ì OmoSy>Z EH$m ZdrZ g§X^m©Mr Mm¡H$Q> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ
Amho. {MÌnQ>mMm {Z_m©Vm, {X½Xe©H$ `m§À`m à{V{H«$`m, A{^àm` `m§À`mgh `m {MÌnQ>mÀ`m
{Z{_©{VH$mim§{df`rÀ`m nQ>H$Wm boIZmÀ`m S>m`arVë`m Zm|Xr hr Mm¡H$Q> àeñV H$aUmè`m AmhoV. ñdJVo,
{_Ï`H$Wm, ê$nHo$, H${dVm, qMVZ Aem {ZdoXZmÀ`m {d{dY n`m©`r nÕVtMm dmna `m H$mX§~arV H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. hr Ho$di {ZdoXZ V§Ìo ZgyZ Om{Udm§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrMo KmQ> AmhoV.
3.3.5 "~ , ~irMm H$mX§~arVrb ^mfm{deof :
Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m~VrV à`moJerbVm OnUmè`m "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV ^mfoMo ^mZhr
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gOJVoZo gm§^mibo Amho. H$mX§~arVrb ^mfoMo ñdê$n {ZdoXZmMr Am{U g§dmXmMr ^mfm Aem ñWyb ñdê$nmMo
Zmhr. `m H$mX§~arÀ`m ^mfobm ~mobr ê$nmnmgyZ Vo VÎdMM}À`m àJë^ ^m{fH$ Om{Udon`ªV AZoH$ H§$Jmoao
AmhoV. AWm©À`m AZoH$ N>Q>m§~amo~aM g§doXZm§Mo AmdoJ OnUmè`m Om{Udm§À`m gyú_ N>Q>mhr Ë`mVyZ àH$fm©Zo
àË``mg `oVmV. H$mX§~arÀ`m AZoH$ nXar ê$n~§Ymà_mUo H$mX§~arH$mamZo ^mfoMm gmjonr dmna Ho$bm Amho.
nmÌ d KQ>ZoÀ`m g§X^m©V ^mfoMm A§V:ñVa doJio ê$n YmaU H$aVmo. EH$Q>çm H$moUHo$arÀ`m boIZmMmM
{dMma Ho$bm Va Ë`mÀ`m S>m`arMr ^mfm AmË_g§dmXr, H$mì`mË_H$ d JyT>VoH$S>o PwH$Umar AmT>iVo.
OmoVramdm§Zm d H$m§Vmam_OtZm {b{hboë`m nÌm§Mr ^mfm àm¡T>, J§^ra g§X^©`wŠV d I§S>U-_§S>UmÀ`m
ñdê$nmMr Amho. MMm© qOH$Umè`m {d{O{Jfwd¥ÎmrMr AmH«$_H$Vm, {dMmam§Mr ñnï>Vm d _m§S>UrMm H$mQ>oH$moanUm
ho {VMo {deof AmhoV. `m~amo~aM naIS> ñnï>Vm Am{U Cnhmg ho nÌaMZoVrb ^mfm{deof H$mX§~arÀ`m ^mfm
d¡^dmV ^a Q>mH$VmV.
ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^mfoMm ñd^mdXe©ZmgmR>r A{Ve` CÎm_ dmna amOZ Jdg `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m_wioM
Xm§{^H$ d¥ÎmrÀ`m qPJmê$ Xmê$dmë`mMr ^mfm H¥${Ì_ aMZoMr, Ë`mÀ`m T>m|Jr ñd^mdmMr {ZXe©H$ åhUyZ `oVo.
{Od~m XmZdmS>oMr n[apñWVrà_mUo ~XbUmar bwQ>mê$ àd¥ÎmrMr `oVo, AmS>ì`mßnm d {XnyeoR> `m E|{Ð` d
àmW{_H$ nmVirda OJUmè`m nmÌm§Mr ^mfm ñnï>, H$moUVmhr AmS>nS>Xm Z R>odUmar `oVo. H$mX§~arMm
H$Wm^mJ Agboë`m O§JbmVrb YZJam§Mr `dyg, OmD$g, OoD$g Aer g§H$mam§V {H«$`m nXm§Mr ~mobr,
dmŠ`aMZoVrb eãXm§Mm Aëndmna {ZamJg OrdZ nÕVr gy{MV H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
`m R>iH$ ^mfm{deofm§~amo~aM g§dmX, {ZdoXZ, qMVZ, H$mì`ê$n AmXrVyZ `oUmar AÝ` ^mfmê$no nmhVm
`m H$mX§~arMr ^mfm ~hþAmdmOr Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. boIH$mÀ`m `m gmjonr ^mfmdmnamVyZ eoVr,
eoVH$è`m§~amo~aM ~XbË`m IoS>çmMo dV©_mZ Vab {MÌñneu ê$nmV C^o amhVo. YZJar ~mobrnmgyZ àm¡T>
àJë^ ^mfm d H$mì`mË_VoMm ~mO OnUmar qMVZerbVm ho `m ^mfoMo {deof AmhoV. eãX, dmŠ`aMZm
d AW©{Z{_©Vr Aem {d{dY nmViçm§da `m H$mX§~arMo _moR>o ^m{fH$ ^m§S>ma g_moa `oVo. Ë`mMr H$mhr
àm{V{Z{YH$ CXmhaUo nmhm.
A) eãX :
1) J«m_rU : CñVdmar, Mm¡_mi, Pw§~S>, ~ŠH$i, _m`§Xi.
2) YZJar ~mobr : `d²g, OmD$g, OoD$g.
3) ~mobr^mfoV ghOVoZo `oUmè`m {eì`m§Mm dmnahr gam©g Ho$bm Amho.
4) à_mU^mfm d H$mì`ê$n eãXm§Mmhr CÎm_ dmna OmJmoOmJ AmT>iVmo.
~) dmŠ`aMZm :
H$_rV H$_r eãXdmnam§Mr N>moQ>r gwQ>gwQ>rV dmŠ`aMZm ho `m H$mX§~arMo ^m{fH$ d¡{eï>ç Amho,
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eŠ`Vmo, H$mX§~arV g§`wŠV dm OmoS>dmŠ`o AmT>iV ZmhrV. à_mU ^mfo~amo~aM J«m_rU ~mobrVrb dmŠ`o
A§J^yV {VaH$gnUm d R>gHo$~mOnUm Xe©dVmV.
CXm. 1) EH$ Imob g§e`mMm S>moh. Hw$R>§M W|~ Zmhr. H$moUË`m {XeoZ§ Mmbbo ho Vm§S>o OJÊ`mÀ`m
_moS>VmoS>rV, Jmd JmdmVyZ hÔnma hmoVmZm.
2) Ë`oZ§ ~i {Xb§ Va OmUma. ÝhmB©Va hm` {hV§M _am`M§.
3) ìh` H$m` boH$m, gm _{hZo Pmbo. VwÂ`m Vm|S>mVZ§ eãX ÝhmB©.
4) À`m Am`bm@ øobm~r ~mobm` `oV` H$s Jm @
EH§$XarV `m H$mX§~arVrb ^mfoMm {dMma H$aVm KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo `oUmao ~mobrVrb eãX^m§S>ma
AWm©À`m g§X^m©V à_mU^mfoVrb eãXm§Zm COdo R>aVo. àñVwV H$mX§~arÀ`m à`moJerb ê$n~§YmVM Aem
{d{dYm§Jr ^mfmdmnamMr _mJUr AgyZ Vr H$mX§~arH$mamZo gj_VoZo nobbr Amho.
3.4 dmMZ CVmam
Ñí` : AmS>ì`m§ßnmMo Ka
H°$_oam Xmamdê$Z KamV
Vm`ìdm Am{U AmS>ì`mßnmMr YmH$Q>r ~hrU MwbrOdi ~gboë`m.
AmS>ì`mßnmMm gmgyb bJVmM ~hrU ~mhoaÀ`m gmoß`mbm `oVo.
H$Yr Ambrg?
Ambmo _KmerM.
hmB©V Ýhd§ ~ar gJir.
hmB©V H$s. AmS>ì`mßnm q^Vrbm Q>oH$Vmo. gw_r XmamVM. Vm`ìdm MwbrOdiyZ ~mhoa `oVo.
Mma {Xdg Pmb§ KamH$S>§M `m`bm ÝhmB©V åhU§ XmXmgm~.
AmS>ì`mßnm qMVmH«$m§V åhUVmo, OmVmo` Hw$R>§? Ag§b Hw$R>§ Var. Xmê$ {nD$Z nS>bm Ag§b ~{hUrbm
CÔoeyZ {dMmaVmo Ë`oÀ`m ^ZrÀ`m Jmdmbm Mm¡H$er Ho$brg?
~{KVb§, Mm¡H$S>§ \$moZ bmdyZ. `mbm ÝhmB© åhUË`mV. AmVm Hw$R>§ emoYm`Mm øobm ? ~{hUrMm Moham
AmH$gVmo.
emoYVrg H$embm ? AmnmAmn `oV§` Ko. n¡go {H$Vr nirdë`mZ hm`?
XmoZ-VrZeo. ~oarM§ {~b.
Vo g§në`m{edm` Ë`mo Vwbm JmdV ÝhmB©.
Vm`ìdm, Amg§ åhUyZ H$g§ Mmb§b? Ord èhmdV ÝhmB© åhUyZ hþS>H$m` Va nm`Oo.
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_J Hw$R> emoYy`m gm§J Ë`obm? qH${MV d¡JmVbobm.
~hrU, Ë`o~r Ia§M hm`.
Vm`ìdm, OZbmOogVd ~Km`M§ Oam Hw$R>§ Hw$R>§ OmD$Z.
VanmgyZ _J Hw$R>ë`m JwÎ`mda OmD$ åhUVrg?
Vm`ìdm, Hw$Q>ë`m Ë`o _r H$g§ gm§Jy? ^Z hm` åhQ>ë`mda JwÎ`mda Om`mbm bmOm`M§ H$embm?
bmOmbm` H$moU? Ia§ JwÎmm H$m` `moH$M hm`. Jmdmbm Xhm JwÎm§.
~hrU JmdmVb§ gJi§ JwÎm§ ~{KVb§.
{VW§ Vy H$embm JobVrg?
Vm`ìdm, Amnb§ _mUyg Job§` åhQ>ë`mda Om`m` ZH$mo.
Vmob gwQy>Z Vy Jßn J@@ KmbH$mS>r.
~hrU Km~ê$Z, Vw_r ZH$mogm ^m§Sy>. _mP§M Zer~ \w$Q>H§$ hm`, Ë`obm H$moU H$m` H$aUma?
{VKohr \$ŠV eyÝ` ZOaoZo ~gyZ ahmVmV. H°$_oam Ë`m§À`mda.
_mS>rMm S>m|Ja _hm_mJm©nmgyZ \$ŠV EH$ {H$bmo_rQ>a, S>m|Ja MTy>Z Amb§ H$s ^ì` Xodmb`. XÎmmM§ H$s
_hmXodmM§. H$moUË`m XodmM§ H$moUV§ Xodmb` H$iVM Zmhr. Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV EH$ IyU. _hmXodmMr qnS>r
AgVo. _yVu AgobM Ag§ Zmhr. Z§Xr Agbm H$s g_Om`M§ _hmXod BW§ Amho h§. _mS>rMo kmZr_hmamO gVV
{Zamon XoVmhoV. ho H$moU kmZr_hmamO. Vo H$emgmR>r ~mobmdVmhoV. Hw$R>ë`mM _hmamOm§Mm _mPm H$mhrM g§~§Y
Zmhr. Var Vo ~mobmdV AmhoV. _mS>rMm S>m|Ja.
kmZr_hmamOm§Zr Imob H$nmarV S>m|Ja nmoIê$Z Amnë`m dmgVì`mgmR>r Mma Imoë`m ~m§YboV. ^Jdr
nVmH$m Amho. åhUyZ H$iV§ BW§ _hmamO amhmVmV. XÎmmdVmamda _hmamOm§Mm {dûdmg Amho. ñdV:bm XÎmn§Wr
_mZVmV. S>m|Ja CVê$Z Ë`m§À`m H$nmarVrb _R>mV Jobmo. Voìhm gm§{JVb§ Job§ _hmamO. {dlm§Vr KoV AmhoV.
Ë`m§À`m _R>mMr aMZm Va nmhÿ åhUyZ ImobrÀ`m g_moê$Z _moH$içm ìham§S>çmVyZ Imbr CVaVmZmM OQ>mYmar
gÝ`memZ§ nm{hb§. Vmo EH$X_ XmamAmS> Pmbm. nwÝhm naVyZ C§~amÀ`m PmS>mImbr `oD$Z Q>oH$bmo. BVŠ`mV
Xþgam OQ>mYmar g§Ý`ñV J¥hñW _mÂ`mgm_oa `oD$Z C^§ am{hbm. _hmamO `oV AmhoV. Vwåhmbm Xe©Z hm°b_Ü`o
~gyZ ¿`m`bm gm§{JVb§`. drg-n§Mdrg \y$Q> Xÿa Agm Xe©Z hm°b. _hmamOm§M§ AmgZ. g_moa ngaboë`m
{edmamda ZOa. H$miçmema O{_ZrÀ`m bm§~gS>H$ nÅ>çm_Ü`oM PmS>m§Mm dmda. S>m|Jam§À`m bm§~M bm§~
am§Jm. Ywga {j{VOmMr aoK.
_hmamO nma§T>è`mew^« dómV. àM§S> dmT>bobr XmT>r. eobmQ>r A§JH$mR>r. bm§~gS>H$ ZmH$. Kmao S>moio
VrúU ZOaoMo. Hw$R>§ Var Pmbr` ^oQ>. Wm§~bobo ^ŠV Xe©Z KoV AmhoV. _hmamO _bm ~gÊ`mMr IyU H$aV
AmhoV. O_bobr JXu nm§Jbr. _hmamO EH$Q>oM. g_moamg_moa.
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H$g§ Mmbb§` ?
H$maHw$ZmM§ H$gm MmbUma?
{MÌnQ>mgmR>r nQ>H$Wm {b{hbr åhUo ?
AOyZ gwê$ Amho. nyU© hmoV Zmhr.
H$er hmoUma. eoVH$ar-eoVr g_OyZ KoD$Z H$m_ H$am`M§ åhUOo doi bmJUma.
Mmbm`M§M
nU eoVH$è`mbm ~XZm_ H$aUma§ {b{hU§ ~a§ Zmhr.
AmnU Hw$R>§ Var ^oQ>bmo` ? _hmamO gmdY.
AmnU gmo~VM AgVmo EH$_oH$m§À`m. ^oQ>m`Mm àíZ Hw$R>§?
Vo AmÜ`mpË_H$ gmoS>m. nU AmnU ^oQ>bmo`. _hmamOm§Zr {df` ~Xbbm. eoVr H$YrM \$m`ÚmV `oV
Zmhr. hm {ZamemdmX. Amåhr _R>m_m\©$V g|Ðr` eoVr Ho$br`. _R>mMr drg EH$a O_rZ Amho. gJir eoVr
g|Ðr`. amgm`{ZH$Mm H$Uhr `oD$ Úm`Mm Zmhr. Mma df© Pmbr.
AmnU ^oQ>bmo` Hw$R>§ Var
VoM VoM {dMmaVm H$embm Jw§VyZ nS>m`M§. g§oÐr` eoVrMm àMma H$am`bm hdm. Va _mVr dmMob.
AmÎmmM§ IoS>§ Zï> H$am`bm hd§. Zd§ C^§ H$am`bm hd§. AÝ`Wm gJir ~m^irMr dmid§Q>.
AmVmM§ IoS>§ Zï> H$am`M§?
hmo`. Ho$b§M nm{hOo. AmVm IoS>§ nmoIab§`. Zd§ C^§ H$am`bm hd§.
_hmamO hm àMma VwåhrM H$am` hdm. Vw_Mm eãX à_mU. Ë`m_wi§ àMma A{YH$ hmoB©b.
Am_À`m nmVirda Am_Mo à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV. nU _bm Mm§Jbm àMmaH$ hdm Amho. _hmamO ~mobm`Mo
Wm§~bo. EH$X_ g_m{YñV.
MmdS>rMr Pmbr \$mdS>r. \$mdS>çmZ§ bwQ>m. bwQ>m`bm ~gbobo, bwQ>m`bm Q>nbobo, bwQ>mê§$À`m Q>moiçm§À`m
nwÝhm Q>moiçm. JëbrV Q>moiçm. {XëbrV Q>moiçm. Q>moiçm§Mr Jm|S>g Zmd§. Q>moiçm à{gÕ H$aVmV AqOR>m.
bwQ>rMm AqOR>m, H$g§ bwQy>? Hw$R>§ bwQy>§? bwQ>Ê`mM§ doimnÌH$. doimnÌH$mZwgma bwQ>rMm OmhraZm_m. H$moUr
åhUV§ dMZZm_m. bwQ>rM§ dMZ. dMZmda MmbUmè`m Jmdmbm bwQ>rMm dMZZm_m. H$moU XoV§ dMZ. bwQ>mé§Mm
qWH$ Q>±H$. bwQ>m bwQ>m EH$ EH$ ~±H$. AmVm ~±H$ g§nbr. `moOZm§Mr bwQ>mbyQ>. _hmbyQ>. H$s _hmbyV. ~KVm
~KVm øm Jëë`m, ho Jmd, hm VmbwH$m hm {Oëhm ho amÁ` byV ^aë`m A§JmZ§ {dìhiV {\$aV§ Amho.
bwQ>mê§$À`m dëJZoV. I§JV I§JV.
Ñí` : _Ü`amÌ
~{hUrÀ`m XmamV Wmn nS>Vo. AmS>ì`mßnm XMHy$Z OmJm hmoVmo. bmB©Q> bmdVmo. AmVyZM H$moU hm` Ag§
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o
{dMmaVmo, ~mhoê$Z {XZyMm {_Ì Agm AmdmO `oVmo. EdT>çmV ~hrU-{JaOm CRy>Z ~mhoaÀ`m gmoß`mbm `oVo.
AmS>ì`mßnm Xma CKS>Vmo.
~mhoarb _mUyg, d{hZr, {XÝ`mbm VmbwŠ`mÀ`m gaH$mar XdmImÝ`mV A°S>{_Q> Ho$bm`.
AmS>ì`mßnm, åhUOo H$m` {Od§V.
_mUyg, gbm`Z bmdb§`. ~mobV ÝhmB©.
{JaOm, Hw$R>§ Jmdbm ? H$moU ìhV§ g§JQ>? Hw$Ur Ho$bm AmS>{_Q>?
AmS>ì`mßnm, EH$X_ gJi§ BÀMmê$ ZH$mo. Vo AmV `rD$ XoV. ~gy XoV. _J BÀMmê$`m.
Vmo _mUyg AmV `oVmo. AmS>ì`mßnm, Pmonboë`m A§Wê$Umda Q>oH$Vmo. Am{U gm§Jy bmJVmo.
~mOmabm åhUyZ VmbwŠ`mbm JoëVmo. {VW§ Xgè`m ^oQ>bm.
AmS>ì`mßnm, ømo H$moU Xgè`m ?
{JaOm, dmÚmMm _¡Va. XmoK§ {_iyZ Xmê$Mm Y§Xm H$aË`mV.
_mUyg, Ë`mZ§ gm§{JVb§. XdmImÝ`mV Jobmo. Va ZwgVm bmoXm ìhdyZ nS>ë`mbm {XÝ`m, ~bdyZ ~{KVb§.
ZwñV S>moi§ {\$adV§`. S>mŠQ>a åhUmbm, ìhV§` XþéñV. {JaOm, BVHo$ {Xdg ^mS>o ìhVo Hw$R>§ åhU§? Xgè`m
H$m` ~mobbm?
_mUyg, Hw$R>§ dmS>rÀ`m O̧bm JobVr åhU§? {VW§M ß`mbr ^anya. {VWZ§ VmbwŠ`mV Ambr. JwÎ`mdaM
nSy>Z ìhVr XmoZ {Xdg. _mbH$mZ§ _wpÝgnëQ>rM§ bmoH$ ~bdyZ XdmImÝ`mV AmS>{_Q> Ho$b§.
{JaOm, Xgè`m VodT>m g~mgw~m Amg§b. Ë`m ^mS>çmbm Am_M§ Ka ~wS>dm`M§` hm`@@ Xod ~KyZ Krb
Ë`obm. hmV Kmgm` bmJVo.
AmS>ì`mßnm, Ë`obm {eì`m {XD$Z H$m` Cn`moJ. Amnb§M ZmU§ ImoQ>§. Ë`obm Ë`mo H$m` H$aUma?
{JaOm, AmVm OmD$`m VmbwŠ`mbm. Vr CVmdir.
_mUyg, AmVm H$g§ OmUma? ^JQ>m`À`m JmS>rZ§ Omdm. hm` ì`dpñWV AmVm.
AmS>ì`mßnm, Vw_mbm EdT>r am̧ H$er Pmbr?
_mUyg, Ë`|À`m OdiM H$s. ìhVr _moQ>a gm`H$b. åhQ>b§ ø|Mr {eñV bmD$Z OmD$. Mby?
{JaOm, ~a§ Ho$ë`mgm. _mPm Va Ord Q>m§JUrbm bmJbmVm.
_mUyg ~mhoa nS>Vmo. _moQ>a gm`H$b gwê$ Pmë`mMm AmdmO
{JaOm, øm ^mS>çm@ ImoQ>§ ~mobVmo`. hr {VK§~r AgUma. [VKm§Mr gm§JS> hm`. øm Xmoê$Mm Y§Xm
H$aVmo`. Vo XmoKo Cýar AmUyZ XoË`mV.
