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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_ g§ñH$aU : 2014
~r. E. ^mJ 2 (qhXr : nona 4 Am¡a 6)
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lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rc
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{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`> _wÐUmb`,
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ISBN-978-81-8486-559-2
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Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð Am¡a {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc` H$s OmZH$mar {ZåZm§{H$V nVo na {_coJr{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, {dX²`mZJa, H$moëhmnwa-416 004. (^maV)
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{edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
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àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
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àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)
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lr_Vr _Ww~mB© Jadmao H$Ý`m _hm{dX²`mc`, gm§Jcr
(iii)
_Ü`H$mcrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì`
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odídodX²`mc`>,
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BH$mB© coIH$
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S>m°. Ama. Ho$. ZH$mVo
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1, 2
n
3, 5, 6
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7, 8
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H$m°_g© Ed§ gm`Ýg H$m°coO,
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_hm{dX²`mc`, gm§Jcr
(iv)
AnZr ~mV
{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa H$s Xÿa{ejm `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V ~r. E. ^mJ 2 qhXr {df` Ho$
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H$aZo Ho$ g§H$ën H$m gw\$c h¡& Bg_| EH$ Amoa {díd{dX²`mc` H$s gm_m{OH$ g§dXo ZercVm {XImB© XoVr
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g_` na nwam H$a Bg_| _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡& {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc` Ho$ _m. Hw$cJwê$,
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na Amdí`H$ gh`moJ {X`m& AV… BZ g^r Ho$ à{V Am^ma àH$Q> H$aZm h_mam H$V©ì` h¡& YÝ`dmX!
- g§nmXH$
(v)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
n¥îR>
àíZnÌ H«$. III : go{_ñQ>a III
1.
_Ü`H$mcrZ H$mì`
01
H$~ra Ho$ nX
VwcgrXmg Ho$ nX
gwaXmg Ho$ nX
2.
_Ü`H$mcrZ H$mì`
21
_ram Ho$ nX
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d¥§X Ho$ Xmoho
3.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mì`
40
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Jmcr - gwercm Q>mH$^m¡ao
nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡? - Zaoe gŠgoZm
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2.
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129
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4.
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177
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H${dVm _| {M{ÌV AmYw{ZH$ ~moY
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ha BH$mB© H$s ewê$AmV CX²X{í` g{ hm{Jr, oOgg{ oXem Am¡a AmJ{ H{$ odf` gyoMV hm|J{ (1)
BH$mB© _| ·`m oX`m J`m h¡ $&
(2)
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ode{f BH$mB© H{$ AÜ``Z H{$ C[am§V Am[H$m{ oH$Z ]mVm| g{ AdJV hm{Zm A[{ojV h¡$&
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hm{, BgocE `h AÜ``Z gm_J«r (Study Tool) C[`w·V ogX²Y hm{Jr$&
(viii)
BH$mB© -
1
H$~ra, VwbgrXmg Am¡a gyaXmg Ho$ nX
1.1
CX²Xoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
H$~ra
1.3.1.1
H$~ra H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
1.3.1.2
H$~ra Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW©
1.3.2
VwbgrXmg
1.3.2.1
VwbgrXmg H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
1.3.2.2
VwbgrXmg Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW©
1.3.3
gyaXmg
1.3.3.1
gyaXmg H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
1.3.3.2
gyaXmg Ho$ nXm| H$m n[aM`
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
1.1
CX²Xoí` :
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T> Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn 1
~r.E. / _Ü`H$mbrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` ....1
1.
{ZJ©wU g§V H${d H$~ra H$s {dMmaYmam go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
2.
H$~ra Ho$ gX²Jwé g§~§Yr {dMmam| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo&
3.
H$~ra Ho$ B©ída, Ord, OJV², _m`m g§~§Yr {dMmam| H$s OmZH$mar nm gH|$Jo&
4.
VwbgrXmg H$s ^pŠV^mdZm go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
5.
gyaXmg X²dmam d{U©V H¥$îU H$s ~mbbrbmAm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
6
gyaXmg X²dmam d{U©V Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm H$m n[aM` àmßV H$a gH|$Jo&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
H$~ra ^pŠVH$mbrZ {ZJw©U H$mì`-Ymam Ho$ àdV©H$ Am¡a à{V{Z{Y H${d Wo& CZHo$ OÝ_ VWm OrdZg§~§Yr AZoH$ qH$dX§{V`m± àM{bV h¢& Zrê$ Am¡a Zr_m Owbmhm X§n{V Zo BZH$m bmbZ-nmbZ {H$`m& {dX²dmZm|
Ho$ AZwgma H$~ra H$m OÝ_ g§dV² 1455 H$mo H$mer _| Am¡a _¥Ë`w g§dV² 1575 H$mo _Jha _| hþB©& do AnZo
H$mo am_mZ§X H$m {eî` _mZVo Wo& H$~ra A{e{jV hmoH$a ^r _hmZ kmZr Wo& CZHo$ nmg kmZ Ho$ Xmo AmYma
Wo - gËg§J Am¡a n`©Q>Z & do _hmZ gmYH$ Wo& AnZo `wJ Ho$ g^r Xme©{ZH$ {gX²YmÝVm| H$m CÝh| Jham kmZ
Wm& do H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmaH$ Am¡a _mZdVmdmXr g_mO-gwYmaH$ Wo& CZH$s {dMmaYmam na g~go A{YH$
à^md AX²d¡VdmX H$m h¡& CÝhmoZo B©ída H$mo {ZJw©U Am¡a {ZamH$ma _mZm h¡& {ZJ©wU B©ída Ho$ {bE am_ eãX
H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZr gmYZm _| gX²Jwé H$mo A{Ve` _hÎd {X`m h¡& H$~ra Ho$ Zm_ na AZoH$
aMZmE± {_bVr h¢& CZH$s àm_m{UH$Vm g§{X½Y h¡& CZH$s EH$ _mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm "~rOH$' h¡& BgHo$ VrZ
^mJ h¡ - g~X, gmIr, a_¡Zr&
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^maVr` OZVm H$m à{V{Z{Y H${d VWm bmoH$Zm`H$ H$hm OmVm h¡& CZH$m OrdZ-d¥Îm A§Y:H$ma_` Am¡a
AZoH$ _V^oXm| go ^am h¡& "_yb Jmogmdr M[aV' Ho$ AZwgma CZH$m OÝ_ g§dV² 1554 H$mo hþAm Wm&
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H$m Zm_ hþbgr ~Vm`m OmVm h¡& nËZr H$m Zm_ aËZmdbr ~Vm`m OmVm h¡& CZHo$ Jwé ~m~m Zah[aXmg Wo&
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h¡& BZ_| "am_M[aV_mZg' Am¡a {dZ`-n{ÌH$m A{YH$ à{gÕ aMZmE± h¢&
nmR²>çH«$_ _| "{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' Ho$ N>: nX {bE h¡& "{dZ`-n{ÌH$m EH$ ^pŠV-J«§W h¡& ^pŠVag
H$m nyU© n[anmH$ O¡gm "{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' _| XoIm OmVm h¡, d¡gm AÝ`Ì Zht& Cg_| 27 nX h¢& VwbgrXmg
H$m AdYr Am¡a ~«O XmoZm| ^mfmAm| na A{YH$ma Wm& "am_M[aV-_mZg' H$s ^mfm AdYr h¡, Vmo "{dZ`n{ÌH$m' H$s ^mfm ~«O h¡&
2
gyaXmg ^pŠVH$mbrZ H¥$îU^pŠV emIm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¢& H¥$îU-^ŠV H${d`m| _| gd©loð> H${d
h¡& gyaXmg H$m OrdZ-d¥Îm A§Y:H$ma_` VWm {ddmXmñnX h¡& CZH$m OÝ_ g§dV² 1535 _| _mZm OmVm h¡&
OÝ_ñWmZ dëb^J‹T> Ho$ {ZH$Q> "grhr' Zm_H$ J«m_ _mZm OmVm h¡& OÝ_m§Y Wo `m ~mX _| A§Yo hþE Wo, Bg
g§~§Y _| {ddmX h¡& do dëb^mMm`© Ho$ {eî` Wo Am¡a dëb^mMm`© Ho$ nw{ï>_mJ© _| Xr{jV hþE Wo& BÝhm|Zo
H¥$îU H$s g_J« brbmAm| H$m JmZ AnZo nXm| _| {H$`m h¡& CÝh| qhXr gm{hË`mH$me H$m gyaO H$hm OmVm
h¡& gyaXmg Ho$ Zm_ na 24 aMZmAm| H$m C„oI {_bVm h¡& BZ_| go VrZ aMZmE± àH$m{eV hþB© h¡ gm{hË`bhar, gyagmamdbr Ama¡ gyagmJa& CZH$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡- "gyagmJa'& "gyagmJa' _|
H¥$îUbrbm Ho$ nX h¢& BZ_| VrZ àH$ma Ho$ nX h¢ - {dZ` Ho$ nX, dmËgë` Ho$ nX Am¡a l¥±Jma Ho$ nX&
nmR>²çH«$_ _| gyaXmg Ho$ N>: nX {bE h¢& Xmo nX ~mbbrbm Ed§ dmËgë`-dU©Z go g§~§{YV h¡& Mma nX
Jo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm go g§~§{YV h¡& "^«_aJrV' gyagmJa H$m gdm©{YH$ _m{_©H$ A§e h¡& Bg_| CX²YdJmonr g§dmXm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡&
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
1.3.1
H$~ra
1.3.1.1
H$~ra H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` :
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ _Ü`H$mb Ho$ H${d`m| _| erf©ñW ñWmZ Ho$ A{YH$mar H$~ra Zo VËH$mbrZ A§Y:H$ma_`
n[adoe H$mo kmZ H$s Am^m go àH$m{eV {H$`m Wm&
H$~ra H$m A{d^m©d {Og H$mì` _| hþAm Wm Cg g_` amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$
Am{X g^r joÌm| _| ApñWaVm Ed§ AamOH$Vm H$m dmVmdU Wm& Eogr {dn[aV n[apñW{V _| AnZr à{V^m
H$s Agr_ D$Om© go g_mO _| bmoH$ H$ë`mU Ed§ bmoH$_§Jb H$s ^mdZm g§Mm[aV H$aZo H$m H$m`© H$~ra Zo
{H$`m Wm&
H«$mpÝVH$mar gm{hË`H$ma H$~ra Zo AnZr gmYZm, VoOñdrVm VWm H$mbO`r MoVZm Ed§ à{V^m Ho$ ~b
na AnZo H$V©ì` Xm{`Ëd Am¡a ^y{_H$m H$m nyU© {Zdm©h {H$`m Wm&
g§nyU© ^maVr` gm{hË` _| AnZr nhMmZ aIZodmbo H$~ra ~hþAm`m_r ì`pŠVËd Ho$ YZr Wo& do EH$
gmW g§V, ^ŠV, H${d, gmYH$, Xme©{ZH$, g_mO qMVH$, g_mO gwYmaH$, AmbmoMH$, ì`§½`H$ma,
_ñV_m¡bm, VWm \$ŠH$S> A§Ë`Om| X{bVm| Ho$ Zm`H$, gm_wXm{`H$ EH$Vm Ho$ gyÌYma kmZml`r emIm Ho$
àdV©H$ g_mO Ho$ nW àXe©H$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$aVo ah|& CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd H$m à^md AmO ^r ^maVr`
OZ_mZg H$mo àoaUmnX ahm h¡& CZH$m OrdZ Am¡a gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z AmO ^r h_| ZB© àoaUm, D$Om© XoVm
h¡&
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ àmMrZ {dX²dmZm| Ho$ OrdZd¥Îm g§~§Yr àm_m{UH$ à_mUm| Ho$ A^md Ho$ g_mZ hr
3
H$~ra H$s {dídmgmh© àm_m{UH$ OrdZr CnbãY Zht h¡& H$~ra H$m gm{hË` Am¡a CZHo$ g_H$mbrZ g§Vm|
Am¡a ^ŠVm| Ho$ gm{hË` go CnbãY Aën OmZH$mar H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a h_| g§Vwï> hmoZm nS>Vm h¡&
A{YH$m§e {dX²dmZm| X²dmam ñdrH¥$V H$~ra H$s OÝ_{V{W Ooð> gwXr ny{U©_m g§dV 1455 h¡& EH$
H$s¨dXÝVr Ho$ AZwgma CZH$m OÝ_ EH$ {dYdm ~«m÷Ur Ho$ J^© go hþAm Wm& CgZo AnZo ZdOmV {eew H$mo
bmoH$ bÁOm Ho$ H$maU H$mer Ho$ bhaVmam Vmbm~ Ho$ {H$Zmao \|$H$ {X`m Wm& g§`moJde dhm± go JwOaZodmbo
Zrê$-Zr_m Zm_H$ EH$ _wgb_mZ Owbmho Xån{V Zo Cgo CR>mH$a nad[ae H$s& H$~ra Jar~ Am¡a X{bV Wo&
do nT> {bIo Zht Wo na§Vw ~hþlwV kmZr Wo& CÝh| lwVr Am¡a emó H$m naånamJV kmZ Wm& gËg§J Am¡a ^pŠV
CZHo$ OrdZ H$m A{^Þ A§J Wm& do H$aKo na H$nS>m ~wZVo g_` ^JdmZ H$s ^pŠV Ho$ JrV JmVo Wo&
H$~ra H$m {ddmh hþAm Wm& CÝh| ~oQ>m Am¡a ~oQ>r Wr& CÝhm|Zo nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$mo ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE
^pŠV H$aZo H$m g§Xoe {X`m Wm& CÝhm|Zo am_mZ§X go Xrjm àmßV H$s Wr& CZH$s _¥Ë`w g§dV 1515 _| _Jha
_| hþB© Wr&
H$~ra Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ g_mZ hr CZH$s aMZmAm| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| ^r {dX²dmZm| _| _V¡Š` Zht h¢& CZH$s
àm_m{UH$ H¥${V`m§ H$s gyMr ~ZmZm AnZo Amn _| AË`ÝV H${R>Z g_ñ`m h¡& H$~ra nT>o {bIo Z hmoZo Ho$
H$maU CZHo$ {eî`m| X²dmam VWm bmoH$H§$R> Ho$ X²dmam CZH$s dmUr H$m g§ajU {H$`m J`m h¡ Eogm _mZm OmVm
h¡&
