{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
_hmamîQ´>
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg
(gZ 2000 B©. VH$)
~r. E. ^mJ-3 qhXr
gÌ-5 nona 9
BH$mB©
1
Am{XH$mb
AZwH«$_
1.1 CX²Xoí`
1.2 àñVmdZm
1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ
1.3.1 - Am{XH$mb H$m Zm_H$aU Am¡a gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m± Ÿ&
1.3.2 - Am{XH$mb H$s amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m± Ÿ&
1.3.4 - Am{XH$mb H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZmE± :
n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ed§ ~rgbXod amgmo H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Ÿ&
1.4 ñd`§ - AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.6 ñd`§ - AÜ``Z àíZm§o Ho$ CÎma
1.7 gmam§e
1.8 ñdmÜ`m`
1.9 joÌr` H$m`©
1.10 A{V[aº$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CX²Xoí` Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn
1. {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Am{XH$mb Am¡a CgHo$ Zm_H$aU H$s g_ñ`m go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
2. Am{XH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ VWm amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m± H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
3. Am{XH$mb H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZmE±, n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ed§ ~rgbXod amgmo Ho$ gm_mÝ` n[aM` go
n[a{MV hm|Jo &
1
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 1
1.2
àñVmdZm {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Am{XH$mb Ho$ H$mb-{ZYm©aU Am¡a Zm_H$aU H$s g_ñ`m {hÝXr gm{hË`mo{Vhmg H$s EH$
Ádb§V g_ñ`m h¡ Ÿ& A^r VH$ Bg g_ñ`m H$m ghr g_mYmZ Zhr hmo nm`m h¡ Ÿ& {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ aMZm-H$mb
H$mo {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m Am{XH$mb H$hm h¡ Ÿ& g§. 1000 Ho$ Amgnmg {hÝXr ^mfm VWm AÝ` ^maVr` Am`©^mfmAm|
H$m àma§^ hþAm Ÿ& àma§^ _| ^mfm H$m ñdê$n ñnï> Zht Wm Ÿ& {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ àma§^ Ho$ g§~§Y _| _V^oX h¢, {\$a
^r gm_mÝ`V: g§. 1050 go. g§. 1375 VH$ Ho$ H$mbI§S> H$mo "Am{XH$mb" H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AZoH$ {dX²dmZm|
Zo Bg H$mb H$mo AZoH$ Zm_m| go nwH$mam h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$mb _| {gÕ H$mì`Ymam, ZmW H$mì`Ymam, O¡Z H$mì`Ymam,
gm_ÝVr l¥§Jma, dra H$mì`Ymam VWm BZgo gå~pÝYV {d{^Þ H$mì` ê$n Am¡a ê${T>`m| Am{X H$s _hVm ahr
h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r `h H$mb {ddmXmñnX ahm h¡ Ÿ&
àñVwV BH$mB© _| {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ Am{XH$mb dmbo A§e na {dñVma go {dMma H$aVo g_`
Am{XH$mb H$m H$mb{d^mOZ, Zm_H$aU, Am{XH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m±, Am{XH$mbrZ
amgmo gm{hË` H$m gm_mÝ` n[apñW{V`m±, Am{XH$mbrZ amgmo gm{hË` H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Am{X na {dñVma go
MMm© H$a|Jo Ÿ&
1.3 {df` - {ddoMZ 1.3.1
Am{XH$mb H$m Zm_H$aU Am¡a gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V Ÿ&
Am{XH$mb H$m Zm_H$aU Am¡a CgH$s gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V Bg àH$ma h¡ 1.3.1.1 Am{XH$mb H$m H$mb -{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ àma§{^H$ boIH$m| _| EH$ {dXoer \o«§$M {dX²dmZ Jmgm©-X-Vmgr h¡ Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo
{hÝXr gm{hË` H$m H$mb {d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU H$m H$moB© à`mg Zht {H$`m Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX {edqgh g|Ja Zo {hÝXr
gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg {bIm bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo ^r H$mb H$mb - {d^mOZ Ed§ Zm_H$aU H$s Amoa Ü`mZ Zhr {X`m
Ÿ& {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m gd©àW_ H$mb{d^mOZ H$m à`mg OmO© {J«`g©Z Zo {H$`m Ÿ& CZH$m H$mb - {d^mOZ Bg
Vah H$m Wm - O¡go.
1. MmaUH$mb - 700-1300 B©. Ÿ&
2. nÝÐhdr eVr H$m Ym{_©H$ nwZOm©JaU Ÿ&
3. Om`gr H$s ào_ H${dVm Ÿ&
4. ~«O H$m H¥$îU gåàXm` Ÿ&
5. _wJb Xa~ma Ÿ&
6. VwbgrXmg
7. ar{V H$mì` Ÿ&
8. VwbgrXmg Ho$ AÝ` nadVu Ÿ&
2
9.
AQ²>R>mahdt eVmãXr Ÿ&
10. H$ånZr Ho$ emgZ _| {hÝXwñVmZ Ÿ&
11. {dŠQ>mo[a`m Ho$ emgZ _| {hÝXwñVmZ Ÿ&
Cn`w©º$ {ddaU go ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ `h H$mb {d^mOZ Z hmoH$a gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ {^Þ-{^Þ AÜ`m`m|
H$m Zm_H$aU h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE BZH$m H$mb{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU d¡km{ZH$ Zht h¡ Ÿ&
OmO© {J«`g©Z Ho$ ~mX {_l~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZr nwñVH$ "{_l-~ÝYw{dZmoX" _| H$mb {d^mOZ H$m à`mg {H$`m
Omo BgàH$ma h¡ 1. Amapå^H$ H$mb - 1. nydm©apå^H$ H$mb - 700 go 1343 B©.
2. CÎmampå^H$ H$mb - 1300 go 1444 B©.
2. _mÜ`{_H$ H$mb - 1. nyd© _mÜ`{_H$$ H$mb - 1445 go 1560 B©.
2. àm¡T> _mÜ`{_H$ H$mb - 1561 go 1680 B©.
3. Ab§H¥$V H$mb - 1. nydm©b§H¥$V H$mb - 1681 go 1790 B©.
2. CÎmamb§H¥$V H$mb - 1791 go 1889 B©.
4. n[adV©Z H$mb - 1890 go 1925 B©.
5. dV©_mZ H$mb - 1926 go AÚmd{Y &
BZH$m H$mb{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm_H$aU {Z:g§Xoh {J«`g©Z H$s Anojm àm¡T> h¡ {H$ÝVw d¡km{ZH$ Am¡a VH©$g§JV Zht
h¡& AV: AmJo MbH$a B{VhmgH$mam| Zo Bgo ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m &
H$mb {d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU H$m g~go _m¡{bH$ à`mg Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo {H$`m& CÝhmo§Zo AnZo "{hÝXr
gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg' _| H$mb-{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU H$mo àñVwV {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo àË`oH$ H$mbI§S> H$mo Xmo-Xmo
Zm_ {XE h¢& EH$ _mZd _Zmo{dkmZ na AmYm[aV h¡ Vmo Xÿgam Zm_ gm{hË` H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma na& Am.
ewŠb H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU Bg àH$ma h¡ {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg
Am{XH$mb
(draJmWm H$mb)
g§. 1050 go
g§. 1375 VH$
nyd© _Ü`H$mb
(^pŠVH$mb)
g§. 1375 go
g§. 1700 VH$
Ama_Ü`H$mb
(ar{VH$mb)
g§. 1700 go
g§. 1900 VH$
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb
(JX²`H$mb)
g§. 1900 go
AmO VH$
Am. am_M§Ð ewŠbOr H$m `h H$m-{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU {hÝXr gm{hË` _| gd©_mÝ` h¡& AZoH$
B{VhmgH$mamo§ Zo Bgo WmoS>m n[adV©Z H$aHo$ Bgo hr ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& Bg àH$ma {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg _|
Am{XH$mb, ^pŠVH$mb, ar{VH$mb Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H$mb `o Mma H$mbI§S> gd©_mÝ` h¢&
3
1.3.1.2
Am{XH$mb H$m Zm_H$aU :
gm_mÝ`V: gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ H¥${V, H$Vm©, nÕ{V Am¡a {df` H$s Ñ{ï> go H$a
{b`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r Zm_H$aU Ho$ {H$gr R>mog AmYma Ho$ CnbãY Z hmoZo na CgH$mb Ho$ {H$gr AË`§V
à^mdembr gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ Zm_ na `m H$^r gm{hË` g¥OZ H$s à_wI e¡{b`m| Ho$ AmYma na BgHo$ A{V[aŠV
H$^r-H$^r _mZd _Zmo{dkmZ Am¡a VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s {H$gr à_wI àd¥{Îm H$mo Zm_H$aU H$m AmYma ~Zm
{b`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Am{XH$mb Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s g_ñ`m {ddmXmñnX h¡Ÿ& Xgdr go Mm¡Xhdt
eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ gm{hË` H$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {ddoMZ H$aVo hþE {dX²dmZ AmbmoMH$m| Zo Bg H$mb H$mo {d{dY
Zm_m| go nwH$mam h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| {d{dY n«d¥{Îm`m| H$m gm{hË` {bIm J`mŸ& Cg g_` {hÝXr ^mfm H$m ñdê$n
ñnï> Am¡a {ZpíMV Zht WmŸ& AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Bg H$mb H$mo AbJ-AbJ Zm_m| go nwH$mam h¡Ÿ& AmO ^r
Am{XH$mb Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s g_ñ`m {ddmXmñnX ~Zr hþB© h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: g§. 1050 go g§. 1375 VH$ Ho$
H$mbI§S> H$mo "Am{XH$mb' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Zm_ Bg àH$ma go h¢ 1.
draJmWmH$mb : Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb
AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo Bg H$mì` H$mo draJmWmH$mb Bg Zm_ go nwH$mam h¡Ÿ&
AmYma :
Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo AnZo {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Bg H$mì` H$mo draJmWm H$mì` H$hm h¡,
Š`m|{H$ CŠV H$mì` Ho$ ^rVa Xmo àH$ma H$s aMZmE± {_bVr h¢ - An^«§e H$s Am¡a Xoe^mfm (~mobMmb) H$sŸ&
An^«§e H$s nwñVH$m| _| H$B© Vmo O¡Zm| Ho$ Y_©-VÎd-{ZénU g§~§Yr Omo gm{hË` H$s H$mo{Q> _| Zht AmVr Am¡a
{OZH$m CëboI Ho$db `h {XImZo Ho$ {bE hr {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ An^«§e ^mfm H$m ì`dhma H$~ go hmo ahm
WmŸ& gm{hË` H$s H$mo{Q> _| AmZo dmbr aMZmAm| _| Hw$N> Vmo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ {df`m| na \w$Q>H$b Xmoh| h¢ {OZHo$
AZwgma Cg H$mb H$s H$moB© {deof àd¥{Îm {ZYm©[aV Zht H$s Om gH$VrŸ& gm{hpË`H$ nwñVH|$ Ho$db Mma h¢ 1.
{dO`nmb amgmo
3.
H$s{V©bVm
2.
hå_ra amgmo
4.
H$s{V©nVmH$m
Xoe ^mfm H$s AmR> nwñVH|$ à{gÕ h¢ 5.
Iw_mZ amgmo
9.
O`_`§H$-Og-M§{ÐH$m
6.
~rgbXod amgmo
10.
na_mb amgmo (Amëhm H$m _ybê$n)
7.
n¥ÏdramO amgmo
11.
Iwgamo H$s nho{b`m± Am{X
8.
O`M§X àH$me
12.
{dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr
4
BZ ~mah nwñVH$m| _| go A§{V_ Xmo VWm ~rgbXod amgmo H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a eof g~ J«§W draJmWmË_H$ hr h¢Ÿ&
AV: Bgr AmYma na Am{XH$mb H$m Zm_ "draJmWmH$mb' hr aIm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ewŠb Or Zo Bgr Zm_ go
nwH$mam h¡Ÿ&
g_rjm :
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Bg Zm_H$aU H$s MMm© A{YH$ ahrŸ& ewŠb Or H$m `h Zm_H$aU VH©$g§JV
Zht h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo {OZ 12 J«ÝWm| H$mo Am{XH$mb Ho$ bjU {ZénU Ed§ Zm_H$aU Ho$ {bE MwZm VWm CZ J«ÝWm§o
_| draJmWmAm| H$s à_wIVm {XIbmB©, CZ_| go A{YH$m§e J«ÝW gmpÝX½Y Ed§ Aàm_m{UH$ h¢Ÿ& Hw$N> J«§W Zmo{Q>g
_mÌ h¢Ÿ& BVZm Oéa H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$, Bg H$mb H$s gm_ÝVr aMZmAm| _| draËd H$m ~‹S>m AmoOñdr ñda
gwZmB© n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ Ho$ H$mì` _| EH$ gmW AZoH$ àd¥{Îm`m± MbVr ahrŸ& AWm©V ewŠb Or H$m `h
Zm_H$aU C{MV Zhr§ h¡Ÿ& AÝ` B{VhmgH$mamo| Zo ^r Bg Zm_H$aU H$mo ñdrH$ma Zhr§ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
2.
{gÕ-gm_§V-`wJ : amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z
amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Zo Bg `wJ H$mo "{gÕ-gm_§V-`wJ' Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$mam h¡Ÿ&
AmYma :
amhþb gm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Zo àñVwV H$mb H$mo "{gÕ-gm_§V-`wJ' Ho$ Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo CgH$s
nydm©nma gr_mE§ 8dt eVr go 13dt eVr VH$ {ZYm©[aV H$s h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Bg `wJ H$s gm{hË`-gm_J«r H$m {ddoMZ
H$aHo$ CZ_| Xmo àd¥{Îm`m| H$s à_wIVm XoIH$a Bg `wJ H$m Zm_H$aU "{gÕ-gm_§V-`wJ' H$hm h¡Ÿ& O¡go - {gÕm|
H$s dmUr Am¡a gm_§Vm| H$s ñVw{VnaH$ aMZmE±Ÿ& {gÕm| H$s dmUr Ho$ A§VJ©V ~m¡Õ, ZmW {gX²Ym| H$s VWm O¡Z
gmYwAm| H$m Ym{_©H$ gm{hË` AmVm h¡Ÿ& gm_ÝVm| H$s ñVw{VnaH$ aMZmAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V MmaU Om{V do H${d`m|
H$s amOñVw{V naH$ aMZmE± AmVr h¢Ÿ& "gm_ÝV' {Og H$mì` H$m àYmZ Aml`XmVm h¡ Cg_| CgHo$ PyR>o-gÀMo
{dO`m| Am¡a H$pënV-AH${ënV-ào_ àg§Jm| H$m dU©Z AmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| dra Am¡a e¥§Jma XmoZm| agm| H$s
àYmZVm {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ& gmW hr gm_§V eãX go Cg `wJ H$s amOZr{VH$ pñW{V H$m ^r nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ&
g_rjm :
amhþb Or Ho$ Zm_H$aU go _hÎdnyU© O¡Z Am¡a bm¡{H$H$ ag go AZwàm{UV _hÎdnyU© aMZmAm| H$m Hw$N>
^r Am^mg Zht {_bVm, {OZ na ñd`§ amhþb Or Omoa XoZm MmhVo WoŸ& Bg Zm_H$aU go Cg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË`
H$s g_yMr àd¥{Îm`m| H$m ~moY Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& gÝXoeamgH$, {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr BË`m{X AZoH$ aMZmE°§
{OZH$s àd¥{Îm`m| H$m nadVu gm{hË` _| {dH$mg hþAm, Cno{jV ah OmVr h¢Ÿ& Bg Zm_H$maU go Cg H$mb Ho$
gm{hË` H$s g_yMr àd¥{Îm`m| H$m ~moY Zht hmo gH$VmŸ& ^mfmemñÌr` Ñ{ï> go `h Zm_H$aU C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ Cg H$mb H$mo Cn^«§e ^mfm H$m nyU© `m¡dZ H$mb H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg _| {hÝXr H$m H$moB© {ZpíMV
ê$n Zht {_bVmŸ& amhþb Or Zo nwamZr {hÝXr Am¡a An^«§e H$mo EH$ hr _mZm h¡Ÿ& AV: `h Zm_H$aU C{MV
Zht h¡Ÿ&
5
3.
MmaUH$mb : S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m©
S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo Bg H$mb H$mo MmaUH$mb H$hm h¡Ÿ&
AmYma :
S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo Bg H$mb H$s$draJmWmAm| H$m n[aM` XoVo hþ`o Bg H$mb H$mo "MmaUH$mb' H$hm
h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Bg `wJ Ho$ A{YH$m§e H${d MmaU WoŸ& Omo amOmAm| Ho$ Xa~ma _| Am{lV WoŸ& BZ g^r MmaU
H${d`m| Zo AnZo Aml`XmVmAm| H$s IwbH$a ñVw{V H$s h¡Ÿ& `h `wJ gm_§Vm| H$m `wJ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE
Bg `wJ H$mo "MmaUH$mb' H$hm J`mŸ&
g_rjm :
S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Or H$m {X`m hþAm Zm_H$aU nyU© ê$n go VH©$g§JV Zht h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ BgH$mb Ho$
gm{hË` _| MmaU àd¥{Îm Am§{eH$ ê$n go {XIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| EH$ gmW AZoH$ àd¥{Îm`m± MbVr
ahr, Bg{bE MmaUàd¥{Îm Bg gm{hË` H$s à_wI n«d¥{Îm Zht h¡Ÿ& `h XoIH$a AÝ` {dX²dmZm| Zo ^r Bg Zm_H$aU
H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AV: `h Zm_H$aU ^r C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ&
4.
~rOdnZH$mb : Am. _hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr
Am. _hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr Or Zo {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$m bjU-{ddoMZ H$aHo$ BgH$m Zm_
"~rO-dnZ-H$mb' aIm h¡Ÿ&
AmYma :
Bg `wJ _| {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ ~rO ~moE J`o WoŸ& Bg `wJ _| {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ g^r àH$ma H$s$àd¥{Îm`mo§
H$m ~rOdnZ hþAm WmŸ& BZ g^r H$m bjU-{ddoMZ H$aHo$ Bg `wJ H$mo "~rOdnZH$mb' H$hm J`mŸ&
g_rjm :
Am. _hmdra àgmX X²{ddoXr Or H$m `h Zm_H$aU nyU©V: VH©$ g§JV Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m|
H$s Ñ{ï> go Bgo CŠV Zm_ go nwH$maZm Ag§JV h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mb _| àm`: AnZo nyd©dVu gm{hË` H$s g^r H$mì`
é[‹T`m| Am¡a naånamAm| H$m g\$bVmnyd©H$ {Zdm©h hþAm h¡Ÿ& gmW hr gmW Hw$N> ZdrZ gm{hpË`H$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$m
^r CX²^d hþAm h¡Ÿ& Omo AnZo g_w{MV {dH$mg ê$n _| XoIZo {_bVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go - g§Xoe amgH$, T>mobm _mê$ am
Xyhm, ~rgbXod amgmo Am{X bm¡{H$H$ ào_-H$Wm-H$mì`, ZmW-{gÕm| H$s ~m{Z`m±, O¡Z-H${d`m| Ho$ \$mJ, amg,
MM©hr, M[aV, nwamU, H$mì`, "nmH¥$V n¢Jb_' Ho nÚ, H$s{V©bVm, H$s{V©nVmH$m, CpŠV-ì`pŠV-àH$aU, dU©
aËZmH$a Am{X H$mì`-J«§W EH$ gmW {ddo{MV hþEŸ& `h ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r gm{hË` ~rO
ê$n _| Zht hmoVmŸ& AV: `h Zm_H$aU ^r C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ&
6
5.
Am{XH$mb :
g~go nhbo {_l~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZo "{_l~ÝYw {dZmoX' Zm_H$ J«§W _| B©.g. 643 go B©.g. 1387 VH$ Ho$
H$mbIÊS> H$mo Am{XH$mb Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$mam h¡Ÿ& ~mX _| AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo Bgo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
BgHo$ ~mX Am. hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Zo ^r ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmO A{YH$m§e {dX²dmZ Bg Zm_H$aU H$mo
hr C{MV _mZVo h¢Ÿ&
AmYma :
Am{XH$mb `h Zm_H$aU _mZd _Zmo{dkmZ na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& _mZd _Zmo{dkmZ {H$gr ^r H$mbI§S> H$mo
VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$aVm h¡ - Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a AÝV `m AmYw{ZH$Ÿ&
g_rjm :
AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Bg H$mbI§S> Ho$ gm{hË` H$m {ddoMZ H$aHo$ Bg H$mbI§S> Ho$ "Am{XH$mb' Bg Zm_
H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Am. hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Ho$ AZwgma Bg `wJ H$m gm{hË` AÝV{d©amoYm| H$m gm{hË`
WmŸ& Bg{bE {H$gr EH$ àd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma na Cg `wJ H$m Zm_H$aU Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ& Am{XH$mb hr
Zm_H$aU Cn`wŠV h¡Ÿ& gmW hr {dH$mg H«$_ H$s Ñ{ï> go Bg H$mì` H$mo Am{XH$mb H$hZm hr g_w{MV h¡Ÿ& Bg
`wJ H$s n¥ð>^y{_ ì`mnH$ h¡ Omo Am{XH$mb Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡Ÿ& {Og na AmJo H$m gm{hË` I‹S>m
h¡Ÿ& ^md H$s X¥{ï> go nadVu gm{hË` H$s g^r àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ ~rO Bg `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` _| {_bV| h¢Ÿ& gmW hr
{hÝXr Ho$ Am{X ê$n Ho$ Xe©Z ^r hmoVo h¢Ÿ& "Am{XH$mb' Zm_ Ho$ àñVmoVmAm| Am¡a à{VnmXH$m|| _| S>m°. hOmar
àgmX {ÛdoXr, S>m°. {dídZmW àgmX {_l àd¥{Îm {dX²dmZ h¢Ÿ& AV: "Am{XH$mb' `h Zm_ hr `mo½`, C{MV
Ed§ gd©_mÝ` Am¡a gd© g§_V h¡Ÿ&
1.3.1.2
Am{XH$mb H$s gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V
àË`oH$ `wJ H$m gm{hË` AnZr `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$s D$nO hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU `h h¡ {H$ do CgHo$
{Z_m©U _| àoaH$ VËdm| H$m H$m_ XoVr h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r gm{hË`H$ma CZgo Aà^m{dV Zht ah gH$VmŸ& \$bñdê$n
do CgHo$ gm{hË` _| à{V\${bV hmo CR>Vr h¢Ÿ& AV: {H$gr ^r H$mb Ho$ gm{hË` Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AZwerbZ Ho$
{bE VX²`wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m kmZ Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& `wJrZ nr{R>H$m H$m {Z_m©U VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, Ym{_©H$,
gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ n[apñW{V`m| go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AV: {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ AZwerbZ Ho$ {bE
^r CgH$m kmZ hmoZm Oéar h¡Ÿ&
gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V :
{Og `wJ _| Y_© Am¡a amOZr{VH$ H$s XrZ-hrZ Xem hmo, Cg `wJ _| CÀM gm_m{OH$Vm H$s Amem Zht
H$s Om gH$VrŸ& amOZr{VH$ H$s Ñ{ï> go Aì`dñWm Vmo Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na AY_© \¡$bm WmŸ& gm_mÝ` OZVm `wÕm|
_| nrg ahr WrŸ& OZVm Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> _| WrŸ&
7
1.
Om{V-ì`dñWm :
Bg `wJ _| Om{V ì`dñWm Ho$ ~§YZ H$R>moa ~Z J`o WoŸ& A~ Om{V JwU Am¡a H$_© Ho$ AmYma na Z hmoH$a
dJ© Ho$ AmYma na _mZr OmZr bJr WrŸ& EH$ Om{V H$s AZoH$ CnOm{V`m± hmoZo bJr WrŸ& Nw>AmNy>V Ho$ {Z`_
H$‹S>o hmoVo J`oŸ& ~«mh_U Am¡a j{Ì` XmoZm| hr CnOm{V`m| _| ~°§Q>Vo Mbo Om aho WoŸ& {hÝXy Om{V H$s nmMZ epŠV
H$m àm`: èhmg hmo MwH$m WmŸ& {hÝXwAm| H$mo Bg ~mV H$s BÀN>m Zht hmoVr Wr [H$ Omo dñVw EH$ ~ma ^«ï> hmo
JB© h¡ Cgo ewÕ H$aHo$ {\$a bo boŸ& Cg g_` é[‹T J«ñV Y_© Ho$ g_mZ g_mO ^r é[‹T J«ñV hmo MwH$m WmŸ&
amOnyV Om{V H$m Aä`wX` Bg H$mb H$s _hmZ KQ>Zm h¡Ÿ& do 36 Hw$bm| _| ~±Q> J`o WoŸ& ~«h²_Um|-j{Ì`m| H$m
à^md d¡í` Am¡a eyÐm| na n‹S>Zm A{Zdm`© Wm, AV: do ^r Am¡a CnOm{V`m| _| {d^m{OV hmo JEŸ& d¡í`m| Zo
H¥${f Ë`mJ H$a dm{UÁ` H$mo à_wI ì`dgm` ~Zm {b`mŸ& eyÐm| H$mo g_mO _o§ {deofm{YH$ma àmßV Z WoŸ& CZH$m
OrdZ na godm Ho$ {bE hr WmŸ& D$na CR>Zo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ nmg H$moB© gmYZ Z WmŸ&
2.
é[‹‹TJ«ñV g_mO :
Am{XH$mb Ho$ é[‹TJ«ñV Y_© Ho$ g_mZ g_mO ^r é[‹‹TJ«ñV hmo MwH$m WmŸ& Cg `wJ _| gm_mÝVr draVm
Am¡a d§e-Hw$brZVm H$m ~mob~mbm WmŸ& amOnyV Om{V draVm Am¡a AmË_moËgJ© Ho$ {bE à{gÕ WrŸ& amOnyV
Zm[a`m§ ^r nrN>o Zhr Wr, Cg g_` Om¡ha CZHo$ AmË_-~{bXmZ Am¡a em¡`© H$m àVrH$ WmŸ& Cg g_` ñd§`a
àWm EH$ AÝ` gm_m{OH$ {deofVm WrŸ& _wpñb_ AmH«$_Um| H$s dOh go ~mb{ddmh Am¡a nXm© nÕ{V H$s àWm
^r àM{bV hmo JB© WrŸ& amOm {dbmgr Ed§ ~hþnËZrËd WoŸ& Bgr H$maU CZHo$ CÎmaA{YH$mar ^r ~hþnËZrËd
WoŸ& Cg `wJ H$m g_mO Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| go ^«ï> hmo J`m WmŸ&
3.
amOm, gm_§V Am¡a gm_mÝ` OZVm :
Am{XH$mb H$m `wJ amOmAm| Am¡a gm_§Vmo§ H$m `wJ WmŸ& Cg `wJ Ho$ amOmAm| H$m OrdZ {dbmg_` WmŸ&
Eoíd`©{^^yV Z¥n{V dJ© H$m A{YH$m§e g_` AÝV:nwa _| AnZr _{h{f`m|, CnnpËZ`m| VWm a{jVmAm| Ho$ gmW
a§Ja{b`m| _| ~rVVm WmŸ& amOm ~hþnËZrH$ WoŸ& ñd`§da O¡go Ym{_©H$ H¥$Ë`m| na IyZ H$s Z{X`m± ~h Om`m H$aVr
WrŸ& Mmam| Amoa `wÕm| H$m dmVmdaU WmŸ& gm_mÝ` OZVm _| _Zmo~b H$s H$_r WrŸ& qhXy g_mO OÝ_JV,
ñWmZJV, ì`dgm`JV, gåàXm`JV Am¡a d§eJV Om{V`m| Ed§ CnOm{V`m| _| ~±Q> J`m WmŸ& {Oggo nañna
g§JR>Z Ed§ ghmZw^y{V H$m Adga CËnÝZ Zht hmo nmVm WmŸ& ha Va\$ `wÕm| H$m dmVmdaU WmŸ&
4.
Zmar Ho$ à{V Ñ{ï>H$moU :
Bg `wJ _| Zmar H$s AmdñWm ~hþV hr {~H$Q> WrŸ& CgHo$ à{V g_mO _| CXmÎm Ñ{ï>H$moU Zht WmŸ& Zmar
H$mo {g\©$ ^moJ H$m gmYZ g_Pm OmVm WmŸ& Cg `wJ _| ~mb{ddmh, nXm©nÕV, VWm gVr àWm H$m ^r
~mob~mbm WmŸ& Zmar H$mo H$moB© gm_m{OH$ _hÎd Zht WmŸ& Cgo {g\©$ ^moJ H$m gmYZ g_Pm OmVm WmŸ& {g\©$
Zmar H$s àmpßV Ho$ {bE AZoH$ amOmAm| _| `wÕ ^r hmoVo WoŸ&
8
5.
{ddmh Ed§ CËgd :
Cg g_` {ddmh bJ^J g^r H$aVo Wo Am¡a J¥hñW Aml_ EH$ Eogo _`m©{XV Aml_ Ho$ ê$n _| _mZm
OmVm Wm {OgHo$ Ûmam AW© Am¡a H$m_ H$s àmpßV hmo gH$Vr WrŸ& ñ_¥{V`m| _| {JZmE JE ~«mh_, X¡d, Amf©,
àmOmnË`, Jm§Yd©, Amgya, {nemM Am¡a amjg `o AmR> àH$ma Ho$ {ddmh g¡ÕmpÝVH$ X¥{ï> go _mÝ` WoŸ& [H$ÝVw
ì`mdhm[aH$ Ñ{ï> go ~«måh {ddmh H$m A{YH$ àMma WmŸ& Vmo {ZåZdU© _| Amgya {ddmh H$s àWm WrŸ& ñd`§da
H$s àWm {g\©$ amOnyVm| VH$ hr gr{_V WrŸ& _w{ñb_m| Ho$ AmH«$_U Ho$ níMmV² ~mb{ddmh H$s àWm ^r é‹T
hmo JB©Ÿ& Cg g_` {dYdm {ddmh H$m {ZfoY WmŸ&
Bg H$mb _| g_mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ dJmoª _|$ {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ CËgdm| Am¡a dñÌm^yfUm| Ho$ à{V ào_ àM{bV
WmŸ& AmIoQ>, _ëb-`wÕ, Kw‹S>gdmar, ÚyV-H«$s‹S>m, g§JrV, Z¥Ë` Am{X _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ gmYZ Wo Am¡a H${d`m| H$m
{deof AmXa WmŸ&
Cn`w©ŠV g§{jßV {ddoMZ go `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ Bg H$mì` _| g§J{R>V gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$s
Amem Zht {H$ Om gH$Vr WrŸ& Ym{_©H$ AamOH$Vm Ho$ ~rM gm_m{OH$ OrdZ AmS>å~anyU© ~ZVm Om ahm WmŸ&
A{YH$m§e j{Ì`m| _| amï´>r` ^mdZm H$m èhmg hmo J`m Wm & g_mO Om{V-nm{V, JmoÌ Am{X Ho$ PJ‹S>o _| n‹S>H$a
EoŠ` H$s ^mdZm ^yb J`m Wm & Bg gm_m{OH$ AdñWm H$m {MÌ VËH$mbrZ {hÝXr gm{hË` _| nyU© ê$n go
{M{ÌV hþAm h¡ &
1.3.2.
Am{XH$mb H$s amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V :
Am{XH$mb H$s amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V Bg àH$ma go h¡ 1) Aì`dñWm Am¡a namO` H$m `wJ :
^maVr` B{Vhmg H$m `h `wJ amOZr{V H$s Ñ{ï> go Aì`dñWm, J¥h-H$bh Am¡a namO` H$m `wJ Wm&
Bg H$mb go ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ OrdZ Ho$ {dl¥§Ib hmoZo H$m B{Vhmg àmaå^ hmoVm h¡ & B©gm H$s gmVdr
AmR>dr eVmãXr go ~mahdr eVmãXr Ho$ amOZr{VH$ KQ>Zm MH«$ Zo {hÝXr gm{hË` H$mo ^mfm Am¡a ^md XmoZm|
hr Ñ{ï>`m| go à^m{dV {H$`m Wm & EH$ Amoa _wgb_mZm| Ho$ AmH«$_U na AmH«$_U hmo aho Wo, Vmo Xÿgar Amoa
Xoe Ho$ Xoer amOo Amng _| b‹S>Vo aho Wo& J¥h-H$bh Ho$ H$maU amOmAm| H$s epŠV Zï> hmo JB© Wr & CÝh|
na{H$`m| go nam{OV hmoZm n‹S>m &
2) H|$Ðr` gÎmm H$m èhmg :
g_«mQ> hf©dY©Z (gZ² 606 go 643) Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ níMmV _mZm| EH$ àH$ma go CÎmar ^maV go H|$Ðr`
gÎmm H$m èhmg hmo J`m Am¡a amOgÎmm nyU© ê$n go S>m±dmS>mob hmo JB© & 9 dr§ eVmãXr _| à{Vhma {_{ha ^moO
Zo Cgo {\$a g_oQ>m Vmo CYa X{jU H$mo amï´Hy$Q>m| Ho$ gm_«mÁ` Zo gå^mb aIm Wm & CYa Aa~ _| Zdmo{XV Bñbm_
Zo A\$Jm{UñWmZ VH$ AnZo n¡a ngmaZo Mmho Cg g_` A\$Jm{UñWmZ ^maV Ho$ A§VJ©V hr Wm & A~ _wpñb_m|
9
Zo qgY H$mo àdoeÛma ~Zm`m Am¡a gZ² 710 - 11 _| g~go nhbo _whå_X {~Z H$m{g_ Ho$ ZoV¥Îd _| qgY na
Ymdm {H$`m & qgY H$m amOm Xm{ha Am¡a CgHo$ ~oQ>o {Vb-{Vb ^y{_ Ho$ {bE b‹S>o bo{H$Z A§V _| CÝh| nam{OV
hmoZm n‹S>m& {\$a 739 B©. _| VËH$mbrZ Aa~ goZmn{V Zo qgY go H$ÀN>, XmpŠIZr _madmS>, CÁO¡Z Am¡a CÎmar
JwOamV H$mo ÜdñV H$a X{jU JwOamV _| àdoe {H$`m& bo{H$Z MmbwŠ` goZmn{V Zo Aa~ goZm H$mo qgY VH$
hr gr{_V aIm & Cg g_` H$pí_a _| g_«mQ> b{bVm{XË` H$m epŠVembr amÁ` Wm &
½`mahdr§ - ~mahdr§ eVmãXr _| {Xëbr _| Vmo_a, AO_oa _| Mm¡hmZ Am¡a H$ÝZm¡O _| JmhS>dmU Ho$
epŠVembr amÁ` ~Zo& Cg g_` ~rgbXod Mm¡hmZ Zo Vmo_am| go {Xëbr bo br Am¡a {h_mb` VH$ AnZo amÁ`
H$m {dñVma {H$`m& Bg Vah VrZm| Amng _| b‹S>Vo aho§ CÝhmoZo H$^r EH${ÌV hmoH$a {dXoer AmH«$_Um| H$m gm_Zm
Zht {H$`m & AV: EH$-EH$ H$aHo$ do nam{OV hmoVo J`o &
3) _h_yX JOZdr Am¡a ehm~wÔrZ Jm¡ar Ho$ AmH«$_U :
_wgb_mZm| Zo qgY H$mo àdoeÛma ~ZmH$a CÎmar ^maV na AmH«$_U H$aHo$ CÎmar ^maV na AnZm H$ãOm
{H$`m& Cg g_` Xoer amOmAm| _| _Zmo~b H$s H$_VaVm Am¡am AnZo amOmAm| Ho$ à{V CXmgrZVm hmoZo H$s dOh
go do {dXoer`m| go haVo Mbo JE& 10 dr§ eVmãXr Ho$ A§V _| JOZr H$m amÁ` _h_yX JOZdt Ho$ hmW _| Am
J`m Wm & CgZo ^maV na AZoH$ ~ma AmH«$_U {H$E Wo& {Oggo CÎmar ^maV nyU© ê$n go CÜdñV hmo MyH$m
Wm& CgZo AnZo amÁ` {dñVma Ho$ {bE gmo_ZmW, H$ÝZm¡O Am¡a H$mqbOa Ho$ g_¥ÜX _§{Xam| _| O_m Anma
YZam{e H$mo byQ>m Wm & ~mX _| JOZr H$m amÁ` emh~moÔrZ Jm¡ar Ho$ hmW _| Am`m& CgZo n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ
na AZoH$ ~ma AmH«$_U {H$E& Jm¡ar H$mo n¥ÏdramO go AZoH$ ~ma nam{OV hmoZm n‹S>m & A§V _| H$ÝZm¡O Ho$ amOm
O`MÝX Ho$ fS²>`§Ì Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n n¥ÏdramO _whå_X Jm¡ar go nam{OV hþAm Am¡a _mam J`m & {\$a H$ÝZm¡O
Am¡a H$mqbOa H$m ^r nVZ hþAm & Am¡a {Xëbr _| VwH$s© gëVZV H$m P§S>m \$haZo bJm & Bg Vah CÎma ^maV
_| _wpñb_m| H$s gVm H$m CX` hþAm &.
