Economics : Banks and Financial Institutions Part- I Paper IV

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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2014
~r. E. (~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm) ^mJ - 2 H$[aVm
gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr.
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Hw$bg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
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lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rc
AYrjH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
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ISBN- 978-81-8486-549-3
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Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$cr Amho.
(ii)
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
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àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
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àm. nr. àH$me
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{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$,
B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr
S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio
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Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
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lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o
àm. (S>m°.) gr_m òdco
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àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)
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narjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
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gh`moJr àmÜ`mnH$ Am{U {d^mJà_wI,
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S>m°. E_. EZ. Jmogmdr
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S>m°. Ama. Or. H$moa~y
S>r. S>r. qeXo gaH$ma H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya.
ZmB©Q> H$m°coO Am°\$ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g©, q~Xÿ Mm¡H$, H$moëhmnya.
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{ejU _h{f© ~mnyOr gmiw§Io _hm{dÚmc`, H$amS>, {O. gmVmam.
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N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.
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Eg. ~r. ImS>o _hm{dÚmc`, H$monmS>}, Vm. H$adra, {O.
H$moëhmnya.
(iii)
S>m°. nr. Eg. H$m§~io
AW©emñÌ {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odÚm[rR>,
H$m{ëhm[ya
~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
boIH$
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àm. àH$me OJÝZmW OmYd
{H$gZdra _hm{dÚmc`, dmB©
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àm. S>m°. _moamio _Ý_W ^JdmZamd
Zo_Jm|S>m XmXm nmQ>rc ZmB©Q> H$m°coO Am°\$ AmQ>©g² A°ÊS> H$m°_g©, gm§Jcr
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àm. gwYra _w§O
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JS>qh½cO, {O. H$moëhmnya
3
àm. Oo. E. `mXd
AmQ>©g² A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, H$S>onya
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BMcH$a§Or, {O. H$moëhmnya.
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S>m°. S>r. Ama. IQ>Ho$
{edamO H$m°coO, JS>qh½cO
S>m°. E. Ho$. dmdao
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam.
(iv)
àñVmdZm
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo OyZ 2014 nmgyZ ~r. E. ^mJ-2 AW©emñÌ {df`mMm Aä`mgH«$_ gÌ
nÕVrZwgma d gwYmarV ñdê$nmV cmJy Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mZwgma Xÿa {ejU H|$Ðm_m\©$V ~{h…ñW
{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r "AW©emñÌ' {df`mMm XmoÝhr gÌm§Mm Aä`mgH«$_ {dMmamV KoD$Z gXaMo ñd`§ AÜ``Z
gm{hË` AZw^dr àmÜ`mnH$m§H$Sy>Z coIZ H$ê$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. OyZ 2014 nmgyZ `m
dJm©gmR>r V`ma Ho$coë`m "~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm) (Banks and Financial Institutions)
^mJ-1 d ^mJ-2 `m nwñVH$mV {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_Ooc, C_Ooc Aem ^mfoV coIZ H$aÊ`mV Amco
Amho.
"~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm' ^mJ-1 `m go{_ñQ>a-3 gmR>rÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV ì`mnmar ~±H$m,
àmË`{jH$ ~±H$s¨J, [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m d Cn`mo{OV ~±H$s¨J `m Mma KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV
Amcm Amho. gÌ-4 gmR>rÀ`m "~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm' ^mJ-2 `m Aä`mgH«$_mV {dÎmr` ~mOma,
{dH$mg ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWmm, ~±H$s¨J joÌmVrc gwYmaUm d ~±H$s¨J joÌmVrc A{cH$S>rc àdmh `m
KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. gXa nwñVH$m_Üò EHy$U AmR> KQ>H$ AgyZ, ~±H$s¨J joÌmVrc
{d{dY g§H$ënZmm d Zdo àdmh `m§Mr _m§S>Ur AË`§V ñnîQ>nUo d gmoß`m nÕVrZo H$aÊ`mV Amcr
Amho. ~r.E. ^mJ-2 _Üò {ejU KoUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mª~amo~aM {d{dY ñnYm© narjm§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUmè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm d {ejH$m§Zm gXaMo nwñVH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aoc, Agm Amåhmg {dídmg dmQ>Vmo.
gXa nwñVH$mÀ`m coIZmMo H$m_ {edmOr {dÚmnrR> H$joVrc {d{dY VÁk àmÜ`mnH$m§Zr doioV
nyU© Ho$ë`m~Ôc g§nmXH$ `m ZmË`mZo Ë`m§Mo _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma. VgoM nwñVH$mMo àH$meZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> d Xÿa{ejU H|$ÐmVrc àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$coë`m ghH$m`m©~Ôc
Ë`m§Mohr _Z…nyd©H$ Am^ma.
g§nmXH$
S>m°. S>r. Ama. IQ>Ho$
S>m°. E. Ho$. dmdao
{edamO H$m°coO, JS>qh½cO
N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam
(v)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
go{_ñQ>a-3 : nona-4
1.
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1
2.
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33
3.
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54
4.
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79
go{_ñQ>a-4 : nona-6
1.
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98
2.
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125
3.
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143
4.
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160
(vii)
n
odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :
àË`{H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc
]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Ü`{ H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.
3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm
Amh{.
ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV
Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ
Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü`{ oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm
ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{
Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ'
C[`w·V R>aVrc.
(viii)
(Study Tool)
åhUyZ
gÌ - 3
KQ>H$ - 1
ì`mnmar ~±H$m
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
(Commercial Banks)
(Objective):
1.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction)
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ (Subject Analysis)
1.2.1
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$m`}
1.2.1.1 àmW{_H$ H$m`}
1.2.1.2 Xwæ`_ H$m`}
1.2.1.3 gm_m{OH$ H$m`}
1.2.1.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm emIm {dñVma
1.2.2
nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m d _`m©Xm
1.2.2.1 nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m
1.2.2.2 nV{Z{_©Vrdarb _`m©Xm
1.2.3
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X d Jw§VdUyH$ YmoaU
1.2.3.1 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X
1.2.3.2 Xo`Vm ~mOy
1.2.3.3 qOXJr/_mb_Îmm/òUr ~mOy
1.2.3.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo Jw§VdUyH$ {df`H$ YmoaU
1.2.4
ì`mnmar ~±H$m _Îmm dJuH$aU (bm^Xm`r d Abm^Xm`r _Îmm)
1.2.4.1 _mb_Îmm dJuH$aU
1.2.4.2 AZwËnmXH$ H$O} / Abm^Xm`r _Îmm
1.2.4.3 âVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr Abm^Xm`r _Îmm
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1
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~r.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....1
1.2.4.4 ^maVr` d {dXoer ~±H$m_Yrb \$aH$ / VwbZm
1.2.4.5 AZwgy{MV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr àJVr
1.3 gmam§e
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.7 joÌr` H$m`©
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$.
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
àñVwV KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AnmUm§g nwT>rb ~m~tMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
1. ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr à_wI H$m`} WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.
2. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m d Ë`mVrb _`m©Xm g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
3. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X d Jw§VdUyH$ YmoaU `m {df`r _m{hVr hmoB©b.
4. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr _Îmm dJuH$aU H$aVm òB©b.
5. ì`mnmar ~±H$m d {dXoer ImOJr ~±H$m `m_Yrb \$aH$ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1.1 àñVmdZm :
AmO 21 ì`m eVH$mV OJmVrb gd© XoemV d AW©ì`dñWoV ""Am{W©H$ {dH$mg'' hm nadbrMm eãX
Pmbm Amho. AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dH$mgmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm qghmMm dmQ>m Amho. {deofV: 1991 Z§Va ^maVmZo
ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aU YmoaUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©V
(g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$) IwnM dmT> Pmbr Amho.
gZ 2007 _Üò A_o[aH$m d `wamon I§S>mVrb _§Xr_wio AZoH$ XoemVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m _§XrJ«ñV
Pmboë`m AmhoV. na§Vw ^maVm_Üò _mÌ Amnë`m _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo (RBI) à^mdr {Z`§ÌU. ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Mr {M{H$ËgH$ d¥Îmr Am{U ^maVr` bmoH$m§Mr CÀM ~MV àd¥Îmr BË`mXr_wio `m _§XrÀ`m g§H$Q>mVyZ
^maVr` ì`mnmar ~±H$m ghrgbm_V ~mhoa nS>ë`m AmhoV. ^maVr` ~§°qH$J àUmbr AmOhr gj_nUo H$m`©aV
Amho.
`m KQ>H$mV AmnU àm_w»`mZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$m`}, nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m d _`m©Xm, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm
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2
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Vmio~§X d Jw§VdUyH$ YmoaU, _mb_Îmm dJuH$aU, ^maVr` d naXoer ~±H$m§_Yrb à_wI \$aH$ B. KQ>H$m§Mm
Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
(Subject Analysis)
:
21 ì`m eVH$mV {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ, _m{hVr AmXmZ-àXmZ B. _wio {Xdg|{Xdg OJ A{YH$m{YH$ Odi
òV Mmbbo Amho. gd©M XoemV d AW©ì`dñWoV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd àmßV Pmbobo Amho.
~±H$m `m AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m àJVrMo B§{OZ åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. _mZdr earamV aŠVdm{hÝ`m§Zm OodT>o _hÎd
Amho VodT>oM _hÎd XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amho.
^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm CJ_ doXH$mbmnmgyZ Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. ^maVmV doX, Cn{ZfX, H$m¡{Q>ë`mMo
AW©emó, am_mÙ, _hm^maV B. _Üò ~±qH$J VÎd d ì`dhma àUmbr {df`r C„oI AmT>iVmo. Ago Agbo
Varhr ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ ~±qH$JMr gwê$dmV "B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr' ñWmnZoZ§Va Pmbr Amho. ^maVmV gZ
1770 _Üò "~±H$ Am°\$ qhXþñWmZ' `m n{hë`m ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. B.g. 1806 _Üò ~±H$ Am°\$
H$bH$Îmm, gZ 1840 _Üò ào{gS>|gr ~±H$ Am°\$ ~m°å~oMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. _hmamï´>mV gZ 1881 _Üò ""Am¢Y
H$_{e©`b ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ^maVmV 1 E{àb 1935 _Üò "_Ü`dVr© ~±H$' (RBI) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Amho.
^maVmÀ`m _mOr n§VàYmZ B§Xram Jm§Yr `m§Zr 19 Owb¡ 1969 _Üò 50 H$moQ>rnojm A{YH$ R>odr
Agboë`m 14 ImOJr ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$bo. VgoM 15 E{àb 1980 _Üò 200 H$moQ>r énò nojm
A{YH$ R>odr Agboë`m 06 ~±H$m§Mo (ImOJr ~±H$m§Mo) amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AemàH$mao amï´>r`H¥$V
ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr g§»`m 28 BVH$s AgyZ ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m d gh`moJr ~±H$m§Mmhr `m_Üò g_mdoe
Amho. ^maVmV gZ 2007 _Üò IDBI Mo énm§Va amï´>r`H¥$V ì`mnmar ~±Ho$V H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
B
ì`mnmar ~±H$ AW©
(Meaning of the Commercial Bank) :
AmnU Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV ~±H$ (BANK) hm B§J«Or eãX Zoh_rM dmnaVmo. hm eãX BQ>m{b`Z
eãX 'BANCO' nmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. Bank, Bankrnpt, Bank rate B. eãX BQ>m{b`Z eãXmnmgyZ
V`ma Pmbobo AmhoV.
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mr ì`m»`m (Definition of Bank) : ~±H$ åhUOo H$m` ? ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr à_wI
H$m`} H$moUVr? ho g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_V: AmnU ~±Ho$À`m {d{dY ì`m»`m g_OmdyZ KoUo A{YH$ `mo½`
R>ab
o .
1) S>m°. EM². Eb². hmQ>© : ""~±H$ åhUOo Aer ì`ŠVr H$s, Or Amnë`m XaamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamV
J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z Mmby ImË`mda n¡go ñdrH$maVo d Ë`m§Zr H$mT>boë`m AmXoemda n¡go XoVo.'' "A banker is one
who is the ordinary course of his business, honours cheques drawn upon him by
person from whom be receives money on the current Account."
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2) àm. Ama. Eg. goAg© : ""Á`m g§ñWoZo {Xboë`m H$Om©Mm dmna BVa bmoH$ AmnmngmVrb
XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMo ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVmV AWdm _mÝ` H$aVmV, Aer g§ñWm åhUOo ~±H$ hmo`.''
3) ~±qH$J H§$nZr H$m`Xm 1949 : ""H$O© åhUyZ XoÊ`mH$arVm AJa ^m§S>db åhUyZ Jw§V{dÊ`mH$arVm,
bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z _mJVmjUr AJa BVa àH$mao naV H$amd`mÀ`m qH$dm MoŠg, S´>mâQ>g², Am°S>©a (Pay-order)
AJa BVa àH$mao H$mTy>Z Úmd`mÀ`m AQ>rda R>odr ñdrH$maUmè`m g§ñWm§Zm ~±H$ Ago åhUVm òB©b.
1.2.1 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$m`}
(Functions of Commercial Bank)
:
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m eoVr, CÚmoJ, godm, {ejU, ì`mnma, n`©Q>Z B. {d{dY joÌmV
_hÎdnyU© H$m`© H$arV AmhoV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©Mo dJuH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b.
(H$) àmW{_H$ H$m`}
- Primary Functions
(I) Xþæ`_ H$m`} -
Secondary Functions
(J) gm_m{OH$ H$m`} 1.2.2.1 àmW{_H$ H$m`}
Social Functions.
(Primary functions)
:
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m g^mgXm§H$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$maUo, H$O} XoUo, nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo d
g^mgXm§Zm {d{dY ~±qH$J godm-gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo. B. H$m`m©Mm g_mdoe àmW{_H$ H$m`m©V Ho$bm
OmVmo.
1) R>odr ñdrH$maUo
(Accepting Deposits)
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo gdm©{YH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOoM Amnë`m g^mgXm§H$Sy>Z / ImVoXmam§H$Sy>Z R>odr
ñdrH$maUo. VgoM `m R>odtda {d{eï> XamZo ì`mO XoUo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m àm_w»`mZo nwT>rb Mma àH$maÀ`m R>odr
ñdrH$maVmV.
A) Mmby ImVo (Current Account) : gd©gmYmaUV: CÚmoJ, ì`mnma d ì`dgm`mVrb bmoH$m§Zm
Amnbo Zoh_rMo ~±qH$J {df`H$ ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho Mmby ImVo gdm©{YH$ Cn`wŠV AgVo. `m
ImË`mdarb aŠH$_obm ì`mO {_iV Zmhr. na§Vw A{YH$f© gdbV {_iVo. `m ImË`mda J«mhH$ {XdgmVyZ
{H$Vrhr doim n¡go ^ê$ AWdm H$mTy> eH$Vmo.
~) ~MV ImVo (Saving Account) : Aën d _Ü`_ CËnÞ JQ>mVrb J«mhH$m§À`m bhmZ
à_mUmdarb ~MVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ho ImVo Mmb{dbo OmVo. `m ImË`mda darb {eëbH$ aH$_oda
gd©gmYmaUV: 3 Vo 5% XamZo ì`mO g^mgX/ ImVoXmam§Zm {Xbo OmVo. AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZ doim n¡go
H$mT>Ê`mMr nadmZJr AgVo. `m ImË`mdarb n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _mJUrnÌ (Withdrawl Slip), YZmXoe
(Cheque) {H$§dm E.Q>r.E_. (ATM) `mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
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H$) _wXV R>od ImVo (Fixed Deposit Account) : `m àH$maÀ`m ImË`mda gd©gmYmaUnUo 3 _{hZo
Vo 5 df} qH$dm 10 df} _wXVrn`ªV R>odr ñdrH$maë`m OmVmV. `m R>odrda gd©gmYmaU 7 Vo 10% XamZo
ì`mO {Xbo OmVo. _wXV g§në`mZ§Va ì`mOmgh R>od naV {Xbr OmVo. _wXVnyd© R>od naV KoVë`mg ì`mOXa
H$_r Ho$bm OmVmo.
S>) AmdVu R>od (Recurring Deposit) : gd©gm_mÝ`V: `m àH$maMo ImVo nJmaXma, {H$aH$moi
ì`mnmar, {\$aVo {dH«o$Vo (Vendor) amoO§Xmardarb H$mamJra BË`mXtZm Cn`wŠV ImVo Amho. `m ImË`mda {d{eï>
_wXVrH$arVm CXm. 1, 3, 5, 7 d 10 dfo© _wXVrH$arVm Aer ImVr gwê$ H$aVm òVmV. `m ImË`mda
ì`mOmgh OmñVrVOmñV 1 bmI énò R>od åhUyZ R>odVm òVo. `m R>odrda H$O© H$mT>Vm òV Zmhr.
B) BVa R>odr ImVo (Other Deposit Accounts) : g_mOmVrb Jar~ d Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb
bmoH$m§Zm ~MVrMr gd` bmJmdr åhUyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m R>odr (CXm. {n½_r R>od, ew^_§Jb
R>od, e¡j{UH$ R>od, J¥hH$mofr` R>od, bInVr R>od B.) pñdH$maV AgVmV d Ë`mda AmH$f©H$ ì`mOXa {Xbm
OmVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV darb {d{dY àH$maÀ`m R>odr ñdrH$maUo ho ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo EH$ à_wI H$m`© Amho.
2) H$O} XoUo
(Lending Money / Advances) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m H$m`©joÌmVyZ àmßV Pmboë`m R>odr / n¡gm, ^mJmVrb / {d^mJmVrb
bKwCÚmoOH$, H$maImZXma, ì`dgm`rH$, ì`mnmar, eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya, nJmaXma ì`ŠVr, {dÎmr` g§ñWm,
_hm_§S>io `m§Zm Aën, _Ü`_ d XrK© _wXVrgmR>r {d{eï> AQ>tda H$Om©D$ XoVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm àYmZ hoVy
Z\$m {_i{dUo hm AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r JaOy d nmÌ ì`ŠVtZm / g§ñWm§Zm `mo½` VmaUmda {d{eï> _wXVrgmR>r
amoI H$O}, A{YH$f© gdbV, AëngyMZm H$O}, _wXV H$O} XoVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m àm_w»`mZo nwT>rb àH$maMr
H$O} XoVmV.
A) H$O} (Loans) : ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m {d{dY H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg©, gaH$mar H$O© amoIo, {dH$mg
amoIo, Mb d AMb _mb_Îmm BË`mXrÀ`m VmaUmda gw`mo½` ì`ŠVtg {d{eï> H$maUmgmR>r, {d{eï>
H$mbmdYrgmR>r, R>am{dH$ aŠH$_ H$O© åhUyZ XoVmV `mbmM gmYo H$O© (Simple Loan) Ago g§~moYbo
OmVo. gd©gmYmaUV: ho H$O© VmaU dñVyÀ`m 70 Vo 80% n`ªV _§Oya Ho$bo OmVo.
~) amoI H$O© (Cash Credit) : gd©gmYmaU g^mgX, eoVH$ar, ì`mnmar, CÚmoOH$, ì`dgm{`H$
BË`mXtZm IoiË`m ^m§S>dbmMr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r VmaU _mbmda VmaUmÀ`m 50 Vo 75% n`ªV amoI
gmYo H$O© åhUyZ _§Oya Ho$bo OmVo. _§Oya H$Om©Mm {d{Z`moJ JaOoZwgma H$aVm òVmo. \$ŠV dmnaboë`m H$Om©daM
ì`mO Úmdo bmJVo.
H$) A{YH$f© gdbV (Overdraft facilities) : ì`mnmar ~±H$mH$S>o Mmby ImVo Agboë`m `mo½` d
nmÌ ImVoXmam§Zm A{YH$f© gdbVrMm \$m`Xm KoVm òVmo. eoAg©, H$O© amoIo, {d_m nm°brgr, {dH$mg amoIo
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qH$dm d¡`pŠVH$ nVrda hr gdbV _§Oya Ho$br OmVo. A{YH$f© gdbVrMr _wXV AënH$mimgmR>r AgVo.
aŠH$_ d H$mbmdYrZwgma ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr Ho$br OmVo.
S>) hþ§S>r ñdrH$maUo d dQ>{dUo (Accepting and Discounting Bills of Exchange) : ì`mnmar
~±H$m Amnë`m g^mgX/ImVoXmam§Zm hþS§ >r ñdrH$mê$Z Aën _wXVrgmR>r (90 {Xdg) n¡emMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r
`m àH$maMo H$O© XoVmV. AW©ì`dñWoV CÚmoJ, ì`mnmamV ~aoM ì`dhma ho CYmarda d {dídmgmda MmbV
AgVmV. CËnmXH$ H$ÀMm _mb CYmarda nwa{dV AgVmo. KmD$H$ ì`mnmar {H$aH$moi ì`mnmè`m§Zm CYmarda
_mb XoV AgVmV. `m gd© ì`dhmamV h_r åhUyZ F$UH$moda hþ§S>r H$mT>br OmVo. ~±H$m J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo
hþ§S>r ñdrH$mê$Z YZH$mobm Vr aŠH$_ AXm H$aVmV F$UH$moH$Sy>Z _wXVnyVuZ§Va aŠH$_ ì`mOmgh dgyb
H$aVmV. `m ì`dhmamV ~±H$m§Zm Mm§Jbm ì`mOXa / CËnÞ {_iVo. VgoM Oa ~±Ho$bm JaO nS>br Va
Amnë`mH$S>rb hþ§S>çm _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odyZ n¡gm CnbãY H$aVm òVmo. `mbmM Rediscounting of Bills
of Exchange Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm CËnÞ àmßVrMm hm EH$ _mJ© Amho.
B) BVa H$O} (Other Loans) : ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m ImVoXmam§Zm AbrH$S>rb H$mimV Ka~m§YUr,
dmhZ IaoXr, e¡j{UH$ H$maUmH$arVm, n`©Q>ZmgmR>r, ßbm°Q> / âb°Q> (Plot / Flat) IaoXrgmR>r H$O© XoVmV.
`m H$Om©da AmH$f©H$ ì`mOXa AmH$mabm OmVmo. ho H$O© nJmanÌ, Ka, O{_Z, eoAg©, ~MVnÌo R>odr B. À`m
VmaUmda {Xbo OmVo. `m àH$mamV ~±H$m§Zm Mm§Jbo CËnÞ {_iVo.
3) nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr
(Credit Creation) :
AbrH$S>rb H$mimV nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo ho AmOÀ`m ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo gdm©{YH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`©
_mZbo OmV Amho. {deofV: eoVr, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, godm B. joÌmMm ObX JVrZo {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo
à^mdr gmYZ åhUyZ nVn¡gm {Z{_©VrÀ`m H$m`m©bm gdm©{YH$ _hÎd {Xbo OmV Amho. àm. eoAg© `m§À`m _Vo,
""~±H$m Ho$di n¡gm nwadR>m H$aUmè`m g§ñWm ZmhrV, Va Ë`m EH$m AWm©Zo nV n¡gm {Z_m©U H$aUmao H$maImZo
AmhoV.'' ì`mnmar ~±H$m_wioM AW©ì`dñWoV nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV AgVo. AmYw{ZH$
H$mimV nVn¡gm {Z{_©Vr H$m`m©bm A{YH$ _hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho
1.2.1.2 Xþæ`_ H$m`}
(Secondary Functions) :
AmOÀ`m JVr_mZ OJmV ì`mnmar ~±H$m darb H$m`m©~amo~aM ì`ŠVr, g_mO, AW©ì`dñWm d
^m§S>dbr ~mOmamÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ AZoH${dY ñdê$nmMr H$m`} nma nmS>VmV. Ë`m§ZmM ì`mnmar
~±H$mMr Xþæ`_ H$m`} åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. Vr Xþæ`_ H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo A) àm{V{ZYrH$ H$m`}
~) Cn`wŠVVoMr H$m`}
- Agency Services
- Utility Functions.
A) àm{V{Z{YH$ H$m`} : ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm ImVoXmam§Mm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {d{dY H$m`} nma nmS>mdr
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1) MoH$, S´>mâQ>g², hþ§S>r, dMZ{MÇ>r B. n¡go dgyb H$aUo.
2) {Z`{_V emoYZ H$aUo
(Regular Payments)
3) J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo aŠH$_ O_m H$aUo.
4) eoAg©, H$O© amo»`m§Mr IaoXr {dH«$s H$aUo.
5) aŠH$_m§Mo hñVm§Va H$aUo.
6) J«mhH$m§Mo {dídñV åhUyZ H$m`© H$aUo.
7) J«mhH$m§Mm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {d{dY H$a âUo.
8) J«mhH$m§Zm Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo.
9) J«mhH$m§Zm amï´>r` ~MV à_mUnÌmMr IaoXr H$ê$Z XoUo.
10) àmßVrH$a {ddaUnÌ âUo.
11) {dH«$sH$a âUm H$aUo.
12) aoëdo, {d_mZ, n§MVmam§{H$V hm°Q>oëg, n`©Q>Z H|$Ð B. AmajU H$aUo.
~) Cn`wŠVVoMr H$m`} / godm H$m`}
(Utility Functions) :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m àm_w»`mZo CËnmXH$, Cn^moŠVo, CÚmoOH$, J«mhH$, ì`mnmar,
ì`mdgm{`H$ B. Zm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm Cn`wŠV godm/H$m`} `m
ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmVo. Vr H$m`} WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo 1) _m¡ë`dmZ dñVy gwa{jV R>odUo.
2) àdmgr MoH$ gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
3) h_rnÌ
(Letters of Credit)
XoUo
4) ^mJ {d_oH$arMo H$m`© H$aUo.
5) {dXoer ì`mnmamV _XV H$aUo.
6) gm§p»`H$s AmH$S>odmar
(Statistical Data)
Jmoim H$aUo.
7) {dXoer {d{Z`_mMo ì`dhma H$aUo.
8) Jw§VdUyH$s~m~V J«mhH$m§Zm VÁk godm nwa{dUo.
9) J«mhH$ OmJ¥Vr A{^`mZ KS>dyZ AmUUo.
10) J«mhH$m§Zm ^m§S>db ~mOma, nmañnm[aH$ {ZYr ~m~V _m{hVr XoUo.
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1.2.1.3 gm_m{OH$ H$m`}
(Social Functions)
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r d¥ÕrMm A{^H$Vm©
Growth) `m ZmË`mZo nwT>rb gm_m{OH$ H$m`} nma nmS>VmV.
(Agent of
1) Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrMm A{^H$Vm© åhUyZ H$m`© H$aUo.
2) ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrMm doJ dmT>{dUo.
3) Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnmamg MmbZm XoUo.
4) g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$Ñï>çm Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Zm ghmæ` H$aUo.
5) ñd`§amoOJma d¥Õrg MmbZm XoUo.
6) gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Zm _XV H$aUo.
WmoS>Š`mV ì`mnmar ~±H$m darbà_mUo {d{dY H$m`} H$arV AgVmV. gZ 1991 Z§Va ^maVmZo Zdo
Am{W©H$ YmoaU ñdrH$maë`Zm§Va d Zaqgh g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va ^maVr` ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©V
(g§»`mË_H$, JwUmË_H$ d XOm©Ë_H$) dmT> Pmbr Amho. 21 ì`m eVH$mV ~±H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m ZdrZ g§Yr d
AmìhmZo ñWm{ZH$ d Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio H$m`©j_Vm, ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm, AmH$ma_mZ B.
dmT>ë`m_wio ~±H$mÀ`m H$m`m©V d ^y{_Ho$V bjUr` ~Xb Pmë`mMo {XgVo.
B
Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm
(Check your Progress) - I
A) Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ............... _Üò gwê$ Pmbobr "{X qhXþñWmZ ~±H$' hr ^maVmVrb n{hbr ì`mnmar ~±H$ Amho.
A) 1760
~) 1770
H$) 1785
S>) 1686
2) Am¢Y H$_{e©`b ~±H$ ............. gmbr ñWmnZ Pmbr.
A) 1947
~) 1885
H$) 1881
S>) 1901
3) gZ 1969 _Üò Á`m 14 ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Ë`m§À`m R>odr .........nojm
A{YH$ hmoË`m.
A) 25 H$moQ>r
~) 50 H$moQ>r
4) amoI amIrd {ZYrMo à_mU
H$) 75 H$moQ>r
(CRR) ..............
S>) 100 H$moQ>r
~±H$ R>a{dVo.
A) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
~) g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
H$) `w{Z`Z ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
S>) [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
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1.2.1.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm emIm{dñVma :
^maVmV Owb¡ 1969 _Üò n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr ImOJr ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amï´>r`rH$aU Ho$ë`mZ§Va
ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m H$m`m©V (emIm{dñVma) dmT> Pmë`mMo {XgVo. nwT>rb VŠVm H«$. 1 _Üò AZwgy{MV ì`mnmar
~±H$mMm emIm {dñVma Xe©{dbm Amho.
VŠVm H«$. 1 : AZwgy{MV dm{UÁ` ~±H$ emIm
A.Z§ . df©
J« m _rU
AY© Z mJar
ZmJar
_hmZJar` EHy$U emIm
1.
{S>g|~a 1979
1,443
3,337,
1,911
1,496
8,187
2.
{S>g|~a 1980
16,111
8,673
5,462
4,134
34,383
3.
_mM© 1990
37,184
11,490
8,744
6,097
63,515
4.
_mM© 2000
32,673
14,580
10,851
8,957
67,061
5.
_mM© 2005
31,958
15,375
11,498
9,285
68,116
6.
_mM© 2006
30,776
15,330
12,008
1,263
69,417
7.
30 OyZ 2012
36,350
22,241
15,548
25,552
98,591
Source – RBI Bulletin June 2011
darb VŠVm H«$_m§H$ 1 dê$Z ñnï>nUo {XgyZ òVo H$s, gZ 1969 Vo 2011 `m H$mbmdYrV ì`mnmar
~±H$m§À`m emIm§Mr g§»`m 8187 dê$Z 98,591 n`ªV dmT>br Amho. VgoM gZ 1990 Z§Va J«m_rU ^mJmV
emIm {dñVma hmoÊ`mEodOr emIm§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoV Jobr Amho. AY©ZmJar, ZmJar, _hmZJar` emIm
{dñVma (g§»`mË_H$ dmT>) Pmë`mMo {XgVo. J«m_rU ^mJmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r J«m_rU ^mJmV _moR>çm à_mUmV
emIm {dñVma hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
1.2.2 nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m d _`m©Xm
B
àmñVm{dH$
(Process of Credit Creation & Limitations) :
(Introduction) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo gdm©{YH$ _hÎdnyU© d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm JVr XoUmao H$m`© åhUOoM nVn¡emMr
{Z{_©Vr H$aUo hmo`. AW©ì`dñWoV {dYrJ«mø n¡emMr {Z{_©Vr [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$aVo. Va nVn¡emMr
{Z{_©Vr ì`mnmar ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$arV AgVmV. nVn¡emMo àm_U {dYrJ«mø n¡emnojm A{YH
AgVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m àm_w»`mZo XmoZ CÔoemZo nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. (1) R>odrXmam§Mm {dídmg g§nmXZ
H$aUo d (2) ^mJYmaH$m§Zm A{YH$m{YH$ bm^m§e XoÊ`mgmR>r Z\$m {_i{dUo. ~±H$m _moR>çm à_mUmV
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nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV Am{U åhUyZM àm. Ama. Eg. goAg© åhUVmV - ""~±H$m `m n¡emMm nwadR>m
H$aUmè`m g§ñWm ZgyZ Ë`m EH$m AWm©Zo nVnwadR>m {Z_m©U H$aUmao H$maImZo AmhoV.'' ~±Ho$Vrb àËòH$ R>od
hr H$O} {Z_m©U H$aVo Am{U àËòH$ H$O© nwÝhm R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV Am{U åhUyZM bm°S>© Ho$Ýg åhUVmV
- ""R>odr `m H$Om©Mr _wbo AmhoV.'' (Deposits are the childen of loans).
1.2.2.1 nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m
(Process of Credit Creation) :
H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$maMo MbZ _moR>çm à_mUmV dmnabo OmVo.
(1) {d{YJ«mø MmbZ (Statutory Money) d (2) ~±H$ {Z{_©V MbZ (Bank Created Money)
gd©gmYmaUV: àJV AW©ì`dñWoV ~±H$ {Z{_©V MbZmMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$bm OmVmo. `mCbQ>
AàJV qH$dm {dH$gZerb AW©ì`dñWoV {dYrJ«mø n¡emMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM
AàJV AW©ì`dñWoV dñVw{d{Z_` nÕV (Barter Exchange) dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb
na§Vw doJmZo {dH${gV hmoUmè`m AW©ì`dñWoV gZ 1991 Z§Va _moR>çm à_mUmV nVMbZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmV
Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à[H$òV ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, {dXoer ~±H$m, {dH$mg ~±H$,
J«m_rU/àmXo{eH$ {dH$mg ~±H$m _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. Am{U åhUyZM AmnU nVnwadR>çmMr
à{H«$`m d Ë`mdarb _`m©Xm `mMm {dMma àm_w»`mZo KQ>H$ H«$. 1 ^mJ 2 _Üò H$aUma AmhmoV.
àËòH$ R>od H$O©o {Z_m©U H$aVo Am{U àËòH$ H$O© R>odr {Z_m©U H$aVmV. AW©ì`dñWoVrb AZoH$ ~±H$m§Zr
{_iyZ Ho$boë`m nVMbZmÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbm ~hþJw{UV nV{Z{_©Vr Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$ {Z{_©V
nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU nwT>rb EH$ H$mën{ZH$ CXmhaU Kody.
g_Om {edmOr {dÚ>mnrR> H$m`©joÌmVrb "j' `m ehamV "A' `m ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`mOdirb amoI énò
30,000/- ({d{YJ«mø n¡gm) ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m _Üò ~MV ImË`m_Üò R>od åhUyZ R>odbo Amho. g_Om
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo amoI amIrd {ZYr 10% Amho. ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m R>odr_Yrb 10% åhUOoM énò 1000/
- BVH$s aŠH$_ ñdV:Odi amoI ñdénmV R>odyZ {eëbH$ 9000 énò aŠH$_ "~' `m ì`ŠVrbm H$Om©D$
XoB©b. "~' ì`ŠVr Vmo n¡gm (é. 9000) Amnë`m g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m ~MV ImË`m_Üò O_m H$aob.
CBI Ë`_mYrb 900 énò amoI ñdénmV Amnë`mOdi R>odyZ 8100 énò H$O© "H$' ì`ŠVrbm XoB©b. "H$'
ì`ŠVr Vr aŠH$_ Amnë`m ~±H$ Am°\$ ~amoS>m À`m ~±Ho$À`m ~MV ImË`mV O_m H$aob. ~±H$ Am°\$ ~amoS>m
hr ~±H$ 10% aŠH$_ åhUOo 810/- amoI ñdê$nmV ñdV: Odi R>odyZ ~mH$s énò 7290 "S>' ì`ŠVrbm
H$O© XoB©b. "S>' ì`ŠVr ho n¡go Amnë`m "XoZm ~±Ho$V' ~MV ImË`mV O_m H$aob. XoZm ~±H$ 729 énò amoI
ñdê$nmV ñdV:Odi R>odyZ Cd©[aV aŠH$_ 6561 "B©' ì`ŠVrbm H$Om©D$ XoB©b. Aem VèhoZohr à{H«$`m {Za§Va
Mmby amhrb d gd© ~±H$m {_iyZ é. 10000 R>odrÀ`m AmYmao ZD$ nQ> åhUOoM 90,000/- (ZìdX hOma
énò) BVH$s nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVrb Voìhm hr à{H«$`m nyU© hmoB©b. nwT>rb H$moï>H$ d gyÌmÀ`m gmh`mZo
nV{Z{_©VrMr hr à{H«$`m A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
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H$moï>H$ H«$. 1
nVMbZ {Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m
A.Z§ . ~±Ho$Mo Zmd
R>od (énò)
1.
~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
2.
g|Q´>b ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
3.
~±H$ Am°\$ ~amoS>m
4.
XoZm ~±H$
amoI {eëbH$
ZdrZ H$O}
d Jw§VdUyH$
10,000
1,000
9,000
9,000
900
8,100
(BOB)
8,100
810
7290
(Dena Bank)
7,290
729
6,561
1,00,000
10,000
90,000
(BOI)
(CBI)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
gd© ~±H$m {_iyZ EHy$U
darb H$mën{ZH$ CXmhaUmVyZ ho ñnï> hmoVo H$s, Ama§^rÀ`m 10,000 énò amoI R>odr nmgyZ gd©
~±H$m§Zr {_iyZ 9 nQ> åhUOoM 90,000 (ZìdX hOma énò) BVH$s nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho. amIrd
