Sociology : Social Problems in India Paper No. IV

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(Social Problems in India)
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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
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{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)
Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.
(ii)
gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 1
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
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1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z : AW© d ñdê$n
1.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m EH$ g§H$ënZm
1.3.3 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo
1.3.4 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§~m~VMo g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moU : _wë` g§Kf© ÑîQ>rH$moU d
à_mUH$ewÝ` ÑîQ>rH$moU
1.4 gmam§e
1.5 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmRr àíZ
1.7 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
àËòH$ g_mOmcm Amnco ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$amdr cmJVo. `mgmR>r
g_mOmV EH$ ì`dñWm H$m`©aV AgVo. nU H$mhr doim hr g_mOì`dñWm Amnë`m C{ÔîQ>mZwgma H$m`©
H$aV Zmhr. Ë`mcm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUVmV. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>ZmnmgyZ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr EH$ Aer gm_m{OH$ AdñWm
Amho H$s {OMm g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` cmoH$m§À`mda à^md nS>Vmo. `m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV ~Xc Ho$cmM
nm{hOo Aer {dMmaYmam Ë`m g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mr AgVo. H$m§hrdoim AmnU ì`{ŠVJV g_ñ`m d
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m EH$M AmhoV Ago g_OVmo, nU ì`{ŠVJV g_ñ`m Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
`m_Üò \$aH$ Amho. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§_wio g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ g§H$Q>_` Pmcoco AgVo.
åhUyZM g_mOmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Aer n[apñWVr qH$dm AdñWm YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVo. g_mOemñÌk d AnamY
emñÌkm§Zr Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ì`mnH$ à_mUmV AÜ``Z Ho$co Amho. g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Aem
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m H$maUm§Mm d g_mOmda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_m§Mm gImoc Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mda
1
Cnm``moOZm gwMdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. AmnU `m àH$aUmV gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo H$m`?
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n H$go AgVo? gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo H$moUVr AmhoV? Am{U gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m§~m~VMo g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moU H$m` AmhoV? `m ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr Aer n[apñWVr qH$dm AdñWm Amho H$s, {OMm g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»`
cmoH$m§da à^md nS>Vmo. BVHo$M Zìho Va Aem AdñWo_wio g_mOmMr H$m`©àUmcrhr à^m{dV hmoVo.
ì`ŠVrJV g_ñ`m§nojm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m doJù`m AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§_wio g_mOmVrc
~hþg§»` cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ g§H$Q>_` hmoV AgVo. åhUyZM g_mOmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Aer n[apñWVr qH$dm
AdñWm YmoH$mXm`H$ AgVo. g_mOemñÌk d AnamY emñÌkm§Zr Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ì`mnH$
à_mUmV AÜ``Z Ho$co Amho. `m àH$aUmV gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo H$m`? VgoM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo
ñdê$n, H$maUo Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§~m~VMo g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moZ BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg
H$aUma AmhmoV.
1.2 C{ÔîQ>o
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMm AW© g_OyZ KoUo.
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoUo.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$aVm òB©c
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo g_Oy eH$Vrc.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§~m~VMo g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moU g_OVrc
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§~m~VMm _wë` g§Kf© Am{U à_mUH$ewÝ` ÑîQ>rH$moU g_OyZ KoUo.
1.3 Aä`mg{df`mMr _m§S>Ur
amoO gH$mir dV©_mZnÌ dmMm`cm gwédmV Ho$cr H$s _w»` ~mVå`m gmoSy>Z H$moUË`m ~mVå`m Vw_À`m
dmMZmV òVmV? IyZ XamoS>m, XheVdmXr H¥$Ëò, H$a~wS>ì`mcm Ho$cocr AQ>H$, eoVH$è`m§Mr AmË_hÎ`m,
_ÚnmZ d _ÚnrV Pmcocr dmT>, hþ§S>m~ir, ~cmËH$ma `m Am{U Aem Ag§»` ~mVå`m Vw_Mo cj doYyZ
KoVmV Am{U dV©_mZnÌ dmMyZ g§ndVm g§ndVm Amncm g_mO gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§nmgyZ _wŠV Zmhr `mMr
OmUrd Vwåhmcm hmoVo. AWm©V òWo Z_yX Ho$coë`m g_ñ`m `m Ho$di CXm. åhUyZ {Xë`m AmhoV. Aem
Ag§»` g_ñ`m§Mr dmñVdVm g_mOmV Amnë`mcm AmT>iVo. CXm. XheVdmX, ñÌr^¥UhË`m,
gm§àXm{`H$Vm d qhgmMma, {ñÌ`m§{déÕMm qhgmMma, ^«îQ>mMma B. Agm EH$hr {Xdg OmV Zmhr H$s,
Á`m {Xder `m g_ñ`m§~m~V VgoM g_mOmVrc Ë`m§À`m dmñVdVo~m~V AmnUmg EoH$m`cm {_iV Zmhr.
`m g_ñ`m Ho$di {dH$gZerc Aem Am{e`mB© XoemVM AmT>iV ZmhrV Va àJV Aem nmpíM_mË`
2
amîQ´>mV XoIrc {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌkm§Zr `m g_ñ`m§À`m
H$maUm§Mm d g_mOmdarc Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_m§Mm nÕVeranUo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. `m
Aä`mgmVyZ Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§da {Z`§ÌU KmcÊ`mgmR>r Cnm` gwM{dÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
Pmcm Amho. Am°JñQ> H$m°åVÀ`m {dMmamVyZ g_mOemñÌkmMm CX` Pmë`mnmgyZ Vo AmOVmJm`V
g_mOemñÌkm§Mo ho H$m_ Aì`mhVnUo gwê$ Amho. åhUyZM g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moUm§Mm Aä`mg
H$amd`mMm Amho.
1.3.1 gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z : AW© d ñdê$n
àËòH$ g_mOmcm Amnco ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$amdr cmJVo. `mgmR>r
g_mO aMZoVrc AZoH$ KQ>H$ {ZYm©[aV C{ÔîQ>mZwgma H$m`© H$aV AgVmV. `mcmM gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z
åhUVmV. nU g_mOmV H$mhrdoim ho KQ>H$ H$m`©aV ZgVmV qH$dm {ZYm©[aV C{ÔîQ>mZwgma H$m`© H$aV
ZmhrV. Aem n[apñWVrcm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUVmV. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m
{déÕ à{H«$`m Amho. Ë`m_wio AmnU òWo àW_ gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z åhUOo H$m` Vo nmhÿ `m.
gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z åhUOo g_mOmVrc EH$ Aer à{H«$`m H$s, Or g_mOmV gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aVo.
Á`mdoir g_mOmVrc gd© KQ>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ à{V_mZmZwgma H$m`© H$aV AgVmV, Ë`mcm gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z
åhUVmV. AmnU òWo OrdemñÌmVrc EH$ gmYo CXmhaU nmhÿ `m. _mZdr eara ho EH$ àH$maMo g§KQ>Z
Amho. _mZdr earam_Üò AZoH$ Ad`d AgVmV. àËòH$ Ad`dmMo H$m`© R>acoco AgVo. ho gd© Ad`d
Amnco H$m`© {ZYm©[aV C{ÔîQ>mZwgma nyU© H$aVmV Ë`mcm g§KQ>Z åhUVmV. nU àËòH$ doir Ago KS>ocM
Ago Zmhr. EImÚmdoir earamMm EImXm Ad`d Amnco H$m`© H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© R>aVmo. Ë`mdoir earamMo
g§VycZ {~KS>V.o Ë`mcm emar[aH$ {dKQ>Z åhUVmV. _mZdr g_mOmVgwÕm Ago gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z AgVo.
~è`mMdoiocm gm_m{OH$ g§VycZ {~KS>Vo Ë`mcm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUVmV. ì`ŠVr, g_yh, g§ñWm d
g_wXm` ho g_mOmMo Ad`d AmhoV. `m§Mo H$m`© R>acoco AgVo, nU ~XcË`m H$mimZwgma Am{U doioZwgma
`mVrc H$m§hr Ad`d åhUOoM KQ>H$ H$m`©aV ZgVmV qH$dm {ZYm©[aV C{ÔîQ>mZwgma H$m`© H$aV ZmhrV
Aem n[apñWVrcm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUVmV.
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmÀ`m ì`m»`m :
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmÀ`m g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$coë`m {d{dY ì`m»`m nmhÿ `m.
1. ""gm_m{OH$ g_whmÀ`m gXñ`m§darc ì`ŠVrJV dV©Zmdarc ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m {Z`_m§Mm
à^md H$_r hmoUo åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmo`.'' S>ãë`y Am` Wm°_g Am{U âcmo[aZ PoZoH$s. (Social
disorganization as "a decrease of the influence of existing rule of behaviour upon
individual members of the groups." W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki)
3
2. ""gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z Aemdoir {Z_m©U hmoVo Á`mdoir g_mOmVrc eŠVt_Yrc g§VwcZm§_Üò
n[adV©Z KSy>Z òVo Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§aMZo_Üò {~KmS> {Z_m©U hmoVmo.'' B{c`Q> Am{U _o[ac. ("Social
disorganization occurs when there is a change in the equilibrium forces and a
breaking down of the social structure." Elliot and Meril – 'Social disorganization')
3. ""gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo ì`ŠVtZm {Z`§ÌrV H$aUmè`m Amdí`H$ Aem gm§ñH¥$VrH$
{Z`_m§Mm ^§J hmo`.'' Ama. gr. \w$ëca, "g_mOemñÌmMr VÎdo'. ("Social Disorganization may
be thought of a breaking down of the cultural compulsives in their hold on the
individual." R. C. Fuller – Principal of the Sociology'
4. ""Ooìhm g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$mVrc nañna g§~§YmV {~KmS> {Z_m©U hmoVmo Ë`mdoir
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z CX`mg òVo.'' Am°J~Z© Am{U {Z_H$m°\$. ("When the harmonious
relationship between the various parts of culture is disturbed, social disorganization
ensues." Ogburn & Nimkoff.")
5. ""gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo _mZdr g§~§YmÀ`m ì`dñWoVrc d `§ÌUo_Yrc {~KmS> hmo`.''
Ama. B©. Ec. \o$arg ("Social disorganization is a disturbance in the patterns and
mechanisms of human relations." – R.E.L.Fairs – 'Social Disorganization')
6. ""g§K{Q>V AgUmè`m g_mO aMZoVrc {deofH$ê$Z Ag§VycZ åhUOo {dKQ>Z hmo`.'' Ama.
Q>r. cnmào ("Disorganization points specifically to disequilibrium within the
organizational aspect of the social structure." R. T. Laptere – 'Sociology)
7. ""gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr Aer EH$ à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Vr g_yhmVrc gXñ`m§À`m g§~§Ym_Üò
Xw~©cVm {Z_m©U H$aVo.'' _moEìha ("Social disorganization is the process by which the
relationships between members of a group are shaken." Mowever 'Social
Disorganization')
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z à{H«$òÀ`m darc ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mg AmnUmg Ago {XgyZ òB©c H$s,
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ho g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMm ^§J H$aUmar EH$ gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r g_mOm_Üò gm§ñH¥$VrH$ à{V~§YmMr g§VwcrV {Z`_mdcr {Z_m©U
Ho$cocr AgVo. `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ à{V~§Ym_Üò gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zm_wio Ag§VwcZ {Z_m©U hmoVo. ho gm_m{OH$
Ag§VwcZ åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmo`.
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMo ñdê$n :
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMo ñdê$n nhmV AgVmZm Amnë`mcm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nhmdr
cmJVrc. AmnU gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nmhÿ `m.
4
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmZrH$maH$ Amho
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr hmZrH$maH$ à{H«$`m Amho. g_mOmV Á`mdoir gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z KSy>Z òVo
Ë`mdoir Ë`mMo Xwîn[aUm_ g_mOmcm ^moJmdo cmJVmV. gm_m{OH$ EH$Vm qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z ^§J
nmdë`mdaM gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z KSy>Z òVo. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zm_wio gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U
hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV AñdñWVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
hmoVo. Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar, AnamY, ^«îQ>mMma BË`mXr. g_ñ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmVyZ Pmcocr
Amho. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m øm g_mOmcm d g_mOVrc ì`ŠVtZm hmZrH$maH$ AgVmV. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>Z ho hmZrH$maH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
2. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMm AmYma n[adV©Z Amho
ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ho gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMmM EH$ n[aUm_ Amho. n[adV©Z ho
_mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY ^mJmV Zoh_r KSy>Z òV AgVo. n[adV©Z hm {ZgJm©MmM {Z`_ Amho.
n[adV©Zm_wio g_mOmV AZoH$ àH$maMo ~Xc KSy>Z òVmV. ho ~Xc àmßV n[apñWVrer {dg§JV AgVmV.
åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zm_wio gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMm ^§J hmoVmo. n[aUm_r gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z KSy>Z
òVo.
3. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo H$m`m©Mo hñVm§VaU hmoUo hmo`
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo EH$m JQ>mÀ`m H$m`m©Mo Xwgè`m JQ>mH$S>o hñVm§VaU hmoUo hmo`. g§K{Q>V
g_mO ì`dñWoV g_mO aMZoVrc {d{dY KQ>H$ AmnAmncr H$m`} ì`dpñWV[aË`m nma nmS>V AgVmV.
nU H$m§hrdoim gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m à{H«$òV H$m`m©Mo hñVm§VaU hmoVo. Ë`mcm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z
åhUVmV. CXm. nydu Hw$Qw>§~ ì`ŠVrcm Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñdmdc§~r ~ZdV Ago. AmO Vo H$m`© g_mOmVrc
BVa KQ>H$mH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo Ë`m_wio AmO Hw$Qw>§~mMo {dKQ>Z Pmcoco {XgyZ òVo.
4. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§Mo à^md{hZ hmoUo hmo`
Wm°_g Am{U âcmo[aZ PoZoH$s `m§À`m _Vo, gm_m{OH$ g_whmVrc gXñ`m§À`m ì`ŠVrJV dV©Zmdarc
A{ñVËdmV AgUmè`m {Z`_Zm§Mm à^md H$_r hmoUo åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmo`. gm_m{OH$
{Z`_Zm§Mm à^md H$_r Pmë`m_wio ì`ŠVr ñdV…cm A{YH$ ñdV§Ì _mZVo d Ho$di ñdmWm©Mm åhUOo
ñdV…MmM {dMma H$ê$ cmJVo. cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr {^Vr ahmV Zmhr. ì`ŠVr BÀN>ocm
òB©c Vgo dV©Z H$aVmV. `m_wio gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z ^§J nmdVo. CXm. Zoh_r Iao ~mocmdo, Mmoar H$ê$ Zò,
nU ì`ŠVr `mÀ`m CcQ> dV©Z H$ê$ cmJVmV. Ë`m_wio ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m {Z`_Zm§Mm à^md H$_r
hmoUo åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmo`.
5
5. gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr g§H«$_U AdñWm Amho
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr g§H$« _U AdñWm _mZcr OmVo. Á`mdoir gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z KSy>Z òVo
Ë`mdoir gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUm_Üò qH$dm H$m`©àUmcr_Üò Omo ~Xc KSy>Z òVmo Vmo àm_w»`mZo ZdrZ àUmcr
{dH$grV hmoB©n`ªVMm H$mi _mZcm OmVmo. `mcmM g§H«$_UmMm H$mcmdYr åhQ>co OmVo. gm_m{OH$
n[adV©Zm_Üò AZoH$ KQ>H$mV ~Xc KSy>Z òVmV. `m ~Xcm§Zm g_mOmV cJoM gm_mdyZ KoVco OmV Zmhr.
Ë`mgmR>r H$m§hr H$mcmdYr cmJVmo, Ë`m H$mcmdYrcm g§H$« _U åhUVmV. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr
g§H$« _UmMr AdñWm _mZcr OmVo.
6. ZrVr_wë`mVrc g§Kf© åhUOo gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hmo`
àËòH$ g_mOm_Üò ZrVr_wëò AgVmV Am{U Vr gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z {Q>H$dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV.
g_mOmV Zoh_r Oo n[adV©Z KS>V AgVo. Aem n[adV©Zm_wio g_mOmV ZdrZ H$ënZm§Mm CX` hmoV
AgVmo. ~Xccoë`m H$ënZm_Üò Or ZrVr_wëò CX`mg òVmV Ë`m§À`m_Üò d OwÝ`m ZrVr_wë`m_Üò g§Kf©
{Z_m©U hmoVmo. H$maU Vr EH$_oH$m§À`m {déÕ {dMmamMr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z ^§J hmoVo d
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMm CX` hmoVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr EH$ ~XcmMr à{H«$`m Amho. `m_wio g_mOmVrc g§KQ>Z YmoŠ`mV
òVo. gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`mMm ^§J hmoVmo. g_mOmV hm g§H$« _UmMm H$mcmdYr AgVmo. {deofV… g_mOmV Oo
ZH$mo AgUmao ~Xc KSy>Z òVmV Ë`m ~Xcmer g§~§{YV gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z hr à{H«$`m Amho.
1.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g_ñòMr g§H$ënZm (Concept of Social Problems)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g_mOmer g§~§{YV AgVmV. VgoM Ë`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m g_ñ`m åhUyZ
AmoiIë`m OmVmV. ""g_mO åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo Omio hmo`.'' ho Vwåhr OmUVmM. Hw$Qw>§~,
{ddmh, Y_© B. gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Ûmao ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y ì`dpñWV[aË`m g§K{Q>V Ho$coco AgVmV.
åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m g_ñ`m åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g_mOmVrc EImÚm ì`ŠVrer qH$dm g_mOmVrc H$mhr WmoS>çm cmoH$m§er
g§~§{YV ZgVmV, Va g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` cmoH$m§Zm qH$dm g_mOmVrc EH$m _moR>çm cmoH$g§»`m
{d^mJmcm Aem g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo. na§Vw Ë`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AgVmV. EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo
Ho$cocr AmË_hË`m hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUVm òUma Zmhr. na§Vw Ooìhm g_mOmVrc cjdoYr g§»òZo
cmoH$ AmË_hËòMm _mJ© pñdH$maVmV Voìhm AmË_hË`m hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ~ZVo. AemàH$mao Ooìhm
EImXm eoVH$ar AmË_hË`m H$aVmo Voìhm Vr ì`ŠVrJV g_ñ`m ~ZVo nU Ooìhm Ag§»` eoVH$ar CXm.
{dX^m©Vrc eoVH$ar Ooìhm AmË_hÎ`m H$aVmV Voìhm Vr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ~ZVo.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hm g_mOmg_moarc EH$ AS>WimM AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñò_wio g_mOmV
VmU-VUmd {Z_m©U hmoVmV VgoM gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV Xwamdm {Z_m©U hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hm g_mO
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{dKQ>ZmMm CJ_ñÌmoV ~ZVmo. åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmMr pñWVr {Z_m©U
H$aVmV. n[aUm_r g_m{OH$ g_ñ`m _mZcr OmUmar n[apñWVr hr ì`mYremñÌr` n[apñWVr AgVo.
AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m gm_m{OH$ ì`mYremñÌmÀ`m ì`mßVrV g_m{dîQ> hmoVmV. VgoM Ë`m
gm_m{OH$ EH$OrZgrnUmda Am{U g§K{Q>V g§~§Ymda AmKmV H$aVmV. Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m gm_m{OH$
g§~§YmVrc {dKQ>ZmMo d VmUm§Mo CJ_ñWmZ ~ZVmV. BVHo$M Zìho Va ì`ŠVr Am{U g_wXm`mVrc
{dKQ>ZmMo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m _yi H$maU R>aVmV.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr Aer n[apñWVr AgVo H$s, Or ñdV…H$S>o VmËH$mi cj doYyZ KoVo.
g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Aer n[apñWVr Adm§ÀN>Zr` _mZcr Joë`mZo Ë`m{déÕ VmËH$mi
Cnm``moOZm H$ê$Z g_mOmcm nyd©dV pñWVr ~hmc Ho$cr nm{hOo, Aer ~hþg§»` g_mOgXñ`m§Mr YmaUm
~ZVo. Ago Agco Var AmnU ho cjmV KoVco nm{hOo H$s, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m _mZcr OmUmar n[apñWVr
H$minaËdo ~XcV AgVo. VgoM Vr g_mO gXñ`m§À`m _ycì`dñWoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. CXm. àmMrZ
H$mir ^maVr` g_mOmV gVr nÕVr AJa {ñÌ`m§da cmXcocr d¡Yì` AdñWm hr g_ñ`m _mZcr OmV
ZìhVr nU AmO `m XmoÝhr ~m~r g_ñ`m _mZë`m OmVmV. AemàH$mao gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr g§H$ënZm
àM{cV _wë`ì`dñWoda Adc§~yZ AgVo. AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m H$mhr
{dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m§Mm AmT>mdm KoD$. Á`m_wio hr g§H$ënZm AmnUmg A{YH$ `mo½`[aË`m
g_OyZ KoVm òB©c.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñòÀ`m ì`m»`m (Definations of Social Problems)
1. S>ãë`y. dm°coH$ drìha
""gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUOo Aer H$moUVrhr pñWVr H$s Or EImXr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mV VmUVUmd, g§Kf© qH$dm {Zamem Am{U AS>Wim {Z_m©U H$aVo.''
(A social problem means any condition that causes strain, tension, conflict or
frustation and interfers with the fulfilment of a need – W. Wallace Weaver)
2. [aZhmQ>©
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr Aer n[apñWVr Amho H$s, Or g_mOmVrc EImXm g_yh AJa cmoH$
{d^mJmg ŠcoeXm`H$ AJa KmVH$ n[aUm_ H$aUmar dmQ>Vo Am{U {Vcm gm_wXm{`H$[aË`m hmVmimdo
cmJVo.
("A social problem is a situation confronting a group or a section of society
which inflicts injurious consequesces that can be handled only collectively") –
Reinhardt
3. _Q>©Z d {Zñ~oQ>
EImÚm g_mOmVrc cjUr` g§»òÀ`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmVrc {~KmS> qH$dm nj^«îQ>Vm
H$s, Or Ë`m g_mOmVrc BVa AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm J§^ra n[aUm_ ^moJmd`mg cmdVo {Vcm gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m åhUVmV.
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"Social Problem means Breakdowns ordeviations is social behaviour involving
a considerable number of people which are serious concern to many members of
the society in which the aberrations occur". Merton and Nisbet)
4. g°å`wAc H$moBªJ
""gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr cjUr` cmoH$m§da n[aUm_ H$aUmar Aer n[apñWVr Amho H$s, {Ocm
Adm§ÀN>Zr` g_Oco OmVo Am{U {OÀ`m {déÕ gm_w{hH$ gm_m{OH$ H¥$VrÛmao H$mhr Var H$aVm òB©c Ago
dmQ>Vo.
(Social problem is a condition affecting a significant number of people
considered undersioable and about which it is fest something can be done through
collective social action – Samuel Koening)
5. H$ma
Ooìhm AmnU EImÚm AS>MUr{df`r OmJ¥V hmoVmo VgoM Amncr ng§Vr d dmñVdVm `m_Üò A§Va
nS>Vo Voìhm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ApñVËdmV òVo.
(A social problems exists whenever we become conscious of a difficulty a gap
between our preferences and reality" – Carr)
6. nm°c c°pÝS>g
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Aem H$ë`mU{df`H$ AmH$m§jm AmhoV H$s, Á`m§Mr nyV©Vm hmoD$
eH$V Zmhr.
(Social problems are men's unfulfilled aspirations for welfare – Paul Landis)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m darc ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmVm AmnU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m
_hÎdmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm AmT>mdm KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$. am_ AmhþOm `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m§Mr _hÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ç-o
1) gd© gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g_mOmda Anm`H$maH$ n[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m n[apñWVr AgVmV.
2) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m AmXe© n[apñWVrnmgyZ {dM{cV Pmcoë`m AgVmV.
3) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m CJ_m_mJo H$mhr g_mZ AmYma AgVmV.
4) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ì`mYremñÌr` gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrVyZ CËnÝZ hmoVmV.
5) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m n[apñWVr nañna g§~§{YV AgVmV.
6) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gd© _mZd g_mOmV AmT>iVmV.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n (Nature of Social Problems)
1) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g_mOnaËdo ~XcVmV
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gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g_mOgmnoj AgVmV VgoM Ë`m g_mOmZwgma ~XcVmV. EImÚm g_mOmV
Or n[apñWVr qH$dm dV©Z A`mo½`, A{hVH$maH$ d g_mO{dKmVH$ _mZco OmVo Vo Xwgè`m g_mOmV Vgo
_mZco OmVoM Ago Zmhr, Va H$mhr doim Vo g_mOg§_V dV©Z _mZco OmVo.
CXm. _ÚgodZ AJa V§~mIy ImUo Amamo½`mcm Anm`H$maH$ Agco Var H$mhr amîQ´>m§_Üò Vo
g_mOg§_V _mZco OmVo. Aemdoir VoWo hr g_ñ`mM ~ZV Zmhr. nU Ooìhm g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` cmoH$
`m ~m~tZm {dKmVH$ _mZy cmJVrc Voìhm Vr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ~ZVo.
2) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g§{_l AgVmV (Social Problems are complex)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_mJo AZoH$ H$maUo AgVmV. `mMm AW© gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m AZoH$ H$maUm§À`m
EH${ÌV g§`moJmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo n[aUm_hr A_`m©X AgVmV.
åhUyZM {dMmad§Vm§À`m _Vmà_mUo, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g§{_l AgVmV. CXm. Xm[aÐç ~oH$mar,
XheVdmX Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n ho gmYo ZgyZ Vo AË`§V Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVo. _mZdr earamcm
hmoUmè`m AmOmam§à_mUo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m AoZH$ H$maUm§Mm n[anmH$ AgVmV.
3) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g_mO H$ë`mUmcm AmKmV nmohMdVmV (Social Problems threaten
the well being of society)
XheVdmX, gm§àXm{`H$Vm, d§edmX Aem àH$maÀ`m g_ñ`m g_mOgXñ`m§À`m em§VVm_`
ghOrdZ{damoYr H$m`©aV AgVmV. `m g_ñ`m g_mOmVrc EH$OrZgrnUm g§nwîQ>mV AmUVmV.
gm_wXm{`H$ nmVirdê$Z ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m `m d Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m g_ñ`m g_mOmVrc em§VVm d àJVr
g§nwîQ>mV AmUVmV. n[aUm_r Aem g_ñ`m pñWa gm_m{OH$ OrdZnÕVtZm {Z_m©U Pmcocm YmoH$mM
R>aVmV.
4) g_mOg§_V AJa g_mO_mÝ` {Z`_Zm§Mo Cëc§KZ (Violation of accepted or approved
norms)
g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` cmoH$ Ooìhm g_mOg§_V AJa g_mO_mÝ` {Z`_m§Mo Cëc§KZ H$aVmV Voìhm
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. gm_m{OH$ {Z`_Zm§À`m Cëc§KZm_wio g_mOmV à_mUH$ewÝ`Vm
({Z`_Z{hZVm) {Z_m©U hmoVo.
5) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m øm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z Am{U g_mOmMr {ZH¥$îR>Vm Xe©{dVmV (Social
problems indicate social disorganization and ill health of society)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m n[ajUmÀ`m AmYmamda AmnUmg H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>ZmMr ì`mßVr g_OyZ KoVm òVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g_mOmVrc Ag_Vmoc
Am{U Ag_m`moOZmMr Vrd«Vm ñnîQ> H$aVmV. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m d gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z `m XmoÝhr ~m~r
nañnag§~§{YV Agë`m_wio Ë`m_YyZ gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zmcm EH$àH$mao MmcZmM {_iVo. gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>Z hm _mZdr g§~§Ym§Mr nÕVr Am{U `§ÌUm `m_Üò {Z_m©U Pmcocm AS>Wim AgVmo. VgoM hr EH$
9
Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Or gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$ê$Z g_mOmV g§Kf©OÝ` n[apñWVr
{Z_m©U H$aVo.
6) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ì`mYremñÌr` ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV
(Social Problems are
pathological in nature)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m ì`mYremñÌr` ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV Ago ~aoMXm åhQ>co OmVo. H$maU
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ho gm_mÝ` AJa Amamo½`Xm`r Aem gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo cjU Zìho.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Imcrc CJ_ñÌmoVm§À`m AmYmamdahr Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo.
1) ^m¡{VH$ n`m©daUmÀ`m H$mhr KQ>H$mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m.
2) cmoH$g§»òMo ñdê$n qH$dm cmoH$g§»òÀ`m {d^mJmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m.
3) H$_Hw$dV gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m g_ñ`m.
4) g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§V {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m g§Kfm©VyZ CËnÝZ Pmcoë`m g_ñ`m.
\w$ëca d _m`g© `m§À`m _Vo, {d{dY AmYmamda gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo VrZ àH$ma H$aVm òVmV.
1) ^m¡{VH$ g_ñ`m, 2) gwYmamË_H$ g_ñ`m, 3) Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m
1) ^m¡{VH$ g_ñ`m åhUOo Á`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo n`m©daUemñÌr` H$maUo O~m~Xma AgVmV.
CXm. ^yH§$n, _hmnya, XwîH$mi B.
2) gwYmamË_H$ g_ñ`m åhUOo Aem g_ñ`m H$s, Á`m§À`m {damoYr cmoH$m§H$S>o H$moUVrM
{ZpíMV Aer Cnm``moOZm AgV Zmhr. CXm. JwÝhoJmar, Xm[aÐç, ES²>g B. Ago Agco Var
Aem g_ñ`m§À`m n[aUm_m§~m~V g_mOgXñ`m§Zm OmUrd AgVo.
3) Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m : Z¡{VH$ g_ñ`m g_mO _yë`m§er g§~§{YV AgVmV. CXm. OwJma, _ÚmgŠVr
d _mXH$ nXmW© Xwén`moJ.
OJmVrc gd©M kmV _mZd g_mO Am{U Xoe H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñòcm gVV
gm_moao OmV AgVmV. BVa Xoem§nj
o m ^maVr` g_mO H$mhr {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoV Amho
H$s, Á`m Amnë`m {d{eîR> g§ñH¥$Vr d gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AmhoV. nmíMmË` amîQ´>mV
dm§{eH$ {df_Vm, dm§{eH$ X§Jcr, _mXH$ nXmWmªMr gŠVr `mgma»`m H$mhr à_wI d _hÎdnyU© gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. ^maVmVrc OmVrg§ñWoÀ`m H$m`_ñdê$nr ApñVËdm_wio AmnU Añn¥í`Vm,
OmVr`dmX AWdm OmVr` g§Kf© Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoV AmhmoV. Amnë`m ~hþ{OZgr
g_mO-ñdê$nm_wioM g§àXm`dmXmMr g_ñ`m Amnë`mg_moa C^r am{hcr Amho. Ago Agco Var dmT>Vo
OZZà_mU, ~oH$mar, Xm[aÐç, _ÚmgŠVr, g§Kf©, JwÝhoJmar, ~mcJwÝhoJmar `m OmJ{VH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m d
J§^ra Aem gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m ^maVmV _moR>çm à_mUmV AmT>iyZ òVmV.
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gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`m g_ñ`m AgVmV. VgoM Ë`m ì`ŠVr, Hw$Qw>§~, AJa
àmW{_H$ g_yh Aem g_mOmÀ`m _yc^yV KQ>H$m§da à^md nmS>V AgVmV. {edm` g_mOmVrc àmW{_H$
d Xwæ`_ g§ñWm§da à^md nmSy>Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`©àUmcrda AmKmV H$aV AgVmV.
1.3.3 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo (Causes of social problems)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m Ag§»` H$maUm§Mm n[aUm_ AgVmV. gd©gm_mÝ`nUo g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>ZmVyZ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m CJ_ nmdV AgVmV. AË`§V gmÜ`m Aem Am{Xdmgr g_mOmnmgyZ Vo
AË`§V àJV Aem nmíMmË` g_mOmV XoIrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AmT>iVmV. `mMm AW© H$moUVmhr
_mZd g_mO gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§nmgyZ _wŠV Agy eH$V Zmhr. g_ñ`m_wŠV g_mO hr EH$ AmXe© H$ënZm
AgyZ dmñVdmV Agm g_mO AmnUmcm Hw$R>ohr AmT>iV Zmhr. A_o[aHo$gma»`m nyU©nUo {dH$grV d
g§nÝZ g_mOmV gd©OU AmZ§Xr Agë`mZo g_ñ`mM ZgVrc Ago AmnUmg dmQ>Vo nU ho gË` Zmhr.
A_o[aH$Z cmoH$hr Ë`m g_mOmVrc {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoV AmhoV. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hm
gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho. {d{dY g_mOemñÌkm§Zr nwT>rc à_wI qH$dm ghOJË`m
OmUdUmar gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$maUo, {deX Ho$cr AmhoV.
1) g_mOmVrc OcX ~Xc (Rapid Changes in Society)
_mZd g_mO hm H$Yrhr pñWVrerc AgV Zmhr Va Vmo JVrerc Am{U gmVË`mZo ~XcUmam
AgVmo. CËH«$m§Vr Am{U ~Xc ho H$moUË`mhr _mZd g_mOmMo _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç AgVo. gmÜ`m g_mOmMo
H$mcm§VamZo g§{_l g_mOmV n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo Am{U n[adV©ZmÀ`m `m à{H«$òV Ag§»` gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m CËnÝZ hmoV AgVmV.
EImÚm g_mOmV Ooìhm OcX JVrZo n[adV©Z KSy>Z òVo Voìhm gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m CËnÝZ hmoVmV.
Ooìhm OcX JVrZo KS>V AgUmè`m n[adV©Zmer OwidyZ KoÊ`mV g_mOgXñ`m§Zm Anè òVo Voìhm
Ë`mVyZ {d{dY g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. CXm. Ooìhm XyaXe©ZMm EImÚm IoS>oJmdmV AJa N>moQ>çm ehamV
àW_M àdoe hmoVmo, Voìhm VoWrc cmoH$ AJa N>moQ>çm ehamV àW_M àdoe hmoVmo, Voìhm VoWrc cmoH$
H$nS>çmVrc AmYw{ZH$ e¡cr, ñQ>mB©ëg, Zd^mfm Am{U gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMo ZdrZ àH$ma d nÕVrer
n[aMrV hmoVmV. Zì`m e¡crà_mUo Amnë`m H$nS>çmV, ^mfoV Am{U dV©ZmV ~Xc H$amd`mMm H$s OwÝ`m
na§namJV d¡{eîQ>çm§ZmM {MH$Qy>Z ahmd`mMo `m~m~V cmoH$m§_Üò g§^«_mMr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
Aemdoir {H$ËòH$Xm OwÝ`m d Zì`m {nT>rV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmodyZ {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm CX` hmoVmo.
_°H$Am`ìha d noO `m§À`m _Vo gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z nwT>rc nmM KQ>H$m§_wio KSy>Z òVo. 1)
_mZgemñÌr`, 2) OrdemñÌr`, 3) ^m¡{VH$, 4) V§ÌkmZmË_H$, 5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ `m nmM KQ>H$m§À`m_wio
g_mOmV gVV n[adV©Z KSy>Z òV AgVo. Ooìhm `m KQ>H$m§H$Sy>Z g_mOmV n[adV©Z KSy>Z AmUco OmVo
Voìhm Voìhm g_mOmVrc g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m `§ÌUocm Ë`m n[adV©Zmer d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U
Pmcoë`m Zì`m n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYmdo cmJVo. na§Vw `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m AJa AZoH$
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KQ>H$m§_wio g_mOmV OcX JVrZo n[adV©Z KSy>Z Amco Va Ë`m_wio g_mOmV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoVo AJa
KSy>Z Amcoë`m n[adV©Zmer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mV Anè òVo. Aem n[apñWVrV g_mOgXñ`m§À`m
dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr j_Vm H$_r hmoV OmVo Am{U `mVyZ g_mOmV gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m d gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z {Z_m©U hmoVo.
AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrc Ag§»` cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z Y_m©À`m _yc^yV {Z`_m§{df`r Am{U na§namJV[aË`m
Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoH$Sy>Z nma nmS>ë`m OmUmè`m H$m`m©{df`r Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m AmXem©~m~V gmVË`mZo àíZ CnpñWV
Ho$co OmV AmhoV. H$mhr n[adV©Zo AË`§V g§W JVrZo KSy>Z òV AgVmV. Aemdoir _mZdr dV©Zmda
{Z`§ÌU R>odUmè`m Am{U dV©Zmcm AmH$ma XoUmè`m eŠVr EH$Va jrU hmoVmV qH$dm cwßV hmoVmV.
n[aUm_r g_ñ`m Am{U {dKQ>ZmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. ~Q>mªS> agoc `m à{gÕ VÎddoË`mÀ`m _Zmà_mUo
gÎmm{YîR>rV g§ñWmVrc {_iVo OwiVo KoÊ`mÀ`m g_VoÀ`m A^mdm_wio gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zmcm MmcZm
{_iVo.
2) A{Z`mo{OV ^m§S>dcXma (Unplanned Capitalism)
àmo. H$mc© _°Z{h_ (Prof. Karl Mannheim) `m§À`m_Vo, gÜ`mÀ`m `wJmVrc gm_m{OH$
{dKQ>Zmcm A{Z`mo{OV ^m§S>dcXma d _wŠV AW©ì`dñWm YmoaUM O~m~Xma Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr
Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV nmíMmÎ` amîQ´>m§V Ag§»` g_ñ`m CËnÝZ Pmë`m AmhoV. CXm. PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm,
H$m_Jmam§Mr {nidUyH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf©, doí`mì`dgm` Am{U H$a_UwH$sMo ì`mnmarH$aU, JwÝhoJmar
àd¥Îmr B. J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOmV A{YH$ à_mUmV AmT>iyZ òVmV.
_°Z{h_ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m "Man and Society is an age Reconstruction" (1940) `m nwñVH$mV
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mMr BVahr H$maUo _m§S>cr AmhoV. cmoH$emhrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV Pmcoë`m dmT>r_wio
JVH$mimV O_rZXma d {e{jV loîR>rOZm§À`m hmVmVrc X_ZmË_H$ ({Z`§{ÌV) cmoH$emhrMr OmJm
^mdmoËH$Q> l_Ordr gm_mÝ`m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmImcrc cmoH$emhrZo KoVcr Amho. Aem ^mdmoËH$Q> cmoH$m§À`m
{Z`§ÌUmImcrc g_mOmV AVm{H©$H$ Aem eŠVtZr amOH$s` OrdZmV àdoe Ho$cm Amho. hr n[apñWVr
AË`§V KmVH$ Amho, H$maU cmoH$emhr AVm{H©$H$ ^mdZm§À`m àH$Q>rH$aUmcm MmcZm XoV.o {H$ËòH$doim
Vwåhr XyaXe©Zda {MÌrH$aU nm{hco Agoc H$s, Á`m_Üò O_mdmH$Sy>Z gä` _mUgm§Zm nH$Sy>Z _maco
OmVo, gmd©O{ZH$ _mc_ÎmoMr ZmgYyg Ho$cr OmVo AJa Aem _mc_Îmocm AmJr cmdë`m OmVmV.
Aemdoir Ago O_md Vrd« ^md{ZH$ ~ZyZ Amnë`m ^mdZm§Zm {dKmVH$ nÕVrZo àX{e©V H$aVmV.