5) g§Hw${MV amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm :
Cg `wJ _| amOm AnZo Xg nƒmg Jm§dm| H$mo hr AnZm amï´> g_PVo Wo& CÝhm|Zo ì`mnH$ ê$n _| g_yMo
^maV H$mo AnZm amï´> Zht g_Pm Wm & {hÝXwAm| _| AnZm amÁ` \¡$bmZo H$s bmbgm {b`o AZoH$ dra Wo {H$ÝVw
AmH«$_U Ho$ g_` n‹S>mogr amÁ` go CXmgrZ ahVo Wo & CZ_| g§Hw${MV amï´>r`Vm Wr & Bgr H$maU CÝhm|Zo {dXoer
AmH«$_Um| H$m EH$ hmoH$a gm_Zm Zht {H$`m Wm & g^r amÁ` Ho$ amOm Amng _| b‹S>Vo ah| Am¡a EH$ EH$ H$aHo$
nam[OV hmoVo aho§ & d¡`pŠVH$ draVm hmoVo hþE ^r CÝh| Xÿgam| go nam{OV hmoZm n‹S>m & do `{X gpå_{bV ê$n
go {dXoer AmH«$_Um| H$m gm_Zm H$aVo Vmo {ZpíMV ê$n go ^maV H$m _mZ{MÌ AmO Hw$N> Am¡a hmoVm &
Cn`w©ŠV amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gd}jU Ho$ níMmV `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$, Am{XH$mb H$m `wJ
^maVr` B{Vhmg H$m nVZ H$mb h¡ & Bg `wJ _| nmañn[aH$ \y$Q>, H$bh, {dbm{gVm Ho$ H$maU ^maVr` epŠV
10
ÜdñV hþB© Wr & B©ñbm_ EH$ Amoa Vmo ^oX ^md OO©a ^maV df© _| g_mZVm H$m _ÝÌ boH$a Am`m Am¡a Xÿgar
Amoa H¥$nmU H$s epŠV Am¡a g_mZVm Ho$ _ÝÌ Zo ^maVr` X{bVm| _| D$na CR>Zo H$m g§H$ën CËnÝZ {H$`m& Bgr
dOh go ^r {hÝXÿ gÎmm Yrao Yrao g_mßV hmoH$a _wgb_mZ gÎmm H$m CX` hþAm & Bg `wJ Ho$ amOZr{VH$
n[apñW{V`m| H$m Am{XH$mb Ho$ gm{hË` na à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡ &
1.3.3
Am{XH$mb H$s à{V{Z[Y aMZmE± :
n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ed§ ~rgbXod amgmo H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` &
àñVmdZm :
Am[XH$mb H$m g§H«$_UH$mbrZ gm{hË` {df` dñVwJV ZmZm àd¥{Îm`m| VWm H$mì` ê$nJV gånXm H$s
{d{dY nÜX{V`m| H$s Ñ{ï> go dñVwV: {d{dY_wIr h¡& H$mì` Ed§ {eën{dYmZ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ go Bg H$mb H$m
gm{hË` AnZo g_H$mbrZ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` go {ZíM`V: AmJo ahm h¡& amOñWmZ Ho$ MmaU H${d`m| Zo M[aVoH$mì` {bIo& {OÝh| "draJmWmE±' AWdm "amgm|H$mì`' H$hm J`m & Am{XH$mb Ho$ gm{hË` _| ZmZm gåàXm`JV
Y_© d d¡am½` H$m gm{hË` ^r {bIm J`m & O¡go O¡Z gm{hË`, ZmWgm{hË` Ed§ ~m¡ÜX gm{hË`& Bg `wJ _|
An^«§e ^mfmAm| _| {hÝXr {dH$grV hmo ahr Wr& AV: {hÝXr ^mfm H$m ñdê$n ñnï> Zht Wm& Am{XH$mbrZ
gm{hË` H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZmE± h¢ - n¥ÏdramO amgmo VWm ~rgbXod amgm| & Bg BH$mB© Ho$ A§VJ©V BZ à{V{Z{Y
aMZmAm| H$s {dñVma go MMm© H$a|Jo :1.3.3.1
n¥ÏdramO amgmo :
n¥ÏdramO amgmo EH$ {dembH$m` J«ÝW h¡ & {Og_| _hmH$mì` Ho$ g^r bjU {dÚ_mZ h¢& n¥ÏdaramO amgmo
Am{XH$mb H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZm h¡& H${d M§X~aXm`r H$mo BgH$m aM{`Vm _mZm OmVm h¡& Eogm à{gÜX h¡ {H$
`o n¥ÏdramO Ho$ gmW {d. g§. 1206 _| n¡Xm hþE Wo& `o OJm{V JmoÌ Ho$ ^Q²>Q> ~«m÷U Wo Am¡a BZH$m OÝ_ bmhm¡a
_| hþAm Wm& OmbÝYar BZH$s Bï>Xodr Wr {OZH$s H¥$nm go MÝX AÑí` H$mì` VH$ H$m ^r {Z_m©U H$a gH$Vo
Wo& H${d M§X~aXm`r n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ Ho$ amOH${d, gm_§V Am¡a gIm Wo& n¥ÏdramO Ho$ Xa~mar H${d Wo& XmoZm|
~MnZ go gmW ahVo Wo& H${d M§X~aXm`r Zo hr n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$s aMZm H$s h¡& ~mX _| H${d M§X Am¡a CgH$s
aMZm "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' H$m ApñVËd {ddmXñnX ~Z Jm`m& XoIm Om`o Vmo n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| amï´>r` OrdZ nyU©V:
à{Vq~{~V hmoVm h¡& Bg_| ^maVr` gä`Vm Am¡a g§ñH¥${V Ho$ _yb go n[aM` àmßV hmo OmVm h¡ gmW hr Cg_|
^maVr` OrdZ H$m gma {XImB© XoVm h¡& Bg{bE H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$, VËH$mbrZ amï´>r` AmXem] H$m à{V{Z{YËd
H$aZo H$s Ñ{ï> go "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' EH$ loð> _hmH$mì` _mZm OmVm h¡&
"n¥ÏdramO amgmo' {OVZm A{YH$ _hËdnyU© J«ÝW h¡ CVZm hr CgHo$ g§~§Y _| gÝXoh ^r h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$
KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a {ddaUm|, {V{W`m|, nmR> Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go Cg_| AZoH$ g§{X½Y ñWb h¢ & {\$a ^r H$mì` gm¢X`©
H$s Ñ{ï> go `h AZwn_ H$mì` h¡& g^r AmbmoMH$m| Zo BgHo$ H$mì` gm¢X`© H$s _wŠVH§$R> go àe§gm H$s h¡ &
Bg J«§W Ho$ 60 go ^r A{YH$ g§ñH$aU àmßV hþE h¢& BZ_| go Mma g§ñH$aU {ZåZàH$ma go h¢ 11
1)
~¥hV ê$nm§Va - 16306 N>§X &
2) _Ü`_ ê$nm§Va - 7000 N>§X &
3) bKw ê$nm§Va - 3500 N>§X &
4) bKwÎm_ ê$nm§Va - 1300 N>§X &
n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$m CÕaU H$m`© :
n¥ÏdramO amgm| Ho$ CÕaU H$m`© _| VrZ ì`pŠV`m| H$m Zm_ {b`m OmVm h¡ - 1) Pëba (OëhZ) 2)
MÝXqgh 3) A_aqgh &
1)
Pëba (OëhZ) :
Pëba `m OëhZ H${d M§X~aXm`r H$m nwÌ Wm & JOZr OmVo g_` MÝX AnZo nwÌ OëhZ H$mo amgmo H$mo
nyam H$aZo H$m AmXoe Xo J`o Wo ""nwñVH$ OëhZ hËW X¡ M{b JÁOZ Z¥n H$mO'' & Bg n§pŠV go gm~rV hmoVm h¡ {H$ M§X~aXm`r OëhZ
H$mo amgmo H$mo gånyU© H$aZo H$m AmXoe Xo H$a JOZr Mbo J`o Wo &
2)
MÝXqgh :
amgmo Ho$ bKwê$nm§Va _| "MÝXqgh CÕ[a` h_' `h nmR> CnbãY hmoVm h¡& S>m°. CX`Zmam`U {Vdmar Zo
AnZr nwñVH$ "draH$mì` g§J«h' _| MÝXqgh H$mo _hmamOm _mZqgh Ho$ N>moQ>o ^mB© VWm AH$~a Ho$ goZmn{V
gyaOqgh Ho$ nwÌ H$mo _mZm h¡& Bg àH$ma MÝXqgh _mZqgh H$m ^VrOm Wm& S>m°. {Vdmar Ho$ _VmZwgma n¥ÏdramO
amgmo Ho$ bKw ê$nm§VaH$ma MÝXqgh WoŸ&
3)
A_aqgh :
A_aqgh {ÛVr` amgmo Ho$ CÕ©Vm _mZo OmVo h¢ & BZH$m emgZ H$mb g§. 1775 go 1808 _mZm OmVm
h¡& BgHo$ CÕma H$m`© H$mo à_m{UV H$aZo Ho$ {bE {ZåZ Xmohm CnpñWV {H$`m OmVm h¡ :-
N>ÝX à~ÝY H${dV `{V, gmQ>H$ emh XþhËW &
bKw Jwê$ _§{S>V I§{S> `h qnJb A_a ^aËW &&
Bg àH$ma n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ho$ CÕaU H$m`© _| VrZm| H$m Zm_ {b`m OmVm h¡ &
"n¥ÏdramO amgmo' {OVZm A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© J«§W h¡, CVZm hr CgHo$ g§~§ _| gÝXoh ^r h¡& BgH$m AÜ``Z
H$aZo na Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| Am¡a {ddaUm|, {V{W`m|, nmR> Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go Cg_| AZoH$ g§{X½Y ñWb h¢&
n¥ÏdramO amgmo {H$ àm_m{UH$Vm Ho$ g§~§Y _| {dÛmZm| Ho$ Mma dJ© h¢ 1)
àW_ dJ© Ho$ {dX²>dmZ "n¥ÏdramO amgm|' H$mo àm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZVo h¢ &
2)
{ÛVr` dJ© Ho$ {dX²dmZ Bg aMZm H$mo Aàm_m{UH$ _mZVo h¢ &
12
3)
V¥Vr` dJ© Ho$ {dX²dmZ Bgo AY© àm_m{UH$ _mZVo h¢ &
4) MVwW© dJ© Ho$ {dX²dmZ Bgo \w$Q>H$a aMZm _mZVo h¢ &
n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$s g§{jßV H$Wm n¥ÏdramO amgmo Am{XH$mb H$m _hÎdnyU© J«ÝW h¡& Bg_| 69 gJ© h¢& CZ_| Cg g_` àM{bV bJ^J
g^r N>ÝXm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ & Ohm± VH$ H$Wm go gå~§Y h¡ "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' _§o _§JbmMaU Ho$ ~mX j{Ì`m|
H$s CËn{Îm, AO_oa Ho$ gmo_oída H$m {ddmh {X„r Ho$ AZ§Jnmb (Vmo_a) H$s nwÌr H$_bm Ho$ gmW, n¥ÏdramO
H$m OÝ_, AZ§Jnmb H$s {ÛVr` nwÌr gwÝXar H$m {ddmh H$ÝZm¡O Ho$ amR>m¡a {dO`nmb Ho$ gmW, O`MÝX H$m
OÝ_, AZ§Jnmb H$m n¥ÏdramO H$mo JmoX boZm, O`MÝX H$mo ~wam bJZm, amOgy` `k, n¥ÏdramO X²dmam
g§`mo{JVmhaU, n¥ÏdramO H$m ^moJ{dbmg _| brZ hmoZm, ehm~moÔrZ H$m AmH«$_U, n¥ÏdramO H$mo ~ÝXr ~ZmH$a
JOZr bo OmZm, M§X Am¡a n¥ÏdramO H$m EH$ Xÿgao H$mo H$Q>ma _ma H$a _a OmZm, Bg àH$ma n¥ÏdramO Ho$ AZoH$
`wÜXm| Am¡a {ddmhm| VWm AmIoQ>m| Am{X H$m dU©Z h¡& J«ÝW _| dra ag H$s n«YmZVm Ho$ gmW l¥§Jma ag H$s
^r n«MwaVm h¡ &
n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$s H$mì` - gm¢X`© "n¥ÏdramO amgm|' EH$ {dembH$m` J«§W h¡, {Og_|o _hmH$mì` Ho$ g^r bjU {dÚ_mZ h¢& BgH$m H$WmZH$
^maVr` eya gm_ÝVm| H$s draVm, em¡`© gånÝZ {dO` Ed§ namH«$_nyU© Jm¡ad JmWm go AZwñ`yV h¡& BgH$m Zm`H$
{hÝXy g_«mQ> n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ j_m, X`m, Jm§^r`©, ê$n-gm¢X`©, `m¡dZ, CËgmh, AmoO, VoO, ñdm{^_mZ Am{X
JwUm| go {d^y{fV CÀMHw$bmoX²^d VWm j{Ì` d§e H$m Jm¡ad h¡ & H$mì`-gm¢X`© H$s Ñ{ï> go `h aMZm CÀM
H$mo{Q> H$s aMZm h¡& dñVwdU©Z, M[aÌ-{MÌU, àH¥${V {MÌU, ^md Ed§ agdU©Z, Ab§H$ma, N>§X `moOZm,
^mfme¡br Am{X g^r Ñ{ï>`m| go `h AZwn_ H$mì` h¡&
1) dñVwdU©Z "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ dñVw dU©Zm| go {d^y{fV h¡& dñVwdU©Zm| _| {^ÝZVm Ho$ gmW gmW
gagVm, {d{dYVm Am¡a {dX²½YVm ^r h¡& ZJa, dZ, CndZ, goZm, amOXa~ma H$s emZ d em¡H$V H$m {dñV¥V
dU©Z AZwn_ ~Z n‹S>m h¡& H${d Zo AnZo Bg dñVw dU©Zm| _| go g~go A{YH$ VrZ dU©Zm| H$mo _hÎd àXmZ
{H$`m h¡ - AmIoQ> dU©Z, `wÕdU©Z Am¡a {ddmh dU©Z&
2) M[aÌ-{MÌU "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' EH$ {dembH$m` _hmH$mì` h¡& Bg_| AZoH$ nmÌ AmE h¢& CZ_| go VrZ nmÌ à_wI h¢n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ, H${d M§X~aXm`r Am¡a g§`mo{JVm & gmao nmÌ Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| go AmoVàmoV h¢& n¥ÏdramO
EH$ namH«$_r, CËgmhr Am¡a Ñ‹T> `moX²Ym h¡& CgHo$ M[aÌ _| amOnwVmZm draVm H$s PbH$ XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡&
dh Ohm± ^r OmVm h¡ {dO` H$m P§S>m \$hamVm h¡& M§X~aXm`r H$m ì`pŠVËd n¥ÏdramO go ^r A{YH$
à^mdembr gm~rV hþAm h¡& M§X gmhgr J§^ra dŠVm, AmoOñdr, XÿaXeu Am¡a H$ënZmepŠV H$m H${d h¡&
g§`mo{JVm H$mo Anyd© AX²{dVr` gw§Xar Ho$ ê$n _| {XIm`m h¡&
13
3)
àH¥${V-{MÌU àH¥${V dU©Z ^r H${d Zo ~‹S>o {dñVma go {H$`m h¡& àH¥${V Ho$ CÔrnZ ê$n _| H${d Zo fQ²>-F$VwAm| H$m
dU©Z ~‹S>o _Zmo`moJ Ho$ gmW {H$`m h¡& H${d Ho$ Bg àH¥${V {MÌU _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deofVm Ho$ gmW gmW
ñWmZJV {deofVmE± ^r {dÚ_mZ h¢& g^r àH¥${V dU©Z ^maVr` gwf_m Ho$ Abm¡{H$H$ ê$n H$mo àñVwV H$aVo
h¢ Am¡a CÎmar ^maV Ho$ Z¡g{J©H$ àmH¥${VH$ gm¢X`© go _pÊS>V h¢&
4) ^md Ed§ ag dU©Z "n¥ÏdramO amgm|' EH$ `wX²YàYmZ draH$mì` h¡& Bg_| dra Am¡a l¥§Jma ag H$m Anyd© g_Ýd` h¡& {OVZr
VÝ_`Vm go dra ag H$m {Zdm©h hþAm h¡ CVZr hr ag_`Vm go l¥§Jma Ho$ {MÌ ^r CVmao h¢& n¥ÏdramO `wX²Ydra
Am¡a ào_dra h¡& l¥§Jma dU©Z _| nhbo nhb d`: gpÝY `m ZI-{eI H$m ñWmZ AmVm h¡& Bg Ñ{ï> go
amOHw$_mar B§{XZr, e{ed«Vm, nX²_mdVr Am¡a g§`mo{JVm Ho$ dU©Z AË`{YH$ _m{_©H$ ~Z n‹S>o h¢& g§`mo{JVm H$m
ào_-àg§J, gm¢X`©, `m¡dZH$mbrZ N>Q>m Am{X H$m _Zmoha dU©Z {_bVm h¡&
^mdm{^ì`§OZ _| ^r H${d H$s Hw$ebVm {XImB© XoVr h¡& àW_ {_bZ _| Zm{`H$m H$m ^mde~b Am¡a
^r _Zmoha h¡& nX²_mdVr H$s Ñ{ï> O¡go hr n¥ÏdramO na n‹S>Vr h¡, d¡go hr dh Cgna _w½Y hmo OmVr h¡& na
bÁOmde VËH$mb hr _w±hna Ky±KQ> S>mb XoVr h¡& H${d Zo CgH$s BZ _ZmoXem H$m {MÌ ~hþV hr gOrd àñVwV
{H$`m h¡& H${d Zo Bgr H$m¡eb go AÝ` g^r agm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$s h¡&
5)
Ab§H$ma Ed§ N>§X`moOZm "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' _| Ab§H$ma Ed§ N>§X `moOZm nyU©V`m agmZwHy$b {XImB© XoVr h¡& Bg_| naånamJV g^r
Ab§H$ma {_bVo h¢& H${d H$s N>ÝX `moOZm AZwn_ h¡& Am{XH$mb _| EH$ ^r Eogm H${d Zht Omo Bg joÌ _|
M§X Ho$ gm_Zo Am gH$& CgZo Cg `wJ _| àM{bV g^r N>ÝXm| Xÿhm, H${dV, Hw§$S>{b`m, ^wO§Jr, gmQ>H$, ÌmoQ>H$,
A[ahb, _mo{V`Xm_, agmdbm, nhX²Yar, ^«_amdbr, Zmam`, JmWm, Am`m© Am¡a AZwïw>n Am{X H$m à`moJ {H$`m
h¡& Ab§H$mam| _| ê$nH$, CËàojm, ê$nH$m{Ví`mopŠV, Cn_m Am{X Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡&
6)
^mfm -
"n¥ÏdramO amgmo' H$s ^mfm {ddmXmñnX h¡& AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo BgH$s ^mfm qnJb _mZr h¡& Bg g_`
qnJb àmMrZ ~«O^mfm H$mo H$hm OmVm Wm& Omo amOñWmZr ^mfm H$m {_lU Wr& amgmo _| Aa~r, \$magr Ho$
~hþV gmao eãXm| H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& Omo MÝX Ho$ g_` {H$gr ^r n«H$ma à`moJ _| Zht bm`o Om gH$Vo Wo&
Eogm ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ Cg g_` _wgb_mZm| Ho$ AmH«$_U Ama§^ hmo J`o Wo& AV: bmhm¡a H$m {Zdmgr hmoZo
Ho$ H$maU MÝX H$s ^mfm _| CZ eãXm| H$m à`moJ C{MV Am¡a VH©$g§JV h¡& amgmo _| g§dmX e¡br à`wŠV hþB©
h¡& g§dmXm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$WmZH$ H$m {dH$mg hþAm h¡& Bg_| dU©ZmË_H$ e¡br H$m ~hþV hr à^mdembr T>§J
go Cn`moJ hþAm h¡& M§X H$s eãX M`Z `moOZm CËH¥$ï> h¡& Bg{bE H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$, ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go
M§X~aXm`r fQ²>-^mfmAm| Ho$ n§{S>V Wo& Bg g§~§Y _| M§X ñd`§ H$hVo h¢14
""CpŠV Y_© {dembñ` amOZr{V Zd§ ag§ &
fQ²>^mfm nwamZ§ M Hw$amZ§ M H${WV§ _`m &&''
CŠV {ddoMZ Ho$ AmYma na H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' H$mì` Ho$ XmoZm| njm| AWm©V² ^md
nj Am¡a H$bmnj H$m EH$ gÝVw{bV {ZXe©Z h¡ Am¡a kmZ H$m Vmo dh {demb AmH$me h¡ hr& CgH$m AnZo
gm{hË` H$m _hÎd h¡& Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$s Aàm_m{UH$Vm H$m àíZ CgHo$ AbmoH$ H$mo _ÝX Zht H$a
gH$Vm& `h EH$ CÀM H$mo{Q> ^r aMZm {gX²Y hþB© h¡&
1.3.3.2 ~rgbXod amgmo ~rgbXod amgmo Am{XH$mb Jo` _wŠVH$ naånam H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZm h¡& Am{XH$mb Ho$ Jo` gm{hË` _|
Bg J«ÝW H$s MMm© {deof ê$n go H$s OmVr h¡& Bg{bE `h Bg `wJ H$s EH$ {d{eï> aMZm h¡& {d{eï> Bg
AW© _| {H$ `h aMZm draJmWm Z hmoH$a EH$ ào_H$mì` h¡& Bg_| {ddmh Ho$ Cnam§V n{V-nËZr Ho$ gånH©$ go
ào_ H$m {dH$mg {XIm`m J`m h¡& `h EH$ {dah H$mì` h¡& Am{XH$mbrZ CnbãY gm{hË` _| `h g~go A{YH$
àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡& Am{XH$mb Ho$ AÝ` amgmo aMZm Ho$ g_mZ Bg J«ÝW Ho$ aMZmH$mb, aM{`Vm Am¡a
M[aVZm`H$ Am{X ~mV| {ddmXmñnX h¢&
àñVwV aMZm H$m aMZmH$mb H$m àíZ AË`§V hr {ddmXmñnX h¡& AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo BgH$m
aMZmH$mb {ZåZ nÙ Ho$ AmYma na g§. 1212 ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡&
O¡go - ~mah gm¡ ~hmoÎmam§ _Pm[a, OoR> dXr Zd_r ~wYdm[a &
Zmëh agm`U Ama§^B© emaXm VQ>r ~«÷ Hw$_m[a &&
g§. 1212 _| Á`oð> H$s Zd_r ~wYdma H$mo Bg aMZm H$m àU`Z Ama§^ hþAm & BgHo$ aMZmH$mb Ho$
gå~§Y _| AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Ho$ AZoH$ _V hmoVo hþ`o ^r g§dV 1212 g_moMrV h¡& ~rgbXod amgm| H$m M[aÌ
Zm`H$ {dJ«hamO MVwW© h¡& AO_oa Am¡a gm§^a Ho$ Mm¡hmZ d§e _| {dJ«hamO Zm_ Ho$ Mma amOm hmo JE& CZ
g^r H$mo ~rgbXod H$hm OmVm h¡& BZ_| go H$m¡Z go {dJ«hamO H$m dU©Z h¡, `h ~mV ^r {ddmXmñnX h¡&
Bg J«ÝW H$m aM{`Vm {dJ«hamO MVwW© H$m g_H$mbrZ H${d Zan{V Zmëh (1212) h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm
Ho$ g§X^© _| ^r AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Ho$ _V {_bVo h¢ {\$a ^r AO_oa Ho$ Zan{V Zmëh H$m g_` 1212 hr h¡&
Bggo gm~rV hmoVm h¡ {H$ ~rgbXod amgmo Ho$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmëh hr h¡&
~rgbXod amgmo H$s g§{já H$Wm :
~rgbXod amgmo Am{XH$mb H$s {d{eï> aMZm h¡& `h aMZm à~§Y H$mì` Z hmoH$a _wŠVH$ H$mì` _| h¡&
`h ào_ H$mì` Ho$ gmW {dah H$mì` h¡& Bg_| Mma I§S> Am¡a 125 N>§X h¢ & O¡go I§S> 1 - _mbdm Ho$ ^moO na_ma H$s nwÌr amO_Vr go gm§^a Ho$ ~rgbXod H$m {ddmh hmoZm&
I§S> 2 - ~rgbXod H$m amO_Vr go ê$R>H$a C‹S>rgm H$s Amoa àñWmZ H$aZm VWm dhr EH$ df© ahZm&
I§S> 3 - amO_Vr H$m {dah dU©Z VWm ~rgbXod H$m C‹S>rgm go bm¡Q>Zm &
I§S> 4 - ^moO H$m AnZr nwÌr H$mo AnZo Ka bo OmZm VWm ~rgbXod H$m dhm± OmH$a amO_Vr H$mo {\$a
{MVm¡‹S> bmZm &
15
Bg àH$ma nyar H$Wm b{bV _wŠVH$m| _| d{U©V h¡& `{X Bg H$hmZr H$mo hQ>m {X`m Om` Vmo ^r Bg ào_
H$mì` Ho$ _wŠVH$m| H$s EH$gyÌVm _| H$moB© A§Va Zht AmVm& ~rgbXod amgm| Ho$ Ama§^ _| {ddmh Ho$ JrV h¢ gmW
hr ~rgbXod Ho$ naXog OmZo H$m àg§J ^r d{U©V h¡& `h J«ÝW {dah Ho$ ñdm^m{dH$ {MÌU, g§`moJ Am¡a {dàb§^
l¥J§ ma H$s g\$b CX²^mdZm Am¡a gmW hr àH¥${V Ho$ ê$n {MÌm| go n[anyU© h¡& Bg J«ÝW H$s g~go ~‹S>r {deofVm
`h h¡ {H$ {d{dY KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ dU©Zm| Ho$ hmoVo hþE ^r Bg H$mì` _| B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$ Zht h¡&
amO_Vr H$m {ddmh ~rgbXod Ho$ gmW ~‹S>r emZ d em¡H$V go hmoVm h¡ H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ ^moO Zo
~rgbXod H$mo S>mbr_ma, Hw§$S>ma, P§S>moAa, JwOamV, gm¡aR>, gm±^a, Q>moH$, VmoS>, {MVm¡S> Am{X àXoe XhoO _|
{XE Wo& bo{H$Z `h H${d H$s A{Va§{OV H$ënZm H$m ^mJ H$h gH$Vo h¢& Bg amgmo _| ~hþV go Eogr KQ>ZmE±
h§¡ Omo H$mb {dê$Õ Am¡a B{Vhmg {dê$Õ h¢ {OZH$m g_mYmZ Zht hmo gH$Vm& ~rgbXod ~hþV àVmnembr amOm
Wm, Am¡a ñd`§ g§ñH¥$V H$m AÀN>m H${d ^r Wm& CgZo AnZm "haHo${b{dO`' ZmQ>H$ {ebmnÅ>m| na IwXdm`m
Wm& CgHo$ amO-H${d gmo_Xod Zo "b{bV {dJ«h' Zm_ H$m H$mì` {bIm Wm Omo amOnyVmZm å`w{O`_ _| gwa{jV
h¡& ~rgbXod Ho$ Am¡a ^r ~hþV go {ebmboI àmßV h¢& CZgo ~rgbXod àVmnr amOm {gÕ hmoVm h¡, CgH$m
H$moB© ^r g~yV Zht h¡ {H$ ~rgbXod Zo H$^r C‹S>rgm na M‹T>mB© H$s Wr `m Cgo OrVm Wm & Bg àH$ma AZoH$
KQ>ZmAm| H$m H${d Zo dmñV{dH$ dU©Z Z H$a H$pënV H$hmZr H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& Bg{bE Bg J«§W H$s
g§{X½YVm ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡ & J«§W _| ~ma~ma {bIm h¡ {H$ CgZo amgmo H$m JmZ {H$`m Wm & O¡go Jm`mo hmo amg gwZ¡ g~ H$moB© &
`CB h[af Jm`U H$B JmB &&
Bggo kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Bg J«ÝW H$s aMZm JmZo Ho$ {bE hr hþB© hmoJr &
H$mì`gm¢X`© :
~rgbXod amgmo EH$ {dah H$mì` h¡& Bg_| Mma IÊS> h¢ VWm gdm gm¡ N>ÝX h¢& Bg_| N>moQ>r gr ào_H$Wm
_wŠVH$mo§ _| ~VmB© JB© h¡& Bg_| AO_oa Ho$ amOm ~rgbXod Am¡a amZr amO_Vr Ho$ ào_, {ddmh Am¡a nwZ{_©bZ
H$s H$Wm ~VmB© h¡& Bg_| à_wI ê$n go amO_Vr Ho$ {dah H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡&
1) {dah dU©Z :
~rgbXod amgmo {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m EH$ CËH¥$ï> {dah H$mì` h¡& H${d Z amO_Vr Ho$ {dah H$m ñdm^m{dH$
{MÌU {H$`m h¡& gmW hr g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ H$s g\$b CX²^mdZm Am¡a gmW hr àH¥${V Ho$ ê$n {MÌm| go n[anyU©
h¡& {ddmh Ho$ Cnam§V ~rgbXod amO_Vr H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a 12 dfm] VH$ C‹S>rgm Mbm OmVm h¡& n{V Ho$ {d`moJ _|
amO_Vr 12 dfm] VH$ V‹S>nVr ahVr h¡& amO_Vr amOm H$m amOH$s` A{^_mZ ghZ Zht H$aVr Am¡a Cgo Iar
~mV H$h XoVr h¡& amOm ~rgbXod Ob^yZ OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh ê$R>H$a C‹S>rgm OmZo H$m g§H$ën H$aVm h¡& Bg
na amO_Vr bmI AZwZ` {dZ` H$aVr h¡& Cg g_` Ho$ amZr Ho$ dMZ AË`§V _m{_©H$ ~Z n‹S>o h¢ho‹S>mD$ H$m VwpÊ` qOC &
hmW Z \o$aB gCgC ~ma &&
16
AWm©V _¢ hma Ho$ Cg KmoS>o Ho$ g_mZ Cno{jV hÿ± {Og na KmoS>odmbm gm¡ gm¡ {XZ VH$ hmW Zht \o$aVm&
AmJo MbH$a dh H$hVr h¡ {H$ VmOm KmoS>m `{X Cgm§go boVm h¡ Vmo Cgo XmJm OmVm h¡, MaVm hþAm _¥J ^r
_mo{hV Om gH$Vm h¡, {H$ÝVw ho g{I ! A§Mb _| {n`m H$mo ~m§Ym H¡$go Om gH$Vm h¡? n{V H$s ZragVm na
PëbmH$a `hm§ VH$ H$hVr h¡ {H$,
amC Zht g{f ^Bg nrS>ma
amO_Vr O~mZ H$s VoO h¡ Vmo Š`m? Am{Ia dh ^maVr` Zmar Wr& n{V Ho$ {dah _| CgH$m öX` {dXrU©
hmo OmVm h¡& Cgo AnZo ñÌr OrdZ na amoZm AmVm h¡& dh {dYmVm go H$hVr h¡ {H$, Vw_Zo _wPo ñÌr H$m OÝ_
Š`m| {X`m? XoZo Ho$ {bE Vmo Vwåhmao nmg Am¡a ^r AZoH$ OÝ_ Wo& Vw_Zo _wPo O§Jb H$m OÝVw Š`m| Zht ~Zm`m&
`{X O§Jb H$s H$mbr H$mo`b ^r ~ZmVo Vmo _¢ Am_ Am¡a Månm H$s S>mb na ~¡R>Vr, A§Jya Am¡a ~rOmoar Ho$
\$b ImVr& Bg àH$ma `hm± amO_Vr Ho$ X²dmam _Ü``wJrZ Zmar H$s AmË_m H$m H$éU H«$ÝXZ Ed§ MrËH$ma h¡&
AmJo dh HhVr h¡ H$s `{X Vw_Zo _wPo Zmar hr Zm ~ZmZm Wm Vmo amOamZr Z ~ZmH$a OmQ>Zr Š`m| Zhr§ ~Zm`m?
_¢ AnZo ^aVma Ho$ gmW IoV H$_mVr, AÀN>r bmo_nQ>r nhZVr, Vw§J Vwa§J Ho$ g_mZ AnZm JmV ñdm_r Ho$
JmV go {^‹S>mVr& {H$VZr ~‹S>r {ddeVm h¡ {H$ {H$gr amOm H$s amZr hmoZm& n{V Ho$ {d`moJ _| amO_Vr 12
dfm] VH$ V‹S>nVr h¡& CgH$m `h {dah ~mah _mgm nX²Y{V na {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& àH¥${V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {dah
dU©Z àñVwV {H$`m h¡& Bg_| g§`moJ dU©Z Zht h¡& amO_Vr Ho$ ê$n _| Zmar öX` H$s ì`Wm _m{_©H$ ê$n go
ì`ŠV hþB© h¡&
2) M[aÌ {MÌU :
~rgbXod amgmo H$m Zm`H$ {dJ«hamO MVwW© h¡& {OÝho ~rgbXod H$hm OmVm Wm& {dJ«h amO H$m {ddmh
_mbdm Ho$ ^moO na_ma H$s nwÌr amO_Vr go hmoVm h¡& amO_Vr H$s Iar ~mV na ê$R>H$a dh 12 gmb VH$
C‹S>rgm Mbm OmVm h¡ &
~rgbXod amgmo _| EH$ hr à_wI M[aÌ h¡ - dh h¡ amZr amO_Vr H$m & nyao J«§W _| amO_Vr H$m dU©Z
gOrd Am¡a {dbjU ~Z n‹S>m h¡& H${d Zo Bg J«§W _| Zmar Ho$ M[aÌ H$m JwUJmZ {H$`m h¡& `hm± H|$Ðr` nmÌ
amO_Vr h¡& ~rgbXod Vmo nyaH$ nmÌ Ho$ ê$n _| AmVm h¡& H${d Zo Zmar OrdZ Ho$ à{V Jhar ghZw^y{V {XImB©
h¡& H${d Zo amO_Vr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Zmar OrdZ H$s H$mo_bVm, XrZVm Am¡a {ddeVm H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡ &
amO_Vr H$m M[aÌ ~‹S>m hr gOrd VWm {dbjU ~Z n‹S>m h¡& CgHo$ M[aÌ _| EH$ Hw$brZ Zmar H$m ñdm{^_mZ
h¡& amOm ~rgbXod EH$ {XZ amOH$s` A{^_mZ _| amO_Vr go H$hVm h¡ {H$,"_oao g_mZ Xÿgam ^ynmb Zht&
amO_Vr amOm H$m PyR>m A{^_mZ ghZ Zht H$a nmVr & dh H$hVr h¡,"Amn go AZoH$ loð> amOm Bg YaVr
na h¡§&' C‹S>rgm H$m amOm Vw_go YZr h¡& {Og àH$ma Vwåhmao amÁ` _| Z_H$ {ZH$bVm h¡, Cgr Vah CgHo$ Ka
_| hrao H$s ImZm| go hram {ZH$bVm h¡&'' amOm amO_Vr H$m ì`§½` ghZ Zht H$a nmVm Am¡a ê$R>H$a 12 gmb
VH$ C‹S>rgm Mbm OmVm h¡& EH$ AmbmoMH$ Zo$amO_Vr Ho$ g§~§Y _| H$hm h¡-""_Ü``wJ Ho$ g_yMo {hÝXr gm{hË`
_| O~mZ H$s BVZr VoO Am¡a _Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{`H$m Zht XrI n‹S>Vr h¡&'' amO_Vr Ho$ ê$n _| Zmar OrdZ
H$s doXZm Am¡a {ddeVm H$mo àñVwV {H$`m h¡& amO_Vr 12 gmbm| VH$ n{V Ho$ {dah _| V‹S>nVr ahVr h¡& dh
17
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 2
{dYmVm go H$hVr h¡ {H$ _wPo ñÌr OÝ_ XoZo H$s Anojm gm_mÝ` ñÌr ~Zm`m hmoVm& _¢ AnZo n{V Ho$ gmW gwI
go ahVr& Bg Vah amO_Vr Ho$ ê$n _| Zmar OrdZ H$s {Ma§VZ ì`Wm H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡&
3) H$bmnj :
"~rgbXod amgm|' ~rgbXod Am¡a amO_Vr H$s EH$ N>moQ>r gr ào_H$Wm h¡& nyar H$Wm _wŠVH$ H$mì` _|
d{U©V h¡& Bg_| Mma I§S> Am¡a 125 N>§X h¡& Bg aMZm _| Am{X go A§V VH$ EH$ hr N>§X H$m à`moJ hþAm
h¡& gånyU© aMZm Jo` h¡& àË`oH$ N>§X ñdV§Ì JrV h¡ Am¡a Ho$Xma amJ _| Jm`o OmZo Ho$ {bE {bIm J`m h¡& `h
aMZm Z¥Ë`JrV Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& Jr{V H$mì` Ho$ g^r JwU Bg aMZm _| {_bVo h¢& nyar
H$Wm _| H$hr H$hr ñWmZm| na Añdm^m{dH$Vm, ZragVm Am¡a ^m¢‹S>mnZ XoIZo {_bVm h¡, {\$a ^r AnZr Jo`Vm
Am¡a g§{jßVVm Ho$ H$maU `h aMZm à^mdembr ~Zr h¡&
4) ^mfm :
~rgbXod amgmo H$s ^mfm H$mo Cg `wJ H$s ^mfm H$m g§{YñWb H$h gH$Vo h¢& ^mfm _| EH$ Amoa
An^«§enZ h¡, Vmo Xÿgar Amoa qhXrnZ h¡& ^mfm H$m `h ê$n dñVwV: Cgo g§. 1212 H$s aMZm {gX²Y H$aVm
h¡& AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Ho$ AZwgma BgH$s ^mfm amOñWmZr h¡& O¡go "^mfm H$s narjm H$aHo$ XoIVo h¢ Vmo
dh gm{hpË`H$ Zht, amOñWmZr h¡&.....' Bg J«§W go EH$ ~mV H$m Am^mg {_bVm h¡& dh `h {H$ píbï>>
^mfm _| ~«O Am¡a I‹S>r ~mobr Ho$ àmMrZ ê$n H$m hr amOñWmZ _| ì`dhma hmoVm Wm& gm{hË` H$s gm_mÝ`
^mfm {hÝXr Wr& Omo qnJb ^mfm H$hbmVr Wr& ~rgbXod amgmo _| ~rM ~rM _| ~am~a Bg gm{hpË`H$ ^mfm
({hÝXr) H$mo {_bmZo H$m à`ËZ {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡&''
Cgr Vah S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Ho$ AZwgma, `h An^«§e go {dH${gV {hÝXr H$m J«§W h¡& BgH$s ^mfm
Am{XH$mbrZ {hÝXr H$m ñdê$n ñnï >H$aVr h¡ &
Bg Vah ~rgbXod amgmo Am{XH$mb H$m EH$ loð> H$mì` h¡& Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s EH$ àm_m{UH$
aMZm h¡& Omo AmO ^r nmR>H$m| H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡&
1.4)
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
àíZ 1 A) {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| Ho$ ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a
go {b{IE&
1) g~go nhbo {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg .................. Zo {bIm &
1.
2)
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2.
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Jmgm© X Vmgr
Am. ewŠb
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_| {d^m{OV {H$`m &
1.
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2.
3.
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1.
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draJmWm H$mb
2.
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3. Am. ewŠb
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2.
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Iw_mZ amgmo
4.
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2. 69
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2.
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3.
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4.
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5.
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6.
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7.
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9.
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10.
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11.
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12.
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13.
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14.
H${d M§XdaXm`r {H$g amOm H$m Xa~mar H${d Wm ?
15.
n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ho$ Zm`H$ H$m¡Z h¡ ?
16.
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17.
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20
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19.
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20.
n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| à_wI ê$n go H$m¡Z go Xmo amgm| H$m {MÌU h¡ ?
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
{ddmXmñnX : {Og na {ddmX {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ `m PJS>mŸ&
nyd©dVu
: nhbo H$m, nhbo ah MwH$m hmoŸ&
nadVu
: ~mX _| H$m, ~mX _| hþAm hmoŸ&
An^Ǥe
: àmH¥$V ^mfmAm| H$m nadVu ñdê$nŸ&
Om¡ha
: amOnyV Zm[a`m± n{V `wX²Y joÌ go nËZr _moh go dmng Z bm¡Q>o Bg{bE AmJ Ho$ Hw§$S> _|
AnZo Amn H$mo g_{n©V H$aVrŸWr&
amOgy` `k : EH$ `k Omo g_«mQ> nX Ho$ A{YH$mar amOm H$aVo WoŸ&
AZwñ`yV : {gbm, Jy±Wm `m {nam`m hþAmŸ&
amgmo
: nwamZr qhXr H$m H$mì`, {Og _| amOm H$m M[aV, ào_ Am¡a `wÕm| H$m dU©Z hmoŸ&
nr{R>H$m : AmYma, AmgZ, N>moQ>m nrT>m, n[aÀN>oX, ^y{_H$mŸ&
Z¥n{V dJ© : amOm H$m dJ©Ÿ&
1.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
àíZ 1. A)
1. Jmgm©-X-Vmgr
2. nm±M
3. {gÕ-gm_§V `wJ
4. Am. ewŠb
5. amOnyV
6. qgY
7. _whå_X~rZ H$m{g_
8. amOm O`MÝX
9. `wÕm|
10. M§X~aXm`r 11. n¥ÏdramO amgmo
12. 69
14. qnJb
15. {dah
16. amO_Vr
13. Pëba (OëhZ)
17. g§. 1212
18. 125
19. CS>rgm
20. Am{XH$mb
àíZ 1. Am)
1. {hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ àW_ boIH$ Jmgm©-X-Vmgr h¢Ÿ&
2. "{_l~§Y {dZmoX' `h aMZm {_l~ÝYwAm| H$s h¡Ÿ&
3. Am. ewŠbOr Zo Am{XH$mb H$m àma§^ g§. 1050 go _mZm h¢Ÿ&
4. S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo Am{XH$mb H$mo "MmaUH$mb' Bg Zm_ go nwH$mam h¡Ÿ&
5. Am. _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo Am{XH$mb H$mo "~rOdnZH$mb' Zm_ {X`m h¡Ÿ&
6. g_«mQ> hf©dY©Z Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ níMmV² CÎmar ^maV _| H|$Ðr` gÎmm H$m èhmg hmo J`mŸ&
21
7.
10
dt eVmãXr Ho$ A§V _| JOZr H$m amÁ` _whå_X JPZr Ho$ hmW _| Am`mŸ&
8. epŠVembr amOm n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ na ehm~wÔrZ Jm¡ar Zo AZoH$ ~ma AmH«$_U {H$EŸ&
9. gmo_ZmW H$m g_¥Õ _§{Xa _h_yX JOZdr Zo byQ>mŸ&
10. _Ü`H$mb H$s g~go O~mZ H$s VoO Zm{`H$m amO_Vr H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
11. g§`mo{JVm "n¥ÏdramOamgmo' H$s à_wI Zm{`H$m h¡Ÿ&
12. "~rgbXod amgmo' Ho$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmëh h¢Ÿ&
13. "~rgbXod amgmo' Ho$ nX Ho$Xma amJ _| JmZo Ho$ {bE {bI| h¢Ÿ&
14. H${d M§X~aXm`r n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ amOm H$m Xa~mar H${d WmŸ&
15. "n¥ÏdramO amgmo' H$m Zm`H$ n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ h¡Ÿ&
16. ~rgbXod amgmo H$m Zm`H$ {dJ«hamO MVwW© h¡Ÿ&
17. "~rgbXod amgmo' _| EH$ hr N>§X H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡Ÿ&
18. CS>rgm Ho$ amÁ` _| hrao H$s ImZ| WrŸ&
19. Am{XH$mb H$m H$mbI§S> g§. 1050 go g§. 1375 VH$ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
20. n¥ÏdramO amgmo _| àñVwV ê$n go dra> Am¡a e¥§Jma agm| H$m {MÌU h¡Ÿ&
1.7
gmam§e :
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ àma§{^H$ H$mbI§S> H$mo "Am{XH$mb' H$hm OmVm h¡&
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m gd©àW_ boIH$ EH$ \«|$M {dX²dmZ Jmgm©-X-Vmgr h¡&
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ H$mb-{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU H$m _m¡{bH$ à`mg Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo
{H$`m& CZH$m H$mb-{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU gd©_mÝ` h¡&
gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï> go Am{XH$mb Om{V-ì`dñWm Ho$ H$R>moa ~§YZm| Am¡a ê${T>>`m| VWm A§Y{dídmgm| H$m Wm&
amOmAm| Am¡a gm_§Vm| H$m OrdZ {dbmg_` Am¡a ^moJàYmZ Wm& amOm ~hþnËZrH$ Wo& Mmam|o Amoa `wX²Ym| H$m
dmVmdaU Wm&
Am{XH$mb Ho$ g_mO _| Zmar Ho$ à{V CXmÎm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Zht Wm& Zmar H$mo ^moJ Am¡a {dbmg H$s gm_J«r g_Pm
OmVm Wm& Cgo H$moB© gm_m{OH$ _hÎd Zht Wm&
amOZr{VH$ Ñ{ï> go Am{XH$mb H$m `wJ Aì`dñWm J¥h H$bh Am¡a namO` H$m `wJ Wm &
_wpñb_ qgY H$mo àdoeÛma ~ZmH$a ^maV na AmH«$_U na AmH«$_U H$aVo ah|, Vmo Xÿgar Amoa Xoe Ho$ amOm
Amng _| b‹S>Vo aho| &
Cg `wJ _| VrZ epŠVembr amÁ` Wo- {Xëbr _|o Vmo_a, AO_oa _| Mm¡hmZ Am¡a H$ÝZm¡O _| Jmh‹S>dmU& `o
22
VrZm| Amng _|o b‹S>Vo aho§& CÝhm|Zo EH${ÌV hmoH$a {dXoer AmH«$_Um| H$m gm_Zm Zhr§ {H$`m&
Am{XH$mb H$m `wJ ^maVr` B{Vhmg H$m nVZH$mb h¡& qhXÿ gÎmm Ho$ Yrao Yrao g_mßV hmoZo Am¡a _wgb_mZ
gÎmm Ho$ CX` hmoZo H$s JmWm h¡& `h `wJ Aì`dñWm J¥h H$bh Am¡a namO` H$m `wJ h¡&
Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZmE± h¢ - n¥ÏdramO amgmo Am¡a ~rgbXod amgmo &
amgmo-H$mì`m| _| `wÕ dU©Z, g§Hw${MV amï´>r`Vm, dra Am¡a e¥§Jma ag, qS>Jb Am¡a qnJb ^mfm Am{X à_wI
{deofVmE± XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¢&
"n¥ÏdramO amgmo' Ho$ aM{`Vm M§X~aXm`r h¢& H${d M§X Am¡a CZH$s aMZm n¥ÏdramO amgm| XmoZm| H$m ApñVËd
{ddmXmñnX h¡&
"n¥ÏdramO amgmo' EH$ {dembH$m` _hmH$mì` h¡& Bg_| dra Am¡a e¥§Jma ag H$m Anyd© g_Ýd` h¡&
"n¥ÏdramO amgmo' H$s àm_m{UH$Vm {ddmXmñnX hmoVo hþE ^r `h EH$ CÀM H$mo{Q> H$m _hmH$mì` h¡&
~rgbXod amgmo Am{XH$mb H$s EH$ {d{eï> aMZm h¡&
~rgbXod amgmo Zan{V Zmëh H$s EH$ bKw aMZm h¡& `h _wŠVH$ H$mì` H$s aMZm h¡& à_wI ê$n go aOm_Vr
Ho$ {dah dU©Z H$s H$hmZr h¡& H${d Zo Bg H$s H$Wm b{bV _wŠVH$m| _| ~VmB© h¡&
g§nyU© aMZm Jo` h¡& Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ g^r JwU Bg aMZm _| {_bVo h¢&
BgHo$ {MÌU _| AZoH$ ñWmZm| na Añdm^m{dH$Vm h¡, ZragVm h¡; {\$a ^r AnZr Jo`Vm Am¡a g§{jßVVm
Ho$ H$maU `h aMZm à^mdembr ~Zr h¡&
BgH$s ^mfm g§{YH$mb H$s ^mfm h¡& ^mfm _| EH$ Amoa An^«§enZ h¡, Vmo Xÿgar Amoa qhXrnZ h¡& Bg Vah
~rgbXod amgmo Am{XH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$s EH$ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡&
1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
{hÝXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ H$mb {d^mOZ Am¡a Zm_H$aU H$m n[aM` Xr{OE &
2)
Am{XH$mb Ho$ Zm_H$aU H$s g_ñ`m na àH$me S>m{bE &
3)
Am{XH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &
4)
Am{XH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE &
5)
n¥ÏdramO amgmo Ho$ H$mì` gm¢X`© na àH$me S>m{bE &
23
1.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
AnZo Xoe H$s àmMrZ hñV{b{IV aMZmAm| H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ CgH$s gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ n[apñWV`m|
H$m AÜ``Z H$s{OE &
n¥ÏdramO amgmo VWm ~rgbXod amgmo H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ CZH$m AÜ``Z H$s{OE &
AnZo joÌ Ho$ à{gX²Y H${d VWm bmoH$JmWmAm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE &
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE :
1)
{hÝXr gm{hË` : `wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm`m± : S>m°. {edHw$_ma e_m©
2)
{hÝXr gm{hË` H$m {ddoMZmË_H$ B{Vhmg : amOZmW e_m©
3)
{hÝXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg : Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb
4)
{hÝXr gm{hË` CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg : hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr
5)
{hÝXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg : S>m°. bú_rgmJa dmîU}`
6)
{hÝXr gm{hË` H$m Am{XH$mb : S>m°. B©ída XÎm erb
24
BH$mB© 2
^pŠVH$mb
AZwH«$_ :
2.1
CX²Xoí`
2.2
àñVmdZm
2.3
{df` - {ddoMZ
2.3.1
^pŠVH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m±
2.3.2
^pŠVH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m±
2.3.3
^pŠVH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.3.1
Zm_Xod ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM`
2.3.3.2
a¡Xmg ì`{ŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM`
2.3.3.3
Z§XXmg ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM`
2.3.3.4
_ram± ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM`
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
2.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7
gmam§e
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
25
2.1
CX²Xoí` :
Bg BH$mB© H$mo$n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
2.2
1)
^pŠVH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ n[a{ñW{V`m| H$s OmZH$mar Xo gH|o$JoŸ&
2)
^pŠVH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V H$s OmZH$mar Xo gH|$JoŸ&
3)
Zm_Xod, a¡Xmg, Z§XXmg, _ram± Ho$ ì`{ŠVÎd VWm gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
àñVmdZm :
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ gd§V² 1375 go g§dV² 1700 Ho$ H$mbI§S> H$mo gm_mÝ`V: ^pŠVH$mb H$hm
OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mb Ho$ Zm_H$aU Ho$ g§~§Y _| _V^oX Zht h¡Ÿ& bJ^J g^r AmbmoMH$m| Am¡a B{VhmgH$mam| Zo Bg
`wJ H$mo "^pŠVH$mb' H$hm h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| ^pŠV H$m EH$ OZ-Am§XmobZ hþAmŸ& bJ^J g^r H${d`m| Zo ^pŠV^mdZm go `wŠV H${dVm {bIr, Bg{bE Bg `wJ H$mo "^pŠVH$mb' H$hm J`mŸ& {H$gr ^r `wJ Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo
g_PZo Ho$ {bE VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m kmZ _hÎdnyU© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dñVwV: ^pŠV
gm{hË` H$m CX²J_ X{jU {Xem _| B©gm H$s Vrgar eVmãXr _| {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ gm{hË` Ho$
AÜ`oVmAm| _| {ZåZ{b{IV N>§X Ho$ ^md H$mo EH$ ñda go ñdrH$ma {H$`m ""^pŠV Ðm{d‹S>r D$nOr bm`o am_mZ§XŸ&
àH$Q> {H$`m H$~ra Zo gmV X²drn Zm¡ I§S>Ÿ&''
_Ü`H$mb _| ^pŠV^mdZm Zo ^maV _| EH$ {demb OZ Am§XmobZ H$m ê$n YmaU {H$`mŸ& ñdm_r am_mZ§X Zo
Bg Am§XmobZ H$m ZoV¥Îd {H$`mŸ& ^pŠV H$s Ymam Xmo ê$nmo§ _| àdm{hV hþB© - {ZJw©U Am¡a gJwUŸ& {ZJw©U Ymam
Ho$ A§VJ©V kmZml`r Ed§ ào_ml`r emImE± AmVr h¢ & gJwU Ymam Ho$ A§VJ©V am_^pŠV Am¡a H¥$îU^pŠV
emImE± AmVr h¡Ÿ§& H$~ra kmZml`r emIm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¢ Am¡a Om`gr ào_ml`r emIm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d
h§¡Ÿ& àñVwV BH$mB© _| ^pŠVH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m±, ^pŠVH$mb Ho$ H${d Zm_Xod, H${d
a¡Xmg, Z§XXmg Am¡a _ram~mB© Ho$ ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ aMZmAm| H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` XoI|JoŸ&
2.3
2.3.1
{df` {ddoMZ :
^pŠVH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m±
nyd©-_Ü`H$mb H$m Ama§^ {Xëbr Ho$ gwëVmZ _whå_X{~Z VwJbH$ (1325-1351) Ho$ amÁ`H$mb _| hþAmŸ&
CgZo {Xëbr H$s Anojm Xod{Jar H$mo AnZr amOYmZr ~ZmZo H$m `ËZ {H$`mŸ& CgH$m Zm_ Xm¡bVm~mX aIZm
MmhmŸ& Bg à`mg _| {Xëbr-àXoe EH$X_ COm‹S> hmo J`mŸ& CgZo EH$ ~ma Vm§~o Ho$ {gŠHo$ Mbm`oŸ& {_ò Ho$
Ibr\$m go CgZo AnZr amÁ`gÎmm Ho$ {bE Ym{_©H$ ñdrH¥${V ^r àmßV H$sŸ& qhXy àOm Ho$ à{V dh CXma_Zm WmŸ&
CgHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar \$samoO VwJbH$ _| Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm H$m A^md WmŸ& n[aUm_V: gy~oXmam| Zo {dÐmoh H$a
26
{X`m Am¡a {Xëbr-gëVZV _| {~Iamd CËnÝZ hmo J`mŸ& CgH$m CÎmam{YH$mar "OmoZmgm{h' (OyZmemh) WmŸ&
nadVu gwëVmZm| _|o {~J‹S>Vr hþB© pñW{V H$mo H$moB© g§^mb Z gH$mŸ& gwëVmZ _h_yX emh H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ Cnam§V
1412 B©. _| VwJbH$ d§e H$m A{YnË` g_mßV hmo J`mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX {IO« Im§ Zo {Xëbr na A{YH$ma H$a
g¡`X-d§e H$m A{YnË` ñWm{nV {H$`mŸ& bmoXr d§e Ho$ gwëVmZ `mo½` {gÕ hþE, {OZ_| go H$B© Zo ^rfU `wÕm|
_| ^mJ {b`mŸ& gwëVmZ B~«m{h_ bmoXr (1487-1526) H$mo _wJbm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>mŸ& bmoXr d§e H$s gÎmm
{e{Wb n‹S> MwH$s WrŸ& _mbdm Am{X ñdV§Ì gw~o ~ZZo bJo WoŸ&
_mbdm :
_mbdm {dH«$_ H$s Xgdt eVmãXr Ho$ bJ^J à{g{Õ àmßV H$m MwH$m WmŸ& `h na_ma amOnyVm| Ho$ AYrZ
Am`m WmŸ& amOm ^moO Ho$ g_` BgH$s »`m{V Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T> J`rŸ& gwëVmZ BëVwV{_e Ûmam 1235 B©.