{ZYrMo à_mU OmñV Agë`mg (20%) nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoB©b d amIrd {ZYrMo à_mU H$_r (5%)
Agë`mg ~±H$ {Z{_©V nV{Z{_©Vr OmñV hmoB©b.
nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m gyÌ 1
TD = D ––––– ........... 1
1–R
TD = Total Deposits –
~±Ho$À`m EHy$U R>odr qH$dm nVn¡gm
àma§{^H$ R>od
D
= Deposit =
R
= Cash Reserve Ratio =
amoI amIrd {ZYr
darb gyÌmà_mUo H$moï>H$mVrb qH$_Vr KmVë`mg àma§{^H$ R>od - énò 10,000/- (Xhm hOma)
amIrd {ZYr à_mUo - 10% (Xhm Q>ŠHo$)
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~±Ho$Mm nVn¡gm é. 90,000 (ZìdX hOma énò)
TD =
1
D –––––
1–R
=
10
9000 x –––
1
TD =
90,000 énò
........... (1)
WmoS>Š`mV 10,000 énò amoI R>odr_YyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m (gd© {_iyZ) EHy$U 90,000 énò BVH$m
nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
2.2 nV{Z{_©Vrdarb _`m©Xm
(Limitations on Credit Creation)
ì`mnmar ~±H$m _moR>çm à_mUmV nVMbZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. nVMbZ {Z{_©Vr_wio AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m
{dH$mgmg Amdí`H$ Vo MbZ _moR>çm à_mUmda CnbãY hmoVo. {dH${gV, {dH$gZerb d A{dH${gV
AW©ì`dñWoV `m H$m`m©bm _hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho VWm{n ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m `m nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m H$m`m©da
H$mhr _`m©Xm nS>VmV. `m _`m©Xm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV {dMma / Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m _`m©Xm
WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo 1) AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U n¡emMm nwadR>m (Total Supply of Legal Tender Money) :
XoemVrb / AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U n¡emMm nwadR>m hm àm_w»`mZo _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m MbZ{df`H$
YmoaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Oa AW©ì`dñWoV VoOr Agob Va nVnwadR>m {Z`§{ÌV Ho$bm OmVmo d `mCbQ>
AW©ì`dñWoV _§Xr Agob Va nVn¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>{dbm OmVmo.
2) amoI aŠH$_obm Agbobr _mJUr
(Demand for Cash Money) :
XoemVrb OZVoH$Sy>Z X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma hoVygmR>r amoI aH$_obm Agbobr _mJUr H$_r Agob Va ì`mnmar
~±H$m A{YH$ à_mUmV nV{Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV. `mCbQ> amoI aH$_obm Agbobr _mJUr OmñV Agë`mg
nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoB©b. {dH$gZerb AW©ì`dñWoV Ooìhm bmoH$m§À`m CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo V|ìhm amhUr_mZ
dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r amoI aH$_obm Agbobr _mJUr dmT>Vo. VgoM AW©ì`dñWoV Ooìhm _§Xr AgVo Voìhm bmoH$
Amnë`mOdi A{YH$ amoI n¡gm ~miJV AgVmV.
3) VmaU `mo½` dñVy§Mr CnbãYVm
(Availability of Mortgage) :
^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg©, amoIo, gmoZo, Mm§Xr, {hao, O_rZ, `§Ìgm_wJ«r,
H$ÀMm_mb, eoV_mb B. VmaU KodyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda H$O© XoVmV. XoemVrb bmoH$m§H$S>o CnamoŠV `mo½` VmaU
_moR>çm à_mUmda Agob Va nV{Z{_©Vr dmT>Vo Am{U Oa VmaU Zgob Va nV{Z{_©Vr KQ>Vo. A{bH$S>rb
H$mimV ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {ejU, g§emoYZ, Cn`moOZ B. H$m`m©gmR>r "_mZdr H$m¡eë`' (Human skill) KodyZ
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H$O© XoV AgVmV. _mZdr H$m¡eë`mMm g_mdoe VmaU`mo½` dñVyV Ho$bm OmV Amho.
4) H$Om©bm Xoem§VJ©V Agbobr _mJUr
(Demand for Domestic Loans) :
XoemVrb ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm d ì`mdgm`rH$ B. H$Sy>Z ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$Om©bm Agbobr _mJUr dmT>V
Agob Va H$O© ì`dhmamV dmT> hmodyZ nV{Z{_©Vr dmT>Vo. `mCbQ> H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$_r Agë`mg nV{Z{_©Vr
KQ>V.o
5) {ZagZ H|$ÐmMr gmo`
(Clearing House Facility) :
XoemV Oa ^m§S>db ~mOma _moR>çm à_mUmV {dH${gV Pmbm Agob. J«m_rU d ehar ^mJmV ~±qH$J
gw{dYm _moR>çm à_mUmV CnbãY AgVrb Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m _moR>çm à_mUmV nV{Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV.
VgoM n¡emÀ`m XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMo ì`dhma ObX JVrZo hmoÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$ MoH$ {ZagZ H|$ÐmMr gmo` _moR>çm
à_mUmV AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. XoemV Oa gd©Ì _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZagZJ¥hm§Mr gmo` Agob Va nV{Z{_©Vr
dmT>Vo. ^maVmgma»`m I§S>àm` XoemV XþJ©_ ^mJmV nwaoem à_mUmV {ZagZ J¥hmMr gmo` Zgë`mZo nV{Z{_©Vr
H$_r hmoV.o
6) amoI amIrd {ZYr à_mU
(Cash Reserve Ratio) :
~±qH$J ao½`wboeZ A°ŠQ>Zwgma gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {ZpíMV Ho$boë`m amoI amIrd {ZYr
à_mUmZwgma amoI aŠH$_ ñdV:Odi qH$dm _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odmdrM bmJVo. Oa amoI amIrd {ZYrMo
à_mU H$_r Agob Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©VrV dmT> hmoVo Am{U `mCbQ> Oa ho à_mU dmT>bo Va
nV{Z{_©Vr_Üò KQ> hmoVo.
7) Am{W©H$ pñWVr
(Economic Status) :
H$moUË`mhr XoemMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr hr Zoh_rM ~XbV OmUmar AgVo. AW©ì`dñWoV Oa VoOrMr
n[apñWVr Agob Va ~±H$m§H$S>rb nVn¡embm Agbobr _mJUr dmT>Vo d Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr dmT>Vo. `mCbQ>
Oa AW©ì`dñWoV _§Xr Agob Va AW©ì`dñWoVrb Jw§VdUyH$ KQ>Vo d Ë`m_wio nVn¡embm Agbobr _mJUr
KQ>Vo d Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr KQ>Vo.
8) ~±qH$J ì`dhma {df`r gd`r
(Banking Habits) :
XoemVrb ZmJarH$ Oa Amnbo X¡Z§{XZ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±H$m§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV
H$arV AgVrb Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amnë`mOdi H$_r amoI aŠH$_ R>odmdr bmJob d Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vr
dmT>Vo. `mCbQ> Oa XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm ~±qH$J ì`dhmamMr gd` Zgob qH$dm ì`dhma dñVw{d{Z_` nÕVrZo
H$arV AgVrb Va nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm òVo.
9) JiVrMo à_mU
(Leakage Rate) :
XoemVrb {dYrJ«mø n¡gm Oa naXoemV OmV Agob Va Ë`mMm nVMbZ {Z{_©Vrda à{VHy$b n[aUm_
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hmoVmo. H$maU ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm nVMbZ {Z{_©VrgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agm {d{YJ«mø n¡gm H$_r à_mUmV CnbãY
hmoVmo. ^maVmVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV "H$mim n¡gm' naXoemV OmV Agë`mZo ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr
nVMbZ{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmoVo.
10) gaH$maMo YmoaU
(Government Policy) :
^maVmVrb gaH$maMo (H|$Ð / amÁ`) H$a {df`H$, MbZ{df`H$, {dÎm{df`H$, ì`mnma {df`H$
(Am`mV-{Z`m©V) YmoaU naamï´>{df`H$ YmoaU `mMmhr n[aUm_ (AZwHy$b/à{VHy$b) nVn¡gm {Z{_©Vrda hmoV
AgVmo.
11) MbZ{ZMam
(Drop-out Currency) :
^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV ~±H$m§Zr {d{dY `mOZoA§VJ©V bmoH$m§Zm Or H$O} {Xbr OmVmV Vr
gd© H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ R>odrÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~±H$m_Üò naV Ambr nm{hOo. na§Vw ~è`mM doiobm H$mhr bmoH$
Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV ñdV: Odi R>odyZ KoVmV. H$mhr doiobm H$O© aH$_oMm {d{Z`moJ
AZwËnmXH$ H$maUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. gU, g_ma§^, CËgd, Ym{_©H$ H$m`© B. Ë`m_wio amoI n¡gm
MbZmVyZ ~mhoa OmVmo. n[aUm_V: ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr j_Vm H$_r hmoVo.
12) _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU :
^maVmVrb _Ü`dVu ~±H$ (RBI) nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZm§À`m gmømZo (g§»`mË_H$/JwUmË_H$) AW©ì`dñWoMr
JaO bjmV KoD$Z nV{Z{_©Vr H$_r AWdm OmñV H$aVo. Oa AW©ì`dñWoV VoOrMr n[apñWVr Agob Va amoI
amIrd {ZYr (C.R.R.) JwUmoÎma AWdm d¡Ym{ZH$ amIrd {ZYr JwUmoÎma (S.L.R.) d ~±H$ aoQ> B. _Üò dmT>
H$aVo. n[aUm_V: ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr j_Vm H$_r hmoVo. `mCbQ> AW©ì`dñWoV _§Xr Agob Va
C.R.R., S.L.R. d ~±H$ aoQ> _Üò KQ> H$aVo. WmoS>Š`mV _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUm_wio ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr j_Vm KQ>Vo/dmT>Vo.
WmoS>Š`mV, ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vrda darb AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
ImOJr naXoer ~±H$m, {dÎmg§ñWm B. À`m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWo_Yrb àdoem_wio ^maVmVrb ~±qH$J ì`dñWm
A{YH$m{YH$ H$m`©j_ d bm^àX hmoV Amho. VWm{n naXoer ~±H$m§À`m ñnY}_wio ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±qH$Jda
n[aUm_ hmoV Amho.
B
Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm
Check your Progress - II
_moH$içm OmJm âm.
1) "~±H$' `m B§J«Or eãXmMr ì`wËnÎmr .................. `m BQ>m{b`Z eãXmnmgyZ Pmbobr Amho.
2) ^maVr` ~±qH$J {Z`§ÌU H$m`Xm àW_V: .................. gmbr A§_bmV Ambm.
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3) ................. `m ImË`mda ì`mnmar ~±H$ H$O© XoV Zmhr.
4) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmMo H$m_ ^maVmV ............... ~±H$ H$aVo.
5) ^maVmV A{bH$S>o .............. À`m gmo`r_wio ~±Ho$VyZ Ho$ìhmhr n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV.
6) _hmamï´>mV ................ ~±H$ "brS> ~±H$' åhUyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda H$m`©aV Amho.
1.2.3 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~X§ d JwV§ dUyH$ YmoaU (Balance Sheet of a Bank & Investment
Policy) :
1.2.3.1 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X
Balance sheet of Commercial Banks :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm àm_w»`mZo Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Pmbobr AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amnë`m
g^mgXm§Zm / ImVoXmam§Zm {d{dY ~±qH$J {df`H$ gw{dYm _moR>çm à_mUmV nwa{dUo Am{U ^mJYmaH$m§Zm
(Share holders) _moR>çm à_mUmV bm^m§e XoUo `m CÔ>>oemZo ào[aV hmodyZ H$m`©aV AgVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnbo ^mJYmaH$, R>odrXma, J«mhH$, H$_©Mmar `m§Mo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r
Xadfu Amnbm Vmio~§X _m§Sy>Z Vmo àm_m{UH$ boImnmbmH$Sy>Z (C.A.) VnmgyZ KodyZ R>am{dH$ doioV Vmo
Amnë`m g^mgX/^mJYmaH$ `m§MonwT>o _mÝ`VogmR>r gd©gmYmaU gôV _m§S>V AgVmV. gd©gmYmaU gôZo
Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§VaM ~±H$ Amnbm bm^m§e Omhra H$ê$Z {dVarV H$arV AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm
Vmio~§X Vnerb nwT>rbà_mUo H$moï>H$ H«$. 1
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vnerb.
A.Z§ . Xo`Vm / XoUr
qOXJr/òUo/_Îmm
(Liablities)
(Assets)
1)
^mJ^m§S>db (Share Capital)
A) A{YH¥$V ^m§S>db (Auth. Capital)
~) {dH«$sg H$mT>bobo ^m§S>db
H$) {dH«$s Pmbobo ^m§S>db
S>) dgyb ^m§S>db
B) amIrd ^m§S>db
1) amoI n¡gm/{ZYr Cash
A) ñdV:H$S>rb.
~) BVa ~±H$m§H$S>rb
H$) _Ü`dVr© ~±Ho$H$S>rb
2)
amIrd {ZYr (Reseve Fund)
A) gd© gmYmaU amIrd {ZYr
~) bm^m§e g_mZrH$aU {ZYr
2) _mJUr d AëngyMZm H$O}
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Fund
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H$) Jw§VdUyH$ amIrd {ZYr
S>) g§^mì` ~wS>rV d ~wS>rV H$O© {ZYr
3)
R>odr Deposits
A) Mmby R>odr Current Deposits
~) ~MV R>odr Saving Deposits
H$) AmdVu R>odr Recurring Deposits
S>) BVa R>odr Other Deposits
3) dQ>{dboë`m hþ§S>çm d gaH$mar ~rbo
4)
BVa ~±H$mH$Sy>Z KoVbobr H$O}
4) Jw§VdUyH$
5)
XoUr Agbobr {~bo
6) J«mhH$m§Zm {Xbobr H$O}, A{J«_o
(Bills Payable)
Bills Discounted & Treasury Bills
(Investments)
Loans & Advcances
6)
dgwbrgmR>r Ambobr {~bo
6) òUo Agbobr {~bo
Bills for Collection
7)
Bills Receivable
J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo ñdrH$mabobr OmoIr_
7) J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo pñdH$maboë`m aŠH$_m
Acceptance & Endorsement on
Acceptance on Account of
Accounts & Customers
Customers
8)
BVa XoUr
9)
Z\$m d VmoQ>m
8) ñWmda _mb_Îmm, B_maV, \${Z©Ma, dmhZo,
O{_Z B. _mb_Îmm
- Other Liablities
9) BVa emIm§H$S>rb òUr
(Profit & Loss)
Assets from other Branches.
H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 Mo ñnï>rH$aU : darb H$moï>H$ H«$. 2 Mo ñnï>rH$aU ghO, gmÜ`m, gmoß`m ^mfoV
nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b.
1.2.3.2 Xo`Vm ~mOy
(Liabilities side)
:
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm gdm©V _hÎdmMm d _Ü`dVu KQ>H$ åhUOoM Xo`Vm ~mOy Amho. `m ~mOy_wio ~±H$m§Zm
Xþgè`mÀ`m aŠH$_m XoVm òVmV.
A) A{YH¥$V ^mJ^m§S>db (Authorised Capital) : ~±Ho$À`m KQ>ZoZwgma Am`wî`mV OmñVrV OmñV
{H$Vr ^mJ ^m§S>db Jmoim H$aVm òB©b `mMm ñnï>nUo C„oI Ho$bobm AgVmo. ho ^mJ ^m§S>db
H$m`©joÌm_Yrb OZVoH$Sy>Z eoAg©À`m ñdê$nmV C^mabo OmVo. `mbmM A{YH¥$V ^mJ ^m§S>db Ago g§~moYbo
OmVo.
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~) {dH«$sg H$mT>bobo ^mJ ^m§S>db (Issued Capital) : A{YH¥$V ^mJ^m§S>dbmn¡H$s OodT>o àË`j
^mJ {dH«$sgmR>r H$mT>bo OmVmV Ë`mg {dH«$sg H$mT>bobo ^m§S>db Agohr åhUVmV.
H$) Inbobo ^m§S>db (Subscribed Capital) : EImÚm ~±Ho$Mo / H§$nZrMo Oo g_^mJ bmoH$/
g§ñWm {dH$V KoVmV Ë`mbm Subscribed Capital åhUVmV.
S>) dgyb ^m§S>db (Paid up Capital) : {dH«$s Pmbobo ^m§S>db EImXr ~±H$ Amnë`m JaOoZwgma
^m§S>db _mJ{dVo Ago _mJUr Ho$bobo ^m§S>db O_m Pmë`mg Ë`mg dgyb ^m§S>db åhUVmV.
B) amIrd ^m§S>db
Ago åhUVmV.
2) amIrd {ZYr
(Reserve Fund) :
H$mhr ^m§S>db amIyZ R>odbo OmVo Ë`mg amIrd ^m§S>db
(Reserve Fund) :
~±qH$J ao½`wboeZ A°ŠQ> 1949 Zwgma ^maVmVrb àËòH$ ~±Ho$Zo amIrd {ZYr åhUyZ H$mhr aŠH$_
R>odbr nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ Amho. `m {ZYr_Üò àm_w»`mZo nwT>rb {ZYrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) gd©gmYmaU amIrd {ZYr (General Reserve Fund) : ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV AmH$pñ_H$nUo
H$mhr g§H$Q>o òVmV. Ë`m JaOoÀ`m doir Cn`moJr nS>mdm `mgmR>r H$moUVohr Zm§d Z XoVm {Z_m©U Ho$bobm amIrd
\§$S> / {ZYr hmo`.
~) bm^m§e g_mZrH$aU {ZYr (Dividend Equalisation Fund) : ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amnë`m
^mJYmaH$m§Zm bm^m§e g_mZ XamZo qH$dm MT>Ë`m XamZo XoVm `mdm åhUyZ {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m {ZYrg bm^m§e
g_mZrH$aU {ZYr `m ZmdmZo g§~moYbo OmVo.
H$) Jw§VdUyH$ amIrd {ZYr (Investment Reserve Fund) : ~±Ho$bm Amnbr Jw§VdUyH$ gwb^VoZo
d {Z`{_VnUo H$aVm `mdr åhUyZ C^maboë`m {ZYrg Jw§VdUyH$ amIrd {ZYr Ago åhUVmV.
S>) g§^mì` ~wS>rV d ~wS>rV H$O© {ZYr : ~±Ho$Mo H$O© g§nyU© qH$dm H$mhr à_mUmV ~wS>mbo Va ~±Ho$da
Am{W©H$ VmU òD$ Zò åhUyZ KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwX {Z_m©U Ho$bobm {ZYr hmo`.
WmoS>Š`mV amIrd {ZYr hr ^mJYmaH$m§Mr Xo`Vm AgVo. H$maU {ZYr dm{f©H$ Zâ`mVyZ C^mabm OmVmo.
VgoM hm {ZYr gaH$mar H$O© amo»`mV gwa{jV Jw§V{dbm OmVmo.
3) R>odr
(Deposits) :
^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±Ho$V g^mgX / J«mhH$ Amnë`m Odirb {eëbH$ aŠH$_ Mmby, ~MV, _wXV
dm AmdVu R>od `moOZoV {d{eï> H$mimgmR>r R>odrV AgVmo. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m Jw§VdUyH$sMm hm à_wI ómoV
AgVmo. _Ü`dVu ~±H$ (RBI) À`m {ZX}emZwgma `m_Yrb {d{eï> aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV R>odyZ Cd©[aV aŠH$_
{d{dY CÚmoJm§V, gaH$mar H$O© amoIo, {dH$mg amoIo, `moOZoV Jw§V{dVmV. R>odr hm KQ>H$ Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOyg
Xe©{dbm OmVmo.
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4) BVa ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z KoVbobr H$O}
(Loan and Advances from other Banks) :
H$mhr doiobm ì`mnmar ~±Ho$H$S>o Agbobr amoIVm Anwar Agë`mZo `m ~±H$m _Ü`dVu ~±H$, {dÎmr`
g§ñWm, BVa ~±H$mH$Sy>Z AënH$mimgmR>r gwa{jV VmaUmÀ`m AmYmamda H$O© KoVmV. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm `m
H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$amdrM bmJVo åhUyZ hm Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOybm AgVmo.
5) XoUr Agbobr ~rbo
(Bills Payable) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm MoH$, S´>mâQ>g² AmXrMo n¡go Amnë`m ñdV:À`m CËnÞmVyZ Úmdo bmJVmV. Vr ~±Ho$Mr
O~m~Xmar AgVo åhUyZM hm KQ>H$ Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOybm Xe©{dbm OmVmo.
6) dgwbrgmR>r Ambobr {~bo
(Bills for Collection) :
~±Ho$À`m ImVoXmam§Zr BVa {~bmÀ`m dgwbrgmR>r ñdV:À`m ImË`mV O_m Ho$bobr AgVmV. Aer
aŠH$_ ImVoXmam§À`m ImË`mV O_m H$amdrM bmJVo åhUyZ Vr Xo`Vm AgVo.
7) J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo ñdrH$mabobr OmoIr_ :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo Ë`m§À`m Zm§do H$mT>boë`m hþ§S>çm ñdrH$maVmV Am{U hþ§S>rMr
OmoIr_ ñdrH$maVmV. hr aŠH$_ Xo`VoÀ`m ~mOybm Xe©{dbr OmVo.
8) BVa XoUr
(Other Liablities) :
`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo ~±H$ H$_©Mmar `m§Mm ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr (P.F.) ^mJYmaH$m§Zm {dVarV Pmbobm
bm^m§e, AmH$pñ_H$ Xo`Vm B. gd© KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.
9) Z\$m Am{U VmoQ>m
(Profit and Loss) :
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Zo ~±qH$J dfm©V {_i{dbobm Z\$m qH$dm Pmbobm VmoQ>m `mMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU
hr ~±Ho$Mr Xo`Vm AgVo.
1.2.3.3 qOXJr / _mb_Îmm / òUr
(Assets) :
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mr qOXJr / _Îmm / òUr hr Zoh_rM Vmio~§XmV COì`m ~mOyg Xe©{dbr OmVo. ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm, CËnmXH$Vm, d èñdrVm hr àm_w»`mZo nwT>rb KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo.
1) amoI n¡gm / {ZYr
(Cash / Funds) :
~±qH$J {Z`§ÌU H$m`Xm 1949 Zwgma àËòH$ ~±Ho$bm Amnë`m R>odrXmam§À`m amoI aH$_oMr _mJUr nyU©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r d J«mhH$m§Mm {dídmg {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r amoI ñdê$nmV H$mhr aŠH$_ Odi R>odmdrM
bmJVo. `m aH$_onmgyZ ~±Ho$bm H$mhrhr CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr. na§Vw amoIVm, gwa{jVVm, {dídmg hr VÎdo
nmiVm òVmV. ~±H$mÀ`m gwa{jVVoMr hr n{hbr \$ir Amho.
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2) _mJUr d AëngyMZm H$O}
(Money call at short notice) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m g§ajUmMr Xþgar \$ir åhUyZ `mMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. _mJUr d AëngyMZm H$O©
hr AZwH«$_o _mJUr Ho$ë`mnmgyZ 24 VmgmÀ`m AmV d AënygMZm H$O} hr 15 {XdgmÀ`m AmV naV
H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$O©Xmamda AgVo. `mda ì`mnmar ~±H$ Aën XamZo ì`mO AmH$maVmV.
3) dQ>{dboë`m hþ§S>çm d gaH$mar ~rbo
(Bills Discounted & Treasury Bills) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm hþ§S>çm§Mr _wXV g§në`mZ§Va ~±H$m§Zm F$UH$moH$Sy>Z ì`mOmgh n¡go {_iVmV. gd©gmYmaUV:
hr hþ§S>r 90 {Xdg _wXVrMr AgVo. VgoM ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amdí`H$Vm ^mgë`mg [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z h§þS>çm§Mr
nwZd©Q>Z H$ê$Z n¡go {_i{dVmV.
4) Jw§VdUyH$
(Investment) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m àm_w»`mZo {d{dY Zm_d§V H§$nÝ`m§Mo eoAg© gaH$mar d {Z_gaH$mar H$O© amoIo,
F$UnÌo, {dÎmr` g§ñWm _Üò Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVmV. `m Jw§VdUyH$sV amoIVm, bm^àXVm d gwa{jVVm `m§Mm
g_Ýd` gmYbm OmVmo.
5) H$O}
(Loans & Advances) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Ñï>rZo ho H$m`© gdm©{YH$ _hÎdmMo Amho. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo Aën, _Ü`_ d XrK©
_wXVrMr H$O}, A{YH$f© gdbV, amoI H$O©, ImdQ>r H$O© B. Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm "Z\$m'
àm_w»`mZo H$O© (`mo½` ì`ŠVrbm `mo½` H$maUmgmR>r d `mo½` VmaUmda) {dVaUmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ~±Ho$Mr
CËnmXH$Vm, H$m`©j_Vm d Jw§VdUyH$ n`m©ßVVm hr Zâ`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
6) òUo Agbobr ~rbo
(Bills Receivable) :
Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ ~±Ho$Zo dgybrgmR>r J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo ñdrH$mabobr ~rbo _ÎmoÀ`m
~mOybm Xe©{dbr OmVmV.
7) ñdrH$maboë`m hþ§S>çm
(Accepted Bills of Exchange) :
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$m§À`m dVrZo ñdrH$maboë`m hþ§S>çm qH$dm J«mhH$m§Zr ~±Ho$H$S>o hñVm§VarV Ho$boë`m
hþ§S>çm `m ~±Ho$À`m òUo ~mOybm Xe©{dë`m OmVmV. H$maU ~±Ho$bm F$UH$moH$Sy>Z _wXVrZ§Va Xe©Zr qH$_Vr
BVH$s aŠH$_ {ZpíMVM {_iV AgVo. Am{U åhUZyM hr aŠH$_ òUo ~mOybm Xe©{dbr OmVo.
8) ñWmda _mb_Îmm
(Fixed Asset) :
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m gd© Mb (Variable) d AMb (Fixed) ñdê$nmÀ`m _mb_ÎmoMm g_mdoe `m
KQ>H$mV Ho$bm OmVmo. ~±Ho$À`m pñWa _mb_ÎmoV àm_w»`mZo ~±Ho$À`m _mbH$sMr OmJm, B_maV, \${Z©Ma,
ñQ>oeZar B. KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. `m _mb_ÎmonmgyZ H$moUVohr {ZpíMV CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr. na§Vw
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~±H$ {XdmiImoarV {ZKmë`mg `m _mb_ÎmoMr {dH«$s H$aVm òVo.
9) BVa emIm§H$S>rb òUr
(Assets from other Branches) :
~§°H$mÀ`m {d{dY emIm§_YyZ (J«m_rU, AY©ZmJar, ZmJar d _hmZJar`) òUr aŠH$_ `m _Üò Xe©{dbr
OmVo.
gmam§e : WmoS>Š`mV, ~±qH$J ao½`wboeZ A°ŠQ> 1949 (AACS) H$b_ 35 AÝdò ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$,
~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmMr VnmgUr H$ê$Z Amnbm A{^àm` g^mgX d g§MmbH$ _§S>imÀ`m _m{hVr d
H$m`©dmhrgmR>r gmXa H$amdmM bmJVmo. `m_Üò ~±Ho$Mo ì`dñWmnZ, H$m_H$mO nÕV, ~±Ho$Mr bm^ j_Vm,
H$m`©j_Vm EZ².nr.E. (NPA) g§X^m©V {Xem {X½Xe©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
1.2.3.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo Jw§VdUyH$ YmoaU
(Investment Policy of the Commercial Banks):
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m Odirb {ZYrMr `mo½` Jw§VdUyH$ H$éZ amoIVm d bm^àXVm Am{U gwa{jVVm
`m_Üò `mo½` àH$mao g_Ýd` H$gm gmÜ` H$aVmV `mda ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo èmnè Adb§~yZ AgVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr gwa{jVVm, amoIVm, bm^àXVm, CËnmXH$Vm, YmoŠ`mMo {d^mOZ B. KQ>H$m§Mm gdªH$f
{dMma H$ê$Z Amnë`m ~±Ho$Mo Jw§VdUyH${df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm
Amnbm nwdm©Zw^d, gÚ pñWVr, ^{dî`H$mbrZ A§XmO, amï´>r` d Am§Vaamï´>r` YmoaUo d Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr B.
{d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm gmamgma {dMma H$ê$Z Amnbo Jw§VdUyH${df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMV H$amdo bmJVo. Aì`dhmar
{ZU©`, Zâ`mMm A{VaoH$s hì`mg, A`mo½` ñnYm©, A`mo½` OmoIr_, H$_©Mmar / A{YH$mar `m§Mm A`mo½`
Ñï>rH$moZ B. _wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m àM§S> à_mUmV AS>MUrV òdy eH$VmV. A_o[aH$m, `wamon _Yrb ~±H$m d
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§_Yrb 2007-08 _Yrb noMàg§J `m§Mo CÎm_ CXmhaU Amho. `m nmíd©^y_rda ^maVr` ~±H$m§Mo
"VmH$ gwÕm \w$Hy$Z {nÊ`mMo YmoaU' Jw§VdUyH$ {df`H$ gmdY YmoaU _hÎdmMo Amho. A{bH$S>rb H$mimV
`wamon, A_o[aHo$Vrb ~±H$m, {dÎmr` g§ñWm§_Üò MwH$sÀ`m Jw§VdUyH$ {df`H$ YmoaUm_wio àM§S> CbWmnmbQ>
Pmbr Amho. ^maVmV _mÌ _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m gw`mo½` d à^mdr {Z`§ÌUm_wio ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m `m
noMàg§JmVyZ ghrgbm_V ~mhoa nS>ë`m AmhoV. gj_nUo Amnbo H$m`© H$arV AmhoV.
^maV gaH$maZo 14 Am°JñQ> 1991 amoOr [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _mOr JìhZ©a Eg² Zaqgh_² `m§Mo AÜ`jVoImbr
~±qH$J joÌmV gwYmaUm gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br. `m g{_VrZo 16-11-1991 amoOr Amnbm
Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm. `m AhdmbmV EZ². nr. E. (N.P.A.) AZwËnmXH$ _mb_Îmm qH$dm AZwËnm{XV H$O©
{ZH$f `m g§X^m©V gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. `m_Üò EZ².nr.E. Mo {ZH$f ImOJr d amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$mZm
bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambo. VgoM 31 _mM© 1993 nmgyZ ho {ZH$f gd© ghH$mar ~±H$mZm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
^maVr` ~±H$m§À`m EHy$U {dV[aV H$OmªÀ`m VwbZoV AZwËnm{XV H$O© (NPA), 3.0 n`ªV Imbr Ambo.
na§Vw nwÝhm {S>g|~a 2012 n`ªV Vo nwÝhm 3.7% n`ªV C§Mmdbo Amho. àma§^r {dXoer Am{U ImOJr ~±H$m
Am{U gÜ`m amï´>r`H¥$V ì`mnmar ~±H$m§_Yrb dmT>Vo EZ.nr.E. (N.P.A.) Xa qMVmOZH$ Agë`mMo à{VnmXZ
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[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo, JìhZ©a S>r. gwã~m amd d AW©_§Ìr àUd _wIOu `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m
Jw§VdUyH$ {df`H$ YmoaUmV `mMr XIb KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
^maV gaH$maZo gZ 1998 _Üò E_² Zaqgh_ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ~±qH$J joÌmVrb gwYmaUm
gwM{dÊ`mH$arVm EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br. `m g{_Vrbm Zì`m YmoaUmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo ~±qH$J joÌm_Yrb gwYmaUm
g§X^m©V {e\$magr H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V gm§JÊ`mV Ambo. `m g{_VrZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Jw§VdUyH${df`H$ nwT>rb
XmoZ à_wI {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
1) {d{YJ«mø VabVm JwUmoÎma
(SLR) :
^maV gaH$maZo Zo_boë`m E_². Zaqgh_² g{_Vr - 1991 Zo ñnï>nUo Z_yX Ho$bo H$s, CÀMXa SLR
_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV Amnë`m Odirb {ZYr / n¡gm gaH$mar H$O© amoIo, gaH$m{Z{_©V
{dÎmr` g§ñWm§À`m amo»`m_Üò Jw§V{dUo ^mJ nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$O© Xo` j_Vm H$_r hmoVo.
ImOJr CÚmoJY§ÚmZm nwaogo à_mUmV H$O© {dVaU H$aVm òV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr bm^àXVm H$_r hmoVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m {dH$mgmbm Vo _maH$ R>aVo Am{U åhUyZ SLR Xa 38.5% dê$Z 25% n`ªV H$_r
H$amdm. Á`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r A{YH$Mm {ZYr CnbãY hmody eHo$b.
2) amoI amIrd {ZYr
(Cash Reserve Ratio) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ H$m`Xm 1934 Zwgma àËòH$ ì`mnmar ~±Ho$bm Amnë`mH$S>rb R>odrÀ`m {d{eï> à_mUmV
amoI amIrd {ZYr ñdV:Odi qH$dm [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odmdmM bmJVmo. gZ 1991 _Üò ho à_mU 15%
Xaå`mZ hmoVo. SLR d¡Ym{ZH$ amoIVm {ZYr d amoI amIrd {ZYr `m§Mo EHy$U à_mU {dMmamV KoVë`mg EHy$U
R>odrÀ`m 53.5% {ZYr gaH$mar H$O© amoIo, _hm_§S>io ~m°ÊS>g² d amoIo `m _Üò Jw§V{dUo ^mJ nS>V Amho.
Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$mMr H$O© Xo`j_Vm H$_r hmoVr. VgoM gaH$mar H$O© amo»`mda {_iUmao ì`mO
~mOmamVrb ì`mOXamnojm H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr bm^àXVm H$_r Pmbr hmoVr. Am{U åhUyZ
`m g{_VrZo {e\$mag Ho$br H$s, CRR à_mU ho 15% dê$Z 5% n`ªV H$_r Ho$bo nm{hOo. VgoM [aPìh©
~±Ho$Zo Amnë`mH$S>rb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr R>odboë`m {ZYrda {H$_mZ 1 df© _wXVrÀ`m R>odrda ~±H$m§Zm Úmdo
bmJUmè`m ì`mOmBVH$s aŠH$_, ì`mOXa åhUyZ XoÊ`mV `mdo. åhUOoM [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>rb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m
{ZYrda {H$_mZ 8 Vo 9% Xaå`mZ ì`mO Úmdo. Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ \$m`Xoera R>ê$ eHo$b.
CnamoŠV XmoZ {e\$maetMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$ë`mg ì`mnmar ~±H$mZr [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odboë`m amIrd
{ZYrda Mm§Jbo ì`mO {_iob d ~±H$m§Mr bm^àXVm dmTy> eHo$b.
H$) Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm
(III) -Check your Progress - III
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) YZmXoe åhUOo H$m` ?
2) A{YH$f© gdbV H$moUË`m ImË`mda {_iVo ?
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3) AmdVu R>od åhUOo H$m` ?
4) R>od ñdrH$maUo d H$O© XoUo ho ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo H$moUVo H$m`© åhUÿZ AmoiIbo OmVo ?
5) ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmZwgma d H$b_mZwgma _m§S>bm OmVmo ?
1.2.4 ì`mnmar ~±H$ _Îmm dJuH$aU (bm^Xm`r d Abm^Xm`r _Îmm) :
àmñVm{dH$ : ^maV _wbV: H¥$fràYmZ Xoe Amho. ^maVmÀ`m {dH$mgmMm amO_mJ© åhUyZ H¥$fr d
J«m_rU {dH$mgmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. H¥$fr, CÚmoJ, godm à{H«$`m d n`©Q>Z joÌmÀ`m {dH$mgm_Üò ì`mnmar
~±H$m§Mo `moJXmZ _mobmMo Amho. VWm{n A{bH$S>rb H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm emIm {dñVma
VwbZoZo H$_r Amho. H$maU J«m_rU ^mJmV Jw§VdUyH$ `mo½` g§Yr _moR>çm à_mUmda CnbãY Zgë`mZo, ~±Ho$Mr
bm^j_Vm H$_r Agë`mZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m bm^Xm`r d Abm^Xm`r _Îmm dJuH$aUmMm Aä`mg H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
1.2.4.1 Abm^Xm`r _Îmm
(Non performing Assets) :
Abm^Xm`r _Îmm åhUOo ~±H$m§À`m Aem _Îmm H$s Á`mda ì`mOmMo CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr. nyd© {Z`mo{OV
doioà_mUo H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Ho$br OmV Zmhr. gmh{OH$M ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mo CËnÞ KQ>Vo.
1.2.4.1 _mb_Îmm dJuH$aU
(Asset classification) :
_mb_Îmm dJuH$aUmMo nwT>rb nmM à_wI àH$ma AmhoV.
1) H$m`©j_ _mb_Îmm (Performing Assets) : H$m`©j_ _mb_Îmm åhUOo Or {Z`{_VnUo CËnÞ
{_idyZ XoVo Am{U H$Om©Mr doioda naV\o$S> Ho$br OmVo.
2) Abm^Xm`r _Îmm (Non performing Asset) : gd©gmYmaUV: Abm^Xm`r åhUOo ~±Ho$Mr
Aer _Îmm H$s Á`mda ì`mOmMo CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr. nyd© {Z`mo{OV doir H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Ho$br OmV Zmhr.
Ë`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mo CËnÞ KQ>Vo.
hr g§»`m AH$m`©H$mar _Îmm, Ag§nmXZr` qOXJr, AH$m`©j_ qOXJr, A{Zînm{XV _Îmm Aem {d{dY
ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo. hr g§H$ënZm ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo gZ 2002 nmgyZ bmJy Ho$br Amho.
3) à_mU _mb_ËVm (Standard Assets) : hr H$m`©j_Vm AgVo. `m_Üò H$O© d A{J«_ `m§Mm
g_mdoe AgVmo. H$Om©Mr doioda naV\o$S> Ho$br OmVo.
4) e§H$mñnX _mb_ËVm (Doubtful Assets) : `m àH$mamV H$Om©Mo háo 24 _{hÝ`mnojm A{YH$
H$mi âbo Jobobo ZgVmV. H$O© naV\o$S>rMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo. gZ 2009 nmgyZ hm H$mbmdYr 18
_{hZo BVH$m H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
5) hmZr _mb_ËVm
(Loss Assets)
: Á`m _mb_ËVoMm g_mdoe boIm narjH$ qH$dm
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RBI
À`m
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n`©dojH$mZo dgyb Z hmoUmar _mb_ËVm Ago dU©Z Ho$bobo AgVo {Vbm hmZr _mb_ËVm Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV Vr "hmZr _mb_ËVm' åhUyZ Xe©{dbr OmVo.
1.3.4.2 AZwËnmXH$ H$O}/Abm^Xm`r _ËVm
(NPA)
:
AZwËnmXH$ H$O} åhUOoM {~Ja {_iH$VrMr _ËVm hmo`. ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mÀ`m ÑpîQ>Zo `m _ËVm {~Ja
bm^Xm`H$ AgVmV. `m _mb_ËVm amoI {eëbH$ d ^m§S>db _ËVm `m ñdê$nmV AgVmV. `m _ËVonmgyZ
CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr.
A) amoI {eëbH$ -
Cash Reserve
:
amoI {eëbH$ hr ~±Ho$À`m ga§jUmMr n{hbr \$ir Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H$m J«mhH$m§Mm {dídmg g§nmXZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV ñdV…Odi R>odVmV. Ë`m_wio J«mhH$m§Zm _mJVm jUr n¡go XoVm
òVmV. `mda ~±H$m§Zm CËnÞ {_iV Zmhr. na§Vw J«mhH$m§Mm {dídmg _mÌ dmT>Vmo. `m_Üò nwT>rb VrZ àH$ma
AmhoV.
1) amoI amIrd -
Cash Reserve
:
ì`mnmar ~±H$ amoIVm d bm^àXVm `m_Üò g_Ýd` amIÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr EH$ aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV
ñdV…Odi R>odVmV.
2) _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Vrb {eëbH$ :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m _mJUr d _wXV R>odrn¡H$s H$mhr aH$_ _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o amoI ñdê$nmV
R>odmdrM bmJVo. `mda ì`mO {_iV Zmhr.
3) BVa ~±H$mVrb {eëbH$ :
ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm Amnbr amoI aŠH$_ BVa ~±Ho$V R>odmdr bmJVo. `m aH$_oda \$mago ì`mO {_iV Zmhr.
~) ^m§S>dbr _mb_ËVm :
~±H$m§Zm Amnbm ì`dgm` H$m`©j_nUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r B_maV, \${Z©Ma, `§Ìo, gmYZo, ñQ>oeZar B. ^m§S>dbr
_mb_ËVoV J§wVdUyH$ H$amdrM bmJVo. ~±H$m§Zm `m Jw§VdUwH$sngyZ àË`j[aË`m Z\$m {_iV Zmhr. VgoM `m
^m§S>dbr Jw§VdUyH$snmgyZ CËnÞhr {_iV Zmhr.
1.2.4.3 ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr Abm^Xm`r _ËVm :
^maVmV gd©àW_ gZ 1991 _Üò [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _mOr Jìh©Za E_.Zaqgh_² `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$
g{_Vr Zo_br. `m g{_VrZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm d bm^àXVm gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr _hËdnwU© gwMZm
Ho$ë`m AmhoV. gaH$maZo Ë`m {e\$maer ñdrH$maë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_Yrb gdm©V _hËdmMr {eH$mag Abm^Xm`r
_ËVm H$_r H$aÊ`mMr hmoVr.
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^maVmV 1998 Z§Va E_.Zaqgh_² g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma Abm^Xm`r _ËVm H$_r H$aUo `mda
