{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
_hmamîQ´>
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
à`moOZ_ycH$ qhXr
(e¡{jH$ df©
2015-16
go)
~r. E. ^mJ-3 qhXr
gÌ-5 nona 10
gÌ - 5 : BH$mB© 1
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
(A) g§Mma _mÜ`_ g§~Y
§ r eãX (~) {ejm, g^m Am¡a g§_b
o Z g§~Y
§ r eãX
AZwH$« _
1.1
CX²Xío `
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df`-{ddoMZ
1.3.1 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : gm_mÝ` n[aM`
1.3.1.1 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
1.3.1.2 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : Cn`wŠVVm
1.3.1.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : gm_mÝ` {deofVmE±
1.3.2 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
1.3.2.1 g§Mma _mÜ`_ g§~§Yr eãX
1.3.2.2 {ejm, g^m Am¡a g§_obZ g§~§Yr eãX
1.4
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z -àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
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1
1.1
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ AW©, n[a^mfm Ed§ ñdê$n go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m _hËd Ed§ àmg§{JH$Vm H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
g§Mma _mÜ`_ g§~§Yr A§J«oOr eãXm| Ho$ qhXr n`m©`dmMr ê$nm| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
{ejm, g^m Am¡a g§_obZ g§~§Yr A§J«oOr eãXm| Ho$ qhXr n`m©`dmMr ê$nm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
1.2
àñVmdZm
Omo eãX {H$gr {d{eï kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ {ZpíMV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVm h¡, dh nm[a^m{fH$ eãX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
{H$gr ^r {df` H$s nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m ~‹S>m hr _hËd hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àemgZ, kmZ-{dkmZ H$s {d{^Þ emImAm|CnemImAm| H$s AnZr-AnZr {d{eï> eãXmdbr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {Ogo "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& emó, {d{eï>
{df` AWdm {gÕmÝV Ho$ gåàofU Ho$ {bE gm_mÝ` eãXm| Ho$ ñWmZ na {d{eï> eãXmdbr H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
`hr eãXmdbr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> {dX²dmZ Bgo VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
{H$gr ^r {df` H$s nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m ~‹S>m hr _hËd h¡ Ÿ& ghO ^mfm (natural language) H$s
VwbZm _| {H$gr d¡km{ZH$, VH$ZrH$s `m Am{W©H$ {df` Ho$ dU©Z _| `h {deofVm hmoVr h¡ {H$ Cg_| g§kmAm| (Zm_) H$s
^a_ma hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr {d{eï> {df` (specialized subject) H$mo g_PZo-g_PmZo H$m H$m_ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
Ho$ {~Zm Xwê$h hr Zht, Agå^d ^r h¡ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ Xmo \$m`Xo hmoVo h¢ - nhbm `h {H$ {H$gr {dMma `m
H$mÝgoßQ> (concept) H$mo g_PZo-g_PmZo Ho$ {b`o Z`o eãX Ho$ à`moJ go {dMmam| H$mo n§I bJ OmVo h¢ Ÿ& Xygam `h {H$
eãX H$s n[a^mfm H$aZo go dh Añnï>Vm g_má hmo OmVr h¡, Omo {H$ Cg eãX gm_mÝ` AWm] _| à`moJ _| AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg
àH$ma {dMma-{d{Z_` (communication) _|> AmgmZr hmoVr h¡ Am¡a {dMma-{d{Z_` XjVm nyd©H$ hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
ñdmYrZ ^maV Ho$ g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwgma Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ H$m_H$mO Ho$ {bE XodZmJar _| {b{IV {hÝXr H$mo 26
OZdar 1950 H$mo ^maV H$s amO^mfm Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ^maV H$s amO^mfm qhXr Kmo{fV hmo OmZo na g§{dYmZ Ho$
AZwÀN>oX 344 (1) Ho$ A§VJ©V 1955 _| J{R>V amO^mfm Am`moJ H$s {g\$m[ae na {Z{_©V g§gXr` g{_{V H$s [anmoQ>©
na 1960 _| amï´>n{V Ho$ AmXoemZwgma qhXr H$s d¡km{ZH$ VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE 1961 _| ñdV§Ì Am`moJ
H$m JR>Z hmoZo na qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ joÌ _| J{VerbVm AmB© Ÿ& amO^mfm H$m CÎmaXm{`Îd J«hU H$aVo hr
{hÝXr ^mfm gm{hË` go AÝ` joÌm| _o§, Ý`m`, {dkmZ, dm{UÁ`, àemgZ, OZg§Mma, {dkmnZ, AZwdmX Ed§ amoOJma
H$s ^mfm ~Z JB© Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm go nyd© A§J«oOr emgZ-H$mb go emgH$s` H$m`© A§J«oOr ^mfm _| gånÞ {H$E OmVo Wo Ÿ& ñnï>
h¡ AmO ^r OZ_mZg _| A§J«oOr H$m Jham à^md N>m`m hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr kmZ-{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Ed§
àemgZ Ho$ {d{^Þ emImAm| na A§J«oOr ^mfm H$m hr à^wËd h¡ Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| H$m`m©b`rZ, H$m_H$mOr Am¡a
ì`mdhm[aH$ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| {hÝXr H$mo T>mbm J`m Am¡a CgHo$ à`moOZr` nj H$mo ~T>mdm {_bm Ÿ& Ý`m`, OZg§Mma,
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2
nÌH$m[aVm, _r{S>`m, {dkmZ Am¡a {dkmnZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo nyam H$aZo hoVw nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m {dH$mg hþAm
Am¡a hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& X¡Z§{XZ$ ì`dhma _| à`wº$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU qhXr g_¥Õ hmoVr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&
AV: {hÝXr H$s nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr à`moOZ_ybH$ {hÝXr H$m _hËdnyU© A§J h¡ Ÿ&
^y_§S>brH$aU Ho$ Bg Xm¡a _| nyar Xw{Z`m g_oQ>H$a ZOXrH$ Am JB© Ÿh¡ & kmZ, {dkmZ Ed§ V§ÌkmZ Ho$ {d{^Þ
Am{dîH$mam| Zo {dH$mg H$s J{V H$mo d¥X²qYJV {H$`m Am¡a Xw{Z`m H$m Moham-_moham hr ~Xb {X`m Ÿh¡ & gyMZm Ed§
àmX²`mo{JH$s Ho$ joÌ _| ZE {dH${gV g§Mma-_mÜ`_m| Zo H«$m§{V bm Xr Ÿh¡ & AmO Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| g§Mma Ho$ _w{ÐV Ed§
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_m| H$m AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd ~Zm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& AV: BZ {d{^Þ g§Mma-_mÜ`_m| g§~§Yr
Ho$ kmZ Ed§ ì`dhma hoVw Bg joÌ go OwS>r nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr go n[a{MV hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr nyao
_mZdOm{V H$s CÞ{V _| {ejm H$m _hËd AjwÊU h¡ Ÿ& {XZ-~-{XZ {ejm H$s Ah{_`V ~‹T>Vr hr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& {ejm
Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW-gmW g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$s g§»`m _| ^r d¥X²{Y hmo ahr h¡ Am¡a {dMma-{d_e© H$mo ~‹T>moVar {_b ahr
h¡ Ÿ& kmZ VWm Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| Ho$ CÞ`Z hoVw, {dMmam| Ed§ ^mdm| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ hoVw BZH$m `moJXmZ {_b ahm h¡ Ÿ& AV:
VËg§~§Yr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m kmZ hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go g§Mma-_mÜ`_ VWm {ejm, g^m Ed§ g§_obZ go
g§~§{YV A§J«oOr Ed§ qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m {ddoMZ `hm± {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ
1.3.1 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : gm_mÝ` n[aM`
1.3.1.1 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
AW© nm[a^m{fH$ eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ "Q>opŠZH$b' eãX H$m qhXr AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ& J«rH$ ^mfm Ho$ "Q>opŠZŠg' eãX go
A§J«oOr H$m "Q>opŠZH$b' eãX ì`wËnÞ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& \$mXa H$m{_b ~wëHo$ Zo "EZ B§p½eb-qhXr {S>ŠeZar' _| BgHo$ AW© Ho$
~mao _| {bIm h¡ - "Of a particular art, science, craft or about art." AWm©V² {deof H$bm, {dkmZ, {eën
AWdm H$bm Ho$ ~mao _| BgH$m à`moJ Skill ({d{eï> H$bm) Ho$ AW© _| ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah H$hm Om gH$Vm
h¡ {H$ ""nm[a^m{fH$'' eãX dh eãX h¡ Omo {H$gr {d{eï> kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ {ZpíMV {ZYm©[aV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ&
n[a^mfmE± S>m°. aKwdra - ""nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m AW© h¡ {OgH$s gr_mE± ~m§Y Xr JB© hmoŸ& {OZ eãXm| H$s gr_m ~m±Y Xr
OmVr h¢ do nm[a^m{fH$ eãX hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a {OZH$s gr_m Zht ~m±Yr OmVr, do gmYmaU eãX hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&''
S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar - ""nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Eogo eãXm| H$mo H$hVo h¢ Omo agm`Z, ^m¡{VH$s, Xe©Z, amOZr{V,
{d{^Þ {dkmZm| `m emóm| Ho$ eãX hmoVo h¢, VWm Omo AnZo-AnZo joÌ _| {d{eï> AW© _| gw{ZpíMV én go nm[a^m{fH$
hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AW© Am¡a à`moJ H$s Ñ{ï> go {ZpíMV ê$n go nm[a^m{fV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr `o eãX nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$ho OmVo
h¢ Ÿ&''
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3
Bgr àH$ma nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m AW© ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo AZoH$ àH$ma go n[a^mfmE±
{ZpíMV H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$s n[a^mfm Bg àH$ma Xr Om gH$Vr h¡
- ""Omo eãX gm_mÝ` ì`dhma H$s ^mfm _| à`wº$ Z hmoH$a kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ {d{^Þ joÌm| _o§ {df` Ed§ g§X^© Ho$ AZwgma
{d{eï> qH$Vw {ZpíMV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢, CÝh| nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&''
Bg àH$ma Eogo nm[a^m{fH$ eãX g_yh H$mo "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' AWdm "VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr' H$hm Om
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| VWm CÚmoJ, ~¢H$, H§$nZr, g§ñWmZ Am{X Ho$ A§VJ©V ì`dhma Ho$ {bE {OZ {d{eï>
eãXmo§ H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡, AWm©V² Omo {deof {df` Ho$ ~moYH$ _mZo OmVo h¢, do ^r nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s loUr
_| AmVo h¢ Ÿ& gmW hr ^m¡{VH$s, agm`Z, àm{U{dkmZ, dZñn{V{dkmZ, J{UV, Á`m{_{V, A§V[aj-{dkmZ, H$åß`yQ>a,
B§Or{Z`ar, _mZ{dH$s, Xyag§Mma VWm àm¡X²`mo{JH$s Am{X joÌm| H$s A{^ì`{º$ Am¡a ì`dhma _| {d{eï> AW© H$mo boH$a
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
1.3.1.2 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : Cn`wº$VVm
{H$gr ^r ^mfm Ho$ {bE nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m _hËd Ag§{X½Y h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. _mB© X`mb O¡Z Ho$ {dMmamZwgma
{H$gr ^r ^mfm Ho$ {bE eãXmdbr H$m ñWmZ nhbm h¡ Am¡a gm{hË` H$m Xygam Ÿ& g§^dV: Bgr{bE do `h ^r ñdrH$maVo
h¢ {H$ qhXr Am¡a Xygar ^mfmAm| _| d¡km{ZH$ VWm {eën-{dkmZ g§~§Yr CƒH$mo{Q> H$m gm{hË` Am¡a Cg gm{hË` Ho$
{bE Cn`wº$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr V¡`ma H$aZo H$m H$m_ AË`ÝV Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ gm{hË` Am¡a d¡km{ZH$
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m Amng _| Jham g§~§Y h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr ^r {df` H$s àJ{V Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {df` Ho$
AZwHy$b nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& {df` go g§~§{YV H${R>ZmB©`m|, JwpËW`m| H$mo gwbPmZo Ed§
{H$gr {dMma H$mo g_PZo-g_PmZo VWm CgHo$ ñnï>rH$aU hoVw nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s ghm`Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma
H$s eãXmdbr H$m à`moJ AnZo-AnZo {df` Ho$ {deofkm| _| nañna {dMma-{d{Z_` Am¡a qMVZ Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg
Ñ{ï> go {H$gr ^r {df` Ho$ gdmª{JU {dH$mg hoVw nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr AZÝ`gmYmaU ^y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h H$aVr
h¡ Ÿ&
AmO H$m `wJ {dkmZ Am¡a à{d{Y H$m `wJ h¡ Ÿ& {dkmZ H$s ZB© CnbpãY`m| H$m gmjmËH$ma, CX²`moJm| Ho$
{dñVma VWm {d{^Þ kmZ-emImAm| _| {Za§Va {dH${gV hmoVr kmZ-MoVZm VWm ~‹T>Vo hþE qMVZ go g_w{MV n[aM`
H$aZo-H$amZo Ed§ nmañnm[aH$ g§dmX Am¡a {d{eï> g§àofU Ho$ {bE gm_mÝ` AWdm gmYmaU ^mfm An`m©á VWm Ag_W©
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: BZ ZdrZ emoYm| go bm^mpÝdV hmoZo Ho$ {bE Cg kmZ-emIm H$s {d{eï> eãXmdbr H$m kmZ Amdí`H$
h¡ Ÿ& {d{eï> kmZ H$s `o {d{eï> A{^ì`{º$`m±, nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s g¥OZ-^y{_ h¢ Ÿ& {Og ^mfm _| {OVZo A{YH$
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m aMmd-O_md hmoJm, dh ^mfm CVZr hr g§nÞ H$hbmEJr VWm g_H$mbrZ OrdZ-OJV Ho$ {bE
CVZr hr A{YH$ Cn`wº$ H$hr OmEJr Ÿ& S>m°. _h|Ð MVwd}Xr Ho$ eãXm| _| ""{H$gr ^r ^mfm _| g_w{MV nm[a^m{fH$
eãXmdbr H$s {dX²`_mZVm, Cg ^mfm-^mfr dJ© Ho$ ~m¡X²{YH$ CËH$f© Ed§ gånÞVm H$s n[aMm`H$ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m
A^md ~m¡X²{YH$ X[aÐVm H$m Ÿ&''
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4
qhXr Ho$ g§X^© _| {deof ê$n go CgHo$ amO^mfm ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ed§
A{Zdm`©Vm Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T> JB© Ÿ& Am¡X²`mo{JH$ joÌ H$s A§J«oOr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ ñWmZ na amï´>r` ñdm^r_mZ,
^maVr` Apñ_Vm H$s à{Vð>m VWm _mZ{gH$ Jwbm_r go _w{º$ Ho$ {bE Ed§ kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ {d{^Þ AZwemgZm| Ho$
AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ Ho$ {bE CZH$s nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m qhXr _| hmoZm Amdí`H$ hmo J`m Ÿ& AV: kmZ-{dkmZ,
àemgZ, dm{UÁ` Ed§ OZg§Mma Ho$ joÌ _| Bg Ñ{ï> go à`mg {H$E JE Am¡a qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m {Z_m©U
hþAm Ÿ& ñdV§Ì Xoe H$s AnZr {ZOr amO^mfm _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m _hËd Am¡a Cn`mo{JVm Am¡a A{YH$ hmo OmVr
h¡, Š`m|{H$ emgZ g§~§Yr g^r H$m`© CgH$s AnZr ^mfm _| hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go qhXr H$s nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m
_hËd ~hþV A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& AmO qhXr H$s à`moOZr`Vm _| `h nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ah_² ^y{_H$m {Z^m ahr h¡ Ÿ& AmO
qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$mo AË`mYw{ZH$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE à`mg {H$E Om aho h¢ Am¡a Bg Ñ{ï> go Am¡a A{YH$ à`mg
Amdí`H$ ^r h¡, V^r qhXr H$s g_¥X²{Y _| d¥X²{Y hmoJr Ÿ&
1.3.1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr : gm_mÝ` {deofVmE±
{d{^Þ {dX²dmZm| Zo nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s Ano{jV {deofVmAm| na {dMma-{d_e© {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `yZoñH$mo
H$s Amoa go àmo\o$ga AmJpñQ>Zmo godmo[aZ Zo AnZo J«§W _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s {deofVmAm| na {dñVma go àH$me
S>mbm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar VWm S>m°. gË`d«V Am{X Zo ^r nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmAm| H$s
MMm© H$s h¡ Ÿ& {d{^Þ J«W§ m| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ níMmV² nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s {ZåZ{b{IV Ano{jV gm_mÝ` {deofVmE±
{ZYm©[aV H$s Om gH$Vr h¢ ♦
"nm[a^m{fH$' eãX H$m AW© gw{ZpíMV, gw~moY VWm ñnï> hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Cgo AW©gH§ $moM AWdm AW©{dñVma
Ho$ Xmof go _wº$ hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& "nm[a^m{fH$' eãX H$mo AnZr AW©n[a{Y go A{YH$ `m H$_ AW© H$mo
A{^ì`º$ Zht H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
♦
"nm[a^m{fH$' eãX CƒmaU H$s Ñ{ï> go gab VWm gw~moY hmoZo Mm{hE Ÿ&
♦
{H$gr EH$ g§H$ënZm Ho$ {bE EH$ hr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
♦
ha eãX H$mo ñdV§Ì ApñVÎd hmoZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ Cgo n‹T>H$a `m gwZH$a {H$gr AÝ` nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m ^«_
nmR>H$ `m lmoVm H$mo Z hmo Ÿ&
♦
"nm[a^m{fH$' eãX Aënmjar `m N>moQ>m hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& O¡go "h§Ja ñQ´>mBH$' Ho$ {bE "^yIh‹S>Vmb' Ho$ ~Xbo
"AZeZ' eãX Á`mXm AÀN>m h¡ Ÿ&
♦
gabVm Am¡a ~moYJå`Vm Ho$ {bE g_mZ loUr Ho$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| _| EH$ê$nVm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& gmW hr
gmW Ag_mZ g§H$ënZmAm| AWdm MrOm| Ho$ {bE {_bVo-OwbVo eãX-à`moJ H$mo Q>mbZm Mm{hE Ÿ& BgHo$
{dnarV g§~Õ g§H$ënZmAm| Am¡a MrOm| Ho$ {bE EH$ loUr Ho$ g§~Õ eãX hmoZo Mm[hE Ÿ&
♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX `Wmg§^d EH$ hr _yb eãX go {Z{_©V hmoZo Mm{hE Ÿ&
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5
♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Ho$ {Z`V AW© _| CngJ©, àË`` `m AÝ` Cn`wº$ eãX Omo‹S>H$a Ohm± VH$ hmo gHo$ AÝ`
eãX ~ZmZo H$s Jw§OmB©e ahZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
♦
`{X {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| Ho$ {bE EH$ hr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm hmo, Vmo Cg eãX H$mo CƒmaU
H$s Ñ{ï> go gab VWm AW© H$s Ñ{ï> go ñnï> hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr _| g§{jáVVm Ho$ gmW-gmW gm§Ho${VH$Vm ^r hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& O¡go - Am[d{Z -AmJam
{dH$mg {ZJ_ Ÿ&
♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$mo CZH$s g§H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma ì`m»`m XoH$a g_Pm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - A§Varj
(ñnog), Vmn-_mnr (W_m©-_rQ>a) Am{X Ÿ&
♦
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Agm_mÝ` hmoVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ do gm_mÝ` ì`dhma _| à`wº$ Zht hmoVo Ÿ& O¡go - {MÌ-VwaJÝ`m`, à{V^y{V Am{X Ÿ&
♦
{H$gr EH$ joÌ Ho$ {d{eï> nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m ñWmZ AÝ` H$moB© Xygam eãX Zht bo gH$Vm Ÿ& O¡go {d{Y Ho$
joÌ _| à`wº$ ""A{YgyMZm'', àemgZ Ho$ joÌ _| à`wº$ ""Bí`y'' Am{X Ÿ&
♦
Hw$N> nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Xmo `m A{YH$ {d{eï> joÌm| _| {d{eï> (AbJ-AbJ) AWm] _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go
- goŠ`w[aQ>r-gwajm (g¡Ý`-{dkmZ _|) Am¡a à{V^y{V/O_mZV (~¢qH$J _|) Am{X Ÿ&
♦
Xmo `m A{YH$ g§H$ënZmAm| Ho$ ~rM H$s gyú_Vm H$s ghr A{^ì`{º$ àXmZ H$aZm ^r BgH$s EH$ à_wI
{deofVm h¡ & O¡go - hrQ> - Vmn, Q>oåàoMa - Vmn_mZ Am{X Ÿ&
♦
kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ ZE-ZE joÌm| H$m {dH$mg VWm ZdrZ dñVwAm| H$m {Z_m©U hmooZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$r A{^ì`{º$
VWm ZdrZ g§H$ënZmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$aZo hoVw CZHo$ AZwê$n ZE eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U Amdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| go gabVmnyd©H$ ZE eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go "A§H$Z' go nam§H$Z,
n¥ð>m§H$Z, aoIm§H$Z, gr_m§H$Z Am{X Ÿ&
1.3.2 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m g§~§Y à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr go A{Zdm`©V: Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& dñVwV: à`moOZ_ybH$
qhXr Ho$ A§J^yV A{Zdm`© VÎd Ho$ ê$n _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s _hÎmm AjwÊU ~Zr hþB© h¡ Ÿ& h_mao Xoe _| {dkmZ
Am¡a àmoX²`mo{JH$s Ho$ CX` Ed§ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW CgH$s gQ>rH$ VWm gmW©H$ A{^ì`{º$ hoVw qhXr Ho$ à`moOZ_ybH$ ê$n
_| CgH$s VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr H$s {ZVm§V Oê$aV _hgyg H$s JB© Ÿh¡ & \$bV: qhXr _| àemgZ, {d{Y, {dkmZ Ed§
Q>oŠZm°bm°Or go g§~§{YV nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m {Z_m©U Ed§ àMbZ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s Ho$
{Z_m©U Ho$ H$maU {dkmZ Ed§ àmoX²`mo{JH$s Ho$ joÌ _| à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr H$mo AË`m{YH$ J{V {_b JB© h¡ Ÿ& AV:
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s AZwà`wº$VVm à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr _| EH$ A{Zdm`© VWm AË`ÝV CnmXo` VÎd Ho$ ê$n _|
{gX²Y hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg AW© _| à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr Ho$ àemgZ, {d{Y, Xyag§Mma, _mZ{dH$s {dkmZ, A§Varj, H$åß`wQ>a
VWm àmoX²`mo{JH$s Am{X joÌm| _| à`w{º$ Ho$ CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s _hÎmm AjwÊU h¡ Ÿ&
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6
1.3.2.1 g§Mma _mÜ`_ g§~§Yr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
"g§Mma' H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡ {H$gr gyMZm `m OmZH$mar H$mo Xygam| VH$ nhþM
± mZm Ÿ& `h A§JO
o« r Ho$ "H$å`w{ZHo$eZ'
H$m qhXr ê$nm§Va h¡ Ÿ& "{H$gr EH$ ì`{º$ go Xygao ì`{º$ H$mo AWdm {H$gr EH$ ì`{º$ go H$B© ì`{º$`m| H$mo Hw$N> gmW©H$
{Mh²Zm|, g§Ho$Vm| `m àVrH$m| Ho$ g§àofU go gyMZm, OmZH$mar, kmZ `m _Zmo^md H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aZm "g§Mma' h¡ Ÿ&
Bgr àH$ma {H$gr ~mV AWdm kmZ H$mo Xya-Xya VH$ bmoJm| _| \¡$bmZm `m CÝh| Cg kmZ go AdJV H$amZm `h ^r g§Mma
h¡ Ÿ& Xygao eãXm| _| h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ O~ h_ {H$gr ^md `m {dMma H$mo `m {H$gr OmZH$mar H$mo Xygam| Va nhþ±MmVo
h¢ Am¡a `h à{H«$`m ì`{º$JVñVa na Z hmoH$a gm_y{hH$ñVa na hmoVr h¡, Vmo Cgo "OZ-g§Mma' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr _| "OZ-g§Mma' H$mo "_mg-H$å`w{ZHo$eZ' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "_mg' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ "{demb' VWm
"H$å`w{ZHo$eZ' H$m AW© h¡ "g§Mma' Ÿ& AWm©V {H$gr OmZH$mar H$mo {demb OZ-g_yh AWdm XyañW Xoe d àXoe _|
\¡$bmZm hr _mg-H$å`w{ZHo$eZ h¡ Ÿ&
gä`Vm Am¡a kmZd¥X²{Y Ho$ gmW "OZg§Mma' H$m _hËd {Za§Va ~‹T>Vm hr Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ `wJ _| {H$gr
^r Xoe `m g_mO H$s H$ënZm d CgH$s CÞ{V "OZg§Mma' Ho$ A^md _| g§^d Zht h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ g_` _| bmIm| bmoJm|
VH$ gyMZmE²± EH$gmW Am¡a Ëd[aV J{V go "OZg§Mma' _mÜ`_m| H$s ghm`Vm go nhw±M OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m _w»` CX²Xoí`
hmoVm h¡, OZH$ë`mU, {ejm, OmJê$H$Vm, _Zmoa§OZ Ÿ& Bg CX²Xoí` H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE "OZ-g§Mma' _mÜ`_m| H$m Cn`moJ
{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
"{díd-Jm±d' H$s H$ënZm H$m AmYma {dH${gV OZg§Mma V§Ì hr h¡ Ÿ& Bgo A§J«oOr _| BZ\$m°a_oeZ Q>oŠZm°bm°Or
(Am`.Q>r.) VWm qhXr _| "gyMZm-H«$mpÝV' Ho$ ê$n _| OmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmO h_ H$amo‹S>m| _rb Xya ~¡R>o ì`{º$, g_mO,
^r‹S> AWdm g_yh VH$ AnZr ~mV `m AnZm g§Xoe g\$bVm Ho$ gmW Xo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& AmO Vmo OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| _|
AË`mYw{ZH$ Q>oŠZm°bm°Or Ho$ H$maU ~hþV ^mar _mÌm _| d¥X²{Y hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma-nÌ, nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±, {dkmnZ,
Q>o{b\$moZ, _mo~mB©b, ao{S>Amo, Q>o{bpìhOZ, {\$ë_, H$åß`wQ>a Am{X OZg§Mma Ho$ {dH${gV gmYZm| Zo _Zmoa§OZ Ed§
kmZ-{dkmZ H$s OmZH$mar H$mo h_mao gå_wI namog {X`m h¡ Ÿ& BZ _mÜ`_m| go h_ XyañW Xoem| _| hmoZo dmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s
OmZH$mar bo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& AnZm kmZ-n[a_mO©Z H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& ì`mnm[aH$ {hVmo§ H$m g§~§Y H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& {dkmZ d {ejm
Ho$ ZE-ZE Am`m_m| H$mo ImoO gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& Am_ qOXJr H$s N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Oê$aV_§X MrOm| VH$ AmgmZr go nhþ±M gH$Vo
h¢ Ÿ& AnZo H$mo_b^md, AnZo A§Va§J {_Ìm| d n[aOZm| VH$ g§ào{fV H$a gH$Vo h¢ `m `y± H$hm OmE {H$ h_ Xw{Z`m H$mo
AnZr _wQ²>R>r _| H¡$X H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
AmO {d{^Þ g_mMmanÌ, nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Ka ~¡R>o hr Xw{Z`m^a H$s I~a| {_b OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
ao{S>Amo VWm XyaXe©Z Ho$ {d{dY M¡Zobm| Ed§ {\$ë_m| X²dmam _Zmoa§OZ Ed§ OmZH$mar H$mo ha Ka _| nhþ±Mm`m Om ahm h¢ Ÿ&
_mo~mB©b, H$åß`wQ>a, B§Q>aZoQ>, B©-_ob, dm°Q²>g An Am{X àUm{b`m| Ho$ AYwZmVZ {dH${gV V§Ì àUmbr Zo Vmo g§Mma _|
H«$m§{V bm Xr h¡ Ÿ& bJ^J ha joÌ _| BZHo$ à`moJ go H$m`© H$aZm gwb^ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO pñW{V `h h¡ {H$ qOXJr ~ga
H$aZo Ho$ {bE BZ _mÜ`_m| go ANy>Vm Zht ahm Om gH$Vm Ÿ& V~ BZ {d{^Þ g§Mma-_mÜ`_m| go R>rH$ ‹T>§J go AdJV hmoZo
Ho$ {bE BZgo g§~§{YV A§J«oOr-qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$mo OmZZm {ZVm§V Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&
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7
n[a{eï> - A
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
g§Mma-_mÜ`_ g§~§Yr eãX
1.
Adless Paper
:
{dkmnZa{hV nÌ, {dkmnZa{hV n{ÌH$m
2.
Abstract bulletin
:
g§{já g_mMma
3.
Advt. media
:
{dkmnZ _mÜ`_
4.
Airproof Paper
:
dmVê$Õ H$mJO
5.
Automatic Composing
:
ñdMb _wÐm`moOZ
6.
Binding
:
{OëXgmOr
7.
Blank Paper
:
A_w{ÐV n¥ð>
8.
Block letter
:
ñWwbmja
9.
Black list
:
H$mbr gyMr
10.
Blue journalism
:
Zrb nÌH$m[aVm
11.
Caption
:
erf©H$, {MÌn[aM`
12.
Cartoon
:
ì`§½`{MÌ
13.
Catch line
:
eofm§e (erf©H$)
14.
Column
:
ñV§^
15.
Comic paper
:
hmñ` g_mMma nÌ
16.
City news
:
ZJa g_mMma
17.
Composing
:
Aja`moOZ
18.
Water colour paper
:
Oba§J nona
19.
Wedding column
:
{ddmhñV§^
20.
Weekly news paper
:
gmám{hH$ g_mMma nÌ
21.
Weekly
:
gmám{hH$
22.
Watermark paper
:
Obm§H$ nona
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8
23.
Waxed paper
:
_mo_r H$mJO
24.
Wearing of letter
:
Aja H$m {_Q>mZm
25.
Wad stock
:
H$maVygr H$mJO
1.3.2.2 {ejm, g^m Am¡a g§_obZ g§~§Yr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
_Zwî`-Om{V H$s {dH$mg à{H«$`m _| {ejm H$m _hËd AZÝ`gmYmaU h¡ Ÿ& ~J¡a {ejm Ho$ CÞ{V nmZm Ag§^d
h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` AnZo OÝ_ go boH$a A§VVH$ AmOrdZ {ejm nmVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Am¡nMm[aH$ Am¡a AZm¡nMm[aH$m BZ Xmo àH$mam|
go dh {ejm J«hU H$aVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {ejm H$s à{H«$`m {Za§Va MbVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& {ejm H$s à{H«$`m Ho$ H$maU _Zwî` H$m
{dH$mg hmoVm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& OZ_mZg _| B§gm{Z`V, g§ñH$ma Ed§ Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| Ho$ ~rO ~moZo hoVw VWm kmZ-{dkmZ Am¡a
V§ÌkmZ H$mo AmË_gmV H$aZo hoVw {ejm A{Zdm`© h¡ Ÿ& AmO {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| H«$m§{V _M JB© h¡ Ÿ& d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ Bg Xm¡a
_| kmZ-{dkmZ Ed§ V§ÌkmZ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW-gmW {ejm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r {dñVma hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AZ{JZV \¡$br
hþB© {d{^Þ emImAm| Ho$ kmZ go _Zwî` {XZ-~-{XZ g_¥{Õ H$s Amoa AJ«oga hmoVm Mbm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& H$bm, dm{UÁ`,
{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Am{X emImAm| Ed§ CZH$s CnemImAm| go {ejm boH$a dh {ZË` Z`m kmZ nm ahm h¡ Ÿ& AmO H$s
Xw{Z`m Ho$ ZE-ZE Am{dîH$mam| H$s CnbpãY Ho$ nrN>o {ejm H$s ^y{_H$m Ah_² ~Zr hþB© h¡ Ÿ& {ejm Ho$ H$maU hr dh
AnZr AmOr{dH$m ^r nmVm h¡ Ÿ& {ejm H$s A{Zdm`©Vm Ü`mZ _| boH$a AnZo Xoe _| {ejm g§~§Yr {d{^Þ `moOZmE±
~ZmB© JB© h¢ Ÿ& AV: {ejm-joÌ go g§~§{YV _hËdnyU© nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m AÜ``Z `hm± {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
^mdm| Ed§ {dMmam| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ hoVw VWm A{^ì`{º$ àofU Ho$ {bE g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$m AnZm _hËd
h¡ Ÿ& g_mO-gwYma Ho$ CX²Xío ` go H$m`© H$aZodmbr AZoH$ g§JR>U, g^m VWm g§_b
o Zm| Ho$ AmYma go g_mO H$mo OmJ¥V Ed§
gMoV H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& OZ_mZg H$mo gOJ Ed§ gMoV ~ZmZo _| {ejm Ho$ gmW, g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$m ^r
`moJXmZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mO{hV VWm AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ Ý`m` àm{á Ho$ {bE g^m Ed§ g§_obZ hr ghm`H$ {gX²Y hmoVo
h¢ Ÿ& OZV§ÌàUmbr _| OZ_V H$m ñWmZ Ah_² hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& OZ_V go hr g_mO Ed§ emgZ àUmbr _| pñWaVm g§^d h¡ Ÿ&
Bg OZ_V H$mo ~ZmZo _| g^m Ed§ g§_obZ R>mog H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go {dMma Ed§ _yë`m| H$m àMma-àgma
à^mdr ‹T>§J go hmoVm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, gm{hpË`H$, e¡{jH$ Am{X joÌm| go g§~§{YV g^m Ed§ g§_obZm|
_| {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ à^mdnyU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& OZOmJ¥{V, kmZ H$s àm{á, {dMmam| H$m g§dhZ Ed§ AmXe© Zr{V_yë`m| H$s à{Vð>mnZm Am{X CX²Xoí`m| H$s ny{V© _| g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$m ñWmZ ~hþV hr _hËdnyU© ahm h¡ Ÿ& AV: `hm± g^m
Ed§ g_obZm| go g§~§YrV A§J«oOr-qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s gyMr Xr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ&
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9
n[a{eï> - ~
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
{ejm, g^m Am¡a g§_obZ g§~§Yr eãX
1.
Academic Council
:
{dÚm n[afX
2.
Academic dean
:
e¡{jH$ g§H$m`
3.
Admission
:
àdoe, Xm{Ibm
4.
Additional
:
A{V[aº$
5.
Agenda
:
H$m`© gyMr
6.
Attach
:
g§b¾ H$aZm
7.
Bachelor
:
ñZmVH$
8.
Backward tribes
:
{nN>S>r, Am{X_ Om{V`m±
9.
Brain drain
:
à{V^m nbm`Z
10.
Bureaucratic
:
Zm¡H$aemhr
11.
Briefly
:
g§jon _|
12.
Call-bell
:
~wbmdm K§Q>r
13.
Casual leave
:
AmH$pñ_H$ Nw>Q²>Q>r
14.
Charity
:
XmZ
15.
Civics
:
ZmJ[aH$emó
16.
Colloquial
:
~mob-Mmb H$s ^mfm
17.
Complexity
:
O{Q>bVm
18.
Audiaence
:
lmoVmJU
19.
Delighted
:
Amëhm{XV
20.
Delay
:
{db§~
21.
Departure
:
àñWmZ
22.
Inauguration
:
CX²KmQ>Z
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10
23.
Minutes
:
H$m`©d¥Îm
24.
Symposium
:
g§Jmoð>r
25.
Wisdom
:
kmZ
1.4
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
A)
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
"nm[a^m{fH$ eãX' A§J«oOr Ho$ .............. eãX H$m qhXr AZwdmX h¡ Ÿ&
1) Q>oH${ZH$
2.
3.
5.
1) S>m°. aKwdra
2) S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar
3) S>m°. {dZmoX JmoXao
4) S>m°. _mB© X`mb O¡Z
7.
2) dmVm©
3) g§nH©$
4) g§^mfU
"g§{já g_mMma' Ho$ {bE ............ A§J«oOr n`m©`dmMr eãX h¡ Ÿ&
1) Short news
2) Brief information
3) Brief bulletin
4) Abstract bulletin
'Binding' qhXr Ho$ ............. H$m A§J«oOr n`m©` h¡ Ÿ&
2) {MnH$mZm
3) {OëXgmOr
4) g_oQ>Zm
"A_w{ÐV n¥ð>' Bg A§J«oOr ......... eãX H$m qhXr n`m©` h¡ Ÿ&
1) Nonprinted paper
2) Blank paper
3) Clean paper
4) Nonmarked paper
OZ_mZg H$mo ............... ~ZmZo _| {ejm Ho$ gmW g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$m ^r `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
1) AÀN>m
8.
4) Q>oŠZrH$
A§J«oOr Ho$ "H$å`w{ZHo$eZ' H$m qhXr ê$nm§Va h¡ ......... Ÿ&
1) OmoS>Zm
6.
3) Q>opŠZH$b
.......... Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr ^r ^mfm Ho$ {bE nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m ñWmZ nhbm
Am¡a gm{hË` H$m Xygam h¡ Ÿ&
1) g§Mma
4.
2) Q>oŠZm°bm°Or
2) gOJ Ed§ gMoV 3) ~‹S>m
4) g§nÞ
"{dÚm n[afX' Ho$ {bE ............. A§J«oOr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX h¡ Ÿ&
1) Academic Council
2) Student council
3) Scollor council
4) Knowledge council
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11
9.
'Bachelor' qhXr Ho$ ................. H$m A§J«oOr n`m©` h¡ Ÿ&
1) ñZmVH$
10.
2) AHo$bm
3) N>mÌ
4) nXdràmá
'Weekly' qhXr Ho$ ................. H$m A§J«oOr n`m©` h¡ Ÿ&
1) gmám{hH$
2) _m{gH$
3) nm{jH$
Am)
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
{H$g àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| go qhXr H$s d¥X²{Y hmoVr h¡ ?
2.
A§J«oOr _| "OZ-g§Mma' H$mo Š`m H$hm OmVm h¡ ?
3.
"hmñ` g_mMma nÌ' Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr n`m©`dmMr eãX H$m¡Zgm h¡ Ÿ&
4.
'City News' Ho$ {bE H$m¡Zgm qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX h¡ ?
5.
_Zwî` OrdZ _| {ejm H$s à{H«$`m H$~ VH$ MbVr ahVr h¡ ?
6.
OZ_V H$mo ~ZmZo _| H$m¡Z R>mog H$m`© H$aVo h¢ ?
7.
"Attach" Ho$ {bE qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m¡Zgm h¡ ?
8.
"AmH$pñ_H$ Nw>Q²>Q>r' Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr n`m©`dmMr eãX H$m¡Zgm h¡ ?
9.
"Inauguration" Ho$ {bE qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m¡Zgm h¡ Ÿ?
10.
"Agenda" Ho$ {bE qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m¡Zgm h¡ ?
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4) dm{f©H$
à`wº$
:
AÀN>r Vah go Omo‹S>m hþAm, bJm`m hþAm, {OgH$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m hmo
gåàofU
:
g§Xoe nhþ±MmZm
{g\$m[ae
:
{H$gr Ho$ JwUm| H$m Xygao go AZw_moXZ H$aZm
CÎmaXm{`Ëd
:
{Oå_oXmar
^y_S§ >brH$aU
:
d¡ídrH$aU
à{d{Y
:
H$m`© H$aZo H$m {deof ‹T>§J
AjwÊU
:
{~Zm Qy>Q>m hþAm
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12
1.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
A)
1) Q>opŠZH$b
2) S>m°. _mB© X`mb O¡Z
3) g§Mma
4) Abstract bulletin
5) {OëXgmOr
6) Blank paper
7) gOJ Ed§ gMoV
8) Academic Council
9) ñZmVH$
10) gmám{hH$
Am)
1.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| go qhXr H$s d¥X²{Y hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
2.
A§J«oOr _| "OZ-g§Mma' H$mo 'Mass Communication' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
"hmñ` g_mMma nÌ' Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr n`m©`dmMr eãX 'Comic Paper' h¡ Ÿ&
4.
'City News' Ho$ {bE "ZJa g_mMma' `h qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX h¡ Ÿ&
5.
_Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| {ejm H$s à{H«$`m {Za§Va MbVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
6.
OZ_V H$mo ~ZmZo _| g^m Ed§ g§_obZ R>mog H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
7.
"Attach" Ho {bE qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX "g§b¾ H$aZm' h¡ Ÿ&
8.
"AmH$pñ_H$ Nw>Q²>Q>r' Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr n`m©`dmMr eãX 'Causal Leave' h¡ Ÿ&
9.
'Inauguration' Ho$ {bE qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX "CX²KmQ>Z' h¡ Ÿ&
10.
'Agenda' Ho$ {bE qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX "H$m`©gyMr' h¡ Ÿ&
1.7
gmam§e
d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ Bg Xm¡a _| nyar Xw{Z`m g_oQ>H$a ZOXrH$ Am JB© h¡ Ÿ& {dkmZ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s {dH$mg Ho$ gmW hr
g§~§{YV kmZ H$s {d{^Þ YmamAm| H$mo {deof ê$n go g_PZo-g_PmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgyg hmoZo bJr h¡ Ÿ& AV: Bg
{Xem _| àemgZ, {dkmZ, gyMZm Ed§ àmoX²`mo{JH$s, dm{UÁ`, {d{Y, CX²`_, H¥${f Am{X joÌm| H$s ^mfmJV A{^ì`{º$
hoVw, CÝh| OmZZo hoVw VWm ì`dhma _| {d{eï> AW© H$mo boH$a, à`moJ H$aZo hoVw {OZ {d{eï> eãXm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm
h¡, CÝh| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr {d{eï> kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ {ZpíMV, {ZYm©[aV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVm
h¡, dh eãX nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s loUr _o§ Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& kmZ-{dkmZ go g§~§{YV BZ {d{^Þ emImAm| Ho$ {dH$mg
Ho$ gmW hr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ JR>Z H$s Amdí`H$Vm _hgwg hþB© Am¡a BgH$s A{Zdm`©Vm H$mo g_PH$a {dX²dmZm|
Zo CgH$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Ÿ&
1.
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13
qhXr amO^mfm ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ed§ A{Zdm`©Vm Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T>
JB© Ÿ& AV: {dkmZ, àemgZ, dm{UÁ`, VH$ZrH$s, {d{Y Ed§ OZg§Mma Am{X {d{^Þ joÌm| _| Bg Ñ{ï> go {H$E JE
à`mgm| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n "qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' H$m g¥OZ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& ZE eãXmo§ Ho$ à`moJ go {hÝXr H$s
ì`mdhm[aH$, H$m_H$mOr Am¡a àemg{ZH$ joÌmo _| àJ{V hþB© h¡ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr {hÝXr Ho$ à`moOZr` nj Ho$
{bE _hËdnyU© CnbpãY h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr AmO qhXr H$s g_¥X²{Y hoVw CgHo$ nm[a^m{fH$ ê$n H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo H$m H$m_
Omar h¡ Ÿ&
"{díd-Jm±d' H$s H$ënZm H$m AmYma {dH${gV OZg§Mma V§Ì hr h¡ Ÿ& _mZd OrdZ H$s kmZ-d¥X²{Y VWm
{dH$mg Ho$ gmW OZ-g§Mma H$m _hËd ^r {Za§Va ~‹T>Vm hr Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& "g§Mma' H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡, {H$gr gyMZm `m
OmZH$mar H$mo Xygam| VH$ nhþ±MmZm Ÿ& {H$gr ^md, {dMma, kmZ `m OmZH$mar H$mo Xygam| VH$ gm_y{hH$ ê$n _| nhþ±MmZo H$s
à{H«$`m H$mo OZ-g§Mma Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _mZd-g_mO _| g_mMmanÌ, {d{^Þ nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±, XyaXe©Z,
ao{S>`mo, {\$ë_, g§JUH$ Am{X {d{dY OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| H$m ñWmZ Ah_² h¡ Ÿ& OZH$ë`mU, {ejm, OmJê$H$Vm,
_Zmoa§OZ Am{X CX²Xoí`m| H$mo boH$a OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ AnZm {H$aXma {Z^m aho h¢ Ÿ& AË`mYw{ZH$ VH$ZrH$ Ho$ H$maU BZ
_mÜ`_m| _| {dH${gV ZB©-ZB© àUm{b`m| go h_ {ZË` bm^mpÝdV hmo aho h¢ Ÿ&
2.
_Zwî`-Om{V Ho$ {dH$mg _| OZg§Mma-_mÜ`_m| Ho$ gmW-gmW {ejm H$m ^r AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd h¡ Ÿ& {ejm
H$s à{H«$`m {Za§Va MbVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& ^y_§S>brH$aU Ho$ Bg Xm¡a _| {ejm joÌ ^r {d{^Þ kmZ-YmamAm| _| {dñVm[aV hmo
J`m h¡ Ÿ& {dkmZ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s H«$m§{V _| {ejm H$s ^y{_H$m Ah_² h¡ Ÿ& _mZd Ho$ CËH$f© hoVw {ejm _hËdnyU© _m`Zo aIVr
h¡ Ÿ& {ejm Ho$ gmW hr OZ_mZg H$mo gOJ Ed§ gMoV ~ZmZo _| g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$m `moJXmZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& OZ_V H$mo
~ZmZo _| g^m Ed§ g§_obZ R>mog H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go hr {dMma Ed§ _yë`m| H$m àMma-àgma à^mdr ‹T>§J go
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
AmO X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma _| OZg§Mma Ho$ {d{^Þ _mÜ`_, {ejm VWm g^m Ed§ g§_obZm| H$m ñWmZ ~hþVhr
_hËdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& h_ BZgo {ZË` OwS>o ahVo h¢ VWm bm^mpÝdV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Omhra h¡, BZ joÌm| H$mo OmZZo, naIZo, g_PZo,
g_PmZo VWm à`moJ Ed§ H$m`©{gX²{Y Ho$ {bE BZgo OwS>o eãXm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm Amdí`H$ ~Z J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go
"nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' Bg_| ghm`H$ {gX²Y hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s A{Zdm`©Vm H$mo nhMmZVo hþE A§J«oOr Ho$ gmW qhXr
{dX²dmZm| Zo ^r BgH$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO haamoO Ho$ ì`dhma _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ ê$‹T> hmoZo VWm CgHo$
à`moJ Ed§ {dH$mg Ho$ H$maU qhXr g_¥X²Y hmoVr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& g§jon _| AmO {hÝXr H$s nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr
à`moOZ_ybH$ {hÝXr H$m _hËdnyU© A§J ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ&
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14
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma g§jon _| {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ ñdê$n na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&
2.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s _hÎmm {deX H$s{OE Ÿ&
3.
"g§Mma-_mÜ`_' go g§~§{YV ~rg A§J«oOr-qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX {b{IE Ÿ&
4.
"{ejm' VWm "g^m Ed§ g§_obZ' go g§~§{YV ~rg A§J«oOr-qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãX {b{IE Ÿ&
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
X¡{ZH$ g_mMma nÌ VWm B§Q>aZoQ> go bJ^J Xg-Xg A§J«oOr-qhXr eãXm| H$mo Imo{OE Am¡a CZHo$ qhXrA§J«oOr n`m©`dmMr eãXm| H$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a gyMr ~ZmBE Ÿ&
1.10 A{V[aº$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr : {d{dY n[aÑí` - S>m°. a_oe M§Ð {ÌnmR>r, S>m°. ndZ AJ«dmb
2.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr : àmg§{JH$Vm Ed§ n[aÑí` - S>m°. gw. ZmJbú_r
3.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr : S>m°. X§Jb PmëQ>o
4.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr : {gX²Ym§V Am¡a à`moJ - S>m°. X§Jb PmëQ>o
5.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr : S>m°. {dZmoX JmoXao
6.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr : AYwZmVZ Am`m_ - S>m°. Aå~mXmg Xoe_wI
7.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr VWm AZwdmX - àm. Am{XZmW gmoZQ>¸o$
8.
A§J«oOr-qhXr nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe - S>m°. haXod ~mhar
9.
~¥hV² A§J«oOr-qhXr H$moe (A§J«oOr-qhXr n`m©`dmMr H$moe g{hV) - ~XarZmW H$nya
10.
{díd qhXr eãXH$moe - amHo$e ZmW
11.
http://hi.wikipedia.org/w/
12.
http://hi.wikibooks.org/w/
❁❁❁
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15
BH$mB© 2
g§X^© ómoVo m| H$m n[aM`
eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe, _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV| H$moe, nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe, g_m§Va H$moe ({Wgmag)
AZwH$« _
2.1
CX²Xío `
2.2
àñVmdZm
2.3
{df`-{ddoMZ
g§X^© ómoV Š`m h¢ ?
ñdê$n Ed§ _hÎd
"H$moe' eãX H$m AW©
H$moe-boIZ H$s na§nam / B{Vhmg
2.3.1 eãXH$moe
eãXH$moe Ho$ àH$ma
A)
^mfm Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe Ho$ ^oX
1) EH$^mfr eãXH$moe
2) {Û^mfr VWm ~hþ^mfr eãXH$moe
Am)
{df` eãXH$moe
B)
ì`{º$H$moe / boIH$ H$moe / gy{º$ H$moe
2.3.2 {dídH$moe
AW©
n[a^mfm
ñdê$n
{dídH$moe Ho$ àH$ma - (1) gd©gmYmaU `m gm_mÝ` {dídH$moe
(2) {df` - {deof{Zð> {dídH$moe
_hÎd Ed§ {deofVmE±
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16
2.3.3 _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV| H$moe
AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
ñdê$n
{Z_m©U ómoV
Cn`mo{JVm Ed§ _hÎd
A§Va
{ZîH$f©
2.3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe
AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
ñdê$n
_hÎd Ed§ Cn`mo{JVm
2.3.5 g_m§Va H$moe ({Wgmag)
AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
ñdê$n
g_m§Va H$moe H$m B{Vhmg
_hÎd
2.4
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
2.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7
gmam§e
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
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17
2.1
CX²Xío `
àñVwV BH$mB© H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo na Amn ♦
g§X^© ñÌmoVm| Ho$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$n go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe, _whmda| VWm H$hmdV| H$moe, nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe, g_m§Va H$moe, BZ ñÌmoVm| H$s
{dñV¥V OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Jo VWm CZH$s ì`m»`m H$s j_Vm hmgrb H$a nm`|Jo Ÿ&
♦
AZwdmX, g_rjm, AZwg§YmZ Ed§ AÜ``Z H$m`© _| CZHo$ Cn`moJ H$s àoaUm Ed§ H$m¡eb AmË_gmV H$a
nm`|Jo Ÿ&
2.2
àñVmdZm
AmO 21 dr gXr _| qhXr ^mfm Zo AnZr ñdV§Ì nhMmZ Xr h¡ Ÿ& à`moOZ_ybH$ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| kmZ-{dkmZ,
VH$ZrH$s, {dYr, àemgZ, àm¡X²`mo{JH$s Ho$ joÌm| _| CgH$m A{^{Zdoe A{^Z§XZr` h¡ Ÿ& dh amoOr amoQ>r H$s "AW©' nyU©
^mfm ~Z J`r h¡ Ÿ& {díd~mOma Ho$ ñVa na CgH$m ì`mdgm{`H$ ê$n J{Verb h¡ Ÿ& g§Mma joÌ _| _mÜ`_ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n
_| CgZo AnZr geº$ nhMmZ {gÕ H$s h¡ Ÿ&
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr H$s {deofVm h¡, CgH$s à`moOZr`Vm, Š`m|{H$ à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr dV©_mZ `wJ _|
CnOr{dH$m H$s, amoOJma Ho$ V_m_ Amgmam| H$s à_wI ómoV ~Z MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& AmO dh amO^mfm, amï´>^mfm (_w±h ~mobr),
g§nH©$ ^mfm, g§Mma-_mÜ`_ ^mfm, ì`dgm` Ed§ CX²`moJ _| H$m`©aV ^mfm, OZ^mfm, gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm, AZwdmX hoVw
_mÜ`_ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo ~hþ_wIr Xm`rËd H$mo {Z^m ahr h¡ Ÿ& AV: qhXr Ho$ AÝ` ê$nm| H$s ^m±{V hr CgHo$
à`moOZ_ybH$ ê$n H$m AÜ``Z - {díbofU H$aZm Am¡a Bgr hoVw CgHo$ {d{dY g§X^© ómoVm| H$s OmZH$mar J«hU H$a
boZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ&
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
g§X^© ómoV Š`m h¡ ?
"eãXH$moe' Ho$ AZwgma "g§X^©' eãX H$m AW© h¡ - (1) aMZm, (2) {Z~§Y, boI, (3) bKw {H$Vm~,
(4) {dñVma, \¡$bmd, (5) dh nwñVH$ {Og _| {H$gr AÝ` nwñVH$ _| Am`r hþ`r {H$gr JwT> ~mV H$m ñnï>rH$aU hmo,
(6) ao\$a§g ~wH$, (7) àH$aU, àg§J, (8) H$m°ÝQ>oŠñQ>, (9) dh nwñVH$ {Og_| AZoH$ àH$ma H$s ~mVm| H$m g§J«h h¡ Ÿ&
Vmo, "ómoV' eãX H$m AW© h¡ - CJ_, _ybñWmZ, _mJ©, H$ht go {ZH$bH$a ~am~a ~hVr ahZodmbr Ob H$s N>moQ>r Ymam,
PaZm, ZXr H$s emIm, Zha Ÿ&
"g§X^©' eãX H$m gm_mÝ` AW© h¡ - "OmZH$mar' Am¡a "ñÌmoV' H$m AW© h¡ - _mJ© Ÿ& AWm©V {df` Ho$ ~ma| _|
OmZH$mar XoZodmbm EH$ _mJ©, {OgHo$ AmYma na {df` H$m AW©, n[aM` Ed§ _hÎd H$s àm_m{UH$Vm H$m _yë`m§H$Z
{H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&
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18
S>m°. Yra|Ð d_m© X²dmam g§nm{XV "qhXr gm{hË` H$moe- ^mJ 1' _| "g§X^©-gm{hË`' g§km H$mo BgàH$ma ñnï>
{H$`m h¡, Omo "g§X^©-ómoV' g§km Ho$ A{YH$ ZµµOXrH$ h¡ Ÿ& ""{H$gr {df` H$s {deof OmZH$mar XoZodmbr gm_J«r H$mo
gÝX^© gm_J«r H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg gm_J«r H$m Cn`moJ gm_mÝ` nR>Z-nmR>Z Ho$ {bE Zht {H$`m OmVm Ÿ& gÝX^© gm{hË` H$mo
nmR>-gm{hË` gå~ÝYr {deof gyMZmE± nmZo Ho$ {bE XoIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ H$moem|, Wrgrgm|, gm{hË` Ho$
B{Vhmgm|, n[aM` J«§Wm| Am{X H$mo g§X^© gm{hË` _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| `h H$m`© qhXr àMma g§ñWmAm| Ho$
_wInÌm|, {díd{dX²`mb`m| Ho$ qhXr {d^mJm| VWm AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| X²dmam hmoVm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ&''
hoam°S>g² bm`~«o[aAÝg ½bm°gar A°ÊS> ao\$aÝg ~wH$ (g§ñH$aU 1990) _| g§X^© ómoV Ho$ A§VJ©V AmZodmbo
"g§X^© J«§W' H$s n[a^mfm BgàH$ma Xr h¡ "Books such as dictionries, encyclopedias, gazetteers, yearbooks, directories,
concordances, indexes bibliographies and atlases which are complied to supply definite
pieaces of information of verying extent and intended be referred to rather than real
through."
Bggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe, ñWb dU©Z H$moe, dm{f©H$s, g§X^© gyMr, {ZX}e C„oI gyMr,
gyMrnÌ, A°Q>bmgog, à~§Y, gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ed§ n[aM` J«§W Am{X J«§W g§X^© ómoV h¢ Ÿ& nmR>H$ H$mo {deof
OmZH$mar àXmZ H$aZm, CZH$s {OkmgmAm| H$m g_mYmZ H$aZm BZH$m CX²Xoe ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
ñdê$n Ed§ _hÎd
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$ ì`mnH$ àMma-àgma H$m `wJ h¡ Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| g§X^©-J«§Wm| H$m _hÎd A{Zdm`©
h¡ Ÿ& >dh Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ ê$n _| ~T> ahm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$, `h àm_m{UH$ OmZH$mar H$m àm_m{UH$ g§H$bZ h¡ Ÿ& g_`mZwgma
BZH$m g§emoYZ, n[adY©Z hmoVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ& g_` Ho$ gmW CnbãY hmo ahr {ZV-ZyVZ gm_J«r, VÏ`, Bg_| g_m{dð> hmoVo
ahVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go "EZgm`Šbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m' H$m gyÌnmV 1768 B©. _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& 1771 B©. _| CgHo$ Ho$db VrZ
I§S> Wo Ÿ& 1956 VH$ CgHo$ 24 I§S hmo JE Ÿ& gmW hr dm{f©H$ nwñVH$ VWm nwñVH$mb`, emoYgodm H$s `moOZmE± ^r
"EZgm`Šbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m' Ho$ A§VJ©V MbVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma _hmamï´> amï´>^mfm g^m, nwUo, _hmamï´> amÁ`
gm{hË` g§ñH¥${V _§S>b, H$mer ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m Ho$ H$B© "H$moem|' VWm ~¥hX qhXr H$moe, Zmb§Xm qhXr eãX gmJa
Am{X nwZ: àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ&
{dÚmWu, AÜ`mnH$, emoYmWu, AZwdmXH$, g_rjH$ g^r Ho$ {bE g§X^© ómoV ghm`H$ H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo
h¢ Ÿ& nmR²>`H«$_ Ho$ AÜ``Z _| àm_m{UH$ AW© {ZYm©aU Ho$ {bE, CËnÞ {OkmgmAm|-Ame§H$mAm| H$m g_mYmZ nmZo Ho$
{bE g§X^© ómoV gƒo _mJ©Xe©H$ gm~rV hmoVo h¡§ Ÿ&
kmZ-{dkmZ Ed§ gyMZm VH$ZrH$ Ho$ àJVrerb O_mZo _| g§X^© ómoVm| H$m ñdê$n ~hþAm`m_r hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&
lrnmX Omoer Zo CX©y-_amR>r eãXH$moe (VrZ I§S>) g§nm{XV H$aVo hþE d¥ÎmnÌm|, nwñVH$m|, {Z`VH$mbrH$ VWm ^maVr`
Ed§ nm{H$ñVmZr AmH$medmUr go g§X^© gm_J«r OwQ>mZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m Wm Ÿ&
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19
AmO {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ H$moe {bIo Om aho h¢ Ÿ& eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe, n[a^mfm H$moe, M[aÌ H$moe, ì`{º$
H$moe, EH$ ^mfr VWm ~hþ^mfr eãXH$moe, gm_mÝ` VWm {deof eãXH$moe, {df` H$moe, {dkmZ-VH$ZrH$s-{dYr
eãXH$moe, {d{^Þ g_mOemór` eãXH$moe, g§ñH¥${V H$moe, gm{hË` H$moe, amO H$moe, dU©Z H$moe, H«$sS>m Ed§ H¥${f
kmZH$moe, n`m©`dmMr H$moe, bmoH$mo{º$-_whmdam§ H$moe, g_m§Va H$moe Am{X {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ H$moe ZdrZV_ ê$nm| _|
{ZH$b aho h¢, Hw$N> n[adYuV, g§emo{YV H$a nwZà©H$m{eV hmo aho h¢ Ÿ&
"H$moe' eãX H$m AW©
"H$moe' eãX H$m eãXH$moeJV AW© h¡ - IOmZm, g§J«h, g§{MV amer, {VOmoar, IXmZ, {df`, g§km H$m
g§H${bV {ddoMZ H$aZodmbm J«§W, eãX g§H$bZ, AmdaU, nQ>b, {dkmZ, _Z, àmU Am{X Ÿ&
Cn`w©º$ {d{^Þ AWm] _| go "{df`-g§km H$m g§H${bV {ddoMZ H$aZodmbm J«§W' `h "H$moe' gm{hË` Ho$
A{YH$ g_rMrZ h¡ Ÿ&
A§J«oOr _| H$moe Ho$ {bE gd©àM{bV eãX h¡ 'Encyclopedia', Omo _ybV: J«rH$ eãX 'Enkyklious
paideia' eãX go {Z{_©V h¡, {OgH$m qhXr _| AW© hmoVm h¡ - kmZMH«$ (a circle of knowledge or instructions), "kmZMH«$' Bg g§km H$m AW© h¡ - EH$ `m EH$ go A{YH$ {df`m| H$s gd©g_mdoeH$ OmZH$mar Ÿ&
"{~«Q>m{ZH$m {dídH$moe' _| H$moe H$s n[a^mfm BgàH$ma Xr h¡ Ÿ"H$moe EH$ nwñVH$ h¡, {Og_| {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ eãX VWm CgHo$ AW© `m Vmo Cgr ^mfm _| `m {H$gr Xygar ^mfm
_| gmYmaUV: dUm©ZwH«$_ _| {X`o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& àm`: eãXm| Ho$ CƒmaU, CZH$s CËn{Îm Am¡a à`moJ H$m {ddaU Cg_| hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ&
Bg n[a^mfm go H$moe H$s Hw$N> {deofVmE± ñnï> hmoVr h¢ 1.
H$moe EH$ J«§W h¡ Ÿ&
2.
Cg_| {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ eãX Am¡a AW© Cgr `m {H$gr AÝ` ^mfm _| {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
3.
`o eãX dUm©ZwH«$_ go aIo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
4.
BZ eãXm| Ho$ CƒmaU, CZH$s CËn{Îm Am¡a à`moJ H$m {ddaU Cg_| {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$moe boIZ H$s na§nam / B{Vhmg
_mZd g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW-gmW H$moe{dX²`m ^r {dH${gV hmoVr J`r Ÿ& eãX-g§H$bZ Ho$ à`mg _|
"H$moe' {Z{_©Vr H$s à{H«$`m Omar ahr Ÿ& H$moe _| eãXm| H$m g§J«h {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xw{Z`m H$m g~ go nhbm eãXg§H$bZ ^maV _| ~Zm Ÿ& `h na§nam doXm| {OVZr nwamZr h¡ Ÿ& àOmn{V H$í`n H$m "{ZK§Qw>' g§gma H$m AVrd àmMrZ
eãX g§H$bZ h¡ Ÿ& Bg _| 1800 d¡{XH$ eãXm| H$m g§J«h h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$s _h{f© `mñH$ Zo H$s hþ`r ì`m»`m "{Zê$º$'
Xw{Z`m H$m g~ go nhbm eãXmW© H$moe ({S>ŠeZar) VWm {dídH$moe (EZgm`Šbmonr{S>`m) h¡ Ÿ& Bgr na§nam
_| AmJo MbH$a N>R>r VWm gmVdr§ gXr _| A_aqgh Zo "H¥$VZm_qbJmZwemgZ' `m "{ÌH$m§S>' Zm_ go {bIm, Omo {díd
_| "A_aH$moe' Ho$ Zm_ go n[a{MV h¡ Ÿ& "A_aH$moe' H$mo OJV² H$m gd©àW_ "g_m§Va H$moe' ({Wgmag) H$hVo
h¢ Ÿ&
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20
B©gm nyd© gmVdt gXr _| ^maV Ho$ ~mha A¸$m{X`mB© g§ñH¥${V Zo àmMrZ H$mb _| eãX g§H$bZ H$s EH$ gyMr
~Zm`r Wr Ÿ& B©gm go Vrgar gXr Ho$ nhbo H$s MrZr ^mfm _| EH$ H$moe {_bVm h¡ "B©`m©' Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| AmH$a gZ - 1755 _| B½b¢S> _| g¡_wEb OmZgZ Zo "AmYw{ZH$ H$moe' H$m àma§^
{H$`m Ÿ& "g¡_wEb Om°ÝgZ {S>ŠeZar Am°\$ B§p½be b¢½doO' Zo H$moeboIZ H$mo Z`m Am`m_ {X`m Ÿ& gZ - 1806 _|
Zmohm, d¡ÝñQ>g© H$s "Zmohm d¡ãñQ>g© E H§$n¢{S>`g {S>ŠeZar Am°\$ B§p½be b¢½doO' àH$m{eV hþ`r Ÿ& `h eãXH$moe {deof
ê$n go _m¡brH$ aMZm {gÕ hþ`r, Š`m|{H$ `h AmO VH Ho$ H$moeboIZ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s g~ go àW_ ñVar` Ed§
AmíM`©H$maH$ aMZm Wr Ÿ& Bg_| gm{hpË`H$ eãXmdbr Ho$ gmW-gmW {dkmZ-joÌ H$m ^r n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& `h
H$moe {deof g\$b ahm Ÿ& d¡~ñQ>a Ho$ níMmV A§J«oOr H$moem| _| bjUr` g§emoYZ hmoVo ah|, {Oggo EH$ ZyVZ àH$meZ
H$s à{H«$`m J{V_mZ ahr Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| AmH$a "H$moe {dX²`m' ì`mnH$ ê$n go {dH${gV hmo J`r h¡ Ÿ& `hm± h_ AÜ``ZmW©
"{d{dY H$moe-^oX' g§X^© ómoVm| H$s {dñV¥V MMm© H$a|Jo Ÿ&
1)
eãXH$moe
gm_mÝ`V: d¡{dÜ`nyU© eãXm| H$m EH${ÌV g§H$bZ eãXH$moe Ÿh¡ Ÿ& S>m°. _h|ÐHw$_ma {_l X²dmam g§nm{XV "qhXr
{dídH$moe- I§S>-5' _| "eãXH$moe' H$m AW© BgàH$ma {X`m h¡ - "AW© Am¡a n`m©` Ho$ gmW EH${ÌV {H$E JE eãXg_yh H$m J«§W Ÿ&'
Zmb§Xm {demb eãX gmJa - (1) dh J«§W {Og_| AjaH«$_ go eãXm| Ho$ AW© `m n`m©`dmMr eãXm| H$m
g§J«h {H$`m J`m hmo Ÿ& (2) {S>ŠeZar, {d{H$nr{S>`m Ho$ AZwgma - EH$ ~S>r gyMr `m Eogm J«§W {Og_| eãXm| H$s dV©Zr,
CZH$s ì`wËn{Îm, Zm_H$aU, {ZX}e, AW©, n[a^mfm, à`moJ Am¡a nXmW© Am{X H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
"eãXH$moe' Ed§ "eãX-g§H$bZ' XmoZm| dñVwV: {^Þ eãX h¢ Ÿ& A§J«oOr 'Dictionary' H$m qhXr n`m©`dmMr
"eãXH$moe' h¡, Vmo A§J«oOr 'Glossary' H$m qhXr n`m©` eãXg§J«h h¡ Ÿ& J«§W H$s g_már Ho$ ~mX Xr hþB© AW©nyU© eãXm|
H$s gyMr eãXg§J«h h¡, Vmo {d{eï> n¥ð> H$m, gå~pÝYV J«§W Ho$ {d{eï> g§X^© _| Cg eãX H$m AW© eãXH$moe _| {X`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "eãXH$moe' `h g§H$ënZm ì`mnH$ AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
eãXH$moe H$s Cn`w©º$ n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe H$m ñdê$n BgàH$ma ñnï> {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
1)
eãXH$moe _| eãXm| H$s dV©Zr, ì`wËn{Îm, ì`mH$aU-{ZX}e {XE OmVo h¡§ Ÿ&
2)
eãXm| Ho$ EH$ gmW H$B© AW© ñnï> {H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
3)
g§X^© Ho$ AZwgma nmR>H$ ghr eãXmW© J«hU H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
eãXH$moe EH$ _hÎdnyU© g§X^© gm_J«r h¡ Ÿ& {dÚmWu, AÜ`mnH$, AZwdmXH$, AZwg§YmZH$Vm©, g_rjH$,
AÜ`oVm g^r Ho$ {bE `o {deof Cn`moJr ahVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ boIZ Ho$ {bE Cn`wº$ Ed§ Amdí`H$ g§X^© J«§W
qhXr _| "{S>ŠeZar' `m VËg_ J«§Wm| Ho$ {bE "H$moe' g§km hr àM{bV h¡ Ÿ&
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21
eãXH$moe _| eãXm§Jm| H$s Mma àH$ma H$s OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h¡ 1) eãX H$m {b{IV ê$n (Spelling), 2) CƒmaU ê$n (àmoZm°pÝgEeZ), 3) ì`wËn{Îmê$n (E{Q>>_m°bmoOr)
VWm 4) g§{já AW© `m ì`m»`m Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© eãXH$moem| _| eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ, à_mU^yV dmŠ` Am{X
VÏ` CXmhaU Ho$ gmW {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& eãXm| go gå~X²Y BZ {d{dY A§Jm| _| go EH$-Xmo H$mo àYmZVm XoH$a ì`wËn{ÎmH$moe,
CƒmaU H$moe Am{X eãXH$moe ~Zm`o OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
eãXH$moe BVZm _hÎdnyU© g§X^© h¡, {H$ CgHo$ N>moQ>o go N>moQ>o g§ñH$aU H$mo boH$a ~¥hX I§S> VH$ CgH$s ì`m{á
{_bVr h¡ Ÿ& dh {OVZm ~S>m, CVZr hr CgH$s g§X^©dÎmm Ed§ _hÎmm A{YH$, à_mU^yV _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AmOH$b
"eãXH$moe' H$mo gd©g_mdoeH$ ~ZmZo H$m ^r à`ËZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| {d{eï> eãXm| H$s Xmo-VrZ n§{º$`m| _| ì`m»`m Xr
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - {d»`mV ì`{º$ H$s M[aÌmË_H$ OmZH$mar {díd à{gÕ ñWmZm|, ZJam| H$s ^r OmZH$mar Xr OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& BgàH$ma {dídH$moe Ho$ {ZH$Q> AmZo bJo h¢ Ÿ&
eãXm| Ho$ AW©-CƒmaU Ho$ gmW hr H$B© H$moem| Ho$ A§V _| {d{dY àH$ma H$s Cn`wº$ Ed§ g§X^m©Ë_H$ OmZH$mar
Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - {d{dY g§{já ê$n, ^ma-_mnZ Am{X H$s Vm{bH$mE±, {d{dY kmZjoÌm| _| (O¡go - J{UV, {dkmZ,
d¡X²`H$, dm{UÁ`, AW©, g§JrV Am{X Ÿ&) à`wº$ hmoZodmbo {d{^Þ gm§Ho${VH$ {MÝh, {d{^Þ Xoem| Ho$ {g¸o$, bå~mB©
{JZZo Ho$ n[a_mU, gm{hpË`H$ joÌ Ho$ {d»`mV ì`{º$ Ho$ {MÌ Am{X OmZH$mar ^r CVZr hr _hÎdnyU© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
emoYH$Vm© Ho$ {bE eãXH$moe H$s ghm`Vm Adí`_od, An[ahm`© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {d{dY g§km, AdYmaUmAm| H$s
n[a^mfmE±, ì`m»`mE±,AW© XoIZo Ho$ {bE "eãXH$moe' gƒo _mJ©Xe©H$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& "eãXH$moe' Ho$ àma§^ _| Bg Ñ{ï> go
{XE hþE {ZX}e CgHo$ à`moJ Ho$ g§X^© _| {deof _hÎdnyU© ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
AR>mahdr§ eVr go A§J«oOr _| eãXH$moe V¡`ma hmo aho h¢ Ÿ& S>m°. Om°ÝgZ H$m eãXH$moe Bg Ñ{ï> go àW_ à`mg
h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` naånam _| A_aqgh H$m g§ñH¥$V "A_aH$moe' B©gm H$s N>R>r-gmVdr§ eVr _| {bIm hþAm `h {díd ñVa
H$m gd©àW_ H$moe h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s aMZm ñdV§Ì VWm VËH$mbrZ AdYmaUmAm| go {_bVr-OwbVr h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$
"{ZK§Qw>', "{Zê$º$' Ho$ à`mg ^r eãXH$moe hr h¡ Ÿ& do ^r CVZo hr àmMrZ h¡ Ÿ& N>Ìn{V {edmOr _hmamO Zo "amOì`dhma H$moe' ~Zdm`m Wm Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| "A_a eãXH$moe' Ho$ ñdê$n _| bjUr` n[adV©Z Ed§ n[adY©Z {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ho$
AmYma na EH$^mfr eãXH$moe, Ûr^mfr eãXH$moe, ~hþ^mfr eãXH$moe AmO CnbãY h¢ Ÿ& gm_mÝ` eãXH$moe Ed§
{deof eãXH$moe Am{X eãXH$moe Ho$ ñWyb ^oX h¢ Ÿ& {df` Ho$ AmYma na {d{^Þ eãXH$moe O¡go - {dkmZ, {d{Y,
àemgZ, VH$ZrH$, g_mOemór` Am{X {df`m| Ho$ eãXH$moe AmO CnbãY h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> eãXH$moe g{MÌ, dU©ZàYmZ
hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& A{YH$Va eãXH$moem| _| eãXm| Ho$ CƒmaU ^r {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AÝVam©ï´>r` ÜdÝ`mË_H$ {b{n _|, XodZmJar _|
VWm Am°{S>`mo g§{MH$m Ho$ ê$n _| CƒmaU H$s gw{dYm go `wº$ "eãXH$moe' ^r AmO CnbãY h¢ Ÿ& `o eãXH$moe H$m\$s
_mÌm _| Cn`moJ _| bm`o Om aho h¢ Ÿ&
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22
eãXH$moe Ho$ àH$ma
A)
^mfm Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe Ho$ ^oX
^mfm Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe Ho$ {ZåZ{b{IV ^oX {H$E JE h¢ -
1)
EH$^mfr eãXH$moe
BgHo$ A§VJ©V EH$ hr ^mfm _| eãX Ed§ CgHo$ AW© H$mo aIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H${R>U eãX, g§km, {d{^Þ joÌm| go
gå~pÝYV eãXmdbr H$m AW© gabVm go Cgr ^mfm _| ñnï> {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo eãXH$moe àË`oH$ ^mfm _| CnbãY
h¢ Ÿ& àmW{_H$ {ejm go boH$a Cƒ {ejm ñVa VH$ BgH$m A{YH$V_ à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr ^mfm _| Zmb§Xm
{demb eãX gmJa - g§. lr. ZdbOr, (eãX g§»`m 1,50,000) Am¡a ~¥hX qhXr H$moe - g§. H$mbrH$m àgmX
(eãX g§»`m 1,45,000) BgHo$ ~hþàM{bV CXmhaU h¢ Ÿ& `o eãXH$moe gdm}n`moJr, ~hþàM{bV VWm AënàM{bV
^r hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
2)
{Û^mfr VWm ~hþ^mfr eãXH$moe
AmO {Û^mfr VWm ~hþ^mfr eãXH$moem| H$s g§»`m ~T> ahr h¢ Ÿ& AH$mamXr H«$_ go EH$ ^mfm Ho$ eãXm| H$mo
Xygar ^mfm _| `m EH$ go A{YH$ ^mfmAm| _| CZHo$ AW© Ho$ gmW aIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{~«{Q>em| Ho$ AmH«$_U Ho$ ~mX nmíMmË` g§ñH¥${V, gm{hË`, ^mfH$ {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maVr` ^mfmAm| _|
d¡MmarH$ Ed§ ^md{ZH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ hmoZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ Ed§ amOH$s` EH$mË_Vm go ^mfmE± EH$-Xygao
Ho$ g_rn Am J`r Ÿ& g§ñH¥${V-gm{hË`-{dMma Ho$ ñVa na, Amngr AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$ {bE, amï´>r` EH$Vm A{YH$ ÑT>
~ZmZo hoVw Amngr g§dmX Ed§ AZwdmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm ~T>Vr J`r Ÿ& Bgr ImVra "Ûr^mfm H$moe' A{YH$ _mÌm _|
àH$m{eV hmoZo bJo Ÿ&
{d{eï> ^mfm Ed§ CgHo$ gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo hþE `o H$moe _m¡{bH$ g§X^© J«§W H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢ Ÿ&
AZwdmX Ed§ emoYH$m`© _| _mJ©Xe©H$, ghm`H$ ahVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: BZ g§X^© H$moem| H$s g§»`m Am`o {XZ ~T>Vr Om ahr
h¢Ÿ & `hm± Hw$N> CXmhaU Ñï>ì` h¡ - CXy©, _amR>r eãXH$moe g§. lrnmX Omoer, CXy©-qhXr eãXH$moe - lrnmX Omoer,
A§J«oOr-qhXr-_amR>r Ì¡^m{fH$ eãXH$moe, gwb^ qhXr-_amR>r eãXH$moe g§. `. am. XmVo, n§ƒmZd| ^mfmAm| H$m
g_o{H$V n`m©` eãXH$moe - g§. S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX qgh Ed§ e{eH$bm, CXy©-_amR>r-qhXr-Ì¡^m{fH$ eãXH$moe, ~¥hX
qhXr-_amR>r eãXH$moe g§. Jmo.n. boZo Am{X Ÿ&
Am)
{df` eãXH$moe
Bg dJ© _| g^r {df`m| Ho$ eãXH$moe g_m{dð> hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& kmZemIm Ho$ {dñVma Ho$ H$maU {df` eãXH$moem| H$s
Amdí`H$Vm Ed§ _m±J ~T> ahr h¢ Ÿ& gm{hË` Ed§ ^mfm Ho$ gmW hr gm_m{OH$ emó, {dkmZ, J{UV, VH$ZrH$s, {d{Y,
àemgZ, dm{UÁ` Am{X emImAm| _| nT> aho {dÚmWu, AÜ`mnH$, BZ {df`m| H$m g¡Õm§{VH$ boIZ H$aZodmbo boIH$,
AZwdmXH$, AZwg§YmVm g^r Ho$ {bE `o g§X^© H$moe AË`§V Cn`moJr ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
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23
'Circle of Knowledge' AWm©V "kmZMH«$' Bg g§H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma g^r {df` g_mZ ê$n go _hÎdnyU©
h¢ Ÿ& H$moB© EH$ {df` gmYmaU Am¡a H$moB© EH$ {df` {d{eï> `h YmaUm JbV gm{~V hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& AV: àË`oH$ {df`
H$m AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& AV: g^r {df`m| Ho$ "eãXH$moe' àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ h¢ Ÿ& g_` Ho$ gmW CZH$s _m±J ~T>
ahr h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - {dkmZ eãXH$moe, {M{H$Ëgm eãXH$moe, {d{Y$ eãXH$moe, J{UV eãXH$moe, amOH$moe, {ed`wJrZ
CXy©-_amR>r amOì`dhma H$moe g§. ApídZrHw$_ma XÎmmÌo` _amR>o Am{X Ÿ&
B)
ì`{º$H$moe / boIH$ H$moe / gy{º$ H$moe
H$moB© {d»`mV ì`{º$Îd, H$moB© {d{eï> gm{hË`H$ma, {H$gr _hmZ `m gwà{gÕ H${d H$m _m¡{bH$ H$mì`J«§W
H$s g§km, g§H$ënZmAm|, {d{eð> eãXm|, C{º$`m|, gw{º$`m| Ed§ gm{hË` VWm gm{hË`H$ma {deof H$m n[aM` XoZodmbo
g§X^© J«§W Ho$ ê$n _| BZ H$moem| H$m _hÎd d¡{eîQ>çnyU© h¢ Ÿ&
`o eãXH$moe àË`oH$ {dÚmWu Ho$ {bE kmZ-`mÌm _| EH$ _mZ{MÌ Ed§ _mJ©Xe©H$ H$s ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢ Ÿ&
AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ {bE ^r gm{hË` _| {ddo{MV àm¸$ënZmAm| (g§H$ënZm) g§~§Yr gyú_ OmZH$mar àmá hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H${d Ho$
nXm| H$mo, H$mì`mW© H$mo, R>rH$-R>rH$ g_PZo _| `o "eãXH$moe' AZwn_ ómoV {gX²Y hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& nwñVH$mb`m| Ho$ {bE BgH$m
A{Zdm`© _hÎd h¡ Ÿ& {dX²`mb` go boH$a {díd{dX²`mb` VH$ Ho$ N>mÌm| Ho$ {bE `o Cn`moJr ahVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ eãXH$moem| _|
Hw$N>-EH$ ñWmZm| na H${dVm Ho$ nXm| Ho$ g§X^© ^r g_Pm {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CXm. ^yfU eãXH$moe g§. S>m°. eHw§$Vbm
nm§Mmb Ÿ&
{d{eð> H$mì`J«§W VWm gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ gm{hË` _| {Z{X©ï> gy{º$`m± EH$gmW XoIZo Ho$ {bE, gm{hË`H$ma H$s
gO©Zerb gm¢X`© Ñ{ï> H$m AmH$bZ, {díbofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE `o gy{º$H$moe _m¡{bH$ g§X^© J«§W H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr
J«§W VWm gm{hË`H$ma H$s {d{eï> aMZm H$m {d{eï> gy{º$-g§X^© XoIZo Ho$ {bE `o H$moe ~hþV Cn`moJr h¢ Ÿ& CXm.
A{ZbHw$_ma X²dmam àñVwV Vwbgr gy{º$H$moe, adrÝÐ gy{º$H$moe, ào_M§X gy{º$H$moe, àgmX gy{º$H$moe, {Zambm gy{º$
H$moe Am{X Ÿ&
2.3
{dídH$moe
AW©
àm`: "{dídH$moe' {dídñVar` g^r àH$ma H$s OmZH$mar XoZodmbm g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ A§VJ©V H$bm,
gm{hË`, ^mfm, VH$ZrH$s, {dkmZ, B{Vhmg, ^yJmob, gm_m{OH$ emó, g§ñH¥${V Am{X g^r {df`m| Ed§ joÌm| H$s
àm_m{UH$ OmZH$ar g§H${bV ahVr h¢ Ÿ& {dídñVa Ho$ g^r {df`m| Ed§ joÌm| go gå~pÝYV eãXm|, g§H$ënZmAm|,
{dMmaYmamAm|, CnbpãY`m| H$m àm_m{UH$ VÏ`m§H$Z Ed§ AW©nyU© OmZH$ar XoZodmbm g§X^© J«§W "{dídH$moe' h¡ Ÿ&
"{dídH$moe', A§J«oOr "EZ²gm`Šbmonr{S>`m' eãX H$m qhXrH$aU h¡ Ÿ& Bgo "kmZH$moe' ^r H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
n[a^mfm
{d{^Þ g§X^© J«§Wm| _| "{dídH$moe' H$mo BgàH$ma nm[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
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24
1)
S>m°. _h|ÐHw$_ma {_l X²dmam g§nm{XV "qhXr {dídH$moe'
"dh H$moeJ«§W {Og_| g~ àH$ma Ho$ eãXm| `m {df`m| H$m g{dñVma dU©Z hmo Ÿ&' (n¥,H«$. 1763 - I§S> -5.)
2)
lr ZdbOr X²dmam g§nm{XV Zmb§Xm {demb eãX gmJa
"dh J«§W {Og_| g§gma Ho$ g~ {df`m| H$m {dñV¥V {ddaU ahVm h¡ Ÿ&' (n¥. H«$. 1286)
Cn`w©º$ n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na "{dídH$moe' Ho$ ñdê$n na àH$me S>mbm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
ñdê$n
emoYH$m`© H$aZodmbo emoYmWu Ho$ {bE "{dídH$moe' An[ahm`© Am¡a AË`mdí`H$ g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ& AnZo
emoYH$m`© go gå~pÝYV {d{eð> {df` `m g§X^© Ho$ AW© H$s Om±M-nS>Vmb Ho$ {bE, CZH$s àm_m{UH$Vm {ZYm©[aV H$aZo
hoVw "{dídH$moe' AmYma^yV g§X^©-gm_J«r h¡ Ÿ& àmW{_H$ OmZH$mar nmZo Ho$ {bE "{dídH$moe' AÜ`oVm H$s {deof
ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& H$B© àH$ma Ho$ {dídH$moemo§ _| _hÎdnyU© boIm| Ho$ A§V _| Cg {df` go gå~pÝYV g§X^©-gyMr ^r Xr
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CXm. YraoÝÐ d_m© X²dmam g§nm{XV "qhXr gm{hË` H$moe' ^mJ 1 d 2 'Ÿ& AÜ`oVm Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma CÝh|
XoI ^r gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& d¡km{ZH$ `m emór`, VH$ZrH$s {df`m| go gå~pÝYV {d{dY g§H$ënZmAm|, AdYmaUmAm| H$m
ñdê$n g_PZo Ho$ {bE, Cggo gå~pÝYV nm[a^m{fH$-gm§Ho${VH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ boIZ Ed§ g§àofU _|`h gm_J«r {deof
ê$n go Cn`moJr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go ^r "{dídH$moe' ghr AW© _| kmZ àm{á H$m _hÎmdnyU© ómoV h¡ Ÿ&
{ZV-ZyVZ {dH${gV hmo aho kmZ-{dkmZ H$s AYwZmVZ emImAm|, {d{dY {df`m| H$mo H¡$go nm[a^m{fV Ed§
àñVwV {H$`m Om gHo$ ? Bg _yb^yV Amdí`H$Vm Zo {dídH$moe gm{hË` H$mo OÝ_ {X`m Ÿ& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX {ejm
H$m ÐþVJ{V àMma-àgma hmo J`m Ÿ& ^maV H$s g^r Om{V-CnOm{V`m± {ejm J«hU H$aZo bJr Ÿ& kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| Z`r nrT>r
H$m AmË_g§~b ~T>Zo bJm Ÿ& H$B© {díd{dX²`mb`m| _| qhXr Cƒ {ejm H$s _mÜ`_ ~Zr Ÿ& AV: {d{^Þ {df`m|,
kmZemImAm| H$m gyú_kmZ nmZo Ho$ {bE, CZgo gå~pÝYV g§X^m] H$s àm_m{UH$Vm Om±MZo Ho$ {bE "{dídH$moe' H$s
{Z{_©Vr An[ahm`© ~Z J`r Ÿ& àË`oH$ {df` H$s gm_mÝ`, _yb^yV Ed§ {d{eï> OmZH$mar nmZo hoVw, {Okmgw nmR>H$AÜ`oVmAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ hoVw "{dídH$moe {Z{_©Vr' EH$ Amdí`H$ à`mg h¡ Ÿ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ "{Okmgm kmZ H$s OZZr
h¡ Ÿ&' _Zwî` H$s ~T>Vr kmZbmbgm Zo, Z`o-Z`o joÌm| go gå~pÝYV OmZH$mar nmZo H$s {Okmgm Zo hr {dídH$moe H$m
ñdê$n ~T>m {X`m h¡ Am¡a ^{dî` _| Am¡a ^r ~T>Vm ahoJm Ÿ&
"{dídH$moe' H$s boIZ nÕVr AÝ` J«§Wm| H$s boIZ nÕVr go {~ëHw$b AbJ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h boIZe¡br
gd©Wm AbJ Ed§ ñdV§Ì ahVr h¡ Ÿ& "{dídH$moe' H$m Cn`moJ H¡$go H$ao ? BgH$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$moe Ho$ Ama§^ _| hr ahVm
h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ AmYmana H$moe H$s A§VJ©V eãXmdbr, g§H$ënZmAm|, nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| H$m kmZ àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& `h
eãXmdbr AH$mamXr H«$_ go Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> {dídH$moem| Ho$ A§V _| n[a{eï> ^r {XE JE h§¡ Ÿ& {dídH$moem§VJ©V boI
OmZH$mar àXmZ H$aZodmbo hmoVo h¢ & Amdí`H$VmZwgma {d{dY Vm{bH$mE± Ed§ gy{M`m| H$m ^r CZ_o§ à`moJ ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
"{~«Q>m{ZH$m {dídH$moe' g^r Ñ{ï>`m| go n[anyU© Ed§ àJë^ {dídH$moe _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Xoe, ^mfm, gä`Vm
Ho$ AZwgma {dídH$moe Ho$ ñdê$n _| A§Va AmVm h¡ Ÿ& kmZ{bßgm Ed§ Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma Z`o-Z`o {dídH$moe
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25
{ZH$b aho h¢ Ÿ& AmOH$b àË`oH$ {df` Ho$ ñdV§Ì {dídH$moe CnbãY h¡§ Ÿ& O¡go qhXr {dídH$moe, _amR>r {dídH$moe,
A§J«oOr {dídH$moe, g_mO{dkmZ H$moe, B{Vhmg H$moe, J{UV kmZH$moe, H¥${f kmZH$moe, H«$sS>m kmZH$moe, g§ñH¥${V
H$moe Am{X Ÿ&
{dídH$moe Ho$ àH$ma
{dídH$moem| Ho$ Xmo àH$ma {H$E JE h¢ 1)
gd©gmYmaU `m gm_mÝ` {dídH$moe Ÿ&
2)
{df` - {deof{Zð> {dídH$moe Ÿ&
BZ ^oXm| H$s {dñV¥V MMm© S>m°. Xw. H$m. gÝVOr Zo AnZr nwñVH$ "emoY{dkmZ H$moe' _| H$s h¡ Ÿ& `hm± h_
g§{já ê$n _| CZH$m n[aM` àmá H$a|Jo Ÿ&
1)
gd©gmYmaU `m gm_mÝ` {dídH$moe
`o {dídH$moe à_wIV: g^r {df`m| go gå~pÝYV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& {dídñVa Ho$ g^r {df`m|-joÌm| H$s _m¡{bH$
OmZH$mar XoZodmbo Cn`moJr g§X^© J«ÝW hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ A§VJ©V H$moB© EH$ {df` Img `m _hÎdnyU© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& gmYmaU
VWm g^r {df`m|-joÌm| H$mo boH$a Amdí`H$ VÏ`-g§H$bZ Ho$ {bE g§X^©-ómoV Ho$ ê$n _| BÝho XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go
Am§Vam©ï´>r` kmZH$moe - g§. _§JbXod e_m© Ed§ am_Zmam`U `mXdoÝXw (1943), qhXr {díd^maVr kmZ-{dkmZ H$m
à_m{UV H$moe g§. H¥$îU d„^ {ÛdoXr (1950), kmZ gamoda g§. {ejU _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {X„r (1958)
Am{X Ÿ&
2)
{df`-{deof{Zð> {dídH$moe
dV©_mZ `wJ _| BZ H$moem| H$s g§»`m ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& ~T>Vr hþ`r kmZbmbgm, Or{O{dfm Ed§ àË`oH$ {df`
H$m gyú_kmZ hm{gb H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee Zo {df` Ho$ AZwgma kmZH$moem| H$s àñVw{V hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& g§X^© J«§W Ho$ ê$n _|
BZH$s _hÎmm Ed§ _m±J ^r ~T> ahr h¢ Ÿ& gm{hË`, {dkmZ, dm{UÁ`, {d{Y, àemgZ, gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ, J{UV, H$bm,
ì`dhma Am{X bJ^J g^r {df`m| Ho$ kmZH$moe AmO CnbãY h¢ Ÿ& O¡go, Hw$N> CXmhaU XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
J{UV kmZH$moe - g§nmXH$, àm. b. dm. JwO©a - BgHo$ A§VJ©V J{UVr` nm[a^m{fH$ n[aM`, g§kmg§H$ënZmAm| Ho$ gyÌ, AmH¥${V`m± Am{X H$s {díbofUmË_H$ OmZH$mar CnbãY h¡ Ÿ&
^maVr` gm{hË` H$moe - S>m°. gwaoe Ed§ S>m°. drUm Jm¡V_ - BgHo$ A§VJ©V g^r ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$
gm{hË` H$m Aä`mgnyU© {ddoMZ àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$moe - g§. _hmXodemór Omoer Ed§ nX²_Om hmoS>maH$a - _amR>r ^mfm _| àñVwV Bg
H$moe _| g_J« ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m gdmªJ n[aM`, _hÎd Ed§ g{MÌ OmZH$mar CnbãY h¡ Ÿ&
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26
ñdV§ÌVVm g¡{ZH$ M[aÌH$moe - _hmamï´> amÁ` npíM_r {d^mJ (H$moëhmnwa, nwU,o gmVmam, gm§Jbr
Ed§ gmobmnwa) - BgHo$ A§VJ©V AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´> Ho$ gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Am§XmobZm| H$m à~moYZmË_H$ n[aM`,
ñdV§ÌVm goZm{Z`m| H$m g_J« n[aM`, ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ _| CZH$m `moJXmZ, nyao Vnerb Ho$ gmW {X`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ&
_hÎd / {deofVmE±
{díd Ho$ ñdê$n Ed§ àH$ma Ho$ AmYma na "{dídH$moe' H$s {deofVmE± Bg àH$ma ñnï> hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&
1)
{dídH$moe EH$ _m¡{bH$ g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ&
2)
d¡pídH$ ñVa H$s àm_m{UH$ OmZH$mar nmZo H$m {dídgZr` _mJ© h¡ Ÿ&
3)
{dídH$moe H$s Cn`mo{JVm ~hþ_yë` Ed§ ~hþAm`m_r h¡ Ÿ&
4)
{df` Ed§ joÌ Ho$ AmYma na CgHo$ AË`mYw{ZH$, {dH${gV VWm ñdV§Ì g§ñH$aU CnbãY h¡§ Ÿ&
{ZîH$f©V: h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ "{dídH$moe' _Zwî` H$s ~T>Vr hþ`r kmZbmbgm H$s gmW©H$ CnbpãY h¡ Ÿ&
g§X^© ómoV Ho$ ê$n _| CgH$s Cn`mo{JVm Ed§ A{Zdm`©Vm gdm}nar h¡ Ÿ&
2.3.3 _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV| H$moe
AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
"_whmdam' eãX Aa~r ^mfm H$m h¡, {OgH$m AW© h¡ - Aä`mg Ÿ& AmH$ma _| AË`§V N>moQ>m `m bKw hmoVo hþE
^r Omo ~Sr ~mV `m {dMma H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$aVm h¡, Eogm hr dmŠ`m§e "_whmdam§' H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& "H$hmdV' N>moQ>r _Ja
gånyU© dmŠ` hmoVr h¡, Omo OrdZ H$s gmaê$nmË_H$ A{^ì`{º$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& "{d{eï> AW©' H$mo àH$Q> H$aZodmbo "dmŠ`m§e'
H$mo _whmdam| H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& _whmdam§ nyU© dmŠ` Zht hmoVm Ÿ& eãXH$moe Ho$ AZwgma "_whmdam§' eãX H$m AW© h¡ - bmj{UH$
AW© _| ê$T> dmŠ` `m à`moJ, Aä`mg Am{X Ÿ& OrdZmZw^y{V Ho$ gma go `wº$ `o _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV| h_mao OmVr` OrdZ
H$s, OZ~mobr H$s AZw^dOÝ` Yamoha h¢ Ÿ&
dñVwV: H$hmdV| Ed§ bmoH$mo{º$`m± EH$ hr h¢ Ÿ& `o EH$ hr MrO Ho$ Xmo Zm_ h¢ Ÿ& "Zmb§Xm {demb eãX gmJa'
_| "H$hmdV' H$m AW© h¡ 1)
~mobMmb _| ~hþV ~ma AmZodmbm Eogm ~§Ym M_ËH$manyU© dmŠ` {Og_| H$moB© AZw^d `m VÏ` H$s ~mV g§jon
_| H$hr JB© hmoŸ&
2)
bmoH$mo{º$ Ÿ& _gb Ÿ&
3)
H$hr hþ`r ~mV Ÿ& C{º$ Ÿ& (n¥.H«$. 220)
{d{H$nr{S>`m - "H$moB© ^r Eogm dmŠ`m§e Omo AnZo gmYmaU AW© H$mo N>moS>H$a {H$gr {deof AW© H$mo ì`º$ H$a|, Cgo
"_whmdam' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
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27
bmoH$mo{º$-bmoH$-AZw^d go ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr g_mO Zo Omo Hw$N> AnZo b§~o AZw^d go grIm h¡, Cgo dmŠ`
_| ~m§Y {X`m h¡, Eogo dmŠ`m| H$mo hr bmoH$mo{º$ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bgo H$hmdV, OZlwVr Am{X ^r H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
qhXr ^mfm Ed§ gm{hË` {dídH$moe - g§. S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð Jwá
"AnZo H$WZ H$s nw{ï> _| {H$gr H$mo {ejm `m MoVmdZr XoZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go, {H$gr ~mV H$mo {H$gr H$s AmS> _|
H$hZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go AWdm {H$gr na ì`§½` H$gZo Am{X Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì AW© aIZodmbr {Og bmoH$àM{bV VWm
gm_mÝ`V: gmaJ{^©V, g§{já Ed§ MQ>nQ>r C{º$ H$m bmoJ à`moJ H$aVo h¢, Cgo "bmoH$mo{º$' AWdm "H$hmdV' Zm_ {X`m
Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&'' ..... "_whmdam' Aa~r ^mfm H$m eãX h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m AW© h¡ - nañna ~mVMrV Am¡a gdmb-Odm~
H$aZm Ÿ& Aa~r _| "_whmdam§' eãX H$m AW© g§Hw${MV h¡, naÝVw qhXr Ed§ CXy© _| `h A{YH$ ì`mnH$ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& `hm±
bjUm AWdm ì`§OZm X²dmam {gX²Y dmŠ` H$mo hr "_whmdam§' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&''
^maVr` gm{hË` H$moe - ^mJ 3
boIH$ AO`Hw$_ma AmoPmOr Zo bmoH$mo{º$ H$mo BgàH$ma ì`m»`m{`V {H$`m h¡ "bmoH$mo{º$' eãX ~S>m hr ì`mnH$ AW© aIVm h¡ Ÿ& bmoH$ H$s {H$gr ^r C{º$ H$mo "bmoH$mo{º$' H$h gH$Vo h¡ Ÿ&
Mmho dh H$hmdV hmo, Mmho nhobr AWdm gy{º$ Ÿ& bmoH$mo{º$`m± - OrdZ H$s AZw^y{V`m| go g§{MV, Omo ì`{º$ {deof H$s
Z hmoH$a nyao _mZd g_mO H$s ^mdm{^ì`{º$ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& ^bo hr CgH$m g¥ï>m H$moB© EH$ ì`{º$ hr hmo, {H$ÝVw Cg na
A{YH$ma g^r H$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g^r BÝh| bmoH$_mZg H$s AZw^y{V _mZVo h¢ Ÿ& `o `wJ-`wJ Ho$ AZw^dm| H$s g§{MV Aj`
{Z{Y h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr ~S>r ~mV H$mo öX`§J_ H$amZo Ho$ {bE EH$ N>moQ>r gr bmoH$mo{º$ n`m©á hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& (n¥.H«$.7, g§. S>m°. gwaoe
Ed§ S>m°. drUm Jm¡V_)
'Advanced Learners Dictionary' _| A. S. Hornby Zo H$hm h¡ {H$, "_whmdam§' eãXm| H$m
dh H«$_ `m g_yh h¡ {Og_| g~ eãXm| H$m AW© EH$ gmW {_bmH$a {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Chamber's Twentieth Century Dictionary Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr ^mfm H$s {d{eï> A{^ì`§OZ
- nÜX{V H$mo "_whdam' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
Oxford Concise Dictionary Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr ^mfm H$s A{^ì`§OZm go {d{eï> ê$n H$mo "_whmdam§'
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
"_whmdam' H$s g~go A{YH$ ì`mnH$ Ed§ gÝVmofOZH$ n[a^mfm S>m°. Amo_àH$me Jwá Zo BgàH$ma H$s h¡ ""àm`: em[aarH$ Moï>mAm|, Añnï> Üd{Z`m|, H$hm{Z`m| Am¡a H$hmdVm| AWdm ^mfm Ho$ H${Vn` {dbjU
à`m|Jm| Ho$ AZwH$aU `m AmYma na {Z{_©V Am¡a A{^Yo`mW© go {^Þ H$moB© {deof AW© XoZodmbo {H$gr ^mfm Ho$ JT>o hþE
ê$T> dmŠ`, dmŠ`m§e `m eãXg_yh H$mo "_whmdam' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&''
{OgàH$ma Ab§H$mam| Ho$ à`moJ go H${dVm _| gw§XaVm, gagVm {Z_m©U hmoVr h¡, CgràH$ma bmoH$mo{º$, _whmdam|
Ho$ à`moJ go ^mfm _| OmZ Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$m gm¢X`©, CgH$s A{^ì`§OZ j_Vm, ^mdàdUVm ~T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr
^mfm _| à`wº$ bmoH$mo{º$`m| Ed§ _whmdam| H$mo XoIH$a Cg ^m{fH$ g_mO Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ñVa H$m AZw_mZ bJm`m Om
gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `o _Zwî` Ho$ àXrK© AZw^d Ed§ kmZ Ho$ gyÌ h¢ Ÿ&
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28
ñdê$n
OZ_mZg _| ê$T>, bmoH$OrdZ _| àM{bV BÝhr H$hmdVm| Ed§ _whmdam| H$m g§H${bV ê$n hr "_whmda|H$hmdV| H$moe' h¢ Ÿ& qhXr ^mfm Ed§ gm{hË` Ho$ A§VJ©V `h g§H$bZ g_`-g_` na hmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> g§H$bZ
g§`w{º$H$ AWm©V, _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdVm| Ho$ {_bVo h¢, Vmo Hw$N> g§H$bZ ñdV§Ì ê$n go (H$hmdV| Ed§ _whmdam| Ho$) ^r nm`o
OmVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go, S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar H$m "qhXr _whmdam H$moe', "amOnmb _whmdam H$moe' - g§. h[ad§e am` e_m©,
amOnmb bmoH$mo{º$ H$moe - g§. h[ad§e am` e_m©, bmoH$mo{º$ Ed§ _whmdam§ H$moe - g§. amOHw$_ma qgh Am{X Ÿ&
BZ H$moem| _| AH$mamXr H«$_ go _whmdam| VWm bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$m {ddaU {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> H$moem| _| _whmdam|
Ho$ AW© Ho$ gmW dmŠ` _| Cn`moJ ^r àñVwV {H$E h¢ Ÿ& O¡go {H$Vm~ _hb àH$meZ H$m S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar X²dmam
g§nm{XV "qhXr _whmdam§ H$moe' XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `h qhXr H$m EH$ ~¥hX _whmdam H$moe h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _whmdam| H$s g§»`m
àm`: 12,000 h¢ Ÿ& BgrVah Cn`w©º$ AÝ` H$moe ^r Bg Ñ{ï> go _hÎdnyU© h¢ Ÿ&
bmoH$mo{º$`m| Am¡a _whmdam| _| ^mfm H$s bjUm Ed§ ì`§OZm e{º$ H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: XmoZm| _| hr A{^YmË_H$
AW© Jm¡U ahVm h¡ Am¡a bú`mW© Ed§ ì`§½`mW© àYmZ ~Z OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _whmdam| Ho$ à`moJ dmŠ`m| VWm bmoH$mo{º$`m| XmoZm| _|
M_ËH$ma, A§{^ì`§OZ H$m¡eb VWm à^mdmË_H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r bmoH$mo{º$`m± {H$gr ~mV Ho$ g_W©Z, I§S>Z VWm
nw{ï> Ho$ {bE à`wº$ H$s OmVr h¢ Ÿ& bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$m à`moJ OZ_mZg _| Cg H$mbgo hmoVm Am`m h¢, O~ boIZH$bm H$m
CX` VH$ Zht hþAm Wm Ÿ& A{YH$Va bmoH$mo{º$`m± J«m_rU OZ-OrdZ Ho$ AZw^dm| Ho$ AmYma na ~Zr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> H$hmdV|
H${d`m|, boIH$m| VWm _Zr{f`m| H$s C{º$`m± hmoVr h¢, Omo AnZr eãX-`moOZm Ho$ gm¡ð>d, A{^ì`§OZnQwVm `m AW©Jwê$Vm Am{X H$s dOh go OZVm _| àM{bV hmo OmVr h§¡ Ÿ& H$hmdV| Ed§ _whmda| XmoZm| _| hr Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hmdVm| _| {deof ê$n go "bmoH$mo{º$' Ab§H$ma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ_| H$B© Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
_whmdam| _| Ab§H$ma H$m à`moJ A{Zdm`© Zht h¡ Ÿ&
{Z_m©U ómoV
_whmdam| Ho$ g§H$bZ Ho$ H$B© ómoV h¢ Ÿ& _w»`V: _whmda| _m¡{IH$ na§nam go àmá hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& X¡{ZH$ ~mobr Ed§
ì`dhma _| àM{bV H$B© _whmda| _m¡{IH$ na§nam go g§J«{hV {H$E OmVo h¡§ Ÿ& BZH$s g§»`m H$m\$s h¡ Ÿ& Xwgam ómoV
eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe Ed§ _whmdam| H$s nwamZr nwñVH$m| H$m h¡ Ÿ& Vrgam ómoV AÝ` ^mfmAm| go qhXr _| ê$nm§V[aV _whmdam|
H$m h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOr, \$magr VWm CXy© ^mfmAm| go ^r H$m\$s _mÌm _| _whmda| AmE h¢ Ÿ&
Cn`mo{JVm Ed§ _hÎd
^maV ~hþ^mfr amï´> h¡ Ÿ& EH$ ^mfm Ho$ A§VJ©V H$B© ~mo{b`m± Am¡a A~mo{b`m± hmoVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ& ñdm^m{dH$V`m
BZ ~mo{b`m| _|, bmoH$ì`dhma _| AmZodmbr H$B© àH$ma H$s H$hmdV§o, _whmda| à`wº$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& bmoH$gm{hË` Ho$ AÜ``Z
_|, ^mfm-AÜ``Z _| {deofV: àmXo{eH$ ^mfmAm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aVo hþE H$B© H$hmdV| VWm _whmdam| H$m AW©~moY
H$aZm H${R>Z hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo g_` _whmdam| Ed§ H$hmdVm| H$m g§H$bZ h_mar _XX H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË`, bmoH$gm{hË`
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29
Ed§ AZwdmXZ _| ^r `h g§H$bZ AZwdmXH$ Ho$ {bE _mJ©Xe©H$ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr ^r ^mfm Ho$ gyú_ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE,
^mfmJV gm¢X`© Ho$ AmñdmXZ Ho$ {bE H$hmdV|-_whmdam H$moe, ghr AW© _| Amdí`H$ g§X^© ómoV gm~rV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
gm{hË` _| _whmdam| Ed§ H$hmdVm| H$m à`moJ gQ>rH$ ê$n _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `o gm{hË` Ho$ AZyR>o Ab§H$ma h¢ Ÿ&
gm{hpË`H$ gm¢X`© Ho$ Aj` ^§S>ma h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ à`moJ go gm{hË` Ed§ ^mfm H$s AW©dÎmm ~T> OmVr h¢ Ÿ& "JmJa _| gmJa'
bmoH$mo{º$ H$s Vah BZH$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm _| {N>no ì`§½`mW© VWm bú`mW© H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE `o g§H$bZ {deof
Cn`wº$ hmoVm h¢ Ÿ&
_whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV| ^mfm _| ghOVm go Kwbo-{_bo hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝhr Ho$ H$maU ^mfm àdmhr, g§àofUr` ~ZVr
h¡ Ÿ& H$moB© KQ>Zm `m bå~o-Mm¡S>o àg§J H$mo g_PZo-g_PmZo Ho$ {bE bå~r ^y{_H$m ~m±YZo H$s Oê$aV Zht
nS>Vr Ÿ& CgHo$ ñWmZ na {H$gr H$hmdV `m _whmda| Ho$ à`moJ go H$m_ AmgmZ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&
A§Va
H$hmdV| VWm _whmda| XmoZm| bmoH$OrdZ go {Z{_©V Ed§ bmoH$OrdZ _| àM{bV hmoH$a ^r XmoZm| _| EH$ {d{eï>
A§Va h¡ Ÿ& _whmdam§ nyU© dmŠ` Z hmoH$a dmŠ`m§e hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ H$hmdV `m bmoH$mo{º$ gånyU© dmŠ` hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _whmdam§
dmŠ` go OwS>H$a ^md H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$aVm h¡, Vmo bmoH$mo{º$ Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ {bE dmŠ` `m dmŠ`m§e H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht
hmoVr Ÿ& _whmdam| H$m à`moJ ^md H$mo CÕrá H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡, O~{H$ bmoH$mo{º$ H$m à`moJ lmoVm na A{_Q>
à^md S>mbZo hoVw {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _whmdam| H$m à`moJ ^mfm H$m gm¢X`© ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE, ^md g§àofU Ho$ {bE hmoVm h¡,
Vmo bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$m à_wIV: {H$gr H$mo CnXoe XoZo Ho$ {bE, Cnmbå^ `m ì`§½` H$s A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE, ~mV H$mo g§jon