AmS>ì`mßnm, Agy Xo. Pmon AmVm. gH$mir OmD$ `m VmbwŠ`mbm.
~hrU AmV OmVo. AmS>ì`mßnm bmB©Q> ~§X H$aVmo. \$ŠV A§Yma.
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3.5 eãXmW©
{MŠH$ma - ^anya, C\$ami - JmdmÀ`m doer~mhoa ^yVmIoVm§À`m ~§Xmo~ñVmgmR>r Ho$bobr em§Vr, MH$moQ>
- MH$MH$sV. S>oar - S>oAar. _m|JbmB© - _moJbmB©-gÎmmYmè`m§Mm AaoamdrnUm. Q>nU§ - eoVrMm H$gÊ`m`mo½`
bhmZ VwH$S>m. AmS>Jm - AS>mUr, ì`dhmakmZ Zgbobm. gwXrH$ - gwÕm. H$bmJVr - H$i bmdUo, {d¿Z
{Z_m©U H$aUo. JmoS²>S> - dm§P. ~¡Xm - ZH$mo Agbobo. Am~§S> - gm§^miÊ`mg / AmdaÊ`mg H$R>rU
(OZmda). ZS> - JaO
3.6 g_mamon
"~, ~irMm' hr H$mX§~ar aMZoMm EH$ Zm{dÝ`nyU© à`moJ Amho. AZoH$ CnH$WmZH$m§Zm Amnë`m H$WoV
gm_mdyZ "H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm' Aer H$mX§~arMr g§{hVm Amho. AZoH$ CnH$Wm§Mr gwédmV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm eodQ>r
gyMH$VoZo _moH$io gmoS>VmZm H$mX§~arH$mamZo nma§n[aH$ H$WZV§ÌmVrb CËH§$R>mdY©ZmMo V§Ì, aMZoMo VÎd
åhUyZ `moObo Amho. H$mX§~arMm {ZdoXH$ ñdV:hÿZ H$mhr Z gm§JVm dmMH$m§Zm ñdV: {dMma H$amd`mg ^mJ
nmS>Vmo.
gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mo à{V{ZYr R>amdoV Aer H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar d AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao `m J«m_rU nmÌm§Mr,
IoS>çmÀ`m nmíd©^y_rdaMr hr H$mX§~ar EH$mMdoir eooVH$ar d eoVrÀ`m ^yVH$mi d dV©_mZmMr {M{H$Ëgm
H$aVo . Ë`mgmR> r H$mX§ ~ arV S> m `ar, Zm| X r, nÌo , {MÌnQ> m Mr nQ> H $Wm, AmË_g§ d mXr {Zdo X Zo ,
H$mì`ê$n Zm|Xr `m§Mm gmjonr dmna Ho$bm Amho. H$bmÐì`m§Mr bd{MH$Vm Am{U ^mfoMr Am{dîH$ma j_Vm
`m§Mm _oi KmbyZ dmñVdmMo H$bmË_H$ {MÌ_`r Xe©Z H$mX§~arH$mam§Zo eoVH$è`mÀ`m {Zð>oZo KS>dbo Amho.
CnamoŠV boIZV§Ìm§À`m KwgiUrVyZ AZw^dm§Mo AZoH$ n¡by H$mX§~arH$ma g_moa AmUVmo. H$mX§~ar `m dmL²>_`
àH$mamÀ`m n[a{MV AmH¥${V~§Ymbm YŠH$m XoV ~, ~irMm hr H$mX§~ar ZdgO©H$ Am»`mZmÀ`m nmVirda
nmohmoMVo. "H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm' Aer aMZm, AZoH$ñVar` ^mfm, H¥${f{Zð> g_mOì`dñWobm H|$ÐdVu ñWmZ,
AZoH$nXar àg§Jm§Mr C^maUr d boIZV§ÌmMr bd{MH$Vm hr `m H$mX§~arÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrMr ~bñWmZo
AmhoV.
3.7 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZmoÎmao
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. "~. ~irMm' H$mX§~arV {MÌnQ>mÀ`m H$emMo VwH$S>o dmnabo AmhoV?
(JwT>H$Wm / ^`H$Wm / nQ>H$Wm)
2. H$moUVr Midi _moS>ë`m{edm` eoVH$è`m§Mo ^bo hmoUma Zmhr Ago H$„mßnm H$moUHo$ar nÌmVyZ
Amnbo _V _m§S>Vmo?
(J«mhH$ / ghH$ma / ^yXmZ)
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3. eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm ZmJar {nH$m§{df`rMrM Am§XmobZo H$m H$aVo ho H$moUHo$ar H$moUmbm nÌmVyZ
{dMmaVmo?
(eaX Omoer / Im. amOy eoÅ>r / H$m§Vmam_Or dS>oÅ>rdma)
4. {XnyeoR>bm H$moUË`m O§JbmV bndyZ R>odbo OmVo?
(_R>Jmd / AmOam / CnoZ~oQ>{Jar)
5. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arZo H$moUmg Amnë`m nÌmVyZ eoVH$è`mÀ`m {dXmaH$ dmñVdmMr dñVwpñWVr
H$i{dbr Amho.
(_. OmoVramd \w$bo / _. Jm§Yr / n§. Zohê$)
bKwÎmar àíZ
AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmaoÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$bobr "H$WmZH$m§VJ©V H$Wm' WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.
àmñVm{dH$ : "~, ~irMm' hr Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVr_Ü`o ZdZdo à`moJ gmH$mabobr amOZ Jdg
`m§Mr _hÎdnyU© H$mX§~ar Amho. AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü`o H$WmZH$mÀ`m aMZonmgyZ Vo ^mfoÀ`m
AZoH$ñVar` dmnamn`ªV AË`§V gyú_VoZo {dMmanyd©H$ {Z_m©U Ho$bobr hr H$mX§~ar Amho. _m_boXma H$MoarV
H$m_ H$aUmè`m d g§doXZerb boIZ Agboë`m H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$atÀ`m Jm`~ hmoÊ`mVyZ H$mX§~arÀ`m
H$WmZH$mMr gwédmV hmoVo. `m H$WmH$ZH$mg AZoH$ CnH$Wm§Mr OmoS> AgyZ Ë`mVrb EH$m H$WmZH$mMo
_Ü`_dVu nmÌ AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao ho Amho. H$moUHo$arÀ`m {MÌnQ>mÀ`m nQ>H$WoVrb ho _w»` nmÌ Amho.
{ddoMZ : "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arÀ`m _yi {ZdoXZmV {MÌnQ>mÀ`m nQ>H$WoMo VwH$S>o dma§dma `oV
amhVmV. {MÌnQ>mÀ`m nQ>H$WoÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda {ZdoXZmVyZ boIH$mMr _Vo, A{^àm`, à{VnmXZo `mVyZ
eoVH$ar d eoVrer g§~§{YV dmñVd AYmoao{IV hmoVo. `m dmñVdmMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ AmS>ì`mßnm hm Aën^yYmaH$
eoVH$ar Amho. Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ VwQ>V Mmbë`mÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda IMV OmUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnmMr hr H$Wm Amho.
{Od~m XmZdmS>oZo Ë`mÀ`mda XmIdboë`m A{dídmgmVyZ Ë`mÀ`m "ñd' ApñVËdemoYmbm gwédmV hmooVo. Ë`mVyZ
Vmo Am~m ZagmioÀ`m ~m§Ymda OmUo nËH$aVmo. hr AmS>ì`mßnmMr EH$ H$Wm. Ë`mbm OmoS> Amho Vr ~{hUrMo
AmOmanU d _ohþÊ`mÀ`m ì`gZm{YZVoMr. ^mD$ g§JmßnmZo doJim {hñgm _mJyZ Amnbo Hw$Qw>§~ {dK{Q>V
Ho$ë`mMo CnH$WmZH$ Ë`mbm A{YH$ CX²ÜdñV H$aVo. eoVrÀ`m, nmdgmÀ`m ~o^adernUm~amo~aM godm g§ñWoMo
amOH$maU, ^«ï>mMma `mMm Vmo ~ir R>aVmo. X¡Z§{XZ J«m_rU OrdZ, _wbm§À`m emioMm IM© Aem IMm©_wio
Ë`mMm Ord _oQ>mHw$Q>rbm `oVmo. nËZrMo Xm{JZo JhmU Q>mHy$Z ~{hUrbm dmMdy nmhUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm
Amnë`m ^mdm§À`m H$moaS>onUmMm g§Vmn ZwH$gmZrH$S>o ZoVmo. AemVM emim {eH$m`bmhr n¡gm, ZmoH$arbmhr
n¡gm bmJVmo Va Amnë`m _wbmMrhr `m n[apñWVrVyZ gwQ>H$m Zmhr `mMr OmUrd Ë`mbm A{YH$M hbdyZ
gmoS>Vo. AemVM {OÀ`m XþYmÀ`m n¡emda H$gm~gm g§gma aoQ>bm OmVmo Amho. Vr åh¡g J_mdë`mda Va Vmo
^«{_ï>M hmoVmo. `m H$mX§~arVrb AmS>ì`mßnm hm Ho$di X[aÐr-Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar Amho åhUyZ Ë`mMr hr
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AdñWm hmoVo Agm gaigmoQ> {dMma Z _m§S>Vm Ë`mbm {VW§n`ªV nmohmoMdUmè`m ì`dñWoMm CbKS>m H$aUmar
hr aMZm Amho. ~o^ademÀ`m bhar {ZgJm©~amo~aM ~r-{~`mUmnmgyZ, IV d nVnwadR>çmn`ªV eoVH$è`mbm
ZmS>Umè`m ì`dñWoMo ho A§VJ©V VmUo~mUo Ë`mMo OrdZ VUmdJ«ñV ~ZdVmV. AkmZ, Xm[aÐç, ê$T>r,
ì`gZm{YZVm, ^«ï>mMma, ZmË`mVrb Xþamdm Aem AZoH$ H$WmgyÌm§_wio AmS>ì`mßnmMo ^md{díd CX²ÜdñV hmoV
OmVo.
g_mamon : AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao hm Ho$di Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar d X[aÐr _mUyg åhUyZ Ë`mMo OrdZ
EH$gyar R>aV Zmhr. EH$ _mUyg åhUyZ Ë`mbm ñdmV§Í` Agbo Var g_mOmVrb emofU H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Zr
Ë`mbm nwaVo OISy>Z Q>mH$bo Amho. Ë`mbm Amnë`m nmemV Jwa\$Qy>Z Q>mH$Umè`m AZoH$ CnH$Wm§À`m {_lUmVyZ
AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m {dZmemÀ`m JV}H$S>o T>H$bbo OmÊ`mMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aUmao _yi H$WmZH$ gmH$ma hmoVo.
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
àíZ : "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arÀ`m {ZdoXZmVrb {d{dY V§Ìm_wio A{^ì`ŠVrV H$m` ~Xb KS>bo
AmhoV `m{df`r g{dñVa MMm© H$am.
àmñVm{dH$ : {deofV: gmR>moÎmar H$mbI§S>mV _amR>r H$mX§~arZo Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m AZoH$
à`moJm§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xbo Amho. "~, ~irMm' `m H$mX§~arV Ago AZoH$ à`moJ aMZoÀ`m àË`oH$
A§Jm§_Ü`o àË``mg `oVmV. H$mX§~arMm AZw^d dmMH$mn`ªV OgmÀ`m Vgm g§H«${_V H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{^ì`ŠVrMr
Zdr V§Ìo `moOmdr bmJVmV; qH$dm ê$T> V§ÌmMm Zì`m nÕVrZo dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. àñVwV H$mX§~ar_Ü`o
A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r {ZdoXZmV {MÌnQ>, nQ>H$Wm, H$mì`n§ŠVr, H$sV©Z, S>m`arboIZ, nÌ, {_WHo$ `m§Mm gT>i
dmna Ho$bm Amho. `m V§Ìm_wio gbJ {ZdoXZmÀ`m EH$aofr` H$WmZH$mg {MÌ_`Vm, agmi g§dm{XËd,
qMVZerbVm, VmpÎdH$ MMm© d {d{eï> AZw^dmg gmYmaUrH$aUmMr OmoS> {_imbr Amho.
{ddoMZ : H$WmË_ gm{hË`m_Ü`o {ZdoXZ ho gm{hË`H¥$VrMr g§{hVm~m§YUr H$aV AgVo. boIH$mÀ`m
gwQ>çm AZw^dm§À`m gbJ _m§S>UrVyZ EH$Ëd n[aUm_gyMH$ H$WmZH$mMr hr aMZm AgVo. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m boIZ
hoVyZwgma AZw^dmMr hr g§KQ>Zm doJdoJir ê$no KoVo. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV H$mX§~arH$mambm CX²ÜdñV
hmoÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©da Agbobr H¥${f g§ñH¥$Vr _m§S>m`Mr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r O~m~Xma ì`dñWoMr {M{H$Ëgm
H$amd`mMr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H$mX§~arH$mamZo ì`mnmar d¥ÎmrMm {ZdoXH$, g§doXZerb boIH$ d Aën^yYmaH$
eoVH$ar Agm {Vhoar aMZmì`yh C^m Ho$bm Amho. `m {VKm§er g§~§{YV CnH$Wm§Mo Omiohr AJXr gyú_VoZo
{Xbo Amho. AZoH$ CnH$WmZH$m§Zm gm_mdUmè`m "H$WmZH$m§VJ©V H$Wm' Aem ñdê$nmMr g§{hVm Ë`mgmR>r
amOZ Jdg `m§Zr _wH«$a Ho$br Amho. Aem ~hÿ{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m AZw^d {Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$di H$WZmÀ`m ê$T>
nÕVr nwaoem R>aUma ZmhrV ho OmUyZ Ë`mbm Ñí`mË_H$Vm, ÜdZr, bmoH$g§dmX `m~amo~aM qMVZerb
d¡Mm[aH$VoMr OmoS>r {Xbr Amho.
"CßnoZ~oQ>{Jar' `m J«m_rU IoS>çmVrb H¥${f{Zð> dmVmdaU ZOaog_moa R>odyZ, Ë`mVrb A§VJ©V VUmdm§Mo
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{MÌU {MÌnQ>H$WoÀ`m V§ÌmZo CbKS>V OmVo. H$WmZH$ boIH$ H$moUHo$arÀ`m `m nQ>H$WoMm Zm`H$ AmS>ì`mßnm
Ë`mÀ`m X[aÐr, AkmZr, ê$T>rJ«ñV ^dVmbmgh Ë`mVyZ C^m am{hbm Amho. ê$T> "gm{hË`mVrb {ZdoXZmÀ`m
g§W nmíd©^y_rda hr doJdmZ {MÌXeu _m§S>Ur A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. {ZOud H°$_oè`mÀ`m VQ>ñWVoZo
AmS>ì`mßnmMr nam^yVmMr bT>mB© `m V§ÌmZo aoImQ>br Amho. eãXm§À`m AëndmnamVyZ d VwH$S>odOm Ñí`
_m§S>UrVyZ H$mX§~arH$ma Vrd« Q>moH$XmanUo AmS>ì`mßnmMr AdñWVm C^r H$aVmo.
{ZdoXZmÀ`m V§Ìm_Ü`o H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arÀ`m S>m`arVrb Zm|Xr `oVmV. `m Zm|Xr Ho$di X¡Z§{XZ
KS>m_moS>rnojm qMVZmÀ`m ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. g§doXZerb boIH$mÀ`m AñdñWVobm `m qMVZmZo ì`mnH$Ëd
Ambobo Amho. gm_mÝ` OrdZ ì`dhmam_Jrb H$m`©aV g§doXZ`wŠV {dMmaì`yh qMVZmZo AYmoao{IV hmoVmo.
{Zìdi {ZdoXZmV Aem ñdê$nmMr ì`mnH$Vm eŠ` Zgë`mZo S>m`arVrb qMVZmMr `moOZm H$mX§~arH$mamZo
Ho$br Amho.
H$WmË_ gm{hË`m_Ü`o b{bV JÚ ñdê$nmMr VÎdMMm© R>am{dH$ _`m©XoÀ`m nwT>o KoUo AeŠ` R>aVo. "~,
~irMm' H$mX§~arV _. OmoVramdm§À`m H$mimVrb eoVH$è`mMr pñWVr ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr ~Xbbr Zmhr; BVHo$M
Zìho Vr A{YH$M {~KS>V Mmbë`mMo àIa dmñVd aoImQ>bo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _. \w$b|Zm Zm`H$mH$Sy>Z nÌo
{b{hÊ`mMo V§Ì `moObo Amho. "eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>' _Ü`o _. \w$b|Zm _m§S>bobr eoVH$è`m§À`m emofUmMr
H$maUo AmO A{YH$M ì`mnH$ Pmbr AmhoV. _. \w$b|À`m nÌmV ^yVH$mimÀ`m g§X^m©V {dXmaH$ dmñVd
_m§S>bo Amho. Va H$m§Vmam_Or dS>oÅ>rdma `m§Zm {b{hboë`m nÌmV eoVH$è`m§À`m MidirMm nam_e© d
ghH$mamVrb ^«ï>mMma `m{df`rMr naIS> _Vo H$WmJV boIH$ H$moUHo$ar Zm|XdVmo.
H$mX§~arV `oUmar H$mì`ê$nr aMZm H$mX§~arMm AdH$me A{YH$ ì`mnH$ H$aVo. H$mX§~arÀ`m JÚ
^mfoVrb KQ>Zmg§~§YVm Q>miyZ {ZdoXH$mÀ`m _ZmVrb AñdñWVm Vrd«VoZo àH$Q> hmoVo. JÚ ^mfoMr Zrag,
aQ>miVm Q>miyZ {Vbm AmË_VÎdmMm ñne© `m H$mì`ê$n `moOZoÀ`m V§ÌmZo gmÜ` Ho$bm Amho.
"~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arV bmoH$g§dmXmMo _mÜ`_ Agboë`m H$sV©ZmMm dmna eoVH$ar d eoVrÀ`m àmMrZ
ApñVËdmMm {dMma dma§dma Amd¥Îm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ê$nmV _m§S>bm Amho. g¥OZerbVoMr gwédmV d ì`mnH$
AdH$me Agboë`m eoVrbm Xþæ`_ R>adUmè`m n§{S>Vr kmZmVrb nmoH$inU H$sV©ZmVyZ _m§S>bo Amho.
gm{hË`mÀ`m {ZdoXZmVrb ~§{XñVnUm Q>miyZ bd{MH$VoZo g§dmX gmYÊ`mMr hr aMZm Amho.
H$mX§~arÀ`m {ZdoXZmV bhmZ ghmZ ê$nH$m§À`m `moOZo~am~oaM H$mX§~arMr Zm§Xr R>amdr Aer F$fr
Am{U amOmVrb g§dmXmMr bmoH$H$Wm `oVo. Ho$di órÀ`m "_mUyg' nUm{df`rM Zìho, Va EH§$Xa gd©M
ñVamVrb OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr CÀMVa Z¡{VH$ Ñï>r `m N>moQ>çmem bmoH$H$WoVyZ H$mX§~arH$ma C^m H$aVmo.
H$mX§~arÀ`m AZoH$ H|$Ðr H$WmZH$mVrb CnH$WmZH$m§À`m H$mbH«$_mMr _moS>VmoS> hm gbJ EH$aofr`
{ZdoXZmbm H$mX§~arH$mamZo {Xbobm YŠH$m Amho. Aem H$mbH«$_mÀ`m _moS>VmoS>rVyZ dmMH$mbm ghO H$mhr
gm§JÊ`mnojm Ë`mbm gOJnUo {dMma H$aÊ`mg H$mX§~arH$ma ^mJ nmS>Vmo. H$mX§~arÀ`m gwédmVrg {ZdoXH$ "_r
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H$mhr gm§JUma Amho `mnojm Amnë`mbm H$mhr emoYm`Mo Amho' Ago gy{MV H$aVmo. ho gy{MV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$mbH«$_mMr _moS>VmoS> Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`m_wio V`ma AW©{ZX}emnojm dmMH$mbm Ë`mgmR>r ñdV: YS>nS>
H$amdr bmJVo. H$WmZH$mÀ`m AZoH$ CnH$WmZH$m§Zm EH$ Ma_ q~Xÿda H$moUË`mhr {ZpíMV eodQ>m{edm`
_moH$io gmoS>bo Amho. {d{eîQ> AWm©À`m ~§YZmV ~§{XñV H$aÊ`mnojm AZoH$mWu aMZogmR>r Aer _moH$içm
aMZoMr `moOZm H$mX§~arH$mamZo Ho$br Amho.
g_mamon : EH§$XarV {ZdoXZmÀ`m ê$T> nÕVrVrb EH$mabonU Q>miÊ`mgmR>r {MÌnQ> nQ>H$Wm, H$sV©Z,
S>m`ar boIZ, nÌ, {_WH$ `m§Mr `moOZm H$mX§~arH$mamZo Ho$br Amho. `m V§Ìm§À`m `moOZo_wio H$mX§~arÀ`m JÚ
^mfobm {MÌX{e©Ëd, agmiVm, qMVZ{ebVm d VmpÎdH$ MM}Mr àJë^Vm `m§Mr àmßVr Pmbr Amho.
3.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m
1. H$mX§~arMm {ZdoXH$ {XnyeoR> hm ì`dgm`mZo H$moU Amho ?
(H$maHy$Z / boIH$ / ^m§S>çm§Mm ì`mnmar)
2. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb g§doXZerb boIH$ åhUyZ H$moUVo nmÌ `oVo?