A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV òV Amho. Á`m H$O©ImË`mdarb ì`mO d _wÔb háo `mMr WH$~mH$s 180 {Xdg {H$§dm
Ë`mnojm A{YH$ H$mbmdYrgmR>r W{H$V Amho. Vr gd© H$O©ImVr Abm^Xm`r _ËVm qH$dm AH$m`©H$mar _ËVm,
A{Zînm{XV _ËVm åhUyZ g§~moYÊ`mV `mdr Aer {e\$mag g{_VrZo Ho$br Amho. VgoM 1998 _Üò `m
VaVwXrV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z 180 {XdgmMr _`m©Xm 90 {Xdg BVH$s H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
B
Abm^Xm`r _ËVoMo dJuH$aU :
VrZ àH$mamV H$aVm òVo.
1) 10% n`ªV Abm^Xm`r _ËVm AgUmè`m ~±H$m
2) 10 Vo 20% n`ªV Abm^Xm`r _ËVm AgUmè`m ~±H$m
3) 20% nojm A{YH$ Abm^Xm`r _ËVm AgUmè`m ~±H$m
`mn¡H$s Xþgè`m d {Vgè`m JQ>mVrb ~±H$m§Zr Amnbr Abm^Xm`r _Îmm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Om{Udnyd©H$
d H$gmo{eZo à`ËZ H$amdo Aer {e\$mag Ho$br. gZ 1998 _Üò `m {e\$maerV gwYmaUm H$aVmZm
gZ 2002 n`ªV gd© ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zr Amnbr Abm^Xm`r _Îmm 50% nojm H$_r H$amdr Ago gwM{dbo
Amho.
^maVmV gZ 1998-99 _Üò gmd©. joÌmVrb ~±H$m§Mr Abm_Xm`r _Îmm 51,710 H$moQ>r énò BVH$s
hmoVr. gZ 1998-99 À`m VwbZoV `m_Üò 13.3% dmT> Pmbr hmoVr. A_o[aHo$gma»`m àJV XoemVhr gZ
1980 Vo 1994 `m H$mimV 1300 ImOJr ì`mnmar ~±H$m Abm^Xm`r _mb_ÎmoMo à_mU AdmOdr Pmë`mZo
~§X nS>ë`m hmoË`m.
^maVmVrb {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~±H$m_Üò Abm^Xm`r _ÎmoMo à_mU H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 _Üò Xe©{dbo Amho.
VŠVm H«$. 3
~±H${Zhm` Abm^Xm`r _ÎmoMo eoH$S>m à_mU
df©
ñQ>oQ> ~±H$
amï´>r`H¥$V gmd© O {ZH$
ImOJr
{dXo e r
ZmJar
1997-98
14.57
16.88
16.02
8.67
6.38
11.70
2000-01
12.73
12.19
12.39
8.48
6.76
16.10
2004-05
5.32
5.84
5.53
4.44
2.85
23.00
2005-06
3.51
3.96
3.70
2.45
1.95
19.70
2010-11
-
-
-
-
-
-
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Source : Report on trend and progress of Banking in India, RBI, Reports 199798 to 2010-11
B
H$moï>H$mMo ñnï>rH$aU :
darb H$moï>H$ H«$. 3 dê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, 1997-98 AIoa ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ g_yhmH$S>rb Abm^Xm`r
_mb_Îmm à_mU 14.57% amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m_Üò 16.88% ImOJr ~±H$m_Üò 8.67%, {dXoer ~±H$m_Üò
6.38% BVa ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m_Üò 11.60% BVHo$ hmoVo. gZ 1998 Z§Va Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm H$_r
H$aÊ`mH$S>o {deof bj XoÊ`mV Ambo. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ~±H$m_Yrb Abm^Xm`r _mb_ÎmoMo à_mU
{Xdg|{Xdg H$_r hmoV Joë`mMo {XgVo. gZ 2005-06 _Üò ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ g_yhmH$S>rb à_mU 3.51%
amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m_Üò 3.96%, ImOJr ~±H$m_Üò 2.45%, {dXoer ~±H$m_Üò 1.95% H$_r Pmbo Amho.
ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m _mÌ `mbm AndmX Amho. ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m_Üò ho à_mU 19.70% (1997-98
nmgyZ dmTy>Z 2005-06 _Üò 19.70% n`ªV dmT>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m_Yrb g§MmbH$,
ZmVodmB©H$, {_Ì n[adma B. H$S>rb ~wS>rV H$Om©Mo à_mU dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm à_mU
dmT>ë`mMo {XgVo.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ì`mnmar ~±H$m_Yrb Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r (1) VS>OmoS>
gëbmJma g{_Vr (2) _Îmm nwZa©MZm H§$nZr, (3) nV _yë`m§H$Z A[U nV A§Ho$jU B. {d{dY _mJ© gwM{dbo
AmhoV.
1.2.4.4 ^maVr` d {dXoer ~±H$m_Yrb \$aH$ / VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg :
^maVr` d naXoer ì`mnmar ~±H$m_Yrb ñdê$n, aMZm, g§KQ>Z H$m`}, ì`mOXa nV{Z`§ÌU B. AZoH$
~m~VrV \$aH$ AmhoV. Ë`m_Yrb _w»` \$aH$ WmoS>Š`mV nwT>rbà_mUo A.Z§ .
Vnerb
^maVr` ì`mnmar ~±H$m
naXoer ì`mnmar ~±H$m
1.
B{Vhmg
XrK© d àmMrZ B{Vhmg
17 ì`m eVH$mZ§Va
2.
ñdê$n
VwbZoZo _mJmgboë`m
VwbZoZo {dH${gV
3.
hþ§S>r ~mOma
_mJmgbobm
{dH${gV
4.
VabVm
H$_r
A{YH$
5.
nV{Z{_©Vr
H$O©ì`dhmamVyZ nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV
ImOJr _mbH$sMr dQ>mdJ¥ho
_moR>çm à_mUmda nV{Z{_©Vr
H$aVmV.
6.
{Z`§ÌU
_Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo à^mdr {Z`§ÌU AgVo {Z`§ÌU_wŠV AmhoV.
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7.
ì`mOXa
{^ÞVm AmT>iVo
{^ÞVm ZgVo.
8.
~±{H$J ì`dñWm
~hþ{dY ~±qH$J nÕV
EH$H$ ~±qH$J ì`dñWm
9.
ñnYm©
_`m©{XV ñnYm©
A_`m©{XV ñnYm©
10.
Z\$m
dmñVd
AdmñVd
11.
amoIVm
OmñV
H$_r
12.
EZ.nr.E. à_mU
OmñV
H$_r
13.
gwa{jVVm
OmñV
H$_r
14.
amoIo ~mOma
{dH${gV
A{dH${gV
15.
WH$~mH$s à_mU
OmñV
H$_r
16.
bm^àXVm
OmñV
H$_r
17.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`dhma H$_r à_mUmV
OmñV à_mUmV
18.
Am{W©H$ ì`dhma
J«mhH$ H|$ÐrV
Z\$m H|$ÐrV
19.
g§JUH$ dmna
OmñV
H$_r
1.2.4.5 AZwgy{MV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr àJVr :
^maVmV [aPìh© ~±H$ H$m`Xm 1934 Zwgma ^maVr` ~±H$m§Mr {d^mJUr AZwgy{MV d {~Ja AZwgy{MV
Aer Ho$br OmVo. AZwgy{MV ~±H$m§Zm H$mhr {ZH$f nyU© H$amdo bmJVmV. `m ~±H$mZm [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$mhr
gw{dYm {_iVmV. gZ 1969 Z§Va ^maVmVrb AZwgy{MV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr bjUr` àJVr Pmë`mMo nwT>rb
H$moï>H$mdê$Z {XgVo.
VŠVm H«$. 4
AZwgy{MV ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m emIm (_mM© 2011 AIoa)
~±Ho$Mo Zm§d
emIm
J« m _rU
ehar
EHy$U
21,705
52,425
74,130
20,387
41,824
62,211
1) amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m (20)
14,185
30,113
44,298
2) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ g_yh (6)
6,202
11,711
17,913
AZwgy{MV ì`mnmar ~±H$m
(A) gmd©. joÌmVrb ~±H$m
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(~)
ImOJr joÌmVrb ~±H$m
1,311
10,291
11,602
1) OwÝ`m ImOJr ~±H$m (14)
764
4,053
4,817
2) ZdrZ ImOJr ~±H$m (7)
547
6,238
6,785
7
310
317
(H$) naH$s` ~±H$m (36)
g§X^© :
2)
1) RBI Bulletin - Dec. 2011
AW©dg§dmX - E{àb-OyZ 2012
darb VŠË`mdê$Z ñnï> {XgVo H$s, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m§Zr ({deofV: ñQ>oQ> ~±H$) J«m_rU ^mJmV
A{YH$ emIm CKS>ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. Owb¡ 1969 Z§Va ~±H$m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV emIm {dñVmamMm H$m`©H«$_
hmVr KoVë`m_wio gZ 1969 _Üò 65000 bmoH$m§_mJo EH$ ~±H$ ho à_mU hmoVo Vo 2010-11 _Üò 13466
bmoH$m§_mJo EH$ ~±H$ BVHo$ H$_r Pmbo Amho. VWm{n ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©V JwUmË_H$ àJVr {dXoer ~±Ho$À`m
VwbZoV H$_r Amho
B
Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm
(IV)
MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
1) à_mU _mb_Îmm hr AH$m`©j_ AgVo.
2) H$O© hr ~±Ho$À`m g§ajUmMr n{hbr \$ir AgVo.
3) ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr Abm^Xm`r _Îmm
AgVo.
(NPA)
{dH${gV XoemVrb ~±Ho$À`m VwbZoZo OmñV
4) ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m gwa{jVVog A{YH$ àmYmÝ` XoVmV.
5) A_o[aHo$Vrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m "Z\$m' {_i{dUo `mbm A{YH$ àmYmÝ` XoVmV.
1.3 gmam§e
(Summery)
:
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`m bjmV òVo H$s,
(A) ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m H$m`m©V {Xdg|{Xdg dmT> hmoV Amho. Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm,
g^mgXm§Zm, ^mJYmaH$m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV godm gw{dYm XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m ~±H$m H$arV AmhoV. VgoM H$mhr
ImOJr ~±H$m CXm. ICICI Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb godoMo _mZ§H$ nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb AmhoV.
(~) ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m _moR>çm à_mUmda nV{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Amnbm "Z\$m' Am{U "godoMm XOm©'
C§M{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. na§Vw ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vrda H$mhr _`m©Xm nS>VmV. ^maVmVrb
^m§S>db~mOma, ZmUo~mOma, amoIo ~mOma (Stock Exchange) AOwZhr nyU©nUo {dH${gV Pmbobm Zmhr.
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^maVmVrb ~±H$mV YmoH$m / OmoIr_ nËH$aÊ`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nV{Z{_©Vrda _`m©Xm òVmV.
(H$) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mm Vmio~§X d Jw§VdUyH$ YmoaU - ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmV XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV.
òUo ~mOy (Asset) d XoUo ~mOy (Liability) ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm, bm^j_Vm, èñdrVm hr
àm_w»`mZo ~±Ho$À`m Abm^Xm`r _Îmm à_mU H$_r AgUo `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
(S>) Abm^Xm`r _Îmm (NPA) : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo JìhZ©a E_². Zaqgh_² `m§Zr ~±qH$J gwYmaUm Ahdmb
1991 d 1998 _Üò Abm_Xm`r _Îmm à_mU H$_r H$amdo `mda â {Xbm Amho. ^maVmVrb ghH$mar
~±H$m_Yrb (ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m) Abm^Xm`r _Îmm VwbZoZo OmñV Amho d dmT>V Amho.
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX.
1) ~±H$ (Bank) : ~±qH$J {Z`§ÌU H$m`Xm 1949 Zwgma ""H$O© åhUyZ XoÊ`mH$arVm AJa ^m§S>db
Jw§VdÊ`mH$arVm, bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z _mJVmjUr AJa BVa àH$mao naV H$amd`mÀ`m qH$dm YZmXoe, S´>mâQ>g², no
Am°S>©a B. àH$mao H$mTy>Z Úmd`mÀ`m AQ>rda R>odr ñdrH$maUmè`m g§ñWm åhUOo ~±H$m hmoV.
2) ~MV ImVo (Saving Account) : AW©ì`dñWm / XoemVrb Jar~ d _Ü`_ CËnÞ JQ>mVrb
bmoH$m§À`m ~MVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ho ImVo Mmbdbo OmVo. `m ImË`mdê$Z AmR>dS>çmVyZ _`m©{XV
doimM aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm òVo.
3) _wXV R>od ImVo (Fixed Deposit Account) : `m ImË`m_Üò {d{eï> _wXVrgmR>r n¡go R>od åhUyZ
R>odVm òVmV. (90 {Xdg, 180 {Xdg, 1, 2, 3, 5 df}) ImË`mV dma§dma aŠH$_ âVm òV Zmhr qH$dm
_wXVnyd© R>od CMbVm òV Zmhr.
4) AmdVu R>od ImVo (Recurring Deposit) : ho ImVo {d{eð> _wXVrH$arVm gwê$ H$aVm òVo. Xa
{Xdgr qH$dm Xa_hm H$mhr {d{eï> aŠH$_ R>odVm òVo. _wXVnyVuZ§Va gì`mO aŠH$_ naV {_iVo.
5) ~±H$ S´>mâQ> (Bank Draft) : ho ~±Ho$Zo Xþgè`m ~±Ho$da H$mT>bobo AmXoenÌ hmo`. ~±Ho$V ImVo AgUo
Amdí`H$ ZgVo.
6) EH$H$ ~±qH$J (Unit Banking) : EH$mM ehamV ~±Ho$Mo H$m`m©b` AgVo. H$m`©joÌ Ë`m ehamnwaVo
_`m©{XV AgVo.
7) ~hþ{dY R>od {Z{_©Vr : ì`mnmar ~±H$m R>odrVyZ H$O© d H$Om©VyZ R>odr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. EH$mnojm
AZoH$ ~±H$m `m nV {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. Ë`mbmM ~hþ{dY R>od {Z{_©Vr Ago åhUVmV.
8) ~±H$m§Mr amoIVm (Banking Liquidity) : åhUOo Mmby XoUr qH$dm X¡Z§{XZ XoUr ^mJ{dVm òÊ`mMr
~±Ho$Mr j_Vm hmo`.
9) amIrd amoIVm JwUmoÎma
(Cash Reserve Ratio - C.R.R.) :
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ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Amnë`m
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R>odrMm H$mhr ^mJ [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o amoI ñdê$nmV R>odmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mbmM amIrd amoIVm JwUmoÎma Ago
åhQ>bo OmVo. nV{Z`§ÌUmMo ho g§»`mË_H$ gmYZ Amho.
10) d¡Ym{ZH$ amoIVm JwUmoÎma (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) : ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm ñdV:H$S>o amoI
ñdénmV R>odmì`m bmJUmè`m R>odrMm H$mhr ^mJ åhUOoM d¡Ym{ZH$ amoIVm JwUmoÎma hmo`. ho RBI
nV{Z`§ÌUmMo EH$ à_wI gmYZ Amho.
11) bm^m§e g_rH$aU {ZYr : ^mJYmaH$m§Zm bm^m§e g_mZ XamZo XoVm `mdm åhUyZ {Z_m©U Ho$bobm
{ZYr.
12) gd©gmYmaU amIrd {ZYr : AmH$pñ_H$nUo òUmè`m H$moUË`mhr JaOodoir Cn`moJr nS>mdm
`mgmR>r H$moUVohr Zm§d Z XoVm {Z_m©U Ho$bobm amIrd {ZYr hmo`.
13) Jw§VdUyH$ amIrd {ZYr : Jw§VdUyH$ ghOVoZo, gwb^nUo d {Z`{_VnUo H$aVm `mdr åhUyZ
C^mabobm {ZYr.
14) Vmio~§X nÌH$ (Balance Sheet) : ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrMo gw`mo½` Xe©Z
KS>{dUmao _Îmm d Xm{`Ëd `m g§~§YmVrb nÌH$ åhUOo ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X hmo`.
15) Abm^Xm`r _Îmm (Non Performing Assets) : Abm^Xm`r _Îmm åhUOo Á`m H$Om©Mr
~±Ho$g ì`mO énmZo CËnÞ {_idyZ XoÊ`mMr j_Vm e§H$mñnX ~Zbr Amho Aer H$O©ê$nr _mb_Îmm hmo`.
16) à_m{UV _mb_Îmm (Standard Assets) : ~±Ho$À`m _mb_Îmm n¡H$s Á`m _mb_ÎmoÀ`m ~m~VrV
_yi aŠH$_ Am{U ì`mO dgwbr~m~V OmoIr_ ZgVo Aer _mb_Îmm hmo`.
17) e§H$mñnX _mb_Îmm
JQ>mV AgUmar _mb_Îmm hmo`.
(Doubtfull Assts) :
18) ^m§S>db n`m©ßVVm JwUmoÎma (Capital
OmoIr_ ^m[aV _mb_Îmoer AgUmao à_mU.
XmoZ dfm©nojm A{YH$ H$mi
Adequacy Ratio) :
(Loss Assets)
~±Ho$H$S>rb ^m§S>db {ZYrMo
^m§S>db {ZYr
gyÌ -
CAR = –––––––––––– x
100
OmoIr_^m[aV _Îmm
19) hþ§S>r (Bills of Exchange) : boIr XñVEodO Á`m_Üò R>am{dH$ ì`ŠVrbm / g§ñWobm R>am{dH$
_wXVrZ§Va {dZmeV© Z_yX Ho$bobr aŠH$_ {dZm{db§~ Úmdr Agm AmXoe.
20) nV{Z`§ÌU
~±Ho$Mo {Z`§ÌU hmo`.
(Credit Control) :
ì`mnmar ~±H$m Omo nVn¡gm {Z_m©U H$aVmV Ë`mdarb _Ü`dVu
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¨1.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
I)
(Answes to sela learning questions)
:
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
II)
III)
1) 1770
2) 1881
4)
5) Mmby ImVo
RBI
3) 50 H$moQ>r é.
_moH$içm OmJm âm.
1)
Banco
2) 1949 gmbr
3) Mmby
4)
RBI
5) ATM
6) ~±H$ Am°\$ _hmamï´>
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) ImVoXmamZo ~±Ho$bm {Xbobr boIr Amkm åhUOo YZmXoe hmo`.
2) A{YH$f© gdbV gd©gmYmaUV: Mmby ImË`mda {_iVo.
3) ~±Ho$V R>am{dH$ H$mimgmR>r (_wXVrgmR>r) ImVo gwê$ H$ê$Z Xa_hm {d{eîQ> ârV Joë`mg
Ë`mbm AmdVu R>od Ago åhUVmV.
4) R>odr ñdrH$maUo d H$Oo© XoUo ho ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mo àmW{_H$ H$m`© Amho.
5) ~±qH$J ao½`wboeZ A°ŠQ> 1949 H$b_ 35 AÝdò ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mm Vmio~§X Xadfu _m§S>bm
OmVmo.
IV)
MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.
1) MyH$
2) MyH$
1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3) ~amo~a
4) ~amo~a
5) ~amo~a
(Questions for self-study)
6.1 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr à_wI H$m`} gm§Jm.
2. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr gm_m{OH$ H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
3. nV{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.
4. nV{Z{_©Vrdarb à_wI _`m©Xm gm§Jm.
5. ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmVrb Xo`Vm / XoUr
(Liablities)
ñnï> H$am.
6. Vmio~§XmMo _hÎd WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.
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7. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mo amoIVm VÎd ñnï> H$am.
8. _mb_Îmm dJuH$aU WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.
6.2 Q>rnm {bhm.
1. ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr Xþæ`_ H$m`}
2. nV{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m
3. nV{Z{_©Vrdarb _`m©Xm / ~§YZo
4. ì`mnmar ~±H$ Vmio~§XmMo _hÎd
5. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mo Jw§VdUyH$ {df`H$ YmoaU
6. bm^àXVm VÎd
7. amoIVm d bm^àXVm `m_Yrb g_Ýd`
8. Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm
6.3 XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. ì`mnmar ~±H$ åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ ~±H$m§À`m à_wI H$m`m©Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm Úm.
2. ì`mnmar ~±H$m nV{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV ? Ë`mda H$moUË`m _`m©Xm nS>VmV ?
3. nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$òMo g{dñVa ñnï>rH$aU Úm.
4. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m Vmio~§XmMr g{dñVa MMm© H$am.
5. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$Mo Jw§VdUyH${df`H$ YmoaU ñnï> H$am.
6. _mb_Îmm dJuH$aUmMr g{dñVa MMm© H$am.
7. Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm g§H$ënZm g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.
8. ^maVmVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm d¥YrMr H$maUo, n[aUm_ d Cnm``moOZm
gm§Jm.
1.7 joÌr` H$m`© (Field Work) :
1) Amnë`m ehamVrb H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`mnmar ~±Ho$g ôQ> XodyZ Ë`m§Mr H$m`©àUmbr g_OyZ ¿`m.
2) Amnë`m {OëhçmVrb _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±Ho$Mr _mJrb 5 dfm©_Yrb Abm^Xm`r _mb_Îmm
g§X^m©V _m{hVr ¿`m.
3) ~±qH$J ao½`wboeZ A°ŠQ> 1949 _Yrb à_wI VaVyXr g_OmdyZ ¿`m.
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1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1) àm. Ho$. E_². ^mogbo, àm. Ho$. ~r. H$mQ>o - "~±H$m Am{U {dÎmr` g§ñWm', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya, Owb¡ 2014 n¥ð> H«$. 1 Vo 36
2) S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, lr. E. gr. Omoer - "n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ Owb¡,
2004, n¥ð> H«$. 236 - 267
3) àm. gr. Oo. Omoer, àm. AemoH$ S>m§Jo, ~±{H§$J A°ÊS> \$m`ZmÝg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya n¥ð>
H«$. 8 Vo 48.
4) àm. S>m°. Oo. E\²$. nmQ>rb (g§nmXH$) "A{YH$mofU d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, gßQ>|~a
2005, n¥ð> H«$. 22 Vo 67.
5)
Indian Economy - R. Datt and K.P.M.
6)
Indian Econony - V. K. Puri, S. K. Mishra, Himalaya Publishing House - Ed.
2013, PP - 607-620.
7) ~±qH$J Am{U {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>m, Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya. gZ 2009
8) AW©g§dmX - E{àb, OyZ 2012
9) AW©g§dmX - Am°ŠQ>mo~a, {S>g|~a 2008
10) AW©Va§J - S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rb, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, OwZ 2000, n¥ð> H«$. 15-160
11) à{V`mo{JVm Xn©U - 2013, ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm n¥ð> H«$. 146-149
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 2
~±qH$J ì`dhma
(Practical Banking)
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 ImË`mMo àH$ma
2.2.2 ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Uo, ~±H$ ImË`mMm dmna, ~±H$ ImË`mMr ~Xbr Am{U ~±H$ ImVo ~§X H$aUo
2.2.3 ~±Ho$Mo hŠH$ d O~m~Xmè`m
2.3 gmam§e
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
~°[H§$J ì`dhma hm KQ>H$ Aä`mgë`mZ§Va AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~tMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
1. ~±Ho$Vrb {d{dY ImVr g_OVrb.
2. ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m bjmV òB©b.
3. ~±Ho$Vrb ì`dhma H$em nÕVrZo H$amdoV `mMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.
4. ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z H$emnÕVrZo ImVo ~§X H$aVm òVo ho g_OyZ òB©b.
5. ~±Ho$Mo hŠH$ g_OVrb.
6. ~±Ho$À`m O~m~Xmè`m H$moUË`m AmhoV ho bjmV òB©b.
7. J«mhH$m§Zm ñdV:Mo hŠH$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m H$moUË`m AmhoV ho g_OyZ KoVm òB©b.
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~r.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....1
2.1 àñVmdZm :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZwgma Or ì`ŠVr gkmZ Amho, åhUOo {OÀ`m d`mbm AR>am df} nyU© Pmbr
AmhoV Am{U Or gw~wÕ Amho d Or ~±Ho$À`m {Z`_mZwgma dV©Z H$aÊ`mg V`ma Amho Aem nmÌ ì`ŠVrbm
~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vm òVo. VgoM XoemVrb CÚmoJ, ì`mnma d BVa joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm§Zm
~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vm òVo. ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>ÊmgmR>r H$ama H$amdm bmJVmo. H$m`ÚmZo gkmZ Agboë`m
ì`ŠVtZm VgoM {d{dY àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm§Zm Ë`m§À`m {Z`_mdbrg AZwgê$Z ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vm òVo. Aem
àH$mao {d{dY ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm§Mr ~±Ho$V ImVr AgVmV d Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m J«mhH$ AgVmV.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
(Subject Analysis)
:
2.2.1 ImË`mMo àH$ma :
J«mhH$ ~±Ho$er Omo ì`dhma H$aVmV Ë`mdê$Z ~±H$ ImË`mMo nwT>rb àH$ma AmhoV.
1. Mmby ~±H$ ImVo
(Current Bank Account) :
ì`mnmar, H$maImZXma, H§$nÝ`m, ^mJrXmar g§ñWm, {dídñV g§ñWm, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm BË`mXtZm _moR>çm
à_mUmda XaamoO AZoH$ Am{W©H$ ì`dhma ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z O|ìhm H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo V|ìhm Mmby ImVo
åhUOoM Mmby ~±H$ ImVo Ë`m§À`m Ñï>rZo \$ma Cn`wŠV R>aVo. `m ImË`mMm ImVoXma {XdgmVyZ {H$Vrhr doim
n¡go ^ê$ eH$Vmo AJa {H$Vrhr doim n¡go H$mTy> eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio gXa ImË`mV {H$Vr aŠH$_ Jmoim hmoB©b,
{H$Vr aŠH$_ CMbbr OmB©b `mMm A§XmO ~±Ho$bm bmJy eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio `m ImË`mVrb aŠH$_ ~±H$m
H$Om©D$ XoÊ`mgmR>r \$maem dmnê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ì`mOmMm Xa AË`ën AgVmo.
Mmby ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va ImVoXmamg ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z nmg-~wH$, MoH$-~wH$ Am{U âUm ~wH$ {Xbo OmVo. nU
`m ImË`mV {H$Vr aŠH$_ R>odmdm`mMr, {H$Vr aŠH$_ H$mT>md`mMr `mMo ImVoXmamda ~§YZ ZgVo. `m
ImË`mMo d¡{eï>ço åhUOo ~±H$ ImVoXmamg "A{YH$f© gdbV' nwa{dVo. `m gbVrÀ`m AmYmao ImVoXma
JaOoZwgma ~±Ho$À`m nwd©nadmZJrZo ImË`mdarb O_m aŠH$_onojm OmXm aŠH$_ H$Om©D$ KoD$ eH$Vmo. ~±Ho$À`m
bm^VoÀ`m Ñï>rZo `m ImË`mdarb R>odr Oar \$m`Xoera R>aV Zgë`m Var, Am{W©H$ CbmT>mb H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`wŠV R>aVmV. `m ImË`mVrb R>odrdarb ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr amoOÀ`m {eëbHo$da AmYmarV, Ì¡_m{gH$
qH$dm A{YH$ _wXVrÀ`m nÕVrZo H$aVmV.
2) ~MV ~±H$ ImVo
(Saving Bank Accounts) :
gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm gmo`rMo ìhmdo, Ë`m§Zm ~MVrMr gd` bmJmdr åhUOoM ~MV H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho ImVo Cn`wŠV R>aVo. `m ImË`mda {H$Vr n¡go R>odmdoV `mda ~§YZ ZgVo. na§Vw `m ImË`mVyZ
{H$Vrhr n¡go H$mT>Vm òV ZmhrV. VgoM EH$mM doir OmñVrVOmñV {H$Vr aŠH$_ H$mT>mdr `m~m~VMo ~§YZ
AgVo. na§Vw ~±Ho$À`m nyd©nadmZJrZo _moR>çm à_mUmda aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm òVo.
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~MV R>od ImVoXmamg ImVo nwpñVH$m d MoH$~wH$ {Xbo OmVo. {edm` n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ñbrnMm dmna
H$aVm òVmo. `m R>odrVrb {d{eï> AZw^dmZwgma, {d{eï> aŠH$_ ~±H$ dmnê$ eH$Vo. åhUOoM H$Om©D$ XoD$
eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$g ì`mO {_iVo. n`m©`mZo ImVoXmamg Mmby ImVoXmamnojm OmXm ì`mO {Xbo OmVo. hr
ì`mO AmH$maUr H$aVmZm àËòH$ _{hÝ`mV H$_rV H$_r {H$Vr aŠH$_ {eëbH$ AgVo, Ë`mMm AmYma KoVbm
OmVmo. {edm` ì`mOmMr aŠH$_ ImË`mda O_m Ho$br OmVo.
`m ImË`mda n¡go âVmZm {d{eï> Z_wÝ`mÀ`m pñbnMm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. `m ImVoXmamZm A{YH$f©
gdbV {_iV Zmhr. åhUOoM ImË`mda OodT>r aŠH$_ {eëbH$ Agob VodT>rM aŠH$_ H$mT>Vm òVo. ho ImVo
bhmZ R>odrXmam§Zm Cn`wŠV R>aVo. ho ImVo ì`ŠVr AJa g§ñWm g§`wŠVnUo CKSy> eH$VmV.
3. AmdVu R>od ImVo
(Recurring Deposits) :
AmdVu R>od ImË`mg g§M`r R>odr (Cumulative Deposits) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. bhmZ-bhmZ
aH$_oÀ`m g§M`mÛmao _moR>r aŠH$_ g§{MV hmoD$ eH$Vo. {edm` AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm EH$aH$_r _moR>çm à_mUmda
_wXV~§X R>odrV R>odr R>odVm òVo ZmhrV. Xaå`mZ AZoH$mZm AmnUmg Ho$ìhm {H$Vr n¡emMr JaO bmJob ho H$iy
eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZ Xa_hm {ZpíMV CËnÞ AgUmao àm_w»`mZo nJmaXma bmoH$ gXa ImË`mV {Z`{_VnUo
(_m{gH$ hßË`mZo) {d{eï> aŠH$_ O_m H$ê$ eH$VmV. `m ImË`mV Xa _m{gH$ 5 énò, 10 énò qH$dm
Ë`mÀ`m nQ>rV aŠH$_ O_m H$aVm òVo.
AmdVu R>od ImVo R>am{dH$ _wXVrn`ªV Mmby R>odbo OmVo. Á`m ì`ŠVrMo ~MV ImVo AgVo. gXa
ImË`mdarb Xa_hm n¡go AmdVu ImË`mda ~±H$ nañna diVo H$aVo. VgoM ImVoXmamg ImVo nwpñVH$m {Xbr
OmVo. `m ImVo nwpñVHo$V _m{gH$ R>od, VmarI, hßVm H«$_m§H$, hßVm aŠH$_, EHy$U hßVo aŠH$_ BË`mXtMr
Zm|X Ho$br OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ {n½_r {S>nm°{PQ> àH$ma hm AmdVu R>od ImË`mMmM EH$ àH$ma Amho.
ì`ŠVrà_mUo g§`wŠV ì`ŠVrhr ho ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr Xa ghm _{hÝ`m§Zr Ho$br
OmVo. hr ì`mOmMr AmH$maUr MH«$dmT> ì`mO nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. VgoM ~±Ho$H$S>o AmdVu R>od ImË`mÀ`m
`moOZoMo nÌH$ AgVo. `m nÌH$mV {d{eï> hßVo âë`mZ§Va, AmnUmg {H$Vr aŠH$_ {_iy eH$Vo. `mMm
A§XmO ImVoXmamg bmJVmo. ~±H$ `m ImË`mdarb R>odrMr _wXV g§nÊ`mnydu 10 {Xdg AJmoXa ImVoXmamg nyd©
gwMZm XoVo. AZwf§JmZo ì`mOmghrV EH$aH$_r aŠH$_ {_iVo. VgoM AmdVu R>od ImË`mda R>am{dH$ _wXVrZ§Va,
ImVoXma JaO ^mgë`mg H$O© KoD$ eH$Vmo.
4) _wXV~§X R>od ImVo
(Time or Fixed Deposit Account) :
Á`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o qH$dm g§ñWm§H$S>o {eëbH$s n¡gm AgVmo Ë`m§Zm Z{OH$À`m H$mimV `m n¡emMr
Amdí`H$Vm ^mgV Zmhr, Aem ì`ŠVr AWdm g§ñWm XrK© _wVrZo Amnbr aŠH$_ ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odVmV. Ë`mg
_wXV~§X R>od ImVo åhUVmV. ~±Ho$g gwÕm hr aŠH$_ {XK©H$mimgmR>r dmnaVm òVo. åhUyZ BVa àH$maÀ`m
ImË`mdarb R>odrÀ`m ì`mOXamnojm _wV~§X R>od ImË`mda ì`mOXa OmñV AgVmo. _wXV~§X R>od åhUOo J«mhH$
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d ~±H$ `m_Yrb EH$ boIr H$ama AgVmo. åhUyZ `m ImË`mdarb R>od H$amamnydu aŠH$_ _wXV, ì`mOXa
BË`mXr Vnerb R>a{dbm OmVmo. _wXV~§X R>od ~±Ho$V R>odë`mZ§Va ~±H$ _wXV~§X R>od nmdVr XoV AgVo. `m
R>odrMr _wXV 15 {Xdgm§nmgyZ 5 df} qH$dm Ë`mhÿZ OmñV Aer {Za{Zamiçm H$mimgmR>r AgVo. `m ImË`mV
aŠH$_ EH$XmM R>odVm òVo d _wXV g§në`mZ§Va EH$XmM H$mT>Vm òVo. åhUyZ aŠH$_ H$mT>UogmR>r MoH$Mm
dmna H$aVm òV Zmhr. _wXVnyd© aŠH$_ H$mTy>Z ¿`md`mMr Agë`mg ImVoXma Ver ~±Ho$g {dZ§Vr H$ê$Z
Amnbr R>od H$mTy>Z KoVmo. _mÌ Aemdoir ~±H$ ì`mO H$nmV H$aVo. H$maU ~±Ho$g J¡agmo` gmogmdr bmJVo.
R>od ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va R>odrXmamg ~±H$ Omo XñVEodO XoVo Ë`mg "_wXV R>od nmdVr' åhUVmV d Vr hñVm§Vaj_
ZgVo. `m R>odrdarb ì`mO _wXV g§në`mZ§Va _wÔb d ì`mO EH$X_ {Xbo OmVo. _wXV g§në`mZ§Va _wXV~§X
R>od nmdVr naV H$ê$Z Ë`mda nmdVr {VH$sQ> bmdyZ ghr Ho$ë`mZ§Va n¡go {_iVmV. g§`wŠV Zmdo _wXV~§X
R>od ImVo Agë`mg n¡go H$moUmg {_imdoV ho àW_M ñnï> Ho$bo OmVo. _wXV~§X R>odrdarb ì`mOXa ho aŠH$_
R>odrMr _wXV `mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. _wXVrnydu R>odrXmamg n¡emMr JaO ^mgë`mg `m nmdVrda ~±H$ H$O©
XoVo. nU `m H$Om©Mm ì`mOXa R>odrdarb ì`mOXamnojm OmñV AgVmo.
~±H$ Am{U ~±Ho$Mm ImVoXma `m§À`m_Üò ~±qH$J {Z`_mZwgma {d{eï> hŠH$ d {d{eï> O~m~Xmè`m nma
nmS>mì`m bmJVrb Ago g§~§Y AgVmV. ~±Ho$_Üò H$moUmg ImVo CKS>Vm òVo, `m~m~V {d{YJ«mø VaVyX Ho$br
Amho. qH$~hþZm ImVo CKS>Ê`m~m~V ~±Ho$g XjVm ¿`mdr bmJob. ì`ŠVr, ì`ŠVrg_yh, H§$nZr, ì`mnmar
g§ñWm, ghH$mar g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm Am{U AÝ` g§ñWm§Zm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vm òVo.
Ë`mZwgma ~±H$ ImVoXmamMo àH$ma nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òVmV.
1) ì`ŠVrJV ImVo
(Personal Account) :
H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>y eH$Vo. Ë`mZwgma ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr BÀN>m AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVrZo ~±Ho$V OmD$Z R>am{dH$ Z_wÝ`mMm N>mnrb AO© ^ê$Z Úmdm bmJVmo. `m AOm©V ImVoXmamMo g§nyU©
Zmd, nÎmm, ì`dgm`, ì`dgm`mMo {R>H$mU BË`mXr _m{hVr ^ê$Z Úmdr bmJVo. VgoM Z_wZm ñdmjar H$mS>m©da
Z_wZm ñdmjar Úmdr bmJVo. gmo~V XmoZ Am`S>|Q>rQ>r AmH$mamMo \$moQ>mo OmoS>mdo bmJVmV. X¡Z§{XZ ~±Ho$Mo ì`dhma
ImVoXmamg H$amdo bmJVmV. ImVoXma _¥Ë`y nmdbm Va Ë`mÀ`m H$m`Xoera dmagmg ~±H$ gw{dYmMo bm^
{_iVmV.
2) g§`wŠV ImVo
(Joint Account) :
XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ ì`ŠVrZm ~±Ho$V g§`wŠVnUo EH$M ImVo CKS>Vm òVo. CXm. nVr-nËZr
^mJrXmar g§ñWm, dS>rb-_wbJm g§`wŠV ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. g§`wŠV ImVo CKSy> BpÀN>Umè`m ì`ŠVtZm ImVo
CKS>Ê`mMm Zoh_rMm AO© ^ê$Z Úmdm bmJVmo. `m ImË`mda H$moU ì`dhma H$aUma `m~m~V C„oI H$amdm
bmJVmo. VgoM `m ImË`mdarb ì`dhma XmoZ ì`ŠVtÀ`m ghrZo Ho$bm OmVmo. ImVo ~§X H$aVmZm R>odr AJa
n¡go H$moUmg Ú>mdoV `mMm C„oI AgVmo. `m ImË`mdarb ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg H$m`Xoera dmagXmamg
n¡go AmXm Ho$bo OmVmV.
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3) ì`ŠVrJV ì`dgm` ImVo
(Sole Proprietor's) :
ì`mdgm{`H$ ImVo, ñd ì`dgm`mÀ`m Zmdo ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. CXm. OZab ñQ>moAg©, {H$amUm
ñQ>moAg© ImVo, AWm©V g§~§YrV ì`dgm` ñd_mbH$sMm Amho Ago ì`ŠVrg {bhZy Úmdo bmJVo. {edm` gXa
ImË`mdarb g§nyU© ì`dhmamg (Z\$m-VmoQ>m) ñdV: O~m~Xma amhÿ Ago {bhÿZ Úmdo bmJVo.
4) AkmZ ì`ŠVrMo ImVo
( Minor's Account) :
^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZwgma Á`m ì`ŠVrMo d` 18 dfm©nojm H$_r Amho. Aem ì`ŠVrg AkmZ ì`ŠVr
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Aem AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo g§~§YrV gkmZ nmbH$ ImVo gwê$ H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m~m~V
g~i nwamì`mgmR>r OÝ_VmaIoMm XmIbm d nmbH$m§Mr _m{hVr gmXa H$amdr bmJVo. `m ImË`mdarb
ì`dhma, ì`ŠVr gkmZ hmoB©n`ªV nmbH$ H$aVo.
5) ^mJrXmar g§ñWoMo ImVo
(Partnership Firm's Account)
:
XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ ì`ŠVr, ì`dgm` ^mJrXmarÀ`m AmYmao ~±Ho$V ImVo gwê$ H$ê$ eH$VmV.
nU `m~m~V H$ama H$amdm bmJVmo. ì`dgm` gm§^miUmè`m ì`ŠVrg A{YH$ma Úmdo bmJVmV. ì`dgm` ~§X
nS>bm Va ImË`mdarb n¡go H$moUmg {_imdoV `mMm C„oI H$amdm bmJVmo.
6) EH$Ì qhXþ Hw$Qw>§~mMo ImVo
(Joint Hindu Family Firm's Account) :
Oo ì`dgm` AJa Á`mnojm A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~mV MmbVmV Aem ì`dgm`mMo AJa noT>çm§Mo ImVo CKS>Vm
òVo. gXa ImVo CKS>VmZm A{d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~mMm ì`dgm`, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb AkmZ, gkmZ ì`ŠVr `m~m~VMr
_m{hVr Úmdr bmJVo. VgoM Hw$Qw>§~mVrb H$Ë`m© ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo ~±H$ ì`dhma Ho$bm OmVmo. g§~§{YV _m{hVr
~±Ho$bm gmXa H$amdr bmJVo.
7) ghH$mar g§ñWoMo ImVo
(Co-operative Society's Account) :
gd© àH$maÀ`m ghH$mar g§ñWm§Zm g§ñWoÀ`m ZmdmZo ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>VmZm ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>rMm AO©,
gmogm`Q>rMo {Z`_ Am{U nmoQ>{Z`_, g§ñWoÀ`m g§MmbH$ _§S>imMr `mXr, Zm|XUr àV, g§ñWoÀ`m gôV ~±Ho$V
ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r g§_V Ho$boë`m R>amdmMr àV Am{U ImVo ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {Xboë`m
ì`ŠVrÀ`m Z_wZm gøm ~±Ho$V gmXa H$amì`m bmJVmV.
8) H§$nZrMo ImVo
(Company's Account) :
^maVr` H§$nZr H$m`ÚmZwgma ImOJr AJa gmd©O{ZH$ H§$nÝ`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m H§$nÝ`m ~±Ho$V
ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r H§$nZr ñWmnZoMo à_mUnÌ, emgH$s` nadmZm, H§$nZrÀ`m KQ>ZoMr àV Am{U
gXa ImË`mdarb ì`dhma nmhUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo Zmd, nÎmm BË`mXr gmXa H$amdo bmJVo.
9) ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Mr ImVr
(Account of Local Bodies) :
_mZdVmdmXmÀ`m Ñï>rZo godm^mdr hoVyZo AZoH$ EopÀN>H$ g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ hmoV AmhoV. CXm. {H«$S>m _§S>io,
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Vê$U _§S>io, J«§Wmbò, bm`Ýg Šb~, e¡j{UH$ _§S>io BË`mXr g§ñWm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV. `m
ImË`mdarb ì`dhma H$moU nmhUma `m~m~V boIr nÌ gmXa H$amdo bmJVo. VgoM {d{hV Z_wZm AOm©~amo~a
g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {dYr d Cn{dYrMr àV OmoS>mdr bmJVo.
11) {dídñVmMo ImVo
(Trustee's Account)
AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m dVrZo _mb_ÎmoMr XoI^mb H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zo_bobr ì`ŠVr AWdm H$moQ>m©Zo EImÚm
g§ñWoMo ì`dhma gm§^miÊ`mgmR>r Zob_obo {b{¹$S>oQ>g© `m§À`m ZmdmZo CKS>ë`m OmUmè`m ImË`m§Mm `mV
g_mdoe hmoVmo. AkmZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m dVrZo {dídñV AWdm H$moQ>m©Zo Zo_bobo {dídñV ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>
eH$VmV.
12) e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mo ImVo
(Account's of Educational Institutes) :
emim, _hm{dÚmbò, g§emoYZ g§ñWm, {dÚmnrR>o AJa AÝ` e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>
eH$VmV. `m g§ñWoMo à_wI MmbH$ qH$dm g§ñWoMm g{Md d g§ñWoMm à_wI `m§À`m g§`wŠV Zmdo ImVo gwê$
H$aVm òVo. Ë`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`©H$marUrV R>amd g§_V H$amdm bmJVmo. `m R>amdmMr àV ~±Ho$g
Úmdr bmJVo. VgoM g§ñWoMo ì`dhma g§ñWm à_wI d g§ñWoMo g{Md `m§À`m Zmdo Mmb{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
{Xbm OmVmo. `m~~mVMr àV ~±Ho$g gmXa H$amdr bmJVo.
2.2.2 ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Uo, ~±H$ ImË`mMm dmna Am{U ~±H$ ImË`mMr ~Xbr, ~±H$ ImVo ~§X
H$aUo (Tansfer of Account, Opening, Operating, Transfer account and closing Bank
Account :
B
àñVmdZm :
~±qH$J ì`dhma åhUOo ~±Ho$er ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«mhH$mZo ~±Ho$er g§nH©$ gmYyZ ~±H$ XoV Agboë`m
godm§Mm bm^ KoUo. J«mhH$m§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Uo, ImË`mMo ì`dhma Mmb{dUo Am{U ImVo ~§X
H$aUo ho ~±Ho$Mo ì`dhma _hÎdmMo AmhoV.
A) ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m`©nÕVr :
H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$V Amnbo n¡go R>od åhUyZ R>odVo. Voìhm {Vbm H$moUË`m Var àH$maMo ImVo CKS>mdo
bmJVo. Or ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$V Amnbo ImVo gwê$ H$aVo {Vbm ImVoXma Ago åhUVmV. Vr ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$Mo J«mhH$
~Zob. ~±H$ d J«mhH$ `m XmoZ njm_Üò ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r EH$ boIr H$ama hmoVmo. VrMo ImVo CKS>Ê`mMm
AO© AgVmo. `m AOm©_Üò J«mhH$mZo Amnbo Zmd, ì`dgm`, {R>H$mU BË`mXr g{dñVa Vnerb Úmd`mMm
AgVmo. ~±Ho$Zo ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu H$m§hr {d{eï> ~m~tMr Mm¡H$er H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m àñVm{dV J«mhH$ n[aM` {ZH$f 2002 à_mUo AmVm ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mV H$m_
H$aUmè`m g§ñWog Amnë`m gd© ~±H$ J«mhH$m§gmR>r VgoM ImVo CKS>Umè`m gd© ImVoXmamgmR>r J«mhH$ n[aM`
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{ZH$f (Know your custmer norms) qH$dm
_m{hVr O_m H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Zwgma Amdí`H$ Aer gd© d¡`pŠVH$ d Am{W©H$
(KYC)
Á`mdoiog H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$V ~MV ImVo, Mmby ImVo, _wXV~§X ImVo d AmdVu R>od ImVo CKS>Vo
Voìhm {Vbm nwT>rb H$mhr àmW{_H$ Jmoï>rMr nyV©Vm H$amdr bmJVo.
1) {dZ§Vr : Á`m ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>md`mMo Amho Ë`m ~±Ho$V OmD$Z ~±Ho$À`m ì`dgm`mH$S>o Amnbr
BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$amdr bmJVo. Á`m n«H$maMo ImVo CKS>md`mMo Ë`mg§X^m©V J«mhH$mZo nyU© _m{hVr KoVbr nm{hOo.
~±H$ ì`dñWmnH$ qH$dm Ë`mMo gmhmæ`H$ g§^mì` ImVoXmamg ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>rMm AO© XoVmV. AOm©bm n¡go
âÊ`mMr pñbn d Z_wZm ghr H$mS>© OmoS>bobo AgVo.
2) AO© H$aUo : ì`ŠVrg ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>r AO© H$amdm bmJVmo. àËòH$ ImVo àH$mamgmR>r
ñdV§Ì AO© AgVmo. Ë`m AOm©V nwT>rb _OHy$a AgVmo.
A) ImVo CKSy> BpÀN>Umè`m ì`ŠVrMo g§nyU© Zmd, VgoM g§`wŠVnUo ImVo CKS>Uma Agë`mg g§`wŠV
ImVoXmamMr nyU© Zmdo.
~) ImVo CKSy> BpÀN>Umè`m ì`ŠVrMm ì`dgm` d nÎmm.
H$) ImVo CKS>VmZm âmd`mÀ`m aH$_oMm Vnerb. (hm Vnerb âUm nmdVr
bmJVmo.)
Pay in slip
âmdm
S>) ImVo CKSy> BpÀN>Umè`mMr Z_yZm ghr. gXa ghr Z_wZm ghr H$mS>m©da H$amdr bmJVo.
B) ImË`mMm dmagXma H$moU amhrb `mMm C„oI.
\$) ImVoXmamMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr {e\$mag. gXarb ì`ŠVr ~±Ho$Mr ImVoXma AgUo
JaOoMo Amho.
2) âUm nmdVr (Pay in Slip) : ~±Ho$Vrb ImË`mda âUm nmdVrZo amoI aŠH$_ hþ§S>çm MoŠg
BË`mXr O_m H$aVm òUmè`m âUm {MÅ>rMo _w»` XmoZ ^mJ AgVmV. EH$ J«mhH$mÀ`m _m{hVrgmR>r d Xþgam
~±Ho$À`m {hemo~mgmR>r dnabm OmVmo. J«mhH$mZo [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` _m{hVr nyU©nUo ^ê$Z aŠH$_ O_m
H$aÊ`mg Úmd`mMr AgVo. Ë`mVrb Vnerb nyU©Zmd, aŠH$_ (Ajar d A§H$s) ImVo Z§~a, VmarI,
ì`dpñWV âmdr bmJVo.
3) AO© VnmgUo : ImVo CKS>Ê`mgmR>rMm AO© Z_wZm, ghr H$mS>© d âUm nmdVr nyU© ^ê$Z Ë`mMr
VnmgUr ~±Ho$À`m g§~§YrV ImË`mÀ`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z H$ê$Z ¿`mdr bmJVo.
4) AO© d n¡go XoUo : darbà_mUo AO© VnmgyZ AO© g§M d âUm nmdVrda Z_yX Ho$bobr aŠH$_
hr ~±Ho$À`m amoInmbmH$S>o (Cashier) Úmdr bmJVo.
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5) ImVo CKS>Uo d ~±H$ nmg~wH$ àmßVr : darbà_mUo gd© ~m~tMr nwV©Vm Ho$ë`mZ§Va ~±Ho$Mm
A{YH$mar AOm©Mr VnmgUr H$aVmo. ~±Ho$À`m nwñVH$mV gXa J«mhH$mÀ`m Zmdo ImVo CKS>bo OmVo. Ë`mV
ImVoXmamMo Zmd, nÎmm d âbobr aŠH$_ åhUOo O_m aŠH$_ BË`mXr Zm|Xr Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m ImË`mbm
H«$_m§H$ {Xbm OmVmo. nwT>rb H$mimV ì`dhma H$aVmZm âUm nmdVr AJa MoH$da hm H«$_m§H$ {bhmdm bmJVmo.
~±H$ ImVoXmamÀ`m ZmdmZo ImË`mMm CVmam qH$dm ZŠH$b åhUOoM nmg~wH$ V`ma H$aUo nmg~wH$mV darb
nmZmda ImVoXmamMo Zmd, nÎmm, ì`dgm`, ImVo H«$_m§H$ BË`mXr _m{hVr AgVo. AmVë`m nmZmda VmarI,
Vnerb, O_m aŠH$_, CMb aŠH$_ d {eëbH$ ho aH$mZo AgVmV.
~) ~±H$ ImË`mMm dmna
(Operating of Bank Account) :
~±Ho$V J«mhH$mZo ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m J«mhH$mMo ì`dhma gwê$ hmoVmV. ho ì`dhma nwT>rbà_mUo 1) n¡go âUo : ImVoXmamg doimodoir Amnë`mOdirb aŠH$_, YZmXoe, ~±H$ S´>mâQ>, bm^m§e Hw$nZ
BË`mXr ImË`mda âVm òVmV. amoI aŠH$_ d aŠH$_ ñdê$nmVrb XñVEodO ImË`mda âÊ`mgmR>r
ImVoXmamg âUm nmdVr (Pay in slip) Mm dmna H$amdm bmJVmo. ~MV ImVo d Mmby ImVo YmaH$m§Zm âUm
nmdVrÀ`m AmYmao Ë`m§Zm ~±Ho$V âVm òVmV. YZmXoe ~±H$ S´>mâQ>, bm^m§e Hw$nZ, ì`mOmMo Hw$nZ,
dgwbrgmR>r XoVmZm âUm nmdVrÀ`m _mJo gXa XñVEodOmMm H«$_m§H$ d àmßVrMo {R>H$mU {bhmdo bmJVo.
_wXV~§X R>od YmaH$mg ~±Ho$er daModa ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMm g§~§Y òV Zmhr. AmdVu R>od ImVoXmamg n¡go
âVmZm AmdVu R>od ImVo nwpñVH$m ~±Ho$V Ý`mdr bmJVo. ~±H$ gXa AmdVu R>od ImVo nwpñVHo$da aŠH$_ O_m
H$ê$Z Vr Vm~S>Vmo~ ImVo YmaH$mg naV H$aVo ~±Ho$g n¡go âVmZm ~MV d Mmby ImVoXmamg ~±H$ nmg~wH$,
~±Ho$g XoD$Z âboë`m aH$_oMm Vnerb Ë`mV ^ê$Z KoVm òVmo.
2) ImË`mdê$Z n¡go H$mT>Uo : n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ImVoXmamg YZmXoemMm qH$dm n¡go H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m
{MÇ>rMm (Withdrawal slip) dmna H$aVm òVmo. ~MV ImVo d Mmby ImVoYmaH$m§Zm JaOoZwgma n¡go H$mT>Vm
òVmV. ~±Ho$H$S>o boIr AO© Ho$ë`mg d ImË`mda {H$_mZ aŠH$_ {eëbH$ R>odÊ`mMr h_r {Xë`mg ~±H$
ImVoXmamg YmZmXoe nwñVH$ XoVo. gm_mÝ`nUo 10, 20, 50, 100 YZmXoemMo nwñVH$ AgVo. YZmXoemMm
dmna ImVoXmamZo ~±Ho$VyZ n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r qH$dm BVam§Zm n¡go XoÊ`mgmR>r H$amd`mMm AgVmo. ImVoXmamZo
YZmXoemMo nwñVH$ H$miOrnyd©H$ gm§^mimdo bmJVo. YZmXoe nwñVH$mV àËòH$ YZmXoemÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyg
YZmXoemVrb gd© _OHy$amMm g_mdoe AgUmar nmdVr AgVo. YZmXoe {b{hVmZm nmdVrda Amdí`H$ _OHy$a
H$amdm bmJVmo. YZmXoe H$moUË`m VmaIog H$moUmbm {Xbm `mMr Zm|X Ë`mda {_iy eH$Vo. AmdVu R>od
ImVoXmamg R>odrMo n¡go _wXV g§nVmZm {_iVmV. VgoM _wXV~§X R>odr ImVoXmamghr R>odrMr _wXV g§në`mZ§Va
n¡go naV {_iVmV.
3) YZmXoe nwñVH$mMr _mJUr : YZmXoe nwñVH$mVrb gd© YZmXoe dmnaë`mZ§Va ImVoXmamg ~±H$
ZdrZ YZmXoemMo nwñVH$ XoVo. gm_mÝ`nUo àËòH$ YZmXoe nwñVH$mV eodQ>À`m XmoZ H«$_m§H$mÀ`m YZmXoemnydu
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YZmXoe nwñVH$ _mJUrMm \$m°_© OmoS>bobm AgVmo. ImVoXmamZo gXa \$m°_© ^ê$Z {Xë`mZ§Va Ë`mg ZdrZ
YZmXoe nwñVH$ {Xbo OmVo.
H$) ~±H$ ImË`mMr ~Xbr
(Transfer of Account) :
ImË`mMr ñWmZ~Xb åhUOo ì`ŠVrMo EImÚm ~±Ho$V Agbobo ImVo Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`m Xþgè`m emIoV
~XbyZ KoUo hmo`. Á`mdoir ImVoXma EH$m JmdmVyZ Xþgè`m JmdmV ñWbm§Va H$aVmo qH$dm Ë`mM ehamÀ`m
EH$m ^mJmVyZ Xþgè`m ^mJmV ñWbm§Va H$aVmo Voìhm ImË`mMo ñWmZ ~Xb H$aUo Ë`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo gmoB©Mo AgVo.
Vo Ë`mM ~±Ho$Mr ZdrZ {R>H$mUr emIm Agob Va OwÝ`m emIoVrb ZdrZ {R>H$mUÀ`m emIoV ñWmZm§Va H$ê$Z
{_iVo. ImVoXmamg Aem àH$mao ImË`mMo ñWmZm§Va nm{hOo Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rbà_mUo H$m`©nÕVr
AgVo.
A) ImVoXmamZo EH$mM ehamVrb Anmbr amhÊ`mMr OmJm EH$m {d^mJmVyZ Xþgè`m {d^mJmV
~Xbë`mg.
~) ImVoXmamMo EH$m JmdmVyZ Xþgè`m Jmdr ñWbm§Va Ho$ë`mg (ImË`mVrb ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr
Imbrbà_mUo AgVo.)
1) ImVo ~XbmgmR>r ImVoXmamZo {d{hV Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$amdm bmJVmo. hm AO©Z ZdrZ ~XbrÀ`m
{R>H$mUÀ`m ~±Ho$_m\©$V _yi ~±Ho$H$S>o H$aVm òVmo qH$dm _yiÀ`m ~±Ho$H$S>o XoIrb H$aVm òVmo.
2) `m AOm©gmo~V nmg~wH$ d {eëbH$ MoH$gh MoH$~wH$ naV H$amdo bmJVo. H$m§hr ~±H$m nwduMoM
MoH$~wH$ dmnaÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoVmV.
3) Ë`mZ§Va ì`mO {hemo~ nyU© H$ê$Z ImË`mda O_m Ho$bo OmVo Am{U eodQ>r
to ............... Branch Agm eoam _mabm OmVmo.
Account transfer
4) Z§Va EH$ Debit Note V`ma H$ê$Z gd© aŠH$_ ZdrZ ~XbrÀ`m emIoH$S>o nmR>{dbr OmVo d
_yiMo ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.
5) ZdrZ emIoÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ambobr aŠH$_ O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ImVo CKSy>Z EH$
V`ma Ho$br OmVo d aŠH$_ O_m Ho$br OmVo.
(Credit Note)
6) `mgmR>r H$m§hr ~±H$m ZdrZ ImVo CKS>Ê`mg AO©, Z_wZm ghr KoVmV. Va H$m§hr ~±H$m _yi Z_wZm
ghr H$mS>m©À`m AmYmao nwT>rb ì`dhma H$aVmV.
gÜ`m H$moAa ~±qH$J àUmbr bmJy Pmbr Agë`mZo ImVoXmam§Zm EH$mM emIoV ImVo R>odyZ Vo ^maVmVrb
Ë`mM ~±Ho$À`m H$moUË`mhr BVa emIoVyZ H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho.
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S>) ~±H$ ImVo ~§X H$aUo
(Closing of Account) :
~±H$oV ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va Ë`mdarb ì`dhma dfm©Zwdf} gwê$ AgVmV. nU H$m§hr doiog J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z
ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd òD$ eH$Vmo qH$dm H$m§hr doim ~±H$ {Vbm àmßV Pmboë`m A{YH$mamZwgma
J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$aUoMm {ZU©` KoVo. EH§$XarV ImVo ~§X H$aUo ho J«mhH$ d ~±H$ `m§À`m n[apñWVrda
Adb§~yZ AgVo.
ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`m_mJrb H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo Agy eH$VmV.
1) ImVoXmamZo amhÊ`mMr qH$dm ì`dgm`mMr OmJm ~Xbë`mg J«mhH$ ImVo ~§X H$aUo ng§V H$aVmo.
2) ImVoXmamMr ~mhoaJmdr ~Xbr Pmë`mg ì`dhma H$aUo gmoB©Mo Zgë`mZo J«mhH$ ImVo ~§X H$aVmo.
3) ~±Ho$À`m H$m_H$mO nÕVr~Ôb J«mhH$ g_mYmZr Zgë`mg ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.
4) ~±Ho$Mo ì`mOXa d {_iUmè`m gmo`r, H$m_H$mOdoim `m~m~V Ag_mYmZr Agë`mg J«mhH$
g§~§YrV ~±Ho$Vrb ImVo ~§X H$aVmo.
5) J«mhH$mbm ~±Ho$Mr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr e§H$mñnX dmQ>ë`mg ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.
6) AmdVu R>od d _wXV~§X R>od R>odUmè`m ImVoXmamg gXa R>odrMr _wXV g§nVmM ImVo ~§X H$amdo
bmJVo.
7) {H$ËòH$ doim J«mhH$mMr ~±Ho$er Agbobr dmJUyH$ b~mS>rMr d Xmofr Amho Ago dma§dma {XgyZ
Amë`mg ~±H$ gXa J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$aVo.
8) J«mhH$mMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg _¥Ë`y XIbm d dmagm hŠH$ XmIbm hOa Ho$ë`mg _yi ImVo ~§X H$ê$Z
aŠH$_ dmagmÀ`m Zmdo O_m Ho$br OmVo.
9) J«mhH$ doS>m, ^«{_ï> qH$dm {XdmiImoa Pmë`mg Ë`mMr Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo. O_m
aŠH$_ Á`m-Ë`m H$m`Xoera nmbH$mÀ`m Zmdo dJ© Ho$br OmVo.
10) H§$nZr d ^mJrXmar g§ñWmMo {dgO©Z Pmë`mg Ë`m§Mo ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.
11) dfm©Zwdf} ImË`mda ì`dhma Ho$bo OmV ZgVrb Va ~±H$ gXarb ImVo ~§X H$aVo.
12) ImVoXma {XdmiImoa Pmë`mg ~±H$ Ë`mMo ImVo ~§X H$aVo.
13) J«mhH$mZo ImË`mVrb {ebH$sMo {Vgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m Zmdo A{^hñVm§H$Z Ho$ë`mg ImVo ~§X Ho$bo
OmVo.
14) ImVoXma Oa H$moUmMo n¡go XoUo Agob Va YZH$moZo ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mVrb aŠH$_oda hŠH$
Xe©{dUmam Ý`m`mb`rZ hþHy$_ {_i{dbm Agë`mg d XoÊ`mnmoQ>r gd© aŠH$_ YZH$mobm {_imë`mg
ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.
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B
ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr :
ImVoXma d ~±H$ `m§À`mH$Sy>Z nwT>rb nÕVrZo ImVo ~§X Ho$bo OmVo.
1) ImVoXmamZo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm boIr AO© ~±Ho$H$S>o H$amd`mMm AgVmo. AOm©V ñdV:Mo Zmd,
nÎmm, ImË`mMm àH$ma d H«$_m§H$, ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMo H$maU BË`mXr H$amdo bJmVo.
2) ImVoXmamZo AOm©gmo~V nmg~wH$ d Z dmnabobo YZmXoe nwñVH$ naV H$amdo bmJVmV.
3) ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m {Xdgmn`ªV {Z`_mà_mUo ì`mO AmH$maUr H$ê$Z ì`mO ImË`mV O_m Ho$bo
OmVo.
4) ImVoXmamZo EH$ dfm©À`m AmV ImVo ~§X Ho$ë`mg "AZwf§JrH$ IM©' åhUyZ Aën aŠH$_ ~±H$
H$nmV H$aVo.
5) ~±H$ ImVoXmamÀ`m Zmdo (S>o{~Q> ZmoQ>) Zmdo ~§X {MÅ>r V`ma H$aVo. ImË`mdarb aŠH$_ Ë`mda
{b{hbr OmVo. nmg~wH$mV eodQ>r (Nil) Agm {eŠH$m _mabm OmVmo. ImVonwpñVHo$Vhr ImVo ~§X (Account
closed) Agm {eŠH$ _mabm OmVmo.
6) ~±H$ ImVoXmamg Ë`mÀ`m ImË`mdarb gd© aŠH$_m naV H$aVo.
2.2.3 ~±Ho$Mo hŠH$ d O~m~Xmè`m
(Bankers Rights and Obligations) :
~±H$ d ~±H$ J«mhH$ `m§À`m_Üò {ZH$Q>dVu g§~§Y AgyZ ~±H$ Am{U J«mhH$mbm Xþhoar ^y{_H$m dQ>dmdr
bmJVo. EH$m ~mOyZo ~±H$ n¡go R>odyZ YZH$moMr ^y{_H$m Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOyZo ~±Ho$VyZ H$O} KoD$Z F$UH$moMr
^y{_H$m Ë`mMà_mUo ~±Ho$bm gwÕm Xþhoar ^y{_H$m dQ>dmdr bmJVo. EH$m ~mOyZo R>odrXmamH$Sy>Z R>odr ñdrH$mê$Z
F$UH$moMr ^y{_H$m Am{U Xþgè`m ~mOyZo J«mhH$mbm H$O} XoD$Z H$ê$Z YZH$moMr ^y{_H$m Ë`mMà_mUo ~±H$
J«mhH$mgmR>r {d{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m godm nwa{dVmV. `m Xmohmo_Üò AVyQ> ZmË`mMo g§JmonZ d g§dY©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r
àm_w»`mZo ~±H$mZm d¡{eï>çnyU© hŠH$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m nma nmS>mì`m bmJVmV. Ë`mg§~§YrMm Aä`mg
nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm òB©b.
A) ~±Ho$Mo A{YH$ma
(Rights of Banks) :
~±Ho$bm nwT>rb ñdê$nmMo hŠH$ qH$dm A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmV.
1) ~±Ho$Mm Vm~ohŠH$
(Bankers Lien) :
EImÚm ì`ŠVrg H$O© {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> dñVy AJa _mb_Îmm VmaU R>odmdr bJmVo. g§~§{YV
ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$Om©Mr Omon`ªV naV\o$S> hmoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV gXa dñVyda ~±Ho$Mm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmo.
åhUOoM ~±H$m§Zm YmaUm{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. `m YmaUm{YH$mamMo dJuH$aU XmoZ JQ>mV Ho$bo OmVo.
A) gd©gmYmaU Vm~ohŠH$ qH$dm YmaUm{YH$ma : gd©gmYmaU Vm~ohŠH$mV F$UH$moH$Sy>Z òUo
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AgUmè`m AZoH$ ì`dhmamg§~§YrÀ`m aŠH$_m§g§~§Yr ~±Ho$bm dñVyda Vm~ohŠH$ àmßV hmoVmo.
~) {d{eï> Vm~ohŠH$ qH$dm YmaUm{YH$ma : {d{eï> Vm~ohŠH$mV F$UH$moH$Sy>Z òUo AgUmè`m
EImÚm {d{eï> H$Om©À`m aŠH$_oÀ`m nmoQ>r ~±Ho$bm VmaU dñVyda Vm~ohŠH$ àmßV hmoVmo.
2) n¡emMm {d{Z`moJ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$
(Right to Appropriation of
Payment) :
~±Ho$V ImVo CKSy>Z J«mhH$ Amnë`m ImË`mda {d{dY àH$mao aH$_m O_m H$aV AgVmo. ImË`mda O_m
hmoUmè`m aH$_oMm H$em àH$mao {d{Z`moJ H$amd`mMm ho R>a{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ ImVoXmamg AgVmo. ImVoXma Á`m
doiobm ImË`mda n¡go âV AgVmo qH$dm ~mhoarb ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mda n¡go O_m Ho$bo
OmVmV. Ë`m doiobm Ago n¡go H$moUË`m MoH$Mo qH$dm hþ§S>rMo n¡go ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r dmnamdoV ho gm§JÊ`mMm
hŠH$ ImVoXmamg AgVmo. nU ImË`mVrb aH$_oMm {d{Z`moJ H$moUË`m H$maUmgmR>r qH$dm H$moUË`m MoH$Mo
AJa {~bmMo n¡go ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$amdm `mg§~§Yr ImVoXmamZo AmXoe {Xbm Zgob Va ~±Ho$bm n¡emMm
{d{Z`moJ H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmo. Aemdoir ~±H$ _wXV g§nyZ Jobr Amho Aer H$O} ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r
XoIrb n¡emMm dmna H$ê$ eH$Vo.
3) ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU Am{U ânmB© H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
(Right to combine Accounts
and Right to set off) :
{H$ËòH$Xm R>odrXma Anë`m gmo`rgmR>r XmoZnojm A{YH$ ~±H$mVyZ ImVo CKS>Vmo. qH$dm EH$m ~±Ho$V
EH$mnojm A{YH$ ImVr CKS>Vmo. Xaå`mZ ~±H$ Am{U ImVoXma `m§À`m_Üò ~±Ho$À`m A{YH$mam{df`r H$ama
Pmbobm Zgob Va ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU Am{U ânmB© H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~±Ho$g àmßV hmoVmo. Agm _Vàdmh
{ZXe©Zmg òVmo. _mÌ àË`jmV gÜ`m EImXr ì`ŠVr EH$m ~±Ho$V EH$mnojm A{YH$ ImVr CKSy> eH$Vo. qH$dm
EH$mnojm A{YH$ ~±H$mV EH$mnojm OmXm ImVr CKSy> eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio EImXr ~±H$ EH$m ImË`mVrb aH$_m
AÝ` ImË`mgmR>r dmnê$ eH$V Zmhr. nU ~±H$ ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z "ânmB© nÌ' {bhÿZ KoD$ eH$Vo. qH$dm
ImVoXma _`V Pmbm Va Xaå`mZ ânmB© nÌ {bhÿZ KoVbo Zgbo Var ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMm Am{U
ânmB© XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~±Ho$g àmßV hmoVmo. Mmby ImË`mÀ`m ~m~VrV "ânmB© nÌ' {bhÿZ KoVmZm nwT>rb
~m~r {dMmamV KoVë`m OmVmV.
A) ImVoXmamg nyd©gyMZm Z XoVm ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU H$aVm òVo.
~) EH$m ImË`mVrb R>odrMm {d{Z`moJ Xþgè`m ImË`mVrb H$Om©Mr ânmB© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVm òVmo.
H$) àËòH$ ImË`mda {H$_mZ {eëbH$ aŠH$_oMr AQ> bmXbr OmVo.
4) ì`mO Am{U H${_eZ AmH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
( Right to change interest and
commission) :
~±H$ åhUOo Z\$m {_i{dUmar g§ñWm Agë`mZo Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV {d{dY _mJm©Zr CËnÞ
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dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ ~±H$ H$arV AgVo. ~±H$m§Mo CËnÞmMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo Am{U _moR>o gmYZ åhUOo H$O©
ì`dhmamVrb ì`mO AgVo. Voìhm YZH$mo `m ZmË`mZo F$UH$mo ImVoXmamH$Sy>Z H$Om©darb ì`mO dgyb
H$aÊ`mMm ~±Ho$bm A{YH$ma Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`m J«mhH$m§Zm {d{dY godm XoV AgVmV.
CXm. J«mhH$mÀ`m n¡emMo ñWmZm§Va, dñVw gwa{jV R>odUo, n¡go dgyb H$aUo `mgma»`m {H$VrVar godm XoV
AgVmV. Aem godm H$m`m©~Ôb H${_eZ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~±H$mZm àmßV hmoVmo. ì`mOmMr Am{U godm
ewëH$mMr aŠH$_ g§~§{YV ImVoXmamÀ`m ImË`mda (Debit) Q>mH$Ê`mV òVo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m A{YH$f© gdbV Am{U H°$e H«o${S>Q> `mda Xa VrZ qH$dm ghm _{hÝ`mZr H$m§hr
AZwf§{JH$ IM© H$aVmV. Agm IM© {Xboë`m godoÀ`m à_mUmV AmH$mabm OmVmo.
5) nwamì`mg§~§Yr H$m`ÚmZo {Xbobm A{YH$ma
(Rihgt conferred by the Evidence Act)
^maVmVrb Bankers Books Evidednce Act `m H$m`ÚmVrb {VÀ`m XaamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamVrb
IQ>ë`mV ~±Ho$bm {VÀ`m XaamoOÀ`m ì`dhmamVrb Zm|XnwñVHo$ nwamdm åhUyZ H$moQ>m©V hOa H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr gŠVr
H$aVm òUma Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr IQ>ë`mer g§~§{YV ì`dhmamMr _m{hVr XoUmam CVmam (~±Ho$Mr ghr {eŠH$m
Agbobr) ZŠH$b qH$dm CVmam gmXa Ho$bm Var MmbVmo. H$m`ÚmZwgma H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr J«mhH$m§À`m
ì`dhmamg§~§YrÀ`m døm d Zm|Xr nwñVHo$ XmIdÊ`mg§~§Yr ~±Ho$da X~md AmUy eH$V Zmhr.
6) ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
(Right to close an acoount)
:
ImVoXmamg ñdV:Mo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo {d{eï> n[apñWVrV ~±H$ gwÕm
ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$ê$ eH$Vo. EImÚm ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$amd`mMo Agob Va ~±Ho$Zo Ë`mg§~§YrMr
ZmoQ>rg ImVoXmamg {Xbr nm{hOo. gd©gmYmaUnUo Imbrb H$maUmgmR>r ImVoXmamMo ImVo ~§X H$aUo Amdí`H$
R>aVo.
A) ImË`mV nwaoer {eëH$b ZgVmZm MoH$ XoUo.
~) daModa MoH$Mo n¡go XoUo ZmH$maUo
H$) n¡go dgyb hmoV ZmhrV Aem MoH$Mm âUm H$aUo.
S>) ImË`mda XoUo Agbobr {~bo ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r nwaogo n¡go Z âUo.
~) ~±Ho$À`m O~m~Xmè`m
(Banker's obligations) :
1) J«mhH$mÀ`m MoH$Mo n¡go XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
(Obligation to pay customer's cheques)
J«mhH$mÀ`m _mJUrZwgma n¡go naV H$aÊ`mMr ~±Ho$Mr O~m~Xmar AgVo. J«hH$mZo _mJUr H$aVmM n¡go
XoÊ`mÀ`m ~±Ho$À`m O~m~XmarMo ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo AgVo.
A) MoH$Mo n¡go XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar : ImË`mda nwaoer aŠH$_ {eëbH$ AgVmZm J«mhH$mZo
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H$mT>boë`m MoH$Mo n¡go XoÊ`mMr ~±Ho$Mr H$m`Xoera O~m~Xmar AgVo. hr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>rV AgVmZm
nwT>rb Jmoï>r bjmV ¿`mì`m bmJVmV.
1) J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mda MoH$Mo n¡go ^mJdVm òB©b EdT>r nwaoer aŠH$_ {eëbH$ Amho.
2) MoH$ n¡emgmR>r _wXVrV gmXa Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) ~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$mbm A{YH$f© gdbV {Xbr Agob Am{U J«mhH$mZo Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda MoH$ H$mT>bm
Agob Va MoH$Mr aŠH$_ A{YH$f© gdbVrÀ`m aH$_onojm OmñV Agy Zò.
4) J«mhH$mZo H$mT>bobm MoH$ gd© Ñï>rZo n[anyU© Amho H$s Zmhr.
5) Á`m ImË`mda MoH$ H$mT>bm Amho, Ë`m ImË`mda nwaoer aŠH$_ {eëbH$ Zgob Aem doir
MoH$Mm AmXa H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ~±Ho$V J«mhH$m§À`m Zmdo Agboë`m Xþgè`m ImË`mdarb aŠH$_
EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mMm ~±Ho$g A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho H$s Zmhr.
2) J« m hH$mÀ`m ImË`mMr Jw ß VVm amIÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
(Obligation of secrets of
customer's account) :
~±H$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb ì`dhmamMo ñdê$n nyUn© Uo ImOJr Agë`m_wio J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mg§~Y§ rÀ`m
ì`dhmamMm Vnerb JwßV amIUo Am{U Ë`mMr {VèhmB©Vmbm _m{hVr Z XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ~±Ho$Mr AgVo.
H$maU J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mg§~§YrMr qH$dm ~±Ho$er MmbUmè`m ì`dhmamMr _m{hVr ~mhoarb ì`ŠVrbm
g_Oë`mg J«mhH$mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oVrb nVrda (Credit) n[aUm_ hmoD$Z Ë`mbm ZwH$gmZ gmogmdo bmJÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
na§Vw gm_m{OH$ {hVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ~±H$ J«mhH$m§À`m ImË`m{df`r nwT>rb H$maUm§gmR>r _m{hVr nwadmdr
bmJVo.
A) Am`H$a H$m`Xm, AÝ` JwÝho emoYÊ`mgmR>r, Ý`m`mb`mg nwamdm gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r JwßV _m{hVr
nwadmdr bmJVo.
~) H$O© h_rXmamZo H$O©XmamMr _m{hVr _m{JVbr Va Vr nwadmdr bJmVo.
H$) H$Om©Mr dgwbr H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmg§~§YrMr OmonmgUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r JwßV _m{hVr
nwadmdr bmJVo.
S>) J«mhH$mZo Amnbr _m{hVr {d{eï> ì`ŠVrg nwadmdr Aer gwMZm {Xë`mg JwßV _m{hVr nwadmdr
bmJVo.
B) ~±H$m-~±H$m§VJ©V ImVoXmam§À`m / J«mhH$m§À`m ì`dhmamMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r JwßV _m{hVr
nwadmdr bJmVo.
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\$) J«mhH$mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m H$m`Xoera dmagm§g dmagm hŠH$ em~rV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~±Ho$Zo _m{hVr
nwamdr bmJVo.
3) _`m©Xm H$m`ÚmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmar O~m~Xmar
(Rights of laws of limitations) :
H$m`Xoera VaVwXrZwgma H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z òUo Agbobo n¡go dgyb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma YZH$mog VrZ
dfm©À`m H$mimV Omar H$amdm bmJVmo. AÝ`Wm YZH$moMm n¡gm dgwbrMm hŠH$ g§nwï>mV òVmo. _mÌ ~±Ho$Vrb
Mmby qH$dm ~MV ImË`mVrb aH$_oMr J«mhH$mZo _mJUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va ËdarV nyU© H$amdr bmJVo `mCbQ>
_wXVrÀ`m R>odr {d{eï> H$mimZ§Va H$aVm òVmV. {edm` J«mhH$mZo R>odrMo ZyVZrH$aU Ho$boVa R>odrMr
H$mb_`m©Xm dmT>{dbr Va _mÌ _`m©Xm H$m`Xm Omar hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
2.2.4 ~±H$ J«mhH$mMo hŠH$ Am{U O~m~Xmè`m
(Bank customers rights and obligations) :
~±H$ J«mhH$mMm EO§Q> `m ZmË`mZo Ë`mÀ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m`© {dídmgZo d dmOdr IMm©V H$arV AgVo.
Ë`mZwgma ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Mo A{YH$ma d O~m~Xmè`m nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òVrb.
A) ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Mo A{YH$ma / hŠH$
(Bank customers rights)
^maVmVrb ~±qH$J H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm nwT>rb A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbo AmhoV.
1) godoMm A{YH$ma :
~±H$ J«mhH$m§Zm {dÎmr` d BVa godm XoVo. Vr godm `mo½` Zgob Va ~±H$ godo{df`r VH«$ma H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma ~±H$ J«mhH$mbm Amho.
2) {Oëhm _§MmH$S>o VH«$marMm A{YH$ma :
~±H$ godo{df`r VH«$ma H$aUogmR>r amÁ` gaH$maZo àËòH$ {OëhçmV {Oëhm J«mhH$ {ddmX ânmB© _§M
ñWmnZ Ho$bm Amho. `m _§MmH$S>o VH«$ma H$aUoMm hŠH$ J«mhH$mbm Amho. ~±H$ J«mhH$mZm Or godm XoVo Ë`mV
AnwaonUm Agob, godoMm XOm© Mm§Jbm Zgob, ~±Ho$Zo EImÚm AZw{MV ì`dhma nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Va
J«mhH$ {Oëhm _§MmH$S>o VH«$ma H$ê$ eH$VmV. {Oëhm _§M {déÕ J«mhH$mbm amÁ` Am`moJmH$S>o Am{U amï´>r`
Am`moJmH$S>o VH«$ma H$aVm òVo.
3) J«mhH$ _§MmZo ~±Ho$À`m godoVrb {d{dY H$_VaVo{df`H$ J«mhH$mMm A{YH$ma _mZyZ H$mhr {ZU©`
{Xbo AmhoV. ~±H$ godoV C{Udm Agë`mg J«mhH$mbm VH«$ma H$aUoMm A{YH$ma Amho. J«mhH$mZo Amnë`m
ImË`mda O_m Ho$boë`m MoH$Mo n¡go doioV O_m Ho$bo Zmhr Va VH«$ma H$aUoMm A{YH$ma J«mhH$mbm Amho.
~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$mÀ`m H$O© \o$S>rMr Zm|X Ho$br Zmhr qH$dm Ë`mMr nmdVr {Xbr Zmhr Va J«mhH$ VH«$ma H$ê$
eH$Vmo. J«mhH$ ~±Ho$V R>od R>odVmZm Omo ì`mOXa H$amamV Z_yX R>abm Agob Am{U Ë`mnojm H$_r ì`mOXa
{Xbm Va J«mhH$mbm R>aë`mZwgma ì`mO _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. ~±H$Mo EO§Q> J«mhH$m§H$Sy>Z {d{dY ~MV
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ImË`mgmR>r n¡go Jmoim H$ê$Z Vo J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mda âVmV. nU Ooìhm `m EO§Q> H$Sy>Z ~±Ho$V ImË`mda
n¡go âbo Zmhr Va Ë`mMr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© J«mhH$mbm _mJVm òVo. A{V[aŠV R>odrda ì`mO _mJÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma J«mhH$mbm Amho.
4) ImË`mdarb n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma :
ImË`mda ~±Ho$À`m {Z`_mà_mUo `mo½` {eëbH$ aŠH$_ R>odyZ Cd©[aV n¡go H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m pñbnZo qH$dm
MoH$Zo ImË`mdarb aŠH$_ H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma J«mhH$mbm AgVmo.
5) A{YH$f© gdbVrMm A{YH$ma :
A{YH$f© gdbV hm ~±H$ d J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb H$ama AgVmo. A{YH$f©; gdbVrÀ`m aH$_oÀ`m _`m©XoV
n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMm ~±H$ J«mhH$mbm A{YH$ma AgVmo.
6) ~±Ho$bm gwMZm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma :
~±H$ J«mhH$mbm Amnë`m ImË`m{df`r `mo½` Ë`m gwMZm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo.
~) ~±H$ J«mhH$mÀ`m O~m~Xmè`m / Xm{`Ëd
(Bank Customers obligations) :
~±H$ J«mhH$mbm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vo doir H$m§hr O~m~Xmè`m (Xm{`Ëd) pñdH$mamì`m bmJVmV Ë`m
nwT>rbà_mUo1) ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMo Xm{`Ëd / O~m~Xmè`m :
ì`ŠVrZo ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va Vmo ~±H$ J«mhH$ hmoVmo. `mgmR>r J«mhH$ ImVo CKS>Umè`mMo Xm{`Ëd
nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r nwT>rb ~m~tMr XjVm ¿`mdr bmJVo.
A) {dZ§Vr : ~±Ho$V d {VÀ`m emIoV OmD$Z g§~§YrV A{YH$mè`mH$S>o Amnbr BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$amdr
bmJVo. Á`m àH$maMo ImVo CKS>md`mMo Amho Ë`m ImË`mÀ`m \$m`Úm-VmoQ>çmMr _m{hVr KoVbr nm{hOo.
~) AO© H$aUo : ~±Ho$Zo ImVo CKS>Ê`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§Va R>am{dH$ Z_wÝ`mV AO© H$amdm bmJVmo.
àËòH$ àH$maÀ`m ImË`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì AO© AgVmo. AOm©V Zmd, Jmd, nÎmm, ì`dgm`, dmagXmamMo Zmd
BË`mXr _m{hVr {bhÿZ `mo½` Ë`m {R>H$mUr Amnbr ñdmjar H$amdr bmJVo.
H$) Z_wZm ghrMo H$mS>© : ImVo CKS>VmZm Or ì`ŠVr Ë`m ImË`mMm àË`j dmna H$aUma Amho
Ë`mÀ`m XmoZ-VrZ Z_wZm gøm H$mS>m©da KoVë`m OmVmV. ì`dhma H$aVodoir _yi ghrer Vr ghr Owibr
nm{hOo `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVbr OmVo.
S>) boIr AmkmnÌ : ~±H$ J«mhH$ ñdV:À`m ImË`mda ñdV: ì`dhma H$aUo EodOr Xþgè`mbm gm§JUma
Agob Va Vgo boIr AmkmnÌ ^ê$Z XoUo hr ~±H$ J«mhH$mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo.
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B) n¡go âÊ`mMr pñbn : ImVo CKS>VmZm, AOm©gmo~V H$m§hr n¡go J«mhH$mbm âmdo bmJVmV
Ë`mgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì pñbn âmdr bmJVo.
\$) nmg~wH$ KoUo : ~±Ho$Zo J«mhH$mMo ImVo CKS>ë`mda ~±H$ Ë`mbm nmg~wH$ XoVo. Ë`mda AgUmam
ImVo H«$_m§H$ ~±Ho$er ì`dhma H$aVmZm AMyH$ {b{hUo ho ImVoXmamMo Xm{`Ëd AgVo. dma§dma nmg~wH$ ^ê$Z
KoD$Z aH$_oMm Vnerb nmhUo Ë`mMo H$V©ì` AgVo.
J) MoH$~wH$ XoUo : ~±Ho$er ì`dhma H$aUogmR>r MoH$ KoD$Z Ë`mMm `mo½` dmna H$aUo, J«mhH$mMo
H$V©ì` Amho.
2) ImË`mdarb àË`j ì`dhmamMo Xm{`Ëd :
ImË`mV n¡go âUo, MoH$ âUo, hþ§S>çm, S´>mâQ>g² H$mT>Uo BË`mXrgmR>r {d{dY \$m°_© AgVmV. Vo
ì`dpñWV âUo J«mhH$mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo. n¡go H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m pñbnMm (Withdrawal slip) `mo½` dmna
d ì`dpñWV âUo ho J«mhH$mMo H$V©ì` AgVo. ~è`mM doim ñdV: n¡go H$mT>UogmR>r Am{U BVa XodKodrgmR>r
MoH$Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. hm dmna H$miOrnyd©H$ H$aUo ho J«mhH$mMo Xm{`Ëd Amho. ImVoXmambm Oo nmg~wH$
{Xbobo AgVo Ë`mVrb doimodoir gd© Zm|Xr `mo½` Agë`mMr ImÌr H$aÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd ImVoXmamMo AgVo.
3) ImË`mÀ`m ñWmZ~Xbm{df`r Xm{`Ëd / O~m~Xmar :
ImVoXmamMo ImVo EH$m emIoVyZ Xþgè`m emIoV AJa EH$m JmdmVrb ~±Ho$VyZ Xþgè`m ~±Ho$V ImVo
~XbyZ KoUo åhUOo ImË`mMm ñWmZ~Xb Ago åhUVmV. ho gd©ñdr Xm{`Ëd ImVoXmamMo AgVo. Aemdoir
{eëbH$ MoH$~wH$ d nmg~wH$ ~±Ho$bm naV H$aUo. {eëbH$ aŠH$_ amoIo KoUo qH$dm Z{dZ {R>H$mUr O_m
H$aUog ~±Ho$bm gm§JUo ho gd© ì`dhma H$aÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd ImVoXmamMo AgVo.
4) ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMo Xm{`Ëd :
J«mhH$ ~±Ho$À`m {dÎmr` ì`dhmamer {deof Am{U BVa godo~m~V g_mYmZr Zgob, ~±Ho$er ì`dhma
H$aUo J¡agmo`rMo Agob BË`mXr H$maUmgmR>r J«mhH$ ImVo ~§X H$aVmo. `mdoir dmnamV Zgbobo MoH$~wH$ Am{U
nmg~wH$ naV H$aUo ho J«mhH$mMo Xm{`Ëd AgVo. EH$ dfm©À`m AmV ImVo ~§X Ho$ë`mg ~±Ho$À`m Z`_mZwgma
R>am{dH$ X§S> J«mhH$mbm âmdm bmJVmo.
2.3 gmam§e :
1) Á`m ì`ŠVrg AR>am df} nyU© Pmbr AmhoV Ë`m gkmZ ì`ŠVrbm ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Vm òVo.
2) ì`ŠVr Am{U g§ñWm `m§À`m ì`dhmamZwgma ~±Ho$ ImVoXmamMo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV.
3) H$moUË`mhr ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mnydu ì`ŠVrbm H$m§hr àmW{_H$ Jmoï>rMr nwV©Vm H$amdr bmJVo.
Ë`m åhUOo {dZ§Vr H$aUo, AO© H$aUo, AO© VnmgUr, AO© d n¡go XoUo Am{U ImVo CKSy>Z ~±H$ nmg~wH$
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àmßVr BË`mXr.
4) ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va gXa ImË`mda n¡go âUo, n¡go H$mT>Uo, YZmXoe nwñVH$mMr _mJUr
VgoM ~±Ho$Zo ImVoXmamg {Xboë`m BVa godm d gw{dYm {_i{dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmV.
5) J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd òD$ eH$Vmo qH$dm H$m§hr doim ~±H$ {Vbm àmßV Pmboë`m
A{YH$mamZwgma J«mhH$mMo ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVo.
6) ~±Ho$bm ~±qH$J H$m`ÚmZwgma Amnbr J«mhH$m§~m~VMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>Ê`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo H$mhr hŠH$
àmßV hmoVmV.
7) J«mhH$mÀ`m MoH$Mo n¡go XoUo, ImË`mMr JwßVVm amIUo VgoM _`m©Xm H$m`ÚmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmar
O~m~Xmar ~±Ho$bm nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
1) gkmZ ì`ŠVr : AR>am df©o nyU© Pmbobr ì`ŠVr.
2) ~±H$ J«mhH$ : ~±Ho$V H$moUVohr ImVo AgUmam J«mhH$.
3) ImVo nwpñVH$m : ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>ë`mZ§Va {_iUmao nmg~wH$.
4) YZmXoe : ~±H$ ì`dhma H$aUogmR>r J«mhH$mbm {Xbobm MbZj_ XñVEodO.
5) YZH$mo : ~±Ho$V R>od R>odUmam J«mhH$ Am{U H$O© XoUmar ~±H$.
6) F$UH$mo : R>od pñdH$maUmar ~±H$ Am{U H$O© KoUmam J«mhH$.
7) A{YH$f© gdbV : J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`mdarb {eëbH$ aŠH$_onojm OmXm aŠH$_ H$mT>Ê`mg {Xbobr
gdbV.
2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX âm.
1) gm_mÝ`nUo {ZË`mÀ`m ì`dhmamV ~±Ho$Mm Á`m ì`ŠVrer qH$dm g§ñWm§er g§~§Y òVmo Ë`m§Zm ~±Ho$Mo
............. Ago åhUVmV.
A) emgZ
~) _mbH$
H$) J«mhH$
S>) ~§°H$ godH$
2) ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZwgma Á`m ì`ŠVrMo d` AR>am dfm©nojm H$_r Amho, Aem ì`ŠVrg
............. g_Obo OmVo.
A) d`modÕ
¥
~) AkmZ
H$) gkmZ S>) `mn¡H$s H$moUVohr Zmhr.
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3) .............. ImË`mda J«mhH$mbm {XdgmVyZ {H$Vrhr doim n¡go H$mT>Vm òVmV d âVm òVmV.
A) Mmby ImVo
~) ~MV ImVo
H$) _wXV~§X ImVo S>) AmdVu R>od ImVo
4) ~±Ho$V n¡go pñdH$maUmè`m Am{U n¡go XoUmè`m godH$mg ............... åhUVmV.
A) gwajH$
~) amoInmb
H$) J«mhH$
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
5) ImË`mMo EH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma {_i{dUogmR>r ~±H$ J«mhH$mH$Sy>Z ............. {bhÿZ
KoV.o
A) YZmXoe
~) R>odnÌ
H$) ~MVnÌ
S>) ânmB© nÌ
6) ImVo CKS>ë`mnmgyZ EH$ dfm©À`m AmV ~§X Ho$ë`mg ~±H$ {Z`_mZwgma ............ âmdm
bmJVmo.
A) \$s
~) X§S>
H$) naVmdm
S>) ì`mO
~) Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
1. _wXV~§X R>od ImË`mda ~±H$ A{YH$f© gdbV XoVo.
2. EH$Ì qhXÿ Hw$Qw>§~mMo ImVo Mmb{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$Ë`m© ì`ŠVrbm AgVmo.
3. YZmXoe ~±H$ S´>mâQ>, bm^m§e Hw$nZ, ì`mO BË`mXrÀ`m aH$_m Ë`m§Mr dgwbr Pmë`mZ§Va ImË`mda
O_m hmoVmV.
4. ì`mO Am{U H${_eZ AmH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma J«mhH$mMm AgVmo.
5. J«mhH$mÀ`m ImË`m~m~V JwßVVm amIÊmoMr O~m~Xmar ~±Ho$Mr AgVo.
H$) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. ^maVr` H$ama H$m`ÚmZwgma ~±Ho$V H$moU ImVo CKSy> eH$VmV.
2. AmdVu R>od ImVo H$moUmbm Cn`wŠV AgVo.
3. J«mhH$ n[aM` {ZH$f
(KYC)
åhUOo H$m` ?
4. J«mhH$ Amnë`m ImË`mdarb n¡go H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r H$moUË`m XñVEodOmMm dmna H$aVmV.
5. ~±H$ ImVoXmamMm _¥Ë`y Pmë`mg ImË`mdarb {eëbH$ aŠH$_ H$moUmbm {_iVo.
2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
A) 1) J«mhH$
5) ânmB©-nÌ
2) AkmZ>
3) ~MV ImVo
6) X§S>
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4) amoInmb>
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~) 1) MyH$
2) ~amo~a>
3) ~amo~a$
4) MyH$
5) ~amo~a
2.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`.
A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. ~±H$ ImË`mMo àH$ma WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.
2. ~±Ho$V ImVo CKS>Ê`mMr H$m`©nÕVr {deX H$am.
3. ~±Ho$V ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr H$m`©nÕVr ñnï> H$am.
4. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m hŠH$m§Mr WmoS>Š`mV MMm© H$am. ~±Ho$Mo A{YH$ma gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo ñnï>H$aU H$am.
5. ~±H$ J«mhH$mÀ`m {d{dY A{YH$mam§Mr MMm© H$am.
6. ~§H$ ImVoXmam§Mo {d{dY Xm{`Ëd ñnï> H$am.
~) Q>rnm {bhm.
1. Mmby ImVo.
2. ImË`mMm dmna H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr
3. ~±Ho$Vrb ImVo ~§X H$aÊ`mMr H$maUo.
4. ~±H$o Mo hŠH$
5. ~±H$o Mr H$V©ìò
6. ImË`mdarb n¡go H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma.
7. ImË`mdarb àË`j ì`dhmamMo Xm{`Ëd.
2.8 g§X^©
1) _mZH$a-S>m§Jo (1990) "àJV ~±qH$J : H$m`Xo d nÕVr', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
2) àm. eaX JrVo (1990) "~±qH$JMr _ybVËdmMo ì`dhma'
Sheth Publication Pvt. Ltd.,
Mumbai.
3. S>m°. H$m`§Xo-nmQ>rb, àmMm`© JmoaI gm§Jio, S>m° h§gamO WmoamV, àm. ~m~m~mgmho~ gm§Jio, àm.
ZmZmgmho~ ndma, àm. XJSy> {ZH$_ (2002) ~±H$ ì`dgm`mMr _wbVËdo, M¡VÝ`, npãbHo$eZ,
Zm{eH$-13
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4) S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, àm. Ho$. gr. Omoer (2011) "n¡gm Am{U {dÎmr` aMZm', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya.
5) S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rb, S>m°. nr. ~r. Hw$bH$Uu, S>m°. E. Eg. _hm{S>H$, S>m°. EZ². Ho$. nmQ>rb,
àm. ìhr. ~r. H$H$S>o (1994) "^maVr` ~±qH$J', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
6) àm. gr. Oo. Omoer, àm. EZ. nr. ZmVy, àm. ìhr. Eg. H$X_, àm. S>r. E. H$X_ (1978)
"AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$ ì`dgm`,' \$S>Ho$ ~wH$gobg©, _hmÛma amoS>, H$moëhmnya.
7) S>m°. gr. Oo. Omoer, àm. AemoH$ S>m§Jo (1998) "~±qH$J A°ÊS> \$m`ZmÝg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya.
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 3
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
(Reserve Bank of India)
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo g§KQ>Z d ñWmnZm
3.2.2
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU
3.2.3
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr nV{Z`§ÌU gmYUo
3.2.4
{dÎmr` g_mdoeZ
3.3 gmam§e
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
3.6 ñd`§ AÜ`Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W.
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmV AmnUmg Imbrb ~m~r nhmd`mÀ`m AmhoV.
1. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m ~±Ho$À`m ñWmnZoMr nmíd©^y_r, g§KQ>Z, ì`dñWmnZ, {VMr H$m`}
OmUyZ KoUo.
2. [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUm~m~VMr C{Ôï>ço g_OmdyZ KoUo.
3. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU gmYUo, Ë`m§Mr H$m`©dmhr B. ~m~r
g{dñVanUo bjmV KoUo.
4. ~±qH$J joÌmVrb Zm{dÊ`nyU© g§H$ënZm åhUOo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr OmUyZ KoUo.
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~r.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....1
3.1 àñVmdZm :
{dH$mgm_Üò _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo Iwn _hÎd AgVo. AZoH$ XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m B{Vhmgmdê$Z ho
AmT>iyZ Amë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ^maVmV XoIrb _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mo H$m`© [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$Sy>Z Ho$bo
OmVo. gZ 1935 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr ñWmnZm RBI Act 1934 Zwgma H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
g§nyU© OJmV _Ü`dVu ~±H$m ñWmnÝ`mMo lo` pñdS>Z d B§½b§S> `m XoemH$S>o OmVo. gZ 1656 _Üò
pñdS>Z `m XoemV Risk Bank of Sweeden `m ZmdmZo n{hbr ~±H$ gwê$ Pmbr. nwT>o 1694 _Üò
AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì, VÎd àUmbr Zwgma B§½b§S> `m XoemV ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½b§S> `m ZmdmZo _Ü`dVu ~±H$ gwê$ Pmbr.
~±H$ Am°\$ B§½b§S> emóewÕ nÕVrZo gwê$ Pmë`mZo {Vbm OJmVrb n{hbr _Ü`dVu ~±H$ åhUyZ _mZ {Xbm
OmVmo. `mZ§Va \«$mÝg 1800, ZoXab±S> 1894, Am°ñQ´>r`m 1817, Zm°d} 1817, S>oÝ_mH©$ 1818, a{e`m
1860, O_©Zr 1875, OnmZ 1882 B. XoemV _Ü`dVu ~±H$m gwê$ Pmë`m. 1920 n`ªV AZoH$ XoemV
_Ü`dVu ~±H$m gwê$ Pmë`m gZ 1920 _Üò ~«wgoëg òWo Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda EH$ {dÎmr` n[afX
â{dÊ`mV Ambr. n[afXoV gd© XoemVyZ _Ü`dVu ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$amdr Agm R>amd nmg Pmbm. `m_wio
Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^maVmgh AZoH$ XoemV _Ü`dVu ~±H$m ñWmnZ Pmë`m. AmO OJmVrb gd© XoemVyZ
_Ü`dVu ~±H$m H$m`©aV Pmë`m AmhoV. ^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§ÍmZ§Va 1 OmZodmar 1949 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$
B§{S>`mMo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
(Subject Analysis)
:
àñVwV KQ>H$mV AmnU [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr ñWmnZm, H$m`}, MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU, nV{Z`§ÌUmMr
g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ gmYZo, {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ B. ~m~tMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.2.1 [aPìh© ~±H$o Mo g§KQ>Z d ñWmnZm :
^maVmV gZ 1926 _Üò {hëQ>Z `§J g{_VrZo _Ü`dVu ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br.
Ë`mà_mUo 1927 _Üò `m~m~V EH$ {dYo`H$ gmXa H$aUæmV Ambo. na§Vw H$mhr AS>MUr_wio Vo g§_V hmoD$
eH$bo Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va 1934 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ A°ŠQ> Zwgma [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr ñWmnZm H$aUoV
Ambr.
gwê$dmVrbm `m ~±Ho$Mo A{YH¥$V ^m§S>db 5 H$moQ>r énò hmoVo. `mVrb H$mhr ^m§S>db ñdV: gaH$maZo
IaoXr Ho$bo Amho Va 40% ^mJ^m§S>db ImOJr ^mJYmaH$m§Zr IaoXr Ho$bo Amho. _mÌ ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va åhUOo
1 OmZodmar 1949 amoOr [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
B
ì`dñWmnZ :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo àemgZ H$_©Mmè`m§À`m hmVr Amho Va ì`dñWmnZ _mÌ _Ü`dVu g§MmbH$
_§S>imH$S>o Amho. g§MmbH$m§Mr g§»`m 20 BVH$s Amho. `mn¡H$s 1 JìhZ©a, 4 Cn JìhZ©a `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ 5
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dfm©gmR>r AgVo. 4 g§MmbH$ ñWm{ZH$ _§S>im_YyZ {ZdS>bo OmVmV. EH$ g§MmbH$ AW©ImË`mMo g{Md
AgVmV. Va BVa 10 g§MmbH$ CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, ghH$ma B. joÌmVrb Vkm_YyZ {Z`wŠV Ho$bobo AgVmV.
B
H$m`m©b` d emIm :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo _w»` H$m`m©b` _w§~B© ehamV Amho. ~±Ho$Mr emIm H$m`m©bò H$mobH$Îmm,
~§Jbmoa, {Xëbr, H$mZnya, MoÞB© òWo AmhoV. Va bIZm¡, Ah_Xm~mX, ^wdZoœa, O`nya, h¡Ðm~mX, ZmJnya,
nmQ>Um, {Ìd|Ð_ B. H$m§hr emIm H$m`m©bò AmhoV. AmO OoWo [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr emIm Zmhr. VoWo {VMo
{ZagUJ¥hmMo H$m`© ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$H$S>o gmon{dbo Amho.
3.2.4 ~±Ho$Vrb A§VJ©V {d^mJ :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$V H$m_H$mOmÀ`m gmoB©gmR>r H$m§hr A§VJ©V {d^mJ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV Vo
Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1) MbZ {d^mJ 2) ~±qH$J {d^mJ, 3) ~±qH$J {dH$mg {d^mJ, 4) ~±qH$J ì`dhma {d^mJ,
5) H¥$fr nVnwadR>m {d^mJ, 6) {d{Z_` {Z`§ÌU {d^mJ, 7) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm {d^mJ, 8) {~Ja ~±qH$J
H§$nÝ`m {d^mJ, 9) H$m`Xo {d^mJ, 10) g§emoYZ d gm§»`rH$s {d^mJ, 11) n`©dojU {d^mJ B.
B
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr H$m`} :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m XmoZ àH$maMr H$m`} H$aVo.
1) ~±qH$J H$m`} qH$dm {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ H$m`} EH$ {dÎmr` g§ñWm åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±H$ H$m§hr _hÎdmMr
~±qH$J H$m`} H$aVo, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1) MbZ {Z{_©Vr
(Issue of Currency) :
^maVmV MbZ{Z{_©VrMr _ŠVoXmar [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mH$S>o Amho. òWo MbZ {Z{_©Vr H$arVm
AmYma åhUyZ gwê$dmVrg 1956 n`ªV à_mU{ea {ZYr nÕVrZo {ZYr R>odbm OmV Ago. 1957 nmgyZ
{H$_mZ {ZYr nÕVrMm pñdH$ma H$aUoV Ambm Amho. `mà_mUo gwédmVrg 400 H$moQ>r én`mMo gmoZo d naH$s`
MbZ MbZmbm AmYma åhUyZ R>odbo OmV hmoVo. H$mb§VamZo `m_Üò AmUIr KQ> H$ê$Z 115 H$moQ>r én`mMo
gmoZo d 85 H$moQ>r én`mMo naH$s` MbZ MbZmg AmYma åhUyZ R>odÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr.
^maVmV [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mH$Sy>Z énò 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 d 1000 qH$_VrÀ`m
ZmoQ>m N>mnë`m OmVmV. Va énò 1 Mr ZmoQ> d gd© ZmUr H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m`© gaH$maÀ`m AW©ImË`mH$S>o Amho.
^maVmV 2 én`mdarb gd© ZmoQ>mda [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m JìhZ©aMr ñdmjar AgVo Va 1 én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>oda AW©
ImË`mÀ`m g{MdmMr ñdmjar AgVo. `m_Üò g§~§YrV ZmoQ>rÀ`m qH$_Vr BVHo$ gmoZo XoÊ`mMo A{^dMZ
AgVo.
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2) gaH$maMr ~±H$
(Government Bank) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ gaH$maMr ~±H$ åhUyZhr H$m`© H$aVo. `m_Üò hr ~±H$ H$O© H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$maMr Mmby
ImVr, H$O© ImVr B. gwê$ H$aVo, ImË`mda gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo aŠH$_m pñdH$maVo. gaH$mabm nm{hOo Voìhm
amoI aŠH$_ CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVo. gaH$maMr {eëbH$ gm§^miUo, n¡emMo ñWmZm§VaU, gdm©O{ZH$ H$O©
C^maUr, H$Om©Mo ì`dñWmnZ, {dXoer {d{Z_` ì`dhma, Am§Vaamï´>r` g§ñWoda CXm. ZmUo{ZYr, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$
B. da à{V{ZYrËd H$aUo Aer {d{dY H$m`} H$aVo.
3) ~±H$m§Mr ~±H$
(Bankers Bank) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m ~±H$m§Mr ~±H$ `m ZmË`mZo H$m`© H$aVo. `m_Üò XoemVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m,
ghH$mar ~±H$m, {dXoer ~±H$m B. Mm amoI {ZYr gwa{jV R>odUo, ~±H$m§Zm nadmZm XoUo, emIm {dñVmambm
nadmZm, amoI{ZYrV ~Xb, amIrd {ZYr, H$m`Xoera amoIVm, à_mUnÌ ~Xb H$aUo B. H$m`} H$aVo.
[aPìh© ~±H$ ì`mnmar ~±Ho$H$S>rb hþ§S>çm dQ>{dUo, Aën _wXVr H$O© nwadR>m, {dXoer MbZmMm nwadR>m,
{ZagZJ¥hmMr gmo`, ~o{eñV ~±H$m§Mm nadmZm aÔ H$aUo, ~±H$ {dbrZrH$aU, ~±H$mMm AS>r-AS>MUrÀ`m
H$mimV VmËH$mi _XV XoÊ`mMo XoIrb H$m`© H$aVo.
4) nV{Z`§ÌU H$m`©
(Credit Control) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ MbZ {Z{_©VrMo H$m`© H$aVo. Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m nV{Z{_©VrMo H$m`© H$aVmV. ì`mnmar
~±Ho$À`m nV{Z{_©Vr_wio XoemV MbZdmT> qH$dm ^mddmT> Am{U MbZKQ> qH$dm ^mdKQ> Ago noMàg§J {Z_m©U
hmoVmV. åhUyZ ^mddmT> d ^mdKQ>rMo A{à` n[aUm_ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© ~±H$ H$m§hr g§»`mË_H$ d
JwUmË_H$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVo.
^maVmV àËòH$ ~±Ho$bm gmßVm{hH$, nmjrH$, _mgrH$ {ddaUnÌo [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o nmR>{dUo ~§YZH$maH$
AgVo. `m{edm` {V_mhr, ghm_mhr, dm{f©H$, Vmio~§X V`ma H$amdm bJmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo XoIrb
[aPìh© ~±H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© H$aVo.
5) {dXoer MbZmMm ajH$
(Custodian of Foreign Exchange)
[aPìh© ~±H$ XoemV naH$s` MbZmMm ajH$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo. `m_Üò {Z`m©VXmam§Zm {_iUmao naH$s`
MbZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$H$S>o O_m H$amdo bmJVo d Am`mVXmam§Zm bmJUmao naH$s` MbZ [aPìh© ~±H$ CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoVo. `m{edm` ZmUo {ZYr, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ B. g§ñWoH$Sy>Z naH$s` MbZ {_i{dUo, én`mMo A§VJ©V d
~mø_wë` pñWa R>odUo, {dXoer MbZmMo ì`dñWmnZ, MbZ {Z`§ÌU B. H$m`© H$aVo. ^maVmV {dXoer MbZ
{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r \o$am `m ZmdmMm H$m`Xm Amho. Va A{bH$S>o `m H$m`ÚmV gwYmaUm H$ê$Z H$m`ÚmMo Zm_m§VaU
\o$_m Ago H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
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6) {ZagJ¥hmMo H$m`©
(Clearing House Functions) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m {ZagZJ¥hm§Mo XoIrb H$m`© H$aVo. `m_Üò ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m MoH$, S´>mâQ>,
hþ§S>çm B. {ZagUmMo åhUOo XoUr KoUr nyU© H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo. `m_wio XoemV gd©Xÿa ~±H$mMm {dH$mg KSy>Z
òÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho. ^maVmV / OoWo [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr emIm Zmhr {VWo ho H$m`© ñQ>oQ> ~±H$
Am°\$ B§{S>`mda gmon{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
7) n`©dojUmMo H$m`©
(Supervision Function) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m gwédmVrnmgyZM XoemVrb gd© ~±H$m§À`m n`©dojUmMo H$m`© H$aVo. `m_Üò
ZdrZ ~±H$m§Zm nadmZm XoUo, emIm {dñVma nadmZm, nadmZm aÔ H$aUo, ~±H$m§Mm gmßVm{hH$ nmjrH$, _m{gH$
Vmio~§X {ddaUnÌ _mJ{dUo, ~o{eñV ~±H$mda H$madmB© H$aUo BË`mXrVyZ ~±qH$J ì`dgm`mbm `mo½` {Xem
XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo OmVo.
B
{dH$mg H$m`} qH$dm àdV©ZmË_H$ H$m`}
(Developmental or Promotional Functions) :
gwédmVrnmgyZ [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ gVV à`ËZerb Amho. {VZo
H¥$fr H$O© {d^mJ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm {d^mJ, {Z`m©V {dÎm {d^mJ B. A§VJ©V {d^mJ gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV. hr
~±H$ XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _hÎdmMr H$m_{Jar H$aVo, ho Imbrb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1) H¥$fr {dÎm
(Agri Finance) :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo H¥$fr joÌmMr XIb gwê$dmVrnmgyZ KoVbr Amho. `mgmR>r H¥$fr nVnwadR>m {d^mJ ñWmnZ
Ho$bm Amho. `m {d^mJm_m\©$V ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m BË`mXtZm Am{W©H$ _XV d _mJXe©Z H$aÊ`mV
òVo. nwT>o 1955 _Üò ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H¥$fr joÌmg ghmæ` Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va 1960 _Üò
amï´>r` eoVr {XK©H$mbrZ {ZYr d pñWarH$aU {ZYr C^maÊ`mV Ambo. 1963 _Üò H¥$fr nwZ{d©Îm _hm_§S>i
1969 _Üò AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZm, 1975 _Üò {d^mJr` J«m_rU ~±H$m H$m`©H«$_ am~{dÊ`mV Ambo. gZ
1982 _Üò ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ ~±Ho$À`m YVuda eoVrgmR>r ñdV§Ì Aer amï´>r` ~±H$ åhUyZ Zm~mS>© `m ~±Ho$Mr
ñWmnZm H$aUoV Ambr.
2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm :
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMr Iwn JaO AgVo. ^maVmV Am¡Úm[JH$ {dH$mgmH$arVm [aPìh©
~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m à`ËZerb Amho. {VZo gwê$dmVrbm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm {d^mJ Mmby Ho$bm. nwT>o ^maVr`
Am¡Ú>mo{JH$ {dÎm _hm_§S>i, Am¡Úmo{JH$ nV d Jw§VdUyH$ _hm_§S>i, ^maVr` Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg ~±H$, bKw
CÚmoJ {dH$mg ~±H$, B. Mr ñWmnZm H$aUoV nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo `m gd© g§ñWm§Zm H$m`Xoera {dÎmr`
gëbm, _mJ©Xe©Z B. _mJm©Zo _XV XoD$ Ho$br Amho.
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3) {Z`m©V {dÎm
(Export Finance) :
Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV Am`mV-{Z`m©VrMm gh^mJ _moR>m AgVmo. åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ^maVmMr Am`mV{Z`m©V gwb^ ìhmdr åhUyZ C„oI{Z` H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. `m_Üò {Z`m©V nV`moOZm, ì`dhmanyd© nV `moOZm,
ì`mO AW©ghmæ` `moOZm, h_r, j{VnyVu B. H$m`} gwê$ Ho$br AmhoV. 1980 Z§Va [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Am`mV
{Z`m©V ~±H$ åhUyZ ñdV§Ì ~±H$ gwê$ H$ê$Z {Z`m©V {dÎmmg ghmæ` Ho$bo Amho.
4) AJ«H«$_ joÌmMm {dÎm nwadR>m :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m bKw eoVH$ar, {g_m§V eoVH$ar, bKw CÚmoOH$, Hw$Q>ra CÚmoOH$ BË`mXr Cno{jV
KQ>H$m§À`m H$O© nwadR>çm~m~V {dôXr ì`mOXamZo ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm ghmæ` Ho$bo Amho. `m_Üò 4% BVŠ`m
gdbVrÀ`m XamV H$O©nwadR>m H$aUoV òVmo.
5) hþ§S>r ~mOmamMm {dH$mg
(Development of Bill Market) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 1952 gmbr hþ§S>r~mOma {dH$mg `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br Amho. nwT>o 1970 _Üò
Z{dZ hþ§S>r~mOma {dH$mg `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br `m `moOZo_YyZ ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm hþ§S>çmÀ`m VmaUmda H$O© nwadR>m
H$aUo, hþ§S>çm§Mo nwZd©Q>Z B. ñdê$nmV _XV H$aUoV òV Amho.
6) à{ejU gmoB©
(Traning Facialities)
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo XoemVrb ~±H$ joÌmVrb H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r à{ejU H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ Ho$bm Amho.
`m~m~V _hm{dÚmbò, à{ejU H|$Ðo B. ñWmnZ Ho$br AmhoV. `m_Üò ~±H$a Q>´>oqZJ H$m°boO ~m°å~o, ñQ>m\$
H$m°boO MoÝÝB©, H$m°boO Am°\$ A°J«r, ~±H$s¨J nwUo B. gwê$ Ho$br AmhoV. `m{edm` Zdr {Xëbr, H$mobH$Îmm,
MoÞB© òWo à{ejU H|$ÐmMrhr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho.
7) _m{hVr g§H$bZ d à{gÕr :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m XoemVyZ n¡gm, nV{Z{_©Vr, {dÎmnwadR>m, H¥$fr CËnmXZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ,
qH$_V nmVir, Am`mV-{Z`m©V B. ~m~V _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$aVo. `m _m{hVrMo Ama.~r.Am`. ~wboQ>rZ,
{dH$br ñQ>°{Q>ñQ>rH$b gßbr_|Q>, [anmoQ>© Am°Z H$aÝgr A°ÝS> \$m`ZmÝg, dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>©g² B. àH$meZm_YyZ
à{gÕrMo H$m`© H$aVo.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) Imbrbn¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nyU© H$am.
1. ^maVmV [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm .......... gmbr H$aÊ`mV.Ambr.
A) 1920
~) 1935
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H$) 1947
59
S>) 1949
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2. ^maVmV MbZ{Z{_©VrMr _ŠVXomar ............. ~±Ho$H$S>o Amho.
A) ì`mnmar ~±H$
~) ghH$mar ~±H$
H$) [aPìh© ~±H$
S>) naH$s` ~±H$
3. ^maVmV 1 én`mMr ZmoQ> d gd© ZmUr N>mnÊ`mMr _ŠVoXmar ........... `m§Mr AgVo.
A) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$,
~) [aPìh© ~±H$
H$) gaH$maMo AW© ImVo S>) naH$s` ~±H$
4. 1 én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>oda ^maVmV H$moUmMr ñdmjar AgVo.
A) [aPìh© ~±H$ JìhZ©a ~) g{Md AW©_§Ìmb` H$) AW©_§Ìr
S>) dm{UÁ` _§Ìr
5. .............. gmbr [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo amï´>r`rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
A) 1935
~) 1949
H$) 1955
S>) 1969
6. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo à_wI H$m`m©b` ............. òWo Amho.
A) Zdr {Xëbr,
~) nwUo
H$) _w~§ B©
S>) MoÞB©
7. ^maVmV gÜ`m naH$s` MbZmMo {Z`§ÌU ................. H$m`ÚmZo hmoVo.
A)
RBI Act
~)
H$)
SBI Act
FERA
S>) \o$_m
8. ^maVmV MbZ {Z{_©VrH$arVm ............ nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.
A) H$_mb {ZYr
~) à_mU{ea {ZYr H$) {H$_mZ {ZYr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
3.2.2 [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU :
MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dUo, Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo, H$m`©dmhr H$aUo BË`mXrgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±H$
à`ËZerb AgVo. ^maVmV ho H$m`© [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$arV Amho. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm MbZ{df`H$
YmoaU ho XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm ^mJ AgVmo. Am{W©H$ C{Ôï>ço JmR>VmZm n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmda
{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r {Za{Zamio Cnm` `moOmdo bmJVmV. `mgmR>r MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU AË`§V Cn`moJr nS>Vo.
B
AW© d ì`m»`m :
H$moUË`mhr XoemV MbZ {Z{_©VrMo H$m`© _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o AgVo. _Ü`dVu ~±H$ åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±H$
Am°\$ B§{S>`m {dYrJ«mø n¡gm {Z_m©U H$aVo. òWo {dYrJ«mø n¡gm åhUOo Omo n¡gm pñdH$maUo ì`ŠVr qH$dm
g§ñWoda H$m`Xoera[aË`m pñdH$maUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo Ë`mg {dYrJ«mø n¡gm åhUVmV. ^maVmV énò 2 nmgyZ
Vo énò 1000 qH$_VrÀ`m ZmoQ>m§Zm {dYrJ«mø n¡gm Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. hm n¡gm AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m JaOoZwê$n
{Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo. Va ì`mnmar ~±H$m XoIrb XoemV nVn¡emMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. `m_wio n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV
doimodoir ~Xb KSy>Z òVmo. n¡emMm nwadR>m dmT>bm AgVm ^mddmT> KSy>Z òVo. Va n¡emMm nwadR>m KQ>bm
AgVm ^mdKQ> hmoVo. òWo n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo gyÌ M = M1 + M2 + M3 + M4 Ago Amho. åhUyZ n¡emMm
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nwadR>m {Z`§ÌrV H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU åhUOo [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU hmo`. MbZ {df`H$ YmoaUmÀ`m
H$m§hr emóewÕ ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo XoVm òVrb.
1) H«$mD$Wa : n¡emÀ`m ApñVËdm_wio hmoUmao \$m`Xo AJa JwU dmT>{dUo Am{U Ë`mMo Xmof H$_r H$_r
H$aUo `mgmR>rMo à`ËZ åhUOo MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU hmo`.
2) nm°b EqPJ : MbZOÝ` ì`dñWoÀ`m ApñVËdm_wio d H$m`m©_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m VmoQ>çmMo
{H$_mZrH$aU H$aUo d \$m`ÚmV dmT> H$aUo `m CÔoemZo _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Zo am~{dboë`m YmoaUmg MbZ {df`H$
YmoaU åhUVmV.
3) àm. H|$Q> : XoemV nyU© amoOJma àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ì`dhmamVrb n¡emMm {dñVma d
g§H$moM H$aUo åhUOo MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU hmo`.
darb ì`m»`mdê$Z Ago AmT>iyZ òVo H$s, MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU ho MbZ, nVMbZ B. {dñVma d
g§H$moM B. ~m~V {ZJS>rV Amho. n¡emMo ì`dñWmnZ _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$ZoM H$amdo bmJVo.
B
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>ço :
gm_mÝ`V: VQ>ñW n¡gm YmoaU, qH$_V ñW¡`©, {d{Z_` ñW¡`©, nyU© amoOJma, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hr _Ü`dVu
~±Ho$À`m MbZ {df`H$ YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>ço AgVmV. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 1951 nmgyZ hr C{ÔîQ>ço
J«{hV Yê$Z MbZ {df`H$ YmoaUmMr {ZpíMVr, AmIUr, A§_b ~OmdUr B. Ho$br Amho. gZ 1991 Z§Va
_mÌ Z{dZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmV ~Xb Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `m YmoaUmMr
C{Ôï>ço Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
1. qH$_V pñWaVm
(Price Stability) :
MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo à_wI C{Ôï> åhUOo qH$_V pñWaVm hmo` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo doimodoir qH$_V ñW¡`©
amIÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV. `m_Üò ñdñV n¡gm YmoaU d _hmJ n¡gm YmoaUmMm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. `m{edm` CËnmXH$ joÌmÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r CËnmXH$ joÌm§Zm nVnwadR>m H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU R>odbo Amho.
2. {Z`m©V d¥Õr
(Export Promotion) :
1951 Vo 1990 n`ªV ^maVmÀ`m Am`mV {Z`m©V ì`mnmamV Iwn dmT> Pmbr Amho. `m_Üò Am`mVrVrb
dmT> {Z`m©VrÀ`m dmT>rÀ`m VwbZoZo OmñV Pmbr. `m_wio naH$s` ì`mnmamVrb VyQ> dmT>V Jobr. naH$s`
XoÊ`mKoÊ`mMm g_Vmob à{VHy$b ~Zbm åhUyZ 1991 Z§Va [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo {Z`m©V d¥Õr ho MbZ
{df`H$ YmoaUmMo C{Ôï> R>odbo Amho.
3. {dÎmr` VyQ>rV KQ>
(Reduction in fiscal deficit) :
gZ 1990 n`ªV ^maVmÀ`m {dÎmr` VwQ>rV _moR>r dmT> Pmbr Amho. ^m§S>dbr VwQ>rÀ`m VwbZoV {dÎmr`
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VyQ> dmT>V Jobr `m_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJë`m åhUyZ [aPìh©© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo amOH$mofr`
VwQ> H$_r H$aÊ`mMohr EH$ C{Ôï> R>odbo Amho.
4. {d{Z_`Xa ñW¡`©
(Exchange Rate stability) :
^maVr` én`mMo A_o[aH$Z S>m°ba AJa {dXoemVrb MbZm~amo~aM IaoXr-{d«H$s Xa åhUOo {d{Z_` Xa
hmo`. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {d{Z_` ñW¡`© ho XoIrb C[Ôï> R>odbo Amho. Ad_yë`Z, CÜd©_wë`Z, naH$s` ì`mnmamVrb
dmT>Vr VyQ>, ì`dhma VmobmVrb Ag_Vmob B. H$maUm_wio {d{Z_`XamV gVV ~Xb hmoV Jobm. gwê$dmVrg
`m~m~V \o$am ZmdmMm H$m`Xm hmoVm. nwT>o `m H$m`ÚmMo ê$nm§Va \o$_m Ago H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
5. nyU© amoOJma
(Full Employment) :
`moOZm H$mimV ^maV gaH$maZo ~oH$marMo {Z_y©bZ ho EH$ C{Ôï> R>odbo. `mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ
MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUm_Üò nyU© amoOJmar ho EH$ C{Ôï> {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m_Üò amoOJmar {Z_m©U
H$aUmè`m joÌmg nVnwadR>m, ñdñV n¡gm YmoaU B. am~{dÊ`mV Ambo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo H¥$fr
{dÎmnwadR>m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎm, AJ«H«$_ joÌmMm {dÎmnwadR>m BË`mXr~m~V H$O©nwadR>m H$ê$Z amoOJmar {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMo C{Ôï> R>odbo Amho.
6) gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`
(Social Justice) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo gwê$dmVrnmgyZ _hmJ n¡gm YmoaU, ñdñV n¡gm YmoaU B. am~{dbr. 1991
Z§Va XoemV gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMohr YmoaU R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `m_Üò ~±H$mZr AnojrV KQ>H$mZm
ñdñVXamV nVnwadR>m H$aUo, ì`mOmV gwQ> XoUo BË`mXrda â XoD$ Ho$bm Amho.
7) Am{W©H$ dmT> d {dH$mg
(Economic Growth and Development) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m gVV H¥$fr CËnmXZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo, XaS>moB© CËnÞmV dmT>
H$aUo B. ~m~V à`ËZerb AgVo. 1991 Z§Va Va ho XrK©H$mbrZ {dH$mgmMo C{Ôï> åhUyZ pñdH$mabo Amho.
`m_Üò ~MVrbm CÎmoOZ, ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrV dmT>, Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>, nVnwadR>çmV dmT> B. YmoaU {ZpíMV
H$aVo.
8). Am{W©H$ {g²WaVm
(Economic Stability) :
H$moUË`mhr XoemV VoOr-_§Xr MH«o$ gVV òV AgVmV. J{V_mZ AW©ì`dñWoMo XoIrb d¡{eï>ç AgVo.
^maVmV XoIrb dma§dma VoOr-_§Xr MH«o$ òVmV. `mMo AË`§V à{VHy$b n[aUm_ AW©ì`dñWoda KS>yZ òVmV.
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 1991 nmgyZ d Ë`m AmYr XoIrb Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© ho C{Ôï> R>odbo Amho. VoOr_§XrÀ`m MH«$mMo CËnmXZ, amoOJma, CËnÞ, Jw§VdUyH$ BË`mXrdarb à{VHy$b n[aUm_ Q>miÊ`m~m~V YmoaU
R>odbo Amho. `mgmR>r MbZnwadR>çmMo {Z`§ÌU d {Z`_Z H$aÊ`mV òVo.
darb à_mUo [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr H$m§hr C{Ôð>ço {ZpíMV Ho$br AmhoV.
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`mn¡H$s qH$_V ñW¡`© `m C{Ôï>mda gdm©{YH$ â {Xë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. VWm{n [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo MbZ
{df`H$ YmoaU n[aUm_H$maH$ R>ê$ eH$bo Zmhr.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ.
~) Imbrb {Xboë`m n`m©`mVyZ AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nyU© H$am.
1. MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU _w»`V: ............. ~±H$ R>a{dVo.
A) _Ü`dVu ~±H$
~) ì`mnmar ~±H$
H$) ghH$mar ~±H$
S>) naH$s` ~±H$.
2. ^maVmV ............ ~±H$ MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aVo.
A) [aPìh© ~±H$
~) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$
H$) ghH$mar ~±H$
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
3. ^maVmV n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmMo gwÌ ................ Amho.
A) M = M1 + M2
~) M = M1 + M2 + M3
H$) M = M1 + M2 + M3 + M4
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
4. gm_mÝ`V: n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmbr AgVm ............. KSy>Z òVo.
A) MbZKQ>
~) MbZdmT>
H$) MbZ ñW¡`©
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
5. XoemVrb n¡emMm nwadR>m KQ>bm AgVm .............. hmoVo.
A) MbZdmT>
~) MbZñW¡`©
H$) MbZKQ>
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
3.2.3 [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr nV{Z`§ÌU gmYUo :
B
àñVmdZm :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m EH§$Xa H$m`m©V nV{Z`§ÌU ho EH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
ñWmnZonmgyZM {VZo `m H$m`m©da â XoD$ Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ^maVmV MbZ{Z{_©VrMo H$m`© [aPìh© ~±H$
H$aVo, Va nVMbZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© ì`mnmar ~±H$mH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV òVo. nV{Z{_©Vr_wio AW©ì`dñWoVrb
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> d KQ> KSy>Z òVo d VoOr-_§Xr MH«o$ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. åhUyZ nV{Z`§ÌU `m H$m`m©g
_hÎd àmßV Pmbo Amho.
B
nV{Z`§ÌUmMm AW© :
gm_mÝ`V: XoemVrb nVMbZmMm AmH$ma H$_r AJa OmñV H$aÊ`m~m~V _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z am~{dbo
OmUmao YmoaU åhUOo nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaU hmo`.
gmoß`m ^mfoV nV_wÐoMr EH§$Xa ì`dhmamer gm§JS> KmbUo åhUOo nV{Z`§ÌU hmo`. Vkm§À`m _Vo,
XoemÀ`m JaOoZwén àË``mÀ`m _mÌoMo g_m`moOZ H$aUo åhUOo nV{Z`§ÌU hmo`.
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B
nV{Z`§ÌUmMr C{Ôï>ço :
n¡emÀ`m nwadR>çmVrb dmT>r_wio nVn¡gm, nV{Z{_©Vr, H$O©nwadR>m B. dmT> KS>yZ òVo. `m_wio eoVr,
CÚmoJ, ì`mnma B. AZoH$ joÌmMm ObX {dH$mg KSy>Z òÊ`mg Iwn _XV hmoVo. na§Vw dmOdr nojm OmñV AJa
dmOdr nojm H$_r nV{Z{_©Vr Pmbr AgVm MbZdmT> qH$dm ^mddmT> d ^mdKQ> B. KSy>Z òVo. ho
Q>miÊ`mH$arVm nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmMr AË`§V Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmMr H$m§hr à_wI C{Ôï>ço
Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1. qH$_VnmVirV ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUo.
2. ì`mnmaMH«$mMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo.
3. ZmUo~mOmamV ñW¡`© {Z_m©U H$aUo.
4. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm JVr XoUo.
5. XoemÀ`m {d{Z_` XamV ñW¡`© AmUUo.
6. CËnmXZ d amoOJma B. dmT> H$aUo.
B
nV{Z`§ÌUmMr g§»`mË_H$ gmYUo :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r XmoZ àH$maÀ`m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVo. `m_Üò g§»`mË_H$
gmYUo Am{U JwUmË_H$ qH$dm doMH$ nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. g§»`mË_H$ gmYUo nV{Z{_©VrMo
g§»`mË_H$ à_mU H$_r-OmñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnabr OmVmV. Va JwUmË_H$ gmYUo EImÚm {d{eï> joÌmVrb
^mddmT> {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òVmV. `mVrb g§»`mË_H$ gmYUo Imbrbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1. ~±H$aoQ>
(Bank Rate) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm Á`m XamZo nVnwadR>m H$aVo qH$dm Ë`m§Zr gmXa Ho$boë`m
hþ§S>çmMo nwZd©Q>Z H$aVo Ë`mg ~±H$aoQ> Ago åhUVmV. ~±H$aoQ> ho nV{Z`§ÌUmMo gmYZ gdm©V OwZo AgyZ Ë`mMm
àW_ dmna ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½b§S>Zo 1839 _Üò Ho$bm Amho. nwT>o ho gmYZ OJmVrb AZoH$ XoemVrb _Ü`dVu
~±H$mZr nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r dmnaë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ~±H$aoQ> gmYZmMr H$m`©dmhr.
MbZ dmT>
MbZ KQ>