_| g_PmZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
{ZîH$f©
_whmda| VWm H$hmdV| ~mobMmb _| àM{bV M_ËH$manyU© dmŠ`m§e VWm dmŠ` hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
♦
do AZw^d{gÕ VÏ`H$WZ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
♦
do CnXoemË_H$ `m Z¡{VH$ {ejm go `wº$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
♦
do bjUm `m ì`§OZm eãXe{º$ go __© VH$ nhþ±MH$a {d{eï> AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
2.3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe
AW© Ed§ n[a^mfmE±
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m g§H$bZ hr "n[a^mfm H$moe' `m "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe' H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h
g§H$bZ Am_ eãXm| go AbJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& X¡{ZH$ ì`dhma `m ~mobr _| à`wº$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ eãX Bg_| Zht AmVo Ÿ& ^mfm
`m gm{hË` Ho$ A§VJ©V à`wº$ g¡X²Ym§{VH$, AmbmoMZmË_H$ eãXmdbr, {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s, {d{Y, dm{UÁ`, àemgZ
Ho$ A§VJ©V à`wº$ hmoZodmbr gm§Ho${VH$ eãXmdbr àm`: nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&
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30
_ybV: nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr `m "n[a^mfm H$moe' `h eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ 'Glossary' (½bm°gar) eãX H$m
qhXr n`m©`dmMr ê$n h¡ Ÿ& "½bm°gar' eãX _wbV: J«rH$ ^mfm Ho$ eãX 'Glossa' go {Z{_©V h¡ Ÿ& J«rH$ ^mfm _| "½bm°g'
eãX H$m àma§{^H$ AW© "dmUr' Wm, Omo ~mX _| "^mfm' `m "~mobr' H$m dmMH$ ~Zm Ÿ& AmJo MbH$a Bg_| AW©n[adV©Z
hmoH$a {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ eãX AWm©V² nm[a^m{fH$, gm_mÝ`, jo{Ì`, àmMrZ, AàM{bV Am{X Ho$ {bE BgH$m à`moJ
hmoZo bJm Ÿ& Eogo eãXm| H$m g§J«h hr "½bm°gar' `m "n[a^mfm H$moe' H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ&
Hw$N> n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AmYma na gm_mÝ` eãX Ed§ nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| _| hmoZodmbm A§Va ñnï> hmo OmEJm Ÿ1)
{d{H$nr{S>`m -
Eogo eãX Omo {H$gr {deof kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ {ZpíMV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢, do "nm[a^m{fH$ eãX' hmoVo h¢
Am¡a Omo eãX EH$ {ZpíMV AW© _| à`wº$ Zht hmoVo do "gm_mÝ` eãX' hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
2)
S>m°. aKwdra qgh
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX H$m AW© h¡, {OgH$s gr_mE± ~m±Y Xr J`r hmo ŸAm¡a {OZH$s gr_m Zht ~m§Yr OmVr, do
gmYmaU eãX hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$ eãX dh hmoVm h¡, {OgH$m à`moJ {H$gr {deof AW© _| g§Ho$V ê$n go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
3)
S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX Eogo eãXm| H$mo H$hVo h¢, Omo gm_mÝ` ì`dhma H$s ^mfm Ho$ eãX Z hmoH$a ^m¡{VH$s, agm`Z,
àm{U{dkmZ, Xe©Z, J{UV, B§Or{Z`ar, {d{Y, dm{UÁ`, AW©emó, _Zmo{dkmZ, ^yJmob Am{X kmZ-{dkmZ Ho$
{d{^Þ joÌm| Ho$ {d{eï> eãX hmoVo h¢ Am¡a {OZH$s AW©-gr_m gw{ZpíMV Am¡a n[a^m{fV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& joÌ {deof _| BZ
eãXm| H$m {d{eï> AW© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
ñdê$n
nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr à_wIV: emó `m {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s, {d{Y, àemgZ, dm{UÁ` Am{X joÌm| _| VWm
CZ go gå~pÝYV {df`m| _| à`wº$ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& Cg joÌ-{deof Ho$ g§X^© _| CZH$m {d{eï> AW© Ed§ g§Ho$V hmoVm h¢ Ÿ& Omo
eãX X¡{ZH$ ì`dhma _|, ~mobr _| ê$T> hmoVm h¡, bo{H$Z d¡km{ZH$ "{d{eï> eãX' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {d{eï> AW© Ed§ `WmW©
H$ënZm H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$m à`mg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& Eogo hr "{d{eï> eãX' nm[a^m{fH$ g§km H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& {dkmZ Ed§ VËg_
{df`m| _| BZ eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go nhbo CZH$s n[a^mfm ñnï> H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: nm[a^m{fH$ g§H$ënZm EH$ {d{eï> AW©
H$s hr A{^ì`{º$ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go "Problem" eãX dm{UÁ`emó _| "àíZ' eãXmW© H$mo Üd{ZV H$aVm h¡ Vmo
g_mO{dkmZ _| "g_ñ`m' eãXmW© H$mo Üd{ZV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& BgràH$ma "ag' eãX X¡{ZH$ ì`dhma _| no`, Am¡f{Y ÐmdU
H$m ~moY H$aVm h¡, Vmo dhr "ag' eãX gm{hË`emó _| "AmË_mZ§X' AW© H$m ~moY H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
gm_mÝ` OrdZ H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ {bE {ZË`àM{bV Ed§ _`m©{XV eãXg§H$bZ go H$m_ Mb OmVm h¡,
bo{H$Z {dkmZ-VH$Zr{H$ Am{X emIm§VJ©V {d{eï> Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE VWm CZHo$ dmñV{dH$ A{^Yo`mW©
H$s A{^ì`{º$ hoVw {ZË`àM{bV eãXm| go {^Þ Ed§ ñdV§Ì eãXg§H$bZ {Z{_©Vr H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr ñdV§Ì
ê$n go {Z{_©V n[a^mfm boIZ ê$n _| ~ma-~ma à`wº$ hmoH$a g_` Ho$ gmW {dH${gV hmoVr h¡ Am¡a H$mbm§Va go ê$T> ~Z
OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
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31
nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| _| ewÕ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, AY© nm[a^m{fH$ eãX VWm n[a^mfm _| à`wº$ hmoZodmbo
"gm_mÝ` eãX' Am{X H$m A§V^m©d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm g§MmbZmb` H$s H|$Ðr` ^mfm-Zr{V Ho$ AZwgma nm[a^m{fH$
eãXH$moe _w»`V: {dkmZ, VH$ZrH$s, {d{Y, dm{UÁ`, àemgZ Am{X {df`m| H$m kmZ à_wIV: A§J«oOr go àmXo{eH$
^mfmAm| _|, _mV¥^mfmAm| _| XoZo H$s ì`dñWm hoVw nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s {Z{_©Vr H$s J`r Ÿh¢ & g^r ^maVr`
^mfmAm| _| {dkmZ-VH$ZrH$s, gm{hË`, ^mfm go gå~pÝYV g^r {df`m| Ho$ n[a^mfm H$moe ~Zm`o JE h¢ Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$
Vm¡a na qhXr gm{hË`emó _| àM{bV nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$m {ddoMZ H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
qhXr gm{hË`emó _| àM{bV nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ VrZ ómoV h¢ 1)
g§ñH¥$V ómoV
qhXr _| g§ñH¥$V go AmZodmbo nm[a^m{fH$ eãX g~go A{YH$ h¢ Ÿ& `o eãX g§ñH¥$V go grYo Cgr AW© _| Am¡a
Hw$N> g_`-g§X^© Ed§ n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwgma n[ad{V©V hmoH$a ê$T> hmo JE h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - "ag{gÕm§V' _| à`wº$ CËn{Îm, ag,
Ambå~Z, CÔrnZ, Aml`, ~«÷mZ§X, ghmoXa, ag{Zîn{V Am{X Ÿ&
2)
nmíMmË` ómoV
nmíMmË` OJV² go qhXr ^mfm _| AmZodmbo nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ h¢ Ÿ& CÞrgdt gXr VWm
CgHo$ ~mX ñdV§ÌVmnyd© H$mb _| `o eãX qhXr _| AmE Ÿ& CZH$s ghm`Vm go A§J«oOr emgZ Ho$ gmW hr {~«Q>re gm{hË`
Ed§ gä`Vm H$m AmJ_Z ^r hþAm Ÿ& BZ_| go H$B© eãX ~m§Jbm ZdOmJaU Ho$ g_` àW_ ~m§Jbm gm{hË` _| Am¡a {\$a
CgHo$ _mÜ`_ go qhXr ZdOmJaU Ho$ g_` A§J«oOr go grYo qhXr _| AmE Ÿ& `o Á`mXmVa b¡{Q>Z, \«|$M, J«rH$ _yb Ho$ eãX
Wo, Omo A§J«oOr _| AnZr A§erH$ _yb nhMmZ H$mo H$m`_ aIo hþE Wo Ÿ& qhXr Zo BÝh| A§J«oOr go J«hU {H$`m Ÿ& 20 dt gXr
Ho$ A§{V_ XeH$ _| Bgr dJ© Ho$ Hw$N> eãX qhXr _| VoOr go à`wº$ hþE - O¡go Globalization -d¡ídrH$aU `m
^y_§S>brH$aU Ÿ& Global Village "{dídJ«m_' Am{X Ÿ& BgHo$ _yb _| dV©_mZ nmíMmË` gm_«mÁ`dmXr g§ñH¥${V H$s
{dMma-na§nam h¡, Omo Xw{Z`m^a _| AW©-ì`mnma-d¡ídrH$aU Ho$ à^md H$mo \¡$bm ahr h¡ Ÿ&
3)
qhXr H$m AnZm g_rjmemó
`h Vrgam ómoV h¡ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m `h ñÌmoV qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg BVZm hr nwamZm h¢, `h nhbo
g§ñH¥$V go à^m{dV Am¡a ~mX _| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| ñdV§Ì ê$n go {dH${gV h¡ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ g_rjH$
Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb, hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr, _w{º$~moY, am_{dbmg e_m©, Zm_daqgh Am{X Zo nm[a^m{fH$ eãX {XE h¢Ÿ&
S>m°. am_M§Ð {Vdmar Ûmam àñVwV "AmYw{ZH$ qhXr AmbmoMZm : g§X^© Am¡a Ñ{ï>' `h g§X^© J«§W Bg Ñ{ï> go EH$ _hÎdnyU©
à`mg h¡ Ÿ& Bgr Vah AÝ` nm[a^m{fH$ H$moe ^r CXmhaU Ho$ Vm¡a na XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - qhXr gm{hË` H$moe
^mJ-1 Ed§ 2 - nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr - S>m°. YraoÝÐ d_m©, àemg{ZH$ A§J«oOr qhXr H$moe - g§. S>m°. Zmam`UXÎm
nmbrdmb, amO^mfm VH$ZrH$s eãXmdbr - ~b~ra gŠgoZm, A§J«oOr-_amR>r d¡km{ZH$ nm[a^m{fH$ ì`m»`mg§J«h,
J{UV n[a^mfm H$moe, agm`Zemó n[a^mfm H$moe, dZñnVremó nm[a^m{fH$ H$moe Am{X Ÿ& Bg g§X^© _| nwUo
{díd{dX²`mb` X²dmam, A§J«oOr nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| H$s H$B© {dkmZ {df`H$ H$moe nwpñVH$mE± XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡§ Ÿ&
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32
BgàH$ma Ho$ H$moe-boIZ Ho$ {bE {díd{dX²`mb`, CZHo$ {df`-{d^mJ, g_rjH$, AZwg§YmVm Ho$ gmW hr
{dídH$moe go ^r ghm`Vm br OmVr h¡ Ÿ& ñZmVH$ Ed§ ñZmVH$moÎma nmR²>`H«$_ Ho$ {dkmZ Ed§ VËg_ {df`m| Ho$ AÜ``ZAÜ`mnZ _| "nm[a^m{fH$ H$moe' Cn`moJr {gX²Y hþE h¢ Ÿ&
_hÎd Ed§ Cn`mo{JVm
nm[a^m{fH$ H$moe Ho$ Cn`w©º$ {ddoMZ go "H$moe' H$s Cn`mo{JVm BgàH$ma {ZX}{eV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ{dÚmWu, AÜ`mnH$, {Okmgy nmR>H$, AZwg§YmVmAm| H$mo nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| H$m Vwa§V AW©~moY hmo gH$Vm
h¢ Ÿ& nmR²>`H«$_ Ed§ AÝ` J«§Wm| _| à`wº$ g§kmAm| H$s `WmW© Ed§ {dñV¥V OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE nm[a^m{fH$ ì`m»`mg§J«h
{deof CnmXo` gm{~V hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| {ejm g§ñWmAm|, VH$ZrH$s nmR²>`H«$_, nX{dH$mE±, {dkmZ emIm{Y{ð>V nmR²>`H«$_ nT>Zdo mbo
Am{X {dX²`m{W©`m| H$s _mÌm H$m\$s ~T> J`r h¡ Ÿ& gm_mÝ`-gw~wÕ nmR>H$ ^r d¡km{ZH$ g§H$ënZmAm| go A{YH$ OwS> ahm
h¡ Ÿ& g_J« _mZdr OrdZ-ì`dhma _| {dkmZ{Zð> gmoM Ed§ VX²Zwê$n OrdZàUmbr H$m AmJ«h ~T> ahm h¡ Ÿ& Bg pñW{V
_| Vwa§V Ed§ ghOVm go AW©~moY H$amZodmbo d¡km{ZH$ nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| Ho$ ì`m»`mg§J«hmo§ H$m g_mO _| ñdmJV hr
h¡ Ÿ&
`o "n[a^mfm H$moe' ñZmVH$, ñZmVH$moÎma nmR²>`H«$_ Ho$ {bE àmXo{eH$ ñVa Ho$ gmW hr gd©^m{fH$ nmR>H$ Ho$
{bE {deof Cn`moJr h¢ Ÿ&
g_m§Va H$moe
AW© Ed§ n[a^mfm
{d{^Þ g§X^© ómoVm| _| go AmYw{ZH$ Ed§ _hÎdnyU© g§X^© ómoV h¡§ - "g_m§Va H$moe' Ÿ& `h AnZo ñVa na EH$
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§X^© J«§W h¡ Ÿ& boIZ Ed§ nR>Z{dYr _| h_| H$^r-H$^ma {d{eï> eãX H$s Vbme hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& gQ>rH$ eãX
H$s ImoO _| h_ {d{dY eãXH$moe ^r XoI boVo h¢, {\$a ^r dh eãX Zht {_b nmVm Ÿ& V~, h_ "g_m§Va H$moe' H$s
ghm`Vm boVo h¢ Ÿ&
"g_m§Va H$moe' eãXH$moe H$m hr EH$ ^oX h¡ Ÿ& `h Ano{jV eãX-ImoO H$s {Xem _| EH$ gmW©H$ à`mg
h¡ Ÿ& O~ {H$gr {d{eï> eãX Ho$ g§X^© _| AÝ` n`m©`dmMr, d¡H$pënH$, g_mZmWu, {dnarV VWm Cg {Xem Ho$ {d{dY
eãXm| H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE, h_| g_m§Va H$moe go H$m_ boZm nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
"g_m§Va H$moe' EH$ gmW eãXH$moe, n`m©`dmMr H$moe, g_mZmWu eãXH$moe, g§X^© H$moe hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$
A§VJ©V {d{eï> eãX Ho$ g§X^© _| d¡H$pënH$, g_mZmWu, {dnarV, Cggo gå~pÝYV, AÝ` eãXm| H$s ì`mnH$ gyMr h_
XoI gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
gQ>rH$ eãX H$s Vbme _| _Zmodm§{N>V eãX H$s CnbpãY H$aZodmbm EH$ g§X^© J«§W "g_m§Va H$moe' h¡ Ÿ& Bg
H$moe _| EH$ eãX Ho$ g_mZmWu, n`m©`dmMr, {dnarV VWm Cggo gå~pÝYV AÝ`mÝ` eãX EH$ gmW g_m§Va ê$n go
àñVwV ahVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: `h g_m§Va H$moe H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ&
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33
ñdê$n
g_m§Va H$moe H$mo A§J«oOr _| "{Wgmag' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& "{Wgmag' eãX `yZmZr "W¡Omoag' H$m qhXr ê$n h¡,
{OgH$m AW© h¡ - H$moe Ÿ& dmñVd _| g_m§Va H$moe _| eãXm| H$m g§H$bZ hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go `h EH$ àH$ma H$m
eãXH$moe hr h¡ Ÿ& _Ja, g_m§Va H$moe Ed§ eãXH$moe _| A§Va `h h¡ {H$ eãXH$moe _| EH$ eãX Ho$ AbJ-AbJ AW©
{XE hmoVo h¢ Am¡a "g_m§Va' H$moe _| EH$ eãX Ho$ ~hþV gmao d¡H$ënrH$, g_mZmWu, {dnarV Ed§ Cggo gå~pÝYV
AÝ`mÝ` eãX EH$ gmW {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& _Zmodm§{N>V eãX H$s Vbme _| Ohm± eãX H$moe AZwn`moJr ahVm h¡, dhm±
"{Wgmag' h_mao {bE {deof Cn`moJr {gX²Y hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - g_m§Va H$moe _| H$moB© ^r EH$ eãX ~hþ{dH$ënr Ho$ ê$n
_| àñVwV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V² h_ {H$gr EH$ eãX Ho$ X²dmam {H$gr AZOmZ, AZXoIo eãX VH$ VËH$mb nhþ±M gH$Vo
h¢ Ÿ& BZ ~hþ{dH$ënr eãXm| Ho$ AmYma na g_m§Va H$moe AÜ`oVm Ho$ {bE "n`m©` H$moe' H$m H$m_ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z,
g_m§Va H$moe _| ~hþ{dH$ën go AmJo ~T>H$a Cggo gå~pÝYV AÝ`mÝ` AWm}dmb§o T>oa gmao eãX {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `o eãX
AW© Ho$ ñVa na {d{dY hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& O¡go {dn[aV AWm]dmbo, gå~pÝYV, AÝ` Am{X Ÿ& O¡go "g_m§Va H$moe' _| go "{ddmh'
eãX H$m CXmhaU {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡ - Cg_| "{ddmh' Ho$ gmW-{ddmh {dÀN>oX, {ddmh H$s gJmB©, KwS>MS>r Am{X
añ_m| Ho$ AW© ^r {_b OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {ddmh EH$ g§ñH$ma h¡ - AV: _w§S>Z, CnZ`Z Am{X gmobh g§ñH$mam| H$s OmZH$mar ^r
{_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {ddmh J¥hñW Aml_ H$m àdoe q~Xw h¡ - AV: J¥hñW Aml_ Ho$ gmW-gmW g§Ý`mg, dmZàñW Am¡a
~«÷M`© Aml_ H$m n[aM` ^r àmá hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Xmo-Mma n¥ð>m| Ho$ ~mX Amn {ddmh {Zð>, A{Zð, naZmar, nanwê$f
Am{X eãXg_yhm| H$s OmZH$mar ^r àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
Bggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ AÜ`oVm {H$gr ^r kmV eãX Ho$ X²dmam AkmV `m {dñ_¥V eãX VH$ Vwa§V hr nhþ±M
gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
g_m§Va H$moe H$m B{Vhmg
"g_m§Va H$moe' boIZ H$s na§nam AË`§V àmMrZ h¡ Ÿ& Xw{Z`m H$m g~go nhbm {Wgmag ^maV _| ~Zm Ÿ& B©gm
H$s N>R>r-gmVdt gXr _| A_aqgh X²dmam {bIm J`m "Zm_qbJmZwemgZ' `m "{ÌH$m§S>' {dídñVa H$m gd©àW_
"g_m§Va H$moe' h¡, Omo "g_aqgh' Zm_ go ^r {d»`mV h¡ Ÿ& `h J«§W "H$moe boIZ' na§nam H$m EH$ geº$ à`mg h¡ Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| BgràH$ma H$m à`mg A§J«oOr _| am¡OoQ> Zo {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ghr Zm_ h¡ - nrQ>a _mH©$ am±Oo Ÿ& "{Wgmag
Am°\$ B§½bre dS>g© ' `h J«W§ CgZo 1852 _| àH$m{eV {H$`m, BgHo$ ~mX CÝhrHo$ OrdZH$mb _| H$ar~ 28 nwZg© ñ§ H$aU
{ZH$bo h¢ Ÿ&
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| qhXr ^mfm _| AaqdXHw$_ma Ed§ Hw$gw_Hw$_ma XmoZm| H$m `h A{^Z§XZr` àgm` h¡ Ÿ& BZ
boIH$Û` Zo bJmVma 20 gmb AWH$ n[al_ H$a qhXr H$m àW_ g_m§Va H$moe àñVwV {H$`m Ÿ& BgHo$ A§VJ©V
5,40,000 go A{YH$ eãX g§H${bV h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| g^r Vah Ho$ eãX h¢ Ÿ&
g_m§Va H$moe Ho$ ^oX (1) AZwH«$_ I§S> (2) g§X^© I§S> Ÿ&
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34
1)
AZwH«$_ I§S>
"AZwH«$_ I§S'> _| AH$mam{X H«$_ go g^r eãXm| H$s gyMr Xr h¡, {OgH$m g_mdoe g_m§Va H$moe _| {H$`m J`m
h¡ Ÿ& AZwH«$_ I§S> Amn Ho$ {bE VËH$mb H$moe H$m H$m_ ^r H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| àË`oH$ ImoO eãX Ho$ ZrMo {XE JE
{dH$ën, CgHo$ AW© ^r h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr, àË`oH$ AW© ñdV§Ì n§{º$ _| {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& AV: ha AW© Vwa§V J«hrV hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
"g_m§Va H$moe' XoIZo H$s {dYr Hw$N> BgàH$ma h¡ - g~go nhbo Amn AZwH«$_ I§S> _| AnZo ^md `m {dMma
Ho$ {ZH$Q>ñW H$moB© EH$ eãX Xo{IE Ÿ& Cg eãX Ho$ gm_Zo g§»`mAm| _o§ nVm {bIm hþAm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a Amn Cg nVo Ho$
AZwgma g§X^© I§S> _| Vbme H$s{OE Am¡a Amn AnZo _Zmodm§{N>V eãX VH$ nhþ±M Om`|Jo Ÿ& O¡go, _mZ br{OE Amn
"{ZH$mh' eãX ImoOZm MmhVo h¡, _Ja Amn H$mo "{ddmh' eãX `mX h¡ Ÿ& "AZwH«$_ I§S>' _| "ImoO' eãX "{ddmh' Ho$
ZrMo H$B© J§Vì` h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| go EH$ h¡ {ddmh Ÿ799.1 {ZH$mh Ho$ {bE Amn ñd^mdV: g§X^© I§S> _| Bgr nVo na
Om`|Jo Ÿ& g§X^© I§S> _| Amn XoI|Jo {H$ 799 erf©H$ hr {ddmh H$m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| Cnerf©H$ 1 _| {ddmh Ho$ 37 n`m©` h¢,
{OZ _| go EH$ h¡ {ZH$mh Ÿ&
g_m§Va H$moe àË`oH$ eãX Ho$ ~hþ{dñVma _| OmZo H$s gmW©H$ H$mo{ee h¢ Ÿ& CX. "am{eMH«$' `h eãX bo boVo
h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| am{eMH«$ Ho$ AZoH$ n`m©`dmMr Am¡a {\$a am{e`m| Ho$ {d{dY g_yhm| Ho$ Zm_, VÎníMmV àË`oH$ amer Ho$
A§VJ©V CgHo$ AnZo n`m©`dmMr, qhXr, CXy©, Aa~r, b¡Q>rZ Am{X Zm_ {XE JE h¢ Ÿ&
_hÎd
"g_m§Va H$moe' gM_wM EH$ {damQ> à`mg h¡ Ÿ& 20 dfm} go Bg H$m`© _| OwS>o AaqdX Ed§ Hw$gw_ Hw$_ma H$s `h
EH$ gmW©H$ CnbpãY h¡ Ÿ& boIZ-nR>Z-AZwg§YmZ-AZwdmX Am{X H$m`© _| bJo hþE à`moº$mAm| Ho$ {bE `h EH$
gwAdga h¡, {H$ _ZMmho eãX H$s Vbme BgHo$ X²dmam VËH$mb nyU© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm AÜ`oVmAm| Ed§ {deofkm| Ho$ {bE
`h g~b _mÜ`_ h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm à^wÎd nmZo H$m `h EH$ _hÎdnyU© g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ& H${d, boIH$, AZwdmXH$, nÌH$ma,
AÜ`mnH$, N>mÌ, AZwg§YmVm g^r Ho$ {bE `h {deof Cn`moJr h¡ Ÿ& Amdí`H$VmZwê$n `h VËH$mb H$moe, n`m©` H$moe,
g§X^© H$moe, eãXH$moe, d¡H$pënH$ eãXH$moe H$m g_m§Va ê$n h¡ Ÿ& BgH$s g^r {deofVmE± g_m§Va ê$n go Bg_| XoIr
Om gH$Vr h¢ Ÿ& ImoOr-AÜ`oVmAm| Ho$ {bE "g_m§Va H$moe' ~hþAm`m_r g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ& `h ^mfm H$m {ZV-ZyVZ
e{º$em{b CnH$aU h¡ Ÿ& AÜ`oVmAm| Ho$ {bE {dnwb eãX ^§S>ma nmZo H$m ghO ómoV h¡ Ÿ&
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
A)
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE-JE {dH$ënm| _| go C{MV {dH$ën MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
{H$gr {df` H$s {deof OmZH$mar XoZodmbr gm_J«r H$mo ................ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$) {deof gm_J«r
I) g§X^© gm_J«r
J) g§X^© ómoV
K) ómoV gm_J«r
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35
2.
3.
nmR>H$ H$mo ......... àXmZ H$aZm g§X^© ómoV H$m CX²Xoí` ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$) OmZH$mar
I) {deof OmZH$mar
J) gm_mÝ` OmZH$mar
K) _hÎdnyU© OmZH$mar
"EZgmBŠbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m' H$m gyÌnmV ........... B©. _| hþAm Wm Ÿ&
H$) 1956
4.
8.
K) g§X^© J«§W
I) S>m°. OmohmÝgZ
J) d¡ãñQ>g©
K) am¡OoQ>
K) {~«{Q>em|
........ "{dídñVa' H$s g^r àH$ma H$s OmZH$mar XoZodmbm g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ&
I) {dídH$moe
J) {df`H$moe
K) ì`{º$H$moe
........ "{dídH$moe' g^r Ñ{ï>`m| go n[anyU© Ed§ àJë^ "{dídH$moe' _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
I) g§ñH¥${V
J) {~«Q>m{ZH$m
K) Hw$_ma
J) CXy©
K) qhXr
J) nwZê${º$
K) gy{º$
"_whmdam' eãX ............... ^mfm H$m h¡ Ÿ&
I) \$magr
H$hmdVm| _| {deof ê$n go .......... Ab§H$ma hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
I) AÝ`mo{º$
S>m°. ^mobmZmW {Vdmar Ho$ "qhXr _whmdam H$moe' _| _whmdam| H$s g§»`m ......... h¡ Ÿ&
H$) 7,000
13.
J) H$moe
J) ehmOr
H$) bmoH$mo{º$
12.
I) {dídH$moe
I) N>Ìn{V {edmOr _hmamO
H$) Aa~r
11.
K) {ÌH$m§S>
H$) N>Ìn{V amO{f© emhþOr
H$) gm{hË`
10.
J) A_aH$moe
................. Zo "amO-ì`dhma H$moe' ~Zdm`m Wm &
H$) eãXH$moe
9.
I) {Zê$º$
"eãXH$moem|' H$s nmíMmË` naånam _| ........... H$m eãXH$moe àW_ à`mg h¡ Ÿ&
H$) S>m°. Om°ÝgZ
7.
K) 1856
qhXr _| "{S>ŠeZar' `m VËg_ J«§Wm| Ho$ {bE .......... g§km àM{bV h¡ Ÿ&
H$) eãXH$moe
6.
J) 1768
àOmn{V H$í`n H$m ............... g§gma H$m A{VàmMrZ "eãX g§H$bZ' h¡ Ÿ&
H$) {ZK§Qw>
5.
I) 1771
I) 12,000
J) 10,000
K) 2,000
"n[a^mfm H$moe' `h eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ .................. eãX H$m qhXr n`m©`dmMr ê$n h¡ Ÿ&
H$) Glossary
I) Glossa
J) Globa
K) Glass
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36
14.
"g_m§Va H$moe' ........ H$m hr EH$ ^oX h¡ Ÿ&
H$) {Wgmag
15.
19.
J) {dXoer
K) A§J«oOr
I) {dñVma
J) ~hþ{dH$ën
K) ~hþn`m©`
I) 19 dr
J) 20 dr
K) 17 dr
"^maVr` gm{hË` H$moe' Ho$ g§nmXH$ ................ h¡ Ÿ&
H$) S>m°. drUm Jm¡V_
I) S>m°. gwaoe Jm¡V_
J) S>m°. gwaoe Ed§ S>m°. drUm Jm¡V_
K) n§{S>V _hmXodemór Omoer
............. "{dídH$moe' g^r {df`m| go gå~pÝYV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$) {df`
20.
I) `yZmZr
nmíMmË` OJV² go qhXr ^mfm _| AmZodmbo "nm[a^m{fH$ eãX' ............. gXr VWm CgHo$ ~mX AmE h¢Ÿ&
H$) 18 dr
18.
K) eãXmW©H$moe
"g_m§Va H$moe' àË`oH$ eãX Ho$ ......... _| OmZo H$s gmW©H$ H$mo{ee h¡ Ÿ&
H$) ~hþ{dñVma
17.
J) {dídH$moe
"{Wgmag' eãX .............. "W¡Omoag' H$m qhXr ê$n h¡ Ÿ&
H$) BQ>mbr
16.
I) eãXH$moe
I) gm_mÝ`
J) {deof
K) {df`-{deof {Zð>
{H$gr ^r H$moe _| "eãXmdbr' ......... H«$_ go Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
H$) AZwH«$_
I) {df`H«$_
J) AH$mamXr
Am)
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
"kmZMH«$' g§H$ënZm Š`m h¡ Ÿ?
2.
"H$moe' eãX H$m eãXH$moeJV AW© ~VmBE Ÿ&
3.
eãXH$moe {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?
4.
"eãXH$moem|' H$s ^maVr` naånam {H$g H$moe go Ama§^ hmoVr h¡ ?
5.
^mfm Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe Ho$ àH$ma ~VmBE Ÿ&
6.
"{dídH$moe' H$m¡Zgo A§J«oOr eãX H$m qhXrH$aU h¡ Ÿ?
7.
"{dídH$moem|' Ho$ H$m¡Zgo Xmo àH$ma AŠga XoIo OmVo h¢ ?
8.
"H$hmdV' {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?
9.
bmoH$mo{º$ Ed§ _whmdam| _| ^mfm H$s H$m¡Zgr e{º$ H$m_ H$aVr h¡ ?
10.
^mfm _| _whmdam| H$m à`moJ {H$g hoVw go {H$`m OmVm h¡ ?
11.
"nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe' {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?
K) eãXH«$_
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37
12.
nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| _| H$m¡Zgo eãXm| H$m A§V^m©d hmoVm h¡ ?
13.
qhXr gm{hË`emó _| àM{bV "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' Ho$ VrZ ómoV ~VmBE Ÿ&
14.
qhXr H$m àW_ "g_m§Va H$moe' {H$gZo àñVwV {H$`m ?
15.
{dídñVa H$m gd©àW_ "{Wgmag' H$m¡Zgm h¡ ?
16.
"g_m§Va H$moe' Ho$ Xmo àH$ma ~VmBE Ÿ&
17.
"g_m§Va H$moe' EH$ gmW {H$VZo gmao H$moem| H$m g_pÝdV ê$n h¡ ?Ÿ
18.
_Zwî` H$s {ZV-ZyVZ ~T> ahr kmZbmbgm H$s gmW©H$ CnbpãY Š`m h¡ Ÿ?
19.
_whmdam Ed§ H$hmdV _| Š`m A§Va h¡ ?
20.
H$hmdV| Ed§ _whmdam| H$m {Z_m©UómoV Š`m h¡ ?
2.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.
gÝX^© gm_J«r
-
{H$gr {df` H$s {deof OmZH$mar XoZodmbr gm_J«r
2.
gÝX^© ómoV
-
OmZH$mar VH$ nhþ±MmZo dmbo _mJ©
3.
H$moe
-
g§J«h, g§km H$m g§H${bV {ddoMZ H$aZodmbm J«§W
4.
eãXH$moe
-
d¡{dÜ`nyU© eãXm| H$m EH${ÌV g§H$bZ
5.
{S>ŠeZar
-
eãXH$moe
6.
½bm°gar
-
eãXg§J«h, eãXm| H$s gyMr
7.
kmZMH«$
-
EH$ `m EH$ go A{YH$ {df`m| H$s gd©g_mdoeH$ OmZH$mar
8.
{dídH$moe
-
{dídñVa H$s g^r àH$ma H$s OmZH$mar XoZodmbm g§X^© ómoV
9.
_whmdam§
-
{d{eï> AW© àH$Q> H$aZodmbm dmŠ`m§e
10.
H$hmdV
-
H$hr hþAr ~mV, bmoH$mo{º$, C{º$
11.
{Wgmag
-
g_m§Va H$moe
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38
2.6
ñdV§-AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
A)
1) g§X^© gm_J«r
2) {deof OmZH$mar
3) 1768
4) {ZK§Q>w
5) H$moe
6) S>m°. Om°ÝgZ
7) N>Ìn{V {edmOr _hmamOOr
8) {dídH$moe
9) {~«Q>m{ZH$m
10) Aa~r
11) bmoH$mo{º$
12) 12,000
13) Glossary
14) eãXH$moe
15) `yZmZr
16) ~hþ{dñVma
17) 19 dr
18) S>m°. gwaoe Ed§ S>m°. drUm Jm¡V_
19) gm_mÝ`
20) AH$mamXr
Am)
EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Ÿ&
1.
"kmZMH«$' Bg g§ënZm Ho$ AZwgma g^r {df` g_mZ ê$n go _hÎdnyU© h¢ Ÿ& AV: dV©_mZ g_` _| g^r
{df`m| H$m AÜ``Z Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& g^r kmZemImE± EH$ dVw©b _| bJr hþAr h¡ Ÿ& dVw©b Ho$ _Ü` _| h_
h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE àË`oH$ emIm H$s Amoa h_ Om gH$Vo h¡ Ÿ&
2.
"H$moe' eãX H$m eãXH$moeJV AW© h¡ - IµOmZm, g§J«h, g§{MV amer, {VOmoar, IXmZ, {df`, g§km H$m
g§H${bV {ddoMZ H$aZodmbm J«§W, eãX g§H$bZ, AmdaU, nQ>b, {dkmZ, _Z, àmU Am{X Ÿ&
3.
eãXH$moe AH$mamXr H«$_ go EH${ÌV {H$E JE eãX-g_yh H$m g§H$bZ h¡, Omo eãXm| H$s dV©Zr, ì`wËn{Îm,
ì`mH$aU, {ZX}e, AW©, n[a^mfm, à`moJ, n`m©` H$s àm_m{UH$ OmZH$mar XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
4.
eãXH$moem| H$s ^maVr` naånam B©gm H$s N>R>r-gmVdt eVr _| A_aqgh H¥$V g§ñH¥$V "Zm_qbJmZwemgZ' go
Ama§^ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ^maVr` Ed§ {dídñVa H$m àW_ H$moe h¡, Omo "A_aH$moe' Zm_ go ^r {d»`mV h¡ Ÿ&
5.
^mfm Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe Ho$ àH$ma h¢ - EH$^mfr eãXH$moe, {Û^mfr eãXH$moe, Ì¡^mfr eãXH$moe,
~hþ^mfr eãXH$moe Am{X Ÿ&
6.
"{dídH$moe' A§J«oOr "EÝgm`Šbmonr{S>`m' (Encyclopedia) eãX H$m qhXrH$aU h¡ Ÿ&
7.
{dídH$moem| Ho$ Xmo àH$ma h¢ - (1) gd©gmYmaU `m gm_mÝ` {dídH$moe (2) {df`-{deof{Zð> {dídH$moeŸ&
8.
~mobMmb _| ~hwV AmZodmbm Eogm ~§Ym M_ËH$manyU© dmŠ` {Og_| H$moB© AZw^d `m VÏ` H$s ~mV g§jon _|
H$hr JB© hmo, H$hmdV H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h AnZo H$WZ H$s nw{ï> Ho$ {bE, MoVmdZr XoZo Ho$, ì`§½` H$gZo Ho$ VWm
{H$gr ~mV H$mo {H$gr H$s AmS> _| H$hZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go à`wº$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
9.
bmoH$mo{º$ VWm _whmdam| _§o ^mfm H$s bjUm VWm ì`§OZm eãXe{º$ H$m_ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& do bjUm VWm ì`§OZm
eãX e{º$ go __© VH$ nhþ±MH$a {d{eï> AW© H$s A{^ì`{º$ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
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39
10.
^mfm _| _whmdam| H$m à`moJ ^mfm H$m gm¢X`© ~T>mZo hoVw VWm ^md-g§àofU Ho$ CX²Xoí` go {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$
à`moJ go ^mfm _| "JmJa _| gmJa' H$s ^m§{V AW©dÎmm Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
11.
Omo eãXmdbr {H$gr {deof kmZ Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ {ZpíMV AW© _| à`wº$ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Omo X¡{ZH$ ì`dhma `m
~mobr _| à`wº$ eãXm| go ~hþV-Hw$N> AbJ hmoVr h¡, nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$hr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogr nm[a^m{fH$
eãXmdbr H$m g§H$bZ hr n[a^mfm H$moe `m nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ&
12.
nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| _| ewÕ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, AY©nm[a^m{fH$ eãX VWm n[a^mfm _| à`wº$ hmoZodmbo
"gm_mÝ` eãX' Am{X H$m A§V^m©d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
13.
qhXr gm{hË`emó _| àM{bV nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr Ho$ VrZ ómoV h¡ - (1) g§ñH¥$V ómoV, (2) nmíMmË`
ómoV, (3) qhXr H$m AnZm g_rjmemó Ÿ&
14.
qhXr H$m àW_ g_m§Va H$moe AaqdXHw$_ma Ed§ Hw$gw_ Hw$_maOr Zo àñVwV {H$`m &
15.
lr. A_aqgh H¥$V g§ñH¥$V _| {bIm "Zm_qbJmZwemgZ' Zm_H$ ^maVr` J«§W {dídñVa H$m àW_ {Wgmag
h¡ Ÿ& `h "A_aH$moe' Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
16.
"g_m§Va H$moe' Ho$ Xmo àH$ma h¢ - (1) AZwH«$_ I§S>, (2) g§X^© I§S> Ÿ&
17.
"g_m§Va H$moe' EH$ gmW eãXH$moe, VËH$mb H$moe, g§X^© H$moe, d¡H$pënH$ eãXH$moe, g_mZmWu H$moe,
n`m©`dmMr H$moe H$m g_pÝdV ê$n h¡ Ÿ&
18.
_Zwî` H$s {ZV-ZyVZ ~T> ahr kmZbmbgm H$s gmW©H$ CnbpãY h¡ "{dídH$moe' Ÿ& Bgo kmZH$moe ^r H$hVo h¡ &
19.
_whmdam§ Ed§ H$hmdV _| {d{eï> A§Va hmoVm h¡ - _whmdam§ dmŠ`m§e hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$hmdV nyU© dmŠ` hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
_whmdam dmŠ` go OwS>H$a ^mdm{^ì`{º$ H$aVm h¡, Vmo H$hmdV Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ {bE dmŠ` H$s Oê$aV Zht
hmoVr Ÿ& _whmdao H$m à`moJ ^mfm H$m gm¢X`© ~T>mVm h¡, Vmo H$hmdV Ho$ à`moJ go ~mV, ì`§½` CnXoe H$s g§{já
A{^ì`{º$ gwH$a hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
20.
XmoZm| H$m {Z_m©UómoV bmoH$OrdZ H$s _m¡{IH$ na§nam, H${d`m|, gm{hpË`H$m| H$s C{º$`m±, eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe
Ed§ _whmda|, H$hmdVm| H$s nwamZr nwñVH|$ h¢ Ÿ& AÝ` ^mfmE± Aa~r, \$magr, CXy©, A§J«oOr Am{X ^mfmAm| go ^r
qhXr _| H$m\$s _mÌm _o§ _whmda| AmE h¢ Ÿ&
2.7
gmam§e
1.
{d{^Þ {dŸf`m| H$s gdmªJ n[anyU© OmZH$mar XoZodmbo gmYZ g§X^© ómoV H$hbmVo h¢ Ÿ& g§X^© ómoV {d{dY hmoVo
h¡§ Ÿ& eãXH$moe, {dídH$moe, ñWbdU©Z H$moe, dm{f©H$s, g§X^©gyMr, {ZX}e, C„oI gyMr, gyMrnÌ, ZŠeo,
à~§Y, gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ed§ n[aM` J«§W Am{X g^r g§X^© ómoV h¢ Ÿ&
2.
"H$moe' eãX H$m AW© h¡ - g§J«h, g§km H$m g§H${bV {ddoMZ H$aZodmbm J«§W, eãX g§H$bZ Am{X Ÿ& ^maV
_| H$moe boIZ H$s na§nam AVràmMrZ h¡ Ÿ& H$moe boIZ H$m gyÌnmV gd©àW_ ^maV _| N>R>r VWm gmVdr gXr
_| hþAm Ÿ&
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40
3.
eãXH$moe AË`§V _hÎdnyU© g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm Ed§ {df` Ho$ AmYma na eãXH$moe Ho$ {d{^Þ ^oX h¢ Ÿ&
ì`{º$ `m boIH$ H$moe, boIZ-ewÕr H$moe, ì`wËn{Îm H$moe Am{X CgHo$ AÝ` ^oX h¢ Ÿ&
4.
{dídH$moe, {dídñVa H$s g^r àH$ma H$s OmZH$mar XoZodmbm àm_m{UH$ g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ& {dídH$moe `h
eãX A§J«oOr "EZgm`Šbmonr{S>`m' eãX H$m qhXrH$aU h¡ Ÿ& Bgo kmZH$moe ^r H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& {dídH$moe Ho$ Xmo
àH$ma à_wIV: XoIo OmVo h¢ - (1) gd©gmYmaU `m gm_mÝ` {dídH$moe Am¡a (2) {df` {deof{Zð>
{dídH$moe Ÿ&
5.
bmoH$OrdZ _| àM{bV VWm OZ_mZg _| ê$T> _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdVm| H$m g§H${bV ê$n _whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV|
H$moe h§¡ Ÿ& bmoH$mo{º$ Ed§ H$hmdV EH$-Xwgao Ho$ n`m©`dmMr h¡ Ÿ& ^m{fH$ gm¢X`© ~T>mZo VWm ^md-g§àofU Ho$
{bE _whmdam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ì`§½`, CnXoe, __©H$WZ H$s A{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE H$hmdV H$m
à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
6.
"nm[a^m{fH$ eãXH$moe' àm`: "nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr' H$m g§H$bZ h¡ Ÿ& emó `m {dkmZ, VH$Zr{H$,
{d{Y, àemgZ, dm{UÁ` Am{X {df`m| go gå~pÝYV eãXmdbr H$m Bg_| g_mdoe ahVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË`
Ed§ AmbmoMZm go gå~pÝYV nm[a^m{fH$ H$moe ^r {deof C„oIZr` h¢ Ÿ& nm[a^m{fH$ g§kmAm| _| ewÕ
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, AY© nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, VWm n[a^mfm _| à`wº$ "gm_mÝ` eãX' Am{X A§V^y©V ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
`o "n[a^mfm H$moe' ñZmVH$, ñZmVH$moÎma nmR²>`H«$_ Ho$ {bE àmXo{eH$ ñVa Ho$ gmW hr gd©^mfr nmR>H$ Ho$
{bE ~hþCn`moJr h¡ Ÿ&
7.
"g_m§Va H$moe' eãXH$moe H$m hr EH$ ^oX h¡, Bgo A§J«oOr _| "{Wgmag' H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& `h AnZo ñVa H$m
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§X^© J«§W h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ gmW VËH$mb H$moe, g§X^© H$moe, n`m©`dmMr H$moe, g_mZmWu VWm
d¡H$pënH$ eãXH$moe hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` H$moeH$ma A_aqgh H$m "Zm_qbJmZwemgZ' {dídñVa H$m gd©àW_
{Wgmag h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| gd©àW_ `h à`mg AaqdXHw$_ma Ed§ Hw$gw_Hw$_ma Zo {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& qhXr g_m§Va H$moe Ho$
Xmo I§S> h¡§ - (1) AZwH«$_ I§S> (2) g§X^© I§S> Ÿ& ImoOr-AÜ`oVmAm| Ho$ {bE "g_m§Va H$moe' ~hþAm`m_r
g§X^© ómoV h¡ Ÿ&
8.
N>mÌ, AÜ`mnH$, AZwg§YmVm, AZwdmXH$, boIH$ Am{X Ho$ {bE g^r H$moe Cn`moJr VWm _m¡{bH$ g§X^©
gm_J«r h¡ Ÿ&
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41
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
{Q>ßn{U`m± {b{IE Ÿ1.
eãXH$moe
2.
{dídH$moe
3.
_whmda| Ed§ H$hmdV| H$moe
4.
nm[a^m{fH$ H$moe
5.
g_m§Va H$moe
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
{H$gr J«§Wmb` _| OmH$a CnbãY "H$moe gm{hË`' H$m dJuH$aU H$s{OE Ÿ&
2.
{d{dY H$moem| H$s Cn`mo{JVm, _hÎd Ed§ {deofVmAm| H$m A§H$Z H$aVo hþE àH$ën ~ZmBE Ÿ&
2.10
A{V[aº$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
emoY{dkmZ H$moe - S>m°. XwJm©Xmg H$merZmW gÝV (AZwdmX - S>m°. gwYmH$a JmoH$mH$H$a, S>m°. Jmo. am.
Hw$bH$Ur©)
2.
H$moedmL²>_` : {dMma Am{U ì`dhma - S>m°. gXm{ed JOmZZ Xod
3.
^mfm {dkmZ Ho$ AYwZmVZ Am`m_ Ed§ qhXr ^mfm - S>m°. A§~mXmg Xoe_wI
4.
bmoH$ gm{hË` - S>m°. BÝXw `mXd
5.
à`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr - S>m°. A§~mXmg Xoe_wI
❁❁❁
>
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42
BH$mB© 3
OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ : gm_mÝ` n[aM` (_w{ÐV)
AZwH$« _
3.1
3.2
3.3
CX²Xío `
àñVmdZm
{df`-{ddoMZ
3.3.1 g_mMmanÌ gm_mÝ` n[aM`
3.3.1.1 g_mMma àgmaU H$s Amdí`H$Vm
3.3.1.2 g_mMmanÌ go VmËn`©
3.3.1.3 g_mMmanÌ : gm_y{hH$ J{V{d{Y`m±
3.3.1.4 g_mMmanÌ : g_mMmam| H$m IOmZm
3.3.1.5 g_mMmanÌ H$m àmUVËd - ^mfm
3.3.1.6 g_mMmanÌ Am¡a {dkmnZ
3.3.2 nÌ - n{ÌH$mE±
3.3.2.1 nÌ n{ÌH$mE± - ñdê$n, ì`m{á
3.3.2.2 nÌ n{ÌH$mE± - ~hþ{dY Am`m_
3.3.2.3 qhXr-_amR>r nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m dV©_mZ ñdê$n
3.3.2.4 nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±-^mfm H$m gm_Ï`© Ed§ gm¢X`©
3.3.2.5 nm{jH$m|H$m gm_Ï`©
3.3.3 {dkmnZ
3.3.3.1 {dkmnZ - ñdê$n, n[a^mfm
3.3.3.2 {dkmnZ-_w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$m ñdê$n, àH$ma
3.3.3.3 _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$m _gm¡Xm boIZ
3.3.3.4 _w{ÐV {dkmnZ Am¡a ^mfm
3.3.3.5 _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$s {deofVmE±
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43
3.3.4 [anmoVm©O
3.3.4.1 [anmoVm©O : ñdê$n, n[a^mfm Am¡ma ì`m{á
3.3.4.2 [anmoVm©O : Cn`wº$Vm Am¡a {deofVmE±
3.3.4.3 [anmoVm©O : _gm¡Xm boIZ
3.3.4.4 [anmoVm©O : ^mfm
3.3.4.5 [anmoVm©O H$m qhXr ñdê$n
3.3.5 CX²KmofUm
3.3.5.1 CX²KmofUm : ñdê$n, n[a^mfm
3.3.5.2 CX²KmofUm : ì`m{á Am¡a gr_mE±
3.3.5.3 CX²KmofUm : _gm¡Xm boIZ
3.3.5.4 CX²KmofUm : àH$ma
3.3.5.5 CX²KmofUm : ^mfm Am¡a {deofVmE±
3.10
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© &
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ Ÿ&
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Ÿ&
gmam§e
ñdmÜ`m`
joÌr` H$m`© &
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE &
3.1
CX²Xío `
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
_w{ÐV OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE±, {dkmnZ, [anmoVm©O VWm CX²KmofUm H$m _hÎd g_P nm`|Jo Ÿ&
♦
g_mMma nÌ H$s Amdí`H$Vm, ~XbVm ñdê$n Am¡a$ Ame` g_P nm`|Jo Ÿ&
♦
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m ñdê$n Ed§ gm_Ï`© go n[a{MV hm|oJo Ÿ&
♦
{dkmnZ H$m ñdê$n, àH$ma VWm {dkmnZm| H$s {deofVmAm| H$m n[aM` nm`|Jo Ÿ&
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44
♦
[anmoVm©O H$m ñdê$n, Cn`wº$VVm, {deofVmE± VWm _gm¡Xm boIZ go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
CX²KmofUm H$m ñdê$n, àH$ma, _gm¡Xm boIZ VWm {deofVmAm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
3.2
àñVmdZm
OZg§Mma _Zwî` OrdZ H$m A{^Þ A§J h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` OZg§Mma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr CgH$s {OkmgmAm| H$m g_mYmZ ^r g§Mma _mÜ`_m| go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ g_mO H$mo OmJ«V
H$aV| h¢, Cgo gOJ aIH$a Cg_| MoVZm Am¡a CËgmh {Z_m©U H$aV| h¢ Ÿ& g§Mma gmYZm| H$s CnbãYVm Zo _mZd H$mo gj_
~Zm {X`m h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s ghmæ`Vm go dh A{YH$ go A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& ha {df` Ho$ JhamB© _| Om gH$Vm
h¡ Ÿ& Z`o-Z`o kmZ go n[a{MV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr g_mO H$mo {dH$mam| go _wº$ H$a, Cgo {dMma H$aZo H$s e{º$, OZg§Mma
_mÜ`_m| go {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& `o _mZd H$m _Zmoa§OZ ^r H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
g¥{ï> Ho$ Ama§^ go _mZd EH$ Xygam| go gånH©$ H$aVm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma _mÜ`_ MwZVm d
ImoOVm Am ahm h¡ Ÿ& àmMrZ ^maV _| ZmaX _w{Z XodVmAm| Am¡a _mZdm| Ho$ ~rM gå~ÝY ñWmnZ H$aZo H$m H$m`© H$aVo
Wo Ÿ& d¡{XH$ `wJ _| gm_ÝVm| Ho$ `hm± dmX-{ddmX hþAm H$aVo Wo Am¡a Am_bmoJ CZHo$ lmoVm hmoVo Wo Ÿ& ^mQ>-MmaU Am{X
{~ê$Xmd{b`m± gwZmH$a gÝXoe nhþ±MmVo Wo Ÿ& gmYw-g§V OZgmYmaU H$mo CnXoe XoVo Wo Ÿ& VrW©ñWb VWm _pÝXa g§Mma
Ho$ à_wI Ho$ÝÐ ~Zo ŸWo & g_«mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ emgZ H$mb _| Vmo {ebmboIm| Zo g§Mma H$m H$m`© {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& bmoH$ZmQ²>`,
bmoH$JrV, bmoH$H$WmE±, bmoH$H$bmE± Am{X _mÜ`_ g§Mma Ho$ dmhH$ _mZo OmVo Wo Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| {dkmZ Zo AZoH$
Z`o gmYZm| H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Omo AmO Ho$ `wJ _| J{V_mZ _mÜ`_ _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1 OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ - AW©, ñdê$n Am¡a àH$ma
AW©
"g§Mma' go "OZ' {deofU Omo‹S>H$a "OZg§Mma' eãX ~Zm h¡ Ÿ& "g§Mma' g§ñH¥$V Ho$ "Ma' YmVw go ~Zm h¡ Ÿ&
{OgH$m AW© "MbZm' h¡ Ÿ& AmO `h "H$å`w{ZHo$eZ' (Communication) eãX H$m n`m©` h¡ Ÿ& "OZ' (Mass)
H$m AW© h¡ - "~‹S>r g§»`m _| bmoJm| go à^m{dV H$aZm `m gpå_{bV H$aZm Ÿ& "OZg§Mma' H$m AW© ñnï> H$aVo hþE S>m°.