(H$ëbmßnm H$moamUo / H$ëbmßnm H$moUH$ar / H$ënoe H$moR>mao)
3. "~, ~irMm' `m H$mX§~arMo H$mX§~arH$ma H$moU AmhoV?
(H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar / {XnyeoR> / amOZ Jdg)
4. "C\$ami' `m {MÌnQ>H$WoMm Zm`H$ H$moU Amho?
({Za§OZ COJao / AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao / XÎmm S>mdOoH$a)
5. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§Zr H$moUVm g§Xoe {Xbm Amho?
(^ŠVr_mJ© Yam / VrW©`mÌm H$am / n[íM_obm emoYm)
{XKm}Îmar àíZ
1. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb "H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm' aMZoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
2. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb {d{dY à`moJm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV nam_e© Úm.
3. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb d¡Mm[aH$Vm d {MV§ZerbVm `m{df`r g{dñVa MMm© H$am.
bKwÎmar àíZ
1. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arÀ`m AZwf§JmZo ~XbË`m J«m_rU OrdZmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
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2. "~, ~irMm' H$mX§~arVrb ^mfoMo doJionU ñnï> H$am.
3. "H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar' `m nmÌmMo ì`pŠV{MÌU H$am.
3.9 dmMZ
1. _hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>_`, g§nm. `. {X. \$S>Ho$, 1991, _. am. gm. g§. _§S>i, _w§~B©
2. Q>rH$mñd`§da, Zo_mS>o ^mbM§Ð, 1990 (à.Am.), gmHo$V àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
3. "_amR>r H$mX§~ar : V§Ì Am{U {dH$mg' ~mnQ> à. dm., JmoS>~mobo Zm. dm. 1970
4. H$mX§~ar EH$ gm{hË`àH$ma : h[aü§Ð WmoamV, 2010
3.10 CnH«$_
"{ZemUr S>mdm A§JR>m' d "ZQ>a§J' `m {MÌnQ> Am{U H$mX§~ar Aem XmoÝhr _mÜ`_m§Vrb H$bmH¥$VrMm
VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$am.
···
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / _amR>r ....5
gÌ 5 : KQ>H$ 4
~, ~irMm : àg§J{MÌo d ì`pŠV{MÌo
4.1 C{Ôï>o
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg;
·
~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb àg§J{MÌU g_OyZ KoVm `oB©b.
·
~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb ì`pŠVaoIm§Mo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm `oB©b.
4.2 àmñVm{dH$
H$mX§~ar hm H$WmË_ gm{hË`mMm EH$ àH$ma Amho. A{Ve` ì`mnH$ d bd{MH$ Agm dmL²>_` àH$ma
Amho. _mZdr OrdZ Am{U gm{hË` ho nañnanyaH$ Amho. _mZdr OrdZmMo à{Vq~~ gm{hË`mV nS>bobo AgVo.
ho à{Vq~~ åhUOo EH$m {d{eï> H$mbmdH$memV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mr EH$ _m{bH$mM AgVo. hr _m{bH$mM
H$mX§~arV boIH$ CbJS>V OmVmo. H$mX§~arV ñWi-H$mimMm, KQ>Zm-àg§JmMm, nmÌ{MÌU, dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr, ^mfme¡brMm EH$ àM§S> nQ> H$mX§~arH$ma aoImQ>V AgVmo.
H$mX§~arV OrdZmMm KoVbobm doY EH$H|$Ðr ZgyZ ~hþH|$Ðr AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m H$jm {dñVmaV OmVmV.
Ë`mVyZM AZoH$ ì`pŠVaoIm d àg§Jm§Zm n[anyU©Vm AmUÊ`mMm à`mg H$mX§~arH$ma H$aVmo. Aer n[anyU©Vm
bm^bobr H$bmH¥$Vr loð> XOm©Mr R>aVo. Ë`mZwf§JmZo amOZ Jdg `m§À`m ~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb
ì`pŠVaoIm, àg§J{MÌU Aä`mgmd`mMo Amho.
4.3 {df`{ddoMZ
~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arV amOZ Jdg `m§Zr eoVr Am{U eoVH$è`mMo OrdZ{MÌU VgoM AmOÀ`m `m
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda AZoH$ àíZ J§^ra ê$n YmaU H$ê$Z g_moa `oV AmhoV, `mMo dmñVd Xe©Z
KS>{dbo Amho. ~XbVm H$mi Am{U g_mOOrdZm~amo~a eoVr_Ü`o AZoH$ pñWË`§Vao KSy>Z Ambobr AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio eoVr-eoVH$ar Am{U EHy$UM IoS>çmVrb OrdZ `m g§X^m©V àíZm§Mr Jw§Vmdi dmT>VM Mmbbr
Amho. PnmQ>çmZo ZmJa hmoV Mmbboë`m `m IoS>çmV J«m_rU ~hþOZ g_mOOrdZmMm, Ë`mVë`m ì`ŠVr Am{U
Hw$Qw>§~m§{df`rMm Jw§Vm `m H$mX§~arV `oVmo. _. OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Zr VËH$mbrZ eoVH$è`mMr X`Zr` AdñWm,
eoVH$è`mbm ZmS>Umam nwamo{hV dJ© `m§Mr _r_m§gm Ho$br. ~irMr åhUOo eoVH$è`mMr ^y_r AgUmar
H¥${fg§ñH¥$Vr hrM ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr åhUyZ Iar AmoiI AgUmè`m `m ^maVmV AmO amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,
gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ ñVamda ~ir Hw$UmMm {Xbm OmVmo Va Vmo eoVH$è`mMm. `mMo {MÌU `m H$mX§~arV
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`oVo. AmOMo IoS>o, VoWrb g_mOì`dñWm, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmVog§~§YmVrb VmUVUmd d nS>PS>-{dKQ>Z,
amOH$maUr bmoH$m§Mr ñdmWu d H$moVr _Zmod¥Îmr, g~§Y ì`dñWobm nmoIaUmam ^«ï>mMma, ì`mnmarH$aU,
ZmJarH$aUmÀ`m d gwYmaÊ`mÀ`m ZmdmImbr IoS>çm§Zm Ambobr gyO, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ZmVog§~§Y OnÊ`mgmR>r
YS>nS>Umar eoVH$ar ñÌr, {VMr gmo{eH$Vm {VMm n[apñWVrer Mmbbobm g§Kf© Ago dmñVd _m§S>VmZm
boIH$mZo H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm Aer aMZm AgUmè`m H$mX§~arV S>m`ar, nÌ, nQ>H$Wm, H$mì` Agm EH$ à`moJ
H$ê$Z dV©_mZpñWVr Am{U eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho.
~, ~irMm H$mX§~arVrb àg§J{MÌU :
~, ~irMm H$mX§~arV {d{dY àg§J aoImQ>bo AmhoV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo ~XbVo IoS>o, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
ZmVog§~§YmMr nS>PS>-H$wQ>w§~mMo {dKQ>Z, ñdmWu-H$moË`m _Zmod¥ÎmrMo amOH$maUr bmoH$, g~§Y ì`dñWobm
nmoIaUmam ^«ï>mMma, eoVH$è`m§Mo emofU, eoVH$ar pñÌ`m§Mr n[apñWVrer Mmbbobr Pw§O, Ë`m§Mr gmo{eH$Vm
AmXr àg§J {MÌUm§VyZ eoVH$è`mMo OrdZ{MÌU, ~XbVm H$mi Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV ~XbUmao
IoS>o, _mUgm§À`m d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmr `mda àH$me nS>Vmo. H$mhr àm{V{Z{YH$ àg§J{MÌUo nwT>rbà_mUo;
1. ~XbVo IoS>o/AmYw{ZH$ OrdZgaUrMm ñdrH$ma : AmYw{ZH$VoÀ`m ZmdmImbr, gwYmaÊmm§À`m
ZmdmImbr, IoS>çmbm EH$ {dÐÿn ê$n `oD$ bmJbo Amho. IoS>r gwOy bmJbr AmhoV. H$mX§~arVrb boIH$
H$ëbmßnm H$moUoH$arZo Ë`mÀ`m"C\$ami' `m nQ>H$WoÀ`mÛmao {dÐþnrH$aU hmoV Mmbbobm Jmd aoImQ>bm Amho.
añË`mÀ`m gwadmVrbm _moR>o {S>{OQ>b ~moS>© Ë`mda amOH$s` ZoË`m§Mo \$moQ>mo, gmo~V JmdmVë`m {Mëba
nwT>mè`m§Mo Mohao, XmoZ nmZmMo ImoHo$, EH$ MhmMr Q>nar, Ho$eH$V©Zmb`, ^m§S>çmMo XþH$mZ, ghH$mar
gmogm`Q>r, nÌo CS>mbobm gm§ñH¥${VH$ hm°b `m nmíd©^y_rda JwT>rnmS>ì`mÀ`m _whÿVm©da Ama.gr.gr. B_maVrV
Zì`mZo ã`wQ>r nmb©a gwê$ hmoV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Am_Xmagmho~ ñH$m{n©Amo KoD$Z CX²>KmQ>ZmgmR>r Ambo AmhoV.
JmdmVrb nmM-nÞmg bmoH$ O_m Pmbo AmhoV. _moR>-_moR>çmZo ñnrH$a Mmby Amho. ho nmhÿZ JmdmVrb EH$m
gÎma-E|er d`mÀ`m åhmVmè`mMo _Z C{Û½Z hmoVo. Ë`mMdoir nmS>ì`m{Xder eoVmV _whþV© H$am`bm
{ZKmboë`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm Vmo åhUVmo, ""~m`H$m§Mr Ho$g§ H$mnm`M§ XþH$mZ {ZKmb` JmdmV. AmO nmS>dm.
Hw$Xi _mamdr, Am¡V Ow§nmd§, Vadm Omimdm, H$m`, ~m`H$m§Mr Ho$g§ H$mnm`M§ XþH$mZ H$mT>md§? H$br
~Xmbbr.'' åhUOo `m H${b`wJmV ~Xbboë`m JmdmMo {MÌU `oVo Va `mM nmS>ì`m{Xder emioVrb
nmQ>rnyOZmZ§Va emioVrb Jwê$Or _Q>Š`mÀ`m ImoŠ`mda OmD$Z _Q>Š`mMr {MÆ>r KoVmZm {XgVmV.
`mM ã`wQ>rnmb©a_Yrb àg§J Va AmYw{ZH$VoMm H$ha R>aUmam Amho. ~m°~H$Q>dmbr VwH$m ga_mù`mMr
~m`H$mo XmZdmS>Ào `m gwZM
o o \o${eAb H$aV AgVmZm MMm© H$aVmV. JmdmVë`m ~m`H$m§Zm JmdR>r åhUVmV."AJ§@
\$ma _mJmg {dMmamÀ`m. nadm Am_À`m gmgy~mB© gmS>r ~|~rÀ`m da ~m§Y åhUyZ ^m§S>VM ~gë`m. åhUo,
Am_À`mV ~|~r XmIdm`Mr nÕV Zmhr. er@@ H$m` KmUoaS>çm {dMmamÀ`m. Var ~a§, Am_Mo ho _Ü`o
nS>bo. Ë`m§Zr gmgy~mB©bm XaS>mdb§ _J ~gë`m Jßn.' åhUOo IoS>çmVrb "ñÌrbm' ho dV©Z ea_oMo dmQ>Vo.
J«m_rU g§ñH¥$Vrbm Hw$R>oVar N>oX ~gVmo Amho ho àH$fm©Zo 123456789012345678901234567890121234567
OmUdVo.
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Va JmdmV AmOda Pmbo Zgob Ago {Od~m XmZdS>oÀ`m _wbmMo b½Z. gJù`m JmdmMo dmVdaU
~XbyZ Jobobo. XmamV Q>moboO§J _§S>n, _§S>nmVë`m Img AmUboë`m IwÀ`m©, Ho$bobo S>oH$moaoeZ, \y$b_mim `m
gmo~VM _§S>nmV S>m°ë~rÀ`m AmdmOmMm XUXUmQ>, nmoao JmÊ`mÀ`m Vmbmda ZmMVmhoV. ~±S> nWH$dmbo dmÚo
dmOdVmhoV, b½ZmgmR>r `oUmè`m nmhþÊ`m§_Ü`o gwQ>m~wQ>mVbo, nmobrg ImË`mVrb `oUmè`mbm nQ>H$m, amOH$s`
nwT>mè`m§Mr CnpñWVr, _§S>nmÀ`m àdoeÛmambm ñdmJVH$è`m§Mr am§J, \y$b§-Vm§Xÿi Am{U gwnmar-nmZmMm {dS>m
XoUmar _wbo `m b½Zàg§JmÀ`m dU©Zmdê$Z XmZdmS>o Hw$Qw>§~mMo d¡^d Va {XgyZ `oVoM Ë`mMgmo~V nyduÀ`mH$mir
IoS>çmVrb b½ZmMr nÕV Am{U AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb b½Zgmohù`mVrb _hX²A§Va bjmV `oVo.
IoS>Jo mdmVhr Q>r.ìhr. ZmdmÀ`m B{S>`Q> ~m°ŠgZo {eaH$md Ho$bm. Ë`mM§ AmH$f©U JmdmVrb nmoam~mim§~amo~a
~m`H$m§Zmhr AgV§. Ë`m_wio JmdmVbo d Hw$Qw>§~mVbo dmVmdaU ~Xbbo. ~m`H$m§Mhr KamVb§ bj nma
CS>mbob§. `mM§ dU©Z H$aUmam hm àg§J AË`§V ~mobH$m Amho; "~m~y H$moÊ`m, À`m Am`bm, S>moñH$ {\$am`Mr
nmir Ambr. AmJm @ @ H$m_Ym_ H$ê$Z Amë`mb§ _mUyg åhQ>ë`mda ^yH${~H$ bmJUma, OodU H$amM§
gmoSy>Z KmbH$mS>r Q>rdrbm OmD$Z ~gbr`m.'
EHy$UM Aem AZoH$ àg§JmVyZ ~Xbboë`m IoS>çm-gmo~V AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m ê$nmZo IoS>çmVrb
nma§n[aH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm N>oX OmV Amho, ho {Z{íMV!
2. g~§Y ì`dñWoV {Panbobm ^«ï>mMma : ^maV XoemV ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m amjgmZo g~§Y joÌm_Ü`o W¡_mZ
KmVbo Amho. hm ^«ï>mMmamMm amoJ gd© g_mOì`dñWobm nmoIaV Mmbbm Amho. `mMo dmñVdXeu ê$n
H$mX§~arH$mamZo {d{dY àg§JmVyZ aoImQ>bo Amho.
· Vhgrb H$m`m©b`mVrb ^«ï>mMma : H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar Vhgrb H$m`m©b`mV aoH$m°S>© ê$__Ü`o H$maHy$Z
åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vhgrb H$m`m©b`mMm ^«ï>mMma Vmo gVV nhmV AgVmo. aoìhoÝ`y åhUOo
~mnmMmhr {Igm H$mnUmar _mUg§ VoWo Zm§XV AgVmV.
dmKao {XdmUOrZo H$moUHo$arbm 1956 gmbMo OwZo d[hdmQ> Xmdo Am{U {ZH$mb Agbobo aoH$m°S>©
H$mT>Ê`mg gm§{JVbo. Ë`mZwgma H$S>JmdÀ`m nmQ>bmMm d{hdmQ>rMm Xmdm {ZH$mbmMo aoH$m°S>© gmnS>Vo Voìhm
dmKao {XdmUOr AYmemgmaIm H$mJX nmbWr KmbVmo. H$maU Ë`mbm IynM KmB© Pmbobr åhUOo "`mbm
~moH$S> gmnS>b§ H$s hOma, XmoZ hOma, H$aSy> gmnS>b§ H$s nmMeo, hOma, H$m|~S>§ gmnS>b§ H$s e§^a, {MbmQ>
gmnS>b§ H$s nÝZmg Amnë`mbm R>odyZ ~mH$sM§ dmQ>m`M§. H$aS>y Vo ~moH$S> dmQ>§ Kmbm`M§. Á`mÀ`m-Ë`mÀ`m
dOZmZwgma. Á`mMm-Ë`mMm dmQ>m. VH«$marbm OmJm Zmhr. AË`§V nmaXeu ì`dhma' åhUOo H$moUmMrhr ^rS>
Z ~miJVm hm ^«ï>mMma amOamognUo MmbVmo.
Va H$moUHo$arZo {b{hboë`m nQ>H$WoVrb Ñí`mV JmdmVrb MmdS>rMo ~XbVo ê$n {Q>nVmZm Xm¡by
VmË`mMr åhmVmar AmS>ì`mßnmbm åhUVo, "ÝhmB© ~m~m@ MmdS>r ~{KVbr H$s ^S>^Sy>Z `oV§`. åhmVmè`mMr
MmdS>r ZXaV `oVr`m. Ë`o Job§ AmVm gJi§. AmVm Hw$Ìr AgË`mV MmdS>rV. bMH§$ VmoS>m` ~gë`mbr.
Xm¡by VmË`mMr MmdS>r g§nbr AmVm {VV§ Xmê$-_Q>Z Am{Z gVam ^mZJS>r. gJi§ dmQ>moi§ bmJb§ JmdmM§.'
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VgoM ñdñV YmÝ` XþH$mZ åhUOo aoeZ {_iÊ`mMo {R>H$mU ho Va ^«ï>mMmamMo _mhoaKaM. JmoaJar~
JmdH$è`m§Zm gaH$ma ñdñV YmÝ` XþH$mZmÛmao AÞYmÝ` nwadR>m {d^mJmÀ`mÛmao am°Ho$bnmgyZ Jhÿ, Vm§Xÿi,
gmIa, nm_Vob, S>mir Aem OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy ñdñV {Xë`m OmVmV. nU VoWohr _oboë`m _mUgmÀ`m
Q>miydaMo bmoUr ImUmar _mUg§ AmhoVM.
åhUOo gaH$mar àemgZ `§ÌUm {OWo-{OWo, ^«ï>mMma {VWo-{VWo. JmdmVrb n§Mm`V, Vh{gb
H$m`m©b`, nmobrg ImVo, AJXr _§Ìmb`mn`ªV gmarH$S>o ^«ï> H$maH$yZ, A{YH$mar `m§MmM ~mOma ^abobm
Am{U gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$ Ë`m§Mm "~ir' R>abobm ho Ñí` AZw^dmg `oVo.
3. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmË`mVrb nS>PS> d {dKQ>Z : PnmQ>çmZo "ZmJa' hmoV Mmbboë`m J«m_rU-~hþOZ
g_mOm_Ü`o ì`ŠVr Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ZmVog§~§YmMm Jw§Vm A{YH$ dmT>V Mmbbobm Amho. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ`
Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü`o doJioM àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. ho àíZ H$moUHo$ar Amnë`m {MÌnQ>mÀ`m nQ>H$WoVyZ
AZoH$ àg§JmÛmao _m§S>Vmo.
{ejUmMr Ûmao gd© g_mOmgmR>r Iwbr Pmë`mZ§Va eoVH$è`mMr nmoa§hr {eHy$ bmJbr, _moR>çm nXmÀ`m
ZmoH$è`m H$ê$ bmJbr Am{U ZmoH$arÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ehamV ñdV:M§ Mm¡H$moZr qH$dm {ÌH$moUr Hw$Qw>§~ H$ê$Z amhÿ
bmJbr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm Amnb§ Jmd, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb, ZmË`mJmoË`mVrb _mUg§ `m{df`rMm AmoT>m H$_r hmoD$
bmJbm. Ë`mMo àË`§Va AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo boIH$ H$moUHo$ar AYmoao{IV H$aVmo. AmS>ì`mßnmMm
bhmZ ^mD$ g§Jmßnm JmdmH$S>rb ñdV:À`m KamMr d eoVmMr dmQ>Ur _mJy bmJVmo. Voìhm XmoÝhr ^mdm§_Ü`o
dmX hmoVmo. AmS>ì`mßnm amJmZo åhUVmo, "bmO ÝhmB© dmQ>V? í`mV BH$Vmog, H$moU KoVmo` harMm bmb Ë`o
~KVmoM. AOyZ ImV§ ÝhmB© \w$Q>m`. EdT>§ Ü`mZmV R>od. dmS>dS>bmMm VwH$S>m. VodT>m Var JmdmV Agy Xo.
bB©~r CVmUr ìhdy ZH$mo. nmoam~mimbm nm` Q>oH$m` OmJm Agy Xo.' eodQ>r dmQ>Ur hmoUmaM ho {ZpíMV hmoVo.
`mdê$Z g§Jmßnmbm Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mì`{V[aŠV BVam§Mm {dMma H$amdm dmQ>V Zmhr. {eH$ë`mda, nJmaXma
Pmë`mda ZmVrJmoVtMm {dga nS>Vmo.
hmM g§Jmßnm Wmoaë`m ~{hUrbm H°$Ýga hmoVmo. Voìhm AmS>ì`mßnm d _oìhUm n¡go _mJm`bm Ë`mÀ`m
Kar OmVmV. Voìhm Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo Ë`m§Mm ì`dpñWV nmhþUMmahr H$arV Zmhr. {dMmanyghr H$arV Zmhr.
AmS>ì`mßnm Ë`mbm åhUVmo;
"AmŠH$mM§ AmnaoeZ H$am` gm§{JVb§`. H°$Ýga Pmbm` {Vbm. Vy H$m` _XV H$aVmog H$m`, BÀMmam`
Ambmo`.
g§Jmßnm, H°$Ýgabm Am°naoeZ H$ê$Zhr Cn`moJ ZgVmo.