RBI
~±H$aoQ> dmT>{dVo
~±H$aoQ> _Ü`o KQ>

ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm {_iUmar H$O}
_hmJ hmoVmV. H$Om©V KQ>
ñdñV H$O©nwadR>m
ì`mnmar ~±H$mgmR>r

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ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m H$O©darb ì`mOXa dmT>
H$Om©V dmT> _mÌ ì`mOXamV KQ>

H$Om©À`m à_mUmV KQ>
H$O© dmQ>nmV dmT>

CËnmXZ, amoOJma, CËnÞ, _mJUrV KQ>
CËnmXZ, amoOJma, CËnÞ dmT>

_mJUrV KQ>
_mJUrV dmT>

qH$_V {Z`§ÌU / qH$_VrV KQ>
qH$_V dmT> / MbZ KQ>rMo {Z`§ÌU
darbà_mUo [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo doimodoir nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r ~±H$aoQ> `m gmYZmMm dmna Ho$ë`mMo
{XgyZ òVo.
2. Iwë`m ~mOmamVrb amo»`m§Mr IaoXr-{dH«$s
(Open Market Operation) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m nV{Z{_©VrV KQ> AJa dmT> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ~mOmamV gaH$mar amo»`m§Mr
{dH«$s AJa IaoXr H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU AmIVo. Aem YmoaUmg Iwë`m ~mOmamVrb ì`dhma Ago åhUVmV.
ì`mnmar ~±H$m§À`m nV{Z{_©Vr YmoaUm_wio MbZdmT> d nV{Z{_©VrÀ`m KQ>rÀ`m YmoaUm_wio MbZdmT> B.
AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Voìhm ho gmYZ Imbrbà_mUo dmnaÊ`mV òVo d nV{Z`§ÌU KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV òVo.
KQ>Zm -
MbZdmT> / ^mddmT>
MbZKQ> /^mdKQ>
YmoaU -
Iwë`m ~mOmamV amo»`m§Mr {dH«$sMo YmoaU
Iwë`m ~mOmamV amo»`m§À`m IaoXrMo YmoaU
narUm_-
Ë`m ~±H$m, ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm, amoI n¡go
gaH$mar amo»`mV Jw§VdVmV.
Ë`m ~±H$m, ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm, nydu IaoXr
Ho$bobo amoIo {dH«$s H$aVmV.

`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$mH$S>rb amoI R>odr,
H$O© nwadR>m, nV B. H$_r hmoVo
amoI aŠH$_ ~±H$mH$S>o O_m hmoVo, `mVyZ
OmñV H$O© ì`dhma hmoVmV.

`m_wio Jw§VdUyH$ CËnmXZ, amoOJma,
_mJUrV KQ> hmoVo.
Jw§VdUyH$, CËnmXZ, amoOJma _mJUrV dmT>

_mJUr KQ>ë`mZo qH$_VrV KQ> KSy>Z òVo
qH$_VrV dmT>
[aPìh© ~±H$ darb à_mUo doimodoir Iwë`m ~mOmamV amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s d IaoXrMo YmoaU AZwgaVo d
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AW©ì`dñWoVrb nV{Z`§ÌU KS>dyZ AmUVo. `m gmYZm§Mo è XoIrb AË`§V _`m©{XV {XgyZ òVo.
3. amoI {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xb
(Changes in the Cash Reserve Ratio) :
[aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m nV{Z`§ÌUmMo AmUIr EH$ g§»`mË_H$ gmYZ åhUOo amoI{ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xb
hmo`. ~±H$aoQ> d Iwë`m ~mOmamVrb amo»`m§Mr {dH«$s d IaoXr `m gmYZmda H$m§hr _`m©Xm {XgyZ òVmV. _mÌ
amoI {ZYrÀ`m n«_mUmV ~Xb ho gmYZ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo VmËH$mi n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVo. ho gmYZ XoIrb
Imbrb à_mUo dmnaÊ`mV òV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
KQ>Zm -
MbZdmT> / ^mddmT>
MbZKQ> /^mdKQ>
YmoaU -
CRR
narUm_-
Ë`m ~±H$m d BVa ~±H$mH$S>rb nydunojm
OmñV aŠH$_ amoI {ZYr åhUyZ R>odmdr
bmJVo
Á`m ~±H$m d BVa ~±H$mZm nydunojm OmñV
aŠH$_ amoI {ZYr H$_r R>odmdm bmJVmo.

H$O}, Jw§VdUyH$, H$_r hmoVo
H$O} Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>