3) _mZgemñÌr` KQ>H$ (Psychological Factors)
nmH©$ d ~O}g `m§À`m _Vo, g§XoedhZ, g§Kf©, g_mdoeZ Am{U AZwH$aU `m _w»` à{H«$`m_wio
g_mOmcm JVrercVm àmßV hmoVo. `m ~amo~aM ho KQ>H$ AJa à{H«$`m g_mOmV Aì`dñWm Am{U
g_ñ`m§À`m {Z{_©Vrcmhr O~m~Xma R>aVmV. g_mOgXñ` Ooìhm {ZH$Q> gm{ZÜ`mV amhVmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`mV
H$m`_ñdê$nr g§àofU àñWm{nV hmoVo. Aem àH$maMo pñWa g§àofU g_mZ g_OwVXmanUm AgVmo Voìhm
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à^m{dnUo H$m`©aV amhVo. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrc XyaXe©Z AJa dV©_mZnÌm§gma»`m g§àoeZ gmYZm§_wio
{H$ËòH$doim g_mOmV ~o~Zmd {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Aem g§àofU gmYZmVyZ dmnaco OmUmao eãX, AmXe© d
Mc {MÌm§_wio cmoH$m§_Üò {d{dY àH$maMo {dMma {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVmV Am{U eodQ>r g_mOmV Ag§VwcZ
{Z_m©U hmoVo. CXmhaUmW©, Ooìhm cmoH$ CÎmaàXoemVrc gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr ~mV_r dmMVmV AJa
Ë`mMr {MÌo nmhVmV Voìhm _hmamîQ´>mVhr Ë`m qhgmMmamMo Vrd« nS>gmX C_Q>m`cm gwédmV hmoVo.
4) XmoZ {nT>çm§Vrc g§Kf© (Conflict between generation)
H$moUË`mhr g_mOmVrc OwZr {nT>r hr na§nam{ZîR> Am{U {Q>H$mImoa ñdê$nmMr AmT>iyZ òV.o
H$nS>çm§À`m, g§^mfUmÀ`m AJa gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmÀ`m Zì`m nÕVtZm hr {nT>r Ooìhm gm_moar OmVo Voìhm
Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z `m JmoîQ>tMm cdH$a pñdH$ma hmoV Zmhr. `mCcQ> Zì`m {nT>rcm g_mOmV hmoV AgUmam
~Xc VmËH$mi AmdS>Vmo Am{U Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Aem Zì`m gm_m{OH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Vm~S>Vmo~ pñdH$ma
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo. Agm pñdH$ma H$aÊ`m~m~V Ë`m§À`mda g_d`ñH$m§Mmhr {VVH$mM X~md AgVmo.
emim AJa _hm{dÚmc`mVrc Ë`m§Mo {_Ì Ooìhm Zì`m e¡crMo H$nS>o AJa dV©ZnÕVr pñdH$maVmV Voìhm
Ë`m§Zmhr Vmo ~Xc ñdrH$mamdm Ago dmQ>Vo. nU _mVm-{nVm AJa AmOr-AmOmo~m§H$Sy>Z `mcm {damoY
hmoVmo. `m_wio Aem XmoZ {nT>çm§Vrc g§Kf© C\$miyZ òVmo. {nT>çmVrc Aem àH$maÀ`m g§Kfm©cm
g_mOemñÌr`ÑîQ>çm XmoZ {nT>çm§Vrc A§Va (Generation Gap) Ago g§~moYco OmVo. `mÀ`m n[aUm_r
g_mOmV Hw$_mad`rZ Ag§KQ>Z, c¢{JH$ JwÝho Am{U H$m¡Q>w §{~H$ {dKQ>ZmÀ`m g_ñ`m dmT>VmV.
5) {d{dY g_whmVrc "ñdg_yhloîR>VmdmX' Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§Kf©
(Ethnocentrism and
cultural conflicts among different groups)
àËòH$ g_mOmVrc ~hþg§»` g_yh AJa g_wXm` OmUrdnyd©H$ AJa AOmUVonUmZo ñdV…À`m
g_yhmMr AJa g_wXm`mMr g§ñH¥$Vr BVamnojm loîR> Agë`mMo g_OVmV. Aem àH$maÀ`m ^mdZocm
ñdg_whloîR>VmdmX Ago åhUVmV. n[aUm_r Aem g_wXm`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmV. CXm. ^maVmgma»`m
AZoH$ ^mfm, Y_© Am{U g§ñH¥$VrZr ZQ>coë`m XoemV hr ~m~ gmVË`mZo AmT>iVo. ñdg_yhloîR>VmdmXm_wio
g_mO gXñ` AmnAmngmV Y_©, ^mfm AJa àm§VmgmR>r gVV ^m§S>V amhVmV. AJXr AcrH$S>o amO
R>mH$ao `m§Mr "_Zgo' Am{U A~y AmP_r `m§Mr ""g_OdmXr nmQ>u'' `m_Üò _w§~B©V d _hmamîQ´>mV ^mfm
Am{U àm§Vmdê$Z C\$miyZ Amcocm g§Kf© hm ñdg_yh loîR>VmdmXmÀ`m ^mdZoMmM CÐoH$ Amho. AemàH$mao
ñdg_yhloîR>VmdmX d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao gm_m{OH$ A§Va g_mOmV g_ñ`m§Zm OÝ_ XoV.o
6) àM{cV gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Vrc Ag_m`moOZ
(Maladjustment in the existing Social
Institution)
àËòH$ g_mOmV àM{cV Agcoë`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© H$m`} H$aV AgVmV.
EH$àH$mao Ë`m§À`m_wioM g_mOmcm pñWaVm cm^V AgVo. g_mO gXñ`hr Aem gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm
g_mOgXñ`m§À`m Ag§»` JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r gVV _XV H$aV AgVmV. nU g_mOmV OcX J{VZo
Pmcoë`m n[adV©Zm_wio `m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§À`m H$m`©àUmcrda AmKmV hmoVmV Am{U `mVyZ gm_m{OH$
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g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Amnë`m Ag§»` _yc^yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUmar Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm ~Xccoë`m
n[apñWVrV JaOnyV©VoV Anèr R>ê$ cmJVo. CXm. g_mOmV AMmZH$ dmT>coco KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMo à_mU ho
Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`©àUmcrda AmKmV H$aUmao R>aVo. Aem {dñH$irV Hw$Qw>§~mVrc _wco ào_mcm _wH$VmV d
H$m¡Q>w §{~H$ {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m A^mdmcm ~ir nS>VmV. n[aUm_r ~mcJwÝhoJmarMo à_mU dmT>Vo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrc
gXñ`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mV Hw$Qw>§~ Anèr R>ê$ cmJVo. {ñÌ`m§Zm Hw$Qw>§~m~mhoa _moR>çm
à_mUmV ZmoH$è`m {_iy cmJë`mZo _wcm§À`m nmcZnmofU d g_mOrH$aUmMr Hw$Qw>§~mMr nma§n[aH$ ^y{_H$m
g§nwîQ>mV òD$ cmJcr Amho. JVH$mimV Omo Y_© g_mOgXñ`m§À`m dV©ZnÕVrda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mV
èñdr hmoV hmoVm Vmo AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV `m ~m~VrV eŠVrhrZ hmoV Amho.
Ooìhm g_mOmVrc Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh, {ejU, Y_© `mgma»`m g§ñWm Ë`m§Mr H$m`} ì`dpñWV[aË`m nma
nmSy> eH$V ZmhrV Voìhm Aem g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m dmT>rg cmJVmV.
7) Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo H$maU (Natural calamities as a cause of social
problem)
n`m©daUmVrc dmVmdaU, nya, XwîH$mi, YaUrH§$n Aem AMmZH$ CX²^dUmè`m g§H$Q>m_wio
g_mOmV {dKQ>Z d g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. AMmZH$ Pmcoë`m XwîH$mim_wio J«m_rU ^mJmVrc H$mhr
cmoH$ JwÝhoJmar H¥$Ë`mV g_m{dîQ> hmoD$ eH$VmV qH$dm AmË`§{VH$ Xm[aÐç Am{U CËnÝZmÀ`m A^mdm_wio
{ñÌ`m doí`md¥ÎmrH$S>o AmoT>ë`m OmVmV. H$mhr eoVH$ar {nH$mÀ`m ZwH$gmZrZo AmË_hÎòMm _mJ©
pñdH$maVmV. WmoS>Š`mV, Aem Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr g_mO gXñ`m§g_moa AMmZH$ Xw…IàX n[apñWVr {Z_m©U
H$aVmV d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mV dmT> hmoVo.
8) _wëò d {Z`_Zm§Mr AdZVr qH$dm èhmg (Degradation of values and norms)
{nQ´>r_ gmoamo{H$Z (Pitrim Sorokin) `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo, gÚpñWVrVrc gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z d
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m§À`m nmR>r_mJo g_mO gXñ`mVrc gm§ñH¥${VH$ hmZr Am{U _yë`m§Mm èhmg H$maUr^yV
Amho. `m_wio `wÕ, JwÝhoJmar d¥Îmr, H«$m§Vr, AmË_hË`m Am{U _mZ{gH$ AmOma Aem g_ñ`m§V dmT> Pmcr
Amho. gmoamo{H$Z `m§Mo Ago åhUUo Amho H$s, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m cmoH$emhr qH$dm hþHw$_emhr,
^m§S>dcemhr qH$dm gmå`dmX, `m§À`mVrc g§Kfm©Mm qH$dm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ ZgyZ g_mO
OrdZmÀ`m H$cm, {dkmZ, VÎdkmZ, Y_©, amOH$maU, Am{W©H$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ AJa H$m`Xoera Aem {d{dY
ñVam§darc _yë`ì`dñWoÀ`m Pmcoë`m AdZVrMmM n[aUm_ Amho.
9)Ÿ ^y{_H$m§Vrc g§^«_ d AdZVr (Degradation & Confusion of roles) :
àmo. \o$[ag (Faris) `m§À`m _Vo, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m H$maUm§n¡H$s EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU Ooìhm
g_mOgXñ` Amnë`m dmQ>çmcm Amcoë`m ^y{_H$m ì`dpñWV[aË`m nma nmSy> eH$V ZmhrV Voìhm
ApñVËdmV òVo. gmÜ`m g_mOmVrc gXñ`mÀ`m ^y{_H$m `m AË`§V Zo_Ho$nUmZo d ñnîQ>nUo {ZpíMV
Ho$coë`m AgVmV. Amnë`m dmQ>çmcm Amcocr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVmZm àËòH$ ì`ŠVr g§nyU©
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g_mOmÀ`m g§KQ>ZmgmR>r `moJXmZ XoV AgVo. `mdoir {VÀ`mH$Sy>Z Amnë`m d¡`{ŠVH$ AmZ§Xmcm AJa
g_mYmZmcm Xwæ`_ ñWmZ {Xco OmVo. nU AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrc cmoH$ Amnë`m dmQ>çmcm Amcocr
^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mV Anèr R>aVmV. Ë`m~amo~a cmoH$m§Zm Ag§»` ^y{_H$mhr nma nmS>mì`m cmJVmV.
n[aUm_r Amnë`m ^y{_Ho${df`r g_mOgXñ`m§À`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmcocm g§^«_ hm gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z d
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m {Z{_©Vrcm H$maUr^yV R>aV AgVmo.
1.3.4 gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§~m~VMo g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moU (Theoretical Approaches
to Social Problems)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmcm g_mOemñÌkm§Zr _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ {Xco Amho. Ë`m§Zr gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m§Mm AË`§V nÕVeranUo Aä`mg Ho$cm AgyZ Ë`m§Mo emñÌr` n[ajU H$aÊ`mda â {Xcm Amho.
`m nmVirda AmnU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m Amä`mgmÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moUm§Mm AmVm Aä`mg
H$ê$`m. g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n AJa {dH$mg `mVrc H$maUmÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r Ago
ÑîQ>rH$moU Cn`wŠV R>aVrc.
_yë`g§Kf© ÑîQ>rH$moU (The Value Conflict Approach)
cmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m§V AS>Wim AmUUmè`m _yë` ì`dñWoVrc n[adV©ZmVyZ gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m OÝ_mcm òVmV. `mÑîQ>rZo hm ÑîQ>rH$moU gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmo. EImÚm g_whmVrc
~hþg§»` cmoH$m§Zr _ZmV OVZ Ho$cocm Am{U Á`mÀ`m{df`r AmXa Amho Ago dV©Z-VËd åhUOo _yë`
hmo`. g_mOmV H$m` `mo½` d H$m` A`mo½` Amho `m {df`r A§XmO ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r _yëò g_mOgXñ`m§Zm
_XV H$aVmV. VgoM Vr g_mO_mÝ` dV©Z nÕVrZo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoIrc H$aVmV. Xoem{^_mZ, gm§àXm{`H$
EH$monm, Ý`m`, Ë`mJ, dS>rcYmè`m§{df`r AmXa hr _yë`m§Mr H$mhr CXmhaUo hmoV. cmoH$m§À`m Vrd« ^mdZm
`m _yë`m§er OmoS>ë`m Jocoë`m AgVmV. ~è`mMdoim gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMr `mo½` A`mo½`Vm {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mMo _yë` ho EH$ gmYZ AgVo. dm°ca (Waller), \w$ëca (Fuller), Š`w~a (Cuber), Am{U hmn©a
(Harper) `m§Zr `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho.
g_mOmVrc {d{dY g_yhm§À`m _yë`m§V {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. Ooìhm g_mOmÀ`m {^ÝZ, {^ÝZ _yëò
AgUmè`m g_whmVrc gXñ` nañnam§er Am§Va{H«$`m H$aVmV Voìhm g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
AemàH$mao _yë`g§Kf© ApñVËdmV òVmo Am{U `mVyZM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. CXm. AmYw{ZH$
CÚmoJY§ÚmVrc _mcH$m§Mm A{YH$m{YH$ Z\$m {_idUo hm hoVy (_yë`) Am{U A{YH$m{YH$ doVZ
{_idÊ`mMm H$m_Jmam§Mm à`ËZ (_yë`) `m§À`mVrc g§Kfm©_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV H$ch, Aem§VVm, g§n,
Q>mio~§Xr Aem g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. ^maVmVrc {d{dY amOH$s` njm§_Üò "{ZY_u' Am{U
"_ycVËddmX' `mda AmYmacocm g§Kf© AmT>iVmo.
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H$mhr g_mOemñÌkm§Zr hm ÑîQ>rH$moZ AË`§V g§{X½Y, AñnîQ> Agë`mMr Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§À`m
_Vmà_mUo `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ho$di Am{W©H$ joÌmVrc g_ñ`m§MoM ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVm òVo.
gmd©{ÌH$[aË`m `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmMm dmna H$aVm òV Zmhr.
à_mUH$ewÝ`dmXr ÑîQ>rH$moU (The Anomie Approach)
A_o[aH$Z g_mOemñÌk Ama. Ho$. _Q>©Z (R. K. Merton) `m§Zr hm ÑîQ>rH$moZ {dH${gV Ho$cm Amho.
"à_mUH$ewÝ`Vm' (Anomie) AWdm {Z`_Z{hZVm (Normlessness) hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ E{_c
Sw>aImB©_ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m AmË_hÎòÀ`m Aä`mgmV _m§S>cr hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va _Q>©Z `m§Zr `m g§H$ënZoMm
ì`dpñWV[aË`m Aä`mg Ho$cm. g_mOmVrc {Z`_Zo Am{U _yëò `m§Mr g_mO gXñ`m§À`m dV©Zmda
{Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMr j_Vm jrU Pmë`m_wio g_mOmV à_mUH$ewÝ`mdñWm {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. _Q>©Z `m§À`m
_Vo, gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yëò Am{U g_mOmZo Ano{jcocr Üòò `mV V\$mdV nS>ë`m_wio Aer à_mU
ewÝ`mdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo. CXmhaUmW©, narjoV è {_idÊ`mgmR>r _yco H$m°nrMm AmYma KoVmV. `m
{R>H$mUr n`©dj
o H$m§Zm hr _m{hVr Agcr Var Vo Amnë`m dJm©Vrc _wcm§Zm Mm§Jco JwU {_imdoV `m
AnojoZo Vo Ë`m§Zm VnmgV ZmhrV. _Q>©Z `m§À`m _Vo, g_mOmV lr_§V _mUgmcm à{VîR>m {_iV
Agë`m_wio cdH$amV cdH$a lr_§V AJa H$moQ>çmYre hmoÊ`mMm VmU Aem cmoH$m§da Agë`m_wio
H$mim n¡gm, CÚmoJY§ÚmVrc \$gdo{Jar, ^«îQ>mMma Aem g_ñ`m dmT>rg cmJVmV.
_Q>©Z `m§À`m darc ÑîQ>rH$moUmda hm AnyU© d A`WmW© ÑîQ>rH$moU Amho, Aer {Q>H$m H$m§hr
{dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$cr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gd©M gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo AÜ``Z
H$aVm òV Zmhr, Ago _V _m§S>Ê`mV Amco.
Aem àH$mao gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmMo darc _hÎdmMo g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ AmnUmg ñnîQ>
H$aVm òVrc.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ-1 (Check your progress-1)
1) gm_m{OH$ g_ñòMr Mma _hÎdmMr H$maUo {chm.
2) à_mUH$ewÝ`Vm åhUOo H$m`? g_mOemñÌr` à_mUH$ewÝ`VoÀ`m Aä`mgmV H$moUr `moJXmZ
{Xco Amho?
1.4 gmam§e (Let us sum up)
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUOo g_mO ApñVËdmg_moarc YmoH$m qH$dm AS>Wim AgUmar n[apñWVr
_mZcr OmVo. VgoM gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hr g_mOmVrc Jm|Yi d Aì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUmar
ì`mYremñÌr` n[apñWVr AgVo. g_mO H$ë`mUmcm AgUmam Vmo EH$ AS>Wim g_Ocm OmVmo.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z d gm_m{OH$ Aì`dñWm ñnîQ> H$aVmV. gd© àH$maÀ`m
g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AmT>iVmV. g_ñ`m`wŠV Agm EH$hr g_mO `m n¥ÏdrVcmda gmnS>V Zmhr.
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gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n g§{_l AgVo. Ë`m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo AZoH$ H$maUo AgVmV. {dÛmZm§À`m _Vo,
g_mOmVrc OcX n[adV©Z, Üò`dmXr g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ AmXe©dmXr g§ñH¥$VrH$S>o hmoV AgUmao n[adV©Z,
A{Z`mo{OV ^m§S>dcdmX, XmoZ {nT>çm§Vrc A§Va, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo Ag_m`moOZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$
J{V_§XVm, _yë` g§Kf©, _yë` Am{U {Z`_Zm§Mm hmoV AgUmam èhmg hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$mhr
H$maUo AmhoV. g§KQ>Z Am{U {dKQ>Z `m g_mOmÀ`m XmoZ AdñWm AmhoV. g§KQ>rV g_mO åhUOo Agm
g_mO H$s, Á`mV pñWaVm Am{U EH${OZgrnUm AmT>iVmo. Aem g_mOmV cmoH$ g_mOmVrc {Z`_
Am{U H$m`Úmà_mUo dmJVmV. `mCcQ> {dKQ>rV g_mOmV cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {Z`_Zo Am{U _yëò `m§Mo Cëc§KZ
hmoVo. Aem g_mOmV Aem§VVm Am{U à_mUewÝ`Vm AmT>iVo.
{dÛmZm§À`m _Vo, gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z d gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m nañnag§~§YrV d nañnamdc§~r
AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vmà_mUo, ì`ŠVr {dKQ>Z ho H$m¡Q>w §{~H$ {dKQ>Zmcm MmcZm XoVo Am{U H$m¡Q>w §{~H$
{dKQ>Zm_wio gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z dmT>rg cmJVo. hoM {dKQ>Z gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U H$aVo. Xm[aÐç,
JwÝhoJmar, ~mcJwÝhoJmar, XheVdmX `mgma»`m gm_m{OH$ g§àXm`dmX, g_ñ`m g_mOmÀ`m
H$m`©àUmcrda à^md nmS>VmV. Ë`m§À`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~, amÁ` Am{U {ejU Aem gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm à^m{dV
hmoVmV. amîQ´>mÀ`m àJVrV gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AS>Wio AmUVmV. _mZdr hŠH$m§daM H$mhr gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m AmKmV nmohMdVmV. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§V éVcoco g_mO em§VVmnyU© _mJm©Zo Ord§V amhÿM eH$V
ZmhrV. n[aUm_r, gd©M g_mO gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r à`ËZerc AgVmV. Aem
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r g_mO emñÌkm§H$Sy>Z {d{dY nÕVtMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo.
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n Am{U H$maUo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY g_mOemñÌkm§Zr {d{dY
g¡Õm§{VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm Amho. AmnU `m `w{ZQ>_Üò Aä`mgcoco Ago H$mhr Ñ{îQ>H$moZ
nwT>rcà_mUo : gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Z ÑîQ>rH$moZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ J{V_§XVm ÑîQ>rH$moZ, _yë` g§Kf© ÑîQ>rH$moZ,
ì`ŠVrJV {dMcZ ÑîQ>rH$moZ Am{U à_mUewÝ` ÑîQ>rH$moZ B. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r
H$moUVmhr EH$ AJa EH$_od ÑîQ>rH$moZ n[anyU© R>aV Zmhr.
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answers to check your progress)
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-1 Mr CÎmao
1) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m_mJrc Mma H$maUo - 1) OcX J{VZo hmoUmao n[adV©Z, 2) gm§ñH¥${VH$
J{V_§XVm, 3) A{Z`mo{OV ^m§S>dcdmX Am{U 4) {nT>çm§Vrc A§Va.
2) à_mUH$ewÝ`Vm hr {Z`_{hZVoMr AdñWm Amho. g§ñH¥$VrZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$cocr Üòò d Ë`mÀ`m
àmßVrgmR>rMo g§ñWmH¥$V _mJ© `m_Üò A§Va nS>Vo. `m g§H$ënZoMm {dH$mg gd©àW_ E{_c
Sw>aImB©_ `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m AmË_hÎòÀ`m Aä`mgmV Ho$cm. Am{U Z§Va am°~Q>© Ho$. _Q>©Z `m§Zr
Ë`m§À`m A_o[aH$Z g_mOmÀ`m Aä`mgmV hr g§H$ënZm dmnacr.
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1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.
1) gÜ`m ^maVr` g_mO H$moUË`m _hÎdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> XoV Amho?
2) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo g_mYmZH$maH$ dJuH$aU Vwåhr H$ê$ eH$Vm H$m?
3) J«m_rU ^mJmVrc cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> {Xco OmV Amho?
4) ehamV amhUmè`m cmoH$m§g_moarc g_ñ`m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$am.
1.7 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr (Reflection & Action)
AmOMr _hÎdmMr XmoZ dV©_mZnÌo dmMm. Vm§~S>çm nopÝgcZo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {ZpíMV H$am d
Ë`mMo n[ajU H$am. AmVmM Vwåhr Á`m g_ñ`m§Mr `mXr Ho$cr Ë`m g_ñ`m Vwåhr H$em gmoS>dmc?
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings)
Ahuja Ram : Social Problems in India, Rawat Publication, Jaipur-II Edn. 2003.
Madan G. R. : Indian Social Problems & Social disorganization, Kitab Mahal,
New Delhi, 1999.
Mamoria C. B. : Social Problems & Social disorganization, Kitab Mahal, New
Delhi 1999.
Sharma R. N. : Social Problems, Raj Hans Prakashan Mandir, Meerat, 1976.
KmQ>Jo O`§V : g_H$mcrZ ^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, KmQ>Jo {ddoH$ M§ÐH$m§V, OmZodmar 1999.
S>m°. gmiw§Io gO}amd d S>m°. _mécH$a {dO`, Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwUo-2.
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gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 2
cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m
(The Problem of Population)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ
2.4 cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m
2.4.1 cmoH$g§»`m dmT> : AW© Am{U ñdê$n
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1
2.4.2 cmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr H$maUo
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2
2.4.3 cmoH$g§»`m dmT> {Z`§ÌU Cnm`/_mJ©
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
2.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
2.6 gmam§e
2.7 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.8 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ/J¥hnmR>
2.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$
2.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda {dMma H$aVm Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, ~hþg§»` gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr OZZr
qH$dm _mVm åhUyZ cmoH$g§»òÀ`m g_ñòMm AJ«H$« _m§H$ cmJVmo. gd©M A{dH$grV Am{U {dH$grV
amîQ´>m§Mr gdm©V A{YH$ J§^ra g_ñ`m åhUyZ cmoH$g§»òÀ`m g_ñòH$S>o nm{hco OmVo.
g_mOemñÌr`ÑîQ>çm {dMma H$aVm Ago åhUVm òB©c H$s, H$moUË`mhr XoemVrc _mZd g_mOmMr àJVr
qH$dm gdmª{JU {dH$mg hm Ë`m XoemÀ`m _`m©{XV OZZà_mUmda Adc§~yZ AgVmo. `mCcQ> A_`m©{XV
cmoH$g§»ò_wio Aem XoemÀ`m èhmgmcm qH$dm AdZVrcm gwédmV hmoVo. `mg§X^m©V AmnUmg cmoH$g§»`m
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g_ñòMm Aä`mg EH$ A{Ve` J§^ra ñdê$nmMr _mZd{Z{_©V gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm åhUyZ H$amdm
cmJoc.
^maV XoemÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma H$aVm Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, `m Xoem_Üò _`m©{XV Z¡g{J©H$
gmYZgm_J«r Am{U A_`m©{XV OZZà_mU Aer dmñVdVm Agë`mZo cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m A{Ve`
J§^ra Am{U AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`m {Z{_©Vrcm O~m~Xma R>aë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrnydu {~«Q>remZr ^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V IoXmZo Ago {dYmZ Ho$co hmoVo H$s, "^maV hm Xoe Jar~
cmoH$g§»`m Agcocm A{Ve` lr_§V Agm Xoe Amho.' (India is rich country inhabited by poor
peoples) `mdê$Z AmnUmg ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$g§»`m g_ñòMo dmñVd {MÌ g_Oy eHo$c.
Or. gr. pìhnc `m§À`m _Vo, ""amîQ´>mMr Iar g§nÎmr O_rZ, O§Jco, I{ZO nXmW©, ânya nmU>rgmR>m
Am{U CÎm_ Am{W©H$ pñWVr ZgyZ Ë`mVrc gwÑT>, JwUdÎmmàmßV Am{U H$m`©j_ Aer àOmM (ì`ŠVr)
åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo.'' `mÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm "cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m' `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg
g_mOemñÌmVrc EH$ gm_m{OH$ VÏ` AWdm KQ>Zm åhUyZ H$amdm cmJoc.
2.4.1 cmoH$g§»`m dmT> : AW© Am{U ñdê$n
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m Am{U ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m `mMm
VwcZmË_H$ AmT>mdm KoVë`mZ§Va AmnUmg cmoH$g§»`m dmT>, cmoH$g§»`m g_ñòMm AW© Am{U ñdê$n
`mg§X^m©V Imcrc {ZpíMV Aer _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. H$moUË`mhr XoemMm {dH$mg hm Ë`m XoemÀ`m
dmQ>çmcm Amcocr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmr Am{U Ë`m XoemMr AgUmar cmoH$g§»`m AWdm OZZ à_mU `m
XmoZ KQ>H$m§da Adc§~yZ AgVmo. Ooìhm EImÚm XoemMo amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ Am{U XaS>moB© CËnÝZ `m_Üò dmT>
hmoVo VoìhmM Agm Xoe Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g§nÝZ åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. CXm. A_o[aH$m. `mCcQ> MrZ
Am{U ^maV ho XmoZ Xoe A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»`m Agcoco Xoe åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. ^maVmMm
cmoH$g§»òÀ`m ~m~VrV OJm_Üò Xwgam H«$_m§H$ cmJVmo. OJmÀ`m EHy$U cmoH$g§»òn¡H$s ^maVmMr
cmoH$g§»`m 1/7 qH$dm eoH$S>m 15% BVH$s Amho. Va 2.4 Q>ŠHo$ BVH$s H$_r Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ gm_J«r
^maVmÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amcocr Amho.
gm_m{OH$emñÌmÀ`m Aä`mg joÌm_Üò cmoH$g§»òMm àíZ àW_V… _mëWg `m {dMmad§VmZo
nwT>rcà_mUo _m§S>cm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, cmoH$g§»òMr dmT> ^y{_VrÀ`m JwUmoÎma nÕVrZo dmT>Vo. CXm. 2, 4,
8, 16, 32, 64 Am{U AÝZYmÝ` CËnmXZ _mÌ A§H$J{UV JwUmoÎma nÕVrZo dmT>Vo. CXm. 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6. `mMm AW© _mZdmMr àOmoËnmXZj_Vm A_`m©{XV Amho Va CXa{Zdm©h gmYZo _mÌ _`m©{XV
AmhoV. Ooìhm `m Xmohmo_Üò g_Vmoc gmYUo eŠ` ZgVo Voìhm Ag§»` gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm CX` hmoVmo.
CXm. amhË`m OmJoMr Q>§MmB© d PmonS>nÅ>r, Xm[aÐç Am{U JwÝhoJmarMr àd¥Îmr, J«m_ZJa ñWcm§Va àd¥Îmr
Am{U dmhVyH$ XiUdiU àíZ, ~oH$mar, Hw$nmofU, ^«îQ>mMma àd¥Îmr, _mXH$ nXmW© godZàd¥Îmr BË`mXr,
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WmoS>Š`mV ì`ŠVr, g_mO Am{U amîQ´ `m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV A_`m©{XV
cmoH$g§»`m AWdm dmT>Vo OZZ à_mU amoIUo hr AË`§V Amdí`H$ Aer ~m~ åhUyZ _mZmdr cmJoc.
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m g_ñòMo ñdê$n
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m g_mOemñÌr`ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZAä`mgVmZm Ago {XgyV òVo H$s,
dmT>Vo OZZà_mU Am{U KQ>Vo _¥Ë`wà_mU Aer `m XoemMr dmñVdVm Amho. AWdm A_`m©{XV
cmoH$g§»`m Am{U _`m©{XV Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«r `m_wio Am{W©H$ Am{U JwUmË_H$ àJVr_Üò gVV
AS>Wio Amcoco {XgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»ò_wio ^maVr` ì`ŠVr Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm
_mJmgcoë`m, emar[aH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hy$dV Am{U ~m¡{ÕH$ÑîQ>çm H$_r XOm©À`m AmT>iyZ òVmV. `mMmM
n[aUm_ åhUOo ^maVr` ì`ŠVr namdc§~r, Amier, AH$m`©j_ Am{U Amnë`m _yc^yV JaOm
ì`dpñWVnUo nyU© Z H$aUmè`m {XgyZ òVmV. `mVyZM `m Xoem_Üò Xm[aÐç, Cnmg_ma, ~oH$mar, JwÝhoJmar,
PmonS>nÅ>r, ^«îQ>mMma, nm¡{îQ>H$ AmhmamMm A^md `mgmaIo Ag§»` J§^ra àíZ {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo {XgyZ
òVo.
A) ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òMr dmñVdVm Am{U cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ OZJUZm Ahdmc (1951
Vo 2011)
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m {dñ\$moQ> g_ñ`m AWdm A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»`m `mg§X^m©V Ago {ZXe©Zmg
òVo H$s, ^maVmV A§XmOo Xa EH$m goH§$Xmcm EH$ _yc OÝ_mcm òVo. XaamoO 55 hOma _wcm§Mm OÝ_ hmoVmo
Va dfm©H$mR>r 2 H$moQ>r _wco OÝ_mcm òVmV. Ë`mVrc 80 cmI _wco Cnmg_ma, {d{dY emar[aH$ ì`mYr
Am{U nm¡îQ>rH$ AmhmamMm A^md `m_wio _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>VmV. AWm©VM àËòH$ dfu 1 H$moQ>r 20 cmI _wco
Ord§V amhVmV. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ dfu A§XmOo XrS> H$moQ>r cmoH$g§»òMr â nS>ë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o ^maVmVrc
Imcrc cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ OZZJUZm Ahdmc {dMmamV KoVm `m XoemVrc dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òMo
{ZpíMV {MÌ ñnîQ> hmoB©c.
XeH$
cmoH$g§»`m
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
36 H$moQ>r 11 cj
44 H$moQ>r 13 cj
55 H$moQ>r 24 cj
69 H$moQ>r 01 cj
84 H$moQ>r 63 cj
102 H$moQ>r 87 cj
121 H$moQ>r 20 cj
Xhm dfm©V cmoH$g§»òV
Pmcocr dmT>
4 H$moQ>r 24 cj
8 H$moQ>r 13 cj
10 H$moQ>r 89 cj
13 H$moQ>r 88 cj
15 H$moQ>r 62 cj
18 H$moQ>r 24 cj
18 H$moQ>r 33 cj
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cmoH$g§»òV Pmcocr
eoH$S>m dmT>
13.3 Q>ŠHo$
21.5 Q>ŠHo$
24.2 Q>ŠHo$
24.6 Q>ŠHo$
23.6 Q>ŠHo$
21.54 Q>ŠHo$
21.64 Q>ŠHo$
^maVmMm darc OZJUZm Ahdmc {dMmamV KoVm Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, B.g. 1951 nmgyZ
àËòH$ XeH$m_Üò cmoH$g§»òÀ`m AmH$mamV A§XmOo àËòH$ dfu XrS> H$moQ>rMr â nS>cocr Amho.
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerc XoemV cmoH$g§»`mdmT> AWdm A{VarŠV cmoH$g§»òMm àíZ A{YH$M J§^ra
Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo Am°ñQ´>o{c`m `m XoemÀ`m cmoH$g§»òEdT>r â ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$g§»òV Xadfu nS>Vo.
BVa H$moUË`mhr Xoemnojm ^maVmV OÝ_ Xa A{YH$ Agë`mZo gmh{OH$M EHy$U cmoH$g§»òV àËòH$
XeH$m_Üò doJmZo dmT>M hmoV Jocr H$s, Á`m_Üò ^maVr` cmoH$g§»òMm AmH$ma _¥Ë`wXamÀ`m VwcZoV dmTy>
cmJcm. A_o[aH$m, B§½c§S>, O_©Zr, OnmZ `mgma»`m {dH$grV Xoem§er VwcZm H$aVm ^maVmVrc OÝ_Xa
à_mU A{YH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `m_wio ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVrcmM Iri
~gcr AgyZ OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ^maVmÀ`m ñWmZmcmXoIrc YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo ñnîQ> hmoVo.
~) ^maVmVrc OÝ_Xa Am{U _¥Ë`wXa (OZZ à_mU d _¥Ë`wà_mU) 1951 Vo 2011
Xa hOmar Xagmc
cmoH$g§»`mdmT>
1951
41.7
22.8
18.9
1961
41.1
18.9
22.2
1971
37.0
14.0
23.0
1981
30.5
10.2
20.3
1991
28.9
10.0
18.9
2001
26.1
8.7
17.4
2011
20.97
7.48
28.45
OZZà_mU Am{U _¥Ë`wà_mU `mg§X^m©Vrc darc Ahdmc {dMmamV KoVm Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s,
KQ>V Mmccoco _¥Ë`wà_mU Am{U dmT>V Mmccoco OZZà_mU `m_wio ^maVmV cmoH$g§»`m {dñ\$moQ>mMr
AWdm dmT>rMr g_ñ`m A{YH$M J§^ra ~Zcr Amho.
XeH$
OÝ_Xa
_¥Ë`wXa
H$) ^maVmVrc ñÌr-nwéf à_mU 1951 Vo 2011
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òÀ`m g_ñòMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm cmoH$g§»`m OZJUZm Ahdmc Am{U
OZZà_mU d _¥Ë`w-à_mU `m Aä`mgm~amo~a ^maVmVrc ñÌr-nwéf à_mU (Sex-Ratio) `mMmXoIrc
AmT>mdm KoUo JaOoMo Amho. EH$ hOma nwéfm§À`m g§»ò~amo~a {ñÌ`m§Mr g§»`m {H$Vr Amho `mdê$Z qcJ
JwUmoÎma ñnîQ> hmoVo. Imcrc VŠË`mdê$Z `mMr dmñVdVm g_Oy eHo$c.
OZJUZm XeH$
1951
1961
nwéf à_mU
1000
1000
22
{ñÌ`m§Mo à_mU (Xa hOmar)
946
941
1971
1000
930
1981
1000
934
1991
1000
929
2001
1000
933
2011
1000
940
ñÌr-nwéf à_mU darc VŠVm {dMmamV KoVm Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òV gVV
Ag_Vmoc dmT>cocm OmUdVmo. hþ§S>m, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ {dKQ>Z, J^©Oc {MH$sËgm, ñÌr ^«yUhË`m BË`mXr_wio
^maVmVrc {ñÌ`m§Mo à_mU KQ>V Mmcco Amho. {deofV… ^maVmVrc ehar g_wXm`m_Üò hm Ag_Vmoc
_moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>V Agcocm {XgyZ òVmo.
S>) ^maVmVrc J«m_rU-ZmJar cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU - 1951 Vo 2011
EImÚm g_mOmVrc J«m_rU Am{U ZmJar cmoH$g§»òÀ`m à_mUmdê$Z Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmMr d Ë`m g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr H$ënZm òdy eH$Vo. ^maVmVrc J«m_rU g_mO hm
àm_w»`mZo eoVr ì`dgm`mda Adc§~yZ OrdZ OJVmo Va ehar g_mOmMm Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmer OdiMm
g§~§Y Agë`mZo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmcm MmcZm {_iVo, Ë`mMà_mUo eham_Üò {d{dY amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr
CncãY Agë`mZo J«m_rU ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Üò J«m_-ZJa ñWcm§Va àd¥Îmr OmUdVo. `mVyZM ehar g_mOmV
AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ gå`m§Mr dmT> Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o
1951 Vo 2011 `m H$mcmdYrV ^maVmVrc J«m_rU-ZmJar cmoH$g§»ò_Üò H$gm \$aH$ nS>V Jocm
ho Imcrc AmH$S>odmardê$Z g_Oy eHo$c.
J«m_rU-ZmJar cmoH$g§»`m 1951-2011 eoH$S>m à_mU
XeH$
J«m_rU cmoH$g§»`m
ehar cmoH$g§»`m
1951
82.07
17.03
1961
82.00
18.00
1971
80.01
19.09
1981
77.08
22.02
1991
74.28
25.72
2001
72.02
27.08
2011
68.85
31.15
darc VŠË`mdê$Z Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, ^maVmVrc J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òÀ`m VwcZoV ehar
cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU dmT>V Joë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. _ycV… ^maVr` cmoH$g§»`m hr IoS>çmV amhUmar
23
Agë`mZo J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU OmñV Amho. na§Vw nwT>o àËòH$ XeH$m_Üò J«m_ZJa ñWcm§Va
àd¥Îmr_wio J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU H$_r hmoV Joco Am{U ehar cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU dmT>V Joco.