AmS>ì`mßnm, {MSy>Z _J _ê$ Xo åhUVmog VerM
g§Jmßnm, _mPr~r AmVm ^`§H$a dS>mVmZ Mmby hm`. H$gbm Vmo _oi ~gm`bm V`ma Zmhr.
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AmS>ì`mßnm, Ama§@@ Vr ^Z hm` Amnbr. bhmZmM§ _moR>§ Ho$b§` {VZ§. Amg§ ~moby ZJ§. H$m` Var
CbmT>mb H$a. {Zå_r aŠH$_ O_rd. ZmoH$aXma hmB©g. ìhVr`m CbmT>mb.'
`m XmoKm§Mm g§dmX EoHy$Z g§JmßnmMr ~m`H$mo VUVUV ~mhoa `oVo. "Vwåhr Kmbm gJi§ bmoH$m§À`m
_S>çmda. Am_r ~ñVmd Q>mi dmOdV.'
åhUOo ZmË`mVbr _mUgo EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ XþamdV Mmbbobr AmhoV. aŠVmMr _mUg§ AmVm "bmoH§$' hmoD$
bmJbr. `oWo ZmË`mVrb {dKQ>Z Am{U nS>PS> hmoVmZm {XgVo.
XþgarH$S>o AmS>ì`mßnmMr ~m`H$mo Vm`ì`mhr `mM AZw^dmVyZ OmVo. ehamV AgUmam {VMm bhmZ
^mD$ nmobrg AgVmo. Amnbm _wbJm Ho$gy JmdmVë`m {ejUmnojm ehamV {ejUmgmR>r ^mdmH$S>o am{hbm
Va Ë`mbm Mm§Jb§ diU bmJob, {eHo$b `m AmeoZo Am{U _moR>çm AnojoZo Vr _wbmbm ^mdmH$S>o KoD$Z
OmVo. ^mdmMr ~m`H$mo Mm§Jbm nmhþUMma H$aVo. nU Ho$gybm {ejUmgmR>r R>odÊ`mÀ`m {dMmambm Vo XmoKohr
ZH$ma XoVmV. ehamV N>moQ>çm Imoë`m, ahmÊ`mÀ`m àíZ, KamnmgyZ emim bm§~ qH$dm ehamV _wbm§Zm dmB©Q>
g§JV bmJVo Aer AZoH$ H$maUo gm§JVmV.
CnamoŠV gd© àg§J{MÌUmMm {dMma, ehamVrb ZmoH$aXma _mUg§ AmßnbnmoQ>r ~ZV Mmbbr AmhoV.
ZmË`mVrb nS>PS> d {dKQ>Z J§^ra ê$n YmaU H$ê$ bmJbo Amho `mMm àË`` XoVmV.
4 {ejUjoÌmVrb {dXmaH$ dmñVd : {ejUjoÌmVrb AË`§V {dXmaH$ dmñVd boIH$ H$moUHo$arZo
_. OmoVramd \w$bo `m§Zm {b{hboë`m nÌmVyZ ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. JmdmVrb _amR>r emim Oo "_hmË_m \w$bo
{dÚm_§{Xa' `m ZmdmZo gwê$ Amho; Á`m _hmË_m \w$bo `m§Zr ~hþOZ g_mOmbm {ejUmMo YS>o {Xbo; A{dÚoZo
H$m` H$m` AK{Q>V hmoD$ eH$Vo `mMo kmZ VËH$mbrZ n[apñWVrV {Xbo. AmO _mÌ Ë`m§À`mM ZmdmZo
MmbUmè`m emioMr Ë`m emioVrb {ejH$m§Mr H$er nadS> hmoV Amho ho XmIdÊ`mgmR>r H$moUHo$ar IwÔ
_. OmoVramdm§Zm JmdmVrb emioV KoD$Z `oVmV.
Ë`m emioMo _mbH$ Aßnmgmho~ ìhZJwÎmo. emioVbo H$mhr _mñVa ìhZJwÎmoÀ`m _ù`mV H$m_mbm,
emioV {enmB© EH$M ~mH$sMo _mbH$mÀ`m e§^a EH$ åhetMo eoU H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r JmoR>çmV. {ejH$m§Mm
_{hÝ`mMm nJmahr nyU© {Xbm OmV Zmhr. H$moè`m MoH$da ghr KoVbr OmVo. ~mH$sMo n¡go ìhZJwÎmoÀ`m
{IemV. Aem MH«$mV AS>H$bobm _mUyg H$m` {eH$dUma? Vmo Amnë`m H$m_mer H$gm àm_m{UH$ amhUma
hm _moR>m J§^ra àíZ OmoVramdm§g_moa H$moUHo$ar _m§S>Vmo.
AmOÀ`m `m {ejUnÕVr_Ü`o H¥$Vrnojm \$ŠV aoH$m°S>© H$aUo, H$mJX§ a§JdU§ hmM CÚmoJ gd© {ejH$
d _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§À`m _mWr _mabm OmVmo. `mMo àË`§Va nwT>rb àg§JmVyZ `oVo.
boIH$ H$moUoH$ar OmoVramdm§Zm Ë`mM emioVë`m _w»`mÜ`mnH$mH$S>o KoD$Z `oVmV.
Jwê$Or, H$m` Mmbb§`?
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MmbUma H$m` T>monma? À`m Am`bm @@ øm ImË`mÀ`m AmZr gaH$maÀ`m. ZwgVr H$mJX§ a§Jdm. gd©
{ejm A{^`mZ a§Jdm. H$mJX§, j_Vm {dH$mg A{^`mZ a§Jdm. Ooarbm AmUb§` H$mJX§ a§JdyZ. {eH$dyM
{XV ÝhmB©V. Am_r Var H$m` H$aUma? nmoa§ dmè`mda _mñVa H$mJXmda. øobm H$m` {ejU åhUË`mV.
AmVm Am{U nmofU Amhma Kmbm {eOdyZ, a§Jdm H$mJX§.
Jwê$Or, Ag§ d¡VmJyZ H$g§ Mmbob?
_J H$m` H$am`M§ gm§J Vy. ~m|~ H$ê$Z Q>mH$br {ejUmMr, Hw$R> PH$ _mabr Am{U _mñVa Pmbmo.
Jwa§ dibr AñVr Va ~og Pmb§ AñV§. ZñVm Vmn À`m _m`bm. EH$ _mñVa emioV Wm§~V ÝhmB©. gJir
nwT>mar Pmë`mV. EH$Q>mM _aVmo` _r Amnbm H$mJX§ a§JdyZ.
CnamoŠV àg§Jmdê$Z hoS>_mñVaMm ÌmJm, {ejUnÕVr {df`rMm àjmo^ Am{U `mda AmnU H$mhrM
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr åhUyZ AJ{VH$Vm ñnï> H$aVo.
boIH$ H$moUHo$arZo Amnë`m {MÌnQ>mÀ`m nQ>H$WoÀ`m Ñí`mV hm`ñHy$bÀ`m {ejH$m§Mr nmMdr Am{U
AmR>drÀ`m dJm©gmR>r _wbo Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r JmdmV d amZmV OmVmV. eoVmV _mUg§ ^m§JbUr H$aVmV.
eoVmVë`m _mUgm§Zm {ejH$ {dMmaUm H$aVm`V Vmo àg§J ;
eoVH$ar, _mñVa, amZmV H$m` H$mT>b§?
{ejH$ 2, XadfuM§M. nmoa§ Jmoim H$am`M§.
eoVH$ar, Ama Ë`oÀ`m _mar. Vw_M§ ~r gJi§ h|JmS>§M Mmbb` åhUm`M§. amZ^a {\$ê$Z nmoa§ Jmoim
H$am. _J {eH$dm. gm§{JVbm` Hw$Ur CÚmoJ?
{ejH$ 1, nmoQ> gm§JV§` CÚmoJ.
eoVH$ar, AJXr _ZmVb§ ~mobë`mgm. Vw_M§ nmoQ> Mmbm` nm`Oo Am{U Am_M§ nmoQ> noQ>m` nm`Oo.
EdT>m Xm~Omoa nJma Var nmoQ>mM§ ~mobë`mgm _J Am_À`mgmaI§ _Owarbm Om`bm bmJb§ AgV§ åhUOo
Jm @@?
{ejH$ 3, Vo~r Ia§M _m_m.
CnamoŠV àg§Jmdê$Z AmOMm {ejH$hr Ë`mÀ`m ZmoH$arda gwa{jV Zmhr. _wbm§Mm àdoe emioV Zmhr
Va emim MmbUma Zmhr, {ejH$m§Mm nJma, ZmoH$ar `m gdmªda J§S>m§Va `oD$ eH$V§. åhUOo eoVH$ar H$m`
qH$dm {ejH$ H$m` nmoQ>mgmR>r am~UyH$ AmbrM! {dZmAZwXmZ emim {ZKmë`m Ë`mMo ho \${bV Amho. EdT>o
_mÌ {ZpíMV Amho!
5. eoVH$è`mMr X`Zr` n[apñWVr : boIH$ H$moUHo$arÀ`m {MÌnQ>mMm Zm`H$ AmS>ì`mßnm hm EH$
eoVH$ar Amho. Ë`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo H$moUHo$arZo eoVH$ar, Ë`mMr eoVr Ë`mdaM Adb§~yZ AgUmao Ë`mMo d
Hw$Qw>§~mMo OrdZ, Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr d gmdH$mar g§H$Q>m§da _mV H$aV n[apñWVrer XmoZ hmV H$aVmZm hmoUmar
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Ë`mMr X`Zr` AdñWm, hV~bVm H$mhr àg§JmVyZ {M{ÌV Amho.
JmdmV eoVH$è`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r "bú_r ghH$mar gmogm`Q>r'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$bobr Amho. Ë`m gmogm`Q>rVrb
MoAa_Z Am{U goH«o$Q>ar Jar~, AS>mUr eoVH$è`m§Mm J¡a\$m`Xm KoD$Z Ë`m§À`mda H$Om©Mm S>m|Ja aMVmV.
WH$~mH$s XmIdVmV Am{U EoZ _moŠ`mda Ë`m§Zm AS>dVmV, ZmS>VmV. H$mhrdoim gmogm`Q>r _YyZ {_iUmao
Ë`m§À`m hŠH$mM§ IV XoÊ`mg Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV. `m gd© ~m~tMm AmS>ì`mßnm ~ir R>aVmo. OmZ~m
XmZdS>oÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z AmS>ì`mßnmMr WH$~mH$s VerM a{OñQ>ada XmIdÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. H$maU
OmZ~mMo d AmS>ì`mßnmMm dmX Pmbobm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio n¡eodmbm, _wOmoa OmZ~m XmZdS>o Ë`mÀ`mda IwÞg
d Sy>H$ Yê$Z AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`mÀ`mda WH$~mH$s XmIdyZ IV ZmH$maVmV. bú_r gmogm`Q>rVrb Vmo
àg§J;
goH«o$Q>ar^modVr nmM ghmOU ~gbobo. AmS>ì`mßnm C^m. goH«o$Q>ar, WH$b§` åhQ>ë`mda Vwbm IV
Hw$R>b§? AmS>ì`mßnm, WH$sV H$m` EH$Q>mM ÝhmB©, {Zå_§ Jmd WH$sV hm`. Ë`mñZr H$g§ {_iV§` IV?
WH$sV ÝhmB©M H$moU. gJù`mZr {\$ardë`mV ImVr.
_J _mP§M H$g§ {\$adm` ÝhmB©?
AmVm Vy {\$adm` gm§Jm` ÝhmB©. _J H$g§ {\$aob?
Xadfu Hw$R>§ gm§JVmo Jm@@? Vdm H$g§ {\$ab§?
CJ§M ZH$mo S>moH§$ ImD$-MoAa_Zbm JmR> Om
Ë`oÀ`m XmamV H$m Om? Vy ìhV§` H$m ÝhmB© gm§J.
ÝhmB© ìhB©V.
ñdV:bm gmdaV, goH«o$Q>ar @@ AmOyZ g~mJVr gm§JVmo`. _wH$mQ>çmZ§ _mP§ _§Oya Amg§b Vo IV Xo
ÝhmB© Va H$m` H$aerb?
{MSy>Z Adm©À` ^mfm dmnaV goHo«$Q>arÀ`m A§Jmda YmdVmo.
`mdê$Z Ago bjmV `oVo H$s, Jar~ eoVH$ar AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m Aghm`VoMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z Ë`mbm
A{YH$ hV~b H$aÊ`mMm KmQ> aMbobm {XgVmo.
eoVH$è`mbm eoVmV bmJdS> _hÎdmMr H$s KamV Ádmar _hÎdmMr Aem {ÛYm _Z:pñWVrV AS>H$bobm
AmS>ì`mßnm nwT>rb àg§JmV nhm`bm {_iVmo. Vm`ìdm ZmMUo ZrQ> H$aV AgVo. Voìhm KamV Xmoar diV
~gboë`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm Vr åhUVo, ho eodQ>M§ Ximn.
AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m N>mVrV Yñg. Mohè`mda ñnï> ^mdZm
g§nb§?
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g§nb§ åhUOo? AmVm nmoa§ _moR>r Pmbr. g§nUmaM H$s. Ë`mV AmXr_Xr nmdU§ n¡. H$g§ nwaUma?
gmdê$Z ~Ky`m Ko Am~mÀ`mVZ§ ìhB©b _U^ambm _XV. Vg§ H$embm _mO§ gmR>ë`mV VrZeo. Ë`mV
e§^a KmbyZ `oVrb Vo OwY§iM§ AmUy`m H$s.
AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m Mohè`mda H$i. Varhr åhUVmo. gmogm`Q>rVZ§ bmJdS> ÝhmB© {_iV. Ë`m n¡emM§ EImX§
{ngdmQ> AmUmd§ åhUmëVmo.
`mdê$Z AmOÀ`m ^mH$arÀ`m àíZmnojm Oa eoVmV bmJdS> (IV) Q>mH$b§ Va nwT>rb df©^amÀ`m
Om|Yù`mMm àíZ {_Q>ob. åhUOo dV©_mZH$mimer VS>OmoS> d ^{dî`H$mimMr VOdrO H$aÊ`mV eoVH$è`mMo
Am`wî` nUmbm bmJV AgVo.
Aer AdñWm \$ŠV EH$Q>çm AmS>ì`mßnmMrM Zmhr Va JmdmV g§Vy Idrg `mMrhr hrM n[apñWVr
Amho. nmdgmZo nmR> {\$adbobr, Am^mi nma _moH$i§, nmdgmMm {R>nyg Zmhr, amZmH$S>§ ~Km`M§ YmS>g hmoV
Zmhr. H$mir _mVr åhUOo AmB©, O_rZ eoV åhUOo eoVH$è`mM§ gd©ñd nU nmdgmA^mdr Añ_mZr
g§H$Q>mbm eoVH$è`mbm gm_moa§ Omd§ bmJV§. AemM EH$_oH$m§À`m gwI-Xþ:ImÀ`m Jmoï>r AmS>ì`mßnm d g§Vy
H$arV AgVmV. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m S>moŠ`mda Va H$Om©Mm _moR>m S>m|Ja AgVmo. gJirH$S>Z§ Vmo nma AmV
IwS>bobm Aem pñWVrV g§Vy Idrg ñdV:Mr ZS> KoD$Z `oVmo. Vmo åhUVmo;
EH$ ZS> ìhVr Jm @@ ^mJrderb?
H$gbr? O_Ê`mgmaIr Amgbr Va ^mJdy `m H$s?
ÝhmB© Jm@@ Hw$UmH$S>§ ngam`Mm hmV? åhUyZ VwÂ`mH$S>§ Ambmo. nm`br-XmoZ nm`br Ow§Yi§ {_iVrb?
AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m nmoQ>mV Imob IÈ>m nS>bm. g§Vybm KamV KoVmo JUnVrH$S>o ~KV åhUVmo g§Vy @ Xodm enW. H$mb AmUë`mV XmoZ nm`br Am~mÀ`mVZ§. Ë`mVb§ EH$ nm`br KoD$Z Om. ImoQ>§
ÝhmB© ~mobV.
åhUOo "CKS>çmOdi ZmJS>§ Job§' Aer AdñWm `oWo {XgVo. _wimVM eodQ>À`m XinmMr H$miOr
AgUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnmH$S>o H$m` AgUma? Var "Am~m ZagmioH$Sy>Z CgUdmarZo _mJyZ AmUboë`m Ow§Yù`mVb§
EH$ nm`br KoD$Z Om' åhUUo Agm _ZmMm _moR>onUm AmS>ì`mßnmMm {XgyZ `oVmo. EH$ hmS>mMm eoVH$arM
Xþgè`m eoVH$è`mMr ì`Wm g_Oy eH$Vmo. ho `m àg§Jmdê$Z {XgyZ `oVo.
H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm Aer aMZm AgUmè`m `m H$mX§~arV àg§JmÀ`m d¡{dÜ`Vo_YyZ AZoH$ àíZm§Mm Jw§Vmim
Amho. Vmo à{VV hmoVmZm {XgVmo.
~, ~irMm H$mX§~arVrb ì`pŠVaoIm
amOZ Jdg {b{IV "~,~irMm' `m H$mX§~arV H$mX§~arVrb boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar, ^m§S>çmMm
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ì`mnmar {XnyeoR> Am{U H$moUHo$arZo {gZo_mgmR>r {b{hboë`m nQ>H$WoMm Zm`H$ AmS>ì`mßnm Aem VrZ
_Ü`dVu ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV. Va AmS>ì`mßnmMr ~m`H$mo Vm`ìdm, {Od~m XmZdmS>o, Am~m Zagmio, {enmB©
{nQ>Ho$, q^JmaH$a AmXr AÝ` ì`pŠVaoIm AmhoV.
1. ^m§S>çmMm ì`mnmar {XnyeoR> : CßnoZ~oQ>[Jar JmdmVbm EH$ gmYm ^m§S>`mMm XþH$mZXma åhUyZ
{XnyeoR> gdmªZm n[a{MV AgVmo. CßnoZ~oQ>{Jar ho EH$ VmbwŠ`mMo Jmd. {XnyeoQ>M§ H$m°boOM§ {ejU {VW§M
Pmb§. Ë`m_wio JmdMm H$monam {Z H$monam Ë`mÀ`m AmoiIrMm. ^m§S>çmMo XþH$mZ KmbÊ`mnydu {XnyeoR>Zo
{MŠH$ma ì`dgm` Ho$bobo. Ë`mV a_Ubmb eoR>À`m Xmê$ EOÝgr_Ü`o, {gÕqbJ dmÊ`mÀ`m XþH$mZmV, Z§Va
J«m_godH$ AgUmè`m Ë`mÀ`m d{S>bm§Zr Xoenm§S>o d{H$bmMm ^mS>çmZ§ Jmim KoVbm Am{U {XnyeoR>M§
^m§S>çmM§ XþH$mZ gwê$ Pmb§. Ë`mÀ`m XþH$mZmVyZ ~aoMgo bmoH$ ^m§S>r CYmarda KoD$Z OmV. H$mhr bmoH$ OwZr
_moS> KmbÊ`mgmR>r `oV.
EHo${Xder _m_boXma Am°\$sg_Yrb H$maHy$Z H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mbm {Vß`m nmZnÅ>rdmbm {XnyeoQ>À`m
XþH$mZmV CYmarda ^m§S>r KoD$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r AmUVmo. hiyhiy {XnyeoR> d H$moUHo$ar `m§À`mV _¡ÌrMo g§~§Y ÑT>
hmoVmV. hm H$moUHo$ar boIH$ Amho ho Z§Va {XnyeoR>bm _m{hV hmoVo. H$moUHo$arÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ^m§S>çmÀ`m
XþH$mZmV nwñVH$ dmdam` bmJbr. ZmhrVa {XnyeoR>Mm Am{U nwñVH$m§Mm H$m°boO g§në`mZ§Va g§~§Y H$YrM
Iëbmg Pmbobm hmoVm. {XnyeoR> d H$moUHo$ar `m§Mr _¡Ìr EdT>r KÅ> Pmbr H$s H$moUHo$ar XþH$mZmV JXu Pmbr
H$s Jëbm gm§^mim`Mm. VgoM _erZZ§ ^m§S>çmda Zmd Kmbm`Mm. Ë`mM§ Aja \$ma N>mZ åhUyZ {JèhmB©H$
{XnyeoR> H$Sy>Z ^m§S>çmda Zmd KmbyZ KoÊ`mg H$mHy$ H$ê$ bmJbr. Voìhm {XnyeoR>Mr EH$ bmS>rH$ VH«$ma
Agm`Mr Vmo åhUm`Mm. "Vo boIH$ AmhoV Ë`mM§ Aja N>mZ AgUmaM H$s.'
{XnyeoR> nmdgmim gwê$ Pmbm H$s ^m§S>çmÀ`m ~amo~a XwH$mZmV N>Í`m {dH$Ê`mgmR>r R>odV Ago.