doñQ>H$mQ> Zo H$~ra H$s aMZmAm| H$s g§»`m 22 _mZr h¡ Vmo {_l~§Yw 75 aMZmAm| H$m C„oI H$aVo
h¢& ZmJar àMm[aUr g^m Zo H$~ra H$s aMZmE± 130 ñdrH$ma H$s h¡& H$~ra Ho$ Zm_ go AZ{JZV ~m{Z`m±
OZVm _| àM{bV h¢& H$~ra n§{W`m| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ H$~ra Zo N>: bmI nX Am¡a {N>`mZã~o hOma a_¡{Z`m|
H$s aMZm H$s Wr& H$~ra H$s aMZmAm| H$s g§»`m Ho$ g§~§Y _| _V^oX h¡ bo{H$Z CZH$s àm_m[aH$ aMZm
"~rOH$' _mZr OmVr h¡& ~rOH$ _| gmIr, a_¡Zr, nXmdbr Ho$ én _| {d^mOZ {_bVm h¡& gmIr H$m AW©
gmjr AWm©V Am±Im| XoIr, AZw^d H$s hþB© ~mV _mZm OmVm h¡& a_¡Zr H$m AW© h¡ g§Vm| H$s aMZmAm| _|
Hw$N> AÕr{b`m| Ho$ A§V _| Xmoho Ho$ g_mZ EH$ gmIr Am OmVr h¡ Am¡a Bg àH$ma Ho$ EH$ g_wÀM` H$mo
EH$ a_¡Zr H$hm OmVm h¡&
H$~ra Ho$ gm{hË` go CnbãY hmoZodmbr {deofVmE± Bg àH$ma h¢
T Ym{_©H$
T _y{V©
nmIÊS> H$m I§S>Z
nyOm H$m {damoY
T
~møS>å~am| Am¡a H$_©H$m§S>m| H$m I§S>Z
T
nwñVH$s` kmZ H$m IÊS>Z, AZw^d H$mo _hÎd
T
gËg§J H$m _hÎd
4
T
AdVmadmX H$m {damoY
T
{ZJw©U-{ZamH$ma B©ída H$s CnmgZm
T
qhgm H$m {damoY
T
Jwé H$s _{h_m
T
gXmMma na ~b
T
am_-ahr_ H$s EH$Vm na ~b gmåàXm{`H$ gX²^mdZm
T
Om{VdmX Am¡a dUm©l_-ì`dñWm H$m {dmoY
T
ZmW naånam Ho$ g§V hmoVo hþE ^pŠVnyU© CnmgZm H$m g_W©Z
T
CnXoeH$ nhbo ~mX _| H${d
T
H${dVm gmÜ` Z hmoH$a gmYZ
T
gË` Ho$ CnmgH$
T
H$WZr H$aZr _| A§Va Zht
T
{IMS>r `m gYwŠH$S>r ^mfm
T
H$mì`emó H$s Amoa AZXoIr
1.3.2
T
H§$MZ Am¡a H$m{_Zr H$m {damoY
H$~ra Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW© :
nmR²>çH«$_ Ho$ {bE {ZYm©[aV "gX²Jwé _{h_m' Ho$ A§VJ©V nm±M Xmoho h¢ Am¡a AÝ` nm±M nX h¢& A~ h_
H$~ra Ho$ Xmohm| Am¡a nXm| H$m ^mdmW© VWm Ame` XoI|Jo&
B
gX²Jwé _{h_m :
H$~ra Zo AnZr gmYZm _| gX²Jwé H$mo A{Ve` _hÎd {X`m h¡& AZoH$ Xmohm| _| gX²Jwé H$s _{h_m _mZr
h¡& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ Jwé Ho$ g_mZ H$moB© ^r {hV¡fr Zht h¡, dh jU^a _| _Zwî` H$mo XodVm ~Zm gH$Vm h¡
AV: Jwé H$s _{h_m AZÝV Am¡a AdU©Zr` h¡&
Xmohm -
1
: gX²Jwé gÀMm {hVH$mar :
H$~ra H$hVo h¢ gX²Jwé Ho$ g_mZ AnZm gJm g§~§Yr Zht h¡& emoYH$ `m gmYw Ho$ g_mZ H$moB© XmVm
Zht h¡& h[a Ho$ g_mZ H$moB© {hVH$mar Zht h¡ Am¡a h[a Ho$ ^ŠVm| Ho$ g_mZ H$moB© Om{V Zht h¡&
Xmohm -
2
: gX²Jwé Ho$ à{V g_n©Z ^md :
H$~ra H$hVo h¢ _¢ AnZo Jwé na ~{bhmar OmVm hÿ± Am¡a AnZo eara H$mo D$ZHo$ Cna ~ma-~ma Ý`moN>mda
H$aVm hÿ±& gX²Jwé H$mo _Zwî` go XodVm ~ZmZo _| Xoa Zht bJVr&
Xmohm -
3
: gX²Jwé H$s AZÝV _{h_m :
H$~ra H$hVo h¢ gX²Jwé H$s _{h_m AZ§V h¡& Jwé H$m Jm¡ad Agr_ h¡& CÝhm|Zo _wPna AZ§V CnH$ma {H$E
h¢& CÝhm|Zo _oao AZ§V kmZ MjwAm| H$mo Imobm h¡ Am¡a AZ§V (Agr_, ~«÷m) Ho$ Xe©Z H$amE h¢&
Xmohm - 4 : gX²Jwé Ho$ CnXoeê$nr ~mU :
H$~ra H$hVo h¢ gX²Jwé Zo hmW _| YZwî` bo {b`m Am¡a CnXoeê$nr ~mU MbmZo bJo& CÝhm|Zo EH$
CnXoeénr ~mU Eogo ào_ go Mbm`m {H$ dh eara Ho$ ^rVa n¡R> J`m&
5
Xmohm -
5
: gX²Jwé gÀMm dra :
H$~ra H$hVo h¢ gX²Jwé gÀMm dra h¡& dh bwhma H$s ^m±{V bmoho ê$nr {eî` H$mo Cgr àH$ma `mo½`
~Zm XoVm h¡, O¡go bwhma bmoho H$mo nrQ>-nrQ> H$a gwKS> Am¡a gwS>m¡b AmH$ma Xo XoVm h¡& dhr {eî` H$mo narjm
H$s Ap½Z _| VnmH$a ñdU©H$ma H$s ^m±{V Cgo Eogm `mo½` ~Zm XoVm h¡ {H$ dh H§$MZ H$s H$gm¢Q>r na ewX²Y
Iam CVaH$a _hÎdgma `m ~«÷VÎd H$mo àmßV H$a boVm h¡&
nX -
1
Ord Am¡a B©ída Ho$ {ddmh H$m ê$nH$ : :
g§V H$~raXmg Bg nX _| AnZo H$mo (Ordén H$mo) B©ída H$s nËZr _mZH$a CgHo$ Ûmam ghO ê$n go
daU {H$E OmZo Ho$ gÝX^© H$mo {ddmh Ho$ CXmhaU Ho$ ê$n _| ñnï> H$aVo h¢& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ ho g_ñV gm¡^m½`d{V`m| ! (Xþb{hZ g§V OZ, {OZH$mo B©ída Zo daU H$a aIm h¡) ã`mh H$m _§Jb
JmZ JmAmo Š`m|{H$ _oao Ka AmO _oao n{V (^aVma) amOm am_ AmE hþE h¢&
_¢ gånyU© eara H$mo AË`ÝV ào_^md Ho$ H$maU CZ_| AZwaº$ H$aHo$ _¢ CZ_| _Z H$mo nyar Vah go AZwaº$
H$a Xÿ±Jr& Cg _oao n{V _| _oao eara VWm _Z H$s g_J« AmË_ra`V g_{nV©V hmo CR>oJr& n§M_hm^yVVËd
(n¥Ïdr, Ob, Ap½Z, dm`w VWm AmH$me) _oao ~mamVr h¢& _oao {bE gm¡^m½` H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ _oao n{V amOm
am_Xod AmO _oao `hm± {Ma àVr{jV A{V{W h¢ Am¡a _¢ `m¡dZ _| _X_ñV hÿ±&
lrm_ go {ddm{hV hmoZo Ho$ {bE Bg eara ê$nr ZXr (gamoda) Ho$ VQ> na `kdoXr aMy±Jr Am¡a ~«÷m
ñd`§ doX_ÝÌ H$m CÀMmaU H$a|Jo& AmO h_mao YÝ`^m½` h¢ {H$ _¢ AnZo n{V am_XodVm Ho$ gmW ^da| by±Jr&
lr a_mXod Ho$ gmW _oao Bg {ddmh H$m H$m¡VwH$ XoIZo Ho$ {bE V¢Vrg H$amo‹S> XodVm VWm AQ²>R>mgr hOma
_w{ZJU AmE hþE h¢&
H$~raXmg Or AÝVV`m {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbVo hþE H$hVo h¢ _wP Zmar (Ord) H$mo dh A{dZmer VWm
EH$_mÌ nwéf (B©ída EH$_mÌ nwéf h¡ Am¡a Ord ê$n _Zwî` Zmar Ho$ ê$n _| h¡) amOmam_ ã`mh bo Mbo h¢&
A~ _¢ CZH$s EH$_mÌ gm¡^m½`dVr nËZr (g_{n©V Ord) Ho$ ê$n _| hÿ±& _m`m Ho$ àbmo^Z ì`W© hmo
MwHo$ h¢&
nX - 2 : _m`m go _w{ŠV Am¡a am_^pŠV :
H$~raXmg Or Bg nX _| gm§gm[aH$ OZm| H$mo _m`m go _wpŠV àmpßV Ho$ {bE B§{JV H$aVo hþE CZH$s
^m¡{VH$ H$m_ZmAm| H$s ^Ëg©Zm H$aVo h¢& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ `{X amOmam_ go àr{V Zht h¡ Vmo `h gmam OrdZ {dZï> hmo OmE H$moB© ^br^m±{V g_PH$a Zht XoIVm
{H$ CgH$m `h A_yë` OÝ_ {dZï> hmoVm Om ahm h¡& O¡go _Yw_ŠIr OJh-OJh go _Yw bo AmH$a N>Îmo _|
g§J«h H$aVr h¡ {H$ÝVw _Yw {ZH$mbZo dmbm EH$ hr jU _| _Yw {ZH$mb bo OmVm h¡; Cgr àH$ma ho _yIm]
6
OrdZ ê$nr A_yë` YZ Ho$ Zï> hmo OmZo na Vy CgHo$ níMmV² níMmVmn H$aoJm - Bg{bE AÀN>m h¡, CgH$s
dmñV{dH$Vm A^r g_P bo& VyZo {df`-dmgZmAm| _| gwI H$s àmpßV Ho$ {bE _m`m ê$nr doí`m go àr{V
bJm aIr h¡& Vy bmoH$ g§gpŠV`m| _| A§Ym hmo CR>m h¡, VwPo {H$VZm hr ~Vm`m OmE {H$ÝVw g_P _| AmZo
dmbm Zht h¡& Vy Cg am_ H$s CnmgZm Š`m| Zht H$aVm {OgH$s ñd`§ e§H$a ^r ^pŠV H$aVo h¢&
A§V _| {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbVo hþE H$~ra H$hVo h¢ {H$ _m`m _| g§gŠV ho M§Mb d¥{Îm`m| go J«ñV _y‹T>
àm{UOZ! _oam nam_e© gwZmo, {df`dmgZmAm| H$s V¥pßV Ho$ {bE Vmo AZoH$ `mo{Z`m± h¢ {H$ÝVw lram_ H$s ^pŠV
Ho$ {bE Vmo EH$_mÌ `hr _mZd`mo{Z hr h¡ - Cgo Š`m| Zht gmW©H$ ~ZmVm, ^{dî` _| dh {_bo `m Z {_bo&
nX -
3
: g§nyU© OJV² ~«÷_` :
g§V H$~ra Bg nX Ho$ _mÜ`_ go `h g_PmVo h¢ {H$, gånyU© OJV² ~«÷_` h¡ Am¡a {\$a OÝ_, _¥Ë`w,
H$_© Ed§ H$_©\$b Ho$ ~ÝYZm| Ho$ {bE _| {H$E hþE {d{dY VH©$-{dVH©$ {ZaW©H$ h¢&
H$~raXmg Or H$hVo h¢ {H$, Bg g§gma _| H$m¡Z _aVm h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z AmH$a OÝ_ boVm h¡? ñdJ© Ed§
ZaH$ H$s J{V`m| H$mo H$m¡Z ^moJVm h¡ ! H$m¡Z ~VmE !
n§M_hm^yV VÎdm| (n¥Ïdr, Ob, Ap½Z, dm`w VWm AmH$me) H$s CËn{Îm Cg ~«÷ (A{dJV) go hþB©
h¡ Am¡a dhr EH$ ~«÷ g^r _| {Zdmg {H$E hþE h¢&
ê$nmH¥${V Ho$ ê$n _| BZ VÎdm| Ho$ {dK{Q>V ({dNw>ao) hmo OmZo na do _hm^yVVÎd AnZr ghOmdñWm _|
nhþ±M OmVo h¢ Am¡a Cg Xem _| Z CZH$m nyd© ê$n ahVm h¡ Am¡a Z {XemE± (Amgm)&
O¡go Ob _| KQ> (Hw$å^) h¡ Am¡a Hw$å^ _| Ob h¡ Am¡a Cg Hw$å^ (CËnÞ ê$nmH¥${V) Ho$ ^rVa VWm
~mha gd©Ì Ob-hr-Ob h¡& O¡go Hw$å^ \y$Q> OmZo na Ob-Ob _| hr g_m{hV hmo CR>Vm h¡, Bg _yb gË`
H$mo, ho kmZr OZ? Bg àH$ma ~VmAmo&
H$~raXmg {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$ ê$nmH¥${V Ho$ OÝ_ Ho$ nyd© AmH$me Wm, OÝ_ boZo na
AmH$me h¡, Am¡a énmH¥${V Ho$ Zï> hmo OmZo na `h AmH$me hr ahoJm Am¡a `h H$_©\$b {H$go àmßV hmoVm
h¡? Bg àH$ma H$_© Ed§ H$_© ^moJ H$s g_ñV e§H$mE± ì`pŠV Ho$ _Z H$s H$ënZm _mÌ go CËnÞ H$s JB©
(CnmB©) h¢& CZH$s AmË`pÝVH$ gË`Vm {ZaW©©H$ h¡&
nX -
4
: B©ída H$mo ~mha Ty>±‹T>Zm ì`W© :
B©ída _Zwî` Ho$ A§Xa hr ahVm h¡& Cgo ~mha Ty>±‹T>Zm ì`W© h¡& àË`oH$ gOrd _| Omo OrdmË_m h¡, dhr
B©ída h¡& B©ída àmpßV Ho$ {bE {H$E OmZodmbo ~mø H$_©H$m§S> ì`W© h¡& `hr ~mV H$~ra Zo àñVwV nX _|
g_PmB© h¡& H$~ra H$hVo h¢ - ho ~§Xo (_Zwî`), Vw_ _wPo ~mha H$hm± Ty>±°‹T> aho hmo& _¢ Vmo Vwåhmao nmg hr hÿ±&
Vwåhmao A§Xa hr hÿ±& _¢ _§{Xa _| Zht hÿ±; _¢ _g{OX _| Zht hÿ±& Z Vmo _¢ H$m~o _| hÿ± Am¡a Zht H¡$bmg _|
hÿ±& _¢ {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ H$_©H$m§S> _| Zht hÿ±& `mo{J`m| Ho$ d¡am½` _| Zht hÿ±& gÀMo {Xb go ImoOZm MmhVo
7
hmo, Vmo _¢ nb^a H$s Vbme _| {_b OmD±$Jm& H$~ra H$hVo h¢, ho gmYwAm| gwZmo, g~ gOrdm| H$s ídmg
_| _¢ (B©ída) hÿ±&
nX -
5
: _m`m H$m dU©Z :
H$~ra Zo AnZr gmYZm _| _m`m go _wpŠV H$mo _hÎdnyU© _mZm h¡& _m`m Ho$ de _| hmoH$a Ord AkmZ
_| nS> OmVm h¡& _m`m B©ída H$s Amoa OmZo H$m _mJ© amoH$Vr h¡& {ZJ©wU g§V H${d`m| Zo gm§gm[aH$ ^«_, AkmZ
Am¡a A{dÚm H$mo _m`m H$hm h¡& H$~ra Zo H$ZH$ Am¡a H$m{_Zr H$mo _m`m H$hm h¡& `hm± H$~ra Zo _m`m H$mo
R>{JZr Ho$ ê$n _| ~Vm`m h¡& H$~ra H$hVo h¢ - _m`m H$mo h_Zo _hm R>{JZr Ho$ ê$n _| OmZm h¡& VrZ JwUm|
(gËd, aOg² Am¡a V_g²) H$m \$m±g hmW _| boH$a `h Kw_Vr h¡& _Ywa dmUr ~mobH$a Ord H$mo \±$gVr h¡,
^«_ _| S>mbVr h¡& Ho$ed Ho$ nmg `h _m`m H$_bm hmoH$a ~¡R>r h¡& {ed Ho$ nmg ^dmZr ~ZH$a ~¡R>r h¡&
n§{S>Vm| Ho$ {bE _y{V© ~ZH$a ~¡R>r h¡& VrWm] _| n{dÌ Ob hmoH$a ~¡R>r h¡& OmoJr Ho$ gmW Omo{JZ hmoH$a ~¡R>r
h¡& amOm Ho$ Ka _| amZr ~ZH$a ~¡R>r h¡& {H$gr Ho$ {bE hram ~Z OmVr h¡, Vmo {H$gr Ho$ {bE H$m¡S>r ~Z
OmVr h¡& ^ŠVm| Ho$ nmg ^pŠVZ hmoH$a ~¡R>r h¡, Vmo ~«÷m Ho$ nmg ~«÷mZr ~ZH$a ~¡R>r h¡& H$~ra H$hVo h¡,
ho gÁOZm| gwZmo, _m`m H$s `h H$hmZr AH$WZr` h¡&
1.3.2
VwbgrXmg :
1.3.2.1
VwbgrXmg H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` :
VwbgrXmg am_H$mì` naånam Ho$ gd© loð> H${d h¢& do Bg naånam Ho$ VoOñdr gy`© Am¡a qhXr
gm{hË`H$me Ho$ M§Ð_m _mZo OmVo h¢&
VwbgrXmg H$m OÝ_ g§dV 1554 Am¡a _¥Ë`y g§dV 1680 _mZr OmVr h¡& AmbmoÀ` {V{W H$mo ñdrH$maZo
na Vwbgr H$s Am`w 126 df© R>haVr h¡ Omo Ag§^d Vmo Zht qH$Vw Agm_mÝ` gr àVrV hmoVr h¡& H$B©
{dX²dmZm| Zo CŠV {V{W H$mo AñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE Vwbgr H$m OÝ_ g§dV 1589 (1532 B©.) Am¡a _¥Ë`y g§dV
1680 (gZ 1623 B©) ñdrH$ma H$s h¡&
Vwbgr Ho$ OÝ_ ñWmZ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| ^r {ddmX ahm h¡& Hw$N> {dX²dmZm| Zo CZH$m OÝ_ ñWmZ EQ>m {Obo
Ho$ gmamo _mZm h¡ Vmo A{YH$m§e {dX²dmZ amOmnwa H$mo ñdrH$maZo na ~b XoVo h¢&
CZHo$ OÝ_ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| `h qH$dXÝVr àM{bV h¡ {H$ A_wŠV_yb ZjÌ _| CËnÞ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
CZHo$ {nVm AmË_mam_ Xþ~o Zo CÝh| Ë`mJ {X`m Wm VVm _mVm H$m {ZYZ àgw{VH$mb _| hþAm Wm& Vwbgr
H$m ~MnZ H$m Zm_ "am_~mobm' Wm& Jwé Zah[aXmg Zo CÝh| Xrjm Xr Wr, VWm H$mer _| eof gZmVZ H$s
nmR>embm _| CÝhm|Zo {ejm àmßV H$s Wr& _mVm {nVm X²dmam Ë`mJ XoZo Ho$ ~mX Zah[aXmg Zo hr CZH$s
nad[ae H$s Am¡a "VwbgrXmg' Zm_H$aU {H$`m Wm&
CZH$m {ddmh aËZmdbr Ho$ gmW hþAm Wm& do AnZr nËZr H$mo ~hþV MmhVo Wo& O~ CZH$s nËZr AnZo
_m`Ho$ JB© V~ VwbgrXmg CZHo$ nrN>o-nrN>o ggwamb nhþ±M JE& nËZr ào_ Am¡a nËZr Xoh H$s AmgpŠV H$mo
8
XoIH$a aËZmdbr bpÁOV Ed§ H«$mo{YV hmo JB©& CgZo VwbgrXmg H$mo {YŠH$maVo hþE H$hm ""ApñW M_© _` Xoh __ Vm_¢ Eogr àr{V&&
V¡gr Om¡ lram_ _h± hmoVr Z Vm¡ ^d^r{V&&''
aËZmdbr Ho$ BZ dMZm| go Vwbgr na Eogm à^md nS>m {H$ do {daŠV hmoH$a H$mer Mbo JE& H$mer
ahH$a CÝhm|Zo am_^pŠV H$m àMma-àgma {H$`m&
AmMm`© am_M§Ð ewŠb Or Zo Vwbgr Ho$ ~mah J«§Wm| H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡, {OZ_| nm±M ~S>o J«§W h¢, Am¡a
gmV N>moQ>o J«§W h¢& `o Bg àH$ma h¢ - am_M[aV _mZg, {dZ` n{ÌH$m, H${dVmdbr, Xmohmdbr, JrVmdbr,
am_bbm, ZhNy>, H¥$îUm JrVmdbr, d¡am½` g§XrnZr, am_km àíZmdbr ~ad¡ am_m`U, nmd©Vr _§Jb, OmZH$s
_§Jb&
"{edqgh gamoO' _| BZHo$ aMo 10 Am¡a J«§Wm| Ho$ Zm_ {XE JE h¢ na ewŠb Or CÝh| àm_m{UH$ Zht
_mZVo& do J«§W h¢ - am_ gVgB©, g§H$Q> _moMZ, hZw_X ~mhþH$, am_ebmH$m, N>ÝXmdbr, N>ßn`, am_m`U,
H$S>Im am_m`U, Am{X.