B) ^maVmVrc ñÌr-nwéf gmjaVm Xa 1951-2011
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m Aä`mgV AgVmZm darc {d{dY Ahdmcm§à_mUo cmoH$g§»`m
g_ñòer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m gmjaVoMm Xa AWdm à_mU `mMm XoIrc g_mOemñÌr`ÑîQ>çm AmT>mdm
KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ârd à`ËZ H$ê$Z XoIrc {dH$grV XoemÀ`m VwcZoV
^maVmVrc ñÌr gmjaVoMo à_mU nwéfm§À`m VwcZoV H$_r Agë`mMo Imcrc VŠË`mdê$Z {XgyZ òV.o
ñÌr-nwéf gmjaVm Xa 1951 Vo 2011
XeH$
gmja nwéf
gmja {ñÌ`m
1951
27.2
8.9
1961
40.4
15.3
1971
46.0
22.0
1981
53.4
28.5
1991
64.2
39.2
2001
75.26
53.67
2011
82.14
65.45
darc AmH$S>odmardê$Z Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ^maVm_Üò gmjaVm dmT>rMo
à`ËZ Pmco. na§Vw cmoH$g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmV gmjaVm dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmcm \$mago è Amco Zmhr.
ehar g_wXm`mÀ`m VwcZoV J«m_rU g_wXm`mV ñÌr gmjaVoMo à_mU H$_r Amho. XoemVrc {d{dY
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`mda _mV H$ê$Z ñW¡`© Am{U àJVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r XoemMr cmoH$g§»`m gmja d
JwUmË_H$ÑîQ>çm H$m`©j_ AgUo Iyn JaOoMo Amho.
(darc gd© Ahdmc g§X^© : S>m°. {dO`Hw$_ma H$H$S>o - E_.nr.Eg².gr. _mZd gmYZ g§nÎmr
{dH$mg, {Zamcr àH$meZ, \o$~«wdmar 2012)
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m dmT>, AW© Am{U ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoVmZm darc gd© Ahdmc {dMmamV
KoVm Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, `m I§S>àm` Xoem_Üò OZZ à_mU A{YH$, XaS>moB© CËnÝZ H$_r Am{U
àM§S> Xm[aÐç `m_wio ~hþg§»` ^maVr`m§Zm AË`§V {ZH¥$îR> àVrMo OrdZ OJmdo cmJVo. OdiOdi {Zå_r
^maVr` cmoH$g§»`m hr Xm[aÐç aofoImcr AgyZ AZoH$ ^maVr` ì`ŠVrZm Amnë`m AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam
`m _yc^yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aVm òV Zmhr, ~hþVoH$ ^maVr`m§Zm {ZH¥$îR> Amhma Am{U AZoH$ emar[aH$
24
ì`mYrZm ~ir nS>mdo cmJV Amho. n[aUm_r {dH$grV XoemÀ`m VwcZoV ^maVr`m§Mo gamgar Am`w_m©Z H$_r
Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òV.o
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1
1. ~hþg§»` gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr OZZr åhUyZ H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñòMm AJ«H«$_m§H$
cmJVmo?
2. H$moUË`mhr XoemVrc _mZd g_mOmMr àJVr qH$dm gdmª{JU {dH$mg hm Ë`m XoemÀ`m
H$moUË`m KQ>H$mda Adc§~yZ AgVmo?
3. Or. gr. pìhnc `m§À`m _Vo, amîQ´>mMr Iar g§nÎmr H$moUVr?
4. Ooìhm EImÚm XoemMo amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ Am{U XaS>moB© CËnÝZ `m_Üò dmT> hmoVo Voìhm Agm Xoe
H$m` åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo?
5. OJmÀ`m EHy$U cmoH$g§»òn¡H$s ^maVmMr cmoH$g§»`m {H$Vr Amho?
6. ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òÀ`m g_ñòMr dmñVdVm H$er Amho?
7. ^maVmVrc dmT>Ë`m OZZ à_mUm_wio H$emcm Iri ~gcr Amho?
8. ^maVmVrc H$moUË`m g_wXm`mV ñÌr gmjaVoMo à_mU H$_r Amho?
9. ñW¡`© Am{U àJVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r XoemMr cmoH$g§»`m H$er Agcr nm{hOo?
2.4.2 ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr H$maUo qH$dm KQ>H$
cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMr H$maUo
1921 n`ªV ^maVmVrc OÝ_Xa d _¥Ë`wXa `mV \$maer V\$mdV ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio cmoH$g§»òMr dmT>
{deof OmUdV ZìhVr. nU 1921 nmgyZ {Zìdi cmoH$g§»òVrc â cjUr` à_mUmV dmT>VM Jocr;
`mMo H$maU åhUOo _¥Ë`wXamV doJmZo KQ> hmoV Jocr d OZZXa doJmZo dmT>V Mmccm. OÝ_Xa d _¥Ë`wXa
`mVrc dmT>Ë`m V\$mdVrMr {d{dY H$maUo hrM àm_w»`mZo ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMr H$maUo AmhoV.
A) KQ>Vm _¥Ë`wXa (_¥Ë`wXa KQ>{dUmao KQ>H$)
1921 nmgyZ _¥Ë`wXa gmVË`mZo KQ>V Mmccm Amho, `mMr {d{dY H$maUo nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.
1. XwîH$mimda à^mdr _mV : nyU©V… _mÝgyZ nmdgmÀ`m _Ouda Adc§~yZ Agcoë`m ^maVr`
eoVràYmZ AW©ì`dñWocm gmVË`mZo Amoë`m qH$dm H$moaS>çm XwîH$mimg Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV Ago. Aem
XwîH$mimV hOmamo _mUgo AÝZnmÊ`mA^mdr _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>V hmoVr. `m JmoîQ>r BVŠ`m {ZË`Zo_mÀ`m hmoË`m
H$s Ë`mcm "_arAmB©Mm \o$am' åhQ>co OmV Ago. nU nwT>o {dkmZmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m à_mUm~amo~a eoVrV§ÌmV
gwYmaUm Pmcr, CËnmXZ ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m`©j_VoV dmT> Pmcr d EHy$U eoVr CËnmXZ dmTy> cmJco.
25
Ë`mM~amo~a dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmoB© d XiUdiU gmYZm§À`m_Üò dmT> Pmcr. Ë`m_wio XwîH$miJ«ñV ^mJmV
VmVS>rZo AÝZYmÝ`mMm, Am¡fYmMm d BVa _XVrMm nwadR>m H$aVm òD$ cmJcm. Aem àH$mao XwîH$mimda
à^mdr _mV H$aVm Amë`mZo _¥Ë`yMm Xa cjUr` Kgacm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV EImXm
Oar ^yH$~ir nS>cm Var Ë`m~m~V emgZmcm Ymaoda Yaco OmVo. `m_wio emgZ XwîH$mim~m~V
OmUrdnyd©H$ XjVm KoV AgVo.
2. {d{dY gmWr d BVa amoJm§da à^mdr {Z`§ÌU : nydu ^maVmV Xodr, ßcJ, H$m°cam,
EÝâë`yE§Pm `m§gma»`m amoJm§À`m gmWr _moR>çm à_mUmV òV d Ë`mV JmdoÀ`m Jmdo AmogmS> hmoV. {hdVmn,
{df_Áda, j` BË`mXr amoJm§_wioXoIrc _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>Umè`m§Mo à_mU \$ma _moR>o hmoV.o 1911-21 À`m
Xaå`mZ {Zìdi ßcoJÀ`m gmWrZo 30 cmIm§Mm ~ir KoVcm hmoVm. Va 1918 À`m EÝâë`wE§PmÀ`m
gmWrZo _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>coë`m§Mr g§»`m 1.20 Vo 1.30 H$moQ>tÀ`m KamV hmoVr. nU 1921 Z§Va `mV
à^mdr Am¡fYmonMma d amoJà{V~§YH$ cgtMm dmna H$aÊ`mV òD$ cmJcm. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV Va Xodr,
ßcoJ `mgma»`m amoJm§Mo BVHo$ à^mdr {Z_y©cZ Pmco H$s, EImÚmZo "Vwcm nQ>H$sMm \$moS> òD$ Xo' Agm
{Xcocm ViVimQ> H$moUr \$magm _Zmda KoV Zmhr. VgoM "XodrMm amoJr H$idm d hOma énò {_idm'
`mMr g§Yr KoUmao \$mago H$moUr AmT>iV ZmhrV.
3. Amamo½`{df`H$ gmoB©-gw{dYmV dmT> : {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV gmd©O{ZH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco
amIÊ`mda OmUrdnyd©H$ â XoÊ`mV Amcm Va ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV `m~m~V emgZ d cmoH$ AË`§V Xj
amhÿ cmJco. d¡ÚH$s` joÌmV {Za{Zamir à^mdr Am¡fYo, gmYZo d CnMma nÕVrZo H«$m§Vr Ho$cr. Va
S>m°ŠQ>g©, n[aMm[aH$m, XdmImZo `m§Mo ImOJr d gaH$mar nmVirda g§nyU© ^maVâ Omio {dUco Joc.o
{deofV… n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§_wio `m gmoB-© gw{dYm Ho$di ehamnwaË`m _`m©{XV Z R>odVm J«m_rU ^mJmV
XoIrc Zoë`m AmhoV. àmW{_H$ Amamo½` H|$Ðm_wio J«m_rU ^mJmV _¥Ë`wXamV à^mdr KQ> Pmcr Amho.
{ñÌ`m§Mr àgyVr hr ghOgwc^ Pmë`mZo d ~mcH$mÀ`m Amamo½`mMr H$miOr ~mi nmoQ>mV Agë`mnmgyZ
KoVcr OmD$ cmJë`mZo ~mi§VnUmV _mVm XJmdÊ`mMo à_mU KQ>co Amho. VgoM amoJà{V~§YH$ cgr,
Am¡fYmonMma, gH$g Amhma `m~m~V `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U Amdí`H$ Am¡fY nwadR>m `m_wio ~mc_¥Ë`yMo
à_mU IynM KQ>co Amho.
4. gamgar Am`w_m©ZmV dmT> : ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV eoVr ì`dgm`mV AmYw{ZH$ V§Ìm§Mm dmna
H$ê$Z eoVr CËnmXZmV Pmcocr dmT>, OrdZgÎd`wŠV ^mOrnmë`m§Mm nwadR>m VgoM d¡`{ŠVH$ d H$m¡Q>w §{~H$
Amamo½`mMr H$miOr KoÊ`m~m~V àmßV Pmcocm AmYw{ZH$ Ñ{îQ>H$moU Am{U XiUdiUmÀ`m gmYZmV
Pmcocr à^mdr dmT> `m§Mm n[aUm_ cmoH$g§»òVrc AH$mcr _¥Ë`yà_mU H$_r hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ZpíMV Pmcm
Amho. Ë`m_wio AÚm{n, {dH${gV XoemÀ`m VwcZoV ho à_mU H$_r Agco Var ^yVH$mimer VwcZm H$aVm
^maVr` ì`ŠVrÀ`m gamgar Am`w_m©ZmV dmT> Pmcr Amho; hr JmoîQ> {ZpíMVM ñdmJVmh© Amho VerM Vr
cmoH$g§»òÀ`m dmT>rg nmofH$ R>acr Amho.
26
~) CÀM OÝ_Xa (dmT>Ë`m OZZ à_mUmMr H$maUo/KQ>H$)
dmñV{dH$, _¥Ë`wXamV KQ> hmoV AgVmZmM OÝ_XamVhr Ë`mM à_mUmV KQ> Pmcr AgVr Va
cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m OmUdcr ZgVr. nU 1921 Z§Va AmnUmg OÝ_XamV {Z`{_V dmT> hmoV
Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. 1991 À`m OZJUZoV `mV WmoS>r KQ> Pmë`mMo Xe©{dco Agco Var EHy$U
cmoH$g§»òVrc dmT>rMo à_mU cjmV KoVm AÚmn ^maVmVrc OÝ_Xa CÀM AgmM Amho. `mMr R>iH$
H$maUo Imcrcà_mUo OmUdVmV1. àOZZmg nyaH$ hdm_mZ : d¡ÚH$emñÌmZo ho _mÝ` Ho$co Amho H$s, erV H${Q>~§YmVrc
Xoemnojm CîU H${Q>~§YmVrc XoemV {ñÌ`m cdH$a àOZZj_ hmoVmV. VemV Ë`m§Mm {ddmh cdH$a Pmcm
H$s, Ë`m§Mm àOZZ H$mi dmT>Vmo d Ë`m A{YH$ _wcm§Zm OÝ_ XoD$ eH$VmV. ^maVmV Zo_H$s hrM pñWVr
Agë`mZo ^maVmVrc {ñÌ`m cdH$a _mVm hmoVmV d 15 Vo 50 dfmªn`ªV _wcm§Zm OÝ_ XoV amhVmV.
2. {ddmh{df`H$ ~m~r : (~mc{ddmh àWm d ~hþnËZr àWm) ^maVmVrc 80 Q>ŠHo$
cmoH$g§»`m qhXy§Mr Amho. qhXy Y_m©Zo gm§{JVcoë`m Y_©, AW©, H$m_ `m nwéfmWm©Mo nmcZ H$ê$Z _moj `m
loîR> nwéfmWm©Mr àmßVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ddmh ho EH$ AË`mdí`H$ gmYZ _mZÊ`mV Amco Amho. qhXy§gmR>r
Vmo EH$ n{dÌ g§ñH$ma _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio OdiOdi gd© ñÌr-nwéf {ddmh H$aVmV. {deofV…
{ñÌ`m§À`m ñdmV§Í`mMm g§H$moM hmoD$Z Ho$di {ddmh hmM Ë`m§À`mgmR>r g§ñH$ma R>acm Amho. nwéfm§Zr
XoIrc A{ddm{hV amhUo AZ¡{VH$ _mZco OmVo. {ñÌ`m§À`mgmR>r Myc d _yc hoM joÌ _`m©{XV Pmë`mZo
Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMr JaO Zmhr Ago g_OyZ _wctMm {ddmh cdH$a H$aÊ`mV òD$ cmJcm. ~mc{ddmhmMr
àWm nwT>o dmT>VM Jocr. ~mc{ddmhm_wio _wctZm _mZ{gH$ An[an¹$Vm, BVa emar[aH$ Ad`dm§Mr
ì`dpñWV Z Pmcocr dmT> `m_wio O~m~Xma _mVoMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mMr j_Vm d BÀN>m ZgVmZmhr
Ë`m§Moda _mV¥Ëd cmXco OmVo. Ë`m§À`m àOZZmMm H$mc XrK©H$mc amhVmo. Ë`m_wio _wcm§À`m g§»òV {dnwc
dmT> hmoV amhVo. ~mc{ddmhmÀ`m {damoYmV H$m`Xm hmoD$Zhr {deofV… J«m_rU ^mJmV Z Ow_mZVm
~mc{ddmh hmoVmVM. {edm` Y_m©Zo nwÌmMo _hÎd gm§{JVco Agë`mZo nwÌàmßVr AË`mdí`H$ _mZcr
OmVo. nwÌ OÝ_ë`mZoM ""{nV¥F$UmVyZ _wŠV hmoVm òVo, {nË`mÀ`m _¥V {nVam§Zm gX²JVr {_iVo, _mVoMm
OÝ_ gmW©H$s cmJVmo d d§emMm doc dmT>V amhVmo'' Aer à~i g_OyV AmOhr Amho. nydu {ddm{hV
ñÌrcm "AîQ>nwÌ gm¡^m½`dVr ^d' Agm Amerdm©X {Xcm OmV Ago. Ë`m_wio Oa _wcrda _wcr hmoV Joë`m
Va _wcJm hdmM `mgmR>r cmoH$g§»`m dmT>V OmB©. _wcJm hdm AgVmZm _wcJr Pmcr Va Vr "ZH$moer' `m
ZmdmZo XoIrc AmoiIcr OmVo. Aem _wctÀ`m Amamo½`mH$S>o, g§dY©ZmH$S>o cj Z XoVm Ë`m§Zm cdH$aM
COdco OmB©. åhUOo EH$sH$S>o cmoH$g§»òMr JwUdÎmm H$_r hmoV AgVmZm XwgarH$S>o cmoH$g§»òÀ`m
dmT>rcm MmcZm {Xcr OmVo. dmñV{dH$ àOZZemñÌÑîQ>çm _wcJm dm _wcJr hmoUo ho nyU©V`m nwéfmda
Adc§~yZ Agco Var ~m`H$mocm dma§dma _wcrM hmoVmV åhUyZ _wctgh ~m`H$mocm Q>mH$Umao d Xwgam
{ddmh H$aUmao gw{e{jV nVrXoIrc A{YH$ à_mUmV AmhoV. n[aUm_r, cmoH$g§»òV â nS>Vo. {edm`
nwéfàYmZ g_mOmV ~hþnËZr {ddmh hm nydu \$magm Ë`mÁ` _mZcm OmV Zgo. qH$~hþZm nm¡éfËd, n¡gm,
27
g_mOmVrc daMo nX `m§À`mer Ë`mMr gm§JS> KmVcr OmB©. eodQ>r `mVyZ EHy$U cmoH$g§»òV â nS>V
Jocr. g_mOmZo d Y_m©Zo nwÌ Zgoc Va EH$ \$ma _moR>r CUrdM am{hcr Ago _mZco OmB©. AkmZ, nwéfr
Ah§H$ma, gm_m{OH$ XS>nU `mda AmYm[aV AmOhr nwÌàmßVrgmR>r MoQy>H$, _§ÌV§Ì `mnmgyZ Vo J^©Oc
(AnË` AmB©À`m nmoQ>mV AgVmZmM Vo _wcJm H$s _wcJr `mMo {ZXmZ H$aUmar {M{H$Ëgm) {M{H$Ëgon`ªV
AZoH$ _mJ© MmoImico OmVmV. `m~m~rXoIrc OÝ_Xa CÀM R>odÊ`mgmR>r gmhmæ`^yV hmoVmV.
^maVr` cmoH$g§»òVrc 20 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$g§»`m hr _wñcr_, {¼íMZ dJ¡ao Y_u`m§Mr Agcr Varhr
Ë`m§À`m Y_m©Mr {eH$dU cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rcm nyaH$M Amho. _wpñc_m§Zm Va Mma {ñÌ`m§er {ddmh
H$aÊ`mMm, {dYdog Xwgam {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Y_©_mÝ`M Amho. cdH$a {ddmh H$aUo Ë`m Y_m©V
BîQ>M _mZco OmVo. qhXy g_mOmVXoIrc Y_© d g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m àMmaH$m§Zr {dYdm§Zm nwZ{d©dmhmMm
hŠH$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo _mZdVmdmXr H$m`© Ho$co. `m_wiohr cmoH$g§»òMm Xa CÀM amhÊ`mg _XV Pmcr
Amho.
3. eoVràYmZ AW©ì`dñWm d g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr : ^maV hm AmOhr eoVràYmZ
AW©ì`dñWoMm d g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrg {deof ñWmZ Agcocm Xoe _mZcm OmVmo. `m XmoÝhr JmoîQ>r XrK©
H$mcmdYrnmgyZ cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rg AZwH$y c R>aë`m AmhoV. ZÚm§H$mR>À`m {dnwc, g_¥Õ, gwnrH$
O{_ZrVyZ ânya CËnmXZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mo d Hw$Qw>§~mMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U _mc_Îmocm dmag
{_iÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ _Zwî`~imMr, Ë`mVyZ nwÌmMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>V Amcr. eoVr ì`dgm`mgmR>r
A{YH$ _Zwî`~i Amdí`H$ Ago. Ë`m_wioM àmMrZ Y_©emñÌH$mam§Zr nwÌmMr Amdí`H$Vm, "AîQ>nwÌ
gm¡^m½`mdVr ^d' `m Amerdm©XmVyZ d BVa àWm§VyZ, emñÌdMZmVyZ g_mOmV éOdcr. nwT>o eoVrMo
VwH$S>o nS>V OmD$Z eoVr VmoQ>çmV hmoV Jocr Var A{YH$ _wcm§Mr d¥Îmr _mÌ H$_r hmoV Jocr Zmhr. {edm`
eoVr hr EH$sH$S>o H$R>moa l_mda, _mÝgyZ nmdgmÀ`m charda AmYmacocr Agë`m_wio,
^{dî`H$mimgmR>r \$maer {ecH$s CËnmXZ Z XoUmar Agë`mZo d¥ÕmnH$mir _mVm-{nË`m§H$S>o cj
XoÊ`mgmR>r _wcJm hdmM `mgmR>r A{YH$ _wcm§Zm OÝ_ {Xcm OmD$ cmJcm. g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMr aMZm d
AmH$ma hmXoIrc cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rcm nmofH$M R>aVmo. EImXm ^ma^yV, Z {_i{dUmam _wcJm Ë`mMohr c½Z
cmdyZ {Xco OmVo. _moR>çm KamV ~mi§VnU, _wcm§Mo g§JmonZ XoIrc H$iV-ZH$iVnUo hmoV OmVo. gÜ`m
^maVmVrc ehar g_wXm`mVyZ {d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo à_mU dmT>V Agco Var J«m_rU g_mOmV AÚmnhr eoVr
ì`dgm`m_wio g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMm à^md {Q>H$y Z Amho. g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mV amhUr_mZmMm XOm© Imcmdcm Var
ZdrZ OrdmMo ñdmJV H$ê$Z Ë`mcm OJdÊ`mMm Ho${dcdmUm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
g§`wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m d Ë`m§Zm {ZdmgmgmR>r àmßV hmoUmar OmJm BVH$s Anwar AgVo
H$s, {ddm{hVm§Zm Oar g§V{V{Z`_ZmMr gmYZo dmnamd`mMr Agcr Var Ë`m§Zm g§H$moMm_wio `m gmYZm§Mm
dmna H$aVm òV Zmhr. {edm` dS>rcYmè`m§Mm {ddm{hVm§À`m OrdZmda BVH$m X~md AgVmo H$s, Ë`m§Zm
~mhoa OmD$Z {gZo_m nmhUo, {\$aUo dJ¡ao H$a_UwH$sÀ`m ~m~VrV AS>WioM AmUco OmVmV. gmh{OH$M
28
H$m_V¥ßVr hrM ~hþVoH$m§gmR>r H$a_UwH$sMr ~m~ R>aVo. åhUOo cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rg Aem àH$mao g§`wŠV
Hw$Qw>§~ àoaH$ R>aVo.
4. {ñÌ`m§Mo g_mOmVrc Xwæ`_ ñWmZ : ^maVr` g_mOì`dñWoV nwéfmcm àmYmÝ` d ñÌrcm
Xwæ`_ ñWmZ {Xco Joco Amho. Ho$di "Myc d _yc' hoM {VMo joÌ _moR>çm à_mUmV AmOhr _mZco OmVo.
EH$mo{Ugmì`m d {dgmì`m eVH$mV g_mOgwYmaH$, emgH$s` à`ËZ VgoM Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU,
ZmJ[aH$sH$aU Am{U AmYw{ZH$sH$aU BË`mXr_wio ñÌrMo ñWmZ CÝZV hmoÊ`mgmR>r ârd à`ËZ Pmco
Agco Var `mV A{YH$Va ñdmW©M nm{hcm OmV Amho. {eH$coë`m {ñÌ`m AWm}ËnmXZ H$ê$ eH$VmV `m
\$m`ÚmdaM A{YH$ cj {Xco OmVo, _mÌ _mV¥Ëd hdo H$s ZH$mo `m~m~VMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ë`m§Zm \$maM
H$_r ñdmV§Í` {Xco OmVo. AmOhr {VÀ`mda _mV¥Ëd cmXco OmVo. Vr H$moUË`mhr OmVrVrc, dJm©Vrc dm
e¡j{UH$ ñVamVrc Agmo Ë`m_wio OÝ_Xa hm CÀM am{hcm Amho.
^maVr` g_mOì`dñWoV Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m nmcZmMr Or EHo$ar dmhVyH$ Amho {VMm ^ma {ñÌ`m§daM
nS>Vmo. `mVyZM {ñÌ`m§Mo gVV ~mi§VnU, _wcm§Mo g§JmonZ `mV gVV ì`J« R>odÊ`mV H$mhr nwéf Omo "nwéfr
MmUjnUm' XmIdVmV Vmo OÝ_Xa dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r gmhmæ`^yV hmoVmo.
5. AkmZ d {ZajaVm : ^maVr` cmoH$m§À`m_Yrc gmjaVoMo à_mU nm{hco Va Vo AÚm{n
\$maM H$_r Amho Am{U Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU KoUmè`m§Mo à_mU Va \$maM VwQ>nw§Oo Amho. `mMr AZoH$
H$maUo Agcr Var cmoH$g§»òVrc dmT> amoIÊ`mg Vmo EH$ AS>Wim R>acm Amho. AkmZm_wio "_wco hr
Xodm KaMr \w$co AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm ZH$mo åhUUmao AmnU H$moU?' Aer g_OyV ~imdcocr AgVo. ~è`mM
OUm§Zm OZZà{H«$òMr OrdemñÌr` _m{hVr ZgVo. A{YH$ _wco ho lo`ñH$a _mZco OmVo.
Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmcm {damoY Ho$cm OmVmo. Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmMr gmYZo dmnaUo d H¥${Ì_ J^©{ZamoYZ H$aUo ho
AkmZr cmoH$m§Zm nmn dmQy> cmJVo. VgoM Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZ Ho$ë`mZo AmnU Amnco nm¡éfËd J_mdyZ ~gy
Aerhr AkmZmnmoQ>r ^rVr AgVo.
A{e{jV Agcoë`m ì`ŠVr emioV Joë`m Zgë`mZo EH$ Va Ë`m§Mm {ddmh cdH$a hmoVmo d Ë`m§Mm
àOZZmMm H$mcmdYr XrK© ~ZVmo. {deofV… Á`m {ñÌ`m§Zr _mÜ`{_H$ ñVamdarc {ejU KoVcoco Amho
Ë`m§Mm {ddmh doimZo hmoVmo. `mhrnojm {ñÌ`m§Mo {ejU A{YH$ Pmco Agoc Va Ë`m gw{e{jV Hw$Qw>§~mVM
Amncm {ddmh hmoB©c `mMm AmJ«h YaVmV. H$mhr {ñÌ`m ZmoH$ar dm AÝ` ì`dgm`m§V gh^mJr hmoVmV.
gmh{OH$M Ë`m§À`m AnË`m§_Yrc A§Va dmT>Vo d Ë`m AnË`m§Mr g§»`mhr _`m©{XV R>odVmV. gw{e{jV
{ñÌ`m§~m~VrV _mVm _¥Ë`y d ~mc_¥Ë`yMo à_mUhr AË`ënM OmUdVo. CXm. Ho$di J«m_rU {d^mJmnojm
ZmJar {d^mJmV OZZà_mU H$_r AgUo, `mMo EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo {ñÌ`m§Vrc dmT>Vr gmjaVm d
e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmm hmo`. hr dñVwpñWVr cjmV KoVm ^maVmVrc {ñÌ`m§V gmjaVm H$_r Amho. J«m_rU
^mJmV Va IynM H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio OÝ_Xa AÚm{n CÀM Amho.
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6. h[aV H«$m§VrMm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ : ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmda â XoV
AgVmZmM AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ñd`§nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r harV
H«$m§Vrcm MmcZm {Xcr. `m_wio eoVr CËnmXZmV AmnU ñdmdc§~Z {_i{dco, nU ho ñdmdc§~Z H$m`_Mo
{Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r d A{YH$ g_¥Õr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r OÝ_Xa AmQ>moŠ`mV R>odÊ`mEodOr J«m_rU ^mJmVrc
cmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma dmT>dÊ`mda â {Xcm Amho. h[aV H«$m§Vr, Xw½YmoËnmXZ, newnmcZ
`m§_wio gwédmVrg Omo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Pmcm Vmo Zdà_mU dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r nyaH$M R>acm Ago VÁkm§Zr
_V _m§S>co Amho.
7. Xm[aÐç d H${ZîR> àVrMo amhUr_mZ : ^maVmVrc eoVràYmZ AW©ì`dñWoer \$ma _moR>m
^mJ Jw§Vcocm AgyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV Jw§Vcoë`m cmoH$m§Mo à_mU \$maM H$_r Amho. n[aUm_r, Am{W©H$
{dH$mg Aën AgyZ XaS>moB© CËnÝZ H$_r Aho.
Xm[aÐç åhQ>co H$s Anwam Amhma, Anwam dñÌnwadR>m, {ZajaVm, AkmZ Am{U H$_Hw$dV
earañdmñÏ` `m JmoîQ>r AmoKmZo Amë`mM. Aem Hw$Qw>§~mV R>amdrH$ amhUr_mZmMr nmVir H$m`_ R>odÊ`mMo
~§YZ ZgVo. _wcm§Zm {eH${dUo, dmT>{dUo `m§gma»`m O~m~Xmè`m Ë`m§Zm ôS>gmdV ZgVmV. `mCcQ> 45 dfm©Mo _yc åhUOo H$moUVo Zm H$moUVo H$m_ H$ê$Z Mma n¡go {_idyZ XoUmao qH$dm AmB©-dS>rc H$m_mcm
Joc AgVmZm KaH$m_ gm§^miUmao, chmZ _wcmcm IoidUmao åhUyZ Cn`wŠVM R>aVo. Ë`m_wio Aem
Hw$Qw>§~mV A{YH$ _wcm§Zm OÝ_ {Xcm OmVmo. {edm` {ZåZñVamMo OrdZ OJUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mV ~MVrMr
eŠ`Vm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio d¥ÕmnH$mir Amncr _wcoM AmnUmg "^mH$a-VwH$S>m' KmcVrc hr YmaUm
AgVo. VgoM {ZåZñVamVrc cmoH$m§Mo Amamo½` {ZH¥$îQ> àVrMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio ~mc_¥Ë`yMo à_mU OmñV
AgVo. gmh{OH$M hr eŠ`Vm cjmV KoD$Z OmñV _wcm§Zm OÝ_ XoD$Z Ë`mVrc WmoS>r Var hmVmVm|S>mer
òVrc hr d¥Îmr AmT>iVo.
S>m°. Ho$ñQ´>mo `m {dMmad§VmZo Amnë`m "^yH$o Mm ^yJmoc' (Geography of Hunger) `m J«§WmV
Xm[aÐç, amhUr_mZmMo {ZåZñVa, {ZH¥$îQ> Amhma d OÝ_XamMm g§~§Y XmIdyZ {Xcm Amho. Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m nwñVH$mV "gmVË`mZo Cnmer AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr_Yrc _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ KQ>H$ Ago à^m{dV
hmoVmV H$s, Ë`m_wio EH$sH$S>o Ë`m§Mr H$m_oÀN>m IynM dmT>Vo, VgoM àOZZ j_Vmhr dmT>rg cmJVo.' hm
{dMma emñÌewÕ[aË`m _m§S>cm Amho. n[aUm_r, Xm[aÐçm_wio A{YH$ _wcm§Zm OÝ_ d A{YH$ _wcm§_wio
A{YH$ Xm[aÐç Ago XwîQ>MH«$ {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mCcQ>, CÀM àVrMo OrdZ_mZ OJUmè`m _Ü`_ d lr_§V
dJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_mZ {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma _`m©{XV R>odÊ`mMo _hÎd
nQ>coco AgVo. Aem cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU ^maVmV AË`ën Amho. X[aÐr cmoH$ _mÌ _moR>çm à_mUmV
AmhoV. Ë`m_wio EHy$U OÝ_XamMo à_mU gmVË`mZo dmT>Vo amhVo.
8. H$a_UwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm A^md : {dH${gV XoemV Á`m§Mo amhUr_mZ CÀM Amho, Ë`m§Zm
H$a_UwH$sMo AZoH$ _mJ© CncãY AgVmV. _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r AZoH$ gmoB©-gw{dYm§Mm cm^ KoVm òVmo. _mÌ
A{dH${gV XoemVrc X[aÐr cmoH$m§Zm `m gmoB©-gw{dYm CncãY hmoV ZmhrV. Or H$mhr {gZo_mgmaIr
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gmYZo CncãY AmhoV Ë`mVyZ A{YH$Va c¢{JH$ CÔrnZmMoM H$m_ Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio {ZåZñVamVrc
cmoH$m§Zm emar[aH$ gwI XoUo d KoUo hmM Z¡g{J©H$ H$a_UwH$sMm _mJ© CaVmo. `mMm n[aUm_ cmoH$g§»òMm
OÝ_Xa CÀM amhVmo.
9. Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZm~m~V CXmgrZVm : 1921 Z§Va ^maVmV dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òMr g_ñ`m
AmH$ma KoV AgVmZm Vr AmQ>moŠ`mV R>odÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZm~m~V {~«{Q>em§Mo naHo$ emgZ CXmgrZM
am{hco `mV \$mago AmíM`© Zmhr. nU a. Ymo. H$d}, àm. Zm. gr. \$S>H$o `m§gma»`m \$maM H$_r
{dMmad§Vm§Zr `mMm nmR>nwamdm Ho$cm. AWm©V Ym{_©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yëò OVZ H$aUmè`m§Zr Aem
{dMmad§Vm§Mr CnojmM Ho$cr. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m H$mimV AmOÀ`mgmaIr Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmMr gmYZo
gwc^[aË`m dmnaVm òUmar d ñdñVmV ghOJË`m àmßV hmoUmar ZìhVr.
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV gwédmVrg emgZmZo XoIrc `mMm \$magm Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma Ho$cm Zmhr.
Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZ _mo{h_og Xwgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV gaH$maZo ñWmZ {Xco Varhr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm
`m~m~V CXmgrZM am{hcr. AmO emgZmZo Am{U {dMmad§Vm§Zr `m _mo{h_ocm ì`mnH$ Ago ñdê$n {Xco
Amho. cmoH$g§»`m {ejUmÀ`m à^mdmZo OZVmhr `m~m~V hiyhiy CXmgrZVm gmoS>y Z XoD$Z `m `moOZocm
WmoS>m\$ma à{VgmX XoV Amho. VarnU `mcm Omo Cera Pmcm Ë`m_wio Ë`m H$mimV cmoH$g§»òZo _wimVM
CJ« ñdê$n YmaU Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
10. ñWcm§Va : _¥Ë`wXamV KQ> d OÝ_Xa gmVË`mZo CÀM amhUo `m~amo~aM ñWcm§VamÀ`m _mJm©Zohr
^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òV d¥Õr Pmcr Amho. Xoem§VJ©V ñWcm§Va `m~m~V _hÎdmMo Zmhr nU ^maVm~mhoarc
XoemVyZ {Zdm©{gVm§Mo cm|T>o ^maVmV òD$Z cmoH$g§»òV Ë`m§Zr â KmVcr Amho. 1947 gmcr \$miUr
hmoD$Z nm{H$ñVmZmVyZ OdiOdi 60 cmI _wpñc_oVa cmoH$m§Zr ^maVmV ñWcm§Va Ho$co. VgoM
OdiOdi 40 cmI _wñcr_ cmoH$m§Zr Ë`m doioÀ`m nyd© nm{H$ñVmZmVyZ (AmOMm ~m§Jcm Xoe) ^maVmV
Aml` KoVcm. Ë`mMà_mUo ~m§Jcm XoemÀ`m {Z{_©Vr AmYr VoWrc {Zdm©{gVm§Zr, VgoM lrc§H$o Vrc
Vm{_im§Zr ^maVmV ñWcm§Va Ho$ë`mZo ^maVr` cmoH$g§»òV â KmVcr Amho. Am{\«$H$m, ~«÷Xoe,
AmImVr Xoe, _cm`m, qgJmnya, B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$m, H°$ZS>m òWrc Xoem§Zr nyduM OmD$Z am{hcoë`m
^maVr`m§Zm nÕVera[aË`m hþgH$mdyZ cmdm`cm gwédmV Ho$ë`mZo ^maVr` cmoH$g§»òV âM nS>V Amho.
{edm` ho ñWcm§V[aV Pmcoco cmoH$ àm_w»`mZo {ZåZ Am{W©H$ ñVamVrc AmhoV hohr cjmV KoVco nm{hOo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2
1. d¡ÚH$emñÌr`ÑîQ>çm H$moUË`m XoemVrc {ñÌ`m cdH$a àOZZj_ hmoVmV?
2. ^maVmV {ddmhmH$S>o H$m` åhUyZ nm{hco OmVo?
3. H$moUH$moUË`m àWm§À`m_wio ^maVmV cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcr?
4. qhXw Y_m©Zo H$moUVr ~m~ A{Ve` _hÎdnyU© _mZcr?
31
5. ^maVmV AmOhr {ñÌ`m§À`mda H$m` cmXco OmVo?
6. S>m°. Ho$ñQ´>mo `m§Zr Amnë`m H$moUË`m J«W§ m_Üò Xm[aÐç, amhUr_mZmMo {ZåZñVa, nm¡îQ>rH$
AmhmamMm A^md Am{U OÝ_XamMm g§~§Y XmIdyZ {Xcm Amho.?
7. ^maVmVrc H$moUË`m ì`ŠVrZr Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZm~m~V CXm{gZ YmoaU ñdrH$maco hmoV?o
8. ^maVmVrc {ZåZ ñVam_Yrc cmoH$m§Zm H$moUVm Z¡g{J©H$ H$a_UwH$sMm _mJ© `mo½` dmQ>Vmo?
9. Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m~m~V AmO H$moUVm _mJ© OmñV à^mdr dmQ>Vmo?
10. H$moUË`m _mJm©Zo ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»òV d¥Õr Pmcr?
2.4.3 ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`mdmT> {Z`§ÌU Cnm` qH$dm _mJ© (cmoH$g§»`m dmT>
amoIÊ`mgmR>r à{V~§YmË_H$ Cnm`)
gmVË`mZo dmT>V OmUmar cmoH$g§»`m ho AmOXoIrc ^maVr` g_mOmMo EH$ R>iH$ cjU ~Zco
Amho. hr dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m amoIÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV emgH$s` nmVirda
Ag§»` à`ËZ Ho$co. VgoM `mgmR>r hOmamo H$moQ>çmdYr énò IM© H$aÊ`mV Amco. VarXoIrc ^maV
gaH$macm `m~m~V \$mago è {_imcoco Zmhr hr dmñVdVm Amho. OJm_Üò gdm©V àW_ B.g. 1975
gmcr ^maVmZo dmT>Vo OZZà_mU amoIÊ`mgmR>r ""Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ'' ho YmoaU emgH$s` nmVirda
am~{dco. àM§S> d gmVË`mZo dmT>Umè`m cmog§»ò_wio AmO ^maVmV Xm[aÐç, ^«îQ>mMma, JwÝhoJmarMr
àd¥Îmr, ~oH$mar, _hmJmB©, nm¡îQ>rH$ AmhmamMm A^md, dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU gmYZm§Mr g_ñ`m,
cmoH$m§Mm AY…H$ma_` ^{dî`H$mi `mgma»`m AË`§V J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zr Amnco éÐ ê$n YmaU
Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
`m gd© J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§À`mnmgyZ _wŠVr {_idyZ 21 ì`m eVH$m_Üò ^maV Xoemcm EH$
eŠVremcr amîQ´> ~Zdmd`mMo Agoc Va H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV AmnUmg dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌrV
H$aUo hmM EH$ à^mdemcr _mJ© åhUyZ gm§JVm òB©c. Xadfu 2.1 Q>ŠŠ`m§Zr dmT>V OmUmar ^maVmMr
cmoH$g§»`m 2011 gmcÀ`m OZJUZm AhdmcmZwgma Vr 121 H$moQ>r Pmcr. `m dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òcm
Amim KmcUo H$R>rU, AdKS> Am{U A{Ve` Jw§VmJw§VrMo Agco Var Vr amoIUo AWdm {Z`§ÌrV H$aUo
`mcm Xwgam H$moUVmhr n`m©` Zmhr. `mgmR>r ^maV Xoemcm EH$ gdªH$f Ago cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU
(Population Policy) AmImdo cmJoc H$s, Á`m_Üò OÝ_Xa Imcr AmUUo Am{U cmoH$g§»òMr
JwUdÎmm dmT>{dUo `mda â Úmdm cmJoc.
cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU
S>m°. Eg. M§ÐeoIa `m§Zr cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaUmMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm åhQ>co Amho H$s,
""XoemÀ`m cmoH$g§»òMm AmH$ma d g§KQ>Z `mV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m XoemÀ`m emgZmH$Sy>Z
32
H$m`Xoera Cnm``moOZm dm emgH$s` _mJ©Xe©H$m§À`m Ûmam OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$cm OmUmam à`ËZ åhUOo Ë`m
XoemMo cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU hmo`.''