Ë`mgmR>r Vmo hþ~irV OmV Ago. Ë`m {Z{_ËVmZo dfm©VyZ EH$ {Q´>n hmoV Ago. `mdoir Vmo H$moUHo$arbm gmo~V
KoD$Z OmVmo. EHo${Xder eoVH$ar g§KmÀ`m {eamobr H$maImÝ`mVyZ ñQ>rbMr ^m§S>r hmobgob_Ü`o Am°S>©a
H$aVmZm H$moUHo$ar Ë`mbm 20 ê$n`mMm Vm§ã`m 50 ê$n`mbm H$m {dH$bmg åhUyZ {dMmaUm H$aVmo. åhUOo
ì`mnmar ho bmoH$m§Zm \$gdVmV, bw~mS>VmV `m {dMmamda {XnyeoR>Mo _V Ago H$s ZmoH$aXma bmoH$m§Zm
_{hÝ`mbm nJma {_iVmo, nJma dmT>V OmVmo nU Am_M§ ì`mnmè`m§M§ Vg§ Zmhr CÝhmim Ambm, b½ZgamB©
Mmby Pmbr H$s Y§Xm dmT>Vmo. nmdgmù`mV _mem _maÊ`m{edm` H$m_ Zmhr. ZmoH$am§Mm nJma, OmJm ^mS>§,
ømMm H$a, Ë`mMm H$a Agbr bmI b\$S>r nmR>r_mJo. ho Ë`mMo åhUU§ AJXr amñVM. nU Agm
Z\$mVmoQ>çmMm {heo~ _m§S>Umam {XnyeoR> OH$mV ZmH$m MwH$dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Aer ì`mnmar d¥Îmr
OmonmgUmam {XnyeoR> H$moUHo$arbm AmVmÀ`m H$mimV ~¡b ~miJUo H$go nadS>Umao Zmhr. drg hOma ê$n`m§Mr
~¡bmMr OmoS>r ¿`m, Ë`mÀ`m CñVdmarbm 15 Vo 16 hOma ê$n`m§Mm JS>r R>odm, ~¡bmda Mmirg hOma IM©,
Ë`mM Mmirg hOmamV JmdmM§ Am¡VH$m_ hmoV§. \$ŠV KamV ~¡b AmhoV `m à{Vð>ogmR>r ~¡b KoU§ Ë`mÀ`m
ì`mnmard¥Îmrbm nQ>V Zmhr. {XnyeoR>bm H$moUHo$ar gmo~V Agbm H$s ~m`H$m-nmoam§Mr AmR>dU `oV Zmhr.
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Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo Va H$moUHo$arbm "gdV' åhUVo. Vmo H$moUHo$arÀ`m ghdmgmV a_V Agbm Var Y§ÚmH$S>o
Xþb©j H$arV Zmhr. Y§Úm~m~V VS>OmoS> H$arV Zmhr. "Mm§Jë`m _mUgmbm Mm§Jbr ahm`bm OmJm {_imdr'
åhUyZ {XnyeoR> {H$ËVyaH$a AmÊUmM§ OwZ§ Ka H$moUHo$arbm ^mS>çmZ§ {_idyZ XoVmo. hiyhiy XmoKm§À`mV
A{YH$M g»` {Z_m©U hmoVo.
H$moUHo$ar "C\$ami' ZmdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hV AgVmo. `m {MÌnQ>mMo {X½Xe©H$
qPJmê$ Xmê$dmbm _moR>o Zmdbm¡{H$H$ àmßV {X½Xe©H$ AmhoV. Ë`mÀ`mgmo~V Amboë`m A{gñQ>§Q>bm Vmo Nw>nr
Xmê$dmbm ho Zmd XoVmo. {XnyeoR>bm ~m`H$m§Mm ^mar ZmX hmoVm. Ooìhm Vmo XþH$mZmV g|Q> _mê$Z `oB© Voìhm
AmUIr EH$ Zdr ^mZJS> gwê$ Ho$bobr Ago. YÝZmßnm JmS>doMr ~m`H$mo qH$dm àm§V Am°\$sgeoOmar Mî_m
{dH$Umar ~mB©. ~m`H$m§Zm de H$aÊ`mM§ H$moUV§ agm`Z Ë`mÀ`mH$S>§ hmoV§ Agm àíZ H$moUHo$arbm h_Img
nS>V Ago.
EHo${Xder H$moUHo$ar Jm`~ hmoVmo. Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo {XnyeoR>{dê$Õ nmobrg R>mÊ`mV VH«$ma H$aVo.
H$moUHo$arbm bmnVm H$aÊ`mV {XnyeoR>MmM hmV Amho, `m H$maUmZo nr.Am`. embq~Ðo OZmdamgmaI§ Ë`mbm
_maVmo. [a_m§S> KoVmo. `mdoir _mÌ {XnyeoR>bm dmQ>Vo H$moUHo$arer _¡Ìr H$ê$Z AmnU _moR>r MyH$ Ho$br. Ooìhm
H$moUHo$arÀ`m KamVrb gm{hË` {XnyeoR> ñdV:À`m KamV AmUVmo; AWm©V Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$moMm Ë`m gm_mZmbm
nyU© {damoY AgVmo; Ë`m gm{hË`mV {XnyeoR>bm VrZ S>m`è`m d XmoZ \$mB©b gmnS>VmV. Ë`m S>m`è`m§_Ü`o
H$moUHo$arZo ñdV:À`m OrdZmVrb H$mhr KQ>Zm, àg§Jm§Mr Zm|X R>odbobr hmoVr. Ë`m S>m`è`m åhUOo Ë`mMo
N>moQ>oImZr AmË_H$WZ hmoV Am{U \$mB©br_Ü`o {MÌnQmMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hbr hmoVr. `m S>m`ar_wio d
\$mB©br_wio H$moUHo$arÀ`m Am`wî`mVrb ~è`mM KQ>Zm, Jmoï>r CbJS>V OmVmV. `m S>m`arVrb _OHw$am§dê$ZM
H$moUHo$ar hm EH$ YZJam§Mm à_wI åhmVma~mgmo~V qH$dm _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV Jobm Agob
Agm EH$ AmemdmX {XnyeoR>À`m _ZmV ê$Oy bmJVmo. nwadR>m {d^mJmVrb bwboH$aÀ`m ~m`H$moÀ`m
~mobÊ`mVyZ H$moUoH$ar _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§H$S>o Agob Agm A§XmO Vmo H$aVmo. hm EdT>m YmJm gmnS>ë`mZo Vmo
_mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§Zm ^oQ>m`bm OmVmo. {XnyeoR> H$moUHo$ar Hw$R>o Jobm Agob? Ago _hmamOm§Zm {dMmaVmo Voìhm
Vo åhUVmV. npíM_obm emoYm gmnS>ob. _mS>rMo _hmamO OmVnmV _mZV ZmhrV. eoVr H$ê$Z amgm`{ZH$
IVm§Zm {damoY H$aVmV. eoVH$è`m§Mo ^bo H$aÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Umè`m _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§{df`r H$moUHo$arbm
AmH$f©U Amho. gaVoeodQ>r {XnyeoR>À`m bjmV `oVo H$s O§JbmM§ AmH$f©U AgUmam H$moUHo$ar O§JbmVM
Jobm Agob H$maU O§Jb npíM_obmM `oV§. hm gJim CnX²>ì`mn {XnyeoR>bm H$m H$amdm dmQ>Vmo? `mMo CÎma
emoYVm Ago gmnS>Vo H$s, {XnyeoR>da H$moUHo$arÀ`m bmnVm hmoÊ`m_Ü`o Ë`mMm hmV Amho qH$dm {XnyeoR>ZoM
Ë`mbm g§n{dbm Agob Aem Amamonm§nmgyZ gwQ>H$m {_iÊ`mgmR>r H$moUH$oarMm emoY ho {XnyeoR>M§ A§{V_ Ü`o`
amhV§.
AWm©V, ~,~irMm `m H$mX§~arV {XnyeoR> hr ì`pŠVaoIm _Ü`dVu Zgbr Var Vmo `m H$mX§~arMm EH$
{ZdoXH$ Amho. VgoM H$moUHo$arÀ`m S>m`è`m, IoS>çmVrb eoVH$è`m§M§ OJU§, Ë`mMr eoVr, AmOÀ`m H$mimV
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IoS>çmM§ gd©M ñVamdarb hmoD$ nmhUma§ ZmJarH$aU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU, H$moUHo$arbm nS>bobo àíZ, Ë`mMr
AñdñWVm `mMr CH$b hmoV OmVo. H$mX§~arVrb boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar Am{U {MÌnQ>mVrb eoVH$è`m§Mm
à{V{ZYr AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm `mMr AmoiI, Ë`m§Mo OrdZ {XnyeoR>_wio dmMH$m§g_moa `oVo, EdT>o _mÌ
{ZpíMV. Ë`m_wio {XnyeoR> hr H$mX§~arVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr ì`pŠVaoIm R>aVo.
2. AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao : boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar `mÀ`m "C\$ami' {MÌnQ>mÀ`m nQ>H$WoMm Zm`H$
AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao. EH$ H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr H$aUmam Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$moMo Zmd
Vm`ìdm Am{U _wbJm Ho$gy Am{U _wbJr gw_r Agm Ë`mMm n[adma Amho. AË`§V H$ï>miy, Amnë`m eoVmda
ào_ H$aUmam, àm_m{UH$ AgUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm Xm[aÐ`mer Pw§OV {Xdg H$mT>mdo bmJVmV. nmS>ì`mÀ`m
{Xder _whÿV© åhUyZ Vmo eoVmV Hw$Xi _maÊ`mgmR>r OmVmo ""EH$ Var Hw$idmS>r hm` åhUm`Mm JmdmV''
Aer Ë`mÀ`m{df`r åhmVmè`m _mUgmMr YmaUm AgVo. ñdV:Mr eoVr H$aVm H$aVmM Vmo {Od~m XmZdmS>o,
Am~m Zagmiogma»`m à{V{ð>V, eoV _mbH$m§H$S>o am~V Ago. H$maU ñdV:À`m Aën Aem eoVrda Ë`mÀ`m
Hw$Qw>§~mMr JwOamU hmoU§ eŠ` ZgVo.
AmS>ì`mßnmMm àm_m{UH$nUmda {dídmg Agë`m_wioM {Od~m XmZdmS>o Ë`mÀ`m _wbmÀ`m b½ZmV
n¡emMr nmH$sQ§> d `oUmar àoP|Q> gm§^miÊ`mM§ H$m_ Ë`mÀ`mda gmondVmV. `m H$m_m_wio AmS>ì`mßnmMrhr
N>mVr Jdm©Zo \w$JVo. Vmo Iyn _Z bmdyZ hr gmondbobr O~m~Xmar nyU© H$aVmo. nU H$mhr jUmVM Ë`mMm
hm ^«_ Zmhrgm hmoVmo. XmZdmS>o Ë`mZo EImX§ n¡emM§ nmH$sQ> bndb§ Va ZmhrZm åhUyZ Ë`mMr PS>Vr KoVmo.
`m àg§JmZo amJmZo Ë`mMo A§J WaWaVo. Vmo amJmZo XmZdmS>oMm Jim KmoQ>mdm Agm {dMma H$aVmo Am{U {VWyZ
VS>H$ {ZKyZ OmVmo. åhUOo Jar~ Agbm Var Vmo Mmoa Zmhr. H$ï> H$ê$Z OJUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm hm àM§S>
_moR>m An_mZ dmQ>Vmo. `mZ§Va Vmo H$Yrhr OmZdmS>oÀ`m eoVmV qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m H$moUË`mM H$m_mbm qH$dm
Ë`mMr H$moUVrM Jmoï> EoH$Vhr Zmhr `m àg§Jmdê$ZM Ë`m XmoKm§Vbm dmX dmT>Vmo. Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va Z§Va
AmS>ì`mßnmMr ghH$mar gmogm`Q>rVrb WH$~mH$s Agë`mMo H$maU XmIdyZ Ë`mbm eoVrgmR>r IV XoÊ`mMo
ZmH$mabo OmVo. `m H$maUmdê$Z AmS>ì`mßnm XmZdmS>oÀ`m Kar OmD$Z Ë`mbm Om~ {dMmaVmo. Voìhm
_mÂ`m Zmdmda {KD$Z Om IV Ago XmZdmS>o åhUVmM AmS>ì`mßnm Ë`mbm åhUVmo. ""VwÂ`mH$S>M§ IV
Ýhm`bm _r H$m` ZmXma hm` ìh`§ Jm @@? _mÂ`m ImË`mda gmogm`Q>rV {_iV§` Vo Úm`bm gm§J ZmhrVa
dmB©Q> ìhB©b.'' åhUOo Jar~ AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm bmMma Zmhr. Amnbm ñdm{^_mZ OnVmo, JhmU R>odV
Zmhr.
AmS>ì`mßnmMm bhmZ ^mD$ g§Jmßnm gw{e{jV Am{U ZmoH$aXma AgVmo. Vmo ehamV ñdV:À`m
Hw$Qw>§~mgh amhV AgVmo. Ë`mMo hiyhiy Jmd, g_mO, ZmVrJmoVr, eoVr `m {df`rMo ào_ H$_r hmoD$ bmJbo
Am{U ehamV IM© \$ma hmoVmo `m g~~rImbr Vmo AmS>ì`mßnmH$S>o KamMr d eoVmMr dmQ>Ur _mJVmo Am{U
eoV {dH$Ê`mMr ^mfm H$aVmo. `mdoir _mÌ AmS>ì`mßnmMm amJmMm nmam MT>Vmo. dmS>dS>bm§Mm VwH$S>m VodT>m
Var JmdmV Amgy XoV åhUOo eoVH$è`mM§ OJU§ Ë`m _mVrer åhUOo eoVmer {ZJ{S>V AgVo. _mVr åhUOo,
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eoV åhUOoM Ë`mMm ídmg AgVmo Am{U dmS>dS>bm§Mm hm eoVrMm VwH$S>m Oa AmnU {dH$bm Va Amnbo
eoVH$ar åhUyZ ApñVËdM g§nob Aer ^rVr Ë`mbm dmQ>Vo åhUyZ Ë`mMm amJ AZmda hmoVmo. {ejUmZo
_mUg§ OmoS>Ê`mEodOr VwQ>Ê`mMrM à{H«$`m Pmbobr {XgyZ `oVo. _mÌ A{e{jV AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm
Xm[aÐ`mer Pw§OV ZmVog§~§Ymda _Zmo^mdo {Zð>m R>odVmo. Amnë`m ~{hUtda `oUmè`m g§H$Q>m§Zm Vmo Amnë`mnarZo
_XV H$aVmo. bhmZ ~{hUrMm Zdam XméS>m Amho. {VÀ`m g§gmamMr Vmo H$miOr H$aVmo. Mma {Xdg KamH$S>o
Zdam Ambm Zmhr åhUyZ {JarOm AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m Kar `oVo. H$maU VmoM {Vbm EH$ AmYma AgVmo.
{JarOmMm Zdam Ooìhm XdmImÝ`mV A°S>{_Q> AgVmo Voìhm Ë`mMo XdmImÝ`mMo ~rb gmS>oVrZ hOma ê$n`o
hmoVmV. Aemdoir AmS>ì`mßnm Am~m ZagmioH$S>o OmD$Z n¡emMr _mJUr H$aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r ~m`H$moM§ J§R>U
JhmU R>odÊ`mMr V`mar XmIdVmo VgoM _moR>r ~hrU AmŠH$m {Vbm H°$Ýga hmoVmo. {VÀ`m Am°naoeZgmR>r drg
hOma én`mMr JaO AgVo. nU AmnU EdT>o n¡go O_m H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. `mMr gb Ë`mÀ`m _Zmbm
~moMV amhVo. `m Xm[aÐ`m_wio AmnU Amnbr ZmVr JmoVr Ony eH$V Zmhr. `mMr OmUrd Ë`mbm AñdñW
H$aVo. eodQ>r Amnë`m bhmZnUr Wmoaë`m AmŠH$mZo Amnë`mbm gm§^mib§ nU AmO AmnU {VÀ`mgmR>r
H$mhrM H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. eodQ>r Va AmŠH$m dmaë`mZ§Va eodQ>M§ _mhoanU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm ^mdH$sVrb
{XZy {eZJmao H$Sy>Z 200 én`o CgZo ¿`mdo bmJVmV. EdT>m AJ{VH$ Pmbobm AmS>ì`mßnm åhUVmo "H$gbm
Jm@@ Ob_. ^ZrÀ`m _`Vmbm~r CgU§ n¡go Úm`Mr nmir. øobm H$m` Ob_ åhUË`mV.' `mdê$Z
ZmVog§~§YmVrb nS>PS> Am{U {dKQ>ZmMo ñdê$n Xm[aÐ`m_wio, Am{W©H$ {dd§MZo_wio {H$Vr ^`mZH$ ê$n YmaU
H$aV Amho ho dmñVd g_moa `oVo.
AmS>ì`mßnmbm Amnbm _wbJm Ho$gy Iyn {eH$mdm, _moR>m A{YH$mar ìhmdm åhUOo Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMo
Xm[aÐ`mMo {Xdg g§nVrb Ago dmQ>V AgVo. _wbmMr ghm én`o {ejUmMr \$s ^ê$ eH$V Zmhr. nU AmO
{ejU ho lr_Vm§Mr _ŠVoXmar Pmbr Amho. {ejUmgmR>r bmI XmoZ bmI én`mMr JaO VgoM {eH$ë`mda
ZmoH$ar {_iobM `mMr emídVr Zmhr. `m_wio Vmo H$miOrV nS>Vmo. nmobrg AgUmè`m Vm`ìdmÀ`m ^mdmZo
Ho$gybm {ejUmgmR>r ñdV:Odi ehamV R>odÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm, Var Vmo Ë`mÀ`mda ZmamO hmoV Zmhr. H$mi
~Xbob, Ho$gy {eHo$b, ZmoH$arbm bmJob Voìhm Amnbm nm§J {\$Q>ob Agm AmemdmX Vmo Car ~miJVmZm
{XgVmo.
AmS>ì`mßnmbm eoVmV bmJdS> Q>mH$U§ Iyn _hÎdmM§ AgV§. gmogm`Q>rZ§ bmJdS> XoÊ`mM§ ZmH$mab§
åhUyZ Vmo KamV Ow§Yi§ Zmhr "eodQ>M§ Xin' Ag§ Vm`ìdm gm§JVo nU Ow§Yi§ AmUÊ`mnojm KamV
AgUmè`m n¡emVyZ eoVmgmR>r Vmo XmoZ {neì`m IV AmUVmo. H$maU Amnë`m nmoQ>mnojm Ë`mbm eoVmV IV
Q>mH$U§ _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. H$maU eoVmV IV Q>mH$b§ Va nrH$ Mm§Jb§ `oUma; Ë`m_wio df©^a nmoQ>mMm àíZ
{_Q>Uma Aer EH$ Amem Ë`mÀ`m _ZmZo Onbobr AgVo. `WmdH$me nmdgmZo Omoa Yabm. nmD$g Wm§~m`M§
Zmd KoB©Zm. Ë`m_wio WmoS>\$ma KamV `oUma YmÝ`hr g§nyZ OmV§. gmo`m~rZMr _mVr Pmbr åhUyZ qMVmH«$m§V
Pmbobm AmS>ì`mßnm. Amnë`m S>moŠ`mda H$Om©Mm S>m|Ja Amho. gmogm`Q>rMo 30 hOma én`o, OJy Vm§~Q>mH$Sy>Z
_oboë`m åherÀ`m {då`mMo n¡go {_iVrb `m AnojoZo ghm hOma ghmeo én`o CMbbobo AgVmV.
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EH§$XarV `m H$mX§~arV AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo dV©_mZpñWVrV Aën^yYmaH$ H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVH$è`mÀ`m
g_ñ`m H$moUË`m AmhoV; `mda boIH$mZo àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. Vmo Aën^yYmaH$ H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVH$è`mMm
à{V{ZYr R>aVmo.
3. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar : ~, ~irMm H$mX§~arV H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar hr boIH$mMr ^y{_H$m dR>dUmar
_Ü`dVu ì`pŠVaoIm Amho. eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mVrb H$moUHo$ar hm CßnoZ~oQ>{Jar `m VmbwŠ`mÀ`m JmdmV Vhgrb
H$m`m©b`mV gmYm H$maHy$Z Amho. H$m`m©b`mV aoH$m°S>© ê$_À`m {d^mJmV Vmo H$m`©aV Amho. CßnoZ~oQ>{JarVrb
{XnyeoR>À`m ^m§S>çmÀ`m XþH$mZmV Vmo CYmarda ^m§S>r KoÊ`mgmR>r `oVmo Am{U Ë`mMm AË`§V OdiMm {_Ì
~ZVmo. A§JmZo hmS>Hw$im, ñQ>mB©b~mO, emH$mhmar, nmZ ImÊ`mMr hm¡g Agbobm. Ho$.Ho$. `m ZmdmZo Vmo
Am°{\$gmV AmoiIbm Om`Mm. Ë`mMo Aja \$ma N>mZ AgVo. H$YrH$Yr Vmo ^m§S>çmÀ`m XþH$mZmV ^m§S>çmda
AJXr H$moê$Z Zmd KmbV Ago. Agm hm H$b§Xa boIH$ gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§gmaImM Amho. nU AË`§V
g§doXZerb AgUmè`m H$moUHo$arÀ`m _ZmV Ë`mMo Jmd, Hw$Qw>§~, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmVog§~§Y, eoVr eoVH$ar `m
g§X^m©V gVV _ZZ qMVZ gwê$ AgVo. Ë`mbm n¡gm, dñVy IaoXr H$aÊ`mV ag Zmhr. Vhgrb H$m`m©b`mV
Vmo H$m_ H$aVmo. nU EH$hr n¡emMm ^«ï> ì`dhma H$aV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmVM qH$dm VÎdmVM Vo Zmhr.
H$MoarVrb AmOw~mOyMo dmVmdaU ^«ï>mMmamZo ~a~Q>bobo Amho. Ë`m_wio ZmoH$arV Vmo ^`§H$a AñdñW Amho.