am_M[aV _mZg : VwbgrXmg X²dmam a{MV "a_mM[aV _mZg' am_ Ho$ OrdZ M[aV na AmYm[aV
_hmH$mì` h¢& `h Vwbgr H$s Aj` H$s{V© H$m AmYma ñV§^ h¡& dmpë_H$s am_m`U Ho$ AmYma na {bIo Bg
_hmH$mì` H$s aMZm g§dV 1631 (gZ 1574 B©.) _| àma§^ hþB© Wr, Am¡a Vwbgr Zo Bg 2 df© 7 _{hZo
_| nyam {H$`m Wm& Xmohm - Mm¡nmB© e¡br _| {bIo Bg _hmH$mì` _| gm H$m§S> h¢ O¡go - ~mbH$mÊS>, A`moÜ`m
H$mÊS>, AaÊ` H$mÊS>, {H$pñH$ÝYm H$mÊS>, gwÝXa H$mÊS>, b§H$m H$mÊS> Am¡a CÎma H$mÊS>&
am_M[aV _mZg _| M[aV am_ _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ bmoH$ajH$, epŠV, erb Ed§ g¡ÝX`© Ho$ ^ÊS>ma h¢&
aMZm, H$m¡eë`, à~ÝY nQw>Vm, göX`Vm, _m{_©H$ ñWbm| H$m n[aM` Ho$ H$maU `h qhXr H$m gd©loð>
_hmH$mì` _mZm OmVm h¡& am_M[aV _mZg _| gd©Ì g_Ýd` H$s {damQ> Moï>m H$aVo hþE VwbgrXmg Zo e¡dd¡îUd H$m g_Ýd`, kmZ Am¡a ^pŠV H$m g_Ýd` {ZJw©U Ama gJwU H$m g_Ýd`, amOm Am¡a àOm H$m
g_Ýd` gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_Ýd`, J¥hñW Am¡a d¡am½` H$m g_Ýd`, ^mfm H$m g_Ýd`, H$mì` e¡{b`m| Ed§ H$mì`
énm| H$m g_Ýd` {H$`m h¡& VwbgrXmg AnZr g_Ýd`mË_H$ Ñ{ï> Ho$ H$maU ^maV Ho$ g~go ~S>o bmoH$-Zm`H$
_mZo OmVo h¢& Jm¡V_ ~wÕ Ho$ ~mX gmao ^maV H$mo OJmZodmbo bmoH$ Zm`H$ Ho$ én _| VwbgrXmg H$mo XoIm
OmVm h¡& CZH$m gmam H$mì` _`m©Xm g_Ýd` Am¡a AmXe© H$s ñWmnZm H$s {damQ> Moï>m H$aZodmbm H$mì` h¡&
VwbgrXmg Zo _mZg _| AmXe© M[aÌm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& am_ AmXe© nwÌ, AmXe© ^mB©, AmXe© {_Ì,
AmXe© ñdm_r, AmXe© {eî` Am¡a AmXe© amOm Ho$ én _| {M{ÌV h¡& hZw_mZ AmXe© godH$, bú_U AmXe©
^mB©, {~^rfU AmXe© {_Ì, grVm Am¡a C{_©bm AmXe© npËZ`m±, AmXe© nmÌm| H$m {MÌU h¡& am_ _`m©Xm
nwéfmoÎm_, bmoH$ajH$, Am¡a ^ŠV dËgb, àOm {hV¡{f amOm h¡& g_mO Ho$ àË`oH$ dJ© Ho$ {bE am_ H$m M[aÌ
9
AmXe© ì`dhma H$s H$gm¡Q>r h¡& CZHo$ X²dmam am_ Ho$ M[aÌ H$mo XoIH$a AmMm`© ewŠb Zo H$hm h¡ ""^maVr`
OZVm H$m à{V{Z{YËd H${d `{X {H$gr H$mo H$h gH$Vo h¢, Vmo VwbgrXmg H$mo&''
Vwbgr H$m am_M[aV _mZg ^maV _| BVZm bmoH${à` h¡ {H$ dh {hÝXr ^m{fH$ {hÝXþAm| Ho$ nyOmKam|
_| ñWmZ àmßV H$a MwH$m h¡& bmoJ A_§Jb H$s empÝV hoVw _mZg H$m "AIÊS> nmR>' Am`mo{OV H$aVo h¢&
ì`pŠVJV gmYZm Ho$ gmW gmW bmoH$ Y_© H$s AX²^yV N>Q>m ^r am_M[aV_mZg _| {dÚ_mZ h¡&
_mZg Ho$ X²dmam AmXe© _`m©Xm, g_Ýd` H$s {damQ> Moï>m H$aZodmbo Vwbgr H$s ^pŠV ^mdZm Ho$ _yb
_| bmoH$g§J«h H$s ^mdZm {dÚ_mZ Wr& Cg `wJ H$s dh _m±J Wr& {dXoer _wpñb_ emgH$m| Ho$ gm_Zo nam{OV,
{Zame qhXþ g_mO _| MoVZm {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE am_ O¡go AmXe©, bmoH$ajH$, _`m©Xm nwéfmoÎm_ am_ H$s
Amdí`H$Vm Ü`mZ _| aIH$a hr Vwbgr Zo _mZg _| am_ H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡&
Hw$N> AmbmoMH$ VwbgrXmg H$s qhXÿ Y_© Ho$ à{V H$Å>a AmñWm XoIH$a `h Amn{Îm CR>mVo h¢, {H$
Vwbgr Bñbm_ {damoYr Wo, na§Vw Eogm Zht h¡& VwbgrXmg dUm©l_ Ed§ Om{VàWm Ho$ g_W©H$ Wo&
g§jon _| Vwbgr h_mao _Z Am¡a öX` _| EH$ AX²^yV epŠV, gmhg Am¡a AmñWm ^a XoVo h¢& _mZg
Ho$ A{YH$m§e nmÌ _mZdr` gdm}ÀM JwUm| Ho$ g_wÀM` ê$n h¢& do AÝ`m`r epŠV`m| H$m {damoY H$a AmJo
~T>Vo h¢& do g{hîUwVm, Ë`mJ Am¡a CXmaVm X²dmam _mZd H$ë`mU H$m _mJ© àeñV H$aVo h¢& CZH$s
Abm¡{H$H$Vm h_mao _Z _| hrZVm Z CËnÞ H$a CÝht Ho$ g_mZ Aew^ Ho$ {déÕ gVV g§Kf© H$aVo ahZo H$s
àoaUm Am¡a epŠV ^a XoVm h¡& Bgo Vwbgr H$s _hmZV_ CnbãYr _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡¢&
B
{dZ`n{ÌH$m :
{dZ` n{ÌH$m VwbgrXmg Xÿgam _hÎdnyU© H$mì` J«§W h¢& `h ~«O^mfm _| {bIm hþAm h¡& Bg_| 276
nX h¢& Vwbgr H$s ^pŠV ^mdZm OmZZo Ho$ {bE Bgo nT>Zm Amdí`H$ h¡& Bg H$mì` H$m àYmZ ag em§V
ag h¢& Jr{Ve¡br _| a{MV {dZ` n{ÌH$m Ho$ nX {d{^Þ amJ-am{J{Z`m| _| {Z~Õ h¢ {OZ_| à_wI h¢ - amJ
{~bmdb, amJ Ho$Xma, amJ gmoaR>, amJ Q>moS>r, amJ _ëhma, amJ dg§V Am¡a amJ am_H$br&
VwbgrXmg Zo H${b`wJ go g§VßV hmoH$a à^w lr am_ Ho$ MaUm| _| A{n©V H$aZo hoVw `h {dZ` n{ÌH$m
{bIr h¡& Bg_| Vwbgr Zo _mVm grVm go AnZr ~mV am_ VH$ nhþ±MmZo H$m AZwamoY {H$`m h¡&
_wŠVH$ Jo` nXm| _| {bIr JB© Bg aMZm _| AmË_{ZdoXZ, eaUmJV dËgbVm, eaUmJV H$s H$m_Zm,
_Z H$s ^Ëg©Zm Ed§ X¡Ý` O¡go ^mdm| H$s gwÝXa ^mdm| H$s A{^ì`pŠV hþB© h¡& Bg_| Xmñ` ^md H$s ^pŠV
H$m {MÌU h¡&
VwbgrXmg Ho$ AÝ` aMZmAm| H$m ^r AnZm-AnZm _hÎd h¡&
1.3.2.2
VwbgrXmg Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW© :
VwbgrXmg Ho$ à{gÕ aMZm "{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' go N>: nX {bE h¢& "{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' EH$ ^pŠV J«§W h¡&
10
Bg_| VwbgrXmg H$s ^pŠV-^mdZm H$m dU©Z h¡&
nX - 1 : am_ H$s _hmZVm Am¡a AnZr bKwVm H$m dU©Z :
VwbgrXmg Zo lram_ H$s _hmZVm Am¡a AnZr bKwVm H$m dU©Z H$aHo$ lram_ go AnZo CX²Yma H$s
àmW©Zm H$s h¡& VwbgrXmg H$hVo h¢, lram_M§Ð Or Zo AnZr ^bmB© H$s Im{Va _oam ^bm {H$`m& Bg{bE
{H$ do ñd`§ ^bo h¢& _¢ Vmo ñdm_r Ho$ gmW ~wamB© H$aZodmbm hÿ± Am¡a ñdm_r H¡$go h¢, godH$ Ho$ {hVH$mar&
am_ go ~‹S>m H$m¡Z h¡ Am¡a _wPgo N>moQ>m H$m¡Z h¡& AWm©V am_ g~go loð> h¡ Am¡a _¢ g~go {ZH¥$ï> hÿ±&
Bgr àH$ma am_ Ho$ g_mZ H$m¡Z Iam h¡ Am¡a _wP-gm H$m¡Z ImoQ>m&
Xþ{Z`m H$hVr h¡ {H$ _¢ (VwbgrXmg) am_ H$m Jwbm_ hÿ±& Xþ{Z`m hr Š`m|, _¢ ^r `hr H$hbdmVm hÿ±&
(_Ja _wP_| am_Jwbm_ hmoZo H$m EH$ ^r bjU Zht) _¢Zo BVZm ~S>m AnamY H$a S>mbm, na YÝ` à^mo,
AmnH$m _Z _oar Amoa go V{ZH$ ^r Z {\$am&
ho Vwbgr ! XoI, Ob Ho$ _ñVH$ na O¡go ZrM V¥U M‹T> OmVm h¡, {\$a ^r Ob `h g_PH$a {H$
`h _oam gtMm hþAm h¡, Cgo Sw>~moVm Zht& AWm©V² Ord na_oída H$m {H$VZm ^r ^mar AnamY H$a|, dh,
^ŠVdËgbVm-de, CgH$m CX²Yma hr H$aVm h¡&
nX -
2
: am_ Ho$ MaUm| _| eaUmJ{V :
VwbgrXmg Or Zo AnZr XrZVm, Xþ:I Am¡a nmnm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Am¡a am_ go AnZo MaUm| H$s
eaU _| boZo H$s àmW©Zm H$s h¡& Bgo hr Xmñ`-^md H$s ^pŠV H$hm OmVm h¡& VwbgXmg H$hVo h¢ - ho
ZmW! Vy XrZm| na X`m H$aZodmbm h¡, Vmo _¢ XrZ hÿ±& Vy XmZr h¡, Vmo _¢ {^I_§Jm hÿ±& _¢ à{gÕ nmnr hÿ±,
Vmo Vy nmn g_yhm| H$m Zme H$aZodmbm h¡&
Vy AZmWm| H$m ZmW h¡, Vmo _wP-O¡gm AZmW ^r H$moB© Zht h¡& _oao g_mZ H$moB© Xþ:Ir Zht h¡, Am¡a
Voao g_mZ H$moB© Xþ:I H$m haZodmbm Zht&
Vy ~«÷ h¡, _¢ Ord hÿ±& Vy ñdm_r h¡, _¢ godH$ hÿ±, Vy {_Ì h¡ Am¡a g^r àH$ma go {hVH$mar h¡&
_oao Voao AZoH$ ZmVo-[aíVo h¢, gmo A~ Omo ZmVm VwPo AÀN>m bJ|; dhr _mZ bo& O¡go ~Z V¡go, ho
H¥$nmbw! `h VwbgrXmg Voao MaUm| H$s eaU nm OmE Am¡a H$moB© ^r BÀN>m _Z _| Zht h¡&
nX -
3
: am_ H$s AZÝ` ^pŠV :
VwbgrXmg Zo AnZo _Z H$s _y‹T>Vm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Am¡a am_ Ho$ à{V AZÝ` ^pŠV^md ì`ŠV {H$`m
h¡&
VwbgrXmg H$hVo h¢, Š`m H$hm Om`, Bg _Z H$s Hw$N> Eogr _y‹T>Vm h¡ {H$ am_^pŠV-ê$nr J§Jm H$mo
Ë`mJH$a Amog H$s ~y±Xm| H$s Amem H$a ahm h¡& AWm©V² am_^pŠV Ho$ AmZ§X H$mo Ë`mJH$a j{UH$ {df`mZ§X
H$s Amoa `h Xm¡‹S>Vm h¡&
11
O¡go ß`mgm nnrhm ~hþV gmam YwAm± XoIH$a Cgo _oK g_P boVm h¡& {H$ÝVw dhm± OmZo na, Z dhm±
erVbVm Cgo {_bVr h¡, Z nmZr hr& BVZm hr Zht Am±I _wâV _| \$moS> boVm h¡& Ame` `h {H$ Ord
O~ {df`m| H$s Amoa `h g_PH$a, {H$ BgHo$ godZ go Xþ:I Xÿa hmo Om`oJm, Xm¡‹S>Vm h¡, V~ Cgo gwI Ho$
~Xbo CbQ>m H$ï> {_bVm h¡&
O¡go _yI© ~mO H$m±M Ho$ \$e© na AnZm à{Vq~~ XoIH$a Cgo Xÿgam ~mO g_PH$a Cgna ^yI Ho$ _mao,
AnZo _wI H$s j{V ^ybH$a, AmHw$bVm go Qy>Q> n‹S>Vm h¡& gmam§e `h, {H$ {df`m| _| {gdm` Xþ:I Ho$ gwI
V{ZH$ ^r Zht h¡&
ho H¥$nm Ho$ ^§S>ma ! _¢ Bg Hw$Mmb H$m H$hm± VH$ ~ImZ H$ê±$& Amn Vmo AnZo OZm|X H$s Xem OmZVo
hr h¢& ho à^mo ! VwbgrXmg H$m Xmê$U Xþ:I Xÿa H$a Xr{OE Am¡a Eogm H$aHo$ AnZr à{Vkm H$s ajm H$s{OE,
Š`m|{H$ AmnH$s Vmo `h à{Vkm h¡ {H$ "_¢ eaUmJV H$s ajm H$aVm hÿ±'&
nX -
4
: lram_ n{VV-nmdZ :
VwbgrXmg H$hVo h¢¢, ho ZmW! AmnHo$ MaUm| H$mo N>moS>H$a Am¡a H$hm± OmD±$? g§gma _| "n{VV-ndZ'
Zm_ Am¡a {H$gH$m h¡? Am¡a XrZOZ {H$go AË`ÝV ß`mao h¡?
AmOVH$ {H$g XodVm Zo, AnZo ~mZo H$s bmO aIZo Ho$ {bE ÑT>nyd©H$ MwZ-MwZH$a AY_m| H$m CX²Yma
{H$`m? Am¡a {H$g XodVm Zo njr (OQ>m`w) new (arN>, dmZa Am{X), ì`mY (dmë_r{H$), nËWa (Ahë`m),
O‹S>d¥j )`_bmOw©Z) Am¡a `dZm| H$m CX²Yma {H$`m ?
XodVm, X¡Ë`, _w{Z, ZmJ, _Zwî` Am{X g^r ~oMmao _m`m Ho$ AYrZ h¡& `h VwbgXmg Š`m| AnZo H$mo
CZHo$ hmWm| _| gm¢no? O~ do ñd`§ hr _m`m Ho$ de _| h¢, V~ Xÿgam| Ho$ H¡$go Vma gH$Vo h¢?
nX -
5
: {df`-dmgZmAm| go {dapŠV H$s àmW©Zm
VwbgrXmg H$hVo h¢ - ho h[a, AmnZo _wPna ~S>r X`m H$s, Omo gmao gmYZm| H$m Ym_, XodVmAm| H$mo
^r Xþb©^, _mZd-eara H¥$nmH$a Xo {X`m&
`Ú{n AmnH$m EH$-EH$ CnH$ma H$amo‹S>-H$amo‹S> _wI go Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm, VWm{n _¢ Hw$N> Am¡a ^r
_m±Jy±Jm& Amn Vmo _hmZ XmZr h¢, AV: {dídmg h¡ {H$ Omo _¢ _m±Jy± Cgo Amn Adí` Xo X|Jo&
_oam _Z-ê$nr _ÀN> {df`-ê$nr nmZr go jU _mÌ ^r AbJ Zht hmoVm, O¡go _N>br Ob Ho$ ~mha
Oam ^r Zht {ZH$bZm MmhVr, Cgr àH$ma `h _Z {df`-dmgZmAm| go V{ZH$ ^r Zht hQ>Vm& Bggo gXm
Xmê$Z Xþ:I ghZm nS>Vm h¡& AZoH$ `mo{Z`m| _| OÝ_ boVm Am¡a _aVm hÿ±&
ho am_! AnZr H¥$nm H$s añgr ~ZmBE Am¡a AmnHo$ MaUm| _| Omo A§Hw$e H$m {MhZ h¡, CgH$m ~ZmBE
H$m±Q>m& Cg_| na_^pŠVê$nr Mmam (AmQ>m) {MnH$m Xr{OE& Bg àH$ma _Zê$nr _ÀN> H$mo doYH$a _oam Xþ:I
{ZdmaU H$a Xr{OE& AmnHo$ {bE Vmo `h EH$ Iob hr hmoJm& Bg_| Hw$N> ^r n[al_ Z H$aZm n‹S>oJm&
12
d¡go Vmo doX _| AZoH$ Cnm` ^ao nS>o h¢, O¡go `moJ, `k, On, Vn Am{X, Am¡a XodVm ^r AZoH$ h¢,
{H$ÝVw `h XrZ {H$g-{H$gH$m {ZH$moam H$aVm {\$a|? ho VwbgrXmg! {OgZo Bg Ord H$mo A{dÚmê$nr añgr
go ~m±Y aIm h¡, dhr Bgo Nw>Q>H$mam ^r XoJm& g§gma-gmJa go dhr nma H$aoJm&
nX -
6
: am_-Zm_ê$nr qMVm_Ur :
VwbgrXmg H$hVo h¢, A~VH$ _oam OrdZ ì`W© hr Mbm J`m, na A~ Bg jU go Z OmZo Xÿ±Jm&
A~VH$ H$s _oar Am`w {~JS> MwH$s Omo {~JS>Zr Wr, na A~ Bg jU go Z {~JmSy>±Jm, A~ g±^b OmDª$Jm&