AmH«$_U {H$E JEŸ& _hmH$mb Ho$ _§{Xa ÜdñV hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX `h lrhV hmo MbmŸ& gwëVmZ AëbmCÔrZ
{IbOr Zo 1310 B©. _| Bgo AnZo emgZ _| bo {b`mŸ& 1401 B©. _|. _whå_X Jmoar Ho$ d§eO {Xbmda Im§ Zo
AnZo H$mo ñdV§Ì Kmo{fV H$a Yma ZJar H$mo AnZr amOYmZr ~Zm {b`mŸ& CgHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar nwÌ Abn Im§
Zo AnZr amOYmZr _m§Sy> _| ñWm{nV H$sŸ& CgH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ níMmV² CgH$m dOra _h_yX {IbOr `hm§ H$m ñdm_r
~ZmŸ& AnZr `mo½`Vm go CgZo AnZo H$B© n‹‹S>mogr amÁ`m| H$mo nam{OV H$a {X`mŸ& CgHo$ CÎmam{YH$mar AnZr
Xw~©bVm Ho$ H$maU _mbdm H$s ajm H$aZo _| Ag_W© ahoŸ& JwOamV Ho$ ~hmXwaemh Zo _mbdm H$mo AnZo AYrZ
H$a {b`mŸ& ~mX _| _mbdm {Xëbr H|$Ð Ho$ AYrZ Mbm J`m Am¡a eoaemh Zo ewOmV Im§ H$mo `hm± H$m emgH$
{Z`wŠV H$a {X`mŸ& Bgr H$m nwÌ _{bH$ dm`mOrX "~mO ~hmXwa' Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAmŸ& {OgH$s ào{_H$m
ê$n_Vr ~Vbm`r OmVr h¡Ÿ& 1562 B©. _| g_«mQ> AH$~a Zo Bgo AnZo amÁ` _| {_bm {b`mŸ&
JwOamV :
AnZr g_¥{Õ Am¡a gmo_ZmW _§{Xa Ho$ {bE JwOamV n«{gÕ ahVm Am`m h¡Ÿ& _h_yX JOZdr Zo gå^dV:
Bgr go AmH¥$ï> hmoH$a 1025 B©. _| A\$Jm{ZñVmZ go AmH$a `hm± byQ>nmQ> _Mm Xr WrŸ& ~hþV g_` VH$ Bgna
{H$gr H$m ñWm`r A{YnË` ~Zm Z ah gH$mŸ& 1297 B©. _| AëbmCÔrZ {IbOr Ûmam Bgo AnZo emgZmÝVJ©V
{b`o OmZo na `hm± {Xëbr Ûmam {Z`wŠV emgH$m| H$m emgZ MbZo bJm WmŸ& 1401 B©. _| gw~oXma O\$a Im±
Zo V¡_wab§J Ûmam AmH«$_U {H$`o OmZo na AnZo H$mo ñdV§Ì Kmo{fV H$a {X`mŸ& na§Vw `hm± H$m dmñV{dH$ emgH$
nhbo-nhb Ah_Xemh ~Zm, {OgZo A_Xm~mX ZJar H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& CgH$m nmoVm Ah_Xemh (_h_wX
~Kar) ~‹S>m à{gÕ hþAmŸ& CgZo 1507 B©. _| VwH$m] H$s ghm`Vm go nwV©Jm{b`m| Ho$ {déÕ EH$ goZm g_wÐ
Ho$$npíM_r VQ >na ^oOr WrŸ& JwOamV Ho$ emgH$m| _| ~hmXwaemh (1526-1537) ^r à{gÕ h¡, {OgZo H$B© `wÕm|
_| draVm àX{e©V H$sŸ& H$mbm§Va _| Angr d¡_Zñ` ~hþV ~‹T> J`m Am¡a AÝVVmoJËdm AH$~a Zo JwOamV H$mo
AnZo gm_«mÁ` _| {_bm {b`mŸ&
Om¡Znwa :
Om¡Znwa H$mo \$samoOemh VwJbH$ Zo AnZo MMoao ^mB© OyZmemh Ho$ ñ_maH$ - ñdê$n Jmo_Vr ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao
27
~gm`m WmŸ& \$samoOemh H$s _¥Ë`w hmoZo na »dmOmOhm§° dhm H$m emgH$ {Z`wŠV hþAmŸ& _h_wX VwJbH$ Zo Cgo
"_{bHw$íeH©$' H$s nXdr àXmZ H$sŸ& Bggo àmoËgmhZ nmH$a CgZo H$B© à_wI H|$Ðm| na AmH«$_U H$a {X`mŸ& A§V _|
CgZo {dÐmoh H$a AnZo H$mo "AbmdH$-E-AmO_' H$hZm Ama§^ H$a {X`mŸ& eågwÔrZ B~«mhr_ emh eH$s© Cggo
^r A{YH$ g\$b emgH$ {gÕ hþAmŸ& _h_wX VwJbH$ VH$ Zo Cggo ghm`Vm H$s `mMZm H$s WrŸ& dh H$bm
Am¡a gm{hË` H$m ~‹S>m AZwamJr WmŸ& hþgoZ emh eH$s© ^r `hm± H$m EH$ emgH$ hþAm, {OgZo {Xëbr gëVZV
Ho$ {déÕ namñV hmoH$a {~hma _| Aml` J«hU {H$`m Am¡a {\$a ~§Jmb OmH$a gwëVmZ hþgoZ emh H$s eaU
brŸ& "_¥JmdÎmr' Ho$ gy\$s H${d Hw$Vw~Z H$m dh Aml`XmVm ^r ahmŸ& BgH$o ~mX Om¡Znwa Ho$ H$B© gy\$s
Aml`{dhrZ hmoH$a _mbdm go ~§Jmb VH$ \¡$b J`oŸ& {dÚmn{V Zo "H$s{V©bVm' _| Om¡Znwa H$m amoMH$ dU©Z
{H$`m h¡Ÿ&
~§Jmb :
{Xëbr go Xya hmoZo Ho$ H$maU H$B© ~ma AmH«$_U H$aHo$ ^r _wpñb_ AmH«$_UH$mar ~§Jmb _| {Q>H$ Z gHo$
WoŸ& g_`-g_` na H|$Ð Ho$ à{V `hm§ {dÐmohmp½Z ^S>H$Vr ahVr WrŸ& emgH$m|Ûmam AnZo H$mo ñdV§Ì Kmo{fV
{H$`o OmZo H$s Xem _| CZH$m àOm go {_bH$a ahZm Amdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& \$bñdê$n Bg àXoe _| qhXy_wpñb_ d¡_Zñ` \¡$bZo Ho$ Adga H$_ hr Am nmVo WoŸ& gwëVmZ _whå_X {~Z VwJbH$ Ho$ emgZ H$mb _| hr
H$^r ^|Q> {X`o OmZo na ^r AnZo `hm± ñdV§Ì gwëVmZ O¡gm ì`dhma H$aVo WoŸ& AëbmCÔrZ hþgoZ emh (14931519 B©.) AnZo emgZ-H$bm _| BVZm bmoH${à` hþAm {H$ ^mdr A{YnË` O_mZo _| CgHo$ d§eOm| H$mo H$moB©
H${R>ZmB© Zht hþB© g§JR>Z H$Vm© Ho$ ê$n _| dh ~hþV g\$b ahmŸ& OZVm Ho$ {bE CgZo H$B© g§ñWmE± ñWm{nV
H$s¨ VWm {dÛmZm| Am¡a Ym{_©H$ nwéfm| H$mo ghm`Vm XoZr Ama§^ H$sŸ& "gË` nra' g§àXm` MbmZo H$m lo` Cgo
àmßV hþAmŸ& {OgH$m CÔoí` qhXy-_wpñb_ EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZm WmŸ& CgH$m nwÌ ZgaV emh ^r g\$b emgH$
ahmŸ& hþgoZemhr emgH$m| Ho$ ~mX ~§Jmb _| H$moB© {Q>H$ Z gH$mŸ& _wJbm| na {dO` àmßV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX eoaemh
Zo Bg àXoe na ^r AnZm à^wÎd O_m {b`mŸ&
~h_Zr amÁ` :
_wh_Ô {~Z VwJbH$ Ho$ emgZ-H$mb _| X{jU H$s {dÐmohmp½Z H$m EH$ n[aUm_ Bñ_mBb _I Ho$ gwëVmZ
~ZZo _o§ b{jV hþAmŸCgZo hgZ J§Jy Ho$ nj _| nX Ë`mJ {X`m & hgZ J§Jy Zo "O\$a Im' H$s nXdr J«hU
H$a amÁ` H$s JÔr g§^mbr Am¡a AãXwb _wOâ\$a AbmCÔrZ ~h_Zemh H$hbmH$a Xm¡bVm~mX H$m gwëVmZ ~Z
~¡R>mŸ& CgZo AnZr amOYmZr Xm¡bVm~mX go hQ>mH$a "Jwb~Jm©' _| ñWm{nV H$sŸ& CgHo$ CÎmam{YH$m[a`m| _|
\$samoOemh g~go `mo½` à_m{UV hþAmŸ& CgZo gm{hË` Am¡a {dÛmZm| H$mo g§ajU XoH$a H$s{V©-bm^ {H$`mŸ&
CgHo$ ~mX CgHo$ ^mB© Ah_Xemh Zo ~rXa ZJa H$s Zr§d S>mbH$a "dbr' H$s Cnm{Y J«hU H$s Am¡a VXZ§Va
AnZo nwÌ Om\$a Im± H$mo amÁ` H$m Xm{`Ëd gm¢n {X`m, Omo AbmCÔrZ Ah_Xemh Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAmŸ&
BgHo$ ~mX hþ_m`y± Am¡a {ZOm_emh JÔrZerZ hþEŸ& "H$X_ amd d H$X_' ào_JmWm Ho$ AZwgma Ah_Xemh dhm±
"~h_Zdbr' hmo J`o h¢Ÿ& {ZOm_emh H$s AdñWm amÁ`mamohU Ho$ Adga na Ho$db AmR> df© H$s WrŸ& CgHo$
28
A{^^mdH$m| _| _h_yX Jmdm± H$m Zm_ ^r {b`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX CgH$m ^mB© _whå_Xemh emgH$
~Zm Am¡a CgZo eÌwAm| H$m X_Z H$a amÁ` H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmZo _| `moJ {X`mŸ& H$mbm§Va _| Cgo fS²>`§Ì Ûmam _ma
S>mbm J`mŸ& 1518 B©. _| `h amÁ` {~IaH$a Zï> hmo J`mŸ& nm±M ñdV§Ì _wpñb_ amÁ`m| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©Ÿ& ~ama
H$m B_mXemhr, ~rOmnwa H$m Am{Xbemhr, Ah_XZJa H$m {ZOm_emhr, JmobHw$ÊS>m H$m Hw$Vw~emhr Am¡a ~rXa
H$s darX-emhrŸ& A§V _| `o g^r _wJb-gm_«mÁ` _| A§V^w©V hmo J`oŸ& Am{Xbemhr Am¡a Hw$Vw~emhr gwëVmZ
gm{hpË`H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`m] _| é{M boH$a `e Ho$ ^mJr ~ZoŸ&
gya-d§e :
eoaemh Ûmam ñWm{nV gya-d§e H$m AnZm àWH$ _hÎd h¡Ÿ& eoaemh H$m Zm_ \$arX WmŸ& CgHo$ {nVm
gmgmam_ ({~hma) Ho$ OmJrXma Wo, qH$Vw CgH$s {ejm-Xrjm Om¡Znwa _| hþB©Ÿ& CgZo EH$ ~ma eoa _maZo Ho$ H$maU
Cgo "eoa Im±' H$s nXdr {_b J`rŸ& {\$a ~m~a Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmH$a CgZo ~§Jmb OrVZo _| Cgo ~‹S>r ghm`Vm
nh±þMm`rŸ& ~m~a H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ níMmV Jm¡‹S> Xoe H$mo AYrZ H$a {b`mŸ& nR>mZm| H$s ghm`Vm go Mm¡gm Ho$ nmg hþ_m`y±
H$mo ham`mŸAm¡a "eoaemh' H$s Cnm{YJ«hU H$a brŸ& H$ÝZm¡O Ho$ `wÕ _| CgZo hþ_m`y± H$mo {\$a go ham {X`mŸ& hþ_m`y±
H$mo \$mag _| nZmh boZr n‹S>rŸ& eoaemh Zo emgZ-gwYma H$s ì`dñWm Bg ar{V go H$s, {H$ CgZo g_«mQ> AH$~a
VH$ H$m nW-àXe©Z {H$`mŸ& eoaemh H$s _¥Ë`w 1545 B©. _| hþB©Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX CgH$m nwÌ Obmb-Im± (gbr_emh)
CgH$m CÎmam{YH$mar ~ZmŸ& Cgo H$B© {dÐmohm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m Am¡a 1554 B©. _| CgH$m XohmdgmZ hmo J`mŸ&
hþ_m`y± Zo {~JS>Vr hþB© Xem H$m bm^ CR>m`mŸ& ^maV na AmH«$_U H$a bmhm¡a H$mo hñVJV H$a {b`mŸ& gya-d§e Ho$
A§{V_ gwëVmZ {gH§$Xaemh Ho$ga qhX _| hma OmZo na hþ_m`y± ~mXemh ~Z ~¡R>mŸ&
_wJb-d§e :
V¡_wa b§J H$s nm§Mdt nr‹Tr _| CËnÝZ OhréÔrZ _whå_X ~m~a dmñVd _| VwH©$-d§er Wm, _wJb ZhtŸ&
_mV¥Hw$b Ho$ ZmVo dh M§JoO Im± H$m gJm-gå~ÝYr hmo gH$Vm Wm, na§Vw _wJbm| Ho$ à{V Cg_| gX²^md H$m
A^md-gm WmŸ& g§`moJde dh CZ g_«mQ>m| H$m nyd©-nwéf ~Z J`m {OÝh| "_wJb' H$hH$a ñ_aU {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CgHo$ {nVm \$aJmZm Ho$ EH$ N>moQ>o-go amÁ` Ho$ A{Yn{V WoŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ g_` ~m~a ~mah df© H$m ~mbH$
WmŸ& Bgr AdñWm _| dh CÎmam{YH$mar ~ZmŸ& AnZo eÌwAm| H$m dh Ñ‹TVmnyd©H$ gm_Zm H$aVm ahmŸ& Bgr ~rM CgZo
g_aH§$X H$mo OrVH$a AnZo amÁ` _| {_bm {b`mŸ& CO~oJ A_ram|Ûmam AnXñW {H$`o OmZo na dh ^maV H$s Amoa
CÝ_wI hþAm Am¡a CgZo H$m~wb H$mo OrVH$a g_aH§$X H$mo ^r {\$a A{YH¥$V H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s na§Vw dh
Ag\$b ahmŸ& N>moQ>o-_moQ>o AmH«$_Um| Ûmam dh ^maV H$s pñW{V H$m AÜ``Z H$aVm ahmŸ& {Xbmda Im± H$m
Am_§ÌU nmH$a CgZo nmZrnV `wX²Y _| {dO` àmßV H$a brŸ& Xygao hr df© amUm gm§Jm H$mo nam{OV H$a CgZo
AnZr pñW{V gwÑ‹T ~Zm brŸAm¡a M§Xoar XwJ© na H$ãOm H$a {b`mŸ& nR>mZm| H$mo nam{OV H$a CgZo AnZr {dO`nVmH$m \$ham`rŸ& CgZo amÁ`-ì`dñWm H$mo gwYmaZo H$s `moOZm ^r ~ZmZr MmhrŸqH$Vw emhOmXo hþ_m`y± H$s é½UVm
Ho$ H$maU CgH$s _ZmoH$m_Zm AYyar ah J`rŸ& ~m~a Zo "~m~aZm_m' {bIH$a AnZr Hw$eb boIZr H$m n[aM`
{X`m h¡Ÿ&
29
~m~a Zo hþ_m`y± go dMZ {b`m Wm {H$ dh AnZo n[adma Ho$ à{V gX²^mdZmnyU© {Zð>m aIoJm, {OgH$m
nmbZ dh AmOrdZ H$aVm ahmŸ& JwOamV Ho$ gwëVmZ ~hmXwaehm Zo Cgo `wÕ _| KgrQ> {b`m Am¡a ~mX _| eoaemh
Ûmam H$ÝZm¡O H$s b‹S>mB© _| nam{OV hmoH$a dh \$mag ^mJ J`mŸ& eoaemh H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ níMmV² CgZo AnZo amÁ`
H$mo nwZ: A{YH$ma _| bo {b`mŸ& 1566 B©. _| nwñVH$mb` H$s gr[‹T>`m| go CVaVo g_` AMmZH$ CgHo$ H$mZm|
_| AmOmZ H$s AmdmO n‹S>r& PwH$Vo hr CgHo$ nm±d {\$gb J`o Am¡a dh ZrMo {Ja n‹S>mŸ& `h AmKmV àmUmÝVH$
{gÕ hþAmŸ& hþ_m`y± H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ gÌhd| {XZ CgHo$ nwÌ ObmbwÔrZ AH$~a Ho$ Zm_ "IwV~m' n‹T> {X`m J`mŸ&
hþ_m`y± Z Ho$db gm{hË`H$mam| H$m gå_mZ H$aVm WmŸ& A{nVw ñd`§ ^r H$mì`aMZm H$aVm WmŸ& amÁ` ^ma J«hU
H$aVo g_` AH$~a Voah df© H$m ~mbH$ WmŸ& CgH$m ~MnZ ~¡a_ Im§ Ho$ g§ajU _| ì`VrV hþAmŸ& {OgHo$ g_j
Om¡Znwa hr Zht, {dÐmohr nR>mZm| VH$ H$mo PwH$Zm n‹S>mŸ& AH$~a Zo ~¡a_ Im§ H$mo Xm{`Ëd-_wŠV H$a {X`mŸ& ~§Jmb,
{~hma Am¡a JwOamV H$mo X~mH$a CgZo H$í_ra na ^r AnZm PÊS>m \$ham {X`mŸ& amÁ` {dñVma Am¡a Am§V[aH$ em§{V
Am¡a gwì`dñWm Ho$ {bE dh gXm hr gMoï> ahmŸ& Xoe H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmZo Ho$ gmW dh gm_m{OH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$
CÝZ{V Ho$ {bE ^r `ËZerb ahmŸ& CgHo$ à_wI Xa~mar "ZdaËZ' Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ WoŸ& \¡$Or, A~wb\$Ob,
~ra~b, ~Xm`yZ§ r, VmZgoZ, ahr_ Am{X Xa~ma _| WoŸ& BZHo$ gh`moJ go CgHo$ amÁ` H$s »`m{V Xya VH$ \¡$brŸ&
dh {e{jV Z hmoH$a ^r CXma, göX` Am¡a ì`dhma-Hw$eb WmŸ& CgH$m amÁ`-H$mb 1605 B©. VH$ ahmŸ&
AH$~a H$m CÎmam{YH$mar Ohm±Jra ~ZmŸ& {OgH$m ~MnZ H$m Zm_ "gbr_' WmŸ& CgZo {nVm Ho$ {déÕ
{dÐmoh H$aZm Mmhm Wm, qH$Vw g\$b Z hmo gH$mŸ& 1627 B©. _| CgH$s _¥Ë`w hmo J`rŸ& Ohm±Jra Zo eoa A\$JZ H$s
hË`m H$amHo$ CgH$s nËZr _yhê${ÝZgm (ZyaOhm±) H$mo AnZo ha_ _| aI {b`mŸ& dh ZyaOhm± AnZo Om_mVm eha`ma
H$mo amÁ` H$m CÎmam{YH$mar ~ZmZm MmhVr Wr, qH$Vw ~mXemh Ho$ _aZo H$m g_mMma nmH$a ehOmXm emhOhm±
X{jU go amOYmZr H$s Amoa Mb n‹S>mŸ& emgZ-gyÌ g§^mbZo Ho$ ~mX emhOhm§ H$mo ~w§Xobm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm
n‹S>mŸ& Cgo Im§Ohm§ bmoYr H$mo amO-_mJ© go hQ>mZm n‹SmŸ& CgZo X{jU H$s H$B© gëVZVm| H$mo OrVH$a AnZo AYrZ
{H$`mŸ& {Og_| Cgo Am¡a§JOo~ go ^anya ghm`Vm {_brŸ& H§$Yma H$m Am{YnË` ñWm{nV H$aZo _| Cgo Ag\$bVm
{_brŸ& Am¡a§JOo~ Xmam{eH$moh Ho$ à{V Ûof ^md aIZo bJm WmŸ& Xmam H$m qhXwAm| Ho$ à{V gX²^md ^r Cgo ng§X
Zht WmŸ& Am¡a§JOo~ Zo AnZo ^mB`m| H$m A§V H$a S>mbmŸAm¡a 1658 B©. _| emhOhm± H$mo ~§Xr ~Zm {b`mŸ& AnZr
ß`mar ~oJ_ _w_VmO _hb H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX emhOhm§ Zo `_wZm {H$Zmao "VmO_hb' H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m WmŸ& Xmam
H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ H$maU dh {IÝZ ahZo bJm Am¡a nwÌr Ohm§Zmam hr CgHo$ ñZohmH$f©U H$m H|$Ð ahrŸ& CgH$m H$bm Am¡a
gm{hË`-ào_ à{gÕ h¡, gmW hr dh eyadra Am¡a H$m`©Hw$eb WmŸ&
2.3.2
^pŠVH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V`m± :
^maVr` g_mO _| dUm] Am¡a Om{V`m| H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& g_` g_` na {H$VZr hr _mZd _§S>{b`m§ Bg
Xoe _| AmVr aht {OZ_o§ AnZo Y_©-{dídmgm|, ar{V-añ_m| Am¡a AmMma-{dMma nÕ{V`m| Ho$ g§ñH$ma WoŸ&
H$mbm§Va _| CZ_| gm_§Oñ` H$s ^mdZm Am¡a g_Ýd` H$s MoVZm b{jV hmo J`rŸ& àmMrZ H$mb _| d«mË`, Am`©,
ZmJ, `j, Xod, X¡Ë`, Agwa, {H$ÝZa, J§Yd©, {dÚmYa Am{X _mZd-_ÊS>{b`m± g_` nmH$a Xod-`mo{Z VH$ _|
30
g_m{hV H$a br J`tŸ& nadVu H$mb _| `hr à{H«$`m eH$, hÿU, `dZ, H$å~moO, VwH©$, nmagr, nR>mZ, _§Jmob
Am{X Om{V`m| Ho$ gmW K{Q>V hþB©Ÿ& na§Vw n¡J§~ar Y_© Ho$ AZw`m{``m| _| AmñWm-{dídmg, AmMma-{dMma, Am¡a
OrdZàUmbr H$s Hw$N> Eogr {deofVmE§ WrŸ& {OZgo Amngr _ob-{_bmn _| dh Vrd«Vm Z Am gH$sŸ& _wgb_mZm|
Zo ì`mdhm[aH$ gå~Ym| Ho$ ^oX H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE `hm± Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| H$mo qhXy H$hmŸ& Bg eãX H$m àW_
CëboI {dO`ZJa Ho$ amOmAm| Ho$ n§Ðhdt eVmãXt dmbo {ebmboI _| CnbãY h¡Ÿ& B©amZ Ho$ AmHo${_{Z`Z
~mXehm| Ho$ A{^boIm| _| "B§X' eãX H$m à`moJ Adí` {_bVm h¡ŸOmo "qhXw' (qgYw) H$m B©amZr ê$n OmZ n‹S>Vm
h¡Ÿ& Bñbm_ ^mV¥ ^md H$m g§Xoe boH$a Mbm WmŸ& CgH$m X²dma Hw$N> eVm] na g~Ho$ {bE Iwbm Wm na§Vw qhXwAm|
Ho$ `hm§ Y_©-n[adV©Z H$s emñÌr` ì`dñWm Z WrŸ& CZHo$ g§ñH$ma BgHo$ dnarV n‹S>Vo WoŸ& Bg ~rM Y_©
n[adV©Z Ho$ Omo CXmhaU {_bVo h¢ do Y_©-ào[aV Z hmoH$a ñdmW© Wm ~bmËH$ma Ho$ n[aUm_ WoŸ& nyd© l_Ug§ñH¥${V Ho$ àMma-àgma H$mb _| ^r Eogo àíZ WoŸ& qH$Vw CgHo$ CÝ_m`H$m| H$m {damoY H$_©H$mÊS>m{X
ì`mdhm[aH$ ~mVm| go A{YH$ WmŸ& H$_©dmX Am¡a OÝ_mÝVa dmX _| CZH$s AmñWm bJ^J d¡gr hr WrŸ& AnZr
Hw$brZVm H$s ajm H$s qMVm VËH$mbrZ qhXwAm| H$mo gVmZo bJrŸ& CgH$s ajm Ho$ {Z{_Îm do ñ_¥{V`m| Am¡a
Q>rH$mAm| H$m ghmam boZo bJo WoŸ& H$^r H$^r {dY_u VWm {dOmVr` emgH$m| Ûmam qhXy àOm Ho$ à{V H«y$a
Xwì`©dhma VH$ hmo Om`m H$aVo WoŸ& {Oggo AmV§{H$V hmoH$a CÝh| AnZo H$mo _wpñb_ àOm go {^ÝZ _mZZo H$mo
~mÜ` hmoZm nS>Vm WmŸ& Bñbm_ H$m ^«mV¥^md-g§Xoe `hm± CVZm à^mfH$mar {gÕ Z hmo gH$mŸ& qhXy g_mO _|
^r dUm©l_ Y_© H$m C{MV nmbZ Zht hmo nmVm WmŸ& \$bñdê$n Om{V`m|-CnOm{V`m| H$s g§»`m-d¥Õr hmo J`r
Wr Am¡a CZHo$ nmañn[aH$ ì`dhma _| AmË_r`Vm Zht WrŸ& dU© ì`dñWm _| Amngr ^oX-^md ~Zm hþAm WmŸ&
BãZ~VwVm Ho$ Zwgma Xmg-àWm àM{bV WrŸ& qhXy H$Ý`mAm| H$mo _wgb_mZ bmoJ H«$` H$aHo$ AnZo Kamo§ _| aI
{b`m H$aVo WoŸ& A_ra bmoJ AnZo _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ {bE Hw$brZ Zm[a`m| H$m BñV_mb H$aVo WoŸ& g_mO _| ~hþ{ddmh
`m nwZ{d©dmh H$s àWmE§ àM{bV WrŸ& {dXoer n`©Q>H$m| Zo VËH$mbrZ gVr-àWm H$m ^r {ddaU {X`m h¡Ÿ& {ó`m|
H$mo nwéfm| O¡gm ñVa VWm gå_mZ àmßV Z WmŸ& naXm àWm CZ {XZm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm ~Z J`r WrŸ& ór {ejm
H$s ì`dñWm WrŸ& H$bm-gm{hË` Ho$ {Z_m©U _| {\$a ^r {ó`m| H$m `moJXmZ ahm H$aVm WmŸ& Nw>AmNy>V Ho$ {Z`_
H$R>moa Wo ewÐ Om{V`m| VH$ _| nañna ^oX^md ~aVm OmZo bJm WmŸ&
^maVr` _wpñb_ g_mO H$s AdñWm qhXwAm| go A{YH$ {^ÝZ Zht WrŸ& Y_m©ÝV[aV _wgb_mZm| Ho$ qhXyg§ñH$ma Y_©-n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW hr Ywb Zht J`o WoŸ& Omo ñdmW©de Y_©-n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` hþE WoŸ&
AmH«$_UH$mar _wgb_mZm| Ho$ d§eOm| _| ^r H$mbm§ÝVa _| gX²^md Am¡a g{hîUwVm Ho$ ^md C{XV hmoZo bJoŸ& Cg
g_` gwëVmZ H$m nX gdm©n[a Wm Am¡a Cbo_m VWm C_am H$m ñWmZ ~mX _| AmVm WmŸ& BZ_| {ÛVr` dJ© _|
B©amZ, Vw{H©$ñVmZ, A\$Jm{ZñVmZ VWm Aa~ Ho$ _yb {Zdm{g`m| Ho$ Zm_ {bE Om gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& {OÝh| H«$_e: eoI,
_wJb, nR>mZ Am¡a g¡`X H$s g§km Xr OmZo bJr WrŸ& eoI nmpÊS>Ë` Am¡a gwg§ñH¥${V Ho$ {bE à{gÕ WoŸ& do
{e`m-g§àXm` H$s Am¡a CÝ_wI WoŸ& Vw{H©$ñVmZdmbo _wJb gwÝZr g§àXm` go gå~Õ WoŸ& A\$JmZr nR>mZ AnZo
em¡`©, gmhg, ñdm{^_mZ Am¡a grYonZ Ho$ {bE à[gÕ WoŸ& Io{Vhma, _OXya, ì`mnmar Am¡a Zm¡H$ar-noem
31
_wgb_mZm| _| ^r nañna ^oX^md WmŸ& _wpñb_ _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V qhXy {ó`m| go {^ÝZ Z WrŸ& ~hþ{ddmh
H$s àWm WrŸ& _wpñb_ g_mO AnZo _yb ê$n _| Z ah J`m Wm Am¡a CgH$m EH$ àH$ma go ^maVr`H$aU hmo
J`m WmŸ& Bg H$mb VH$ ^maV _| CnpñWV B©gmB`m| H$m g_mO na H$moB© à^md Zht n‹S>mŸ& nmagr VWm `hÿXr
AnZr gr_mAm| _| hr gr{_V ahoŸ&
X¡{ZH$ OrdZ, ar{V-añ_, ahZ-ghZ, nd©-Ë`m¡hma Am{X H$s Ñ{ï> go VËH$mbrZ ^maVr` g_mO
gw{dYmgånÝZ Am¡a Agw{dYm-J«ñV BZ Xmo dJm] _| {d^ŠV WmŸ& àW_ dJ© _| amOm-_hmamOm, gwëVmZ, A_ra,
gm_§V Am¡a goR>-gmhÿH$ma AmVo WoŸ& {OZ_| _Z_mZo X§J go d¡^d àXe©Z H$s CëbmgnyU© àd¥{Îm nm`r OmVr WrŸ&
{ÛVr` dJ© _| {H$gmZ, _OXya, g¡{ZH$, amÁ`-H$_©Mmar Am¡a Kaoby CÚmoJ -Y§Xm§o _| bJr gm_mÝ` OZVm WrŸ&
g_mO _| gwì`dñWm bmZo Ho$ à`ËZ hmoVo ahVo WoŸ& égr ì`mnmar Am\$Zo{g`Z {Z{H${VZ Ho$ AZwgma ~h_mZr
amÁ` Ho$ gw`mo½` dOra _h_wX Jmdm§ (1405-1481 B©.) Ho$ g_` emgH$s` ì`dñWm àe§gZr` WrŸ& ^y{_ H$s
n¡Xmdma àMwa WrŸ& g‹S>Ho$ byQ>oam| Ho$ AmV§H$ go a{hV Wt VWm amOmYmZr ^ì` ZJa Ho$ ê$n _| Iwehmb {XIm`r
XoVr WrŸ& nVw©Jmbr dmadm§gm (1500-1516 B©.) Ho$ Zwgma Ohm± C_am Am¡a ~mXemh _hbm| _| {Zdmg H$aVo WoŸ&
dhm± Hw$N> bmoJ J{b`m| _| {Z{_©V _H$mZm| _o§ ahVo WoŸŸ& {OZHo$ gm_Zo Wmo‹S>r Iwbr OJh ^r ahVr WrŸ& eof OZVm
Ho$ ^m½` _| Pm|n[‹S`m| _| ahZm n‹S>Vm WmŸ& _wJbm| Ho$ emgZ H$mb Ho$ {df` _| "noëgnmQ>©' Zm_H$ boIH$ Zo
g_mO Ho$ ^rVa VrZ dJ© _mZo h¢Ÿ& l{_H$, Zm¡H$a Am¡a XwH$mZXmaŸ& BÝh| H$moB© ñdoÀN>mnyd©H$ H$m`© H$aZo H$m
AdH$me Zht WmŸ& XwH$mZXmam| H$mo AnZr MrO| {N>nmH$a aIZr n‹S>Vr WrŸ& H$ht na H«y$a H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s Ñ{ï>
Z n‹S> Om`oŸ& VËH$mbrZ gmYw-g_mO na ^r H$mbr N>m`m _§S>amZo bJr WrŸ& Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg-H¥$V
"H${dVmdbr' H$s n§pŠV`m| go VËH$mbrZ pñW{V H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¢Ÿ&
"IoVr Z {H$gmZ H$mo, {^Imar H$mo Z ^rI ^br,
~{ZH$ H$mo ~{ZO Z MmH$a H$mo MmH$arŸ&
Or{dH$m {dhrZ bmoJ grÚ_mZ gmoM ~g,
H$h¢ EH$ EH$Z gmo H$hm§ OmB©, H$m H$arŸ&&'
2.3.3
^pŠVH$mbrZ H${d`m| H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.3.1
Zm_Xod ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n{aM`
OrdZ n[aM` :
Zm_Xod _hmamï´> Ho$ Eogo g§V h¢ {OZH$s »`m{V ^maV Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo _| ì`mßV WrŸ& Zm_Xod H$m OÝ_
eHo$ 1192 àW_ g§dËga H$m{V©H$ ewŠb 11, a{ddma Ho$ g_` hþAmŸ& _hmamï´> Ho$ na^Ur {Obo _| Zagr ~m_Ur
Jm±d _| EH$ XOu n[adma _| hþAmŸ& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Xm_meoQ>r Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ JmonmB© WmŸ& Zm_Xod H$s
EH$ ~hZ ^r Wr, {OgH$m Zm_ AmD$~mB© WmŸ& Zm_Xod H$m {ddmh CZH$s 9 df© H$s Am`w _| hr hmo J`m WmŸ&
32
nËZr H$m Zm_ amOmB© WmŸ& CÝho Zmam, {dR>m, Jm|Xm `o VrZ nwÌ WoŸ&
Zm_Xod Ho$ {nVm {dÇ>b-^ŠV WoŸ& à{V df© do n§T>anwa H$s dmar H$aVo WoŸ& AV: ~MnZ go hr Zm_Xod
Ho$ _Z _| {dÇ>b-^[ŠV g§M[aV hmo J`r WrŸ& Zm_Xod H$m _Z J¥hñWr _| Zhr§ bJmŸ& do n§T>anwa _| ~gH$a hr
{dÇ>b H$s godm H$aZo bJoŸ& dht kmZoída Am¡a CZHo$ ^mB©-~{hZm| go ^|Q> hþB© Am¡a CZHo$ g§gJ© go CÝhm|Zo
{dgmo~m IoMa go Xrjm brŸ&
Zm_Xod ^pŠV-^mdZm :
Zm_Xod n§T>anwa Ho$ "{dÇ>b' H$s à{V_m _| hr ^JdmZ H$mo XoIVo WoŸ& do {dR>mo~m IoMa Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmZo
Ho$ ~mX Cgo gd©Ì AZw^d H$aZo bJoŸ& ào_^pŠV _| kmZ H$m g_mdoe hmo J`mŸ& ^[ŠV JrV H$s aMZm H$s Am¡a
OZVm OZmX©Z H$mo g_Vm Am¡a à^w ^pŠV H$m nmR> n‹T>m`mŸ& g§V kmZoída Ho$ nabmoH$ J_Z Ho$ gmW BÝhm|Zo
nyao ^maV H$m ^«_U {H$`mŸ& CÎma ^maV H$s `mÌm go bm¡Q>H$a kmZoída Zo Ami§Xr _| g_m{Y bo brŸ& Cg g_`
Zm_Xod AnZo na_ {_Ì Ho$ g_m{YñW hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU do n§Om~ H$s Amoa Mbo J`oŸ& "Kw_mZ' ñWmZ na ~hþV
g_` VH$ H$sV©Z ^OZ go OZVm _| ^[ŠV H$m g§Mma H$aVo ahoŸ& "Kw_mZ' _| AmO ^r Zm_Xod H$s _§{Xa h¡Ÿ&
`h ñWmZ "JwéXmgnwa' {Obo _| h¡Ÿ& "Kw_mZ' Zm_H$ ñWmZ H$mo "JwéÛmam ~m~m Zm_ XodOr' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Zm_Xod Ho$ AZoH$ {eî` aho h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ n§Om~r {eî`m| _| {dîUw ñdm_r, ~mhaoXmg, OmbVmogwZma, bKm IÌr Am¡a
Ho$ed H$bmYmar Am{XŸ& Zm_Xod Zo 80 df© H$s Am`w _| 1272 B©. _| n§T>anwa Ho$ {dÇ>b _§{Xa Ho$ _hmÛma na
g_m{Y bo brŸ& CZHo$ {eî` n[aIm ^mJdV Zo EH$ A^§J àñVwV {H$`m h¡Amfm‹T> ewŠb EH$mXer
Zm_m {dZdr {dÇ>bmgrŸ&
Amkm ìhmdr hmo _Ogr
g_m{Y {dlm§{V bJrŸ&&
dmaH$ar g§àXm` Am¡a Zm_Xod :
Zm_Xod Ho$ nyd©O n§T>anwa Ho$ {dR>mo~m ^ŠV WoŸ& Amfm‹T> Am¡a H$m{V©H$ H$s EH$mXer H$mo n§T>anwa H$s dmar
{H$`m H$aVo WoŸ& {dÇ>b H$s à{V_m 28 `wJ go BªQ> na I‹S>r hþB© h¢Ÿ& Bgo ^mJdV Y_© H$hm OmVm h¢Ÿ& {dÇ>b Ho$
{dîUwê$n hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Bgo d¡îUd-n§Wr ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV Y_© _| _y{V©nyOm H$m ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& _hmamï´> _|
^pŠV-àYmZ dmaH$ar Y_© àM{bV hmo J`mŸ& CÎma _| am_mZ§X Ûmam `h n«M{bV hmo J`m h¡Ÿ&
^pŠV Ðm{d‹S> D$nOr bm`o am_mZ§X
àJQ> {H$`m H$~ra Zo gßVXrn Zm¡I§S>Ÿ&
dmaH$ar g§àXm` Zo ^pŠV H$mo Am`©-Ðm{d‹S> VWm d¡{XH$-Ad¡{XH$ {ddmX go _wŠV {H$`mŸ& `h {dewÕ
^pŠV g§àXm` h¡ & Zm_Xod Zo AnZo AZw`m{``m| H$mo "am_H¥$îU-h[a' Ho$ CÀMma H$m CnXoe {X`mŸ& dmaH$ar g§Vm|
Zo AnZr ^pŠV-^mdZm A^§Jm| Am¡a amJ - am{J{Z`m| Ho$ nXm| g| ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo na_mË_m àmpßV Ho$ {bE
33
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 3
Mma gmonmZ ~VmE h¢Ÿ& - 1) kmZ_mJ© 2) ^pŠV_mJ© 3) `moJ_mJ© 4) H$_©`moJ & Zm_Xod Ho$ Jwé IoMa kmZ_mJu
Wo, CÝhm|Zo AnZo ^JdmZ H$mo gd©Ì XoIm WmŸ& qhXr _| CZH$m nX {XIm`r XoVm h¡Ÿ&
"B^o {dÇ>b, C^o {dÇ>b, {dÇ>b {~Z g§gma ZhtŸ&'
CÝhm|Zo n§Tanwa Ho$ {dR>mo~m H$s AmamYZm H$sŸ& {dÇ>b H$s à{V^m H$mo gd©Ì {XIm`mŸ& BVZm ì`mnH$
Ñ{ï>H$moZ Zm_Xod H$m hr WmŸ&
dmaH$ar g§àXm` _| ^OZ Am¡a H$sV©Z go ^JdmZ H$m JwUJmZ ~‹S>o hr CËgmh go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Amfm‹T> Am¡a
H$m{V©H$ H$s EH$mXer H$mo n§T>anwa _| CËgmh H$m dmVmdaU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dmaH$ar g§àXm` Ho$ gmW AÝ` OZg_wXm` ^r
^pŠV _| brZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Jmonr-M§XZ H$m {VbH$ bJmZm, EH$mXer H$m d«V aIZm, h[a-nmR> dmMZ BZH$m {ZË`
H$_© ahVm h¡Ÿ& kmZXod, EH$ZmW Am¡a VwH$mam_ H$s nwÊ` {V{W`m| na Ami§Xr, Am¡a Xohÿ H$s `mÌm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& `h
ñWmZ n{dÌ Am¡a g_m{Y ñWb h¡Ÿ& dmaH$ar g§Vm| _| g§Ý`mg Amdí`H$ Zht h¡Ÿ& BZ g§Vm| _| Zm_Xod, MmoIm_obm,
n[aIm ^mJdV, Jmoam Hw$åhma, EH$ZmW, VwH$mam_ Am{X AnZm J¥hñW OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVo WoŸ& dmaH$ar g§Vm| _|
H$_©H$m§S> Ho$ {bE _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Zht h¢Ÿ& do "_Z M§Jm Vmo H$R>m|Vr _| J§Jm' Ho$ {gÕm§V H$mo _mZVo WoŸ& `h g§àXm`
g_ñV ^maV _| \¡$bm h¡Ÿ& n§Om~ Ho$ JwéXmgnwa {Obo Ho$ Kmo_mZ Zm_H$ ñWmZ na AmO ^r dmaH$ar g§àXm` Ho$
AZw`m`r h¡Ÿ&
Zm_Xod H$s aMZmE± :
Zm_Xod Zo AnZr H$_ Am`w _| OZVm _| ^pŠV-g§Mma H$m H$m`© {H$`mŸ& _amR>r VWm qhXr dm{U`m| _| AnZo
H$m`© H$s {gÕr H$a XrŸ& _amR>r "Zm_XodmÀ`m A^§Jm§Mr JmWm' _| g§H${bV A^§J {_bVo h¢Ÿ& ^mfm H$s
àmMrZVm Am¡a ^md-Ymam H$m gabVm go Zm_Xod Ho$ A^§J _| nhMmZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& Zm_m, {dîUwXmgZm_m, {epån
Zm_m H$s N>mn A^§Jm| _| {_bVr h¢Ÿ& Zm_m {eånr Ho$ A^§J gab h¡Ÿ& ^pŠV^mdZm H$s VabVm Am¡a ^mfmê$n àmMrZ h¡Ÿ& {dîUwXmgZm_m _| àm¡‹T> e¡br X{e©V h¡Ÿ& bmoH$-H$mì` e¡br _| Jm|Yi, S>mH$, _m§Jwb, dmgwXod,
qnJbm, Io{b`m _| n§T>aram`, {dR>mo~m Ho$ à{V ^md-n«dU {ZdoXZ {_bVm h¡Ÿ& "Io{b`m' _| H$ënZm H$m
M_ËH$ma, "hþå~ar' _| g_n©U H$s ^mdZm, "{da{hUr' _| AmË_m-na_mË_m H$s {_bZmoËH§$R>m h¡Ÿ& BZHo$
bmoH$H$mì` _| bmoH$-OrdZ _| àM{bV Cn_mZ {_bVo h¢&
Zm_Xod H$s H¥${V`m± _amR>r Am¡a qhXr XmoZm| ^mfmAm| _| àmßV hmoVr h¢Ÿ& S>m°. ^JraW {_l VWm
amOmZmam`U _¡`© Zo nwUo {dÚmnrR> Ûmam "g§V Zm_Xod H$s qhXr nXmdbr' gZ² 1964 _| àH$m{eV H$r h¡§&
H$) _amR>r JmWm H$s H¥${V`m± :
1)
"Zm_XodmMr Am{U Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~mMr dm g_H$mbrZ gmYwMo A^§JmMr JmWm'Ÿ& (eHo$ g§.
VwH$mam_ VmË`m Ûmam g§nm{XV) Bg _| n¥ð> 645 go 670 VH$ "qhXwñVmZr ^m{fV A^§J' Ho$ A§VJ©V
106
qhXr nX g§H${bV Ÿh¡§ &
34
1864
_| lr
àW_ AmR> nX Ho$ níMmV² "ZmZH$ gmho~mÀ`m J«§WmVrb qhXwñVmZr nX|' erf©H$ Ho$ A§VJ©V nX
g§H${bV h¢Ÿ&
{ÛVr` à{V "Zm_Xod H$s JmWm' h¡Ÿ& Bg_|
{dîUw Zaqgh OmoJ h¡Ÿ&
V¥Vr` à{V "lr Zm_Xod _hmamO `m§À`m A^§JmMr JmWm' lr. Í`§~H$ h[a AmnQ>o Ûmam g§H${bV h¢Ÿ&
BZ_| 102 nX g§H${bV h¢Ÿ&
MVwW© à{V "Zm_Xod am`m§Mr gmW© JmWm' h¡ & Bg_| lr "JwwéJ«§Wgmh~' _| g§H${bV
I)
102
qhXr nX {X`o h¢Ÿ& BgH$m g§nmXH$ H$Vm© h.^.n.lr.