CËnmXZ, CËnÞ, amoOJmarV KQ>
CËnmXZ, CËnÞ, amoOJmarV dmT>

_mJUrV KQ>
_mJUrV dmT>

qH$_VrV JQ>
qH$_Vr dmT>rg _XV
_Üò dmT>
CRR
_Üò KQ>
darbà_mUo amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xb ho nV{Z`§ÌUmMo gmYZ [aPìh© ~±H$ ZìhoVa OJmVrb gd©
Xoem§À`m _Ü`dVu ~±H$m nV{Z`§ÌU H$m`m©gmR>r dmnaVmV.
4. aonmo aoQ> d [aìhg© aonmo aoQ>
(Repo & Reverse Repo) :
^maVmV 1992 nmgyZ aonmo ì`dhmamg gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. gwê$dmVrg hr nX²>Vr ~§X
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _mÌ 1996 nmgyZ nwÝhm hr nÕVr nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m CÔoemZo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Va E{àb
1997 nmgyZ [aPìh© aonmo ì`dhmamg gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
òUo aonmoaoQ> `mMm AW© [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Zm AË`ën H$mimgmR>r amoIVm {_idyZ
XoÊ`mgmR>r (14 {Xdgmn`ªV) Omo ì`mOXa AmH$maVmV Vmo Xa hmo`. Va [aìhg© aonmo aoQ> `mMm AW© ì`mnmar
~±H$m d BVa ~±H$m Amnë`mH$S>rb OmXm amoH$S> AË`ën H$mimgmR>r [aPìh© ~±Ho$V R>odVmV. Aem doir [aPìh©
~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m Omo ì`mOXa XoVmV Vmo Xa hmo`.
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[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m doimodoir nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m CÔoemZo aonmo d [aìhg© aonmo Xa ~XbÊ`mMo YmoaU
AZwgaVmV. `m_wio nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© gwb^ hmoÊ`mg Iwn _XV hmoVo.
B
JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMr gmYUo :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m EImÚm {ZdS>H$ qH$dm {d{eï> joÌmVrb nV{Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m
gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVo, Ë`mg JwUmË_H$ qH$dm {ZdS>H$ qH$dm doMH$ nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaU åhUVmV. `mH$arVm
Imbrb à_wI gmYZm§Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
1. H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌrV dmQ>n : [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m EImÚm {d{eï> joÌmbm {H$Vr H$O© nwadR>m
H$amdm, `m~m~V gyMZm H$aVo. CXm. AJ«H«$_ joÌmbm H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo B. ì`mnmar ~±H$m, gmd©O{ZH$
joÌmVrb ~±H$m, {dXoer ~±H$m BË`mXrZm [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m AmXoemMo nmbZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ R>aVo. `m CÔoemZo
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo doimodoir H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌrV dmQ>n H$aÊ`m~m~V gyMZm Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `m_wio nVnwadR>çmMr
{Xem ~Xb{dUo eŠ` Pmë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo.
2. H$O© d VmaU `mVrb Jmim ~XbUo : H$O© Am{U VmaU `mVrb Jmim `mMm AW© ì`mnmar
~±H$m H$O© nwadR>m H$aVodoir VmaU dñVyMo _yë` d àË`j H$O©_§Oyar_Üò H$m§hrgm \$aH$ R>odVo. CXm.
10,000 énò VmaU _wë`mÀ`m dñVyda 30% \$aH$ R>oD$Z 7000 énò n`ªV H$O© nwadR>m H$aUo dJ¡ao. `m
\$aH$m_wio ^{dî` H$mimV ì`mOmgh H$O© dgybr H$aUo eŠ` ìhmdo hm CÔoe R>odÊ`mV òVmo.
ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m H$O© YmoaUm_wio ^mddmT> AJa ^mdKQ> Ago àH$ma KSy>Z Amë`mg [aPìh© ~±H$
AZwH«$_o H$O© d VmaU `mVrb Jmim qH$dm \$aH$ dmT>{dÊ`mMo Am{U Jmim qH$dm \$aH$ H$_r H$aÊ`mMo
YmoaU R>odVo d H$Om©Mm g§H$moM Am{U H$Om©Mm {dñVma B. KS>dyZ AmUVo. `m_wio nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© gwb^
hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
3. Cn^mo½` H$Om©Mo {Z`§ÌU :
^maVmV ì`mnmar ~±H$mH$Sy>Z ^mS>o IaoXr d hßVo~§Xr H$O© ì`dhma H$aUoV òVmo. `m_wio _mb_moQ>mar,
H$ma, Q>°Šgr, _moQ>ma gm`H$br B. dñVy§À`m Cn^moJmV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUbr OmVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m
Cn^mo½` dñVy§À`m dmnamV dmT> ìhmdr AJa KQ> ìhmdr `m hoVyZo YmoaU Adb§{~Vo. `m_wio ~mOmamVrb
_mJUrV dmT> AJa KQ> KSy>Z òVo. ho gmYZ XoIrb [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m doimodoir nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m
CÔoemZo dmnarV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
4. Z¡{VH$ g_OmdUr :
[aPìh© ~±H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m CÔoemZo ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo _Z di{dUo, YmoaU nQ>dyZ XoUo, à{VgmX
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r AmdmhZ H$aUo Aem àH$maMo YmoaU Adb§{~Vo Ë`mg Z¡{VH$ g_OmdUr åhUVmV.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo loð>Ëd AgVo. {VÀ`m YmoaUmbm ì`mnmar ~±H$m _hÎd XoVmV. Voìhm [aPìh© ~±H$ gwú_
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{dÎm, {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ B. ~m~V AmdmhZ H$aVo. Voìhm ì`mnmar ~±H$m d AÝ` ~±H$mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm VmËH$mi
à{VgmX {Xbm OmVmo. AJa EImÚm joÌmg nVnwadR>m {Z`§ÌrV H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU R>a{dVo Voìhm XoIrb VmËH$mi
à{VgmX Úmdm bmJVmo. hm Z¡{VH$ g_OmdUrMm EH$ ^mJ _mZbm OmVmo.
5. àË`j H$madmB©
(Direct Action) :
[aPìh© ~±H$ XoemVrb ~±H$mZm nVnwadR>m {df`H$ YmoaU R>adyZ XoVo. Ë`mà_mUo ì`mnmar ~±H$m,
gmd©O{ZH$ ~±H$m, naH$s` ~±H$m B. Zm H$m`© H$amdo bmJVo. VWmnr Á`m ~±H$m YmoaUmMo C„§KZ H$aVmV Ë`m§Zm
[aPìh© ~±H$ àW_ ~mOy _m§S>Ê`mMr g§Yr XoVo. g_mYmZH$maH$ CÎma Z {_imë`mg àË`j H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMm
{ZU©` KoVo ho gmYZ XoIrb doimodoir dmnaÊ`mV òVo.
6. à{gÕr :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m XoemVrb ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z doimodoir {ddaUnÌo, Vmio~§X nÌH$, _m{hVr BË`mXr
_mJ{dVo. ~±H$m `m AmXoemà_mUo gmßVm{hH$, nmjrH$, _m{gH$, {ddaUnÌo gmXa H$aVmV.
Aemdoir [aPìh© ~±H$ `m nydu Z¡{VH$ AmdmhZmbm à{VgmX Z XoUmè`m ~±H$mda H$madmB© H$aÊ`mMm
{ZU©` XoIrb KoVo. `m_Üò ~±H$m§À`m ì`dhmamMr à{gÕr H$aÊ`mV òVo.
darb à_mUo ^maVmV [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$_m\©$V g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$
gmYZm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OVmo. `m_wio XoemVrb nVnwadR>çmbm `mo½` Vr {Xem XoÊ`mMm doimodoir à`ËZ
Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
B
nV{Z`§ÌUmdarb _`m©Xm :
nV{Z`§ÌUmMr g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ gmYZo EH$_oH$m§{damoYr ZgyZ Vr nañna nwaH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ
òVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ XoIrb MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMm ^mJ åhUyZ {d{dY nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZo doimodoir dmnaVo.
_mÌ nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© èñdrnUo Pmë`mMo AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. `mda H$mhr _`m©Xm nS>V Agë`mMo
AmT>iyZ òVo; Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVrb.
1) ~±H$m§Mo AghH$m`© : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr g§»mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ gmYUo H$m`Xoera AmhoV. `m
gmYZm§Mm n[apñWVrZwê$n doimodoir dmna H$aÊ`mV òVmo. _mÌ XoemV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`mnmar ~±H$m, {dXoer
~±H$m [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmbm ghH$m`© H$aVmVM Ago Zmhr. `m ~±H$m ñdV:H$S>o A{V[aŠV {ZYr
R>oD$Z Ë`mVyZ nVnwadR>çmMo ì`dhma H$aVmV. `m_wio nV{Z`§ÌUmda H$m§hr _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
2) Ag§KQ>rV ZmUo~mOma : ^maVr` ZmUo~mOma AË`§V Ag§KQ>rV Amho. òWo g§KQ>rV qH$dm {Z`§ÌrV
{dÎmr` g§ñWm Am{U Ag§KQ>rV qH$dm A{Z`§{ÌV {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ag§KQ>rV g§ñWmV gmdH$ma,
gam\$s noT>çm BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m g§ñWm {dZmVmaU H$O©nwadR>m H$arV Agë`mZo [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m
JwUmË_H$ gmYZm§Mm H$m`©j_nUo dmna hmoV Zmhr.
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3) ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Mm H$_r à{VgmX :
^maVmV ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm H$m`©aV AmhoV. `m g§ñWm ^m§S>db ~mOmamer g§b½Z AmhoV. _mÌ
Ë`m§Mm nVnwadR>m XoIrb nV{Z`§ÌUm_Üò AS>Wim R>aVmo. nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmg ~±Ho$Îma {dÎmr` g§ñWm AË`§V
H$_r à{VgmX XoVmV. `m_wio ^maVmV nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© {VVHo$go H$m`©j_ R>aV Zmhr.
4) Jw§VdUyH$ H$O} : ^maVmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV {dH$mgmH$arVm Jw§VdUyH$ H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZmÛmao [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo EH$m joÌmÀ`m H$O©nwadR>çmda {Z~ªY KmVbo AgVm Xþgao joÌ {Z~ªY_wŠV
amhVo. `m_wio nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmMo n[aUm_ _`m©{XV AmT>iyZ òVmV.
5) gmR>o~mOr d gÅ>o~mOr ì`dhma :
XoemV ì`mnmar, Xbmb, eoAa ~mOmamVrb ~«moH$a BË`mXrH$Sy>Z gÅ>o~mOr ì`dhma H$aÊ`mV òVmV.
`m_wio [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmMo AZwHy$b n[aUm_ bdH$a {XgyZ òÊ`mda _`m©Xm {XgyZ òVmV.
6) AdKS> n`©dojU :
^maVmV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _w»` H$m`m©b` _w§~B© òWo Amho. {VMr {d^mJr` H$m`m©bò {R>H${R>H$mUr H$m`©aV
AmhoV. VWmnr ì`mnmar ~±H$m gd©Xÿa H$m`©aV AmhoV. `m_wio [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm ì`mnmar ~±H$mMo n`©dojU H$aUo
Iwn AdKS> OmVo. `m_wio nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmda Iwn _`m©Xm nS>VmV.
7) H$Om©Mm Xþén`moJ :
[aPìh© ~±H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmÀ`m CÔoemZo EImXo YmoaU R>a{dVo d Vgm AmXoe XoemVrb ~±H$mZm XoVo. _mÌ
XoemVrb ~±H$m Ë`m§À`m H$Om©bm AZwËnmXH$ H$maUmgmR>r Xþén`moJ H$arV AgVrb Va {VÀ`m nV{Z`§Ìmda
_`m©Xm nS>V Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
darb à_mUo ^maVmV [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mÀ`m nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmda H$m§hr _`m©Xm nS>V Agë`mMo
{XgyZ òVo. åhUyZ ^maVmV nV{Z`§ÌU d MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU nmíMmË` XoemÀ`m VwbZoZo H$_Hw$dV Agë`mMo
OmU{dVo.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) Imbrb {Xboë`m n`m©`mVyZ AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nyU© H$am.
1. ^maVmV nV{Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`© ............ H$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV òVo.
A) [aPìh© ~±H$
~) ñQ>oQ> ~±H$
H$) ì`mnmar ~±H$ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
2. ~°H$aoQ> ho nV{Z`§ÌUmMo .............. àH$maMo gmYZ AgVo.
A) JwUmË_H$
~) g§»`mË_H$
H$) {ZdS>H$
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S>) `m n¡H$s Zmhr.
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3. nVMbZmMm AmH$ma H$_r-A{YH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z.........YmoaU am~{dbo OmVo.
A) ~±qH$J
~) H$O©
H$) nV{Z`§ÌU
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
4. Z¡{VH$ g_OmdUr ho [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo .............. gmYZ Amho.
A) g§»`mË_H$
~) JwUmË_H$
H$) A d ~ XmoÝhr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
5. JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌU gmYZmÛmao ................. joÌmVrb MbZnwadR>m {Z`§ÌrV H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
A) {d{eï>
~) g§nyU©
H$) A d ~ XmoÝhr
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
3.2.4 {dÎmr` g_mdoe
B
(Financial Inclusion) :
àñVmdZm :
{dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr 21 ì`m eVH$mV Amboë`m ~±qH$J joÌmgmR>rMr g§H$ënZm Amho. dñVyV: ^maV
hm IoS>çm§Mm Xoe Amho. ^maVmV Jar~r, ~oamoOJmar, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, àmXo{eH$ {df_Vm, {dH$mgmMm
AënXa, ^m§S>db {Z{_©VrMm AënXa Ago {H$VrVar àíZ AmhoV. åhUyZ gwê$dmVrg n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$
`m§Zr ~±H$m~m~V J«m_rU emIm {dñVmamda â XoD$ Ho$bm. nwT>o lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr ~±H$mdarb
gm_m{OH$ {Z`§ÌU 14 + 6 ~±H$mMo amï´>r`H$aU, joÌr` ~±qH$J H$m`©H«$_ Ago H$m§hr CnH«$_ am~{dbo.
1991 gmbr gaH$maZo OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU d OmJ{VH$sH$aU BË`mXrg
_mÝ`Vm {Xbr. `mMdoir Z{dZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. VWmnr Z{dZ YmoaUmMm AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m
{d{dY KQ>H$m§da narUm_ hmoD$ bmJbm åhUyZ `moOZm H$mimV {Ma§VZ {dH$mg d gd©g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg `m
Z{dZ H$ënZm§Zr OÝ_ KoVbm. `m_wio d§{MV qH$dm {dH$mgmnmgyZ Xÿa am{hboë`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm {dH$mgmMo
bm^ XoÊ`mgmR>r åhUyZ ~±qH$J joÌmV {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr Z{dZ g§H$ënZm pñdH$maÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
_Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m ZmË`mZo [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo `m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo AmhoV.
B
ì`m»`m :
gm_mÝ`nUo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ åhUOo XoemVrb d§{MV KQ>H$, Jar~, ~oamoOJma, Am{Xdmgr {ó`m,
{dÚmWu BË`mXrZm ~±qH$J godo_Üò g_mdyZ KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$mMo R>odr, H$O} B. ñdê$nmVrb bm^
{_idyZ XoUo hmo`. VWm{n {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmÀ`m H$m§hr ì`m»`m Vkm§Zr XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMo JìhZ©a aKwam_ amOZ `m§À`m _Vo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ åhUOo gd©ñVamdarb
KQ>H$m§Zm dmOdr qH$_Vrbm {dÎmr` godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hmo`. CXm. ~MV, Jw§VdUyH$, {d_m, à{V^yVrMr
IaoXr-{d«H$s, aH$_m§Mo ñWmZm§VaU, _mJ©Xe©Z, nVgw{dYm, J¥hH$O}, Cn^mo½` H$O} B. hmo`.
[aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo _mOr JìhZ©a S>m°. gr. a§JamOZ `m§À`m _Vo, {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr Aer à{H«$`m Amho
H$s, `m_Üò H$_Hw$dV JQ>, Jar~, JaOy B. Zm `mo½` doir, Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUr dmOdr qH$_Vrbm nmaXe©H$nUo {dÎmr` godm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr h_r XoUo hmo`.
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WmoS>Š`mV {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr H$ënZm Z{dZ ZgyZ Vr OwZr Amho. nyduÀ`m AJ«H«$_ joÌmMm
H$O©nwadR>m `m YmoaUmMo Vo gwXmarV ê$n Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
B
{dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMo _hÎd :
1) gmjaVoMm A^md :
1951 nmgyZ XoemV gmjaVoda â XoD$ Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw XoemV g§nyU© gmjaVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV è
àmßV hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr. `m_wio bmoH$ {dÎmr` ~m~VrV gOJ AgV ZmhrV. XoemVrb bmoH$m§_Üò {dÎmr`
gmjaVm òUogmR>r {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMr JaO _mOr {dÎm_§Ìr d {dÚ_mZ amï´>nVr àUd _wIOu `m§Zr ì`ŠV
Ho$br Amho.
2) gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mUmMm hoVy :
^maVmV nydunmgyZ gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU `m hoVyda â XoÊ`mV Ambobm Amho. `m_Üò X{bV, {nS>rV,
Am{Xdmgr BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Zm {dH$mgmMo bm^ {_idyZ XoUo hmo`. hm hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb ^maVmV
{dÎmr` g_mdoeZ YmoaUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ^mgbr Amho.
3) ì`mßVrÀ`m {dñVmamMr JaO :
~±H$s¨J gma»`m godm gw{dYm VmbwH$m, ~mOmanoR>, Jm§d BË`mXrÀ`m Odinmg AgÊ`mMr JaO AgVo.
~±H$m Odinmg Agë`mg bmoH$ gH$mamË_H$ à{VgmX XoD$ H$aVmV. åhUyZ ~±qH$J gw{dYm gd©Xÿa XoÊ`mgmR>r
~±qH$J ì`dhmamMr ì`mßVr dmT>Ê`mMr JaO ^mgVo. åhUyZ {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr
Amho.
4) ~MV d Jw§VdUyH$sMm {dñVma :
^maVmV Jar~r d {df_Vm AmT>iyZ òVo. `m_wio ~MVXa nmíMmË` XoemÀ`m VwbZoZo Iwn H$_r Amho.
`m_wio Jw§VdUyH$ Xa H$_r hmoVmo d Xoe Jar~rÀ`m Ñï>MH«$mV gmnS>Vmo. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZm_wio XoemV ~±H$mMm
emIm{dñVma hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. J«m_rU d ZmJar ^mJmVrb {dIwaboë`m gwú_ ~MVr g§H$brV hmoÊ`mg
Iyn _XV hmoVo.
5) gmdH$mamnmgyZ _wŠVr :
^maVmV àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ gmdH$mar ì`dgm` àM{bV Amho. gmdH$ma JaOw§Zm Ka, ßbm°Q>, eoVO{_Z
BË`mXrÀ`m VmaUmda d {dZmVmaU H$O©ì`dhma H$aVmV. `m_wio bmoH$ gmdH$mam§Mm AmYma KoVmV. _mÌ
gmdH$mam§Mr H$O} AdmOdr, OmXm ì`mOXamMr B. AgVmV. `m_wio JaOy H$O©Xmam§Mo emofU hmoVo. ho
Q>miÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMr Iyn Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.
6) n¡emMo ñWmZm§VaU :
gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV ì`mnma, dmhVyH$, XiUdiU BË`mXrV dmT> Pmbr Amho. `m_wio ZmJarH$m§Zm
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n¡emÀ`m ñWmZm§VaUmMr JaO ^mgy bmJbr Amho. hr JaO Ho$di AmYw{ZH$ ~±H$mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nyU© H$aVm
òVo. åhUyZ ^maVmV {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmbr.
7) nmaXe©H$Vm :
~±H$mMr H$m`©o nmaXeu AgVmV. `m_Üò R>odr pñdH$maUo, Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo, H$O© nwadR>m BË`mXr nmaXeu
Agë`mg {dH$mgmbm J{VàmßV hmoVo. åhUyZ Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrXamV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb {dÎmr`
g_mdoeZmMr JaO ì`ŠV Ho$br OmVo.
8) gaH$mar YmoaU {ZpíMVr :
^maVmV gaH$mar nmVirda H$ë`mUH$mar YmoaUmMr AmIUr H$aÊ`mV òV.o `m_Üò H$m`©H$« _ {ZpíMVrgmR>r
{dÎmr` g_mdoeZ YmoaUmMm Iyn Cn`moJ hmoV Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo.
9) _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$g Cn`moJr :
[aPìh© ~±H$ _Ü`dVu ~±H$ åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVo. {Vbm MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr AmIUr d A§_b~OmdUr
B. H$amdr bmJVo. `mgmR>r {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMm Cn`moJ hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
darb à_mUo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ YmoaUmMo _hÎd Xe©{dUmao H$m§hr _wÔo _m§S>Vm òVrb. WmoS>Š`mV {dÎmr`
g_mdoeZ ho gd©ì`mnr, gd©ñneu Ago ì`mnH$ YmoaU Amho. ho gmd©O{ZH$ dñVy à_mUo AgyZ `m_Üò dO©Z
hm hoVy AgV Zmhr. òWo {dH$mgmMo bm^ VimJmimVrb g_mOmn`ªV nmohM{dUo hm CÔoe AgVmo.
B
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m d {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ :
1) ~±H$_` IoS>r :
gZ 2004 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmgmR>r EH$ g{_Vr {Z`wŠV Ho$br.
g{_VrZo Ho$boë`m {e\$maetMr A§_b~OmdUr VmËH$mi H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio XoemVrb _§Jb_`
J«m_n§Mm`V 100% ~±H$ ImVo_` H$aUoV Ambr.
2) ñd`§ghmæ`Vm JQ>m§Zm H$O© :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 2006 nmgyZ ñd`§ghmæ` ~MV JQ>mZm ghmæ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ `moOZm
gwê$ Ho$br. `moOZoA§VJ©V ì`mnmar ~±H$mZr Amnë`m H$m`©joÌmVrb _{hbm ~MV JQ>, nwéf ~MV JQ>
BË`mXrZm ~MVg§Yr, H$O©nwadR>m BË`mXr XoÊ`mMr gyMZm Ho$br Amho.
3) ìhrOZ 2020 :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _XVrZo ìhrOZ 2020 `moOZm Omhra Ho$br. `moOZoA§VJ©V XoemVrb 600 Xebj Z{dZ ~±H$ ImVr CKS>Ê`mMo Üò` R>odÊ`mV Ambo Amho. hr ImVr J«m_rU,
S>m|Jami d XþJ©_ ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§Mr AgVrb.
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4) gwú_ emIm àH$ën :
gZ 2010 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo gwú_ emIm àH$ën `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br Amho. `m
`moOZoA§VJ©V J«m_rU ^mJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m {bS> ~±H$, joÌr` ~±H$m BË`mXrZm gwú_ emIm "EH$ H$_©Mmar
EH$ emIm' gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm nadmZm XoD$ Ho$bm. `m_wio ~MV g§H$bZ, {dÎmnwadR>m BË`mXr H$m`} gwb^
hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.
5) Ho$.dm`.gr. `moOZm :
`m `moOZo A§VJ©V AmYma H$mS>m©À`m AmYmao J«mhH$m§Mo ImVo Am°Z bmB©Z OmoS>Ê`mV Ambo. Aer ImVr
gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$m, ImgJr ~±H$m, naH$s` ~±H$m B. _Üò CKS>ÊmoMr _mo{h_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
6) ewÝ` ~°bÝg ImVo `moOZm :
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 2010 _Üò ì`mnmar ~±H$mgmR>r hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br Amho. `moOZo A§VJ©V
{dÚmWu, nmbH$, eoVH$ar, amoJma h_r `moOZoMo bm^mWu BË`mXrgmR>r ewÝ` ~°bÝg ImVo `moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. gXaÀ`m ImË`mV gaH$mar {eî`d¥Îmr, AZwXmZo, _OyarÀ`m aH$_m, O_m H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©
gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
7) E.Q>r.E_. godm :
gZ 2010 _Üò [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo J«m_rU ^mJmgmR>r E.Q>r.E_².godm XoÊ`mMo YmoaU R>odÊ`mV Ambo. `mbm
à{VgmX åhUyZ gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb ~±H$mZr _mM© 2014 AIoa 34664 E.Q>r.E_. H|$Ðo gwê$ Ho$br AmhoV.
8) ñdm{^_mZ `moOZm :
OmZodmar 2010 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo J«m_rU emIm {dñVmamgmR>r hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$bobr
Amho. `moOZo A§VJ©V 2000 bmoH$g§»òÀ`m JmdmV ~±qH$J godm CnbãY H$aÊ`mMo C{Ôï> R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
`mÛmao 73000 Jmdm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m Jmdm§V AJ«Ur ~±H$ `moOZo A§VJ©V ~±qH$J godm
nwa{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
darb à_mUo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ `moOZoMr H$m`©dmhr ^maVmV H$aÊ`mV Amë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
9) à{VHw$Qw>§~ XmoZ ~±H$ ImVr `moOZm :
{dÎmr` g_mdoe YmoaUmMm ^mJ åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Owb¡ 2014 _Üò hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br Amho.
`m_Üò XoemVrb ~±qH$J nmgyZ Xÿa d d§{MV AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mZm ~±H$ godm XoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm Amho.
`m_wio ì`mnmar ~±H$mZm d§{MV Hw$Qw>§~mMr à{VHw$Qw>§~ XmoZ ImVr CKS>Ê`mMr O~m~Xmar gmno{dÊ`mV Ambr
Amho.
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B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) Imbr {Xboë`m n`m©`mVyZ AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠò nyU© H$am.
1. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr H$ënZm ............. er {ZJS>rV Amho.
A) ~±qH$J joÌ
~) {dÎmr` joÌ
H$) naH$s` joÌ
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
2. ^maVmV {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr `moOZm .............. eVH$mVrb Amho.
A) 19 ì`m
~) 20 ì`m
H$) 21 ì`m
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
3. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ àm_w»`mZo ............. gmR>r ~±qH$J godm§Mm bm^ XoÊ`mV òVmo.
A) d§{MV KQ>
~) CÚmoOH$ d ì`mdgm`rH$ H$) naH$s` KQ>H$
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
4. ^maVmV ................ ho IoS>o 100% ~±H$ ImVo_` gd©àW_ ~Zbo Amho.
A) AH$byO
~) _§Jb_²
H$) ~mÛJm§d
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
5. ^maVmV Ho$.dm`.gr. ~±H$ òOZm ............. {ZJS>rV R>odyZ Am°Z bmB©Z OmoS>Ê`mV Ambr Amho.
A) {ZdS>UyH$ AmoiInÌ
~) AmYma H$mS>©
H$) aoeZ H$mS>©
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
3.3 gmam§e :
OJm_Üò _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$À`m AJmoXa ì`mnmar ~±H$m§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbobr hmoVr. nydu ì`mnmar ~±H$m
A_`m©X H$m`© H$arV. Ë`m_wio `m doimodoir AS>MUrV òV AgV. åhUyZ ~±H$m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo
g§nyU© OJmV B§½b§S> `m XoemV 1694 _Üò ~±H$ Am°\$ B§½b§S> `m _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va
AZoH$ XoemVyZ hiyhiy _Ü`dVu ~±H$m ñWmnZ hmoD$ bmJë`m.
^maVmV gZ 1935 _Üò [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> 1934 Zwgma [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m
_Ü`dVu ~±H$o Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Xþgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda Am{W©H$ d MbZ{df`H$
n[afX Pmbr. `m n[afXoV OJmVrb àËòH$ Xoem§Zr AmnAmnë`m XoemV _Ü`dVu ~±H$ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mda
EH$_V Pmbo. åhUyZ Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV OJmVrb Odi Odi gd© XoemVyZ _Ü`dVu ~±H$m ñWmnZ hmoD$
bmJë`m.
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo gwê$dmVrnmgyZ ~±qH$J qH$dm {Z`§ÌUmË_H$ H$m`} d {dH$mgmË_H$ qH$dm
CÎmoOZmË_H$ H$m`} gwê$ R>odbr AmhoV. A{bH$S>rb åhUOo 1991 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV `m H$m`m©À`m ì`mßVrV
hiyhiy Iwn dmT> hmoV Mmbbr Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
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[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m CÎma XoemVrb _Ü`dVu ~±H$mà_mUo MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU {ZpíMV H$aVo.
1951 Vo 1990 `m H$mimV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU EH$m {d{eï> nÕVrMo hmoVo. Vo
{dH$mgmË_H$ VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm{^_wI Ago hmoVo. XoemMr n[apñWVr d H$mi `m Zwgma {Vbm
MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmÀ`m C{Ôï>mV ~Xb H$amdm bmJV Amho. MbZ {df`H$ YmoaUmAmYmao ñdñV d _hmJ
n¡gm YmoaU pñdH$maÊ`mV òVo. ì`mnmar ~±H$mÀ`m amoIVm à_mUmV H$_r-OmñV ~Xb H$aVm òVmo. åhUyZ
MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU A{YH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
[aPìh© ~±H$ MbZ d nVMbZmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmMohr H$m`© H$aVo. `m H$m`m©g nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaU åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVo. [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m nV{Z`§ÌU YmoaUmMm ^mJ åhUyZ g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$
gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVo. g§»`mË_H$ gmYUo ~±H$mÀ`m nVnwadR>çmda VmËH$mi n[aUm_ H$aVmV. Va JwUmË_H$
gmYZo _mÌ ~±H$m, eoVr joÌ, CÚmoJ, {Z`m©V joÌo B. KQ>H$m_Yrb nVnwadR>çmda H$_r A{YH$ n[aUm_
H$aVmV. `m_Üò [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm nV{Z`§ÌU H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. na§Vw ^maVr` ZmUo~mOma A{dH${gV, Ag§KQ>rV
d {dñH$irV Agë`mZo [aPìh© ~±Ho$bm nV{Z`§ÌU H$aUo `m_Üò Ano{jV è {_iy eH$bo Zmhr.
[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m KQ>H$mÀ`m eodQ>À`m ^mJmV {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr g§H$ënZm M{M©br
Amho. hr 21 ì`m eVH$mVrb Z{dZ Aer g§H$ënZm Amho. `m_Üò [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo gaH$mar YmoaUmMm ^mJ
åhUyZ {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ `mda â XoD$ Ho$bm. gd©g_mdoeH$ {dH$mg `m Ý`m`mZo ì`mnmar ~±H$mZr Amnë`m
godm§Mm bm^ g_mOmVrb Xþb©{jV, d§{MV d Cno{jV KQ>H$m§Zm XoÊ`mMo YmoaU R>odë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. `m_Üò
J«m_rU emIm {dñVma ewÝ` ~°bÝg ImVo CKS>Uo, Ho$.dm`.gr., ~±H$ ImË`mVyZ gaH$mar doVZ, ^Îmo, _Oyar,
AZwXmZo BË`mXr O_m H$aUo BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVo.
3.7 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
1. JìhZ©a : [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo X¡Z§{XZ ì`dñWmnZ nmhUmao nyU© doi àemgH$s` à_wI A{YH$mar.
2. MbZ : XoemgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao ZmoQ>m, ZmUr BË`mXrMr {Z{_©Vr.
3. {dXoer MbZ : naH$s` Xoem§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobo MbZ. CXm. S>m°ba, nm¢S>, òZ BË`mXr.
4. {ZagU J¥h : XoemVrb ì`mnmar ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, naH$s` ~±H$m BË`mXr H$S>rb MoH$,
S´>mâQ> BË`mXr dgwbr qH$dm dQ>Umdi H$aUmao ñWi.
5. Zm~mS>© : amï´>r` nmVirda eoVr joÌmH$arVm nVnwadR>m H$aUmar H|$Ðr` ~±H$.
6. {Z`m©V {dÎm : XoemVrb {Z`m©V dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo {Z`m©V CÚmoJ, g§ñWm B. {dÎmnwadR>m
XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo.
7. hþ§S>r~mOma : XoemVrb {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {d{dY hþ§S>çmMr dQ>Zmdi qH$dm hþ§S>çm§À`m VmaUmda
H$O© XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo hmo`.
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8. MbZ {df`H$ YmoaU : _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z XoemVrb MbZ d nVMbZmMm nwadR>m gr_rV
R>odÊ`m~m~V {ZpíMV Ho$bobo YmoaU hmo`.
9. ~±H$aoQ> : _Ü`dVu ~±H$ XoemVrb ~±H$mZm Á`m ì`mOXamZo H$O©nwadR>m H$aVo Vmo ì`mOXa.
10. aonmo aoQ> : _Ü`dVu ~±H$ XoemVrb ~±H$mZm AË`ënH$mimgmR>r amoIVm àmßV H$ê$Z XoUogmR>r Omo
ì`mOXa AmH$maVmV Vmo Xa hmo`.
11. [aìhg© aonmo : ì`mnmar ~±H$m Amnë`mH$S>rb A{V[aŠV amoIVm _Ü`dVu ~±Ho$H$S>o R>odVmV
Ë`mdoir Ë`mda {_iUmam ì`mOXa.
12. g§»`mË_H$ gmYUo : [aPìh© ~±H$ XoemVrb ~±H$ nV{Z{_©Vrda àË`j H$_r-A{YH$ n[aUm_
H$aVo Ë`m~m~VMr gmYUo.
13. JwUmË_H$ gmYUo : _Ü`dVu ~±H$ XoemVrb ~±H$m§Mr nV{Z{_©Vr d XoemVrb n¡emÀ`m
nwadR>çmda {Z`§ÌUm~m~V Or {ZdS>H$ gmYUo dmnaVo Vr gmYUo.
14. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ : XoemVrb ~±H$mZr XoemVrb d§{MV d CnojrV KQ>H$m§Zm ~±H$s¨J godm§Mo bm^
{_idyZ XoÊ`m~m~V [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo am~{dbobo YmoaU.
3.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1) Imbrb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.
1. ^maVmV [aPìh© ~±H$ A°ŠQ> 1935 _Üò nmg H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
2. [aPìh© ~±H$ EH$ ê$n`mMr ZmoQ> d gd© àH$maMr ZmUr MbZmV AmUVo.
3. [aPìh© ~±H$ gmd©O{ZH$ _mbH$sMr Amho.
4. EH$ én`mÀ`m ZmoQ>oda [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m JìhZ©aMr ñdmjar AgVo.
5. ^maVmV [aPìh© ~±Ho$ì`{V[aŠV {ZagUJ¥hm§Mo H$m`© ñQ>oQ> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m H$Sy>Z Ho$bo OmVo.
6. ì`mnmar ~±Ho$À`m nV{Z{_©Vrda [aPìh© ~±H$ {Z`§ÌU R>odV Zmhr.
7. amIrd {ZYrÀ`m à_mUmV ~Xb ho JwUmË_H$ nV{Z`§ÌUmMo gmYZ Amho.
8. {ZdS>H$ nV{Z`§ÌU gmYUo g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoVrb nVnwadR>m {Z`§{ÌV H$aVmV.
9. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ hr H$ënZm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dÎmnwadR>çmer g§~§YrV Amho.
10. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ `moOZm [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mZo 1951 nmgyZ gwê$ Ho$br Amho.
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2) OmoS>çm bmdm.
1. ~±H$aoQ>
1) AË`ënH$mbrZ amoIVm nwa{dÊ`mdarb Xa
2. MbZ {Z{_©Vr _ŠVoXmar
2. AënH$mbrZ amoIVm Jw§VdUyH$sdarb ì`mOXa
3. aonmo aoQ>
3. g§»`VmË_H$ nV gmYZ
4. [aìhg© aonmo
4. JwUmË_H$ nV gmYZ
5. Z¡{VH$ g_mOdUr
5. [aPìh© ~±H$
3.8 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao :
A)
1) - S>
2) - H$
3) - H$
4) ~
5) - ~
5) - H$
7) - S>
8) H$
~)
1) - A
2) - A
3) - H$
4) - ~
5) - H$
H$)
1) - A
2) - ~
3) - H$
4) - ~
5) - A
S>)
1) - A
2) - H$
3) - A
4) - ~
5) - ~
2)
MyH$ H$s ~amo~a
1) - MyH$
2) - MyH$
3) - ~amo~a
4) - MyH$
5) - ~amo~a
6) - ~amo~a
7) - MyH$
8) - MyH$
9) - MyH$
10) - MyH$
2) - 5
3) - 1
4) - 2
5) - 4
3)
OmoS>çm Owidm
1) - 3
3.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) Q>rnm {bhm.
1. ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mo g§KQ>Z d aMZm.
2. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr H$m`}.
3. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ
4. nV{Z`§ÌUmMr g§»`mË_H$ gmYUo.
5. nV{Z`§ÌUmMr JwUmË_H$ gmYUo.
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~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr aMZm, g§KQ>Z d H$m`} ñnï> H$am.
2. [aPìh© ~±Ho$À`m MbZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMo Q>rH$mË_H$ n[ajU H$am.
3. {dÎmr` g_mdoeZ åhUOo H$m` ? [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm {dÎmr` H$m`©H«$_ {deX H$am.
3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W.
1)
De-Koch M.H. Cental Banking.
2)
R. S. Sayers - Modern Banking,
3)
E_². Eg. H$mobVo - _wÐm Am{U {dÎmr` àUmbr.
4)
_mZH$a, S>m§Jo - àJV ~±qH$J.
5)
àm. ^mogbo, àm. H$mQ>o - ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm
6)
àm. S>m°. Xm_Or ~r. EM². ~±qH$J d {dÎmr` ~mOmanoR>.
♦♦♦
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KQ>H$ - 4
Cn`mo{OV ~±qH$J
(Applied Banking)
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1
~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm.
4.2.2
nV_wë`m§H$Z d nVJwUm§H$Z
4.2.4
_wb^yV F$U ì`mOXa d AmYma Xa
4.2.4
aonmo d [aìhg© aonmo Xa
4.3 gmam§e
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
4.8 g§X^© gyMr
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
àñVwV KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m_wio AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~r g_OVrb.
1. ~±H$s¨JbmoH$nmb `moOZoMr C{Ôï>o d H$m`©nÕVr g_Oob.
2. nV_yë`m§H$Z d nVJwUm§H$ZmMr à{H«$`m g_Oob.
3.
PLR
d
Base Rate
åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JVm òB©b.
4. aonmo d [aìhg© aonmo aoQ> åhUOo H$m` Vo g_Oob.
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~r.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....1
4.1 àñVmdZm :
àñVwV nwñVH$mVrb KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ VrZ _Üò AmnU ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm, VrMr H$m`},
RBI Mo _m¡ÐrH$ / MbZ{df`H$ YmoaU VgoM ^maVmVrb nV{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m {d{dY V§Ìm§Mr
_m{hVr KoVbr. Ë`m~amo~aM AmnU ^maVmV 2005 nmgyZ Omo {dÎmr` g_mdoeZmMm H$m`©H«$_ am~dV AmhmoV
Ë`m{df`r g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho. VWmnr `m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm,
nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$`m, nVJwUm§H$ PLR d Baisc Rate Am{U aonmo d [aìhg© aonmo Xam{df`r _m{hVr KoUma
AmhmoV.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
(Subject Analysis)
:
~±H$s¨J joÌmÛmao {d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm d gw{dYm {Xë`m OmV AgVmV. Ë`m{df`r {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m
g_ñ`m d AS>MUr gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r RBI Zo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZoMm Aä`mg AmnU `m
KQ>H$mV H$aUma AmhmoV. VgoM ~±H$mÛmao H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r am~dbr OmUmar nV_wë`m§H$Z nÕVr, Ë`m§Mo _hÎd
Am{U nVJwUm§H$ `m{df`r g{dñVa _m{hVr KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`mM~amo~a àmB©_ b|S>tJ aoQ>, ~og aoQ>, aonmo aoQ>
Am{U [aìhg© aonmo aoQ> `m g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV.
4.2.1 ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb `moOZm
(Banking Ombudsman scheme) :
^maVr` ~±H$s¨J CÚmoJm_Üò ~±H$s¨J godm d ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm§Mm {dñVma hmoV AgVmZm J«mhH$m§À`m d
ImVoXmam§À`m g§ñWo_Üòhr _moR>r dmT> Pmë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. VWmnr ^maVr` ~±H$s¨J joÌmMm ì`mnH$ {dñVma
Pmë`mZo `m joÌmVrb VH«$mar d g_ñ`m§Mo à_mUhr dmT>V Joë`mMo {XgyZ òV hmoVo. na§Vw ~±H$ d J«mhH$
`m§À`m_Üò {Z_m©U Pmboë`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m VH«$marMr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>rMr {deofrH¥$V `§ÌUm
^maVmV ZìhVr. åhUyZ gZ 1995 _Üò ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ^maVr` ~±H§$sJ {Z`_Z H$m`Xm 1949
(Indian Banking Regulation Act 1949) _Yrb goŠeZ 35-A _Yrb VaVwXrMm AmYma KoD$Z ~±H$s¨J
bmoH$nmb `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. `m `moOZo_Üò gZ 2002 _Üò Am{U 2008 _Üò _hÎdnyU© ~Xb H$ê$Z gXa
`moOZm A{YH$ à^mdrnUo am~dÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV.
A) C{Ôï>ço
(Objectives)
~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm am~dÊ`m_mJo ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo nwT>rb C{Ôï>o {ZYm©arV Ho$bobr AmhoV.
1) gd©gm_mÝ` J«mhH$m§À`m ~±H$s¨J {df`H$ VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV VH«$ma {ZdmaU
`§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
2) ~±H$ J«mhH$m§À`m VH«$mar {ZdmaUmgmR>r {dídmgmh© d gmVË`nyU© MmbUmar `§ÌUm C^r H$aUo.
3) ^maVmVrb ~±H$s¨J godm gw{dYm§Mm XOm© dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r gmVË`nyU© _XV H$aUo d gwMZm XoUo.
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4) ~±H$s¨J godm gw{dYm_Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$g gwMZm XoUo d `mo½` Ë`m
_mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊmog _XV H$aUo.