aKwZmW Or H$s H¥$nm go g§gma-ê$nr am{Ì ~rV MwH$s h¡, AWm©V² _moh Xÿa hmo J`m h¡; A~ OmJZo na, {damJ
CX` hmoZo na, {\$a H$^r {~N>m¡Zo Z {~N>mD±$Jm, _m`m Ho$ ^«_ _| Z \$gy±Jm&
_wPo am_-Zm_ê$nr qMVm_{U àmßV hmo MwH$s h¢, D$go Cgo öX`-ê$nr hmW go Z {JamDª$Jm, AWm©V² gXm
öX` _| aIy±Jm& aKwZmW Or H$m Omo í`m_gw§Xa n{dÌ ñdê$n h¡, CgH$s H$gm¡Q>r ~ZmH$a Cgna AnZo {MÎmê$nr
gmoZo H$mo H$gy±Jm& AWm©V BgH$s Om±M H$ê±$Jm {H$ am_ Ho$ Ü`mZ na _oam H$hm± VH$ R>rH$-R>rH$ CVaVm h¡&
dh Iam h¡¡ `m ImoQ>m&
O~ VH$ _¡¢ _Z H$m Jwbm_ ahm, V~ VH$ BZ B§{Ð`m| Zo _oam Iy~ C\$hmg {H$`m, na A~ _Z VWm
B§{Ð`m| H$mo AnZo de _| H$aHo$ AnZr h±gr Z H$amD±$Jm& _¢ VwbgrXmg, AnZo _Z H$mo aKwZmW Or Ho$ MaUm|
_| BgàH$ma bJm by±Jm, O¡go ^m¢am BYa-CYa Xÿgao \y$bm| na Z OmH$a àUnyd©H$ AnZo Amn H$mo H$_bH$moe _| ~m±Y boVm h¡& ^md `h h¡ {H$ _Z H$mo g^r Amoa go _moS>H$a Ho$db lraKwZmW Or Ho$ MaUm| H$m
godH$ ~Zm Xÿ±Jm&
1.3.3
gyaXmg :
1.3.3.1
gyaXmg H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` :
{hÝXr gm{hË` _| H¥$îU^pŠV H$s AOò Ymam H$mo àdm{hV H$aZodmbo ^ŠV H${d`m| _| gyaXmg H$m ñWmZ
gdm}n[a h¡& CZH$m OrdZd¥Îm CZH$s AnZr H¥${V`m| go A§{eH$ ê$n _| Am¡a ~mø gmú` Ho$ AmYma na A{YH$
CnbãY hmoVm h¡& ^ŠV_mb, Mm¡amgr d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©, dëb^{Xp½dO` Am{X J«§Wm| Am¡a gyaXmg H$s
aMZmAm| go gyaXmg H$s OrdZr Am¡a gm{hË` H$s OmZH$mar CnbãY hmoVr h¡&
gyaXmg H$m OÝ_ {Xëbr Ho$ {ZH$Q> ~«O H$s Amoa pñWV "grhr' Zm_H$ Jm±d _| gZ² 1948 B©. _|
gmañdV ~«m÷U n[adma _| hwAm Wm& CZHo$ OÝ_m§Y hmoZo `m ~mX _| A§YËd àmßV H$aZo Ho$ {df` _| AZoH$
qH$dXpÝV`m± Ed§ àdmX \¡$bo hþE h¢&
dmVm© J«§Wm| Ho$ AZwgma 1509-10 Ho$ Amgnmg gyaXmg H$s ^|Q> _hmà^w dëb^mMm`© go hþB© Am¡a V^r
CÝhm|Zo dëb^mMm`© H$m {eî`Ëd J«hU {H$`m& AH$~a go ^r CZH$s ^oQ> H$m C„oI {_bVm h¡& dëbm^mMm`©
Ho$ {eî` ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX do nmagm¡br Jm±d _| ahZo bJo Wo& gZ 1583 B©. CZH$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB©&
gyaXmg H$s {ejm Am{X Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Hw$N> ^r OmZH$mar CnbãY Zht h¡& dëb^mMm`© go {_bZo
13
go nhbo do Jm§d go Mma H$mog Xÿa ahH$a {dZ` Am¡a X¡Ý` Ho$ nX Jm`m H$aVo Wo& dëb^mMm`© H$m {eî`Ëd
J«hU H$aZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo dmËgë` Am¡a _mYw`© ^md H$s nX aMZm H$aZm ewê$ {H$`m Wm& CZHo$ dmËgë`
^md Ho$ nXm| H$s àe§gm H$aVo hþE {dX²dmZ H$hVo h¢, "gyaXmg dmËgë` H$m H$moZm H$moZm Pm±H$ AmE Wo&
nadVu `wJ H$m H$moB© H${d CZHo$ dmËgë` ^md go AmJo Zht ~T> gH$m h¡&
gyaXmg X²dmam a{MV nÀMrg nwñVH$m| H$m C„oI S>m°. XrZX`mb JwßV H$aVo h¢& gyagmJa, gyagmamdbr
gm{hË` bhar, gyanMrgr, gyaam_m`U, gyagmR>r aMZmAm| H$m C„oI gyaXmg H$s aMZmAm| Ho$ ê$n_| {H$`m
OmVm h¡, na§Vw "gyagmJa' gm{hË` bhar CZH$s loîR> aMZmE± _mZr OmVr h¢&
"gyagmJa' Zm_ H$s Vah gmJa h¡& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ gyaXmg Zo ^mJdV Ho$ nÕ{Vna X²dmXe
ñH$ÝYm|dmbo gyagmJa H$s aMZm H$s h¡& Bg_| gdm bmI nX Wo _Ja AmO VH$ Ho$db Mma-nm±M hOma nX
àmßV hmo MwHo$ h¢&
gyaH$mì` H$m _w»` {df` H¥$îU^pŠV h¡& "^mJdV' nwamU Ho$ AmYma na CÝhm|Zo amYmH¥$îU H$s AZoH$
brbmAm| H$m dU©Z gyagmJa _| {H$`m h¡& "^mJdV' Ho$ à^md H$mo XoIH$a H$B© EH$ {dX²dmZm| Zo Bgo ^mJdV
H$m AZwdmX g_PZo H$s ^yb H$s h¡& gyagmJa H$m AmYma ^mJdV h¡, na§Vw `h ñdV§Ì _m¡{bH$ aMZm h¡&
gyaXmg Zo lrH¥$îU Ho$ e¡ed Am¡a {H$emoa d` H$s {d{dY brbmAm| H$m gOrd Ed§ à^mdr {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& Bg_| gya H$s Ñ{ï> H¥$îU Ho$ bmoH$a§OH$ ê$n na hr A{YH$ ahr h¡& CZHo$ X²dmam Xþï>m| H$m Zme Am{X
H$m dU©Z gm_mÝ` ê$n go hr {H$`m J`m h¡&
gyaXmg Zo ~mbH$ H$s {d{dY brbmAm| Am¡a _mV¥ öX` H$s A{^bmfmAm|, CËH$ÊR>mAm| Am¡a ^mdZmAm|
H$m BVZm à^mdr {MÌU {H$`m h¡ {H$ CgHo$ AmJo AmO VH$ H$moB© ^r Zht nhþ±M gH$m h¡& CZHo$ dmËgë`
^md Ho$ nXm| H$s {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ CZH$mo nT>H$a nmR>H$ OrdZ H$s Zrag Am¡a O{Q>b g_ñ`mAm| H$mo
^ybH$a CZ_| _½Z hmo OmVm h¡& Bg{bE gyaXmg dmËgë` gd©loð> H${d _mZo OmVo h¢&
"^«_aJrV' àg§J gyagmJa H$s {deofV: Am¡a gyaXmg H$s H$mì` H$bm H$m CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU h¡& Bg_|
g§`moJ Am¡a {d`moJ l¥§Jma H$m ~oOmoS> dU©Z h¡& Bg_| àdmg O{ZH$ {d`moJ H$m dU©Z h¡& Bg AÝ`mopŠV Ed§
Cnmbå^ H$mì` _| Jmonr-CX²Yd g§dmXm| H$mo nT>H$a gyaXmg H$s à{V^m Am¡a {dX²dVm H$m n[aM` {_bVm
h¡& ^«_aJrV _| gyaXmg Zo `moJ Am¡a {ZJw©U na gJwU H$s VWm kmZ na ^pŠV H$s Ed§ ewîH$Vm na agmË_H$Vm
H$s {dO` {M{ÌV H$s h¡& Bg_| Xme©{ZH$Vm Ed§ AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm Ho$ gmW H$mì` Ho$ g^r CnH$aU CnbãY
hmoVo h¢& gya H$mì` _| àH¥${V gm¢X`©, OrdZ Ho$ {d{dY njm|, ~mbM[aÌ Ho$ {d{dY àg§Jm|, H«$sS>mAm|,
JmoMmaU, amg Am{X H$m dU©Z àMwa _mÌm _| {_bVm h¡& én {MÌU Ho$ {bE ZI{eI dU©Z H$mo gya Zo AZoH$
~ma ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡& ~«O Ho$ ndm], Ë`m¡hmam|, dfm©|Ëgdm| Am{X H$m ^r dU©Z CZH$s aMZmAm| _| _bVm h¢&
gyaXmg go qhXr _| ^«_a JrV H$s naånam ewê$ hþB© h¡&
gyagmamdbr H$mo AZoH$ {dX²dmZ Aàm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZVo h¢ qH$Vw Eogo {dX²dmZ ^r h¢ Omo Bgo gyagmJa
H$m gma AWdm CgH$s {df` gyMr _mZH$a BgH$s àm_m{UH$Vm H$m g_W©Z H$aVo h¢&
14
gyaXmg H$s loð> aMZmAm| _| "gm{hË` bhar' H$m C„oI {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bg_| gyaXmg Ho$ Ñï>Hy$Q> nX
g§H${bV h¢& VWm `h H$mì`m§J {Zê$nU go gå~pÝYV J«§W h¢& gyaXmg Ho$ Cn`w©ŠV VrZ J«§Wm| H$m dU©Z
{dX²dmZ H$aVo AmE h¢&
H¥$îU^ŠV H${d`m| _| à_wI ñWmZ Ho$ A{YH$mar gyaXmg H$s JUZm Aï>N>mn Ho$ H${d`m| _| hmoVr h¢&
do {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdbr go à^m{dV Wo& CZHo$ l¥§Jma Am¡a dmËgë` Ho$ {MÌU H$mo XoIH$a CÝh| dmËgë`
Ed§ l¥§Jma ag Ho$ g_«mQ> Ho$ ê$n _| gå_mZrV {H$`m OmVm h¡& CZH$s ^pŠV gIm ^md H$s ^pŠV h¡& gmW
hr do nw{ï>_mJu ^r h¢, Omo ^JdmZ Ho$ AZwJ«h (H¥$nm) na {deof ~b XoVo h¢& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ B©ída
H¥$nm go hr ^ŠV H$m CX²Yma hmo gH$Vm h¢&
gyaXmg Zo _mYw`© ^md H$s ^pŠV H$m ^r g_W©Z {H$`m h¡& CZHo$ X²dmam {M{ÌV Jmo{n`m| H$s ^pŠV
_| _mYw`© ^md CnbãY hmoVm h¡& CZH$s _mYw`© ^md H$s ^pŠV _| dmgZm `m l¥§Jma H$s AíbrbVm Zht
h¡&
gyaXmg Ho$ H$mì` H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm`m± h¢ - H¥$îUbrbm H$m dU©Z ào_-bjUm ^pŠV, gm¡ÝX`© {MÌU,
~mb {MÌU, _mYw`© ^pŠV, X¡Ý` ^pŠV, g»`^md H$s ^pŠV àH¥${V {MÌU g§`moJ Ed§ {d`moJ l¥§Jma {MÌU,
dmËgë` ag {MÌU, _wŠVH$ Ed§ à~§Y H$mì` aMZm, n[a{Z{ð>V Ed§ gm{hpË`H$ ~«O^mfm, eãXmb§H$mam| Am¡a
AWm©b§H$mam| H$m gw§Xa Ed§ à^mdr à`moJ Am{X&
1.3.3.2
gyaXmg Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW© :
nmR>çH«$_ _| gyaXmg Ho$ N>: nX h¢& BZ_| go nhbo Xmo nX ~mbbrbm Ed§ dmËgë`-dU©Z go g§~§{YV
h¢ Am¡a Mma nX Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah ^mdZm go g§~§{YV h¢&
B
~mbbrbm g§~§Yr nX :
nX - 1 : `emoXm ~mbH$ H¥$îU H$mo nmbZo _| PwbmVr h¡& dh Cgo {hbmVr, Sw>bmVr h¡, Xþbma go
nwMH$maVr h¡, Omo _Z _| AmVm h¡, Hw$N> JmVr h¡& Eo ZtX! VwPo H¥$îU ~wbm ahm h¡, Vy OëXr Š`m| Zht AmVr?
_oao bmb H$mo, AmH$a Š`m| Zht gwbmVr? H$^r h[a Am±I| _y±X boVo h¢, H$^r Am|R> {hbmVo h¢; `h OmZH$a
{H$ H¥$îU gmo aho h¢, `emoXm Mwn ahZo H$mo H$hVr h¡& BVZ| _| h[a Mm¢H$ nS>Vo h¢, `emoXm {\$a go _rR>m JmZm
JmZo bJr h¡§& gyaXmg H$hVo h¢ {H$ Omo gwI XodVm Am¡a _w{Z`m| H$mo Xþb©^ h¡, Cgo Z§X H$s nËZr `emoXm gwb^
ar{V go nmVr h¡&
nX - 2 H¥$îU _mVm `emoXm go H$hVm h¡ - _m±, _¢Zo _mIZ Zht Im`m& Iob H$aZo H$s BÀN>m go
`o {_Ì g~ {_bH$a, _oao {_Ìm| Zo _oao _wI na _mIZ bJm {X`m h¡& VwåhtZo XoI {b`m h¡ {H$ ~V©Z gtHo$
na D±$Mm aIH$a bQ>H$m {X`m h¡& _¢ Omo H$hVm hÿ± {H$ _oao N>moQ>o hmW, _¢ H¡$go nm gH$Vm hÿ±& AWm©V² _oao
N>moQ>o hmW _mIZ Ho$ ~V©Z VH$ H¡$go nhþ±M gH$Vo h¢& {\$a H¥$îU Zo _wI na bJm Xhr nm|N>H$a, {dMma H$a,
XmoZm nrN>o {N>nm`m& `emoXm OmZVr h¡ {H$ H¥$îU Zo _mIZ Im`m h¡ Am¡a dh PyR> ~mob ahm h¡& {\$a ^r
15
`emoXm Zo _wñH$amH$a N‹S>r \|$H$ Xr Am¡a í`m_ H$mo Jbo bJm`m& _w{XV H$aZodmbm ~mb{dZmoX _Z _w½Y H$a
boVm h¡, ^pŠV H$m àmVn {XIm`oJm& gyaXmg H$hVo h¢ {H$ `emoXm H$mo `h Omo gwI {_b ahm h¡ dh {edOr
Am¡a ~«÷m H$mo ^r Zht {_bm h¡&
B
Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm go g§~§{YV nX :
Mma nXm| _| Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm H$m dU©Z hþAm h¡& H¥$îU Ho$ _Wwam Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX gmao
~«Odmgr H¥$îU Ho$ {dah _| ì`mHw$b hmo OmVo h¢& g~go A{YH$ Xþ:Ir h¡ Jmo{n`m±& Jmo{n`m± H¥$îU H$mo g§Xoe
na g§Xoe ^oOVr h¡& {\$a ^r H¥$îU dmng Zht AmVo& Jmo{n`m| H$m ào_ Am¡a {dah XoIH$a H¥$îU Jmo{n`m| H$mo
g_PmZo Ho$ {bE AnZo {_Ì CX²Yd H$mo ^oOVo h¢& CX²Yd kmZ_mJu h¡& do ~«O AmH$a Jmo{n`m| {ZJw©U B©ída
Am¡a `moJ-gmYZm H$m CnXoe XoZo bJVo h¢& Jmo{n`m| Ho$ H¥$îUào_ Ho$ gm_Zo CX²Yd H$m kmZ nam{OV hmo OmVm
h¡& CX²Yd-Jmonr g§dmXm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gyaXmg Zo Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& "^«_aJrV'
gyagmJa H$m g~go A{YH$ _m{_©H$ A§e h¡& Bg _| CX²Yd-Jmonr g§dmX h¡&
nX - 3 : Jmo{n`m± H$hVr h¢ - WmoS>o hr {XZ ào_ H$aHo$ H¥$îU Mbo JE& H$hm± dh ào_ Am¡a H$hm±
`h {dmoJ, H$hm± `h _YwdZ H$s ar{V! ho _Z_mohZ, A~ H$s ~ma {_bo, ê$R>Zm ~hþV hmo J`m& Vwåhmao Xe©Z
Ho$ {~Zm, h_mao àmU H¡$go ah|Jo; _mZmo Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ Vwåhmam Xe©Z nmH$a `wJ ~tV J`m& ho H¥$îU h_mao
D$na H¥$nm H$amo; eara OrVH$a ào_ ahm AWm©V² ào_ Zo eara na OrV nmB©& gyaXmg H$hVo h¢ {H$ ho à^w!