Aå~mXmg Xoe_wI Zo {bIm h¡ {H$, ""O~ g§Mma H$s à{H«$`m ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na hmoVr h¡, Vmo dh "OZg§Mma' H$hbmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Xygao eãXm| _| O~ h_ {H$gr ^md, {dMma `m OmZH$mar H$mo Xygam| VH$ nhþ±MmVo h¢ Am¡a `h à{H«$`m gm_y{hH$ n¡_mZo
na hmoVr h¡ Vmo Bgo "OZ-g§Mma' H$hVo h¡ Ÿ&'' ES>{dZ E_ar H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, ""OZg§Mma EH$ ì`{º$ go Xygao H$mo
gyMZmAm|, {dMmam| Am¡a Ñ{ï>H$moUm| H$mo g§ào{fV H$aZo H$s EH$ H$bm h¡ Ÿ&'' S>r.Eg. _ohVm {bIVo h¡ {H$,""OZg§Mma H$m
AW© h¡, OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| (O¡go ao{S>Amo, XyaXe©Z, àog Am¡a Mb{MÌ) Ûmam gyMZm, {dMma Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ H$m àMmaàgma H$aZm Ÿ&'' AV: g§Mma _| ^mdm| Am¡a {dMmam| H$mo AW©nyU© A{^ì`{º$ {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
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OZg§Mma {Za§Va J{V_mZ ahZo dmbr à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& `h àofH$, àmáH$Vm© Am¡a g§Xoe Ho$ ~rM gm_§Oñ` ñWm{nV
H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _mÜ`_, àofH$ VWm àmáH$Vm© Am{X H$m g_mdoe _hÎdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& OZg§Mma H$m AW© g§àofU
H$aZo dmbr EH$ J{Verb à{H«$`m h¡ Ÿ& {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m _| OZg§Mma EH$ _hÎdnyU© gr‹T>r H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¡ Ÿ&
OZg§Mma H$m ñdê$n
g§Mma gmYZm| H$s CnbãYVm Zo _mZd H$mo gj_ ~Zm {X`m h¡ Ÿ& g§Mma Ho$ ñdê$n na àH$me S>mbVo hþE
bw{_H$ {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""g§Mma _| gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ X²dmam gyMZm, {ZU©` Am¡a {ZX}e {X`o OmVo h¢ Am¡a `h EH$
_mJ© h¡ {Og_| kmZ, {dMmam| Am¡a Ñ{ï>H$moUm| H$mo {Z{_©V AWdm n[ad{V©V {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&'' OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ go _Zwî`
Amng _| {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr CgH$s$ {OkmgmAm| H$m g_mYmZ ^r g§Mma _mÜ`_m| go hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ g_mO H$mo OmJ«V H$aVo h¢, Cgo gOJ aIH$a, Cg_| MoVZm Am¡a CËgmh {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| Ho$ H$maU {díd^a _| hmo ahr KQ>ZmAm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË`, g§JrV Am{X
joÌm| _| OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| X²dmam H$m_ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& amï´> {Z_m©U, amï´>r` gwajm VWm amï´> H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE OZ
g_wXm` Ho$ gh`moJ H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& `h Amdí`H$Vm OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| Ho$ X²dmam nyar H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.1 g_mMma nÌ : gm_mÝ` n[aM`
3.3.1.1 g_mMma nÌ : Amdí`H$Vm, Cn`wº$VVm Am¡a ~XbVm ñdê$n
"g_mMma nÌ' X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ H$m A{Zdm`© A§J h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$s ghm`VmV go nmR>H$ {díd H$s J{V{d{Y, ñdamï´>
Ho$ CËWmZ-nVZ VWm joÌ {deof H$s Ádb§V g_ñ`mAm| go n[a{MV hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| go C‚db gm_m{OH$
MoVZm {Z_m©U H$aZo H$s {Xem àmá hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& AÝ`m` H$mo {_Q>mZo, AmXem] H$mo \¡$bmZo Am¡a ì`{º$JV OrdZ H$mo gwI_`
~ZmZo H$m _§Ì g_mMma-nÌ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌna amï´> H$s CÞ{V {Z^©a ahVrh¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE g_mMma nÌ àgmaU H$s
Amdí`H$Vm ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
g_mMma nÌm| H$s Cn`wº$Vm Ho$ g§X^© _| à{gÕ em`a AH$~a Bbmhm~mXr Zo g_mMma nÌm| H$mo Vmon go ^r
A{YH$ e{º$embr ~ZmVo hþE {bIm h¡ "ItMmo Z H$_mZ, Z Vbdma {ZH$mbmo O~ Vmon _wH${~b hmo Vmo AI~ma {ZH$mbm|'
g_mMma nÌ bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ nhaoXma _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& à{gÕ {dMmaH$ ~H©$ Zo g_mMma nÌm| H$mo Mm¡Wr gÎmm H$hm
h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| go à{V{XZ H$s ZyVZV_ KQ>ZmAm| H$s OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
dV©_mZ `wJ _| g_mMma nÌ A{^ì`{º$ H$m geº$ _mÜ`_ h¡ Ÿ& ^maV O¡go bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ amï´> _| g_mMma nÌm|
H$s Cn`wº$VVm Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T> OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg gÝX^© _| S>m°.a_oeHw$_ma O¡Z "qhXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m AmbmoMZmË_H$
B{Vhmg _| {bIVo h¢ {H$ - ""bmoH$V§Ì _| g_mMma nÌm| H$m _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡, Š`m|{H$ OZVm H$mo Xoe-{dXoe H$s
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J{V{d{Y`m| go n[a{MV H$amZo Ho$ {bE dhr EH$_mÌ gmYZ h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ OZ_V Am¡a OZ-Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo àH$Q>
H$aZo H$m ^r dh gdmo©ËH¥$ï> ómoV h¡ Ÿ&''
AmO g_mMma nÌm| H$m ñdê$n ~Xb ahm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ nhbo "{_eZ' Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$aVo Wo, A~ do
àmo\o$eZb ~Z J`o h¢ Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE àm. amOoÝÐ B§Jmobo Zo H$hm h¡ {H$, ""AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX bJ^J 2530 dfm] VH$ nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± {_eZ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`©aV Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX dh àmo\o$eZb ~Zr, na AnZo _yb go CgZo [aíVm
Zht Vmo‹S>m Ÿ& àmo\o$eZb ~ZZo Ho$ ~mdOyX dh {_eZ ~Zr ahr, `h h_ g~ bmoJm| H$m gm¡^m½` h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z Xw^m©½`de
Hw$N> nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± Eogr h¢, Omo AmO Z {_eZ ahr, Z àmo\o$eZb, dh _mÌ H${_eZ ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ&''
"g_mMma nÌ' MbmZm AmO EH$ CÚmoJ ^r _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| H$m H$m_ Ho$db g_mMma XoZm Zht
ahm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m H$m`© joÌ ~hþV ~‹T> J`m h¡ Ÿ& BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_m| Ho$ ~‹T>Vo hþE à^md Ho$ H$maU g_mMma nÌm| Zo {OÝXm
ahZo Ho$ {bE AnZo Amn _| n[adV©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ A§Va§J Ed§ ~møA§J _| ~hþV hr n[adV©Z hmo J`m
h¢ Ÿ& CgH$m n¥ð> {dÝ`mg, n¥îR> g‚mm, a§JrZ \$moQmo, AmH$f©H$ N>nmB©, {S>PmB©Z, bo AmD$Q> g^r _| n[adV©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
g_mMma nÌm| H$m `o AmH$f©H$ ê$n XoIH$a nmR>H$ {\$a go g_mMma nÌm| H$s Amoa _w‹S> aho h¢ Ÿ&
3.3.1.2 g_mMma nÌ àgmaU H$m Ame`
g_mMma nÌ OZg§Mma Ho$ {d{^Þ _mÜ`_m| go EH$ h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ `{X EH$ Amoa gyMZmAm| Am¡a g_mMmam|
H$m g§H$bZ, gånmXZ, àH$meZ Am¡a àofU h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa dh dV©_mZ g_` H$s Y‹S>H$Zm| H$mo _hgyg H$aZo H$m gmYZ
^r h¡ Ÿ& g_mMmanÌ bmoJm| H$s godm H$aVo h¢, AÝ`m` Am¡a X_Z H$m à{VamoY H$aVo h¢ VWm aMZmË_H$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$mo
àmoËgm{hV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& ì`mnH$ AWm] _| g_mMmanÌ g_mO _| Cƒ _yë`m| Am¡a AmXem] H$s à{Vð>m _| gh`moJ XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ CX²Xío ` Ed§ H$Îm©ì` Ho$ ~mao _| _hmË_m Jm§YrOr Zo AnZr AmË_H$Wm _| {bIm h¡, ""g_mMmanÌ
H$m nhbm CX²Xoí` OZVm H$s BÀN>mAm|, {dMmam| H$mo g_PZm Am¡a CÝh| ì`º$ H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& Xygam CX²Xoí` OZVm _|
dm§N>Zr` ^mdZmAm| H$mo OmJ¥V H$aZm h¡ Ÿ& Vrgam CX²Xoí` gmd©O{ZH$ {Z^©`Vmnyd©H$ àH$Q> H$aZm h¡ Ÿ&'' AZÝV Jmonmb
eodS>o Zo "g_mMma ì`dñWmnZ' {H$Vm~ _| {bIm h¡, ""àW_, dh VmOo go VmOo g_mMma Xo§ Ÿ& Xygao, dh g§nmXH$s`
{Q>ßn{U`m| `m {d{eï> boIm| X²dmam CZ g_mMmam| H$s g_rjm H$aHo$ bmoH$_V H$mo {e{jV Ed§ OmJ¥V H$ao§ Ÿ& Vrgao,
ñdmñW, AmZÝX Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ gmYZ CnbãY H$ao Am¡a Mm¡Wo, Cg joÌ Ho$ Am{W©H$ Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Ho$ à{V
OmJê$H$ aho§, `moJXmZ Xo Ÿ&''
g_mMma nÌ g_mO H$mo gyMZmAmo§ Ho$ gmW-gmW CgHo$ ~hþ_wIr {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ {d{dY {df`m|
na ~hþV gm_J«r ^r XoVo h¢ Ÿ& g_mMmanÌ Xoe H$s Ádb§V g_ñ`mAm| na gaH$ma Ho$ {dMma àñVwV H$aHo$ Xoedm{g`m| H$mo
CZHo$ à{V OmJê$H$ ~ZmZo H$m H$m`© H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ g§nmXH$ {dXoe Zr{V, AW©Zr{V, Y_©Zr{V, amOZr{V
Am{X g^r joÌm| na AnZr {Q>ßnUr àñVwV H$aVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ&
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3.3.1.3 g_mMmanÌ : gm_y{hH$ J[V{d{Y
g_mMmanÌ H$m H$m`© ì`{º$JV Z hmoH$a gm_y{hH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h "Q>r_ dH©$' h¡ Ÿ& g_mMmanÌ Ho$ àH$meZ _|
H$B© ì`{º$`m| Ho$ l_ H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& gånmXH$, Cn-gånmXH$, g§dmXXmVm, [anmoQ>©a, àw\$ arS>a, AJ«boI
boIH$, _wÐUmb` Ho$ H$_©Mmar Am¡a A§V _| {dH«o$Vm BZ g^r H$m g_mMmanÌ ì`dgm` _| gh^mJ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
g§nmXH$
gånmXH$ H$m ñWmZ g_mMma nÌm| _| _hÎdnyU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gånmXH$ g_mMma nÌ Ho$ g§nmXH$s` H$m`© H$m
{ZX}eZ Am¡a {ZarjU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ _| àH$m{eV hmoZodmbr àË`oH$ gm_J«r Ho$ {bE dh CÎmaXm`r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
gånmXH$ Ho$ H$m`© Ho$ ~mao _| àmo. a_oe O¡Z "g§nmXZ, n¥ð> g‚mm Am¡a _wÐU' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡ Ÿ{H$ ""g§nmXH$ H$m
H$m`© EH$ àYmZ goZmn{V H$m H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma àYmZ goZmn{V AnZr goZm H$m g§MmbZ H$aVm ahVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
g§nmXH$ H$mo AnZo g_mMma nÌ H$m g§MmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma goZm Ho$ MbZo-{\$aZo, ImZo-nrZo, bS>Zo{^S>Zo Am{X na goZmn{V AnZr {ZJmh aIVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma gånmXH$ goZmn{V ^r AnZo [anmoQ>©a, g§dmXXmVm,
CngånmXH$ Am{X na AnZr {ZJmh aIVm h¡ Ÿ&''
gånmXH$, g_mMma gånmXH$ VWm ghmæ`H$ gånmXH$ go à{V{XZ {dMma-{d_e© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| g_mMma,
AÝ` g_mMma nÌm| H$s AnZo g_mMma nÌ go VwbZm, Ìw{Q>`m± Am{X na {dMma-{d_e© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
CngånmXH$
_w»` gånmXH$ Ho$ níMmV g~go _w»` nX CngånmXH$ H$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Zohm d_m© "nÌH$m[aVm Ed§ gånmXZ
H$bm' {H$Vm~ _| CngånmXH$ Ho$ H$m`© Ho$ ~mao _| {bIVr h¡ {H$, ""g_mMmam| Ho$ g§H$bZ _| BgH$s hr g~go _hÎdnyU©
{Oå_oXmar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma àmá H$aZo Ho$ gyÌm| H$s XoI^mb H$aZo H$m Xm{`Ëd ^r BZH$m hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& {d{dY {df`m|
Ho$ g§dmXmo§ H$mo N>m±Q>H$a CZH$s ZH$b V¡`ma H$aHo$ gånmXH$ Ho$ nmg ^oOZo H$m H$m_ ^r Cgr H$m h¡ Ÿ&''
g_mMma nÌ {OVZm ~‹S>m hmoJm, Cg_| CngånmXH$m| H$s g§»`m CVZr hr A{YH$ hmoJr Ÿ& CngånmXH$ H$m
gm_mÝ` H$m_ hmoVm h¡ - g_mMmam| Ho$ g^r {ddaUm| H$mo àmá H$aZm, g_mamMm| _| H$m§Q>-N>m§Q> H$aZm, CZH$s ^mfm
gå~ÝYr Jb{V`m| H$mo R>rH$ H$aZm, erf©H$ bJmZm Am¡a CÝh| g_mMma nÌ _| àH$m{eV hmoZo `mo½` ~ZmH$a àog _|
^oOZm Ÿ&'' (g§nmXZ, n¥ð> g‚mm Am¡a _wÐU - àmo. a_oe O¡Z n¥. 35)
à_wI g§dmXXmVm
emIm H$m`m©b` Ho$ g^r à{V{Z{Y g§dmXXmVmAm| H$m `h à_wI hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& à_wI g§dmXXmVm ñd`§ ^r
g_mMma g§H$bZ H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo gh`mo{J`m| _| H$m`© {d^mOZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr _hÎdnyU© g_mMma g§H$bZ
Ho$ Adga na dh AnZo gh`mo{J`m| H$m ZoV¥Ëd H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo gh`mo{J`m| Zo {X`m hþAm H$m`© g_` na nyam {H$`m h¡
`m Zht `h ^r dh XoIVm h¡ &
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g§dmXXmVm
g§dmXXmVm ""dh ì`{º$ h¡, Omo àH$meZ ñWb go Xya ahH$a g_mMmam| H$mo EH$Ì H$a, CÝh| Vma, S>mH$ `m AÝ`
{H$gr g§Mma gmYZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_mMma nÌ Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| ^oOVm h¡ Ÿ&'' ({àÝQ> _r{S>`m boIZ - àmo. a_oe O¡Z,
n¥. 58) g§dmXXmVm g_mMmanÌ Ho$ Am±I-H$mZ VWm hmW Ho$ g_mZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMmamo§ H$mo EH${ÌV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
g‹S>H$mo§, J{b`m| VWm _moh„m| H$m {ZarjU H$aVm hþAm Ky_Vm h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmXXmVm H$mo ZJa {ZJ_, ZJanm{bH$m, {dYmZg^mAm|, g§gX ^dZm| Am¡a {d{dY g§ñWmAm| H$s ~¡R>H$m|
H$s H$m`©àUmbr Ho$ g_mMma àñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^oOm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
hË`m, XwK©Q>Zm, AmJ, S>H¡$Vr, Mmoar, ~bmËH$ma Am{X g_mMmam| Ho$ {bE g§dmXXmVm H$mo nw{bg ñQ>oeZ, ~g
ñQ>¢S>, aoëdo ñQ>oeZ, A{¾em_H$ Xb, AñnVmb Am{X OJhm| na OmZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dhm± go dh g_mMma àmá H$aHo$
H$m`m©b` _| ^oOVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
g§dmXXmVm boIZr H$m YZr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr Cg_| Y¡`©, ghZerbVm, JmonZr`Vm, n[al_, dmH²$nQw>Vm,
MmVw`© VWm XyaX{e©Vm Am{X JwU hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ&
àw\$ arS>a
àw\$ arS>a H$m H$m`© AË`§V _hÎdnyU© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àw\$ arS>a Xmo àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ -(1) H$m°nr hmoëS>a, (2) àw\$
arS>a & H$m°nr hmoëS>a H$m H$m_ àog H$m°nr H$mo n‹T>Zm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àw\$ hmoëS>a Ho$ AZwgma àw\$ arS>a H$mo àw\$ g§emoYZ H$aZm
nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
àw\$ arS>a H$mo ^mfm H$s AÀN>r OmZH$mar hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& JbV-ghr H$m {ddoH$ hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ
_| Jb{V`m| Ho$ {bE g§nmXH$s` {d^mJ H$m {OVZm CÎmaXm{`Ëd h¡ CVZr hr {Oå_oXmar àw\$ arS>a H$s ^r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
AJ«boI boIH$
àmo. a_oe O¡Z AJ«boI boIH$ Ho$ g§X^© _| {bIVo h¡, ""dh ì`{º$ Omo g_mMma nÌ Ho$ {bE {Z`{_V ê$n go
AJ«boI {bIVm h¡ Cgo brS>a amBQ>a H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h g_rjm, à{V{H«$`m `m AmbmoMZm go g§~§{YV g_mMma ^r
{bIVm h¡ Ÿ&
_wÐUmb` H$_©Mmar
g_mMma nÌ Ho$ H$ånmoqOJ VWm _wÐU H$m Omo H$m`© H$aVo h¡, CÝh| _wÐUmb` H$_©Mmar H$hVo h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| bmBZm|
_¡Ho${ZŠg, _moZmo _¡Ho${ZŠg, _moQ>a _¡Ho${ZŠg, bmBZm| Am°naoQ>a, _moZmo Am°naoQ>a, H$ba EMa, qàQ>a, BboŠQ´>r{e`Z,
H$Q>a, H$manoÊQ>a, {\$Q>a, ~mBÝS>a Am{X AmVo h¢ Ÿ&
{dH«$o Vm
g_mMma nÌ Zo AmO CÚmoJ H$m ê$n {b`m h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ V¡`ma hmoZo Ho$ níMmV CgH$s {dH«$s hmoZm Oê$ar
h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s {~H«$s H$aZo Ho$ {bE eha, Jm±d, _moh„o, Mm¡amho VWm Zr{O {dVaH$ Ho$ ê$n _| ì`dñWm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma
nÌ {dH«o$Vm H$mo C{MV H${_eZ XoH$a CgH$mo {~H«$s Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
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g§jon _| g_mMma nÌ H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm EH$ gm_y{hH$ H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| g_mO Ho$ {d{dY ñWam| go H$m`© H$aZo
dmbo bmoJ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& V^r g_mMma nÌ ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.1.4 g_mMma nÌ : g_mMmam| H$m IOmZm
dV©_mZ H$mb _| g_mMmanÌm| _| g_mMmam| H$m IOmZm ^am hþAm {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ g_mMma nÌm| _| ñWm{Z`
g_mMmam| Ho$ gmW-gmW àm§Vr`, amï´>r` VWm A§Vam©ï´>r` g_mMmam| H$m IOmZm ^am hþAm {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| _|
Omo g_mMma XoIZo H$mo {_bVo h¡§ do {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¡§ Ÿ& CZH$mo {ZåZ dJm] _| ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
amOZr{VH$ g_mMma
amOZr{VH$ g_mMmam| _| amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| Ho$ g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s ~¡R>H$m|,
JwQ>~pÝX`m|, g_Pm¡Vmo Am{X g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Xoe H$s dV©_mZ VWm ^mdr amOZr{V na, KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a VÏ`m| Ho$ gmW
ì`m»`mË_H$ g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
g§gXr` g_mMma
g§gX VWm {dYmZ _ÊS>b BZ gXZm| H$s H$m`©dmhr Ho$ Xm¡amZ g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ n¥ð> g§gXr` g_mMmam| go ^ao
ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Xoe VWm amÁ` H$s amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{X J{V{d{Y`m± gXZm| H$s H$m`©dmhr go àH$Q> hmoVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ&
BÝh| g_mMma nÌ hr OZVm VH$ nhþ±MmH$a CZH$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$mZyZr g_mMma
Bg_| {d{^Þ \¡$gb§o, AXmbVr H$m`©dmhr, Amamon-àË`mamon, `m{MH$mE±, g_Ýg Am{X go OwS>o g_mMma hmoVo
h¢ Ÿ&
AnamY g_mMma
AnamY g_mMma _| Mmoar, S>H¡$Vr, AnhaU, ~bmËH$ma, hË`m, ^«ï>mMma, VñH$a-ì`mnma, KygImoar,
Mmoa~mOmar VWm AZoH$ g_mO {damoYr KQ>ZmAm| go OwS>o g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
dm{UÁ` g_mMma
g_mMma nÌm| _| dm{UÁ` g_mMmam| Ho$ {bE {d{eï> n¥ð> H$m {Z`moOZ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ~mOma Ho$ CVma-M‹T>md,
eo`a H$s I~a|, Z`o ì`mnma joÌ, ì`mnm[aH$ g§ñWmZm| H$s J{V{d{Y`m±, ^{dî` _| CZH$s g§^mdZmE± Am{X Ho$ g§X^© _|
g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Iob g_mMma
Iob g_mMma, nmR>H$m| Ho$ à_wI AmH$f©U H$m Ho$ÝÐ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| ñWmZr`, joÌr`, amï´>r` VWm A§Vam©ï´>r`
ñWa na Am`mo{OV hmoZodmbr Iob à{V`mo{JVm Ho$ g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& OrV-hma, [aH$m°S>m] H$m ~ZZm-Qy>Q>Zm, Iob go Ow‹S>r
à_wI hpñV`m±, Iob-H$m¡eb Am{X Ho$ g§X^© _| g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
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H¥${f g_mMma
^maV H¥${f àYmZ Xoe h¡ Ÿ& H¥${f go g§~§{YV g_mMma AZoH$ g_mMma nÌm| _| hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| H¥${f g§~§{YV
MrOm| H$s, \$gbm|, gpãO`m| Am{X Ho$ ~mOma ^md {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_mMma
{d{^Þ {dMma Jmo{ð>`m±, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_m|, gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ gå_obZm|, CËgd, ZmQ>H$, Z¥Ë`, g§JrV
Am{X go g§~§{YV g_mMma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
BgHo$ gmW-gmW Am¡Úmo{JH$, amoOJma VWm _m¡g_ H$s I~a| ^r g_mMma nÌm| _| hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.1.5 g_mMma nÌ H$m àmUVÎd : ^mf e¡br
g_mMma nÌ _| ^mfm _hÎdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ H$s ^mfm H¡$gr hmo Bg g§X^© _| S>m°. _m{UH$ _¥Joe "g_mMma
nÌm| H$s ^mfm' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡, ""g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm EH$ AbJ "àmo{º$' h¡ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma gm{hË` H$s
AbJ ^mfm hmoVr h¡, H$m`m©b`m| H$s AbJ ^mfm hmoVr h¡, {\$ë_m| H$s AbJ ^mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma g_mMma
nÌm| H$s ^r EH$ AbJ ^mfm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Omo Cgo ^mfm H$s AÝ` à`w{º$`m| go AbJmVr h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± EH$ Amoa gm{hË` H$s
^mfm _| VË_g eãXm| H$s ^a_ma hmoVr h¡ Am¡a H$m`m©b`rZ qhXr _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãXmdbr H$s A{YH$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& dht
g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm _| Am_ ~mobMmb Ho$ Am¡a XoeO eãXm| H$m ~mhþë` hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&''
g_mMma nÌ H$m Xm`am ~‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ Madmho go boH$a àmo\o$ga VH$ n‹T>o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& g^r Ho$ g_P
_| AmZo Ho$ {bE g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm ~mobMmb H$s Am¡a anQ>rbr ^mfm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& gm\$, gwbPr hþB©, ñnï> Am¡a
EH$ AW© dmbr ^mfm Mm{hE Ÿ& \$sMa, g_rjm, boI, AJ«boI Am{X _| gm{hpË`H$ e¡br H$m à`moJ hmo gH$Vm h¡
boH$sZ g_mMma boIZ _| Zht Ÿ&
g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm {ZíM`mË_H$ hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& AJa ^mfm AZw_mZ na hmoJr Vmo nmR>H$ Xw{dYm _| nS>
gH$Vm h¢ Ÿ& O~ {H$gr g_mMma Ho$ ~mao _| {ZíM`nyd©H$ Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm V~ g§dmXXmVm H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡, ~Vm`m
OmVm h¡, {dídñV gyÌm| go nVm MbVm h¡, g_Pm OmVm h¡, Am{X dmŠ`m| go g_mMma H$s pñW{V ñnï> H$aZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
g§nmXH$s`
g§nmXH$s` `m AJ«boI g§nmXH$s` n¥ð> _| {Z`{_V {bIm OmZo dmbm boI h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| _| g§nmXH$s`
H$m AnZm {deof _hÎd h¡ Ÿ& g§nmXH$s` H$m _hÎd {deX H$aVo hþE àmo. a_oe O¡Z "g§nmXZ, n¥ð> g‚mm Am¡a _wÐU' Bg
{H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¢, """g§nmXH$s`' g_mMma nÌ H$s AmË_m h¡, CgH$s dmUr h¡ Ÿ& {~Zm g§nmXH$s` Ho$ g_mMma nÌ Eogo
hr h¡ O¡go AmË_m - {d{hV eara Ÿ& g§nmXH$s` Z Ho$db g§nmXH$ Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd H$m ÚmoVH$ hmoVm h¡, g_ñV g_mMma nÌ
H$s Pm±H$s àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
"g§nmXH$s`' gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZmAm| `m {deofŸ g_mMmam| na g§nmXH$ H$s {Q>ßnUr h¡ Ÿ& Bg _| g_mMma go
g§~§{YV VÏ`, g_mMma H$s n¥ð>^y{_, g_mMma H$m XyaJm_r à^md, KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ H$maUm| H$s ì`m»`m, AmbmoMZm,
àe§gm, _mJ©Xe©Z, MoVmdZr VWm gwPmd hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
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3.3.1.6 g_mMma nÌ Am¡a {dkmnZ
g_mMma nÌ _| {dkmnZ CgHo$ Am` H$m EH$ à_wI ómoV h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE g_mMma nÌ H$mo A{YH$m{YH$
AmH$f©H$ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& VWm _hÎdnyU© T>§J go {Z`{_V {dkmnZ-XmVmAm| H$s ImoO ^r H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ
Ho$ {~Zm g_mMma nÌ H$m Or{dV ahZm _wpíH$b h¡ Ÿ&
{dkmnZ Ho$ {~Zm g_mMma nÌ H$m à^md H$_ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ {dkmnZ Ho$ {d{^Þ _mÜ`_m| _|
geº$ _mÜ`_ h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§X^© _| EZ. gr. nÝV "{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¢, "{d{^Þ àH$ma
Ho$ {dkmnZ gmYZm| _| g_mMma nÌm| H$m ñWmZ g~go D§$Mm _mZm OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ g_mMma nÌm| _| Hw$N> {deof JwU hmoVo
h¢, Bg{bE g_mMma nÌm| _| {dkmnZ H$mo gdm}ƒ VWm bm^àX _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''
g_mMma nÌ _| N>no {dkmnZm| H$mo nmR>H$ H$^r ^r n‹T> gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ& BZ {dkmmnZm| _| {dñV¥V OmZH$mar XoZo H$s
gw{dYm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ _| {dkm{nV {dkmnZ bmoJm| H$s ê${M H$mo ñ_aU _| aIH$a {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `o
{dkmnZdJuH¥$V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| n‹T>Zm gab hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
g_mMma nÌm| _| {dkmnZ XoVo g_` CgHo$ JwUm| H$mo naIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& EZ-gr-nÝV {bIVo h¢, ""g_mMma nÌm|
Ho$ MwZmd H$m _w»` _mZXÊS> `Ú{n CZH$s àMma g§»`m, {H$ÝVw dñVw Ho$ {bE nmR>H$ H$m¡Zgm g_mMma nÌ A{YH$ n‹T>Vo
h¢, BgH$s ^r OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE Hw$N> EO|{g`m nmR>H$s` gd}jU ^r H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& _h§Jr MrOm| Ho$
{dkmnZ ~‹S>o-~‹S>o g_mMma nÌm| _| Am¡a gñVr MrOm| Ho$ {dkmnZ gñVo g_mMma nÌm| _| {XE OmVo h¢ Ÿ&''
BgàH$ma {dkmnZ go g_mMma nÌ ñdmdb§~r ~ZVo h¢ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| _| {dkmnZ XoZo Ho$ {bE IMm© H$_
AmVm h¡, bo{H$Z CgH$m àgma ~hþg§»` bmoJm| VH$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: g_mMma nÌ _| N>no {dkmnZ go h_ AnZr
g§doXZm H$mo ghr AmdmO Xo gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
g_mMma nÌ Am¡a {dkmnZ
g_mMma nÌm| H$mo bmoH$VÝÌ H$m Mm¡Wm ñV§^ _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| _| g_mMma nÌ H$s AnZr
_hÎmm h¡ Ÿ& Xoe ^a _| AZoH$ ^mfmAm| _| àH$merV H$amo‹S>m| bmoJm| Ho$ hmW _| g_mMma nÌ OmV§o h§¡ Ÿ& {d{dY KQ>ZmAm| H$s
OmZH$mar Ho$ A{V[aº$ g_mMma nÌ dñVwAm|, godmAm|, ~mOmam|, XwH$mZXmam|, Cn^moº$mAm|, CËnmXH$m| Ho$ ~rM {ZaÝVa
AÀN>o gå~ÝY ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {XZ-à{V{XZ AZoH$mZoH$ {dkmnZ àH$m{eV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ {dkmnZm| Ho$ JwU Bg àH$ma
hmoVo h¡§ 1.
g_mMma nÌ amoO N>nVo h¢ Ÿ& A~ {dkmnZ ^r amoO {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m nmR>H$m| na ñWm`r à^md n‹S> gH$V
h§¡ Ÿ&
2.
g_mMma nÌm| _| _w{ÐV gm_J«r ñWm`r h¡ {Ogo nmR>H$ ~ma-~ma n‹T> gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
g_mMma nÌm| _| {dkmnZ XoH$a A{YH$ go A{YH$ Cn^moº$mAm| VH$ nhþ±MZm gab h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZH$m {dVaU
joÌr`, amï´>r` `m AÝVam©ï´>r` ñVa na {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
4.
erK«m{VerK« {dkmnZ àH$m{eV H$admZo H$m g_mMma nÌ EH$ gwb^ gmYZ h¡ Ÿ&
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5.
g_mMma nÌ AnZr Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwê$n MwZm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go ^mfm, Am{W©H$ {dkmnZ, Iob-Hw$X
Am{X Ho$ {deof n¥ð> CnbãY hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
6.
g_mMma nÌm| _| nd© {deof, Ym{_©H$, gm_mm{OH$ CËgd `m amOZr{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m±, MwZmd Am{X Ho$
Adga na VËgå~ÝYr {dkmnZ gw{dYm Ho$ AZwgma àH$m{eV {H$E Om gH$V| h¢ Ÿ&
7.
g_mMma nÌ _| àH$m{eV {dkmnZ _| empãXH$ gåàofU Ho$ A{V[aº$ {Mh²Z, àVrH$ `m {MÌ H$m à`moJ H$aHo$
Am¡a Q>mBn H$s {d{^ÞVm X²dmam AmH$f©H$ gåàofU ^r gå^d h¡ Ÿ&
8.
g_mMma nÌm| H$mo Ho$db Hw$N> J«mhH$ hr Zht A{nVw CZHo$ n[adma Ho$ gXñ`, nS>mogr Am¡a H$^r-H$^r Vmo amh
MbVo bmoJ ^r Mm` `m nmZ H$s XwH$mZ na n‹T> boVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: àgma go H$ht A{YH$ nmR>H$ g_mMma nÌm| _|
àH$m{eV {dkmnZm| H$mo XoIVo Am¡a n‹T>Vo h¢ Ÿ&
9.
ghH$mar {dkmnZm| Ho$ {bE ^r g_mMma nÌ H$m _mÜ`_ Cn`wº$ h¡ Ÿ& ~ma-~ma {dkmnZ àH$m{eV hmoVo ahZo
go Cn^moº$mAm| _| {dídgZr`Vm ~‹T>Vr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.2 nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±
3.3.2.1 nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± - ñdê$n, ì`m{á
_w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| Ho$ AÝVJ©V nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± AmVr h¡§ Ÿ& `o nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± gmám{hH$, nm{jH$, _m{gH$, X²{d_m{gH$,
Ì¡_m{gH$, AY©dm{f©H$, dm{f©H$ Am{X ê$nm| _| àH$m{eV hmoVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ& EZ. gr. nÝV "{hÝXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg'
{H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡ {H$ - ""nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± gm_mÝ` ê$n go X¡{ZH$ OrdZ H$s J{V{d{Y`m|, amOZ¡{VH$ KQ>ZmMH«$ Am¡a
gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$mo àñVwV H$aVr ahVr h¡§ Ÿ&'' `o nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± _mZdrê${M na AmYm[aV hmoVr
h¡§ Ÿ& BZ_| A{YH$ go A{YH$ OmZH$mar Ho$ gmW OrdZ H$s ~hþa§Jr Pb{H$`m± {XImB© XoVr h¡§ Ÿ& Ho$. nr. Am`© "g_mMma
boIZ' {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""Xoe Ho$ {Z_m©U _| ^y{_H$m, {ZË` n[ad{V©V hmo aho KQ>ZmH«$_ Am¡a g_mO Ho$ {dH$mg
_| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m `moJXmZ h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌ; n{ÌH$mE± Z Ho$db Am_ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE _Zmoa§OZ H$m gmYZ
h¢, ~pëH$ `o CZHo$ ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ {dH$mg _| ^r _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m AXm H$aVr h¢ Ÿ&
ì`m{á
_mZdr OrdZ _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m {deof _hÎd h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| go nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s Am`w A{YH$
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| ~hþV gr OmZH$mar Ho$ gmW X¡{ZH$ OrdZ H$s J{V{d{Y`m±, gm_m{OH$ OrdZ, amOZr{V
Am{X {d{dY nj ahVo h¡§ Ÿ& Bg{bE _mZdr OrdZ _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m {deof _hÎd h¡ Ÿ&
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3.3.2.2 nÌ Am¡a n{ÌH$mE± - ~hþ{dY Am`m_
_w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| Ho$ AÝVJ©V nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± AmVr h§¡ Ÿ& `o nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± gmßVm{hH$, nm{jH$, _m{gH$, Ì¡_m{gH$,
AY©dm{f©H$, dm{f©H$ ê$n _| àH$m{eV hmoVr ahVr h¡§ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| go nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s Am`w A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BZ
n{ÌH$mAm| _| {d{^Þ {df` VWm {d{dY {dYmE± ahVr h¡§ Ÿ& `o nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± _mZdr ê${M na AmYm[aV hmoVr h¢Ÿ & BZ_|
A{YH$ go A{YH$ OmZH$mar Ho$ gmW OrdZ H$s ~hþa§Jr Pb{H$`m± {XImB© XoVr h¡§ Ÿ& {Ogo ê${M go nmR>H$ n‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± - d{J©H$aU
_Zwî` AnZo OrdZ _| AZoH$ {df`m| _| ê${M aIVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg ê${M Ho$ AZwgma nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m àH$meZ
hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m d{J©H$aU {ZåZ àH$ma go {H$`m J`m h¡ 1)
gm{hpË`H$ n{ÌH$mE±
BZ n{ÌH$mAmo§ _| {d{^Þ {dYmAm| H$s aMZmE± N>nVr h¡§ Ÿ& O¡go H${dVm, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg A§e, AmbmoMZm,
ì`§½`, {Z~§Y, `mÌm dU©Z, aoIm{MÌ, [anmoVm©O Am{X Ÿ& Hw$N> n{ÌH$mE± {ejm {df` H$mo boH$a MbVr h¢ Ÿ& O¡go ì`§½`
n{ÌH$m _| {g\©$ ì`§½` N>nVo h¢ Ÿ& "H$hmZr' n{ÌH$m _| {g\©$ H$hm{Z`m± N>nVr h¢ Ÿ& BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| gm{hË` H$s ZdrZV_
gyMZmE± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& {d{dY gm{hpË`H$ AmÝXmobZm| H$s MMm© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË` H$s ZdrZV_ àd¥{Îm`m± Z`o hñVmjam| H$mo
ñWmZ XoH$a gm{hpË`H$ n{ÌH$m gm{hË` H$s Ymam H$mo Z`m _mo‹S> XoVr h¢ Ÿ&
2)
amOZr{VH$ n{ÌH$mE±
{d{^Þ amOZr{VH$ Xb bmoH$gånH©$ Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| AI~ma VWm n{ÌH$mE± àH$m{eV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ
n{ÌH$mAm| _| AnZo nj H$mo ~b XoZo VWm {dnj H$mo H$_Omoa H$aZodmbo boI N>mnVo h¢ Ÿ& gÎmm Ho$ {Ibm\$ AnZo
Zr{VJV `m XbJV {dMma ^r Bg_| àH$m{eV {H$`o OmVo h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| amOZr{VH$ n{ÌH$m H$m nhbm Ed§ A§{V_ bú`
àmonmoJ§ÊS>m H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
3)
gm§ñH¥${VH$ n{ÌH$mE±
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g§ñH¥${V H$s ajm Ed§ CgH$m àMma-àgma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `o n{ÌH$mE± g§ñH¥${V
Ho$ A§Va§J H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE _XXJma hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&
4)
Ym{_©H$ n{ÌH$mE±
{díd _| AZoH$ Y_© h¡§ Ÿ& AnZo-AnZo Y_© Ho$ àMma hoVw àË`oH$ Y_© Ho$ AZw`m{``m| X²dmam n{ÌH$mAm| H$m
àH$meZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| lX²Ym VWm A§YlX²Ym H$m I§S>Z-_§SZ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Ym{_©H$ {df`m| H$s gm_J«r
H$m {Za§Va àH$meZ hmoVm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
5)
CÚmoJ d dm{UÁ` n{ÌH$mE±
~¢qH$J, CÚmoJ, dómoÚmoJ Am{X CÚmoJm| H$s OmZH$mar VWm "~mOma' H$mo boH$a Amdí`H$ gyMZmE±, OmZH$m[a`m±,
g§~§ÜX ì`{º$`m|, ì`mnm[a`m| VWm J«mhH$m| H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE BZ n{ÌH$mAm| H$m àmaå^ hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
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54
6)
{dkmZ-{df`H$ n{ÌH$mE±
Am¡Úmo{JH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW Xw{Z`m _| d¡km{ZH$e{º$ H$m à^md ~‹T>m h¡ Ÿ& Cn^moº$mdmXr g§ñH¥${V Zo AmO Ho$
OrdZ _| {dkmZ H$s Ah_ ^y{_H$m ñdrH$ma H$s h¡ Ÿ& CÚmoJ YÝYm| H$mo J{V XoZo VWm ñdmñÏ` g§~§Yr _m_bm| _| {dkmZ
A{Zdm`© hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& A§V[aj Ho$ ahñ`, J«h-ZjÌm| H$m _hÎd VWm {díd Ho$ hdm_mZ ^r {dkmZ H$s Am±I| h_|
{XImVr h¢ Ÿ& BZ g^r H$s OmZH$mar {dkmZ {df`H$ n{ÌH$mAm| _| hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
7)
_{hbm {df`H$ n{ÌH$mE±
BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| _{hbmCn`moJr boI, CZH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ, Vah-Vah Ho$ nH$dmÞ ~ZmZo H$s
{d{Y`m±, nm[adm[aH$ gÝX^© H$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ gmW {\$ë_ OJV, N>tQ>o Am¡a ~m¡N>ma Am{X amoMH$ ñV§^mo§ go `o n{ÌH$mE±
_Zmoa§OZ Ho$ jU ^r OwQ>mVr h¡§ Ÿ& _{hbmAm| Ho$ OrdZ _| g_mO Ed§ J¥hmon`moJr dñVwAm| Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE BZ
n{ÌH$mAm| H$s AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
8)
{ejm-g§~§Yr n{ÌH$mE±
BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| {ejm g§~§Yr {d{dY nhbwAm| na OmZH$mar hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& gaH$ma H$s {ejmZr{V, Am`moJm| H$s
[anmoQ>©, AÜ`mnZ H$s ~XbVr nX²Y{V, {ejH$ Ed§ {dÚm{W©`m| H$s g_ñ`mE± Ed§ CZH$m g_mYmZ Am{X {ddaU BZ_|
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
9)
Iob-n{ÌH$mE±
Iob g§~§Yr n{ÌH$mAm| _| Iob H$s Q>oH$ZrH$ VWm {Ibm{S>`m| Ho$ {IbmS>r OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY nhbyAm| H$mo
àH$m{eV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& amï´>r` Ed§ A§Vam©ï´>r` ñVa na Am`mo{OV Iob à{V`mo{JVmE±, Am°bpånH$, dëS>© H$n {H«$Ho$Q>,
Q>|{dQ>r-Q>|{dQ>r {H«$Ho$Q>, hm°H$s, \w$Q>~mb, eVa§O, {~{b`S>© Am{X _¡Mm| H$s OmZH$mar BZ_| hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
10)
H¥${f {df`H$ n{ÌH$mE±
^maV H¥${f àYmZ Xoe h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE H¥${f H$s CÞ{V Ñ{ï> _| aIH$a H¥${f {df`H$ n{ÌH$mAm| H$m àH$meZ
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& \$gb| A{YH$ go A{YH$ H¡$go n¡Xm H$s Om gH$Vr h¢, \$gb H$mo ~~m©X H$aZodmbo H$s‹S>m| go H¡$go ~Mm`m OmE,
ImX _| H$m¡Zgo gËd {_bmZo go CËnmXZ ~‹T>oJm, ~rO H$m¡Z gm S>mbZm Cn`wº$ hmoJm, Am{X na {dMma {d_e© BZ
n{ÌH$mAm| _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
11)
~mb-n{ÌH$mE±
~mb n{ÌH$mAm| Zo ~mbH$m| Ho$ _Zmoa§OZ Ed§ CZHo$ OrdZ {Z_m©U go g§~§{YV {df`m| H$m àH$meZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| ~mbH$mon`moJr ZmQ>H$, H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, hmñ`-ì`§½` Am{X H$m ^r àH$meZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
12)
gaH$mar nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±
`o n{ÌH$mE± gaH$mar IM© go gaH$ma H$s {dH$mg `mÌm go gmYmaU OZ H$m n[aM` H$amZo Ho$ {bE àH$m{eV
H$s OmVr h¢ Ÿ& Bg{b`o BÝh| gaH$mar nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$ma Ho$ {d{dY _§Ìmb`, O¡go-gyMZm Ed§
àgmaU, aob, ajm, H¥${f, g§Mma, g_mO H$ë`mU Am{X AnZr n{ÌH$mE± àH$m{eV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
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55
_mZd OrdZ _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Zo _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ àmá {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO Xoe Ho$ ha àm§V, joÌ Am¡a ^mfm _|
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m àH$meZ VoOr go hmo ahm h¡ Ÿ& ha df© BZH$s g§»`m ~‹T> ahr h¢ Ÿ& AmO Ho$ B§Q>aZoQ> `wJ _| nÌn{ÌH$mAm| H$s B§Q>aZoQ> H$mnr ^r àH$m{eV hmo ahr h¡ Ÿ& amoMH$ boAmD$Q>, gwê${MnyU© gmO-g‚mm Am¡a loð> _wÐU Ho$
H$maU nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ à{V bmoJm| H$m AmH$f©U ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.2.3 qhXr-_amR>r nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m dV©_mZ ñdê$n
dV©_mZ `wJ _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± OrdZ H$m EH$ A§J ~Z JB© h¢ Ÿ& nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$, gm_m{OH$
Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$s àgmaH$ d {díbo{fH$m hmo J`r h¢ Ÿ& qhXr VWm _amR>r nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| H$B© {df`m| _|
g_mZVm {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
^y_ÊS>brH$aU Am¡a {ZOrH$aU Ho$ Bg Xm¡a _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± A§Xa Am¡a ~mha XmoZm| Amoa go ~Xb JB© h¢ Ÿ& àm.
amOoÝÐ B§Jmobo "_w{ÐV _mÜ`_' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""_w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| H$m `h ~XbVm ñdê$n Ohm± EH$ Amoa
gH$mamË_H$ h¡, dhm± Xygar Amoa dh ZH$mamË_H$ ^r h¡ Ÿ& O¡go CgH$m ~{ha§J H$m n[adV©Z gH$mamË_H$ Am¡a ZH$mamË_H$
h¡, d¡go A§Va§J H$m n[adV©Z ^r gH$mamË_H$ Am¡a ZH$mamË_H$ h¡ Ÿ&''
dV©_mZ `wJ _| n{ÌH$m H$m ñVa, gm_J«r Ed§ Zr{V _| H$m\$s n[adV©Z hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& AmO qàqQ>J Q>oŠZmobm°Or _|
n`m©á {dH$mg hmo OmZo go n{ÌH$m H$m _wÐU, gmO-g‚mm, _wIn¥ð> Am{X AmH$f©H$ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&
n{ÌH$m _| gmO-g‚mm _| H$m\$s ~Xbmd hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg g‚mm _| n{ÌH$m H$m AmH$ma, H$mJO, nmR>ç gm_J«r
_| {MÌ `m aoIm§H$Z H$m à`moJ AmH$f©H$ ê$n _| hmoZo bJm h¡ Ÿ& n{ÌH$m H$m _wIn¥ð> AmQ>© nona `m _moQ>o H$mJO na N>nZo
bJm h¡ Ÿ& `h _wIn¥ð> a§JrZ, MH$mMH$ Ed§ nmR>H$m| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aZodmbm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
n{ÌH$m _| _w{ÐV aMZmAm| H$mo {d{eï> AmH$ma _| H§$nmoO {H$`m OmVm h¡, CgH$m erf©H$ AmH$f©H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
nmR>H$m| H$m Ü`mZ AmH¥$ï> H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go ~m°Šg `m B§Q´>mo {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
n{ÌH$m _| {MÌm| H$m à`moJ AmH$f©H$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m Om ahm h¡ Ÿ& {MÌm| H$m M`Z, CZH$m AmH$ma-àH$ma,
CgH$m a§J `h n{ÌH$m Ho$ CX²Xoí` Ed§ ñdê$n H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a V` {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
dV©_mZ `wJ _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ^a_ma hþB© h¡, {Oggo à{V`mo{JVm ~‹T> JB© h¡ Ÿ& AnZr n{ÌH$m H$mo g~go
{~H$mD$ H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go Cg_o§ qhgm d H$m_wH$Vm, ½b¡_a `wº$ aMZm d {MÌm| H$m àH$meZ ~‹T>m h¡ Ÿ& g§^dV: {\$ë_r
g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mAm| _| `h A{YH$ {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.2.4 nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± : ^mfm gm_Ï`©
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| CgHo$ {df`, àH$meZ, CX²Xío ` VWm CgH$s {Z`VH$m{bH$Vm na ^mfm H$m ñdê$n Adb§{~V
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& àmo. a_oe O¡Z "g§nmXZ, n¥ð> g‚mm Am¡a _wÐU' Bg nwñVH$ _| {bIVo h¢ Ÿ{H$, ""n{ÌH$m H$s ^mfm gab, ghO,
gw~moY aIZr Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& ~mb-n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ^mfm, Iob n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ^mfm, g{hË` n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ^mfm,
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56
B§Or{Z`ar, {\$ë_r, H$mZyZ, Y_©-Xe©Z, AW© BZ n{ÌH$mAm| H$s ^mfm ñd^mdV: AbJ hr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ha {df` H$s
{d{eï> eãXmdbr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$m| H$m _mZ{gH$ ñVa ^r AbJ hmoVm h¢, Bg{bE ha {df` H$s n{ÌH$m H$s ^mfm
AbJ hmoJr Ÿ&''
^mfm H$s gabVm H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {bE N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o qH$Vw AmH$f©H$ dmŠ`m| H$m à`moJ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| hmoZo
bJm h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ `wJ _| qhXr n{ÌH$mAm| _| ^m{fH$ ñdê$n gab, ~moYJå` Am¡a gåàofU H$s j_Vm go n[anyU© h¡ Ÿ& BZ
n{ÌH$mAm| _| ~mobMmb Ho$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ, {ZV ZdrZ eãXm| H$m {Z_m©U Am¡a {XZ-à{V{XZ K{Q>V hmoZo dmbo {d{dY
àH$ma H$s KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ n[aàoj _| {Z{_©V ZB© eãXmdbr H$m à`moJ hmoZo bJm h¡ Ÿ&
EZ.gr. nÝV "qhXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg' {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡, ""nÌH$m[aVm Zo gm{hpË`H$ e¡{b`m| H$s
Anojm amoMH$, gag Am¡a H$m¡VwhbdY©H$ e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ H$aZm Amaå^ H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& X¡{ZH$ g_mMma nÌm| _| `m
gmám{hH$, _m{gH$, Ì¡_m{gH$ nÌm| _| Eogr e¡{b`m± {dH${gV hþB© h¢, Omo nmR>H$ H$s D$~ H$mo ^r g_má H$aVr h¢ Am¡a
e¡brJV O‹S>Vm H$mo ^r VmoS‹ >Vr h¢ Ÿ& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV hmoZdo mbo boI Ed§ aMZmE± nyUV© `m gag Am¡a H$m¡Vhw bdY©H$
e¡br _| hr {bIo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& e¡br Ho$ `o JwU BVZo A{YH$ {dH${gV hþE h¢§ {H$ BZgo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| H$mo {bIZo H$s
ê${M ~‹T>r h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ g_` _| gag Am¡a amoMH$ e¡br, Ho$db CnÝ`mgm| VH$ hr gr{_V Zht ahr, daZ-CgH$m à`moJ
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''
3.3.2.5 nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± : gm_Ï`©
H$mZnwa {Zdmgr n§. OwJb {H$emoa ewŠb Zo 30 _B©, 1826 H$mo H$bH$Îmm go "CXÝV _mV©ÊS>' Zm_H$ àW_
qhXr nÌ àH$m{eV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo `h nÌ ^ma{V`m| Ho$ {hVm| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE {ZH$mbm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ níMmV g_`g_` na qhXr ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$ nÌ {ZH$bo Ÿ& BZ nÌm| _| BVZm gm_Ï`© Wm {H$ ñdmmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| `o h{W`ma Ho$ ê$n
_| H$m`©aV ah| Ÿ& Omo CZH$s ~hþV ~‹S>r CnbãYr Wr Ÿ&
^maV O¡go {demb Xoe _| {d{^Þ ^mfmAm| H$s hOmam| nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± {ZH$bVr h¡§ Ÿ& EZ. gr. nÝV "qhXr nÌn{ÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg' J«§W _| {bIVo h¢ ""AmO g§nyU© nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± Am_ OZVm Ho$ ~rM AnZm {d{eï> _hÎd
ñWm{nV H$a MwH$s h¢ Ÿ& g_` Ho$ gmW ~XbVo à{V_mZm| Am¡a _yë`m| H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aHo$, àË`oH$ nÌ AnZr {df` dñVw
H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo àñVwV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&''
nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± gm_mÝ` ê$n go X¡{ZH$ OrdZ H$s J{V{d{Y`m|, amOZ¡{VH$ KQ>ZmMH«$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$
{d{dY njm| H$mo àñVwV H$aVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _o§ ha {H$ñ_ H$s gm_J«r CnbãY ahVr h¢ Ÿ& AZoH$ àH$ma H$m
gm{hË` BZ n{ÌH$mAm| _| {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& do AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$s àgmaH$ Am¡a
{díbo{fH$m H$m ~Z J`r h¢ Ÿ& nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Zo h_mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^ê${M H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
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3.3.3 {dkmnZ
3.3.3.1 ñdê$n, n[a^mfm
ñdê$n
AmO H$m `wJ {dkmnZ H$m `wJ h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ A§JOo« r eãX 'Advertising' H$m qhXr ê$nm§VaU h¡ Ÿ& ES>daQ>mBqOJ
H$s CËn{Îm b¡{Q>Z ^mfm Ho$ eãX "ES>dQ>©a' (Advertor) go hþB© h¡ Ÿ& {OgH$m AW© h¡ "Qy> Q>Z© Qy>' `mZr {H$gr Amoa
_w‹S>Zm-AWm©V {H$gr Ho$ à{V bmoJm| H$mo AmH${f©V H$aZm Ÿ&
qhXr _| "{dkmnZ' eãX H$m AW© "{deof kmZ' AWdm "{deof gyMZm' XoZm h¡ Ÿ& O¡gm {H$ Om°Z Eg. amBQ>
H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$, "" {dkmnZ OZg§àofU _mÜ`_ X²dmam {Z`§{ÌV, nhMmZ, `mo½` gyMZm àXmZ H$aZo VWm _ZmZo H$m
H$m`© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&''
{dkmnZ gm_mÝ`V: {H$gr dñVw, {dYm `m godm go Cn^moº$mAm| H$mo OmZH$mar XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CZ_| IarXZo H$s
BÀN>m OmJ«V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AWdm AZoH$ CnbãY dñVwAm| _| go EH$ H$m M`Z H$aZo _| _X²X H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr dñVw Ho$ ~«m§S>
{deof Ho$ à{V CZH$s à{V~X²YVm ~‹T>mVm h¡ Ÿ&
{ejm Ho$ àMma d Am¡Úmo{JH$aU Ho$ à^md Ho$ n[aUm_ ñdê$n ì`{º$ Cn^moº$m ~Z H$a ah J`m h¡ Ÿ& A~
Cn^moº$m H$s àË`oH$ J{V{d{Y H$m {ZU©` {dkmnZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go Amn Š`m ImE±Jo, Š`m nhZ|Jo, H$m¡Zgo Ka _| ah|Jo,
H$hm± nT>>|Jo, H$hm± à{ejU b|Jo, H$hm± Zm¡H$ar H$a|Jo, H$hm± ì`dgm` H$a|Jo, {ddmh H$hm± H$a|Jo, Am{W©H$ ómoV H$hm± go
CnbãY hm|Jo BZ g~H$m {ZU©` H$aZo _| {dkmnZ _X²X H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
OZg§Mma Ho$ joÌ _| {dkmnZ H$s _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ dm{UpÁ`H$ Am¡a ì`mdgm{`H$ joÌm| Ho$
g§dY©Z Ho$ {bE OZ_V ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE AmO Ho$ àMma _mÜ`_ H$s ^m±{V {dkmnZ EH$ geº$ _mÜ`_ ~Z J`m
h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ gm_J«r H$s O[a`o Cn^moº$mAm| VWm {dkm{nV dñVwAm| Ho$ ~mao _| g§Xoe Am{X nhþ±MmE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& `h
{dkmnZ gm_J«r Ka, H$m`m©b` VWm ~mha {d{^Þ ñWmZm| na ha g_` CnbãY H$am`r OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
{dkmnZ H$s n[a^mfm
dV©_mZ g_` _| {dkmnZ Zo ~hþAm`m_r Am¡a ~hþnjr` ñdê$n àmá H$a {b`m h¡ Ÿ& ^maVr` Ed§ nmíMmË`
{dX²dmZm|Zo {dkmnZ H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
1)
"{~«Q>o{ZH$m' {dídH$moe
""{dkmnZ {dkmnH$ X²dmam BpÀN>V ^wJVmZ X²dmam Xr JB© dh KmofUm h¡ Omo {H$gr dñVw AWdm godm Ho$
{dH«$`, àmoËgmhZ, {H$gr {dMma Ho$ {dH$mg AWdm H$moB© AÝ` à^md CËnÞ H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go Xr JB© hmo Ÿ&''
2)
e¡ëS>Z
"{dkmnZ' H$mo N>{d {Z_m©U H$m gmYZ _mZVo hþE {bIVo h¢, ""{dkmnZ dh ì`mdgm{`H$ e{º$ h¡, {OgHo$
AÝVJ©V _w{ÐV eãXmo§ X²dmam {dH«$` d¥{Õ _| ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& »`m{V H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ed§ gmI ~‹T>Vr h¢ Ÿ&''
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58
3)
ñQ>mM©
{dkmnZ Ho$ A§VJ©V _w{ÐV eãXm| X²dmam ñdnj _| bmoJm| H$mo ào[aV H$aZo H$s ~mV "ñQ>mM©' _mZVo h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$
{dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma - ""{dkmnZ gm_mÝ`V: _wÐU Ho$ ê$n _| {H$gr àñVmd H$mo bmoJm| Ho$ g_j àñVwV H$aVm h¡, Vm{H$
CÝh| CgHo$ AZwê$n H$m`© H$aZo H$mo ào[aV {H$`m Om gHo$ Ÿ&''
4)
Om°Z dr-ë`w§S>
""{dkmnZ {~H«$sH$mar Ho$ {H$gr AÝ` àH$ma H$s ^m±{V bmoJm| Ho$ {dMmam| Am¡a {H«$`mAm| H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo H$m
à`mg h¡ Ÿ&''
5)
brM
brM "{dkmnZ' H$mo à{Vð>md¥{Õ H$m gmYZ _mZVo hþE {bIVo h¢, ""CËnm{XV dñVw H$m g§~§Y _mÌ Cn^moº$m
dñVwAm| Ho$ {dkmnZm| go h¡, {OgH$m CX²Xoí` g§ñWmZ H$s à{Vð>m d¥{Õ go hmoVm h¡, `m gmd©O{ZH$ godm àñVwV H$aZm `m
gyMZm XoZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&''
6)
Eg. amoZmëS> hm°b
`o "{dkmnZ' H$mo "{dH«$` H$bm' H$s àUmbr Ho$ ê$n _| n[a^m{fV H$aVo h¢, ""{dkmnZ "{dH«$` H$bm' H$s
EH$ Eogr àUmbr h¡, {Og_o§ dñVw Ho$ boIZ, _wÐU VWm {MÌU go gyMZmE± Xr OmVr h¢ Ÿ&''
7)
Jmonmb gaH$ma
"""{dkmnZ' EH$ Vah go {H$am`o Ho$ dmhZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$`m J`m OZgåàofU h¡ Ÿ& `h {dkmnZ _| Xr J`r
dm§{N>V gyMZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go nmR>H$ _| ê${M {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&''
Cn`w©º$ n[a^mfmAm| na {dMma H$aZo go bJVm h¡ {H$ `o n[a^mfmE± {dkmnZ Ho$ g§nyU© njm| Am¡a {deofVmAm|
H$mo CX²Km{Q>V Zht H$aVr Ÿ& O¡go {H$gr n[a^mfm _| ^wJVmZ naH$Vm na ~b h¡, {H$gr _| ì`mdgm{`H$ {hV H$s ~mV H$hr
JB© h¡, Vmo H$hr N>{d {Z_m©U H$s Ÿ& BZ g^r n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ {ZMmo‹S> Ho$ ê$n _| Hw$_wX e_m© "{dkmnZ H$s Xw{Z`m' Bg
{H$Vm~ _| Xr hþ`r n[a^mfm H$m C„oI {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhmoZo {bIm h¡ {H$, ""{dkmnZ "{dH«$` H$bm' H$m EH$
^wJVmZnaH$, {Z`§{ÌV Am¡a {ZYm©[aV Ad¡`{º$H$ g§Mma h¡, {Og_| Cn^moº$m `m b{jV OZg_yh H$mo Ñ{ï> _| aIH$a
_m¡{IH$, {b{IV VWm Ñí`mË_H$ gyMZmAm| X²dmam {dkmnZXmVmAm| Ho$ hH$ _| OZgh_{V Am¡a OZ-ñdrH¥${V H$m
AmYma V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''
3.3.3.2 _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$m ñdê$n
{dkmnZ _w»`V: _w{ÐV, lì` VWm Ñí`-lì` ê$n _| ào{fV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| "_w{ÐV {dkmnZ' g_mMmanÌ,
nÌ-n{ÌH$mE±, nwpñVH$mE±, h¡ÝS>~rb, hmo{S>ª½O, gmBZ ~moS>© Am{X gmYZm| _| àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
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59
_w{ÐV {dkmnZm| _| N>m`m{MÌ, aoIm§H$Z, {MÌ Ñí` VWm bmoJm| Am{X hmoVo h§¡ Ÿ& _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| _| erf©H$ VWm
N>m`m{MÌ _hÎdnyU© hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& S>r. Ho$. amd "AmYw{ZH$ {dkmnZ Am¡a OZgånH©$' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¢'' EH$
{dkmnZ H$mnr _| eãXm| Ho$ X²dmam gÝXoe {X`m OmVm h¡, `m dh H$moB© N>m`m{MÌ `m Zmam (ñbmoJZ) Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gÝXoe
{X`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& `o XmoZm| EH$ Xygao Ho$ nyaH$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& N>m`m{MÌ {dkmnZ _| ghO hr nmR>H$ H$mo AnZr Va\$
AmH${f©V H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZ {dkmnZm| _| eãXm| Ho$ ghr M`Z Ho$ X²dmam ^mdZmAm| H$mo Ñí` ê$n _| C^mam OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
à^mdembr erf©H$ go CËnmX H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cnerf©H$ CËnmX Ho$ _hËd go n[a{MV hmo
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& eof H$boda _| ~«mÊS> {deof H$mo Š`m| IarXo, BgHo$ VH©$g§JV H$maU {X`o OmVo h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| CËnmX Ho$ gå~ÝY
_| VÏ` Am¡a Am±H$S>o CgHo$ n[ajU, n[aUm_, à_mU, JmaÝQ>r, àXe©Z Am{X hmoVo h¡ Ÿ& AÝV _| Cng§hma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
gyMZm VWm àoaUm Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {Oggo IarXXma CËnmX IarXZo hoVw {H«$`merb hmo gHo$ Ÿ&
g_mMmanÌm| _| àH$m{eV {dkmnZ OZg§Mma H$m EH$ A§J h¡ Ÿ& `o {dkmnZ {d{^Þ CËnmXm| Ho$ g§~§Y _|
OmZH$m[a`m± XoVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr OZOmJaU H$m g§Xoe ^r XoVo h§¡ Ÿ& O¡go KmVH$ amoJm| go ~Mmd, Q>rH$mH$aU, ñdÀN>Vm
A{^`mZ, ñdÀN> no`Ob H$mo AnZmZm Am{X Ÿ&
g_mMmanÌm| _| àH$m{eV {dkmnZ Cn^moº$mAm| H$mo CËnmX IarXZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& {dkmnZ Ho$
H$maU Cn^moº$m _mo{hV hmoH$a CËnmX H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& "{dkmnZ H$s Xw{Z`m' Bg {H$Vm~ _| Hw$_wX e_m©
{bIVr h¡ {H$, ""qàQ> _r{S>`m _| {dkmnZ H$s _m`m H$~ra H$s "_m`m _hmR>{JZr h_ OmZr' go hmo‹S> boVr {XImB© XoVr
h¡, Omo Cn^moº$m H$s g§doXZm Ho$ gyú_ Vmam| go Bg Vah {IbdmS> H$aVr h¡, Eogr N>o‹S>ImZr H$aVr h¡ {H$ Cgo CX²do{bV
{H$E {~Zm Zht ahVr Ÿ& Cn^moº$m H$m CËnmX IarXZo H$m àË`j `m AàË`j Am_§ÌU ~‹S>r Hw$ebVm go XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Cg_|
CËnmX IarXZo H$s A^yVnyd© bbH$ n¡Xm H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ&''
_w{ÐV {dkmnZm| Ho$ àH$ma
_w{ÐV {dkmnZ àm`: g_mMmanÌ, n{ÌH$mE±, nwpñVH$mE±, h¡ÊS>~rb, hmo{S>ª½g, gmBZ ~moS>© Am{X gmYZm| _|
àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AV: _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| Ho$ _w»` ê$n go {ZåZ àH$ma {H$E h¡§ Ÿ& O¡go 1) dJuH¥$V {dkmnZ, 2) gOmdQ>r {dkmnZ, 3) {d{MÌ {dkmnZ
1)
dJuH¥$V {dkmnZ
dJuH¥$V {dkmnZ _w»`V: g_mMmanÌm| VWm n{ÌH$mAm| _o§ àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& `h {dkmnZ {d{^Þ dJm] O¡go,
"{H$amE Ho$ {bE', "Imo`m-nm`m', "H$ma-gob', "dYw-da', O_rZ-Om`XmX, Á`mo{Vf Am{X erfH$m] Ho$ AÝVJ©V
àH$m{eV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& amÁ` d H|$Ð gaH$mamo§ Ho$ {d{^Þ {d^mJm| go g§~§{YV {Z`w{º$`m±, {Z{dXm, gyMZm, Zrbm_r gyMZm
Am{X Ho$ {dkmnZ ^r dJuH¥$V {dkmnZ Ho$ AÝVJ©V àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
2)
gOmdQ>r {dkmnZ
gaH$mar, J¡a-gaH$mar `m ì`mdgm{`H$ à{Vð>mZm| X²dmam nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ n¥ð>m| na ~‹S>o AmH$ma _| gOmdQ>r
{dkmnZ àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ& BgVah Ho$ {dkmnZ, {MÌ, g§Xoe {Z_m©U Am¡a a§J g§`moOZ H$s Ñï>r go AmH$f©H$ hmoVo
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60
h¢ Ÿ& amï´>r` ndm], {d{eï> g_mamohm|, _hÎdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ gOmdQ>r {dkmnZ g_mMmanÌ Ed§ n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV
{H$E OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
3)
{dÎmr` {dkmnZ
~¢H$, OrdZ ~r_m {ZJ_, eo`a _mH}$Q> Am{X {dÎmr` g§ñWmZm| H$mo AnZr godmAm| H$s Amoa AmH${f©V H$aZo
Ho$ {bE {dkmnZ XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ Ÿ& {d{^Þ H$ån{Z`m± AnZr H§$nZr Ho$ eo`am| H$s {~H«$s Ho$ {bE, {M{H$Ëgm ~r_m, dmhZ
~r_m, OrdZ ~r_m Am{X ~r_m H$ån{Z`m± bmoJm| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZo Ho$ {bE, AnZo {dkmnZ _w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| _|
àgm[aV H$admVr h¢ Ÿ& {dÎmr` {dkmnZ H$m CX²Xoí` Am{W©H$ bm^ Ho$ {bE g§ñWmZ H$m àMma-àgma H$aZm hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
4)
gyMZmàX {dkmnZ
gyMZmàX {dkmnZm| H$m à`moJ àm`: OZVm H$mo {e{jV H$aZo, OmJê$H$Vm \¡$bmZo VWm ~m¡{ÕH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$
MoVZm ì`má H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& `mVm`mV, gwajm, nw{bg ì`dñWm Am{X go g§~§{YV Amdí`H$
gyMZmAm| H$mo àgm[aV, àMm[aV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gyMZmàX {dkmnZm| H$m ghmam {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
5)
à_mUrH¥$V {dkmnZ
à_mUrH¥$V {dkmnZm| _| {H$gr à{gÕ {IbmS>r, A{^ZoVm, A{^ZoÌr `m {H$gr joÌ H$s {d{eï> hñVr go
CËnmX H$s àe§gm H$s OmVr h¡ `m {H$gr CËnmX H$s Amdí`H$Vm ~VmB© OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
6)
n¡Zb
`o {dkmnZ, g_mMmanÌ Ho$ erf©H$, Q>mBQ>b `m \$mo{b`mo Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa Ho$ {H$Zmam| na àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo
h¢ Ÿ&
7)
amï´>r` {dkmnZ
Omo {dkmnZ amï´>r` ñVa na àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo h¡§, do amï´>r` {dkmnZ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& H$ma, _moQ>ma gmB{H$b, Q>m`a,
ImÚ nXmWm] Ho$ ~«mÊS> Am{X Ho$ {dkmnZ amï´>r` g_mMmanÌ n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV {H$E OmVo h¡ Ÿ&
8)
ghH$mar {dkmnZ
O~ EH$ dñVw Ho$ AZoH$ CËnmXH$ {_bH$a {dkmnZ XoVo h¢ V~ Cgo "ghH$mar {dkmnZ' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_|
àm`: _w»` CËnmXH$ Ho$ gmW, ñWmZr` {dH«o$Vm {_bH$a {dkmnZ XoVo h¡§ Ÿ& Hw$N> CËnmXH$ AnZo CËnmX Ho$ gmW-gmW
AnZo {dVaH$m| VWm EO|Q>m| H$m ^r {dkmnZ XoVo h¢ Ÿ& `h ^r ghH$mar {dkmnZ H$m hr ê$n h¢ Ÿ&
9)
Cnhma {dkmnZ
{OZ {dkmnZm| _| AZoH$ CËnmXZm| Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ Ü`mZmH$f©U Ho$ {bE ì`mnm[aH$ H§$n{Z`m± `m Am¡Úmo{JH$
g§ñWmZ "Cnhma `moOZm' H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢, CÝh| "Cnhma {dkmnZ' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZXmVm Bg Vah Ho$ {dkmnZ
Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Cnhma nmZo H$s bmbgm _| Cn^moº$mAm| _| CËnmX IarXZo H$s AmH$m§jm n¡Xm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
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61
10)
ì`mnm[aH$ {dkmnZ
Bg {dkmnZm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go WmoH$ `m \w$Q>H$a ì`mnm[a`m| VWm AÝ` Bgr àH$ma Ho$ {dH«$`H$Vm©Am| H$mo H§$nZr
H$m _mb IarXH$a ~oMZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgm{hV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.3.3 _gm¡Xm boIZ
{dkmnZm| H$m _gm¡Xm boIZ {ZåZ ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ1)
erf© n§{º$ (Headline)
2)
AZwnwaH$ erf© n§{º$ (Sub-Headline)
3)
{df` dñVw (Text)
4)
{dkmnZH$Vm© H$m ì`mnmar {Mh²Z (Monogram `m Signature)
5)
Kmof dmŠ` (Slogan `m Baseline)
1)
erf© n§{º$ (Headline)
{dkmnZ Ho$ {bE CgH$s erf© n§{º$ (Headline) H$s {deof _hÎmm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bggo nmR>H$m| H$m Ü`mZmH$f©U
hmoH$a CZHo$ _Z _| H$m¡Vwhb VWm CËgwH$Vm OmJ¥V hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go "Mbmo n‹T>m`o ........... Hw$N> H$a {XIm`|' (gmjaVm Am§XmobZ H$m {dkmnZ)
"K§Q>m| H$m H$m_ {_ZQ>m| _|' ({_Šga-J«mB§S>a H$m {dkmnZ)
2)
AZwnyaH$ erf© n§{º$ (Sub-Headline)
AZwnyaH$ erf©n§{º$ dmŠ` Ho$ nyaH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {df` {dñVma hoVw à`moJ _| bm`r OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go erf© n§{º$ - Eoíd`m© H$s Iy~gyaVr H$m amO
nyaH$ erf© n§{º$ - Z`m B§Q>aZoeZb bŠg.