61
nX {X`o h¢Ÿ&
JwéJ«§Wgmh~ na§nam H$s H¥${V`m± :
"JwéJ«§Wgmh~' _|
61
nX {_bVo h¢Ÿ&
"n§Om~mVrb Zm_Xod' _| Bgr na§nam H$s Vrgar à{V h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ boIH$ lre§H$a nwéfmoÎm_ Omoer h¡Ÿ&
Bg_| ^r 61 nX h¢Ÿ&
"{eIm§À`m Am{X J«§WmVrb Zm_Xod' `h _amR>r J«§W h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ g§nmXH$ lr Am. H$m. {à`mobH$a h¡Ÿ&
Bg_| ^r 61 nX h¢, BgH$m _amR>r Am¡a A§J«oOr _| ^mfm§Va hþAm h¡Ÿ&
J)
AÝ` ñWmZm| go àmßV H¥${V`m± :
naewam_ MVwd}Xr, {d`moJr h[a, {dZ` _mohZ e_m© Am{X Zo Zm_Xod Ho$ nX g§J«{hV {H$E h¢ &
g|Vwb bmB~«oar n{Q>`mbm H$s hñV{b{IV nmo{W`m| _| Zm_Xod H$s dmUr g§J«{hV h¡Ÿ&
{edX`mb H$s nmoWr _|
ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m, H$mer H$r hñV{b{IV _|
XmXyX`mb H$s dmUr _|
Kmo_mZ (Kw_mZ) H$s à{V _|
128
50
nX Am¡a
4
gm{I`m± h¢ &
123
nX Am¡a
8
gm{I`m± h¢Ÿ&
nX g§H${bV h¢Ÿ&
157
nX h¢Ÿ&
Zm_Xod Ho$ qhXr nXm| _| hR>>`moJ H$s gmYZm H$m A{YH$ à^md h¡Ÿ& CÎma ^maV _| {dXoer emgH$m|
Am¡a {dY_u bmoJmo§ Ho$ H$maU OZ-_Z AË`{YH$ jwãY WmŸ& qhXwAm| Ho$ _§{Xam| _| OmH$a OZVm Ho$ _Z _|
na_mË_m Ho$ à{V AZmñWm OmJ«V H$s WrŸ& Eogr pñW{V _| g§Vm| H$mo "nmhZ nwO¡ h[a {_b¡' H$s ^mdZm H$mo
OZVm Ho$ _Z go hQ>mZm Oéar WmŸ& {ZJw©U ~«h_ H$s CnmgZm H$m àMma H$aZm C{MV g_Pm Am¡a OZVm _|
na_mË_m h_ g~Ho$ öX` _| h¡ {H$ ^mdZm {dH${gV H$sŸ&
35
Xme©{ZH$ nj
1)
kmZ :
Zm_Xod dmaH$ar g§àXm` Ho$ à_wI g§V WoŸ& {dgmo~m IoMa Zo O~ Zm_Xod H$mo ^JdmZ H$s ì`mnH$Vm
H$s AZw^y{V H$am Xr V~ do {dÇ>b H$mo gd©Ì XoIZo bJoŸ& `h ^mdZm AÛ¡V e§H$amMm`© Ho$ AÛ¡V {gÕmÝV Ho$
AZwê$n h¡Ÿ& e§H$amMm`© Zo H$hm h¡, gå`H$ kmZ na_emoYH$ Ap½Z h¡Ÿ& ~«h_ Am¡a Ord A{^ÝZ h¢Ÿ& VpËdH$ Ñ{ï>
go OJV H$mo ^«_ AWdm _m`m _mZm h¡Ÿ& qhXr nXm| _| AÛ¡V H$m àYmZ h¡"g_| KQ> am_ ~mob| am_m ~mob| am_ {~Zm H$mo ~moboaoŸ&
EH$b _mQ>r H§$Oa MrQ>t^mOZ h¢ ~hþ ZmZmaoŸ&
AñWmna O§J_ H$sQ> nV§J_ K{Q> am_g_mZmaoŸ&
EH$b qMVm amIw AZ§Vm AS>a Vghþ g~ AmgmaoŸ&
àUd| Zm_m ^mE {ZhH$m_m H$mo R>mHw$a H$moXmgmaoŸ&&'
Zm_Xod na ZmW-_V H$m à^md n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& _amR>r A^§Jm| _| gJwU ^md hr àYmZ h¡Ÿ& {ZJw©U ^md _| kmZ
H$s àYmZVm ahVr h¡Ÿ& gJwU ^md _| amJ-VÎd hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^pŠV gag hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
2)
_m`m :
Zm_Xod Zo e§H$amMm`© Ho$ Zwgma g§gma H$mo _m`mOmb H$hH$a g§~mo{YV {H$`m h¡""ao _Z n§N>r`mZ na{g qnOao g§gma _m`mOmb aoŸ&
EH$ {XZ _| VrZ \o$am Vmo{h gXm P§n| H$mb aoŸ&
YZ Omo~Z ê$n Xo{I H$[a Ja`m¡ H$hm g§gma aoŸ&
Hw$å^ H$m±Mm| Zra ^[a`m| {~Zw gÝVm Zqh nma aoŸ&&''
3)
^pŠV :
Zm_Xod Ho$ nXm| _| {ZJw©U-gJwU XmoZm| Ho$ ^pŠVnX {_bVo h¢Ÿ& _amR>r A^§J ^pŠV ag go nyU© h¡Ÿ& Zm_Xod
H$mo g»` ^pŠV AË`§V {à` h¡Ÿ& Zm_Xod _wpŠV H$s H$m_Zm Zht H$aVo, OÝ_-OÝ_ AnZo {dÇ>b H$m hr Zm_ñ_aU
H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AnZo am_ Ho$ à{V Zm_Xod H$s {_bZ CËH§$R>m {XIm`r XoVr h¡ Zm_Xod ^ŠV H$s _ZmoXem H$m {MÌU H$aVo g_` H$hVo h¢ - ~N>S>o go Xya ahZodmbr Jm` Am¡a nmZr
go Xya ahZodmbr _N>br H$s Vah {dÇ>b go Xya ahZodmbo ^ŠV H$s Xem hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Zm_Xod ào_ H$s ì`mHw$bVm ñnï>
H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ ""_mo[h bmJV Vmbm~mobr, ~N>ao {~Zw JmB AHo$brŸ&
nmUr`m§ {~Zw _rZ Vb\|$Ÿ& Eogo am_ Zm_m {~Zw ~mnwaoŸ&''
36
""O¡go {XI| hoV naZmar
Eogo Zm_| àr{V _wamarŸ&''
na{H$`m _| àr{V H$s {dìhbVm {XIm`r XoVr h¡Ÿ& g§àXm`r g§V H${d`m| Zo amYm Am¡a Jmo{n`m| H$s H¥$îU
Ho$ à{V Omo àr{V Xem©`r h¡, dh Bg_| AmVr h¡Ÿ&
Zm_Xod Zo H$m§Vm-^md go AnZo am_ H$mo [aPmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
""_¢ ~moar _oar Zm_ am_ _VméŸ&
a{M a{M VmH$C H$aC> qgJmé''
Zm_Xod Zo g_ñV {díd _| am_, h[a, Ho$ed, ~rRw>bm, _mYd, JmoqdX Am{X H$mo EH$ _mZm h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo
"Ob Va§J Ý`m`' Ho$ Zwgma {ZJw©U-gJwU ^oX H$mo {_Q>m`m h¡Ÿ&
4)
CnmgZm :
CnmgZm na_mË_m Ho$ nmg OmZo go hr {_bVr h¡Ÿ& Zm_-ñ_aU, {M§VZ, kmZ Ho$ Ûmam hr `h gm{YV hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& Zm_Xod ZmW-n§W _| {eî`Vm J«hU H$aZo go nyd© gJwUmonmgH$ WoŸ& {dR>mo~m H$s Yyn, Xrn, Z¡doÚ Am{X go
CnmgZm H$aVo WoŸ& ZmW-n§W _| Xr{jV hmoZo na CZH$s CnmgZm ewÕ _mZ{gH$ ^md go hmoZo bJrŸ& do AnZo hr
A§Xa ì`mßV ~«h_ Ho$ Xe©Z H$aZo bJoŸ& hR>> `moJ H$s gmYZm _| brZ ahZo bJoŸ& `moJ - gmYZm _| "gwÝZ gmYZm'
H$m _hÎd h¡Ÿ& Jm¡ad eVH$ _| H$hm h¡Ÿ&
""fQ>MH«§$ fmoS>gmYma§ {Ìbj ì`mo_n§MH«$_Ÿ&
ñdXoho `oZ OmZpÝVH$W§ {gÕ`pÝV `mo{JZ:Ÿ&&''
`Ú{n Zm_Xod Zo `moJ-gmYZm go nmdZ-Á`mo{V Ho$ Xe©Z {H$`o h¢Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Zm_ñ_aU H$m _mJ© ~Vm`m
h¡Ÿ& gVV Zm_ñ_aU H$aZ go _Z EH$VmZVm AZw^d H$aVm h¡Ÿ& `hr ^md g_m{Y h¡Ÿ& `moJr Hw§$S>{bZr - `moJ Ho$
Ûmam `h gmYVm h¡Ÿ& Zm_Xod OZ_mZg Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ ""h[a Zm§d hram h[a Zm§d hram, h[aZm§d boV {_Q>| g~ nramŸ&
am_ gmo YZ VmH$mo H$hm A~ Wmoamo, AR>{g{Y Z{d{Z{Y H$aV {ZhmoamoŸ&
n§{S>V hmoB Vm| doX ~ImZ|, _ya{V Zm_Xod am_ hmo OmZ|Ÿ&''
Zm_Xod Zo Zm_-ñ_aU ê$nr ghO `moJ H$m _hÎd AnZo nXm| à{Vnm{XV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
Zm_Xod Zo qhXr nXm| _| {ZJw©U ^md H$s àYmZVm aIr h¡Ÿ& do ^JdmZ H$m Zm_ - ñ_aU H$aVo g_` Z¥Ë`
H$m ghmam boVo h¢Ÿ& Z¥Ë` nm±d go Zht hmoVm, _Z go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr CZH$s YmaUm h¡Ÿ&
ZmM ao _Z am_ Ho$ AmJoŸ&
kmZ {dMm[aOmoJ d¡amJoŸ&&
37
ZmMt ~«h_m ZmM| BÝXŸ&
ghg H$bm ZmM| a{d MÝXŸ&& 1Ÿ&&
am_ Ho$ AmJo g§H$a ZmM|Ÿ&
H$mb {dH$mb AH$mbqX ZmM| && 2Ÿ&&
ZmaX ZmM| XmoB H$a Omo{S>Ÿ&
gwa ZmM| V§¡Vrgw H$mo{Q> && 3Ÿ&&
^JV Zm_Xod _Zqh ZMmD±$Ÿ&
_Z Ho$ ZMm`o na_ nX nmD±$ && 4Ÿ&&
5)
ahñ`mË_H$ àd¥{Îm :
ahñ`dmXr H${d na_mË_m H$mo Ma-AMa _| ^r nmVo h¢Ÿ& Zm_Xod Bg na H$hVo h¢ "{OV XoI¡ {VV am_m hr am_m'
Zm_Xod H$m ahñ`dmX gdm©Ë_dmX H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| O‹S>-MoVZ Am¡a g_ñV ~«h_m§S> _| EH$ hr
na_ VÎd {XIm`r XoVm h¡Ÿ&
gm_m{OH$ gwYma :
Zm_Xod dmaH$ar n§W Ho$ WoŸ& AnZr ^pŠV _mJ© H$m ghmam boVo hþE g_mO _| \¡$bo D±$M-ZrM H$m ^oX^md
H$_ H$aZo H$m à`mg CÝhm|Zo {H$`mŸh¡ & Om{V ^oX {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bEŸCÝhm|Zo ^OZ-H$sV©Z H$m àMma {H$`mŸ& "^oX^md
^oX ^«_ h¡, A_§Jb h¡' Bg ^mdZm H$mo g_mO _| \¡$bmZo H$s CZH$s H$mo{ee h¡Ÿ& {ZåZ Om{V _| hmoZodmbr hrZVm
H$s ^mdZm Xya H$aZo H$m n«`ËZ CÝhm|Zo {H$`mŸ& h[a-H$sV©Z _| g^r Om{V Ho$ bmoJ Cg_| gpå_{bV hmoVo WoŸ& `hr
Zm_Xod Zo bmoJm| Ho$ _Z _| nañna ào_ ^aZo H$m à`mg {H$`mŸ& Zm_Xod Zo ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm_m| H$m g_mZ ^md go
ñ_aU H$am`mŸCÝhm|Zo AnZo g^r nXm| _| {dÇ>b, am_, h[a, Jmonmb, Ho$ed, H¥$îU g^r H$m EH$ê$n go ào_^md
go ñ_aU {H$`m h¡ & g_mO _| nmI§{S>`m| go Xya ahZo H$m CnXoe {X`mŸ& do H$hVo h¢ "nmI§S>r ^J{V am_ Zht arP|Ÿ&'
CÝhm|Zo bmoJm| H$mo gMoV H$aVo hþE CÎma ^maV _| {ZJw©U ^mdZm H$m àMma {H$`mŸ& nyOm, _mbm, ~mø
AmS>§~am| H$m {ZfoY Ed§ à{V_m nyOZ H$m I§S>Z {H$`mŸ& H$_©H$mÊS>, A§YlÕm, bmoH$^«_ Am{X g_mO _| \¡$br
JbV àd¥{Îm`m| H$m {damoY {H$`mŸ& Vn, VrW©, Ap½ZgodZ, Aíd_oY-`k, XmZ Am{X H$m ^r {damoY {H$`mŸ&
Zm_Xod H$s g_mO-godm VrZ Am`m_m| na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& Om{V-nm±{V H$m {ZfoY, h[a-H$sV©Z Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
gm_m{OH$ EH$Vm gmÜ` H$aZo H$m à`ËZ, ~mø§Så>~a H$m {ZfoY Ed§ öX`-ewÕVm H$m AmJ«h h¡Ÿ&
38
Zm_Xod H$s ^mfme¡br :
^mdnj :
Zm_Xod Ho$ qhXr nXm| _| ^pŠVag H$s àYmZVm h¡Ÿ& l¥§Jma Ho$ gmW H$m§Vm^md go am_ H$s H$m_Zm H$s
h¡Ÿ& _amR>r A^§Jm§o Am¡a nXm| _| emñÌmoŠV g^r agm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
H$bmnj :
Zm_Xod Zo _amR>r A^§Jmo§ Am¡a nXm| _| "AmaVr', "A^§J' Am{X N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Zm_Xod Ho$
qhXr nXm| _| g§JrV H$s {d{^ÝZ amJ-am{J{Z`m| H$m à`moJ CnbãY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Amgmdar, {Vb§J, JwOar, H$mZS>m,
nmZmgar, à^mVr, ^¡adr, _ëhma, am_H$br, gma§J, {~bm~b, VmoS>r, _ma, gmoaQ>r, ^mbrJm¡S>m Am{X amJam{J{Z`m± h¢Ÿ&
^mfm :
Zm_Xod Ho$ qhXr nX "JwéJ«W§ gmh~' Am¡a _amR>r Ho$ nX "Zm_Xod Mr JmWm' VWm AÝ` _amR>r g§Jh« m| _|
g§H${bV h§Ÿ¡ & CZHo$ nXm| _| ^mfm _| g§ñH¥$V dU©_mbm Ho$ g^r ñda Am¡a ì`§OZ {dÚ_mZ h¢ & Zm_Xod H$s ^mfm _|
H¥${Ì_Vm Zht {_bVr & {Og àm§V _| {OZ ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ g§nH©$ _| do Am`o, CZHo$ eãXm| H$mo J«hU {H$`mŸ& IS>r~mobr,
~«O, nydu qhXr, amOñWmZr, n§Om~r H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& _mV¥^mfm H$s PbH$ ñdm^m{dH$Vm go {XIm`r XoVr h¡Ÿ&
OZVm H$s ^mfm H$m ê$n Am J`m h¡Ÿ& BZH$s ^mfm _| IS>r~mobr Ho$ Cg ê$n H$m Am^mg {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
2.3.3.2
a¡Xmg ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM` :
OÝ_ :
_Ü``wJrZ gmYH$m| _| "a¡Xmg' AWdm "a{dXmg' H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& g§V a¡Xmg g_mO _| {ZåZ, Cno{jV,
hrZ _mZr OmZo dmbr M_©H$ma Om{V go WoŸ& a¡Xmg H$m OÝ_ a{ddma, _mK ny{U©_m g§dV² 1433 H$mer _| hþAmŸ& BZHo$
{nVm aKw Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ Kwa{~{Z`m ~Zmag Ho$ {ZH$Q> _m§S>y a Zm_H$ Jm±d _| ahVo WoŸ& níV¡Zr M_©H$ma H$m H$m`©
H$a AmOr{dH$m H$_mVo WoŸ&
"ZrMo go à^w AmM Š`m| h¡Ÿ&
a¡Xmg M_mamŸ&&'
a{dXmg ~‹S>o hþE Vmo BZH$m _Z H$m`©-ì`mnma H$s Anojm gmYw-g§J{V _| A{YH$ a_VmŸWm & {nVm Zo
V§J AmH$a BÝh| Ka go AbJ H$a {X`mŸ& AV: a{dXmg Ka Ho$ {nN>dm‹So Pm|n‹S>r S>mbH$a nËZr g{hV ahZo bJoŸ&
CZHo$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH$ma _mVm-{nVm Ed§ gm_m{OH$ n[adoe Ho$ Ûmam hr JhZ Am¡a nwï> hþE WoŸ&
ì`pŠVÎd :
a¡Xmg ñdm_r am_mZ§X Ho$ {eî` _§S>br Ho$ _hÎdnyU© gXñ` WoŸ& àma§^ _| hr a¡Xmg ~hþV namonH$mar VWm
39
X`mby Wo Am¡a Xygam| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZm CZH$m ñd^md ~Z J`m WmŸ& a¡Xmg AZn‹T> Wo qH$Vw g§V gm{hË` Ho$ J«§Wm|
Am¡a "Jwé J§«W gmh~' _| BZHo$ nX nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ&
a¡Xmg dMZ ~ÕVm _| _m{ha WoŸ& EH$ ~ma J§JmñZmZ Ho$ {bE AmJ«h {H$`mŸ& Vmo CÝhm|Zo H$hm ""J§Jm ñZmZ
Ho$ {bE _¢ Amdí` MbVm qH$Vw EH$ ì`[ŠV H$mo AmO hr OyV| ~ZdmH$a XoZo H$m _¢Zo dMZ Xo aIm h¡Ÿ& _¢ OyVo
Zht Xo gH$m Vmo dMZ ^§J hmoJm _Z `hm± bJm ahoJm Vmo nwÊ` H¡$go {_boJm? _Z ghr h¡ Vmo Bgr H$Q>m¡Vr Ho$ Ob
go hr J§Jm ñZmZ H$m nwÊ` àmßV hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& H$hm OmVm h¡ H$s, Bg àg§J Ho$ ~mX hr H$hmdV àM{bV hmo
J`r H$s, "_Z M§Jm Vmo H$Q>m¡Vr _| J§JmŸ&'
{ejm :
a¡Xmg Zo D±$M-ZrM H$s ^mdZm VWm B©ída-^pŠV Ho$ Zm_ na {H$E OmZo dmbo {ddmX H$mo gmahrZ VWm
{ZaW©H$ ~Vm`mŸ& Am¡a g~H$mo nañna {_b OwbH$a ào_ nyd©H$ ahZo H$m CnXoe {X`mŸ& do ñd`§ _Ywa VWm ^pŠVnyU©
^OZm| H$s aMZm H$aVo WoŸ& CZH$m {dídmg Wm H$s, am_, H¥$îU, H$ar_, amKd Am{X g~ EH$ hr na_oída Ho$ {d{dY
Zm_ h¢Ÿ& doX, Hw$amU, nwamU Am{X J«§Wm| _| EH$ hr na_oída H$m JwUJmZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
""Hw$amU, H$ar_, am_, h[a, amKd, O~bJ EH$Z noImŸ&
doX, H$Vo~, Hw$amZ, nwamVZ, ghO EH$ Zqh XoImŸ&''
CZH$m {dídmg Wm H$s B©ída H$s ^pŠV Ho$ {bE gXmMma, na{hV-^mdZm VWm gX²ì`dhma H$m nmbZ
H$aZm AË`mdí` h¡Ÿ& A{^_mZ Ë`mJH$a Xygam| Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$aZo Am¡a {dZ_«Vm VWm {eï>Vm Ho$ JwUm| H$m {dH$mg
H$aZo na CÝhm|Zo ~hþV ~b {X`mŸ& AnZo ^OZ _| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡
""H$h a¡Xmg Voar ^J{V Xy[a h¡, ^mJ~‹‹S>o gmonmd|Ÿ&
V{O A{^_mZ _o{Q> Amnm na, {n{nbH$a Ad|X Mw{Z Imd|Ÿ&''
CZHo$ {dMmam|$H$m Ame` `hr h¡ {H$ B©ída H$s ^pŠV ~‹S>o ^m½` go àmßV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& A{^_mZ eyÝ` ahH$a
H$m_ H$aZodmbm ì`pŠV OrdZ _| g\$b ahVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go H$s {dembH$m` hmWr eŠH$a Ho$ H$Um| H$mo MwZZo _| Ag_W©
ahVm h¡, O~{H$ bKw eara H$s ""{nnr{bH$m BZ H$Um| H$mo ga¥bVm nyd©H$ MwZ boVr h¡Ÿ&'' Bgr àH$ma A{^_mZ
VWm ~hþdMZ H$m ^md Ë`mJH$a {dZ_«Vmnyd©H$ AmMaU H$aZodmbm _Zwî` hr B©ída H$m ^ŠV hmo gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
gËg§J :
a¡Xmg H$s ~MnZ$go hr gñV§J Ho$ à{V Vrd« A{^é{M WrŸ& do am_OmZH$s H$s _y{V© ~ZmdmH$a nyOZ H$aVo
WoŸ& do na_ g§Vmofr Am¡a CXma ì`pŠV WoŸ& do AnZo ~ZmE hþE OyV| gmYwg§Vm| _| ~m±Q> {X`m H$aVoŸ& BZH$s {dapŠV Ho$
g§~§Y _| EH$ àg§J {_bVm h¡ H$s, EH$ ~ma {H$gr _hmË_m Zo CÝh| "nmag' nËWa {X`mŸ& {OgH$m Cn`moJ CgZo ~Vm`mŸ&
nhbo Vmo g§V a¡Xmg Zo hr CgH$m XoZm hr AñdrH$ma H$a {X`mŸ& qH$Vw ~ma-~ma AmJ«h H$aZo na CÝhm|Zo J«hU H$a {b`m
Am¡a AnZo N>ßna _| Im|g XoZo Ho$ {bE H$hm Voah {XZ Ho$ ~mX bm¡Q>H$a CŠV gmYw Zo O~ "nmag' nËWa Ho$ ~mao
40
_| nyN>m Vmo g§V a¡Xmg H$m CÎma Wm {H$, Ohm± aIm hmoJm dht go CR>mbm|Ÿ& gM_wM "nmag' nËWa dht n‹S>m {_bmŸ&
gË` :
g§V a¡Xmg Zo gË` H$mo AZwn_ H$hm dh gd©Ì EH$ ag h¡ {Og àH$ma Ob _| Va§Jo h¢ Cgr n«H$ma gmam
{díd Cg_| b{jV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh {ZË`, {ZamH$ma VWm g~Ho$ ^rVa {dÚ_mZ h¡Ÿ& gË` H$m AZw^d H$aZo Ho$ {bE
gmYH$ H$mo g§gma Ho$ à{V AZmgŠV hmoZm n‹S>oJmŸ& g§V a¡Xmg Ho$ AZwgma ào_ _ybH$ ^pŠV Ho$ {bE Ah§H$ma H$s
{Zd¥{Îm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& ^pŠV Am¡a Ah§H$ma EH$ gmW g§^d Zht h¡Ÿ& O~ VH$ gmYH$ AnZo gmÜ` Ho$ MaUm| _|
AnZm ñdd©ñd An©U Zht H$aVm V~ VH$ Cgo bú` H$s {g{Õ Zht hmo gH$VrŸ&
gmYZm :
g§V a¡Xmg, _Ü``wJrZ B{Vhmg Ho$ g§H«$_U H$mb _| hþE WoŸ& ~«mh_Um| H$s nmem{dH$ _Zmod¥{Îm go X{bV
Am¡a Cno{jV newdV OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` WoŸ& `h g~ a¡Xmg H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo CX²do{bV H$aVm
WmŸ& CZH$s g_Ýd` dmXr MoVZm BgrH$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& CZH$s ñdmZw^y{V _`r MoVZm Zo ^maVr` g_mO _| OmJ«{V
H$m g§Mma {H$`m Am¡a CZHo$ _m¡{bH$ qMVZ Zo emo{fV Am¡a Cno{jV ewÐm| _| AmË_{dídmg H$m g§Mma {H$`mŸ&
n[aUm_V: dh ~«mh²_UdmX H$s à^wVm Ho$ gm_Zo gmhgnyd©H$ AnZo ApñVËd H$s KmofUm H$aZo _| gj_ hmo J`oŸ&
g§V a¡Xmg Zo _mZdVm H$s godm _| AnZm gd©ñd g_{n©V H$a {X`mŸ& g§V a¡Xmg Ho$ _Z _| Bñbm_ Ho$ {bE ^r
AmñWm H$m g_mZ ^md WmŸ& H$~ra H$s dmUr _| Ohm± AmH«$moe H$s A{^ì`pŠV h¡, dht Xygar Amoa g§V a¡Xmg
H$s aMZmË_H$ Ñ{ï> XmoZm| Y_m] H$mo g_mZ ^md go _mZdVm Ho$ _§M na bmVr h¡Ÿ& g§V a¡Xmg dñVwV: _mZd Y_©
Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ WoŸ&
Y_© :
dUm©l_ Y_© H$mo g_yb Zï> H$aZo H$m g§H$ën, Hw$b Am¡a Om{V H$s loîR>Vm H$s {_Ï`m {g{Õ g§V a¡Xmg
Ûmam AnZm`o J`o g_Ýd`dmXr _mZdY_© H$m hr EH$ A§J h¡Ÿ& {Ogo CÝhm|Zo _mZdVmdmXr g_mO Ho$ ê$n _|
g§H$pënV {H$`m WmŸ&
"OÝ_ OmV _V ny{N>`o, H$m OmV Ag nmV
a{dXmg nwV g§^ àU Ho$ H$moC> Z{h OmVHw$OmVm'
^pŠV :
Cn{ZfXm| go boH$a _h{f© ZmaX Am¡a em{ÊS>ë` VH$ Zo ^pŠV VÎd H$s AZoH$ àH$ma go ì`m»`m H$s
h¡Ÿ& a¡Xmg Zo ^pŠV _| amJmpË_H$ d¥{Îm H$mo hr _hÎd {X`m h¡Ÿ& Zm_ _mJ© Am¡a ào_ ^pŠV CZH$s Aï>m§J gmYZm
nÕ{V CZH$s ñdV§Ì d ñdÀN>§X MoVZm H$m àdmh h¡Ÿ& `h gmYZm nyU©V: _m¡{bH$ h¡Ÿ&
g_mO na à^md :
a¡Xmg H$s dmUr ^pŠV H$s gÀMr ^mdZm, g_mO Ho$ ì`mnH$ {hV H$s H$m_Zm, _mZd ào_ go AmoV41
àmoV hmoVr WrŸ& Bgr{bE CZH$s {ejmAm| H$m lmoVmAm| Ho$ _Z na Jham à^md n‹S>Vm WmŸ& CZHo$ ^OZm| VWm
CnXoem| go bmoJm| H$mo Eogr {ejm àmßV hmoVr Wr {Oggo CZH$s e§H$mAm| H$m g§VmofOZH$ g_mYmZ hmoVm Wm Am¡a
bmoJ ñdV: CZHo$ AZw`m`r ~Z OmVo WoŸ& CZH$s dmUr H$m BVZm ì`mnH$ à^md nS>m H$s, g_mO Ho$ g^r dJm]
Ho$ bmoJ CZHo$ à{V lÕmbw ~Z JEŸ& H$mhm OmVm h¡ {H$, _ram±~mB© CZH$s ^pŠV-^mdZm go ~hþV à^m{dV hþAr
Am¡a CZH$s {eî`m ~Z JB© WrŸ&
""dUm©l A{^_mZ V{O, nX aO ~§X {hOmgw{H$Ÿ&
g§Xoh-J«§{W I§S>Z-{ZnU, ~m{U {dnwb a¡Xmg {H$Ÿ&''
aMZmE± :
a¡Xmg AZn‹‹T> H$ho OmVo h¢ & g§V _V Ho$ {d{^ÝZ g§J«hm| _| CZH$s aMZmE± g§H${bV {_bVr h¢ & amOñWmZ
_| hñV{b{IV J«§Wm| Ho$ ê$n _| ^r CZH$s aMZmE± {_bVr h¢Ÿ& a¡Xmg H$s aMZmAm| H$m EH$ g§J«h "~obdo{S>a' àog
à`mJ go àH$m{eV hmo MwH$m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV BZHo$ nX "Jwé J«§W gm{h~' _| ^r g§H${bV {_bVo h¢Ÿ& XmoZm|
n«H$ma Ho$ nXm| H$s ^mfm _| ~hþV A§Va h¡Ÿ& VWm{n àmMrZVm Ho$ H$maU "Jwé J«§W gmh~' _| g§J«{hV nXm| H$mo
àm_m{UH$ _mZZo _| H$moB© Amn{Îm Zht hmoZr Mm{hEŸ& a¡Xmg Ho$ Hw$N> nXm| na Aa~r Am¡a \$magr H$m à^md n[ab{jV
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& a¡Xmg Ho$ AZn‹T> Am¡a {dXoer ^mfmAm| go AZ{^k hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Eogo nXm| H$s à_m{UH$Vm _| g§Xoh hmoZo
bJVm h¡Ÿ& AV: a¡Xmg Ho$ nXm| na Aa~r, \$magr Ho$ à^md H$m A{YH$ g§^mì` H$maU CZH$m bmoH$ àM{bV
hmoZm hr à{VV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
a¡Xmg _ybV: g§V WoŸ& \$bV: H$~ra H$s ^m±{V CZHo$ {bE ^r {ZJw©U ~«h_ AZw^y{V {Okmgm H$m {df`
h¡Ÿ& H$^r do CgH$s gÎmm Am¡a ñdê$n H$s A{^ì`pŠV _| AnZr Ag_W©Vm ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Vmo AÝ`Ì Cgo
gw{ZpíMV ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo B©ída Ho$ g_ñV ê$nm| _| EoŠ` Am¡a A{^ÝZVm Ho$ Xe©Z ^r {H$E h¢Ÿ& _y{V©nyOm,
VrW©`mÌm Am{X ~mø {dYmZm| H$m {damoY H$a CÝhm|Zo Am§V[aH$ gmYZm na ~b {X`mŸh¡ & AnZo ^md Am¡a {dMmam|
H$s A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {bE gab ì`mdhm[aH$ ~«O^mfm H$mo AnZm`m h¡Ÿ& {Og _| AdYr, amOñWmZr, IS>r~mobr
Am¡a CXy©, \$magr Ho$ eãXm| H$m ^r {_lU h¡Ÿ& Cn_m VWm ê$nH$ Ab§H$ma H${d H$mo {deof {à` aho h¢Ÿ& CZH$s
H$mì`e¡br Ho$ {ZåZ CXm. à{gÕ h¡
""A~ H¡$go Nw>Q>| am_, Zm_ aQ> bmJmo
à^wOr Vw_ M§XZ h_ nmZr, OmH|$ A§J A§J ~g g_m{Z
à^wOr Vw_ dZ h_ ~Z~moam, O¡go {MVdZ M§X {MVoam
à^wOr Vw_ XrnH$ h_ ~m{V, Om{H$ Á`mo{V {XZ am{V
à^wOr Vw_ _moVr h_ YmJm, O¡go gmoZo {_bV gwhmJm
à^wOr Vw_ ñdm_r h_ Xmgm, E¡go ^pŠV H$mo a¡XmgmŸ&''
42
_hÎd :
AmO ^r a¡Xmg Ho$ CnXoe g_mO Ho$ H$ë`mU VWm CËWmZ Ho$ {bE AË`{YH$ _hÎdnyU© h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ñnîQ>
{H$`m h¡Ÿ{H$ {dMmam| H$s loð>Vm, g_mO {hV H$s ^mdZm go ào[aV H$m`© VWm gX²ì`dhma O¡go JwU hr _Zwî` H$mo
_hmZ ~ZmZo _| ghm`H$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& BÝht JwUm| Ho$ H$maU g§V a¡Xmg H$mo AnZo g_` Ho$ g_mO _| AË`{YH$ gå_mZ
{_bm Am¡a Bgr H$maU AmO ^r bmoJ BÝh| lÕmnyd©H$ ñ_aU H$aVo h¢Ÿ& g§V H${d a¡Xmg CZ _hmZ g§Vm| _| AJ«Ur
Wo {OÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO _| ì`mßV ~wamB`m| H$mo Xya H$aZo _| _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`mŸ& BZH$s
aMZmAm| H$s {deofVm bmoH$dmUr H$m AX²^wV à`moJ ahmŸ& {Oggo OZ_mZg na BZH$m A{_Q> à^md nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&
_Ywa Ed§ ghO g§V a¡Xmg H$s dmUr kmZml`r hmoVo hþE ^r kmZml`r Ed§ ào_ml`r emImAm| Ho$ _Ü`
goVw H$s Vah h¡Ÿ& J¥hñWml_ _| ahVo hþE ^r a¡Xmg CÀM H$mo{Q> Ho$ {daŠV g§V WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo g_Vm Am¡a gXmMma
na ~hþV ~b {X`mŸ& do I§S>Z-_§S>Z _| {dídmg Zht H$aVo WoŸ& gË` H$mo ewÕ ê$n _| n«ñVwV H$aZm hr CZH$m Ü`o`
WmŸ& a¡Xmg H$m à^md AmO ^r ^maV _| Xya-Xya VH$ \¡$bm hþAm h¡Ÿ& Bg _V Ho$ AZw`m`r a¡Xmgr`m±, a{dXmgr
H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&
a¡Xmg H$s [dMmaYmam Am¡a {gÕmÝV H$mo g§V _V H$s na§nam Ho$ AZwê$n hr h¢Ÿ& CZH$m gË`nyU© kmZ _|
{dídmg WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo ^pŠV Ho$ {bE na_ d¡am½` A{Zdm`© _mZmŸ& na_ VÎd gË` h¡, Omo A{Z©dMZr` h¡Ÿ& `h
na_VÎd EH$ ag h¡Ÿ& VWm O‹S> Am¡a MoVZ _| g_mZ ê$n go pñWV h¡ dmo Aja Am¡a A{dZmída h¡ Am¡a {OdmË_m
Ho$ ê$n _| àË`oH$ Ord _| CnpñWV h¡Ÿ& g§V a¡Xmg H$s gmYZm nÕ{V H$m H«${_H$ {ddoMZ Zht {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Ohm±
Vhm± àg§Jde g§Ho$Vm| Ho$ ê$n _| àmßV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {ddoMH$m| Zo a¡Xmg H$s gmYZm, _| "Aï>m§J' `moJ Am{X H$mo ImoO
{ZH$mbm h¡Ÿ& g§V a¡Xmg AnZo g_` Ho$ à{gÕ _hmË_m WoŸ& H$~ra Zo a{dXmg H$mo g§V H$hH$a CZH$m _hÎd ñdrH$ma
{H$`mŸh¡ & BgHo$ A{V[aŠV Zm^mXmg, {à`mXmg, _ram Am{X Zo a¡Xmg H$m gå_mZ Ho$ gmW ñ_aU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& g§V
a¡Xmg Zo n§W ^r Mbm`m Omo a¡Xmgr n§W Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& Bg _V Ho$ AZw`m`r n§Om~, JwOamV, CÎmaàXoe
Am{X _| nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ&
2.3.3.3
Z§XXmg : ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM`
OrdZ n[aM` :
nw{ï> g§àXm` _| àdoe Ho$ AZÝVa Z§XXmg JmoHw$b Am¡a lrH¥$îU brbm ñW{b`m| _| ahVo WoŸ& Z§XXmg H$m
OÝ_ gådV² 1560 {d. _| am_nwa _| hþAmŸ& `h J«m_ ~«O _Wwam go nyd© {Xem _| h¡Ÿ& Z§XXmg Zo AnZo J«m_ am_nwa _| nw{ï>
g§n«Xm` _| Xrjm J«hU H$a brŸ& "^ŠV_mb' _| Z§XXmg H$mo "gH$b gwHw$b' H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& do CÀM Hw$b Ho$ ~«m÷U WoŸ&
Z§XXmg Ho$ g§nyU© H$mì` _| lrH¥$îU hr CZHo$ Bï>Xod WoŸ& Jmoñdm_r {dÇ>bZmW Or Zo Z§XXmg H$mo nw{ï> g§n«Xm` _| Xr{jV
{H$`m WmŸ& Z§XXmg Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Ordmam_ WmŸ& Z§XXmg H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ H$_bm Wm, CZHo$ nwÌ H$m Zm_
H¥$îUXmg WmŸ&
Z§XXmg g§ñH¥$V Ho$ kmZr WoŸ& CÝh| H$mì` aMZm Ho$ {bE gyaXmg go àoaUmE± {_bVr ahr§Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo bm¡{H$H$
43
~mVm| H$m Ë`mJ H$a {X`mŸ& do H$sV©Z godm H$aZo bJo VWm erK« hr Aï>N>mn Ho$ à_wI ^ŠVm| _| CZH$s JUZm hmoZo
bJrŸ& do a{gH$ ñd^md Ho$ ^ŠV Wo, gm¢X`© {à` WoŸ& H¥$îU H$s ào_^pŠV Ho$ AmZ§X _| {Z_½Z ahVo WoŸ& CZHo$
H$mì` _| BÝht JwUm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ Xe©Z hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H¥$îU-^pŠV H$mo AmË_gmV {H$`mŸ& g§dV² 1641
_| _mZgr J§Jm na CZHo$ OrdZ H$s g_mpßV hþB©Ÿ&
H¥${V`m± :
Z§XXmg H$s H¥${V`m| _| àË`oH$ ^md ga{U H$m H«$_~Õ n[aM` XoH$a CgHo$ à_wI AmYma H$mo ñdV§Ì
ê$n go àH$me _| bmZm Oéar h¡Ÿ& ZÝXXmg X²dmam a{MV nÝÐh J«§Wm§o go CZH$s {deofVmE± ñnï> hmoVr h¢Ÿ& CZH$s
à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - AZoH$mW© _§Oar, _mZ_§Oar, ê$n_§Oar {dah_§Oar, ào_ ~mahIS>r, í`m_gJmB©, gwX_mM[aV,
ê$pŠ_Ur _§Jb, ^±daJrV, amgn§MmÜ`m`r, {gÕmÝV n§MmÜ`m`r, Xe_ñH$ÝY^mfm, JmodY©Zbrbm Am{XŸ&
AZoH$mW© _§Oar :
H${d B©ída H$s d§XZm Am¡a CgH$m _hÎdJmZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m CÔoí` eãXm| Ho$ AW© {bIZm h¡Ÿ& 117
Xmohm| _| 113 eãXm| Ho$ AZoH$mW© {bIo h¢Ÿ& "Jm|' eãX go Ama§^ VWm "ñZoh' eãX go J«§W H$m A§V {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `h
n`m©`dmMr H$moe h¡Ÿ&
A_aH$moe Ho$ AmYma na eãXm| Ho$ AZoH$ AW© {XE h¢ & BZ AZoH$ AWm] Ho$ gmW AZoH$mW© ^mfm Ho$
eãXmWm] H$m AdbmoH$Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& A_aH$moe Ho$ gmW gmW, emídV H¥$V "AZoH$mW© g_wÀM`' H$m ^r AmYma
CëboIZr` h¡Ÿ& AZoH$mW© g_wÀM` _| "JmoÌ' eãX Ho$ AW© Bg àH$ma {XE h¢Ÿ& "Zm_ Jmo̧ Hw$b§ Jmo̧ JmoÌñ`
YaUrYa'
O~{H$ A_a H$moe _| {bIm h¡ : "JmoÌÝVw ZmpåZM'
"AZoH$mW© g_wÀM`' _| {bIm h¡ : "JmoÌ Zm_ H$mo H$hV H${d, JmoÌ gob gw{Z`§VŸ&
JmoÌ ~§Yw gmo YÝ` Oh§ {dÚm`wV {J{Z`§VŸ&&'
Bggo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ eãXmWm] H$mo {bIZo Ho$ {bE Z§XXmg Zo A_a H$moe Ho$ gmW-gmW AZoH$mW©
g_wÀM`' H$m ^r Aml` {b`m h¡Ÿ&
H${d Zo Xmoho H$s àW_ n§pŠV _| eãX Ho$ {d{^ÝZ AW© {XE h¢ & {ÛVr` n§pŠV _| eof AW© {XE h¢Ÿ&
AZoH$mW© _§Oar H$s aMZm {H$gr EH$ J«§W Ho$ AmYma na Zhr§ H$s h¡Ÿ& J¥hrV eãX Ho$ AW© H$mo {bIZo H$m à`mg
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& H${d Zo N>§X Ho$ AmJ«h AWdm AnZr ñdV§Ì àd¥{Îm Ho$ Zwgma {H$gr eãX Ho$ g^r kmV AWm] H$mo ñWmZ
{X`m h¡Ÿ& eãX H$moe kmZ Am¡a h[a-^pŠV H$s YmamAm| Ho$ g§J_ _|, g§ñH¥$V Z OmZZo dmbo ì`pŠV`m| H$mo AdJmhZ
H$amZo H$m à`moOZ h¡Ÿ&
í`m_gJmB© :
í`m_ gJmB© amobm-Xmohm go `wŠV {_{lV N>§Xm| _| {bIr EH$ N>moQ>r gr aMZm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| amYm Am¡a H¥$îU
H$s gJmB© H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& amYm H$m VZ {e{Wb hmo J`m Am¡a gw{Y AmZo na dh "í`m_' hr aQ>Zo bJrŸ& g{I`m±
44
amYm H$mo Ka bo AmB©Ÿ& H$r{V© go H$hbm`m {H$ Cgo gm±n Zo H$mQ>m h¡Ÿ& amYm H$mo gm±n Ûmam S>g OmZo Am¡a lrH¥$îU
Ûmam CgHo$ {df haU H$m àg§J gya gmJa _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ& í`m_ gJmB© Am¡a gya gmJa Ho$ CŠV {df haU àg§Jm|
_| g_mZVm {_bVr h¡Ÿ&
"BH$ {XZ amYo Hw±$d[a í`m_ Ka Iob{Z AmB©'Ÿ&
"IobZ Ho$ {_g Hw±$d[a am{YH$m Z§X _h[a Ho$ AmB©'Ÿ&
Bgr àH$ma XmoZm| _| g_mZVm go hr CëboI {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Z§XXmg H$Wm H$s gå~ÕVm H$s `moOZm H$aZo
_| nQw> h¢Ÿ& H$Wm Ho$ àg§J {OVZo ñdm^m{dH$ Am¡a gmYmaU h¡, CVZr hr gab Am¡a AH¥${Ì_ ^mfm-e¡br H$mo
AnZm`m h¡Ÿ& nw{ï> g§àXm` _| amYm H$mo ñdH$s`m _mZm h¡Ÿ& "í`m_ gJmB©' H$s aMZm ^r Bgr ^mdZm Ho$
n[aUm_ñdê$n hþB© h¡Ÿ&
Zm__mbm :
Zm__mbm H$moe J«§W h¡Ÿ& Bg_| g§ñH¥$V Z OmZZo dmbm| Ho$ {bE A_a H$moe Ho$ AmYma na J«§W aMZm H$s
h¡Ÿ& Xm|hm| _| EH$-EH$ eãX Ho$ AZoH$ n`m©` {XE h¡Ÿ& eãX Ho$ AZoH$ n`m©` {XE h¡Ÿ& eãX Ho$ n`m©` A§{V_ Xmoho
`m Xygar n§pŠV _| {XE h¢Ÿ&
"Ah§H$ma _X Xn© _w{Z Jd© ñ_` A{^_mZŸ&
_mZ am{YH$m Hw§$d[a H$mo g~H$mo H$é H$ìdmZŸ&&'
"_oK', "YZwf' Am¡a "àË`§Mm' eãX Eogo h¢ {OZHo$ Ho$db Zm_ hr {XE h¢Ÿ& CZH$m H$Wm go H$moB© g§~§Y
Zht h¡Ÿ& H${d Zo eãXm| Ho$ Zm_-àH$meZ Ho$ gmW-gmW J«§W _| amYm Ho$ _mZ H$s H$Wm ^r Xr h¡Ÿ& gyagmJa _|
^r amYm Ho$ _mZ H$m dU©Z {_bVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ "_mZ-brbm' VWm "X§n{V-{dhma' Ho$ ê$n _| Xygam "_Ü`_ _mZ'
Ho$ ê$n _| Am¡a Vrgam "~‹S>r _mZ - brbm' Ho$ ê$n _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ& BZ_| go "_Ü`_ _mZ' Am¡a Z§XXmg H¥$V Zm__mbm
_| Cëbo{IV _mZ H$s H$Wm _| AZoH$ g_mZVmE± Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¢Ÿ&
Zm__mbm H$s H$Wm H$bmË_H$ Ed§ gOrd h¡Ÿ& dñVwV: eãXm| Ho$ n`m©`-àH$meZ O¡go ewîH$ nW na H${d
Zo bm{bË` Am¡a a_Ur`Vm H$s {Og Ymam H$mo àdm{hV {H$`mŸ& dh Z§XXmg H$s Hw$ebVm Am¡a H${dËd epŠV
H$s XçmoVH$ h¡Ÿ& kmZ Am¡a H$bm H$s CgH$s g_Ýd`mË_H$ àd¥{Îm H$s ^r àVrH$ h¡Ÿ&
ag_§Oar :
H${d Zo ag_§Oar H$s aMZm g§ñH¥$V _| H$s h¡Ÿ& Bg_| lrH¥$îU H$s d§XZm H$s JB© h¡Ÿ& g§gma _| Omo Hw$N>
^r ê$n, ào_ Am¡a AmZ§X ag h¡ dh lrH¥$îU H$m hr h¡Ÿ& ag_§Oar _| Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m ^oX H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
dh CŠV ^oX H$m dU©Z "ag_§Oar' Ho$ Zwgma H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m ^oX "ag_§Oar' Zm_ H$s aMZm Ho$db EH$
hr CnbãY hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
45
H${d Zo ào_-VÎd OmZZo Ho$ {bE Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m ^oX {bIm h¡ & ào_ go VmËn`© lrH¥$îU-ào_ go h¡Ÿ&
Bg _| na_ ào_ go ^am hþAm ZI {eI dU©Z h¡Ÿ& Zm{`H$mAm| Ho$ Amb§~Z, {d^md Am¡a ^oXmon^oXm| H$m dU©Z {_bVm
h¡Ÿ& H${d H$m ^ŠV öX` ^r àË`oH$ dU©Z _| Pm±H$Vm hþAm Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ag_§Oar H$mo n‹TZo Ho$ CnamÝV ^ŠV
Ho$ öX` _| lrH¥$îU Ho$ à{V àr{V H$s d¥{Õ {XIm`r XoVr h¡Ÿ&
"B{h {d{Y `h ag_§Oar, H$hr O`m_{V Z§XŸ&
~‹TV n‹TV A{V, `mon, {MV, ag_` gwI H$mo H§$XŸ&&'
J«§W Ho$ Ama§^ _| hr Z§XHw$_ma‹ H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡Ÿ& A§V _| Bgr amg_` Z§XHw$_ma go àgwV, gwImZw^y{V
H$s AdñWm VH$ Cgo nhw±MmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma ^pŠV Am¡a ar{V ^mdZmAm| H$m Bg J«§W _| gamhZr` g_Ýd` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& bmoH$mZwaŠV ì`pŠV`m|
Ho$ {bE {OVZr hr _Zmoa§OZ H$s gm_J«r {Z{hV h¡Ÿ& ^ŠVOZm| Ho$ {bE B©ída ào_mZw^w{VàX kmV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
ê$n_§Oar :
ê$n_§Oar Z§XXmg H$s ñdV§Ì aMZm h¡Ÿ& H${d Zo EH$ H$Wm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo {gÕmÝVm| H$m àH$meZ
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& ê$n_§Oar J«§W _| lrH¥$îU hr na_mË_m VÎd h¡Ÿ& ê$n ào_ H$m _mJ© hr CZHo$ {ZH$Q> nhþ±MZo H$m _mJ©
h¡Ÿ& ê$n_§Oar H$m _mJ© n{WH$ h¡ Am¡a BÝXw_Vr _mJ©Xe©H$ h¡Ÿ& B©ída lrH¥$îU H$mo àmßV H$aZm bú` h¡Ÿ& gm§gm[aH$
AmH©$fU ê$n bm¡{H$H$ n{V hr g~go ~‹S>r ~mYm h¡Ÿ& Cgo àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cnn{V ag H$s `moOZm H$s JB© h¡Ÿ&
Am¡a BÝXw_Vr JwéŸ& ê$n_§Oar H$m {MÎm ^JdmZ H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ào{_H$m H$m {MÎm Cnn{V Ho$ à{V
AmH${f©V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H${b`wJ _| ^JdmZ Ho$ àË`j Xe©Z Vmo Zht hmo gH$Vo h¢ & CZHo$ gmW ào_ Ûmam ^mdmË_H$
g§Ho$V àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& ^JdmZ ê$nr \$b H$s àmpßV V^r hmo gH$Vr h¡ O~ dh ñd`§ AmZo H$s H¥$nm
H$a|Ÿ& ê$n_§Oar H$mo bm¡{H$H$ {df`m| H$m n[aË`mJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& bm¡{H$H$ l¥§Jma dU©Zm| Ho$ _yb _| Abm¡{H$H$ ^mdYmam
H$mo ~‹S>r nQw>Vm go n«dm{hV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BÝXw_Vr ê$n_§Oar Ho$ {bE Xmo ~ma lrH¥$îU H$mo H$éU ñdam| _| g§~mo{YV
H$aVr h¡Ÿ& `ht na Jwé-H¥$nm, gËg§J{V VWm ^JdmZwJ«h VrZm| H¥$nm YmamAm| H$s {ÌdoUr h¡Ÿ& ^ŠV ê$n ê$n_§Oar
H$mo O~ Mmho AdJmhZ H$aZo H$m Adga àmßV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
{dah _§Oar :
{dah _§Oar _| H${d Zo EH$ Jmonr Ho$ lrH¥$îU-{dah H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE CgZo XoemÝVa
{dahmA§VJ©V ~mah_mgm {dah dU©Z H$m Aml` {b`m h¡Ÿ& Jmonr H$m {dah dmñV{dH$ {dah Zht Wm àË`wV
^mdmË_H$ WmŸ& ^JdVXe©Z hoVw ^ŠV Ho$ öX` _| {dewÕ ào_ hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Am¡a {dewÕ ào_-àmßVW©
{dahmdñWm hr àYmZ gmYZ h¡Ÿ& Bg gmYZ _| {dÛbVm BVZr ~‹T> OmVr h¡ {H$ ^ŠV H$mo à^w Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ`
{H$gr H$s gw{Y hr Zht ah OmVr h¡Ÿ& AV: ^ŠV Ho$ {bE {dah dmñV{dH$ hr h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Z§XXmg Zo AnZo
{gÕmV VÎd H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
46
épŠ_Ur _§Jb :
aMZm Ho$ Ama§^ _| d§XZm Ho$ Cnam§V H${d J«§W Ho$ _mhmËå` H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVo h¢Ÿ& épŠ_Ur, {eewnmb
go {ddmh {H$`o OmZo H$s ~mV gwZVo hr AË`§V Xw:Ir hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Jmo{n`m| H$s ^m±{V bmoH$-bmO H$m Ë`mJ H$aHo$
_mVm, {nVm, ^mB©-~§Yw Am{X gå~pÝY`m| H$s nadmh {H$`o {~Zm {Og àH$ma lrH¥$îU àmßV hm|, dh Cnm` {H$`m
OmEŸ& dh lrH¥$îU Ho$ {bE EH$ nÌ {bIVr h¡ Am¡a EH$ ~«m÷U Ho$ hmW Cg nÌ H$mo lrH¥$îU Ho$ nmg ^oOVr
h¡Ÿ& qH$Vw "épŠ_Ur _§Jb' _|, épŠ_Ur H$s BÀN>m Ho$ {déÕ {ddmh H$s gyMZm Ho$ àg§J H$m bm^ CR>m`m h¡Ÿ&
H${d Zo _yb AmYma, ^mJdV Ho$ Xe_ñH$ÝY go boVo hþE ^r J«§W _| H${d-gwb^ Ho$ ghmao AZoH$ _m¡{bH$VmAm|
H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H${d Zo ^mJdV Ho$ AZoH$ àg§Jm| H$mo AnZo _§Jb _| ñWmZ Zht {X`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ Vmo lrH¥$îU
Ho$ _hÎd Am¡a erb Ho$ à{VHy$b hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Xygao H${d Ho$ _mYw`© ^md Ho$ {Zdm©h _| ~mYH$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
amg n§MmÜ`m`r :
amgn§MmÜ`m`r _| nm±M AÜ`m`m| _| amg-H$Wm d{U©V h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV _| Xe_ñH$ÝY Ho$ 28 go 33 VH$ Ho$
AÜ`m`m| _| amgbrbm d{U©V h¡ & Jmo{n`m| Ho$ gmW lrH¥$îU Ûmam a{MV amg H$m dU©Z amg n§MmÜ`m`r _| {_bVm
h¡Ÿ& Jmo{n`m| Ûmam `_wZm Ob lrH¥$îU na CbrM-CbrM H$a Ob H$s ~m¡N>ma H$aZo H$m CëboI h¡Ÿ&
"_§Owb A§Ow{b ^[a ^[a {n` H$m| {V` Ob _obVŸ&
OZw A{b gmo AaqdX -~¥ÝX _H$a§{X IobVŸ&&'
H${d Zo amg H$m dU©Z ^mJdV Ho$ AmYma na {bIm h¡Ÿ& AnZr ñdV§Ì H$ënZm Ho$ `moJ go ZdrZ ê$n
XoZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& amgdU©Z _| AZoH$ N>§X {_bVo h¢Ÿ&
amg _| ^mJ boZo dmbo lrH¥$îU na~«h_ h¢Ÿ& Jmo{n`m± ^r g~ {ó`m| go Ý`mar h¢ Am¡a {~Zm A{YH$mar hþE
BZH$m AZw^d Zht hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Jmo{n`m| H$s ^m±{V {df`mgpŠV go _wŠV h¡Ÿ& {OZH$s ^mJdV Y_© _| AmñWm h¡Ÿ&
{gÕmÝV n§MmÜ`m`r :
Xe_ñH§$Y ^mJdV Ho$ AmYma go {gÕmÝV n§MmÜ`m`r {^ÝZ h¡Ÿ& lrH¥$îU, amg Am¡a Jmo{n`m| Ho$
AmÜ`mpË_H$ ñdê$n H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ^mJdV H$m J«hU H$aVo hþE H${d Zo lrH¥$îU Ho$ B©ídaVÎd, CgH$s _m`m,
CgH$m à^md, gm§gm[aH$ Ord, ào_r ^JdX² ^ŠVm| go g§~§{YV A{YH$m§e CëboI ^mJdV² Ho$ amg àg§J h¡Ÿ& Bg_|
H$Wm H$s gå~ÕmË_H$Vm H$m {ZVm§V A^md h¡Ÿ& {gÕmÝV n§MmÜ`m`r _| amg Am¡a CgHo$ àdV©H$ lrH¥$îU VWm
Jmo{n`m| H$s Abm¡{H$H$Vm àH$Q> H$aZo H$m à`mg h¡Ÿ& n§MmÜ`m`r l¥§Jma H$Wm Zht h¡Ÿ& {gÕmÝV n§MmÜ`m`r H$s
aMZm amg-n§MmÜ`m`r Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ nj H$mo n«H$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$r JB© h¡Ÿ& Bg_| lrH¥$îU Ord Zht, B©ída
h¡ Am¡a Jmo{n`m± ^ŠV h¢Ÿ& lrH¥$îU ào_ Ûmam hr àmß` h¡Ÿ& Jmo{n`m| Zo CÝh| ào_ go àmßV H$aZo Ho$ _mJ© H$m à{VnmXZ
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& g^r Jmo{n`m| H$mo Jwé _mZm h¡Ÿ& amg Abm¡{H$H$ ag h¡, {OgH$mo XoIH$a e§H$a, ZmaX, gmaX, gZH$
47
gZ§XZ Am{X _w½Y hmoVo h¢ &
^§da JrV :
^§da JrV H${d H$s A§{V_ aMZm h¡Ÿ& bmoH${à`Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go BgH$m Zm_ gd©àW_ AmVm h¡Ÿ& CÕd
Jmo{n`m| H$mo AnZo ~«OmJ_Z H$m H$maU ~VmVo h¢Ÿ& ^±da JrV _| H${d Zo Cnmbå^m| Ho$ Ûmam {ZJw©U na gJwU, H$_©,