"dmñV{dH$ aoìhoÝ`y åhUOo ~mnmMmhr {Igm H$mnUmar _mUg§' Aem _mUgmV Ë`mMo _Z a_V Zmhr. Ord
JwX_aVmo. EHo${Xder EH$m åhmVmè`m _mUgmbm Xm{aÐ`aofoImbM§ aoeZH$mS>© hd§ AgV§. nU Zm`~
VhgrbXma Ë`m åhmVmè`mH$Sy>Zhr nÝZmg ê$n`mMr bmM _mJVmo. AIoa ZS>boë`m åhmVmè`mgmR>r H$moUHo$ar
ñdV:OdiMo nÝZmg én`o VhgrbXmambm bmM åhUyZ XoVmo. Ë`mMo ho ZmoH$arMo {R>H$mUhr Ë`mbm AñdñW
H$aVo.
EHo${Xder H$moUHo$ar ho JmdM gmoSy>Z nam§JXm hmoVmo. Hw$Ur åhUV§ Ë`mM§ AnhaU Pmb§, Hw$Ur åhUVmo
Vmo \$ama Pmbm, Hw$Ur åhUV§ bmnVm Pmbm, Hw$Ur åhUVmo Vmo A°ÝQ>rH$aßeZMm EO§Q> hmoVm. {XnyeoR>bm
Ë`mÀ`m KamV H$mhr S>m`è`m d H$mhr \$m`br {_iVmV, Va H$m§Vmam_ dS>odÅ>rdma `m§Zr H$mhr nÌm§Mm JÆ>m
{XnyeoR>À`m hmVmV R>odbm. H$moUHo$arMo M[aÌ `m S>m`arVyZ CbJS>Vo. Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$ AñdñWVm bjmV
`oVo. Ë`mMm AmË_g§dmX S>m`ar d nÌm§À`mÛmao àH$Q> hmoVmo.
H$moUHo$arbm {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm {bhm`Mr Amho. nU ñdV:Mo nmoQ> ^aÊ`mgmR>r, ì`dgm` åhUyZ Vmo
`m nQ>H$WoH$S>o ~KV Zmhr. Ë`m {MÌnQ>mMo erf©H$ "C\$ami' Ago Amho. EH$ gm_m{OH$ {MÌnQ> {Z{_©Vr
H$aUo hm Ë`m_mJo hoVy AgVmo. "C\$ami' ho JmdÀ`m XodñH$sM§ Zmd. {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm H$er {bhmdr `mMo
_mJ©Xe©Z {X½Xe©H$ Hw$~wS>H$a d {Z_m©Vm qPJmê$ Xmê$dmbm d Ë`mMr A{gñQ>§Q> Nw>nr Xmê$dmbm H$moUHo$arbm
H$aV AgVmV. Zdmo{XV {X½Xe©H$ Hw$~wS>H$aÀ`mÑï>rZo "IoS>§ KmUoaS>§M AgV§.' Ë`mbm IoS>çmVë`m _mUgm§Mr
{H$ig `oVo. {edm` AmVm IoS>§ Cab§M Zmhr Aer Ë`mMr g_OyV AgVo. H$moUHo$arbm nQ>H$Wm H$ibrM
Zmhr, Aer Ë`mMr YmaUm AgVo. Hw$~wS>H$abm eoVH$è`mM§ dmñVd OrdZ _m{hVM Zmhr. H$moUHo$arbm
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A{^àoV Agbobm {gZo_m doJim Amho. Ë`mbm Hw$~wS>H$aMr {^H$ma _mZ{gH$Vm _mÝ` Zmhr. Vmo åhUVmo,
"ehamVë`m ~m`H$m ~KyZ Vmo eoVH$è`mÀ`m doXZm H$em g_OyZ KoUma' Agm g§Vmn ì`ŠV H$aVmo. Ë`mbm
nmQ>rb-bmdUr-V_mem qH$dm IoS>çmV {ddmh~mø g§~§Y Aer a§OH$ {MÌnQ> nQ>H$Wm {bhm`Mr Zmhr.
Ë`mbm H$moUrhr eoVH$è`mMm ZoVm _mÝ` Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m nQ>H$WoVrb dm_Z {eH$bobm amÁ`H$Vm© Pmbobm
eoVH$è`mMm nmoaJm Amho. Ë`mbm dV©_mZ H$mimVrb eoVH$è`mMo dmñVd {M{ÌV H$am`M§ Amho Am{U VmoM
Ë`mÀ`m nQ>H$WoMm {df` Amho.
H$moUHo$arbm eoVr, eoVH$ar `m{df`rMr ~m~ Oer AñdñW H$aVo VerM Jmd, Ka, ZmVog§~§YmVrb
nS>PS>, {dKQ>Z `mg§~§Yr Vmo AmË_qMVZ H$aVmo. bhmZnUr ^mD$~§YmÀ`m ^m§S>Um§_wio _m_mH$S>o amhÿZ {ejU
nyU© Ho$bobm H$moUHo$ar ZmoH$ar bmJë`mda, ehamV amhÿ bmJë`mda AmB©, dS>rb, _m_m, _mder, ^mD$,
~{hUr `m gmè`m§nmgyZ hiyhiy Xÿa OmD$ bmJVmo. JmoVmdù`mV H$mH$m dmaë`mMr ~mV_rhr Ë`mbm
AmR>dS>çmZo H$iVo. H$maU AmVm ZmË`mVrb H$moUr Jobo Va Ë`mbm VmVS>rZo H$i{dÊ`mMr VgXr H$moUr KoV
Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`mda àM§S> "_m`m' H$aUmè`m _mdí`m§Zm Vmo dfm©Zwdf} ^oQ>V Zmhr. H$mH$m dmaë`mZ§Va
_mderÀ`m gm§ËdZmbm Joë`mda Vr \$magr ~mobbr Zmhr. AmH«$gbr, _r bdH$a {ZKyZ Omd§, _mP§ AgU§
{Vbm OS> Pmbob§. ho gd© nmhVm H$moUHo$arbm àM§S> Xþ:I hmoV§. Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _mUg§ d AmnUm_Ü`o
BVH$m Xþamdm H$gm Ambm? H$m {ejUmZo _mUg§ Odi `oÊ`mEodOr VwQ>VM OmVmV? `m àíZm§Mr CÎma
Ë`mbm AIoan`ªV {_iV ZmhrV.
boIH$ H$moUHo$arZo _. OmoVramd \w$bo, H$m§Vmam_Or `m§Zm {b{hboë`m nÌmVyZ Amnë`m gm_m{OH$
AY:nVZmV eoVr, eoVH$è`mMo hmoUmao emofU, H¥${fg§ñH¥$Vr, {ejUmVbm, gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mVrb,
ghH$mar g§ñWm§_Yrb ^«îQ>mMma AmXr ~m~tda ^oXH$ àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho. _. \w$bo `m§Zr Ë`m H$mimV
eoVH$è`m§Mo àíZ, ~hþOZ Am{U pñÌ`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r AI§S>nUo g§Kf© Ho$bm. H$mhr Cnm``moOZm
gwM{dë`m. Ë`mZwgma `WmdH$me ~aoM ~Xb Pmbo. ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb _wbo {eHy$ bmJbr. gaH$mar
H$Moè`m§_YyZ ZmoH$ar H$ê$ bmJbo Am{U Vo H$emàH$mao ^«ï>mMmambm IV nmUr Kmby bmJbo VgoM pñÌ`m
{eHy$ bmJë`m, ZmoH$ar H$ê$ bmJë`m nU Ë`mhr ^«ï>mMma H$aÊ`m_Ü`o H$_r ZmhrV `mMo CXm. gm¡Xm{_Zr
Iwê$H$bo `m VhgrbXma ~mB©Mm bmM KoÊ`mV qH$dm H$moQ>m©À`m AmdmamV dmJUoH$a ZmPa$ ~mB© Amnë`m
Zdè`mMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z herbm§H$Sy>Z {Xdg^a aŠH$_ Jmoim H$aVo. øm ~mB©Zo `m n¡emVyZ JmdmV ^br
_moR>r BñQ>oQ> C^r Ho$br Amho.
VgoM {ejU nÕVrVrb ^m|Ji H$ma^ma, emioVrb {ejH$m§Mo _wbm§Zm {eH$dÊ`mnojm emioMm
_mbH$ AgUmè`m Amßnmgmho~ ìhZJwÎmoÀ`m eoVmV H$m_mbm OmU§, Ë`mÀ`m åherMm JmoR>m gm\$ H$aÊ`mV
ñdV:M kmZ dm`m KmbdVmZm {XgVmV. BVH§$M Zìho Va AmOÀ`m {ejUnÕVrV H¥$Vrnojm H$mJX§ a§JU§,
aoH$m°S>© V`ma R>odU§ `mVM {ejH$mMo H$m¡eë`. "nmoa§ dmè`mda _mñVa H$mJXmda. ~m|~ H$ê$Z Q>mH$br
{ejUmMr.' {ejU ImVo Am{U gaH$ma `mda naIS>nUmZo H$moUHo$arZo AmJ nmIS>br Amho. g_mOmVrb
{d{dY joÌmVrb {dÐÿn dmñVd _. \w$bo `m§À`mg_moa H$mo123456789012345678901234567890121234567
UHo$ar nÌm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m§S>Vmo.
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eoVH$ar, Ë`mMm H¥${fY_©, eoVr hr g§ñH¥$Vr Amho. `m{df`rMohr qMVZ _. \w$bo d H$m§Vmam_Or `m§Zm
{b{hboë`m nÌmV H$moUHo$ar _m§S>VmZm {XgVmo. eoVr H$aÊ`mM§ EH$ nma§n[aH$ emñÌ hmoV§. nyduÀ`m H$mir
eoVmV {nH$bobo YmÝ`M ~r-{~`mUo åhUyZ dmnabo OmV Ago, nU hr nma§n[aH$ `§ÌUmM gÚm CX²ÜdñV
hmoD$ bmJbr Amho. ~r-{~`mUm§À`m XþH$mZm§Zr ho emñÌ MVwamB©Zo Zï> Ho$bo. AmVm {H$Vrhr Mm§Jbo nrH$.Ambo
Var ~r-{~`mUo åhUyZ Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Aemdoir AmVm eoVrgodm Ho§ÐmVrb ~r-{~`mUm§daM
eoVH$è`mbm Adb§~yZ amhmd§ bmJV§. eoVH$ar {~Mmam hŠH$mMr {~`mUo J_mdyZ namdb§~r _mJVH$ar Pmbm
Amho. H$_r H$mbmdYrV ^aKmog nrH$ `m A{_fmImbr eoVH$è`mMr Kmoa \$gdUyH$ hmoV Amho.
VgoM "eoVr' Mm CÚmoJ ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m Z\o$Imoad¥Îmr OmonmgUmè`m àd¥Îmrda ~moQ> R>odVmZm H$moUHo$ar
AñdñW hmoVmo. hr AñdñWVm H$m§Vmam_OtZm {b{hboë`m nÌmVyZ ì`ŠV H$aVmo, Vmo åhUVmo, "eoVr CÚmoJ
Pmbm H$s {M_Ê`m§Zr OJm`Mo Zmhr. KamV Hw$Í`mZo `m`Mo Zmhr. \°$ŠQ>arV Ogo H$m_JmamMr PS>Vr KoD$Z
~mhoa gmoS>VmV. Vgo eoVmVyZ _Owambm PS>Vr KoD$Z gmoS>Vm `oB©b H$m? _Oya Vw_À`m eoVmV `oVmo. Voìhm
Ë`mM§ EH$ H$aS>y AgVo. Ë`mbm n|S>r^a Mmam bmJVmo. Vmo Vw_À`m eoVmVyZ Ë`mbm hŠH$mZo hdm AgVmo.
Ë`mMr qH$_V H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m nJmamVyZ dOmdQ> H$am Ago åhUyZ H$g§ Mmbob?' åhUOo eoVr hr g§ñH¥$Vr
Amho. CÚmoJ Zmhr `mda H$moUHo$ar J§^ranUo ^mî` H$aVmZm {XgVmo.
`mgmo~VM H$moUHo$arZo ñdñV YmÝ` nwadR>m qH$dm aoeZMm ^«ï>mMma, drO _§S>imMm AZmJm|Xr H$ma^ma
`mdahr àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. H$moUHo$arbm eoVr Am{U eoVH$ar `m {df`rMr H$_mbrMr AmoT> Amho.
åhUyZM H$Xm{MV Ë`mbm _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§{df`rMo Hw$Vyhb, H$m¡VwH$ Am{U AmH$f©U Amho. _mS>rÀ`m
_hmamOm§Mo {dMma Ë`mÀ`m _Zmbm C^mar XoVmV. _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§À`m _R>mMr drg EH$a O_rZ g|Ðr` eoVr
nÕVrZo H$obr Amho. amgm`{ZH$ IVmMm EH$ H$Uhr `oD$ {Xbm Zmhr. g|Ðr` eoVrMm àMma H$am`bm nm{hOo
Va _mVr dmMob. AmVmM§ IoS>§ nmoIab§ Amho Zd§ IoS>§ C^m H$am`bm hd§. `mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zm Mm§Jbm
àMmaH$ hdm AgVmo. `m gd© {dMmamZo H$moUHo$arbm _hmamO \$ma OdiMo dmQy> bmJVmV.
Ë`mMgmo~V H$moUHo$arbm qMJè`m YZJa O§JbmVë`m åhmVma~m YZJamMr JmR> KmbyZ XoVmo. O§JbmVrb
àË`oH$ PmS>, new-njr `m§Mm Aä`mg AgUmam hm YZJa~m~m amZmdZmV {XdgamÌ ^Q>H$Vmo. A»I§
O§JbM Ë`mbm AmoiIV§. Aem `m åhmVma~mH$Sy>Z O§Jb {eH$Ê`mM§ doS> H$moUHo$arbm bmJV§.
H$moUHo$ar Jm`~ hmoVmo H$Xm{MV Vmo _mS>rÀ`m _hmamOm§H$S>o qH$dm YZJa~mÀ`m O§JbmV Jobm Agmdm
Agm EH$ A§XmO {XnyeoR>H$Sy>Z ~m§Ybm OmVmo.
Agm hm H$moUHo$ar A§V~m©ø AñdñW Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV gVV Jmd, Hw$Qw>§~, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmVog§~§Y,
eoVr, eoVH$ar `m {df`rMo qMVZ Mmbbobo AgVo. ho Ë`mMo qMVZ S>m`ar, nÌ, _mS>rMm kmZr _hmamO,
YZJa~m~mMr ^oQ>, "C\$ami' {gZo_mMr nQ>H$Wm `mVyZ g_moa `oV amhVo. `m gmè`mÀ`m _wimer eoVH$ar
Amho Am{U eoVH$è`mMo àíZ, g_ñ`m H$m`_ñdê$nr g§n{dÊ`mMm Ü`mg Ë`mbm AñdñW H$aVmo. `m àíZmMo
CÎma emoYÊ`mgmR>rM `m Ü`mgmnm`rM Vmo namJ§Xm hmoVmo ho {ZpíMV.
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H$mX§~arVrb AÝ` ì`pŠVaoIm :
1. Vm`ìdm : Vm`ìdm hr AmS>ì`mßnmMr ~m`H$mo. AË`§V à{VHy$b n[apñWVr_Ü`o Vr Amnë`m Zdè`mbm
gmW XoVmZm {XgVo. AË`§V H$ï>miy, g_§Og$, emo{fH$ Aer Vm`ìdm Zdè`mn«_mUoM Amnë`m eoVmda ào_
H$aUmar Amho. AmS>ì`mßnmMm bhmZ ^mD$ g§Jmßnm d Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo Ooìhm KamMr d eoVmMr dmQ>Ur
H$aÊ`mMm hÅ> H$ê$ bmJVmV Voìhm Zdè`mMm AZmda Pmbobm amJ nmhÿZ XmoKm ^mdm§Zm ^m§Sy> ZH$m Agm
g_OyVXmanUm XmIdVo. VgoM AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m XmoZhr ~{hUtÀ`m g§H$Q>H$mimV doiàg§Jr H$O© H$mTy>Z _XV
H$aVmZm Vr Zdè`mÀ`m ~mOyZo C^r amhVo. Zdam VmnmZo \$U\$UV AgVmo Voìhm Ë`mMr H$miOr KoVo.
Amnbm _wbJm Ho$gy ehamV Amnë`m nmobrg ^mdmOdi {ejUmgmR>r R>odbm Va Ë`mMo {ejU nyU© hmoB©b;
Ë`mbm ZmoH$ar {_imbr Va Amnbo Xm[aÐ` Zmhrgo hmoB©b; Agm AmemdmX Camer ~miJyZ Vr ^mdmH$S>o
OmVo. nU Ë`mZo ZH$ma XoVmM Ë`mbm Z gm§JVm Ho$gybm KoD$Z _wH$mQ>çmZo {ZKyZ `oVo. gmogm`Q>rMm goH«o$Q>ar
nm§S>m `mZo AmS>ì`mßnmda Ho$g KmVbr Voìhm Zdè`mbm nmobrg nH$Sy>Z ZoUma `m ^rVrZo Vr qMVmH«$m§V hmoVo.
^mdH$sVrb {XZy {eUJmaoÀ`m _mñVa _wbmÀ`m gmIanwS>çmbm AS>mUr AgUmè`m AmS>ì`mßnmbm _mZnmZ
XoV ZmhrV; Ë`mÀ`m bhmZ ^mdmbm g§Jmßnmbm ~mobdVmV Voìhm AmS>ì`mßnm ZmamO hmoVmo. Voìhm Vr åhUVo,
{eH$boë`m§Mm {eH$bobm `oUma. Ë`mV {Odmbm H$m` bmdyZ ¿`m`M§? Ho$gy~m _moR>m Pmbm H$s Ë`obm~r
{eH$ë`mbrM nmoaJr H$ê$`m@@ åhUOo àË`oH$ àíZm§Mr CÎma§ {VÀ`mOdi AmhoV. Vm`ìdm åhUOo Ia§M
Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$è`mMr H$ï>miy, g_§Og, emo{fH$ nËZr åhUyZ à{V{ZYr R>aVo.
2. {Od~m XmZdmS>o : hm JmdmVrb EH$ lr_§V Amgm_r. XmZdmS>o Jëbrbm Ë`mMm _moR>m ~§Jbm Amho.
Ë`mMm _wbJm nr.Eg.Am`. åhUOo nmobrg g~ BÝñnoŠQ>a AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m OmoamdaM Vmo JmdmV {_OmerV
amhV AgVmo. gdmªda ñdV:Mm X~md AmUV AgVmo. n¡emÀ`m OmoamdaM Vmo ñdV:À`m _wbmM§ AmOn`ªV
JmdmV Pmb§ Zgob Ag§ Bî`o©Z§ b½Z H$aVmo. b½ZmgmR>r amOH$s` nwT>mar, nmobrg ImË`mVrb A{YH$mar `m§Mr
CnpñWVr Ë`mÀ`m {_OmerV A{YH$ ^a KmbUmar R>aVo. {Od~m XmZdmS>o b½ZmÀ`mdoir AmS>ì`mßnmbm
b½ZmVrb àoP|Q> d n¡emMr nmH$sQ>§ gm§^miÊ`mMo H$m_ gmondVmo. H$maU Ë`mbm AmS>ì`mßnmda nyU© {dídmg
AgVmo. Varhr eodQ>r Vmo AmS>ì`mßnmMr PS>Vr KoVmo. Ë`mÀ`mda EImX§ n¡emM§ nmH$sQ> bndb§ Agob Agm
Amamon KoVmo VoìhmnmgyZ AmS>ì`mßnm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o H$m_mda OmV Zmhr. Ë`m XmoKm§À`mV dmX {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
`m H$maUmñVd XmZdmS>o AmS>ì`mßnmbm gVV ZmS>V amhVmo. Ë`mbm gmogm`Q>rV {_iUma§ IV XoÊ`mg ZH$ma
XoVmo H$maU Vmo gmogm`Q>rMm MoAa_Z AgVmo. BVHo$M ZìhoVa Ë`mÀ`m A§Jmda WH$~mH$s XmId åhUyZ
goH«o$Q>arbm X~md AmUVmo. `mM àH$aUmV {Od~m AmS>ì`mßnmZo _mahmU Ho$br Aer ImoQ>r VH«$ma H$ê$Z
Ë`mda Ho$g KmbVmo.
{Od~mM§ EH$ ñdßZ AgV§. Vo åhUOo gJi§ Jmd Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoD$Z nmQ>bmMm Omo _mZ Amho;
åhUOo XodimMm _mZ, nmbIrMm _mZ, ZmaimMm _mZ gd© Amnë`mbm {_imdm `mgmR>r Vmo doJdoJù`m
Hw$aKS>çm H$ê$ bmJVmo. JmdmV nmÊ`mMr {_adUyH$ {ZKVo. Ë`mdoir JmdmVrb dí`m XmZdmS>o `m§À`mV
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~r.E. ^mJ-3 / _amR>r ....6
empãXH$ MH$_H$ CS>Vo. Voìhm XmZdmS>obm JmdmVrb H$mhr _§S>ir {MIb VwS>dë`mà_mUo VwS>dVmV. `m
àH$aUmVhr Vmo AmS>ì`mßnm, Am~m Zagmio, XJSy> nmQ>rb `m§Mo Zmd ImoQ>onUmZo JmodVmo. Agm hm {Od~m
XmZdmS>o IbZm`H$s d¥ÎmrMm Amho.