Vwåhmao {_bZ Ho$ {~Zm h_mar pñW{V ^ygo na H$s Xrdma Ho$ O¡go hmo JB© h¡ AWm©V h_ {ZîàU hmo JB© h¢&
nX - 4 : Jmo{n`m± H$hVr h¢ - ho _YwdZ ! H¥$îU Ho$ {dah _| Vw_ hao-^ao H¡$go ahVo hmo? í`m_ gw§Xa
lrH¥$îU Ho$ {d`moJ Ho$ {dah _|, IS>o hmo, Obo Š`m| Zht& noS> Ho$ ZrMo, Vwåhmar emIm Ho$ ghmao Q>oH$H$a,
IS>o ahH$a _mohZ ~m±gwar ~OmVo Wo& O‹S> MoVZ g^r _wabr H$s Üd{Z gwZH$a _w½Y hmo OmVo Wo& _w{Z OZm|
H$m Ü`mZ VH$ Q>b OmVm Wm& dh {MVdZ Vy _Z _| YmaU Zht H$aVm h¡; `h g~ ^ybH$a ~ma-~a nwîn
XoVo hmo& gyaXmg H$hVo h¢ {H$ à^w H$s {dah ê$nr Xmdm{¾ _| E‹S>r go MmoQ>r VH$ Š`m| Zht Ob? AWm©V
Jmo{n`m| H$mo {dah Ho$ H$maU _YwdZ H$m ham-^am ahZm AÀN>m Zht bJVm& {dah _| g^r gwIXm`H$ dñVwE±
Xþ:IXm`H$ àVrV hmoVr h¢&
nX - 5 : Jmo{n`m± H$hVr h¢ - H¥$îU Xmo eãX {bIH$a Zht ^oOVo& Xmo H$m¡S>r Ho$ H$mJO Am¡a ñ`mhr
Ho$ {bE ~hþV n¡go bJVo h¢? h_ Bg Amoa h¢, í`m_ Xÿgao VQ> na; ~rM _| {dah H$m àdmh h¡& gyaXmg
H$hVo h¢ {H$ à^w Zo h_go {_bZo Ho$ {bE _Z H$mo ~‹S>m H$R>moa H$a {b`m h¡&
nX - 6 : Jmo{n`m>>± H$hVr h¢ - ào_ H$aHo$ {H$grH$mo ^r gwI Zht {_bm& nV§Jm XrnH$ go ào_ H$aHo$
IwX àmU XoH$a Ob J`m& ^m¢am H$_b go ào_ H$aHo$ H$mof _| ~±Y J`m& Üd{Z go ào_ H$aHo$ _¥J H$mo gm_Zo
~mU H$mo ghZm n‹S>m& h_Zo H¥$îU go Omo ào_ {H$`m, Hw$N> H$hVo Zht ~Z ahm h¡& gyaXmg H$hVo h¢ {H$ {~Zm
à^w lrH¥$îU Ho$ Xþ:I nm aho h¢& Am±Im| go Am±gy ~h aho h¢&
16
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ {ZåZ{b{IV {dH$ënm| _| go ghr {dH$ën MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IE&
1)
............... ^pŠVH$mbrZ {ZJw©U H$mì`-Ymam Ho$ àdV©H$ H${d Wo&
A) H$~ra
2)
276
~) _m`m
H$) doí`m
S>) H$m{_Zr&
~) VwbgrXmg
H$) H$~raXmg
S>) d¥§X
~) h[aXmg
H$) am_Xmg
S>) a¡Xmg&
~)
376
H$)
S>)
672
212
~) ~«O
H$) IS>r~mobr
S>) amOñWmZr&
~) VwbgrXmg
H$) _ram±
S>) d¥§X&
H$) VwbgrXmg
S>) {~hmar
H$) am_mZwOmMm`©
S>) Jmo{d§XmMm`©&
............... H${d OÝ_m§Y Wo&
A) H$~ra
11)
S>) _ram±&
............... ^pŠVH$mbrZ H¥$îU-^pŠVemIm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¡&
A) gyaXmg
10)
H$) VwbgrXmg
"{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' H$s aMZm .............. ^mfm _| hþB© h¡&
A) AdYr
9)
~) H$~ra
{dZ`-n{ÌH$m _| ................ nX h¢&
A)
8)
S>) Z§XXmg&
VwbgrXmg Ho$ Jwé ................. Wo&
A) Zah[aXmg
7)
H$) dëb^mMm`©
^pŠVH$mbrZ am_^pŠV-emIm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d ................ h¢&
A) gyaXmg
6)
~) am_mZ§X
............... _hm R>JZr h_ OmZr &
A) Zmar
5)
S>³ {~hmar&
"~rOH$' ................. H${d H$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡&
A) gyaXmg
4)
H$) gyaXmg
H$~ra AnoZ Amn H$mo ............. H$m {eî` _mZVo Wo&
A) Zah[aXmg
3)
~) VwbgrXmg
~) gyaXmg
gyaXmg ............... Ho$ {eî` Wo&
A) dëb^mMm`©
~) _ÜdmMm`©
17
~r.E. / _Ü`H$mbrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` ....2
12)
................ H${d H$mo qhXr gm{hË`mH$me H$m gyaO H$hm OmVm h¡&
A) VwbgrXmg
13)
~) H$~raXmg
H$) VwbgrXmg
S>) d¥§X&
~) IS>r~mobr
H$) amOñWmZr
S>) AdYr&
H$) gyagmJa
S>) ~rOH$&
................. EH$ ^pŠV-J«§W h¡&
A) am_M[aV_mZg
1.5
S>) {~hmar
"am_M[aV_mZg' H$s ^mfm .................. h¡&
A) ~«O
15)
H$) gyaXmg
"gyagmJa' ................. H${d H$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡&
A) gyaXmg
14)
~) H$~raXmg
~) {dZ`-n{ÌH$m
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© gmIr - kmZ g§~§Yr Xmoho&
_m`m - gm§gm[aH$ ^«_ AkmZ, A{dÚm H$mo {ZJw©U g§V-H${d`m| Zo "_m`m' H$hm h¡&
AZwaŠV - AmgŠV brZ&
^Ëg©Zm - qZXm&
g§gpŠV - AmgpŠV, bJmd, bJZ&
_y‹T> - O‹S>~wX²{Y, _yI©, ~odHy$\$&
R>{JZr - R>JZodmbr ór, Hw$Q>Zr&
~§Xm - godH$, Xmg&
_w‹T>Vm - _yI©Vm&
OQ>m`w njr - grVm haU Ho$ g_` OQ>m`w Zo amdZ Ho$ gmW `wX²Y {H$`m Wm&
new- arN>, dmZ Am{X&
Ahë`m - Jm¡V_ F${f H$s nËZr& n{V Ho$ emn go nËWa ~Zr Wr&
ì`mY - dmpë_H$s&
_YwdZ - ~«O H$m EH$ dZ&
XmoZm - nÎmm| H$m ~Zm hþAm H$Q>moao Ho$ AmH$ma H$m Jham nmÌ&
kmZ-Mjw - kmZê$nr Am±I|&
18
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1)
A
2)
~
3)
~
4)
~
5)
6)
A
7)
A
8)
~
9)
A
10)
~
15)
~
11)
1.7
A
12)
H$
13)
A
14)
S>
~
gmam§e :
A) H$~ra _Ü`H$mbrZ ^pŠV-H$mì` Ho$ à_wI H${d Wo& qhXr gm{hË` _| CÝh| {ZJw©U H$mì`Ymam Ho$
àdV©H$ _mZm OmVm h¡& do _hmZ gmYH$ Wo& do _mZdVmdmXr g_mO-gwYmaH$ Wo& CZH$s {dMmaYmam na
AX²d¡VdmX A{YH$ à^md h¡& AmË_m Am¡a na_mË_m H$s EH$Vm H$m CÝhm|Zo à{VnmXZ {H$`m& CZHo$ Zm_ na
AZoH$ aMZmE± {_bVr h¡& CZHo$ àm_m{UH$Vm {ddmXmñnX h¡& "~rOH$' CZH$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZr
OmVr h¡& AnZr gmYZm _| CÝhm|Zo Jwé H$mo A{Ve` _hÎd {X`m h¡& Jwé Ho$ AZ§V _{h_m H$m dU©Z {H$`m
h¡& AnZo {ZJw©U B©ída Ho$ {bE "am_' eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡& H$~ra Ho$ am_ XeaW-nwÌ AdVmar am_
Z hmoH$a KQ>-KQ> ì`mnr ~«÷ h¡& CÝhm|Zo B©ída H$s gd© ì`mnH$Vm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& g§nyU© OJV² H$mo
~«÷_` H$hm h¡& _m`m go _wpŠV Ho$ {~Zm B©ída H$s àmpßV Zht hmo gH$Vr& do AmË_m H$mo na_mË_m H$s
nËZr _mZVo h¢& XmånË`-^md Ho$ _mÜ`_ go B©ída Ho$ à{V ào_ ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢&
~) ^pŠVH$mb H$s am_-^pŠV-emIm Ho$ à_wI Ed§ à{V{Z{Y H${d ho¢ "VwbgrXmg'& CZH$m"am_M[aV_mZg' _hmH$mì` qhXr-gm{hË` H$m gd©loð> H$mì` J«§W h¡& do g§ñH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ àH$m§S> n§{S>V Wo&
CZH$s 12 aMZmE± àm_m{UH$ _mZr OmVr h¡& BZ_| "am_M[aV_mZg' Am¡a "{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' à{gÕ aMZmE± h¢&
"{dZ`-n{ÌH$m' EH$ ^pŠV-J«§W h¡& VwbgrXmg H$s ^pŠV-nÕ{V H$m nyU© {dH$mg Bg_| {XImB© XoVm h¢&
Bg_| à_wI ê$n go "Xmñ`-^pŠV' H$m à{VnmXZ hþAm h¡& VwbgrXmg Zo am_ H$s _hmZVm Am¡a AnZr bKwVm
H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& am_ Ho$ MaUm| _| eaUmJ{V ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE, AnZo CX²Yma H$s àmW©Zm H$s h¡&
H$) gyaXmg ^pŠV-H$mbrZ H¥$îU-^pŠV-emIm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y Am¡a gd©loð> H${d h¡& do OÝ_m§Y Wo&
{\$a ^r H¥$îU H$s g_ñV brbmAm| H$m _Ywa e¡br _| JmZ {H$`m h¡& CZH$s EH$_mÌ àm_m{UH$ aMZm h¡
"gyagmJa'& Bg_| H¥$îU-brbm Ho$ nX h¢& Bg _| VrZ àH$ma Ho$ nX h¢ - {dZ` Ho$ nX, dmËgë` Ho$ nX,
l¥§Jma Ho$ nX& dmËgë`-dU©Z Am¡a l¥§Jma-dU©Z _| gyaXmg qhXr gm{hË` _| AX²{dVr` ~Z n‹S>o h¢& ~mbH$
H¥$îU Am¡a _mVm `emoXm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dmËgë`-dU©Z {H$`m h¡& "^«_aJrV' gyagmJa H$m AË`{YH$ _m{_©H$
A§e h¡& Bg_| à_wI ê$n go Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm H$m dU©Z h¡& H¥$îU Ho$ _Wwam Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX gmao
~«Odmgr {dah _| ì`mHw$b ~ZVo h¢& g~go A{YH$ Xþ:Ir h¡ Jmo{n`m±& CX²Yd-Jmonr g§dmXm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
Jmo{n`m| H$s {dah-^mdZm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡&
19
BH$mB© -
2
_ram± Ho$ nX, {~hmar Am¡a d¥§X Ho$ Xmoho&
2.1
CÔoí`
2.2
àñVmdZm
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1
_ram~mB©
2.3.1.1
_ram~mB© H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.1.2
_ram~mB© Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW©
2.3.2
{~hmarbmb
2.3.2.1
{~hmarbmb H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.2.2
{~hmar Ho$ Xmohm| H$m ^mdmW©
2.3.3
d¥§X
2.3.3.1
d¥ÝX H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
2.3.3.2
dÝX Ho$ Xmohm| H$m ^mdmW©
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
2.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7
gmam§e
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
2.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© H$mo n‹T> Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
_ram± H$m H¥$îU ào_, {dah-^mdZm VWm ^pŠV^mdZm go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
21
2.
{~hmar Ho$ l¥±Jma-dU©Z H$mo g_P nmE±Jo&
3.
d¥§X Ho$ Zr{V g§~§Yr {dMmam| H$mo OmZ gH|$Jo
2.2
àñVmdZm :
^pŠVH$mbrZ H¥$îU-^ŠV H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| _ram± H$m Zm_ à{gÕ h¡& CZH$s OÝ_-_¥Ë`y H$s {V{W`m|
Ho$ g§~§Y _| {ddmX h¡& `h _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ _ram± H$m OÝ_ amOñWmZ Ho$ "Hw$S>H$s' Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAm&
{nVm H$m Zm_ aËZqgh Wm& CZH$m bmbZ-nmbZ Am¡a {ejm {nVm_h amd XÿXmOr Ho$ g§ajU _| hþB©& _ram±
H$m {ddmh _odmS> Ho$ _hmamUm gm±Jm Ho$ nwÌ Hw±$da ^moOamO go hþAm& {ddmh Ho$ Hw$N> df© ~mX n{V H$s _¥Ë`w
hþB©& CgHo$ ~mX _ram± Zo gmao gm§gm[aH$ ~§YZm| H$m Ë`mJ H$a {X`m& H¥$îU Ho$ _§{Xa _| ^OZ-H$sV©Z H$aZo
bJr& Xoda amUm {dH«$_{OVqgh Zo _ram± H$mo Vah-Vah go gVm`m& AZoH$ VrW© ñWmZm| H$s `mÌm H$aHo$ _ram±
A§V _| X²dmaH$m nhþ±MVr h¡& dht BZH$s _¥Ë`w hmo J`r& _ram± H$s aMZmAm| H$s g§»`m {ddmXmñnX h¡& CZHo$
Zm_H$a AZoH$ aMZmE± {_bVr h¡- ZagrOr H$mo _mhoamo, JrV JmoqdX H$s Q>rH$m, amJ JmoqdX, gmoaR> Ho$ nX
Am{X& BZ aMZmAm| H$s àm_m{UH$Vm {ddmXmñnX h¡& CZHo$ bJ^J 200 \w$Q>H$a nX àmßV hmoVo h¢& `o nX
hr qhXr gm{hË` _| "_ram± H$s nXmdbr' Zm_ go à{gX²Y h¡& CZHo$ nXm| H$m à_wI {df` H¥$îU^pŠV Am¡a
H¥$îU-ào_ h¡& àË`oH$ nX _| CZH$m {dah-^md ì`ŠV hþAm h¡& _ram± Am±gy Am¡a doXZm H$s Jm{`H$m h¢& Bgr
H$maU CÝh| "XaX XrdmZr' `m "ào_ XrdmZr' H$hm OmVm h¡& CZHo$ nXm| _| {JaYa Jmonmb Ho$ à{V AZÝ`
{Zð>m, gnn©U ^md, {dah Am{X H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {_bVm h¡&
{~hmar qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ bmoH${à` H${d h¡¡Ÿ& do ar{VH$mbrZ l¥±Jma-^mdZm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¡Ÿ& CZH$m
OÝ_ ½dm{b`a _| hþAm & O~ {~hmar AmR> gmb Ho$ Wo, V~ CZHo$ {nVmOr ½dm{b`a N>moS>H$a AmoaN>m AmE
WoŸ& {\$a d¥±XmdZ J`oŸ& {~hmar ^r CZHo$ gmW Ky_Vo ah|Ÿ& do AZoH$ amOmAm| Ho$ Aml` _| ah|Ÿ& AZoH$ amOm
CZHo$ Xmohm| na _w½Y Wo Am¡a CÝh| dm{f©H$ doVZ XoVo WoŸ& {_Om© amOm O`qgh CÝh| A{YH$ {à` WoŸ& amOm
O`qgh Zo {~hmar H$mo Xa~mar H${d ~Zm`m WmŸ& {~hmar Zo EH$ hr aMZm {bIr h¡ "{~hmar-gVgB©'Ÿ& Bg
_| 713 Xmoho h¢Ÿ& `h _wŠVH$ aMZm h¡Ÿ& Ho$db EH$ hr aMZm {bIH$a {~hmar qhXr-gm{hË` _| A_a hþEŸ&
"gVgB©' H$m _w»` {df` l¥±Jma-dU©Z h¡Ÿ& amYm-H¥$îU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go l¥±Jma-dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `hm± amYm
gm_mÝ` Zm{`H$m h¡ Am¡a H¥$îU gm_mÝ` Zm`H$Ÿ& amYm-H¥$îU H$s ào_ brbmAm| H$mŸ gyú_ Am¡a _Zmod¡km{ZH$
{MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& l¥±Jma Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡ g§`moJ-l¥±Jma Am¡a {d`moJ-l¥±JmaŸ&
ar{VH$mb _o§ gwà{gÕ Zr{VH$ma H${d d¥±X hþEŸ& BZH$m H$mbI§S 18 dt eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§^ _| AmVm
h¡Ÿ& BZH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ d¥ÝXmdZXmg WmŸ& BZHo$ nyd©O ~rH$mZoa Ho$ ahZodmbo `o, na§Vw BZHo$ {nVm ê$nOr
OmoYnwa amÁ`mÝVJ©V _oS>Vo _| Om ~go WoŸ& dht d¥§X H$m OÝ_ hþAm WmŸ& Xg df© H$s AdñWm _| AÜ``ZmW©
H$mer AmEŸ& {H$eZJ‹T> Ho$ amOm amOqgh Zo d¥§X H$mo AmnZm Jwê$ ~Zm`m Am¡a {H$eZJ‹T> _| hr CZH$m
XohmdgmZ hþAmŸ& do Zr{V {df`H$ Xmohm| Ho$ H$maU ar{VH$mb _o§ à{gÕ hþEŸ& BZHo$ Xmoho CËVa-_Ü`H$mb _|
22
~S>o Mmd go n‹T>o OmVo WoŸ& d§¥X H$s ½`mah aMmE± àmá hþB© h¢Ÿ& "d¥§X gVgB©' Zr{V gm{hË` H$m l¥±Jma h¡Ÿ&
Bg_| OrdZ H$s JhZ AZw^y{V`m± h¢Ÿ& ^mfm gab Am¡a gw~moY h¢Ÿ& H$hmdVm| Am¡a _whmdam| H$m à`moJ g§wXa
‹T>§J go hþAm h¡&
2.3
: {df` {ddoMZ :
A~ h_ _ram± Ho$ nXm|, {~hmar VWm d¥§X Ho$ Xmohm| H$m H«$_e… ^mdmW© XoI|JoŸ&
2.3.1
_ram~mB© :
2.3.1.2
_ram~mB© H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM`
amOñWmZr {_{lV ~«O^mfm H$s à{gÕ H$d{`Ìr _ram H$m OÝ_ _oS>Vm Ho$ g_rndVu Jm±d Hw$S>H$s Jm±d
_| amR>m¡a d§e H$s _oS>{Z`m emIm gZ 1504 B©. _| hþAm Wm& _oS>{V`m emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ amd XÿXm Wo& CZHo$
~oQ>o amd aËZqgh H$s ~oQ>r Ho$ ê$n _| _ram H$m OÝ_ hþAm Wm& _ram Ho$ {nVm aËZqgJ H$mo Hw$S>H$s g_oV
~mah Jm±dm| H$s OmJra àmßV Wr& _ram H$mo Xmo df© H$s Am`w _| _m± H$s _¥Ë`w H$m Xþ:I PobZm nS>m Wm&
_mV¥ ào_ go d§{MV _ram H$m nmbZ nmofU _ohVm Ho$ amd XÿXm Zo {H$`m Wm& CZHo$ g§ñH$ma go _ram Ho$ _Z
_| {JaYa Jmonmb Ho$ à{V AZÝ` AmñWm CËnÞ hþB© Wr&
_ram~mB© H$m {ddmh {MVm¡S> Ho$ amUm ^moOamO go gZ 1516 B©. _| hþAm Wm& amUm ^moOamO amUm gm§Jm
Ho$ Ooð> nwÌ Wo& Xþ^m©½` go {ddmh Ho$ gmV df© níMmV² hr ^moOamO H$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`m, {Oggo _ram Ho$
AÝV_©Z _| {dÚ_mZ A~ VH$ AàH$Q> AÝV:g§Kf© àH$Q> ê$n go CZHo$ OrdZ H$m A§J ~Z J`m& _ram
VËH$mbrZ àWm Ho$ AZwgma gVr Zht hþB©, "n[aUm_V: CÝh| amOn[adma H$m {damoY PobZm nS>m& do AnZm
A{YH$m§e g_` nyOm-nmR> Ed§ H¥$îU ^pŠV _| ì`VrV H$aZo bJr& dh A~ VWmH${WV bm¡{H$H$ ~ÝYZm|
go nyU©V: _wŠV hmoH$a {ZpíMÝV ^md go gmYw g§J{V _| ^pŠV ^md go AnZm OrdZ JwamOZo bJr& CgH$m
ì`dhma Am¡a ^pŠV^md _| g_{n©V hmoH$a JmZm-ZmMZm amOm gm§Jm Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar ~Zo {dH«$_qgh H$mo
Agø bJm& CgZo _ram H$mo AZoH$ `mVZmE± Xr& CgZo _ram H$mo H$B© ~ma OmZ go _maZo H$s H$mo{ee ^r
H$s, bo{H$Z _ram AnZr ^pŠV Ho$ ~b na ~M JB©& CgH$m H¥$îU ^pŠV Ho$ à{V hmoZodmbm ê$PmZ H$_ Zht
hþAm&
ggwamb _| Xr OmZodmbr `mVZmE± Am¡a _ram H$s ÑT> ^pŠV Ho$ XoIH$a CgHo$ MMoao ^mB© O`_b Zo
CÝh| _oS>Vm ~wbm {b`m& OmoYnwa Zaoe _mbXod Zo _oS>Vm na AmH«$_U {H$`m, {Oggo _oS>Vm H$s pñW{V ApñWa
hmo JB©& _oS>Vm H$s ApñWa pñW{V Ho$ g_` _ram~mB© nwîH$a `mÌm Ho$ {bE {ZH$b nS>r& dh nwîH$a `mÌm
go bm¡Q>Vo g_` d¥ÝXmdZ Mbr JB©& dhm±, CZH$s ^pŠVYmam _mYw`m}nmgZm Ho$ ag _| g_m{hV hþB©& dhm± CZH$s
^|Q> à{gÕ H¥$îU ^ŠV OrdJmoñdm_r go hþB©, Omo _ram H$s ào_{Zð>m go ~S>o à^m{dV hþE& H$hm OmJm h¡ {H$
d¥ÝXmdZ _| hr Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg go _ram Ho$ ^|Q> hþB© Wr& d¥ÝXmdZ _| {JaYa Jmonmb Ho$ JrV JmVo JmVo
Z OmZo _ram H$mo H$~ Am¡a H¡$go `h Am^mg hþAm {H$ CZHo$ ZQ>da ZmJa Vmo H$^r Ho$ d¥ÝXmdZ N>moS>H$a
23
X²dmaH$m Om {damOo h¢& `h Am^mg hmoVo hr _ram dhm± go X²dmaH$m Mbr JB©& dht aUN>moS> Or Ho$ _§{Xa
_| ^JdmZ H$s _y{V© Ho$ gå_wI EH$mJ« ^md go ^OZ-H$sV©Z H$aVo hþE _ram Zo eof OrdZ ì`VrV {H$`m&
g§V a¡Xmg CZHo$ Jwé Wo& _ram Zo Vwbgr go na_me© _m±Jm Wm {OgH$m C„oI {dZ` n{ÌH$m _| VwbgrXmg
Or Zo {H$`m h¡&
_ram~mB© Ho$ _yb Zm_ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| AZoH$ AW© {XE OmVo h¢& Hw$N> {dX²dmZ "_ram' H$m gå~ÝY \$magr
eãX "_ra' go OmoS>Vo h¢, {OgH$m AW© "na_ nwéf' h¡& "~mB©' JwOamV _| àM{bV AWm©Zwgma nËZr Ho$ {bE
à`wŠV hmoVm h¡& `o {dX²dmZ _ram~mB© H$m AW© B©ída H$s nËZr H$aVo h¢ Am¡a Bgo nadVu g§V H${d`m| X²dmam
{X`m J`m _mZVo h¢& Hw$N> {dX²dmZ "_ram' eãX g§ñH¥$V Ho$ "_ra' eãX H$m órqbJ ê$n _mZVo h¢ Omo n¥Ïdr,
gañdVr, g[aVm Am{X AWm] H$m ~moYH$ h¢& dmñVd _| _ram~mB© `h Zm_ CZHo$ _mVm-{nVm X²dmam {X`m J`m
_yb Zm_ h¢& _ram~mB© H$s _¥Ë`y 1563 B. _| hþB©&
{dX²dmZm| Zo _ram X²dmam a{MV J«§Wm| H$s g§»`m ½`mah _mZr h¢ O¡go - JrV JmoqdX H$s Q>rH$m, Zagr
Or H$m _m`am (AWdm _mhoamo), amJ gmoaR> H$m nX, _bma amJ, amJ JmoqdÝX, gË`^m_mZw ê$gU§, _ram§ H$s
Ja~r, éŠ_rUr-_§Jb, Zagr _ohVm H$s hþÊS>r MarV (M[aÌ) ñ\w$Q> nX& BZ_| go "ñ\y$Q> nX' hr _ram H$s
àm_m{UH$ aMZm _mZr OmVr h¡& `h AmOH$b "_ram~mB© H$s nXmdbr Ho$ Zm_ go àH$m{eV ê$n _| àmßV
h¡&
_ram H$m H$mì` CZHo$ öX` go {ZH$bo ghO ào_moÀN>dmg H$m gËH$ma ê$n h¡& CZH$s d¥Îmr EH$ÝVV:
Am¡a g_J«V: ào_ _mYwar _| hr a_r h¡& AnZo AmamÜ` "{JaYa Jmonmb' H$s {dbjU ê$n N>Q>m Ho$ à{V CZH$s
AZÝ` AmgpŠV eãX Ymam Ho$ ê$n _| \y$Q> nS>r h¡& H¥$îU ào_ _| _Vdmbr _ram Zo _Z-hr-_Z CZHo$ _Ywa
{_bZ Ho$ ñdßZ g§OmoH$a Cggo {Z{_©V AmZ§X H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$s h¡&
_ram Zo {dah l¥§Jma H$s g^r XemAm| H$m à^mdr {MÌU {H$`m h¡& ào_moÝ_m{XZr _ram H$m EH$-EH$
nX AZoH$ öX` H$s AmHw$bVm H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡&
{d`moJ l¥§Jma Ho$ A{V[aŠV _ram Ho$ H$mì` _| em§V ag H$s ì`§OZm hþB© h¡& gm§gm[aH$ YZ-d¡^d H$s
jU^§JwaVm H$m ~ma-~ma C„oI H$aVo hþE BÝhm|Zo {Zd}X ^md H$s A{^ì`pŠV H$s h¡& _mYw`© Am¡a X¡Ý` ^md
CZHo$ H$mì` _| Kwb{_bH$a EH$ hmo JE h¢&
_ram~mB© Ho$ H$mì` H$s ^mfm gm_mÝ`V: amOñWmZr {_lrV ~«O h¡& CZHo$ nXm| _| JwOamVr ^mfm H$m
{deof nwQ> h¡& IS>r~mobr Am¡a n§Om~r H$m ^r CZH$s H${dVm _| n`m©ßV à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡& g§JrV Am¡a
N>ÝX H$s Ñ{ï> go _ram H$m H$mì` CÀM H$mo{Q> H$m h¡& CZHo$ nX amJ-am{JZr`m| _| ~Õ h¢& _ram H$m H$mì`
^mdZmàYmZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZHo$ H$mì` _| Ab§H$mam| H$s ghO `moOZm hþB© h¡&
2.3.2.1
: _ram± Ho$ nXm| H$m ^mdmW© :
_ram°§ Ho$ nXm| H$m à_wI {df` H¥$îU ^[ŠV Am¡a H¥$îU-ào_ h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo H¥$îU H$mo n{V _mZH$a AnZr
24
^pŠV-^mdZm ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& AV… CZH$s ^pŠV-^mdZm XmånË`-^md H$s h¡Ÿ& Bgo hr _mYw`©-^md H$s
^pŠV H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& àË`oH$ nX _o§ H¥$îU-ào_ Am¡a {dah ì`ŠV hþAm h¡Ÿ& {JaYa Jmonmb Ho$ à{V AZÝ`
{ZîR>m, g_n©U ^md, [dah H$s nrS>m VWm H¥$îU Ho$ ê$n-_mYw`© H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
nX H«$.