AWm©V, Ago cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU ho g_mO{hVmcm àmYmÝ` XoUmao Agco nm{hOo.
H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZoer Vo gwg§JV Agco nm{hOo. g_mO{hVmMm {dMma H$aVm Ë`mcm
Am{W©H$ ~mOyhr Amho. Ë`m_wio JwÝZa {_S>©c `m§Zr g_mOmMo Am{W©H$ {hV d gm_m{OH$ {hV `m Xmohm|Mr
ì`dpñWV gm§JS> KmcUmaoM YmoaU ho `mo½` YmoaU Ago _V _m§S>co Amho.
^maVmÀ`m H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZog AZwgê$Z d cmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mo nmcZ H$ê$Z OZVoMo
OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo ho _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {dH$mgm{^_wI Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m§da â Úmdm cmJVmo.
XaS>moB© CËnÝZ dmT>{dÊ`m~amo~aM OrdZmÀ`m JwUdÎmoVXoIrc gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUmì`m cmJVmV. `mMm
{dMma cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaUmV Ho$cm Amho. `m_wio `m YmoaUmMo g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ Ago XmoZ
n¡cy {XgyZ òVmV. g§»`mË_H$ n¡cyV cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§{ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUOo OÝ_Xa KQ>dÊ`mgmR>r
Hw$Qw>§~-{Z`moOZmgma»`m {d{dY Cnm`m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. Va JwUmË_H$ n¡cyV cmoH$m§Mo CËH¥$îQ>
Amamo½`, {ejU, AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `m§Mm Amdí`H$ VodT>m nwadR>m H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ
dmT>dÊ`mda â {Xcm OmVmo. `m_wio ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ {ZamoJr, XrKm©`w, H$m`©j_, gw{e{jV, gwg§ñH¥$V
~ZdÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY Cnm``moOZm§da â {Xcm OmVmo.
Voìhm cmoH$g§»`m YmoaU ho cmoH$g§»òMo AmH$ma_mZ, cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMm Xa, cmoH$g§»òMr
{d^mJUr d {VMo KQ>H$ `m§da n[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m gaH$mar Cnm``moOZm§Mm g§M AgVmo. EH$sH$S>o
OÝ_Xa H$_r H$ê$Z cmoH$g§»òda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo _w»` H$m`© H$aÊ`m~amo~aM Amamo½`, {ejU,
amoOJma, Ka~m§YUr, ñWcm§Va BË`mXt~m~V H$m`Xo H$ê$Z EHy$U gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg
gmYÊ`mda cmoH$g§»`m YmoaU AmIco Amho.
^maVr` cmoH$g§»òMo YmoaU am~{dVmZm H$mhtZr (A) OrdZ_mZ C§M{dÊ`mda â {Xcm Amho, Va
H$mhtZr (~) OÝ_Xa H$_r H$aÊ`mda àm_w»`mZo â Úmdm Ago _V _m§S>co Amho.
(A) AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z eoVrMo, CÚmoJY§ÚmMo CËnmXZ dmT>dmdo, Ë`m_wio EHy$U
amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ dmT>oc. Ë`mMo {dVaU g_mZ H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Mo XaS>moB© CËnÝZ dmT>oc. `m_wio Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_mZ
dmT>oc. EH$Xm OrdZ_mZ C§Mmdco H$s Vo Amnco Hw$Qw>§~ N>moQ>o R>odVrc. (~) OÝ_Xa H$_r R>odÊ`mda â hm
Ñ{îQ>H$moU H$mhtZm _mÝ` Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, àW_V… OÝ_Xa H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Omo_Xma d gdªH$f à`ËZ
H$amdoV. OÝ_Xamda à^mdr {Z`§ÌU R>odë`m{edm` CËnmXZdmT>rMo à`Z H$ê$Z gdmªÀ`m OrdZ_mZmV
\$maer àJVr hmoUma Zmhr. dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m hr dmT>Vo CËnmXZ \$ñV H$ê$Z Q>mH$Vo d Aem pñWVrV
\$magm \$aH$ {XgyZ òV Zmhr. nmpíM_mÎ` Xoem§Zr CËnmXZ dmT>{dco d OrdZ_mZ C§Mmdco. `m_mJ} Ë`m§Zr
cmoH$g§»òMm àíZ AmQ>moŠ`mV R>odcm Agcm Var Ë`m§Zr H$m~rO Ho$coë`m dgmhVr d Ë`m§Mo gm_«mÁ`dmXr
YmoaU ho Ë`m§Mo Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU èñdr H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aco Amho, ho cjmV KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
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Voìhm OÝ_Xa H$_r H$aÊ`mda â XoUo ho ^maVmgmR>r Iyn _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r AmnUmg Imcrc
{d{dY Cnm` gwM{dVm òVrc.
1. g§V{V{Z`_Zm§Mm à^mdr àMma : g§V{V{Z`_Zm§À`m gmYZm§Mm dmna cmoH$m§Zr _moR>çm
à_mUmV H$amdm `mgmR>r à^mdr àMma`§ÌUm C^r H$aUo, hr {d{dY gmYZo ñdñVmV dm {dZm_yë`
nwa{dUo, Ë`m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo dJ¡a|da â XoD$Z OÝ_Xa amoIUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho.
2. J^©nmVmg _mÝ`Vm : ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm nwamVZ Ñ{îQ>H$moU cjmV KoVm J^©nmV ho nmn
_mZco OmB©, nU Oa {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrV EImÚm Xm§nË`mcm {deofV… ñÌrcm _yc ZH$mo Agoc Va
1972 À`m H$m`ÚmÝdò J^©nmVmg _mÝ`Vm {_imcr. AmO Va gwa{jV[aË`m J^©nmV H$aUmar ì`dñWm
gaH$ma_mÝ` hm°pñnQ>c_YyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho. OnmZZo `m~m~V H$m`Xm H$ê$Z
cmoH$g§»òMr dmT> 50 Q>ŠHo$ H$_r Ho$cr hmoVr.
3. Zg~§XrÀ`m eñÌ{H«$`m§da â : Zg~§XrÀ`m eñÌ{H«$`m hm 100 Q>ŠHo$ ImÌrMm _mJ©
Agë`mZo XmoZ AnËò Agcoë`m ñÌr dm nwéfmcm Aer eñÌ{H«$`m Ho$ë`mg Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmV ~jrg
XoÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm. AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV _mÌ Zg~§XrÀ`m H$m`©H$« _mcm gŠVrMo ñdê$n àmßV
Pmco. Ë`m_wio 1976 Vo 77 À`m H$mimV 43 cmI ho C{ÔîQ> AgVmZm 80 cmI eñÌ{H«$`m Pmë`m,
nU `m_wio cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mcm Zmng§Vr {Z_m©U Pmcr. OZVm gaH$maZo
gŠVr Z H$aVm Hw$Qw>§~H$ë`mU YmoaU ñdrH$mê$Z cmoH$m§À`m BÀN>oda Zg~§XrMr eñÌ{H«$`m gmon{dcr.
n[aUm_r, 1977-78 gmcr 40 cmI eñÌ{H«$`m§Mo C{ÔîQ> nyU© Z hmoVm Ho$di 9 cmI eñÌ{H«$`m
Pmë`m. EdT>oM Zdo Va g§VVr à{V~§YH$ gmYZo d J^©{ZamoYH$ Jmoù`m§Mm dmnahr IynM H$_r Pmcm.
AWm©V, gŠVrÀ`m Zg~§XrÀ`m eñÌ{H«$`m H$amì`mV H$s ZH$mo `m~m~V H|$Ð d KQ>H$ amÁò doJim {dMma
_m§S>VmV. gŠVrÀ`m Zg~§XrMm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mAmYr emgH$s` d d¡ÚH$s` `§ÌUm nwaoer AgUo Amdí`H$
Amho. VgoM {ZXmZ VrZ AnË`mZ§Va Aer gŠVr H$aÊ`mg H$moUVrM J` H$ê$ Zò Ago _V _m§S>co OmV
Amho. nU AmVm Va MrZà_mUo "h_ Xmo h_mam/h_mar EH$' hoM C{ÔîQ> WmoS>çm\$ma gŠVrZo am~dÊ`mMr
nmir Amcocr Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va Oa emgZ Amamo½`mÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ Xmê$da ~§Xr KmcVo, _mXH$
nXmWmªda ~§Xr KmcVo Va OZZXa amoIÊ`mg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV H$m` haH$V Amho? Agohr _V
_m§S>co OmV Amho. MrZZo EH$m AnË`mZ§Va Aer gŠVrMr Cnm``moOZm H$ê$Z cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌUm~m~V
CëcoIZr` è {_i{dco Amho.
4. {ddmhmÀ`m d`mo_`m©XoV H$m`ÚmZo dmT> : {ddmh d`mV dmT> H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xm XoIrc
à^mdr Cnm``moOZm Amho. ^maVmVrc {ñÌ`m CîU hdm_mZm_wio cdH$a d`mV òVmV d Ë`m§Mm cdH$a
{ddmh hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm àOZZH$mi cm§~Vmo. n[aUm_r, Ë`m A{YH$ AnË`m§Zm OÝ_ XoVmV ho cjmV
KoD$Z {ddmh d`mMr _`m©Xm dmT>{dÊ`m~m~V H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `mZwgma _wcrMo {H$_mZ d` 18 d
_wcmMo 21 n`ªV dmT>{dÊ`mV Amco. g§VVrMr g§»`m _`m©{XV R>odÊ`m~amo~aM _mVm-_¥Ë`yMo d
~mc_¥Ë`yMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm Cnm` _hÎdmMm Aho. n[anŠd d`mV {ddmh Ho$ë`mZo gm§gm[aH$
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O~m~Xmè`m ZrQ>nUo nma nmS>Vm òVmV. _wcm§Mr earadmT> {ZH$mon hmoVo. {edm` O~m~Xma nmcH$ËdmMr
^y{_H$mhr ì`dpñWV nma nmS>Vm òVo.
5. gmjaVm àgma d JwUdÎmoV dmT> : gmjaVm àgma d JwUdÎmoV dmT> hm hr cmoH$g§»`m
{Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mMm Am{U OrdZ_mZ dmT>{dÊ`mMm EH$ XrK©H$mcrZ nU à^mdr Agm Cnm` Amho.
{ñÌ`m§Zm {ejUm_wio {ddmhH$mi cm§~{dVm òVmo. Ë`m§Zm ñdmdc§~r hmoD$Z AWm©O©Z H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
_J gmh{OH$M Amnë`m g§VVr_Yrc A§Va d g§»`m `mMm Ë`m OmUrdnyd©H$ {dMma H$ê$ eH$VmV.
N>moQ>çm Hw$Qw>§~mMo _hÎd Ë`m§Zm nQ>Vo. VgoM _wcm§Mo d ñdV…Mo Amamo½` Ë`m gm§^miy eH$VmV. `m_wio
~mc_¥Ë`y d _mVm_¥Ë`y `m§Mo à_mU H$_r hmoVo. gÜ`m Ho$ai, Am§Y«_Üò {ñÌ`m§À`m {ejUmMo à_mU dmT>co
Amho. Ho$ai_Üò dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU ~aoM KQ>co Amho. `mMo EH$ à_wI H$maU VoWrc
{ñÌ`m§À`m_Yrc gmjaVoMo à_mU IynM dmT>coco Amho. 1974 gmcr ~wImaoñQ> òWo âcoë`m OmJ{VH$
cmoH$g§»`m n[afXo_Üò ñÌr{ejUmMm àgma d {ñÌ`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©V dmT> H$ê$Z à^mdr[aË`m
cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. {ñÌ`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ CÝZVrgmR>r VgoM gm_m{OH$
XOm©V dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ CnH«$_ d gmoB©-gdcVr XoÊ`mV òVmV. _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mV\}$ {ñÌ`m§Zm
Ka~gë`m nÌmÛmao {ejU nyU© H$aVm òV.o gmjaVoV dmT> d e¡j{UH$ JwUdÎmoV dmT> Pmë`mZo _wcJm
ZgVmZmhr 2 AWdm 3 AnË`m§nwaVo Hw$Qw>§~ _`m©{XV R>odco OmVo.
6. ~jrg d {ejm : AZoH$ gmoB©, gdcVr d ~{jgm§Mm à^md hm _mJ© Jar~ dJm©Vrc
cmoH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aVmo. ~è`mM KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zr Zg~§Xr eñÌ{H«$`m H$aUmè`m§Zm VgoM Hw$Qw>§~ _`m©{XV
R>odUmè`m§Zm gdcVrÀ`m XamZo H$O}, Kao, Ë`m§À`m _wcm§Zm e¡j{UH$ gdcVr d BVa gw{dYm nwa{dUogmR>r
CnH«$_ am~dÊ`mda â {Xcm Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo H$_r _wco AgUmè`m§nojm OmñV _wco AgUmè`m§Zm H$mhr
gdcVr ZmH$maë`m OmV AmhoV. nU> `m~m~V A{YH$ H$R>moa _mJ© dmnaco OmdoV Agmhr AmJ«h H$mhr
amÁò H$aVmV. `m Cnm`m§Mm A{YH$ {dñVmanyd©H$ dmna Ho$cm nm{hOo. H$_r _wco AgUmè`m§Zm H$_r H$a,
ZmoH$arV àmYmÝ` Va OmñV _wco AgUmè`m§Zm OmXm H$a AmH$macm Omdm Agohr à{VnmXZ Ho$co OmVo.
Y_m©Mm {dMma Z H$aVm gd© Y_u`m§gmR>r gŠVrMm {Û^m`m© à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm Ho$cm nm{hOo. hm
H$m`Xm _moS>Umè`m§Zm H$S>H$ emgZ Ho$co nm{hOo. XmoZ _wctZ§Va Zg~§Xr H$aUmè`mg ~jrg {Xco OmVo.
åhUOoM ~{jgm~amo~aM {ejmË_H$ _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mg àË`dm` Zgmdm Aer H$mhr amÁ`m§Mr
YmaUm Amho.
7. à^mdr àMma `§ÌUm : "Hw$Qw>§~ chmZ Va gwI _hmZ' hm cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mMm
åhUOo Hw$Qw>§~ _`m©{XV R>odÊ`mMm g§Xoe {d{dY àMma_mÜ`_m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo KamoKar nmohmoM{dÊ`mda â
{Xcm OmVmo. d¥ÎmnÌo, ì`m»`mZo, n[ag§dmX, {Z~§Y ñnYm©, dŠV¥Ëd ñnYm©, AmH$medmUr, {MÌnQ>,
XyaXe©Z, àXe©Zo, cmoH$dmL²>_`, cmoH$Z¥Ëò, OÌm, nmodmS>o BË`mXr _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ^maVmÀ`m
H$mZmH$monè`mV _`m©{XV g§VVr~m~V àMma H$ê$Z cmoH$m§Zm cmoH$g§»òÀ`m g_ñò{déÕ C^macoë`m
OZAm§XmocZmV _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_rc H$ê$Z KoVco OmV Amho.
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8. cmoH$g§»`m {ejU : cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ {d{dY ~m~tMr OmU {dÚmWuXeonmgyZM
_wcm§À`m_Üò {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mV O~m~Xma nmcH$Ëd {Z_m©U H$ê$Z N>moQ>o, gwIr Am{U Amamo½`nyU©
Hw$Qw>§~mMo _hÎd nQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$g§»`m {ejU nÕV{ea[aË`m {Xco Omdo `mgmR>r {d{dY CnH«$_,
nmdco Q>mH$Ê`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho. cmoH$g§»`m {ejUmZo ^maVmVrc A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»òMr
dmñVd pñWVr Am{U J§^ra ñdê$n cjmV AmUyZ XoÊ`m~amo~aM {VMo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
AmncrM AgyZ Ë`mdê$Z AmnU H$moUË`m dV©ZmMm Adc§~ H$amdm `m~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co OmVo.
{deofV… VéU {nT>r d ^maVmVrc AkmZr, A§YlÕmiy cmoH$m§À`mV cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ _yëò
OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$g§»`m {ejU hm A{Ve` _hÎdmMm Cnm` Amho.
9. cmoH$à{V{ZYtÀ`m g§»òV JmoR>dU : cmoH$à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m JmoR>dUo hr cmoH$g§»`m
{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMr Cnm``moOZm Amho. {dYmZg^m d cmoH$gôV {ZdSy>Z Úmd`mÀ`m
à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m hr 1971 À`m OZJUZoÀ`m cmoH$g§»òdê$Z {ZpíMV H$ê$Z Vr 2001 n`ªV
JmoR>{dcr Amho. åhUOo cmoH$g§»`m dmT>cr dm KQ>cr Var à{V{ZYr g§»òV dmT> dm KQ> Ho$cr OmUma
Zmhr. ZmhrVa Á`m amÁ`m§Zr cmoH$g§»`m amoIÊ`mgmR>r (CXm. X{jUoVrc amÁò) Mm§Jco H$m_ Ho$co Amho
Ë`m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$_r hmoB©c; Va Á`m§Zr `m~m~V hoigm§S> Ho$cr Amho, CXm. CÎmaoVrc CÎma àXoe,
{~hma dJ¡ao amÁ`m§Zm A{YH$ à{V{Z{YËd {_ioc. åhUOo Mm§Jco H$m_ Ho$coë`m amÁ`m§Zm {ejm d dmB©Q>
H$m_ Ho$coë`m amÁ`m§Zm ~jrg hr JmoîQ> Q>micr Amho.
10. {Z`moOZ~Õ ñWcm§Va : ñWcm§VamÀ`m _mJm©Zo cmoH$g§»`m _`m©{XV R>odÊ`mÀ`m Cnm`mMm
AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr nwañH$ma Ho$cm Agcm Var Amnë`m XoemVyZ Am°ñQ´>o{c`m, H°$ZS>m, `m§gma»`m H$_r
cmoH$g§»òÀ`m Xoem§V ^maVr` cmoH$m§Mo ñWcm§Va àË`jmV gmono Zmhr. H$maU `m~m~V Ë`m Ë`m XoemMo
H$m`Xo H$S>H$ AmhoV. AënH$mcrZ dmñVì`mgmR>r naH$s` XoemV Omd`mMo Agco Var pìhgm
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMr nyV©Vm H$amdr cmJVo. VemV Á`m§Mr _yëò BWë`m ^y_rV éOcr AmhoV
Ë`m§Zm hm Xoe gmoS>Uo \$maM H$R>rU Amho. {edm` naŠ`m XoemV Y_©, ^mfm, ImZnmZ, MmcrarVr BË`mXr
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~m~r \$maM {^ÝZ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mer O_dyZ KoUo H$R>rU AgVo. `m~m~V AW©emñÌk
A°S>_ pñ_WZo ""gd© àH$maÀ`m gm_mZmV _mUyg ZmdmMo gm_mZ XwgarH$S>o dmhÿZ ZoUo hr gdm©V AdKS>
JmoîQ> Amho.'' Ago Oo åhQ>co Amho Ë`mg A{YH$Va gm_m{OH$-_mZ{gH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~mOy Amho.
XoemVrc XoemV ñWcm§Va H$ê$Z EHy$U cmoH$g§»`m H$_r hmoUma Zmhr, nU cmoH$g§»òMr R>amdrH$
{R>H$mUr dmT>cocr KZVm d Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m {d{dY g_ñ`§Mo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ~Õ
ñWcm§Va hm Cnm` _hÎdmMm Amho. {deofV… J«m_rU ^mJmVyZ ehamV _moR>çm à_mUmV cmoH$g§»òMo
ñWcm§Va amoIUo _hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r J«m_rU d A{dH${gV ^mJmV amoOJma nwa{dUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$
{dH$mg d eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>{dUo _hÎdmMo Amho. `mgmR>r eoVrg nyaH$ Ago OmoS>Y§Xo, cKw CÚmoJ,
ñd`§amoOJma nwadyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrc H$Ë`m© VéU cmoH$g§»òg J«m_rU ^mJmVM amhÿZ Amncm d
g_wXm`mMm {dH$mg H$ê$Z KoUo d n[aUm_r cmoH$g§»`m dmT>rg Amim KmcÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV òV Amho.
36
11. eoVr d CÚmoJY§ÚmMm {dH$mg : dñVwV… ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va eoVr CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r
d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm AmhoM. Ë`mMà_mUo Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZdmT>r~m~V
{Z`moOZnyd©H$ nmdco Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcr. eoVrMm g§nyU© {dH$mg Pmcm H$s, Ë`m XoemMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg
gmYVm òVmo hm AZw^d Agë`mZo ^maVmV eoVr {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUcm nm{hOo. åhUyZ ^maVmÀ`m
Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmVyZ AZoH$ `moOZm am~{dë`m OmV
AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z A{YH$m{YH$ Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo Cn`moJmV AmUyZ amoOJma
dmT>dcm nm{hOo. `m_wio cmoH$m§Mo Xm[aÐç Xya hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo d n[aUm_r cmoH$g§»òÀ`m
g_ñòMr Vrd«Vm H$_r H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Amcm Amho. EH$Xm amhUr_mZ dmT>co H$s, Vo H$m`_
R>odÊ`mgmR>r AmnmoAmnM Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma _`m©{XV R>odcm OmVmo. cmoH$g§»òÀ`m YmoaUmMm Vmo EH$ ^mJ
A{YH$ AW©nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmV {ejU, Amamo½`, dmhVyH$ godm, drO, nmUr,
amoOJma{Z{_©Vr, ghH$mar VÎdmda MmcUmè`m {d{dY g§ñWm§Mo Omio BË`mXr_Üò OmUrdnyd©H$ dmT>
H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV òV Amho.
12. EopÀN>H$ _§S>imMo ghH$m`© : cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m ~m~VrV WmoS>o\$ma H$R>moa H$m`Xo H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho ho _mÝ` Amho. Varhr ^maVr` emgZmZo A§JrH$macocr cmoH$emhrMr C{ÔîQ>o cjmV KoVm
`mV AÚm{n gŠVrMm dmna \$magm Ho$cm OmV Zmhr. _wimV cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌUmMo YmoaU Ho$di
emgH$s` YmoaU Z ~ZVm Vo cmoH$m§Mo YmoaU ~Zco nm{hOo. Ë`mcm OZAm§XmocZmMo ñdê$n Amco nm{hOo.
`m~m~V EopÀN>H$ _§S>io _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmSy> eH$VmV. _{hcm _§S>io, `wdH$ _§S>io `m§gmaIr
_§S>io, g§KQ>Zm, g§ñWm§Zr nwT>mH$ma ¿`mdm åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm g{H«$` d gmZwJ«h AZwXmZmMr _XV XoÊ`mV òVo.
emim _hm{dÚmc`mVrc `wdmeŠVrMm XoIrc `m H$m_r Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mda â XoÊ`mMo _hÎd à{VnmXZ
H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho.
13. OZVoÀ`m Amamo½`{df`H$ XoIaoIrgmR>r à{e{jV H$m`©H$V} : OZVm njmÀ`m amOdQ>rV
cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m YmoaUmV Ho$di Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZmMr gŠVr Ago H$m`©H$« _mMo ñdê$n Z R>odVm Hw$Qw>§~
H$ë`mUmMo YmoaU ñdrH$maco. `mgmR>r àoaUmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoda â {Xcm. J«m_rU ^mJmVrc cmoH$m§À`m
Amamo½` ajUmda â XoD$ZM Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë`mUmMr `moOZm èñdr hmoD$ eHo$c. `mñVd gm_m{OH$
Amamo½àjU H$m`©H$Vm© qH$dm H$m`©H$Vu `m§À`m _m\©$V hr `moOZm A_cmV AmUyZ `m YmoaUmg JVr
XoÊ`mV Amcr. Aem H$m`©H$Ë`m©g Amdí`H$ Ago Amamo½`{df`H$ à{ejU XoÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mg AmH$f©H$
_mZYZ XoÊ`mV òVo. ñdV…À`m Jmdr ñdV…Mm ì`dgm` gm§^miÊ`m~amo~aM ho H$m`© H$aÊ`mMo Amho.
Ë`mZo 1000 cmoH$m§À`m Amamo½`mMr àmW{_H$ H$miOr ¿`md`mMr Amho. `m Amamo½àjH$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr
chmZ _wcm§Zm à{V~§YH$ cgr XoUo, Am¡fYo XoUo, "A' OrdZgÎdmÀ`m Jmoù`m XoUo, _co[a`mMo {Z_y©cZ
H$aUo, ñdÀN>VoMo d Amamo½`mMo _hÎd nQ>dUo `m~amo~aM cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m H$m`mªMo gdmªZm _hÎd
nQ>dyZ gm§JÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mÀ`mda Q>mH$cocr Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmV à{e{jV Xm`m§À`m A^mdr _mVm
d ~mc_¥Ë`yMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo Vo amoIÊ`mgmR>r d _mZdr eŠVrMr ZmgmS>r Q>miÊ`mgmR>r J«m_rU
37
^mJmV à{e{jV Xm`m CncãY hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr `moOZm hmVr KoVë`m Joë`m AmhoV. Amamo½àjH$
H$m`©H$Vm©, à{e{jV Xm`m `m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mg Xa 5000 cmoH$g§»ò_mJo XmoZ Amamo½` A{YH$mar
Zo_co OmVmV.
eha Am{U J«m_rU Aem XmoÝhr ^mJm§V cmoH$g§»`m YmoaU am~dÊ`mgmR>r "Amamo½` Am{U Hw$Qw>§~
H$ë`mU _§Ìmc`' {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ _mJ©Xe©ZmMo d _XVrMo H$m`© H$aV Amho. VgoM gd© ImVr Am{U Ë`m§Mo
A{YH$mar, H$_©Mmar, `m§À`mV gwg§dmX {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zmhr `m YmoaUmÀ`m èmgmR>r nmdco
CMcÊ`m~m~V _mJ©Xe©H$ YmoaUmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmV Amho.
14. eharH$aUmÀ`m à_mUmV dmT> : AÚm{n ^maVmVrc 74 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$ IoS>çmV amhVmV d
Ho$di 26 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$g§»`m ehamV amhV Amho. åhUOo eharH$aU \$mago Pmcoco Zmhr. {dH${gV XoemV
AË`§V _moR>çm à_mUmV eharH$aU gwê$ Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio EH$sH$S>o Xm[aÐçmda _mV d XwgarH$S>o
dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òg Amim VoWo KmVcm Jocm Amho. ehamV amhUmè`m {ñÌ`m§Zm {ejU, CÀM amhUr_mZ
`m JmoîQ>r {_iVmV. amhUr_mZmMm XOm© {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r {ñÌ`m ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm` `m joÌmV OmVmV d
AWm©O©Z H$ê$ cmJVmV. Aem {ñÌ`m AmnmoAmnM OmñV _wco hmoD$ XoV ZmhrV. ehamVrc cmoH$m§Zm
H$a_UwH$sMr AÝ` gmYZohr CncãY Pmcocr AgVmV. CXm. {gZo_m, ZmQ>Ho$, CÚmZo dJ¡ao. Ë`m_wio
c¢{JH$ H$a_UyH$ hmM H$mhr ehadmgr`m§Zm H$a_UwH$sMm EHw$cVm EH$ _mJ© CaV Zmhr. n[aUm_r,
cmoH$g§»òMr dmT> _`m©{XV amhVo.
15. gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m gmoB© CncãY H$aUo : _wimVM X[aÐr Agcoë`m ^maVr`
g_mOmVrc AZoH$ cmoH$m§Mo ^{dVì` Agwa{jV AgVo. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r emgZmZo gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m
gmoB© CncãY H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m A^mdr AZoH$ OU A{YH$ _wcm§Zm OÝ_mg
KmcVmV. Ë`m_Üò _wc½`mg OmñV _hÎd Agë`m_wio _wcJm hmoB©Vmon`ªV _wctZm OÝ_mg KmVco OmVo.
An§J, A§Y, AmOmar Pmcmo, ~oH$ma Pmcmo Va Ë`m§À`m M[aVmWm©gmR>r _wcJmM Cn`moJr dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m_wio
Aem Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zm gwa{jV ~mi§VnUmgmR>r gw{dYm nwa{dUo, AmOmanUmV {Z…ewëH$ Am¡fYnmÊ`mÀ`m gmoB©
H$aUo, d¥Õm§Zm noÝeZ XoUo, {ZamYmam§Zm AmYma XoUmè`m {d{dY gmoB© nwadUo, AnKmVJ«ñVm§Zm AZwXmZ
XoUo, ~oH$ma ^Îmm XoUo, {Zd¥Îmr doVZ XoUo, ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr XoUo BË`mXr gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m gmoB©
CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo d Ë`mgmR>r emgZmZo H$m`Xo H$aUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho. AZoH$ ImOJr g§ñWm,
H$maImZo `m g§X^m©V gmoB© H$aVmV. ImOJr VgoM gaH$mar joÌmVyZ `m gmoB© nwa{dë`m OmVmV. nU J«m_rU
^mJmVrc eoVr ì`mdgm{`H$m§Zm AÚm{n `m gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m gmoB© ZmhrV Am{U ~hþg§»` cmoH$
`mM joÌmV AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo g§K{Q>Vm§Zm `m gmoB© Oem {_i{dVm òVmV Vem J«m_rU ^mJmVrc
Ag§K{Q>Vm§Zm `m gmoB© CncãY hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Voìhm `m C{Udm Xya H$ê$Z AW©nyU© Aer
A§_c~OmdUr gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m gmoB©~m~V Pmcr nm{hOo. `m_wio Á`m cmoH$m§Mo ^{dVì`
A§Y…H$ma_` Amho, CÚmÀ`m {dd§MZoZo nN>mS>coco AmhoV Ë`m§Zm {dd§MZm§VyZ _wŠV Ho$co OmB©c d
cmoH$g§»`mdmT>rg à^mdr Amim ~goc.
38
16. {ñÌ`m§À`m XOm©V dmT> : ^maVr` g_mOmV ñÌrMm XOm© Ho$di KamnwaVm _`m©{XV Amho.
Kam~mhoa _wimV {Vcm nSy>M {Xco OmV Zmhr. "Myc' åhUOo KaH$m_ Am{U "_yc' åhUOo nwéfmÀ`m
H$m_oÀN>m nyU© H$ê$Z OÝ_mg òUmè`m g§VVrMo nmcZnmofU H$aUo EdT>mM {VÀ`m Am`wî`mMm AW© Ago.
`m_wio cmoH$g§»òV â nS>V Amho. nmíMmË` XoemV Á`mà_mUo {ñÌ`m§Mr `m gmMo~§X ^y{_Ho$VyZ _wŠVVm
Pmcr Amho Ver ^maVr` ñÌrMr _moR>çm à_mUmV _wŠVVm hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. ì`dgm`, ZmoH$ar, N>§X
OmonmgUo BË`mXtgmR>r Ë`m Kam~mhoa nS>ë`m H$s Ë`m§Zm AmnmoAmnM Amnë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma _`m©{XV
R>odmdm cmJVmo. AmnUmg g§VVr hdr H$m ZH$mo, hdr Agë`mg Ho$ìhm dJ¡a|Mo {ZU©` Ë`m§Zm KoVm òVmV.
Ë`m_wio ^maVr` cmoH$g§»`m AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` ñÌrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©V dmT> hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
17. Y_m©Mm, g§Vm§Mm g§V{V{Z{_©Vrcm nmqR>~m : "XodmMr H$aUr Am{U ZmaimV nmUr' Ago
åhUyZ H$mhr g§V d Y_m©{VaoH$s cmoH$ g§V{V{Z`_Zmcm {damoY H$aVmV. nU Ë`m§Zm B©ídamZoM AmnUmg
S>moH$o åhUOo {dMmaeŠVr XoIrc {Xcr Amho. Ë`mZwgma AmnU Amnco Hw$Qw>§~ _`m©{XV R>odco nm{hOo, hm
{dMma nQ>dyZ {Xcm nm{hOo. OdiOdi gd©M Y_m©V ~ogw_ma g§V{V{Z{_©Vrcm Zmng§VrM Xe©{dcr
Amho. Ë`mda â XoD$Z AmYw{ZH$ H$sV©ZH$ma, àdMZH$ma, g§Vm§Zr g§V{V{Z`_ZmMm àMma Ho$cm nm{hOo.
IwÔ g§V am_Xmgm§Zr gVamì`m eVH$mV Imcrc AË`§V _m{_©H$ nU qMVZr` g§Xoe {Xcm Amho.
EH$ hmVr, EH$ H$Q>rŸ& EH$ nmR>r EH$ nmoQ>rŸ&
g§gmam_Üò Pmcr XmQ>rŸ& H$m` H$amdo gwMoZmŸ&&
coHw$ao CX§S> Omhcr, Vmo Vo cú_r {ZKmoZr JocrŸ&
~mnwS>o {^Ho$g cmJcr, AÝZ Im`m {_ioZmŸ&&
- g_W© am_Xmg
`mMo ^mZ R>odyZ Y_©^moù`m _mUgm§Zrhr g§VVr {Z`moOZ H$ê$Z Hw$Qw>§~ n`m©`mZo cmoH$g§»`m
AmQ>moŠ`mV R>odcr nm{hOo. cmoH$g§»`m AmQ>moŠ`mV R>odÊ`mgmR>r darcn¡H$s {d{dY `moOZm am~dVmZm
Ë`mVrc ÌwQ>r, ^«îQ>mMma, cmoH$m§Mr CXmgrZVm, gÎmm{nnmgy amOH$maUr d Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y BË`mXt_wio
nwaogo è Amcoco Zmhr. Voìhm gd© amOH$s` nj, gd©Y_u` g§V²nwéf, {d{dY joÌm§Vrc A{YH$mar d
H$_©Mmar, {ejH$, d¥ÎmnÌo, ì`m»`mZo, Z^modmUr, XyadmUr BË`mXr gd© àH$maMr _mÜ`_o `m gdmªZr `m
g_ñò{déÕ OZAm§XmocZmMo (Mass Movement) ñdê$n {Xco nm{hOo. H$Yr H$mir {~«{Q>em§Zm `m
XoemVyZ KmcdVm òUo eŠ` Zmhr, Aer XmQ> ^mdZm H$mhtMr AgVmZmhr {d{dY amOH$s` ZoVo,
H«$m§{VH$maH$ Am{U _. Jm§Yr `m§À`m à`ËZmg è Amco d {~«{Q>em§Zm MmcVo ìhm`cm cmdco. AerM
pñWVr dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òÀ`m {damoYmV gd© ^maVr`m§Zr OZAm§XmocZ N>oSy>Z Ho$cr nm{hOo. cmoH$g§»`m
{dñ\$moQ>mMr g_ñ`m hr emgZmMr Zmhr Va ^maVr`m§Mr Amho d Ë`m§ZrM {VÀ`mda _mV H$amd`mMr Amho.
39
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
1. AmOXoIrc ^maVr` g_mOmMo H$moUVo R>iH$ cjU {XgyZ òV?o
2. OJm_Üò gdm©V àW_ H$moUË`m XoemZo dmT>Vo OZZ à_mU amoIÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ ho
YmoaU am~{dco?
3. 21 ì`m eVH$m_Üò ^maV Xoemcm EH$ eŠVremcr amîQ´> ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m` H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho?
4. S>m°. Eg. M§ÐeoIa `m§Zr ^maVmMr cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo YmoaU gwM{dco?
5. 1972 À`m H$m`ÚmÝdò {d{eîQ> n[apñWVrV ^maVr` ñÌrcm _yc ZH$mo Agoc Va H$moUË`m
JmoîQ>rcm _mÝ`Vm {_imcr?
6. ^maVmV H$m`XoeraÑîQ>çm _wcm_wcrMo H$moUVo {ddmh d` `mo½` J«mø YaÊ`mV Amco?
7. ^maVmV Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m `moOZm§À`m_YyZ AZoH$
`moOZm am~{dë`m OmV AmhoV?
8. cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mMm EH$ XrK©H$mcrZ d à^mdr Agm H$moUVm Cnm` gm§JVm òB©c?
9. àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Hw$Qw>§~ _`m©{XV R>odÊ`mMm H$moUVm g§Xoe KamoKar nmohM{dÊ`mda
â {Xcm OmVmo?
10. gd© àH$maÀ`m àgma _mÜ`_mZr ^maVmVrc dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m amoIÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVm à^mdr
_mJ© gwM{dcm?
2.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr OZZr : ~hþg§»` gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z{_©Vrcm O~m~Xma AgUmam
KQ>H$ qH$dm H$maU.
amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ d XaS>moB© CËnÝZ : amîQ´>m§Mo EHy$U CËnÝZ Am{U Aem amîQ´>m_Yrc àËòH$
ì`ŠVrMo EHy$U CËnÝZ.
àOmoËnmXZ j_Vm : g§VVr {Z{_©Vr à_mU.
cmoH$g§»`m {dñ\$moQ> : A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»`m.
gmjaVm Xa : XoemVrc gw{ejrV cmoH$m§Mo à_mU.
Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc cmoH$g§»`m : _yc^yV JaOm§Mr nyU©Vm H$aVm Z òUmar cmoH$g§»`m.
dmT>Vo OZZ à_mU d KQ>Vo _¥Ë`wà_mU : OÝ_Xa A{YH$ d _¥Ë`wXa H$_r.
40
àOZZ nwaH$ hdm_mZ : A{YH$ _wcmZm OÝ_ XoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo `mo½` n[apñWVr.
~mc{ddmh àWm : AJXr chmZ d`m_Üò hmoUmao {ddmh.
cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU : cmoH$g§»òMm AmH$ma H$_r H$aUmam _mJ©.
2.6 gmam§e
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU ^maV XoemVrc gdm©V J§^ra Agcoë`m gm_m{OH$ g_ñòMm Aä`mg Ho$cm.
hr g_ñ`m Amho dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òMr. `m J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñòMm {dñV¥V AmT>mdm KoVmZm OmJ{VH$
nmVirda ^maVmÀ`m cmoH$g§»òMo ñdê$n, VgoM ^maVmÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amcocr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_J«r
`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. VgoM ^maVmVrc dmT>Ë`m OZZà_mUmcm AWdm cmoH$g§»òÀ`m g_ñòcm
O~m~Xma AgUmao {d{dY KQ>H$ qH$dm H$maUo {dMmamV KoD$Z hr J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUH$moUVo _mJ© à^mdr AWdm `mo½` AmhoV `mMm gImoc AmT>mdm KoVcm. Ë`mdê$Z
eodQ>r Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, àM§S> d gmVË`mZo dmT>Umè`m cmoH$g§»ò_wio AmO ^maVmV Xm[aÐç,
^«îQ>mMma, dmT>Vr _hmJmB©, JwÝhoJmarMr àd¥Îmr, ~oH$mar, nm¡îQ>rH$ AmhmamMm A^md, Am{U dmhVyH$ d
XiUdiU gmYZm§Mm A^md `mgma»`m Ag§»` J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Xdg|{Xdg Amnco CJ«
ñdê$n YmaU H$arV AmhoV.