kmZ Am¡a `moJ na ào__`r ^pŠV H$s loð>Vm Xem©`r h¡Ÿ& Bg JrV H$s aMZm Ohm± EH$ Amoa Xe_ñH$ÝY Ho$ AmYma
na JB© h¡, dht Xygar Amoa gya Ho$ ^«_a JrV go H${d H$mo àoaUm {_br h¡Ÿ& H${d Zo ào_ bjUm ^pŠV Ho$ g_W©Z
Ho$ gmW-gmW AnZr ñdV§Ì gyP Am¡a ZdrZ CX²^mdZm epŠV H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡Ÿ&
qhXr gm{hË` H$mo ZdrZ {Xem H$s Amoa bo OmZo H$m à`mg H${d H$s H¥${V`m| _| {_bVm h¢Ÿ&
Z§XXmg H$s ^pŠV :
Z§XXmg H$s àË`oH$ H¥${V lrH¥$îU ào_ go AmoV-àmoV h¡Ÿ& ^JdmZ lrH¥$îU Ho$ à{V àr{V hr "^pŠV' h¡Ÿ&
ê$n_mJ© Am¡a ZmX _mJ© :
XmoZm| _mJ© AË`§V gyú_ h¡Ÿ& BZ na AJ«ga hmoZo Ho$ {bE bmoH$ml` go nyU©V: AZmgpŠV, nyU© AmË_g_n©U Am¡a ^JdmZ H$s H¥$nm H$m hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& `hm± ^JdmZ Ho$ ê$n `m CZHo$ _wabr ZmX Ûmam AmH${f©V
^ŠV H$m öX` Vrd« {dahmdñWm go h¡Ÿ& VÝ_`mdñWm Am¡a VXmH$ma H$s pñW{V _| ^JdmZ Ho$ {ZH$Q> H$m AZw^d
àmßV H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
ZdYm ^pŠV (gmYZ nj) :
^JdX² ^pŠV H$s àmpßV Ho$ {bE Z§XXmg Zo {Og gmYZ g_yh H$mo AnZm`m h¡, Cg_| ^pŠV Ho$ Zm¡ gmYZm|
H$m g_mdoe h¢Ÿ& ldU, H$sV©Z, a_aU, nmX goodZ, AM©Z, d§XZ, Xmñ`, g»`, AmË_{ZdoXZŸ&
ldU, H$sV©Z Am¡a ñ_aU :
BZ VrZm| gmYZm| H$m g§~§Y Zm_ go h¡Ÿ& amg n§MmÜ`m`r Am¡a amg brbm H$mo H${d Zo "ldU H$sV©Z gma
gw{_aZ H$mo h¡ nw{Z' H$h H$a gmYZm| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {X`m h¡Ÿ& "^±daJrV _| Jmo{n`m± í`m_ Zm_ Ho$ ldU Ûmam ào_ go
n[anyU© hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& AZoH$mW© ^mfm _| h[a Zm_ ñ_aU H$m AZoH$ ñWbm| _| CëboI {_bVm h¡Ÿ& í`m_ gJmB© _| EH$
bå~o nX Ho$ ê$n _| H$sV©Z H$s ^mdZm gpÝZhrV h¡ & h[a Zm_ ñ_aU Ho$ A{V[aŠV Jwé {dÇ>bZmW Or Ho$ Zm_-ñ_aU
H$s Amoa ^r H${d H$s AmgpŠV àH$Q> hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
nmX godZ, AM©Z Am¡a d§XZ :
AZoH$mW© ^mfm _| Z§XXmg {J[aYa Ho$ "{ZO MaUm|' Ho$ à{V ñZoh H$s H$m_Zm go ^pŠV Ho$ nmX godZ
H$m ê$n gmYZ H$s àVr{V H$amVo h¢Ÿ& ê$n_§Oar _| "_Z Ho$ hmW{Z ZmW Ho$ nw{Znw{Z nH$a{V nm`' Bg H$WZ go
àH$Q> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& amgn§MmÜ`m`r _| ^JdX² nj, H${d Zo Jwé {dÇ>bZmW Or H$s ^pŠV Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| nmX
48
godZ H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
d§XZm H$m ghmam Z§XXmg Zo AnZr bJ^J H¥${V`m| _| {H$`m h¡ & AZoH$mW© ^mfm _| "Z_mo Z_mo Vm Xod'
H$hm h¡Ÿ& Zm__mbm _| lrH¥$îU Am¡a Jwé XmoZm| H$s d§XZm H$s h¡Ÿ& amg_§Oar _| Z§XHw$_ma lrH¥$îU H$s d§XZm H$m
CëboI h¡Ÿ& ê$n_§Oar _| na_ Á`mo{V ê$n _| B©ída H$s Am¡a amg n§MmÜ`m`r _| ewH$Xod H$s d§XZm H$s JB© h¡Ÿ&
{gÕmÝV n§MmÜ`m`r _| lrH¥$îU H$s d§XZm H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
Xmñ`, g»` VWm AmË_{ZdoXZ :
Xmñ` Am¡a g»` H$m CëboI ào_m ^pŠV Ho$ ^oXm| Ho$ A§VJ©V ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ê$n_§Oar J«§W _| BÝXw_Vr
H$s gmYZm Xmñ` ê$n _| hr hþB© h¡Ÿ& épŠ_Ur _§Jb _| épŠ_Ur H$m `h H$WZ "{H$ hm¢ ^B© n[aMm[a ZmW Vw_ ^`o
h_mao' amgn§MmÜ`m`r _| Jmo{n`m± Xmñ`, g»` Am¡a AmË_ {ZdoXZ VrZm| H$m ghmam boVr h¢Ÿ& Xmñ` Am¡a AmË_
{ZdoXZ H$m Bgr àH$ma H$m ^md ^±daJrV _| àH$Q> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Z§XXmg H$s ^pŠV gmYZ h¡Ÿ& gmYZ nañna gå~Õ
kmV hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
Xmñ`, g»`, dmËgë` Am¡a _mYw`© ^pŠV :
Z§XXmg Zo ^JdX²VÎd H$mo {d{dY ^mdm| go AZw^d {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Z§XXmg Zo ^mdmÝVJ©V Omo Hw$N> ^r dU©Z
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& dh g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ Xmo nj H$m hr h¡Ÿ& {d`moJ nj H$m H$moB© ^r gamoH$ma Zht h¡Ÿ& _mYw`© ^md H$s
^pŠV hr ^pŠV H$s Eogr {dYm h¡ {Og na Z§XXmg H$s d¥{Îm gdm©{YH$ h¡Ÿ&
ñdH$s`m Am¡a naH$s`m ^pŠV :
Z§XXmg H$s _mYw`© ^md H$s ^pŠV _| n{VnËZr ê$n ào_ H$m hr àmYmÝ` h¡Ÿ& Bg_| Xmo ê$n h¢, 1. ñdH$s`m
2. naH$s`mŸ& Z§XXmg Ho$ H$mì` _| amYm ñdH$s`m h¡Ÿ& í`m_ gJmB© _| amYm H¥$îU Ho$ A{^ÝZËd Am¡a `wJb ^md
H$m g_mdoe Zm__mbm _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& amYm ào_ H$m nyU© àñ\w$Q>Z {dah_§Oar _| àË`j {dah Ho$ CXm. _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
naH$s`m ^md H$m g_mdoe gd©àW_ ag_§Oar _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ& lrH¥$îU Ho$ AmgpŠV H$s Amoa g§Ho$V {H$`m
h¡Ÿ& ^pŠV H$m ñdê$n ào_m^pŠV H$m h¡Ÿ& {OgH$mo CgZo "ào_^pŠV' Ho$ Zm_ go A{^{hV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AV: Z§XXmg
H$s ^pŠV naH$s`m ^md àYmZ h¡Ÿ&
H${d H$s CŠV "ào_^pŠV' nwï>_mJu ào_ bjUm ^pŠV na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& {OgH$m CgZo nyU© _Zmo`moJ go
g_W©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& dñVwV: Z§XXmg H$m CX` ào_-^pŠV H$m hr gmH$ma ê$n OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& `hr ^ŠV H${d H$s
g\$bVm h¡Ÿ&
2.3.3.4
_ram ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM`
H¥$îU ^pŠV-H$mì` _| _ram H$m ñWmZ gdm}n[a ahm h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ H$mì` _| {dbjUVm h¡, Omo _Z H$mo
bw^mdVr h¡Ÿ& _ram H$m H$mì` OZ-g_mO _| AË`§V bmoH${à` ahm h¡Ÿ&
49
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 4
_ram H$m OrdZ d¥Îm :
_ram H$m OÝ_ Hw$H$‹S>s _| lmdU gwXr 1, ewH«$dma g§. 1561 {d. _| hþAmŸ& _ram H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ "Hw$gw_
Hw±$da' WmŸ& do am±H$Zr H$s amOnw{VZr WrŸ& CZHo$ {nVm OmoYnwa Ho$ à{gÕ g§ñWmnH$ Ho$ nwÌ WoŸ& amdXyXmOr Ho$ Mm¡Wo
nwÌ "aËZqgh' H$s nwÌr WrŸ& amdXyXmOr H$s OrdZ-nÕ{V H$m Jham à^md _ram Ho$ {eew _Z na n‹S>m WmŸ& do
AË`§V dra Am¡a ñdm{^_mZr Wo, _Z Ho$ ~hþV CXma WoŸ& CZH$m Ym{_©H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU g_Ýd`dmXr Am¡a nyd©J«hm| go
_wŠV WmŸ& CÝhm|Zo ~‹S>r lÕmnyd©H$ _o‹S>Vm _| MVw^w©OmOr H$m _§{Xa ~Zdm`m WmŸ& _ram amdX²XmOr Ho$ gmW ~¡R>H$a
^JdV² MMm© _| ag {b`m H$aVr WrŸ& g_mO Zo _ram Ho$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ g§ñH$mam| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m WmŸ& `hr
dmVmdaU CZH$s g§JrV Am¡a H$mì`à{V^m Ho$ ñ\w$aU Ho$ {bE ^r AZwHy$b WmŸ&
{ddmh :
{ddmh Ho$ g_` _ram ~mah df© H$s WtŸ& _odm‹S> Ho$ Jhbm|V grgmo{X`m - d§e _| hþAm WmŸ& amUm gm§Jm
Ho$ {ÛVr` nwÌ ^moOamO CZHo$ n{V WoŸ& _ram§ H$m {ddmh g\$b Zht hþAmŸ& _ram§ H$m dh "n{V Xoh Kao _mÌ H$mo
^Îmm©' WmŸ& dmñVd _| dh Vmo AnZm da "~mbnZ H$m _rV' {JaYmar bmb H$mo hr _mZ MwH$s§ WtŸ& n{V Ho$ OrdZ
H$mb _| Cgna AË`mMma hþEŸ& Cg H$mb _| _ram§ H$s _ZmoXem Am¡a AdñWm Š`m Wr, BgH$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
""{df H$m ß`mbm amUmOr ^oÁ`m±,XrOmo _o‹S>V Jr Ho$ hmWŸ&
H$a MaUm_¥V nr JB©, åhm±am g~bYaUr H$m gmWŸ&&''
_ram±~mB© H$s aMZmE±
_ram±~mB© H$s àmW{_H$ {ejm _o‹S>Vo _| nyU© hþB© WrŸ& _odm‹S> H$m amOd§e CZ {XZm| g§JrV Ed§ gm{hË`m{X
Ho$ ào_r {dX²dmZ à{gÕ _hmamUm Hw$å^m Ho$ H$maU, nyam {d»`mV hmo MwH$m WmŸ& _ram~mB© H$mo ggwamb _| ^r AnZr
`mo½`Vm Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b dmVmdaU àmßV hmoVm J`mŸ&
* ZagrOr H$mo _mhoamo :
"ZagrOr H$mo _mhoamo' dm "ZagrOr H$m _mhoam' dm "_m`am' ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h Mm¡nmB©-Xmohm| _| {bIm
J`m EH$ J«§W h¡Ÿ& {OgH$m {df`-dU©Z _ram± H$s {H$gr {_Wwbm Zm_H$ gIr H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aHo$ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
J«§W H$m {df` à{gÕ ^ŠV Zagr _ohVm Ho$ _mhoam dm "^mV ^aZo' H$s H$Wm H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& _mhoam amOñWmZ Am¡a
JwOamV H$s EH$ bmoH${à` àWm h¡Ÿ& b‹S>H$s `m ~hZ Ho$ Ka, O~ CgH$s g§VmZ H$m {ddmh hmoVm h¡, V~ {nVm
Ho$ ^mB© nhamdZr bo OmVo h¢, Cgr H$m Zm_ "_mhoam' h¡Ÿ& Zagr H$m _mhoam CZH$s nwÌr ZmZm~mB© Ho$ `hm± hþAm WmŸ&
~mobMmb H$s amOñWmZr ^mfm _| Bgr {df` na Am¡a ^r à{gÕ J«§W h¡Ÿ&
* JrV JmoqdX H$s Q>rH$m :
_hmamUm Hw$å^m Ûmam a{MV à{gÕ "a{gH${à`m Q>rH$m' H$mo hr _ram± H$s aMZm "JrV JmoqdX H$s Q>rH$m'
g_P {b`m h¡Ÿ&
50
* amJ JmoqdX :
Bg J«§W _| _ram± Zo Bg Zm_ go "H${dVm H$m EH$ J«§W' aMm WmŸ&
* gmoaR> Ho$ nX :
{_l~§YwAm| Zo BgH$s MMm© H$s h¡Ÿ& Bg_| _ram Ho$ A{V[aŠV Zm_Xod Am¡a H$~ra Ho$ ^r amJ gmoaR> Ho$
nX g§J«hrV h¢Ÿ&
* _ram±~mB© H$m _bma :
"amJ A~ VH$ àM{bV h¡, Am¡a ~hþV à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& `h H$moB© ñdV§Ì J«§W Zht h¡Ÿ&
* J~m© JrV :
"J~m©' JrV amg_ÊS>br Ho$ JrV H$s ^m±{V a{MV _mZm h¡Ÿ& _ram±~mB© Ho$ Eogo JrVm| H$mo "_ram±Zr Jadr'
H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
* \w$Q>H$a nX :
_ram±~mB© H$s aMZmAm| _| g~go A{YH$ {ZpíMV nXm| H$m hr nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$s g§»`m Xm¡ gm¡ H$s
g_Pr OmVr WrŸ& nXm| _| Hw$N> H$s ^mfm JwOamVr h¡Ÿ& BZ \w$Q>H$a nXm| Ho$ A§VJ©V _ram±~mB© {Z{_©V g_Pr OmZodmbr
aMZmE± nyU©V: bmoH$JrV-gr ~Z J`r h¡Ÿ&
_ram±~mB© H$s nXmdbr :
nXmdbr H$m {df` :
_ram±~mB© H$s nXmdbr _| CZHo$ Am§V[aH$ ^md H$m {MÌU {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr H$maU gmar nXmdbr _|
_ram±~mB© H$s ì`pŠVÎd H$s N>mn ñnï> {_bVr h¡Ÿ& _ram±~mB© Ho$ {gÕmÝV OJV² Ho$ à{V {dapŠV_` Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$
à{V AZwapŠV_` XrI n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| àH$ma H$s ^mdZmAm| Ho$ à^md CZH$s aMZmAm| na gd©Ì b{jV h¡Ÿ&
^JdmZ hr EH$_mÌ {ZË`dñVw h¡ Am¡a nwZO©Ý_ VWm H$_©~§YZ H$mo àgÝZ hmoH$a do hr H$mQ> gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& _ram±~mB©
H$s Ñ{ï> _| CZHo$ Bï>Xod Ho$ {ZJw©U Ed§ gJwU ê$nm| _| H$moB© ^oX Zhr§ h¡Ÿ& _ram±~mB© H$mo Cg "{à`V_' Ho$ dmñV{dH$
ê$n H$m AmÜ`mpË_H$ ahñ` Adí` kmV h¡Ÿ& qH$Vw CZHo$ ào_ H$s Vrd« ^mdZm Cgo A_yV© _mZH$a AnZmZo Zht
XoVrŸ& CZHo$ {ó`mo{MV öX` _| {ZamH$ma Ho$ {bE ñd^mdV: H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡Ÿ& do CgHo$ àVrH$ ñdê$n ^JdmZ
lr H¥$îUM§Ð H$s {díd{d_mo{XZr _y{V© H$mo gXm AnZo gm_Zo aIVr h¡Ÿ& gm¢X`© H$m Am^mg CÝh| gd©Ì XrI n‹S>Vm
h¡Ÿ& {Og dñVw H$mo VÎdkmZr bmoJ VÎd, Aì``, kmZ, ~«h_ Ed§ na_mË_m Zm_ go A{^{hV H$aVo h¢ & Cgr H$mo
^JdmZ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$m Bï>Xod Bgr àH$ma {ZJw©U hmoVm hþAm ^r gJwU ^JdmZ h¡Ÿ&
51
ahñ`dmX :
_ram±~mB© Ûmam AnZmB© JB© gmYZm Bgr H$maU, ahñ`_`r ^mdZmAm| go ^r AmoVàmoV h¡Ÿ& AZoH$ nXm| _|
ahñ`dmX H$s PbH$ {XIm`r n‹S> OmVr h¡Ÿ& H$_m©Zwgma àmßV _mZg eara H$m AmdaU YmaU {H$E hþE OrdmË_
ê$n go AnZm OrdZ`mnZ H$a aht WtŸ& {H$gr g_` BÝh| Bg X¡{ZH$ ì`dhma Ho$ A§VJ©V hr na_mË_m Ho$ gmW
AnZo VmXmËå` H$a CgHo$ gmW EH$ ê$n hmo J`rŸ& do CŠV H$mën{ZH$ AmdaU H$s ^mdZm H$m n[aË`mJ H$a CgHo$
gmW EH$ ê$n hmo J`rŸ&
_mYw`©^md :
_ram±~mB© H$s nXmdbr _|, Bgr H$maU gd©Ì ^pŠVag H$s Ymam H$m à^md b{jV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Ogo "_mYw`©
^md' AWdm "_Ywa ag' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& _Ywa ag ^pŠV H$s AÝ` YmamAm| O¡go em§V, Xmñ`, g»`, dmËgë`
go {^ÝZ h¡Ÿ& "em§V' Ho$ AZwgma ^ŠV, ^JdmZ Ho$ gJwU ê$n H$m AZw^d H$a CZH$m ñdê$n-qMVZ {H$`m H$aVm
h¡Ÿ& "Xmñ`' Ho$ Zwgma CZHo$ Eoíd`©-qMVZ _| _½Z ah H$a CZH$m Jm¡ad-JmZ H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma "g»`'
Ho$ AZwgma dh ^JdmZ H$mo {H$emoamdñWm H$m gIm, _mZ Cggo Ý`yZm{YH$ A{Z`§{ÌV ào_ H$aZo bJVm h¡Ÿ&
"dmËgë`' Ho$ Zwgma CgHo$ ~mbê$n na hr A{YH$ _w½Y hmoH$a CZH$s ~mbbrbm H$m agmñdmX {H$`m H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
"_Ywa-ag' Ho$ Zwgma ^ŠV CZH$mo AnZo n{V `m gd©ñd ê$n _| XoIVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr H$maU, CZHo$ gmW CZH$m g§~§Y
AË`§V K{Zð>Vm H$m hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& "Am{V©' dm Jy‹T> ào_ EH$ `wdVr Ho$ öX` _|, {H$gr `wdH$ H$mo XoIH$a OmJ
CR>Vm h¡, dh AÝ`Ì Xwb©^ h¡Ÿ& ^ŠV bmoJ lr ^JdmZ H¥$îU H$mo pñWa {MV Ho$ gmW, nËZr-^md go hr {ZË`
^Om H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ór-nwéf H$s Eogr hr AmgpŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| l¥§Jmaag H$m ^r àmXw©^md hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _Ywaag Ho$ ^r
^md, {d^md, AZw^mdm{X àm`: Cgr àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ O¡go l¥§Jmaag Ho$Ÿ& ~«O H$s Jmo{n`m| H$m lrH¥$îU Ho$ à{V
ào_ namH$mð>m H$mo nhþ±M J`m WmŸ&
gmYZm H$m ê$n :
_ram±~mB© H$m AmXe© ~«O H$s CŠV Jmo{n`m± Wr Am¡a CZH$m AmXe© ào_ ^r CŠV "Jmonr-^md' WmŸ& dh
lr {JaYmarbmb H$mo ñdH$s`m H$s ^m±{V AnZm n{V g_PVr hþB© XrI n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& do AnZo {à`V_ H$mo gXm {n`m
"{nd', "YUr', "g|`m±', "^aVma', "^dZn{V', "gmOZ' AWdm "da' VH$ H$hH$a gå~mo{YV H$aVr h¢Ÿ& EH$mY
nXm| go CZHo$ "gm¡{V`mS>mh' O¡go ^md H$m ^r Hw$N> g§Ho$V {_bVm h¡Ÿ& dmñVd _| "ào_ {XdmZr' _mÌ hmoZo na ^r
bmoJ CÝh| "Hw$bZmgr' Am{X H$hZo go ^r Zht MwH$Vo h¢ Am¡a "h±gr' VH$ C‹S>mZo _| àd¥Îm hr OmVo h¢, _ram±~mB© H$mo
Eogr "~XZm_r' gXm "_rR>r' hr bJm H$aVr h¡ Am¡a do bmI "~war-^br' H$hr OmZona ^r AnZr hr YwZ _| hr
"_ñV S>mobVr' {\$aVr ah OmVr h¡Ÿ&
{ddaU :
_ram ñd`§ ór h¡ Am¡a AnZo BîQ>Xod lr {JaYabmb H$mo n{V ê$n _| ñdrH$ma ^r H$a MwH$s h¡Ÿ& CÝh|
52
AnZo {H$gr AdñWm {deof _| aIZo H$m à`ËZ Zht H$aZm h¡Ÿ& do _mYw`© ^md H$s g^r ór-gwb^ ~mV| hr AZw^d
H$a boVr VWm CÝh| VXZwHy$b eãXmdbr _| ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go, ì`ŠV H$a XoVr h¢Ÿ& CZH$m ào_ lr {JaYabmb Ho$
AZwn_ gm¢X`© H$m AZw^d H$aHo$ Ama§^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ào_mepŠV ~‹T>Vr h¡ Am¡a Z`r-Z`r A{^bmfmE± CZHo$ öX` _|
H«$_e: Ka H$aZo bJ OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ ^mdm| H$m a§J A{YH$m{YH$ àJm‹T> hr ~ZVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ gmYmaUgm ê$n-amJ AmJo nyd© amJ _| n[aUV hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& ào_mZw^md H$s `h nhbr Xem h¡Ÿ& àm`: Ama§^ go hr
AmÜ`mpË_H$ ^r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h gmW hr {dah XrI n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s O‹‹S>‹ JhamB© VH$ nhþ±M MwH$s h¡Ÿ& Xygar
Xem _| `h, AZw^y{V, AkmZ-O{ZV AgmdYmZVm Ho$ H$maU ñnï> {dahmZw^md ~ZH$a AmVr h¡Ÿ& Xoe, H$mb dm
n[apñW{V Ûmam CËnÝZ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ `mVZmAm| _| àH$Q> hmoH$a, CZH$s AÝVamË_m H$mo ñdU©dV² VnmH$a Am¡a ^r
{dewÕ H$a XoVr h¡Ÿ& A§{V_ Xem _| nhþ±MH$a `h CŠV ^md H$s nyU©Vm H$mo V~ àmßV hmoVm h¡, O~ AmË_g_n©U
nyd©H$ A^rï> {_bZ H$m AZw^d CÝh| gd©Vmo^mdoZ hmoZo bJ OmVm h¡Ÿ&
_`m©{XV ê$n :
_ram±~mB© na CŠV _mYw`©^md, na_^md, Jmonr^md, {ZamCÀN>¥§Ib Amdoe-n«Xe©Z Zht WmŸ& dh dmñVd
_| kmZ _ybH$ Ed§ _`m©{XV ^r Wm, O¡gm {H$ h_ CZHo$ "n§Ma§JMmobm' Ho$ AmdaU _o§ "{Pa{_Q>' IobZo Am{X Ho$
à`moJm| Ûmam nhbo hr XoI MwHo$ h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ AmXe© "gmobh {gUJma', "Y¡`©', "g_m', "gmW', "gw_{V', "Am¡Xm`©',
"g§Vmof', "{MÌ H$s CÁÁdbVm' Am{X hmo J`oŸ& Omo EH$ gXmMmar Z¡{VH$ OrdZ Ho$ {bE na_mdí`H$ JwU h¡Ÿ&
_ram±~mB© H$s ào_-gmYZm _| Xoe, H$mb Ed§ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ Zwgma CŠV ~«O gwÝX[a`m| Ho$ Jmonr ^md go ~hþV Hw$N>
A§Va Vmo WmŸ& dh AnZo _m¡{bH$ {gÕm§Vm| Ed§ CÀM Z¡{VH$ AmXem] Ho$ H$maU CZ Vm§{ÌH$ gmYZmAm| go ^r {ZVm§V
[^ÝZ WrŸ& {OZHo$ ^«ï> n[aUm_m| go ì`{WV öX` hmoH$a Cggo bmoJ ^«_de gm{hË` _| AíbrbVm Ed§ g_mO
_| H$m_wH$Vm Ho$ àMma H$m ^` H$a gH$Vo h¡Ÿ§&
^mdde H$s àYmZVm :
_ram±~mB© H$d{`Ìr go nhbo EH$ ^ŠV Ho$ ê$n _| hr àH$Q> hmoVr OmZ n‹S>Vr h¢Ÿ& CZH$m gmam OrdZ,
H${Vn` {ZpíMV Ed§ A§V{Z©{dï> ^mdZmAm| go n[anyU© ahm Am¡a CZH$s aMZmAm| na CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd H$s
{deofVmAm| H$s Jhar N>mn gd©Ì n‹S>Vr ahrŸ& CZHo$ ^md CZHo$ VëbrZ öX`ñWb go gXmñdV: àgyV go {ZH$b
n‹S>Vo ah|Ÿ&
_ram±~mB© Ho$ nwdm©ZwamJ _| _Ywa AmH$f©U ñZoh{gŠV bJmd, Anyd©, CbPZ Ed§ Ñ‹‹T>{ZíM` Ho$ ^md h¢Ÿ&
CZHo$ öX` _| lr{JaYabmb Ho$ à{V Omo _Ywa a{V h¡ dhr, CZHo$ AZoH$ nXm| _| àX{e©V {d^md, AZw^mdmqX
Ûmam H«$_e: n[anwï> hmoH$a _Ywag H$m ê$n J«hU H$aVr hþB© XrI n‹S>Vr h¡Ÿ& Amb§~Z gd©Ì dht lr {JaYabmb
h¡, Omo {JaYa ZmJa, Z§Xd§XZ, _XZ_mohZ, JmoqdX, h[a, H$mÝhm, a_¡`m, Omo{J`m, gh`m± Am{X Zm_m| Ûmam ^r
gå~mo{YV {H$`o J`o h¢Ÿ& do gm¢X`© Ho$ {ZYmZ Ed§ _y{V©_mZ l¥§Jma h¢Ÿ&
53
{dahJ{^©V ào_ :
_ram±~mB© Zo AnZo {dah H$m dU©Z ^r ~‹S>o gw§Xa ‹T>§J go {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ nXm| _| {dah H$m EH$ AbJ _hÎd
h¡Ÿ& dh CŠV nwdm©ZwamJ _| hr {H$gr-Z-{H$gr àH$ma go XrI n‹S>Zo bJVm h¡Ÿ& _ram±~mB© H$m ào_, bm¡{H$H$ ê$n
_| ì`ŠV hmoVm hþAm ^r, na_mË_m go gå~Õ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Abm¡{H$H$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ed§ {dah-J{^©V ^r WmŸ&
_ram±~mB© Am¡a CZHo$ Bï>Xod `m {à`V_ _| OrdmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m H$s _m¡{bH$ EH$Vm Ho$ H$maU H$moB© A§Va ZhtŸ&
_ram±~mB© Zo AdXç gmYZm|dmbr amJmZwamJ ^pŠV H$m _mJ© AnZm`m, Omo {ó`m| Ho$ {bE A_mÝ` _mZr
OmVr WrŸ& "na^md' H$m {Zdm©h H$aVr hþB© CÝ_wŠV {dMaVr ZhtŸ& dh g_mO Ûmam bm{N>V ^r hþB© qH$Vw CÝhm|Zo
AnZm AmË__wŠVVm H$m _mJ© Zht N>mo‹S>mŸ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ _ram± H$m nyd© Am¡a níMmV² H$moB© g§àXm` ZhtŸ& {\$a
^r g_mO Ho$ {ZåZ dJ© _| AË`§V gå_mZ ^md h¢Ÿ& {deofH$a Zmar g_mO _|, Š`m|{H$ BÝh| _ram± _| AmË_q~~ XoIZo
H$mo {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Omo _wpŠV Ho$ {bE, _wŠVmË_m Ho$ {bE àoaH$ Am¡a àoaUmXm`r h¡Ÿ&
2.4
àíZ -
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1
A) {ZåZ{bIrV dmŠ`m| Ho$ ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IEŸ&
1.
g§V Zm_Xod H$m OÝ_ ................. n[adma _| hþAmŸ&
H$) Owbmhm
2.
K) Zr_mB©
I) H$mer
J) _Wwam
K) A`moÜ`m
I) VwbgrXmg
J) gyaXmg
K) a¡Xmg
I) H$mer
J) Hw$S>H$s
K) d¥§XmdZ
Zm_Xod .............. g§àXm` Ho$ à_wI g§V WoŸ&
H$) ZmW
7.
J) Jmo_mB©
_ram~mB© H$m OÝ_ .......... Jm±d _| hþAm WmŸ&
H$) _ram~mB©
6.
I) VwH$mB©
"í`m_-gJmB©' `h aMZm .............. H$s h¡Ÿ&
H$) Z§XXmg
5.
K) ZmB©
a¡Xmg H$m OÝ_ ................. _| hþAm WmŸ&
H$) à`mJ
4.
J) M_ma
Zm_Xod H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ ................ WmŸ&
H$) JmonmB©
3.
I) XOu
I) {gÕ
J) dmaH$ar
K) nw{ï> g§àXm`
a¡Xmg Ho$ Jwé H$m Zm_ ............. WmŸ&
H$) ñdm_r am_mZ§X
I) dëb^mMm`©
54
J) VwbgrXmg
K) am_H¥$îU
8.
_ram Ho$ nXm| H$m à_wI {df` ................ WmŸ&
H$) am_^pŠV
9.
11.
I) ñdm_r am_mZ§X
J) gæ`X Aea\$
K) {dgmo~m IoMa
I) AmD$~mB©
J) Kwa{~{Z`m
K) aËZmdbr
_ram H$s ^pŠV^mdZm ................ H$s h¡Ÿ&
I) _mYw`© ^md J) Xmñ` ^md
K) ào_ ^md
g§V a¡Xmg .............. Y_© Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ WoŸ&
I) X¡dr Y_©
J) H$_©H$m§S> Y_© K) gZmVZ
_ram Ho$ Hw$N> nX ............. ^mfm _| h¡Ÿ&
H$) ~«O
15.
K) _ram±
a¡Xmg H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ .................. WmŸ&
H$) _mZd Y_©
14.
J) Z§XXmg
H$) Jmoñdm_r {dÇ>bZmW
H$) g»` ^md
13.
I) Om`gr
Zm_Xod Zo ............... go Xrjm brŸ&
H$) {Z_m
12.
J) d¡îUd^pŠV K) H¥$îU^pŠV
................. Aï>N>mn Ho$ à_wI ^ŠVm| _| WoŸ&
H$) H$~ra
10.
I) e¡d^pŠV
I) AdYr
J) gYwŠH$‹S>r
K) g§ñH¥$V
a¡Xmg Ho$ nX ............ _| g§H${bV h¢Ÿ&
H$) Jwé J«§W gmh~
I) amgn§MmÜ`m`r
J) _ram nXmdbr
K) H$~radmUr
àíZ : 1.Am) {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IEŸ&
1.
Zm_Xod H$m OÝ_ñWmZ H$m¡Z gm h¡Ÿ?
2.
Zm_Xod Ho$ {nVm Xm_meoQ>r {H$gHo$ ^ŠV Wo ?
3.
Zm_Xod H$m¡Zgo n§W Ho$ Wo ?
4.
Z§XXmg H$m OÝ_ñWmZ H$m¡Zgm h¡ ?
55
2.5
5.
_ram~mB© Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?
6.
^§daJrV H$m¡Zgo H${d H$s A§{V_ aMZm h¡ ?
7.
a¡Xmg Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$hm± ahVo Wo ?
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
dmaH$ar gåàXm`
gËg§J
{d»`mV
g{hîUwVm
{ZamH$ma
nmag
dUm©l_ Y_©
nme{dH$
Aï>N>mn
2.6
àíZ
àíZ
: _hmamï´> Ho$ {dÇ>b ^ŠVm| H$m gåàXm`
: gmYwAm| H$s g§J{V
: à{gÕ
: CXmaVm
: AmH$ma {dhrZ
: bmoho H$mo gmoZm ~Zmbodmbm nËWa
: dUm©l_ ì`dñWm H$mo _mZZodmbm Y_©
: new Ho$ g_mZ
: nw{ï>_mJ© Ho$ à_wI AmR> H¥$îU^ŠV H${d
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1. A)
1.
1.
XOu
2.
JmonmB©
3.
H$mer
4.
Z§XXmg
5.
Hw$‹S>H$s
6.
dmaH$ar
7.
ñdm_r am_mZ§X
8.
H¥$îU^pŠV
9.
Z§XXmg
10.
{dgmo~m IoMa
11.
13.
_mZd Y_©
14. ~«O
Kwa{~{Z`m
Am)
1.
Zm_Xod H$m OÝ_ñWmZ Zagr ~m_Ur h¡Ÿ&
2.
Zm_Xod Ho$ {nVm Xm_meoQ>r {dÇ>b ^ŠV WoŸ&
3.
Zm_Xod dmaH$ar n§W Ho$ WoŸ&
4.
Z§XXmg H$m OÝ_ñWmZ am_nwa h¡Ÿ&
5.
_ram~mB© Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ aËZqgh h¡Ÿ&
56
12.
_mYw`© ^md
15.
JwéJ«§W gmh~
2.7
6.
^§daJrV Z§XXmg H${d H$s A§{V_ aMZm h¡Ÿ&
7.
a¡Xmg Ho$ _mVm {nVm _m§Sy>a Jm±d _| ahVo WoŸ&
gmam§e
1.
^pŠVH$mbrZ amO{ZVrH$ n[apñW{V go `h kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ gÎmm àm{ßV Ho$ {bE AnZm| go hr b‹SZo
H$m H$m_ bmoJm| Zo {H$`mŸ& qhXy VWm _wgb_mZm| _| A§Va {Z_m©U hþAmŸ&
‹2. ^pŠVH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñW{V _| VËH$mbrZ bmoJm| Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a g§ñH¥${V H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
3.
g§V Zm_Xod, {OZH$s »`m{V ^maV Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo _| ì`mßV h¡Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo n§T>anwa Ho$ {dÇ>b _§{Xa Ho$
_hmÛma na g_m{Y bo brŸ& BZH$s H¥${V`m± _amR>r Am¡a qhXr XmoZm| ^mfmAm| _| àmßV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
4.
_Ü``wJrZ gmYH$m| _| a¡Xmg H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& a¡Xmg Zo D±$M-ZrM H$s ^mdZm VWm B©ída ^pŠV
Ho$ Zm_ na {H$E OmZodmbo {ddmX H$mo gmahrZ VWm {ZaW©H$ ~Vm`m Am¡a g~H$mo nañna {_bOwbH$a ào_
nyd©H$ ahZo H$m g§Xoe {X`mŸ&
5.
Z§XXmg H$m ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ gm{hË` qhXr _| AZwn_ h¡Ÿ& "^§da JrV' bmoH${à`Vm H$s Ñ{ï> go gd©àW_
AmVm h¡Ÿ&
6.
_ram Ho$ nXm| _| à_wI ê$n go H¥$îU ào_ ì`ŠV hþAm h¡Ÿ& Bgo _mYw`©-^md H$s ^pŠV ^r H$hm OmVm
h¡Ÿ&>
2.8
2.9
ñdmÜ`m`
1.
^pŠVH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
2.
Zm_Xod H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
3.
a¡Xmg H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
4.
Z§XXmg ì`pŠVÎd Ed§ aMZmAm| H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
5.
_ram~mB© H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
_ram~mB© H$s aMZm "_ram H$s nXmdbr' H$mo àmßV H$aHo$ AÜ``Z H$s{OEŸ&
57
2.
2.10
Zm_Xod, a¡Xmg, Z§XXmg Am{X Ho$ à{gÕ nXm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
qhXr gm{hË` : `wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm`m±
: S>m°. {edHw$_ma e_m©
2.
qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg
: S>m°. ZJ|Ð
3.
qhXr gm{hË` H$m d¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg : S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV
4.
qhXr gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m
: S>m°. hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr
5.
^maVr` g§V na§nam
: ~bXod d§er
6.
qhXr gm{hË` H$m g§{jßV B{Vhmg
: Z§XXwbmao dmOno`r
58
BH$mB©
3
{ZJwU
© ^pŠVYmam
{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± Ed§ à_wI H${d
AZwH«$_
3.1
CX²Xoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df`-{ddoMZ
3.3.1
{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± Ÿ&
3.3.2
H$~ra … ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd Ÿ&
3.3.3
Om`gr … ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd Ÿ&
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ Ÿ&
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© Ÿ&
3.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Ÿ&
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE
3.1
CX²Xoí`
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn,
1.
^pŠVH$mcrZ {d{^ÝZ YmamAm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
2.
kmZml`r emIm go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
59
3.2
3.
ào_ml`r emIm go n[a{MV hmo§Jo Ÿ&
4.
{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmAm| H$mo g_Pm gH|$Jo Ÿ&
5.
g§V H$~ra … ì`pŠVËd VWm gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
6.
Om`gr … ì`pŠVËd VWm gm{hË` Ho n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
àñVmdZm
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ g§dV 1375 go g§dV² 1700 VH$ Ho$ H$mcI§S> H$mo gm_mÝ`V… ^pŠVH$mc
H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$mcI§S> _| gJwU Ed§ {ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam H$m {Za§Va {dH$mg hþAm Ÿ& ^pŠVH$mcrZ qhXr
gm{hË` _| {ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam H$mo AË`§V _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ àmßV h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U Ho$ A§VJ©V g§V VWm gy{\$`m|
H$m H$mì` gpå_{bV h¡Ÿ& AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠc Zo Zm_Xod Ed§ H$~ra X²dmam n«d{V©V ^pŠVYmam H$mo "{ZJw©U
kmZml`r emIm' H$s g§km go A{^{hV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Zo Bgo "{ZJw©U ^pŠV
gm{hË`' VWm am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo "g§V H$mì` na§nam' H$m Zm_ {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg Ymam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo kmZ VÎd
H$mo gdm©{YH$ _hÎd {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| B©ída Ho$ {ZJw©U {ZamH$ma ê$n H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam
Ho$ à_wI Xmo A§J h¢ {ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam
(A) kmZml`r emIm
(~) ào_ml`r emIm
(g§V H$~ra)
(Om`gr)
(A) kmZml`r emIm …
Bg emIm Ho$ A§VJ©V g§V H$mì` na§nam gpå_{cV h¡ Ÿ& AmMm`© hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Zo Bgo "{ZJw©U
^pŠVgm{hË`' H$hm h¡ Ÿ& B©ída H$mo {ZJw©U {ZamH$ma ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$aZodmco kmZml`r emIm Ho$ H${d`m|
Ho$ {cE g§V eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& g§V H$~ra {ZJw©U H$mì`Ymam Ho$ gd©loîR> H${d h¢ Ÿ& g§V
Zm_Xod VWm g§V H$~ra Ho$ Acmdm a¡Xmg, Y_m©Xmg, YÝZm, qgJm, XcyXmg, O`Xod, Jwê$ZmZH$, _cHy$Xmg,
XmXyX`mc, OZJmonmc, _mohZXmg, X[a`mgmh~, gw§Xagmh~ Am{X AZoH$ Zm_ g§V H$mì` na§nam Ho$ A§VJ©V
{cE OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
(~) ào_ml`r emIm …
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ A§VJ©V Om`gr Am{X gy\$s na§nam Ho$ H${d`m| X²dmam àd{V©V ^pŠVYmam H$mo "ào_ml`r'
emIm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË` _| Bgo gy\$s _V AWdm gy\$s H$mì` Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡
60
Ÿ& `h Ymam _ycV… B©amZ H$s h¡ Ÿ& _wgc_mZ emgZ H$mc _| B©amZ Ho$ Hw$N> gy\$s H${d ^maV AmE Ÿ& B©amZ
_| Bñcm_ Y_© Ho$ EH$ A§J Ho$ ê$n _| gy\$s _V H$m CX` Ed§ {dH$mg hþAm Wm Ÿ& `o H${d èhX` go CXma
Ed§ H$mo_c èhX` Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& AmMm`© ewŠc Zo "_¥JmdVr' Ho$ aM{`Vm "Hw$V~Z' H$mo gy\$s H$mì` H$m àdV©H$
_mZm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË` _| BgH$m {dH$mg ào_H$mì` Ho$ ê$n _| hþAm h¡ Ÿ& S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo "_wëcm
XmD$X H$s "M§Xm`Z' H$mo gy\$s H$mì` H$m àW_ J«§W _mZm h¡ Ÿ& gy\$s H${d`m| H$s H|$Ðr` g§doXZm "ào_' h¡
ŸBgo S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV Zo "amo_m§{gH$ H$WmH$mì` na§nam' H$hm h¡ Ÿ&
gy\$s _V Ho$ AZoH$ g§àXm` h¢Ÿ& CZ_| {^ÝZVm h¡ Ÿ& Hw$N> ~mVm| _| g_mZVm ^r h¡ Ÿ& gy\$s H${d`m|
Zo B©ída Ho$ {ZJw©U {ZamH$ma ê$n H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& do B©ída àm{á H$m EH$ _mJ© ào_ H$mo _mZVo
h¢ Ÿ& gy\$s H${d`m| Zo B©ída H$s H$ënZm ñÌr Ho$ ê$n _| Am¡a na_mË_m H$s H$ënZm nwéf Ho$ ê$n _| H$s
h¡ Ÿ& JV H$mo gË` _mZm h¡ Ÿ& `eàmpßV Ho$ {cE Jwê$ H$mo _hÎd {X`m h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' Ho$ a{M`Vm
_{cH$ _whå_X Om`gr gy\$s H$mì`Ymam Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' gy\$s H$mì` H$m gd©loîR> J«§W
h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV Hw$V~Z, _m¡cmZm XmD$X, _§PZ, Cg_mZ, Zwa_w_hå_X Am{X à_wI gy\$s H${d`m| Zo gy\$s
H$mì`Ymam H$mo AmJo ~T>m`m h¡ Ÿ&
3.3
{df`-{ddoMZ
{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± àmñVm{dH$
qhXr gm{hË` _| {ZJwU© Ymam Ho$ A§VJ©V kmZml`r Am¡a ào_ml`r emImE± AmVr h¢ & g§V H$~ra VWm
CZHo$ AZw`m`r H${d`m| Ho$ gm{hË` H$mo kmZml`r emIm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr VWm AÝ` gy\$s H${d`m|
Zo Omo gm{hË` {cIm Cgo ào_ml`r emIm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& BZ XmoZm| emIm Ho$ H${d`m| Zo ~hþXdo dmX VWm
AdVmadmX H$m {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& g§V H${d`m| Zo {ZJw©U B©ída Ho$ {cE "am_' eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡
Ÿ& {ZJw©U H$mì`Ymam H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± {ZåZ{c{IV h¢ 1)
{ZJw©U B©ída _| {dídmg … {ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam Ho$ g^r g§V H${d {ZJw©U {ZamH$ma B©ída _|
{dídmg aIVo h¢ Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo B©ída Ho$ gJwU ê$n H$m I§S>Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$m H$hZm h¡ am_ Zm_ {Vhþ§ cmoH$ ~ImZm Ÿ&
am_Zm H$m _a_ h¡ AmZm Ÿ&Ÿ&
g^r dUm] Am¡a g_yMr Om{V`m| Ho$ {cE {ZJw©U EH$_mÌ kmZ Jå` h¡ Ÿ& dh A{dJV h¡ Ÿ& doX, nwamU
dhm± VH$ nhþªM Zht gH$Vr Ÿ&
{ZJw©U am_ Onhþ ao ^mB©,
A{dJV H$s J{V cIr Z OmB© Ÿ&''
61
{ZJwU© ê$nr ^JdmZ g¥{ï> Ho$ H$Z-H$Z _| {dÚ_mZ h¡ Ÿ& O¡go H$ñVyar _¥J H$s Zm{^ _| ahVr h¡ Am¡a
dh ì`W© hr Cgo dZ _| Ty>±T>Zo Ho$ {cE ^Q>H$Vm {\$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma {ZJw©U ê$nr am_ g¥{ï> Ho$ H$ZH$Z _| g_m`m h¡, Cgo ~mha Ty>±T>Zo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht Ÿh¡ &
2.
AdVmadmX VWm ~hþXoddmX H$m {damoY …
{ZJw©U g§V H${d`m| Zo AdVmadmX VWm ~hþXoddmX H$m H$S>m {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m g~go ~S>m
H$maU `h Wm {H$ e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX H$m à^md cmoJm| na eof Wm, Am¡a amOZr{VH$ Amdí`H$Vm ^r Wr
Ÿ& VËH$mcrZ _wpñc_ emgH$ EHo$ídadmXr Wo Ÿ& qhXy _wpñc_ XmoZm| Ho$ OmVr` g§Kf© H$mo IË_ H$aHo$ CZ_|
EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg {ZJw©U g§V H${d`m| Zo {H$`m Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo ~hþXoddmX H$m H$m {damoY {H$`m Ÿ&
""`h {ga Zdo Z am_ Hy±$, Zmhr {J[a`m| Qy>Q> Ÿ&
AmZ XoZ Zqh n[a{g`m|, `h VZ Om`mo Ny>Q> Ÿ&&''
g§Vm| H$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ AdVma OÝ_-_aU Ho$ ~§YZ _| J«ñV h¡ Ÿ& do ^r na_ ~«h²_ H$s ^pŠV
Ho$ {~Zm _wpŠV Zht H$a gH$Vo Ÿ& g^r g§V H${d`m| Zo ~«h_² m, {dîUy, _hoe H$s qZXm H$s h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| _m`mJ«ñV
H$hm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m ^r {Z_m©Vm na_ ~«h²_ h¡ ""Aj` nwéf BH$ no‹S> h¡, {Za§OZ ~mH$s S>ma Ÿ&
{ÌXodm emIm ^`o nmV ^`m g§gma Ÿ&&'' - H$~ra
3.
Jwê$ H$m _hÎd …
{ZJwU© H${d Jwé H$mo ^JdmZ go ^r A{YH$ _hÎd XoVo h¢ Ÿ& BZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ am_ H$s H¥$nm ^r
V^r hmoVr h¡, O~ Jwê$ H$s H¥$nm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U {ZamH$ma ê$nr ~«h²_m H$s àmpßV Jwê$ X²dmam {XIcmE
_mJ© go hr àmßV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Jwé Ho$ g§X^© _| g§V H$~ra H$hVo h¢ ""Jwé JmoqdX XmoD$ IS>o H$mHo$ cmJy nmB© Ÿ&
~{chmar Jwé AnZo {OZ JmoqdX {X`mo ~VmB© Ÿ&&
AV… {ZJw©U g§V H${d gJwU ^ŠV H${d`m| H$s Anojm Jwé H$mo A{YH$ _hÎd XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
4.
Om{V-nm{V H$m I§S>Z
{ZJw©U g§V H${d Om{V-nm±{V Am¡a dJ©-^oX H$s H$S>r AmcmoMZm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ AZwgma g^r _Zwî`
àH¥${V go {Z{_©V àmUr _mÌ h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw Bgr _Zwî` Zo AnZo Amn H$s Om{V-nm±{V, {d{^ÝZ Y_m] _| ~m±Q>
{c`m Ÿ& Amng _| D±$M-ZrMVm Ho$ Zm_ na g§Kf© H$aVo ah| Ÿ& {ZJw©U H${d Bg Om{V, Y_m] Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo
{_Q>mH$a EH$ gma^m¡_ _mZd-Y_© H$s à{VîR>mnZm H$aZm MmhVo Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma {ZJw©U ê$nr am_ na g^r
H$m g_mZ A{YH$ma h¡ Ÿ&
62
Om{V-nm±{V nyN>o Zqh H$moB©,
h[a H$mo ^Oo gmo h[a H$m hmoB© Ÿ&&
g^r {ZJw©U g§V H${d {ZåZ Om{V go g§~§Y aIVo Wo Ÿ& g§V H$~ra Owcmho Wo>, a¡Xmg M_ma Wo Ÿ&
BgHo$ Acmdm ^pŠVAm§XmocZ Zo ^r Om{V ^oX Ed§ dU© ^oX H$mo VwÀN> R>ham`m Wm Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW hr g§Vm§o
H$mo qhXy-_wgc_mZm| _| EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZr Wr Ÿ& Bg{cE {ZJwU© g§V H${d`m| H$s dmUr _| AË`§V àIaVm
Am¡a H$Qw>Vm {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& g§V H$~ra BZ XmoZm| H$m I§S>Z H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢,
""Aao BZ XmoCZ amh Z nmB© Ÿ&
{hÝXwAZ H$s {hÝXwAmB© XoIr, VwH$aZ H$s VwaH$mB© Ÿ&&
""Vy ~«mh²_U hm| H$mer H$m Owcmhm MrÝh Z _moa {J`mZm Ÿ&
Vy Omo ~m_Z ~m_Zr Om`m Am¡a amh Š`m| Zht Am`m Ÿ&&''
5.