1
: am_-aËZ ê$nr YZ -
_ram± Ho$ AmamÜ` H¥$îU h¡, na AZoH$ ñWmZm|na CÝhm|Zo H¥$îU Ho$ {bE am_, JmoqdX O¡go eãXm| H$m à`moJ
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bg nX _| CÝhm|Zo am_-aËZ ê$nr YZ H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& _ram± H$hVr h¡ -- _wPo am_ ê$nr aËZ
H$m YZ {_b J`m h¡Ÿ& `h ~hþ_yë` dñVw h_mao Jwê$ Zo H¥$nm H$aHo$ _wPo Xr h¡, {Ogo _¢Zo VZ-_Zgo J«hU
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& `h dh g§npËV h¡, {OgHo$ {bE _¢ OÝ_ OÝ_mÝVam| go bmbm{`V Wr Am¡a dh A~ _wPo {_b
J`r h¡Ÿ& Bg ny±Or H$mo àmá H$a boZo na g§gma H$s g^r dñVwE±- gm§gm[aH$ ~§YZ ZîQ> hmo JE h¢Ÿ& Eogr ny°§Or
h¡ Omo IM© H$aZo na H$_ Zht hmoVr Am¡a {Ogo Mmoa Zht Mwam gH$Vm, ~pëH$$ à{V{XZ gdmB© hmoVr ahVr
h¡ (AWm©V ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡)Ÿ& gX²Jwê$ h¡, Bgr{bE _¢ Bg ^dgmJa go nma hmo JB© h±ÿŸ& _ram± H$hVr h¡ H$s
_oao ñdm_r Vmo {JaYa ZmJa h¡, {OZH$m _¢ hf©-hf© H$aHo$ `ím JmVr h±yŸ& Bg Vah _ram± AnZr ^pŠV H$mo
hr ~hþ_yë` aËZ H$hm h¡Ÿ&
nX H«$.
2 :
H¥$îU Ho$ ê$n-gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z :
Bg nX _| H¥$îU Ho$ gm¢X`© H$m na§namJV dU©Z h¡Ÿ& ^pŠV _| AmamÜ` H$m ê$n-gm¢X`© _hËËdnyU© hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& AmamÜ` H$m ê$n gJwU ^pŠV H$m AmYma h¡Ÿ& Bg nX _| _ram± H$hVr h¡-ho gIr! O~ go _wPo H¥$îU
{XImB© {X`m - CgH$m gmjmËH$ma hþAm- V~ go Z Vmo _wPo Bg bmoH$ _| Hw$N> AÀN>m bJVm h¡ Am¡a Z
nabmoH$ _o§; AWm©V _wPo H$ht ^r AÀN>m Zht bJVm& CgHo$ {ga Ho$ _wHw$Q> na _moa-n§Imo| H$s Mm±X O¡gr
_y{V© emo^m`_mZ h¡Ÿ& _mWo na Ho$ga hm {VbH$ bJm hþAm h¡, Omo VrZ bmoH$m| H$mo _mo{hV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Hw§$S>bm|
H$s [a_{P_ CZHo$ énbm| na N>mB© hþB© h¡, Omo Eogr àVrV hmoVr h¡, _mZmo _N>br Vmbm~ H$mo N>moS>H$a _H$a
go {_bZo Ho$ {bE AmB© h¡Ÿ& CZH$s {MVdZ _| OmXy h¡Ÿ& CZH$s Am±I§o BVZr gw§Xa h¡ H$s I§OZ, _N>br Am¡a
{haZ H$m ~ƒm g^r AnZmnZ ^yb OmVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s ZmH$ ~hþV gw§Xa h¡; CZH$s gw§Xa _X©Z _| VrZ aoImE±
n‹S>r hþB© h¡Ÿ& à^w H¥$îU Bg ZQ>da ê$n H$mo YmaU H$aHo$ AË`§V {dímof ({dbjU) {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ XmoZm|
hm|R> bmb h¡; Am±I| _Ywa h¡ Am¡a do _§X h±gr h±gVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ Xm±V AZma Ho$ XmZo O¡go h¢, {OZH$s Á`mo{V
{~Obr M_H$ Ho$ g_mZ h¡Ÿ& do N>moQ>r K§Q>r nhZo hþE h¢, AZH$s H$aYZr AZwn_ h¡, {OgH$s Üd{Z _Z H$mo
gwhmVr h¡Ÿ& _ram± H$hVr h¡ {H$ Eogo ê$n-gmJa H¥$îU Ho$ àË`oH$ A§J na _| ñd`§ H$mo Ý`moN>mda H$aVr hÿ±Ÿ&
nX H«$.
3 :
_ram± H$s AZÝ` ^pŠV :
Bg nX _§o _ram± H$s AZÝ` ^pŠV H$s g§wXa A{^ì`§OZm hþB© h¡Ÿ& "Agdm§ O‹S> gtM gtM ào_ ~oS> ~y`m§'
_o§ ào_ H$s ÑT>Vm, gmpËdH$Vm Am¡a VabVm ì`ŠV hþB© h¡Ÿ& _ram± H$hVr h¡-_oam Vmo {JaYa Jmonmb Ho$ Abmdm
Am¡a H$moB© Xÿgam Zht h¡, AWm©V EH$_mÌ dhr _oam àmUmYma h¡Ÿ& ho gmYw, _¢Zo gmam OJ XoI {b`m h¡, H¥$îU
Ho$ A{V[aŠV _oam H$moB© Xÿgam h¡ hr ZhtŸ& Cg H¥$îU Ho$ {bE _¢Zo AnZm ^mB© N>moS> {X`m h¡, AWm©V CgHo$
25
{bE g§gma Ho$ g_ñV {à` ZmVo g_má H$a {XE h¢Ÿ& _¢Zo gmYwAm| Ho$ nmg ~¡R>-~¡R> H$a bmoH$ H$s bmO H$mo
Imo {X`m h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU-^ŠVm| H$mo XoIH$a _¢ àgÞ hmoVr h±ÿ Am¡a g§gma H$s gm§gm[aH$Vm H$mo XoIH$a _wPo amoZm
AmVm h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo AnZo Am±gwAm| go gtM-gtMH$a AnZo öX` _| H¥$îU Ho$ ào_ H$s ~ob ~mo br h¡ Am¡a Xhr
H$mo _WH$a Cg_| go Kr {ZH$mb {b`m h¡ Am¡a N>mN> H$mo N>mo‹S> {X`m h¡, AWm©V gma VÎd J«hU H$a {b`m
h¡ Am¡a Agma VÎd H$mo N>mo‹S> {X`m h¡Ÿ& amUm Zo _wPo H¥$îU-^pŠV go {d_wI H$aZo Ho$ {bE {df H$m ß`mbm
^oOm Wm, {Ogo _¢Zo àgÞ hmoH$a nr {b`mŸ& A~ Vmo _oao H¥$îU-ào_ H$s ~mV \¡$b JB© h¡, g^r Bgo OmZVo
h¢Ÿ& _ram± H$hVr h¡ H$s A~ Vmo _oar bJZ {JaYmar H¥$îU go bJ JB© h¡, `h Ny>Q> Zht gH$Vr, Mmho Om|
hmoŸ&
nX H«$.
4
: H¥$îU Xe©Z H$s ß`mg :
^ŠV ^JdmZ Ho$ {~Zm AnZm A{ñVËd hr Zht g_PVmŸ& ^JdmZ Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ {bE {XZ-amV V‹S>nVm
ahVm h¡Ÿ& _ram± H¥$îU Ho$ Xe©Z Ho$ {bE V‹S>n ahr h¡Ÿ& {XZ-amV H¥$îU Ho$ AmZo H$s àVrjm H$aVr ahVr h¡Ÿ&
_ram± H$hVr h¡ "ho gIr! H¥$îU Ho$ Xím©Z Ho$ {~Zm ahm Zht OmVm Ÿ& ho {à`V_! _¢Zo AnZm VZ, _Z Am¡a
OrdZ Vw_ na Ý`moN>mda H$a {X`m h¡, Am¡a Vwåhmao ê$n na _mo{hV hmo JB© h±yŸ& Vwåhmao {~Zm _wPo ImZm-{nZm
g~ ~oñdmX bJVm h¡ Am¡a Am±Io§ _waPm JB© h¡Ÿ& ho _wamar! _¢ {XZ-amV Vwåhmao AmZo H$s àVrjm H$aVr ahVr
h±ÿŸ& AV…~VmAmo {H$ Vw_ _wPo H$~ Xe©Z XmoJo? ~ma-~ma Vwåhmar {dZVr H$aVo hþE _¢ amV-{XZ Jdm± ahr
h±ÿ, AWm©V amV-{XZ Vwåhmao hr {dZVr H$aVr ahVr h±ÿŸ& amV-{XZ Xe©Z XoZo H$s àmW©Zm H$aVr ahVr h±ÿŸ& _ram±
H$hVr h¢ {H$ "ho h[a! Vw_ao {_bo {~Zm _¢ V‹S>n-V‹S>n H$a _a ahr h±ÿŸ&
nX H«$.
5 :
{dah-ì`Wm :
_ram± {dah Jm{`H$m h¡Ÿ& Bg nX _| _ram± Zo AnZr {dah H$s nr‹S>m ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& _ram°§ H$hVr h¡"ho à^w! Vwåhmao Xe©Z Ho$ {bE Vwåhmar amh XoIVo XoIVo _oar Am±I| XwIZo bJrŸ& Vwåhmar `mX AmVo hr _oam
öX` H$m±nZo bJVm h¡, Am¡a Vwåhmao _rR>o dMZ-ào_ ^ao dMZ-`mX Am OmVo h¢& _¢ AnZr {dah-ì`Wm H$mo
{H$ggo H$h°ÿ§? {dah H$s Amar nyar Vah go _oao {Xb na Mb JB© h¡Ÿ& _wPo Vwåhmao {~Zm V{ZH$ ^r M¡Z Zht
n‹S>VmŸ& _¢ Vwåhmar amh XoIVr ahVr h°y§Ÿ& Vwåhmao {dah _| amV ~hþV bå~r hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& ho à^wOr, Vwåhmao
{~Nw>S>Zo na _¢ V‹S>n ahr hÿ±Ÿ& _oam gmam M¡Z g_má hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& _ram± H$hVr h¡ {H$ ho à^w! Vw_ H$~ {_bmoJo,
Š`m|{H$ Vw_ hr Xw…I H$mo {_Q>mZo dmbo Am¡a gwI H$mo XoZodmbo hmoŸ&
nX H«$.
6 :
CX²Yma H$s àmW©Zm :
_ram°§ Zo AZoH$ nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ CXmhaU XoH$a H¥$îU go AnZo CX²Yma H$s àmW©Zm H$s h¡Ÿ& _ram±
H$hVr h¡-ho h[a! _¡§Zo gwZm h¡ H$s Vw_ nm{n`m§o H$m CX²Yma H$aZo dmbo hmo Am¡a g§gma Ho$ Xw…Im| go nma H$aZo
dmbo hmoŸ& {dZVr gwZVo hr Vw_ Xm¡‹S>H$a AmE Am¡a Sy>~Vo hþE hmWr H$s ajm H$sŸ& Vw_ ^ŠVm| Ho$ H$îQ>m| H$mo
Xya H$aZo dmbmo hmoŸ& Vw_Zo X«m¡nXr H$m Mra ~‹T>mH$a Xw…emgZ Ho$ Jd© H$m Zme {H$`mŸ& Vw_Zo {haÊ`H$íenw
26
H$m noQ> \$m‹S>H$a ^ŠV àëhmX H$s à{Vkm aI brŸ& Vwåhmar H¥$nm go hr G${f-nËZr A{hë`m H$m CX²Yma
hþAmŸ& Vw_Zo {dà gwXm_m H$s _wgr~Vm| H$m Zme {H$`mŸ& _ram± H$hVr h¡ {H$ ho à^wŸ! _oar {dZVr ^r d gw{ZE,
Z OmZo {H$g H$maU go Vw_ _oam CX²Yma H$aZo _| Xoa H$a aho hmoŸ& Bg Vah AÝ` ^ŠVm| H$s Vah _ram±Zo H¥$îU
go AnZo CX²Yma H$s àmW©Zm H$s h¡Ÿ&
2.3.2
{~hmarbmb:
2.3.2.1
{~hmarbmb H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` :
ar{VH$mb Ho$ gd©loð> H${d {~hmarbmb H$m OÝ_ gZ² 1995 B©. _| ½dm{b`a _| hþAm Wm& CZHo$
EH$_mÌ H$mì` J«§W H$m Zm_ "{~hmar gVgB©' h¡ {OgH$s aMZm gZ² 1662 B©. _| gånÞ hþB©& {~hmar H$s
_¥Ë`y gZ² 1663 B©. _| hþB©& {~hmar ar{VH$mb Ho$ ar{V{gÕ H${d _mZo OmVo h¢& CÝhm|Zo H$moB© bjU J«§W Vmo
Zht {bIm, VWm{n CÝh| ar{Vemó H$m ^anya kmZ Wm, {OgH$m Cn`moJ CÝhm|Zo "gVgB©' _| {H$`m h¡& gVgB©
Ho$ AZoH$ nXm| H$m AW© V~ VH$ Zht OmZm Om gH$Vm O~ VH$ nmR>H$ H$mo H$mì`m§Jm| H$s OmZH$mar Z hmo&
{~hmar Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Ho$edam` Wm& H$B© {dX²dmZ {~hmar Ho$ {nVm Ho$ ê$n _| ar{VH$mb Ho$ AmMm`©
Ho$edXmg H$m C„oI H$aVo _Ja Ho$edXmg Am¡a Ho$edam` {^Þ W|& Ho$edam` {Zå~mH©$ gåàXm` Ho$ _hÝV
ZaharXmg Ho$ {eî` Wo& {~hmar Zo g§ñH¥$V-àmH¥$V Ho$ H$mì` J«§Wm| H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Wm& ~mX _| do d¥§XmdZ
Am JE Am¡a dht _Wwam Ho$ {H$gr ~«m÷U n[adma BZH$m {ddmh hþAm& Cgr ~rM CÝhm|Zo nmagr-H$mì` H$m
Aä`mg {H$`m Am¡a ~mXemh emhOhm± go ^|Q> H$s& emhOhm± Ho$ H¥$nmnmÌ {~hmar H$m gånH©$ AÝ` amOmAm|
go ^r hþAm& AZoH$ amOmAm| Zo CZH$s H$mì` à{V^m go à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝh| "d¥{Îm' ewé H$s Wr& EH$ {XZ
O~ do d¥{Îm boZo O`nwa JE Vmo nVm bJm {H$ dhm± Ho$ {_Om©amOo _hmamOm O`qgJ AnZr Zd{ddm{hVm amZr
Ho$ ào_ _| _w½Y hmoH$a _hbm| _| hr nS>o hmoVo h¢ Am¡a amOH$mO XoIZm ^r CÝhm|Zo N>moS> {X`m h¡& CZHo$ Bg
ì`dhma go gm_ÝV Am¡a àOm ì`{WV ~Z JB© Wr& Cgr g_` {~hmar Zo EH$ Xmohm {bIH$a _hmamO Ho$ nmg
nhþ±Mm`m, Omo BgàH$ma h¡""Zh[ namJ Zqh _Ywa _Yw, Zqh {dH$mg B{h H$mb&
Abr H$br hr gm| q~Ü`m|, AmJo H$m¡Z hdmb&&''
{~hmar Ho$ Bg Xmoho H$m ~‹S>m AX²^wV à^md nS>m& Bg Xmoho _| AÝ`mopŠV Ab§H$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Omo
ì`§½` {H$`m J`m Wm, Cgo amOm O`qgJ Zo VwaÝV g_P {b`m Am¡a do _hb go ~mha AmH$a amOH$mO _|
{hñgm boZo bJm& amOm Zo {~hmar H$mo ~hþV gå_mZ XoH$a "H$mbr nhmS>r' Zm_H$ J«m_XmZ {X`m Am¡a Eogo
hr Xmoho {bIZo H$m {ZX}e {X`m& BVZm hr Zht àË`oH$ Xmoho H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE EH$ gmoZo H$s _wÐm (Ame\$s©_wha) nwañH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| XoZo H$m g§H$ën {H$`m& amOm H$s JwU J«mhH$Vm go g§Vwï> {~hmar O`nwa _| hr ahZo
bJo Am¡a Am_oa Ho$ {_Om©amOm O`qgh Ho$ Xa~ma Ho$ amOH${d Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm OrdZ gwInyd©H$ {~VmZo bJo&
27
O`nya Ho$ amOn[adma _| CZH$m gå_mZrV ñWmZ Wm& {~hmar Ho$ H$moB© g§VmZ Zht Wr& H$hVo h¢ {H$ {Za§OZ
H¥$îU H$mo CÝhm|Zo JmoX {b`m Wm&
{~hmar H$s à{gÕr CZHo$ EH$ _mÌ H$mì` J§«W "gVgB©' Ho$ H$maU h¡, {Og_| Hw$b {_bmH$a 713 Xmoho
h¢& Bg J«§Wna g§ñH¥$V Ed§ àmH¥$V Ho$ "Jm`m gßVeVr', "Am`m© gßVeVr' "A_ê$H$eVH$' Am{X J«§Wm| H$m
à^md h¡& {dX²dmZm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ _wŠVH$ H$mì` naånam _| gVgB© H$m erf©ñW ñWmZ h¡& {OgH$s Am^m
Ho$ gm_Zo AmO ^r H$moB© _wŠVH$ H$mì` R>ha Zht nmVm& gVgB© _| {~hmar Zo Ab§H$ma, ag, ^md, Zm{`H$m
^oX, Üd{Z, dH«$mopŠV, ar{V, JwU Am{X H$m Ü`mZ aIH$a gwÝXa Xmoho aMo h¢& `h gVgB©-naånam H$s EH$
CÁÁdb H$S>r h¡& gVgB© Ho$ A§VJ©V Amb§H$m[aH$ M_ËH$ma Am¡a ^md gm¡ÝX`© XmoZm| hr h¡& Bg_| Üd{ZH$mì`
Ho$ CËH¥$ï> CXmhaU h¡& AV: {~hmar H$s AmbmoÀ` aMZm "ar{V~Õ' h¡ Bg_| g§Xoh Zht h¡&