3. Am~m Zagmio : Am~m Zagmio hr JmdmVrb EH$ à{V{ð>V ì`ŠVr. ñdV:Mm _im {d{ha d _moQ>ma,
OZmda§ AgUmè`m Am~mMm Zagmio Jëbrbm _moR>m dmS>m Amho. {Od~m XmZdmS>oÀ`m g§e` KoÊ`mdê$Z
AmS>ì`mßmmZo Am~m ZagmioÀ`m _ù`mV H$m_ H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$bobr AgVo. Am~m Zagmio hm
_mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU OnUmam Amho. H$m_mÀ`m àm_m{UH$nUmdê$Z, H$ï>miy d¥Îmr_wio Vmo AmS>ì`mßnmbm
Om{Vd§V Hw$idmS>r _mZVmo. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m AS>MUrbm _XV H$aVmo. Ë`mMr ~hrU {JarOmMm Zdam
XdmImÝ`mV A°S>{_Q> AgVmo hm°pñnQ>bMo {~b ^mJdÊ`mH$aVm Am~m gmb^aMr _Owar H$~yb H$ê$Z KoVmo.
Am~m Zagmiobm XmZdmS>o Jar~ eoVH$è`m§da Vmo ghH$mar gmogm`Q>rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AË`mMma H$aVmo ho nmhÿZ
Ë`mMm Ord Vi_iVmo. ZdrZ gmogm`Q>r H$mT>Ê`mMm {dMma Ë`m§À`m S>moŠ`mV Mmbbobm AgVmo. VgoM
XmZdmS>obm _mahmU Ho$br `m àH$aUmV nmobrg AmS>ì`mßnmbm nH$S>Ê`mg `oVmV Voìhm Am~m Ë`mbm
ñdV:À`m _ù`mV amÌ H$mT> Ago gwM{dVmo Am{U nmo{bgm§nmgyZ Ë`mMm ~Mmd H$aVmo. åhUOo Am~m Zagmio
hr ì`pŠVaoIm Mm§Jë`m àd¥ÎmrÀ`m _mUgmM§ ÚmoVH$ Amho.
4. q^JmaH$a : q^JmaH$a hm H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$arMm {_Ì hmoVm. CßnoZ~oQ>{JarV `oÊ`mnydu H$moUHo$ar
Ë`mÀ`m ImobrV ahm`bm hmoVm. q^JmaH$a EH$m ~XZm_ Pmboë`m nVg§ñWoV H$maHy$Z hmoVm. H$moUHo$ar Am{U
q^JmaH$a OdiOdi gmV df} EH$Ì am{hbo. PmS>bmoQ>, ^m§S>r KmgU§, OodU V`ma H$aU§ BË`mXr H$m_
XmoKm§Zr dmQy>Z KoVbr hmoVr. H$moUHo$arbm doJdoJù`m {df`mMr nwñVH§$ dmMÊ`mMm ZmX hmoVm. Ë`m_wio
q^JmaH$abmhr nwñVH$ dmMZmMr AmdS> {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. nwñVH$ H$g§ g_OyZ ¿`m`M§ Vmo H$moUHo$arH$Sy>Z
{eH$bm hmoVm. H$moUHo$arbm O§Jb AmdS>m`M§, O§JbmV ^Q>H$U§ hm EH$ Ë`mMm N>§X hmoVm. EHo${Xder
q^JmaH$abm Vmo ~oS>rdÀ`m YZJadmS>çmV KoD$Z OmVmo. VoWo åhmVmè`m YZJamMr AmoiI hmoVo. åhmVmam
åhUOo O§JbmVë`m gd© PmS>m§À`m _wù`mMm Am¡fY åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aV AgVmo. EHo${Xder q^JmaH$a
AmOmar nS>VmV. MmbU§-~gU§-CR>U§ gd©M ~§X. XdmImZm Pmbm, A§Jmao Ywnmao Pmbo nU H$mhrM \$aH$
Zmhr. Aemdoir H$moUHo$ar Ë`m§Zm AmOè`mbm KoD$Z OmVmV. VoWo ~oS>rdÀ`m YZJadmS>çmMm åhmVmam
q^JmaH$am§da PmS>mÀ`m _wù`m CJmiyZ gm§Ü`m§da bon bmdVmo. VrZ {Xdg hm CnMma Mmby AgVmo _J _mÌ
gd© gm§Ü`mVrb H$i Jm`~ hmoVo. åhUOo H$moUHo$ar_wio Amnbm nwZO©Ý_ Pmbm. Ë`mMo AVmoZmV CnH$ma Pmbo
Aer H¥$VkVm q^JmaH$a ì`ŠV H$aVmo.
5. _mS>rMo kmZr _hmamO : _mS>rÀ`m S>m|JamV Imob H$nmarV S>m|Ja nmoIê$Z kmZr _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m
dmñVì`mgmR>r Mma Imoë`m ~m§Yë`m AmhoV. XÎmmdVmamda Ë`m§Mm àM§S> {dídmg Amho. ñdV:bm XÎmn§Wr
_mZVmV. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar EHo${Xder Ë`m§Zm ^oQ>m`bm _R>mV OmVmV. VoWo H$mù`mema O{_ZrÀ`m
bm§~gS>H$ nQ²>Q>çm_Ü`oM _hmamOm§Mm dmda hmoVm. _hmamO nm§T>è`mew^« dñÌmV, àM§S> dmT>bobr XmT>r,
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eoëbmQ>r A§JH$mR>r, bm§~gS>H$ ZmH$, Kmao S>moio, VrúU ZOa. H$moUHo$arZm _hmamOm§Zm Hw$R>oVar nm{hë`mMm
^mg hmoD$ bmJVmo. _hmamOm§Zr _R>mMr eoVr amgm`{ZH$ IVm§Mm dmna Z H$aVm g|Ðr` nÕVrZo Ho$br Amho.
g|Ðr` eoVrMm àMma H$am`bm hdm Va _mVr dmMob Agm Ë`m§Mm eoVr{df`H$ {Oìhmù`mMm {dMma {XgyZ
`oVmo d Ë`mM~amo~a AmVmM§ IoS>§ Zï> H$am`bm hd§. IoS>§ nmoIab`, Zd C^§ H$am`bm hd§ Agm EH$
AmYw{ZH$ {dMma _Zr OnUmam eoVr d eoVH$è`m§{df`r H$idim `m_wio _mS>rMo kmZr _hmamOm§{df`rMo
AmH$f©U H$moUHo$arbm dmQ>V amhVo.
CnamoŠV ì`pŠVaoIm§gmo~VM Vhgrb H$m`m©b`mVrb {enmB© {nQ>Ho$ bmM KoÊ`mV Va~oO. H$maHy$Zmnojmhr
OmñV daMr H$_mB© {_idVmo. ^«ï>mMmamÀ`m n¡em_Ü`o Vmo Xodmbmhr gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVmo. gË`Zmam`U
KmbVmo, gmB©~m~m§Zm A{^foH$ KmbVmo åhUOo XodmbmM daH$S> {_iH$VrV ^mJrXma H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr Ë`mMr
`wŠVr \$ma J«oQ> Amho. VgoM {MJè`m YZJa H$moUHo$arbm O§JbmVë`m åhmVma~m~mH$S>o KoD$Z OmVmo. qPJmê$
Xmê$dmbm, {MÌnQ> {Z_m©Vm Ë`mMr A{gñQ>§Q> Nw>nr Xmê$dmbm, Zdmo{XV {X½Xe©H$ Hw$S>~wS>H$a IoS>çm{df`r,
IoS>çmVrb bmoH$m§{df`r Ë`mMm AgUmam J¡ag_O, H$moUHo$argmo~V gVV nQ>H$Wodê$Z Vmo dmX H$aVmo. Aem
AZoH$ ì`pŠVaoIm `m H$mX§~arV AmhoV. H$Wm§VJ©V H$Wm Aer aMZm Agboë`m `m H$mX§~arV {d{dY
àg§JmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m ì`pŠVaoIm dmMH$m§Zm ^oQ>VmV. Ë`m-Ë`m àg§JmV Ë`m§Mo ApñVËd d An[ahm`©Vm
_hÎdmMr R>aVo.
4.4 dmMZ CVmam
Ñí` : gH$mi
Aj`V¥Vr`oMm gU. gmS>oVrZ _whÿVm©n¡H$s EH$ _whÿV©. H$moUË`mhr ew^ H$m_mMm àma§^. eoVmVbr H$m_§
_mÏ`mda `m`Mm {Xdg. nU dirdM nS>bm Zmhr. O{_Zrbm Zm§Ja S>gUo AeŠ`. Ë`m_wi§ O_ob Ver
O_ob Ë`mZo _emJVrbm gwédmV Ho$bobr. AmS>ì`mßnmZ§ _whÿVm©da bdH$a CRy>Z amZmV MŠH$a _mabr. H°$_oam
Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a. Ë`mZ§Va Vmo KamV Ambm. nmoao ZwŠVr OmJr Pmbobr. Vm`ìdm, gUmdmamMm {Xdg. nmoam§À`m
Vm|S>mda H$go _mam`Mo. Hw$UmÀ`mV nmd {H$bmo S>mi CYmarda {_iVr H$m ~K H$s.
AmÎmm Hw$UmÀ`mV? XþS>mndmÊ`mMr CXmar VQ>br`. XmamV~r C^m H$aV ÝhmB©.
nmQ>Ê`mÀ`mV ~Km Omdm. H$ê$ `m åhUmd§ _mK§ \w$S>§.
Ë`oMr ^dmZr Va ìhdy Xo. OmVmo _mKZ§.
AmS>ì`mßnm JmoR>çmV KwgVmo. åherM§ eoU-_wV _mJ§ T>H$bVmo. ~wÅ>rV ^aVmo. C{H$aS>çmOdiÀ`m
{T>JmV AmoVVmo. H°$_oam åherÀ`m Jar~ S>moiçmda.
AJ§@@ Ho$gy CR>bm H$m` ~K. Ë`obm H$mT> åhUmd§ åhg ^mB©a. JmoR>m YwD$Z H$mT>m` nm`Oo.
nmoamMr najm hm`. `obm ZH$m bmdy H$m_. Ë`oMm Ë`mo Aã`mg H$ê$ XoV.
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AmVm {eHy$Z ìh`m` bmJbm` _m_boXma Ago ñdV:erM åhUV åherbm JmoR>çmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Vmo.
åherMo JmoR>çmVyZ ~mhoa Amë`mda H$mZ Q>dH$mabobo. Vr CYim`À`m ZmXmV. nU aoS>Ho$ ~amo~a Agë`m_wio
gmdY. À`m Am`bm@ OZmdambm H$iV§ Ë`o _bm H$m H$iV ÝhmB©. Ë`mMo ñdmJV. Vmo JmoR>m ñdÀN> H$ê$
bmJVmo. IamQ>çmMm Ia©@ Ia© AmdmO.
Ñí` : gH$mir XhmMr doi
AmS>ì`mßnm Jëbr nma H$aV nmQ>Ê`mÀ`m XþH$mZmOdi. nmQ>Ê`mMo XþH$mZ _mbmZo IMmIM ^abobo.
g_moa JwQ>»`mÀ`m, V§~mIyÀ`m _mim. _Ü`o dOZ H$mQ>m. gJiçm \$ir^a ~aÊ`m. AmV VwH$m nmQ>Ê`m
ZwgË`m ~§S>rda. H$mimTw>ñg. AJS>~§~. H$nmimda R>iH$ B~yV AmoT>bobr. AmS>ì`mßnmbm g_moa ~KyZ.
~mob Jm@ H$m` XrD$ ?
AYm© {H$bmo ha~am S>mi.
VwH$m nmQ>Ê`m JS>~S>rZo AYm© {H$bmoMo dOZH$mQ>çmda R>odyZ ñQ>rbÀ`m ~marH$ K_oë`mZo nmoË`mVbr
S>mi KoD$Z `oVmo. AmS>ì`mßnm {dMma_½Z. S>mi ßb°pñQ>H$ {nedrV AmoVyZ JmR> _maV Ë`mÀ`m g_moa R>odVmo.
n¡go eZdmar XþYmÀ`m {~bmbm Úmd§ åhUVmo.
VwH$m nmQ>Ê`m Ë`mÀ`mg_moa gmabobr S>mirMr {nedr ga©H$Z _mJo dS>Vmo.
éH$sbm Xþ§S>çmdmÊ`mH$S>§ AmZr CYmarbm _mÂ`mH$S>§. ÝhmB© Mmbm`M§ H$s Jm@@ CXmar~r Ë`oÀ`mH$S>Z§M
¿`m`Mr.
EH$X_ AmOrOrZo eZdmanVmoa. gUmdmamM§ ÝhmB© åhUy ZH$mo. EdT>r JaO _ma. VwH$m nmQ>Ê`m, O_V
ÝhmB© Jm@@ CXmar bB© Pmbr`m. _mO§ _bm \w$a§ Pmb§`. Ji ZH$mo Kmby.
AmS>ì`mßnm Varhr C^mM. Z§Va _mKmar diVmo. Ë`mÀ`m nm`mVbr eŠVr g§nbobr.
~a§ Agy Xo. Om@@ KoD$Z, EdT>m doi. Ia§ eZdma db§S>m`Mm ÝhmB©.
AmS>ì`mßnm EH$X_ W§S>Jma. H$gm Var _mKmar diVmo. nmQ>Ê`mÀ`m S>moiçmbm S>moim Z {^S>dVm S>mi
CMbVmo. _S>o Mmbmdo Vgo Mmbm` bmJVmo.
H$moUHo$è`m, Vy {ZpíMV _bm gmnS>Uma. VwÂ`m S>moŠ`mV H$m` Mmbb§ hmoV§ H$im` bmJb§`.
emb{~Ðçm, AmVm VwÂ`mg_moa H$moUHo$è`m Ambm Ag§ g_O. Ë`mZ§Va Vy Am{U _r. ~Ky VwPr dXu
S>m`arVrb nmZ
{XnyeoR>À`m ^m§S>çmÀ`m XþH$mZmV ~gyZ {Xdg Kmbdbm. H$emVM bj bmJb§ Zmhr. Am°{\$g_YyZ
{_Q>Ho$ {enmB©, dmKao {XdmUOr `oD$Z Jobo. Ë`m§Zm \$maer XmX {Xbr Zmhr. KamV Wm§~md§ Va ~m`H$moMr
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H$Q>H$Q>. hr OmJm EH$ Amnbr. {XnyeoR>bm ^m§S>çmda Zmd Kmbm`bm _XV hmoVo. Vmo H$mhrM VH«$ma H$aV
Zmhr. Ë`mMm Y§Xm gmoSy>Z Ë`mbm H$mhrM gwMV Zmhr. Ë`mbm _mÂ`m Kmb_obrer H$mhrM H$V©ì` ZgV§.
åhUÊ`mnojm Ë`mbm Vr H$iVM Zmhr. Ë`mZo Vr H$Yr AZw^dbobr Zmhr. _J H$iÊ`mMm àíZM Hw$R>o
`oVmo? _Ü`o-_Ü`o Vmo Amnb§ AmË_M[aÌ gm§JVmo. AmO Ë`mbm AmË_M[aÌmVhr ag ZìhVm. ~hþVoH$ Ë`mÀ`m
S>moŠ`mV {Vga§M H$mhrVar Mmbb§ Agmd§. Vmo \$mag§ ~mobV ZìhVm. _mÂ`m Ñï>rZ§ Vr Jmoï> Mm§Jbr hmoVr.
Ë`mÀ`m AmË_M[aÌmnojm _mP§ AmË_M[aÌ _bm A{YH$ OS> Pmb§ hmoV§.
Wmoabm XmXm KamV Amë`mZ§Va ~m`H$moZ§ ZrQ> dmJm`bm hd§ hmoV§. _wimV Vmo Ambm Ë`m doir _r nona
AmUÊ`mgmR>r ~mhoa nS>bmo hmoVmo. Amboë`m _mUgmbm Vm§ã`m^a nmUr Am{U H$n^a Mhm XoÊ`mMm {H$Vrgm
Vmn? nU _mÂ`m KaMo bmoH$ {Vbm ZH$mo AgVmV. {VÀ`m KaMo e§^a Ambo Var Vr CËgmhmZ§ gJio
CnMma nma nmS>Uma. _mÂ`m KamVb§ H$moUrhr Amb§ H$s AmOmanU `oUma. `m gJiçmMm H§$Q>mim Ambm`.
Amnë`m Am`wî`mV am~Ê`m{edm` H$mhrM Ho$b§ Zmhr. \$ŠV am~m`M§. H$m°boOmV AgVmZm XmXm _wÔm_
H$m°boOÀ`m XmamV H$Yr H$Yr `oD$Z Wm§~m`Mm. H$maU H$m`? Va _bm H$m°boOmV H$moUr Ìmg XoV§ H$m `mMm
A§XmO ¿`m`bm. Ë`mbm _r H¡$H$Xm g_OmdyZ gm§{JVb§. CJmM H$m_Y§Xm gmoSy>Z BH$S>o `m`À`m \§$XmV nSy>
ZH$mo. _bm H$moUr Ìmg XoUma Zmhr. Va Ë`mbm nQ>m`M§ Zmhr. XÎmy Xoenm§S>oMm bhmZ ^mD$ Am_À`m
H$m°boOmV àmÜ`mnH$ hmoVm. H$m°_g©bm. ømbm dmQ>V Agm`M§, Vmo Amnë`m ^mdmMm gyS> KoB©b. Amnbr
ZOa Agbr nm{hOo. _mP§ H$m°boO g§nb§. Vhgrb H$m`m©b`mV amoO§Xmarbm OmD$ bmJbmo, `mMm Ë`mbm H$moU
AmZ§X. Vmo N>mVr \w$JdyZ gm§Jm`Mm, H$ëbmnm AmO Zm CÚm _m_boXma hmoUmaM. EH$Xm Hw$Ur Ë`mbm _mP§
nonamV N>mnbob§ Zmd XmIdb§ Va hm nona KoD$Z gai JmdmV. àË`oH$mbm N>mnyZ Ambob§ Zmd XmIdV
qhS>V hmoVm. Aem H¡$H$ Jmoï>r.
XmXm Amë`mZ§Va hr ñd`§nmH$KamVM ~gyZ am{hbr. XmXm EH$Q>mM ~mhoaÀ`m gmoß`mbm dmQ> ~KV. ho
_bm ^`§H$a IQ>H$b§.
Zm|X
amdgmho~ gH$mirM `oD$Z ~gbobo Q>o~bbm. AmO Ë`m§Mr {_iH$V ~ar Pmbr Agmdr. _r g_moa
{XgVmM MhmMr Am°S>©a {Xbr. hm _mUyg EH$X_ ^`§H$a Amho. Vmo nmnmMm n¡gm {_idVmo. Ë`mV _bm
^mJrXma H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Mhm nmOVmo. _mPm Mhm {nD$Z g§nbm H$s åhUVmo. AmOMr {_iH$V nMbr.
Ë`mMm amJ `oVmo. nU amJ `m Am°{\$g_Ü`o Cn`moJmMm Zmhr. _mÂ`m Q>o~bH$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r {ZKmbmo.
amdgmho~ EH$X_ H$mHw$iVrbm. ~gÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yê$ bmJbo. {_Q>Ho$ Mhm KoD$Z hOa. ~gbmo Va Ë`m§Zr
_mÂ`mg_moa H$mJX gaH$dbm. Ho$g OwZrM. h[a~m XogmB©. hmVmohmV bmoH$m§Zm J§S>dUmam _mUyg. O_rZ
~iH$mdyZ ~moH$m Pmbobm. Vmo H$mJX _r nwÝhm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o gaH$mdbm. Ë`m§Zm Vo Ano{jV hmoV§. åhUOo `m
Ho$g_Ü`o {H$_mZ nmM hOma gwQ>bo AgUma. {_Q>Ho$bm nmMeo. åhUOo ~m~y {~aZmio {^Ho$bm bmJbm.
Ë`mMm O{_ZrMm VwH$S>m Jm`~ Pmbm. Mhm {nVm-{nVm _bm AñdñW dmQy> bmJb§. aoH$m°S>©ê$__Ü`o OmD$Z
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^anya nmUr {nD$Z Q>mH$b§. nmUr Hw$UmÀ`mhr n¡emM§ ZìhV§.
Xþnmar ~m~y {~aZmio _mÂ`mH$S>o hOa. Ë`mZo _bm {dMmab§, _mÂ`m S>m`arda Zm`~ VhgrbXmaMr ghr
Pmbr? ho åhUV AgVmZm Ë`mbm hmoUmè`m `mVZm _bm OmUdV hmoË`m. Ë`m_wioM _r gm§{JVb§, Vy {XdmUr
H$moQ>m©V Om`bm nm{hOo. åhUOo IM© {H$Vr? Ë`mMm ghO ñdm^m{dH$ àíZ. {H$_mZ drg-Vrg hOmabm
gJio Ë`mbm bw~mS>Vrb ho _bm ñnï> {XgV hmoV§. Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z A§XmO H$mTy>Z KoVbm. Ë`m O{_ZrMr
qH$_V H$m`? Va Vr drg hOmamda MT>V ZìhVr. _J Ë`mbm _r Xþgar O_rZ IaoXr H$ê$Z øm O{_ZrMm
ZmX gmoS>Ê`mMm gëbm {Xbm. Va Vmo _mÂ`mH$S>o eÌynojmhr ^`mZH$ dmB©Q> ZOaoZ§ ~Km`bm bmJbm. Ë`mÀ`m
ZOaoZ§ _r MÈ>rV bKdr H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. \$ŠV àË`jmV Vg§ KS>b§ Zmhr.