erf© n§{º$ - R>§S>o Ja_ H$s Š`m h¡ ~mV
nyaH$ erf© n§{º$ - O~ ê$h A\$Om h¡ AmnHo$ gmW
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62
3)
{df` dñVw (Text)
{dkmnZ H$s g\$bVm _| _w»` {df` dñVw VWm CgHo$ AmH$f©H$ àñVwVrH$aU H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m hmW hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
AmH$f©H$ àñVwVrH$aU _| J«mhH$m| H$s _mZ{gH$Vm, \¡$eZ VWm VoOr go ~XbVo g_`MH«$ H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIZm n‹S>Vm
h¡ Ÿ& {df`dñVw Ho$ AÝVJ©V CËnm{XV dñVw H$s Cn`mo{JVm, Cg_| {Z{hV JwU, AÝ` CËnmXZm| go hQ>H$a Cg_| A{YH$
JwUm| H$m hmoZm VWm H$^r-H$^r Cg_| g_m{hV CËH¥$ï> VH$ZrH$s ~mVm| H$s OmZH$mar ^r Xr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& {Oggo J«mhH$ Cg
dñVw H$mo IarXZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV hmo Ÿ&
4)
{dkmnZH$Vm© H$m ì`mnmar {Mh²²Z (Monogram `m Signature)
g_mMmanÌm| Ho$ {dkmnZm| _| {dkmnZH$Vm© H$ånZr AWdm \$_© H$m ì`mnmar {Mh²Z A§{H$V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {Oggo
gå~pÝYV H$s nhMmZ J«mhH$m| H$mo hmo gHo$ Ÿ& `h ~moY {Mh²Z AË`§V g§{jßV Am¡a AmH$f©H$ hmoZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg ì`mnmar {Mh²Z H$mo gå~pÝYV g§ñWm, H$ånZr `m \$_© H$m Xn©U H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
"PwHo$ hþE nb‹S>o H$m VamOy'
_\$Vbmb J«wn "H§$Yo na n¥Ïdr aIm, CR>Zo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma AmX_r'
_moQ>a H$ån{Z`mo§ Ho$ Ajam| H$m ~moY {Mh²Z Am{X XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢ Ÿ&
5)
Kmof-dmŠ` (Slogan `m Baseline)
{dkmnZm| _| ~moYdmŠ` `m KmofdmŠ`m| H$m ^r ~Iy~r à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogo dmŠ` AË`§V g§{já Ed§
AmH$f©H$ hmoZo Ho$ gmW gå~pÝYV H$ånZr H$s EH$ AÀN>r Imgr Pm±H$s àñVwV H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& J«mhH$m| H$m H$m¡Vwhb,
H$ënZme{º$ VWm H«$` BÀN>m H$mo Vrd«Vm go OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ {bE VWm {dídgZr`Vm {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE Kmof `m ~moY
dmŠ`m| H$m à`moJ {dkmnZ _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go IoVmZ "{e\©$ Zm_ hr H$m\$s h¡'
noßgr H$mobm "`o h¡ amBQ> Mm°Bg ~o~r'
{dkmnZ H$m _mÜ`_ Mmho H$moB© ^r hmo {dkmnZ _| {MÌm|, Ñí` q~~m| Am¡a àñVwVrH$aU Ho$ gmW {dkmnZ H$s
^mfm H$mo H$bmË_H$ ñdê$n XoH$a Cgo Ord§V Am¡a e{º$g§nÞ ~ZmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
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63
3.3.3.5 _w{ÐV {dkmnZ Am¡a ^mfm
_w{ÐV {dkmnZm| _| ^mfm H$m {b{IV ê$n hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& `h CËnmXZ à{H«$`m Ho$ {dVaU go Ow‹S>r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
AÝ` {dYmAm| go AbJ, {d{eï> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm {OVZr AmH$f©H$, OrdÝV, nR>Zr`, à^mdH$mar d
ghO hmoJr, CVZm hr CËnmX-d¥X²{Y _| ghm`H$ hmoJr Ÿ& Hw$_wX e_m© Zo "{dkmnZ H$s Xw{Z`m' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {dkmnZ H$s
^mfm Ho$ {ZåZm§{H$V JwU {ZYm©[aV {H$E h¢ 1)
Ü`mZmH$f©U
Ü`mZmH$f©U Ho$ {bE g§Xoe aMZm H$s ^m{fH$ g§aMZm _|, H$Wm VËd, {Okmgm, ZmQ>H$s`Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
eãXm| H$s nwZamd¥{Îm `m D$Q>nQ>m±J eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go ^r Ü`mZmH$f©U {Z_m©U {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Z_H$sZ Ho$
{dkmnZ _| "Im bo Zmbm`H$' eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go Ü`mZmH$f©U {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg Vah ghO hr Ü`mZ AmH${f©V hmoVm
h¡ {H$ Š`m ImZo Ho$ {bE H$hm Om ahm h¢ Ÿ& Cn^moº$m g~go nhbo {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm H$mo n‹T>Vm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX dh Cg
dñVw H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoVm h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm H$mo bmoH${à` ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE bmoH${à` _whmda|, H$hmdV|, bmoH$mo{º$`m±,
g_mO _| àM{bV Cn_m, ê$nH$ Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m Aml` boH$a AmH$f©H$ ~Zm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
2)
H$bmË_H$Vm
{dkmnZ H$mo H$bmË_H$ ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE H$mì`mË_H$ ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mì`mË_H$Vm go
{dkmnZ H$s ^mfm _| {d{eï> b` Am¡a VwH$~§Xr n¡Xm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ì`mH$aU Ho$ AZwemgZ H$mo Vmo‹S>Vo hþE H$mì`mË_H$ ñdê$n
_| ^mfm H$mo T>mbH$a CgH$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go R>§S>o Ja_ H$s Š`m h¡ ~mV
O~ ê$h A\$Om h¡ AmnHo$ gmW Ÿ&
3)
ñ_aUr`Vm
{dkmnZ H$s ^mfm MwñV, g§{já, gyÌmË_H$ Ed§ à^mdembr hmoJr Vmo dh Cn^moº$m Ho$ _Z-_pñVîH$ na
A{_Q> à^md N>mo‹S> XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Eogm {dkmnZ bmoJm| H$mo erK« `mX hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g¢H$S>m| {dkmnZm| H$s ^r‹S> _| {OgH$s ^mfm
ghO J«mø Ed§ à^mdembr hmoJr dhr {dkmnZ ñ_aU _| ahVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go gÊS>o hmo `m _ÊS>o
amoO ImE± AÊS>o Ÿ&
4)
gabVm, ~moYJå`Vm Am¡a Ord§VVm
_w{ÐV {dkmnZ n‹T>o OmVo h¡§ Ÿ& bo{H$Z `h n‹T>Zm ^r V~ g§^d hmoVm h¡, O~ {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm gab,
~moYJå` Am¡a Ord§V hmo Ÿ& H${R>U eãXm| H$m à`moJ Z hmo Ÿ& dmŠ` N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o hm| Ÿ& Omo Am_ ~mobMmb _|, àMbZ _| hm|
Ÿ& Jw‹T>, J§^ra, ~mo{Pb eãXm| go ~MZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
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64
^mfm _| Ord§VVm bmZo Ho$ {bE {dkmnZ boIH$ g§Xoe aMZm H$mo ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$m nwQ> Xo XoVm h¡, bo{H$Z
ZmQ>H$s` VÎdm| H$m ghmam BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ {_{S>`m _| àgm[aV hmoZodmbo [dkmnZm| _| A{YH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& _w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| Ho$
{dkmnZm| _| BgH$m à`moJ H$_ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
5)
{dH«$`erbVm
CËnm{XV _mb H$s _m±J Cn^moº$mAm| _| n¡Xm H$s OmE, Cn^moº$m CËnmX Ho$ à{V Eogo AmH$f©U _| ~±Y OmE {H$
Cgo IarXo {~Zm M¡Z Z AmE, `h ^y{_H$m {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm {Z^m gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ& CËnmX H$s loîR>Vm Am¡a JwUdÎmm H$mo {gÕ
H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm hr AnZm H$_mb {XImVr h¡ Ÿ& {deofU, {H«$`m{deofU, {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Zm|,
{ZíM`mW©H$, AmkmW©H$ dmŠ`m§emo Ho$ à`moJ X²dmam {dH«$_erbVm H$m JwU n¡Xm {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
6)
{dídgZr`Vm
{dkmnZ H$s g§Xoe aMZm _| Eogr ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE {Og_| Cn^moº$m dJ© H$mo g§ào{fV g§Xoe
A{Ve`mo{º$ nyU© Z bJo, ~pëH$ {dídgZr` bJo Ÿ& ^«m_H$ ^mfm H$m à`moJ ^r {dkmnZ _| Zht H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
7)
Am±M{bH$Vm
^mfm H$mo ^mdnyU© ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE boIH$ Am±M{bH$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& bmoH$JrVm| H$s n§{º$`m|,
bmoH$mo{º$`m| H$mo {dkmnZ H$s g§Xoe aMZm _o§ em{_b {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
8)
qhXr-A§J«oOr H$m {_bmn
^y_§S>brH$aU Ho$ Xm¡a _| A§J«oOr H$m {g¸$m Mb ahm h¢ Ÿ& Bg Xm¡a _| {dkmnZm| H$s ^mfm H$mo A§J«oOr H$m ghmam
boZm n‹S> ahm h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZm| _| A§J«oOr eãXm| H$s ^a_ma ahVr h¡§ Ÿ& O¡go ♦ YwbmB© H$m Hero _¡b `m Ahm !
♦ No ê$ImnZ, No {Mn{MnmhQ> &
♦ I love you agZm Ÿ&
♦ `hr h¡ ŸRight choice baby &
♦ {S>Q>m°b The hundred percent sure
♦ R>§S>m-R>§S>m Ÿcool-cool &
3.3.3.5 _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$s {deofVmE±
{dkmnZ boIZ EH$ gO©ZmË_H$ Am¡a _m¡{bH$ H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oO {dX²dmZ Oo\«o$ brM Zo {dkmnZ H$mo EH$ {deof
e¡br Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$mam h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ _| {ZåZm§{H$V {deofVmE± hmoZr Mm{hE 1)
AmH$f©U VÎd
2)
lì` VWm gwnmR²>`Vm
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65
3)
ñ_aUr`Vm
4)
{dH«$` e{º$
1)
AmH$f©U VÎd
{dkmnZ H$m Amdí`H$ JwU Ü`mZmH$f©U H$s j_Vm h¡ Ÿ& Ü`mZmH$f©U Ho$ {bE g§Xoe aMZm H$s ^m{fH$
g§aMZm _| H$^r H$Wm VÎdm| `m H$Wm {MÌm| H$mo {namoH$a, H$^r {Okmgm H$s àd¥{Îm OJmH$a, H$^r ZmQ>H$s`Vm n¡Xm
H$aHo$, Vmo H$^r eãXm| H$s nwZamd¥{Îm H$aHo$, H$^r D$Q>nQ>m±J eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go Ü`mZmH$f©U H$s j_Vm {Z_m©U H$s OmVr
h¡ Ÿ&
O¡go "Hw$N> Img h¡ h_ g^r _|' (H¡$S>~ar)
"A~ Amn g_Po, _¢Zo `h {Q>{H$`m Š`m| br ?' ([aZ gm~wZ)
Cn`w©º$ {dkmnZm| _| "Hw$N> Img h¡', "A~ Amn g_Po' O¡go eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ go AmH$f©U e{º$ {Z_m©U hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ&
2)
lì` VWm gwnmR>²`Vm
{dkmnZ `{X lì` `m lì`-Ñí` BZ _mÜ`_m| go g§~§{YV hmo, Vmo CgH$s ^mfm _| H$mo_bVm, _YwaVm Am¡a
gm§Jr{VH$Vm H$m JwU g_m{hV hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& {dkmnZ g_mMma nÌ-n{ÌH$m, ~°Za, hmoëS>a Am{X na àH$m{eV H$aZm
hmo Vmo gwnmR²>` hmo Ÿ& gwnmR²>`Vm gw§Xa Am¡a {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ _wÐUmjam| Ho$ à`moJ go AmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg à`moJ _| H$bmË_H$Vm
hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& gmW hr gab, amoMH$ Am¡a gw~moY ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aZm ^r Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
O¡go "O_©Zr H$s ZB© n|Q> VH$ZrH$ H$m H$_mb,
A~ hramo gmB{H$b aho ZB© gmb Xa gmb Ÿ&'
3)
ñ_aUr`Vm
{dkmnZ H$m bmoJm| H$mo erK« hr `mX hmo OmE, `m bmoJ Cgo JwZJwZmZo bJ| Vmo `h CgH$s ~hþV ~‹S>r e{º$
h¡ Ÿ& `h e{º$ àm`: ^mfm go {Z_m©U hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& H$mì`mË_H$Vm Ho$ g_mdoe go {dkmnZ _| à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmmW
ñ_aUr`Vm ^r Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> {dkmnZm| _| ñ_aUr`Vm VÎd go ^anya Zmam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& O¡go "AmB© bd `y agZm Ÿ&'
"R>§S>m _Vb~ ? H$moH$m H$mobm Ÿ&'
"VmOm _m±Jmo, _mOm _m±Jmo Ÿ&'
"`o {Xb _m±Jo, _moAa Ÿ&'
"~r.Eg.EZ.Eb. AnZm| H$mo AnZm| go Omo‹S>mo Ÿ&'
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66
4)
{dH«$` e{º$
{dkmnZ _| CËnmX H$s {dH«$` e{º$ ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE Am§V[aH$ D$Om© Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE {dkmnZ boIH$
_| g¥OZerb H$bmH$ma H$s j_Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& CËnmX H$s {dH«$` e{º$ H$s d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE {dkmnZ H$mo AmH$f©H$ hmoZo
Ho$ gmW-gmW ^m{fH$ ñVa na g§àofUr` hmoZm ^r Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& {dH«$`erbVm ~‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE ~mOma _| CnbãY AÝ`
CËnmX Ho$ _wH$m~bo àX{e©V CËnmX H$s loð>Vm Am¡a JwUdÎmm H$mo {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dkmnZ H$s ^mfm hr AnZm H$_mb
{XImVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.3.5 _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$s {deofVmE±
1.
{dkmnZ H$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm `h hmoVr h¡ {H$ dh Cn^moº$m H$m Ü`mZmH¥$ï> H$aZo _| gj_ hmo Ÿ&
2.
Cg_| {dídgZr`Vm hmo Ÿ&
3.
dh CËnmX `m {dMmam| H$s JwUdÎmm ~VmZo _| gj_ hmo Ÿ&
4.
{dkmnZ H$s àñVw{V _| _m¡{bH$Vm Am¡a AmH$f©U hmo Ÿ&
5.
dh ê${MH$a, _Zmoa_ Am¡a Cn^moº$m H$s ñ_¥{V H$mo Hw$aoXZo _| gj_ hmo &
6.
{dkmnZ H$s ^mfm Vm{H©$H$, gab Am¡a gw~moY hmo Ÿ&
7.
{dkmnZ _| {H$gr dñVw, {dMma H$m gH$mamË_H$ g§Xoe hmo Ÿ&
8.
CgHo$ {MÌ {b{IV VÏ`, Q´>oS>_mH©$ Am¡a erf©H$ BË`m{X _| Eogm Vmb_ob hmo {OgH$m à^md nmR>H$m| na
n‹S>o Ÿ&
9.
{dkmnZ _| J{VerbVm hmo Ÿ&
3.3.4 [aVmonm©O
3.3.4.1 ñdê$n
"[anmoVm©O' {dYm H$m OÝ_ {ÛVr` {díd-`wX²Y Ho$ g_` hþAm Ÿ& S>m°. haX`mb {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""[anmoVm©O H$m
OÝ_ {ÛVr` {díd-`wX²Y Ho$ g_` hþAm Ÿ& O~ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo `wX²Y ^y{_H$m Ho$ Ñí`m| Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| H$s [anmoQ>©
g_mMmanÌm| _| Xr Ÿ& BZ [anmoQm] _| noeoda nÌH$mam| H$s [anmoQ>© go ñdm^m{dH$ {^ÞVm Am JB© Wr Ÿ& `h {^ÞVm BZH$s
gm{hpË`H$Vm, H$bmË_H$Vm Am¡a Cg CËgmh _| Wr Omo `wX²Y ^y{_ na CnpñWV gm{hË`H$ma, g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ öX` _|
{dÚ_mZ Wm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma AZm`mg hr "[anmoVm©O' H$m OÝ_ hmo J`m Ÿ&''
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67
"[anmoVm©O' _ybV: \«|$M (\«$m§grgr) ^mfm H$m eãX h¡ Ÿ& "[anmoVm©O' eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ [anmoQ>© (Report) go
~Zm h¡ Ÿ& na "[anmoVm©O' VWm "[anmoQ>©' _| {^ÞVm h¡ Ÿ& "[anmoQ>©' H$m Ame` {H$gr KQ>Zm, I~a, Am±Im| XoIm hmb H$m
`WmVÏ` dU©Z h¡ Ÿ& {Og_| gmam {ddaU Ñí`_mZ hmo Om` Ÿ& BgH$m grYm g§~§Y g_mMma nÌ go hmoVm h¡ & Bg_| VÏ`
M`Z na {deof ~b ahVm h¡ Ÿ& O~ {H$gr {df`H$m Am±Im| XoIm `m H$mZm| gwZm dU©Z BVZo H$bmË_H$, gm{hpË`H$ Am¡a
à^mdembr T>§J go {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s A{_Q> N>mn öX` nQ>b na A§{H$V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& V~ Cgo "[anmoVm©O' H$hm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
S>m°. g§Vmof Jmo`b "OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ boIZ H$bm' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""[anmoVm©O H$m boIH$
[anmoQ>©a H$s ^m±{V KQ>Zm go {Z{b©á Zht hmoVm A{nVw CgH$m öX` Cggo Ow‹S>m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&'' "[anmoVm©O' _| boIH$ Ho$
ì`{º$Ëd Ho$ gmW g§doXZm Am¡a ^mdZm {Z{hV ahVr h¡ Ÿ& [anmoQ>© H$m gm{hpË`H$ ê$n hr "[anmoVm©O' h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _|
"[anmoVm©O' H$mo "gyM{ZH$m', "ê$n{ZH$m', Am¡a "d¥Îm {ZdoeZ' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r àM{bV eãX "[anmoVm©O' hr
h¡ Ÿ&
n[a^mfm
[anmoVm©O H$s H${Vn` n[a^mfmE± BgàH$ma h¡§ 1)
S>m°. ZJoÝÐ
""[anmoVm©O \«$m§grgr ^mfm H$m eãX h¡ Ÿ& {Og aMZm _| dÊ`©-{df` H$m Am±Im| XoIm, `m H$mZm| gwZm Eogm
{ddaU àñVwV {H$`m OmE {H$ nmR>H$ H$s öX`V§Ìr Ho$ Vma P§H¥$V hmo OmE, dh Cgo ^yb Z gHo$, Cgo [anmoVm©O H$hVo
h¡ Ÿ&''
2)
S>m°. ^JraW {_l
""{H$gr KQ>Zm `m Ñí` H$m AË`ÝV {ddaUnyU©, gyú_, amoMH$ dU©Z Bg_| Bg àH$ma {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ dh
h_mar Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo àË`j hmo Om` Am¡a h_ Cggo à^m{dV hmo CR>o Ÿ&''
3)
Jwbm~am`
""[anmoQ>© H$s ^m±{V [anmoVm©O _| KQ>Zm `m KQ>ZmAm| H$m dU©Z Vmo Adí` hmoVm h¡, {H$ÝVw Bg_| boIH$ Ho$ öX`
H$m {ZOr CËgmh ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Omo dñVwJV gË` na {~Zm {H$gr àH$ma H$m AmdaU S>mbo CgH$mo à^md_` ~Zm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&''
4)
S>m°. H¡$bmeM§Ð ^m{Q>`m
""`h A§J«oOr eãX H$s ~Om` "\«$m§grgr' eãX "[anmoVm©O' go {dH${gV h¡ Ÿ& {Og_| {H$gr KQ>Zm H$m `WmVÏ`
dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& KQ>Zm H$m `Wm VÏ` {ddaU H$bmË_H$ VWm ag g§doXZmË_H$ ê$n _| {X`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& e¡br
H$WmË_H$ Adí` hmoVr h¡, na `h H$Wm Zht Ÿ& {ddaU S>m`ar na AmYm[aV hmo gH$Vm h¡, na `h S>m`ar Zht h¡ Ÿ&''
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5)
S>m°. am_M§X>« {Vdmar
""O~ g\$b nÌH$ma `m gm{hË`H$ma dmñV{dH$ KQ>Zm H$mo AnZr ^mdZm _| a±Jm H$a {~å~Y_m} ^mfm Ho$
_mÜ`_ go gOrd ~ZmH$a àñVwV H$aVm h¡, V~ dh "[anmoVm©O' H$s H$bm-g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&''
6)
S>m°. OrdZ àH$me Omoer
""g§dmXXmVm H$s [anmoQ>© O~ AnZr e¡br _| Hw$N> gm{hpË`H$Vm H$m g_mdoe H$a boVr h¡, V~ dh [anmoVm©O
H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&''
Cn`w©º$ n[a^mfmAm| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ níMmV gma ê$n _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ g§Kf© Ho$ jUm| H$mo VËH$mb
eãXm| _| àñVwV H$aZm [anmoVm©O h¡ Ÿ& `wJMoVZm, `wJg§Kf© A¡ma OrdZ H$s gmYmaUVm H$mo H$bm _| ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s
àd¥{Îm go hr Bgo gm{hpË`H$Vm àmá hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& KQ>ZmAm| H$s VËH$mbrZ _m{_©H$ à{V{H«$`m hr AmH$f©H$ e¡br H$m n[aYmZ
J«hU H$a "[anmoVm©O' ~ZVr h¡ Ÿ& (_r{S>`m Am¡a àgmaU - S>m°. a_oe _oham)
ì`m{á
"[anmoVm©O' g§Mma VWm gm{hË` H$s ZB© {dYm h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË` H$s nÌ-n{ÌH$mAmo§, CnÝ`mgm|, b{bV {Z~§Y
g§J«hm|, _| [anmoVm©O N>nVo h¢ Ÿ& g§Mma _mÜ`_m| Ho$ {bE Bg {dYm _| ~hþV gmar g§^mdZmE± h¢ Ÿ& BgH$m H$Wm VËd lmoVmAm|
H$mo ~m±YVm h¡ Am¡a ZmQ>H$s`Vm, amoMH$Vm, CËgwH$Vm n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& VÏ`naH$Vm Bgo dV©_mZ go Omo‹S>H$a B{Vhmg H$m
XñVmdoOr CX²KmofH$ ~Zm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| H$ënZm àñVwV A{^ì`§OZm hmoVr h¡, na§Vw VÏ`m| na AmYm[aV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
`h àm_m{UH$ [anmoQ>© ^r hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
"[anmoVm©O' _mZdr` g§doXZmAm| go g§~§{YV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& "[anmoVm©O' _| KQ>Zm H$m {ddaU, KQ>Zm ñWb H$m
dmVmdaU VWm KQ>Zm H$m A§VíMoVZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©O {H$gr {d{eï> KQ>Zm, Ñí`, CËgd, `wX²Y, AH$mb, ~m‹T>
Am{X H$m hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.4.2 [anmoVm©O : Cn`wº$VVm
"[anmoVm©O' EH$ Z`r {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo Am`m h¡ Ÿ& _r{S>`m Ho$ {bE "[anmoVm©O' _| H$m\$s g§^mdZmE± h¡§ Ÿ&
"[anmoVm©O' H$s _m±J _w{ÐV _mÜ`_ _| h¡, VWm ao{S>Amo Ho$ gmW XyaXe©Z na ^r Ÿ& am§Jo` amKd, \$UrídaZmW aoUw,
{edXmZ qgh Mm¡hmZ, A_¥Vam` Am{X boIH$m| Zo _w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| Ho$ {bE AÀN>o [anmoVm©O {bIo h¢ Ÿ&
"[anmoVm©O' ao{S>`mo Ho$ {bE ~hþV Cn`moJr h¡ Ÿ& _YwH$a J§JmYa "ao{S>`mo boIZ' Bg {H$Vm~ _| {bIVo h¡,
""ao{S>`mo _| Ñí` Zht hmoVm Ÿ& [anmoVm©O eãXm| Ho$ X²dmam Cg H$_r H$mo nyam H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: AnZr {MÌ_`Vm Ho$ H$maU
EH$ AÀN>m "[anmoVm©O' ao{S>`mo H$s AÝ` {dYm H$mo _mV H$a gH$Vm h¡, BgH$s ~‹S>r g§^mdZm h¡ Ÿ&''
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XyaXe©Z na [anmoVm©O Zo AnZm gm_Ï`© Am¡a CnmXo`Vm {gX²Y H$a Xr h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. {OV|Ð dËg Zo "qhXr nÌH$m[aVm
Am¡a OZg§Mma _mÜ`_' {H$Vm~ _| {bIm h¡, ""XyaXe©Z na ^r Bg {dYm Zo ~hþV hr gH$mamË_H$ à^md {XIbm`m
h¡ Ÿ& gr.EZ.EZ. X²dmam A\$Jm{ZñVmZ na AZoH$ _m{_©H$ [anmoVm©O AmE h¢ Ÿ& BZH$s ~hþV hr gamhZm hþB© h¡ Ÿ& H°$_ao
X²dmam Ñí`mË_H$Vm H¡$X H$a, Cgo _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ gmW {Og Hw$ebVmnyd©H$ Q>r.dr. na [anmoVm©O àñVwV {H$E JE, Bggo
Bg {dYm Zo AnZr gm_Ï`© Am¡a CnmXo`Vm {gX²Y H$a Xr h¡ Ÿ&''
[anmoVm©O H$s {deofVmE±
1.
[anmoVm©O Ho$ VÏ` H$WZ _| H$bmË_H$Vm Am¡a gm{hpË`H$Vm H$m nwQ> ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
2.
[anmoVm©O dV©_mZ go g§~§{YV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h gm_{`H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
[anmoVm©O _| H$WmË_H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
4.
[anmoVm©O _| VÏ`naH$Vm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg_| boIH$ VQ>ñW ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
5.
Bg_| KQ>Zm `m Ñí` H$s àYmZVm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& BgrH$maU Bg_| n[apñW{V Am¡a dmVmdaU Ho$ {MÌU H$m _hËd
A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ&
6.
[anmoVm©O _| KQ>ZmAm| H$m ghO _Zmod¡km{ZH$ ê$n ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
7.
[anmoVm©O _| d{U©V KQ>Zm `m KQ>ZmE± ~‹S>r Vrd«Vm go Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo H$m¢Y OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
8.
[anmoVm©O àË`j X{e©V KQ>ZmAm| H$m dU©Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
9.
[anmoVm©O _| gOrdVm, amo_m§MH$Vm, {~å~Y{_©Vm Am¡a {dídgZr`Vm ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.4.3 [anmoVm©O : _gm¡Xm boIZ
"[anmoVm©O' gm_mÝ`V: gm{hË`H$ma H$s H$bmË_H$ [anmoQ>© h¡ Ÿ& "[anmoVm©O' Ho$ boIH$ KQ>Zm-ñWb na CnpñWV
ahVm h¡ Ÿ& dh Am±Im|-XoIr KQ>ZmE±, ~mV| hr {bIVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE H$WmË_H$Vm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©O Ho$ dÊ`©{df` Ho$ ê$n _| AH$mb, ~m‹T>, gwIm, _hm_mar, `wX²Y H$s {d^r{fH$m VWm _mZdr` gwI-XwI, namH«$_ Am¡a nbm`Z,
g§Kf© O¡go _m{_©H$ {df` ahVo h¡§ Ÿ& boIH$ BZHo$ nhbwAm| Ed§ VÏ`m| H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a H$bmË_H$Vm go Cgo COmJa
H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
[anmoVm©O _gm¡Xm boIZ Ho$ g§X^© _| S>m°. a_oe _oham {ZåZm§{H$V ~mVm| H$mo Amdí`H$ _mZVo h¡ 1)
`WmVÏ` H$s ajm
gd©àW_ "[anmoVm©O boIH$' H$mo "[anmoVm©O' _| `WmVÏ`Vm H$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE Ÿ& H$maU "[anmoVm©O' {ZVm§V
gË` KQ>Zm H$mo hr AnZm dÊ`©-{df` ~ZmH$a MbVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m AmYma Am±Im| XoIr Am¡a H$mZm| gwZr KQ>ZmE± hmoVr
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h¢ Ÿ& {H$gr H$ënZm Ho$ {bE Cg_| AdH$me Zht hmoVm Ÿ& boIH$ AnZr ^mdZmAm| Ho$ AZwê$n Cg KQ>Zm _| Ho$db a§J
^a XoVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go "[anmoVm©O' boIH$ H$mo g§VwbZ Am¡a {ZînjVm na {deof Ü`mZ XoZm nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
2)
Ord§VVm H$m AZw^d
"[anmoVm©O boIZ' Eogm hmo {H$ dh n‹T>Zo _| Ord§VVm H$m AZw^d H$amE Ÿ& S>m°. dranmb d_m© Ho$ eãXm| _|,
""gm{hË` H$s dh àmUdÎmm Omo nmR>H$m| H$mo {Za§Va EH$ ñ\w${V© XoVr ahVr h¡, Ord§VVm H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©O O‹S> Ed§
ewîH$ KQ>Zm H$mo AnZr gm{hpË`H$ H$bm go MoVZ Ed§ gag ~ZmH$a àñVwV H$aVm h¡, `hr [anmoVm©O H$s gOrdVm,
Ord§VVm h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ H$maU hr aMZm {ZîàmU Zht bJVr Ÿ&''
3)
ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$m g_mdoe
[anmoVm©O boIZ _| ZmQ>H$s`Vm H$m g_mdoe Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& KQ>Zm-{deof go g§~§{YV nmÌm| H$s _wI-_wÐm,
AmJ_Z Ho$ Ñí` H$m gyú_ {ddaU, ZmQ>H$ O¡gm XoIZo H$mo {_bZm Mm{hE Ÿ& S>m°. dranmb d_m© Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""Cgo bJo
{H$ Am±Im| Ho$ gm_Zo hr {d{MÌ n[apñW{V`m± {XIbmB© Om ahr h¢ Ÿ& Hw$N> hmoZo Om ahm h¢ {H$, AMmZH$ H$moB© ì`mKmV Am
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& nmR>H$ H$mo {\$a bJVm h¡ {H$ Omo hmoZo Om ahm Wm, dh A~ Zht hmoJm {H$ n[apñW{V`m± Vrd«Vm go, EH$ PQ>Ho$
Ho$ gmW ~Xb| Am¡a dhr hmo OmE Omo hmoZo Om ahm Wm Ÿ& `hr ZmQ>H$s`Vm h¡ Ÿ&''
4)
amoMH$Vm Am¡a g§{jáVVm
"[anmoVm©O boIZ' _| __©ñn{e©Vm, amoMH$Vm, agmË_H$Vm VWm g§{jáVVm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& g§{jáVVm H$m JwU
"[anmoVm©O' H$mo gQ>rH$ Am¡a nR>Zr` ~ZmVm h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©O H$m bå~m hmoZm CgH$s à^mdmpÝd{V H$mo jrU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
5)
__©ñn{e©Vm
O~ gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ eãX nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z H$mo AnZr XwIm{VaoH$s A{^ì`{º$ go Am§Xmo{bV H$a XoVo h¢ V~ aMZm
H$m dh A§e _m{_©H$ Am¡a __©ñneu H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& `o _m{_©H$ ñWb aMZm H$s g§àofUr`Vm H$mo ~‹T>m XoVo h¢ Ÿ& nmÌm| H$s
{ddeVm, CZH$m AghZr` Xw:I, ^m½` H$s {dS>å~Zm Am{X "[anmoVm©O' _| _m{_©H$Vm H$m g_mdoe H$aVo h¢ {Oggo
nmR>H$ Ð{dV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a "OJ~rVr' H$mo "Amn~rVr' AZw^yV H$aZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
6)
agmË_H$Vm H$m g_mdoe
"[anmoVm©O boIZ' _| agmË_H$Vm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr KQ>Zm `m Ñí` Ho$ ewîH$ Am¡a Zrag {ddaU _| ^r O~
boIH$ AnZo {eën Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _mX©dVm Am¡a gagVm ^a XoVm h¡ dhr [anmoVm©O _| agmË_H$Vm Am OmVr h¡ Ÿ& KQ>Zm
{ddaU H$s ^md_`r eãX g§`moOZm [anmoVm©O H$mo gH$b ~Zm gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
7)
Ëdam
[anmoVm©O _| KQ>Zm H$m H$_-go H$_ eãXm| _| à^mdnyU© dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go "Ëdam' [anmoVm©O _|
A{Zdm`© hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {H«$`m H$m gm¢X`© "Ëdam e{º$' Ho$ X²dmam AX²^wV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. {díd§^aZmW CnmÜ`m` Ho$
{dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma ""[anmoVm©O _| eãX Cgr àH$ma "Ëdam' nH$‹S>Vo h¢ O¡go ~§XyH$ H$s Jmobr Ÿ&''
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8)
n[adoe H$m A§H$Z
[anmoVm©O boIZ _| KQ>Zm H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ gmW n[adoe H$m A§H$Z ^r {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE Ÿ& CgHo$ A§H$Z
Ho$ {~Zm [anmoQ>© AYyar, Aàm_m{UH$ hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. í`m_gw§Xa Kmof Ho$ AZwgma, ""[anmoVm©O H$s {MÌmË_H$Vm àm`:
n[adoe H$s {MÌmË_H$Vm ^r hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©O boIH$ dñVw na {OVZm Ü`mZ XoVm h¡, CVZm hr Ü`mZ CgHo$ n[adoe
na ^r XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m `h n[adoe-J«hU amJmË_H$ Am¡a Am§V[aH$ ^md go hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& n[adoe H$m \$moQ>moJ«m{\$H$ {MÌU
H$aVo hþE ^r dh Cg na AnZr g§doXZm H$s Hy$Mr \o$a XoVm h¡ Ÿ&''
9)
^mfme¡br
[anmoVm©O H$s H$bmË_H$Vm boIH$ Ho$ gyú_ {ZarjU, CgH$s ^mdwH$Vm Am¡a CgHo$ eãX M`Z na AmYm[aV
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H$m g§doXZerb Cn`moJ, N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o AZwÀN>oX, VmaVå`, CÕaU Am{X [anmoVm©O Ho$ {eën H$mo
à^mdembr VWm g§àofUr` ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ& e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go hmñ`-ì`§½`mË_H$, {MÌmË_H$, {díbofUmË_H$-{dMmamË_H$
Am{X e¡{b`m| H$m à`moJ "[anmoVm©O' boIZ _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.4.4 [anmoVm©O H$s ^mfm
[anmoVm©O H$s ^mfm gwJ_, gab Am¡a àJë^ hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& [anmoVm©O boIZ _| boIH$ Ho$ VËH$m{bZ n[adoe
OÝ` ^mfmkmZ H$m ~hwV ~‹S>m _hÎd hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ "JmJa _| gmJa' ^a XoZm [anmoVm©O boIH$ H$m CX²Xoí` hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©O H$s ^mfm go nmR>H$ dJ© H$mo dmñVd KQ>ZmAm| H$m kmZ, n[ajU hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& V^r Vmo [anmoVm©O H$s
H$bmË_H$Vm boIH$ Ho$ gyú_-{Z[ajU, n[ajU VWm CgH$s ^mdwH$Vm Am¡a CgHo$ "eãX M`Z' na AmYm[aV hmoVr
h¡ Ÿ& [anmoVm©OH$ma O‹S> VWm aghrZ KQ>Zm H$mo AnZr gm{hpË`H$ H$bmË_H$Vm go Cg_| ag ^a XoVm h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE
CgH$s ^mfm gmXJr ^ar na§Vw ag`wº$ hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
[anmoVm©O H$s ^mfme¡br Ho$ g§X^© _| "_r{S>`m Am¡a àgmaU' {H$Vm~ _| S>m°. a_oe _hoe {bIVo h¡ {H$, ""^mfm
H$m g§doXZerb Cn`moJ, N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o AZwÀN>oX, VmaVå`, CX²YaU Am{X [anmoVm©O Ho$ {eën H$mo à^mdembr VWm
g§àofUr` ~ZmVo h¢ Ÿ& e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go hmñ`-ì`§½`mË_H$, {MÌmË_H$, {díbofUmË_H$, {dMmamË_H$ Am{X e¡{b`m| H$m
à`moJ "[anmoVm©O' boIZ _| {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''
3.3.4.5 [anmoVm©O H$m qhXr ñdê$n
qhXr _| [anmoVm©O {dYm Z`r h¡ Ÿ& qhXr _| Bg {dYm H$m àmaå^ gZ 1940 B©. Ho$ Amg-nmg go _mZm OmVm
h¡ Ÿ& {edXmZ qgh Mm¡hmZ H¥$V "_m¡V Ho$ {Ibm\$ {OÝXJr H$so b‹S>mB©' erf©H$ go nhbm [anmoVm©O "h§g' n{ÌH$m _|
"g_mMma Am¡a {dMma" ñV§^ Ho$ AÝVJ©V àH$m{eV hþAm Wm Ÿ& {Og_o§ CÝhm|Zo amï´> H$m ñdVÝÌVm go nyd© H$m OrdÝV
n[adoe {MÌ CHo$am Ÿ&'' ({hÝXr JÚ H$s Z`r {dYm`|-amOoÝÐ àgmX lrdmñVd)
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72
qhXr _| "[anmoVm©O' {dYm H$m gm{hË`-^ÊS>ma AÝ` JÚ {dYmAm| H$s Anojm {demb Zht h¡ Ÿ& Omo CnbãY
h¡ dh {ZåZ{b{IV ê$n _| àH$m{eV hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
1)
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| àH$m{eV [anmoVm©O
2)
CnÝ`mgm| _| àg§Jde Am`o [anmoVm©O
3)
b{bV {Z~ÝYm{X g§J«hm| _| CnbãY [anmoVm©O
4)
Jmoð>r-àg§J Am¡a g^m-A{YdoeZm| na AmYm[aV [anmoVm©O
qhXr gm{hË` _| "[anmoVm©O' H$m g¥OZ g§doXZerb gm{hË`H$mam| X²dmam hþAm h¡ Ÿ& BZ gm{hË`H$mam| _| à_wI
h¡§ am§Jo` amKd, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, àH$meM§Ð Jwá, ^JdVreaU CnmÜ`m`, \$UrídaZmW aoUw, OJXre àgmX MVwd}Xr,
{Z_©bm d_m©, H$_boída, bú_rH$mÝV d_m©, Y_©dra ^maVr Am{X h¢ Ÿ&
BZ gm{hË`H$mam| Zo ~§Jmb H$m AH$mb, gmåàXm{`H$ X§J|, ^maV-MrZ `wX²Y, ~m‹T>, gwIm, A{¾H$mÊS>,
^yH$ån, AmV§H$dmX, {d_mZ XwK©Q>Zm, ~§JbmXoe ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Am{X {df`m| na [anmoVm©O {bIo h¢ Ÿ&
am§Jo` amKd Zo ~§Jmb Ho$ AH$mb Ho$ g_` AH$mbJ«ñV joÌmo§ H$m Xm¡am H$a "Vw\$mZm| Ho$ ~rM' [anmoVm©O {bIm
h¡ Ÿ& Omo gZ 1946 _| "{demb ^maV' _| àH$m{eV hþAm Wm Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX qhXr _| àH$meM§X Jwá, am_Zmam`U
CnmÜ`m`, Y_©dra ^maVr, e_eoa ~hmXya qgh, lrH$m§V d_m©, \$UrídaZmW aoUw, OJ{Xe àgmX MVwd}Xr, H$_boída,
{Z_©b d_m© Am{X aMZmH$mamo§ VWm nÌH$mam| Zo AZoH$ _m{_©H$ Ed§ amoMH$ [anmoVm©O {bIo h¢ Ÿ& ^X§V AmZ§X H$m¡gë`m`Z
H$m "Xoe-H$s {_Å>r ~wbmVr h¡', Y_©dra ^maVr H$m "`wÕ `mÌm', H$Ýh¡`mbmb {_l H$m "jU ~mobo, H$U _wñH$mE±',
e_eoa ~hmXya qgh H$m "ßbmQ> H$m _moMm©', \$Urída ZmW aoUw H$m "YZOb-F$UOb' {dXoH$sam` H$m "~m‹T> ! ~m‹T> !!
~m‹T> !!! Am¡a {Z_©b d_m© H$m "àmJ EH$ ñdÝn' Am{X qhXr _| CËH¥$ï> [anmoVm©O h¡§ Ÿ&
3.3.5 CX²KmofUm
3.3.5.1 ñdê$n
"CX²KmofUm' EH$ àH$ma H$s H$bm h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm H$mo A§J«oOr _| Announcement H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
CX²KmofUm H$m g§~§Y _w»` ê$n go ao{S>`mo go h¡ Ÿ& ao{S>`mo na g_mMma, ZmQ>H$, dmVm©, g§JrV Am{X H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV hmoVo
h¢ Ÿ& CX²KmofH$ BZ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s Ama§{^H$ Am¡a A§V H$s gyMZm XoZo H$m H$m`© "CX²KmofUm' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& `o
CX²KmofUmE± ao{S>`mo àgmaU Ho$ ewê$ hmoZo go boH$a amV H$mo àgmaU ~ÝX hmoZo VH$ Omar ahVr h¡ Ÿ& lmoVmAm| H$mo H$m`©H«$_
H$s gyMZm _mZdr ê${M Ho$ AZwê$n Xr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {Oggo lmoVm Ho$ _Z _| Cgo gwZZo, g_PZo Am¡a OmZZo H$s CËgwH$Vm
~Zr ahVr h¡ Ÿ&
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73
n[a^mfm
""CX²KmofH$ X²dmam H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ ~mao _| Xr OmZo dmbr OmZH$mar H$mo CX²KmofUm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&''
3.3.5.2 ì`m{á
{d{^Þ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s OmZH$mar CX²KmofUm go {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm go H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ gmao gyÌ CX²KmofH$ Ho$
hmW _| ahVo h¢ Ÿ& ao{S>`mo Ho$ g^r H$m`©H«$_ CX²KmofUm Ho$ ghmao hr MbVo h§¡ Ÿ& XyaXe©Z _| gr{_V ê$n _| CX²KmofUmE± hmoVr
h¢ Ÿ&
CX²KmofH$ àñVwV hmoZo dmbo H$m`©H«$_m| H$s àmñVm{dH$s aIVm h¡ Am¡a lmoVm VWm Xe©H$ H$mo Cg H$m`©H«$_ Ho$
agmñdmXZ H$s _Zmo^y{_H$m V¡`ma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&AV: g^r àH$ma Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| {deof ê$n go AmH$medmUr Ho$ àgmaU _|
CX²KmofUm H$m ~hþV A{YH$ _hÎd h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofH$ Ho$ {bE CX²KmofUm EH$ CÎmaXm{`ËdnyU© H$m`© h¡ Ÿ& _YwH$a J§JmYa Ho$
eãXm| _|, ""{Og àH$ma nyOm Ho$ {bE Yyn-Xrn dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma CX²KmofUm ^r H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ {bE
dmVmdaU ~ZmVr h¡ Ÿ& EH$ AÀN>o CX²KmofH$ X²dmam H$s JB© ì`dpñWV CX²KmofUm H$m`©H«$_ gwZZodmbm| H$mo H$m`©H«$_ Ho$
à{V {deofŸAmH$f©U àXmZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&''
3.3.5.3 CX²KmofUm - _gm¡Xm boIZ
ao{S>`mo Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ ê$nr _hb H$m àdoe-X²dma dñVwV: CX²KmofUm boIZ hr h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr H$m`©H«$_ H$s
Ama§{^H$ Am¡a A§V H$s gyMZm XoZo H$m H$m`© CX²KmofUm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm boIZ _| {ZåZ ~mVm| H$m
Ü`mZ aIZm Amdí`H$ h¡ 1)
CX²KmofUm _| CZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE Omo gm_mÝ` ~mobMmb _| à`wº$ hmoVo h¢ ,ŸAm¡a OZ-gmYmaU
{OZH$mo AmgmZr go J«hU H$a gHo$ Ÿ& H${R>Z eãXm| go gX¡d ~MZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
2)
dmŠ` gab hm|, N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o hm|, ewX²Y VWm amoMH$ hm| Ÿ& {df` Ho$ AZwê$n CZ_| à^md j_Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
3)
^mar-^aH$_ eãXmdbr, ì`W© H$m eãXmS>å~a Am¡a CbPo hþE dmŠ`m| H$mo CX²KmofUm _| Q>mbZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
4)
{df` Ho$ AZwê$n CX²KmofUm H$s A{^ì`{º$ hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& `h ~mV gX¡d Ü`mZ _| ahZr Mm{hE {H$ h_
{H$gHo$ {bE {bI aho h¢ ? Omo {bIm h¡ dh H$m¡Z-go lmoVm gwZ|Jo ? CZna BgH$s Š`m à{V{H«$`m hmoJr Ÿ?