ê${T>`m| Am¡a gm_m{OH$ AmS>§~am| H$m {damoY
g^r g§V {ZJ©U H${d`m| Zo gm_m{OH$ AmS>§~am| H$m H$‹S>m {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Zo ê${T>`m|, {_Ï`m
AmS>§~am| VWm A§Y{dídmgm| H$s H$Qw AmcmoMZm H$s h¡ Ÿ& `o H${d {gX²Y Ed§ ZmW n§{W`m| go à^m{dV Wo
Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo _y{V© nyOm, Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na hmo ahr qhgm, VrW©, d«V, amoOm, Z_mO, Am{X {d{dY ~mh²`mS>§~am|
Om{V-nm{V Am{X ~mVm| H$m S>Q>H$a {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BZ H${d`m| Zo d¡îUd g§àXm` H$s N>moS>H$a eof g^r
g§àXm`m| H$s H$Qw> AmcmoMZm H$s h¡ Ÿ& ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm_ na {ZXm}f àm{U`mo H$s ~{c M‹T>mZodmco A§Y{dídmgr
àd¥{Îm Ho$ cmoJm| na àhma H$aVo h¢,
""~H$ar nmVr ImV h¡, VmH$s H$m‹T>r Imc Ÿ&
Oo OZ ~H$ar ImV h¡, {VZ H$mo H$m¡Z hdmc Ÿ&&''
""H$m§H$a nËWa Omo[a Ho$, _pÁOX c` ~Zm` Ÿ&
Vm M{T>-_wëcm ~m§J Xo, ~{ham hþAm IwXm` Ÿ&&''
`hm± g§V H${d`m| Zo _wgc_mZm| Ho$ _pñOX Am¡a _wëcm na àhma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ AmJo OmH$a ^JdmZ
Ho$ Zm_ na nËWam| H$s nyOm H$aZodmco qhXy g_wXm` H$m ^r g_mMma {c`m h¡,
""nËWa nyO¡ h[a {_c¡ Vmo _¢ ny±Oy nhma Ÿ&
VmVo d MŠH$s ^cr nrg Im` g§gma Ÿ&&''
g§V H$~ra Zo {Z{^©H$ Am¡a ZrS>aVm go qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| _| \¡$cr {df_Vm gm_m{OH$ AmS>§~am| H$m
H$‹S>m {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& n[aUm_ Ho$ McVo VËH$mcrZ _wgc_mZ emgH$ {gH§$Xa cmoYr Zo ^r H$~ra H$mo
AZoH$ `mVZmE± Xr WrŸ& H$~ra Ho$ Bgr ñd^md Ho$ H$maU CÝh| qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>m
63
Ÿ& qhXy n§{S>V Am¡a _wgc_mZm| Ho$ _m¡cdr H$~ra H$mo AnZm eÌw _mZVo Wo Ÿ&
6.
ahñ`dmX
g§V g§àXm` _| ahñ`dmX H$s àd¥{Îm {dR²>R>c g§àXm` go Am`r h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U g§V H$mì` _| Acm¡{H$H$
ào_ H$s A{^ì`pŠV hþB© h¡, {Ogo ahñ`dmX H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ& gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _| Omo ~«h²_ h¡, gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ
_| dh ahñ`dmX h¡ Ÿ& g§Vm| H$m ahñ`dmX EH$ Amoa Vmo e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX go à^m{dV h¡,
""Oc _| Hw§$^-Hw§$^ _| Oc h¡ ^rVa ~mha nmZr Ÿ&
\y$Q>m Hw§$^ Oc Oc{h g_mZm, `h VV H$hmo J`mZr Ÿ&&'
H$ht na BZHo$ ahñ`dmX na `moJ H$m ^r ñnîQ> à^md h¡, B§Jcm, qnJcm Am¡a ghòXc H$_c Am{X
à{VH$m| H$m à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {dewX²Y ^mdmË_H$ ahñ`dmX {_cVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| àU`mZw^y{V H$s {ZíM`
A{^ì`pŠV hþB© h¡,
""Amh Z gH$s VwP n¡, gHy$ Z VwP ~cmB Ÿ&
{O`am `m¢ hr cohþJo, {dah VnmB Vnmem Ÿ&&''
AV… ahñ`dmX _| AmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m Ho$ ào_ g§~§Ym| H$m dU©Z h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U ^pŠV _| O~ _mYw`©
^md H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡, V~ ahñ`dmX H$m CX` hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& gmYZm Ho$ joÌ _| Omo ~«h²_ h¡, gm{hË` Ho$
joÌ _| dhr ahñ`dmX h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U H$mì` _| gmYZmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$, ahñ`dmX ì`ŠV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& ào_ml`r
emIm Ho$ gy\$s H$mì`Ymam _| gmYZmË_H$ ahñ`dmX H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
7.
^OZ VWm Zm_ñ_aU
{ZJwU© g§V H${d H$hVo h¢, {ZJwU© ê$nr am_ H$m Zm_ñ_aU _Z hr _Z hmoZm Mm{hE dh àH$Q> Zht
hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& BZ {ZJwU© g§V H${d`m| Zo B©ída àmpßV Ho$ {cE ào_ Am¡a Zm_ñ_aU H$mo na_Amdí`H$ _mZm
h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$hVo h¢ nmoWr n‹‹T>Zo go H$moB© n§{S>V Zht hmoVm ‹T>mB© Aja ào_ Ho$ Omo OmZVm h¡ dhr ghr AWm]
_| n§{S>V H$hcmVm h¡ Ÿ& doX-emñÌ Am{X H$m kmZ {ZaW©H$ h¡,
""nmoWr n{T>-n{T> OJ _wAm, n§{S>V ^`m Z H$moB Ÿ&
T>mB© AmIa ào_ Ho$, nTo gr n§{S>V hmoB© Ÿ&&''
8.
{dah dU©Z
{ZJw©U g§V H$mì` _| {dah dU©Z H$m gw§Xa {MÌU hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| l¥§Jma VWm em§V ag H$m A{YH$
{MÌU hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ nj H$m {_cmn h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ nj H$m AË`§V
H$cmË_H$ dU©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ& CnXoemË_H$ CpŠV`m| _| em§V ag H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡ Ÿ& CnXoem| _| H$ht-H$ht
H$R>moa eãXm| H$m ^r à`moJ hþAm h¡, na§Vw BgHo$$nrN>o cmoH$g§J«h H$s ^mdZm {Z{hV h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U H$mì` _|
64
^r gya O¡gm ag Am¡a _ram O¡gr {dah H$s Vrd«Vm nm`r OmVr h¡,
""{da{hZ D$^r n§W {ga n§Wr ~yP¡ WmB Ÿ&
EH$ eãX H${h nrd H$m H$~ao {_c|Jo AmB Ÿ&&''
""AmB Z gH$s VwP n¡, gHy§$ Z VwP ~wcmB© Ÿ&
{O`am `m| hr cohþJo {dah VnmB-VnmB© Ÿ&''
g§`moJ nj Ho$ A§VJ©V ê$nmH$f©U-OÝ_mZwamJ, {à` {_cZmVwaVm, hfm}ëcmg, àW_ g_mJ_-^rVm,
ZdmoT>m H$s cÁOm, ag a§J _| EH$mËH$Vm, ñdmYrZn{VH$m H$m ghO Xn©, {_cZmoËH$§R>m, {à`-à{Vjm, PycmPycZm Am{X H$m `WmW© dU©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ& {ZJwU© H$mì` Ho$ {d`moJ nj _| {à` H$mo {dXoe OmZo go amoH$Zm,
{dah H$s XemAm| H$m dU©Z, n§pÀN>`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {à` VH$ g§Xe
o nhþM
± mZm Am{X ~mVm| H$m {MÌU {_cVm
h¡ Ÿ& {ZJwU© g§Vm| H$m l¥J§ ma ag Am¡a {dah dU©Z cm¡{H$H$ hmo AWdm Acm¡{H$H$ dh Ka-J¥hpñW`m| Ho$ {cE
AmZ§XXm`H$ h¡ Ÿ& g§V H${d`m| H$m l¥J§ ma Ed§ {dah, ì`pŠVËd Y_© Am¡a Xe©Z Ho$ g_mZ Hw$N> {dcjU VWm
{Zamcm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| dmgZm Zht h¡ Ÿ&
AV… H$mì` _| g§`moJ nj H$s Anojm {d`moJ nj A{YH$ à^mdemcr ~Z nS>m h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U g§V
H${d`m| Zo ào_ _| {dah H$mo A{YH$ _hÎd {X`m h¡ Ÿ& {dah H$s AZw^{y V Ho$ {~Z B©ída H$s àmpßV Zht hmo
gH$Vr Ÿ& ào_ml`r emIm Ho$ à_wI hñVmja Om`gr Zo "nX²_mdV' _| {dah H$m _m{_©H$ dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
9)
cmoH$g§J«h H$s ^mdZm
{ZJwU© H$mì`Ymam Ho$ A{YH$Îma H${d nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ OrZodmco Wo Ÿ& Bgr H$maU CZH$s H$mì` Ed§
dmUr _| OrdZJV AZw^d H$s gdmªJrUVm {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& {ZJwU© g§Vm| Ho$ H$mì` _| d¡`pŠVVm H$s Anojm
gm_m{OH$Vm A{YH$ {XImB© XoVr h¡ Ÿ& g§Vm| Zo g_mO H$mo ÑpîQ> _| aIH$a AmË_-ewX{² Y H$mo A{YH$ _hÎd
{X`m h¡ Ÿ& ZmW g§àXm` H$s gmYZm ì`pŠVJV Am¡a nX²Y{V emñÌr` Wr dht Xygar Amoa {ZJwU© g§V H${d`m|
H$s gmYZm gm_m{OH$ Am¡a nX²Y{V ñdV§Ì Wr Ÿ& {ZJw©U H${d EH$ Amoa ^pŠV Am§XmocZ Ho$ CÝZm`H$ h¡,
dht Xygar Amoa EH$ `wJÐîQ>m g_mOgwYmaH$ ^r h¡ Ÿ& AmcmoMH$m| Zo H$~ra H$mo AnZo `wJ H$m Jm§Yr H$hm
h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U g§V H${d`m| Zo g_mO Am¡a amOZr{V Ho$ à{V Am±I§o _y±X Zht aIo Wo Ÿ& {ZJw©U g§V H$mì` _|
Cg g_` H$m g_mO à{Vq~{~V hþAm h¡ Ÿ& H$_©Ê`Vm BZH$s dmZr H$m XyYmar Vcdma h¡ Ÿ&
10)
Zmar Ho$ à{V ÑpîQ>H$moZ …
{ZJw©U H${d`m| Zo Zmar H$mo _m`m H$m à{VH$ _mZm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma H$ZH$ Am¡a H$m{_Zr `o XmoZm|
AË`§V K{Q>`m± h¢ Ÿ& g§V H$~ra Zmar Ho$ g§X^© _| H$hVo h¢,
""Zmar H$s Pm±B© naV A§Ym hmoV ^wO§J Ÿ&
H${~am {VZH$s H$m¡Z J{V {ZV Zmar Ho$ g§J Ÿ&&''
65
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 4
H$~ra Zo Zmar Ho$ H$m{_Zr ê$n H$mo _m`m _mZm h¡ Am¡a Bgo qZXZr` H$hm h¡ Ÿ& g^r g§V, {ZJwU© H${d
OrdZ _| gË` nj Ho$ J«hU Ho$ njnmVr Wo Am¡a AgË` go CÝh| K¥Um Wr Ÿ& do XwOZ© Am¡a ñdmWu cmoJm|
H$s H$S>r qZXm H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
11)
_m`m Am¡a e¡VmZ
{ZJwU© H${d`m| Zo AkmZ A{dX²`m, _moh Am{X H$mo _m`m H$hm h¡ Ÿ& do ha {H$gr H$mo _m`m go gmdYmZ
ahZo H$s gcmh XoVo h¢, Š`m|{H$ {ZJwU© ê$nr B©ída H$s àm{á _| _m`m g§H$Q> ~ZH$a IS>r hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& _m`m
_hmR>{JZr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr _Ywa dmUr go g^r H$mo Omc _| \±$gmVr h¡ Ÿ& gy\$s H${d`m| Zo AnZo H$mì` _|
e¡VmZ H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma gmYH$ Ho$ gmYZm _mJ© _| ~mYm S>mcZodmcm e¡VmZ h¡ Ÿ&
12)
qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| _| EH$Vm …
g§V H${d g_mO gwYmaH$ Wo Ÿ& BZ H${d`m| Zo H$mì` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go qhXy VWm _wgc_mZm| _| EH$Vm
ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m g\$c à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BÝhmoZo qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| _o \¡$cr {df_Vm, Om{V-nm{V,
D±$M-ZrMVm Am{X ~mVm| H$m I§S>Z H$a qhXyAm| Ho$ n§{S>V Am¡a _wgc_mZm| Ho$ _m¡cdr na H$S>m àhma {H$`m
h¡ Ÿ& EH$ hr B©ída H$m g§Xoe {X`m h¡ Ÿ& XmoZm| Y_m] _| EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& gy\$s
H${d _ycV… ñd^md go H$mo_c èhX` Ho$ Wo Ÿ& AV… EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo _| CÝh| A{YH$ g\$cVm {_cr
h¡ Ÿ&
13)
^mfm Ed§ e¡cr
{ZJw©U H$mì` _| _w»`V… Jo` _wŠVH$ e¡cr H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Jr{V-H$mì` Ho$ g^r VÎd^mdmË_H$Vm, g§JrVmË_H$Vm, gyú_Vm, d¡`pŠVH$Vm Am¡a ^mfm H$s H$mo_cVm BZH$s dmUr _| {_cVo h¢ Ÿ&
CnXoemË_H$ nXm| _| Jr{V-_mYw`© Ho$ ñWmZ na ~m¡X²{YH$Vm Am J`r h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV BÝhm|Zo gmIr,
Mm¡nmB© H$s e¡cr H$m ^r à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& OmXmVa {ZJw©U H${d A{e{jV Wo, CÝhm|Zo ~mocMmc H$s ^mfm
H$mo hr A{^ì`pŠV H$m _mÜ`_ ~Zm`m Ÿ& do AnZo _V H$m àMma-àgma H$aZo Ho$ {cE BYa-CYa ^«_U
H$aVo ahVo Wo Ÿ& {ZJw©U g§V H${d`m| H$s ^mfm {IMS>r `m gmYwŠH$S>r Wr Ÿ& Bg_| AdYr, ~«O, IS>r ~mocr,
nydu {h§Xr, \$magr, Aa~r, amOñWmZr, n§Om~r AmXr ^mfmAm| H$m {_lU {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s ^mfm _|
~hþV go nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm| H$m à`moJ ^r {_cVm h¡ Omo {H$ BÝhm|Zo AnZo nyd©dVu g§àXm`m| go {cE h¡§ Ÿ&
CXm. eyÝ`, AZhX, {ZJw©U, gJwU, Am{X Ÿ& ZmW g§àXm` Ho$ B§Jcm Am¡a qnJcm Am{X eãXm| H$m ^r BÝhm|Zo
à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
{ZJw©U H${d`m| H$s ^mfm AmS>§~a{da{hV h¡ Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo Bgo H$ht ^r Ac§H$m[aH$Vm go cmXZo H$m à`mg
Zht {H$`m h¡ qH$Vw AZw^y{V H$s Vrd«Vm Ho$ H$maU Cg_| H$mì`mo{MV g^r JwU Am`o h¢ Ÿ&
66
{ZJw©U H$mì` gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, amOZr{VH$ VWm gm{hpË`H$ Ñ{îQ> go AË`§V _hÎdnyU© ~Z n‹S>m h¡
Ÿ& {ZJw©U H$mì` H$s {Z{_©{V {Og `wJ _| hþB© dh `wJ AkmZ, A{ejm Am¡a AZ¡{VH$Vm H$m `wJ Wm Ÿ& BÝht
~mVm| Ho$ {Icm\$ AmdmO CR>mZo H$m H$m_ g§V H${d`m| Zo {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& g§Vm| H$s CnXoe_`r dmUr Zo Cg_|
EH$ Ñ‹T> Z¡{VH$Vm H$s à{VîR>m H$s Ÿ& {ZJwU© H${d`m| Zo Y_© H$m Eogm ñdm^m{dH$, {ZíMc, ì`mdhm[aH$ VWm
{dídmg_` ê$n OZ-^mfm _| CnpñWV {H$`m Omo {H$ {díd Y_© ~Z J`m Ÿ& dh A~ ^r OZ-OrdZ _|
nwZ… OmJaU H$m nmdZ g§Xoe Xo ahm h¡ Ÿ&
H$mì` H$s ÑpîQ> go ^r g§V gm{hË` Zo AnZr AcJ nhMmZ ~Zm`r h¡ Ÿ& AnZr AZw^y{V`m| H$mo ghO
ñdm^m{dH$ ^mfm _| A{^ì`ŠV H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo H$mì` Ho$ gÀMo ñdê$n H$m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m Ÿ& {ZJw©U H${d`m|
Ho$ ~mao _| S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV {cIVo h¢, ""gÀMo H${d H$s dmUr _| A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ gmYZ ñdV… àñ\w${Q>V
hmo OmVo h¢, Bg ~mV H$m àË`j à_mU BZ H${d`m| H$m gm{hË` h¡ Ÿ& ^mfm H¡$gr hr hmo ^md Mm{hE {_V
H$s CpŠV g§VH$mì` na nyU©V… M[aVmW© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&'' {ZJw©U H${d`m| H$s dmUr _| Omo CnXoe h¡ do Ho$dc
Xe©Z H$m {df` Z hmoH$a OrdZ ag go AmoV àmoV h¡ Ÿ& {ZJw©U g§V H${d`m| Zo gm{hË` H$mo gË`, gm¢X`©
Am¡a {ed go g§nÝZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
3.3.2
H$~ra … ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VVd
OrdZd¥Îm … _Ü``wJrZ AÝ` ^ŠV Ed§ g§V H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ H$~ra H$m OrdZd¥Îm A§YH$ma_` h¡
Ÿ& CZHo$ OÝ_, _¥Ë`w, {Zdmg-ñWmZ d§e Ed§ `WmW© Zm_ Am{X g^r ~mVm| Ho$ g§X^© _| ñnîQ> ê$n go H$hm
Zht Om gH$Vm Ÿ& na§Vw g§V H$~ra {gH§$Xa cmoYr Ho$ g_H$mcrZ Wo Ÿ& AZoH$ Xoe {dXoe Ho$ B{VhmgH$mam|
Zo B{Vhmg J«§Wm| _| BgH$s nwîQ>r H$s h¡ Ÿ& H$~raXmg Ho$ gm{hË` _| Zm_Xod Am¡a O`Xod H$m ^r CëcoI
{_cVm h¡, Bggo ñnîQ> hmoVm h¡ {H$ H$~ra O`Xod Am¡a Zm_Xod Ho$ ~mX Ho$ H${d h¢ Ÿ& Zm_Xod H$m g_`
Voahdt eVmãXr H$m A§{V_ MaU _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& g§V nrnm Zo H$~ra CëcoI {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AV… h_ `hm±
H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ H$~ra Zm_Xod Ho$ ~mX Ho$ Am¡a nrnm Ho$ nhco Ho$ H${d h¢ & g§V nrnm H$m OÝ_ g§. 1482
_mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ& "H$~ra M[aÌ~moY' _| g§. 1455 {d. Á`oîR> gwXr ny{U©_m gmo_dma H$mo H$~ra H$s OÝ_ {V{W
ñdrH$ma H$s JB© h¡,
""Mm¡Xh gm¡ nMnZ gmc JE MÐmdma EH$ R>mR> R>E Ÿ&
OoR> gwXr ~agm`V H$mo nyaZ_mgr àJQ> ^E Ÿ&&
S>m.° hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr, S>m.° _mVm àgmX JwßV VWm qhXr Ho$ A{YH$Va {dX²dmZm| Zo g§dV 1455
OoîR> gwXr ny{U©_m gmo_dma H$mo H$~ra H$m OÝ_ _mZm h¡ Ÿ& `hr {V{W A{YH$ Cn`wŠV Ed§ VH©$g§JV h¡ Ÿ&
Jwê$ …
ñdm_r am_mZ§X H$~ra Ho$ Jwê$ Wo Ÿ& H$~ra H$m H$hZm h¡ ""H$mer _| h_ àJQ> ^`o, am_mZ§X MoVm`o
67
Ÿ&'' Hw$N> {dX²dmZ eoI VH$s H$mo H$~ra Ho$ Jwê$ _mZVo h¢ na§Vw dh VH©$ g§JV Zht h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Zo eoI VH$s
Ho$ à{V H$ht ^r lX²Ym àH$Q> Zht H$s h¡ Ÿ& AV… ñdm_r am_mZ§X hr H$~ra Ho$ Jwê$ Wo Ÿ&
_mVm-{nVm
H$~ra Ho$ OÝ_ Ho$ g§~Y§ _| AZoH$ {H$dX§{V`m àM{cV h¢ Ÿ& A{YH$Va {dX²dmZm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$
H$~ra H$m OÝ_ EH$ {dYdm ~«mh²_Ur H$s H$moI go hþAm Ÿ& cmoH$cmO de {dYdm Zo ZdOmV {eew H$mo H$mer
Ho$ chaVmam Zm_H$ Vmcm~ Ho$ {ZH$Q> \|$H$ {X`m Wm, {OgH$m nmcZ-nmofU {Z…g§VmZ Owcmhm Xån{V Zrê$
Am¡a Zr_m Zo {H$`m Ÿ& Bg ~mV H$m g_W©Z H$~ra Zo AnZo Amn H$mo Owcmh H$hH$a {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$
OÝ_ Am¡a _mVm-{nVm H$ g§~§Y _| AZoH$ {dX²dmZm| Ho$ _Vm| H$mo XoIZo Ho$ ~mX ñnîQ> ê$n go H$h gH$Vo
h¢ {H$ CZH$m OÝ_ g§. 1455 _| H$mer _| hþAm Am¡¡a _¥Ë`w 1575 _| _Jha _| hþB© &
nËZr
H$~ra J¥hñWr Wo Ÿ& BZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ cmoB© Wm Ÿ& S>m°. am_Hw$_ma Zo BZH$s AÝ` EH$ nËZr _mZr
h¡ {OgH$m Zm_ Y{Z`m `m a_Om{Z`m Wm Ÿ&
nwÌ Am¡a nwÌr
H$_mc Am¡a H$_mcr H$~ra Ho$ nwÌ Am¡a nwÌr Wo Ÿ& H$~ra H$s H$B© CpŠV`m| go nVm McVm h¡ {H$
BZH$m nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ gwIr Zht Wm Ÿ& Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| Zo BZHo$ {Zhmc Am¡a {Zhmcr Xmo Am¡a nwÌ VWm
nwÌr ^r _mZo h¢ Ÿ&
ì`pŠVËd
g§V H$~ra CXma, {Z^uH$, ñdV§ÌVmào_r, ñdm{^_mZr, gË`dmXr, Aqhgm, gË` Am¡a ào_ Ho$ g_W©H$
Om{V-nm{V ~mh²`mS>§~am| Ho$ {damoYr VWm H«$m§{VH$mar ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV Wo Ÿ& do _ñV_m¡cm, cmnadmh EH$
\$ŠH$S> \$H$sa Wo Ÿ& CZ_| {dÐmoh H$s ^mdZm Hw$Q>-Hw$Q> H$a ^ar hþB© Wr Ÿ& CZ_| AXå` gmhg Ed§ AI§S>
AmË_{dídmg Wm & do à{V^mdmZ {dcjU ì`pŠVËd go g§nÝZ Wo Ÿ& AZoH$ X~mdm| Ho$ ~mdOyX ^r do H$^r
{gH§$Xa cmoYr Ho$ gm_Zo PwHo$ Zht Ÿ& qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| Ho$ amof Zo CÝh| V{ZH$ ^r {dM{cV Zht {H$`m
Ÿ& do `mo{J`m| Ho$ à^md go AmhV Zht hþE Am¡a Zmhr gy\$s CÝh| AnZo g§àXm` _| {_cm gHo$ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo h_oem
g_mO {damoYr ~mVm| H$m S>Q>H$a _wH$m~cm {H$`m & CÝhm|Zo A§V VH$ AnZr AQ>nQ>r dmUr go CÎmar ^maV
H$m ZoVË¥ d {H$`m & do gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Am¡a Ym{_©H$ ì`dñWm na àhma H$aVo ah§o Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ ì`pŠVËd
Ho$ g§X^© _| S>m°. hOmaràgmX H$m _§Vì` ÑîQ>ì` h¡, ""do {ga go n¡a VH$ _ñV _m¡cm, ñd^md go \$ŠH$S>,
AmXV go AŠIS>, ^ŠV Ho$ gm_Zo {Zarh, ^ofYmar Ho$ AmJo àM§S>, {Xc Ho$ gm\$, {X_mJ Ho$ Xwê$ñV, ^rVa
go H$mo_c, ~mha go H$R>moa, OÝ_ go Añn¥í`, H$_© go d§XZr` Wo Ÿ& `wJmdVma H$s epŠV Am¡a {dídmg coH$a
n¡Xm hþE Wo Am¡a `wJ àdV©H$ H$s ÑT>Vm CZ_| dV©_mZ Wr, Bg{cE `wJ àdV©Z H$a gHo$ Ÿ&''
68
H¥${VËd
"~rOH$' H$~ra H$s àm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZr J`r h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| H$~ra Ho$ CnXoem| H$m {eî`m| X²dmam
g§H$cZ h¡ Ÿ& "~rOH$' Ho$ VrZ ^mJ {H$E JE h¢ - gmIr, eãX, a_¡Zr Ÿ& H$B© {dX²dmZm| Zo H$~ra Ho$ J«§Wm|
H$s g§»`m 57 go 61 _mZr h¡ Ÿ& AZwamJ gma, CJ« JrVm, {Z^©` kmZ, eãXmdcr Am¡a aoIVm| Am{X nwñVH$m|
H$mo H$~ra X²dmam a{MV _mZm J`m h¡, na§Vw BgHo$ g§~§Y _| àm_m{UH$ ê$n go Hw$N> H$hZm H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ&
gm{hË`-g_rjm
g§V H$~ra {ZamH$madmXr h¢ Ÿ& H$~ra H$m am_ g¥{ï> Ho$ H$Z-H$Z _| g_m`m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ~mha ImoOZo
H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m H$hZm h¡ ""{XaX¡ gamoda h¡ A{dZmgr Ÿ&'' H$~ra H$m am_ XeaW nwÌ am_
Z hmoH$a na_ ~«h_² m H$m àVrH$ h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra am_ H$mo nwH$maZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm {ZpíMV ê$n go _hgyg H$aVo
h¢, Bg{cE CÝh| H$moB© Zm H$moB© Zm_ XoZm hr nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$hVo h¢,
""XeaW gwV {Vhÿ cmoH$ ~ImZm Ÿ&
am_ Zm_ H$m _a_ h¡ AmZm Ÿ&&
H$~ra H$m EoH$o ídadmX _wpñc_ EHo$ídadmX go {~ëHw$c {^ÝZ h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$m {ZJwU© B©ída ì`mnH$
h¡ Ÿ& dh g_ñV g§gma _| g_m`m hþAm h¡ Ÿ& dh Ho$dc emñÌm| Am¡a nwamUm| Ho$ AÜ``Z Ed§ kmZ go Zht
OmZm OmVm h¡ ~pëH$ ào_nyU© ^pŠV go àmßV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$s ^pŠV AZÝ` ^md go n[anyU©
h¡ Ÿ& {Og_| H$_©H$m§S,> ~mh²`mS>~§ am| Am{X H$mo {~ëHw$c ñWmZ Zht h¡ Ÿ& ^pŠV Ho$ _mJ© _o _m`m H$ZH$ Am¡a
H$m{_Zr Ho$ ê$n _| ì`dYmZ S>mcVr h¡, AV… H$~ra Zo BgH$s H$Qw> AmcmoMZm H$s h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ ^pŠV_mJ©
_| D±$M-ZrM, ~«h²_U, eyÐ Am¡a ñn¥í`mñn¥í` Am{X H$mo H$moB© ñWmZ Zht h¡Ÿ&' do H$hVo h¡§,
""Om{V nm§{V nyN¡ Zqh H$moB©, h[a H$mo ^Oo gmo h[a H$m hmoB© Ÿ&
H$~ra Zo ^pŠV Am¡a ào_ Ho$ ghmao ~«h²_m go VmXmËå` H$aZm Mmhm h¡ Ÿ& na_mË_m H$mo n{V Am¡a AmË_m
H$mo nËZr ê$n _| H$ënZm H$aHo$ ào_ H$m EH$ _hmZ ^maVr` AmXe© ê$n CnpñWV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H$~ra Zo B§{Ð`gmYZm Am¡a _Z gmYZm na ~c {X`m h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| H$s gmYZm H$s O{Q>c {H«$`mAm|,
AmS>§~am|, A§Y{dídmgm| H$m {damoY H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& H$~ra _| d¡îUdm| H$m àn{ÎmdmX h¡, O¡Zm| H$s Aqhgm Am¡a ~m¡Õmo
H$s ~wX²{Ydm{XVm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$mo {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m ^mfm emñÌr` kmZ Zht Wm Ÿ& CÝh| Omo ^r ~mV
{Og g§àXm` H$s AÀN>r cJr Cgo {c`m Ÿ& CÝh| EH$ gm_mÝ` ^pŠV_mJ© H$s ñWmnZm H$aZr Wr Am¡a CgHo$
{cE `hr _mÜ`_ Cn`wŠV Wm Ÿ& do gmYZm joÌ _| _hmZ `wJ-Jwê$ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ joÌ _| `wJÐîQ>m h¡ Ÿ&
g§àXm` Mmho Omo ^r CgH$s AZw_[V H$s Cgo H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Zht Wr Ÿ&
69
ahñ`dmX
H$~ra qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ Am{X ahñ`dmXr H${d h¢ Ÿ& Bg joÌ _| CZH$m AË`§V CÀM ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& qhXr
AmcmoMH$m| Zo ahñ`dmX H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡, (H$) ^mdmË_H$ ahñ`dmX (I) gmYZmË_H$
ahñ`dmXŸ& H$~ra _| ahñ`dmX Ho$ BZ XmoZm| ê$nm| H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡ H$~ra Ho$ ^mdmË_H$ ahñ`dmX H$mo AZoH$
AdñWmAm| _| {d^ŠV H$a {X`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
àW_mdñWm _| na_mË_m H$s AmË_m {Xì` Á`mo{V Ho$ Xe©Z go AmH${f©V hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra AnZo
{à`V_ Ho$ Acm¡{H$H$ gm¢X`© na {d_w½Y h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ {cE B©ída Jy±Jo Ho$ Jw‹S> Ho$ g_mZ h¡ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢,
""H$hV H$~ra nwH$ma Ho$ AX²^wV H${h`o Vm{h Ÿ&''
X²{dVr` AdñWm _| na_mË_m go {_cZo H$s AmVwaVm àH$Q> H$s OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg AdñWm _| {dah{_cZ, Amem-{Zamem, A{^cmfm, doXZm H$m AË`§V gOrd dU©Z hþAm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Zo {_cZ H$s AmVwaVm
H$m {Og H$cmË_H$Vm Am¡a {dah doXZm H$m {Og _m{_©H$Vm go dU©Z {H$`m h¡, dh qhXr gm{hË` AX²{dVr`
h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra H$hVo h¢,
""Am±I{S>`m Pm±B© n‹S>r, n§W {Zhm[a-{Zhm[a Ÿ&
Or^{X`m± N>mcm nS>çm am_ nwH$[a-nwH$m[a Ÿ&&
""gw{I`m g~ g§gma h¡ Imd¡ Am¡a gmod¡
Xw{I`m Xmg H$~ra h¡, OmJ¡ Aê$ amod¡ Ÿ&&
V¥Vr` AdñWm AmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m Ho$ EoŠ` H$s h¡ Ÿ& Bg g§~§Y _| H$~ra H$m dU©Z AË`§V gOrd
Ed§ èhX`ñneu ~Z nS>m h¡ Ÿ&
""cmcr _oao cmc H$s {OV XoIy± {VV cmc Ÿ&
cmcr XoIZ _¢ JB© _¢ ^r hmo JB© cmc Ÿ&&''
H$~ra Ho$ {àV_ {_cZ H$s AmVwaVm g§gma Ho$ {H$gr ^r ào_ ì`mnma go A{YH$ VrIr h¡ Ÿ& am{Ì
H$s g_mpßV Ho$ níMmV MH$dr Ho$ {cE MH$do go {_c gH$Zm g§^d h¡, na§Vw H$~ra Ho$ {cE {XZ-a¡Z XmoZm|
EH$ g_mZ h¡,
""MH${d {~Nw>ar a¡Z H$s AmB© {_cr na^m{V Ÿ&
Omo OZ {~Nw>ao am_ go Vo {XZ {_c¡ Z am{V Ÿ&&''
H$~ra _| J§^ra ahñ`_` AZw^y{V`m|, {dah-ì`mHw$cVm, AmË_-g_n©U H$s CËH§$R>m, ào_nyU© ^pŠV,
Am§V[aH$ ào_ H$s {ZîR>m, na_mË_m {_cZ H$s CËH$Q> A{^cmfm Am{X ~mVo gpå_{cV h¢ Ÿ&''
70
H$~ra _| gmYZmË_H$ ahñ`dmX ^r XoIm OmVm h¡ BZHo$ gm{hË` _| B§Jcm, qnJcm, gwfwåZm, fQ>Xc,
{ÌHw$Q>r, gy`©, M§Ð Am{X hR>`moJ Ho$ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX {_cVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$~ra Ho$ ahñ`dmX na e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX H$m à^md Wm Ÿ&
""Oc _o Hw§$^ Hw§$^ _| Oc h¡ ^rVa ~mha nmZr Ÿ&
\y$Q>m Hw§$^ Oc Oc{h g_mZm `h VV H$hm¡ J`mZr Ÿ&&''
e§H$a Ho$ g_mZ H$~ra Zo ^r AmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m Ho$ {_cZ _| _m`m H$mo AdamoYH$ VÎd _mZm h¡
Ÿ& H$ht-H$ht e§H$a Ho$ g_mZ g§gma H$mo {_Ï`m ^r _mZm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra ^mdZm H$s AZw^{y V go `wŠV CËH¥$îQ>
ahñ`dmXr H${d h¢Ÿ&
gm_m{OH$ nj
g§V H$~ra ^ŠV, H${d, gwYmaH$ Am¡a `wJÐï>m ^r h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo V_m_ gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m|, A§Y{dídmgm|,
ê${T>`m|, gm§àXm{`H$ H$Q²>Q>aVmAm|, H$_©H$m§S>m§o, AmS>§~am| Am{X na àhma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo qhXyy-_wgc_mZm| Ho$
Ym{_©H$ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ~mh²`mMmam| H$m I§S>Z {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Am¡a qhXwAm| H$s _y{V©nyOm, Cndmg, Zm_,
Omn, VrW©`mÌm Am{X ~mVm| na àhma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& dht Xygar Amoa _wgc_mZm| Ho$ Z_mO, amoOm, hO Am{X
~mVm| H$m ^r H$S>m {damoY {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& g§V H$~ra Ho$ H$mcI§S> _| qhXy Am¡a _wpñc_ Om{V`m| _| nañna d¡_Zñ`
Ma_ gr_m na nhþ±M J`m Wm Ÿ& X{jU Ho$ Acdma ^ŠVm| H$m ^pŠV H$m Am§XmocZ am_mZ§X Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _|
CÎma ^maV _| nhþ±M MwH$m Wm Ÿ& Bg Am§XmocZ _| D±$M-ZrM H$m H$moB© ^oX^md Zht Wm Ÿ& ^pŠV _| g^r
Om{V Y_m] Ho$ cmoJm| H$mo g_mZ A{YH$ma Wm Ÿ& H$~ra Zo am_mZ§X H$mo AnZm Jwê$ _mZH$a Bg _V H$m
AZwgaU {H$`m Ÿ& qhXwAm| _| \¡$cr A§Y{dídmg na àhma H$aVo hþE do H$hVo h¢,
""nËWa nwO¡ h[a {_c¡ gm¡ _¢ ny±Oy nhma Ÿ&
VmV¡ MŠH$s ^{c nrg Im`o g§gma Ÿ&''
H$~ra _§{Xa Am¡a VrW©ñWmZm| H$mo {ZaW©H$ ~VmVo h¢ Ÿ& do _pñOX Am¡a hÁO VWm Z_mO H$s {ZaW©H$Vm
{gX²Y H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$~ra Ho$ g_` Xoe _| Y_© H$s Am¡a EH$ Ymam àdm{hV hmo ahr Wr, dh Wr gy\$s gmYZm H$s
Ymam Ÿ& gy\$s cmoJ _wgc_mZ Cë_mAm| H$s Vah H$Q²>Q>a Am¡a g§H$sU© _VdmXr Z Wo Am¡a Z BÝho _wpñc_ Y_©
Ho$ H$_©H$m§S> na {dídmg Wm & CZgo n[a{MVŸ H$~ra Zo OZVm Ho$ {cE EH$ gm_mÝ` _mJ© H$m {ZX}e {H$`m
Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ AZwgma ^pŠV _| kmZ _hÎdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& nmoWr n‹‹T>Zo go H$moB© n§{S>V Zht hmoVm Ÿ& T>mB© Aja ào_
Ho$ Omo OmZVm h¡ dhr ghr AWm] _| n§{S>V hmoVm h¡ ""nmoWr n{‹T>-n{‹T> OJ _wAm n§{S>V ^`m Z H$moB© Ÿ&
T>mB© AmIa ào_ Ho$, nT¡ gmo n§{S>V hmoB© Ÿ&&
71
H$~ra Zo Om{VJV, d§eJV, Y_©JV, g§ñH$maJV, {dídmgJV Am¡a emñÌJV ê${T>`m| Am¡a na§nam Ho$
_m`mOmc H$mo ~war Vah go {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa do n§{S>Vm| H$mo Iar-ImoQ>r gwZmVo h¢ Vmo dht
Xygar Amoa _wëcm H$s H$Qw AmcmoMZm H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa _§{Xa VWm VrW©ñWmZm| H$mo {ZaW©H$ ~VmVo h¢ Vmo
Xygar Am¡a _pñOX hÁO-Z_mO Am{X na àhma H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢,
""Aao BZ XmCZ amh Z nmB©'
qhÝXwZ H$s {hÝXwAmB© XoIr VwaH$Z H$s VwaH$mB© Ÿ&Ÿ&''
dUm©l_ ì`dñWm na ì`§½` àhma H$aVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¢, ""Vw_ {H$g àH$ma ~«mh²_Z hmo Am¡a h_
{H$g àH$ma eyÐ, h_ {H$g àH$ma K¥{UV aŠV h¡ Am¡a Vw_ {H$g àH$ma n{dÌ XyY Ÿ&'' ~Zmag Ho$ R>J g§Vm|
H$m ^§S>m \$moS>Zo _| ^r H$~ra {hM{H$MmVo Zht h¢, ""gm‹T>o VrZ JO H$s YmoVr nhZo hþE, {Vhao VmJo cnoQ>o
hþE, Jco O`_mcm S>mco hþE Am¡a hmW _| _mcm {cE hþE BZ A^mJm| H$mo h[a H$m g§V Zht H$hZm Mm{hE
`o cmoJ Vmo ~Zmag Ho$ R>J h¢ Ÿ& amÁ` H$s Ý`m` ì`dñWm na àhma H$aVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¢, ""H$mOr Vw_go
R>rH$ Vah ~mocVo Zht ~Zm, h_ Vmo XrZ ~oMmao B©ída Ho$ godH$ h¢, Am¡a Vwåhmao _Z H$mo amOgr ~mVo hr
^mVr h¡ Ÿ& co{H$Z BVZm g_P cmo {H$ B©ída, Y_© Ho$ ñdm_r Zo H$^r AË`mMma H$aZo H$s Akm Zht Xr
Ÿ&'' H$~ra Zo `wJmZwê$n _mZdr` AmXem] H$s ñWmnZm H$sŸ& H$~ra H$m OrdZ Am¡a H$mì` ^maV H$s gm_§Vr
ì`dñWm H$s ê${‹T>`m|, nmI§S>m| Am¡a {_Ï`mMma Ho$ à{V cS>>mB© h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Zo AZoH$ dfm] go Mcr Ama ahr
g§Hw${MV d¥{Îm na àhma H$aVo hþE àË`oH$ ì`pŠV H$m CXma ~Zm {X`m h¡ Ÿ&
H$cmnj
H$~ra A{e{jV Wo Ÿ& CZH$s dmUr H$mo AZw`m`m| ({eî`m|) Zo nwñVH$ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& do
H$mì`emñÌ, N>§XemñÌ, ^mfmemñÌ Am{X go {~ëHw$c A§OmZ Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ H$mì` H$m H$cmnj Aì`dpñWV
Am¡a H$_Omoa h¡ Ÿ& AZw^y{V H$s gÀMmB© na CZH$m H$mì` Iam CVaVm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` Ho$ g§X^© _|
S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© H$m _V Bg àH$ma h¡, ""CZH$s H$mì`mZw^y{V BVZr CËH$Q> Wr, {H$ do g\$cVm go
_hmH${d H$ho Om gH$Vo Ÿh¢Ÿ&'' CÝhmoZ| o {~Zm {H$gr cmJ cnoQ>, AmS>~§ a Am¡a H¥${Ì_Vm Ho$ OZ-OrdZ g§~Y§ r
AZw^y{V`m| H$mo gac Am¡a grYo T>§J go A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` _| `WoîR> gagVm, ÐdUercVm
Am¡a _m{_©H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± CÝhm|Zo {da{hUr AmË_m Ho$ ñn§XZ, hmg Am¡a ê$XZ, {_cZ Am¡a {~N>S>Z Ho$ {MÌ
àñVwV {H$E h¢ Ÿ& `hm± na CZHo$ g§V, gmYH$, H${d, ^ŠV, gwYmaH$ Am¡a ZoVm g_ñV ê$n EH$ hmo JE h¢
Ÿ& H$~ra H$s gm¢X`©nyU© H$mì` n§pŠV`m± àñVwV h¡,
""Z¡Zm| A§Xa Amd Vy Z¢Z Pm±{n Vmohr coD±$ Ÿ&
Zm _¢ XoIy Am¡a H$mo Zm Vmo{h XoIZ XoD±$ Ÿ&&''
""gnwZo _| gmB© {_co, gmo~V {c`m OJm` Ÿ&
Am±I Z Imocy± S>anVm _{V gnZm hmo Om` Ÿ&''
72
^mfm
AmMm`© hOmar àgmX X²{ddoXr Zo H$~ra H$mo "dmUr Ho$ {SŠQ>oQ>a' H$hm h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ ^mfm Ho$ g§X^©
_| {cIVo h¢, ""^mfm na H$~ra H$m O~X©ñV A{YH$ma Wm Ÿ& do dmUr Ho$ {S>ŠQ>oQ>a Wo Ÿ& {Og ~mV H$mo CÝhm|Zo
{Og ê$n _| àH$Q> H$aZm Mmhm, Cgo Cgr ê$n _| ^mfm go H$hcdm {X`m, ~Z J`m Vmo grYo-grYo Zht
Vmo Xaoam XoH$a Ÿ& ^mfm Hw$N> cmMma gr H$~ra Ho$ gm_Zo ZOa AmVr h¡ Ÿ&'' H$~ra ñd^md go Kwå_ŠH$S>
Wo Ÿ& n[aUm_V… CZH$s ^mfm _| ~«O, AdYr, amOñWmZr, n§Om~r Am{X {d{dY ~mo{c`m| H$m {_lU h¡ Ÿ&
Bg{cE BZH$s ^mfm H$mo "{IMS>r `m gYwŠH$S>r' H$hm J`m h¡ Ÿ&
e¡cr
H$~ra AnZr e¡cr Ho$ ñd`§ {Z_m©Vm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m g_ñV H$mì` gm{hË` _wŠVH$ e¡cr _| h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$
ì`pŠVËd H$m$_ñV _m¡cmnZ, AŠIS>nZ Am¡a _moOrnZ CZH$s e¡cr _| AdV[aV hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& AV… H$~ra
H$s e¡cr _wŠVH$ e¡cr h¡ Ÿ& Bg e¡cr _| A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ g^r JwU {dÚ_mZ h¡ Ÿ& CÝhmoZo _wŠVH$ e¡cr
Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_mO _| \¡$cr {df_Vm, Om{V-nm±{V, gm_m{OH$ AmS>§~a, Y_mªYVm Am{X ~mVm| na àhma
{H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
Ac§H$ma
H$~ra A{e{jV Wo {\$a ^r H$mì` _| CÝhm|Zo ^mar _mÌm _| Ac§H$mam| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝh|
^mdm| H$mo ghO _| M_ËH¥$V H$a XoZdo mco Ac§H$mam| H$m ^r kmZ Wm Ÿ& CZHo$ H$mì` _| ê$nH$, Cn_m, CËàojm,
à{VdñVwn_m, `_H$, AZwàmg, _mcmon_m, {damoYm^mg, {ZXe©Zm, ÑîQ>m§V, AWmªVaÝ`mg VWm n`m©`mopŠV Am{X
Ac§H$mam| H$m gw§Xa à`moJ h¡ Ÿ& ê$nH$ Ac§H$ma H$m A{YH$ à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& EH$ CXmhaU àñVwV h¡,
""Z¡Zm| H$s H$[a H$moR>ar, nwVcr nc§J {~N>mB© Ÿ&
ncH$m| H$s {MH$ S>m[a Ho$ {n` H$mo {c`m [aPmB© Ÿ&&
àVrH$, N>§X
H$~ra H$mì`emñÌ, N>§XemñÌ, ^mfmemñÌ, Am{X Ho$ kmZr Zht Wo na§Vw CZHo$ H$mì` _| àVrH$-N>§X
H$m AZwn_ g§J_ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& àVrH$ `moOZm H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` H$s g~go ~‹Sr VmH$V h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Xme©{ZH$
{dMmam| H$s A{^ì`pŠV à{VH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$s h¡ Ÿ& H$~ra Ho$ H$mì` _| Xmohm, gmoaR>m, a_¡Zr Am{X N>§Xm|
H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Xmohm Am¡a gmoaR>m CZHo$ A{YH$ {à` N>§X h¢ Ÿ&
AV… h_ H$h gH$Vo h¡§ {H$ g§V H$~ra {ZJwU© ^pŠVYmam Ho$ à_wI hñVmja h¢ Ÿ& do ^pŠVH$mc Ho$
à_wI Ed§ `wJÐîQ>m H${d Wo Ÿ& H$~ra gm{hË` Am¡a Y_© Ho$ joÌ _| EH$ ZdrZ H«$m§{V Ho$ OZH$ Wo Ÿ& H$~ra
H$m ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd qhXr gm{hË` Am¡a g_mO Ho$ {cE BŠH$sgdr eVr _| ^r AZ_moc aËZ h¡ Ÿ&
73
3.3.3
Om`gr … ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd
_{cH$ _h_X Om`gr ào_ml`r emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d h¢ Ÿ& BÝh| gy\$s H$mì`Ymam Ho$ g~go g\$c
H${d ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' CZH$s g~go _hmZV_² H¥${V h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' H$m ñWmZ qhXr Ho$
gd©loîR> _hmH$mì`m| _o| h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Ho$ H$mì` _| gy\$s H$mì` H$s g^r {deofVmE± {_cVr h¢ Ÿ& Om`gr H$mo
ào_ "ào_ nra' Ho$ àMmaH$ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
OrdZd¥Îm
Om`gr Ho$ OÝ_{V{W Ho$ g§X^© _| {ZpíMV ê$n go H$hZm H${R>Z h¡ Ÿ& ^pŠVH$mcrZ AÝ` H${d`m|
Ho$ g_mZ Om`gr H$m OrdZd¥Îm ^r A§Y:H$ma_` h¡ Ÿ& AZw_mZ Ho$ AmYma na Bg {df` Ho$ g§X^© _| Hw$N>
H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ & Om`gr Zo AnZr aMZm "AmIar H$cm_' _| {cIm h¡,
""^m¡ AdVma Am¡a Zm¡ gXr Ÿ&
Vrg ~g D$na H${d dXr Ÿ&''
AWm©V Om`gr Zdr gXr (900) {hOar _| OÝ_o Wo Ÿ& Vrg df© H$s AmdñWm _| CÝhmo§Zo "AmIar
H$cm_' {cIZm Ama§^ {H$`m Ÿ& Om`gr Zo "nX²_mdV' _| emgH$ eoaemh H$m CëcoI {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Bggo `h
{ZpíMV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Om`gr eoaemh Ho$ g_H$mcrZ Wo Ÿ&
OÝ_
"Om`g ZJa _moa AñWmZy' Ho$ AZwgma _{cH$ _h_X Om`gr H$m OÝ_ 900 {hOar H$mo am`~aocr
_| Om`gZJa _| hþAm Ÿ& Om`g ZJa _| OÝ_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU hr BÝh| Om`gr H$hm J`m Ÿ& Om`gr Zo AnZr
aMZmAm| _| AÝ` {H$gr ñWmZ H$m CëcoI Zht {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
S>m.° gwYmH$a X²{ddoXr VWm AmMm`© {J«`g©Z Zo {ZåZm§{H$V n§pŠV`m| Ho$ AmYma na Om`gr H$m OÝ_ñWmZ
Om`g _mZm h¡,
""Om`g ZJa _moa AñWmZy,
Vhm§ AmB H${d H$sÝh ~ImZy Ÿ&
VWm
Vhm {Xdg Xg nmhþZo AmED±$
BÝhm|Zo AZw_mZ cJm`m h¡ {H$ Om`gr {H$gr Xygao ñWmZ go AmH$a `hm± na ~go Wo, {H$§Vw AmMm`©
ewŠc H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ `o Om`g ZJa Ho$ hr {Zdmgr Wo Ÿ& Om`gr Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| AÝ` {H$gr ñWmZ