{~aZmiobm {_Q>Ho$ H$mhrVar AmídmgH$ gm§JV hmoVm. Ë`mMm {dídmg ~gë`m_wio Ë`mMr ZOa nmVi
Pmbr. ho _r gmjmV AZw^db§. Ë`mZ§Va _bm ImÌr nQ>br. _mVrMr _m`m dmB©Q>M.
4.5 eãXmW©
_m`§Xi - ^anya, Iyn
nr.Am`. - nmobrg BÝñnoŠQ>a
XodñH$s - XodmMm H$m¡b bmdUo, J«m_XodVoMm CËgd
ZmPa - {XdmUr H$moQ>m©Vrb EH$ A{YH$mar
4.6 g_mamon
AemàH$mao ~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arV eoVr, eoVH$ar d Ë`mMr AmO dV©_mZH$mimV AgUmar pñWVr
`mMm {dMma H|$ÐñWmZr Agë`mZo Ë`m AZwf§JmZo `oUmar àg§J{MÌUo AmhoV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo ~XbVo
IoS>çmMo {MÌU, eoVH$è`mMr X`Zr` pñWVr, {ejU joÌmVrb {dXmaH$Vm, Hw$Qw>§~ ì`dñWoVrb nS>PS>
`mÛmao gÚ:pñWVrV eoVH$è`m§M§ OJU§ Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmVrb àíZ H$m` AmhoV ho OmUyZ KoVm `oVo. VgoM `m
H$mX§~arVrb {XnyeoR>, H$moUHo$ar, AmS>ì`mßnm `m à_wI ì`pŠVaoIm d H$mhr AÝ` ì`pŠVaoIm§Mo {MÌU `oVo.
hr gd© nmÌo Amnë`m ^modVrMm Jw§Vm, àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV. EHy$UM `m H$mX§~arV
àg§J{MÌU d ì`pŠV{MÌU d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AmhoV.
4.7 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZmoÎmao
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. {XnyeoR> hm H$emMm ì`mnmar Amho?
(H$nS>çmMm / ^m§S>çmMm / ^mOr d \$io)
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2. H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar H$moUË`m Am°{\$gmV H$maHy$Z Amho?
(nmobrg ImVo / _m_boXma Am°{\$g / drO _hm_§S>i)
3. H$moUHo$ar H$moUË`m {MÌnQ>mgmR>r nQ>H$Wm {b{hV AgVmo.
(C\$ami / Omñd§X / ZmVrJmoVr)
4. AmS>ì`mßnmda àoP|Q>M§ nmH$sQ> bndbo Agë`mMm g§e` H$moU KoVmo?
({Od~m XmZdmS>o / Am~m Zagmio / XJSy> nmQ>rb)
5. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m ~m`H$moM§ Zmd H$m` Amho?
(em§VmŠH$m / Vm`ìdm / {JarOm)
CÎmao :
^m§S>çmMm, _m_boXma Am°{\$g, C\$ami, {Od~m XmZdmS>o, Vm`ìdm
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
~, ~irMm H$mX§~arÀ`m AmYmao AmS>ì`mßnmMo ì`pŠV{MÌ aoImQ>m.
àmñVm{dH$ : ~, ~irMm hr amOZ Jdg `m§Mr H$mX§~ar. AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao hm H$mX§~arVrb
boIH$ H$moUHo$ar "C\$ami' {MÌnQ>mMr nQ>H$Wm {b{hV Amho. Ë`m {MÌnQ>mMm Vmo Zm`H$ Amho. AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m
AZwf§JmZo AmOÀ`m dV©_mZpñWVrV eoVH$ar, eoVr Am{U Ë`mÀ`m Am`wî`mV `oUmao {d{dY àíZ `m§Mm Jw§Vm
g_moa `oVmo.
{ddoMZ : AmS>ì`mßnm {eUJmao hm H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr H$aUmam Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$ar Amho. ~m`H$mo
Vm`ìdm, _wbJm Ho$gy Am{U _wbJr gw_r Agm Ë`mMm n[adma Amho. ñdV:Mr Aën AgUmar eoVr Am{U
JmdmVrb {Od~m XmZdmS>o, Am~m Zagmio `mgma»`m à{V{ð>V O_rZXmam§À`m eoVmV Vmo am~V AgVmo.
AË`§V H$ï>miy, àm_m{UH$, Amnë`m eoVrda AVmoZmV ào_ H$aUmam AmS>ì`mßnm Xm[aÐ`mer Pw§OV AgVmo.
nmS>ì`mMm _whÿV© gmYÊ`mgmR>r Vmo eoVmV Hw$Xi _maÊ`mgmR>r OmVmo. åhUOo ZmJarH$aU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
hmoV Mmbboë`m IoS>çmV "EH$ Var Hw$idmS>r hm` åhUm`Mm' Ago Ë`mÀ`m{df`r JmdmVrb åhmVmè`m§Mo _V
hmoVo. Aj`V¥Vr`m `m gUm{Xder Ë`mbm nwaUmgmR>r S>mi, Jyi CYmarda AmUÊ`mMr doi `oVo. Amnë`m
_wbmMr \$ŠV ghm én`o narjm \$s ^aVm `oV Zmhr Aem AZoH$ Am{W©H$ AS>MUr Ë`mÀ`mg_moa Am dmgyZ
Cä`m amhVmV.
{Od~m XmZdmS>o Ë`mÀ`m _wbmÀ`m b½ZmV n¡emM§ nmH$sQ> d àoP|Q> gm§^miÊ`mM§ H$m_, AmS>ì`mßnm
àm_m{UH$ Amho d {Xbobr O~m~Xmar MmoInUmZo nma nmS>Uma `m hoVyZo {Xbobo AgVo. AmS>ì`mßnmbm
Amnë`mda hm {dídmg XmIdë`m~Ôb Iyn A{^_mZ dmQ>Vmo. Ë`mMr N>mVr Jdm©Zo \w$byZ `oVo. nU WmoS>çmM
doimV Ë`mMm hm ^«_ Zmhrgm hmoVmo. XmZdmS>o EImX§ n¡emM§ nmH$sQ> bndb§ Agob åhUyZ Ë`mMr VnmgUr
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H$aVmo Voìhm amJmamJmZo Ë`mMo A§J WaWaVo. Jar~ Agbmo Var AmnU Mmoa Zmhr, `m An_mZmZo Vmo
XmZdmS>oMm Jim KmoQ>mdm Agm {dMma H$aVmo Am{U {VWyZ VS>H$ {ZKyZ OmVmo.
`mZ§Va ñdm{^_mZr AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm H$Yrhr XmZdmS>oÀ`m eoVmV qH$dm H$moUË`mM H$m_mbm qH$dm
Ë`m§Mr H$moUVrM Jmoï> EoH$Vhr Zmhr. `m b½ZmÀ`m àg§Jmdê$ZM Ë`m XmoKm§Vbm dmX {MKiVmo Ë`mMo
ê$nm§Va XmZdmS>o OmUyZ~wOyZ AmS>ì`mßnmMr ghH$mar gmogm`Q>rVrb WH$~mH$s amIyZ R>odÊ`mg gm§JVmo.
Ë`m_wio AmS>ì`mßnmbm gmogm`Q>r_m\©$V eoVmV Q>mH$Ê`mg hŠH$mMo {_iUmao IV/bmJdS> ZmH$mabr OmVo.
Ë`mÀ`mda 30 hOma én`o H$O© XmIdbo OmVo. `m H$maUmñVd g§Vmnboë`m AmS>ì`mßnm XmZdmS>oÀ`m Kar
OmD$Z Ë`mbm Om~ {dMmaVmo Ë`mMm amJmMm n{dÌm nmhVmM {Od~m WmoS>mgm Za_Vmo, _mÂ`m Zmdmda IV
KoD$Z Om åhUVmM ñdm{^_mZr AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm Ë`mbm åhUVmo, ""VwÂ`mH$S>M§ IV Ýhm`bm _r H$m`
ZmXma hm` ìh§` Jm@@? _mÂ`m ImË`mda gmogm`Q>rV {_iV§M Vo Úm`bm gm§J. ÝhmB©Va dmB©Q> ìhB©b.''
åhUOo Jar~ AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm bmMma Zmhr. ñdV:{df`rMm ñdm{^_mZ JhmU R>odUmam Zmhr.
eoVmda àM§S> ào_ H$aUmam AmS>ì`mßnm Ë`mMm bhmZ ^mD$ g§Jmßnm Omo ehamV amhVmo, gw{e{jV,
ZmoH$aXma Amho. Vmo \$ŠV Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m gwImMm {dMma H$aUmam Amho. ehamV IM© \$ma hmoVmo. `m
g~~rImbr Vmo KamMr d eoVmMr dmQ>Ur _mJy bmJVmo. eoV {dH$Ê`mMr ^mfm H$aVmo. ho EoH$VmM
AmS>ì`mßnm àM§S> g§VmnVmo. dmS>dS>bmMm VodT>m VwH$S>m Var JmdmV Agy Xo åhUVmo. `mdê$Z AmS>ì`mßnm
Amnë`m _mVrer B_mZ amIUmam, _mVr åhUOo Amnb§ OJU§ Amho Ë`m eoVm{edm` hm Hw$idmS>r OJyM
eH$V Zmhr ho {gÕ hmoVmZm {XgVo. {ejUmZo _mUg§ OmoS>Ê`mEodOr VwQ>Ê`mMrM à{H«$`m `oWo {XgyZ `oVo.
A{e{jV, AS>mUr AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm Xm[aÐ`mMo MQ>Ho$ ghZ H$arV ZmVog§~§Ymda _Zmo^mdo {Zð>m R>odVmo.
Amnë`m ~{hUrÀ`m g§H$§Q>m§Zm Vmo YmdyZ OmVmo. bhmZ ~hrU {JarOm hrMm Zdam Xmê$S>m åhUyZ Vmo
{VÀ`m{df`r H$miOr H$aVmo, Ë`mÀ`m hm°pñnQ>bMo {~b XmoZ Vo VrZ hOma én`o ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r ~m`H$moM§
J§RU (_§JigyÌ) R>odÊ`mMr V`mar Xe©{dVmo. _moR>r ~hrU AmŠH$m {OZo AmnUmg bhmUmM§ _moR>§ Ho$b§ {Vbm
H°$Ýga Pmbm Amho; ho EoH$VmM Xþ:Ir hmoVmo. Am°naoeZgmR>r drg hOma én`o {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Vmo
gaVoeodQ>r AmŠH$mMo {ZYZ hmoVo. {Vbm eodQ>M§ _mhoanU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm ^mdH$sVrb {XZy {eUJmaoH$S>yZ
200 én`o CgZo ¿`mdo bmJVmV. "^ZrÀ`m _`Vmbm~r CgU§ n¡go ¿`m`Mr' nmir `oVo. Agbm H$gbm
Amnbm Ob_ åhUyZ Vmo Z{e~mbm Xmof XoD$ bmJVmo.
Amnë`m _wbmZ§ Ho$gyZo Iyn {eH$md§ ZmoH$ar H$amdr åhUOo Amnbr `m Xm[aÐ`mVyZ gwQ>H$m hmoB©b Agm
AmemdmX Vmo _Zmer ~miJVmo nU {ejU d ZmoH$argmR>r bmI XmoZ bmI én`mMr JaO AgVo ho dmñVd
Vmo ñdrH$maVmo. nU H$YrVar H$mi ~Xbob, gwImMo {Xdg `oVrb Aer BÀN>m Vmo _Zr ~miJVmo.
KamVb§ Ow§Yi§ g§nb§, eodQ>M§ Xin Ago Vm`ìdm Ë`mbm gy{MV H$aVo. ñdV: OdiMo H$mhr eo
XmoZeo ê$n`o KoD$Z Om|Yi§ AmUm ho åhUVmM KamV Ow§Yi§ AmUÊ`mnojm eoVmV IV Q>mH$U§ _hÎdmMo Amho
åhUyZ Vmo VmbwŠ`mbm OmD$Z bmJdS>rÀ`m XmoZ {neì`m AmUVmo. nmD$g nS>Vmo nU nmdgmMm Omoa H$mhr
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Wm§~V Zmhr Aemdoir amZmVbm gmo`m~rZ Hw$OyZ _mVr hmoVo åhUyZ Vmo qMVmH«$m§V hmoVmo. S>moŠ`mdaMm H$Om©Mm
S>m|Ja H$gm CVamd`mMm hr KaKa Ë`mÀ`m _Zmbm bmJVo.
g_mamon : AemàH$mao `m H$mX§~arV AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo dV©_mZpñWVrV Aën^yYmaH$ H$moaS>dmhÿ
eoVH$è`mbm OJV AgVmZm H$moUË`m g_ñ`m§Zm, àíZm§Zm Vm|§S> Úmdo bmJVo `mda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
H$mX§~arV _Ü`dVu ì`pŠVaoIm AgUmam AmS>ì`mßnm Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$è`mMm à{V{ZYr R>aVmZm {XgVmo.
bKwÎmar àíZ :
~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmË`mVrb nS>PS> d {dKQ>Z `mMo dU©Z H$am.
àmñVm{dH$ : ~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arV PnmQ>çmZo "ZmJa' hmoV Mmbboë`m J«m_rU ~hþOZ
g_mOm_Ü`o ì`ŠVr Am{U Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ZmVog§~§YmMm Jw§Vm A{YH$ dmT>V Mmbbobm Amho. {ejUm_wio
_mUgm§Mr _Z§ Odi `oÊ`mEodOr Xÿa, VwQ>V Mmbbr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü`o doJdoJio
àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ ZmË`mVrb g§~§Ym§Mr Xar dmT>VM Mmbbobr Amho. boIH$ H$ëbmßnm
H$moUHo$ar `mÀ`m {MÌnQ> nQ>H$WoVrb Zm`H$ AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo `mMo Xe©Z KS>Vo.
{ddoMZ : {ejUmMr g§Yr gd© ~hþOZ g_mOmgmR>r Iwbr Pmë`mZ§Va eoVH$è`mMr _wb§ {eHy$
bmJbr. _moR>çm nXmda ZmoH$ar H$ê$Z A{YH$mar ~Zbr. ZmoH$arÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Amnë`m {ÌH$moUr qH$dm
Mm¡H$moZr Hw$Qw>§~mgh ehamV amhÿ bmJbr. ehamVbr g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m§Zm AmdSy> bmJbr. Amnbm Jmd, Hw$Qw>§~,
ZmË`mJmoË`mVrb _mUg§ `m{df`rMo ào_, AmoT>m H$_r hmoD$ bmJbm. Ë`mMo Xe©Z AmS>ì`mßnmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo
boIH$ H$moUHo$ar AYmoao{IV H$aVmo. AmS>ì`mßnmMm bhmZ ^mD$ JmdmH$S>Mo Ë`mÀ`m dmQ>UrMo Ka d eoV
`m§Mr dmQ>Ur _mJy bmJVmo. `mdê$Z XmoKm ^mdm§_Ü`o dmX hmoVmo. AmS>ì`mßnm g§VmnVmo Am{U åhUVmo, "bmO
ÝhmB© dmQ>V. í`mV BH$Vmog. H$moU KoVmo` harMm bmb Ë`o ~KVmoM AOyZ ImV§ ÝhmB© \w$Q>m`. EdT>§ Ü`mZmV
R>od. dmS>dS>bm§Mm VwH$S>m Var JmdmV Agy Xo. bB© ~r CVmUr ìhdy ZH$mo. nmoam~mimbm nm` Q>oH$m` OmJm
Agy Xo.' g§Jmßnmbm Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mì`{V[aŠV BVam§Mm {dMma H$amdm dmQ>V Zmhr. {eHy$Z _moR>çm nXmda
ZmoH$ar H$ê$Z Mma n¡go hmVmV Amë`mda ZmË`mJmoË`mMm {dga nS>Vmo. eoV {dH$U§ åhUOo AmB© {dH$U§ Amho,
ho Ë`m AßnbnmoQ>r g§Jmßnm d Ë`mÀ`m ~m`H$moÀ`m Ü`mZr `oV Zmhr.
_moR>r ~hrU AmŠH$mbm H°$Ýga Pmbm Amho Voìhm {VÀ`m Am°naoeZÀ`m IMm©gmR>r AmS>ì`mßnm d
~{hUrMm Zdam Ë`mÀ`m Xmar `oVmV Voìhm g§JmßnmMr ~m`H$mo Ë`m§Mm ì`dpñWV nmhþUMmahr H$aV Zmhr.
^m§S>çmMr AmXiAmnQ> H$aVo. VgoM g§Jmßnm H°$ÝgaMo Am°naoeZ H$ê$Zhr Cn`moJ Zmhr Ago {Zðy>anUo Amnbo
_V _m§S>Vmo. ehamV OJVmZm ^`§H$a AmoT>mVmU hmoVo. Ago H$maU Vmo nwT>o H$aVmo. _moR>çm ~{hUrZo AZoH$
IñVm ImD$Z nmbZnmofU Ho$bo ho Vmo gmo{`ñH$anUo {dgaVmo. `m XmoKm§Mm g§dmX EoHy$Z g§JmßnmMr ~m`H$mo
~mhoa `oVo d VUVUV åhUOo, ""Vwåhr Kmbm gJi§ bmoH$m§À`m _S>çmda Am_r ~ñVmd Q>mi dmOdV.''
åhUOo ZmË`mVbr _mUg§ EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ XþamdV Mmbbr AmhoV. aŠVmMr _mUg§ AmVm "bmoH§$' hmoD$
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bmJbr. Xþ:ImV, AS>MUrV EH$_oH$mbm gmW H$aÊ`mMo {Xdg AmVm am{hbobo ZmhrV.
XþgarH$S>o AmS>ì`mßnmMr ~m`H$mo Vm`ìdmhr `mM AZw^dmVyZ OmVo. ehamV amhUmam {VMm bhmZ ^mD$
nmobrg {ejUmgmR>r Amnbm _wbJm Ho$gy ehamV ^mdmH$S>o am{hbm Va Ë`mbm Mm§Jb§ diU d {ejUhr
{_iob `m AmeoZo Vr ^mdmH$S>o OmVo. ^mdmMr ~m`H$mo Mm§Jbm nmhþUMma H$aVo. nU Ho$gybm {ejUmgmR>r
R>odÊ`mÀ`m {dMmambm Vo XmoKo nVrnËZr ZH$ma XoVmV. ehamV N>moQ>çm Imoë`m, ahmÊ`mMm àíZ, KamnmgyZ
emim bm§~ qH$dm ehamV _wbm§Zm dmB©Q> g§JV bmJVo Aer AZoH$ H$maUo gm§JVmV. {Zame Vm`ìdm eodQ>r
Ho$gybm KoD$Z JmdmH$S>o `oVo.
g_mamon : WmoS>Š`mV ehamVrb ZmoH$aXma _mUg§ ñdmWu, AßnbnmoQ>r ~ZV Mmbbr AmhoV.
ZmË`mVrb ào_, AmoT>m, {Oìhmim, AmnbonUm AmQ>V Mmbbm Amho. ZmË`mVrb hr nS>PS> d {dKQ>Z
Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m àJVr_Ü`o AS>ga R>ê$ bmJbr Amho. Ë`mbm EH$ J§^ra ê$n àmßV Pmbo Amho. ho gmao `m
H$mX§~arV VnerbmZo `oVo.
4.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m
1. boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar hm°Q>obmV H$moUË`m àH$maMo OodU ImV Ago?
(_m§gmhmar / emH$mhmar / {_lmhmar)
2. {XnyeoR> XþH$mZmV ^m§S>çmgmo~V AmUIr H$moUVr dñVy {dH$Ê`mgmR>r R>odV Ago?
(dhr-nwñVH$§ / H$nS>o / N>Í`m)
3. _mS>rMo kmZr _hmamO ñdV:bm H$moUË`m n§WmMo _mZVmV?
(ZmWn§Wr / ZmJn§Wr / XÎmn§Wr)
4. JmdmVrb ã`yQ>rnmb©a H$moUmÀ`m _mbH$sMo Amho?
(XmZdmS>oMr gwZoMo / har {ZinUH$aÀ`m ^mdmÀ`m _wbrMo / VwH$m ga_mù`mÀ`m ~m`H$moMo)
5. JmdmVë`m ~m`H$m-nmoa§ Hw$UmÀ`m Kar Q>r.ìhr. nhm`bm OmVmV.?
(VmË`m nmQ>rb / Am~m Zagmio / XJSy> nmQ>rb)
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. ~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb boIH$ H$ëbmßnm H$moUHo$ar hr ì`pŠVaoIm Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.
2. ~, ~irMm `m H$mX§~arVrb ^m§S>çmMm XþH$mZXma {XnyeoR> `mMo ì`pŠV{MÌ aoImQ>m.
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bKwÎmar àíZ.
1. ~, ~irMm _Yrb ~XbVo IoS>o Am{U AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm ñdrH$ma `mMo dU©Z H$am.
2. ~, ~irMm _Yrb {ejUjoÌmVrb {dXmaH$Vm `mMo dU©Z H$am.
4.9 dmMZ
1. `mXd AmZ§X : JmoVmdim, _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, 1971
2. ~moamS>o am.a§. : nmMmoim, _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, 1971
3. ImoV H¥$îUmV : am¡§Xmim, nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, 2008
3. Xoe_wI gXmZ§X : ~mamo_mg, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>b àH$meZ, _w§~B©, Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr, 2012
4.10 CnH«$_
1. H$moaS>dmhÿ Aën^yYmaH$ eoVH$è`mÀ`m g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`mMr _wbmIV ¿`m.
2. PnmQ>çmZo ZmJa hmoV Mmbboë`m IoS>çmVrb g_ñ`m Vw_À`m eãXmV {bhm.
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