5) ~±H$s¨J VH«$ma {ZdmaU `§ÌUo~m~V J«mhH$m§À`m_Üò OmJ¥H$Vm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z J«mhH$m§Zm _XV H$aUo.
6) ~±H$ J«mhH$mgmR>r VmËH$mi Ý`m` XoUmar d H$m`©j_ `§ÌUm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo B.
~) ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmbmMo A{YH$ma, H$m`} d Zo_UyH$
(Appointment, Power & Duties of BO)
~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb {df`H$ `moOZm 2006 _Yrb VaVwXr VgoM `mg§~§Yr doimodoir Pmboë`m ~XbmZwgma
~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmbmMr Zo_UyH$, A{YH$ma d H$m`} nwT>rbà_mUo {dfX H$aVm òVmV.
1) ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmbmMr Zo_UyH$ : ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm 2006 _Yrb H$b_ 4 Zwgma ~±H$s¨J
bmoH$nmbMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmVo. hr {Z`wŠVr ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Ûmao Ho$br OmVo. gm_mÝ`V: {M\$ OZab
_°ZoOa (Chief General manager qH$dm General Manager) nXmÀ`m `mo½`VoMr qH$dm Ë`m nXmda
H$m`©aV AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrMr Zo_UyH$ ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb åhUyZ Ho$br OmVo. `m `moOZoVrb VaVwXr Zwgma
^maVr` [aPìh© ~±H$ EH$mnojm A{YH$ ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb {Z`wŠV H$ê$ eH$Vo. gÜ`m OwZ 2014 AIoa
^maVmV 15 ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©bò AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r 15 bmoH$m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmbmMo H$m`m©b` H$moR>o Agmdo ho R>adÊ`mMm g§nyU© A{YH$ma RBI Mm AgyZ JaOoZwgma hr
H$m`m©bò CKS>br OmVmV. gXa H$m`m©b`mgmR>r Zo_boë`m bmoH$nmbmMm H$m`©H$mb VrZ dfm©Mm AgVmo.
2) ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmbmMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} : ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZoVrb VwaVwXrZwgma bmoH$nmbm§Mr
H$m`} d A{YH$ma {ZYm©arV H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AgyZ Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Zr H$m`©dmhr H$amd`mMr AgVo.
1) ~°§qH$J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mMr H$m`©H$jm ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Ûmao R>adyZ {Xbr OmVo. Ë`m
H$m`©H$joV òUmè`m ~±qH$J godm gw{dYm{df`H$ VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma g§~§YrV
H$m`m©b`mVrb ~±H$ bmoH$nmbmg XoD$ Ho$bobo AgVmV. gÜ`m 15 bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mÛmao ho
H$m`© MmbVo.
2) ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb ~±qH$J godm gw{dYm_Yrb H$_VaVm d MwH$m§~m~VÀ`m VH«$marda Ý`m`-{ZdmS>m
H$ê$ eH$VmV. `moOZoV Z_wX Ho$boë`m H$b_ 8 _Üò Xe©{dboë`m godm~m~VÀ`m VH«$mar Ý`m`rH$
à{H«$ògmR>r {dMmamV KoVë`m OmVmV.
3) gd© àH$maÀ`m ~±qH$J g§ñWm_Yrb godm gw{dYm{df`H$ VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
bmoH$nmbmg AmhoV. åhUOoM ImOJr, gmd©O{ZH$, {dXoer d ghH$mar ~±H$m§À`m VH«$marMo
{ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma AmhoV.
4) ~±H$ d J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb VH«$marMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma ~±qH$J bmoH$nmbmg AgyZ ho
{ZdmaU H$amamÛmao (By Aqreement) Ho$bo OmVo. `m_Üò ~±H$ d J«mhH$m§Mr g§_Vr KoVbr OmVo.
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5) J«mhH$mÀ`m VH«$marda {Xboë`m {ZU©`mMr H$m°nr g§§~§YrV ~±Ho$bm nS>VmiUrgmR>r d ~mOy
_m§S>Ê`mgmR>r nmR>dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma bmoH$nmbmg Amho.
6) ~±H$ d J«mhH$ `m§À`mVrb {ddmX {_Q>dÊ`mgmR>r ~±qH$J bmoH$nmbmZo Ho$bobm g_PmoVm ~±Ho$g
_mÝ` Zgë`mg EH$ _{hÝ`m§Mr dmQ> nmhÿZ ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb Amnbm {ZU©` XoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mg
"Award of Bank ombydsman" Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
7) ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mgmR>rMo A§XmOnÌH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMo A{YH$ma bmoH$nmbmg AgyZ
Ë`mg RBI Mr _mÝ`Vm KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
8) àËòH$ ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb `m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`m©b`mMm Vn{ebdma Ahdmb àËòH$ dfu 30 OyZ
n`ªV RBI bm nmR>dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
9) EImÚm Ho$g~m~V ~±Ho$H$S>yZ A{YH$ _m{hVr Amdí`H$ Agë`mg g§~§YrV ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z g§~§YrV
àH$aUm~m~V A{YH$ _m{hVr {_idÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ~±qH$J bmoH$nmbm§Zm AmhoV.
10) EImÚm ~±Ho$~m~V J«mhH$mMr VH«$ma Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m~m~VMr _m{hVr g§~§YrV emIog qH$dm Ë`m
~±Ho$À`m _w»` H$m`m©b`mg XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ~±qH$J bmoH$nmbmMr AgVo.
11) J«mhH$mZo XmIb Ho$boë`m VH«$marg `mo½` nwamdm {Xbobm Zgë`mg, `mnwdr© g§~§YrV VH«$marda
{ZU©` {Xbobm Agë`mg {H$§dm Ë`m~m~V H$moQ>© Ho$g gwê$ Agë`mg ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb gXa VH«$ma
aÔ H$ê$ eH$VmV.
12) ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb `moOZoVrb H$b_ 25 Zwgma XmIb Pmboë`m Ho$gÀ`m n{hë`m O~m~mZ§Va ghm
_{hÝ`m§À`m AmV {ZU©` XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.
3) ~±qH$J bmoH$nmbÛmao gmoS>dë`m OmUmè`m VH«$mar :
`m `moOZoVrb H$b_ 8 _Yrb VaVwXrZwgma ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b` nwT>rb àH$maÀ`m VH«$mar d
{ddmX {_Q>dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.
1) MoH$, S´>mâQ> qH$dm {~bm§Mo no_|Q> Z H$aUo qH$dm Vo doioV Z dQ>dUo.
2) bhmZ qH$_VrÀ`m ZmoQ>m H$maU Z XoVm ZmH$maUo.
3) g~i H$maU Z XoVm ZmUr KoÊ`mMo ZmH$maUo.
4) AmdH$ aH$_oMo doioV àXmZ Z H$aUo.
5) doioV MoH$ qH$dm {S>_m§S> S´>mâQ> Z XoUo.
6) {dhrV H$m_H$mOmÀ`m doioV {ZYm©arV godm Z XoUo.
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7) ~±qH$J godm-gw{dYm XoÊ`mg {ZîH$maU Cera H$aUo.
8) Xo`H$ aH$_m doioV Z hñVm§VarV H$aUo.
9) g~b H$maU Z XoVm ImVo Z CKSy> XoÊmo.
10) nwd©gwMZm Z XoVm H$nmVr H$aUo.
11)
ATM
d
Creadit Card
~m~V narnyU© _m{hVr Z XoUo.
12) noÝeZYmaH$m§g doioV noÝeZ dmQ>n Z H$aUo B.
13) gŠVrZo ImVo ~§X H$aUo qH$dm H$moUVrhr gwMZm Z XoVm ImVo ~§X H$aUo.
14) ~±qH$J godmMm XOm© {d{hV nÕVrZo Z R>odUo.
15) dgwbr A{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z {Z`_mMo nmbZ Z hmoUo.
16) H$O© {dVaU d dgwbr{dîm`H$ {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ Z H$aUo B.
darb àH$maÀ`m VH«$mar ì`{V[aŠV ~±qH$J ñQ>±S>S>© H$moS> A°ŠQ> H$ÝQ>~Q> _Yrb VaVwXrZwgma Á`m ÌwQ>r
~±qH$J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mH$S>o XmIb H$ê$Z KoVë`m OmVmV na§Vy gXa VH«$mar XmIb H$aÊ`mnwdu g§~§YrV
J«mhH$mZo g§~§YrV ~±Ho$V VH«$ma Zm|XdUo Ano{jV AgVo VoWo g_mYmZ Z Pmë`mg ~±qH$J bmoH$nmbH$S>o VH«$ma
Zm|XdVm òV.o
H$) ^maVmVrb ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mH$S>rb VH«$mar :
^maVmVrb 15 ~±qH$J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mH$S>o gZ 2010-11 Vo 2012-13 `m H$mbmdYrV XmIb
Pmboë`m VH«$marMo {ddaU nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.
H$moîQ>H$ - 1
~±qH§$J{df`H$ VH«$mar (g§»`m)
H$m`m©b`
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
1
Ah_Xm~mX
5190
4590
4838
2
~|Jbmoa
3470
3486
3318
3
^monmi
5210
5953
4920
4
^wdZoída
1124
1826
1523
5
M§XrJS>
3559
3521
3094
6
MoÞB©
7668
6614
7255
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7
JwdmhQ>r
584
708
807
8
h¡Ðm~mX
5012
5167
4303
9
O`nya
3512
4209
4099
10
H$mZnwa
8319
9633
9012
11
H$mobH$ËVm
5192
4838
4388
12
_w~§ B©
7566
7905
8607
13
Zdr {Xëbr
10508
9180
9444
14
nmQ>Um
2283
2718
2785
15
{ÌdoZV§ nwa_
2077
2541
2148
71274
72889
70541
EHy$U
g§X^© :
The Banking Ombudsman Scheme - Report 2012-13
H$moîQ>H$ H«$. 1 dê$Z Ago {XgyZ òoVo H$s, gZ 2012-13 _Üò EHy$U VH«$marMr g§»`m H$_r Pmbobr
Amho VWmnr gXa VH«$marMo AmH$ma_mZ {dMmamV KoVm AmO hr 70,000 nojm A{YH$ VH«$mar à{Vdfu Zm|X
hmoV AmhoV hr ^maVr` ~±qH$J gmR>r J§^ra ~m~ Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo. ~±qH$J g§ñWoÀ`m àH$mamZwgma nmhVm
gdm©{YH$ VH«$mar amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m d SBI ~m~V Agë`mMr ~m~ H$moîQ>H$ H«$. 2 dê$Z {XgwZ òVmo.
H$moîQ>H$ - 2
~±qH§$J g§ñÏmoZwgma àmá VH«$mar
~°qH$J g§»`m
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m
20417
22326
21609
22307
25848
23134
ImOJr ~±H$m
17122
15090
15653
{dXoer ~±H$m
7081
5068
4859
1130
1439
1489
3217
3118
3797
71274
72889
70541
SBI
d ghmæ`H$ ~±H$m
RRB
d ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m
BVa ~±H$m
EHw$U
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g§X^© :
The Banking Ombudsman Scheme - Report 2012-13
H$moîQ>H$ H«$. 2 dê$Z Ago {XgwZ òVo H$s, EHy$U VH«$mar n¡H$s 31% VH«$mar amîQ´>r`H¥$V ~±H$mÀ`m godm~m~V
Va 33% VH«$mar SBI d ghmæ`H$ ~±H$mÀ`m godm ~m~V AmhoV. {dXoer ~±H$m~m~V Ho$di 7% VH«$mar AmhoV.
Va RRB d ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$m~m~V Ho$di 2% VH«$mar AmhoV.
H$moîQ>H$ H«$. 3 _Yrb gm§{IH$sdê$Z Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, gdm©{YH$ VH«$mar ~±Ho$Zo {Xboë`m
AmídmgZmMr nwV©Vm Z H$aUo ATM d H«o${S>Q> H$mS>© ~m~VÀ`m VH«$mar~m~VMr g§»`m OmñV Amho.
H$moîQ>H$ - 3
godoZwgma VH«$matMr g§»`m
VH«$marMm àH$ma
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
1
R>od ImË`m~m~V VH«$mar
1727
8713
3913
2
n¡emÀ`m hñVm§VaUm~m~V
4216
3928
2664
3
ATM
17116
14492
17867
4
H$O©{df`H$
4564
6016
5996
5
{ZîH$maU H$nmV{df`H$
4149
3806
3817
6
noÝeZ~m~V
5927
5944
5740
7
{Z`_mMo nmbZ Z Ho$bo~m~V
16302
18365
18130
8
dgwbr A{YH$mè`m§~m~V
1722
459
351
9
ZmoQ>m d ZmÊ`m§~m~V
146
165
56
10
BVa VH«$mar
7201
7327
8635
11
AdJuH¥$V {df`
8204
3674
3372
71274
72889
70541
/ H«o${S>Q> d S>o~rQ> H$mS>©~m~V
EHy$U
4.4.2
nV_wë`m§H$Z
(Credit Appraisal)
:
~±qH$J d {dËVr` g§ñWm§gmR>r nV_wë`m§H$Z hr EH$ gdm©V _hËdmMr à{H«$`m AgVo H$maU Á`m
~±H$m§H$S>o AË`§V nmaXe©H$ d H$miOrnwd©H$ nÕVrZo nV_wë`m§H$Z H$ê$Z H$O} {Xbr OmVmV Ë`m ~±H$m§À`m
H$Om©Mr WH$~mH$s AË`§V H$_r AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV H$Om©_Yrb YmoŠ`m§Mr VnmgÊmr H$ê$Z H$O© {dVaU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r àËòH$ ~±H$m§Zm nV_wë`m§H$Z V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUo H«$_n«má AgVo.
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A) nV_wë`m§H$ZmMm AW©
(Meaning of Credit Appraisal)
:
nV_wë`m§H$Z hr EH$ H$O© KoD$ BÀN>rUmè`m AO©Xma ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWoMr nVAmh>©Vm VnmgUrMr
à{H«$`m AgVo (Credit appraisal is the process of evaluating credit coorthiness of the
appliant) WmoS>Š`mV nV_wë`m§H$Z hr H$O© XoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ò_Yrb àmW{_H$ ñWamdarb Aer VnmgUr
AgVo H$s OrÀ`m AmYmao H$O©Xmamg H$O© Úmd`mMo H$s Zmhr `m~m~VMm `mo½` {ZU©` KoVm òUo eŠ` AgVo.
nV_wë`m§H$Zm_wio G$UH$m§Mr `mo½` nVAmh©Vm {H$Vr Amho d Vmo H$O© XoÊ`mg `mo½` d nmÌ ì`ŠVr Amho H$s
Zmhr. `mMr Vm§{ÌH$ nS>VmiUr H$aVm òVo. `m_Üò H$O© _mJUr H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr~m~VÀ`m {d{dY Vm§{ÌH$
~m~tMr nS>VmiUr H$ê$Z H$Om©~m~VMm AMyH$ {ZU©` KoVm òUo eŠ` AgVo. Ooìhm H$O©Xma CÚmoOH$ qH$dm
ì`mdgm{`H$ AgVmo V|ìhm Á`m àH$ënmgmR>r H$O© _mJrVbobo Amho Ë`m àH$ënm~m~VÀ`m nS>VmiUrMmhr
g_mdoe nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$ò_Üò hmoVmo.
~) nV_wë`m§H$ZmMo _hËd qH$dm Amdí`H$Vm
(Importance of Credit Apprasial)
:
~±qH$J g§ñWmgmR>r nV_wë`m§H$Zm§Mr à{H«$`m hr AË`§H$ _hËdmMr d EH$ AË`mdí`H$ Vm§{ÌH$ ~m~
AgVo. ho _hËd qH$dm Amdí`H$Vm nwT>rbà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm òVo.
1) H$O©Xmam{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo :
nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$ò_Üò H$O©XmamMr dV©_mZ Am{W©H$ pñWVr d B{Vhmg Vnmgbm OmV Agë`mZo
~±Ho$H$S>o H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr AÏmdm g§ñWo~m~VMr g§nwU© _m{hVr ~±H$s¨J g§ñWog àmá hmoVo. H$s
Á`m_wio ~±qH$J g§ñWm Á`m ì`ŠVrg qH$dm g§ñÏmog H$O© XoÊ`mMm {dMma H$aV Amho Ë`mMr g§nwU© OmU H$ê$Z
KoUo eŠ` hmoVo.
2) H$O©XmamMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr g_OVo :
nV_wë`m§H$Zm_Üò Ano{jV H$O©XmamMr g§nwU© Am{W©H$ nmíd©^y_r {dMmamV KoVbr OmV Agë`m_wio
Ë`m§À`mH$S>o {d{dY àH$maMo Am{W©H$ ñÌmoV H$moUVo AmhoV. Ë`mMo d¡Ym{ZH$ CËnÞmMo _mJ© H$moUVo AmhoV Vo
_mJ© {Ma§Va AmhoV H$s VmËH$mbrZ AmhoV. Ë`m_Üò ~Xb/KQ>/dmT> `m eŠ`Vm AmhoV H$m`? Aem AZoH$
~m~tMr _m{hVr àmá Pmë`mZo H$O©Xmam~m~V `mo½` {ZU©` KoVm òVmo.
3) H$O©XmamMr nVAmh©Vm g_OVo :
nV_wë`m§H$Zm_Üò Ho$di H$O©XmamÀ`m CËnÞmMo _mJ©M Vnmgbo OmV ZmhrV. Va H$O©Xmamg {d{dY
_mJm©Zo àmá hmoUmè`m CËnÞm~amo~aM Ë`mÀ`mda AgUmè`m {d{dY O~m~Xmè`m H$m` AmhoV? Ë`mgmR>r
H$O©XmamZo {H$Vr IM© H$aUo Ano{jV Amho? Cd©[aV CËnÞmda Vmo H$Om©Mo háo naV\o$S> H$ê$ eH$Vmo
H$m`? Aem H$O©Xmamg {H$Vr aH$_oMo H$O© XoUo `mo½` hmoB©b `m~m~VMr _m{hVr ~±qH$J g§ñWobm àmá hmoV
AgVo.
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4) H$Om©À`m naV\o$S>rVrb YmoHo$ H$_r H$aVm òVmV :
nV_wë`m§H$Zm_wio H$O©XmamMr A{W©H$ n[a{ñWVr VgoM Ë`mMr nVAmh©Vm bjmV òV Agë`m_wio VgoM
Ë`mMo dV©Z d gm_m{OH$ pñWVr bjmV òV Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm H$O© Úmd`mMo H$s Zmhr `mMm `mo½` {ZU©`
KoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. H$Om©À`m naV\o$S>r_Üò YmoHo$ {XgV Agë`mg Ago H$O© XoUo Q>miVm òVo Va
Á`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z H$Om©Mr doioda naV\o$S> hmoD$ eH$Vo Aem ì`ŠVrg/g§ñWog H$Om©Mo dmQ>n H$ê$Z H$O© naV
\o$S>rVrb YmoHo$ H$_r H$aVm òUo eŠ` hmoVo.
5) `mo½` H$O©XmamMm emoY KoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV :
~±qH$J g§ñWmH$S>o {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ì`ŠVr d g§ñWm H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r òV AgVmV.
Ë`mn¡H$s Zo_H$s H$moUVr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm `mo½` H$O©Xma Amho. `mMm emoY KoUo AË`mdí`H$ AgVo VWm{n
Ho$di H$O©XmamÀ`m AOm©dê$Z Ë`mMr `mo½`Vm bjmV òV Zmhr. Va Ë`mgmR>r nV_wë`m§H$Z V§ÌmMm dmna
H$ê$Z Ë`mMr `mo½`Vm VnmgUr bmJVo.
6) ~±Ho$Mr \$gdUyH$ Q>miVm òVo :
H$mhr H$O©Xma ~±H$mH$Sy>Z H$O© KoÊ`mgmR>r ImoQ>r H$mJXnÌo, ImoQ>r _m{hVr d ImoQ>o àñVmd gmXa
H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio ~±H$m§Mr H$O} ~wS>rV OmVmV qH$dm WH$~mH$sMo à_mU _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>V OmVo.
Ë`mgmR>r nV_wë`m§H$Z V§ÌmMm gdm©{YH$ \$m`Xm hmoVmo. nV_wë`m§H$Zm_Üò H$mJXnÌmMr N>mZZr VgoM H$Om©Mo
VmaU d H$maU `mhr JmoîQ>rMr VnmgUr hmoV Agë`mZo \$gdUwH$sMo àH$ma Q>miVm òVmV.
7) nVj_V d H$O© `m§À`mV _oi KmbVm òVmo :
H$mhr H$O©Xma AmnUmg Z nobUmao H$O© C^maVmV d eodQ>r ñdV… AS>MUrV òVmV d ~±H$mZmhr
AS>MUrV AmUVmV. Aem H$O©XmamZm `mo½` Ë`m à_mUmV H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$òMm Cn`moJ
hmoVmo H$maU `m à{H«$ò_Üò ~±H$ H$O©XmamMr nVj_Vm Aä`mgyZ Ë`mÀ`m j_VoZwgmaM H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ _§Oya
H$aV AgVo H$s, Á`m_wio g§~§YrV H$O©Xmamg H$O©hr {_iVo d Ë`mMr doioV naV\o$S>hr H$aVm òVo.
H$) nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$`m
(Credit Appraisal Procedure)
:
~±qH$J g§ñWm_Üò H$O©Xmamg H$O© _§Owa H$aUo d Ë`mg H$Om©Mo dmQ>n H$aÊ`mn`ªVMm {ZU©`
hmoB©n`ªV nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$`m _hËdmMr AgVo. AWm©V H$Om©À`m àH$mamZwgma nV_wë`m§H$ZmMr à{H«$`m {^ÝZ{^Þ AgVo H$maU àËòH$ H$Om©Mo ñdê$n doJdoJio AgVo. Ë`mZwgma nV_wë`m§H$ZmMr doJdoJir V§Ìo dmnamdr
bmJVmV VWm{n {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$Om©Mr nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$`m {dMmamV KoVm `m à{H«$òMo gd©gmYmaU
ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm òVo.
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nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$òoVrb Q>ßno
H$O©Xmamer n«mW{_H$ MMm©
H$O©XmamH$Sy>Z AmdoXZ nÌ n«már
{d{dY àH$maMr H$mJXnÌo/XñVEodO KoUo
H$O© _§Owar nwd© ñWbVnmgUr qH$dm ôQ>
CIBIL
d
ECGC
H$Sy>Z _m{hVr KoUo
VmaU _mb_Îmo~m~V Mm¡H$er (emoY Ahdmb)
VmaU _mb_ÎmoMo ~mOma_wë` {ZYm©aU
CËnÞ d IM©{df`H$ KQ>H$m§Mr VnmgUr
H$O©naV\o$S>r~m~V nS>VmiUr
H$O©àH$aUmg _§Oyar
H$mJXnÌm§Mr nwV©Vm (H$amaZm_m, JhmUIV B.)
H$O© aH$_oMo dmQ>n
EImÚm H$O©Xmamg H$O© XoÊ`mnydr© ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm {d{hV nÕVrZo H$O© àH$aUmg _§Oyar XoV AgVmV.
Ooìhm EImÚm H$O©Xmamg H$O© Úmd`mMo AgVo qH$dm EImXr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm H$Om©Mr _mJUr ~±Ho$H$S>o
ì`ŠV H$aVo Voìhm gd©àW_ H$O©Xmam§er AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm© Ho$br OmVo d Ë`m_Üò ì`ŠVr/g§ñWm nmÌ
dmQ>ë`mg AO© H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo OmVo. AOm©gmo~V àm°nQ>u qH$dm VmaU XoÊ`m`mo½` _mb_ÎmoÀ`m _mbH$s
hŠH$m~m~VMo XñVEodO VmngUrgmR>r KoVbo OmVmV d Ë`mZ§Va Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg ~±Ho$Vrb H$O©{df`H$
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{d^mJmMr A{YH$mar qH$dm ì`dñWmnH$ àË`j ñWbôQ>rg OmVmo Ë`mg Spot Visit Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. hr
ôQ> Amdí`H$VoZwgma AgVo. àËòH$ H$O©àH$aUmV ñWbôQ>rMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVoM Ago Zmhr. Vr JaO
nS>ë`mgM {Xbr OmVo. `mo½` Vr ImÌr Pmë`Zm§Va g§~§YrV H$O©Xmamg H$O© XoÊ`mMm {dMma ~±H$ H$aV
Agë`mg Ë`m H$O©XmamMr _m{hVr d {dÎmr` B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Credit Information Bureau
India Ltd. - CIBIL d H§$nZr H$O©Xma Agë`mg Expant Credit Guarentee Corporation ECGC
H$Sy>Z _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo. H$mhr doiog VmaU _mb_Îmm d¡Ú Amho H$m ? Ë`m~m~V H$mhr VH«$mar qH$dm H$moQ>©
Ho$g AmhoV H$m ? BË`mXrMr _m{hVr KoÊ`mgmR>r dH$sbm_m\©$V emoY Ahdmb (Search Report) KoVbm
OmVmo. d Ë`mZ§Va g§~§YrV VmaU _mb_ÎmoMo ~mOma_wë` {ZYm©arV H$ê$Z KoVbo OmVo. H$O©XmamMr _mb_Îmm
Am{U CËnÞ Ho$di EdT>çmM KQ>H$mMm {dMma H$ê$Z H$O© {Xbo OmV Zmhr. Va Ë`mÀ`mda AgUmè`m {d{dY
O~m~Xmè`m§Mm d IM©{df`H$ ~m~rMmhr {dMma H$ê$Z {H$Vr H$O© Úmd`mMo `mMm {ZU©` KoVbm OmVmo.
gm_mÝ`V: H$O©XmamMo gd© _mJm©Zr {_iUmè`m CËnÞmÀ`m {d{eï> à_mUmVM H$O© {Xbo OmVo. H$O©
naV\o$S>rMr j_Vm OodT>r Amho VodT>çmM aH$_oMo H$O© _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMm àKmV ~±H$m§_Üò {XgyZ òVmo. EH$Xm
gd© àmW{_H$ VnmgUr Pmë`mZ§Va H$O©XmamÀ`m H$O© àH$aUmg _§Oyar {Xbr OmVo d Ë`mZ§Va H$ama, JhmUIV
BË`mXr H$mJXnÌm§Mr nwV©Vm H$ê$Z KoD$Z H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ XoD$ Ho$br OmVo.
S>) nVJwUm§H$
(Credit Score) :
~±H$s¨J g§ñWm d H$O} XoUmè`m {d{dY {dÎmr` g§ñWm§Zm AmnUmH$S>o H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$aUmè`m H$O©Xmamg
H$O© XoUo {H$VnV gwa{jV qH$dm Agwa{jV Amho `mMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mMo H$m_ CIBIL hr g§ñWm H$arV AgVo.
CIBIL AmnUmH$S>o CnbãY Agboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao H$O©XmamMo nVJwUm§H$Z Omhra H$aVo. nVJwUm§JZ
hm H$O©XmamMm H$O© {df`H$ ì`dhmam§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z V`ma Ho$bobm gm§p»`H$s` ñdê$nmVrb XOm© AgVmo
Vmo 300 Vo 900 `m Xaå`mZ AgVmo. ^maVmVrb ~hþVm§e ~±H$m d {dÎmr` g§ñWm The credit
Information Bureau India Ltd., (CIBIL) `m g§ñWoZo {Xboë`m nVJwUm§H$ZmMmM dmna 2009 nmgyZ
H$arV AmhoV. VWmnr gZ 2010 nmgyZ ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Experian, Equifax d Highmark `m
g§ñWmZmhr nVJwUm§H$Z H$aÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xbobr Amho.
1) nVJwUm§H$ V`ma H$aÊ`mMr nÕV d nVJwUm§H$mda n[aUm_H$maH$ KQ>H$ :
nVJwUm§H$Z g§ñWm Amnë`m PAN Z§~aÀ`m AmYmao Zmd, Jmd, nÎmm d BVa _m{hVr g§H$brV H$aVmV
d ~±H$s¨J Am{U {dH«$s` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z H$O©ì`dhma {df`H$ _m{hVr Jmoim H$arV AgVmV. `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo
nwT>rb Z_yX ~m~rMr _m{hVr g§H$brV Ho$br OmV AgVo.
1) d¡`pŠVH$ _m{hVr : `m_Üò àm_w»`mZo Zmd, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gXñ`, OÝ_VmarI d d`, ì`dgm`,
ì`mdgm{`H$ CËnÞ nV d n°Z Z§~a.
2) H$O©{df`H$ _m{hVr : d¡`pŠVH$ _m{hVr ~amo~aM AmnU Á`m-Á`m {dÎmr` g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z H$O}
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H$mT>bobr AmhoV Ë`m Ë`m g§ñWoH$Sy>Z AmnU KoVboë`m gd© H$Om©Mr _m{hVr KoV AgVo. VgoM AmnU
KoVboë`m H$Om©Mo H$maU d VmaU `mMrhr _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo.
3) H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> : AmnU KoVbobr H$O} AmnU doioV naV\o$S> Ho$bobr AmhoV H$s Zmhr, H$Om©Mo
hßVo WH$bobo AmhoV H$m` ? WH$bobo hmoVo H$m` ? Agë`mg Ë`mMr H$maUo H$m` AmhoV? H$O©naV\o$S>r~m~V
H$mhr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV H$m`? BË`mXrMr _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo.
4) H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ d H$mbmdYr : `mnydu AmnU KoVboë`m H$Om©Mr aŠH$_ {H$Vr Amho d
Ë`mgmR>r H$O©\$o S>rMm H$mbmdYr {H$Vr Amho. AÚmn {H$Vr H$mbmdYr g§nbm AgyZ AOyZ {H$Vr H$mbmdYrn`ªV
H$Om©Mo hßVo MmbUma AmhoV. VgoM ZmoH$ar/ì`dgm`mVyZ {H$Vr {Xdg CËnÞ Mmby amhUma Amho d Ë`m
H$mbmdYrV ZdrZ H$O© XoUo eŠ` Amho H$m` ?
5) H$Om©Mr {eëbH$ aŠH$_ : AmnU nydu KoVboë`m H$Om©Mr AÚmn {eëbH$ Agbobr aŠH$_
{H$Vr Amho d Ë`mMr naV\o$S> H|$ìhm Ho$br OmUma Amho? H$O© aŠH$_ {H$Vr Amho `mMmhr n[aUm_
nVJwUm§H$mda hmoVmo.
6) H$Om©Mm àH$ma : AmnU EH$mM qH$dm doJdoJiçm ~±H$m§H$Sy>Z doJdoJir H$O} H$mT>bobr Agëmog
Amnbo IM© àH$ma doJdoJio {XgVmV. na§Vw AmnU EH$mM àH$maMr H$O} H$mT>bobr Agë`mg Amnbm
EH$mM ~m~rdarb A{V[aŠV IM© {XgyZ òVmo Ë`mMm nVwJwUm§H$mda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
7) gwa{jV d Agwa{jV H$O} : AmnU KoVbobr ~hþVm§e H$O} gwa{jV H$O} Agë`mg åhUOoM
`mo½` Ë`m VmaU _mb_Îmoda KoVbobr Agë`mg nVJwUm§H$Z OmñV dmVo. _mÌ Amnbr H$O} Agwa{jV H$O}
Agë`mg åhUOoM ng©Zb H$O} (Personal Loans) Agë`mg nVJwUm§H$ H$_r hmoVmo.
8) AënmdYrV A{YH$ H$Om©Mr _mJUr : EH$m {d{eï> Aën H$mimV AmnU {d{dY ~±H$mH$S>o
H$O} d H«o${S>Q> H$Om©Mr _mJUr Ho$br Agë`mg AmnUmda IMm©Mm ^ma dmT>V Agë`mZo AmnU A{YH$
H$Om©Mr _mJUr H$aV Agë`mMo {ZînÞ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Amnbo nVJwUm§H$mda Ë`mMm ZH$mamË_H$ à^md nS>Vmo.
9) H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©Mm A{YH$ dmna : AmnU AZoH$ ~±H$mMr H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>© dmnaV Agë`mg Amnbo
nVJwUm§H$Z H$_r hmoVo. H$maU ho H$O© Agwa{jV àH$mam_Üò òVo. VgoM H«o$S>rQ> H$mS>©darb CÀMV_
_`m©Xon`ªV AmnU nV dmnaV Agë`mg Amnbo nVJwUm§H$Z AmUIr H$_r hmoVo.
2) nVJwUm§H$ZmMo dJuH$aU :
nVJwUm§H$Z g§ñWm d nVnwadR>m g§ñWm H$O©XmamÀ`m nVJwUm§H$ZmMr dJ©dmar nwT>rb nÕVrZo H$aVmV.
1) nVJwUm§H$Z 600 nojm H$_r : EImÚm H$O©Xmamg Ë`mÀ`m _m{hVrdê$Z nVJwUm§H$Z g§ñWoZo
{Xbobo JwmH§$Z 600 nojm H$_r Agë`mg Vr dmB©Q> (Bad History) g_Obr OmVo. Aem H$O©XmamMm
H$O©{df`H$ B{Vhmg \$magm Mm§Jbm ZgVmo. Ë`mg H$O© {Xë`mg H$O© ~wS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
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2) nVJwUm§H$Z 600 Vo 720 : hm gd©gmYmaU (Average) H$O©Xma AgVmo H$s Á`mg {Xbobo H$O©
H$mhr doiog WH$~mH$sV amhÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. H$maU `mnydu Ë`mg {Xboë`m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Ë`mZr
A{Z`_rVnUo Ho$bobr AgVo.
3) nVJwUm§H$Z 720 Vo 740 : hm H$O©Xma ~am AgVmo. Ë`mZo nydu KoVbob`m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S>
H$aÊ`mg {db§~ Ho$bobm Agbm Var gd© H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Ho$bobr AgVo qH$dm Ë`mZo KoVboë`m H$Om©À`m
naV\o$S>r_Üò H$mhr à_mUmV A{Z`{_VVm {XgV Agë`mg Var Vr H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> H$aV AgVmo.
4) nVJwUm§H$Z 740 nojm A{YH$ : hm H$O©Xma H$O© XoÊ`mg CÎm_ H$O©Xma AgVmo. H$maU Ë`mÀ`m
H$O©naV\o$S>rMm B{Vhmg Mm§Jbm AgVmo. VgoM Ë`mMm H$O©{df`H$ àmo\$mB©b XoIrb CÎm_ AgVmo. Ë`mg
{Xbobr H$O} A{YH$ gwa{jV AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
4.2.3 _wb^yV F$U ì`mOXa
(Prime Lending Rate) :
^maVmVrb ~±H$s¨J g§ñWmÀ`mH$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m H$Om©darb ì`mOXamda H$mhr à_mUmV {Z`§ÌU
R>odÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo {d{dY Cnm``moOZm Ho$boë`m {XgyZ òVmV. `m_Üò Prime Lending
Rate - PLR qH$dm Benchmark Prime Lending Rate - BPLR Mm g_mdoe hmVomo. gZ 1994 Vo
2003 `m H$mbmdYrV RBI Zo 2 bmI én`mn`ªVÀ`m H$Om©À`m ~m~VrVrb A{YH$ma Amnë`mH$S>o amIyZ
R>odbobo hmoVo Va 2 bmI én`mdarb H$Om©Mo ì`mOXa R>adÊ`mMo A{YH$ma Ë`m-Ë`m ~±H$m§Zm {Xbobo hmoVo.
Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1997 nmgyZ 3 dfm©nojm A{YH$ _wXVrgmR>rÀ`m H$Om©~m~VMo ì`mOXa Omhra H$aÊ`mMo ~§YZ
KmbÊ`mV Ambobo hmoVo. E{àb 1998 nmgyZ 2 bmImn`ªVÀ`m H$Om©darb ì`mOXamgmR>r CÀMV_ _`m©Xm
(Ceiling Rate) R>adyZ XoÊ`mV òD$ bmJbr Va E{àb 2003 nmgyZ ^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ~§M_mH©$ àmB©_
boS>tJ aoQ> (Branchmane Prime Lending Rate - BPLR) nÕVr bmJy Ho$br.
A)
PLR
Mm AW© :
åhUOo `mo½` H$O©Xmamg H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r bmdbm OmUmam Ano{jV ì`mOXa H$s Omo ~±H$s¨J
g§ñWm§Zr ñdV: Omhra H$amd`mMm AgVmo. gZ 2003 nmgyZ ì`mOXam~m~V nmaXe©H$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r RBI
Zo gd© ~±H$m§Zm PLR à{gÕ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bobo hmoVo. (The PLR was the interest rate that
commercial banks normally charge to their most creditworthy customers) ~±Ho$H$Sy>Z
{Xë`m OmUmè`m 2 bmI én`mdarb H$Om©gmR>rMm ì`mOXa (PLR) R>adÊ`mMo A{YH$ma Ë`m-Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m
g§MmbH$ _§S>img XoÊ`mV Ambo d ~±Ho$Vrb _mb_Îmm Xo`Vm ì`dñWmnZ g{_Vr (The Assets and
Libility Management Committee - ALCO) g PLR R>adÊ`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo. hm {ZYm©arV
Xa Ë`m ~±Ho$À`m gd© emIm§Zm bmJy Ho$bm OmVmo.
PLR
~) AmYma ì`mOXa
(Base Rate) :
Owb¡ 2010 nmgyZ RBI Zo PLR nÕVr_Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mgmR>r Base Rate nÕVr gwê$ Ho$bobr
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AgyZ Owb¡ 2010 nmgyZ XoemVrb ~±H$s¨J g§ñWmH$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmV Agboë`m gd© H$Om©gmR>r hr Xa nÕVr
bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2009 _Üò RBI Zo PLR _Üò gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWmnZ
Ho$boë`m H$m`©JQ>mÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma PLR aÔ H$ê$Z Ë`mEodOr Basic Rate nÕVr gwê$ Ho$bobr Amho.
AmYma Xa hm gd© ~±H$m§À`m gd© àH$maÀ`m H$Om©gmR>r bmJw AgyZ RBI Zo {ZX}{eV Ho$boë`m H$mhr
H$Om©~m~V hm Xa bmJy ZgVmo. Cd©[aV gd© H$Om©darb ì`mOXa {ZYm©aUmgmR>r AmYma XamMm {dMma H$ê$Z
Xa {ZYm©arV Ho$bo OmV AgVmV. gm_mÝ`V: àËòH$ {V_mhrg `m XamMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z Ë`mMm \o$a{dMma
/ ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr g§~§YrV ~±Ho$Mr AgVo. A[U Omo Xa {ZYm©arV Ho$bobm Amho Vmo Xa
~±Ho$Vrb ZmoQ>rg ~moS>© d do~gmB©Q>da à{gÕ H$aUo àËòH$ ~±Ho$g ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. VWmnr
àËòH$ ~±Ho$Zo ñdV:À`m ZmoH$amZm {Xbobr H$O} d R>odrXmamZo Amnë`m _wXV R>odrÀ`m VmaUmda KoVboë`m
H$Om©gmR>r ho Xa bmJy ZgVmV.
AmYma Xa (Base Rate) R>adyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m_ RBI H$aV Zmhr. na§Vw hm Xa H$gm R>adbm Omdm
`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z VËdm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z Vo ~±H$mgmR>r XoÊ`mMo H$m_ RBI H$arV AgVo. gÜ`m ^maVmV
Base Rate R>adÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb ~m~tMm AmYma KoVbm OmVmo.
A) R>odrdarb ì`mOmMm IM©
~)
CRR
d
SLR
(Cost of Deposits)
darb VyQ>
H$) ì`dñWmnH$s` d BVa IM©
S>) {Zìdi Ano{jV gamgar naVmdm
AmYma Xa = A + ~ + H$ + S>
Base Rate : A + B + C + D
dmñV{dH$V: EImÚm ~±Ho$Mm AmYma Xa 9% Agë`mg Ë`m_Üò Z\$m _m{O©Z g_m{dï> H$ê$Z
H$Om©darb ì`mOXa R>aV AgVmo. CXm. ~og aoQ> 9% Agë`mg 2% Z\$m _mOuZ g_m{dï> Pmë`mg ì`mOXa
11% hmoVmo. ~og aoQ> _Üò KQ> Pmë`mg ì`mOXa KQ>Vmo Va ~ogaoQ> dmT>ë`mg ì`mOXahr dmT>V AgVmo.
4.2.4 aonmo d [aìhg© [anmo
(Repo & Reverse Repo) :
^maVmV H|$Ð gaH$mabm hdr AgUmar H$O} C^maÊ`mMo H$m`© RBI H$aV AgVo. Ooìhm H$Om©Mr
Amdí`H$Vm AgVo Voìhm gaH$maÀ`m dVrZo RBI gaH$mar H$O©amo»`mMr {dH«$s ~±H$m§Zm H$aVo Va Amdí`H$Vm
Zgë`mg {dH«$s Ho$boë`m amo»`mMr IaoXr H$aVo. VgoM ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm§H$S>rb amoIVm JaOoZwgma ~XbÊ`mgmR>r
XoIrb amo»`mÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$sMm ì`dhma Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM WmoS>Š`mV RBI hr gaH$mar amo»`mÀ`m
IaoXr {dH«$sMm ì`dhma H$ê$Z ~±H$mH$S>rb amoIVm Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~XbV AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Oo ì`dhma Ho$bo
OmVmV `mg aonmo d [aìhg© aonmo ì`dhma Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
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A) aonmo aoQ>
(Repo Rate) :
Ooìhm ~±H$s¨J g§ñWmH$S>rb amoIo IaoXr H$ê$Z ~±H$s¨J amoIVm àXmZ H$aVo Voìhm Ë`mg aonmo (Repo
- Re-Purchasing Option) Ago åhUVmV. `m ì`dhmamV RBI ~±H$mH$S>rb gaH$mar H$O© amoIo IaoXr
H$aVo d Ë`m§Zm amoI aŠH$_ AXm H$aVo. ho amoIo IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r RBI ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm§Zm Omo Xa XoVo Ë`mg
aonmo aoQ> (Repo Rate) Ago åhUVmV. hm Xa doimodoir ~Xbbm OmVmo.
RBI
~) [aìhg© aonmo aoQ>
(Reserve Repo Rate) :
Ooìhm Amnë`mH$S>rb amoIo XoemVrb {d{dY ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm§Zm {dH$Vo Am{U ~±H$m§H$S>rb amoIVm
åhUOoM n¡gm Amnë`mH$S>o KoVo Voìhm Ë`mg [aìhg© aonmo ì`dhma Ago åhUVmV. Ooìhm ~±H$s¨J g§ñWmH$S>rb
amoIVm H$_r H$amd`mMr AgVo Voìhm [aìhg© aonmoMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. òWo gaH$mar amoIo {dH«$s
H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm Omo Xa Am°\$a Ho$bobm AgVmo Ë`mg [aìhg© aonmo aoQ> Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. WmoS>Š`mV ~±H$s¨J
g§ñWmH$Sy>Z H$O© KoÊ`mgmR>r RBI Omo ì`mOXa XoVo Ë`mg [aìhg© aonmo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
RBI
AmH¥$Vr - A
Repo
^maVr`
ì`dhma
amoIVm (n¡gm)
[aPìh©
~±H$
{d{dY
~±H$s¨J
gaH$mar amoIo
g§ñWm
AmH¥$Vr - ~
Reverse Repo –
^maVr`
ì`dhma
amoIVm (n¡gm)
[aPìh©
~±H$
{d{dY
~±H$s¨J
gaH$mar amoIo
g§ñWm
aonmo aoQ> åhUOo ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm§Zm RBI H$Sy>Z hì`m AgUmè`m {ZYrdarb ì`mOXaM AgVmo H$s Á`mMm
à^md ~±H$s¨J g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z {Xë`m OmUmè`m H$Om©dahr nS>Uma AgVmo. H$maU RBI Zo aonmo aoQ> dmT>dbm H$s,
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~±H$m§Zm {_iUmam {ZYr _hmJ XamZo {_iVmo Am{U Ë`m_wio ~±H$m Amnë`m H$O©XmamZmhr H$O} _hmJ XamZoM
XoD$ bmJVmV Va `mCbQ> aonmo Xa H$_r Ho$bm AgVm ~±H$m§Zmhr {ZYr ñdñV XamZo {_iV Agë`mZo ~±H$m
Amnë`m H$O©XmamZmhr H$Oo© ñdñV ì`mOXamZo XoD$ bmJVmV. gm_mÝ`V: [aìhg© aoQ> hm aonmo Xamnojm H$_r
AgVmo.
^maVmVrb aonmo Xa
A.Z§ .
{XZm§ H $
aonmo Xa
1.
03 _o 2011
7.25
2.
16 OyZ 2011
7.50
3.
26 Owb¡ 2011
8.00
4.
16 gßQ>|~a 2011
8.25
5.
25 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2011
8.50
6.
17 E{n«b 2012
8.00
7.
29 OmZodmar 2013
7.75
8.
20 gßQ>|~a 2013
7.50
9.
18 {S>g|~a 2013
7.75
10.
28 OmZodmar 2014
8.00
4.3 gmam§e :
^maVmVrb ~±H$s¨J ì`dgm`mV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m J«mhH$godm {df`H$ g_ñ`m
gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r RBI Zo 1995 nmgyZ ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm am~dbr AgyZ Ë`m_Üò 2006 _Üò {deof
~Xb H$ê$Z gÜ`m hr `moOZm am~{dbr OmV Amho. gÜ`m ^maVmV 15 ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©b`mÛmao ho
H$m_H$mO MmbV AgyZ Ë`mMm \$m`Xm AZoH$ J«mhH$m§Zm {_iV Amho.
^maVr` ~±H$m§Zr BVa XoemVrb ~±H$mà_mUoM H$O© àH$aU VnmgUrgmR>r nV_wë`m§H$Z (Credit
Apprisal) nÕVrMm dmna H$amd`mg gwê$dmV Ho$bobr AgyZ YmoH$mXm`H$ H$Om©Mr g§»`m H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r
d `mo½` H$O©Xmamg H$O© XoÊ`mgmR>r hr nÕVr dmnabr OmV AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r CIBIL `m g§ñWoH$S>rb
JwUm§H$ZmMmhr Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm OmV Amho. gÜ`m ~hþVm§e ~±H$m CIBIC g§ñWoZo XoD$ Ho$boë`m
nVJwUm§H$ZmMm (Credit Score) Mm hr Cn`moJ H$arV AmhoV.
^maVr` [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo àËòH$ ~±H$mZm _wb^yV H$O© ì`mOXa d AmYma Xa hr nÕVr Amdí`H$ Ho$bobr
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AgyZ gÜ`m àËòH$ ~±Ho$Zo Amnë`m H$Om©gmR>rMm AmYma Xa Omhra H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ Ho$bobo Amho. AmYma
XamÀ`m AmYmao {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$Om©darb ì`mOXa R>a{dbo OmV Amho. VgoM ~±H$s¨J g§ñWmH$S>rb amoIVm
H$_r OmñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r aonmo d [aPìh© aonmo ì`dhmamMmhr Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV AgyZ ~±H$m§H$S>rb amoIVm
dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r aonmoMm Xa amoIVm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r [aPìh© aonmo ì`dhmamMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV Amho. RBI
Amdí`H$VoZwgma `m XamV `mo½` Vmo ~Xb H$ê$Z amoIVm ì`dñWmnZ H$arV Amho.
4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
amï´>r`H¥$V ~±H$m : Á`m ~±H$mMo ^mJ^m§S>db emgH$s` _mbH$sMo Amho d emgH$s` Üò`YmoaUmZwgma
H$m_H$mO H$aV AmhoV Aem ~±H$m.
nVAmh©Vm : EImÚm ì`ŠVrg qH$dm g§ñWoMm _mb_ÎmoMm {dMma H$aVm Úmd`mÀ`m H$Om©Mr _`m©Xm.
A{ZînmXrV _mb_Îmm : ~±Ho$Zo H$O©Xmamg {Xboë`m Á`m H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> {Z`{_VnUo d {ZYm©arV
Ho$boë`m nÕVrZo hmoV Zmhr Aer H$O}.
VmaU _mb_ÎmoMo ~mOma_wë` : ~±Ho$Zo VmaU KoVboë`m qH$dm ¿`md`mÀ`m _mb_ÎmoMr ~mOma^mdmZo
hmoUmar qH$_V.
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) {Xboë`m n`m©`m_YyZ `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1) ^maVr` ~±H$s¨J {Z`_Z H$m`ÚmVrb goŠeZ ........... Zwgma ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
A) 36 B
~) 35 A
H$) 135 C
S>) 43 G
2) gZ 2014 AIoa ^maVmV ............ ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb H$m`m©bò AmhoV.
A) 130
~) 125
H$) 25
S>) 15
3) ^maVmV nV_wë`m§H$Z H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§_Üò ............. g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) SEBI
~) CEBEL
H$) CIBIL
S>)
4) ^maVmV AmYma Xa
OmV Amho.
A) 2013
(Base Rate)
S>) 2010
5) ^maVmV AmYma Xa
A) RBI
(Base Rate)
BIL
Mr A§_b~OmdUr ................. `m dfm©nmgyZ Ho$br
~) 2014
H$) 2009
............. Ûmao Omhra Ho$bm OmVmo.
~) NABARD
H$) g§~§YrV ~±H$m
S>) AMC
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6) ~±H$mH$S>rb amoIVoV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ............ Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
A) aonmo
~) [aPìh© aonmo
H$) AmYma Xa
S>)
PLR
H$)
S>)
IRDA
7) aonmo Xa ............. Ûmao Omhra Ho$bm OmVmo.
A)
~)
RBI
SEBI
NABARD
4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
1) ~
2) S>
3) H$
5) H$
6) A
7) A
4) S>
4.7 gamgar àíZ :
A) {XKm}Îmar àíZ.
1) ^maVmVrb ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZoMr C{Ôï>o gm§JyZ bmoH$nmbmMr H$m`} d A{YH$ma ñnï> H$am.
2) nV_wë`m§H$Z åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JwZ nV_wë`m§H$ZmMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$am.
3) nVJwUm§H$ åhUOo H$m` ? nVJwUm§H$mda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ ñnï> H$am.
4) _wb^yV F$U ì`mOXa
(PLR)
d AmYma Xa `m g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
~) WmoS>Š`mV {Q>nm {bhm.
1) ~±H$s¨J bmoH$nmb `moOZm.
2) nV_wë`m§H$ZmMo _hÎd / Amdí`H$Vm.
3) nV_wë`m§H$Z à{H«$`m.
4) nVJwUm§H$
5)
PLR
d
Base Rate
6) aonmo d [aìhg© aonmo.
4.8 g§X^©
1)
Shrof F. T. (2011) Shift from Benchmark Prime Lending Rates to Base Rate
System – A bird's Eye View, CAB calling, www.cab.org.in. accessed on 2007-2014.
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2)
R.B.I. (2010) RBI's Guidelines on the Base Rate vide Draft Circular Feb.
2010.
3)
RBI, Annual Report, 2012-13
4)
Annual Report of Banking Ambudsaman Scheme - 2012-13
5)
CSI (2013), Banking Law and Practice, The Institute of Company Secreteries
of India. www.icsi.edu.
6)
Myneni SR (2006), Law of Banking, Aspa Law Hosue, Hyderabad, 2nd
Edition, ISBN - 978-93-82740-54-4
7)
Varshney P. N. (2012), Banking Law and Practice, Sulten Chand & sons,
ISBN, 978-81-8054-807-9
8)
Kumbhar V. M. (2014), Alternative Banking Channels in India, Scholar's
Press, Germany, ISBN - 978-3-639-70968-1
♦♦♦
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