{~hmar gVgB© H$s AZoH$ Q>rH$mE± {bIr JB© h¢, {OZ_| go Hw$N> à{gÕ Bg àH$ma h¢ - (1) H¥$nm H${d
H$s Q>rH$m (H$B© bmoJm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ H¥$îU H${d hr {~hmar Ho$ JmoX {bE nwÌ {Za§OZ H¥$îU hr h¡, {OÝhm|Zo
gVgB© Ho$ àË`oH$ Xmoho na H${dÎm {bIm h¡&) (2) h[aàH$me Q>rH$m, (3) bëbybmb H$s "bmbMpÝÐH$m'
Q>rH$m (4) gaXma H${d H$s Q>rH$m (5) gya{V {_l H$s Q>rH$m Am{X& Bggo gVgB© H$s bmoH${à`Vm H$m nVm
MbVm h¡& S>m°. {J«`g©Z Ho$ AZwgma `yamon _| "{~hmar aVgB©' Ho$ g_H$j H$moB© aMZm Zht h¡&
{~hmar gVgB© H$m nmR>mZwg§YmZ Ed§ g§nmXZ ~«O^mfm H$mì` Ho$ __©k ~m~y OJÞmWXmg "aËZmH$a' Zo
"{~hmar aËZmH$a' Zm_ go {H$`m h¡& _wŠVH$ Ho$ g^r JwU gVgB© _| {_bVo h¢&
{~hmar H$m g_ñV OrdZ H$mì` gmYZm _| ì`VrV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$m àË`oH$ Xmohm __©ñneu ~Z
J`m h¡& àË`oH$ Xmohm h_mao g_j gm¡ÝX`© VWm ào_ H«$sS>m H$s _Zmoa_ Pm§{H$`m± àñVwV H$aVm h¡&
{~hmar _| H$ënZm H$s AX²^yV epŠV Wr& do H$_ eãXm| _| A{YH$ ^md ì`ŠV H$aZo H$s H$bm ^r
OmZVo Wo& CÝhm|Zo AnZr n¡Zr Ñ{ï> go OrdZ H$m {ZarjU H$a gOrd {MÌU {H$`m h¡& do _ybV: l¥§Jma Ho$
H${d h¢& l¥§Jma Ho$ g§`moJ nj H$m {MÌU _| CZH$mo H$m\$s g\$bVm {_br h¢&
{~hmar gVgB© l¥§Jma, ^pŠV Am¡a Zr{V H$s {ÌdoUr _mZr OmVr h¡& Bg_| ^pŠV Ed§ Zr{V Ho$ _m{_©H$
Xmoho ^r CnbãY hmoVo h¢& {~hmar Zo amYm H$s d§XZm H$aVo hþE ^pŠV ^mdZm, A{^ì`ŠV H$s h¡ d¡go hr Zr{V
H$m dU©Z ^r g\$bVm go {H$`m h¡& Xa~mar dmVmdaU H$m à^md {~hmar Ho$ Zr{V{df`H$ Xmohm| na CnbãY
hmoVm h¡& gVgB© _| bJ^J gÎma Xmoho ^pŠV ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV h¢&
eãX{eënr {~hmar H$m ~«O^mfm na AgmYmaU A{YH$ma Wm& do ~hþk Wo& CZH$mo eãX Am¡a dU© Ho$
ñd^md H$s naI Wr& eãX Am¡a dU© CZHo$ Xmohm| _o ZJ_m| Ho$ g_mZ OS>o h¢ Am¡a aËZm| H$s Am^m {~IoaVo
h¢& eãXm| H$mo _m±OZo, M_H$mZo, _moS>Zo Am¡a g§dmaZo H$s H$bm _| {~hmar {gÕhñV h¢& CZH$s aMZm _| ~«O^mfm
H$m àm¡T>, àm§Ob, _Ywa Am¡a gag én CnbãY hmoVm h¡&
28
{~hmar {ZíM` hr ar{VH$mb Ho$ gd©loð> Ed§ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¢& ^md nj Am¡a H$bmnj XmoZm| hr
Ñ{ï>`m| go "{~hmar gVgB©' ar{VH$mb H$s à{V{Z{Y aMZm Ed§ {hÝXr gm{hË` H$m Jm¡ad H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡&
Bg_| Ab§H$m[aH$Vm, Aml`XmVmAm| H$s àe§gm, ar{V {Zê$nU, M_ËH$ma àXe©Z, àH¥${V {MÌU, g§Hw${MV
OrdZ Ñ{ï> Am{X AÝ` ar{VH$mbrZ H$mì` H$s {deofVmE± CnbãY hmoVr h¡§&
2.3.2.2
{~hmar Ho$ Xmohm| H$m ^mdmW© :
nmR²>H«$_ _| {~hmar Ho$ l¥±JmanaH$ 15 Xmoho {bE h¢Ÿ& {~hmar ar{VH$mbrZ l¥±Jma-^mdZm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d
h¡Ÿ& "{~hmar-gVgB©' H$m à_wI {df` l¥±Jma-dU©Z h¡Ÿ& {~hmar Zo l¥±Jma Ho$ XmoZm| njm| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡g§`moJ l¥±Jma Am¡a {d`moJ-l¥±Jma& CÝhm|Zo l¥±Jma ^mdZm H$m gyú_ Am¡a _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
B
g§`moJ-l¥±Jma dU©Z -
Xmohm H«$.
1 :
Zm{`H$m H$s Am±Im| H$m gm¢X`© -
{~hmar Zo Zm{`H$m Ho$ ZI-{eI gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bgo hr "ZI-{eI-dU©Z' H$hm OmVm
h¡Ÿ& {~hmar ZI go boH$a {eI VH$ ñÌr Ho$ A§Jm| H$m dU©Z H$aZo _§o nQ>w WoŸ& Bg Xmoho _| Zm{`H$m Ho$ ZoÌgm¡§X`© H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {~hmar H$hVo h¢-CgHo$ ZoÌ l¥±Jma ag _| ZhbmE hþE h¢, AV… H$_bmo§ H$m _mZ_X©Z
H$aVo h¢Ÿ& {~Zm A§OZ bJmE hþE ghO hr H$mbo h¢ Am¡a M§MbVm _| I§OZ H$m An_mZ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& (I§OZ
njr H$mbo a§J H$m hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AnZr ñdm^m{dH$ M§MbVm Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡Ÿ&)
Xmohm H«$.
2 :
Zm{`H$m H$m _wI-gm¢X`© -
{~hmarZo Zm{`H$m Ho$ _wI Ho$ gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ gIr Xÿgar go H$hVr h¡ {H$ Zm{`H$m
Ho$ _wI na CgH$s gIr Zo Bg {bE {XR>m¡Zm bJm {X`m {H$ H$ht {H$gr H$s ZOa Z bJ OmE; na§Vw Cg
{XR>m¡Zo Ho$ bJmVo hr CgH$s emo^m Am¡a XwJwZr hmoH$a {XImB© n‹S>Zo bJrŸ&
Xmohm H«$.
3 :
Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m H$s ào_-brbm -
{~hmar Zo Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m H$s ào_-brbmAm| H$m gyú_ Am¡a _Zmod¡km{ZH$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bg Xmoho
_| Eogr hr EH$ brbm H$m dU©Z h¡Ÿ& Zm{`H$m Ho$ n¡a _| H$m±Q>m J‹S>mŸ& Zm`H$ Zo Cgo Xw{IV XoI nmg AmH$a
AnZo hmW go H$m±Q>m {ZH$mbmŸ& Bg àH$ma Zm`H$ Ho$ hmWm| H$m àW_ H$a-ñne© nmH$a Zm{`H$m àgÞ hþB©
Am¡a Cg H$m±Q>o H$mo àW_ {_bZ H$m H$maU g_PH$a, Zr{Vnwd©H$ Cggo àr{V ~VmVo hþE dh Zm{`H$m H$m°§Q>o
H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aHo$ H$hVr h¡-E H$m±Q>o ! VyZo _oao n¡a _| J‹S>H$a _wPo _¥VH$ g_mZ H$mo {Obm {b`m, (Zm`H$)
H$m±Q>m {ZH$mbZo Am`m WmŸ& dh Zr{Vnyd©H$ Cggo àr{V H$m àXe©Z H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
4
: Zm{`H$m H$m Zm`H$ H$mo nmZ XoZm -
Bg Xmoh| _| l¥±Jma ag H$s nyU© gm_J«r h¡Ÿ& Zm{`H$m AnZo hmW go Zm`H$ H$mo ImZo Ho$ {bE nmZ XoVr
29
h¡Ÿ& H$a-ñne© go Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m H$s Omo Xem hmoVr h¡, CgH$m gw§Xa
dU©Z H$aVo h¡- ào_ Am¡a g§H$moM g{hV hf© VWm ñdoX, H§$n BË`mXr
_oao àmU _oao hmW _|. H$aHo$, Cg (Zm{`H$m) Zo _oao hmW _§o nmZ {XEŸ&
h¡; nmZ XoVo g_` H$s Zm{`H$m H$s Xem H$m {~hmar Zo g§wXa {MÌU
Xmohm H«$.
5 :
{MÌU {~hmar Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {~hmar
gm{ËdH$ ^mdm| g{hV, _wgH$m H$a,
`hm± Zm`H$ H$m dMZ gIr Ho$ à{V
{H$`m h¡Ÿ&
Zm`H$ Ho$ nmg AmZo na Xhr _WZodmbr Zm{`H$m H$s Xem -
EH$ gIr Xÿgar gIr go Zm{`H$m H$s Xe H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¡Ÿ& O¡go hr Zm`H$ Cg ZB©-ZB© Xhr
_WZodmbr Zm{`H$m Ho$ nmg Am`m Vmo dh Eogr ^«m§Vr _| nS> JB© H$s Xhr go ^ar _Q>H$s Vmo g_rn hr aIr
ahr Am¡a dh {H$gr ^ao hþE ObnmÌ _| CbQ>r _WmZr S>mbH$a Cg_| go _ŠIZ {ZH$mbZo bJrŸ&
Xmohm H«$.
7
: Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m H$m H§$H$arbo amñV go MbZm -
Zm`H$ Am¡a Zm{`H$m gOo-YOo, na§Vw Z§Jo n¡a Xod nyOZ Ho$ {bE Om aho h¢& amñVo H$m Hw$N> {hñgm
H§$H$arbm h¡ Am¡a Hw$N> AÀN>mŸ& ào_de Zm`H$, Zm{`H$m H$mo AÀN>o amñVo go MbmH$a Amn H§$H$arbo amñVo
go MbVm h¡Ÿ& H§$H$ar JS>Zo go Zm`H$ AÀN>r Vah go Mb Zht gH$Vm, H$îQ> Ho$ AZw^d go S>J_JmVm h¡Ÿ&
Bggo ào_nyUm© Zm{`H$m H$mo H$îQ> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dh ZmH$ {gH$moS>-{gH$moS>H$a grËH$ma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Zm`H$ H$mo
Zm{`H$m H$s `h MoîQ>m ng§X AmVr h¡ Am¡a Bg MoîQ>m na {d_w½Y hmoH$a H§$H$arbo amñVo na MbVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr
H$m {~hmar Zo gw§Xa dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {~hmar H$hVo h¢-ZmH$ _amo‹S>H$a dh gOr-YOr N>¡b N>~rbr Zm{`H$m
{OVZm hr grËH$ma eãX {ZH$mbVr h¡, CVZmhr Zm`H$ amñVm ^yb-^ybH$a ~ma-~ma H§$H$arbo amñVo na
MbVm h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
8 :
Zm{`H$m Ûmam Zm`H$ Ho$ ZoÌ _y±XZm -
Zm{`H$m Zm`H$ Ho$ ZoÌ _y±XVr h¡Ÿ& V~ Zm`H$ {à`m Ho$ H$a-ñne© H$m gwI nmH$a OmZ-nhMmZ H$a
^r AZOmZ H$s Vah H$hVm h¡ H$s h_o§ Zhr§ _mby_ {H$ `h {H$gH$m hmW h¡Ÿ&
({deof- Am±I{_Mm¡br H$m \$m`Xm `h h¡ {H$ O~ VH$ Am±I _y±Xm hþAm ì`pŠV Am±I _y±XZodmbo H$mo
AZw_mZ go nhMmZ H$a CgH$m Zm_ Z ~Vbm Xo, V~ VH$ dh Am±I Zht N>moS>VmŸ& `hm± Zm`H$ H$mo H$añne© H$m gwI {_b ahm h¡, AV… dh nhMmZ H$a ^r Zm_ Zht ~VbmVmŸ&)
Xmohm H«$.
9
: Zm{`H$m H$m Zm`H$ H$s Am±Im| _| AnZm à{V{~å~ XoIZm -
Zm{`H$m H$m Zm`H$ H$s Am±Im| _| AnZm à{Vq~~ XoIH$a H$h ahr h¡-Omo ñÌr AmnH$mo ^mVr h¡, Cgr
H$mo AmnZo AnZo öX` _| ~gm aIm h¡Ÿ& dht _wPo {M‹T>mVr h¡Ÿ& öX` ê$nr Ka Ho$ ZoÌ ê$nr PamoIo go dh§
~ma-~ma Pm±H$Vr h¡Ÿ&
({deof - {~hmar Zo Bg Xmoho _| ñÌr Om{V Ho$ ñd^md H$m AÀN>m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ñÌr H$mo AnZr
N>m`m H$m ^r gnËZr ^md AIaVm h¡Ÿ&)
30
B
{d`moJ-l¥±Jma dU©Z :
Xmohm H«$.
5 :
{dah Ho$ H$maU eara H$s Xw~©bVm -
gIr Zm`H$ (H¥$îU) go H$hVr h¡Ÿ- ho H¥$îU, am{YH$m H$m eara {dah _| BVZm Xw~©b hmo J`m h¡Ÿ {H$
{~ñVa na n‹S>r _mby_ hr Zhr hmoVr {H$ dh h¡Ÿ& Ho$db Vwåhmam Zm_ boZo go ~wPVo {X`o H$s Vah M¡VÝ`
hmo CR>Vr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
10 :
{dah _| Zm{`H$m H$s ì`m{Y Xem -
{dah _| Zm{`H$m H$s ì`m{Y Xem H$m dU©Z EH$ gIr Xÿgar go H$a ahr h¡Ÿ& AghZr` {dah _| Zm{`H$m
H$s ^`§H$a Xem hmo ahr h¡Ÿ& A~ Am¡a H$moB© Cnm` Zmht ah J`mŸ& {g\©$ {à`V_ Ho$ AmJ_Z H$s MMm© H$aHo$
CgHo$ àmUm| H$s ajm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
11 :
{dah _| Zm{`H$m H$s g§VßV Xem -
Zm`H$ Zo {H$gr _wgm{\$a Ho$ _wI go `h gwZH$a {H$ Cg Jm±d _| (Zm`H$ Ho$ {Zdmg J«m_) _mÚ _mg
H$s am{Ì`m| _| ^r J«rî_ H$s by H$s bnQ>| MbVr h¡, {~Zm nyN>o Am¡a {~Zm H$ho hr g_P {b`m {H$ _oar
ñÌr OrVr h¡, AWm©V _oao {dah go g§VßV h¡, CgrHo$ eara Ho$ Vmn go Cg Jm±d^a H$s dm`w BVZr J_© hmo
JB© h¡ {H$ _mÚ amV _| ^r by MbVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
12 :
{da{hUr Zm{`H$m H$mo nÌ -
{da{hUr Zm{`H$m H$mo Zm`H$ Zo nÌ {bIm h¡Ÿ& nÌ H$m _O_yZ Bg Xmoho _| h¡Ÿ& Zm`H$ {bIVm h¡ŸŠ`m hþAm Omo h_mam Vwåhmam {~N>moh hþAm h¡, _oam _Z Vmo Vwåhmao _Z Ho$ gmW hr h¡Ÿ& nV§J H$ht ^r C‹S>
Om` V~ ^r C‹S>mZodmbo Ho$ hmW _| hr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
13 :
{dah-{dnpËV :
{~hmar Zo {dah-{dnpËV H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {dah H$s {dnpËV Ho$ AmVo hr nhbo gwIm| Zo AnZo g_ñV
A§Jm| H$m n[aË`mJ H$a {X`m WmŸ& A~ VH$ gmW ahH$a Xw…I ^r àmUm| Ho$ gmW MbZm MmhVo h¢, `h H$îQ>
H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
14 :
n‹S>mo{gZ Ho$ {dah H$mo XoIH$a Zm{`H$m H$m h{f©V hmoZm :
Z`o-Z`o n¡Xm hþE {dah-^md H$s ì`Wm go ì`mHw$b {da{hUr ~mbm AnZr n‹S>mo{gZ H$mo ^r (AnZo hr
n{V Ho$) {dah _| hr {~IbVr XoIH$a AË`§V h{f©V hþB© Am¡a h±g n‹S>r& (dh g_P JB© {H$ _oar n‹S>mo{gZ
O~ ^r _oao n{V H$mo g§Xoem{X ^oOH$a ~wbmEJr Vmo CgHo$ AmZo na _oar {dah nr‹S>m ñd`_od Xÿa hmo OmEJr&)
Xmohm H«$.