21 ì`m eVH$m_Üò ^maV Xoemcm EH$ eŠVremcr amîQ´> ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV
dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌrV H$aUo hmM EH$ à^mdemcr _mJ© gm§JVm òB©c.
2.7 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-1
1. cmoH$g§»`m
2. _`m©{XV OZZà_mU
3. gwÑT>, JwUdÎmmàmßV Am{U H$m`©j_ Aer àOm
4. Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g§nÝZ Agm Xoe.
5. 1/7 qH$dm eoH$S>m 15%
6. dmT>Vo OZZ à_mU d KQ>Vo _¥Ë`wà_mU
7. Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVrcm
8. J«m_rU g_wXm`mV
9. gmja d JwUmË_H$ÑîQ>çm H$m`©j_
41
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-2
1. CîU H${Q>~§YmVrc
2. EH$ n{dÌ g§ñH$ma
3. ~mc{ddmh àWm d ~hþnËZr àWm
4. nwÌàmßVr
5. _mV¥Ëd
6. "^yHo$Mm ^yJmoc' (Geography of Hunger)
7. a. Kmo. H$d} d Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$
8. emar[aH$ gwI XoUo d KoUo
9. cmoH$g§»`m {ejU
10. ñWcm§Va
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ-3
1. gmVË`mZo dmT>V OmUmar cmoH$g§»`m
2. ^maV XoemZo
3. dmT>Vr cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌrV H$aUo
4. cmoH$g§»`m{df`H$ YmoaU
5. J^©nmV H$aÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm
6. 18-21
7. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm
8. gmjaVm àgma d JwUdÎmoV dmT>
9. Hw$Qw>§~ chmZ gwI _hmZ
10. OZ Am§XmocZ
2.8 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ qH$dm J¥hnmR>
1. "^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m dmT>' `mg§~§Yr WmoS>Š`mV MMm© H$am.
42
2. ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr H$maUo qH$dm cmoH$g§»`m dmT>rg O~m~Xma R>acoco KQ>H$
ñnîQ> H$am.
3. ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m dmT> amoIÊ`mg§X^m©Vrc {d{dY Cnm`m§Mr qH$dm _mJmªMr MMm© H$am.
4. "OmJ{VH$ cmoH$g§»`m Am{U ^maV' `mg§X^m©V WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.
5. Q>rnm {chm :
A) ^maVmVrc cmoH$g§»`m g_ñòMo ñdê$n
~) ^maVmVrc dmT>Vo OZZà_mU - H$maUo
H$) cmoH$g§»`m {ejU
S>) "Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZ' YmoaU
B©) cmoH$g§»`m amoIÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc Cnm` qH$dm _mJ©
2.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$
1.
Social Problems in India – Ram Ahuja, Rawat Publications, Jaipur.
2.
Indian Social Problems Vol. I G. R. Madan, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
3.
Social Disorganization and Social Problems in India, Mamoria C. B. Kitab
Mahal.
4.
India's Population Problems – S. N. Agarwal, Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing
Com. Ltd.
5.
g_H$mcrZ ^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, gmiw§Io, OÌmQ>H$a, _mécH$a, Za|Ð àH$meZ,
nwUo.
6. ^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m - àm. H$m|S>oH$a, àm. _mo{hVo, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, gmocmnya
{dÚmnrR>.
7. ^maVmVrc g_H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, àmMm`© S>m.° _m{UH$ _mZo, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
43
gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 3
Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m
(Poverty Problem)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
3.4 Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m
3.4.1 Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1
3.4.2 Xm[aÐçmMr à_wI H$maUo
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2
3.4.3 Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo hmVr KoVcoë`m Cnm`-`moOZm
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
3.6 gmam§e
3.7 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.8 gamd/J¥hnmR>
3.9 qMVZ/H¥$Vr
3.10 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$
3.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
Xm[aÐç hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AgyZ {VMm Aä`mg gm_m{OH$ emñÌmMo Aä`mgH$ 19 ì`m
eVH$mnmgyZ H$arV AmhoV. AJXr ñnîQ>nUo gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg Xm[aÐ«` g_ñòMm Aä`mg
AW©emñÌkm§Zr Ho$cm hmoVm. Xm[aÐçmMo g§nyU© _mZdr g_mOmda _hËdmMo AàË`j Ago n[aUm_ {XgyZ
òV AgVmV. Xm[aÐçmMm n{aUm_ hm ì`ŠVrMo Amamo½`, {VMo amhUr_mZ, {ejUmMo à_mU, gm_m{OH$
n[apñWVr `mgma»`m ~hþVoH$ gd© KQ>H$m§da hmoV AgVmo. H$mhr doim H$_mcrMo Xm[aÐç ì`ŠVrcm
AmË_hË`mXoIrc H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. AWm©V Aem gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo hm g_mOemókm§À`m
44
BÀNoMm àíZ AgVmo. `m KQ>H$m_Üò, AmnU Xm[aÐç EH$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ {VMm gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ
Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. VgoM gmnoj ñdê$nmMo Ðm[aÐç (Relative Poverty) Am{U "gdªH$f qH$dm
{Zanojm ñdê$nmMo Xm[aX«ç' (Absolute Poverty) åhUyZ Ðm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn H$go Ho$co OmVo? `m
g§~§YrMm XoIrc Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Xm[aÐçmMr à_wI H$maUo H$moUVr? Am{U ^maVmVrc Xm[aÐç
{Z_y©cZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AWdm Jar~m§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZ H$em nÕVrZo Cnm``moOZm H$arV
AgVo? `m g§~§YrÀ`m Aä`mgmcm `m KQ>H$m§Ûmao _XV hmoUma Amho.
3.2 C{Ôï>o (Objectives)
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg
"Xm[aX«ç' EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ OmUyZ KoUo,
Xm[aX«çmMr g§H$ënZm _m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo,
"gmnoj ñdê$nmMo Xm[aX«ç' Am{U "{Zanoj ñdê$nmMo Xm[aX«ç' `m AWm©Zo, Xm[aX«çmMo
_moO_mn H$go Ho$co OmVo ho OmUyZ KoUo,
Xm[aX«çmMr à_wI H$maUo _m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo,
VgoM Xm[aÐç {Z_©ycZmgmR>r emgZmZo Adc§{~coë`m Cnm`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo B. JmoîQ>r
gmÜ` hmoUma AmhoV.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter)
Xm[aÐç hr EH$ J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Amho. Xm[aÐç hr Odinmg gd© g_mOm§Mr g_ñ`m
Agcr Var, ^maVm_Üò Xm[aÐç aofoImcrc cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU A{YH$ Amho. Xm[aÐç hr EH$ _hËdmMr
Am{U J§^ra ñdê$nmMr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AgyZ Ë`mH$S>o VmVS>rZo cj XoÊ`mMr JaO Amho. Ë`mgmR>r
gd©àW_, AmnU "Xm[aX«ç' åhUOo H$m` ? ho _m{hV H$ê$Z KoVë`mZ§Va, _J Ë`m g_ñòMo Zo_Ho$ à_mU
{H$Vr Amho ? `mMm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV. Á`mdoir AmnU Xm[aÐç hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ
Aä`mgVmo Ë`m doir {VMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z {VMo à_mU OmUyZ KoVmo, Z§Va Ë`m g§~§YrMr AgUmar H$maUo
OmUyZ KoVmo, d eodQ>r Amnë`m XoemV emgZmZo Xm[aÐç {Z_©ycZmgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm` `moOco AmhoV ?
Aem gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg AmnU `m KQ>H$m§_Üò H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.4 Xm[aX«çmMr g_ñ`m (The Problem of Poverty)
B§½c§S> _Üò, gd©àW_ åhUOo 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V, Xm[aÐç hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
Amho `mH$S>o gm_m{OH$ emómÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§ZrM cj doYco. Ë`m doionmgyZ Xm[aÐç g_ñ`m
gmoS>dÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo {VMo H$go _moO_mn Ho$co OmVo? `m g§~§YrMo g§emoYZ AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$coo
Amho. g_mOm_Üò Zoh_rM J[a~ Am{U lr_§V ì`ŠVr AmT>iyZ òVmV. Ago Agco Var, Am¡Úmo{JH$
45
H«$m§Vr Z§Va B§½c§S> _Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV Am¡Úmo{JH$aU KSy>Z Amco. eoVr ì`dgm`mda AmYmarV AgUmar
nma§nm[aH$ AW© ì`dñWoMr OmJm H$maImZm CËnmXZ nÕVrZo KoVcr. O{_ZXmam§À`mH$S>o ^y_rhrZ eoV_Oya
ho H$m_ H$arV Agco Var, ho ^y_rhrZ eoV_Oya {Zaja Am{U AHw$ec ñdê$nmMo H$m_Jma hmoVo. `wamon
_Üò Aem gd© ^y_rhrZ eoV_Oyam§Zr IoS>çmH$Sy>Z eham§À`mH$S>o ñWcm§Va Ho$ë`mZo Jar~m§À`m g§»òV
A{YH$ dmT> hmoV Jocr. Ë`m_wio eham§À`m {R>H$mUr Ë`m§Mo à_mU dmT>c.o Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ
ehamVrc PmonS>nÅ>rMo à_mU dmT>co d Xm[aÐç hr à_wI g_ñ`m ~Zcr. lr_§V Am{U Jar~
`m§À`m_Yrc Xar dmT>V Jocr.
Jar~ ì`ŠVr H$moUË`mhr narpñWVrV OJÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ Cn{OdrHo$Mo gmYZ emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVo. Ë`mVyZM Mmoar, IyZ, ~mcJwÝhoJmar, _ÚnmZ, {^H $_mJUo, doem ì`dgm` B. gma»`m gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m Xm[aX«çmMmM EH$ n[aUm_ åhUyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. gm_m{OH$ emñÌmMo Aä`mgH$, àm_w»`mZo
gm_m{OH$ g_ñòÀ`m Aä`mgm{df`r A{YH$ OmJê$H$ Pmco AmhoV. dmñV{dH$ g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$
Am°JñV> H$m°åQ> `m§Zr, Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>rM g_mOemñÌmgma»`m {df`m§Mr
gwédmV Ho$cr hmoVr.
AmO XoIrc ^maVm_Üò Xm[aÐç hr EH$ à_wI g_ñ`m Amho. ^maV hm IoS>çm§Mm Xoe åhUZy
AmoiIcm OmV hmoVm. Ë`mMoM AmO doJmZo Am¡Úmo{JH$aU hmoV Amho. AZoH$ ì`ŠVr amoOJmam§gmR>r
eham§H$S>o ñWcm§V[aV hmoV AmhoV. XmdU{Jar, Ah_Xm~mX, _w§~B© B. gma»`m ehamVë`m H$mnS>{JaÊ`m
~§X nS>ë`m_wio AZoH$m§À`m ~oamoOJmarMm àíZ {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. _moR>çm eham§Vrc PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§Mo
à_mU doJmZo dmT>V Amho. ehamVrc PmonS>nÅ>rMr A_`m©{XV g§»`m ho EH$ Xm[aÐç AmoiIÊ`mMo {MÝh
Amho. _mZdr OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mam_Ycm Xm[aÐç hm EH$ AS>Wim Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§nyU©
Am`wî`mda Xm[aX«çmMo n{aUm_ hmoV AgVmV. H$m§hr doim Oa ì`ŠVrcm ñdV…Mo Xm[aÐç g§ndÊ`mMm
_mJ© Zmhr {_imcm Va Vr AmË_hË`m XoIrc H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wioM Xm[aÐç hr EH$ _mZd g_mOmVrc
_hÎdmMr g_mOemñÌr` g_ñ`m åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. `mZ§Va AmnU Xm[aÐç g_ñòMr g§H$ënZm
Am{U g_mOmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$.
3.4.1 Xm[aX«çmMr g§H$ënZm
Xm[aÐç g_ñòMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm, Amnë`m _Zm_Üò AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV.
CXm. Xm[aÐç åhUOo H$m`? H$moUË`m H$maUm§_wio g_mOm_Üò Xm[aÐç {Z_m©U hmoVo? Xm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn
H$em àH$mao Ho$co OmVo? Amnë`m g_mOm_Üò Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU {H$Vr Amho? Xm[aX«çmMr gm_m{OH$
Am{U Am{W©H$ ~mOy åhUOo H$m`? Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZmgmR>r AmnU H$moUVo Cnm` gm§Jy eH$Vmo? Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m AZoH$ ~m~rVyZ AmnU `m KQ>H$m§_Üò Xm[aX«çmg~§YrÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m àíZm§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUma AmhmoV.
gd© àW_ "Xm[aX«ç' hr g§H$ënZm OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm AmT>mdm Kody.
46
A°S>_ pñW_ :
""ì`ŠVrÀ`m JaOm åhUyZ {Vcm {d{dY gwI gw{dYm Am{U OrdZmVrc H$a_UyH$ {H$Vr Am{U
H$em àH$mao nadSy> eH$Vo `mdê$Z Vr lr_§V qH$dm Jar~ R>aVo.''
"A man is rich or poor according to degree in which, he can afford to enjoy the
necessaries, the conveniences and the amusements of life" - Adam Smith.
{JcrZ Am{U {JcrZ :
""Xm[aÐç hr EH$ Aer AdñWm AgVo H$s, Á`m_Üò ì`ŠVr {VÀ`m Anwè`m CËnÝZm_wio qH$dm
A{YH$ IMm©_wio Amnë`m emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ H$m`©j_Vm§Mr Am{U Vr Á`m g_mOmMm KQ>H$
AgVo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m amhUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©Zwgma Vr ñdV:Mo Am{U {VÀ`m JaOm§Mo H$m`© `mo½` nÕVrZo
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.''
"Poverty is that Condition in which a person either because of inadequate
income or unwise expenditure, does not maintain a scale of living high enough to
provide for his physical and mental efficiency and to enable him and his natural
dependents to function usefully according to the standards of the society of which he
is a member" Gillin and Gillin
JmoS>mS>© : ""ì`ŠVrg ñdV:Mo Am{U {VÀ`mda {dg§~yZ AgUmè`m BVam§Mo Amamo½` {Q>H${dÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo, Á`m dñVy§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo Aem dñVy§Mm Anwè`m à_mUmV hmoUmam nwadR>m åhUOo Xm[aX«ç
hmo`''.
"Poverty is in Sufficient supply of those things which requisite for an individual
to maintain himself and those dependent upon him in health"-Goddard
hc©c§~g : ""gm_mÝ`Vm Xm[aX«çm_Üò ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yc^yV JaOm g§~§YrMm A§XmO KodyZ Ë`m
ì`ŠVrMo Amamo½` Am{U emar[aH$ H$m`©j_Vm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmYZ-gm_wJ«rÀ`m
à_mUmV _moO_mn Ho$co OmVo.''
Poverty...."Usually involves a judgment of basic human needs and measured in
terms of resources required to maintain health and physical efficiency "-Harlambos
19 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ gm_m{OH$ emñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Xm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`mg~§YrÀ`m
nÕVr OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$Z Xm[aÐç g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m Am{U J[a~ ì`ŠVr H$moU AgVmV?
`m n«íZm§Mo CÎma XoÊ`mMm n«`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Á`m doir AmnU EH$m {d{eîQ> nmVir Imcrc cmoH$m§Zm
J[a~ ì`ŠVr åhUyZ g_OVmo Ë`mdoir Ë`mMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`m g~§YrMo {d{eîQ> à_mU AgUo JaOoMo
Amho. Ë`mcmM "Xm[aÐç aofm' Ago åhQ>co OmVo "Xm[aÐç aofoMr' g§H$ënZm Ago gm§JVo H$s, ""Aem gd©
ì`ŠVr H$s, Á`m§Mo CËnÝZ nwaoeo Zgë`m_wio {H$_mZ gwI-gw{dYm, _yc^yV Aem H$m¢Q>w {~H$ JaOm§Zm _XV
qH$dm Amamo½`mMr H$miOr Kody eH$V ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm J[a~ åhQ>co OmVo.'' `m g§H$ënZo _wio J[a~ ì`ŠVr
H$moU AgVmV ho g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `m g§H$ënZo_Üò g_m{dîQ> AgUmao KQ>H$ (1) Mm§Jë`m
47
Cn{O{dHo$gmR>r åhUyZ AgUmè`m `mo½` H$coMm A^md (2) n¡gm, O{_Z, qH$dm ì`dhmam_Üò AgUmar
nV B. gma»`m gmYZ gm_J«rMm A^md (3) Agwa{jVVoÀ`m ^mdZo_wio Amcocr CXm{gZVm Am{U
Z¡amí` (4) gmYZ gm_J«rMm A^md Agë`mH$maUmZo, BVam§er `mo½` gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y {dH${gV
H$aÊ`m_Üò Am{U Vo {Q>H$dÊ`mMo Agm_Ï`©. `mcmM Xm[aÐç aofoMr g§H$ënZm åhUVm òB©c.
Á`m ì`ŠVr Xm[aÐç aofoÀ`m Imcr OrdZ OJV AgVmV, Ë`m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm BVŠ`m J[a~ AgVmV
H$s, Ë`m§Zm `mo½` Aem ñdénmMo ahmUr_mZ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao OJVm òV Zmhr. Aem J[a~ ì`ŠVr Á`m
g_mO aMZoMm KQ>H$ AgVmV, Ë`m aMZoVrc Ë`m§À`m Io[aO Omo EH$ Am{W©H$ dJ© AgVmo, Aem
dJm©nojm Ë`m§À`m ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© Am{U Cn{OdrHo$Mo ñdê$n A{YH$M ImcÀ`m nmVirdaMo AgVo.
Ë`m§Mr g_mOmVrc BVa Am{W©H$ dJm©er VwcZm Ho$cr Va, Aem ì`ŠVr Amamo½`, {_ÌÎdmMo g~§Y,
{ZdmgñWmZ B. Ñï>rZo d§{MV AgVmV AemàH$mao Xm[aÐç aofo_wio AmnUmg Xm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn H$aVm
òVo. Aem Xm[aÐç aofoÀ`m ImcnmgyZ Xm[aX«çmMr gwédmV hmooVo Am{U Ë`m aofoÀ`m daVr Xm[aX«çmMm eodQ>
hmoVmo.
Xm[aÐçmer g§~§{YV g§H$ënZm :
Xm[aX«çmMr g§H$ënZm OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r `mZ§Va AmnU ha©c§å~g `m§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$coë`m Xm[aX«çmer
g§~§{YV Aem VrZ g§H$ënZm {dMmamV KoUma AmhmoV. (1) gdªH$f ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç (2) gmnoj
ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç Am{U (3) H$mën{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç. gwê$dmVrcm `m VrZ _yc^yV Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m g§H$ënZm OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$.
1. gdªH$f ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç (Abosolute Poverty)
gdªH$f Xm[aX«çmMm g§~§Y hm ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yc^yV JaOm§Mm A§XmO KodyZ Ë`mMo _moO_mn ì`ŠVrMo
Amamo½` Am{U ema[aH$ H$m`©j_Vm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmYZ gm_J«rÀ`m ñdénmV Ho$co
OmVo. gm_mÝ`Vm Mm§Jco {ZamoJr OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ Amdí`H$ g_Oë`m OmUmè`m Aem AÝZ,
dñÌ Am{U {Zdmam B. Mr g§»`m Am{U Ë`m§À`m CncãYVoer gdªH$f Xm[aX«çmMm g~§Y òVmo.
"Cn{OdrHo$À`m ñdê$nmMo Xm[aX«ç' (Subsistence Poverty) Agm XoIrc CëcoI H$m§hr doim gdªH$f
ñdê$nmÀ`m Xm[aX«çmMm Ho$cm OmVmo. gdªH$f Xm[aÐç ho Cn{OdrHo$gmR>r cmJUmè`m {H$_mZ JaOm§À`m
_yë`_mnZmda AmYm[aV AgVo. gm_mÝ`Vm Aem Xm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn ~mOmanoR>oVrc _yc^yV Aem
CncãY dñVy-_mcmÀ`m qH$_Vrdê$Z hmoV AgVo. Á`m§Mr ~mOmanoR>oVrc Agm dñVy_mc IaoXr
H$aÊ`mMr EonV ZgVo qH$dm Á`m§Zm Aem dñVy KoUo nadS>V Zmhr Ë`m§Zm Jar~ g_Oco OmVo. "CËnÝZ'
Am{U "IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm' `m AWm©Zo gdªH$f Xm[aX«çmMm {dMma Ho$cocm AgVmo.
_mZdr OrdZmÀ`m Aem H$moUË`m _yc^yV JaOm AgVmV H$s, Á`m§Mr _mZdmcm AË`§V JaO
AgVo. "S´>rAmoZñH$s' Am{U "ñH$m°Q>' `m§Zr gm§JrVcoë`m _yc^yV JaOm Imcrc ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. (1)
gH$g AÝZ (Á`m AÝZmÛmao AmnU Cî_m§H$ Am{U OrdZgËd {_idVmo) (2) {Zdmam (ahmV Agcoë`m
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OmJoMm XOm© Am{U ahmV Agcoë`m OmJoÀ`m {R>H$mUMr JXu ) (3) Amamo½` (OÝ_XamMo à_mU Am{U
d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm§Mr CncãYVm `mdê$Z Ho$co OmUmao _moO_mn). `mo½` Aem ñdê$nmMo OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r
darc VrZ JaOm _yc^yV åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmVmV. Aem JaOm§À`m gmo~VM ì`ŠVrÀ`m {ejU,
gwa{jVVm, H$a_UyH$ B. gma»`m g§ñH¥$VrZwgma JaOm$ AgVmV, d Á`m§Zm {H$_mZ Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m
JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo, Ë`m§Zm Jar~ Ago g_Oco OmVo.
Ago Agco Var, H$m§hr g_mOemñÌkm§Zr `m g§H$ënZoda Q>rH$m Ho$cr Amho. H$maU Ë`m§Zr
Aä`mgcoë`m H$m§hr Am{X_ O_mVr Aem hmoË`m H$s, Á`m§Zm {H$_mZ ñdê$nmÀ`m Amamo½` {df`H$ gw{dYm
Am[U gH$g AÝZ {_iV ZgVmZm XoIrc, Ë`m Mm§Jë`m àH$maMo OrdZ OJV hmoË`m. _J Á`m Jar~
Am{Xdmgm§À`m _Üò d¡ÚH$r` gw{dYm§Mm A^md Amho d Á`m§Zm hcŠ`m àVrMm gH$g Amhma {_iVmo
Ë`m§Zm Jar~ åhUmd`mMo H$m? gdªH$f Xm[aÐç hr g§H$ënZm EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrer
g§~§{YV AgVo VgoM Vr g_mOmZwê$n Am{U H$mc_mZmZwgma ~XcUmar AgVo. Ë`m_wio A_o[aHo$Vë`m
gdªH$f Xm[aX«çmÀ`m ahmUr_mZmMr VwcZm, ^maVr` g_mO OrdZmVë`m gdªH$f Xm[aÐçmMo _moO_mn
H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnamV AmUcr Va ~hþVm§er ^maVr` "Jar~' åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVrc. Ë`m_wioM gdªH$f
hr g§km gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénm_Üò cmJy hmoV ZgVo, Va Aer g§km g§emoYH$ Á`m H$moUË`m EH$m {d{eîQ> Aem
g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmo Ë`m g_mOmgmR>r cmJy R>aV AgVo.
2. gmnoj ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç (Relative Poverty)
gdªH$f Xm[aX«çmg~§Yr Á`m ñdê$nmÀ`m Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n {dMmamV KodyZM$
g_mOemñÌkm§Zr gmnoj Xm[aX«çmMr g§H$ënZm Z§Va {dH${gV Ho$cocr {XgVo. EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_yhmMo
gXñ` Amnë`m X¡Z§XrZ JaOm§À`m Zwgma Á`mdoir gd© gmYmaU Am{U ñdrH¥$V Aem ñdê$nmMo ahmUr_mZ
d XOm© `m§Mm A§XmO KoVmV Ë`m doir gmnoj ñdénmÀ`m Xm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn hmoV AgVo. gÚm g_mO
ì`dñWm hr gmVË`mZo ~XcV Agë`mZo "Jar~' `m g§koÀ`m ì`m»òV XoIrc àËòH$ doiocm ~Xc hmoV
Agcocm {XgVmo "nrQ>a Q>mD$Zg|S>' `m§Zr åhQ>ë`m à_mUo, ""~XcË`m g_mOmÀ`m JaOm Am{U _mJÊ`m§er
g§~§{YV Xm[aX«çmÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mm g§~§Y AgVmo.''
EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_mOmVrc dm§{eH$ nmíd©^y_r, dJ© ì`dñWm Am{U g_mOmMr OmVr-ì`dñWm,
d`mo_mZ, Y_©, àmXo{eH$Vm Am{U BVa {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmamda Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Agy
eH$Vo. Á`mdoir H$m_Jma hm Ë`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ CËnÞmda gd©gmYmaU Aem ñdê$nmMo Mm§Jco OrdZ OJV
AgVmo Ë`mdoir AmnU Ë`mMr VwcZm H$maImÝ`mÀ`m _mcH$mer H$aVmo Am{U _J Vmo Jar~ R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
CXm. Amnë`m ehamVë`m "j' Zm§dmÀ`m CÚmoJnVrMo CËnÝZ 30 cmI é. Agoc Am{U Ë`mMr VwcZm
g_Om AmnU Q>mQ>m, A§~mZr gma»`m CÚmoJnVter H$ê$ cmJcmo H$s, Á`m§Mo CËnÝZ "j' `m CÚmoJ
nVrÀ`m CËnÝZmnojm {H$VrVar nQ>rZo A{YH$ Amho, Ë`m doir Vmo "j' CÚmoJnVr Jar~ R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
åhUyZ `m {R>H$mUr "Xm[aX«ç' ho g_mOmVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m _Yrc nañna g§~§Ymda AmYm[aV
Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
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3. H$mën{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç (Subjective Poverty)
Xm[aX«çmMm Aä`mg AmUIr EH$m {Vgè`m Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ XoIrc Ho$cm OmVmo, Am{U Vmo åhUOo
IamoIaM EImÚm g_yhmg qH$dm ì`ŠVrg AmnU "Jar~' AmhmoV Ago dmQ>V AgVo H$m? gmnoj
ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç Am{U H$mën{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo Xm[aÐç `m§Mm OdiMm g~§Y {XgyZ òVmo. Á`m doir
EImÚm g_yhmVrc gXñ`m§ZmM ñdV…À`m ahmUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©dê$Z AmnU Jar~ AmhmoV Ago dmQy>
cmJVo. CXm: g_Om EImXr lr_§V ì`ŠVr _ÚnmZ, OwJma B. gma»`m ì`gZmÀ`m Amhmar Joë`mZo qH$dm
{VÀ`m ì`dgm`mV {Vcm Am{W©H$ VmoQ>m Pmë`mZo Jar~ Pmcr Agoc Va Aem ì`ŠVrcm g_mOmVrc BVa
ì`ŠVr EH$ AmXa åhUyZ {Vcm lr_§VM g_OV AgVmV. na§Vy Vr ì`ŠVr _mÌ ñd:Vmcm J[a~ g_OV
AgVo. Ë`mM à_mUo, CÀM nXmda AgUmar ì`ŠVr emgH$s` ZmoH$arVyZ godm{Zd¥Îm Pmë`mZ§Va, {VÀ`m
Odi AgUmao ZmoH$a-MmH$a, JmS>r-~§Jcm `m gdmªMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z, {_iUmè`m Aënem {Zd¥ÎmdoVZmda
gmYogai ahmUr_mZ OJV AgVmZm, Vr ñdV…cm "Jar~' g_OV Agcr Var, {VMm {_Ì n[adma Am{U
BVa H$m§hr n[aM`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr AmXamZo {Vcm lr_§V ì`ŠVr åhUyZM AmoiIV AgVmV. `mMm AW©,
ì`ŠVrMr {VÀ`m ñdV:À`m Am{W©H$ XOm©g§~§Yr AgUmar àd¥Îmr qH$dm H$ënZm åhUOo H$mën{ZH$ Xm[aÐç
hmo`.
ñd`§: AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ -1
àíZ 1 -Xm[aÐç åhUOo H$m` Vo WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm
àíZ 2 - "Xm[aÐç aofm' `mMm AW© H$m`?
àíZ 3 - "gmnoj Xm[aX«ç' åhUOo H$m`?
3.4.2 Xm[aX«çmMr à_wI H$maUo (Major Causes
of Poverty)
nma§nm[aH$ g_mOm§_Üò, Xm[aÐç åhUOo emn g_Ocm OmV Ago. "ì`ŠVrZo {VÀ`m _mJrc
Am`wî`mV Ho$coë`m dmB©Q> H¥$Ë`m§Mr {ejm' `m AWm©Zo Xm[aX«çmH$S>o nm{hco OmV Ago. Xm[aÐç ho
ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mJrc H$_m©Mo \$i åhUyZ g_Oco OmV Ago. øm_wio ì`ŠVr lr_§V qH$dm Jar~ ho {VÀ`m
^m½`mdê$Z R>aVo. _mÌ AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV ì`ŠVrcm amoOJma {_idÊ`m_Üò Amcoco Anè, {ejUmMm
A^md qH$dm OrdZm_Üò H$mhr Var Mm§Jco H$ê$Z XmI{dÊ`mgmR>rMr Or EH$ MmcZm {_iVo, Ë`mMm
A^md `m AWm©Zo Xm[aX«çmH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. `m {R>H$mUr n{hë`m {dícofUm_Üò Xm[aÐç hm KQ>H$
ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmdmŠ`m~mhoa AgUmam KQ>H$ g_Ocm Jocm Amho Va, Xwgè`m àH$maÀ`m {dícofUmV
g_mOmÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrda AgUmao Xm[aÐç `m KQ>H$mMo {dícofU Ho$co Amho. AmVm AmnU Xm[aX«çmÀ`m
à_wI H$maUm§Mo {dícofU {dMmamV Kody`m.
"S>opìhS> Eoëe' `m§Zr Xm[aX«çmMr à_wI VrZ H$maUo gm§{JVcr AmhoV, Ë`m_Üò ì`ŠVr, g§ñH¥$Vr
qH$dm Cng§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO aMZm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m H$maUm§Mm {dñVmamZo Aä`mg H$ê$.
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1) ì`ŠVr
(Individual)
ì`ŠVrcm OrdZm_Üò H$m§hrVar Mm§Jco KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_Üò Amcoco Anè `mdê$Z
ì`ŠVrdmXmMr Or EH$ {dMmagUr gm§JrVcr OmVo Ë`mdê$Z Xm[aÐç g§H$ënZm Aä`mgcr OmVo. na§Vy
ì`ŠVrOdi AgUmao H$m¡eë`, H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm, Üò`dmXr d¥Îmr B. KQ>H$m§da {VMo è-Anè
R>aV AgVo. Amncr Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVmhr à`ËZ Z H$aUo, {ZU©` KoÊ`mÀ`m j_VoMm
A^md qH$dm Ë`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o AgUmar Amier d¥Îmr B. _wio ì`ŠVr J[a~ hmoV AgVo. Vr ì`ŠVrM
ñdV: {VÀ`m Xm[aX«çmcm H$maUr^yV AgVo. ì`ŠVr lr_§V AgVo `mMo H$maU åhUOo {Vcm g_mOm_Üò
H$mhrVar Mm§Jco KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMo AgVo Am{U Ë`m à_mUo Vr Ver H$îQ> XoIrc H$arV AgVo.
_°Šg do~a `m g_mO emñÌkmZo Ë`mÀ`m "Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism" `m
J«§Wm_Üò, ì`ŠVr {H$Vr H$m~mS>H$îQ> H$aVo `mda Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr Am{W©H$ napñWVr R>aV AgVo. Ago _V
_m§S>co. Agm {¼MZ Y_m©Vë`m àmoQoñQ>§Q> n§WmVrc Y_m©Mm {Z{V{Z`_ AgyZ, Ë`m Y_m©Vrc AZw`m`r
Ë`mMo AZwH$aU H$arV AgVmV. ì`ŠVr Jar~ AgVo åhUOo Vr ~oamoOJma, dmB©Q> gd`r AgUmar qH$dm
AZoH$ XwJ©yU AgUmar g_Ocr OmVo. {^H$ _mJÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr EH$ dmB©Q> H¥$Ë` åhUyZ Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$cocm ZgVmo. àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Vrc AZw`m`m§Zr H$R>moa n[al_ H$amdo, {d{dY JwU g§nmXZ H$amdoV,
àm_m{UH$nUo H$m_ H$amdo, VgoM H$R>moa n[al_mVyZ g§nÎmrMm gmR>m H$amdm hrM BídamMr XoUJr AgVo.
OwJma IoiyZ AWdm g_mOm_Üò \$gdo{Jar H$ê$Z g§nÎmr {_idUo ho EH$ dmB©Q> H¥$Ë` Amho `mgma»`m
ZrVr{Z`_mZm àmYmÝ` {Xco. àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼MZ Y_m©Vrc ì`ŠVr§À`m _Üò darc àH$maÀ`m {Z{V{Z`_m§Mm
Omo à^md {XgyZ òVmo Ë`m g§~§YrMo do~a `m§Zr {ZarjU Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, B§½c§S>, H°$ZS>m,
A_o[aH$m, Am{U O_©Zr B. gma»`m amï´>m§À`m_Üò àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y_m©Mm à^md Agë`m_wioM Vr A{YH$ àJV
amîQo>´ åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVmV.
2) Xm[aX«çmMr g§ñH¥$Vr AWdm Cn-g§ñH¥$Vr (Culture or Sub-Culture of Poverty)
g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVr§À`m ahmUr_mZmMo ñdê$n H$go Amho `mÀ`mer Xm[aX«çmMm g§~Y§ òVmo.
g_mOmVrc H$mhr g_yhmÀ`m ì`ŠVr Amnë`m {dMma nÕVr, _yëò, {Z{V{Z`_, lÜXm Am{U ahmUr_mZ
`m§À`m _Üò ~Xc H$arV ZgVmV CcQ> Á`m napñWVr_Üò Ë`m OÝ_mcm Amcoë`m AgVmV, Ë`mM
AdñWoV ahmÊ`mMm Ë`m à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m dmS>d{S>cm§À`m ahmUr_mZm_ÜòM gwa{jVVm
dmQ>V AgVo. Am°ñH$a cwB©g `m§Zr Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m {dMmam§Zm ""Xm[aX«çmMr g§ñH¥$Vr'' (Culture of
Poverty) Ago _mZyZ Ë`m {gÜXm§VmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm Amho. Aem {ZîH$fm©àV òÊ`m AJmoXa Ë`m§Zr
1959 _Üò _o{ŠgH$mo_Yrc PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§_Üò AgUmè`m Jar~ ì`ŠVtMm Aä`mg Ho$cm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m
{ZarjUmV Ë`m§Zm Ago AmTiyZ Amco H$s, Jar~m§Zm Amnë`mcm ZdrZ ñdê$nmMo ahmUr_mZ
ñdrH$mamd`mg cmJy Zò åhUyZ Ë`m Amnë`m Am{W©H$ XOm©_Üò ~Xc Z H$aVm J[a~ AdñWo_ÜòM ahmUo
ng§X H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m_wioM Aem ì`ŠVr Zoh_r Xm[aX«çmÀ`m Xwï>MH«$mV gmnS>coë`m AgVmV. Jar~m§Zm
Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr Aer g§ñH¥$Vr AWdm Cn-g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo Ago cwB©g `m§Zm {XgyZ Amco.
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PmonS>nQ²>Q>çm§À`m _Yrc ì`ŠVr§Zm OJmì`m cmJUmè`m à{VHy$c Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m OrdZmcm CÔoeyZM
Xm[aX«çmMr g§ñH¥$Vr Agm CëcoI Ho$cocm Amho. `m {R>H$mUMo nmcH$ Amnë`m _wcm§Zm ñdV:Mo g§ajU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r nm{H$Q>_marMo, BVam§Zm \$g{dÊ`mMo, CÕQ> ^mfm dmnaÊ`mMo AWdm BVam§er hmUm_mar H$ê$Z
doi àg§Jr hË`m H$aÊ`m g§~Y§ rMo àmoËgmhZ XoV AgVmV. Or ì`ŠVr R>J qH$dm hË`mar Amho {VMo
A{YH$ JwU-JmU Ho$co OmVo d Or ì`ŠVr gwg§ñH¥$V Aem ñdê$nmMr ^mfm qH$dm nmoemI dmnaVo {VMr
Q>a CS>dyZ ñd:VmMr H$a_UyH$ H$ê$Z KoVmV.
Aem àH$mao, Jar~m§Zm Ë`m§Mo ñd:VmMo åhUyZ EH$ àH$maMo ahmUr_mZ AgVo; H$s Á`m _Üò Ë`m§Zm
àeñV dmQ>V AgVo. Aem ì`ŠVr§Zm Oa Am{W©H$ _XV XoD$Z Xwgè`m Mm§Jë`m {R>H$mUr hcdÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm Va Ë`m§Zm Vo H$ï>àX ñdê$nmMo dmQ>Vo d Amnë`m _yiÀ`m Ag§ñH¥$V Am{U H$Rr>U Aem
n[apñWVrH$S>o naV Omdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgVo, `mcmM Xm[aÐçmMr g§ñH¥$Vr AWdm Cn-g§ñH¥$Vr Ago
åhQ>co OmVo.
3) g_mOaMZm (Social Structure)
ì`ŠVr Am{U Xm[aX«çmMr g§ñH¥$Vr `m darc XmoZ Xm[aX«çmg~§YrÀ`m H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe nma§nm[aH$
Ñï>rH$moZ åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo, Va g_mOaMZm `m Xm[aX«ç g_ñòÀ`m H$maUmMm CëcoI EH$ CXma_VdmXr
qH$dm AmYw{ZH$ Ñï>rH$moZ åhUyZ Ho$cm OmVmo. g_mOm_Üò AZoH$ AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemñÌk g_mO aMZm ho
Xm[aX«çmMo H$maU g_OVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ~oamoOJmar qH$dm Aënem doVZmda XrK© H$mi H$amdr
cmJUmar amoOJmar. amoOJmargmR>r Amdí`H$ H$m¡eë`mMm A^md Am{U Amnë`m g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm hr gd© Ðm[aX«çmMr H$maUo AmhoV. g_mOmVrc Aem ñdmWu ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m JaOm nyU© H$ê$Z
KoÊ`mgmR>r X[aÐr ì`ŠVtMr {nidUyH$ H$arV AgVmV. X[aÐr ì`ŠVtMr AdñWm Amho VerM ahmdr Ago
Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgVo. "h~©Q>© ½`mZg²' `m Zm_d§V g_mOemñÌkmZo, Aer VrZ H$maUo gm§JrVcr AmhoV H$s,
Á`m_wio ñdmWr© àd¥Îmr AgUmè`m g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVr Amncr Xm[aÐç AdñWm Amho Ë`mM AdñWoV
amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m_Üò Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Am{U amOH$s` H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
Am{U åhUyZ g_mOmVrc {d{eîQ> dJ© ho Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r Aem ì`ŠVr§À`mH$Sy>Z hcŠ`m
àVrMr H$m_o H$adyZ KoVmV, Ë`m§Zm Aën doVZ XoVmV d ñdV:H$Sy>Z Or H$m_o H$YrM Ho$cr OmV ZmhrV
Aer H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$adyZ KoVmV.ñdV: _mÌ CÀM nXmda {Q>Hy$Z ahmÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmV. CXm. ^maVm_Üò ~è`mM doim AmnUmg Ago AmT>iyZ òVo H$s, {d{dY amOH$s` njm§Zm
Xm[aX«çmMo {Z_©ycZ ìhmdo qH$dm Xm[aÐç AdñWo_Yrc ì`ŠVr§Zm gmja H$amdo Ago _ZmnmgyZ H$YrM
dmQ>V Zmhr `mMo H$maU Ago H$s, Xm[aÐç ì`ŠVtMm dJ© åhUOo Agm EH$ dJ© Amho H$s, Á`m_Yrc
ì`ŠVr§Zm amÁ`H$V} AJXr ghOnUo _VXmZmgmR>r åhUyZ dmnê$ eH$VmV. Aem Xm[aÐç AdñWo_Yrc
ì`ŠVrZr Amho Ë`mM AdñWoV ahmdo Ago amOH$s` njmZm _ZmnmgyZ dmQ>V AgVo.