H$m CëcoI Zht {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
74
Jwê$
"gæ`X Aea\$' Om`gr Ho$ Jwê$ Wo Ÿ& AnZo Jwê$ Ho$ ~mao _| ñd`§ Om`gr Zo {cIm h¡,
""gæ`X Aea\$ nra h_mamŸ&
Oo{h-_mo{h n§W drÝh C{O`mam Ÿ&&
_mVm-{nVm
Om`gr Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ _{cH$ eoI __aoO `m _{cH$ amOo Aea\$ Wm Ÿ& gd© gh_{V go _{cH$
eoI __aoO H$mo hr Om`gr Ho$ {nVm Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m WmŸ& Om`gr O~ N>mQo >o Wo V^r CZHo$
_mVm-{nVm H$m Xohm§V hmo J`m WmŸ& _mVm-{nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ H$maU CZH$m ~MnZ gmYwAm| Am¡a \${H$am| Ho$
g§J{V _| JwOam Ÿ& àmßV H$sd§X§{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma CZH$m {ddmh ^r hþAm Wm Ÿ&
ì`pŠVËd …
Om`gr ~MnZ go AZmW Wo Ÿ& ~MnZ _| _mVm-{nVm H$s _¥Ë`w hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `o gmYwAm| Am¡a \${H$am|
H$s g§J{V _| ahVo Wo Ÿ& _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Om`gr {XIZo _| ~hþV H$ê$n Wo Ÿ& CÝh| EH$ Am±I Am¡a EH$
H$mZ Zht WmŸ& Ohm± B©ída Zo CÝh| Hw$ê$n ~Zm`m Wm dht Xygar Amoa _Ywa H§$R> {X`m Wm Ÿ& do AnZr aMZmE±
JmH$a gwZmVo Wo Ÿ& Om`gr H$~ra H$s Vah ~hþlwV Wo Ÿ& ^«_U Am¡a gV²g§J Ho$ AmYma na CÝhmoZo {d{dY
{df`m| H$m Jham kmZ àmßV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CZH$s {ejm A{Z`{_V Wr Ÿ& do AË`§V hmo{e`ma Am¡a hmoZhma
Wo Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Am±Im| go XoIH$a gwZH$a {d{dY {df`m| H$m kmZ àmßV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& CÝh| ^mfmAm| H$m B{Vhmg,
amOZr{V Am{X {df`m| H$m AÀN>m kmZ Wm Ÿ& qhXy, B©ñcm_ Am{X Y_moª H$s OrdZ e¡cr, ar{V-[admO Am{X
~mVm| H$m n[anyU© kmZ Wm Ÿ& Om`gr gy\$s _V Ho$ \$H$sa H${d Wo Ÿ& do ñd^md go gac, CXma Ed§ _wcm`_
àH¥${V Ho$ ì`pŠV Wo Ÿ& Om`gr Ho$ JwU {deofVmAm| Ho$ g§X^© _| S>m°. O`Xod {cIVo h¢, ""_{cH$ gmh~
~S>o gV-M[aÌ, H$V©ì`{ZîR> Jwê$^ŠV Wo Ÿ& BZH$s gacVm, gèhX`Vm, AZw^dercVm Ed§ {dcjUVm BZHo$
H$mì` _| nyU© ê$n _| àH$Q> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&''
gm{hË` g_rjm
Om`gr X²dmam a{MV J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m H$mo coH$a {dX²dmZm| _| _V{^ÝZVm h¡ Ÿ& ZdZdrZ AZwg§YmZm|
Ho$ ~mX CZHo$ J«W§ m| H$s g§»`m 24 ñdrH$ma H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& BZ_| go nm§M J«§W àH$m{eV hþE h¢ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV',
"AIamdQ>', "AmIar H$cm_', "_har ~mBgr', "{MÌcoIm' Am{X Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' CZH$s gd©loîR> aMZm _mZr
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& "AmIar H$cm_' Am¡a "AIamdQ>' H$m gm§àXm{`H$ Ñ{îQ> go _hÎd h¡, gm{hpË`H$ ÑpîQ> go Hw$N>
_hÎd Zht "AmIar H$cm_' _| g¥{ï> Ho$ A§V VWm _whå_X gmh~ Ho$ _hÎd H$m dU©Z h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ~Vm`m
J`m h¡ {H$ g¥{ï> Ho$ A§V _| Š`m AmdñWm hmoVr h¡ VWm Cg g_` {O~«mB©c Am{X \$[aíVo Š`m H$aVo h¢
Ÿ& `h EH$ gy\$s {gX²Ym§Vm| H$m J«§W h¡ Ÿ& "AIamdQ>' _| B©ída, Ord, ~«h²_m, g¥pîQ> {Z_m©U, Jwê$ VWm
75
Y_m©Mma Am{X H$s g¡XY² m§{VH$ {ddoMZm H$s J`r h¡ Ÿ& àmßV BZ g^r aMZmAm| _| "nX²_mdV' CZH$s gd©lîo R>
aMZm h¡ Ÿ&
"nX²_mdV'
"nX²_mdV' gy\$s H$mì` na§nam Ed§ Om`gr H$m gd©loîR> J§«§W h¡ Ÿ& Bgo qhXr gm{hË` H$m AZ_moc aËZ
^r H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| amOm aËZgoZ Am¡a nX²_mdVr H$s cm¡{H$H$ ào_ H$hmZr Ho$ X²dmam Acm¡{H$H$ no«o_
H$s A{^ì`§OZm H$s J`r h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo nX²_mdV _| cmoH$-àM{cV H$Wm _| Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm H$m ^r gw§Xa
g_Ýd` H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' H$s Img {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ Bg_| ào_ H$s gmYZm Am¡a {gX²{Y XmoZm|
AdñWmAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& g{hîUwVm, g_Ýd`mË_H$Vm Am¡a g§J«mhH$ ~wX²{Y H$m CX` Cg `wJ
H$s EH$ Img {deofVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg J«§W Ho$ ~rM-~rM _| ahñ`dmX H$s gw§Xa g¥{ï> hþB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg J«§W H$m
gm§ñH¥${VH$ VWm gm{hpË`H$ ÑpîQ> go _hÎd h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {g\©$ ào_dU©Z hr Zht cmoH$nj ^r h¡Ÿ&
cmoH$nj
H$~ra H$s ^Ëg©Zm_`r dmUr H$m à^md n§{S>Vm| Am¡a _wëcmAm| na Vmo Zht nS>m qH$Vw gmYmaU OZVm
am_ Am¡a a{h_ H$s EH$Vm _mZZo cJr Wr Ÿ& _wgc_mZ qhXwAm| H$s am_ H$hmZr gyZZo Ho$ {cE cmcm{`V
hmo CR>o Wo Ÿ& AV… "nX²_mdV' Cg `wJ H$s gmYZm hr {gX²Y hþB© Am¡a CgHo$ à{V{Z{Y hþE Om`gr Ÿ& CZH$m
`h CX²Kmof Mmamo§ Amoa Jw±O CR>m,
""{~a{N> EH$ cmJr hþB© S>mam, EH${h Vo ZmZm àH$mam Ÿ&''
""_mVm Ho$ aŠV {nVm Ho$ q~Xy, CnZ¡ Xwdm¡ VwaH$ Am¡a qhXy Ÿ&''
H$~ra Ho$ g_mZ Om`gr ^r OZ-OrdZ Ho$ A{YH$ {ZH$Q> nhþM
± o Wo Ÿ& Om`gr Zo Ohm± qhXy KamZo H$s
cm¡{H$H$ ào_ H$hmZr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Acm¡{H$H$ ào_ H$hmZr H$s A{^ì`§OZm H$s dhm± qhXy _wpñc_ g§ñH¥${V`m|
H$m ^r g_Ýd` {H$`m Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo qhXy nmÌm| _| qhXy AmXem] H$s à{VîR>m Xr h¡ Ÿ& nmÌm| H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
qhXy OrdZ go gmå` aIVm h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo ào_ H$s AË`§V _Zmodk¡ m{ZH$ nX²Y{V Ho$ X²dmam ~‹S>r H$mo_cVm
Am¡a H$mì`_`Vm Ho$ gmW qhXy-_wpñc_ èhX`m| Ho$ AOZ~rnZ H$mo {_Q>m`m Ÿ&
ahñ`dmX
Om`gr _| gy\$s ahñ`dmX nyU© ê$n _| nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qH$Vw do ^maV Ho$ H${d Wo, CZHo$ ahñ`dmX
na AX²dV¡ dmX H$m ^r `WoîQ> à^md h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo ^r AnZr ào_ H$hmZr _| nX²_mdVr H$mo na_mË_m Am¡a
aËZgoZ H$mo AmË_m Ho$ ê$n _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo àH¥${V Ho$ g^r nXmWm] H$mo B©ídar` N>m`m go
CX²^m{gV H$hm h¡ Ÿ& nX²_mdV H$m ào_ I§S> ahñ`dmX H$m gwX§ a CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ& aËZgoZ hram_Z VmoVo Ho$ X²dmam
nX²_mdV Ho$ ZI-{eI Ho$ gm¢X`©_` dU©Z H$mo gwZH$a ~ohmoe hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo `Ú{n `h {XIm`m
h¡ {H$ na_mË_m H$s Á`mo{V gd©Ì ì`mßV h¡ VWm{n CÝhm|Zo AnZo A§Va H$mo ^r na_mË_m Ho$ àH$me go a{hV
76
_mZm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m `h H$WZ h¡ {H$ na_mË_m èhX` _| {Z{hV h¡, Ho$dc Cggo$gmjmËH$ma H$amZodmco H$s
Amdí`H$Vm h¡,
""{nC èhX` _ h¢ ^oQ> Z hmoB© Ÿ& H$mo ao {_cmd H$hm| Ho${h amoB© Ÿ&&
Om`gr O¡gr Vrd« {dah-AZw^{y V ~hþV H$_ H${d`m| _| nm`r OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ ào_
_| hr {à`V_ {Zdmg H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
""no_{h _m±h {dah gagm Ÿ& _oZ Ho$ Ka dYw A_¥V ~agm Ÿ&&
AV… Om`gr H$m ahñ`dmX gy\$s ahñ`dmX Ho$ AZwH$y c h¡ Am¡a gmW-gmW Cg_| ^maVr` AX²dV¡ dmX
H$s ^r PcH$ h¡Ÿ&
nX²_mdV H$m _hmH$mì`Ëd …
{Z…g§Xoh nX²_mdV qhXr H$m _hmH$mì` h¡Ÿ& _hmH$mì` Ho$ g^r bjU nX²_mdV _| {XImB© XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$Wm H$m nydm©Y© cmoH$à{McV Am¡a H$mën{ZH$ h¡ VWm CÎmamY© Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ÿ& BgH$m Zm`H$ amOHw$c go
g§~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& nyar H$Wm 52 gJm] _| {d^m{OV h¡Ÿ& H$WmdñVw _| dñVw dU©Z ^r AË`§V g{Q>H$ h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m
àYmZ ag l¥§Jma h¡ qH$Vw AÝ` agm| H$m ^r g_mdoe h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| {g\©$ EH$m§{VH$ ào_ H$hmZr Z hmoH$a cmoH$nj
H$m ^r gwX§ a g_Ýd` hþAm h¡ Ÿ& H$Wm _| ñdm^m{dH$ à^md h¡ Ÿ& _§JcmMaU, gÁOZàe§gm VWm XwOZ© qZXm
Am{X g^r ~mV| gpå_{cV h¢Ÿ&
ag
nX²_mdV H$m àYmZ ag agamO l¥§Jma h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' _| l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ XmoZ| njm|
H$m AÀN>m n[anmH$ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ nj H$s Anojm {d`moJ nj A{YH$ à^mdemcr {XImB© XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
ZmJ_Vr Ho$ _mÜ`_ go d{U©V {dàcå^ l¥§Jma BZHo$ Aj` `e H$m AcmoH$ ñVå^ h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Ho$ {dah
dU©Z _| BVZr ì`mnH$Vm, Vrd«Vm, _m{_©H$Vm Am¡a VÝ_`Vm h¡ {H$ g_ñV OJV, OS> Ed§ MoVZ Cggo Ð{d^yV
hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& {ZåZ H$mì` n§pŠV`m| go Om`gr Ho$ {dah H$s ì`mnH$Vm H$m nVm McVm h¡Ÿ&
""Z¡ZZ Mcr aH$V h¡ Ymam, H§$Wm ^r{O ^EC aVZmam Ÿ&
gyaO ~y{‹S> CR>m hþB amVm, Am¡ _OrR> Q>ogy ~Z amVm Ÿ&&
nX²_mdV Ho$ ào_ _| {H$gr àH$ma H$s Ý`yZVm Zht h¡ {\$a ^r ZmJ_Vr Ho$ {dah _| EH$ {deof Vrd«Vm
Am¡a _m{_©H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& ZmJ_Vr H$mo n{V-{d`moJ Vmo Wm hr gmW-gmW gnËZr Ho$ à{V B©î`m©^md Zo Cgo Am¡a
^r Vrd« ~Zm {X`m Wm Ÿ& dh {dah _| OcH$a H$mo`cm hmo J`rŸ& CgHo$$ eara _| Vmocm ^a _m§g ^r Zht
ahm Cg_| aŠV Vmo Zm__mÌ ^r Zht Wm Ÿ& BgH$m gw§Xa dU©Z H$aVo hþE Om`gr {cIVo h¢,
77
hm‹‹S> Z`o g~ {H$Jar, Zg¡ _B© g~ Vm§{V Ÿ&
aqd am|~ go Yw{Z CR>o, H$ht {dWm Ho${h ^m±{V Ÿ&&
ZmJ_Vr EH$ AmXe© qhXy _{hcm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| n{V ^pŠV nyU© ê$n go {dÚ_mZ h¡ & CgHo$ ào_
_| Eo{Ð`Vm H$s Anojm _mZ{gH$ nj H$s àYmZVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| EH$ _hmZ Ë`mJ h¡ Omo Cgo ~hþV D±$Mm
CR>mVm h¡,
""_mo{h ^moJ gmo H$m_ Z ~mar, gm¢h {dpñQ> H$s Mmh{Z hmar Ÿ&''
ZmJ_Vr Ho$ {dah dU©Z _| ~mah_mgm H$m EH$ {deof ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ& àË`oH$ _mg H$s àmH¥${VH$ Xem
Ho$ gmW ZmJ_Vr Ho$ èhX` Ho$ emoH$ Am¡a hf© H$s Omo A{^ì`§OZm H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& dh dñVwV… AZwn_ h¡ Ÿ&
ZmJ_Vr Ho$ {ZåZm§{H$V eãXm| _| {H$VZr ñdm^m{dH$Vm, {H$VZm X¡Ý`, {H$VZr CËH§$R>m Am¡a {H$VZr ào_-{ZîR>m
h¡, BgH$m EH$ {dah èhX` AZw_mZ cJm gH$Vm h¡,
`h VZ Omam¡ N>ma H¡$, H$hm± {H$ ndZ CS>m` Ÿ&
_Hw$ {V{h _maJ C{‹S> na¡, H§$V Ka¡ Oh¡ nm` Ÿ&
Om`gr H$mo g§`moJ nj _| A{YH$ g\$cVm Zht {_cr h¡ Ÿ& g§`moJ l¥J§ ma Ho$ dU©Z _| fQ²>-F$Vw H$m
dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Am¡a Cg_| Hw$N> hmñ` {dZmoX H$m ^r {dYmZ h¡ Ÿ& g_mJ_ Ho$ g_` Ho$ hmd ^mdm| Ho$ dU©Z
_| H$ht Vmo H$moar N>o‹S>N>m‹S> h¡ Omo \$Q>H$ma Am¡a AícrcVm H$s H$mo{Q> _| nhþ±M OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
l¥§Jma ag Ho$ A{V[aŠV AÝ` agm| H$m ^r à`moJ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& aËZgoZ Ho$ qghc-J_Z, am{Z`m| H$m
{dcmn VWm aËZgoZ H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ àH$aUm| _| H$éU ag H$m AÀN>m n[anmH$ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& `wX²Y dU©Z _| dr^Ëg
H$m AÀN>m CÐoH$ h¡ Ÿ& dra ag Ho$ àg§J ^r àñVwV h¢ Ÿ& aËZgoZ Zo d¡am½` YmaU H$aZo na em§V ag H$m
{Zdm©h hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
"nX²_mdV' EH$ KQ>Zm àYmZ H$mì` h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo Bgo agmË_H$ ~ZmZo Ho$ {cE dU©ZmË_H$ na
AË`{YH$ ~c {X`m h¡ Ÿ& H$ht-H$ht na dU©ZmË_H$Vm H$s d¥{Îm BVZr ~T>r-MT>r hþB© {XImB© XoVr h¡ {H$
nmR>H$ C~Zo cJVm h¡ &
àH¥${V {MÌU
àH¥${V {MÌU Xmo àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡ - AV… àH¥${V{MÌU Am¡a ~mh²` àH¥${V-{MÌU Ÿ& AV… àH¥${V{MÌU H$s Ð{ï> go "nX²_mdV' H$m H$moB© {deof _hÎd Zht h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ àH$ma go àH¥${V H$m
{MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s à_wI e¡{c`m| _| n[aJUZ e¡cr, A{Ve`mopŠVnyU© e¡cr, Cn_mZ e¡cr, Am¡a
ahñ`mË_H$ e¡cr Am{X e¡{c`m| H$m à`moJ àH¥${V-{MÌU _| {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
78
M[aÌ {MÌU
Om`gr H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU EH$Xoer` h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' _| "am_M[aV_mZg' O¡gr AZoH$ê$nVm Zht h¡
Ÿ& Vwcgr Ho$ am_ _| O¡go erc, epŠV Am¡a gm¢X`© H$m g_Ýd` h¡, d¡gm Om`gr _| Zht h¡ Ÿ& aËZgoZ EH$
AmXe© ào_r h¡, nX²_mdVr AmXe© ào{_H$m, ZmJ_Vr EH$ AmXe© qhXy a_Ur Am¡a Jmoam ~mXc AmXe© dra
h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo AÝ` gy\$s H${d`m| Ho$ g_mZ AnZr H$Wm H$mo EH$m§{VH$ ào_ H$hmZr hmoZo go ~Mm {c`m
h¡ Š`m|{H$ Om`gr Zo Cg_| cmoH$nj H$m ^r g_mdoe H$a {X`m h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr Zo nX²_mdV _| gmpËdH$ Am¡a
Vm_{gH$ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ nmÌm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& AëcmCX²XrZ Vm_gr nmÌ h¡ Omo H$m_r Am¡a cmo^r
h¡ Ÿ& amKdMoVZ N>cr Am¡a H¥$V¿Z h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' _| {h§Xy nmÌm| H$m CZH$s g§ñH¥${V Ho$ AZwê$n ~S>r
gèhX`Vm go {M[ÌV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
Ac§H$ma
Om`gr Zo gmÑí`_ycH$ Ac§H$mam| H$m g\$c à`moJ {H$`m h¡, Cn_m, ê$nH$, CËàojm Om`gr Ho$ {à`
Ac§H$ma h¢ Ÿ& AZoH$ ñWcm| na CÝhm|Zo ñd^mdmopŠV, AÝ`m¡pŠV Am¡a ê$nH$m{Ve`mopŠV Ac§H$mam| H$m ~hþV
gw§Xa à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ Acmdm ícof, ì`{VaoH$, VXJwU, {d^mdZm, g§Xoh, AZwàmg VWm {ZXe©Zm
Am{X Ac§H$mam| H$m ^r g\$c à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ gm{hË` _| An_mZm| H$s BVZr A{YH$ g§»`m h¡
Omo em`X hr qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {H$gr AÝ` H${d _| {_co Ÿ&
N>§X …
Om`gr Zo gm{hË` _| Xmohm, Mm¡nmB© BZ N>§Xm| H$mo AnZm`m h¡ Am¡a CZH$m AdYr ^mfm _| BVZm g\$c
à`moJ {H$`m h¡ {H$ do H$Xm{MV qhXr H$s »`mVZm_ aMZm "am_M[aV_mZg' Ho$ aMZmH$ma VwcgrXmg H$mo
^r nrN>o N>mo‹S> JE h¢ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU "nX²_mdV' H$s e¡cr H$mo "Xmohm-Mm¡nmB©' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& N>§Xm| H$m AdYr
^mfm _| BVZm g\$c à`moJ em`X hr AÝ` {H$gr H${d Zo {H$`m hmo Ÿ&
^mfm …
Om`gr Zo "R>oR> AdYr' H$s nydunZ Ho$ AnZm`m h¡ Ÿ& "nX²_mdV' H$s ^mfm "R>oR> AdYr' h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw
Om`gr H$s AdYr à`moJ Ag§ñH¥$V h¡, qH$Vw ^mfm H$s ñdm^m{dH$Vm, gagVm Am¡a _ZmoJV ^mdm| H$s
àH$meZ gm_J«r Zo Om`gr H$mo AdYr gm{hË` joÌ _| ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr H$s AdYr _| VwcgrXmg
O¡gr gm{hpË`H$Vm Am¡a nm§{S>Ë` Zht h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr H$s ^mfm àgmX Am¡a _mYw`© JwU go n[anyU© h¡ Ÿ& Om`gr
H$s ^mfm _| AZoH$ Xmof h¡, {\$a ^r BÝhm|Zo AdYr H$mo gm{hË` joÌ _| _hËdnyU© ñWmZ {XcmZo H$m g\$c
à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
AV… Om`gr Ho$ gm{hË` _| Hw$N> JwU Am¡a Xmof nmE OmVo h¢ {\$a ^r Om`gr H$mo ^maVr` gm{hË`
OJV Ed§ g§ñH¥${V _| {d{eîR> ñWmZ àmßV h¡ Ÿ& qhXy Am¡a _wgc_mZm| _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_Ýd` ñWm{nV H$aZo
79
H$m H$m_ Om`gr Zo AnZo gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& ~m~w Jwcm~am` Om`gr Ho$ g§X^© _| {cIVo
h¢, ""Om`gr _hmZ H${d h¢ Ÿ& CZ_| H${d Ho$ g_ñV ghO JwU {dÚ_mZ h¡ Ÿ& CgZo gm_m{`H$ g_ñ`m Ho$
{cE ào_ H$s nra H$s XoZ Xr Ÿ& Cg nra H$mo AnZr epŠVemcr _hmH$mì` Ho$ X²dmam CnpñWV {H$`m Ÿ&
dh A_a h¡ Ÿ&''
3.4
àíZ
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE àíZ
1
… {ZåZ{c{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {c{IE Ÿ&
1. kmZml`r emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d ................ h¢ Ÿ&
(A) H$~ra
(~) Om`gr
(H$) VwcgrXmg
(S>) gyaXmg
2.
"~rOH$' ................ H$s àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡ Ÿ&
(A) Om`gr
(~) gyaXmg
(H$) H$~ra
(S>) VwcgrXmg
3.
g§V H$~ra H$s ^mfm ................ Wr Ÿ&
(A) ~«O
(~) amOñWmZr
(H$) AdYr
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
(S>) gYwŠH$S>r ({IMS>r)
g§V H$~ra H$m OÝ_ ................ _| hþAm Ÿ&
(A) g§. 1955
(~) g§. 1455
(H$) g§.
1655
H$~ra H$m nmcZ-nmofU ................ Zo {H$`m Ÿ&
(A) Zrê$-Zr_m
(~) drê$ VWm ^r_m
(H$) gr_m
(S>) g§.
(S>) Yr_m
H$~ra H$s _¥Ë`w ................ _| hþB© Ÿ&
(A) dmamUgr
(~) CÁO¡`Z
(H$) _Jha
(S>) H$mer
H$~ra Ho$ Jwê$ ................ Wo Ÿ&
(A) am_mZ§X
(~) e§H$amZ§X
(H$) KZmZ§X
(S>) dëc^mMm`©
H$~ra ................ Ho$ g_H$mcrZ Wo Ÿ&
(A) Ohm±Jra
(~) AH$~a
(H$) ehmOhm±
(S>) {gH§$Xa cmoYr
9.
................ H$mo "dmUr Ho$ {S>ŠQ>oQ>a' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
(A) Om`gr
(~) H$~ra
(H$) Vwcgr
(S>) gya
10.
ào_ml`r emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d ................ h¢ Ÿ&
(A) H$~ra
(~) KZmZ§X
(H$) Om`gr
(S>) VwcgrXmg
80
1755
11.
12.
13.
Om`gr H$m OÝ_ ................ {hOar H$mo hþAm Ÿ&
(A) 900
(~) 1000
(H$) 950
(S>)
Om`gr Ho$ Jwê$ H$m Zm_ ................ Wm Ÿ&
(A) gæ`X Aea\$
(~) _whå_X
(H$) AH$~a
(~) H$~ra
55
(~)
1
52
(H$)
58
60
(S>)
(~) dragoZ
(H$) ^r_goZ
(S>) VmZgoZ
(~) H$éU
(H$) l¥J§ ma
(S>) am¡Ð
(~) AdYr
(H$) R>Ro > AdYr
(S>) ~«O
ZmJ_Vr Ho$ {dah dU©Z _| ................ H$m {deof ñWmZ h¡ Ÿ&
(A) ~mam_mgm
àíZ
(S>) Vwcgr
"nX²_mdV' H$s ^mfm ................ h¡ Ÿ&
(A) amOñWmZr
19.
(H$) gya
"nX²_mdV' H$m àYmZ ag ................ h¡ Ÿ&
(A) dra
18.
(S>) BamH$
"nX²_mdV' H$m Zm`H$ ................ h¡ Ÿ&
(A) aËZgoZ
17.
(H$) B©amZ
"nX²_mdV' _| ................ gJ© h¡ Ÿ&
(A)
16.
(~) A\$Jm{UñVmZ
"nX²_mdV' Ho$ aM{`Vm ................ h¡ Ÿ&
(A) Om`gr
15.
(S>) _w~maH$
gy\$s na§nam _ycV… ................ Xoe H$s h¡ Ÿ&
(A) nm{H$ñVmZ
14.
800
(~) N>_mgm
(H$) ½`mah_mgm
(S>) n§Yah_mgm
(Am) {ZåZ{c{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {c{IE Ÿ&
11.
H$~ra H$m OÝ_ñWmZ H$m¡Zgm h¡ Ÿ&
12.
H$~ra {H$g emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d h¢ ?
13.
H$~ra Ho$ g_` {Xëcr H$m ~mXemh H$m¡Z Wm ?
14.
ào_ nra Ho$ àMmaH$ H${d {H$go H$hm OmVm h¡ ?
15.
"nX²_mdV' Ho$ aM{`Vm H$m¡Z h¡ ?
16.
H$~ra H$m nmcZ nmofU {H$gZo {H$`m ?
17.
^pŠVH$mc H$m H$mcI§S> H$hm± go H$hm± VH$ _mZm J`m h¡ ?
18.
"{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam' Ho$ A§VJ©V H$m¡Zgr Xmo emImE± AmVr h¢ ?
81
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 6
3.5
19.
"H$mJO _{g Nw>Amo Zht, H$c_ Jqh Zht hmW' `h CpŠV {H$gH$s h¡ ?
10.
"nX²_mdV' _| Om`gr Zo H$m¡Zgo Xmo N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡ ?
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
Owcmhm - H$nS>o ~wZZodmcm
J`mZr - kmZr
VV² - VÎd
AmIa - Aja
Ðm{dS>r - Ð{dS> àXoe go g§~§{YV ({deof ê$n go Am§Y«àXoe H$s VocJw, V{_cZmSy> H$s V{_c,
H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s H$ÝZS> go g§~{YV)
gYwŠH$S>r - gmYwAm| H$s ^mfm, {Og ^mfm _| AcJ-AcJ ^mfmAm| H$m {_lU hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Omo
Kw_ŠH$S> cmoJm| X²dmam ~mocr OmVr h¡ VWm gm_mÝ` ì`pŠV {Ogo ghOVm go g_Pm h¡, Cgo
gYwŠH$S>r ^mfm H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.6
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
àíZ 1(A)
(1)
H$~ra
(4)
g§.
(7)
am_mZ§X
1455
(2)
H$~ra
(3)
gYwŠH$S>r ({IMS>r)
(5)
Zrê$ VWm Zr_m
(6)
_Jha
(8)
{gH§$Xa cmoYr
(9)
H$~ra
(10)
Om`gr
(11) 900
(12)
(13)
B©amZ
(14)
Om`gr
(15) 52
(16)
aËZgoZ
(17)
l¥J§ ma
(18)
(19)
~mam_mgm
gæ`X Aea\$
R>oR> AdYr
àíZ (Am)
01.
H$~ra H$m OÝ_ñWmZ H$mer h¡ Ÿ&
02.
H$~ra {ZJw©U kmZml`r emIm Ho$ à_wI H${d h¡ Ÿ&
03.
H$~ra Ho$ g_` {Xëcr H$m ~mXemh {gH§$Xa cmoYr Wm Ÿ&
82
04.
ào_nra Ho$ àMmaH$ H${d Om`gr H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
05.
"nX²_mdV' Ho$ aM{`Vm Om`gr h¡ Ÿ&
06.
3.7
3.8
3.9
H$~ra H$m nmcZ-nmofU Zrê$ VWm Zr_m Zo {H$`m Ÿ&
07. ^pŠVH$mc H$m H$mcI§S> g§dV² 1375 go g§dV 1700 VH$ _mZm J`m h¡ Ÿ&
08. {ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam Ho$ A§VJ©V kmZml`r Am¡a ào_ml`r `o Xmo emImE± AmVr h¢ Ÿ&
09. "H$mJO _{g Nw>Amo Zht, H$c_ Jqh Zht hmW' `h CpŠV g§V H$~ra H$s h¡ Ÿ&
10. "nX²_mdV' _| Om`gr Zo Xmohm Am¡a Mm¡nmB© BZ Xmo N>§Xm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
gmam§e
1.
{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam Ho$ kmZml`r Am¡a ào_ml`r `o XmoZ à_wI emIm h¡ Ÿ&
2.
{ZJw©U ^pŠVYmam _| B©ída H$mo {ZJw©U-{ZamH$ma _mZm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
g§V H$~ra `wJÐîQ>m H${d Ho$ ê$n _| C^aH$a AmVo h¢ Ÿ&
4.
"~rOH$' H$~ra H$s àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡ Ÿ&
5.
Om`gr ào_ml`r emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ h¡ Ÿ&
6.
"nX²_mdV' Om`gr H$m à{gX²Y _hmH$mì` h¡ Ÿ&
7.
Om`gr Zo gy\$s H$mì` na§nam H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
8.
H$~ra VWm Om`gr Zo cmoJm| _| EH$Vm ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m g\$c à`mg {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
ñdmÜ`m`
1.
kmZml`r Am¡a ào_ml`r emIm H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` Ÿ&
2.
H$~ra Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd na na àH$me S>m{cE Ÿ&
3.
`wJÐîQ>m H${d H$~ra … g_PmBE Ÿ&
4.
Om`gr Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd H$m n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&
5.
"nX²_mdV' Ho$ _hmH$mì`Ëd H$m n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
H$~ra Ho$ g_mO gwYma gå~ÝYr Xg gm{I`m| H$m g§H$bZ H$s{OEŸ&
2.
H$~ra Am¡a VwH$mam_ Ho$ Xg g_mZ {dMmam|dmbo Xmohm|-A^§Jm| H$mo àmßV H$s{OEŸ&
3.
gy\$s ào_ H$mì`m| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OEŸ&
83
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {cE …
1.
S>m°. {edHw$_ma e_m© - "qhXr gm{hË` `wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm`m±'
2.
Am. am_M§Ð ewŠc - "qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg'
3.
S>m°. Yra|Ð d_m© - "qhXr gm{hË` H$m ~¥hV B{Vhmg'
4.
Am. {dídZmW àgmX {_l - "qhXr gm{hË` H$m AVrV'
5.
S>m°. a_oeM§Ð e_m© - "qhXr gm{hË` H$m g_J« B{Vhmg'
84
BH$mB© 4
gJwU ^pŠVYmam
AZwH«$_ :
4.1
CX²Xoí`
4.2
àñVmdZm
4.3
{df` - {ddoMZ
4.3.1
gJwU ^pŠVYmam H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmE± Ÿ&
4.3.2
VwbgrXmg : ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd Ÿ&
4.3.3
gyaXmg : ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd Ÿ&
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
4.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7
gmam§e
4.8
ñdmÜ`m`
4.9
joÌr` H$m`©
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
4.1
CX²Xoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn
1)
gJwU emIm H$s gm_mÝ` {deofVmAm| go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
2)
^pŠVH$mb H$s gJwU emIm go n[a{MV hm|Jo &
3)
gJwU ^pŠVYmam H$s am_^pŠV emIm go n[a{MV hm|Jo &
85
4)
4.2
am_^pŠV emIm Ho$ à_wI Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Ho$ ì`pŠVËd go n[a{MV hm|Jo &
5)
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Ho$ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hm|Jo &
6)
gJwU ^pŠVYmam H$s H¥$îU^pŠV emIm go n[a{MV hm|Jo &
7)
H¥$îU^pŠV Ymam Ho$ à_wI H${d gyaXmg Ho$ ì`pŠVËd go n[a{MV hm|Jo &
8)
H${d gyaXmg Ho$ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
àñVmdZm :
^maVr` Y_© gmYZm _| ^pŠV H$s EH$ gwñnï> Ed§ gwXrK© na§nam ahr h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V: B©ída Ho$ Xmo ê$n
_Zo J`o h¢- gJwU Ed§ {ZJw©UŸ& O~ na_mË_m H$mo {ZamH$ma, AZm{X, AJmoMa, gd©ì`mnr _mZH$a CgH$s
{ddoMZm H$s OmVr h¡ V~ Cgo {ZJw©U ~«åh H$hm OmVm h¡ Am¡a O~ dht ~«åh gJwU-gmH$ma ê$n YmaU H$a
Za eara J«hU H$a ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ H¥$Ë` H$aVm h¡ V~ Cgo gJwU na_mË_m Ho$ ê$n _| OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& am_,
H¥$îU Am{X earaYmar na_mË_m Ho$ gJwU gmH$ma ê$n h¢Ÿ&
AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Ho$ AZwgma, ""gJwUmonmgH$ ^ŠV ^JdmZ Ho$ gJwU Am¡a {ZJw©U XmoZm| ê$n
kmZ_m{J©`m| Ho$ {bE N>moS>. XoVm h¡Ÿ&'' gJwU ^pŠV _| Ohm± brbmdVma H$mo AmamÜ` _mZm J`m h¡ dhr§ {ZJw©U
^pŠV _| ~«åhkmZ Am¡a `moJgmYZm H$mo {deof ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gJwU ^pŠV _| ^JdV² H¥$nm H$mo {deof
_hÎd {_bm h¡ Vmo {ZJw©U ^pŠV ~«åhmZw^y{V na {deof ~b XoVr h¡Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ Cn`mo{JVm H$s Ñ{ï> go gJwU
^[ŠV H$mo _hÎdnyU© _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& gJwUmonmgH$m| H$s YmaUm h¡ {H$ ^ŠV H$s AZw^y{V Ho$ {bE, ^pŠV
Ho$ {bE ê$nmH$ma, gmH$ma, _yV© AmYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& qhXr H$m gJwU g§àXm` d¡îUd Y_© go nmofU
àmßV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg g§àXm` H$s XmoZm| emImAm| am_-^pŠV Ymam Am¡a H¥$îU-^pŠV Ymam _| B©ída gJwU h¡Ÿ&
qhXr am_-^pŠV Ymam _| AZoH$ H${d hwE qH$Vw am_-^pŠV Ymam H$m gm{hpË`H$ _hÎd AHo$bo
VwbgrXmg Ho$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr H$s Anyd© à{V^m Ho$ H$maU gm{hË`mH$me _| CZH$m ñWmZ gy`© H$m h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE
am_-^pŠV Ymam H$m AÜ``Z VwbgrXmg _| hr H|${ÐV hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m {ÛVr` MaU ^pŠV H$s àd¥{Îm go n[anyU© ahm h¡Ÿ& ga OmO© {J«`g©Z Zo
^pŠV Am§XmobZ H$mo "nÝÐhdr§ eVr H$m Ym{_©H$ nwZOm©JaU' H$hm h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma ""Bg `wJ _| Y_© kmZ
H$m Zht ~pëH$ ^mdmdoe H$m {df` hmo J`m WmŸ&'' Bg H$mbI§S> _| ^pŠV^md H$s àYmZVm aht, gmW hr
Bg H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| H$mo ^ŠV-H${d Ho$ ê$n _| à{VîR>m àmßV hþB©Ÿ&
AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo "Y_© H$s agmË_H$ AZw^y{V H$mo ^pŠV H$hm h¡Ÿ&' ewŠb Or ^pŠV^md H$m _yb
ómoV X{jU ^maV H$mo _mZVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma ""^pŠV Ho$ Am§XmobZ H$s Omo bha X{jU go Am`r CgrZo
86
CÎma ^maV H$s n[apñW{V Ho$ AZwén qhXy-_wgb_mZ XmoZm| Ho$ {bE EH$ gm_mÝ` ^pŠV _mJ© H$s ^mdZm Hw$N>
bmoJm| _| OJmB©Ÿ&'' _hmamï´> Ho$ à{gÕ g§V Zm_Xod nhbo hr Bg àH$ma H$s ^pŠV ^mdZm H$m àMma H$a aho WoŸ&
^pŠV H$m _yb òmoV X{jU ^maV ahm h¡Ÿ& S>m°. gË`|Ð Ho$ AZwgma ^pŠV H$m CX` Ðm{dS>m| _| hþAm ""^pŠV Ðm{dS>r D$nOr bmE> am_mZ§XŸ&'' VËH$mbrZ amOZr{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW Ym{_©H$
narpñW{V`m| Zo ^r ^pŠV Ho$ àgma _| `moJXmZ {X`mŸ& X{jU Ho$ Ambdma ^ŠVm| Zo ^pŠV ^md H$s CÀM pñW{V
àmßV H$a br WrŸ& AmMm`© hOmaàgmX {ÛdoXr Zo BÝht Ambdma ^ŠVm| H$mo hr ^pŠV Am§XmobZ Ho$ gyÌnmV
H$m lo` {X`m h¡Ÿ& am_mZ§X, dëb^mMm`© O¡go {dÛmZm| Zo AnZo {gÕm§Vm| H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ Ûmam Bg ^pŠV ^md
Ed§ AdVmadmX H$mo ÑT> {H$`m Am¡a ~mX _| gya-Vwbgr Zo Cgo H$mì` ê$n àXmZ {H$`mŸ&
gJwUmonmgH$ ^ŠV H${d`m| H$m gmam à`ËZ Bg Amoa H|${ÐV Wm {H$ qhXy g_mO H$mo {dKQ>Z Am¡a CËnrS>Z
go ~Mm`m Om`Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo qhXy g_mO Ho$ {d{^ÝZ KQ>H$m| H$mo g§J{R>V H$aZo H$m H$m`© {H$`mŸ& CZH$s
g_Ýd`dmXr {dMmaYmam Ho$ nrN>o _yb YmaUm `hr WrŸ& CÎma-X{jU H$m ^oX g_mßV hmo J`m Am¡a X{jU Ho$
AZoH$ AmMm`© am_mZwO, amKdmMm`©, dëb^mMm`© Or CÎma ^maV _| d¥§XmdZ _Wwam _| AmH$a ahZo bJoŸ& Bgr
àH$ma e¡d-d¡îUd H$m ^oX, gJwU-{ZJw©U H$m ^oX ^r g_mßV hmoZo bJmŸ& VwbgrXmg H$m "am_M[aV_mZg²' Bg
{Xem _| {H$`m J`m g~go ~µS>m à`mg h¡Ÿ&
gJwUmonmgH$ H${d`m| Zo kmZ, H$_© Am¡a ^pŠV _| go ^pŠV H$mo hr àYmZVm XrŸ& BZ H${d`m| Zo kmZ H$s
AdhobZm Vmo Zht H$s na Cgo ^pŠV O¡gm g_W© ^r Zht ~Vm`mŸ& kmZ VmaH$ Vmo h¡ na dh H$îQ> gmÜ` h¡Ÿ&
gJwU g§àXm` H$s n¥ð>^y{_ _| ^pŠV H$m g_¥Õ gm{hË` h¡Ÿ& Bg gm{hË` Ho$ à_wI AmYma J«§W h¢ ^JdX²JrVm, {dîUw Am¡a ^mJdV nwamU, ZmaX ^pŠV gyÌ Am¡a em§{S>ë` ^pŠV gyÌŸ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV X{jU
Ho$ Ambdma ^ŠVm| H$s aMZmE| ^r d¡îUdm| H$s A_yë` {Z{Y h¡ & BZ gJwU ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo EH$ ZdrZ ^md
H«$m§{V H$mo OÝ_ {X`mŸ&
4.3.1
gJwU ^pŠVYmam H$s {deofVmE± :
gJwUmonmgH$ H${d`m| Zo AnZo gm{hË` H$s aMZm bmoH${hV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a H$sŸ& do OZ gmYmaU
H$mo CgH$o H$V©ì` H$m nmR> nµ‹TmVo h¢, gmW hr Cgo EH$ AmXe© _mZd ~ZZo H$s àoaUm XoVo {XIm`r n>‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ&
CZH$s H$mì` gmYZm Zo CZ _mZdr` _yë`m| H$s nwZñWm©nZm H$s Omo g_mO go bwßV hmo ahr WrŸ& BZ H${d`m|
Zo AnZo gm{hË` Ho$ Ûmam g_mO H$s Z¡{VH$Vm Ed§ ^mB©Mmao H$m CnXoe {X`mŸ& ^pŠVnaH$ aMZmAm| Ho$ Ûmam
CÝhmoZo OZVm Ho$ B©ída Ho$ {Og ñdê$n H$m n[aM` {X`m, CgZo {Zame öX`m| _| nwZ: Amem Am¡a ñ\y${V© H$m
g§Mma H$aZo _| _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`mŸ& BZ H${d`m| Zo gJwU ^pŠV Ho$ Cg ê$n H$s à{VîR>m H$s {Og_| _mZd
öX` {dlm_ ^r nmVm h¡ Am¡a H$bmË_H$ gm¢X`© go _w½Y Am¡a V¥ßV ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gJwU ^pŠVYmam H$s gm_mÝ`
{deofVmE± BgàH$ma h¢ - ‹
87
1.
B©ída H$m gJwU ê$n :
gJwU ^ŠV H${d`m| H$m AmamÜ` X¡dV gJwU h¡Ÿ& d¡îUd AmMm`m] H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ gJwU Ho$ JwU
Abm¡{H$H$ h¢Ÿ& bm¡{H$H$ JwU ApñWa, n[adV©Zerb hmoVo h¢ na B©ída Ho$ JwU {Za§Va, ñWm`r hmoVo h¢Ÿ& à^w H$m
ñdê$n öX` Am¡a ~w{Õ H$s nhþ§M go nao h¢, `h gJwU na_mË_m òîQ>m, nmbH$ Am¡a g§hmaH$ h¡Ÿ& BZ ^ŠVm|
H$m Ü`mZ ^JdmZ Ho$ nmbH$ ê$n na H|${ÐV h¡, Š`m|{H$ nmbZ Ho$ gmW gmW Y_© ^mdZm g§~§Y h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ {bE
na_mË_m Mb ^r h¡, _yV© ^r h¡ Am¡a A_yV© ^r, dm_Z ^r h¡ Am¡a {damQ> ^r, gJwU ^r h¡ Am¡a {ZJw©U ^rŸ&
dñVwV: dh A{Zd©MZr` h¡ Am¡a H$mbmVrV h¡ qH$Vw CgH$m AnZr g_J«Vm _| {H$gr H$mb _| AdV[aV hmoZm
Ag§^d ZhtŸ& gJwUmonmgH$m| Ho$ AZwgma _Zwî` dñVwV: ~«åh h¡, Za Am¡a Zmam`U EH$ h¡Ÿ&
Vwbgr Ho$ am_ {dîUw Ho$ AdVma hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo bmoH$ajH$, AY_© Ho$ {dZmeH$ Ed§ Y_© Ho$ g§ñWmnH$
h¡Ÿ& do _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ Am¡a loîR>V_ JwUm| go {d^y{fV h¢Ÿ& do A{ÛVr` dra h¢ VWm Bg draVm go AY_© H$m
{dZme H$aVo hþE Y_©-nam`UVm _| VËna {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ&
2.
AdVma ^mdZm :
gJwUmonmgH$ H${d`m| H$s CnmgZm nÕ{V H$m à_wI A§J AdVmadmX h¡Ÿ& BZ H${d`m| H$m {dídmg h¡ {H$
dh Agr_ gr_m H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aH|$ AnZr BÀN>m brbm Ho$ {bE AdV[aV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ AZwgma gmam g§gma
Cg ^JdmZ H$m AdVma h¡ qH$Vw BZ d¡îUdm| H$s AdVma ^mdZm Ho$ _yb _| JrVm H$m {d^y{V Ed§ Eoíd`© `moJ
H$m_ H$a ahm h¡Ÿ& kmZ, H$_©, dr`©, Eoíd`©, ào_ ^JdmZ H$s {d^y{V`m± h¢Ÿ& Omo _Zwî` {H$gr joÌ _| H$m¡eb
{XImVo h¢ do ^JdmZ H$s {d^y{V H$mo gmH$ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AV: JwUmVrV Am¡a gJwU, Agr_ Am¡a ggr_ _| H$moB©
{damoYm^mg Zht h¡Ÿ&
am_ H$mì` na§nam Ho$ H${d`m| Zo ^JdmZ {dîUw Ho$ AdVma "am_' Ho$ OrdZ-M[aÌ H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a
AnZo H$mì` J«Wm| H$s aMZm H$sŸ& ^maVr` Y_© gmYZm _| H¥$îU H$m {dbjU ì`pŠVËd ahm h¡Ÿ& lrH¥$îU H$mo
{dîUw Ho$ AdVma Ho$ ê$n _| _mZH$a CZHo$ {d{dY {H«$`mH$bmnm| H$m dU©Z ^mJdV² nwamU VWm _hm^maV _|
n«_wI ê$n go {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo H¥$îU H$s ~mb brbmAm|, àU` brbmAm| VWm AÝ` _mYw`©
^md `wŠV H«$sS>mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gyaXmg VWm Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d`m| Zo ^mJdV nwamU H$m AmYma J«hU
H$a H¥$îUM[aÌ H$m JmZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
3.
brbm ahñ` :
gJwU H$mì` _| brbmdmX H$m AË`§V _hÎd h¡Ÿ& Mmho Vmo Vwbgr Ho$ _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ am_ hm| Mmho gya
Ho$ ~«OamO H¥$îU hm| XmoZm| brbmH$mar h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ AdVma H$m CX²Xoí` brbm hr h¡Ÿ& BZ H${d`m| Zo am_ H$mo
na~«åh _mZH$a Y_© H$s ñWmnZm hoVw A`moÜ`m Zaoe XeaW Ho$ nwÌ Ho$ ê$n _| AdVma J«hU H$a _mZdr` bmbmE|
H$aVo hþE {XIm`m h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr Ho$ am_ bmoH$ajH$ h¢ VWm AY_© Ho$ {dZmeH$ Ed§ Y_© Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ h¢Ÿ& do
A{ÛVr` dra h¢ VWm Bg draVm go AY_© H$m {dZme H$aVo hþE Y_©-nam`UVm _| VËna {XIm`r XoVo h¢Ÿ& Vwbgr
88
Ho$ bmoH$ajH$ am_ amdU H$m g§hma brbmW© H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Vwbgr Ho$ {bE g_ñV am_M[aV brbm_` h¡Ÿ&
H¥$îU Vmo h¢ hr brbm-a_U Am¡a AmZ§XàXŸ& EH$ Amoa Ohm± do brbm H$aVo hþE g_ñV JmonrOZm| H$mo
{OÝhm|Zo bmoH$ H$s gmar _`m©XmAm| H$m A{VH«$_U H$a {X`m h¡, AmH${f©V H$aVo h¢ dhm± Xygar Amoa AYmgwa
Ed§ ~H$mgwa amjgm| H$m brbm hr brbm _| dY H$adm XoVo h¢Ÿ& BZ H${d`m| H$s YmaUm h¡ {H$ g_ñV g§gma
H$s g¥{ï> brbm H$m hr n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& gJwU ^ŠV brbm _| g{ƒXmZ§X Ho$ AmZ§X H$m ñdê$n XoIVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m
{dídmg h¡ {H$ OrdZ Am¡a Xe©Z H$s Ma_ g\$bVm brbmdmX _| {Z{hV h¡Ÿ&
4.