5)
àË`oH$ H$m`©H«$_ H$s g_` gr_m nhbo go {ZYm©[aV ahVr h¡ Ÿ& Cg g_`-gr_m H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Amdí`H$
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
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74
CX²KmofUm Ho$ _gm¡Xm boIZ _| {ZåZ{b{IV VÏ`m| H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ 1)
H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV H$aZodmbo Ho$ÝÐ H$m Zm_
CX²KmofUm _| gd©àW_ H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV H$aZodmbo Ho$ÝÐ H$m Zm_ {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - "`h AmH$medmUr
_w§~B© h¡ Ÿ&'
2)
_r{S>`_ do~ ... _rQ>a `m§Zr {H$bmohQ²>©g H$m C„oI
H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV hmoZodmbo Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ Zm_ Ho$ níMmV Cg Ho$ÝÐ H$m _r{S>`_ "do~ ñWmZ' ~Vm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
O¡go - "A~..... _rQ>a `m§Zr ..... {H$bmohQ²>©g na Ÿ& `m "_r{S>`_ do~ 266 Xe_bd 39 AWm©V 1116 {H$bmohQ²>©g
na Ÿ&'
3)
H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV hmoZo H$m g_` VWm {V{W
H$B© lmoVm ao{S>Amo na ~Vm`o OmZo dmbo g_` na AnZr K‹S>r H$m g_` {_bmVo h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE H$m`©H«$_
àgm[aV hmoZodmbm g_` CX²KmofUm _| ~Vm`m OmZm Mm{hE Ÿ& O¡go - "Bg g_` ..... ~OH$a .... {_ZQ> hþE h¢ Ÿ&'
ao{S>`mo àgmaU H$s nhbr g^m àmV: N>: ~Oo ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg nhbr g^m _| Cg {XZ H$s {V{W H$s ^r
KmofUm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go - " AmO, eHo$, g§dV, 1922 Ho$ Amfm‹T> _{hZo H$s 15 dr {V{W h¡, AWm©V 26 OwbmB©, gZ²
2015 Ÿ&'
4)
àgm[aV hmoZo dmbo H$m`©H«$_ H$m Zm_mo„oI
CX²KmofUm _| àgm[aV hmoZodmbo H$m`©H«$_ H$m Zm_mo„oI {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go -
"A~ àma§^ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& h_mam .... H$m`©H«$_ Ÿ& "hdm _hb' BgHo$ A§VJ©V àñVwV h¡ ..... E.Eb. _mWwa
{b{IV hmñ` Zm{Q>H$m "Ja_ _gmbm' {ZX}eZ h¡ AMbm ZmJZ Ÿ&'
5)
àgm[aV hmoZodmbo nyao {XZ Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ H$s ê$naoIm
AmH$medmUr H|$Ð H$s nhbr g^m àmV: N>: ~Oo ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& g^m Ho$ ewê$ _| Cgr {XZ àgm[aV hmoZodmbr
H$m`©H«$_ H$s ê$naoIm àñVwV H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& O¡go `o h¡ "{d{dY ^maVr' Ÿ& A~ àñVwV h¡ AmO àgm[aV hmoZodmbo H$m`©H«$_m| H$s ê$naoIm "..... ^{º$ g§JrV H$m
H$m`©H«$_' "d§XZ ^maV' Amn gwZ gH|$Jo gw~h 6 ~OH$a 5 {_ZQ> go Ÿ& gw~h 6 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> go àgm[aV {H$`m
Om`oJm H$m`©H«$_ "Voao gya Am¡a _oao JrV' Ÿ&
"^ybo {~gao JrV' h_ Amn H$mo gwZdm`|Jo gw~h 7 ~Oo go Ÿ&
"^maVr` {\$ë_ g§JrV' Bg e¥§Ibm H$s nm±Mdr H$S>r H$m àgmaU Amn gwZ gH|$Jo "g§JrV garVm' _| gw~h
7 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> go Ÿ& Am_§{ÌV H$bmH$ma h¡ "gwà{gX²Y V~bm dmXH$ Ed§ g§JrVH$ma ~mbH¥$îU Aæ`a Ÿ& àñVw{V
H$m§MZ àH$me g§Xrn H$s Ÿ&
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75
"{ÌdoUr' H$m`©H«$_ H$m àgmaU hmoJm gw~h 7 ~OH$a 45 {_ZQ> go Am¡a 7 ~OH$a 55 {_ZQ> go àgm[aV {H$`m
Om`oJm "{MÌnQ>' g§JrV Ÿ&
"{MÌbmoH$' JmZo Z`o O_mZo Ho$ Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$m àgmaU Amn gwZ gH|$Jo 8 ~OH$a 15 {_ZQ> go H$m`©H«$_ Ho$
àm`moOH$ h¡ - _ogg© {Za_m {b{_Q>oS> Ÿ&
"nÌmdbr' H$m`©H«$_ H$m àgmaU hmoJm gw~h 9 ~OH$a 15 {_ZQ> go Ÿ&
9 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> go àgm[aV {H$`m Om`oJm nmíd©Jm{`H$m Amem ^mogbo na H|${ÐV H$m`©H«$_ "AmO Ho$
\$UH$ma' Ÿ&
11 ~Oo go Xmonha 2 ~Oo VH$ Amn gwZ gH|$Jo gÎma XeH$ Ho$ "gXm~hma JmZo' "{nQ>mam' _| Ÿ&
2 ~OH$a 5 {_ZQ> go 5 ~Oo VH$ "PamoIm' _o§ Amn gwZ gH|$Jo {d{^Þ nhby na AmYmarV H$m`©H«$_ Ÿ&
"^{º$ g§JrV' ~Om`|Jo í`m_ 5 ~OH$a 5 {_ZQ> go Ÿ&
g§Ü`m 6 ~OH$a 15 {_ZQ> go àgm[aV {H$`m Om`oJm "gm§Ü`JrV' Ÿ&
Am¡a "å`w{OH$ _gmbm' H$m`©H«$_ Amn gwZ gH|$Jo g§Ü`m 6 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> go Ÿ&
"O`_mbm' H$m`©H«$_ hmoJm g§Ü`m 7 ~OH$a 5 {_ZQ> go Ÿ&
lmoVm AnZo nÌm| Ho$ CÎma gwZ gH|$Jo "nÌmdbr' _| g§Ü`m 7 ~OH$a 45 {_ZQ> go Ÿ&
"Ja_ _gmbm' E-Eb _mWwa H$s {b{I "hmñ` Zm{Q>H$m' h_ AmnH$mo gwZdm`|Jo AmO Ho$ "hdm _hb' _| amÌr
8 ~Oo go Ÿ& {ZX}eZ AMbm ZmJZ H$m Ÿ&
"{MÌbmoH$' JmZo Z`o O_mZo Ho$ Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$m amÌr H$m àgmaU g_` 8 ~O>H$a 15 {_ZQ> Ÿ&
"{hQ>-gwna{hQ>' H$m`©H«$_ H$m nwZ: àgmaU Amn gwZ gH|$Jo amV 9 ~Oo g¡ Ÿ&
Am¡a amV 9 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> go {\$a AmnH$mo gwZdm`|Jo {\$ë_ A{^ZoVm gXm{ed A_amnwa H$s `mXo§ "AmO
Ho$ \$UH$ma' _| Ÿ&
"N>m`mJrV' H$m AmZ§X Amn nm gH|$Jo amV 10 ~Oo go Ÿ&
Am¡a amV 10 ~OH$a 30 {_ZQ> go h_ noe H$a|Jo H$m`©H«$_ "AmnH$s \$a_mB©e' Ÿ&
`h Wm AmO Ho$ {XZ H$m H$m`©H«$_ H$m ã`m¡am Ÿ&
3.3.5.4 CX²KmofUm Ho$ àH$ma
CX²KmofUmE± H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ nyd© Am¡a H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ g_mnZ Ho$ ~mX H$s OmVr h¡§ Ÿ& Bg AmYma na CX²KmofUm Ho$ Xmo
àH$ma hmoVo h¡§ Ÿ&
1)
Ama§{^H$ CX²KmofUm
2)
A§{V_ CX²KmofUm
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76
1)
Ama§{^H$ CX²KmofUm
"Ama§{^H$ CX²KmofUm' AmJo àgm[aV hmoZo dmbo H$m`©H«$_m| H$s gyMZm XoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ CX²KmofUm go
lmoVm dJ© _| CËgwH$Vm `m {Okmgm {Z_m©U hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ à{V ê${M n¡Xm H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& lmoVm dJ© H$m
nyam Ü`mZ Bg H$m`©H«$_ na H|${ÐV hmo Bgr CX²Xoí` go `o CX²KmofUm H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
2)
A§{V_ CX²KmofUm
"A§{V_ CX²KmofUm' _| `o ~mV| hmoVr h¡ {H$ Amn H$m¡Z-gm H$m`©H«$_ gwZ aho Wo, Bg H$m`©H«$_ _| gh^mJr
H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Wo `m H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z H$bmH$ma em{_b Wo Ÿ& aMZm {H$gH$s Wr Am¡a àñVwVH$Vm© H$m¡Z Wo BË`m{X Ÿ& CXm. "A^r
Amn gXm~hma JrVm| H$m H$m`©H«$_ gwZ aho Wo Ÿ& Bg H$m`©H«$_ _| bVm _§JoeH$a, _§h_§X a\$s, Amem ^mogbo, {H$emoa
Hw$_ma BZ Jm`H$m| Ho$ Jm`o hþE JrV àñVwV hþE Ÿ&'
Omo lmoVm Ama§{^H$ CX²KmofUm gwZ Zht nm`m Wm CgHo$ _Z _| H$m`©H«$_ H$mo boH$a Omo àíZ CnpñWV hþE hm|Jo
CZH$m g_mYmZ A§{V_ CX²KmofUm go hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
AV: Ama§{^H$ VWm A§{V_ XmoZm| hr CX²KmofUmAm| H$s Cn`mo{JVm {Z{d©dmX h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.5.5 CX²KmofUm : ^mfm Am¡a {deofVmE±
^mfm CX²KmofUm Ho$ {bE ao{S>`mo H$s Cn`wº$ ^mfm H$mo gX¡d Ñ{ï>JV aIZm Mm{hE Ÿ& ao{S>`mo§ H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ lmoVm g^r
dJ© Ho$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE eãXm| H$m M`Z BgàH$ma hmo {H$ dmo lmoVm X²dmam gabVm go g_Pm Om gHo$ Ÿ& CX²KmofH$ H$mo
Am_ ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ& VËg_ Am¡a pŠbï> eãXm| H$mo Ë`mJZm Mm{hE Ÿ& N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m|
H$m à`moJ Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| _| EH$-EH$ gyMZm H«$_e: aIr Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
ao{S>`mo H$s CX²KmofUm Ho$ {bE MwZo JE eãX "~mobo' hþE àVrV hmo Ÿ& _YwH$a J§JmYa "ao{S>`mo boIZ' {H$Vm~
_| {bIVo h¡ - ""ao{S>`mo àgmaU eãXm| H$m ^mJVm hþAm Vw\$mZ h¡ Ÿ& Omo EH$ hr {Xem _| OmVm h¡ Am¡a {Za§Va OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
BgHo$ nm±d CëQ>o Zht MbVo Am¡a Z ê$H$Vo hr h¢ Ÿ& Bg{bE ^mJVo hþE eãXm| go {OVZm Hw$N> Amn lmoVmAm| H$mo H$h gH|$,
dhr AmnH$s CnbpãY h¡ Am¡a AmXe©ê$n _| h_ MmhVo h¢ {H$ h_mam EH$ ^r eãX, EH$ ^r ^md {ZaW©H$ Zht OmE Ÿ&''
CX²KmofUm Ho$ CVma-MT>md `m gwa, Vmb _| {d{dYVm bmZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
CX²KmofUm H$m g_` gr{_V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm H$aVo g_` bå~o-Mm¡‹S>o {ddaUm| Ho$ ~Om` CX²KmofUm
g§{já hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& J¡a Oê$ar A§e H$mo Ë`mJZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
ao{S>`mo H$m lmoVm ~mV H$mo Xw~mam nyN> Zht gH$Vm, Z Xw~mam gwZ gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& AV: CgHo$ {bE `{X ^mfm _|
H${R>ZmB© AWdm O{Q>bVm hþB© Vmo gwZZodmbmo _| hmoZodmbr ê${M hr Zï> hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& AV: CX²KmofH$ H$mo amoMH$ Am¡a
AmH$f©H$ e¡br _| CX²KmofUm H$aZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
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77
CX²KmofUm-boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
AmH$medmUr Ho$ g^r H$m`©H«$_m| _| CX²KmofUm H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm Ho$ H$maU hr lmoVm
H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar nmVo h¡§ Ÿ& Bg{bE CX²KmofUm boIZ _| {ZåZ JwUm| H$m g_mdoe hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ&
1)
gyMZm
CX²KmofUm H$m _yb CX²Xoí` H$m`©H«$_ g§~§Yr gyMZm XoZm h¡ Ÿ& _w»` ê$n go dmVm©, ZmQ>H$/ê$nH$ Am¡a g§JrV
O¡go H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ AZwê$n lmoVmAm| H$mo gyMZm XoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& H$m`©H«$_ H$s gyMZm Ho$ gmW, AÝ` gyMZmE± ^r Bg_|
em{_b H$s OmVr h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - "`h AmH$medmUr _w§~B© h¡ Ÿ& _r{S>`_ do~ 266 Xe_bd 39 `mZr 1116 {H$bmohQ²>©O
na Ÿ& Bg g_` .... ~OH$a ... {_ZQ> hþE h¢ Ÿ& A~ àma§^ hmoVm h¡, h_mam ... H$m`©H«$_ Ÿ& BgHo$ A§VJ©V àñVwV h¡
CnoÝÐZmW "AíH$' {b{IV EH$m§H$s "nmnr' Ÿ& H$m`©H«$_ H$s gyMZm Ho$ gmW-gmW CX²KmofUm boIZ _| àgmaU H|$Ð H$m
Zm_, {H$g _r{S>`_ do~ na àgm[aV {H$`m Om ahm h¡, {H$VZm g_` hþAm h¡, {H$g {dYm H$m H$m`©H«$_ h¡, boIH$ H$m¡Z
h¡, aMZm H$m erf©H$ Š`m h¡ - BZ gyMZmAm| H$mo ^r em{_b {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
2)
^mfm H$s ghOVm
CX²KmofUm H$m AmboI {bIZo Ho$ {bE ao{S>`mo Ho$ {bE Cn`wº$ ^mfm H$mo gX¡d Ñ{ï>JV aIZm Mm{hE Ÿ& ao{S>`mo
H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ lmoVm g^r dJ© Ho$ bmoJ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& {Zaja, gmja, {e{jV go boH$a {dX²dmZ Am¡a {df`m| Ho$ {deofk ^r Ÿ&
J«m_rU OZ ^r Am¡a _hmZJam| Ho$ ZmJ[aH$ ^r Ÿ& Bg{bE CX²KmofUm boIZ H$s ^mfm _| ghOVm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
CX²KmofUm AmboI Ho$ eãX Bg àH$ma MwZo OmZo Mm{hE {H$ CZH$mo n‹T>Zo na dh {bIm hþAm Zht ~pëH$ ~mobm hþAm
àVrV hmo Ÿ& _w{ÐV ^mfm Am¡a _m¡{IH$ ^mfm H$m A§Va Ü`mZ _| aIZm C{MV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm H$s ^mfm H$ht go ^r
{H$Vm~r ^mfm Zht bJZr Mm{hE Ÿ& ao{S>`mo H$s ^mfm ghO ~mobMmb H$s ^mfm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| Ñí` à^md CËnÞ H$aZo H$s
j_Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ` Am¡a gab, ghO eãXm| H$m à`moJ Bg boIZ H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡ Ÿ&
3)
amoMH$Vm
AmH$medmUr àgmaU Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ _| CX²KmofUm H$s _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm na hr H$m`©H«$_
Ho$ à{V lmoVm dJ© _| AmH$f©U CËnÞ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CX²KmofUm amoMH$ Am¡a ZdrZ hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& amoMH$ CX²KmofUm Ho$ H$maU
hr lmoVmAm| H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡ Am¡a do H$m`©H«$_ go Ow‹S>o ahVo h¡§ Ÿ& S>m°. {OV|Ðo dËg {bIVo h¡, ""CX²KmofUm
boIZ _| H$m`©H«$_ H$s amoMH$Vm H$m Am^mg hmoZm _hÎmdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& H$B© CX²KmofUm boIH$ {H$g àH$ma CX²KmofUm _o§
amoMH$Vm CËnÞ H$aoJm, `h CgH$s _oYm, H$ënZm-e{º$ na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& {\$a CgH$s dmMZ e¡br go ^r amoMH$Vm
CËnÞ hmoVr h¡, bo{H$Z à`wº$ eãXmdbr _| d¡gr gagVm Am¡a AmH$f©U Vmo Mm{hE hr, Omo lmoVmAm| H$mo H$m`©H«$_ gwZZo
Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` H$a gHo$ Ÿ&'' EH$ CXmhaU XoI|, ""A~ àñVwV h¡ ha {Xb H$mo ^mZo dmbm, AmZ§X _| Sw>~moZo dmbm n§H$O
CYmg H$m `h ^OZ Ÿ&'' Bg Vah H$s CX²KmofUm lmoVm dJ© H$mo H$m`©H«$_ gwZZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV Oê$a H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
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78
4)
CËgwH$Vm
CX²KmofUm _| amoMH$Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW CËgwH$Vm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ& H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ à{V AJa lmoVm Ho$ _Z _| {Okmgm
CËnÞ hmoJr Vmo dh Cg H$m`©H«$_ H$mo Ü`mZnyd©H$ gwZZm MmhoJm Ÿ& lmoVm _| CËgwH$Vm OmJoJr Am¡a H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ A§V VH$
dh Cgo gwZZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` hmo OmEJm Ÿ& Bg{bE CX²KmofUm _| CËgwH$Vm ~Zr aho BgH$s Amoa CX²KmofUm boIZ _| Ü`mZ
XoZm Oê$ar h¡ Ÿ& O~ CX²KmofUm _| H$moB© amoMH$ ~mV H$hr OmE, Eogr ~mV Omo lmoVm dJ© _| H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ à{V CËgwH$Vm
OJmZo _| gj_ hmo Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go amoMH$Vm Am¡a CËgwH$Vm EH$-Xygao Ho$ nyaH$ h¢ Ÿ&
5)
g§{jáVVm
CX²KmofUm boIZ Ho$ {bE g§{jáVVm Img JwU h¡ Ÿ& ao{S`mo Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$s g_`-gr_m {ZYm©[aV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{bE g_` H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& _YwH$a J§JmYa Ho$ eãXm| _|, ""H$moB© ^r AmboI EH$ Img g_` Ho$ {bE
hr V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡, Bg{bE {ZYm©[aV g_` Ho$ ^rVa h_ AnZr ~mVm| H$mo nyU©Vm Ho$ gmW VWm H$maJa T>§J go H$h
gH|$, `h Amdí`H$ h¡ Am¡a AmboI H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Ÿ&'' CX²KmofUm Ho$ {bE _hO M§X goH$ÊS> hr {ZYm©[aV hmoVo
h¢ Ÿ& BZ M§X goH§$ÊS>m| Ho$ {bE Á`mXm eãXm| H$m à`moJ hmo hr Zht gH$Vm Ÿ& Xmo-Mma N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| _| hr CX²KmofUm
H$mo BVZm gj_ Am¡a g\$b ~ZmZm _wpíH$b H$m_ Oê$a hmoVm h¡, bo{H$Z Ag§^d Zht Ÿ& Bg{bE CX²KmofUm H$mo AË`§V
g§{já qH$Vw gab, ghO, gw~moY, amoMH$ VWm CËgwH$Vm Ho$ JwU go ^am hmoZm Oê$ar hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
CX²KmofUm boIZ H$s BZ {deofVmAm| H$m Ü`mZ _| aIH$a CX²KmofUm H$m boIZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Ÿ& Eogr
{bIr CX²KmofUm H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo g\$b ~ZmZo _| _X²XJma {gÕ hmoJr Ÿ&
3.4
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
OZg§Mma _mÜ`_
:
OZVm _| {dMma \¡$bmZo dmbo gmYZ
{dkmnZ
:
km{nV dñVw Ho$ ~mao _| {deof OmZH$mar
[anmoVm©O
:
d¥Îm {ZdoeZ
CX²KmofUm
:
H$m`©H«$_ H$s gyMZm, KmofUm
CX²KmofH$
:
ao{S>`mo AWdm Q>r.dr. Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ ewê$ hmoZo go nyd© H$m`©H«$_ g§~§Yr `m AÝ`
Amdí`H$ KmofUmE± H$aZodmbm Ÿ&
[anmoQ>©a
:
g§dmXXmVm
àw\$ arS>a
:
dh ì`{º$ Omo àw\$ n‹T>Vm h¡ Am¡a Cgo g§emoYZ H$a ewX²Y H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
B§Q>´mo
:
{H$gr g_mMma Ho$ àmapå^H$ EH$ `m Xmo n¡amJ«m\$ {OZ_| g_mMma Ho$ _w»`
Am¡a _hÎdnyU© A§e hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Omo AnojmH¥$V ~‹S>o Q>mBn _| N>mno OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
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79
ñbmoJZ
:
Zmam, KmofdmŠ`
AZmCÝg_|Q>
:
CX²KmofUm
h¡ÝS>~rb
:
Zmo{Q>g nÌH$, naMm (naMr), gyMZm nÌ, BpíVhma Ÿ&
hmo{S>ª½g
:
{dkmnZ nQ>b, gyMZm nQ²>Q>
3.5
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
(A)
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
"g§Mma' eãX H$s ì`wËn{Îm ............... YmVw go hþB© h¡ Ÿ&
(H$) Ma
2.
(I) bmoH$H$WmAm|
(J) erbmboIm|
(K) _§{Xam|
(I) IarXZo
(J) h±gZo
(K) gmoZo
(J) BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$
(K) Zd-BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$
(J) ao{S>Amo
(K) [anmoVm©O
[anmoVm©O OZg§Mma H$m ........... _mÜ`_ h¡ Ÿ&
(H$) na§namJV
5.
(K) Mra
"{dkmnZ' Cn^moº$mAm| _| ......... H$s BÀN>m OmJ«V H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
(H$) MbZo
4.
(J) AMa
g_«mQ> AemoH$ Ho$ emgZH$mb _| ............ Zo g§Mma _mÜ`_ H$m H$m`© {H$`m Ÿ&
(H$) {~ê$Xmd{b`m±
3.
(I) gMa
(I) _w{ÐV
CX²KmofUm H$m _w»` g§~§Y ............. go h¡ Ÿ&
(H$) g_mMma nÌ
(I) {dkmnZ
(Am) {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE Ÿ&
1.
"g§Mma' H$mo A§J«oOr _| Š`m H$hVo h¡ Ÿ?
2.
g_mMmanÌ H$s CËn{Îm {H$g eãX go hþB© h¡ Ÿ?
3.
"BZgmBŠbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>o{ZH$m' _| g_mMmanÌ H$s Xr hþB© n[a^mfm ~VmBE ?
4.
25 hOma A§H$ VH$ àgm[aV hmoZodmbo g_mMmanÌ H$mo Š`m H$hVo h¡ ?
5.
"ES>dQ>©a' eãX H$m AW© Š`m h¡ ?
6.
Om°Z dr. ë`w§S> {dkmnZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| Š`m H$hVo h¡ ?
7.
"[anmoVm©O' H$m OÝ_ H$~ _mZm OmVm h¡ ?
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80
8.
"[anmoVm©O' {H$g ^mfm H$m eãX h¡ Ÿ?
9.
qhXr _| àW_ [anmoVm©OH$ma {H$go _mZm OmVm h¡ ?
10.
AmH$medmUr Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ àgmaU _| Š`m _hÎdnyU© h¡ ?
11.
"CX²KmofUm' H$mo A§J«oOr _| Š`m H$hVo h¡ ?
12.
"lmoVmAm|' H$mo H$m`©H«$_ H$s OmZH$mar {H$ggo {_bVr$h¡ ?Ÿ
3.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(A)
~hþ{dH$ënr àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1)
Ma
2)
erbmboIm|
3)
IarXZo
4)
_w{ÐV
5)
ao{S>`mo
(Am) EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma
1.
"g§Mma' H$mo A§J«oOr _| "H$å`w{ZHo$eZ' H$hmOmVm h¡ Ÿ&
2.
g_mMmanÌ H$s CËn{Îm "OZ©b' eãX go hþB© h¡ &
3.
g_mMmanÌ H$s n[a^mfm "BZñH$mBbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>o{ZH$m' _| Bg àH$ma Xr h¡, ""g_mMmanÌ EH$ A{OëX
Ymamdmhr àH$meZ h¡, Omo {Z`{_V g_` Ho$ AÝVa go àH$m{eV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Cg_| g_mMmam| H$mo à_wIVm Xr
OmVr h¡ Ÿ&''
4.
25 hOma A§H$ VH$ àgm[aV hmoZo dmbo g_mMma nÌ H$mo bKw g_mMma nÌ H$hVo h¡ Ÿ&
5.
"ES>dQ>©a' eãX H$m AW© h¡ - "Qy> Q>Z© Qy>' `mZo _mo‹S>Zm `m AmH${f©V H$aZm Ÿ&
6.
Om°Z dr-ë`w§S> {dkmnZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hVo h¡, ""{dkmnZ {~H«$sH$mar Ho$ {H$gr AÝ` àH$ma H$s ^m±{V bmoJm| Ho$
{dMmam| Am¡a {H«$`mAm| H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo H$m à`mg h¡ Ÿ&''
7.
"[anmoVm©O' H$m OÝ_ àW_ {díd`wX²Y Ho$ g_` _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
8.
"[anmoVm©O' \«$m§grgr ^mfm H$m eãX h¡ Ÿ&
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81
9.
qhXr _| àW_ [anmoVm©OH$ma {edXmZ qgh Mm¡hmZ H$mo _mZVo h¡ Ÿ&
10.
AmH$medmUr H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ àgmaU _| CX²KmofUm _hÎdnyU© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
11.
CX²KmofUm H$mo A§J«oOr _| "AZmCÝg_|Q>' (Announcement) H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
12.
lmoVmAm| H$mo H$m`©H«$_ H$s OmZH$mar CX²KmofUm Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.7
gmam§e
1.
OZg§Mma H$m AW© h¡, OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ O¡go - ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, àog Am¡a Mb{MÌ X²dmam gyMZm, {dMma
Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ H$m àgma H$aZm Ÿ&
2.
OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| Ho$ VrZ à_wI ^oX h¢ - na§namJV, _w{ÐV Am¡a BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ Ÿ&
3.
g_mMma nÌ _w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| _| g~go _hÎdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& g_mMma nÌm| _| OZ_mZg H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo H$s e{º$
hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
4.
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| OmZH$mar Ho$ gmW OrdZ H$s ~hþa§Jr Pb{H$`m± {XImB© XoVr h¡§ Ÿ&
5.
OZg§Mma Ho$ joÌ _| {dkmnZ H$s _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m h¡ Ÿ& {dkmnZ OZg§àofU _mÜ`_ X²dmam {Z`§{ÌV, nhMmZ
`mo½` gyMZm àXmZ H$aZo VWm _ZmZo H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
6.
"[anmoVm©O' g§Mma VWm gm{hË` H$s ZB© {dYm h¡ Ÿ& g§Kf© Ho$ jUm| H$mo VËH$mb eãXm| _| àñVwV H$aZm
[anmoVm©O h¡ Ÿ&
7.
CX²KmofUm go H$m`©H«$_ H$s OmZH$mar {_bZo Ho$ gmW-gmW H$m`©H«$_ Ord§V Am¡a gag ~ZVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1.
OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ H$m AW© Am¡a ñdê$n ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
2.
g_mMma nÌ H$m n[aM` XoH$a CgHo$ àgmaU H$s Amdí`H$Vm ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
3.
g_mMma nÌ H$m VmËn`© g_PmH$a CgH$s gm_y{hH$ J{V{d{Y ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
4.
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m ñdê$n ñnï> H$aHo$ CgHo$ ~hþ{dY Am`m_m| na àH$me S>m{bE Ÿ&
5.
nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m dV©_mZ ñdê$n ~VmH$a CgHo$ gm_Ï`© H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
6.
{dkmnZ H$s n[a^mfm ~VmH$a _w{ÐV {dkmnZm| H$m ñdê$n ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
7.
_w{ÐV {dkmnZm| Ho$ _gm¡Xm boIZ H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &
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82
8.
[anmoVm©O H$s n[a^mfm XoH$a CgHo$ ñdê$n Am¡a ì`m{á H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
9.
[anmoVm©O H$s Cn`wº$VVm ~VmH$a CgH$s {deofVmAm| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &
10.
CX²KmofUm H$m ñdê$n ~VmH$a CgH$m CXmhaU Xr{OE Ÿ&
11.
CX²KmofUm Ho$ àH$ma ~VmH$a CgH$s {deofVmE²± ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
g_mMma nÌ Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| OmH$a CgH$s H$m`© àUmbr H$mo OmZ br{OE Ÿ&
2.
{dkmnZ g§~§Yr g§ñWm Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| OmH$a {dkmnZ H$s à{H«$`m H$mo g_P br{OE Ÿ&
3.
ao{S>`mo H|$Ð _| OmH$a CX²KmofUm {H$g àH$ma Xr OmVr h¡ BgH$s OmZH$mar br{OE Ÿ&
4.
CX²KmofH$ go {_bH$a CX²KmofUm Ho$ _hÎd H$mo g_P br{OE Ÿ&
5.
{H$gr {deof KQ>Zm na CnpñWV ahH$a [anmoVm©O {b{IE Ÿ&
3.10 A{V[aº$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE g§X^© J«W
§
1.
qhXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m AmbmoMZmË_H$ B{Vhmg - S>m°. a_oeHw$_ma O¡Z
2.
_w{ÐV _mÜ`_ - àmo. amOoÝÐ B§Jmobo
3.
g§nmXZ, n¥ð> g‚mm Am¡a _wÐU - àmo. a_oe O¡Z
4.
nÌH$m[aVm Ed§ gånmXZ H$bm - Zohm d_m©
5.
{àÝQ _r{S>`m boIZ - àmo. a_oe O¡Z
6.
g_mMma nÌm| H$s ^mfm - S>m°. _m{UH$ _¥Joe
7.
qhXr nÌH$m[aVm H$m {dH$mg - EZ. gr. nÝV
8.
{dkmnZ H$s Xw{Z`m - Hw$_wX e_m©
9.
AmYw{ZH$ {dkmnZ Am¡a OZgånH©$ - S>r. Ho$. amd
10.
OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ boIZ - S>m°. g§Vmof Jmo`b
11.
_r{S>`m Am¡a àgmaU - S>m°., a_oe _oham
12.
qhXr JÚ H$s ZdrZ {dYm`| - amOoÝÐ àgmX lrdmñVd
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83
13.
qhXr nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ - S>m°. {OV|Ð dËg
14.
ao{S>`mo boIZ - _YwH$a J§JmYa
15.
à`moOZ _ybH$ qhXr : AYw>ZmVZ Am`m_ - S>m°. Aå~mXmg Xoe_wI
❁❁❁
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84
BH$mB© 4
d¥Îmm§V boIZ
AZwH$« _
4.1
CÔoí`
4.2
n«ñVmdZm
4.3
{df` - {ddoMZ
4.3.1.1 d¥Îmm§V boIZ : ñdê$n, n[a^mfm, ì`m{á &
4.3.2.2 d¥Îmm§V boIZ : VËd
4.3.3.3 d¥Îmm§V boIZ : {d{dY gmonmZ
4.3.4.4 d¥Îmm§V boIZ : {deofVmE±
4.3.5.5 d¥Îmm§V boIZ : {d{Y
4.3.2 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh H$m ñdê$n
4.3.2.1 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh H$s {d{dYVm
4.3.2.2 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh : _gm¡Xm boIZ
4.3.2.3 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
4.3.2.4 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
4.3.2.5 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ
4.3.3 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m ñdê$n
4.3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : {ddaU e¡br
4.3.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : _hËdnyU© ~mV|
4.3.3.3 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : _gm¡Xm boIZ
4.3.3.4 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm
4.3.3.5 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
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85
4.3.3.6 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
4.3.3.7 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ
4.3.4 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : ñdê$n Am¡a n«H$ma
4.3.4.1 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : _gm¡Xm boIZ
4.3.4.2 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm
4.3.4.3 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
4.3.4.4 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
4.3.4.5 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : d¥Îmm§V boIZ
4.3.5 XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ : ñdê$n Ed§ n«H$ma
4.3.5.1 XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$m _gm¡Xm boIZ
4.3.5.2 XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
4.3.5.3 XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
4.3.5.4 XwK©Q>Zm H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE n«íZ
4.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX,eãXmW©
4.6
ñd`§AÜ``Z Ho$ n«íZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7
gmam§e
4.8
ñdmÜ`m`
4.9
joÌr` H$m`©
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
g§X^© J«§W gyMr
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86
4.1 CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© H$mo nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX AmnH$mo ♦
g_mO _| K{Q>V hmoZodmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$s OmZH$mar {_boJr Ÿ&
♦
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s Cn`mo{JVm _mby_ hmoJr Ÿ&
♦
gaH$ma H$s {d{^Þ Zr{V`m| H$s OmZH$mar hmoJr &
♦
{ejm H$m n«Mma Ed§ n«gma H$aZo _§o d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s H¡$go ghm`Vm hmo gH$Vr h¡ >`m _mby_ hmoJm &
♦
amï´>r` EH$Vm Ed§ AI§S>Vm ~ZmE aIZo _| Š`m H$aZm Mm{h E `h g_P _| AmEJm &
♦
{d{^Þ n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ed§ XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z {Oå_oXma h¢ BgH$s OmZH$ar hmoJr &
4.2
n«ñVmdZm
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ g§JUH$ `wJ h¡& Bg `wJ _| OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| H$s AË`m{YH$ J{VerbVm h¡ & BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$
_mÜ`_m| H$s {d{^Þ godm Ed§ gw{dYmAm| Ho$ H$maU BZH$s g§»`m {XZ-~-{XZ ~T>Vr hr Om ahr h¡ & BgHo$ ~mdOyX
_w{ÐV _mÜ`_m| H$m Aga Ed§ _hËd aÎmr^a ^r H$_ Zht hwAm h¡ & {díd Ho$ ha EH$ H$moZo _| K{Q>V KQ>ZmAm| Ed§
g_mMmam| Ho$ g§~§Y _| OmZZo Ho$ {bE, nT>Zo Ho$ {bE g~ CËgwH$ ahVo h¢ & AV: d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$aZo H$s AnZr n«{d{Y
hmoVr h¡ &
_Zwî` h_oem hr {Okmgy n«d¥{Îm H$m ahm h¡ & `h ~mV OmZH$mar XoZo VWm nmZo H$s ghO _mZdr` n«d¥{Îm go
`wŠV h¡ & OmZH$mar XoZo H$s àUmbr H$mo AmO Xw{Z`m^a _| "d¥Îmm§V boIZ' H$hm OmVm h¡ & AmO Ho$ g§JUH$ `wJ _§o
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ' H$s H$bm H$m\$s _hËdnyU© Ed§ {dH${gV hmo JB© h¡ & d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| AZoH$ ~mVm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| gmdYmZr
~aVr OmVr h¡ & {d{^Þ OmZH$m[a`m|, {df`m|, J{V{d{Y`m|, gyMZmAm| Ed§ {dkmnZm| H$mo H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _|
n«^mdembr T§>J _| nmR>H$m| VH$ nh±wMmZm "d¥Îmm§V boIZ' H$m _yb CÔoí` h¡ &
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ' `h H$bm Ho$ joÌ _| AmVm h¡ & Bg_| amoMH$Vm, kmZ, {Okmgm, OmZH$mar A{X ~mVm| H$m
{_bm\$ ahVm h¡ & {d{^Þ {df`m|, joÌm|, ñWmZm|, J{V{d{Y`m| Ed§ gyMZmAm| H$mo g§{já, amoMH$ Ed§ n«^mdembr T§>J
go bmoJm| VH$ nhw±MmZm, d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$m n«_wI H$m`© _mZm OmVm h¡ &
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87
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ
4.3.1 d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$m ñdê$n, n[a^mfmE± Am¡a ì`m{á
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$mo H$B© AÝ` Zm_m| go OmZm OmVm h¡, O¡go g_mMma boIZ, [anmoVm©O Am{X & d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$
ñdê$n H$mo {dX²dmZm| Ed§ n«{gÜX nÌH$mam|o Zo AnZr Ñ{ï> go nm[a^m{fV H$aZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& O¡go 1)
b¡Xa dwS> {H$gr KQ>Zm, pñW{V, AdñWm AWdm _V H$m ghr-ghr Am¡a g_` na n«ñVwV {H$`m J`m {ddaU g_mMma
h¡ &
2)
Om°O© EM. _m¡[ag g_mMma OëXr _| {bIm J`m B{Vhmg h¡ &
3)
n«mo. {H$bmS©> ãbo`a AZoH$ ì`pŠV`m| H$s A{^ê$[M {Og gm_m{`H$ ~mV go hmoVr h¡, dh g_mMma h¡ &
4)
S>m°. Eg. bmB©bo ñn|ga dh gË` KQ>Zm `m {dMma {Og_o§ ~hwg§»` nmR>H$m| H$s A{^ê${M hmo, g_mMma H$hbmVm h¡ &
5)
Bar gr hmndwS - >
CZ _hËdnyU© KQ>ZmAm| H$s nhbr [anmoQ©> H$mo g_mMma H$h gH$Vo h¡, {Og_o OZVm H$s {XbMñnr hmo &
6)
Apå~H$m n«gmX dmOno`r ha KQ>Zm g_mMma Zht h¡ & Ho$db dhr KQ>Zm g_mMma ~Z gH$Vr h¡, {OgH$m gmd©O{ZH$ _hËd hmo &
7)
{MëS´>Z ~«we g_mMma gm_mÝ`V: dh CÎmoOH$ gyMZm h¡, {Oggo H$moB© ì`pŠV M_ËH¥$V hmo gH$Vm h¡ &
8)
am_M§Ðamd I§So>bH$a -
{XZ _| H$hr ^r, {H$gr g_` H$moB© N>moQ>r - _moQ>r KQ>Zm `m n[adV©Z hmo, CgH$m eãXm| _| Omo dU©Z hmoJm, dh
g_mMma h¡ Ÿ&
9)
E_. Mbn{Vamd dh g~ Hw$N> {Oggo Amn H$b VH$ AZOmZ Wo, g_mMma hmoVm h¡ &
{~«Q>Z Ho$ n«»`mV nÌ _mZMoñQ>a Jm{O©`Z Ho$ AZwgma g_mMma {H$gr AZmoIr `m gmYmaU KQ>Zm H$s Cg
A{dbå~ gyMZm H$mo H$hVo h¢, {OgHo$ ~mao _| bmoJ n«m`: nhbo go Hw$N> OmZVo hmo, bo{H$Z {Ogo VwaÝV OmZ boZo H$s
ê${M A{YH$ go A{YH$ bmoJm|o _| hmo &
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88
qhXr "g_mMma' eãX ì`dhmamV: A§J«oOr Ho$ Ý`yO (News) eãX H$m n`m©` h¡& eãX Ho$ Mmam| Aja Mma
{XemAm| Ho$ gyMH$ h¢ - North (CÎma), East (nyd©), West (npíM_), South (X{jU) H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¡§ &
BgH$m VmËn`© h¡ {H$ CÎma, nyd©, npíM_, X{jU {H$gr ^r {Xem _| AWm©V gånyU© ^y_ÊS>b _| K{Q>V KQ>Zm `m gyMZm
"g_mMma' H$m {df` hmoVm h¡ & Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma A§J«oOr H$m 'News' eãX b¡{Q>Z Ho$ "Zmodm' Am¡a
g§ñH¥$V Ho$ "Zd' eãX go ~Zm h¡ & "Ý`y', "Zmodm' Am¡a "Zd' VrZm| eãXm| H$m AW© h¡ "ZdrZ', {Oggo Ame` {_bVm
h¡ {H$ "g_mMma' dh h¡, Omo ZdrZ h¡ & {díd Ho$ g^r Xoem| Ho$ H$moZo go g_mMma XoZo H$m n«`mg hmoVm h¡ &
4.3.2 d¥Îmm§V Ho$ VËd
n«{gÜX nmíMmË` nÌH$ma {H$nqbJ Zo g_mMma nÌ _| N>nZo `mo½` AWm©V gd©gmYmaU Ho$ {bE nR>Zr`
g_mMma _| N>: VËdm| H$m g_mdoe A{Zdm`© _mZm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhmoZo A§J«oOr _| Cgo nm±M "S>ãë`w' Am¡a EH$ "EM' H$hm h¡ 1)
Š`m (What) - Š`m hwAm ?