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am_ AmhÿOm `m§Zr Xm[aX«çmMr R>iH$ Imcrc VrZ à_wI H$maUo gm§{JVcr AmhoV. Xm[aX«çmMr
H$maUo A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m nÜXVrZo g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mm XoIrc Aä`mg H$ê$`m. Aem H$maUm§À`m
_Üò, Am{W©H$ H$maUo, cmoH$g§»`mË_H$ H$maUo Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) Am{W©H$ H$maUo (Econmic Causes)
ì`ŠVr Á`m ñdê$nmMr H$m_o H$aVo Ë`mÀ`mer Xm[aX«çmMr Am{W©H$ H$maUo g§~§{YV AgVmV. ì`ŠVr
{H$Vr à_mUmV H$m_ H$aVo? {VMo CËnÝZ {H$Vr AgVo ? Am{U Vr {VÀ`m ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© H$em àH$mao
{Q>H$dyZ R>odVo? B. gma»`m KQ>H$m§da Xm[aX«çmMo ñdê$n {ZíMrV hmoV AgVo. ì`ŠVr§Mm Am{W©H$ XOm©
Á`m KQ>H$m§da R>adcm OmVmo Aem KQ>H$m§À`m_Üò Imcrc à_wI nmM CnKQ>H$ òVmV. CXm. Anwam
{dH$mg, _hmJmB©Mm X~md, ^m§S>dcmMm A^md, H$m_Jmam§À`m _Yrc H$m¡eë`mMm A^md Am{U
~oamoOJmar BË`mXr.
1) Anwam {dH$mg : ^maVmVrc Xm[aX«çmcm Anwam {dH$mg ho H$maUXoIrc O~m~Xma
Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. CXm. 1951 Vo 1997 _Yrc H$mcI§S>mV {Z`moOZ _§S>imcm Amcoco Anè.
VgoM XoemVrc Xm[aÐç {nS>rV ì`ŠVtMm Am{W©H$ XOm© gwYmaÊ`mÀ`mÑï>rZo AmIÊ`mV Amcoë`m {d{dY
H$m`©H«$_m§_Üò emgZmcm Amcoco Anè `m_wio XoIrc XoemVrc Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU dmT>V Joco. gZ
1951 nmgyZ Vo 1997 _Yë`m {dH$mg dmT>rÀ`m XamMo à_mU Ho$di 3. 5% BVHo$M hmoVo. A§XmOo `m
nÞmg dfm©À`m H$mimV ^maVr` AW© ì`dñWm _§Xmdcocr hmoVr. Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZm_Üò XrK© H$mcrZ
ñdê$nmÀ`m {Z`moOZmMr Adí`H$Vm hmoVr. AW© ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnÝZ,
dhmVyH$ Am{U XiU-diU, amoOJmar, ì`mdgm{`H$ g§Yr, {dÚwV-COm© d _mZdr gmYZ g§nÎmrMm
{dH$mg B. gma»`m KQ>H$m§Mo `moJXmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. emgH$s` A{YH$mar Am{U ZmoH$aemhr `§ÌUoH$S>o
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo XyaÑï>r AgUo JaOoMo AgVo AÝ`Wm, Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU
dmT>VM ahmVo Ë`m_wio _yc^yV ñdénmÀ`m JaOm§À`m _Üò Zoh_rM H$_VaVm amhyZ Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU
dmT>V OmVo.
2) _hmJmB©Mm X~md : _hmJmB©Mo dm{f©H$ à_mU E[àc 1991 _Üò 13.6% hmoVo Vo _mM©
1997 _Üò 7.3% n`ªV Imcr Amco hmoVo. AË`mdí`H$ dñVyMo _yë` ho àm_w»`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnmXZ, Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>m§À`m_YyZ dma§dma IaoXr_wio Pmcoë`m eoVr CËnÞm_Üò KQ>, H|$Ðr`
A§XmO nÌH$mVrc VyQ>, H$a gwYmaUoMo ñdê$n BË`mXr KQ>H$m§da Adc§~yZ AgVo. én`mMo _yë`Xo{Ic
`mn¡H$s H$m§hr KQ>H$m§da Adc§~yZ AgVo Am{U Ë`mdê$ZM Amnë`m XoemVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m H«$èŠVrMo
à_mUXoIrc R>a{dUo eŠ` hmoV.o
3) ^m§S>dcmMm A^md : ho EH$ Xm[aX«çmMo à_wI Am{W©H$ H$maU AgyZ Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$
dmT>rcm Iri ~gVo. ^maVmÀ`m {Z`m©VrMo à_mU ho Am`mVrnojm H$_r Amho. H$mhr dñVy§Mr {Z`m©V
^maVmVyZ Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`m_Üò _m¡ë`dmZ OS>-Odm{ha, Mm_S>çmÀ`m dñVy, Mhm, Jm{cM>o B.Mm
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g_mdoe hmoVmo. ^maVmVrc dñVy§Mr _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z`m©V hmoUo ho Oar H$m§hr AWm©Zo Iao Agco Var,
eodQ>r Vo Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmda Adc§~yZ AgVo Am{U Oa H$m ^m§S>dcm_Üò dmT> Pmcr VaM
Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmT> hmoUo eŠ` AgVo.
4) _mZdr ^m§S>dcmMm A^md qH$dm H$m_Jmam§_Yrc H$m¡eë`mMm A^md : Ooìhm
ì`ŠVrOdi Amdí`H$ ñdê$nmMo {ejU, nmÌVm Am{U H$m¡eë` `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§Mm A^md AgVmo
Voìhm Aer ì`ŠVr `mo½` ñdê$nmMm amoOJma {_idÊ`mÀ`mÑï>rZo Ag_W© R>aVo. VgoM ì`ŠVr§Zm amoOJma
CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`mÑï>rZo amoOJma g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m nm{hOoV. ~oamoOJmar Am{U Aën
ñdê$nmMr amoOJmar `mMm XoemÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmT>rda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. _moR>çm à_mUmV AHw$ec
Am{U {Zaja AgUmè`m Jar~ ì`ŠVtMm ^maV hm Xoe AgyZ Vmo Amnë`m Cn{OdoH$o À`m gmYZmgmR>r
A{YH$ à_mUmV emgZmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm§da Adc§~yZ Amho.
5) ~oamoOJmarMo A{YH$ à_mU : Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmT>rÀ`m JVrcm doJ Z {_imë`mMm n[aUm_
åhUyZ ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU dmT>V OmVo. CXm. Amnë`m XoemV {d{dY _hm{dÚmc`m§_YyZ Oo `wdH$ nXì`m
KoVmV Ë`m§Zm amoOJma g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ ZdrZ CÚmoJ Am{U àH$ënm§Mr C^maUr
Ho$cr nm{hOo. AmO{_Vrcm _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmgmaIm {d^mJ Iwcm Pmcm AgyZ Ë`m_Üò Ho$di Hw$ec
H$m_Jmam§Zm Am{U S>m°ŠQ>g© Pmcoë`m§ZmM amoOJma g§Yr {_iVo. H$cm, {dkmZ emIoV nXdr KoVcoë`m
nXdrYmaH$m§Zm _`m©{XV joÌmVM amoOJma g§Yr {_iVo. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmVrc ~oamoOJmarMm n[aUm_
hm Xm[aX«çmda hmoV AgVmo.
~) cmoH$g§»`mË_H$ H$maUo
(Demoqraphic Causes)
A{Z`§{ÌV cmoH$g§»òMr dmT> hr gwÕm Xm[aÐç g_ñòcm H$maUr^yV R>aVo. àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m AÝZ,
{Zdmam, {ejU, Amamo½` B.gma»`m JaOm§À`mda Xadfu {H$_mZ AWdm XaS>moB© ñdê$nmMm IM© hmoV
AgVmo, Ë`m_Üò hiy-hiy dmT> hmoV Mmccr Amho. dmT>Ë`m cmoH$g§»òMm VmU hm Ho$di amoOJmarda
Pmcocm ZgyZ AÝZ-YmÝ`mÀ`m CËnÞmda Am{U Oc, Amamo½`, {Zdmam, dhmVyH$ `mgma»`m _yc^yV
gw{dYm§dagwÕm hmoV Amho.
A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»òMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ g_mOm_Üò {df_Vm dmT>V Agë`mMo {XgyZ Amco Amho
~hÿVm§er cmoH$g§»`m Xm[aX«çaofoÀ`m Imcr ahmV Amho H$maU {dH$mgmMm \$m`Xm, amoOJma g§Yr Am{U
{ZdmgñWmZmgma»`m gw{dYm {_idÊ`m_Üò AZoH$$ì`ŠVr à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. A{V[aŠV cmoH$
g§»òMm n[aUm_ åhUyZM ~oamoOJmar Am{U Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU dmT>coco Amho. VgoM Xm[aÐç aofoImcr
ahmUmè`m cmoH$m§À`m g§»òVhr dmT> hmoV Amho CXm. AJXr Hw$Qw>§~mgma»`m chmZ g_yhmMm Oa {dMma
Ho$cm Va, Hw$Qw>§~mVë`m EH$m H$_mdË`m ì`ŠVrda BVa AZoH$ gXñ` Adc§~yZ AgVmV Ë`m_wio
Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m AmH$mamMm g§~§Y hm Xm[aX«çmer AgVmo. gÚ {ñWVrcm ^maVr` Hw$Qw>§~m_Üò H$_mdË`m
ì`ŠVr§Mo gamgar à_mU 4.2 BVHo$ Amho.
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Xm[aX«çmMm Amamo½`merXoIrc g§~§Y AgVmo. Oa ì`ŠVrMr {_iH$V Mm§Jë`m ñdénmMr Agoc
VaM Vr ñdV…Mr Am{U {VÀ`mda {dg§~yZ AgUmè`m BVa Hw$Qy>§{~`m§Mr `mo½` àH$mao Amamo½`{df`H$
H$miOr Kody eH$Vo. Xm[aX«çm_wio ì`ŠVrcm `mo½` Am{U nwaogm Amhma Z {_iUo, AmOmarnU, AñdÀN>
AWdm Xy{fV ñdénmÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgUmao dmñVì` B. gma»`m g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo. Ë`mMm
n[aUm_ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Amamo½`mda Pmë`mZo {Vcm AZoH$ amoJm§er gm_Zm H$amdm cmJVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m
amoJ amB© _wio ì`ŠVrMr H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoV OmVo Am{U Aer AH$m`©j_ ì`ŠVr H$gë`mhr àH$maMr
{_iJV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
{ejUmMo à_mU Am{U Xm[aÐç `m§Mm XoIrc nañna g~§Y AgVmo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m dm{f©H$ CËnÞmMm
{ejUmer g§~§Y AgVmo. Mm§Jë`m nJmamMr ZmoH$ar {_idÊ`mgmR>r CÀM {ejU AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.
Xm[aÐçm_wio Jar~ ì`ŠVr {Zaja ahmVo d {VÀ`mH$S>o Am{W©H$ CËnÝZ H$_r Agë`m_wio Vr Amnë`m
_wcm§Zm d Z§VaÀ`m {nT>rcmgwÕm Mm§Jë`m Cƒ àVrMo {ejU XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm
{_imcoë`m {ejUmVyZ H$_r XOm© AgUmao amoOJma {_iVmV. ^maVm_Üò Á`m AZoH$ ì`ŠVr AmO
{Zaja Am{U AHw$ec ñdê$nmMm amoOJma H$aUmè`m AmhoV Ë`m§Mo dm{f©H$ CËnÝZ Oo_Vo_ ñdê$nmMoM
Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo. Oa cmoH$g§»`m {Z`§{ÌV Ho$cr Zmhr Va Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU ho dmT>VM ahmUma
Amho.
H$) gm_m{OH$ H$maUo
(Social Causes)
gm§àXm{`H$dmX, OmVrdmX, àmXo{eH$dmX B.gma»`m gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§_wio XoIrc Ðm[aX«çmMo
à_mU dmT>V.o H$maU Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV
g§H$w {MVdmXr d¥Îmr Am{U nyd©J«hXy{fVdmXr d¥ÎmrMr dmT> hmoD$Z Ë`mMm n[aUm_ amoOJma g§Yrda hmoV
AgVmo. ^maVmV EH$m Aä`mg nhmUrdê$Z Ago {XgyZ Amco Amho H$s, EImÚm nmÌ ì`ŠVrcm {VÀ`m
ñdV:À`m amÁ`mIoarO BVa ~mhoarc amÁ`mV amoOJma {_idUo H${R>U OmVo. ì`ŠVrMo EH$m amÁ`mVyZ
Xwgè`m amÁ`mV ñWcm§Va Pmco Va, Aem {Zaja d AHw$ec ì`ŠVr B_maV ~m§YH$m_mÀ`m Am{U añVm
Xwê$ñVrgma»`m {R>H$mUr amoOJma H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
^maVmVrc Xm[aX«çmMr H$maUo B.N. Jm§Jwcr `m§Zr Imcrc à_mUo gm§{JVcr AmhoV AZoH$ eVH$m
n`ªV naH$s` AmH«$_H$mZr `m {R>H$mUÀ`m OZVoMr Ho$cocr {nidUyH$, A{VaoH$ ñdê$nmMr cmoH$g§»`m,
^m§S>dcmMm A^md, Mm§Jco H$mhr H$ê$Z XmI{dÊ`mÀ`m d¥ÎmrMm A^md, {ZajaVoMo A{YH$ à_mU,
g_{n©V Am{U àm_m{UH$ àemgH$m§Mm A^md, ì`ŠVr§Mo hcŠ`m àVrMo Amamo½`, CîU H${Q>~§YmVrc
dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ emar[aH$ j_VoMm A^md, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ JVrercVoMm A^md,
O{_Z {df`H$ g§~§YmVyZ hmoUmè`m {nidUwH$s_wio H$ï>H$è`m§À`m _Üò Amcocr {e{WcVm BË`mXr
H$maUm§Mm CëcoI Ho$cm Amho.
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^maVmda {~«{Q>em§Zr 150 df} amÁ` Ho$co. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ CÚmoOH$m§Zm nwT>o òdy Z
{Xë`m_wio ^maVr`m§Mr Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ Ho$cr. ì`ŠVr§À`m _ZmVcm AmË_{dídmg ZîQ> Ho$ë`m_wio
EH$àH$mao Ë`m§Zm {ZîH«$s` ~Zdco Am{U Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Mm§Jë`m ñdê$nmMm amoOJma {_iy eH$cm Zmhr.
eoOmarc amîQ´>m§À`mH$Sy>Z ^maVmda gmVË`mZo AS>Wim hmoV Agë`m_wio ^maVmcm Amncr g§nyU©
H$m`©j_Vm Cn`moJmVM AmUVm Amcr Zmhr. nmH$sñVmZ, MrZ `mgma»`m eoOmarc amîQ´>m§nmgyZ g§ajU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ gr_m ^mJmV cîH$amda Am{U XheVdmX amoIÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m Xoemcm gwa{jVVoda
~amM IM© H$amdm cmJVmo. Aem amï´>m§À`mH$Sy>Z `wÕmMr Y_H$s dma§dma {_iV Agë`m_wio, ^maVmcm
dm{f©H$ A§XmO nÌH$m_Üò XoemÀ`m EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÝZmn¡H$s _moR>r aŠH$_ g§ajUmda IM© H$amdr
cmJVo.
J«m_rU Xm[aX«çmMr H$maUo : ^maV hm IoS>çm§Mm Xoe Amho ho AmnU {dgê$Z MmcUma Zmhr.
Amnë`m cmoH$g§»òn¡H$s A{YH$ cmoH$g§»`m hr J«m_rU ^mJmV ahmVo Ë`m_wio Or n[apñWVr J«m_rU
Xm[aX«çmcm O~m~Xma Amho Ë`mH$S>o Xwcj
© H$ê$Z MmcUma Zmhr. Xm[aX«çmÀ`m H$maUm§Mm AmnU
WmoS>Š`mV Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. am_ AmhÿOm `m§À`m _Vo, ^maVmVrc J«m_rU Xm[aX«çmMr H$maUo
Imcrc à_mUo AmhoV.
1) Xm[aÐç-{damoYr H$m`©H«$_m§À`m _Üò AgUmam AnwaonUm Am{U Ë`m§Mr An[aUm_H$maH$ Aer
A§_c~OmdUr
2) eoVrIoarO BVa CÚmoJm§_Üò AgUmao cmoH$g§»òMo H$_r à_mU
3) AZoH$ amÁ`mVrc nmdgmMo A{Z`{_V ñdê$n Am{U OcqgMZ gw{dYm§Mm A^md
4) eoVr _emJVr gmR>rÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ H$m¡eë`mMm A^md Am{U nma§nm[aH$ eoVr _emJVrÀ`m
nÜXVrda {dg§~yZ Agë`m_wio eoVr CËnÝZmMo H$_r à_mU
5)Ÿ ~hþVm§er IoS>çm§À`m _Üò CÚmoJ Am{U eoVr gmR>rÀ`m {dOoMm A^md
6) hcŠ`m àVrMo newYZ
7) A`mo½` Am{U {nidUyH$ H$aUmè`m Am{W©H$ nVg§ñWm
8) `mo½` nm`m^yV J«m_rU añVo-OmoS>UrMm A^md, XiU-diU Am{U ~mOmanoR>m§À`m gw{dYm§Mm
A^md
9) {ejUmMo H$_r à_mU
10) J«m_rU ^mJmVrc JVrerc ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md
11) {dH$mg {H«$`m§À`m_Yrc _{hcm§À`m ghH$m`m©Mm A^md
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12) nañna OmVr g_wXm`m§À`m _Yrc g§Kf© Am{U eÌwËd
13) ì`ŠVrMo A§Ë`g§ñH$ma {dYr, OÝ_{Xdg, {ddmh, `mÌm B. gma»`m àg§Jr hmoUmam _moR>çm
à_mUmVrc Am{W©H$ IM©.
Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZmÀ`m {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr Pmcr AgVmZm d Xoemcm ñdmV§Í`
{_iyZ 60 dfm©hÿZ A{YH$ H$mcI§S> nyU© Pmcm Agcm Var, AÚmnhr J«m_rU Xm[aX«çmÀ`m Q>ŠHo$dmarMo
à_mU à^mdrnUo H$_r Pmë`mMo {XgV Zmhr. eoVr ì`dgm`m_Üò _moR>çm à_mUmV Amcocr VyQ> Am{U
H$O© ~mOmarnUm `m_wio _hmamîQ´>, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am{U Am§Y«àXoemVrc AoZH$ eoVH$è`m§Zr AmË_hË`m
Ho$ë`m. ~hþVm§er J«m_rU Xm[aÐç AdñWoV AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr àm_w»`mZo ^y_r{hZ eoV_Oya AmhoV, H$mhr
eoVrIoarO BVa {H$aH$moi ì`dgm` H$aUmao _Oya AmhoV; gr_m§V eoVH$ar Am{U {dñWm{nV Pmcoco
cmohma, gwVma, Mm§^ma, B.gma»`m OmVr g_yhmVrc H$m_Jma AmhoV. AZoH$ amOH$s` njmZr
{ZdS>UyH$m§À`m _Üò {dO` {_idÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m {ZdS>UyH$ OmhraZmå`m_Üò J«m_rU Xm[aÐç {Z_©cyZ
H$m`©H«$_m§Zm à_wI ñWmZ {Xco Agco Var, {d{dY amÁ`mVyZ AZoH$ eoVH$è`m§À`m AmË_hËòMr dmVm© _mÌ
amoO H$mZmda òV Amho.
ñd`§ -AÜ`m`ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 2
àíZ 1 - Xm[aX«çm g~§YrMo nma§nm[aH$ {dícofU H$moUVo?
àíZ 2 - Xm[aX«çmMr H$moUVrhr VrZ H$maUo gm§Jm?
àíZ 3 - J«m_rU Xm[aX«çmMr H$moUVrhr VrZ R>iH$ H$maUo gm§Jm?
3.4.3 Xm[aÐç {Z_©cyZmgmR>rÀ`m emgH$s` Cnm` `moOZm
^maVmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò nañna{damoYm^mg {XgyZ òVmo. OmJ{VH$ loUr _Üò Amnë`m XoemMm EHw$U
amîQ´>r` CËnÞmÀ`m Ñï>rZo 12 dm H«$_m§H$ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnÝZm_Üò 9 dm H«$_m§H$ cmJV Agcm Var,
cmoH$g§»òMm _moR>m {hñgm hm Xm[aÐç AdñWo_Üò Agcocm AmT>iVmo. 174 Xoem§À`m _Üò 1) gamgar
Am`w_m©Z, 2) e¡j{UH$ Üò`m§Mr nyVu Am{U 3) H«$èŠVr qH$dm IaoXr H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm B.
Ñï>rH$moUm§VyZ Amnë`m XoemMm 134 dm H«$_m§H$ cmJVmo. Amnë`m XoemV AY©nmoQ>r amhUmao, IaoXr
H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm H$_r AgUmao, H$_r CËnÞmMo, amoJ{nS>rV qH$dm AmOmar ì`ŠVr, {Zaja, ~oamoOJmar
Am{U AñdÀN> ñdê$nmÀ`m {R>H$mUr {ZdmgñWmZ H$éZ AgUmè`m§Mo à_mU A{YH$ dmT>V Amho.
Amo[agm, {~hma, _Ü`àXoe, Am{U CÎmaàXoe `mgma»`m amÁ`mV Xm[aÐç-H§$Jmc ì`ŠVr§Mr cmoH$g§»`m
A{YH$ AmT>iVo.
Xm[aX«çmMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo "cmoI§S>dmcm g{_VrZo' gwM{dcoë`m nÜXVrMm
ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm hmoVm. `m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm gßQ>|~a 1989 _Üò Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr Amncm Ahdmc
^maV gaH$macm 1993 _Üò gmXa Ho$cm. `m H${_Q>rÀ`m {e\$maer Zwgma Xm[aÐç aofoImcr ahmUmè`m
57
cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU 35.97% BVHo$ Amho {Z`moOZ _§S>imÀ`m Aä`mgmZwgma ^maVmV 320 XecI
ì`ŠVr `m Xm[aÐç AdñWoV OrdZ OJVmV. g_mOmÀ`m AJXr ImcÀ`m ñVamVrc ì`ŠVrMo à_mU
Ë`mn¡H$s 10 Q>ŠHo$ åhUOo Odinmg 50 Vo 60 Xecj EdT>o Amho. Ago Agco Var Xm[aÐçmg~§YrMr
AmH$S>odmar hm Zoh_rM EH$ dmXmMm _wÔm R>aVmo H$maU `m AmH$S>odmar _Üò gVV ~Xc hmoV AgVmV.
^maVmV Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZmgmR>r VrZ à_wI nÜXVrMm
dmna Ho$cm OmVmo Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n nwT>rc à_mUo Amho.
1. 1950 _Üò Am{W©H$ dmT> A{YH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZ H$aUmè`m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV
^m§S>dc Jw§VdUyH$sÀ`m H$m`©H$« _mMr gwédmV Ho$cr H$s, Á`m_wio Am{W©H$dmT>rMo \$m`Xo Jar~ d
Xm[aÐç dJmªÀ`mn`ªV OmVrc. na§Vw 1970 nmgyZ Aem dJm©n`©V Am{W©H$ dmT>rMo \$m`Xo
nmohMcoM ZmhrV Ago AmT>iyZ Amco
2. Xwgam EH$ aMZmË_H$ {dMmagaUrMm Ñï>rH$moZ Agm hmoVm H$s, Omo g_mOmVrc g_mZVoMm nwañH$ma
H$aVmo Ë`m§Zr O_rZ gwYmaUm, g_wXm` {dH$mg `moOZm, ghH$ma eoVr, _moR>çm CÚmoJm§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU
B. Cnm` gwM{dco, na§Vw hm à`ËZ XoIrc èñdr Pmcm Zmhr.
3. emgZmZo Xm[aÐç `mgma»`m g_ñòer gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r IRDP, TRSEM, NREP, 20 Point
Programme `mgma»`m {dH$mg H$m`©H$« _m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ à`ËZ Ho$cm.
amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð gaH$ma `m§À`m _mÜ`m_mVyZ Xm[aÐç {Z_©cwZmgmR>rMo Oo à_wI H$m`©H$« _ hmVr
KoÊ`mV Amco Ë`m _Üò (1) n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm (2) amï´>r`rH$aU (3) 20 H$c_r H$m`©H$« _ (4) amÁ`
ñVamda AgUmao Xm[aÐç {Z_w©cZ H$m`©H$« _ BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1) n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm : (The Five year Plans)
1950 _Üò ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m {Z`moOZ _§S>imÀ`m {e\$maetZwgma E{àc 1951 _Üò n{hë`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMr gwédmV Pmcr. `m_Üò eoVrda {dg§~yZ AgUmè`m Amnë`m XoemMr _wŠVVm H$ê$Z
Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU doJmZo KS>dyZ AmUUo, g§Vw{cV {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo Am{U Amnë`m XoemVrc
_yc^yV AdOS> Aem ñdê$nmMo Oo CÚmoJ AmhoV Ë`m§À`m _Üò dmT> H$aUo hm Ë`m nmR>r_mJMm CÔoe
hmoVm. Ago Agco Var n{hë`m XmoZ n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§À`m _wio Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV
Pmcr Zmhr. {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZog_moa (1961-1966) à_wI nmM C{Ôï>o hmoVr, Ë`m_Üòdm{f©H$ CËnZmV 5% Zr dmT> H$aUo, eoVr ì`dgm`mVrc ñd`§nyU©Vm, nm`m^yV ñdê$nmÀ`m CÚmoJm§_Üò
dmT> H$aUo>, (CXm. cmoI§S>, COm©, agm`Zo) _Zwî`~i gmYZ g§nÎmrMm OmñVrV OmñV dmna H$ê$Z KoUo
Am{U Am{W©H$ gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo hr C{ÔîQ>ço S>moù`mnwT>o R>odÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. Ago Agco Var,
`moOZoÀ`m A§Vr_ H$mim n`ªV gXa C{Ôï>o gmÜ` Pmcr ZmhrV. emgZmZo AW© ì`dñWoMr AdñWm
Mm§Jë`m àH$maMr Zmhr åhUyZ 1966 Vo 1969 À`m H$mimV {Ìdm{f©H$ `moOZm A_cmV AmUcr.
58
{Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVë`m MwH$m§Mr Xwê$ñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo Aem ñdê$nmMo nmD$c CMcco
hmoVo.
XoemÀ`m AW©-ì`dñWoV ñW¡`© AmUÊ`mgmR>r d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Am{U g_mZVoMr C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ`
H$aÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` CËnÞm_Üò 5.5% BVH$s dmT> H$aÊ`mMo C{ÔîQ> 1969 Vo 1974 À`m Mm¡Ï`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo A§VJ©V R>a{dÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. na§Vw àM§S> _hmJmB©_wio `m `moOZoMo \$m`Xo XoIrc
{_idVm Amco ZmhrV. 1974 Vo 1979 `m nmMì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoMo à_wI C{ÔîQ> _hmJmB© H$_r
H$aUo hoM hmoVo. `m `moOZoÛmao gwÕm Á`m à_mUmV _hmJmB© H$_r H$aÊ`mMo C{ÔîQ> R>odco hmoVo, Vo gmÜ`
H$aVm Amco Zmhr. 1980 Vo 1985 `m ghmì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo_Üò, `m AmJmoXaÀ`m `moOZm§À`m_YyZ
H$moUVr C{ÔîQo nyU© H$aÊ`mV è-Anè Amco? d Ë`m_Üò H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m CUrdm hmoË`m? `m
g~§YrMmM Ho$di {dMma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. VgoM Am{W©H$ dmT>, ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU H$_r H$aUo,
V§ÌkmZmVrc ñd`§nyU©Vm, Xw~©c KQ>H$m§Mo ahmUr_mZ C§MmdUo B. gma»`m KQ>H$m§da A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV
Amcm. `m `moOZoV H$m§hr à_mUmV Mm§Jco è {_imco 1985 Vo 1990 `m H$mcI§S>mVë`m gmVì`m
n§Mdm[f©H$ `moOZoV Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo AÝZ-YmÝ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV VgoM, H$m_
H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Am{U CËnÞm_Üò dmT> B. gma»`m KQ>H$m§da A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. na§Vw `m
`moOZoVrc H$moUVohr C{ÔîQ> nyU© H$aÊ`m_Üò hr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm g\$c Pmcr Zmhr. 1992 Vo 1997
`m H$mcmdYrVë`m AmR>ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo_Üò amoOJma g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z CËnÞm_Üò dmT> H$aUo
Am{U Xm[aX«çmMo {Z_y©cZ H$aUo Ago C{ÔîQ> R>a{dco hmoVo. 1997 Vo 2002 `m H$mimVrc Zdì`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo A§VJ©V eoVr, amoOJma, Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZ d nm`m^yV KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg Aer à_wI
C{ÔîQo R>adcr hmoVr, Ë`mZwgma `m `moOZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ aoëdo gwYmaUm, XiU-diU, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU,
Am{U gdmªJrU {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Amcm. `mZ§VaÀ`m àËòH$ n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§_Üò Xm[aÐç
{Z_y©cZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Img Aer emgH$s` nmD$co Q>mH$cocr {XgyZ òVmV.
2) amï´>r`rH$aU (Nationalization)
1969 _Üò amï´>r`rH$aUmMo YmoaU Adc§{~Ê`mV Amco. ~±H$mMo amï´>r`rH$aU `mM YmoaUmA§VJ©V
Pmco. Ë`m doiÀ`m n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Xw~©c KQ>H$m§Zm, eoVH$è`m§Zm, Am{U cKwCÚmoOH$m§Zm H$O©
nwadR>m H$ê$Z Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZmMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ J«m_rU ^mJmV Am{U chmZ
eham§À`m _YyZ ~±H$m§À`m emIm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ~±H$tJ ì`dñWm AñVrËdmV Amcr. Xw~©c KQ>H$m§Zm
H$Om©Mo dmQ>n H$aÊ`mV Amco. na§Vw Ë`mn¡H$s AZoH$m§Zr naV\o$S> H$aÊ`mMr Am{W©H$ Hw$dV Zgë`mZo Ë`mMr
naV\o$S> gaH$maH$S>o Ho$cr Zmhr. Odinmg 2600 Vo 3000 H$amoS> ê$nò BVŠ`m naV \o$S> Z Pmcoë`m
aŠH$_oMr O~m~Xmar H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$maZo ñdrH$macr. AW©Vkm§Zm hr `moOZm XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Ñï>rZo hmZrH$maH$ dmQy> cmJcr. hr EH$ {Zén`moJr `moOZm AgyZ {VMm Xm[aÐç {Z_©cyZmgmR>r
Cn`moJ Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Pmco.
59
3) 20 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_ (20-Point Programme)
Owc¡ 1975 _Üò lr_§V Am{U Jar~ `m§À`mVrc Xar H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr `m
H$m`©H«$_mMr gwê$dmV Ho$cr. `m H$m`©H$« _mMr à_wI nmM C{Ôï>o {Z{íMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr (1)
_hmJmB©da {Z`§ÌU (2)ŸCËnmXZmcm CÎmoOZ (3) J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òMo H$ë`mU (4) ehar _Ü`_ dJm©cm
_XV (5) gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ JwÝhoJmarda {Z`§ÌU B. 20 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_mA§VJ©V-J«m_rU
amoOJma, A{V[aŠV eoVO{_ZrMo {dVaU, {H$_mZ amoOJma, doR>{~Jmam§Mo nwZ©dgZ, AZwgy{MV OmVrO_mVtMm {dH$mg, {Zdmg ñWm§ZmÀ`m gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg, `m§{ÌH$ CËnÝZm_Üò dmT>, Hw$Qy>§~{Z`moOZ,
d¥jmamonU, àmW{_H$ Amamo½`m{df`H$ gw{dYm§À`m _Üò dmT>, _{hcm Am{U ~mcH$m§gmR>r H$m`©H$« _,
àmW{_H$ {ejUm_Üò dmT>, {dVaUmÀ`m nÜXVr _Üò ~iH$Q>ro, Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaUm§À`m _Üò gwc^Vm,
H$mù`m n¡emda {Z`§ÌU, {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gw{dYm gwYmaUo, XoemA§VJ©V gmYZ g§nÎmrMm {dH$mg
H$aUo `mgmaIr C{ÔîQ>ço J«mø YaÊ`mV Amcr. Oar `m H$m`©H$« _mcm \$mago è {_imco Zgco Var,
Ë`mMr nwZa©MZm H$ê$Z 1980-1985 `m ghmì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZo _Üò Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Jocm. AWm©V ^maVmVrc Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`m_Üò hm H$m`©H$« _ \$magm
Cn`wŠV R>acm Zmhr.
3) emgZmMo H$m`©H«$_
(Programmes for Government)
àm_w»`mZo ^maVmÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJmVrc Jar~m§À`mgmR>r emgH$s` nmVirda Imcrc AZoH$
H$m`©H«$_m§Mr gwédmV H$ê$Z Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm hmoVm.
A) J[a~r hQ>md `moOZm : _mM© 1971 _Üò B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr `m H$m`©H$« _mMr gwê$dmV Ho$cr.
Xm[aX«çmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mMm hm EH$ n{hcmM H$m`©H$« _ hmoVm. g_mOdmXr Üòò A_cmV AmUÊ`mMm
à`ËZ `m H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$cocm {XgVmo.
~) EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ IRDP (Integrated Rural development
Programme) - H$m§hr {ZdS>H$ Hw$Qy>§~mZm Xm[aX«çmVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm ñd`§`moOJma
CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo, \w$cm-\$im§À`m eoVrMm {dH$mg, eoVrMm {dH$mg, {dUH$m_, hñVH$cm B. gma»`m
gw{dYm XoÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. `m H$m`©H$« _mMr gwédmV _mM© 1976 _Üò Pmcr Am{U 77 cmImhÿZ
A{YH$ Hw$Qy>§~m§Zm H$Om©À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `m `moOZoMm \$m`Xm Pmcm.
H$) ñd`§ amoOJmamgmR>r J«m_rU `wdH$m§Zm à{ejU TRYSEM (Training for Rural
Youth Self-Employment) - `m H$m`©H«$_mMr gwédmV 15 Am°JñQ>, 1979 amoOr Pmcr. `m
H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ J«m_rU `wdH$m§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë`mMo à{ejU XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm
eoVr, CÚmoJY§Xo, ZmoH$ar Am{U ì`dgm` B. gma»`m joÌmV amoOJma {_i{dÊ`mÀ`mÑï>rZo à`ËZ H$aVm
òB©c. `m `moOZoMm cm^ H$adyZ XoV AgVmZm àm_w»`mZo AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O_mVr_Yrc `wdH$m§À`m
60
{ZdS>rcm àmYmÝ` {Xco OmV hmoVo. 18 Vo 25 `m d`moJQ>mVrc `wdH$m§Zm à{V{XZ énò 75 Vo 200 n`ªV
nJma {Xcm OmV Ago.
S>) amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma H$m`©H«$_ - NREP (The National Rural Employment
Programmes) hm H$m`©H«$_ _mM© 1977 _Üò ApñVËdmV Amcm. `m H$m`©H«$_m_Üò doJù`m Aem
ñdê$nmÀ`m amoOJma g§Yr {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r nya{Z`§ÌU, añVo ~m§YUr, OcqgMZ gw{dYm§À`m _Üò
gwYmaUm, J«m_rU {Zdmg ñWmZ, emco` B_maVr B. gma»`m _mÜ`_mVyZ à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m
H$m`© H « $ _mMo {d{cZrH$aU AmVm Odmha amo O Jma `mo O Zo _ Üò Ho $ co Amho . (J RY)
BŸ) J«m_rU ^y_rhrZ amoOJma h_r H$m`©H«$_ - RLEGP (The Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee Programme) gmd©O{ZH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Xa {Xder
énò 3 `mà_mUo Jar~m§Zm amoOJma {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo `m H$m`©H$« _mMr gwédmV Ho$cr hmoVr. J«m_rU
^mJmVrc ~oamoOJmam§À`mgmR>r åhUyZ gd©àW_ _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo amoOJma h_r (EG) `moOZm
H$m`©H«$_mA§VJ©V `m H$m`©H$« _mMr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr hmoVr. `mgmR>r amoOJma h_r A{V[aŠV H$a åhUyZ
Vmo O_rZ _hgyc, {dH«$sH$a, dmhZH$a, ~mJm`V O_rZ YmaH$Am{U ì`mdgm{`H$m§À`mH$Sy>Z dgyc H$ê$Z
`m `moOZoMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
\$) Odmha amoOJma `moOZm - JRY (Jawahar Rozgar Yojna) `m H$m`©H«$_mMr gwédmV
E{àc 1989 _Üò H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m `moOZoA§VJ©V Xm[aÐç Hw$Qy>§~mVrc {H$_mZ EH$m$ gXñ`mcm é.
50 Vo 100/- n`ªV amoOJma {_idyZ {Xcm OmVmo. _{hcm§À`mgmR>r 30% BVH$s H$m_o Ama{jV R>odcr
OmVmV. `mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$ma 80% Va amÁ`gaH$ma 20% n`ªVMr _XV H$aVo.
O) A§Ë`moX` H$m`©H«$_ (Antyodaya Programme) hm H$m`©H$« _ AË`§V J[a~
AgUmè`m§À`mgmR>r amOñWmZ gaH$maZo 2 Am°ŠQ>m.| 1977 _Üò gwê$ H$ocm. CÎma àXoe, {h_mMc àXoe
`mgma»`m BVa amÁ`mV gwÕm `m H$m`©H«$_mMr gwédmV Ho$cr Amho. `m H$m`©H«$_mA§VJ©V J[a~m§Zm
O_rZrMo dmQ>n, _m{gH$ noÝeZ Am{U ~±H$mÛmao H$O© nwadR>m Ho$cm OmVmo.