ê$nmonmgZm :
gJwU gmYZm _| ê$nmonmgZm H$m {d{eï> ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& gJwU gmYZm _| ^JdmZ² Ho$ Zm_ Am¡a ê$n AmZ§X
Ho$ Aj` H$moU h¢Ÿ& gJwU ^ŠV H$mo ^JdmZ² Ho$ Zm_ Am¡a ê$n BVZm {d_w½Y H$a boVo h¢ {H$ bm¡{H$H$ N>{d
CgHo$ nW _| ~mYH$ Zht ~Z gH$VrŸ& Ama§^ _| gJwUmonmgH$ Zm_ê$n `wŠV _y{V© Ho$ g_j AmH$a CnmgZm
H$aVm h¡ na§Vw {Za§Va ^mdZm, qMVZ Ed§ JwU H$sV©Z go dh AnZo AmamÜ` _| Eogm EH$ê$n hmo OmVm h¡ {H$
Cgo {H$gr ^m¡{VH$ CnH$aU H$s Amdí`H$Vm hr Zht ahVrŸ&
~«Ooe H¥$îU ag-amO l¥§Jma Ho$ A{YîR>mVm XodVm h¡Ÿ& ê$n hr l¥§Jma ag H$mo OJmVm h¡Ÿ& `ht H$maU h¡
{H$ H¥$îU ^pŠV emIm _| H¥$îUm{lV l¥§Jma H$m gm§Jmonm§J dU©Z h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ H¥$îU gm¢X`© H$s AVwb am{e h¢Ÿ&
Vwbgr Ho$ am_ epŠV, erb Ed§ gm¢X`© H$m ^§S>ma h¡Ÿ& do AnZo AZ§V gm¢X`© go OZ-OZ H$mo _mo{hV H$aZodmbo
h¢ gmW hr Anyd© erb go g~Ho$ öX` H$mo AnZo der^yV H$a boVo h¢Ÿ& Vwbgr Ho$ am_ AnZr Aà{V_ N>{d
go {Ì^wdZ H$mo bOmZo dmbo h¢Ÿ&
5.
e§H$a Ho$ AÛ¡VdmX H$m {damoY :
^mJdV Ho$ A{V[aŠV qhXr Ho$ gJwU H$mì` na am_mZwO, {Zå~mH©$, _ÜdmMm`© VWm dëb^mMm`© Ho$
Xme©{ZH$ {gÕm§Vm| H$m à^md n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& BZ g^r AmMm`m] Zo e§H$a Ho$ kmZ_ybH$ AÛ¡VdmX H$m Omo ^pŠV H$mo
na_ gË` Zht _mZVm, I§S>Z {H$`m Am¡a ^pŠV VÎd H$m g_mYmZ H$aVo hþE ^JdV² àmpßV _| CgH$s A{Zdm`©Vm
{gÕ H$s h¡Ÿ& am_mZwO Ho$ {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX _| ~«åh àH$mar h¡ Am¡a Ord VWm àH¥${V CgHo$ àH$ma h¡Ÿ& Ord H$s
H¥$VH¥$VË`m Bgr _| h¡ {H$ dh AnZo AmnH$mo ^JdmZ H$m {deofU _mZoŸ& AmË_g_n©U Ho$ Ûmam Ord H$mo `h
pñW{V àmßV hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& na_mË_m A§er h¡ Am¡a Ord CgH$m A§e h¡Ÿ& _ÜdmMm`© Zo Ord H$s CËn{Îm ~«åh go
_mZr h¡ qH$Vw ~«åh H$mo ñdV§Ì Am¡a Ord H$mo naV§Ì _mZm h¡Ÿ& dëb^ Ho$ nw{ï> g§àXm` _| b`mË_H$ gm`wÁ` H$mo
CÀMV_ pñW{V Zht _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& nw{ï> _mJ© _| àdoemË_H$ gm`wÁ` hr H$må` h¡ {Og_| ^ŠV ^JdmZ H$s AmZ§X
brbm _| AàmH¥$V Xoh YmaU H$aHo$ àdoe H$aVm h¡Ÿ& amg brbm àdoemË_H$ gm`wÁ` H$m hr ê$n h¡Ÿ&
6.
{d{dY òmoV :
gJwUmonmgH$ H${d`m| Ho$ AnZo ^pŠV H$mì` Ymam Ho$ AmYma^yV J«§W am_m`U Am¡a ^mJdV aho h¢Ÿ&
89
am_m`U H$s Anojm ^mJdV H$m à^md Bg H$mì` na Á`mXm h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V Ho$ ^JdX²JrVm, {dîUw nwamU, nm§MamÌ
g§{hVmAm|, ZmaX ^pŠVgyÌ, em§S>rë` ^pŠVgyÌ VWm H$B© AÝ` H$mì` J«§Wm§o H$m à^md n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& am_mZwO,
{Zå~mH©$, dëb^, _Üd, {dîUw ñdm_r Am¡a M¡VÝ` Am[X AmMm`m] Zo {OZ {gÕm§Vmo§ H$mo nwañH¥$V {H$`m do gJwU
H$mì` Ho$ _oéX§S> h¢Ÿ& ^pŠV H$mb H$s amJmZwJm ^pŠV _| X{jU Ho$ Ambdma g§Vm| H$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡Ÿ&
`h H$mì` ^ŠVm| H$s AnZr gw§XaV_ _m¡{bH$ AZw^y{V`m| go gOrd h¡Ÿ&
7)
^pŠVjoÌ _| Om{V^oX H$s A_mÝ`Vm :
Bg H$mb Ho$ gJwU ^ŠV H${d`m| VWm AmMm`m] Zo ^pŠV Ho$ joÌ _| Om{V-nm§{V H$m ~§YZ ñdrH$ma Zht
{H$`mŸ& `Ú{n H$_©joÌ _| BZ g~Zo dUm©l_ ì`dñWm na ~b {X`m h¡, na§Vw ^JdX²^pŠV joÌ _| {H$gr Ho$ eyÐ hmoZo
Ho$ ZmVo Cgo ^pŠV Ho$ A{YH$ma go d§{MV Zht {H$`mŸ&
8)
Jwé H$s _hÎmm :
gJwUmonmgH$ H${d`m| Zo g§gma H$s g~ dñVwAm| go Jwé H$mo CÀMV_ _mZm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s _hÎmm H$s ^y[a^y[a àe§gm H$s h¡Ÿ& gya Am¡a Vwbgr H$m gm{hË` Bg VÏ` H$m gw§Xa {ZXe©H$ h¡Ÿ& Z§XXmg Zo dëb^ H$mo ~«åh
Ho$ ê$n _o§ J«hU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BZH$m {dídmg h¡ Jwé Ho$ {~Zm kmZ Ag§^d h¡ Am¡a kmZm^md _| _moj àmßV Zht
hmo gH$VmŸ& kmZ go ^pŠV Am¡a ^pŠV go CgH$m gm`wÁ` àmßV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
9)
^pŠV :
gJwUmonmgH$ ^ŠV H${d`m| H$mo {bE ^JdmZ gJwU h¡Ÿ& ^JdmZ H$s ^pŠV Ed§ ào_ H$m CX²Xoí` h¡ CgH$r
{ZH$Q>Vm àmßV H$aHo$ Cg_| a__mU hmoZm VWm CgH$s brbmAmo _| AnZo AmnH$mo brZ H$aZmŸ& {dîUw _ybV:
Eoíd`© g§nÝZ Xod h¡ AV: am_mZwO g§àXm` _| ^JdmZ H$s Eoíd`© CnmgZm na AË`{YH$ ~bm h¡Ÿ& dëb^ Am¡a
{Zå~mH©$ g§àXm` _| ^JdmZ Ho$ Eoíd`© H$s Anojm CgH$s _mYwar H$mo A{YH$ _hÎd {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& M¡VÝ`_V _|
H$m§Vm^md H$s ^pŠV H$m nyU© n[anmH$ hþAm h¡Ÿ& dëb^ g§àXm` _| em§V, g»` Am¡a dmËgë` ^mdm| H$s ^pŠV H$m
{d{eð> ñWmZ h¡ O~ {H$ M¡VÝ` g§àXm` _| H$m§Vm^md H$m AmJ«h {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& `wJb brbm H$s à{Vð>m
dëb^, M¡VÝ` Am¡a {Zå~mH©$ g§àXm` _| hþB© h¡Ÿ& BZ H${d`m| Zo ZdYm ^pŠV H$mo AË`§V _hÎd {X`m h¡Ÿ& ldU,
H$sV©Z, ñ_aU, nmXgodZ, AM©Z, d§XZ, g»`, Xmñ`, AmË_{ZdoXZ ^pŠV H$s `o Zd {dYmE± B§{Ð`, _Z Am¡a
öX` H$mo ^JdmZ Ho$ à{V {Zdo{XV H$aVr h¢Ÿ& BZgo ^ŠV AnZo AmnH$mo am_mn©U Ed§ H¥$îUmn©U H$a XoVm h¡Ÿ&
10)
bmoH$ OrdZ :
gJwUmonmgH$ ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo H¥$îU H$mì` Am¡a am_ H$mì` _| AnZo AnZo X¥{ï>H$moUm| Ho$ AZwgma bmoH$
OrdZ H$m gw§Xa {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU H$mì` H${d`m| Zo ^maVr` J«må` OrdZ H$m _Zmoha dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {OZ
öX`m| Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ n[adoe _| H¥$îU H$s ~mbbrbmAm| H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡ CZHo$ ^mdZm Ûmam _Z _| {dbjU
AmZ§X H$m g§Mma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d`m| Zo VËH$mbrZ ^maVr` OrdZ H$s EH$ gw§Xa gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm±H$s
àñVwV H$s h¡Ÿ&
90
Vwbgr Ho$ am_ AgV² go g§Kf© H$aVo hþE gV² H$m CÕma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& do AnZo d¥V Ho$ {bE ZmZm H$ï>m| H$mo
ghVo h¢Ÿ& Y_m}Õma, nmnZme, gmYwajU, Xwï>XbZ VWm ^ŠVm| na AZwJ«h H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^JdmZ `wJ `wJ _o§
AdVma boVo h¡§Ÿ& am_ Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ M[aÌ _| erb, epŠV Am¡a gm¢X`© H$m _Zmoha g§J_ h¡Ÿ& EH$ _`m©Xm
nwéfmoÎm_ h¡ Vmo Xygam ~«Ooe agoeŸ& `o XmoZm| ê$n bmoH$g§J«h H$s X¥{ï> go A{^Z§XZr` h¡Ÿ&
4.3.2
VwbgrXmg : ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd :
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg am_H$mì` na§nam Ho$ loð> H${d h¢Ÿ& do Bg H$mì` na§nam Ho$ VoOñdr gy`© h¢Ÿ& Vwbgr
H$m OrdZ d¥Îm A^r VH$ AnojmH¥$V A§YH$ma_` h¡Ÿ& Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Ho$ OrdZ d¥Îm Ho$ g§~§Y _|
A§V:gmú` Am¡a ~{h:gmú` XmoZm| {_bVo h¢Ÿ& A§V:gmú` _| Vwbgr Ho$ AnZo J«§W AmVo h¢ Am¡a ~{h:gmú` Ho$
A§VJ©V Jmoñdm_r JmoHw$bZmW Ûmam {b{IV "Xmo gmo ~mdZ d¡îUdm| H$s dmVm©', Zm^mXmg H$m "^ŠV_mb', ~m~m
_mYd doUrXmg H¥$V "^ŠV_mb H$s Q>rH$m' à_wI h¢Ÿ& VwbgrXmg Ho$ OrdZ n[aM` Ho$ {bE h_| ~{h:gmú`m|
H$s Anojm A§V:gmú` na A{YH$ {Z^©a H$aZm n‹S>oJmŸ& Vwbgr H$m g_ñV OrdZ _V^oXm| go ^am n‹S>m h¡Ÿ&
1)
ì`pŠVËd :
OÝ_-{V{W : VwbgrXmg Ho$ OÝ_ {V{W Ho$ {df` _| n`m©ßV _V^oX h§¡Ÿ& Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Or Ho$
OrdZ M[aÌ H$m _yb AmYma ~oZr_mYd Xmg Ûmam a{MV "JmogmB© M[aV' Am¡a _hmË_m aKwdaXmg a{MV "Vwbgr
M[aÌ' h¡Ÿ& CŠV XmoZm| M[aÌm| Ho$ AmYma na Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg H$m OÝ_ 1554 {dH«$_ _| VWm _¥Ë`w 1680
{dH«$_ _| _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ& Eogm _mZZo na Vwbgr H$s Am`w 126 df© R>haVr h¡ Omo Ag§^d Vmo Zht qH$Vw
Agm_mÝ` àVrV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& n§. am_Jwbm_ {ÛdoXr, ga OmO© {J«`g©Z Am¡a S>m _mVmàgmX JwßV Zo Vwbgr H$m
OÝ_ 1589 {dH«$_ (1532 B©.) _| VWm _¥Ë`w 1680 {dH«$_ (1623 B©.) _| ñdrH$ma H$s h¡Ÿ&
OÝ_ ñWmZ : BZHo$ OÝ_ ñWmZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ^r _V^oX h¡Ÿ& R>mHy$a {edMaUqgh g|Ja, am_Jwbm_ {ÛdoXr
Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo Vwbgr H$m OÝ_ ñWmZ "amOmnwa' H$mo _mZm h¡Ÿ& n§. Jm¡ar e§H$a {ÛdoXr VWm am_Zaoe
{ÌnmR>r, S>m°. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Zo Vwbgr H$m OÝ_ ñWmZ EQ>m {Obo Ho$ "gmoamo' Zm_H$ ñWmZ H$mo _mZm h¡Ÿ&
_mVm-{nVm : CZHo$ OÝ_ Ho$ g§~§Y _| `h {H$dX§Vr àM{bV h¡ {H$ CZH$m OÝ_ _yb ZjÌ na hmo OmZo
go CZHo$ {nVm AmË_mam_ Xw~o Zo CÝh| Ë`mJ {X`m Wm VWm _mVm hþbgr H$m {ZYZ àgw{VH$mb _| hmo J`m WmŸ&
Vwbgr Ho$ ~MnZ H$m Zm_ am_~mobm WmŸ&
Jwé : Jwé ~m~m Zah[aXmg Zo CÝh| Xrjm Xr Wr VWm H$mer _| eof gZmVZ H$s nmR>embm _| CÝhm|Zo
{ejm àmßV H$s WrŸ& Vwbgr Zo AnZo Jwé H$m am_M[aV-_mZg _| AZoH$ ñWbm| na ñ_aU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo
AZoH$ VrW© ñWmZm| H$s `mÌm H$s Am¡a A§V _| H$mer _| ahZo bJoŸ& amOm Q>moS>a_b, ahr_ Am¡a _mZqgh Vwbgr
Ho$ AZÝ` {_Ì WoŸ&
91
d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ :
BZHo$ d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ^r _V^oX h¢ & OZlw{V Ho$ AZwgma BZH$m {ddmh XrZ~§Yw nmR>H$ H$s
nwÌr "aËZmdbr' go hþAm WmŸ& CZHo$ VmaH$ Zm_ H$m EH$ nwÌ ^r hþAm {OgH$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© WrŸ& AË`{YH$
AmgpŠV Ho$ H$maU Vwbgr H$mo aËZmdbr go _moR>r ^Ëg©Zm, ""bmO Z Am`r AmnH$mo Xm¡ao AmEhþ gmW'' ^r
gwZZr nS>r WrŸŸ& Vwbgr H$mo aËZmdbr Zo {YŠH$maVo hþE H$hm Wm ApñW M_© _` Xoh __ Vm_¢ Eogr àr{VŸ&
V¡gr Omo lram_ _h± hmo{V Z Vm¡ ^d^r{VŸ&&
aËZmdbr Ho$ BZ dMZm| go Vwbgr na Eogm à^md n‹S>m {H$ do {daŠV hmoH$a H$mer Mbo JEŸ&
2)
H¥${VËd :
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Zm_ na Ag VH$ Mmbrg nwñVH|$ àmßV hmo MwH$s h¢Ÿ& na§Vw n§. am_Jwbm_ {ÛdoXr,
AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Zo ~mah aMZmAm| H$mo àm_m{UH$ _mZm h¡Ÿ& `o aMZmE± Bg n«H$ma h¢
1)
am_M[aV_mZg 2) {dZ` n{ÌH$m 3) H${dVmdbr 4) Xmohmdbr 5) am_bbm ZhNy> 6) JrVmdbr 7) H¥$îU
JrVmdbr 8) d¡am½` g§XrnZr 9) am_mkm àíZmdbr 10) ~ad¡ am_m`U 11) nmd©Vr _§Jb 12) OmZH$s _§Jb
am_M[aV _mZg :
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Ûmam AdYr ^mfm _| a{MV "am_M[aV_mZg' am_ Ho$ OrdZ M{aV na AmYm[aV
_hmH$mì` h¡Ÿ& Bg J«§W H$s aMZm g§dV 1631 (1574 B©.) _| àma§^ hþB© Am¡a Vwbgr Zo Bgo 2 df© 7 _mg _| hr
g_mßV {H$`mŸ& Xmohm-Mm¡nmB© e¡br _| {bIo J`o Bg _hmH$mì` _| gmV H$m§S> h¢Ÿ- 1. ~mb H$m§S> 2. A`moÜ`m H$m§S>
3. AaÊ` H$m§S> 4. {H$pîH«¨$Ym H$m§S> 5. gw§Xa H$m§S> 6. b§H$m H$m§S> 7. CÎma H$m§S>
am_M[aV_mZg Ho$ am_ _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_, bmoH$ajH$, epŠV, erb Ed§ gm¢X`© Ho$ ^§S>ma h¡Ÿ& aMZm
H$m¡eb, à~§Y nXwVm, göX`Vm, _m{_©H$ ñWbm| H$s nhMmZ Ho$ H$maU `h qhXr H$m gd©loð> _hmH$mì` _mZm
OmVm h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr Zo _mZg _| AmXe© M[aÌm| H$s n[aH$ënZm H$r h¡Ÿ& _hmH$mì` Ho$ Zm`H$ am_ AmXe© M[aÌ
h¡Ÿ& g_mO Ho$ àË`oH$ dJ© Ho$ {bE am_ H$m M[aÌ AmXe© ì`dhma H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡Ÿ& do EH$ AmXe© ^mB©, AmXe©
nwÌ, AmXe© n{V, AmXe© {_Ì, AmXe© ñdm_r, AmXe© {eî`, AmXe© amOm Ho$ ê$n _| g_mO Ho$ gm_Zo àñVwV
{H$`o J`o h¢Ÿ& am_M[aV_mZg H$s {deofVmE± BgàH$ma h¢
1)
ñdm§V: gwIm` H$mì` : Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Zo am_M[aV_mZg _| AnZr H$mì` aMZm H$m CX²Xoe
ñnîQ> H$aVo hþE KmofUm H$s, ""ñdm§V: gwIm` Vwbgr aKwZmW JmWmŸ&'' H$mì` aMZm Ho$ {bE BÝho§ Z Vmo {H$gr
Xa~ma H$m Aml` boZm C{MV bJm Am¡a Z hr Aml`XmVmAm| H$s PyR>r àe§gm H$aZo _| CÝhm|Zo é{M {XIm`rŸ&
Vwbgr Zo AnZo H$mì` _| AZw^y{V H$s gÀMmB© Am¡a A{^ì`pŠV Ho$ IaonZ H$mo AnZm`mŸ&
92
2)
bmoH$_§Jb H$m gm{hË` : am_M[aV_mZg _| Vwbgr Ho$db H${d Ho$ ê$n _| hr Zht A{nVw EH$
CnXoeH$ Ho$ ê$n _| ^r gm_Zo AmVo h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo bmoH$H$ë`mU H$s H$m_Zm H$aVo hþE OZVm H$mo Z¡{VH$Vm Ed§
gXmMma H$m A{dñ_aUr` nmR> nT>m`m h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr Zo am_amÁ` {ZénU Ho$ A§VJ©V AmXe© emgZ-ì`dñWm H$s
ê$naoIm ^r àñVwV H$s h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr Zo Vmo H${dVm H$m CX²Xoí` hr bmoH${hV ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ - "H$sa{V _{Z{V
^y{V _b gmoB©Ÿ& gwag[a g_ g~d h¡ {hV hmoB©Ÿ&&' AWm©V dht H${dVm lo`ñH$a hmoVr h¡, Omo J§Jm Ho$ g_mZ
g~H$m {hV H$aZo dmbr hmoŸ&
3)
^pŠV H$m ñdê$n : Vwbgr Zo _mZg _| Xmñ` ^md H$s ^{ŠV H$mo _wpŠV H$m gmYZ _mZVo hþE
H$hm h¡ - "godH$-goì` ^md {~Zw ^d Z V[aA CaJm[aŸ&' Xmñ` ^md H$s ^pŠV go ^ŠV Ah§H$maeyÝ` hmoH$a
Cg na_mË_m Ho$ _hÎd go n{a{MV hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
4)
g_Ýd`dmXr àd¥{Îm : Vwbgr Zo am_M[aV_mZg _| ha X¥{ï> _| g_Ýd`dmXr àd¥{Îm H$mo AnZmVo hþE
bmoH$Zm`H$ hmoZo H$m n[aM` {X`mŸ& am_M[aV _mZgo _| Vwbgr Zo gJwU-{ZJw©U, e¡d Am¡a d¡îUd H$m, kmZ Am¡a
^pŠV H$m, amOm Am¡a àOm H$m, OZ^mfm Am¡a g§ñH¥$V H$m, ^m½` Ed§ nwéfmW© H$m, Û¡V Ed§ AÛ¡V H$m g_Ýd`
{H$`m h¡Ÿ&
5)
AdYr ^mfm : Jmoñdm_r Or H$m am_M[aV_mZg AdYr ^mfm _| hr {bIm J`m h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr Zo _mZg
_| àg§JmZwHy$b, agmZwHy$b eãX M`Z, nmÌmZwHy$b ^mfm H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
6)
N>§X Ed§ Ab§H$ma `moOZm : am_M[aV_mZg _| Xmohm, Mm¡nmB©, gmoaR>m, gd¡æ`m Am[X N>§Xm| H$m g\$b
à`moJ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr Zo MË_ËH$ma àXe©Z Ho$ {bE Ab§H$ma `moOZm Zht H$s h¡ VWm{n _mZg H$m H$mì`
Ab§H$mam| go _pÊS>V h¡Ÿ& Cn_m, CËàojm, ê$nH$, {d^mdZm, àVrn, ÑîQ>m§V, gm§Jê$nH$ Ab§H$mam| H$m à`moJ
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& Ab§H$ma `moOZm ñdm^m{dH$ Ed§ AW©~moY _| ghm`H$ ahr h¡Ÿ&
7)
ag `moOZm : am_M[aV_mZg _| g^r agm| H$s `moOZm H$s h¡Ÿ& `wÕ dU©Z _| dra Ed§ am¡Ð ag H$s
gw§Xa `moOZm hþB© h¡ VWm l¥§Jma H$m _`m©{XV {MÌ nwîndm{Q>H$m _| {M{ÌV h¡Ÿ& H$éU ag Ho$ _mZg _| AZoH$
àg§J h¢Ÿ& b§H$mXhZ àg§J _| ^`mZH$ Am¡a ~r^Ëg ag H$m AÀN>m à`moJ hþAm h¡Ÿ& gmar am_ H$Wm H$m
n`©dgmZ em§V ag _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& am_ Ho$ ~«÷Ëd H$m àg§J `m hZw_mZ Ho$ nhm‹S> bo OmZo Ho$ àg§J _| AX²^wV
ag, dmËgë` ag Ho$ dU©Z _mZg Ho$ ~mb H$m§S> _| {M{ÌV h¡Ÿ&
am_M[aV_mZg Am{X go A§V VH$ g_Ýd` H$m H$mì` h¡ Am¡a `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Vwbgr bmoH$Zm`H$ ~Z
gHo$ VWm OZ OZ Ho$ {à` ~Z J`oŸ&
{dZ` n{ÌH$m :
{dZ` n{ÌH$m 279 nXmo _| ~«O^mfm _| {bIm hþAm H$mì`J«W§ h¡Ÿ& Vwbgr H$m AdYr Am¡a ~«O^mfm na g_mZ
A{YH$ma WmŸ& Vwbgr H$s ^pŠV ^mdZm OmZZo Ho$ {bE {dZ` n{ÌH$m H$mo n‹T>Zm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mì` H$m àYmZ ag
93
em§V h¡Ÿ& Jr{V e¡br _| a{MV {dZ` n{ÌH$m Ho$ nX {d{^ÝZ amJ-amJ{Z`m| _| {Z~Õ h¡Ÿ& amJ Ho$Xma, _ëhma, dg§V,
am_H$br, Ho$Xma O¡go à_wI amJm| H$m à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& VwbgrXmg Zo H${b`wJ go g§VßV hmoH$a à^w lr am_ Ho$
MaUm| _| A{n©V H$aZo hoVw `h {dZ` n{ÌH$m {bIr h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mì` _| AmË_{ZdoXZ, eaUmJV dËgbVm, _Z H$s
^Ëg©Zm Ed§ X¡Ý` O¡go ^mdm| H$s gwX§ a ì`§OZm hþB© h¡Ÿ& {dZ` n{ÌH$m Ho$ Hw$N> à{gÕ nX BgàH$ma h¡ Vy X`mb XrZ hm¢ Vy Xm{Z hm¢ {^ImarŸ&
hm¢ AZmW nmVH$s Vy nmn nw§O ^marŸ&&
H${dVmdbr :
H${dÎm, gd¡`m N>§X _| ~«O^mfm _| a{MV H${dVmdbr _wŠVH$ H$mì` J«§W h¡Ÿ& {Og_| gmV H$m§S> h¢Ÿ& Bgo
Vwbgr H$s A§{V_ aMZm _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& am_ H$Wm go g§~§{YV H${dVm b§H$mH$m§S> VH$ h¡ VWm Vwbgr Ho$ {ZOr
OrdZ Ed§ VX²`wJrZ g_mO H$m {MÌU CÎmaH$m§S> _| h¡Ÿ& H${dVmdbr _| am_ Ho$ ~mb ê$n H$m {MÌU AË`§V
gw§Xa h¡Ÿ& am_-grVm Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ Adga na l¥§¥Jma ^mdZm H$m {MÌU _m{_©H$ ~Z n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& Ab§H$mam| H$m
gw§Xa à`moJ H${dVmdbr H$s {deofVm h¡Ÿ& H${dVmdbr _| {XE JE A§V:gmú` Ho$ AmYma na Vwbgr Ho$ OrdZd¥Îm H$mo OmZZo _| ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡Ÿ&
VwbgrH¥$V "d¡am½` g§{XnZr' J«§W _| B©ída d§XZm Ho$ A{V[aŠV g§V ñd^md, g§V-_{h_m Am¡a em§{V
_{h_m H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& "am_mkm àíZ' _| am_ OÝ_ go boH$a grVm Ho$ n¥Ïdr-àdoe Ho$ Am»`mZ H$mo
{deX {H$`m h¡Ÿ& "am_bbmZhN>y' H$s aMZm bmoH$JrV-gmoha N>§X _| hþB© h¡ {Og_| am_ Ho$ CndrV-g§ñH$ma H$m
dU©Z h¡Ÿ& BgH$m H$WmZH$ _w»`V: dm{ë_H$s Am¡a AÜ`mË_am_m`U na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& "nmd©Vr _§Jb' _| nmd©Vr
Ho$ {ddmhmoËgd H$m dU©Z h¡ gmW hr nmd©Vr Ho$ OÝ_, Vn Am{X H$m ^r g§{jßV {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& "H¥$îU
JrVmdbr' _| H¥$îU H$s ~mbbrbm Am¡a Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah Xem H$m dU©Z H$aZodmbo JrV h¢Ÿ& "JrVmdbr' H$mo
"am_ JrVmdbr' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg J«§W _| _mYw`© ^mdZm H$m gw§Xa Xe©Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h J«§W am_ gm{hË`
_| àmßV _Ywam ^pŠV Ho$ à{V{Z{YËd H$m CXmhaU h¡Ÿ& "Xmohmdbr' _| {d{dY {df` na {bI| Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho
h¢Ÿ& Bg_| `wJrZ n[apñW{V`m| H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡Ÿ& "~ad¡ am_m`U' _| ~ado N§X _o§ Hw$N> am_H$Wm àg§J am_Zm_, am_ào_ H$m _hmËå` d{U©V h¡Ÿ& "hZw_mZ ~mhþH$' J«§W H$s grVm-Ë`mJ Am¡a bú_U-n[aË`mJ Xmo KQ>ZmE±
Ü`mZmH$f©H$ h¢Ÿ& VwbgrXmg H$m nyam OrdZ Am¡a H$mì` gmYZm am_ Ho$ à{V g_{n©V h¡Ÿ&
4.3.3
gyaXmg ì`pŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VËd :
àñVmdZm :
gJwU H$mì`-Ymam _| H¥$îU H$mì` H$m _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& ^maVr` Y_© gmYZm _| H¥$îU H$m {dbjU
ì`pŠVËd ahm h¡Ÿ& lrH¥$îU H$mo {dîUw Ho$ AdVma Ho$ ê$n _| _mZH$a CZHo$ {d{dY {H«$`mH$bmnm| H$m dU©Z
^mJdV nwamU VWm _hm^maV _| à_wI ê$n go {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV nwamU _| lrH¥$îU H$s amgbrbm Ed§
94
~mb brbmAm| H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡Ÿ& gJwUmonmgH$ H¥$îU ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo H¥$îU H$s ~mb brbmAm|, àU`
brbmAm| VWm AÝ` _mYw`© ^md`wŠV H«$sS>mAm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V H${d O`Xod Zo _Ywa g§JrVmË_H$
nXmdbr _| "JrV-JmoqdX' Zm_H$ J«§W _| amYm-H¥$îU H$r ào_ brbmAm| H$m JmZ H$a H¥$îU H$mì` H$mo EH$
Z`r {Xem àXmZ H$sŸ& _Ü`H$mb _| H¥$îU H$mì` H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmZo H$m nyam lo` Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d`m| H$m h¡Ÿ&
BZ H${d`m§o _| gd©à_wI h¡-gyaXmgŸ& gyaXmg Ho$ A{V[aŠV AîQ>N>mn Ho$ AÝ` H${d Wo - Hw§$^ZXmg,
na_mZ§XXmg, H¥$îUXmg, N>rVñdm_r, JmoqdXñdm_r, MVw^w©OXmg Am¡a Z§XXmgŸ&
1)
OrdZ VWm ì`pŠVËd :
OrdZd¥Îm :
~mø gmú` Am¡a A§V:gmú` H$m AmYma boH$a gyaXmg H$s OrdZ Pm±H$s àñVwV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& CZHo$
OrdZ d¥Îm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE JmoHw$bZmW H¥$V "Mm¡amgr d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' VWm Zm^mXmg H¥$V "^ŠV_mb' H$mo
AmYma ~Zm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& CZH$m OrdZ d¥Îm nyU©V`m kmV Zht h¡Ÿ& CZH$m OÝ_ 1478 B© _| VWm _¥Ë`w 1583 B©. _|
_mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ&
CZHo$ OÝ_ñWmZ Ho$ g§~§Y _| ^r {ddmX h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> {dÛmZ CÝh| "grhr' _| Vmo Hw$N> "éZH$Vm' _| CËnÝZ _mZVo
h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ _mVm-{nVm, n[adma Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> ^r nVm Zht h¡Ÿ& do EH$ {ZY©Z gmañdV ~«måhU Ho$ MVwW© nwÌ WoŸ&
gyaXmg ZoÌ {dhrZ WoŸ& do OÝ_m§Y Wo `m ~mX _| A§Yo hþE Bg g§~§Y _| {ddmX h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ H$mì` _| Ñí`_mZ OJV² H$m
gyú_ Am¡a ì`mnH$ dU©Z h¡Ÿ& AV: CZH$s OÝ_m§YVm na {dídmg Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ&
gyaXmg dëb^mMm`© Ho$ {eî` Wo, nw{ï>_mJ© _| H$sV©Z H$aVo WoŸ& gyaXmg nhbo {dZ` Ho$ nX JmVo WoŸ&
dëb^mMm`© Ho$ AmXoe go H¥$îU brbm Ho$ nX JmZo bJoŸ& CÝhm|Zo bJ^J 3 df© H$s AdñWm _| lrZmW Or Ho$
_§{Xa _| H$sV©Z H$aZm Ama§^ {H$`m Wm Am¡a qOXJr Ho$ A§{V_ jU VH$ {Z`{_V ê$n go brbm JmZ _| _½Z ah|Ÿ&
AnZo 105 df© Ho$ gwXrK© OrdZ H$mb _| CÝhm|Zo bJ^J EH$ bmI nXm| H$s aMZm H$sŸ& gyaXmg Jm`H$, g§JrVk,
H$sV©ZH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ WoŸ& OÝ_OmV à{V^m, JwUrOZm| H$m ghdmg Am¡a Zr{O Aä`mg Ho$ H$maU gyaXmg
H$mo {d{^ÝZ {dÚmAm| H$m kmZ WmŸ& BZH$s »`mVr Jm`H$ Am¡a _hmË_m Ho$ ZmVo gd©Ì \¡$brŸ& g_«mQ> AH$~a,
Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg go BZH$s ^oQ> hwB© WrŸ& VwbgrXmg gya Ho$ brbm nXm| go BVZo à^m{dV hþE Wo {H$ CÝhm|Zo ~mX
_| gya H$s e¡br na ^JdmZ am_ H$s ~mb-brbmAm| H$m dU©Z {H$`mŸ&
2)
gyaXmg H$r aMZmE± :
gyaXmg Zo lr_X²^mJdV² Ho$ AmYma na H¥$îU brbm g§~§Yr AZoH$ nXm| H$s aMZm H$s Wr {OZH$s g§»`m
gdm bmI ~VmB© OmVr h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ OrdZ H$mb _| hr BVZo Ag§»` nX gmJa H$hbmZo bJo Wo Omo {H$ ~mX
_| g§J¥{hV hmoH$a "gya gmJa' H$hbmZo bJoŸ& gyaXmg Ho$ Zm_ na 24 aMZmAm| H$m CëboI {_bVm h¡Ÿ& BZ_| go VrZ
aMZmE± àH$m{eV hþB© h¢ - gm{hË`bhar, gyagmamdbr, Am¡a gyagmJaŸ& CZH$s EH$ _mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡ "gyagmJa'Ÿ&
95
"gyagmamdbr' _| 1103 nX h¡Ÿ& Bgo gyagmJa H$m gma AWdm AZwH«$_{UH$m _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s
àm_m{UH$Vm {ddmXmñnX h¡Ÿ& "gm{hË`bhar' 118 nXm| H$s N>moQ>r aMZm h¡Ÿ& Bgo gyagmJa H$m A§e _mZm OmVm
h¡Ÿ& `h ar{V J«§W h¡Ÿ& Bg_| Zm{`H$m-^oX Am¡a ag-dU©Z h¡Ÿ&
gyagmJa :
"gyagmJa' gyaXmg H$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡Ÿ& `h J«§W ^mJdV H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bIm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N>
{dÛmZ "gyagmJa' H$mo ^JdmZ H$m AZwdmX _mZVo h¡§Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh C{MV Zht h¡Ÿ& ^mJdV Ho$ H¥$îU epŠV Ho$
àVrH$ h¡Ÿ& gya Ho$ H¥$îU BZ JwUm| Ho$ gmW-gmW ào_ Am¡a gm¢X`© H$s n«{V_y{V© h¢Ÿ& Bg J«§W _| brbm dU©Z
h¡Ÿ& Bg J«§W Ho$ gìdm bmI nXm| _o§ go Ho$db 5000 nX AmO CnbãY h¡Ÿ& "gyagmJa' H¥$îU^[ŠV gm{hË` H$m
Jm¡ad J«§W h¡Ÿ&
^mdnj :
"gyagmJa' _| H¥$îUbrbm Ho$ nX h¢Ÿ& gya Zo g»` ^pŠV H$mo àYmZVm Xr h¡Ÿ& gyaXmg Ho$ gIm ^md _| `h
{deofVm h¡ {H$ Cg_| EH$ Amoa _Zmod¡km{ZH$ ê$n go _mZdr` g§~§Ym| H$m {Zdm©h {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a ^mdmË_H$ H$s
AZw^y{V ^r H$s JB© h¡Ÿ& g_ñV gyagmJa H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo na H¥$îU H$m M[aÌ h_mao gm_Zo BZ ê$nm| _| AmVm h¡Ÿ&
i)
AË`§V _wIa ~mbH$ Ho$ ê$n _|Ÿ&
ii)
M§Mb {H$emoa Ho$ ê$n _|Ÿ&
iii)
{H$emoa ào_r Ho$ ê$n _|Ÿ&
iv)
H«$rS>m H$m¡VwH$ {à` gIm Ho$ ê$n _|Ÿ&
v)
VéU Zm`H$ Ho$ ê$n _|Ÿ&
vi)
A{V àmH¥$V Abm¡{H$H$ gÎmm Ho$ ê$n _| Omo ^ŠVm| H$s ajm H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
BgàH$ma gya Zo H¥$îU H$m M[aÌ {d{dY Iy{~`m| go A§{H$V {H$`m h¡ Am¡a Bg_| CÝh| g\$bVm ^r àmßV
hþB© h¡Ÿ& gya H$s amYm ^r qhXr gm{hË` H$mo àmßV EH$ A_yë` XoZ h¡Ÿ& dh H¥$îU H$s nËZr gÑí` hr h¡ Am¡a
Cgo gya H$s AnZr XoZ hr g_PZm Mm{hEŸ&
gya Ho$ nXm| H$mo nm±M ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& - {dZ` Ho$ nX, ~mbbrbm Ho$ nX, gm¢X`©dU©Z g§~Yr nX, _wabr {df`H$ nX Am¡a ^«_aJrVŸ& BZ_| go {dZ` Ho$ nX Vmo ^pŠV-^mdZm go g§~§[YV h§¡
Vmo Cd©[aV H¥$îUbrbm go g§~§[YV h¢Ÿ& gya H$m ~mbdU©Z {dídgm{hË` _| AZyR>m H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& dmËgë` dU©Z
_| gyaXmg qhXr gm{hË` _| AX²{dVr` h¡Ÿ& ~mbH$ H¥$îU H$s EH$-EH$ H«$s‹S>m Am¡a _mVm `emoXm Ho$ öX` Ho$
EH$-EH$ _Zmo^md H$m gyú_ {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& bJVm h¡, gyaXmg dmËgë` ag H$m H$moZm-H$moZm Pm±H$ AmE
WoŸ& Bg{bE H$hm OmVm h¡ "gya hr dmËgë` h¡ Am¡a dmËgë` hr gya h¡Ÿ&'
96
gyagmJa _| l¥Jm§a Ho$ XmoZm| nj g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ H$m ì`mnH$ dU©Z {_bVm h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU-Jmo{n`m°§, H¥$îUamYm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go l¥§Jma dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& "^«_a JrV' gyagmJa H$m AË`{YH$ _m{_©H$ nj h¡Ÿ& BgH$m _w»`
{df` Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah ^mdZm h¡Ÿ& ^«_a JrV nXmdbr _| {dah gmJa C_‹S> gm CR>m h¡ VWm Cg_| H$ënZm
Ed§ ^mdwH$Vm H$m ghO gm_§Oñ` h¡Ÿ&
gya Zo gyagmJa _| àH¥${V {MÌU H$s {d{dY àUm{b`m| H$mo AnZmVo hþE àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m| H$m _Zmohmar
dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gya Zo àH¥${V H$m dU©Z BZ ê$nm| _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ- àH¥${V H$m {df`mË_H$ {MÌU, Ab§H¥$V {MÌU
H$mo_b Am¡a ^`§H$a ê$n àH¥${V _mZd {H«$`m-H$bmn H$s n¥ð>^y{_, Ab§H$mam| Ho$ ê$n _| àmH¥${VH$ Ñí`m| H$m
à`moJŸ& gyagmJa _| lrH¥$îU Ho$ e¡ed go boH$a {H$emoa AdñWm VH$ Ho$ Ag§»` ê$n {MÌ h¡ {OZ_| H${d
H$s ^mdZm, H$ënZm, H$bm-Hw$ebVm Am¡a e¡br H$s M_ËH$m[aVm EH$ gmW ì`ŠV hþB© h¡Ÿ&
H$bmnj :
gyaH$mì` H$m ^mdnj Ho$ gmW gmW H$bmnj g_¥Õ h¡Ÿ& gyaXmg Ho$ nX Jr{VH$mì` Ho$ CËH¥$îQ> CXmhaU
h¢Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfm gm{hpË`H$ ~«O^mfm h¡Ÿ& ^mfm n[a_m{O©V, g_¥Õ Am¡a àm¡T> h¡Ÿ& ì`mH$aU Ho$ Xmof hmoVo hwE
^r ^mfm àdh_mZ h¡Ÿ& ~«O^mfm Ho$ gmW gmW g§ñH¥$V, amOñWmZr, JwOamVr, n§Om~r Am{X ^mfm Ho$ eãXm|
H$m à`moJ {_bVm h¡Ÿ& _whmda|, H$hmdVm| H$m à`moJ ñdm^m{dH$ ar{V go hþAm h¡Ÿ& eãXM`Z, ^md_`Vm,
{MÌmË_H$Vm, ghOVm, gabVm, gOrdVm, _YwaVm Am{X gya H$s ^mfm H$s {deofVmE± h¢Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfm
_mYw`©_`r h¡Ÿ&
gya Ab§H$ma ì`§OZm _| g\$b aho h¢ CZH$s CpŠV`m| _| Cn_m ê$nH$, AZwàmg, `_H$, íbof, CËàojm,
dH«$mopŠV Am[X Ab§H$ma {XImB© nS>Vo h¡§Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfm _| bmj{UH$Vm Ed§ ÜdÝ`mË_H$Vm ^r Xe©Zr` h¡Ÿ&
gyagmJa _| Xmohm, Mm¡nmB©, amobm, Jr{V, bmdZr, YZmjar, gd¡`m Am{X N§X ^r Ñ{ï>JmoMa> hmoVo h¢Ÿ& gyaH$mì`
_| amJ-amJ{Z`m| H$m gw§Xa g_mdoe hþAm h¡Ÿ&
gya H$mì` Ho$ ^mdnj Am¡a H$mbmnj na {dMma H$aZo Ho$ ~mX h_ Bg {ZîH$f© na AmVo h¢ {H$ "gya
H$s H${dVm, H${dVm Zht öX` H$s P§H$ma h¡Ÿ&'
4.4
ñd`§-AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
àíZ
1
1)
VwbgrXmg ................ ^pŠVYmam Ho$ à_wI H${d h¢Ÿ&
A) {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| _| {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IEŸ&
H$) {ed
2)
I) H¥$îU
J) JUoe
K) am_
VwbgrXmg H$m OrdZH$mb .................... h¡Ÿ&
H$)
1532-1623
B©.
I)
1530-1620
B©.
J)
1500-1580
B©.
K)
1550-1628
B©.
97
~r.E.^mJ 3 / qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg / 7
3)
...................... gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ ñWmZ h¡Ÿ&
H$) nmagm¡br
4)
I) _hm^maV
J) Cn{ZfX
K) nwamU
I) Xg
J) Am‹R>
K) ~mah
I) hmñ` ^md
J) g»` ^md
K) H$m§Vm^md
I) Z§XXmg
J) {dÇ>bZmW
K) dëb^mMm`©
{dZ`-n{ÌH$m J«§W H$m àYmZ ag .................... h¡Ÿ&
H$) l¥§Jma
10)
K) AdYr
nw{ï> _mJ© Ho$ .................. àdV©H$ h¢Ÿ&
H$) JmoHw$bZmW
9)
J) _mJYr
gyaXmg H$s ^pŠV ................ àH$ma H$s h¡Ÿ&
H$) _mYw`© ^md
8)
I) nmH¥$V
Aï>N>mn H|$ H${d`m| H$s g§»`m ............ h¡Ÿ&
H$) AR>mah
7)
K) gmoamoo
.................... am_M[aV_mZg H$m AmYma J«§W h¡Ÿ&
H$) am_m`U
6)
J) _Jha
am_M[aV_mZg H$s aMZm .................... ^mfm _| hþB© h¡Ÿ&
H$) g§ñH¥$V
5)
I) grhr
I) em§V
J) dmËgë`
K) AX^wV
l¥Jm§a Am¡a dmËgë` ag H$m g_«mQ> .................. H${d H$mo H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
H$) gyaXmg
I) VwbgrXmg
J) Z§XXmg
Am) {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IEŸ&
1)
gyaXmg Ho$ Jwé H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?
2)
gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ñWmZ H$m¡Z gm h¡ ?
3)
gyaXmg H$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm H$m¡Zgr h¡ ?
4)
gyaXmg {H$g _§{Xa _| H$sV©Z H$aVo Wo ?
5)
gyagmJa H$m AmYma J«§W H$m¡Zgm h¡ ?
6)
VwbgrXmg Ho$ Jwé H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm ?
7)
Vwbgr Ho$ gm[hË` _| H$m¡Zgr ^mdZm àYmZ h¡ ?
8)
Vwbgr Ho$ nËZr H$m Zm_ Š`m h¡ ?
98
K) Ho$edXmg
4.5
9)
am_M[aV_mZg _| {H$VZo H$m§S> h¢ ?
10)
{dZ` n{ÌH$m H$s ^mfm H$m¡Zgr h¡ ?
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
D$n{O - n¡Xm hþB©
dm_Z - gyú_, N>moQ>m
nw{ï> - nmofU
H$m§Vm - nËZr
AZwJ«h - H¥$nm
ApñW - h{È>`m
H$m§S> - ^mJ
nmVH$s - nmnr
gyag[a> - J§Jm ZXr
^d - ^dgmJa
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
àíZ
1
A)
1)
am_
2) 1532-1623
9)
4)
AdYr
5)
am_m`U
10)
AmR>
7)
_mYw`© ^md
8)
dëb^mMm`©
11)
em§V
B©
grhr
Am)
1)
gyaXmg Ho$ Jwé H$m Zm_ dëb^mMm`© WmŸ&
2)
gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ ñWmZ grhr h¡Ÿ&
3)
"gyagmJa' gyaXmg H$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡Ÿ&
4)
gyaXmg lrZmW Or Ho$ _§{Xa _| H$sV©Z H$aVo WoŸ&
5)
gyagmJa H$m AmYma J«§W ^mJdV h¡Ÿ&
6)
VwbgrXmg Ho$ Jwé H$m Zm_ ~m~m Zah[aXmg h¡Ÿ&
7)
Vwbgr Ho$ gm{hË` _| "g_Ýd`' H$s ^mdZm àYmZ h¡Ÿ&
8)
Vwbgr Ho$ nËZr H$m Zm_ "aËZmdbr' WmŸ&
9)
am_M[aV_mZg _| gmV H$m§S> h¡Ÿ&
10)
{dZ` n{ÌH$m H$s ^mfm ~«O h¡Ÿ&
99
12)
gyaXmg
4.7
gmam§e :
1) gJwU ^pŠVH$mì` _| B©ída Ho$ gJwU gmH$ma Am¡a AdVmar ê$n H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
2) am_^pŠV emIm Ho$ VwbgrXmg gd©loð> H${d ah|Ÿ&
3) Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg Zo g_ñV {damoYm| _| gm_§Oñ` àñWm{nV {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo g_mO _|, Y_© _|,
AmMma-ì`dhma _|, ^pŠV ^mdZm _| \¡$br AZoH$ {df_VmAm| H$mo Xya H$a CZ_| g_Ýd` bmZo H$m AX²^wV
à`mg {H$`m Am¡a Cg_| g\$b ^r hwEŸ& Vwbgr bmoH$Zm`H$ WoŸ&
4) gyaXmg H¥$îU^{ŠV emIm Ho$ gd©loð> H${d ah|Ÿ&
5) Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d`m| _| gyaXmg H$m ñWmZ gdm}n[a ahmŸ&
6) "gyaXmg' l¥§Jma Am¡a dmËgë` ag Ho$ g_«mQ> _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
7) gJwU ^ŠV H${d`m| Zo {ZJw©U ^pŠV emIm H$s Cnojm Zht H$sŸ&
4.8 ñdmÜ`m` :
1) gJwU ^pŠV H$mì` H$s {deofVmE± ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
2) gyaXmg Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
3) VwbgrXmg Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ gm{hË` H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
4) am_M[aV_mZg H$s {deofVmE± ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
5) gyagmJa H$m ^mdnj Am¡a H$bmnj {deX H$s{OEŸ&
4.9 joÌr` H$m`© :
1) gJwU ^pŠV emIm Ho$ VwbgrXmg, gyaXmg, Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d`m| Ho$ à{gÕ nXm| H$m g§J«h
H$s{OEŸ&
2) _amR>r Ho$ am_ Am¡a H¥$îU gm{hË` H$m VwbgrXmg Am¡a gyaXmg Ho$ nXm| H$m gmW gmW AÜ``Z
H$s{OEŸ&
4.10 A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
1) qhXr gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m - S>m°. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr
2) qhXr gm{hË` H$m d¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg - S>m°. JUn{VM§Ð JwßV
3) qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg - S>m°. ZJoÝÐ
4) qhXr gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg - Am. am_M§Ð ewŠb
5) qhXr gm{hË` `wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm`m§ - S>m°. {edHw$_ma e_m©
100