2)
H$hm± (Where) - H$hm± H$s KQ>Zm h¡, ñWmZ `m Xoe go g§~§{YV &
3)
H$~ (When) - g_mMma {H$g g_`, {H$g {XZ H$m h¡ &
4)
H$m¡Z (Who) - KQ>Zm go gå~Y aIZo dmbm ì`pŠV, {df` &
5)
Š`m| (Why) - g_mMma H$m H$maU VWm pñW{V &
6)
H¡$go (How) - nyam {ddaU &
Cna {XE hwE N>: n«H$ma "g_mMma' Ho$ n«_wI VËd h¡§ & BZ N:> n«íZm| H$m g_mYmZ hr ghr ê$n _| "g_mMma'
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& ha g_mMma BZ N:> q~XyAm| go OwS>m hmoVm h¡& g§dmX boIH$ Ho$ gm_Zo g_mMma _| gOrdVm bmZo
H$m H$m_ Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ n«ma§{^H$ dmŠ`m| go KQ>Zm Ho$ n«{V nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _| CËgwH$Vm n¡Xm hmoVr h¡ & `h
CËgwH$Vm ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE g_mMma H$s ê$naoIm H$mo {H$gn«H$ma n«ñVwV {H$`m OmE, Bgna {dMma H$aZm Mm{hE& gm_mÝ`
KQ>Zm go g§~§{YV Š`m, H$hm±, H$~, {H$gZo, Š`m| Am¡a H¡$go Am{X H$s OmZH$mar nmR>H$m| H$mo H$amZo H$s na§nam g_mMmam|
H$m gyÌnmV H$aZo go OwS>r hwB© h¡ &
4.3.3 d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ {d{dY gmonmZ
d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ A§VJ©V {d{^Þ gmonmZm| H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ gmonmZm| Ho$ {gdm`
d¥Îmm§VboIZ g§^d Zhr§ hmoVm &
1)
erf©H$
nmR>H$m| H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZodmbm erf©H$ hmoZm Mm{hE & Š`m|{H$ g_mMma H$s g\$bV & "erf©H'$ na
hr {Z^©a hmoVr h¡ & H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| gr{_V ê$n _| erf©H$ hmoZm Mm{hE & gab, ñnï> na§Vw g§jon _§o erf©H$ hmo &
erf©H$ nT>Zo Ho$ ~mX hr nmR>H$ d¥Îmm§V nT>Zo Ho$ {bE n«o[aV hmoV§o h§¡ &
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89
2)
ñWb
d¥Îmm§V _§o ñWb, H$mb Ed§ ì`pŠV H$m C„oI hmoZm Mm{hE & H$moB© ZoVm Ed§ n«{gÜX ì`pŠV H$m g§X^© hmoZo na
CZHo$ Zm_ H$m C„oI Cg _o§ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ & AV: CZH$m Zm_ _hËdnyU© bJZm Amdí`H$ h¡ & H$^r-H$^r erf©H$
N>moQ>m XoH$a Cg_§o Cg _hËdnyU© ì`pŠV Ho$ Zm_ H$m C„oI A{Zdm`© ê$n _| hmoZm Mm{hE &
3)
{ddaU
d¥Îmm§V H$m {ddoMZ EH$ Xmo n§pŠV`m| _§o XoZm Mm{hE& n«_wI A{V{W H$m {dYmZ, n«_wI A{V{W H$hm±, {H$g
g^m / g_mamoh _|, {H$g H$maU go ~mob aho Wo, g_mamoh H$m AÜ`j H$m¡Z Wm, AÝ` A{V{W Am{X H$m {ddaU XoZm
Mm{hE& nmR>H$m§o H$s e§H$mAm| H$m g_mYmZ H$aZodmbm {ddaU hmo &
4)
dñVw{Zð>Vm
g_mMma dñVw{Zð>Vm Ho$ gmW {bIm OmZm Mm{hE& {Og n«H$ma go KQ>Zm K{Q>V hwB© h¡, Cgr n«H$ma d¥Îmm§V
{bIZm Mm{hE & g§dmXXmVm Ho$ AnZo _Vm| H$s `hm± H$moB© Jw§OmBe Zhr§ hmoVr & {H$gr g_mMma H$m JbV ê$n Z XoH$a
O¡go KQ>Zm K{Q>V hwB© h¡ d¡gm hr g_mMma hmoZm Mm{hE &
5)
^mfm
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm grYr, gab, ñnï> Ed§ AmgmZ hmoZr Mm{hE& gm_mÝ` nmR>H$m| H$s g_P _| AmZodmbr
^mfm H$m n«`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE& pŠbï> eãXm§o H$m n«`moJ Z Ho$ ~am~a hmo& dmŠ`aMZm ñVar` hmo &
g_mMma Ed§ d¥Îmm§V H$s ^mfm gab, ~moYJå`, hmoZr Mm{hE & Bg _o§ Ab§H$m[aH$Vm Ed§ O{Q>bVm Z hmo &
b{bV Ed§ Ab§H$m[aH$ ^mfm H$m n«`moJ Bg _| Zhr§ H$aZm Mm{hE & {OVZm g§^d h¡, g_mMma H$s ^mfm n«dmh_`r,
n«g§JmZwHy$b Ed§ ghO hmoZr Mm{hE &
g_mMma _| `mo½`, C{MV Ed§ AW©nyU© eãXmo§ H$m n«`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE & b§~m-Mm¡S>m {ddaU `hm± Ano{jV
Zhr§ h¡ & {dMmanyd©H$ Ed§ g§Vw{bV ê$n _§o eãXmo§ H$s `moOZm H$aZr Mm{hE & AZmdí`H$ eãXmo§ H$s `hm± Anojm Zht
hmoVr &
g_mMma Ed§ d¥Îmm§V H$s ^mfm ì`mH$aU Ho$ {Z`_m§o Ho$ AZwgma hmoZr Mm{hE& d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ g_` ì`mH$aU
Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ ha hmb _§o H$aZm Mm{hE & eãXm| H$m ñWmZ, nXH«$_ Am{X Ho$ ~Xbmd go JbV AW© {ZH$bZo H$s
g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡ &
{H$gr ì`pŠV, g§ñWm Am{X H$s ~XZm_r H$aZodmbm d¥Îmm§V Zhr§ hmoZm Mm{hE& d¥Îmm§V H$s dmŠ`aMZm H$m
AmYma gË`Vm hmoZr Mm{hE & AgË` ~mVm| Ho$ {bE d¥Îmm§V _| H$moB© ñWmZ Zhr§ hmoVm & g_mMma boIZ Ho$ g_`
~bmËH$ma, VbmH$ Am{X g_mMmamo§ Ho$ boIZ _| g§`_ Ed§ _`m©Xm H$m nmbZ hmoZm Mm{hE& Omo {bIZm h¡ CgHo$ g§~§Y
_| nhbo {dMmanyd©H$ {ZU©` boZm Mm{hE & g^r dJ© Ed§ ñVa Ho$ nmR>H$m| Ho$ g§~§Y _| gmoMH$a boIZ H$aZm Mm{hE &
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90
6)
_wÐU V§Ì
d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ g_mZ hr CgH$s aMZm H$mo _hËd {X`m OmVm h¡ & _wÐU V§Ì AmO ~hwV {dH${gV hmo J`m
h¡& _wÐU H$s {deofVmAm| H$s ghm`Vm boH$a d¥Îmm§V H$s nR>Zr`Vm H$mo ~T>m`m Om gH$Vm h¡ & d¥Îmm§V H$mo AË`§V
bmj{UH$ T§>J go n«ñVwV H$aZo Ho$ {bE _wÐUV§Ì AË`§V Cn`wŠV h¡ & BgHo$ {bE boIZH$Vm© H$mo _wÐmjam§o H$m ^r Jham
kmZ hmoZm Mm{hE & d¥Îmm§V Ho$ {ddaU Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z go AmH$ma Ho$ _wÐmjam| H$m n«`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE, `h OmZH$mar Cgo
hmoZr Mm{hE & Xmo _wÐmjam§o Ho$ ~rM {H$VZr (Space) OJh hmoZr Mm{hE `h ^r Cgo V` H$aZm Mm{hE &
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| g~go _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm g~go nhbo XoZr Mm{hE & ~mX _o§ CgH$m ñnï>rH$aU hmo & n«W_
erf©H$, CgHo$ ~mX g~go _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm Ed§ CgHo$ ~mX H$_ _hËdnyU© KQ>Zm H$m {ddaU hmoZm Mm{hE & A§V _|
g~go H$_ _hËdnyU© {hñgm hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ& Omo OJh Ho$ A^md _| dhm± go {ZH$mbm ^r Om gH$Vm h¡ & Bgn«H$ma d¥Îmm§V
H$m T>m±Mm hmoZm Mm{hE & d¥Îmm§V H$m M[aÌ Cg H$s brS> _| H$bmnyU© T§>J go g_m{hV H$a XoZm Amdí`H$ hmoVm h¡ &
4.3.4 d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ JwU
{_. Omogo\$ (A_o[aH$Z nÌH$m[aVm Ho$ _yY©Ý` nÌH$ma) Zo d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ VrZ JwU ~VmE± h¡ Ÿ& O¡go `WmW©Vm, g§{jáVm Ed§ amoMH$Vm & BZ VrZm| Ho$ gmW hr d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ {bE {ZåZ JwU hmoZm A{Zdm`© h¡ &
1)
gË`Vm
d¥Îmm§V Bg n«H$ma {bIm Om` {H$ CgH$s gË`Vm n«_m{UV aho Ÿ& `{X g_mMma {H$gr KQ>Zm _mÌ go g§~§{YV
h¡, Vmo Cg_| {ddaU ghr hmoZm Mm{hE & KQ>ZmH«$_, CgH$m {ddaU, ì`pŠV H$m g§~§Y Am{X ~mV§o dmñV{dH$Vm Ed§
H«${_H$Vm go AmZr Mm{hE & Á`m| H$m Ë`m| dU©Z H$aHo$ AnZr Amoa go Z Hw$N> N>moS>Zm Mm{hE Z hr Hw$N> OmoS>Zm
Mm{hE & PwR> - _yR> H$s ~mVm| Ho$ {bE `hm± H$moB© ñWmZ Zht hmoVm & Iwem_X H$aZo H$m n«`mg d¥Îmm§V _| Zhr§ hmoZm
Mm{hE &
2)
amoMH$Vm
d¥Îmm§V _§o AmZodmbr KQ>ZmE± {d{^Þ n«H$ma H$s hmoVr h§¡ & IyZ - Iam~m, _ma - nrQ>, byQ>_ma A{X d¥Îmm§V H$s
_mÌm A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ & boIZH$Vm© H$mo Mm{hE {H$ d¥Îmm§V H$s ^mfm {eï>mMma go `wŠV hmo & gä` g_mO Ho$ gm_Zo
OmZodmbm d¥Îmm§V amoMH$ Ed§ ñdm^{dH$ e¡br _| {bIm hþAm hmoZm Mm{hE &
3)
g§{jáVVm
Bg ~mV H$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE {H$ d¥Îmm§V Ho$db d¥Îmm§V hmo Ÿ& dh boI Z hmo & AWm©V d¥Îmm§V H$m Ame`
`{X {ddaU X²dmam ñnï> {H$`m Om`, Vmo ^r dh g§jon _| {H$`m Om`& VÏ`m| Ed§ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo g§jon _| VWm H$_ - go
- H$_ eãXmo§ _| {bIZm Mm{hE & g§{já d¥Îmm§V ~So> n«^mdembr hmoVo h¡§ & d¥Îmm§V H$mo ñVa Ho$ AZwgma g§jon _| n«ñVwV
H$aZm EH$ H$gmoQ>r hmoVr h¡, {OgH$m Ü`mZ boIZH$Vm© H$mo aIZm Mm{hE &
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91
4)
bmoH$H$ë`mU H$s ^mdZm
bmoH$H$ë`mU H$s ^mdZm d¥Îmm§V _| hmoZr Mm{hE & g_mO H$m {hV Ü`mZ _| aIH$a d¥Îmm§V {bIo OmZo
Mm{hE & g_mO Ho$ {H$gr ^r dJ© Ho$ n«{V ^oX^md Ed§ hrZVm ^md Z aIH$a CZH$m gå_mZ Ed§ AmXa H$s ^mdZm H$m
C„oI hmoZm Mm{hE &
5)
ñnï>Vm
d¥Îmm§V ñnï> hmoZo Mm{hE & {H$gr ^r n«H$ma H$m ^«_ n¡Xm Z hmoZodmbm d¥Îmm§V H$m boIZ hmoZm Mm{hE &
{ÛAWu, Añnï> Am¡a ^«m_H$ d¥Îmm§V Zht {bIZm Mm{hE & Ag_§Og _| S>mbZodmbr ^mfm H$m n«`moJ Z hmo &
6)
ZdrZVm
KQ>r hwB© KQ>Zm H$mo ZE nZ Ho$ gmW n«ñVwV H$aZm Mm{hE & ZB© ~mV Ed§ KQ>Zm H$mo nmR>H$ Mmd go nT>Vo h¡§ &
A§{V_ ~mV H$mo nT>Zo H$s CËgwH$Vm H$s V¥ár d¥Îmm§V _| {N>nr ZyVZVm go hr g§^d hmoVr h¡ &
7)
dñVw{Zð>Vm
K{Q>V KQ>Zm H$mo dñVw{Zð> ê$n _| n«ñVwV H$aZm Mm{hE & d¥Îmm§V H$s ^mfm VWm e¡br Eogr hmoZr Mm{hE {H$
dh CgHo$ H|$ÝÐq~Xy AWm©V d¥Îmm§V Ho$ Ma_moËH$f© nmR>H$ H$mo n«^m{dV H$aZodmbo hmoZo Mm{hE & Cg_| dñVwnaH$Vm H¡$gr
aIr Om` `h d¥Îmm§V boIH$ Ho$ boIZ AZw^d H$s ~mV h¡ &
8)
g§nyU©Vm
KQ>Zm go OwSo> hwE ha EH$ nhby H$mo d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| bmZm Mm{hE & g§{jáVVm Ho$ _moh _| nS>H$a h_ g§nyU©Vm
H$s Amoa AZXoIm H$aVo h¡, AV: KQ>Zm H$m ha EH$ nhby, {hñgm d¥Îmm§V _| AmZm Mm{hE &
9)
^mfme¡br
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm gab, AmgmZ, nR>Zr` Ed§ n«dmhmË_H$ hmoZr Mm{hE & AmH$f©H$ ^mfm _| {bIo JE
d¥Îmm§V nmR>H$m§o H$m Ü`mZ AmH${f©V H$aZo _| g\$b hmoVo h§¡ Ÿ& AV: ^mfm Ab§H$m[aH$ Z hmo & Ab§H$ma a{hV ^mfm Ho$
X²dmam {bIo JE d¥Îmm§V nmR>H$m| na n«^md S>mbVo h¡§ &
10)
KQ>ZmAm| H$m Am¡{MË`
d¥Îmm§V _| KQ>ZmAm| H$m Am¡{MË` ImoOZm nS>Vm h¡ & h¡Oo go _ao {H$gr EH$ ì`pŠV Ho$ _¥Ë`y H$m g_mMma Zht
hmoVm bo{H$Z AZoH$ ì`pŠV`m§o H$m, h¡Oo go _aZm d¥Îmm§V hmo gH$Vm h¡ & {^Imar H$s bm°Q>ar {ZH$bZm d¥Îmm§V hmo gH$Vm
h¡ & A§V: C{MV KQ>ZmAm| H$m g_mdoe d¥Îmm§V _o§ H$aZm Mm{hE & Bg n«H$ma d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ JwU ~VmE Om gH$Vo h¡ §&
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92
4.3.5 d¥Îmm§V boIZ {d{Y
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _o§ KQ>ZmAm| H$s H«${_H$Vm go {díbofU hmoZm Mm{hE & gmW hr VÏ`mË_H$Vm na ^r Ü`mZ XoZm
Mm{hE & d¥Îmm§V gwì`dpñWV ê$n _o§ nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo n«ñVwV hmo & Bg_| ewîH$Vm Z hmo, B{g{bE WmoS>r H$mën{ZH$Vm ^r
Amdí`H$ h¡ & d¥Îmm§V boIZ {d{Y _o§ erf©H$, Am_wI, {ddaU Am{X ~mVm| H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ &
1)
erf©H$
d¥Îmm§V _§o g~go nhbo nmR>H$m| H$s ZOa erf©H$ na OmVr h¡ & erf©H$ AmH$f©H$ Ed§ Hw$Vyhb ~T>mZodmbm hmoZm
Mm{hE & n«ñVwV d¥Îmm§V _| {H$g ~mV H$m _hËd h¡, CgHo$ AZwgma erf©H$ N>moQ>m, ~S>m hmoZm Mm{hE & erf©H$,
n«VrH$mË_H$ Ed§ H$bmË_H$ hmo V^r dh nmR>H$m| na n«^md S>mbVm h¡ & erf©H$ {df` Ho$ AZwgma hmo & erf©H$ H$m ñWmZ
~hwV hr _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡ & nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _| {Okmgm CËnÞ H$aZodmbm erf©H$ hmo &
2)
Am_wI
{H$gr H$s OmZH$mar H$mo gwì`dpñWV ê$n go nmR>H$m| VH$ nhw±MmZm d¥Îmm§V boIH$ H$m H$m_ h¡ & d¥Îmm§V boIZ
Ho$ ~mao _| nm[a^m{fH$ eãX n«M{bV h¢ Ÿ& O¡go - "BÝQ´>mo' `h eãX "BÝQ´>moS>ŠeZ' H$m g§{já ê$n h¡ & BgH$m VmËn`© h¡
{df` n«doe & {hÝXr _| Bgo Am_wI H$hVo h¡§ & Bg _| nhbo-nhbo Hw$N> Eogr n§pŠV`m± hmo, Cggo {df` H$m AZw_mZ Vmo
bJhr OmE, gmW hr AmJo H$s OmZH$mar nmZo H$s BÀN>m nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _| OmJ¥V hmo Ÿ& Bgo d¥Îmm§V H$s n¥ð>^y{_ ^r H$hm
OmVm h¡ &
3)
{ddaU
"{ddaU' go VmËn`© h¡, {df`dñVw & {OgH$m n«ñVwVrH$aU {dMma-H«$_ go AbJ-AbJ AZwÀNo>Xm| Ho$
_mÜ`_ go {H$`m OmVm h¡ & d¥Îmm§V H$m {ddaU g_mMma Ho$ AZwHy$b, J§^ra `m hmñ`-ì`§½` Ho$ nwQ> go `wŠV hmoZm Mm{hE
& EH$ hr d¥Îmm§V _| AJa g_mZ _hËddmbo H$B© VÏ` {_bVo hmo, Vmo CÝho _hËd H$s Ñï>r go AbJ-AbJ AZwÀNo>Xmo§
_| amoMH$ T§>J go n«ñVwV H$aZm Mm{hE &
4.4.1
_hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh H$m ñdê$n
_hm{dÚmb`rZ ñVa na {d{^Þ J{V{d{Y`m± g§nÞ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m CÔoe N>mÌm| _| g^r JwUmo Ed§ Hw$ebVmAm|
H$m {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE _hm{dÚmb` _| {d{^Þ n«H$ma Ho$ g_mamoh AWdm J{V{d{Y`m| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m OmVm
h¢ &
{Ogn«H$ma go Ed§ H«$_ go g_mamoh g§nÞ hmoVm h¡o, R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma CgH$m {MÌU d¥Îmm§V _| AmZm Mm{hE &
H«$_mZwgma g_mamoh H¡$go g§nÞ hmoVm h¡, BgH$m dU©Z d¥Îmm§V _| H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡ & _hm{dÚmb`rZ H$m`©H«$_m| _|
ñdmJVJrV, BeñVdZ, n«{V_mnyOZ VWm Xrnn«ÁdbZ Am{X ~mV| g_mamoh Ho$ Ama§^ _| hr hmoZr Mm{hE & n«_wI
A{V{W `m g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ hmWmo§ Xrn n«ÁdbZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & n«mñVm{dH$ _| g§`moOH$, Am`moOZ H$m CÔoe,
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93
VmarI, g_`, ñWb H$m C„oI hmo & n«_wI A{V{W go nhbo AJa H$moB© _§Vì` XoZm Mmho Vmo Xo gH$Vo h§¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ ~mX
Zht & `h gyÌ h_oem Ü`mZ _o§ aIZm Mm{hE Ÿ& AÜ`jr` _§Vì` Ho$ níMmV Am^ma Ed§ amï´>JrV Ho$ {gdm` AÝ`
{H$grH$m _§Vì` Zhr§ hmoVm &
_hm{dÚmb`rZ ñVa na g_mamoh H$s nyar {Oå_oXmar AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ AZwgma N>mÌm| H$mo gm¡nr
OmVr h¡& N>mÌ Bg H$V©ì` H$mo ^br ^m±Vr {Z^mVo h§¡ & {d{^Þ n«H$ma Ho$ g_mamoh _| N>mÌm| H$m ~S>m `moJXmZ hmoVm
h¡§ Ÿ& {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m| H$m JR>Z H$aZo Ho$ ~hmZo CZ_| ^r H$B© Hw$ebVmE± Am OmVr h¡§ & g_mamoh H$m n«{ejU CÝho
_hm{dÚmb` _| hr {_bVm h¡ &
_hm{dÚmb`rZ ñVa na g_mamoh _| nwîn_mbm Ed§ "~wHo$' XoH$a ñdmJV H$aZo H$s nÕ{V hmoVr h¡, na§Vw Bg_|
g_` H$m\$s ~a~mX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ ~mVm| go ^r ~MZm Mm{hE &
g_mamoh H$m Am`moOZ nhbo hr {H$`m OmVm h¡ & g_mamoh Ho$ {XZ Ho$db g_mamoh nyam H$aZo H$s Am¡nMm[aH$Vm
hmoVr h¡& V¡æ`mar Vmo ~hwV nhbo go H$aZr nS>Vr h¡ Ÿ& V~ H$ht OmH$a g_mamoh gwMmê$ Ed§ gw{Z`mo{OV ê$n _§o g§nÞ hmo
gH$Vm h¡ &
4.4.2.1 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh
_hm{dÚmb`m| _| {d{dY n«H$ma Ho$ g_mamoh Am`mo{OV {H$E OmVo h¢ & BZ g_mamoh Ho$ CÔoí`mo§ _o§ nhbm CÔoí`
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ- N>mÌmo§ Ho$ ì`{º$Îd H$m {dH$mg H$aZm &
N>mÌm| Ho$ ì`{º$Îd {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {Z~§Y, a§Jmobr, ^mfU, EH$m§H$s, {MÌH$bm, g§JrV Am¡a JrV Am{X
à{V`mo{JVmAm| H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡ & Eogr n«{V`mo{JVmAm| H$m Am`moOZ EH$ n«H$ma go g_mamoh hr _mZm Om gH$Vm
h¡ &
_hm{dÚmb`m| _| qhXr {Xdg, dm{f©H$ nm[aVmofH$ {dVaU, N>mÌm| H$m ñdmJV, ew^H$m_ZmE±, {ejH$ {XZ ,
aŠVXmZ, ñdmYrZVm {Xdg, JUV§Ì {Xdg, H${d gå_obZ, H$mì`Jmoð>r, a§Jmobr, dm{f©H$ H«$sS>m _hmoËgd, d¥jmamonU,
{díd OZg§»`m {XZ, n«{V`mo{JVm narjm H|$Ð H$m CXKmQ>Z, amï´>r` godm `moOZm CX²KmQ>Z, n`m©daU g§dY©Z,
n«H¥${V g§dY©Z, H«$m§{V{XZ, emhw O`§Vr, J«§Wmb` H$m CX²KmQ>Z, _hmË_m Jm§Yr OÝ_{XZ, n«o_M§X OÝ_{Xdg,
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Aå~oS>H$a OÝ_{XZ, {díd _{hbm {XZ, _mV¥{XZ, dZ _hmoËgd, _hmË_m \w$bo Ed§ gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo
OÝ_{Xdg, S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ OÝ_{Xdg Am{X {d{^Þ n«H$ma Ho$ g_mamohm| H$m JR>Z N>mÌm| Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm
h¡ &
Eogo g_mamoh Ho$ X²dmam N>mÌmo§ Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ AmXe© aIZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& N>mÌ AZwH$aU {n«` hmoVo
h¡§ & AnZo d¡`pŠVH$ {dH$mg Ho$ gmW g_mO Ed§ Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| `moJXmZ Xo gH$Vo h¢ &
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4.4.1.2 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh H$m _gm¡Xm boIZ
H$amS> {X. 20 - doUyVmB© MìhmU _hm{dÚmb`, H$amS> _| {X. 20 OZdar 2015 _| gw~h 10.00 ~Oo
"H$mì`Jmoð>r' g_mamoh H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m Wm & n«{gÜX H${d _§Jboe S>~amb n«_wI A{V{W Wo & g_mamoh H$s
AÜ`jVm n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. gwaoeHw$_ma O¡Z Zo {Z^mB© & _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ qhXr {d^mJmÜ`j S>m°. gw`©H$m§V ^mogbo Zo
n«mñVm{dH$ {H$`m &
n«_wI A{V{W Ed§ g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ hmWm| go gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo H$s n«{V_m H$m nyOZ {H$`m J`m &
VËníMmV qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ gh²`moJr n«mÜ`mnH$ n«m. A{^{OV ndma Zo n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ n[aM` H$s {Oå_oXmar
{Z^mB© & qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ AÜ`j ^mogbo Or Zo n«_wI A{V{W Ed§ g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j H$m ñdmJV \w$bm| H$m JwbXñVm
XoH$a qH$`m &
ñdmJV Ho$ níMmV N>mÌ - N>mÌmAm| Zo H$mì` aMZmE± n«ñVwV H$s Ÿ& Bg_| gm_m{OH$, n«mH¥${VH$ VWm n«o_naH$
H${dVmAm| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ Wr & BgHo$ ~mX n«_wI A{V{W H${d _§Jboe S>~amb Or Zo AnZr H$mì` aMZmAm| H$s
OmZH$mar XoVo hwE N>mÌm| go H$hm {H$ ""_Zwî` OrdZ _| AnZr X¡{ZH$ g_ñ`mE± ^ybH$a EH$ AbJ go {díd _| ^«_U
H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$mì` Cn`wº$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&'' n«{V^mepŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| CÝhmoZo _m¡{IH$ {dMma ì`º$ {H$E Ÿ&
g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. gwaoeHw$_ma O¡Z Or Zo N>mÌm| H$s ^yar-^²yar n«e§gm H$s Ÿ& H$hm {H$ _wZî`
OrdZ Ho$ ghr {dH$mg Ho$ {bE gm{hË` Amdí`H$ h¡ & {d^mJ H$s N>mÌm ^m½`lr H$m§~io Zo Am^ma ì`ŠV {H$`m Ÿ&
gyÌYma H$s ^y{_H$m {díd{dÚmb` n«{V{Z{Y gmJa MìhmU Zo {Z^mB© & amï´>JrV go g_mamoh H$m g_mnZ
hwAm Ÿ&
4.4.1.3 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s {deofVmE±
_hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {d{dY àH$maH$s OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡ & O¡go ♦
_hm{dÚmb` _| hmoZodmbr J{V{d{Y`m| H$s {dñV¥V OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡ &
♦
N>mÌm| Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg Ho$ {bE `h J{V{d{Y`m± Cn`wŠV hmoVr h¡§ &
♦
_hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| gË`Vm hmoVr h¡ &
♦
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| boIH$ H$m ^mfmna A{YH$ma hmoZm Mm{hE &
♦
nmR>H$m| H$s {Okmgm OmJ¥V H$aZodmbm d¥Îmm§VboIZ hmo &
♦
erf©H$ AmH$f©H$ hmo Ÿ&
♦
d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| gOrdVm Ed§ AmH©$fH$Vm Amdí`H$ h¡ &
♦
Xrnn«ÁdbZ _| g^r bmoJm| Ho$ Zm_ XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht &
♦
N>mÌm| H$mo {d{^Þ J{V{d{Y`m| _| n«{V^mJr hmoZo H$s n«oaUm {_bVr h¡ &
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4.4.1.4 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
_hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$aVo g_` {ZåZm§{H$V g_ñ`mE± AmVr h¡§ ♦
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$aVo g_` A{Ve`mopŠV nyU© H$WZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
♦
d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| H$^r - H$^r Xrnn«ÁdbZ H$aZodmbm| H$s b§~r \o$arñV Xr OmVr h¡ &
♦
d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ ñdmJV gÌ _| JbVr`m± hmoVr h¡§ &
♦
Ab§H$m[aH$ ^mfm H$m n«`moJ qH$`m OmVm h¡ &
♦
ZmQ>çnyU© ~mV| {bIr OmZo H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡ &
♦
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| H«${_H$Vm H$s Amoa Ü`mZ Zht {X`m OmVm Ÿ&
4.4.1.5 _hm{dÚmb`rZ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ
1)
qhXr {XZ g_mamoh
H$modmS> {X. 15 gdm}X²` {ejm g§ñWm Ûmam g§M{bV H$bm Ed§ dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmb` H$modmS> _| {X 14
{gV§å~a, 2014 H$mo gw~h R>rH$ 10.30 ~Oo qhXr {XZ g_mamoh H$m ~S>r Y²y_Ym_ Ho$ gmW _Zm`m J`m& Jmodm
{díd{dÚmb` Ho$ qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ AÜ`j S>m°. ~r. S>r. {_lmOr g_mamoh Ho$ n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ ê$n _| CnpñWV Wo Ÿ&
_hm{dÚmb` Ho$ n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. Ama. Eg. Ho$VH$a Or Zo g_mamoh H$s AÜ`jVm {Z^mB© &
g_mamoh Ho$ n«ma§^ _| n«_wI A{V{W, g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j Am{X _hmZw^mdm| Ho$ H$aH$_bm| go Xrn n«ÁdbZ
{H$`m J`m Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX ~r. E. I H$s N>mÌmAm| Zo ""qhX Xoe Ho$ {Zdmgr, g^r OZ EH$ h¡'' Bg ñdmJVJrV H$m
_YwaVm go JmZ qH$`m &
"qhXr {XZ' Ho$ gwAdga na g_mamoh H$m n«mñV{dH$ qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ AÜ`j S>m°. Ho$. EZ. H$amSo> Or Zo
qH$`m& VËníMmV A{V{W H$m S>m°. gw^mf OmYd Zo H$adm`m & g_mamoh Ho$ n«_wI A{V{W {_lm Or H$m ñdmJV qhXr
{d^mJ Ho$ AÜ`j S>m°. H$amSo> Or Zo JwbXñVm XoH$a {H$`m & g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j H$m ñdmJV S>m°. gw^mf OmYd Zo
{H$`m VWm {díd{dÚmb` n«{V{ZYr gmJa nmQ>rb Zo g^r AÜ`mnH$m| VWm N>mÌ _§S>b Ho$ N>mÌm| H$mo Jwbm~ nwîn XoH$a
ñdmJV {H$`m & n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ H$aH$_bm| go {Z~§Y n«{V`mo{JVm _| Aìdb AmE N>mÌm| H$m gå_mZ qH$`m &
g_mamoh Ho$ Bg gwAdga na N>mÌ - N>mÌmAm| Zo AnZm _§Vì` ì`º$ {H$`m Ÿ& Bg_o n«{V^m OmYd, aoí_m
nmQ>rb, A_¥Vm Xoenm§So> VWm Am|H$ma aU{^go Am{X em{_b Wo & N>mÌ _§Vì` _| qhXr H$m _hÎd ~Vm`m J`m Ÿ& bmoJm|
Ho$ {Xb H$mo OmoS>Zodmbr EH$_mÌ H$S>r g§nH©$ ^mfm qhXr h¡ & amï´>r` Am§XmobZ go boH$a AmO VH$ qhXr Zo AnZr EH$Vm
H$s {Oå_oXmar A~ VH$ {Z^mB© h¡ & {díd~§YwVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n _| qhXr Zo
AnZm Xm{`Ëd {Z^m`m h¡& g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j S>m°. Ama. Eg. Ho$VH$a Or Zo H$hm H$s g§Mma Ed§ g§nH©$ Ho$ {bE qhXr
^mfm AË`§V A{Zdm`© h¡ & qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ N>mÌ g{MZ {~O} Zo CnpñWV g~Ho$ n«{V hm{X©H$ H¥$VkVm km{nV H$s Ÿ&
amï´>JrV Ho$ níMmV g_mamoh H$s g_m{á hwB© & gyÌYma H$s ^y{_H$m n«{V^m OmYd Ed§ aoí_m nmQ>rb Zo {Z^mB© &
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2)
dm{f©H$ nm[aVmo{fH$ {dVaU g_mamoh
H$modmS> {X. 13 -M§XJS> Vhgrb Ho$ H$modmS> _o§ gdm}X` {ejm g§ñWm g§M{bV H$bm Ed§ dm{UÁ`
_hm{dÚmb`, H$modmS> _| 2 \$adar 2015 _| dm{f©H$ nm[aVmo{fH$ {dVaU g_mamoh ~So> Omoe Ed§ CËgmh Ho$ gmW
_Zm`m J`m Ÿ& Bg Adgana {edmOr {díd{dÚmb`, H$moëhmnwa Ho$ Hw$bn{V S>m°. EZ. Oo. ndma n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ ê$n
_| CnpñWV Wo& Bg g_` gdm}X²` {ejm g§ñWm Ho$ g^r nXm{YH$mar, g§MmbH$, gXñ`, {Z_§{ÌV A{V{WJU,
A{^^mdH$, AÜ`mnH$ VWm N>mÌ N>mÌmE± ~S>r g§»`m _| CnpñWV Wo &
Ama§^ _| n«_wI A{V{W, g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j, {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ N>mÌ n«{V{ZYrAm¡a n«YmZmMm`© Zo Xrn
n«ÁdbZ H$aHo$ g_mamoh H$m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m & Bg Adga na _hm{dÚmb` H$s N>mÌmAm| Zo ñdmJVJrV noe
{H$`m & _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ n«YmZmMm`© Or Zo A{V{W _hmZw^mdm| H$m ñdmJV \w$bm§o H$m JwbXñVm XoH$a {H$`m &
_hm{dÚmb` Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d^mJ n«_wI S>m°. Eg. EZ. eobma Zo A{V{W _hmoX²`m| H$m n[aM` H$adm`m& VËníMmV
_hm{dÚmb` _| hmoZodmbr {d{^Þ J{V{d{Y`m± Ed§ CÞ{Îm H$m boIm - OmoIm em[a[aH$ {ejm g§MmbH$ n«m. EZ.Ama.
nmQ>rb Zo n«ñVwV {H$`m &
g_mamoh Ho$ Adga na Iob n«{V`mo{JVm, Am¡a {d{^Þ J{V{d{Y`m| _o§ {deof g\$bVm nmZodmbo N>mÌm| H$mo
A{V{W _hmoX²` Ho$ H$aH$_bm| go n«epñVnÌ VWm Jm¡ad {Mh²Z (_mo_|Q>mo) XoH$a Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m& Bg g_` "AmXe©
N>mÌ' Ed§ "AmXe© N>mÌm' nwañH$ma XoH$a N>mÌm| H$mo Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m &
g_mamoh Ho$ n«_wI A{V{W {edmOr {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ Hw$bn{V S>m°. EZ. Oo. ndma Or Zo AnZo _§Vì` _|
H$hm {H$, ""ñd`§ H$mo nhMmZmo, AnZo ApñVËd H$mo nhMmZ H$a AnZr g~bVmE± Ed§ Xw~©bVmAm| H$mo g_PZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ H$mo{ee H$aZodmbm| H$s H$^r hma Zhr§ hmoVr & n«`mgm| Ho$ ~b~wVo na hr CÞ{V hmoVr
h¡ VWm _§{Ob {_bVr h¡ &'' AÜ`jr` _§Vì` _| AÜ`j _hmoX²` (gdm}X` {ejm g§ñWm Ho$ AÜ`j) n«m. Eb. Ho$.
Xoenm§So> Or Zo AZwemgZ Ed§ n[al_ Ho$ _hËd Ho$ g§~§Y _| N>mÌm| H$mo AdJV H$am`m & Am^ma n«Xe©Z H$m H$m_ n«m.
S>r. E. aoSo>H$a Zo g±^mbm& BgHo$ níMmV amï´>JrV go g_mamoh H$m g_mnZ g§nÞ hþAm & gyÌYma H$s ^y{_H$m n«m. S>m°. E.
Eg. nmQ>rb Zo {Z^mB© &
3)
"{ejH$ {XZ' g_mamoh H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ
H$moëhmnwa : N>. emhy H$m°boO H$moëhmnwa _| "{ejH$ {XZ' g_mamoh 5 {gVå~a 2014 _| gw~h 10.00 ~Oo
~So> CËgmh Ed§ Yy_Ym_ Ho$ gmW _Zm`m J`m& Bg Adga na _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ n«YmZmMm`©, n«mÜ`mnH$, n«emgH$s`
dJ© Ed§ N>mÌ - N>mÌmE± ~S>r g§»`m _§o CnpñWV Wo & g_mamoh Ho$ n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ ê$n _| {díd{dÚmb` AZwXmZ _§S>b
Ho$ AÜ`j _m S>m°. gwIXod WmoamV CnpñWV Wo & g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ ê$n _| _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. Oo.
Oo. OmYd CnpñWV Wo Ÿ&
n«mñVm{dH$ Amoa A{V{W n[aM` n«m. S>m°. amOZ Ho$iH$a Zo {H$`m Ÿ& ñdmJV n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. Oo. Oo.
OmYdOr Zo {H$`m Ÿ& CZH$m ñdmJV n«mÜ`mnH$ am_ gadXo Or Zo {H$`m & n«_wI A{V{W g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j Ed§ N>mÌ
_§S>b Ho$ g{Md Am{X Zo {_bH$a ^yVnyd© amï´>n{V S>m°. gd©n„r amYm H¥$îUZ H$s n«{V_m na nwîn_mbm MT>mB© & Bg
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g_` N>mÌ-N>mÌmAm| Zo "Jwê$ _{h_m' H$m _hËd {deX H$aZodmbm ñÌmoÌ Jm`m Ÿ& E_. {\$b, nr.EMS>r n«má
AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m & _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ Á`oð> n«mÜ`mnH$ amOZ {Vdbo Or Zo "{ejH$ {XZ' _ZmZo
H$s ^y{_H$m {deX H$aVo hwE H$hm {H$, ""5 {gVå~a, S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ H$m OÝ_{XZ h¡ Ÿ& do amï´>n{V hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX
EH$ AmXe© {ejH$ Wo& Bgr{bE CZH$s ñ_¥{V _| 5 {gVå~a `h {XZ {ejH$ {XZ _Zm`m OmVm h¡ &''
{ZVrZ qXSo>, amohZ _mZo, Zrb_ gmZo Ed§ N>mÌ g{Md lr. gmoh_ ndma Zo AnZo _§Vì` _| {ejH$ Ed§ N>mÌm|
Ho$ Xm{`Ëd H$m _hËd {deX {H$`m & Jwê$Am| Ho$ n«{V hm{X©H$ H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV H$s & n«_wI A{V{W S>m°. gwIXod WmoamV
Zo H$hm H$s, ""ì`pŠV Ho$ OrdZ _| _mVm - {nVm Ho$ ~mX Jwê$OZm| H$m _hËd AZÝ`gmYmaU h¡ & g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j
n«YmZmMm`© Oo. Oo. OmYd Zo H$hm {H$, "" Jwê$OZm| Zo ~VmE hþE _mJ© na MbZo go hr OrdZ g\$b hmo gH$Vm
h¡ &'' Am^ma n«Xe©Zr H$s {Oå_oXmar n«mÜ`mnH$ _Zrf `odbo Or Zo {Z^mB© Ÿ& amï´>JrV go g_mamoh g§nÞ hþAm &
4)
"aŠVXmZ' g_mamoh
H$modmS> {X. 11 : H$modmS> Ho$ H$bm _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ ñWmnZm {XZ Ho$ Cnbú` _| 11 AJñV 2014 H$mo
gw~h 9.30 ~Oo "aŠVXmZ' g_mamoh H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m J`m Wm & g_mamoh Ho$ n«_wI A{V{W gdm}X` {ejm g§ñWm
Ho$ AÜ`j n«m. nr. gr. nmQ>rb Wo Ÿ& g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j _hm{dÚmb` Ho$ n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. {dídOrV dobUH$a Wo &
n«_wI A{V{W, AÜ`j Am¡a g§ñWm Ho$ nXm{YH$mar`m| Zo [_bH$a Xrn n«ÁdbZ {H$`m & _hm{dÚmb` Ho$
amï´>r` godm `moOZm Ho$ n«H$ën A{YH$mar `moJoe Hw$bH$Uu Zo n«mñVm{dH$ H$aHo$ A{V{W n[aM` H$adm`m & bm`Ýg
ãbS> ~±H$, JS>{h½bO Ho$ ì`dñWmnH$ _m. amOZ nmQ>rb Or Zo aŠVXmZ H$m _hËd {deX H$aVo hwE H$hm {H$ ""EH$
~moVb aŠV XoZo go _aVo hwE EH$ ì`pŠV H$s OmZ h_ ~Mm gH$Vo h¡ &'' BgHo$ gmW hr aŠVXmZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| g_mO Ed§
N>mÌm| _§o Omo JbV \$h{_`m± Wr, CÝho Xya H$aZo H$m n«`mg {H$`m &
n«_wI A{V{W n«m. nr. gr. nmQ>rb Zo H$hm {H$, ""EH$ ~y±X IyZ XoZo go {H$gr H$s OmZ ~M gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a
`hr Bg g_mamoh H$m CÔoe h¡ &'' g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j n«YmZmMm`© S>m°. {dídOrV dobUH$a Zo H$hm {H$, ""aŠVXmZ
AmO g_` H$s _m±J h¡ & {Og n«H$ma h_| OrZo H$m hH$ h¡, d¡go hr Xygam| H$mo ^r OrZo H$m hH$ h¡ Ÿ& Bgr{bE h_o aŠVXmZ
H$aZm Mm{hE &'' CÝhmoZo g~H$mo aŠVXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE n«o[aV {H$`m & Am^ma H$s {Oå_oXmar n«mÜ`mnH$ S>m°. ìhr. Eg.
H$mobo Zo g±^mbr & n«YmZmMm`©, AÜ`mnH$, n«emgH$s` godH$ Am¡a N>mÌ - N>mÌmAm| Zo aŠVXmZ {H$`m &
4.4.2 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m ñdê$n
ì`pŠV g_mOerb n«mUr h¡ & g_mO go AbJ ahZo H$s H$ënZm ^r _Zwî` Zhr§ H$a gH$Vm & g_mO _o§ ahH$a
Amngr g§~§Y OmoS>Zm Ed§ ~aH$ama aIZm Am{X ~mV§o Am_ _Zwî` MmhVm h¡ & {Og g_mO _| h_ ahVo h¢, Cg_§o {d{^Þ
n«H$ma H$s J{V{d{Y`m± g§nÞ hmoVr ahVr h¡§ & ZJa {ZJ_, {Obm n[afX, J«m_n§Mm`V, n§Mm`V g{_Vr, ZJa n[afX,
AñnVmb, {d{^Þ n«H$ma Ho$ Šb~, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmE±, Aml_, _§{Xa, _R>, Y_©emim Am{X g§ñWmAm| Ûmam amï´>r`
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98
ZoVm, amOZoVm, gm_m{OH$ gwYma bmZodmbo gwYmaH$m§o Ho$ OÝ_ {XZ, CZH$s ñ_¥{V`m± _ZmZo Ho$ Cnbú` _| {d{^Þ
J{V{d{Y`m| Ed§ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m JR>Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
{d{^Þ `wdm _§S>bm| H$s Amoa go ^r gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m JR>Z {H$`m OmVm h¡& N>. {edmOr _hmamO, N>.
emhy _hmamO, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Aå~oS>H$a, _hmË_m \w$bo, gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo, _hmË_m Jm§Yr, ~gdoída, Am{X _hmZ
{d^w{V`m| H$m ñ_aU H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r {d{^Þ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ & H$^r aŠVXmZ {e~ra, {H$Vm~|
~m±Q>Zm, H$å~b ~m±Q>Zm, AÞN>Ì H$m Am`moOZ H$aZm Am{X H$m`©H«$_ ^r Bg_| AmV| h¡§ &
`wdm _§S>bm| H$s Amoa go a§Jmobr, ^mfU, Z¥Ë` Ed§ Jm`Z Am{X à{V`mo{JVmAm| H$m JR>Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Eogo
g_mamohm| H$mo gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$hm OmVm h¡ &
gm{hË` gå_obZ, H«$sS>m n«{V`mo{JVm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_mamoh, Ym{_©H$ g_mamoh, amOZr{VH$ H$m`©H«$_ Am{X
{d{^Þ {df`mo§ H$mo boH$a Am`mo{OV {e{~a ^r gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m {hñgm ~Z MwHo$ h¡§ & g_mO _| K{Q>V hmoZodmbr
{d{^Þ J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh _mZm OmVm h¡ &
4.4.2.1 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$s {ddaU e¡br
"d¥Îmm§V' H$m AW© h¡ K{Q>V KQ>Zm Ed§ H$m`©H«$_ H$m dU©Z & h_mao gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ hmoVo
ahVo§ h¡§, Omo h_mao OrdZ _| _hËdnyU© hmo gH$Vo h§¡ & {H$gr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Ho$ Ûmam Eogo g_mamoh H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m
OmVm h¡, O¡go K{Q>V KQ>Zm, n«g§J Ed§ J{V{d{Y H$s gwg§JV OmZH$mar XoZm Ed§ "d¥Îmm§V boIZ'Ÿh¡ & C„oIZr` CnH«$_m|
H$m g_mnZ {H$gr H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g§nÞ hmoVm h¡ & gm_m{OH$ MoVZm Ho$ H$maU {H$`m hwAm H$m`© ^r Bg_| AmVm
h¡ & gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _o§ hmo aho n[adV©Z H$m dU©Z gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh _§o {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ' _| n«ñVwVrH$aU Ed§ _wÔmo§ H$m g_mdoe {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Ohm± H$m`©H«$_ g§nÞ hwAm h¡, dhm± H$m
ñWmZ, g_mamoh _| em{_b hwE bmoJm| Ho$ Zm_, CÝhm|Zo ì`º$ {H$E hwE {dMma, CÔoí`, dmñV{dH$Vm Am{X ~mVm| Ho$ gmW
{H$gr {df` na {dX²dmZmo§ Ho$ _V Ed§ {dMma Am{X H$m g_mdoe hmoZm Mm{hE & {Z`moOZ Ho$ AZwgma n«ñVwVrH$aU H$m
dU©Z _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡ &
K{Q>V H$m`©H«$_ H$m {gb{gbodma Ed§ dmñV{dH$ dU©Z d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| Ano{jV hmoVm h¡ & d¥Îmm§V _| g^r
_hËdnyU© ~mVm| H$m g_mdoe `WmW©Vm Ho$ gmW hmoZm Mm{hE & AJa {H$gr gm{hË` gå_obZ H$m d¥Îmm§V {bIZm hmo,
Vmo g§_obZ {H$g n«H$ma H$m Wm; H$hm± g§nÞ hwAm, n«_wI A{V{W Ed§ H$m¡Z bmoJ em{_b Wo, H$m`©nX²Y{V {H$gn«H$ma
H$s Wr Ed§ Bggo Š`m {_bm, Am{X ~mVm| H$m dU©Z dñVw{Zð> Ed§ C{MV T§>J go H$aZm Mm{hE & VmH$s d¥Îmm§V nmR>H${n«`
hmo &
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99
4.4.2.3 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh - _hËdnyU© ~mV|
gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$aVo g_` {ZåZ{b{IV ~mVmo§ H$s Amoa A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoZm nS>Vm h¡,
1)
{df` Ho$ g§~§Y _| gmoM g_PH$a gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m d¥Îmm§V {bIZm Mm{hE &
2)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| Ho$db _hËdnyU© ~mVm| H$m hr g_mdoe hmo &
3)
KQ>Zm Ho$ dU©Z _| EH$gyÌVm hmoZr Mm{hE &
4)
{XZm§H$, ñWmZ, g_`, _hZr` ì`pŠV Am{X H$m ñnï> C„oI hmo &
5)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ gw§Xa Ed§ gOrd dU©Z hmo &
6)
dU©Z _| C{MV ñWmZna AZwÀNo>X hmo &
7)
N>moQ>m Ed§ AmH$f©H$ VWm Hw$Vyhb OmJ¥V H$aZodmbm erf©H$ hmoZm Mm{hE &
8)
n«_wI A{V{W Ed§ AÜ`j H$m _§Vì` g§jon _| XoZm Mm{hE &
4.4.2.4 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m _gm¡Xm boIZ
e{_©bm ìhZ~Åo> H$m àoaUmXm`r gËH$ma
H$moëhmnwa {X. 19 : aoSo>H$a J«wn Ed§ amoQ>ar Šb~ Ho$ g§`wŠV én _| gw. lr. e{_©bm ìhZ~Åo> H$mo gÝ_mZnyd©H$
Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m &
JS>qh½bO Ho$ "aoSo>H$a \$m¢So>eZ' Ûmam {d{^Þ joÌmo§ _| AnZr n«{V^meŠVr Ed§ hwZa H$m n[aM` XoZodmbo
bmoJm| H$mo Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m OmVm h¡ & H$moëhmnwa H$s e{_©bm ìhZ~Åo> Eogr hr EH$ bS>H$s h¡ {OgZo AZoH$ {díd{dH«$_
{H$E h¡§ & hmb hr _| CÝho ^maV gaH$ma H$s Amoa go "nX²_lr nwañH$ma' go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m h¡ & Am§Vaamï´>r` _{hbm
{XZ Ho$ Cnbú` _| CÝhm|Zo \$m¢So>eZ H$mo g{XÀN>m ^|Q> Xr Wr &
"`moJ Ed§ n«mUm`m_' joÌ _| CÝhm|Zo {H$E JE {díd{dH«$_ Ho$ Cnbú` _| aoSo>H$a \$m¢So>eZ, JS>{h½bO Ed§
amoQ>ar Šb~ H$moëhmnwa Ho$ g§`wŠV VËdmdYmZ _| Cgo Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m &
Iob OJV Ed§ `moJ VWm n«mUm`m_ joÌ _| g\$bVm hm{gb H$aZo Ho$ Cnbú` _| Cgo "Ho$Xmar aoSo>H$a' _mo_|Q>mo
XoH$a Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m & Bg Adga na e{_©bm Zo AnZo ~MnZ go boH$a nX²_lr VH$ H$s J`r g\$a H$mo, AnZr
gmhgr n«d¥Îmr Ed§ ZrS>aVm H$mo CËgmh go H$WZ qH$`m &
CZH$m gmhg, Ü`o` n«máH$aZo H$s bJZ, _ohZV Ed§ n«`mg Ho$ H$maU g^r lmoVmJU ^md{d^moa hmo JE &
CÔoí` g\$b H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo ~VmE _mJ© na AJa Amn bmoJ Mb|Jo Vmo AmO Ho$ n«{V`mo{JVm H$s hmoS>
aIZodmbo g_mO _| AnZo CÔoe VH$ nhw±MZm Ag§^d Zhr§ h¡ & Eogm H$WZ aoSo>H$a \$m¢So>eZ H$s AÜ`jm lr_Vr
A§OZm aoSo>H$a Zo {H$`m& amoQ>ar Šb~, H$moëhmnwa emIm Ho$ AÜ`j g§O` H$moëhmnwaH$a Zo A§OZm aoSo>H$a Or Ho$ H$m`© H$m
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100
Jm¡ad {H$`m & {H$gr ^r joÌ H$mo MwZH$a OrdZ _o§ g\$b H¡$go hmoZm Mm{hE Bg {df`na _§Vì` {X`m & Am^ma H$s
{Oå_oXmar lr_mZ ~mnwgmho~ åhoÌr Zo g±^mbr Ÿ& gyÌg§MmbZ gabm Xoenm§So> Zo {H$`m &
4.4.2.5 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm
gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm n«^mdembr, nmR>H$m§o H$s {Okmgm ~T>mZodmbr hmoZr Mm{hE&
Cg_| {ZåZm§{H$V {deofVmE± hmoZr Mm{hE 1)
ZH$mamË_H$ ^mfm H$m n«`moJ Z {H$`m OmE &
2)
^mfm Am¡{MË`nyU© hmo &
3)
ì`mH$aU H$s Ñ{ï> go gd©gå_V ^mfm H$m n«`moJ {H$`m OmE &
4)
^mfm _| dV©Zr Xmof {~ëHw$b Z hmo &
5)
g^r ñVa Ho$ bmoJm| H$s g_P _| AmZodmbr ^mfm hmoZr Mm{hE &
6)
^mfm _| ghOVm Ed§ AH¥${Ì_Vm hmoZr Mm{hE &
7)
H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| n«^mdembr T§>J _| d¥Îmm§VboIZ hmoZm Mm{hE &
8)
nmR>H$m| H$m Hw$Vwhb OmJ¥V H$aZodmbr ^mfm hmo &
9)
^mfm _| amoMH$Vm, Z`mnZ Ed§ VmOJr hmo &
10)
Ab§H$m[aH$Vm H$m n«`moJ Z hmo &
11)
_hËdnyU© ~mVm| H$m dU©Z hmo, AZmdí`H$ ~mVm| H$mo Q>mbm OmE &
12)
^mfm gOrd, gmW©H$ Ed§ _m{_©H$ hmo &
13)
^mfm A{Ve`mopŠVnwU© Z hmo &
4.4.2.6 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s {deofVmE±
g_mOerb n«mUr hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo _Zwî` AnZo OrdZ _| g_mO Ho$ {bE Hw$N> H$aZo Ho$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd H$s ^mdZm
go n«o[aV hmoH$a {d{^Þ gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh H$m JR>Z H$aVm h¡, {Oggo g_mO H$m {dH$mg hmo gHo$ &
1)
g_mO _| pñWV OZVm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ g§~§Y _| Eogo g_mamoh hmoVo h¡§ &
2)
emgZ H$s {d{^Þ `moOZmAm| Ho$ CX²KmQ>Z Ho$ {bE Eogo g_mamoh hmoVo h§¡ &
3)
Am_ AmX_r H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE Eogo d¥Îmm§V {bIo OmVo h¡§ &
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101
4)
g_mO H$s {d{^Þ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gwbPmZo H$m n«`mg Eogo g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ go {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
5)
g_mO H$s {d{^Þ Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE Eogo g_mamoh aIo OmVo h¢ &
6)
_hmZ {d^w{V`m| Ho$ ñ_aU Ho$ {bE, CZHo$ d§XZ Ho$ {bE VWm g_mO Ho$ gm_Zo CZH$m AmXe© n«ñVwV H$aZo
Ho$ {bE Eogo H$m`©H«$_m| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
7)
bmoJm| H$s {N>nr n«{V^mepŠV, hwZa, Hw$ebVmE± Am{X Ho$ n[aM` Ho$ {bE Eogo g_mamoh H$m JR>Z {H$`m OmVm
h¡ &
8)
e¡{jH$ Ed§ d¡Mm[aH$ j_Vm H$m {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE Eogo g_mamoh hmoVo h¢ &
9)
n«{ejU n«má H$aHo$ Hw$ebVm g§nmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ hmoVo ahVo h¢ &
10)
ì`pŠVJV Ed§ gm_w{hH$ Vm¡a na H$bm Ed§ JwUm| H$m {dH$mg H$aZo Ho$ {bE g_mamoh J{R>V {H$E OmVo h¡ &
11)
Amamo½`Xm`r OrdZ OrZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| _mJ©Xe©Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE Eogo g_mamoh aIo OmVo h¢ &
12)
gm_m{OH$ MoVZm {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE BgàH$ma Ho$ g_mamoh J{R>V {H$E OmVo h¢ &
13)
g_mO _| {dkmZ{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m {dH$mg H$aZo hoVw Eogo gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh hmoVo h¡ &
4.4.2.7 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| {ZåZ g_ñ`mE± AmVr h¢ 1)
d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| gË` OmZH$mar H$m A^md hmoVm h¡ &
2)
H$^r - H$^r d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| A{Ve`mopŠVnyU© dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
3)
gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| Xrnn«ÁdbZ Ed§ n«{V_mnyOZ H$aZodmbo A{V{W`m| Ho$ Zm_mo§ H$s b§~r
gyMr Xr OmVr h¡ &
4)
{~Zm dOh ZmQ>çnyU© ~mVo§ {bIr OmVr h¡ &
5)
d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$m boIH$ AnZo _Z Ho$ _wVm{~H$ H$mën{ZH$ ~mVo§ ^r {bI gH$Vm h¡ &
6)
d¥Îmm§VboIZ _§o KQ>Zm Ed§ g_mamoh H$s H«${_H$Vm H$mo ha hmb _| ~ZmE aIZm Mm{hE &
7)
ñdmJV Ho$ g§~§Y _| AŠga Jb{V`m± hmoVr h¡§ &
8)
Ab§H$m[aH$Vm H$m n«`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ &
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102
4.4.2.8 gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh : d¥Îmm§V boIZ
1)
{edO`§Vr g_mamoh H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ
H$mJb 19 : H$mJb Ho$ H«$m§{Vdra `wdm _§S>b H$s Amoa go 19 \$adar 2015 Ho$ em_ R>rH$ 4.00 ~Oo
{edO`§Vr CËgd ~So> CËgmh Ho$ gmW _Zm`m J`m & Bg g_mamoh Ho$ {bE {edgoZm Ho$ H$moëhmnwa CÎma Ho$ {dYm`H$
amOoe jragmJa n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ ê$n _| CnpñWV Wo & g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j {edgoZm emIm H$mJb Ho$ AÜ`j _mohZ
nmQ>rb Wo & Bg ew^ Adga na `wdm _§S>b Ho$ nXm{YH$mar, {Z_§{ÌV gXñ` A{V{W _hmZw^md ~S>r g§»`m go
CnpñWV Wo &
n«_wI A{V{W (`wdm _§S>b Ho$ AÜ`j) Ho$ H$aH$_bm| go Xrn n«ÁdbZ H$aHo$ N>ÌnVr {edmOr _hmamO H$s
n«{V_m H$mo nwîn_mbm An©U H$a nyOZ {H$`m J`m & g_mamoh H$m àma§^ H$Ý`m n«embm, H$mJb H$s N>mÌmAm| Ho$ ñdmJV
JrV go hþAm & `wdm _§S>b Ho$ AÜ`j, n«H$me gw`©d§er Zo n«mñVm{dH$ H$aHo$ _§M na {damO_mZ A{V{W Ed§ AÜ`j
Am{X H$m ñdmJV JwbXñVm XoH$a {H$`m & `wdm_§S>b Ho$ CnmÜ`j ^¡`m Mm¡Jwbo Zo A{V{W _hmoX²` Ed§ AÜ`j
_hmoX` H$m n[aM` H$adm`m & `wdH$ _§S>b H$s Amoa go J{R>V H$s JB© {d{^Þ n«{V`mo{JVmAm| H$m d¥Îmm§V n«ñVwV
{H$`m &
Bg Adga na {edH$mbrZ Iob, {Z~§Y Ed§ a§Jmobr n«{V`mo{JVm H$m JR>Z {H$`m Wm & {d{^Þ n«{V`mo{JVmAm|
_| nwañH$ma n«má `wdmAm| H$mo Q´>m°\$s n«XmZ H$aHo$ Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m &
n«_wI A{V{W (H$moëhmnwa CÎma Ho$ {dYm`H$) amOoe jragmJa Or Zo AnZo _§Vì` _| H$hm {H$ ""{edmOr
_hmamO Ho$ _m¡{IH$ {dMmam|, AmXe© _yë`m| H$m AmMaU H$a|Jo V^r h_mar CÞ{V hmoJr Ÿ& h_ g~ ghr _m`Zo _| gwIr