Amnë`m XoemVrc Á`m ñd§`godr g§ñWm (Non-Governmental Organization) Am{U g§KQ>Zm
Xm[aÐ` {Z_y©cZmgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H$« _m§Mo Am`moOZ H$aVmV. Aem§À`m gmR>r Amnco ^maV gaH$ma
_XVrMm hmV XoV AgVo. g_mOmÀ`m AJXr ImcÀ`m ñVamda AgUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm åhUOoM
àm_w»`mZo J«m_rU ^mJmVrc Xm[aÐ` aofoImcr AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm emgZmZo _XV {_idyZ XoUo JaOoMo
Amho. XoemVë`m ~oamoOJmarÀ`m g_ñòda _mV Ho$ë`mIoarO Xm[aÐçmMo {Z_©cyZ hmoUo AeŠ` Amho.
h) gwdU© O`§Vr J«m_ ñdamoOJma `moOZm (SJGSY) amoOJma {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemVyZ
emgZmZo gwê$ Ho$cocr hr EH$ A{Ve` _hËdH$m§jr Aer `moOZm AgyZ Odi nmg 26 cmI BVHo$ ñd`§
_XVrda AmYm[aV Ago g_yh ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco (Self Help Groups). `m g_yhm§Zr XoemVë`m
5.5 H$amoS> J«m_rU H$mam{Jam§Zm Ë`m§À`m CËnm{XV _mcmMr n°Ho$OtJ Am{U ~«±S>tJ H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ {Xco.
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XoemVë`m AË`§V J[a~ Am{U _mJmgcoë`m {OëømVrc Jar~ ì`ŠVtZm geŠV H$aÊ`mMo C{ÔîQ> Ë`m
nmR>r_mJo hmoV.o
darc gd© _hÎdnyU© emgH$s` H$m`©H$« _m§Ûmao ^maVmVrc Xm[aÐç g_ñòMo gÚH$mcrZ ñdê$n IynM
~Xcco Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
1) ^maVmVrc Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZmgmR>rMo emgH$s` Cnm` H$moUVo?
2) n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmZm Ho$ìhm gwédmV Pmcr?
3) 20 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_mMr à_wI C{ÔîQ>o H$moUVr?
3.5 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km (Glossary)
gdªH$f Ðm[aÐç (Aboslute Poverty) : emar[aH$ H$m`©j_Vm Am{U _yc^yV Amamo½` {df`H$
JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m gmYZ gm_J«rMm A^md AgUo
Xm[aÐçmMr g§ñH¥$Vr (Culture of Poverty) : "Am°ñH$a cwB©g' `m§Zr à{McrV Ho$cocm hm
Ñï>rH$moZ AgyZ Xm[aÐç ì`º$s¨Mr ñdV:Mr åhUyZ Or EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo, Ë`m_Üò Ë`m§Zm ~Xc
H$amdm Ago dmQ>V Zmhr.
A{V Xm[aÐç ì`ŠVr (Destitute) : Jar~ AWdm Xm[aÐç{nS>rV AgUmè`m§_Yrc A{V Xm[aÐç
ì`ŠVr åhUOo EHy$U Xm[aÐç cmoH$g§»òÀ`m 10% BVH$s cmoH$g§»`m.
H$mën{ZH$ Xm[aÐç (Subjective Poverty) : J[a~ AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm AmnU IamoIaM
X[aÐr ì`ŠVr AmhmoV H$m Ago dmQ>Uo.
gmnoj Xm[aÐç (Relative Poverty) : EImXr ì`ŠVr AWdm g_yh hm Xwgè`m EImÚm ì`ŠVr
AWdm g_yhmÀ`m VwcZoV lr_§V AWdm Jar~ AgÊ`mg~§YrMm A§XmO KoUo.
3.6 gm§ame (Let us Sum Up)
`m KQ>H$m§_Üò AmnU _mZdr g_mOmcm ôS>gmdUmè`m EH$m AVre` J§^ra ñdê$nmÀ`m gm_m{OH$
g_ñòMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. Ë`m g_ñòMo Zm§d åhUOo "Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m' ho hmo`. `m {R>H$mUr AmnU
"Xm[aÐç' `m g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm, hr AdñWm _mZdr OrdZmda H$em àH$mao n[aUm_
H$aVo? `mMm {dMma Ho$cm. Jar~ åhUOo Aem ì`ŠVr H$s, Á`m§À`mH$S>o nwaoer {_iH$V Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Zm
`mo½` Aem nÕVrMr Cn{OdrH$m H$aVm òV Zmhr d Ë`m Amamo½` g§~§YrÀ`m _yc^yV JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$ê$
eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM Á`m§Mo emar[aH$ hmc hmoVmV, dma§dma Cnmer ahmdo cmJVo, gH$g AmhmamMm
A^md, nwaoem {ZdmgñWmZmMm A^md, H$nS>mcÎmm Am{U {ejUmg§~§YrÀ`m gw{dYm§Mm A^md AgUo
hmo`. AmnU Xm[aÐçmÀ`m à_wI H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. ~è`mMXm EImXr ì`ŠVrM ñdV: {VÀ`m
Xm[aÐçmcm H$maUr^yV AgVo, H$maU {VÀ`mH$S>o OrdZm_Üò Mm§Jco KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mg~§YrÀ`m BÀN>m62
AmH$m§jmMm A^md AgVmo. H$mhr doim g_mOm_Üò "Xm[aÐçmMr g§ñH¥$Vr' åhUyZ EH$ àH$ma A_cmV
AmUcm OmVmo H$s, Á`m_wio ì`ŠVr Amho Ë`m napñWVr_Üò ñdV:cm gwa{jV Am{U H¥$VmW© g_OV
AgVo Am{U Ë`m_YyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mg~§YrMm {dMmaXoIrc H$aV Zmhr. VgoM g_mO aMZmXoIrc
Xm[aÐçmgmaIr n[apñWVr Am{U {df_Vm g_mOmV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mcm H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
^maV ho EH$ cmoH$emhr àOmgÎmmH$ amîQ´>, VgoM Vo EH$ H$ë`mUH$mar amîQ´> Amho. Am{U åhUyZ
Xm[aÐç {Z_y©cZ H$aUo hr H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar AgyZ Ë`m§Zr Vo Amnco EH$ H$V©ì`
g_OyZ g_mOm_Üò gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$er g_mZVm AmUVm òB©c `mÑï>rZo à`ËZ Ho$cm
nm{hOo. Joë`m 63 dfm©nmgyZ, {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{U emgH$s` YmoaUm§À`m gmømZo
J«m_rU Am{U ehar ^mJmVë`m Xm[aÐ`mMo {Z_y©cZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ gaH$ma H$arV Amco Amho.
3.7 ñd`§ -AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-1
CÎma-1. ""Xm[aÐç hr EH$ Aer AdñWm AgVo H$s, Á`m_Üò ì`ŠVr {VÀ`m Am{W©H$ CËnÞm_wio
qH$dm A{YH$ IMm©_wio Amnë`m emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ H$m`©j_Vm§Mr Am{U Vr Á`m g_mOmMm KQ>H$
AgVo Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m ahmUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©Zwgma Vr ñdV:Mo Am{U {VÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm `mo½` nÕVrZo
H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.''
CÎma-2. Xm{aÐç aofo_wio AmnUmg Xm[aÐçmMo _moO_mn H$aVm òVo d Aem Xm[aÐç aofoÀ`m
ImcnmgyZ Xm[aÐçmMr gwédmV hmoVo Am{U Ë`m aofoÀ`m daVr Xm[aÐçmMm eodQ> hmoVmo.
CÎma-3. ""gmnoj Xm[aÐç åhUOo Á`m_Üò EImÚm {d{eîQ> g_yhmMo gXñ` Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ
JaOm§À`mZwgma gd©gmYmaU Am{U ñdrH¥$V Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© `mg§~§YrMm AX§mO
KoVmV''.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao- 2
CÎma-1. Xm[aÐçmg§~§YrMm nma§nm[aH$ Ñï>rH$moZ åhUOo ì`ŠVrZo {VÀ`m _mJrc Am`wî`mV Ho$coco
H$_© qH$dm dmB©Q> H¥$Ë` åhUyZ Vr Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mV OÝ_mcm òVo d Vr J[a~r åhUOo EH$ àH$maMo dmB©Q> H¥$Ë`
Ho$ë`m~ÔcMr {ejm g_Ocr OmVo.
CÎma-2. Xm[aÐçmg§~§YrMr AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV na§Vw Ë`m_Yrc _hÎdmMr VrZ H$maUo nwT>rcà_mUo
AmhoV (1) ì`ŠVrMr AH$m`©j_Vm (2) cmoH$g§»`mË_H$ KQ>H$ Am{U (3) gm_m{OH$ H$maUo (CXm.
{ZajaVm, AkmZ, OmVr-ì`dñWm B.)
CÎma-3. ^maV hm IoS>çm§Mm Xoe Amho. ^maVmÀ`m J«m_rU Ðm[aÐ`mMr _hÎdmMr VrZ H$maUo
åhUOo (1) eoVr CËnÞmMo H$_r à_mU d eoVr CËnÞmda hmoUmam n`m©daUmMm n{aUm_ (2) gmjaVoMo
H$_r à_mU Am{U (3) Am§VaOmVr` g§Kf© d Ë`m§À`mVrc eÌwËd.
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ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao-3
CÎma-1. n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm, 20 H$c_r H$m`©H«$_, Odmha amoOJma `moOZm, AË`m|X` H$m`©H«$_.
CÎma-2. 1951
CÎma-3. CËnmXZmcm CÎmoOZ, J««m_rU cmoH$g§»òMo H$ë`mU, {H$_mZ amoOJma.
3.8 gamd/J¥hnmR>
(Exercise/Home Assignment)
J«§Wmc`mVrc Xm[aÐçmg§~§YrÀ`m nwñVH$m§Mo dmMZ H$am. Vw_À`m J«§Wmc`mV CncãY AgUmè`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm g§~§YrÀ`m _m{hVrMo Q>rH$mË_H$ g_rjU H$ê$Z, Aem `moOZm Amnco BpÀN>V Üò`
nyU© H$aÊ`m_Üò Aèñdr H$m R>aë`m? `m g§~§YrMr EH$ Q>rn V`ma H$am.
3.9 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr (Reflection and Action)
Vw_À`m ehamV AJXr Jar~mVë`m Jar~m§gmR>r Am{U {^H$mè`m§À`mgmR>r AgUmè`m nwZ©dgZ
H|$Ðmcm ôQ> Úm qH$dm Aem ì`ŠVtÀ`mgmR>r H$m_ H$aUmè`m EImÚm ñd`§godr g§ñWocm (NGO) ôQ>
XodyZ Ðm[aÐ`mMm n[aUm_ g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§da H$em àH$mao Pmcm Amho ho _m{hV H$ê$Z ¿`m.
Vw_À`m AZw^dmda AmYmarV EH$ {Z~§Y {chm.
3.10 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$ (Suggested Reading Books)
Ahuja Ram : Social Problems in India, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, 2003.
Attarchand : Poverty and Underdevelopment : New challenges, Gian Publishing
house, Delhi, 1987.
Ghate P. : Direct Attacks on poverty, Concept Publishing, New Delhi, 1984.
Harlambos, M.: Sociology : Themes and Perspectives, Oxford University Press,
New Delhi 1984.
Sharma, Ram Nath : Indian Social Problems, Media Promoters Bombay, 1982.
Sharma, Ram Nath : Principles of Sociology, Asia Publishing House, Bombay
1968.
Shankar Rao. C.N.:Sociology Primary Principles, Chand & Co. New Delhi,
2004.
g_H$mcrZ ^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m - àm. O`§V KmQ>Jo.
^mamVrc gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m - àm. H$m|S>oH$a, àm. _mo{hVo, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ.
^maVmVrc g_H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m - àmMm`© S>m°. _m{UH$ _mZo. {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
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gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 4
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma
AZwH«$_{UH$m
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
4.1 n«mñVm{dH$
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr g§H$ënZm
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1
4.2.2 gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr H$maUo
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2
4.2.3 gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma {Z_y©cZmgmR>rMo Cnm`
ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
4.5 ñd§`- A¿``Z n«íZm§Mr CÎmao
4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
4.7 g§X^© J«§W
4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
^maVr` g_mOmVrc EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ, "gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m g_ñòMm' AmnU
Á`mdoir Aä`mg H$aUma Amho Ë`mdoir gd©àW_
EH$ g§H$ënZm åhUyZ, "gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMm' (Communal Violence) Mm AW© H$m` hmoVmo,
H$maU ^maVmgma»`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm AgUmè`m g_mOm_Üò {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ Ym{_©H$
g_wXm`m§À`m ì`ŠVr nañnam§er g§Kfm©Ë_H$ g§~§YmVyZ dV©Z H$aVmV, Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`m_Üò Omo
VUmd {Z_m©U hmoVmo qH$dm qhgmË_H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m§hr KQ>Zm KSy>Z òVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_ Ë`m
g_wXm`m~amo~aM EHy$U g_mOmda Pmë`m_wio Vr, EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hmoVo.
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gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamgmaIr g_ñ`m ^maVm_Üò {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr H$moUVr H$maUo AmhoV? ^maVr`
g_mO aMZoVrc emgZì`dñWm Am{U Y_© `m§Mm H$gm nañna g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmo? VgoM àËòH$
Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ {^ÝZVoMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ, {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò VUmd
H$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo? `m g§~§YrÀ`m H$maUm§Mm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m `w{ZQ>_Üò Ho$cm Amho.
Á`mdoir ^maVmÀ`m {d{dY amÁ`m§À`m _Üò hr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo, Ë`mdoir Aer g_ñ`m
AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$ma `m§À`m~amo~aM ñd`§-godr g§ñWm§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ H$moU-H$moUË`m Cnm`-`moOZm§Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z g_ñòda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$cm OmVmo `m {df`r MMm© H$aVm òVo.
4.1 n«mñVm{dH
^maVr` g_mOm_Üò Ho$di A{V[aŠV cmoH$g§»`m hr EH$ g_ñ`m ZgyZ, Ë`m cmoH$g§»òcm AZoH$
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio "g_ñ`m' hr ^maVr` g_mOmcm ZdrZ JmoîQ> Zmhr.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mcI§S>mV Oem g_ñ`m hmoË`m VemM Ë`m ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mcI§S>mVXoIrc A{YH$ ì`mnH$
ñdê$nmV Agcoë`m {XgVmV. Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Mo _yi, ^maVr` g_mOmVrc Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§er Amho.
H$mhr g_ñ`m§Mo _yi ho gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§er Agcoco AmT>iVo; Va H$mhr g_ñ`m§À`m nmR>r_mJo EH$mnojm
A{YH$ {d{dY H$maUo O~m~Xma Agcocr {XgVmV. H$m§hr g_ñ`m ^maVr` g_mOaMZo_Üò AmT>iVmV
Aem g_ñ`m {dH${gV g_mOmV gwÕm AmT>iyZ òVmV. Va H$m§hr g_ñ`m Ho$di ^maVr` g_mOaMZoVM
{XgyZ òVmV. AWm©V `m gd© g_ñ`m ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m àJVr_Ycm EH$ _moR>m AS>Wim åhUyZ
g_Oë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wio `m gd© g_ñ`m§À`mda Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr "gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mm' d¡km{ZH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aUo
_hÎdmMo R>aVo. Ë`m§Zr Aem g_ñ`m§Mo d¡km{ZH$ {dícofU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m§Zr g_ñ`m§Mm
d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVmZm, g_ñò_mJrc H$maUm§Mm emoY KodyZ Ë`m g_ñ`m§da {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mgmR>r AWdm Ë`mdarc Cnm``moOZm gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co nm{hOo. na§Vw àË`jmV
gd©gm_mÝ` OZVm, àemgZ Am{U amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm, gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUÊ`m_Üò AWdm
Ë`mdarc Cnm``moOZm gwM{dÊ`m_Üò g_mOemñÌkm§Mr AgUmar _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m Ë`m§Zm AOyZn`ªV
g_Ococr Zmhr. {edm` g_mOemñÌkm§Zr XoIrc Vem ñdê$nmMm à`ËZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm à^m{dV
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Zmhr. Oa g_mOm_Üò AMmZH$ ñdê$nmV CX²^dUmè`m g_ñ`m§ AWdm BVa
H$m§hr àíZmg§~§Yr g_mOemñÌ Am{U Ë`m§Mo Aä`mgH$ `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`m_Üò Ag_W© R>aV
AgVrc Va amîQ´> Am{U EHy$U _mZd OmVrgmR>r Ë`m§Mm H$mhr Cn`moJ amhUma Zmhr. `mgmR>r
g_mOemñÌkm§Zr A{YH$ Aä`mgy d¥ÎmrZo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§g§~§Yr Amncr _Vo Zm|Xdcr nm{hOoV VgoM
gdmªÀ`m g_moa g_ñò~m~VMo g{dñVa {ddaU {Xco nm{hOo, VaM g_mOmVrc {d{dY gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m§Mr hmVmiUr hmoUo eŠ` Amho.
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^maVr` g_mOaMZo_Üò OmVrì`dñWm, cmoH$g§»`m, Añn¥í`Vm, A§YlÕm B. gma»`m H$m§hr
na§namJV g_ñ`m AmT>iVmV. Vem H$mhr ZdrZ g_ñ`m gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m {XgyZ
òVmV. H$m§hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo _yi, ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>H$m§er
g§~§{YV Agcoco AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio "gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam'gmaIr dV©_mZH$mimV AmT>iyZ òUmar
g_ñ`m, Ho$di VËH$mcrZ KQ>Zm§À`m AWdm H$maUm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r ^maVr`
g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg Am{U na§nam XoIrc OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò "gm§àXm{`H$ dmX' (Communalism) EH$ _moR>m YmoH$m g_Ocm
OmVmo. hr g_ñ`m àm_w»`mZo Á`m doir, "g_mOmV EH$m ~mOyg AgUmao {d{dY Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`m§H$
g_wXm`, CXm. {¼íMZ, _wñcr_, erI, nmaer, O¡Z, B. Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOycm g§»òZo A{YH$
AgUmè`m g_wXm`mVrc, ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Yrc gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$ g§~§Ym§_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo.
gm_mÝ`Vm Aä`mgH$m§Mm Agm {ZîH$f© AgVmo H$s, Á`mdoir g_mOmVrc EImÚm Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§Mo
amOH$maU Ho$co OmVo, Ë`mdoir gm§àXm{`H$ dmX AWdm gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV.
"gm§àXm{`H$dmX' (Communalism) hr EH$ àH$maMr {dMmagaUr åhUyZgwÕm {VMm Aä`mg
H$aVm òVmo, H$maU `m ñdê$nmÀ`m {dMmagaUr_Üò nañna{damoYr {hV-g§~§Y AgUmè`m {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ
Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_wio g_mOì`dñWm XoIrc {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`mV {d^mJcr OmVo, Am{U
Ë`mMdoir ho gd© g_wXm` nañnam§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Aem ñdê$nmMm {damoY
Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò AmT>iVmo. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` àmßV Pmë`mZ§VaÀ`m {XdgmnmgyZ ^maVr`
g_mOm_Üò H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m amÁ`mV "qhXw-_wñcr_' `m XmoZ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò VUmd Pmcocm
AmT>iVmo. Aem VUmdm_Üò Á`m A_mZdr ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amcoë`m AmhoV H$s, Á`m
AmOn`ªVÀ`m OJmÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Üò KS>coë`m ZmhrV. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamgma»`m KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò,
AI§S> IoS>r AWdm Jm§d noQ>dyZ Ë`m_Üò, AZoH$m§Zm A½Zr {Xcm OmVmo, Va H$m§hr KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò,
_{hcm§da H«$y a AË`mMma Ho$co OmVmV. Q´>oZ_YyZ àdmg H$aUmè`m àdmem§Mr hË`m hmoVo; AZoH$ ì`ŠVr
~oKa hmoVmV Va AZoH$m§À`m ñWmda _mc_ÎmoMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.
AemàH$mao, gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma Am{U Ë`m_wio AmOn`ªV KSy>Z Amcocr _Zwî`hmZr d BVa
ZwH$gmZ hmoD$Z XoIrc hr g_ñ`m ^maVm_Üò g§nyU©Vm ZîQ> Pmcocr Zmhr. ZwH$Ë`mM Pmcoë`m cmoH$g^m
{ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va CÎmaàXoe amÁ`mV AZoH$doim gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z òV AmhoV.
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma hr g_ñ`m AZoH$doim amOH$s` H$maUm§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ {dMmamV KoVcr OmV
Agcr Var, ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò ApñWaVm {Z_m©U ìhmdr `m CÔoemZo H$m§hr naH$s` eŠVrgwÕm
à`ËZerc AgVmV. {edm` gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm AgUmè`m ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò {d{dY Ym{_©H$
g_wXm`m§Mo {hV-g§~§Y, Ë`m§À`m amhUr_mZmÀ`m gd`r, g§ñH¥$Vr, ñnYm©, gmYZ-g§nÎmr BË`mXr darc
_mcH$sMo Ag_mZ {dVaU, g_mZ ZmJar H$m`ÚmMm A^md, {ejUmÀ`m g§Yr_Ycm A^md, `mgma»`m
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AÝ` H$maUm§Mm XoIrc à^md hr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`m_Üò AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_wio `m g_ñòMo {dícofU
^maVr` g_mOmMr gm§ñH¥${VH$-gm_m{OH$ aMZm Am{U A{cH$S>À`m H$mcI§S>mV {Z_m©U Pmcocr EHy$U
gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr {dMmamV KoD$Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
4.2.1 gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr g§H$ënZm
^maVr` g_mOmVrc "gm§àXm{`H$dmX' Am{U "gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma' `m XmoZ g§H$ënZm§Mm AW©
OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$m§Zr `m g§H$ënZm§Mm AW© nwT>rcàH$mao ñnîQ> Ho$cm.
1. {~nrZM§Ð `m§À`m _Vo, ""{d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò AmT>iyZ òUmam doJionUm ho EH$ Ago
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© doJionU Amho H$s, Oo AË`§V _hÎdnyU© AgyZ, Ë`mMo ñdê$n Ë`m§À`m_Üò AgUmè`m
BVa ñdê$nmÀ`m doJionUmnojm A{YH$ {^ÝZ {XgVo. Á`mdoir AmnU qhXy, _wñcr_, erI
`mgmaIo Ym{_©H$ g_wXm` doJio g_OVmo, Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` {hVg§~§Y
XoIrc doJio {XgyZ òVmV. Á`mdoir `mn¡H$s EImÚm Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo Ë`mdoir
Xwgè`m g_wXm`mcm Vmo cm^ AWdm \$m`Xm dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Ago g_wXm` nañnam§Zm {damoY H$arV
AgVmV. `mn¡H$s EImXm {d{eîQ> Ym{_©H$ g_wXm` gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ gwpñWVr {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m
à`ËZmV AgVmo, Ë`mdoir {ZpíMVM Vmo BVa g_wXm`m§Zm S>mdcyZ BpÀN>V ñWmZmn`ªV nmohMÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo.
2. Á`mdoir EImÚm Y_© g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVr, Xwgè`m Y_© g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtZm {damoY H$aÊ`mÀ`m
à`ËZmV AgVmV, Ë`mdoir Aem Y_© g_wXm`mcm "gm§àXm{`H$dmX' åhUyZ g§~moYco OmVo.
3. ~XcË`m g_mOaMZo_Üò Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm AgUmè`m {R>H$mUr Oo g_wXm`, Amncr
Apñ_Vm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r "amOH$s` dM©ñd' {gÕ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Ë`mcm gm§àXm{`H$dmX
Ago åhUVmV.
XmoZ {^ÝZ àH$maÀ`m, Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Yrc nañnam§À`m_Üò AgUmam {damoY åhUOo,
gm§àXm{`H$dmX hmo`. Aem ñdê$nmMm {damoY H$aVmZm, nañnam§Zm BOm H$aUo, Xmofr R>adUo, dma§dma
An_mZOZH$ dmJUyH$ XoUo, Xw~©c AWdm Agø AgUmè`m§À`m _mc_ÎmoMr cyQ> H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m Kam§Mr,
XwH$mZm§Mr Ominmoi H$aUo, _{hcm§Mr _mZhmZr H$ê$Z doiàg§Jr hË`m KS>dyZ AmUUo B. gma»`m
H¥$VtMm Adc§~ hmoV AgVmo.
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma åhUOo H$m` (Communal Violence)
doJdoJù`m Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Ycm dmT>Vm VmU-VUmd (Tensions) Am{U Ë`m_wio KSy>Z
òUmè`m gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm, åhUOo Vmo EH$ àH$mao gm§àXm{`H$dmXmMmM n[aUm_ AgVmo.
Á`mdoir g_mOmV Ym{_©H$ KQ>H$mMo amOH$maU hmoVo Ë`mdoir Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va Ho$di gm§àXm{`H$ dmXm_Üò
hmoV ZgVo Va, Ë`m_wio gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma XoIrc KSy>Z òdy eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio Á`mdoir g_mOmVrc XmoZ
68
qH$dm Ë`mnojm A{YH$ g_wXm`m§À`m _Yë`m {hV-g§~§Ym§_wio g§Kf© CX²^dVmo Ë`mcm gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma
Ago åhUVmV.
am_ AmhþOm `m Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo, ""Á`mdoir g_mOmVrc XmoZ {^ÝZ Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`mVrc
ì`ŠVr g§K{Q>V[aË`m, nañnam{déÕ {VañH$mamMr ^mdZm R>odVmV qH$dm ^mdZm ^S>H$mdVmV, N>i
H$aVmV qH$dm g_m{OH$ OrdZm_Üò Xwc©{jV H$ê$Z nañnam§_Üò ôX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV
Am{U Á`mdoir EImÚm g_wX`mVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Yrc H$_mcrMm g§K{Q>VnUm hm Xwgè`m g_wXm`m_Üò
VUmd Am{U Y«wdrH$aU KS>dyZ AmUVmo, Ë`mdoir eÌy åhUyZ g_Oë`m Jocoë`m g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtZm
cú` (Target) H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda hëcm Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`mcm gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma åhQ>co OmVo.'' Agm
qhgmMma _w»`Vm {VañH$ma, eÌyËd Am{U ~Xcm AWdm gyS>^mdZm `mgma»`m KQ>Zm§da AmYm[aV
AgVmo.
^maVr` g_mOmV gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU H$_r-OmñV hmoV Agco Var, hr
g_ñ`m g§nyU©Vm ZîQ> Pmcocr Zmhr. Á`mdoionmgyZ gm§àXm{`H$ dmXmMo amOH$maU gwê$ Pmco Ë`mdoionmgyZ
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò dmT> hmoV Jococr {XgVo. ^maVm_Üò Ho$coë`m EH$m Aä`mg
nhmUrdê$Z gZ 1966-67 _Üò qhgmMmamÀ`m 310 KQ>Zm KS>ë`m hmoË`m, Ë`m_Üò dmT> hmoD$Z Vmo
AmH$S>m 1985-86 _Üò 1300 da OmD$Z nmohMcm hmoVm. ^maVmVrc gd©M {R>H$mUo Aem
KQ>Zm§À`m_wio EH$gmaIr g§doXZerc ZgyZ Ë`m§À`m_Üò \$aH$ AmT>iVmo. 1961 gmcr ^maVmVrc EHy$U
350 {Oëøm§n¡H$s 61 {Oëho g§doXZercVm åhUyZ Kmo{fV Pmco hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m 1979 gmcr 216
da nmohMcr hmoVr d 1989 _Üò Vr 186 BVH$s Pmcr hmoVr. 1983 Vo 1986 `m H$mcI§S>mV
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamgma»`m KQ>Zm§_wio Pmcoë`m _mc_ÎmoMo ZwH$gmZ 14 H$amoS> é. BVHo$ hmoVo. 1986 Vo
1988 `m VrZ dfm©À`m H$mcI§S>mV Odinmg 2086 BVŠ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amë`m hmoË`m d Ë`m_Üò
1024 BVŠ`m ì`ŠVr _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>ë`m hmoË`m. AemàH$mao KQ>Zm§À`m AmH$S>odmardê$Z Ago {gÕ hmoVo
H$s, ^maVmVrc H$m§hr amÁ`m§Zm gmVË`mZo `m g_ñòcm gm_moao Omdo cmJVo.
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr nmíd©^y_r
^maVm_Üò gm§àXm{`H$VoMm CJ_ Am{U Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Vem ñdê$nmÀ`m KS>V Jocoë`m KQ>Zm§Zm
Ë`m§Mm ñdV…Mm EH$ B{Vhmg Amho. dmñV{dH$ AWm©Zo, ^maVr` g_mOmda Á`m {~«Q>rem§Zr 150 df}
amÁ` Ho$co Ë`m§À`m "\$moS>m Am{U amÁ` H$am' (Divide and Rule) YmoaUmMm EH$ ^mJ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mcI§S>m_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ dmXmMo _wi gmnS>V.o {~«Q>rem§Zm ^maVm~mhoa hmH$cyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
n{hë`m _hm`wÕmV qhXy-_wñcr_ ho XmoÝhr g_wXm` EH${ÌV[aË`m à`ËZ H$arV hmoV.o na§Vw `m à`ËZm§Zm
{~«Q>rem§Zr è òdy {Xco Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m "\$moS>m Am{U amÁ` H$am' {Z{VZwgma `m XmoÝhr
g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò eÌwËd {Z_m©U Ho$co. _wñcr_ g_wXm`mdaVr {~«Q>rem§Mm {dídmg ZìhVm. _moKcm§À`m
H$mcI§S>mV {~«Q>rem§Zr àemgZm_Üò hoVwnyañga _wñcr_m§Zm àemgZm~mhoa R>odco. Ë`m_wio
_wñcr_m§À`m_Üò {~«Q>rem§{déÕ Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmcm hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va cm°S>© q_Q>mo `m {~«Q>re
69
A{YH$mè`mZo qhXy-_wñcr_ `m§À`m_Üò Xar dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr _wñcr_ g_wXm`m§gmR>r
ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K ñWmnZ Ho$co. na§Vw Ë`m KQ>ZoMo {dnarV n[aUm_ qhXy-_wñcr_ g_wXm`m§À`m _Yrc
g§~§Ymda KSy>Z Amco. H$m`Xo _§S>imda _wñcr_ C_oXdmam§Mr {ZdS> hmoD$ cmJcr. _wñcr_crJÀ`m
gm§àXm{`H$ amOH$maUmcm B§{S>`Z Z°eZc H$m±J«ogZo {damoY H$ê$ZgwÕm Z§Va ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ `m§Mr
\$miUr amoIVm Amcr Zmhr.
^maVmVrc gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr d¡{eîQ>ço
gm§àXm{`H$ dmX Am{U gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamg§~§YrÀ`m KQ>Zm g§~§YrMr nwaoer _m{hVr
{_idÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr `m gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZoMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. Joë`m H$m§hr
XeH$m§_Üò, ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò {d{dY {R>H$mUr Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m Á`m H$m§hr KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amë`m Ë`m
~ÔcMr _m{hVr àË`jmV {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm {XgVmo. Aem _m{hVrMm AmYma KodyZM
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam~ÔcMr Imcrc H$m§hr à_wI d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iyZ òVmV.
1) A{YH$Va gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma amOH$s` H$maUm§À`m_wio KSy>Z òVmV
^maVm_Üò A{YH$Va gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§À`m _mJo amOH$s` hoVy Agë`mMo CKS> Pmco
Amho. Ë`m_wio Ym{_©H$ KQ>H$m§À`mnojm amOH$s` KQ>H$m§Mm à^md A{YH$ AmT>iVmo. 1970 _Üò _hmamîQ´>
amÁ`mV gm§àXm{`H$VoÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`m_wio amÁ`mV Or EH$ ApñWaVm {Z_m©U Pmcr hmoVr {VMm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m _XZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr hmoVr, Ë`m Am`moJmZo Ho$coë`m nmhUrZwgma gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoÊ`m_mJo _w»`Vm g_mOmVrc amOH$s` dJ© O~m~Xma Amho Agm
{ZîH$f© H$mT>cm Jocm hmoVm.
2) gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam_mJo AgUmam Am{W©H$ hoVy
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`m _mJo Ogm amOH$s` hoVy AgVmo Vgm H$mhtMm Am{W©H$ hoVygwÕm
AgVmo, H$maU _hmZJam§À`m_Üò Á`mdoir Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm§ KSy>Z òVmV Ë`mdoir doJdoJù`m
{hVg§~§YmÀ`m ì`ŠVr Ë`m KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò gh^mJr AgVmV. H$mhr g_mOH§$Q>H$, JwÝhoJma-àd¥ÎmrÀ`m
ì`ŠVr, Ominmoi AWdm _mc_ÎmoMr ZwH$gmZr H$aVmZm, _mc_ÎmoMr cyQ> H$aUo qH$dm d¡`{ŠVH$
nmVirda eÌyËd AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ H$aÊ`mMm XoIrc hoVy AgVmo.
3) X{jUoH$S>rc amÁ`m§nj
o m CÎmaoH$S>rc amÁ`m§V qhgmMmamMo à_mU A{YH$ AmT>iVo
^maVmÀ`m X{jUoH$S>rc ^mJmV AgUmè`m H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, Ho$ai, Vm{_iZmSy> amÁ`m§nj
o m,
CÎmaoH$S>rc CÎma àXoe, {~hma, amOñWmZ, _Ü`àXoe amÁ`m§À`m_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mo
à_mU A{YH$ AmT>iVo. CÎmaoH$S>rc amÁ`mV, _wñcr_ cmoH$g§»òMo à_mU, Ë`m{R>H$mUMr amOH$s`
nmíd©^y_r, {d{dY g_wXm`m§Zm amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV {_iUmè`m g§YrMo à_mU, B. gma»`m
H$maUm§Mm à^md X{jUoH$S>rc amÁ`m§V H$_r AmT>iVmo. X{jUoH$S>rc amÁ`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U
70
amOH$s` n[apñWVrMm AmT>mdm KoVm, Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò H$_r à_mU
Agë`mMo AmT>iVo.
4) gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma KSy>Z òUmar ehao
gm_mÝ`Vm gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z òUmar {d{dY amÁ`mVrc ehao H$moUVr `m§Mm
g§X^© KoVm, qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU Aem eham§À`m_Üò A{YH$ AmT>iVo H$s, `mnydu Ë`mM
eham§À`m_Üò KQ>Zm KSy>Z Jocoë`m AmhoV. AJXr ¹${MV ZdrZ eham§À`m_Üò `m ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm
KSy>Z Amcoë`m {XgVmV. CXm. _mcoJmd, _w§~B©, H$mZnya, h¡Ðm~mX, {Xëcr, AmJ«m B. WmoS>Š`mV
qhgmMmamgma»`m KQ>Zm§Mr dma§dmaVm H$m§hr {d{eîQ> eham§nwaVr _`m©{XV Agcocr AmT>iVo.
5) Ym{_©H$ gU-g_ma§^mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo KSy>Z òUmè`m KQ>Zm
gmYmaUV… ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò, {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§Mo doJdoJio Ym{_©H$ gUCËgd, g_ma§^ hmoV AgVmV. Aem doir gU-g_ma§^mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ehamVyZ OmUmè`m {_adUwH$m,
Zmao~mOr Am{U gm_y{hH$[aË`m gh^mJr hmoD$Z gmOao Ho$co OmUmao CËgd CXm. JUoemoËgd, O`§Ë`m,
_moha_, B. àg§Jr H$S>H$ nmocrg gwajm, ~§Xmo~ñV R>odcm OmVmo. H$maU `m Xaå`mZ EH$ g_wXm` Xwgè`m
g_wXm`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ ^mdZm§Zm BOm nmohMdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Am{U Ë`m_wio gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m
KQ>Zm KSy>Z òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
6) J«m_rU ^mJmnojm eham§À`m_Üò KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU A{YH$ AmT>iVo
^maVm_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU J«m_rU ^mJmnojm eham§À`m {R>H$mUr A{YH$
AmT>iVo, H$maU ~hþVm§er Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§Mr cmoH$g§»`m J«m_rU ^mJmnojm eham§À`m {R>H$mUr
dmñVì` H$aVo. VgoM J«m_rU amhUr_mZmMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr àmW{_H$ g§~Y§ mMm à^md
AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_wio nañnam§_Yrc g§Kfm©Mo à_mU H$_r AmT>iVo. `m CcQ> eham§À`m _Yrc Ym{_©H$
g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò AmT>iUmè`m {d{dYVoMo à_mU A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio nañnam§À`m_Yrc _yë`mË_H$
\$aH$m_wio _yë`mË_H$ g§Kf© dmT>Vmo, Ë`m_wio Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm eham§_Üò A{YH$ AmT>iVmV.
7) qhgmMam§À`m KQ>Zm_Üò eñÌm§Mm Cn`moJ hmoVmo
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mr Vrd«Vm Oa OmñV Agoc Va EH$ g_wXm` Xwgè`m g_wXm`mVrc
ì`ŠVtÀ`m hË`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r eñÌm§Mm dmna H$aVo. _w§~B©, Ah_Xm~mXgma»`m {R>H$mUr Pmcoë`m
KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò, _mZdr hË`m§Mo à_mU A{YH$ hmoVo. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm§_Üò g_m{dîQ> AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVr Amn-Amnë`m g_wXm`m§Vrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r eñÌm§Mm VgoM emar[aH$ ~imMm Cn`moJ
H$aVmV. g_wXm`m~ÔcMr AmnconUmMr ^mdZm AWdm g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtMm An_mZ, Ym{_©H$ XodXodVm§Mr {dQ>§~Zm AWdm AÝ` BVa H$maUm§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z òVmV.
71
AemàH$mao "gm§àXm{`H$dmX' Am{U "gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma' `m XmoZ à_wI g§H$ënZm§Mm AW©
^maVr` g_mOaMZoÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm hr EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ñdê$nmMr Aer g_ñ`m
Amho H$s, Ho$di Amnë`m ^maVr` g_mOmVM `m g_ñòMo à_mU A{YH$ J§^ra ñdê$nmV AmT>iVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1
~hþn`m©`r àíZ.
1. ............... hm Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm` Amho.
A) {¼íMZ
~) nmaer
H$) O¡Z
S>)Ÿdarc gd©
2. ^maVr` g_mOmV ............ g_ñ`m nyU©Vm ZîQ> Pmcocr Zmhr.
A) Añn¥í`Vm
~) gm§àXm{`H$Vm
H$) cmoH$g§»`m
S>) darc gd©
3. XmoZ {^ÝZ Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§_Yrc {damoY åhUOo .............. hmo`.
A) gm§àXm{`H$dmX ~) A§YlÕm
H$) Y_©{ZanojVm
S>) g§å_rcrH$aU
4. ............. H$maU ^maVmVrc gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma KQ>Zm_Üò A{YH$ à^mdr Amho.
A) gm§ñH¥${VH$
~) Ym{_©H$
H$) amOH$s`
S>) Am{W©H$
5. ................ ^mJmV gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU A{YH$ AmT>iVo.
A) dmid§Q>r
~) ehar
H$) nR>mar
S>) J«m_rU
4.2.2 gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr H$maUo
doJdoJù`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg doJdoJù`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ
H$aV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr doJdoJir H$maUo Am{U Ë`mdarc doJdoJù`m Cnm`m§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cocr
AmT>iVo. _mŠg©dmXr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, AmOÀ`m Am{W©H$ ~mOmanoR>m§À`mda Am{W©H$ dM©ñd àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r l{_H$ Am{U ^m§S>dcXma dJm©_Üò AgUmam g§Kf© Am{U Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mnmgyZ
d§{MV ahmUmam dJ© gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamcm H$maUr^yV R>aVmo. amÁèmñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo,
gÎmmg§Kf© åhUOoM, gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma hmo`. g_mOemñÌkm§À`m _Vo, gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma åhUOo,
gm_m{OH$ VmU-VUmdmMr Am{U gm_m{OH$ d§{MVVo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar g_ñ`m Amho. Ym{_©H$
Aä`mgmMo Vk Ago åhUVmV H$s, _ycVÎddmXr qH$dm nwamVUdmXr {dMmam§er {ZJS>rV AgUmar
{dMmagaUr åhUOo gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma hmo`.
H$m§hrdoim Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ g_mOm_Üò g_ñ`m
Am{U AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. Aem g_ñ`m§À`m Am{U AS>MUtÀ`m _YyZ Vo ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm Anè òV AgVo. H$maU Aem g_ñ`m§Mr _yi Am{U Iar H$maUo
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Aä`mgÊ`mEodOr, g_mOmVrc Amnë`mnojm daMT> AgUmè`m g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtZm g_ñ`m§gmR>r
O~m~Xma YaVmV, Ë`m_wio nañnam§À`m AkmZmVyZ gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va Amnë`m ^maV gaH$maZo "g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWoM'o VÎd _mÝ` Ho$co Agco Var
àË`jmV _mÌ ^m§S>dcemhrMo ñdê$n AmT>iVo. `m ì`dñWo_Üò nm{hOo Vgm {dH$mg Z Pmë`mZo
Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar Agwa{jVVm B. _wio g_mOmVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Üò CXm{gZVm Am{U Agwa{jVVm {Z_m©U
Pmcocr {XgVo. VgoM g_mOOrdZmVrc Am{W©H$ g§Yr d H$_r hmoV Agcoë`m amoOJma g§Yr
{_idÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo gwê$ Agcocr OrdKoUr ñnYm©, Ë`mMà_mUo ^m§S>dcemhrMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ
g§nÎmrMo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmë`mZo ñnîQ> ñdê$nmV {XgyZ òUmar Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, g_mOmV ZdrZ ñdê$nmMo
VUmd Am{U CXm{gZVm {Z_m©U H$ê$ cmJcr Amho. g_mOm_Üò Aem Am{W©H$ {df_VoMm \$m`Xm Á`m
EH$m {d{eîQ> g_wXm`mcm {_imcm Agcm Var, Ë`m§À`m Anojm H$_r Z hmoVm Ë`m A{YH$ dmT>VM
AmhoV. {edm` Ë`m§Zm g_wXm`mVrc BVa g_yhm§H$Sy>Z YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoB©c Ago gmVË`mZo dmQ>V AgVo,
H$maU H$m§hr g_yhmVrc ì`ŠVtZm Vem ñdê$nmMm _mZ AWdm g§Yr {_iV Zgë`mZo Ë`m g§Kfm©À`m
à`ËZmV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrc Á`m g_wXm`mZo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` gÎmm
BVam§À`m emofUmVyZ àmßV Ho$cr Amho Ë`m§Zm BVa Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§H$Sy>Z YmoH$m {Z_m©U
hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mo dM©ñd dmT>V Joë`mg ~hþg§»òZo AgUmè`m g_wXm`mcm qMVm
dmQ>Vo. Ë`m§Mo gm_m{OH$ _hÎd H$_r hmoVo Am{U Aem ñdê$nmMr n[apñWVr gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamcm
H$maUr^yV R>aVo. dmñV{dH$ AWm©Zo, g_mOmVrc EH$V\$s© Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Am{U eham§À`m_Üò _moR>çm
à_mUmV hmoUmao J«m_rU cmoH$g§»òMo ñWcm§Va `m_wio ehamVrc dmT>Ë`m Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU Am{U dmT>Vr
~oH$mar qhgmMmamcm H$maUr^yV R>aV AgVo. H$maU Aem ì`ŠVtÀ`m _ZmV g_mOm{df`r AgUmam amof
Am{U CXm{gZVm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© åhUOo gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma AgVmo H$s, Á`m g§YrMr dmQ> Aem
ì`ŠVr nhmV AgVmV.
H$m§hr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, Y_© gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamcm O~m~Xma R>aVmo H$m? H$m§hr {dMmad§Vm§À`m
_Vo, Y_© gm§àXm{`H$VoÀ`m g_ñòcm H$maUr^yV ZgVmo. {~{nZM§Ð `m Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo,
gm§àXm{`H$VoMm AmYma KodyZ Y_m©Mo amOH$maU Ho$co OmVo. _mZdr JaOm, Ë`m§À`m BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm
Am{U g§Kf© B. gma»`m g_ñ`m§H$S>o Xwc©j H$aVmZm, g_mOmVrc {d{dY Y_©-g_wXm`m§À`m_Yrc VUmd
AmS> AmUyZ _yi g_ñ`m§H$S>o Xwc©j Ho$co OmVo. na§Vw Y_mªYVm Am{U BVam§À`m Y_m©_Üò AS>Wim
AmUÊ`mÀ`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m àd¥Îmr g_mOmV gm§àXm{`H$Vm Am{U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmao amOH$maU
H$arV AgVmV. WmoS>Š`mV doJdoJù`m Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m AgUmè`m doJdoJù`m Ym{_©H$ lÕm, {dYr,
na§nam, AmMma-{dMmam§_wio gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamcm MmcZm {_iVo.
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m H$maUm_Üò àm_w»`mZo nwT>rc à_wI H$maUm§Mm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.
1) gm_m{OH$ H$maUo : g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ na§nam, OmVrì`dñWm Am{U g_mOmVrc {d{dY
dJ©g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Üò Amnë`m dJm©~Ôc AgUmar ñdV§ÌVoMr ^mdZm, Ym{_©H$VoÀ`m
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AmYmamda g_mOmV hmoUmao gm_m{OH$ ñVarH$aU Am{U {df_Vm B. gma»`m gm_m{OH$ H$maUm§Mm
n[aUm_ åhUyZ gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Zm MmcZm {_iV AgVo. ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò AgUmar
OmVr ì`dñWm, Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`m§À`m_Yrc {d{dYVm `m g_ñòcm H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
2) Ym{_©H$ H$maUo : Ym{_©H$ H$maUm§À`m_Üò, g_mOmV AgUmar àM{cV {d{dY Y_mªMr
Ym{_©H$ _yëò Am{U Y_©{ZanojVogmaIm _hÎdnyU© {dMma hiy-hiy H$_r hmoV Joë`mZo VgoM Ym{_©H$
_yë`m§À`m dM©ñdmMm A^md, d Y_©Jwê$ AWdm Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm§Zr amOH$s` gÎmm àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`moJmV AmUcoë`m gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmagaUr_wio hr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo.
3) amOH$s` H$maUo : Y_m©da AmYmarV hmoUmao amOH$maU, Y_m©À`m dM©ñdmImcr H$m`©aV
AgUmao amOH$s` nj, Ym{_©H$ _wX>² Úm§À`m AmYmamda hmoUmam {ZdS>UwH$m§Mm àMma, Y_m©_Üò hmoUmam
amOH$s` hñVjon, Amnë`m amOH$s` ñdmWm©gmR>r g_mOmV Am§XmocZ AWdm Aem§VVm {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m
KQ>H$m§er amÁ`H$Ë`mªMr hmoUmar hmV{_idUr, amOH$s` hoVyZo ào[aV hmoUmè`m qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm Am{U
amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëdmcm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mV Amcoco Anè B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
4) Am{W©H$ H$maUo : Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§À`m _Üò Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§dê$Z Ho$cm OmUmam ôX
Am{U Ë`m§Mo hmoUmao Am{W©H$ emofU, EH$V\$s© hmoUmam Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, ~mOmanoR>m§À`m_Yrc ñnY}Mo
dmT>Vo à_mU, Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g§YrÀ`m_Yrc Ag_mZVm, H$m_Jmam§À`m g_ñ`m d
Ë`m§Mo {dñWmnZ Am{U Aa~ amîQ´>m§À`m _YyZ òUmè`m Am{W©H$ _XVrÛmao Ym{_©H$ g§Kf© dmT>{dÊ`mMm
hmoUmam à`ËZ B. gd© H$maUm§Mm {dMma Am{W©H$ KQ>H$mV hmoVmo.
5) H$m`Xoera H$maUo : g_mZ ZmJar H$m`ÚmMm A^md, ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>Zo_Üò g_mOmVrc
H$m§hr KQ>H$m§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY gdcVr Am{U VaVwXr, {d{eîQ> KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm {Xcm OmUmam
{deof ñdê$nmMm XOm©, AmajU YmoaU Am{U {d{dY g_wXm`m§À`mgmR>r {deof H$m`ÚmMr ñWmnZm, B.
gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$m`Xoera H$maUmA§VJ©V hmoVmo.
6) _mZgemñÌr` H$maUo : _mZgemñÌr` H$maUm§À`m_Üò, {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Yrc
nañnam§À`m ~ÔcMm gm_m{OH$ nyd©J«hXy{fVnUm, ì`ŠVtÀ`m dV©Zm_Ycm VmoM VmoMnUm, nañnam§À`m
_Yrc A{dœmgmMm A^md, Xwgè`m g_wXm`m{df`r AgUmè`m ghmZw^yVrMm A^md Am{U Ë`m§À`m
~ÔcMr eÌyËdmMr ^mdZm, Xwgè`m g_wXm`m§{déÕÀ`m A\$dm, Ë`m§À`m ~ÔcMr dmQ>Umar {^Vr d
àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m gmYZm§H$Sy>Z MyH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo gm§àXm{`H$ KQ>Zm§~Ôc {Xcr OmUmar _m{hVr, KQ>Zm§Mr
_m§S>Ur Am{U {dícofU B. H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
7) àemgH$s` H$maUo : àemgH$s` H$maUm§À`m_Üò àemgZmer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m {d{dY
KQ>H$m§er nmocrg {d^mJmÀ`m g_Ýd`mMm A^md, hcŠ`m àVrMr gmYZo, AH$m`©j_ Mm¡H$er {d^mJ,
nmo{cgm§À`m H$m`©nÕVr_Ycm njnmVrnUm, nmo{cgm§À`m g§»òMo à_mU Am{U Ë`m§À`m H¥$Vr B.
H$maUm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
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8) Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maUo : Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maUm§À`m_Üò naH$s` amOdQ>tMo ^maVr` g_mOmda
Pmcoco AmH«$_U, Ë`m_wio Y_©g§ñWocm Pmcocr BOm, Y_mªVamgma»`m KQ>Zm§Mm ^maVr` g_mOmda
Pmcocm n[aUm_, {~«Q>rem§À`m H$mcI§S>mV Ë`m§Zr Cn`moJmV AmUcoë`m "\$moS>m Am{U amÁ` H$am'
amO{ZVrMm n[aUm_, Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ \$miUrMm à^md, ^yVH$mimV KSy>Z Jocoë`m
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm, XmoZ g_wXm`m§À`m _Üò dmXm{VV AgUmè`m {ddmXrV OmJm, _§{Xa
AWdm _{eX B. g_mdoe hmoVmo.
9) ñWm{ZH$ H$maUo : ñWm{ZH$ H$maUm§À`m A§VJ©V, eham§VyZ OmUmè`m Ym{_©H$ {_adUwH$m,
{_aUwH$m§À`m Xaå`mZ {Xë`m OmUmè`m KmofUm, g_wXm`m§À`m ~Ôc ngadë`m OmUmè`m A\$dm, dmXmVrV
OmJm, ñWm{ZH$ nmVir AgUmè`m {d{dY g§KQ>Zm, g_yh g_wXm` Am{U Ë`m§À`mVrc d¡a, g_mOH§$Q>H$
B. Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo.
10) Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$maUo : Am§Va-amîQ´>r` H$maUm§À`m A§VJ©V ^maVmVrc Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m
ì`ŠVtZm BVa naH$s` amîQ´>m§À`mH$Sy>Z {_iUmao à{ejU Am{U Am{W©H$ _XV, VgoM ^maVmVrc
gm§àXm{`H$ g§KQ>Zm§Zm _XV H$aV AgVmZm, ^maVmMo EoŠ` Am{U g_mOì`dñWm Xw~©c H$aÊ`mgmR>r
à`ËZerc AgUmar naH$s` amîQ´>o B. g_mdoe `m_Üò Ho$cm OmVmo.
darc H$maUm§À`m{edm`, gm§àXm{`H$dmX Am{U gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamg§~§YrMm ì`mnH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ
{dMmamV KoV AgVmZm H$m§hr Aä`mgH$m§Zr nwT>rc H$maUm§Mm CëcoI Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo,
1) ^m¡Jmo{cH$ H$maUo : gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMo ho EH$ à_wI H$maU Amho. Oa EImÚm
^m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoemV, qhXy, _wñcr_, {¼íMZ Am{U BVa Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`mÀ`m ì`ŠVr ñdV§Ì {R>H$mUr
dmñVì` H$ê$Z AgVrc Am{U Ë`m§À`m amhUr_mZmÀ`m nÕVr nañnam§nmgyZ {^ÝZ AgVrc, {edm`
Ë`m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ Ym{_©H$ {dYr Am{U H$m`m©_wio nañnam§Zm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoV Agoc Va gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMma KSy>Z òV AgVmV.
2) Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maUo : _wñcr_Y{_©` naH$s` XoemVyZ ^maVm_Üò Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr
XheVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ qhXy Y{_©`m§Zm Y_mªVa H$aÊ`mMr gŠVr Ho$cr hmoVr. ^maVmV Amcoë`m AZoH$
_wñcr_ amÁ`mZr qhXyÀ`mda AÝ`m` Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m AÝ`m`m{déÕ H$m§hrZr `wÕ Ho$co. _wñcr_
amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm AZoH$ dfm©Mm Owc_r H$mcI§S> g§në`mZ§Va qhXy-_wñcr_ g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVr Z§VaÀ`m
H$mcI§S>mV Ioir-_oirÀ`m dmVmdaUmV ahmV hmoË`m. 1857 À`m CR>mdm_Üò qhXy _wñcr_m§Zr
EH${ÌVnUo ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$cm hmoVm. na§Vw Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV gm§àXm{`H$À`m AmYmamda
amOH$s` nj ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr doi Amcr, Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`m_Üò g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm.
3) _mZgemñÌr` H$maUo : ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWo_Üò Á`m-Á`m doir qhXy-_wñcr_
g_yXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Üò nañnam§{df`r {VañH$mamMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo, Ë`mdoir gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amcoë`m {XgVmV. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mnmR>r_mJo,
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nañnam§À`m_Üò AgUmao nyd©J«h Am{U J¡ag_O H$maUr^yV Agcoco AmT>iVmV. qhXwÀ§ `m _Vo, _wñcr_
g_yXm`mVrc ì`ŠVr A{dídmgy AgVmV Va _wñcr_m§Zm Zoh_r qhXy§À`mnmgyZ YmoH$m dmQ>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Aem
MwH$sÀ`m nyd©J«h XyfrVnUm_wio gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z òVmV.
4) gm_m{OH$ H$maUo : AmOÀ`m n[apñWVr_ÜògwÕm qhXy-_wñcr_ `m§À`mVrc g§~§Ym_Üò
AS>Wim AmUUmao H$m§hr gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. CXm. JmohË`m H$aÊ`mÀ`m KQ>Zodê$Z qhXy§À`m Ym{_©H$
^mdZm§Zm BOm nmohMVo. Ë`mMà_mUo qhXy Am{U _wñcr_ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò AgUmè`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$T>rna§nam, àWm nañnam§À`mnmgyZ {^ÝZ Agë`m_wio, qH$dm Am§Va Y{_©` {ddmhmÀ`m H$ënZm B. _wio VUmd
{Z_m©U hmoVmV.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2
~hþn`m©`r àíZ.
1. ................... {dMmagaUrZwgma Am{W©H$ {df_Vm ho gm§àXm{`H$VoMo H$maU g_Oco
OmVo.
A) CËH«$m§VrdmXr ~) {dkmZdmXr
H$) _mŠg©dmXr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2. hcŠ`m àVrMo nmocrgXc ho gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMo .............. H$maU Amho.
A) Ym{_©H$
~) àemgH$s`
H$) ^md{ZH$
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
3. {~«Q>re H$mcI§S>mVrc ............... Mr KQ>Zm gm§àXm{`H$VoMo H$maU g_Oco OmVo.
A) {_R>mMm gË`mJ«h
~) N>moS>mo ^maV
H$) ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZMr \$miUr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
4. ................ hm Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm` Amho.
A) qhXy
~) _wñcr_
H$) qhXy-_wñcr_
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
5. .................. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMo H$maU Amho.
A) amOH$s`
~) Eo{Vhm{gH$
H$) Ym{_©H$
S>) darc gd©
4.2.3 gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>rÀ`m Cnm`-`moOZm
^maVm_Üò ghm XeH$mnmgyZ, gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ` KQ>Zm dmT>V Jocoë`m {XgVmV. `m KQ>Zm§Mm
n[aUm_ Amncm EHy$U Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, {dkmZdmXr àJVr Am{U Y_©-{Zanoj {dMma `m§À`mda Pmcocm
{XgVmo. ^maVmVrc gm§àXm{`H$ dmX hm gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmcm YmoH$m {Z_m©U H$aUmam EH$ KQ>H$
Amho. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmahr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$`m AgyZ g_mOm_Üò gm_m{OH$ nwZa©MZm KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mgmR>r AgUmè`m Á`m eŠVr AgVmV Aem eŠVtÀ`m_Üò Agcoë`m nañna d¡_Zñ`mVyZ Ë`m
76
KSy>Z òV AgVmV. 9 \o$~«w. 1988 _Üò EH$m Aä`mgJQ>mZo Ho$coë`m nhmUrZwgma,
ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§VaÀ`m 37 dfm©À`m H$mcI§S>m_Üò ^maVmV EHy$U 10,000 hÿZ A{YH$ qhgmMmamÀ`m
KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amë`m d Ë`m_Üò 1000 hÿZ A{YH$ ì`ŠVr _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>ë`m. 1990 _Üò A`moÜ`m
àH$aUm_wio H$mhr ì`ŠVr _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>ë`m. _o 2002 _Üò JwOamW amÁ`mVrc gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMmam_Üò 800 ì`ŠVr _¥Ë`w_wIr nS>ë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio ^maVmgma»`m, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm
AgUmè`m XoemV Ym{_©H$ EoŠ`mcm gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMm Zoh_rM YmoH$m Agcocm AmT>iVmo. Ë`mgmRr
`m g_ñòMm à^mdrnUo Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mMr Vrd«Vm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
am_ AmhþOm `m§Zr gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamdarc Cnm`-`moOZm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aV AgVmZm àm_w»`mZo
XmoZ àH$mam§_Üò Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho.
A) VmËH$mi ñdê$nmÀ`m Cnm` `moOZm (Immediate Measures)
gm§àXm{`H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va cJoM VmËH$mi ñdê$nmÀ`m H$m§hr Cnm` `moOZm§Mr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo1) em§VVm g{_Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm : Á`mdoir gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm Á`m, EH$m
{d{eîQ> {R>H$mUr KSy>Z òVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m ñWm{ZH$ {R>H$mUÀ`m doJdoJù`m Ym{_©H$
g_wXm`m§Vrc à{V{îR>V-OmUH$ma Am{U AZw^dr ì`ŠVtÀ`m em§VVm g{_Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr nm{hOo.
Aem AZw^dr ì`ŠVr Ë`m§À`m-Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§Vrc ì`ŠVtZm `mo½` Vo _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$Z, Ë`m§Zm
gÚpñWVr_Üò nañna EoŠ` Am{U em§VVm {Q>H$dÊ`mg§~§Yr _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVrc.
2) emgZmH$Sy>Z Am_cmV AmUcoë`m ZdrZ ñdê$nmÀ`m {ZVr Am{U `moOZm§Mo ñdê$n :
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamgma»`m KQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r, g_mOmVrc H$mhr KQ>H$ àËòH$doir
doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmÀ`m gmYZm§Mm Am{U AmYw{ZH$ emñÌm§Mm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
Ë`mdoir, Aem eŠVtÀ`mda A§Hw$e R>odÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ emgZmH$Sy>Z ZdrZ YmoaUm§Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z
Xmofr ì`ŠVtZm AQ>H$ Ho$cr OmVo d X§JcJ«ñV ^mJmVrc ì`ŠVtZm g§ajU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo.
3) àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ^y{_H$m : gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z òVodoiÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV
àgma-_mÜ`_m§Mr ^y{_H$m \$ma _hÎdmMr g_Ocr OmVo. H$maU Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m qhgmMmam§À`m
KQ>Zm§g§~§YrMo d¥Îm Am{U Ë`m~ÔcMr dmVm©, Am{U _m§S>Ur A{Ve` g§`_mZo Ho$cr nm{hOo. VgoM
emgZmH$Sy>Z XoIrc Aem àgma_mÜ`_m§À`m EHy$U H$m`©nÕVrda XoIaoI R>odcr nm{hOo.
4) A{VaoH$sdmXmda A§Hw$e R>odUo : emgZ g§ñWm§H$S>o AgUmè`m amOH$s` A{YH$mam§Mm dmna
H$ê$Z gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§da {Z`§ÌU R>odVm òVo. Á`m gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmam§À`m Ym{_©H$
g§KQ>Zm qhgmMma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_Üò O~m~Xma AgVrc Ë`m§Zm Xmofr R>adyZ Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zmda ~§Xr
KmcÊ`mMo H$m_ emgZ H$ê$ eH$Vo. Á`m gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_Üò
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A{VaoH$sdmXr Am{U XheVdmXr {dMmam§À`m ì`ŠVr AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$ê$Z hmoUmao g§^mì` J§^ra
n[aUm_ Q>miVm òVmV.
5) BVa ñdê$nmÀ`m Cnm``moOZm : BVa ñdê$nmÀ`m Cnm` `moOZm_Üò (1) Á`m ^mJmV
qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amë`m AmhoV Ë`m ^mJmV H$V©ì`Xj Am{U Y_©{Zanoj {dMmam§À`m nmocrg
A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m H$aUo. (2) gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`m g§X^m©Vrc Ý`m`rH$ ~m~r
gmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r ñdV§Ì Ý`m`mc` ñWmnZ H$aUo H$s, Á`m_wio Ë`m KQ>Zm§Mr {dMmanyg, Mm¡H$er Am{U
Vnmg OcX[aË`m KSy>Z òB©c. (3) gm§àXm{`H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m X§Jcr_wio Pmcoë`m X§JcJ«ñVm§Zm VmVS>rZo
g§ajU XoUo qH$dm Ë`m§À`m nwZd©gZmg§X^m©Vrc O~m~Xmar VmËH$mi nma nmS>Uo. (4) gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`m_Üò Xmofr AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtda VmËH$mi H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aUo.
~) XrK©H$mcrZ ñdê$nmÀ`m Cnm`-`moOZm (Long term Measures)
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamdarc Á`mà_mUo VmËH$mi ñdê$nmÀ`m Cnm``moOZm§Mo ñdê$n nm{hë`mZ§Va,
XrK©H$mcrZ qH$dm H$m`_ñdê$nr Aem Zoh_r Cn`moJmV AmUë`m OmUmè`m XrK©H$mcrZ Cnm``moOZm
AgVmV. Ë`mMo ñdê$n nwT>rcà_mUo Amho.
1) gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmam§À`m ì`ŠVtMo _V n[adV©Z : gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmam§À`m_wio Á`m
ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Üò BVa Y{_©`m§À`m ~Ôc {Z_m©U hmoUmam nyd©J«h Xy{fVnUm qH$dm Ûof Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r VgoM
Ë`m§Mo _V n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmam§nmgyZ Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU XoUo Amdí`H$
Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo g_mOm_Üò amOH$s` gÎmm hñVJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`H$V} H$em àH$mao XmoZ {^ÝZ
Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò Ûof {Z_m©U H$aVmV `m{df`r cmoH$m§Zm OmJ¥V Ho$co nm{hOo. WmoS>Š`mV, Ë`m§Zm
gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmam§nmgyZ namd¥Îm Ho$co nm{hOo.
2) emgZ Am{U gÎmmYmè`m§À`m gm§àXm{`H$sH$aUmda à{V~§Y : H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm Am{U Ë`m§Mo à_mU ho _w»`Vm amOH$s` njm§À`m _XVr_wio dmT>V
AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo emgH$s` nXmda H$m`©aV AgUmao CÀM nXm{YH$mar Am{U amOH$s` ZoË`m§À`m_wio
XoIrc Aem KQ>Zm§Zm A{YH$ IVnmUr KmVco OmVo. Ë`m_wio amOH$maUmV òUmam Omo gÎmmYmè`m§Mm EH$
{d{eîQ> dJ© AgVmo Ë`m§Zm gm§àXm{`H$aUmÀ`m {dMmagaUrnmgyZ Xya R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nm{hOo.
g_mOmVrc gd© àH$maÀ`m gm§àXm{`H$ eŠVrer g_mZ VÎdmda gm_Zm Ho$cm nm{hOo.
3) gm§àXm{`H$aUmnmgyZ ZmJarH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo : Á`mdoir g_mOmVrc gwOmZ ZmJ[aH$
gwÕm gm§àXm{`H$aUmgma»`m KQ>Zm§À`m_Üò gm_rc hmoVmV Ë`mdoir qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU dmT>Vo.
H$m§hrdoim AkmZr, gd©gm_mÝ` ì`ŠVrgwÕm Aem KQ>Zm§Zm ~ir nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio gm§àXm{`H$aUmgma»`m
ZrVrMm Adc§~ H$aUmè`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªÀ`mnmgyZ gd©gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$m§Mo g§ajU Ho$co nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r
g_mOmV AgUmè`m ~wÕrd§V dJm©Zo coIH$, nÌH$ma, ñd`§godr g§KQ>Zm, ñdmV§Í`g¡{ZH$ Am{U
78
A{ddmXrV amÁ`H$V} `m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KodyZ gm§àXm{`H$ dmX Am{U gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmam{déÕ
g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§Mo OZ_V {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm nm{hOo.
4) gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmagaUrnmgyZ {ejUnÕVr A{cßV Agcr nm{hOo : gd© ñVamda
H$m`©aV AgUmè`m g_mOmVrc {ejU nÕVtÀ`m_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ EoŠ`mMm {dH$mg A{YH$ H$gm hmoB©c
`m{df`r à`ËZ Ho$cm nm{hOo. {ejUà{H«$òV AgUmè`m VéU {nT>rMo gm§àXm{`H$dmXmgma»`m
{dMmam§_wio Ë`m§Mr _Zo Xy{fV hmoUma ZmhrV `m§Mr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m_Üò
amîQ´>ào_mgmaIr ^mdZm H$er A{YH$ dmT>oc `mÑîQ>rZo à`ËZ Ho$cm nm{hOo. Amnë`m ^maVr`
g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m B{VhmgmMo coIZ Am{U AÜ`mnZ H$aVmZm {dMmad§VmZr A{YH$ OmJê$H$ Agco
nm{hOo. B{VhmgmVrc H$m§hr OwÝ`m AmR>dUrgwÕm H$m§hrdoim dV©_mZ KQ>Zm§À`mÑîQ>rZo hmZrH$maH$ R>ê$
eH$VmV.
5) àgma_mÜ`_m§Mr ^y{_H$m : gÜ`mMo `wJ ho àgma_mÜ`_mMo `wJ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.
BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _o{S>`m Am{U qàQ> _o{S>`m åhUyZ AgUmar XyaXe©Z, ao{S>Amo, d¥ÎmnÌo, gmoec _o{S>`m B.
gmYZm§Zr Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m {dMmamV KodyZ gmdYnUo H$m`© Ho$co nm{hOo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z gm§àXm{`H$ {dMma
AWdm qhgmMmamgma»`m KQ>Zm§Zm MmcZm {_ioc Ago H$moUVohr H¥$Ë` H$aVm H$m_m Zò Am{U Oa EImXo
àgma_mÜ`_ Vem ñdê$nmMm à`ËZ H$aV Agoc Va Ë`mda ~§Xr AmUyZ H$m`Xoera H$madmB© Ho$cr nm{hOo.
6) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_wio gm§àXm{`H$ dmX H$_r hmoVmo na§Vw Ago KS>V Zmhr : H$m§hr
Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, g_mOmVrc Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dH$mg, amoOJmar B.
_wio Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm H$_r hmoVmV. na§Vw H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Mm AZw^d
`mÀ`m CcQ> Amho. Omon`ªV gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {deof à`ËZ
Ho$cm OmV Zmhr Vmon`ªV Ë`m§Mo à_mU _J {H$Vrhr Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Agcm Var H$_r hmoV Zmhr. Ho$di
Am{W©H$ {dH$mg `m EH$_od H$maUm_wio qhgmMma Wm§~V ZmhrV. CcQ> _hmamîQ´>, JwOamVgma»`m {dH${gV
amÁ`m_Üò Am{U _w§~B©, Ah_Xm~mX, O_eoQ>nya, H$mZnyagma»`m {dH${gV eham§À`m_Üò, Aem KQ>Zm
A{YH$ KSy>Z Amcoë`m AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrc dmT>Vm gm§àXm{`H$dmX AmQ>moŠ`mV
AmUÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì à`ËZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
7) gŠVrÀ`m Y_mªVam{déÕ H$m`Xoera VaVwXr : gŠVrZo Ho$co OmUmao Y_mªVa ho EH$
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMo H$maU _mZco OmVo. _w»`Vm, qhXy g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtZm {¼íMZ AWdm
_wñcr_ Y_© ñdrH$maÊ`mMr gŠVr Ho$cr OmVo Ë`mdoir Aem qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z òVmV. Ë`m_wio
Y_mªVamÀ`m Aem gd© KQ>Zm§À`mda ~§Xr AmUyZ Ë`m ~oH$m`Xoera R>aë`m nm{hOoV. qH$~hþZm ^maVm_Üò
g§nyU© XoenmVirda Vem ñdê$nmMm H$m`Xm cmJy Pmcm nm{hOo. ^maVm_Üò, AéUmMc àXoe,
_Ü`àXoe, Amo[agm, Vm{_iZmSy> amÁ`m§Zr Y_mªVa à{V~§YmË_H$ H$m`Xm cmJy XoIrc Ho$cm Amho.
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8) XmoZ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò gm_§Á`ñ`nyU© dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr : XmoZ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò
nañnam{df`r AgUmam nyd©J«hXy{fVnUm ho EH$ gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMo _mZgemñÌr` H$maU g_Oco
OmVo. Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m_Üò nañnam§~ÔcMm J¡ag_O Xya H$ê$Z gm_§Á`ñ`nyU© dmVmdaUmMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$cr nm{hOo. àËòH$ eham_Üò Am{U IoS>çm§_Üò `wdH$ _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò gd©
g_wXm`mVrc `wdH$m§Zm gm_mdyZ KoVco nm{hOo. `wdH$ _§S>imgma»`m BVa AmUIr H$m§hr àH$maÀ`m
g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m_Üò {d{dY g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtZm g_m{dîQ> hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcr
nm{hOo.
9) amîQ´>r` gU-CËgdm§Zm àmoËgmhZ : ^maVmgma»`m XoemV amîQ´>r` ñVamda hmoUmè`m gUCËgdm§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z Ë`m_Üò OmñVrV-OmñV ì`ŠVtMm gh^mJ H$adyZ KoVmZm gd© g_wXm`mVrc
ì`ŠVtZm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVco nm{hOo. hmoir, {Xdmir, B©X gma»`m à_wI gUm§À`m doir qhXy-_wñcr_
`m XmoÝhr g_wXm`mVrc ì`ŠVtZm gm_mdyZ KodyZ Ë`m§À`mV EH$ àH$maMo gm_§Oñ`mMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U
Pmë`mg qhgmMmam§À`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU H$_r hmoB©c.
10) emgZmMo {Z…njnmVr YmoaU : gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamcm A{YH$Va à_mUmV amOH$s`
KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AgVmV. na§Vw cmoH$emhrgma»`m emgZ nÕVr_Üò H$moUVmhr amOH$s` nj gm§àXm{`H$
{dMmagaUrMm Adc§~ H$aUma Zmhr `m~Ôc ImÌrnyd©H$ AmídmgZ XoV òV Zmhr. amOH$s` njm§Zm,
Á`mdoir gÎmm YmoŠ`mV Amho Ago dmQ>Vo Ë`mdoir Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Aem gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmagaUrMm Adc§~
Ho$cm OmD$ eH$Vmo. åhUyZ gÎmoda AgUmè`m amÁ`H$Ë`mªMr d¥Îmr {Z…njnmVr ñdê$nmMr Agcr nm{hOo.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
~hþn`m©`r àíZ.
............... _§{Xa gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMo H$maU hmoVo.
A) am_oída
~) A`moÜ`m
H$) n§T>anya
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmVrc ............. hm EH$ AS>Wi g_Ocm OmVmo.
A) gm§àXm{`H$ dmX ~) Am¡Úmo{JH$aU H$) ZmJarH$aU
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm Xaå`mZ ........... Mr ^y{_H$m _hÎdmMr AgVo.
A) dhmVyH$
~) ì`dñWmnZ
H$) àgma_mÜ`_ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m Cnm``moOZm§_Üò ................. ~§Xr emgZ AmUy eH$Vo.
A) ì`mnma
~) Z\$mImoar
H$) Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
............... amÁ`m_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm A{YH$ AmT>iVmV.
A) A{dH${gV ~) nyd}H$S>rc
H$) {dH$grV
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
80
4.3 gmam§e
gm§àXm{`H$ dmX (Communalism) Am{U gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma (Communal Violence) hr
EH$ ^maVr` g_mOm_Üò AmT>iyZ òUmar gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Amho. `m g_ñòMo ñdê$n OmUyZ
KoÊ`mgmR>r, ^maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm åhUyZ {d{dY Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§Mo ^maVr`
g_mO aMZoVrc ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo nañnam§er AgUmao g§~§Y {dMmamV ¿`mdo cmJVmV. VgoM
Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ ^maVr` g_mOmda amÁ` H$aUmè`m _wñcr_ Am{U {~«Q>re amOdQ>rMm g§X^©
XoIrc g_OyZ ¿`mdm cmJVmo. H$maU AmOÀ`m pñWVrcm Á`m gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KSy>Z
òVmV Ë`mcm H$m§hr à_mUmV Amncr gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$maUo O~m~Xma AmhoV.
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mcI§S>V, Y_m©Mo amOH$maU (Politics of Religion) hm gwÕm EH$ _hÎdnyU© KQ>H$
gm§àXm{`H$dmXmÀ`m Aä`mgmV {dMmamV KoVcm OmVmo. H$maU ^maVmVrc ~hþVm§e gm§àXm[aH$
qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§À`m _mJo amOH$s` KQ>H$ O~m~Xma Agë`mMo Aä`mgH$m§Zr _mÝ` Ho$co Amho.
^maVm_Üò {d{dY amÁ`m§_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ dmVmdaUmMo à_mU EH$gmaIo Zmhr. H$maU, X{jUoH$S>rc
amÁ`m§nj
o m CÎmaoH$S>rc amÁ`m§_Üò gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm A{YH$ AmT>iVmV. A{dH${gV
amÁ`m§nj
o m {dH${gV amÁ`m§_Üò à_mU OmñV AmT>iVo. gm§àXm{`H$VoÀ`m g_ñò_mJrc H$maUm§Mm {dMma
H$aVm Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò nañnam§À`m ~Ôc AgUmam nyd©J«hXy{fVnUm,
Y_m©Mo amOH$maU, àemgH$s` CUrdm B.Mm g§~§Y OmoS>cm OmVmo. A{cH$S>À`m H$mimV gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo à_mU H$_r {XgyZ òV Agco Var hr g_ñ`m nyU©Vm ZîQ> Pmcocr Zmhr.
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma g_ñòdarc Cnm` `moOZm§Mm g§X^© KoV AgVmZm, {ZnjnmVr emgZì`dñWm
Am{U H$m`©j_ nmocrgXc AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a àgma _mÜ`_m§Zr Amncr O~m~Xmar
`mo½`nUo Am{U gmdY[aË`m nma nmS>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo {ejU nÕVr_Üò gwYmaUm
H$aVmZm ^maVr` B{VhmgmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Am{U g§X^© Zì`mZo Aä`mgUo JaOoMo Amho. doJdoJù`m Ym{_©H$
Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Yrc nañna gm_§Oñ`gwÕm Amdí`H$ Amho. A{cH$S>À`m ~XcË`m
gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g§X^© KoVm Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, amoOJma g§YrMm A^md, amOH$s` njm§À`m_Yrc
gÎmmg§Kf© Am{U amîQ´>ào_mÀ`m ^mdZoMm A^md B. gma»`m H$maUm_wio, gm§àXm{`H$ dmXmMr ^mdZm
H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUmV g_mOm_Üò {Z_m©U hmoV AgVo. åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr `m
g_ñòMr _m§S>Ur A{Ve` gmdYnUo H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ g§km
gm§àXm{`H$ dmX (Communalism) : {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m nañna{damoYr dV©Z
àH$mamVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar g_ñ`m.
gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma (Communal Violence) : {d{dY Ym{_©H$ g_wXm`m§À`m_Üò KSy>Z
òUmè`m g§Kfm©À`m KQ>Zm.
81
Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm` (Minority groups) : cmoH$g§»òZo Aën AWdm H$_r AgUmao
g_wXm`.
Y_m©Mo amOH$maU (Politics of Religion) : Y_© `m KQ>H$mMm AmYma KodyZ "amOH$s`
gÎmm' àmßV H$aÊ`mMo EH$ V§Ì.
nyd©J«h Xy{fV d¥Îmr : EImÚm g_wXm`m§~Ôc Xwgè`m g_wXm`mZo MwH$sÀ`m AWm©Zo H$ê$Z
KoVcocm g_O qH$dm {dMmam§Mr R>odU
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-1 Mr CÎmao
1. S>) darc gd©
2. S>) darc gd©
3. A) gm§àXm{`H$ dmX
4. H$) amOH$s`
5. ~) ehar
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-2 Mr CÎmao
1. H$) _mŠg©dmXr
2. ~) àemgH$s` 3. H$) ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ \$miUr
4. ~) _wñcr_
5. S>) darc gd©
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3 Mr CÎmao
1. ~) A`moÜ`m
2. A) gm§àXm{`H$ dmX 3. H$) àgma_mÜ`_
4. H$) Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Z
5. H$) {dH${gV
4.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
A) g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.
1. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m g_ñòMr H$maUo ñnîQ> H$am.
2. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma g_ñòÀ`m {Z_y©cZmgmR>rMo Cnm` {dfX H$am.
~) Q>rnm {chm.
1. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr g§H$ënZm
4.7 g§X^© J«§W
1.
2.
3.
Ahuja Ram, 'Social Problems in India' Rawat Publication, New Delhi.
(1997)
Shankar Rao C. N., 'Sociology of Indian Society' S. Chand & Company
Ltd., New Delhi. (2004)
Sharma Ram Nath, 'Society in India An overview' Surjeet Publication,
Delhi. (1989)
82

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