hm|Jo &'' BZ g^r {dMmam| Ho$ g§~§Y _o§ CZH$m OrdZ g~Ho$ {bE EH$ ZB© {_gmb ~Zm hwAm h¡ & CZHo$ {dMma AmO ^r
n«mg§{JH$ h¡ & {edgoZm emIm H$mJb Ho$ AÜ`j _mohZ nmQ>rb Zo H$hm {H$, ""Omo ì`pŠV {dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma AmMaU
H$aVm h¡, dhr ì`pŠV g§gma _| nyOZr` hmoVm h¡ &'' amOeoIa qZ~mbH$a Zo YÝ`dmX AXm {H$`m & amï´>JrV go g_mamoh
H$m g_mnZ hþAm Ÿ& g_mamoh Ho$ gyÌYma Zrboe amOo Wo &
2)
_hmË_m Jm§Yr O`§Vr g_mamoh
H$modmS> {X. 3 : H$modmS> _| J«m_n§Mm`V H$s Amoa go _. Jm§Yr O`§Vr g_mamoh g§nÞ hþAm & Bg Adga na
_. Jm§Yr Ho$ nmoVo lr_mZ S>m°. Vwfma Jm§Yr n«_wI A{V{W Ho$ ê$n _| CnpñWV Wo & g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j H$modmS> Ho$ gan§M
H$„mßnm nmQ>rb Wo & Bg g_` H$modmS> H$s Cngan§M lr_Vr gwbmoMZm H$m§~io Ed§ J«m_n§Mm`V Ho$ g^r gXñ` Am¡a
gå_mZZr` ZmJ[aH$ CnpñWV Wo &
n«ma§^ _| n«_wI A{V{W, AÜ`j, Cngan§M Am{X Zo {_bH$a _. Jm§Yr H$s n«{V_m H$m nyOZ {H$`m Ÿ& Bg
Adga na {_{S>b ñHy$b H$s N>mÌm VZwOm Jwad Zo ~S>r VÝ_`Vm Ho$ gmW AnZr _Ywa dmUr _| "d¡îUd OZ Vmo Vo Zo
H${hE Oo' ^OZ H$m JmZ {H$`m & n«mñVm{dH$ nyd© {dYm`H$ ^aV ^moJU Zo {H$`m & A{V{W n[aM` H$m Xm{`Ëd
J«m_godH$ H¡$bmg _mZo Or§ Zo {Z^m`m & n«_wI A{V{W, AÜ`j Am{X H$m ñdmJV J«m_n§Mm`V gXñ` amo{hV dm§Ðo Zo
{H$`m &
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103
"Jm§Yr O`§Vr' g_mamoh Ho$ Adga na AnZo Ka Ed§ Amgnmg Ho$ n[adoe H$s g\$mB© H$aZo Ho$ Cnbú` _|
Jm±ddmbmo H$mo {XE JE nwañH$ma Ho$ {bE CZH$m Jm¡ad {H$`m J`m & n«_wI A{V{W S>m°. Vwfma Jm§Yr Or Zo H$hm {H$
""Jm§YrOr Zo Xoe Ho$ {bE AnZm nyam OrdZ g_{n©V {H$`m & Xoe H$s OZVm H$m {dH$mg H$aZm h¡ Vmo h_ Jm§YrOr Ho$
gË`, Aqhgm Am{X _mJm} H$m AZwgaU H$a| & CZHo$ {dMmam| Ho$ AmYma na MbZo go hr n«m§Vr`Vm Ed§ ^m{fH$ {ddmX
go D$na CR>H$a {díd~§YwVm H$s ^mdZm H$mo AmJo ~T>m gH$Vo h¢ &'' g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j Zo AnZo _§Vì` _| H$hm {H$
""_. Jm§Yr Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma hr OrdZ Ho$ _mJ© na g§H$Q>m| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mdOyX gË` Ho$ _mJ© H$m hr AmMaU H$aZm
Mm{hE &'' Cngan§M gwbmoMZm H$m§~io Zo H¥$VkVm {Z^mB© & n«em§V aoSo>H$a Zo gyÌg§MmbZ {H$`m &
3)
N>. emhy _hmamO O`§Vr g_mamoh
H$moëhmnwa {X. 26 : H$moëhmnwa Ho$ E~b _oardoXa _¡XmZ _| amOfu N>. emhy _hmamO H$s O`§Vr ~S>r Yw_Ym_
go _ZmB© JB© & {ed-emhy n«{Vð>mZ H$moëhmnwa H$s Amoa go g_mamoh Am`mo{OV {H$`m J`m Wm &
_hmamï´> Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr _m. n¥ÏdramO MìhmU n«_wI A{V{W Wo Ÿ& n«{gÜX B{Vhmg g§emoYH$ S>m°. O`qgJamd
ndma, {ed-emhy n«{Vð>mZ Ho$ g^r nXm{YH$mar gXñ` CnpñWV Wo Ÿ&
n«_wI A{V{W Am¡a H$aH$_bm| go XrnàÁdbZ g§nÞ hwAm & n«{Vð>mZ Ho$ AÜ`j _m. {dídmgamd OmYd Zo
n«mñVm{dH$ Ed§ A{V{W n[aM` H$adm`m Ÿ& A{V{W _hmoX` Ho$ hmWm| {d{^Þ n«{V`mo{JVmAm| _| Aìdb {dOoVmAm| H$mo
Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m J`m &
_m. n¥ÏdramO MìhmU Or Zo emhy _hmamO Ho$ gm_m{OH$ H$m`© H$s ^yar-^yar n«e§gm H$s & CÝhmoZo H$hm {H$,
""N>. emhÿOrZo g^r Om{V`m| Ed§ Y_m] Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE nT>Zo Ed§ ahZo H$s ì`dñWm H$s Wr & g~Ho$ {bE g_mZ hH$
H$m nwañH$ma {H$`m Wm &'' g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma Or Zo H$hm {H$, ""ghr _m`Zo _| emhy _hmamO
bmoJ$ H$ë`mUH$mar Ed§ bmoJm| Ho$ {Xbm| {X_mJ _| lÜXm Ho$ nmÌ ~Zo amOm Wo& CZHo$ O¡gm em`X hr H$moB© amOm hwAm
hmo Ÿ& Omo BVZr XyaÑï>r Ed§ g^r {df`m| H$s nhw±M aIZodmbm amOm h¡ & g~H$mo _mZdr`Vm go XoIZm CZH$m Y_© _mZm
Om gH$Vm h¡ &''
n«{Vð>mZ Ho$ CnmÜ`j g§^mOramd XodUo Or Zo g^r bmoJm| Ho$ n«{V H¥$VkVm km{nV H$s & gw^mf nmodma Zo emhy
_hmamO Ho$ OrdZ Mm[aÌna {bIm nmodmS>m noe {H$`m Ÿ& amï´>JrV go g_mamoh g§nÞ hþAm Ÿ&
4)
H«$m§{V{XZ g_mamoh - d¥Îmm§V boIZ
gmVmam {X. 9 : Eb. ~r. Eg H$m°boO, gmVmam Ed§ gmVmam ZJa {ZJ_ Ho$ g§`wŠV VËdmdYmZ _| g§^mOr
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^dZ _| 9 AJñV 2014 H$mo gw~h 10.00 ~Oo H«$m§{V{XZ g_mamoh ~So> Yy_Ym_ go _Zm`m J`m &
a`V {ejm g§ñWm Ho$ AÜ`j n«m. EZ. S>r. nmQ>rb n«_wI A{V{W Wo & g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j ZJa{ZJ_
gmVmam Ho$ AÜ`j {ed|ÐamOo ^mogbo Wo &
g_mamoh Ho$ A{V{W Ed§ AÜ`j Ho$ hmWm| go XrnàÁdbZ g§nÞ hwAm & H«$m{VñV§^ Ho$ nyOZ Ho$ níMmV H$Ý`m
n«embm H$s N>mÌmAm| Zo ñdmJV JrV Jm`m& g_mamoh H$m n«mñVm{dH$ Ed§ A{V{W n[aM` S>m°. n«em§V _oS>qgJo Zo
{H$`m &
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104
ñdV§ÌVm goZm{Z`m| Zo AnZm _§Vì` ì`º$ {H$`m Ÿ& Bg_| amOmam_ nmQ>rb, {edmOramd ^mogbo Am{X
em{_b Wo & n«_wI A{V{W n«m. S>m°. EZ. S>r. nmQ>rb Zo AnZo _§Vì` _| H$hm {H$ ""Xoe Ho$ {gnm{h`m| Zo 9 AJñV Ho$
{XZ H«$m§{V H$aHo$ A§J«oOmoH$mo ^maV N>moS>Zo Ho$ {bE _O~ya {H$`m Wm& Xoe Ho$ n«{V {Zð>m Ed§ lÜXm hmoZo go hr Xoe H$s
CÞ{V hmo gH$Vr h¡ &''
g_mamoh Ho$ AÜ`j {ed|ÐamOo ^mogbo Zo AnZo _§Vì` _| H$hm {H$ "Xoe Ho$ {bE' H«$m§{V A{Zdm`© Wr Ÿ&
A§J«oOm| H$mo {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE EH$Vm H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr & gmVmam ZJa {ZJ_ Ho$ CnmÜ`j {edamO nmQ>rb OrZo
Am^ma n«Xe©Z {H$`m & Bg Adga na Xoe^pŠVna JrVm| H$m Jm`Z H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& amï´>JrV Ho$ níMmV
g_mnZ g§nÞ hþAm & S>m°. Hw$_w{XZr amOo^mogbo Zo gyÌg§MmbZ {H$`m &
4.4.3 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : ñdê$n
n«H¥${V _mZdr OrdZ Ho$ {bE ~hwV hr _hËdnyU© h¡& n«H¥${V Ho$ {~Zm _Zwî` H$m {dH$mg g§^d Zhr§ h¡ & n«H¥${V
_Zwî` Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ Ed§ Cn`wŠV hmoVr h¡& dh _Zwî` Ho$ {bE AnZm AZ_mob XmZ XoVr h¡ & n«H¥${V h_| XoZm {gImVr
h¡, boZm Zht Ÿ& _Zwî` OrdZ go Cgo AbJ H$a nmZm g§^d Zhr§ h¡ &
_Zwî` Zo AnZr ~wÜXr, {dMma Ed§ n«`mgm| Ho$ ~b~yVo na n«H¥${V na {dO` nmZo H$s H$mo{ee| H$s h¢ & n«H¥${V
_Zwî` Ho$ {bE A{YH$Va ghm`H$ gm{~V hmoVr h¡ & bo{H$Z H$^r - H$^r dh am¡Ð ê$n YmaU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± _Zwî` na Qy>Q> nS>Vr h¡ &
O¡go - ~mT>, ^yMmb, nd©Vm| H$m ñIbZ, ~m[ae H$m H$ha, ËgwZm_r, AH$mb, Ádmbm_wIr H$m CÐoH$ Am¡a
g_w§Xa Ho$ nmZr go AmZodmbr Amn{Îm`m± Am{X AZoH$ n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± _Zwî` OrdZ H$mo Vhg Zhg H$a XoVr h¡ &
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ n«H$ma
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ {ZåZ n«H$ma {H$E Om gH$Vo h¡§ 1)
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE±
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| na _Zwî` H$m {Z`§ÌU Zht hmoVm. ^yH§$n, ~mT>, ËgwZm_r, Vy\$mZ Am{X go ^mar ZwH$gmZ
hmoVm h¡ &
2)
_mZd{Z{_©V AmnXmE±
_mZd{Z{_©V AmnXmAm| _| _Zwî` Zo AnZo ñdmW© H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE noS>m| H$mo H$mQ>m h¡ {Oggo AH$mb, Ed§
dmVmdaU H$s hm{Z hwB© h¡ & "AmoPmoZ' H$m ñVa H$_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AëQ´>mìhm`boQ> H$m IVam ~T>Vm Om ahm h¡ Ÿ&
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105
4.4.3.1 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : _gm¡Xm boIZ
Zonmb _| ^yH§$n, 2500 bmoJmo H$s _m¡V
H$mR>_m§Sy>, 26 : Zonmb Ho$ bm_Ow§J _| AmO 7.9 [aíQ>a ñHo$b j_Vm Ho$ Y¸o$ _hgyg hþE Ÿ& Zonmb Ho$ gmW
^maV, nm{H$ñVmZ, ~m½bmXoe, å`mZ_ma Am¡a {V~oQ> Ho$ Hw$N> {hñgm| _| ^r OmoaXma ^yH§$n hwAm & Bg ^yMmb Ho$ H$maU
Zonmb _| ^mar ZwH$gmZ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr 2500 bmoJm| H$s _m¡V hmo JB© h¡& BVZm hr Zht ^yMmb Ho$ H$maU B_maVm|
Ho$ _b~o Ho$ ZrMo H$B© bmoJ X~o hmoZo H$s Ame§H$m h¡& Km`b bmoJm| H$s g§»`m ^r H$m\$s ~S>r h¡Ÿ & {OÝho AñnVmb _|
nhw±MmZo H$m H$m`© Omar h¡ & _b~o Ho$ ZrMo X~o bmoJm| H$mo {ZH$mbZo H$m, amhV H$m`© Omar h¡ &
Zonmb _| {nN>bo 80 gmbm| _| hwE ^yMmb _| go `h KQ>Zm g~go ~S>r h¡& ^maV H$s Amoa go amhVH$m`© Xb
^oOo JE h¡§ & gw~h 11.40 ~Oo Xmo {_ZQ> VH$ Mbo ^yMmb Ho$ PQ>H$m| go ^maV Ho$ CÎma, X{jU ^y^mJ, ~m§JbmXoe,
nm{H$ñVmZ, {V~oQ> _| 12 bmoJm| H$s _m¡V hþB©, Vmo 20 bmoJ J§^ra ê$n go Km`b hmo JE h¢ & ^maV Ho$ {d{^Þ amÁ`m| _|
53 bmoJ _mao JE Ÿ& 200 bmoJ O»_r hmo JE h¢ & H$mR>_m§Sy> _| ^yMmb Ho$ PQ>H$m| go AZoH$ _H$mZ T>h JE h¢ & _H$mZm|
Ho$ _b~o Ho$ ZrMo hOmam| bmoJ \±$go hwE h¢ Ÿ& gmW hr _ao hwE bmoJm| Ho$ Am§H$Sm|o _| ~T>moÎmar hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm h¡ &
nhbo PQ>Ho$ Ho$ gmW hr Zonmb Ho$ n«emgZ Zo ao{S>`mo X²dmam bmoJm|o H$mo Ka go ~mha {ZH$bZo H$s gyMZm Xr
Wr & {\$a Xwgam PQ>H$m bJm Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX 17 PQ>H|$ bJo & nhbo PQ>Ho$ Ho$ ~mX hr Zonmb n«emgZ Zo amhV H$m`© Ama§^
{H$`m Wm & _aZodmbm| H$s g§»`m ~T> ahr h¡ & Zonmi _| ^mar Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ hmo J`m h¡ & ^maV H$s Amoa go _XX {_b
ahr h¡& Zonmi H$m 19 dr§ gXr H$m "{_Zma' Yamem`r hmo J`m h¡ & CgHo$ ZrMo X~o 200 bmoJm|o Ho$ ed ~mha {ZH$mbo
JE h¡§ &
^yMmb Ho$ ~mX {d_mZ gw{dYm Vwa§V ~§X H$a Xr JB© h¡ & hdmB© AÈo> na ^r ^mar ZwH$gmZ hwAm h¡ & gyÌm| Ho$
AZwgma nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ {h_mb` Ed§ ^yMmb BZH$m Jham [aíVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg BbmHo$ _| pñWV B§{S>`Z Ed§ `wao{e`_ `h
Xmo ßboQ> EH$ Xwgao go Q>H$amZo go Eogo ^yMmb Ho$ Vrd« PQ>H§o$ hmoVo hr ahVo h¡§ &
4.4.3.2 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s ^mfm ghO, gab Ed§ dñVw{Zð> hmoZr Mm{hE & ^mfm _§o A{Ve`mo{º$
Zht hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
Cg_| n«dmhmË_H$Vm, gw~moYVm Ed§ gwñnïVm> hmoZr Mm{hE & nwao n«g§J H$m {gb{gbodma dU©Z `hm± Amdí`H$
hmoVm h¡ &
ì`mH$aU H$s Ñ{ï> go ^mfm gd©gå_V hmoZr Mm{hE & Cg_| dV©Zr Ho$ Xmof Zhr§ hmoZo Mm{hE & dV©Zr Ho$ Xmofm|
go nmR>H$m| _| JbV\$h{_`m± ~T>>Zo H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡ & g^r ñVa Ho$ nmR>H$m| H$mo n«^m{dV H$aZodmbr VWm g~Ho$ {bE
~moYJå` ^mfm H$m n«`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE &
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106
^mfm gyÌ~ÜX, AmH$f©H$ Am¡a _m{_©H$ hmoZr Mm{hE & C{MV eãXm| H$m n«`moJ H$aHo$ boIZ H$aZm Mm{hE&
An[a{MV eãX, Ag§~Õ dmŠ` g§aMZm, nm§{S>Ë`nyU© eãXm| H$mo Q>mbZm hr ~ohÎma hmoVm h¡ &
KQ>Zm Ed§ n«g§J H$m dU©Z n«^mdembr hmoZm Mm{hE & e¡br _§o nR>Zr`Vm hmo& _wÔm§o Ho$ AmYmana KQ>Zm H$m
dU©Z Ano{jV hmoVm h¡ &
4.4.3.3 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± :$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ H$ha go _Zwî` OrdZ _| ^mar ZwH$gmZ hmoVm h¡ & CgHo$ ~mX _wZî` H$mo H$B© {XZm| VH$
g_ñ`mAm| go OwPZm nS>Vm h¡& CgHo$ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ _| ^mar {dS§>~ZmAm| go CÝho JwOaZm nS>Vm h¡ &
1)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| amoMH$Vm, CËH§$R>m Ed§ {Okmgm hmoZr Amdí`H$ &
2)
Cg_| H$mën{ZH$ ~mVm| Ho$ {bE ñWmZ Zht hmoVm &
3)
Bg àH$ma H$s KQ>ZmE± nhbo K{Q>V hmo MwH$s hmo, Vmo CgH$m C„oI Amdí`H$ h¡ &
4)
dU©Z Bg n«H$ma go {H$`m OmE {H$ nmR>H$m| Ho$ _Z _| ^r R>rH$ d¡gr hr g§doXZm OmJ¥V hmo gHo$ &
5)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$mo _m{_©H$ Ed§ hX²`J«mhr ~ZmZo H$m n«`mg hmoZm Mm{hE &
6)
{H$gr KQ>Zm Ed§ n«g§J H$m nyam dU©Z d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| AmZm Amdí`H$ h¡ &
7)
{Og n«H$ma H$s KQ>Zm hmo Cgr Ho$ AZwê$n ^mfm H$m à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
8)
KQ>Zm `m n«g§J H$m dU©Z H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma hmo &
9)
dU©Z _| EH$gyÌVm hmoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
10)
KQ>Zm H$m n[aUm_ {H$gna Ed§ H¡$go hmoZodmbm h¡ Bg~mV H$m dU©Z hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
11)
KQ>Zm H$s VmOJr, Ed§ {ZH$Q>Vm H$m dU©Z hmoZm Mm{hE &
4.4.3.4 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± : d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
1)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$m {ddaU AmYm - AYyam Zht hmoZm Mm{hE &
2)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H¥${Ì_ Zht hmoZm Mm{hE &
3)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ ZH$mamË_H$ Zhr§ {bIZm Mm{hE &
4)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| H$^r - H$^r nXH«$_ H$s Amoa AZXoIm {H$`m OmVm h¡ Cgo Q>mbZm Mm{hE &
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107
5)
d¥Îmm§V _| JbV\$h{_`m± n¡Xm hmoZo H$s Jw§OmB©e Z hmo &
6)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| AnZo _Vm| H$mo Zht KwgoS>Zm Mm{hE Ÿ&
7)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| VQ>ñWVm go VÏ` H$mo ~mha bmZm Mm{hE &
8)
^mfm {ÛAWu Z hmo &
9)
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ ñWb Ed§ {XZm§H$ _§o EH$gyÌVm hmoZr Mm{hE &
10)
{df`m| H$s aMZm n«{H«$`m H$mo g_PH$a AbJ-AbJ e¡br H$mo AnZmZm Mm{hE &
11)
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXm Ho$ n«g§Jmo _| H$moB© ^r N>moQ>m gm A§e Z Ny>Qo>, BgH$m Ü`mZ aIZm Mm{hE &
4.4.3.5 n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXm : d¥Îmm§V boIZ
1)
ËgwZm_r H$ha go 196 bmoJm| H$s _m¡V
A§X_mZ 20 : A§X_mZ {ZH$mo~ma Ho$ nyd©dVu {H$Zmao na g_w§Xa _| CR>o "ËgwZm_r' Ho$ H$ha go VQ>dVu BbmHo$
Ho$ 196 bmoJm| H$s _m¡V hþ`r & A§X_mZ {ZH$mo~ma Ho$ nyd©dVu BbmH$m| _| ~§Jmb Ho$ CngmJa Ho$ A§VJ©V bham| Zo H$b
amV ^rfU Vm§S>d {H$`m& H$b amV 8.00 ~Oo go hr gmJa H$s bha| Omoa-emoa Ho$ gmW VQ>dVu BbmHo$ _| Q>H$amZo bJr
Wr & Pmon{S>`m| _| ahZodmbo bmoJm|o Zo bham| H$s Q>H$amhQ> gwZr Wr & na `h Q>H$amhQ> CZHo$ {bE Z`r Zhr§ Wr Ÿ& Eogm Vmo
Ádma-^mQ>m Ho$ g_` do {Za§Va gwZVo AmE Wo & {XZ-^a Ho$ WHo$ hmao _„mh Ed§ ~mH$s bmoJ ê$Im-gwIm ^moOZ H$aHo$
AnZo ~mb-~ƒm| g_oV gmoE Wo Ÿ& amV Ho$ _Ü` _| {\$a ~ma-~ma Omoa-emoa Ho$ gmW bha| {H$Zmao go Q>H$amZo bJr
Wr & bham| Ho$ AmKmV go ~hwV ~S>r Am±Yr AmZo H$s g§^mdZm {XImB© Xo ahr Wr & {\$a ^r {H$gr Zo bham| Ho$ C\$mZ H$mo
XoIZo H$s {~ëHw$b H$mo{ee Zht H$s Wr, Š`m|{H$ `h Vmo CZHo$ {bE amoO H$s ~mV Wr & na§Vw bham| H$m Vy\$mZ Bg ~ma
h_oem H$s Vah MwnMmn bm¡Q>Zodmbm Zht Wm & Cg_| AMmZH$ ~Xbmd Am`m Ÿ& VQ>dVu BbmH$m| H$s Pmon{S>`m| _|
KwgH$a bmoJm| H$mo CZHo$ ~mb~ƒm| Ed§ CZH$s Pmon{S>`m| g_oV AnZo {dH$amb _w±h _| {ZJb {b`m & gmoB© hwB© nyar H$s
nyar ~ñVr ËgwZm_r bham| H$s MnoQ> _| Am JB© Wr & Mmam| Amoa hmhmH$ma _M J`m Wm & Omo Or{dV Wo dh gm_Zodmbm
Ñî` XoIH$a qH$H$V©ì`{d_wT> hmo JE Wo & Š`m|{H$ CÝhmoZo AnZr nyar qOXJr _| BVZm ~S>m gmJar Vy\$mZ XoIm Zhr§
Wm & h±gVr IobVr ~ñVr H$mo bham| Zo {ZJb {b`m Wm & `h bha| Vmo hOmam| \$sQ> C±Mr CS> ahr Wr & ha MrO H$mo
{ZJbH$a AnZo de _| H$a ahr Wr &
Xwgao {XZ O¡go-V¡go Or{dV ~Mo hwE bmoJm| Zo XoIm {H$, CZH$s nyar ~ñVr Vhg-Zhg hmo JB© Wr & ~ƒo Ed§
~wTo> {_bH$a Xmo gm¡ bmoJ _¥Ë`w Ho$ AYrZ hmo JE Wo & Hw$N> bmoJ J§^ra ê$n go Km`b hmo JE Wo &> {JZo - MwZo bmoJ Bg
Vm§S>d _| ~M JE Wo& ~ñVr H$m Vmo H$hr Zm_mo{ZemZ Zht Wm & AnZm| H$s _m¡V go Or{dV bmoJm| H$m {Xb Xhbm {X`m
Wm & nyam VQ>dVu BbmH$m Zï> hmo J`m Wm& Xmo-VrZ ~ƒo Hw$XaV Ho$ H$[aí_m| Ho$ H$maU ~M JE Wo & na CZHo$ _mVm {nVm _a JE Wo & ñWm{Z` bmoJm| Am¡a {_{S>`m Ho$ X²dmam gaH$ma H$mo Bg KQ>Zm H$m nVm Mbm Vmo n«emgZ Zo ~Mmd
H$m`© Ho$ {bE goZm H$s Qw>H$S>r \$m¡aZ ^oO Xr & A§X_mZ Ho$ _o`a ŠdmÌmoMr Vwa§V KQ>ZmñWb na Xm{Ib hmo JE Wo &
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108
CÝhmoZo J§^ra ê$n go Km`b ì`pŠV`m| H$mo BbmO Ho$ {bE gaH$mar AñnVmb _| ^Vu H$aZo Ho$ AmXoe {XE VWm CÝho
50 hOma Kmo{fV {H$E & {OZH$s _¥Ë`w hþB© h¡, CZHo$ n[admadmbm| H$mo$ VrZ bmI ê$. XoZo H$s KmofUm H$s & Bg AmnÎmr
H$mo amï´>r` AmnÎmr g_PH$a Xoe H$s OZVm H$mo _X²X H$aZo H$s {~ZVr H$s &
2)
H$ÀN> _| ^yH§$n go {dZme - n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXm
H$ÀN> {X. 29 : JwOamV Ho$ H$ÀN> BbmI| _| lrH¥$îU OÝ_moËgd H$m nd© ewê$ hmo J`m Wm & OÝ_mï>_r H$s
V¡`m[a`m± Omoa-emoa Ho$ gmW hmo ahr Wr & bo{H$Z AmYr amV H$mo nyao H$ÀN> ^y^mJ _| AMmZH$ ^yMmb Am J`m Ÿ& bmoJ
K~amH$a ~mha ^mJZm MmhVo hr Wo, na hS>~S>r _| do ^mJ Zht nmE± Ÿ& H$ÀN> BbmHo$ Ho$ g^r _H$mZ T>h JE Ÿ& Omo bmoJ
Ohm± gmo aho Wo do dht X~ JE & Mmam| Amoa hmhmH$ma _M J`m Wm & Š`m hwAm `h OmZZo go nhbo hr g~Hw$N> Vhg
- Zhg hmo J`m Wm & 7.3 [aíQ>a ñHo$b Ho$ ^yH§$n Zo g~Hw$N> V~mh H$a S>mbm Wm& Mmam| Amoa _b~o H$m To>a Ed§ YwAm±
ZOa Am ahm Wm& Š`m H$a|? H$hm± OmE ? Omo {O{dV {JZo-MwZo bmoJ Wo CZH$s hmbV Eogr hmo JB© Wr & IwX H$mo ~Mm`|
`m AnZm| H$mo Bgr Xw{dYm _| do nSo> Wo & amV H$mo Jhar ZtX _| gmoE bmoJ O_rZ _| Y±g JE Wo & hmXgm BVZm ^`§H$a
Wm {H$ H$moB© ^r Or{dV Zht ~Mm hmoJm, Eogm AZw_mZ bJm`m Om ahm Wm & ñWm{Z` bmoJm| Zo nw{bg Ed§ A{¾em_H$
Xb go g§nH©$ H$aHo$ dmaXmV H$s gyMZm Xr Wr & na CZHo$ AmZo go nhbo ñWm{Z` `wdmAm| Zo ~Mmd H$m`© ewê$ {H$`m
Wm & _b~o H$mo hQ>mH$a bmoJ bmem| H$mo {ZH$mb aho Wo & bmem| H$s {N>Þ - {dpÀN>ZVm XoIH$a amo_ - amo_ H$m±n ahm
Wm & Km`b ì`pŠV`m| H$mo Vwa§V eha Ho$ AñnVmb _| ^Vu {H$`m J`m Wm & Amgnmg Ho$ BbmH|$ Ho$ Kam|, amñVm| Ed§
IoVm| _| ^r Xama| nS>r hwB© Wr & amoZo, MrIZo H$s AmdmOm| go _mhm¡b H$mobmhb go ^am Wm & hOmam|o n[adma _b~o Ho$ ZrMo
X~H$a V~mh hmo JE Wo & ñWm{Z` bmoJ, nw{bg, A{¾em_H$ Ed§ _erZm| H$s ghm`Vm go bmem| H$mo {ZH$mbZm Omar
Wm & JwOamV Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr Ed§ {dYm`H$m| H$m Xb KQ>ZmñWb na Xm{Ib hwE Wo& CÝhmoZo _¥VH$m| Ho$ [aíVoXmam| Ed§ J§^ra
ê$n go Km`b ì`pŠV`m|o H$mo _XX XoZo H$s KmofUm H$s Wr Ÿ& Bg Amn{Îm _| Xoe H$s OZVm H$mo _XX Ho$ {bE AmdmhZ
{H$`m Wm &
3)
gm§Jbr eha _| ~mT> go V~mhr
gm§Jbr 15 : 11 OwbmB© 2014 go bJmVma ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU gm§Jbr eha _| ~mT> H$s ^rfU g_ñ`m
{Z_m©U hmo JB© Wr & nyam gm§Jbr eha nmZr H$s MnoQ> _| Am J`m Wm & _ygbmYma ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU {nN>bo Mma {XZm|
go gm§Jbr eha Ho$ nmg go ~hZodmbr H¥$îUm ZXr Zo ~S>m {dH$amb ê$n YmaU {H$`m Wm & ^mar ~m[ae Ho$ H$maU H¥$îUm
ZXr H$m ObñVa ~T>Vm hr Om ahm Wm & gm§Jbr eha na EH$ Am¡a g§H$Q> Zo H$ha T>m`m Wm, dh `h {H$ H$mo`Zm Zha
go 65,000 Š`wgoŠg nmZr n«{V goH§$S> N>moS>m OmZo Ho$ H$maU nmZr Ho$ ñVa _| ~T>moÎmar hr hmo ahr Wr & BVZr ~S>r _mÌm
_| nhbr ~ma nmZr N>moS>Zo Ho$ H$maU Mmamo Amoa nmZr hr nmZr {XImB© Xo ahm Wm& nmZr Ho$ {bE H$moB© gr_m Ed§ ~§YZ Zht
hmoVm Ÿ& `h H$hZm gM gm{~V hmo ahm Wm & eha Ho$ ~rMm|-~rM XwH$mZm|, Kam| Ed§ gaH$mar XâVam| _| nmZr KygZo Ho$
H$maU bmoJm| H$m ^mar _mÌm _| ZwH$gmZ hmo ahm WmŸ& `h Vmo Hw$N> ^r Zht, nmZr H$s MnoQ> _| AmZo Ho$ H$maU H$B© bmoJ
nmZr _| ~h JE Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ edm| H$m ^r H$ht AmVm nVm Zht {_b ahm Wm & bmoJ AnZo Kam| H$s N>Vm| na ~S>r g§»`m
_| \±$g MwHo$ W¡ & H$B© bmoJ AMmZH$ ~T>Vo nmZr Ho$ H$maU noSm|o na hr AQ>H$ JE Wo &
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109
AMmZH$ nmZr ~T>Zo Ho$ H$maU bmoJ AnZo Kamo _| \±$g MwHo$ Wo& CÝho dhm± go {ZH$mbZo H$m H$m`© goZm Ho$
OdmZm| H$s ghm`Vm go {H$`m Om ahm ŸWm & goZm Ho$ OdmZ AnZr OmZ Omo{I_ _| S>mbH$a nmZr _| \±$go bmoJm| H$mo
gwa{jV ñWbm| na nhw±MmZo H$m H$m_ H$a aho Wo & _Zwî` Ed§ newAm| H$mo ~mha {ZH$mbZo _o§ OdmZm| H$mo g\$bVm {_b
ahr Wr & ~Mmd Ed§ amhV H$m`© _| ñWm{Z` bmoJ ~So> CËgmh Ho$ gmW OdmZm| H$s ghm`Vm H$a aho Wo & VWm gm§Jbr
eha H$mo OmoS>Zodmbo g^r amñVm| na nmZr ^aZo Ho$ H$maU ~g Ed§ aob gw{dYm ^r R>ßn hmo JB© Wr & _w»`_§Ìr _m.
n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ Ed§ Cn_w»`_§Ìr _m. A{OV ndma Zo KQ>ZmñWb na nhw±MH$a _wAm`Zm H$aHo$ _¥VH$m| Ho$ [aíVoXmam|
H$mo ê$. 3,00,000, {OZH$m ½m§^ra ZwH$gmZ hþAm Wm CZH$mo ê$. 1,00,000 XoZo H$s KmofUm H$s Wr& ~mT> Ho$ n«H$mon
Ho$ ~mX ^r bmoJm| H$m BVZm ZwH$gmZ hwAm Wm {H$ H$B© {XZm| VH$ ñWmZr` bmoJ H$sMS>, J§XJr Ed§ AZoH$ ~r_m[a`m| H$m
gm_Zm H$a aho Wo &
~mT> Ho$ n«H$mon Ho$ H$maU gm§Jbrdm{g`mo§ Ho$ OrdZ Ed§ `mVm`mV na J§^ra Aga hwAm Wm Ÿ&
4.4.4
XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ : ñdê$n
AmO AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| OrdZ H$s AmnmYmnr _| ha EH$ _Zwî` H$mo Xm¡S>-Yyn H$aZr nS>Vr h¡ & OrdZ
J{V_` hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& BgrH$maU AmE {XZ {H$gr Z {H$gr XwK©Q>Zm H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS> ahm h¡& O¡go {d_mZ
XwK©Q>Zm & Bg_| H§$Q´>mob `w{ZQ> go g§nH©$ Z hmoZona {d_mZ ^Q>H$ OmVm h¡ Am¡a XwK©Q>Zm J«ñV hmo OmVm h¡ &
aob XwK©Q>Zm - H$s g§»`m H$m\$s ~T> JB© h¡ & {g¾b Z {_bZo go, S´>mBìha H$m {Z`§ÌU Z ahZo go, Q´o>Z ~oH$m~y
hmoVr h¡ & Bggo H$B© bmoJ _m¡V Ho$ KmQ> CVmao§ OmV§o h¡§ & ~gm| Ed§ _moQ>a gmB{H$bm| H$s XwK©Q>Zm Ho$ g§~§Y _| {OVZm H$hm
OmE CVZm H$_ h¡& ~g, Q´>H$, H$ma Am{X H$r XwK©Q>Zm H$s H$moB© gr_m hr Zht h¡ & VoO aâVma `hr _Zwî` OrdZ H$m
_hËdnyU© A§J ~ZZo Ho$ H$maU XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$s g§»`m ~‹T>Vr S>m ahr h¡ &
H$^r-H$^r {H$gr H§$nZr Am¡a _rbm|o, H$maImZm| _| ^r ^rfU A{¾H$m§S> hmoVm h¡& H$^r em°Q©> g{H©$Q> H$s
dOh go, Vmo H$^r AÝ` H$maUm| go g~ Hw$N> ObH$a amI hmo OmVm h¡ & AmOH$b OJh OJh na AmV§H$dmXr h_bo
hmoVo ahVo h¢ & BZ h_bm| _o§ ~_ {dñ\$moQ> H$m g§H$Q> ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¢ & AmV§H$dmXr ~So> - ~So> ZJam| _| ~_ {dñ\$moQ>
H$admV| h¢ Am¡a bmImo bmoJm| H$s OmZ Mbr OmVr h¡ &
`wdH$-`wd{V`m± _moQ>agmB{H$b na g§dma hmoH$a gm¡ - So>T> gm¡ H$s aâVma go JmS>r MbmH$a AnZo OrdZ H$mo
IVao _| S>mb aho h¡§ & _oJm hm`do na Eogr XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$s g§»`m {Za§Va ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡ & `wdm nrT>r H$mo AnZr VWm
AnZo _mVm - {nVm H$s Oam ^r qMVm Zht h¡ & Bgr n«H$ma XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$s g§»`m ~T>Vr hr Om ahr h¡ &
XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ n«H$ma
1)
{d_mZ, aob, ~g, Q´>H$, H$ma Ed§ _moQ>a gmB{H$b XwK©Q>Zm Ÿ&
2)
A{¾H$m§S> &
3)
~_ {dñ\$moQ> &
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110
4.4.4.1 XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$m _gm¡Xm boIZ
^rfU AmJOZr _| _H$mZ ObH$a amI
nwZm : H$b amV 11.00 ~Oo nwZm Ho$ O§Jbr _hmamO amoS> na EH$ Jbr _| ""AmJ - AmJ, ~MmAmo ~MmAmo'' O¡go MrIZo {M„mZo Ed§ amoZo q~bIZo H$s AmdmOm| go nyam _mhm¡b Jw±O ahm Wm& Jbr Ho$ g~ bmoJ BH$Ç>m
hmo JE Wo& EH$ _H$mZ _| ^rfU AmJ bJr Wr & Amg_mZ _| C±Mr bnoQ|> CS> ahr Wr & AmJ Ed§ YwE± go ^am nyam _H$mZ
AmJ H$s MnoQ> _| AmH$a ObH$a ^ñ_ hmo MwH$m Wm &
{H$gr Zo AmJ H$s gyMZm \$m`a{~«JoS> H$mo XoZo Ho$ ~mX Vwa§V hr CZH$m Xb AmH$a, _H$mZ na nmZr H$m
OmoaXma n«dmh N>moS> aho Wo& CZ_| go EH$ - Xmo AmX_r gr{T>`m| H$s ghmæ`Vm go _H$mZ Ho$ ^rVa Kwg JE Wo Ÿ& CÝhmoZo
amhV H$m`© ewê$ {H$`m Wm & Xmo ~ƒo, CZHo$ _mVm-{nVm H$mo CÝhmoZo ObVo _H$mZ go ~mha {ZH$mbm Wm & AnZr OmZ
H$s nadmh {H$E {~Zm do ~Mmd H$m`© H$aZo _| OwQ> JE Wo & O¡go hr CÝhmoZo nyao n[adma H$mo ObVo _H$mZ go ~mha
{ZH$mbm V^r OmoaXma Y_mH$m hwAm & `h AmdmO J±g {gqbS>a \$Q>Zo H$s Wr& CgHo$ níMmV _H$mZ H$m Cnar {hñgm
{Ja nS>m& nyao Xmo - VrZ K§Qm|> VH$ \$m`a {~«JoS> Ho$ Xb ~Mmd H$m`© H$a aho Wo & AmJ Amgnmg Ho$ Kam|o _| Z \¡$bo
B{g{bE do nmZr Ho$ \$dma| AmJ na N>moS> aho Wo& A§V _| CÝho AmJ H$mo amoH$Zo _| g\$bVm {_b JB© Wr &
ObVm _H$mZ Hw$N> Xoa nhbo EH$ gw§Xa Kam¢Xm Wm & na AmJ Zo Vhg - Zhg H$a S>mbm Wm & g~ Hw$N> YYH$
ahm Wm & Km`bm| H$mo Vwa§V AñnVmb nhw±Mm`m J`m Wm & Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$ níMmV I~a gwZZo _| AmB© Wr {H$ Ka Ho$ {H$gr
~yTo> ì`pŠV Zo ~rS>r nrH$a CgH$m AYObm Qw>H$S>m _H$mZ Ho$ Hy$So>XmZ _| \|$H$ {X`m Wm Ÿ& {Oggo `h AmJ bJr Wr &
4.4.4.2 XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s {deofVmE±
1)
XwK©Q>Zm _| ñWb Ed§ Ñî` Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ gmW, XwK©Q>Zm go n«^m{dV ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_m| H$m C„oI {dñVma go
{H$`m OmVm h¡ &
2)
d¥Îmm§V boIZH$Vm© AZwemgZ{n«` hmoZm Mm{hE &
3)
nmR>H$m| H$s {Okmgm CËnÞ H$aZodmbm erf©H$ hmoVm h¡ &
4)
erf©H$ H$mo nT>H$a hr d¥Îmm§V H$m nyam Ame` nmR>H$m| H$s g_P _| AmVm h¡ &
5)
gmhgr Ed§ ZrS>a ì`pŠV hr d¥Îmm§V boIZH$Vm© ~Z gH$Vm h¡ &
6)
XwK©Q>Zm H$m d¥Îmm§VboIZ, amoMH$Vm Ed§ ~moYJå`Vm go n[anyU© hmoVm h¡ &
7)
{deofUm| H$m n«`moJ Z Ho$ ~am~a hmoVm h¡ &
8)
XwK©Q>Zm Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ _| H«$_~ÕVm hmoZr Mm{hE &
9)
d¥Îmm§V boIZH$Vm© H$mo AnZo _Z H$s ~mVm| H$m g_mdoe Zht H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ&
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111
10)
XwK©Q>Zm H$m n[aUm_ {H$VZo bmoJm|ona Ed§ H¡$go hþAm h¡, BgH$s {dñVma go OmZH$mar XoZr Mm{hE Ÿ&
11)
KQ>Zm H$s VmOJr Ed§ {ZH$Q>Vm H$m C„oI hmoVm h¡ &
12)
XwK©Q>Zm H$m VmËH$m{bH$ _hËd g_PH$a d¡gr hr KQ>ZmE± nhbo K{Q>V hmo MwH$s h¡ BgH$m C„oI hmoVm h¡ &
4.4.4.3 XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s g_ñ`mE±
1)
XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ ZH$mamË_H$ ^mfm _| Z {bIm OmE &
2)
XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ _|o g_`, nmR>H$, JbV H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ {eH$ma Z hmo Bg na Ü`mZ XoZm Mm{hE &
3)
d¥Îmm§V boIZH$Vm© AnZo _Vm| Ed§ {dMmam|o H$mo boIZ _| KwgoS> XoZo H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡ &
4)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm AH¥${Ì_ Zht hmoZr Mm{hE &
5)
XwK©Q>Zm Ho$ d¥Îmm§V _| ~r^Ëg dU©Z Z hmo &
6)
XwK©Q>ZmAm| Ho$ d¥Îmm§VboIZ _| ñWb, {XZm§H$ Ed§ ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_ Am{X _| gwgyÌVm hmoZr Mm{hE &
7)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s ^mfm {ÛAWu Z hmo &
8)
nXH«$_ H$m Ü`mZ h_oem aIm OmE &
9)
XwK©Q>Zm Ho$ n«g§J _| go H$moB© ^r N>moQ>mgm A§e Z Nw>Qo>, BgH$m Ü`mZ boIH$ H$mo aIZm Mm{hE &
10)
AbJ - AbJ {df`m| H$s aMZm n«{H«$`m H$mo g_PH$a, AbJ-AbJ e¡br AnZmZr Amdí`H$ h¡ &
4.4.4.4 XwK©Q>Zm d¥Îmm§V boIZ
1)
~g XwK©Q>Zm _| 10 bmoJmo H$s _m¡V
~obJm_ 15 : ~g ImB© _| {JaZo go 10 bmoJm| H$s _m¡V ~obJm_ eha go Hw$N> hr Xyar na, ~g ImB© _| {JaZo go 10 bmoJm| H$mo OmZ go hmW YmoZm nS>m & A{YH¥$V gyÌm|
Ho$ AZwgma nVm Mbm h¡ {H$ _hmamOm {Z{O Q´°>ìhb H§$nZr H$s EH$ ~g Z§. MH-04879950 `m{Ì`m| H$mo boH$a {X.
14-2-2015 Ho$ {XZ _w§~B© XmXa go 10 {XZ H$s X{jU ^maV `mÌm na {ZH$br Wr & ~obJm_ eha Ho$ WmoS>r Xya,
ImZmnwa Ho$ nmg Mmoabm KmQ>r _| AmVo hr Z OmZo ~g Ho$ B§{OZ _| AMmZH$ Hw$N> Iam~r Am JB© Am¡a ~g ~oH$m~y hmo
J`r & `h Ñî` XoIVo hr g^r `mÌr gH$nH$m JE Wo Ÿ& CZH$s OmZ gm±gV _| Am JB© Wr & ~g Ho$ S´>mBìha amOnmb
`mXd Zo AnZr Amoa go ~g na {Z`§ÌU nmZo H$s nyar H$mo{ee H$s Wr, na§Vw ~g nyar Vah Amno go ~mha hmo JB© Ÿ& ~g
H$s aâVma A{Z`§{ÌV hmoZo bJr Am¡a XoIVo hr XoIVo nMmg `m{Ì`m| g_oV S´>m`ìha Ho$ gmW ~g Jhar ImB© _| {Ja JB©
Wr &
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112
gyÌm|o Ho$ AZwgma `h OmZH$mar {_br Wr {H$ ~g _| Am¡aVm| Ed§ ~ƒm| H$s g§»`m H$m\$s ~S>r Wr & ~g ImB©
_| {JaVo hr {MIZo, {M„mZo H$s AmdmOm| Zo {Xb Xhbm {X`m & ~g Ed§ `m{Ì`m| H$m hmb XoIm Zht OmVm Wm &
Amgnmg Ho$ Jm±ddmbm| H$mo O¡go hr ~g XwK©Q>Zm H$s I~a bJr, d¡go bmoJ Xm¡S>Vo hwE Am aho Wo & XoIVo-XoIVo H$m\$s
~S>r ^rS> BH$Ç>m hmoZo bJr Wr& ^rS> _| go {H$gr Zo nw{bg Ed§ \$m`a{~«JoS>dmbm| H$mo Bg XwK©Q>Zm Ho$ g§~§Y _| g_mMma
Xo {X`m Wm & g_mMma {_bVo hr ñWm{Z` bmoJm|o Zo nw{bg Ho$ AmZo VH$ ~Mmd Ed§ amhV H$m`© ewê$ {H$`m Wm &
KQ>ZmñWb na bmem| H$m To>a gm bJ J`m Wm & nw{bg VWm \$m`a{~«JoS> Ho$ bmoJ AmVo hr, ñWmZr` `wdmAm| H$s
ghmæ`Vm go amhV H$m`© VoOr Ho$ gmW {H$`m Om ahm Wm & 10 bmoJm| Zo nhbo hr X_ VmoS> {X`m Wm, Omo J§^ra ê$n go
Km`b Wo, CÝho ~obJm_ Ho$ gaH$mar AñnVmb _| ^aVr H$adm {X`m Wm & O~ Bg KQ>Zm H$s I~a nhw±Mr Vmo H$Zm©Q>H$
Ho$ _w»`_§Ìr {gÜXm_æ`mOr Ed§ Cn_w»`_§Ìr OJXre eoÅ>a Or Zo KQ>ZmñWb na nhw±MH$a Om±M H$aZoHo$ níMmV
AñnVmb OmH$a _ao hwE `m{Ì`m| Ho$ n[adma H$mo Xmo - Xmo bmI XoZo H$m dMZ {X`m Ÿ& J§^ra ê$n go Km`b ì`pŠV`m| H$mo
EH$ - EH$ bmI XoZo H$m dmXm {H$`m & nw{bg Ed§ \$m`a{~«JoS> Ho$ gmW hr OZVm Zo ~S>r _mÌm _| amhV H$m`© _| `moJXmZ
{X`m h¡ &
2)
Q´>H$ - H$ma XwK©Q>Zm - d¥Îmm§V boIZ
~obJm_ {X. : hm`do na Q´>H$ H$ma Q>H$amZo go 5 _ao, EH$ Km`b
H$b em_ 6.30 ~Oo nwZm-~|Jbmoa hm`do na, EH$ ~S>r XwK©Q>Zm hmo JB© & Q´>H$ Z§. 06-4049 nwZm go ~|Jbmoa
H$s Amoa Om ahm Wm & Q´>H$ Ho$ {nNo> AÝ` Q´>H$m| H$s b§~r H$Vma bJr hwB© Wr & Xwgar Amoa go H$ma| VoO Xm¡S> ahr Wr&
~obJm_ go {ZH$br H$ma - 33-5457 H$mam| H$s b§~r H$Vma VoO aâVma go nma H$aVo-H$aVo ~S>r OëXr _| AmodaQo>H$
H$aHo$AmJo ~T>Zo H$s H$mo{ee _| gm_Zo go VoO J{V go AmZodmbo Q´>H$ go OmH$a Q>H$amB© & nyar H$s nyar H$ma MH$ZmMwa
hmo JB© Wr & `h Q>¸$a BVZr OmoaXma Wr {H$ bmoJm| H$mo Hw$N> g_P _| Zhr Am ahm Wm & XoIZodmbo XoIVo ah JE Wo & Q´>H$
H$m S´>m`ìha bmoJm| H$s {nQ>mB© Ho$ S>a go Q´>H$ N>moS>H$a ^mJ J`m Wm & bo{H$Z H$ma Ho$ S´>mBìha H$s _m¡V KQ>ZmñWbna hr
hmo JB© Wr & H$ma _| ~¡Ro> Mma bmoJm| H$s _m¡V KQ>ZmñWb na hr hmo JB© Wr & BZ_| go Xmo _{hbm Ed§ Xmo nwê$f Wo & EH$
nwê$f Ed§ EH$ _{hbm AYoS> C_« H$s Wr Ÿ& EH$ nwê$f Ed§ EH$ _{hbm `wdm Wo & AmíM`© H$s ~mV `h Wr H$s BVZm
OmoaXma hmXgm hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Am¡a H$ma VoO J{V go Q>H$amZo Ho$ ~mX ^r EH$ nm±M gmb H$m N>moQ>m ~ƒm Or{dV
Wm & Cgo Ho$db Iam|M Ho$ {gdm` Hw$N> ^r Zht hwAm Wm & Cg ~ƒo H$mo ^r ZOXrH$ Ho$ AñnVmb _| Vwa§V ^Vu H$admZo
H$m H$m_ ñWm{Z` bmoJm|o Zo {H$`m Wm & _mVm-{nVm Am¡a XmXm XmXr Ed§ n[adma Ho$ Mmam| gXñ`m| H$s _m¡V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
~ƒm AZmW hmo J`m Wm & ^rS> _| go {H$gr Zo nw{bg go g§nH©$ H$aHo$ dmaXmV H$s gyMZm Xr Wr & Bg KQ>Zm go `mVm`mV
nyar R>ßn hmo JB© Wr & ~hwV ^mar ^rS> KQ>ZmñWb na O_m hmo JB© Wr & `h Q>¸$a BVZr O~aXñV Wr H$s H$ma Ho$ A§Xa
H$s bme| {ZH$mbZm ~hwV hr _wpíH$b hmo ahm Wm & nw{bg Ed§ AñnVmb Ho$ H$_©Mm[a`m| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX edm| H$mo H$ma
H$Q>dmH$a {ZH$mbm J`m Ÿ& ^mJm hwAm Q´>H$ S´>mBìha \$ama hþAm Wm & CgH$s Vbme Omar h¡ & gyÌm| Ho$ AZwgma nVm
Mbm {H$ _¥V n[adma, ~obJm_ Ho$ {Zdmgr Wo, Omo AnZo [aíVoXma H$s emXr _| nyZm Om aho Wo Ÿ& V^r `h hmXgm hwAm
Wm &
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113
3)
aob XwK©Q>Zm _| 116 H$s _¥Ë`y
AmJ«m {X. 12 : eVmãXr EŠgn«og nQ>ar go CVaZo go 116 `m{Ì`m| H$s _¥Ë`w Ed§ 94 ì`pŠV J§^ra ê$n go
Km`b hmo JE & _S>Jm±d Jmodm go gw~h 7.15 na Nw>Q>Zo dmbr eVmãXr EŠgn«og `m§{Ì`m| H$mo boH$a {X„r Om ahr Wr &
O¡go hr eVmãXr EŠgn«og AmJ«m O§ŠeZ H$s Amoa AmZo bJr Wr, _m¡g_ Iam~ Wm, Mmam| Amoa H$mohao H$s Jhar nV© O_m
hmo JB© Wr & AmJ«m O§ŠeZ na AmZo go nhbo JmS>r H$mo nrNo> hr amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE bmb~Îmr H$m {g¾b {X`m Wm Ÿ& na Jhao
H$mohao H$s dOh go {g¾b {XImB© Z XoZo go, JmS>r d¡go hr aâVma go AmJo ~T>r Am¡a VoOr Ho$ gmW nQ>ar go CVa JB© &
aob S´>mBìha H$m aob go {Z`§ÌU Ny>Q> OmZo go aob nQ>ar N>moS>H$a ZrMo CVa JB©& O¡go hr Q´o>Z nQ>ar go CVar CgHo$ H$B© {S>ã~|
JwbmQ>r _maH$a ZrMo O_rZ na {Ja J`o Wo & O¡go hr `h hmXgm hwAm `m{Ì`m| H$m MrIZm - {M„mZm, _XX Ho$ {bE
Jwhma bJmZm Ama§^ hmo J`m Wm & ñQo>eZ na ISo> `mÌr Cg Va\$ ^mJo & H$B© bmoJm| Ho$ ed BYa-CYa nSo> Wo & H$B© bm|J
J§^ra ê$n go Km`b hmoH$a _¥Ë`y Ho$ H$Jma na ISo> Wo & aoëdo n«emgZ Zo Bg dmaXmV H$s I~a nw{bg Ed§ A{¾em_H$
Xb H$mo Xr Wr & na§Vw CZHo$ AmZo go nhbo hr AÝ` `m{Ì`m| Zo ~Mmd H$m`© ewê$ {H$`m Wm& J§^ra ê$n go Km`b `m{Ì`m|
H$mo ghrgbm_V ~mha {ZH$mbH$a AñnVmb _| ^Vu H$admZo H$m H$m`© ewê$ {H$`m Wm & _¥VH$m| H$s bmem| H$mo
{ZH$mbH$a {eZmŠV H$s Om ahr Wr & Hw$b {_bmH$a 116 `m{Ì`m| H$s _m¡V hmo J`r Wr Ÿ& CVZo hr Km`b Wo&
KQ>ZmñWb na IyZ Ed§ _m§g H$m H$sMS> ZOa Am ahm Wm & amoZo, {M„mZo H$s AmdmOm| go _mhm¡b H$mobmhb go ^a J`m
Wm & AnZm| H$s bme| gm_Zo XoIH$a [aíVoXma H«§$XZ H$a aho Wo & Am¡aV| XhmS> _maH$a amoZo bJr Wr &
{H$gr H$m {ga, n¡a, hmW, JX©Z Am{X _| O»_ hmoH$a IyZ ~h ahm Wm & nw{bg Ed§ A{¾em_H$ Xb H$s
ghm`Vm go ~Mmd Ed§ amhV H$m`© Vrd« J{V Ho$ gmW hmo ahm Wm & ñWmZr` {dYm`H$ am_eaU MVwd}Xr KQ>ZmñWb na
nhw±MH$a AñnVmb _| ^Vu {H$E JE Km`bm| H$s gohV H$m hmbMmb ny±N> aho Wo& _¥VH$m| Ho$ [aíVoXmam| H$mo Ed§ Km`bm|
H$mo _XX H$s KmofUm CÝhmoZo H$s Wr & Bg XwK©Q>Zm H$s N>mZ~rZ H$aZo H$s KmofUm H$s Wr & VWm gaH$ma H$s Amoa go Am¡a
^r A{YH$ ghm`Vm XoZo H$m dmXm {H$`m Wm &
4)
E. ìhr. EM H§$nZr _| AmJOZr - hbH$Uu XwK©Q>Zm d¥Îmm§V boIZ
M§XJS> 25 : M§XJS> Vhgrb Ho$ hbH$Uu Jm±d Ho$ ZOXrH$ E.ìhr.EM H§$nZr _| ^rfU AmJ bJZo go
H$amoS>m| H$m ZwH$gmZ hþAm h¢ & gyÌm| Ho$ AZwgma nVm Mbm {H$ E. ìhr. EM H§$nZr _| Ama§^ _| ñQ>rb ~ZmZo H$m H$m_
hmoJm Eogm H$hH$a g^r _wÔm| Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$mZyZ Ed§ n«emgZ H$s AZw_{V ^r br Wr & Ho$db Xmo hr dfm} _| 82 EH$S>
O_rZ H$s E[a`m _| \¡$br H§$nZr ~mX _| H$mobVma H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo bJr& n«ma§^ _| Vmo ñQ>rb H$m CËnmXZ ~mX _|
H$mobVma H$m {Z_m©U `h JwpËW {H$gr H$s g_P _| ^r Zht AmB© & M§XJS> Ed§ Amgnmg H$s ^y{_ n«H¥${V H$m EH$ gw§Xa
Ed§ gOrd {MÌ H$hbmVm h¡ Ÿ& `h àmoOoŠQ> n`m©daU Ho$ {bE IVao H$m {ZemZ ~Z J`m Wm& O¡go hr H§$nZr Ho$ X²dmam
H$mobVma H$m {Z_m©U Omoa - Omoa go hmoZo bJm, `hm± ñWm{Z` BbmHo$ _| bmoJm| Ho$ ñdmñW Ed§ `hm± Ho$ H$mOw, JÞm Am{X
H$s \$gb na J§^ra Aga hmoZo H$s ñm§^mdZm n¡Xm hmo JB© Wr& _hmamï´> n«XwfU _§S>b H$s Amoa go O~ H§$nZr go
{ZH$bZodmbo YwE± H$s Om±M H$s JB©, V~ H§$nZr go {ZH$bZodmbo YwE± _| Hw$N> Oharbr J¡g H$s _mÌm Wr, {OgHo$
n[aUm_ñdê$n `hm± H$s gw§Xa n«H¥${V Ed§ noS>-nm¡Y| VWm _mZdr OrdZ Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ Wr& H§$nZr Ho$ n«emgZ Ho$
nmg ñWmZr` bmoJ Ed§ ZoVmAm| Zo H$B© ~ma _mZdr OrdZ Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ ~VmH$a H§$nZr H$m CËnmXZ ~§X H$aZo H$m
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114
{ZdoXZ g¢H$S>mo ~ma {X`m Wm Ÿ& na H§$nZrdmbm| Zo AZgwZr H$a Xr & H§$nZr H$mo ~§X H$aZo H$s {~ZVr H$aZo Ho$ {bE
g_mOgwYmaH$, ZoVmAm|, ñHy$b H$m°boO Ho$ AÜ`mnH$m| Ed§ N>mÌm| Zo _moM} {ZH$mb|, _yH$ _moM} {ZH$mb|, H±$S>b _mM©
{ZH$mbo JE Wo & OZAm§XmobZ ^r {H$E Wo & gaH$ma H$^r H§$nZr H$mo ñQo> Am°S©>a XoVr, Vmo H$^r H§$nZr Mmby H$aZo H$m
AmXoe XoVr & Eogm H$aVo H$aVo OZ Am§XmobZ Zo EH$ ì`mnH$ ê$n YmaU H$a {b`m & OZ Am§XmobZ, _moM} Am{X H$m
Aga Z hmoZona VWm H§$nZr Ho$ A{YH$m[a`m| H$s Aghmæ`Vm XoIH$a bmoJ AnZo Amn H$mo amoH$ Zht nm`o & bmoJm|o H$s
~¡R>H$Zo {damQ> ê$n bo {b`m & {Og_o§ bmoJ ~S>r g§»`m _| Wo & Cg {XZ ^r bmoJm| Zo AnZm H$hZm H§$nZrdmbm| Ho$ gm_Zo
aIm Wm Ÿ& na H$moB© Aga Zht hwAm & V~ ^rS> Zo nmQ>Uo Mm¡amho Ho$ nmg H§$nZr H$s Xmo Jm{S>`m± Ed nw{bg H$s EH$ JmS>r
Obm Xr & H$B© _moQ>agmB{H$b| ObmB© & BVZm hr Zht ^rS> H$m ñdê$n CJ« hmoZo Ho$ ~mX, CÝhmoZo H§$nZr H$m Am°{\$g,
{H$_Vr gm_mZ, _erÝg, g§JUH$, Qo>{bpìhOZ, gmB{H$b| Ed§ AÝ` gm_mZ ObmZm ewê$ {H$`m & H§$nZr Ho$ H$_©Mmar
~oMmao OmZ ~MmH$a ^mJo & bmoJmo Zo Am§XmobZ H$mo Vrd« ~ZmVo hwE H§$nZr H$s ha EH$ MrO ObmH$a Hw$N> MrOm| H$mo
VmoS>Zm ^r ewê$ {H$`m Wm & nyar H$s nyar H§$nZr H$mo AmJ bJmH$a ^rS> Zo AnZm ApñVËd {XIm`m &
4.5
ñd`§ - AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE n«íZ
A)
{ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE {dH$ënm| _| go ghr {dH$ën MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IE &
1)
AZoH$ ì`pŠV`m| H$s A{^ê${M {Og gm_{`H$ ~mV go hmoVr h¡, dh g_mMma h¡ Eogm ......... Zo H$hm h¡
&
H$) Om°O©. EM. _m¡[ag
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I) Om°O©. EM. _m¡[ag
J) ñnoÝga
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I) nÌH$m[aVm
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K) H$bm
J) Xmo
K) Mma
g_mMma boIZ {d{Y Ho$ VËd ........... h¢ &
H$) nm±M
5)
K) ñnoÝga
d¥Îmm§V boIZ ................. joÌ _| AmVm h¡ &
H$) {dkmZ
4)
J) n«mo {~bmS©> ãbo`a
g_mMma OëXr _| {bIm J`m B{Vhmg h¡, Eogm ............... Zo H$hm h¡ &
H$) boXadyS>
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I) boXadyS>
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g_mMma _| {H$nqbJ Zo ............. VËd A{Zdm`© _mZm h¡ &
H$) Xmo
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{ZåZ{b{IV n«íZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ - EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE &
1)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ AÝ` Zm_ H$m¡Z go h¡§ ?
2)
g_mMma H$mo A§J«Or _o§ Š`m Zm_ h¡§ ?
K) N>
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115
3)
g_mMma boIZ Ho$ VrZ JwU H$m¡Zgo h¡§ ?
4)
n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXm Ho$ Xmo n«H$ma H$m¡Zgo h§¡ ?
5)
g_mMma nT>Vo g_` g~go nhbo {H$g na ZOa OmVr h¡ ?
4.6
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
gm_{`H$
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Am_wI
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A{^bmfm, BÀN>m
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4.7
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ n«íZm| Ho$ CÎma
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1. n«mo. {~bmS©> ãbo`a
2. Om°O©. EM. _m¡[ag
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Am)
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d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ AÝ` Zm_-[anmoVm©O Am¡a g_mMma boIZ h¡ &
2)
g_mMma H$mo A§J«oOr _§ "Ý`yO' H$hVo h¡ &
3)
g_mMma boIZ Ho$ VrZ JwU - gË`Vm, amoMH$Vm, g§{jáVm h¢ &
4)
AmnXm Ho$ Xmo n«H$ma h¢ ŸŸ& n«mH¥${VH$ Ed§ _mZd{Z{_©V &
5)
g_mMma nT>Vo g_` g~go nhbo erf©H$ na ZOa OmVr h¡ &
4.8
gmam§e
1)
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ' Ho$ AÝ` Zm_ g_mMma boIZ Am¡a [anmoVm©O h¡ & "d¥Îmm§V boIZ' H$bm joÌ _| AmVm h¡ &
{d{^Þ joÌm|, ñWmZm| Ed§ {df`m| H$s J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo g§jon _| Am¡a n«^mdembr T§>J go nmR>H$m| VH$ nhw±MmZm
d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$m H$m`© h¡ &
2)
A§J«oOr Ho$ 'NEWS' eãX H$m n`m©`r eãX g_mMma h¡, {OgH$m VmËn`© Mma {XemE± , Am{X H$mo gy{MV
H$aVm h¡ &
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116
3)
{H$nqbJ Zm_H$ nmíMmË` nÌH$ma Zo "d¥Îmm§V boIZ' _| N:> VËdm| H$m g_mdoe A{Zdm`© _mZm h¡ Ÿ& O¡go (Š`m), (H$hm±), (H$~), (H$m¡Z), (Š`m|) Am¡a (H¡$go)
4)
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ {dYr' _| erf©H$, Am_wI Am¡a {ddaU H$m _hËd ahVm h¡ &
5)
A_o[aH$Z nÌH$ma Omogo\$ Zo d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$s `WmW©Vm, g§{jáVVm Am¡a amoMH$Vm `| VrZ JwU ~VmE± h§¡ &
6)
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ' H$B© n«H$ma go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡, O¡go _hm{dÚmb` _| hmoZodmbo {d{^Þ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m,
g_mO _| hmoZodmbr J{V{d{Y`m| H$m, gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh, n«mH¥${VH$ AmnXmE± Am¡a XwK©Q>ZmAm| H$m &
4.9
ñdmÜ`m`
1)
d¥Îmm§V boIZ Ho$ {d{dY gmonmZm| na n«H$me S>m{bE &
2)
"d¥Îmm§V boIZ' H$s n[a^mfm, ñdê$n Ed§ VËdm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OE &
3)
Amn Ho$ _hm{dÚmb` _| Am`mo{OV "qhXr {XZ g_mamoh' H$m d¥Îmm§VboIZ H$s{OE &
4.10 jo{Ì` H$m`©
1)
{H$gr gm_m{OH$ g_mamoh Ho$ d¥Îmm§V boIZ H$m g§H$bZ H$s{OE &
2)
{H$gr XwK©Q>Zm H$m d¥Îmm§V boIZ {H${OE &
4.11 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1)
n«`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$n - S>m°. amOoÝÐ {_l, amHo$e e_m©
2)
n«`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr - S>m°. bú_rH$m§V nm§So>`, S>m°. n«{_bm AdñWr
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g§X^© J«§W gyMr
1)
n«`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr Ho$ {d{dY ê$n
-
S>m°. amOoÝÐ {_l, amHo$e e_m©
2)
n«`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr
-
S>m°. bú_rH$m§V nm§So>`, S>m°. n«{_bm AdñWr
3)
n«`moOZ_ybH$ qhXr
-
hare
4)
ì`mdhm[aH$ _amR>r
-
S>m°. b. am. Z{gam~mXH$a
5)
A{Zdm`© _amR>r
-
g§nmXH$ n«m. Om°ÝgZ ~moO}g
6)
ì`mdhm[aH$ _amR>r
-
g§nmXH$ S>m°.ñZohb Vmdao
7)
E_. nr. Eg. gr _amR>r (_oZ)
-
gm¡. {dO`m Xod
8)
ì`mdhm[aH$ _amR>r
-
S>m°. H$ë`mU H$mio, XÎmmÌ` nw§So>
9)
ì`mdhm[aH$ _amR>r
-
S>m°. b. am. Z{gam~mXH$a
❁❁❁
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118