15 :
{dah-Vmn H$s A{YH$Vm :
{~hmar H$hVo h¢ - Zm`H$ Ûmam Cnhma ê$n _| ^oOo OmoZdmbm Ho$ga, H$ñVyar Ed§ H$nya {_{lV M§XZ
31
bon (AaJOm) _¢Zo bo OmH$a Zm{`H$m H$mo {X`m Am¡a CgZo Cgo J«hU ^r {H$`m, {H$ÝVw hmW Ho$ Ny>Vo hr
{dah Ho$ Vmn H$s A{YH$Vm Ho$ H$maU (Cg M§XZ Ho$ bon H$m) gmam Ob N>ZN>Zm H$a Ob J`m& Cg Zm`H$
H$m gmWr {_Ì Zm`H$ H$mo gy{MV H$aVm hþAm H$hVm h¡ {H$ {_Ì ! Vwåhmao Ûmam ^oOm hþAm AaJOm M§XZ,
CgHo$ nj na A~ra ~ZH$a bJm&
2.3.3 d¥ÝX :
2.3.3.1
d¥ÝX H$m gm_mÝ` n[aM` :
Zr{V gm{hË` Ho$ àUoVm d¥ÝX H$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ d¥ÝXmdZXmg Wm& d¥ÝX Om{V Ho$ godH$ AWdm ^moOH$
Wo& d¥ÝX Ho$ nyd©O ~rH$mZoa Ho$ ahZodmbo Wo& naÝVw BZHo$ {nVm ê$nOr OmoYnwa amÁ`mÝVJ©V _oS>Vo _| Om ~go
Wo& dhr gZ² 1643 B©. _| d¥ÝX H$m OÝ_ hþAm Wm& d¥ÝX H$s _mVm H$m Zm_ H$m¡eë`m Am¡a nËZr H$m Zm_
Zda§JXo Wm& Xg df© H$s AdñWm _| do AÜ``ZmW© H$mer AmE Am¡a VmamOr Zm_H$ EH$ npÊS>V Ho$ nmg
ahH$a d¥ÝX Zo gm{hË` Xe©Z doXmÝV, J{UVË`mH$aU, H$mì` aMZm Am{X {d{dY {df`m| H$m kmZ àmßV
{H$`m& _oS>Vo _| dmng AmZo na OgdÝV qgh Zo Hw$N> ^y{_ XmZ XoH$a BZH$m gå_mZ {H$`m& OgdÝV qgh
Ho$ à`ËZm| go Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ H¥$nmnmÌ Zdm~ _mohå_X Im± Ho$ _mÜ`_ go d¥ÝX H$m àdoe emhr Xa~ma _| hmo
J`m& Xa~ma _| "n`mo{Z{Y na²`mo Mmho {_gar H$s nwVar' Zm_H$ g_ñ`m H$s ny{V© H$aHo$ BÝhm|Zo Am¡a§JOo~ H$mo
àgÞ H$a {X`m& CgZo d¥ÝX H$mo AnZo nm¡Ì AOr _wamemZ H$m (AmOr_wñgå_) AÜ`mnZ {Z`wŠV H$a {X`m&
O~ AOr _weemZ ~§Jmb H$m emgH$ hþAm Vmo d¥ÝX CgHo$ gmW C{S>gm Am¡a ~§Jmb Mbo JE& gZ² 1707
_| {H$eZJT> Ho$ amOm amOqgh Zo d¥ÝX H$mo AOr _weemZ go _m±J {b`m& {H$gZJT> _| hr gZ² 1723 _|
d¥ÝX H$m XohmdgZ hþAm&
d¥ÝX H$s ½`mah aMZmE± àmßV h¢ - "g_oV {eIa N>ÝX', "^md n§M{eH$m', "l¥§Jma [ajm' "ndZ
nMrgr', "{hVmonXoe gmpÝY', "d¥ÝX gVgB©', "dM{ZH$m', "gË` ñdê$n', "`_H$ gVgB©', "^maV H$Wm'
Am¡a "{hVmonXoemï>H$'& H$B© AmbmoMH$m| Zo "~mah_mgm' "àVmn {dbmg', "Z`Z nMrgr' Am{X aMZmAm| H$mo
d¥ÝX H$s aMZmE± _mZm h¡&
"g_oV {eIa N>ÝX' d¥ÝX H$s gd©àW_ aMZm h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb gZ 1668 OmZm OmVm h¡&
N>ßn` N>ÝX Ho$ A§VJ©V O¡Z gåàXm` Ho$ à{gÕ VrW© g§_oV {eIa H$m Bg_| _hmËå` d{U©V h¡&
8
"^md n§M{eH$m' H$m aMZmH$mb 1686 B. _mZm OmVm h¡& Bgo_| 22 Xmoho Am¡a 25 gd¡`o h¢, {OZHo$
AÝVJ©V l¥§Jma ag H$s gm_J«r {ddo{MV h¡& Bg J«§W H$s aMZm Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ Xa~ma _| hþB© Wr& H$hm OmVm
h¡ {H$ d¥ÝX Zo Bg J«§W H$s aMZm Ho$db EH$ am{Ì _| H$s Wr&
"l¥§Jma {ejm' H$s aMZm gZ 1691 _| Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ dOra Zdm~ _mohå_X Im± Ho$ nwÌ {_Om© H$mXar
H$s H$Ý`m H$mo nm{Vd«V Y_© H$s {ejm XoZo Ho$ à`moOZ go H$s Wr& `h Zm{`H$m ^oX {df`H$ J«§W h¡& Bg_|
Zm{`H$m^oX Ho$ AmYma na Am^yfU Am¡a l¥§Jma Ho$ gmW Zm{`H$mAm| H$m {MÌU h¡&
32
"ndZ nMrgr' l¥§Jma ag àYmZ aMZm h¡& Bg_| ndZ gå~ÝYr 25 N>ßn` N>ÝX h¢& Omo ~S>o b{bV
Am¡a à^mdnyU© h¢& BgH$m aMZmH$mb gZ 1691 _mZm OmVm h¡& H$B© {dX²dmZ BgH$m aMZmH$mb 1697 B©.
gZ _mZVo h¢& dmñVd _| Bg_| fS²>F$Vy dU©Z H$m ñdê$n h¡& d¥ÝX Zo Bg_| ndZ Ho$ dgÝV, J«rî_, dfm©, eaX,
ho_ÝV Am¡a {e{ea F$VwAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V ñdê$n Am¡a à^md H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡& d¥ÝX Zo dg§V Am¡a ho_ÝV
F$VwAm| H$m {deof dU©Z {H$`m h¡& A{YH$m§e N>ÝX gwÝXa h¢& Bg_| H$ënZm H$m M_ËH$ma CVZm Zht h¡,
{OVZm AZwàmg Am{X H$m & {\$a ^r ^mfm ~hþV gwJ{R>V Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr&
"{hVmonXoegpÝY' g§ñH¥$V J«§W "{hVmonXoe' H$s Mm¡Wr H$Wm H$m nÙmZwdmX h¡& `h AmR> YZj[a`m| H$s
H$s em§V ga àYmZ aMZm h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb AkmV h¡&
"d¥ÝX gVgB©' d¥ÝX H$s gdm©{YH$ à{gÕ aMZm h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb gZ 1704 _mZm OmVm h¡& BgH$s
aMZm Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ nm¡Ì AOr _weemZ (AOr _wñg_m) H$s àoaUm Ho$ d¥ÝX Zo H$s Wr& `h aMZm Zr{V
gm{hË` H$m l¥§Jma _mZr OmVr h¡&
"dM{ZH$m' {H$eZJT> Ho$ amOm ê$nqgh H$s `wÕdraVm go gå~pÝYV aMZm h¡&
"gË` ñdê$n' _| Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ nwÌm| H$m amÁ`qghmgZ go gå~ÝY `wÕ d{U©V h¡, {Og_o amOqgh Zo
Xmam H$s Amoa go bS>H$a AnZr `wÕdraVm H$m n[aM` {X`m Wm&
"`_H$ gVgB©' gmV gm¡ Xmohm| H$s aMZm h¡, {OgHo$ A{YH$m§e Xmoho l¥§Jma {df`H$ h¡&
"^maV H$Wm' _hm^maV Ho$ EH$ àg§J na AmYm[aV aMZm h¡& `j Ho$ àíZm| H$m CÎma XoZo Ho$ nyd©
ZHw$b, ghXod, AOw©Z Am¡a ^r_ O~ gamoda go nmZr nrVo h¢ Am¡a n[aUm_ñdê$n _¥Ë`w H$mo àmßV hmo OmVo
h¢, V~ `w{Y{ð>a AmH$a `j Ho$ àíZm| H$m CÎma XoVo h¢& CZHo$ CÎma go `j g§Vwï> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a gmao nmÊS>dm|
H$mo Or{dV H$aVm h¡& `hr àg§J aMZm H$m dÊ`© {df` h¡&
"`_H$ gVgB©' _| {d{dY àH$ma go `_H$ Ab§H$ma H$m ñdê$n ñnï> {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ A§VJ©V 715
N>ÝX h¢& `h aMZm M_ËH$manyU© h¡& `_H$ H$m bjU {XE {~Zm CgHo$ AmYma na a{MV Bg aMZm H$m dÊ`©
{df` l¥§Jma Am¡a ^{ŠV h¡&
d¥ÝX ar{V~Õ naånam _| _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ àmßV H$aZodmbo H${d h¢& BÝhm|Zo gab, gab Am¡a à^mdr
Ed§ {d{dY {df`m| na H$mì` aMZmE± H$s h¡&
2.3.3.2
d¥§X Ho$ Xmohm| H$m ^mdmW© :
d¥§X Ho$ 15 Xmoho {bE J`o h¡& ar{VH$mb _| H${d d¥§X AnZo Zr{V {df`H$ Xmohm| Ho$ H$maU à{gÕ hþE&
BZ Xmohm| _o OrdZ H$s JhZ AZw^y{V`m± h¡& ^mfm gab Am¡a gw~moY h¡& EH$ Xmoho _o| OrdZ H$s EH$ _m{_©H$
AZw^y{V h¡&
33
~r.E. / _Ü`H$mbrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` ....3
Xmohm H«$.
1:
ñdmW© Ho$ gJo :
d¥§X Zo _wZî` H$s ñdmWu d¥pËV H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡& n§N>r Am¡a d¥j H$m CXmhaU XoH$a AnZr ~mV
g_PmB© h¡& d¥§X H$hVo h¢ - g^r _Zwî` ñdmW© Ho$ gJo hmoVo h¢& {~Zm ñdmW© Ho$ H$moB© {H$gr H$m Zht hmoVm
h¡& O~ VH$ d¥j gag hmoVm h¡, ham^am ahVm h¡, V~VH$ n§N>r CgH$m Aml` boVo h¢& d¥j Ho$ gyI OmZo
na n§N>r C‹S>H$a Mbo OmVo h¢& AWm©V² O~ VH$ {H$gr go h_mam ñdmW© {gÕ hmoVm h¡, V~ VH$ bmoJ AZoH$
àH$ma go gJog§~§Yr ~Zo ahVo h¡& ñdmW© {gÕ Zht hmoVm XoI bmoJ N>mo‹S>H$a Mbo OmVo h¢&
Xmohm H«$.
2 :
JwUm| Ho$ H$maU _mZ :
_Zwî` AnZo JwUm| Ho$ H$maU AmXa VWm _mZ-gÝ_mZ nmVm h¡& `hr ~mV VmoVm Am¡a _¡Zm H$m CXmhaU
XoH$a g_PmB© h¡& d¥§X H$hVo h¢ - JwUm| Ho$ H$maU _Zwî` H$m gd©Ì _mZ-gÝ_mZ hmoVm h¡& JwUm| Ho$ {~Zm H$moB©
_mZ Zht hmoVm& O¡go VmoVm Am¡a gm[aH$m (_¡Zm) H$mo bmoJ nmbVy ~ZmH$a aIVo h¢, na H$m¡Ao H$mo H$moB© AnZo
nmg Zht aIVm&
Xmohm H«$.
3 :
gX²JwUr _Zwî` Ho$ JwU :
gX²JwUr _Zwî` Ho$ JwU _yI© Zht g_PVm& Cëby H$m CXmhaU XoH$a H${d Zo JwUr OZm| Ho$ JwUm| H$m
_hËËd ~Vm`m h¡& H${d H$hVo h¢-_yI© _wZî` gX²JwUr _Zwî` Ho$ JwUm| H$mo g_P Zhr§ nmVm& {\$a ^r JwUr
_Zwî` Ho$ JwUm| H$m _hËËd H$_ Zht hmoVm h¡& JwUr _Zwî` AnZo JwU Zht N>moS>Vm& O¡go Cëby {XZ _| XoI
Zhr§ nmVm, Vmo ^r {XZ H$m d¡^d H$_ Zht hmoVm& _yI© Ho$ Ûmam JwUm| H$s nhMmZ Z hmoZo go JwUr H$m _hËËd
H$_ Zht hmoVm&
Xmohm H«$.
4 :
CÚ_ {~Zm {dÚm-YZ H$s àm{á Zht :
{dÚm ê$nr YZ _wZî` H$m loîR> YZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {dÚm YZ H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE CÚ_ (CÚmoJ, à`mg)
H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& {~Zm à`mg Ho$ {dÚm àmá Zht hmoVrŸ& n§Io H$m CXmhaU XoH$a d¥§X Zo `h ~mV g_PmB©
h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$hVo h¢Ÿ- {dÚm-YZ CÚ_ Ho$ {~Zm H$m¡Z nm gH$Vm h¡Ÿ? O¡go n§Io H$mo {hbmE-Sw>bmE {~Zm hdm
Zht {_bVrŸ& AWm©V² Ambgr _Zwî` {dÚm-YZ àmá Zht H$a gH$VmŸ& {dÚm-YZ àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE gVV
à`ËZ H$aZo n‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
5 :
AÀN>o-~wao H$s nhMmZ ~mobZo go :
_Zwî` Ho$ ~mobZ go AÀN>o-~wao H$s nhMmZ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ~mobZo go ñd^md g_P _| AmVm h¡Ÿ& O~ VH$
_Zwî` Zht ~mobVm, V~ VH$ CgH$s nhMmZ h_ Zht H$a nmVoŸ& H$m¡Am Am¡a H$mo`b H$m CXmhaU XoH$a d¥§X
Zo `h ~mV g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& AV…h_ g_P Zht nmVo H$s H$m¡Z H$m¡Am h¡ Am¡a H$m¡Z H$mo`bŸ& O~ do ~mobZo bJVo
(JmZo bJVo) h¢, V~ hr h_ H$m¡Ao Am¡a H$mo`b H$s nhMmZ H$a nmVo h¢ŸŸ& d§¥X H$hVo h¢Ÿ- ämbo Am¡a ~wao
g~ EH$ O¡go bJVo h¢, O~ VH$ do ~mobVo ZhtŸ& dg§V G$Vw _| hr H$m¡Am Am¡a H$mo`b H$mo h_ nhMmZ
34
gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& AWm©V² dg§V G$Vw AmZo na H$mo`b JmZo bJVr h¡Ÿ& V~ h_ H$m¡Ao Am¡a H$mo`b H$m ^oX g_P
nmVo h¢Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
_Ywa dmUr H$m _hËËd :
6 :
_Ywa dMZ ~mobZo go _Zwî` H$m A{^_mZ {_Q> OmVm h¡Ÿ& _Ywa dmUr ~mobZo go gwZZodmbo H$mo ^r
erVbVm {_bVr h¡ Am¡a ~mobZodmbo H$mo ^rŸ& XmoZm| H$mo gwI {_bVm h¡Ÿ& `hr ~mV d¥§X Zo erVb Ob Am¡a
XyY H$m CXmhaU XoH$a ñnîQ> H$s h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$hVo h¢- _Ywa dMZ ~mobZo go CËV_ OZ H$m A{^_mZ {_Q>
OmVm h¡Ÿ& O¡gm WmoS>mgm {eVb Ob {N>S>H$Zo go C\$mZVm (C~bVm) hwAm XyY em§V hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& AWm©V²
_Ywa dMZ gwZH$a H«$moYr _Zwî` H$m H«$moY em§V hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
7 :
gañdVr H$m ^§S>ma :
gañdVr {dÚm H$s Xodr _mZr OmVr h¡Ÿ& {dÚm Am¡a kmZ _Zwî` H$s gƒr g§npËV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& kmZ XoZo
go ~‹‹T>Vm h¡ Am¡a Z XoZo go KQ>Vm h¡Ÿ& `hr ~mV d¥§X Zo gab ^mfm _| g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& gañdVr Ho$ ^§S>ma ({dÚm,
kmZ) H$s ~‹S>r Anwd© ~mV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& O¡go-O¡go h_ IM© H$aVo OmVo h¢, d¡go-d¡go `h ^§S>ma KQ>Vm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
na§Vw kmZ ^§S>ma Xÿgam| H$mo XoZo go ~T>Vm h¢&
Xmohm H«$.
8 :
g~b Ho$ g^r ghm`H$ :
Omo ~bdmZ, epŠVembr, gm_Ï`©embr hmoVm h¡, CgH$s hr g^r ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ Am¡a d¥§X Zo ndZ
H$m CXmhaU XoH$a `h ~mV g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& d§¥X H$hVo h¢ - g~b Ho$ g^r ghm`H$ hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Xw~©b H$s
H$moB© ghm`Vm Zht H$aVmŸ& O¡go ndZ AmJ H$mo Am¡a ^r A{YH$ ^S>H$mVm h¡, na§Vw Xw~©b Xrn H$mo ~wPm XoVm
h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
9 :
AnZr gm_Ï`© Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© :
AnZo gm_Ï`© H$mo g_PH$a H$moB© ^r H$m`© H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& `hr ~mV d¥§X Zo MmXa H$m CXmhaU XoH$a
g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$aVo h¡¢Ÿ- AnZr nhþ±M (gm_Ï`©) H$m gmoM-{dH$ma H$aHo$ Xm¡‹S>H$a H$m`© H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& CVZo
hr nm±d ngmaZo Mm{hE, {OVZr MmXa H$s b§~mB© hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
10 :
gXgX {ddoH$ :
gV² Am¡a AgV², gƒm Am¡a PyR>m; Bg H$m {ZU©` {ddoH$erb _Zwî` hr H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& amOh§g H$m
CXmhaU XoH$a d¥§X Zo AnZr ~mV g_PmB© h¡¡Ÿ& d¥¥§X H$hVo h¢¡ - Omo Zr{V-{ZnwU ({ddoH$s) hmoVm h¡, dhr gƒo
Am¡a PyR>o H$m {ZU©` H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& amOh§g Ho$ {~Zm XyY Am¡a nmZr H$moB© AbJ Zht H$a gH$VmŸ&
Xmohm H«$.
11 :
ào_ H$s ~mV :
AnZm ào_-^md öX` _| hr {N>nmH$a aIZm Mm{hEŸ& ào_ H$s ~mV gwZH$a bmoJ _OmH$ C‹S>mVo h¢Ÿ& `h
35
~mV d¥§X Zo Hy$n (Hw$Am±) H$s h¡ - ào_ H$s ~mV AnZo hr _Z _|Ÿ& {N>nmH$a aIZr Mm{hEŸ& O¡go Hw$E± H$s
N>m`m ~mha Zht {ZH$bVr, d¡go hr ào_ H$m ahñ` ~mha àH$Q> Zht hmoZm Mm{hE&
Xmohm H«$.
12 :
^mdr `m hmoZhma (hmoZodmbr) :
^mdr `m hmoZodmbr ~mV hmoH$a hr ahVr h¡Ÿ& hmoZr H$mo H$moB© amoH$ Zht gH$VmŸ& Zm[a`b Ho$ noS> H$m
CXmhaU XoH$a d¥§X Zo `h ~mV g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$hVo h¢ - Xya ahmo `m nmg ahmo; Xya aImo `m nmg aImo,
hmZo dmbr ~mV hmoH$a hr ahVr h¡Ÿ& Zm[a`b Ho$ no‹S> H$s O‹S>m| _| nmZr gtMm OmVm h¡, dhr nmZt ~hþV Xya
Zm[a`b Ho$ \$b _| àH$Q> hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
13 :
ào_ H$m ~§YZ :
ào_ Ho$ ~§YZ O¡gm Xÿgam ~§YZ Zht hmoVmŸ& ào_ ~§YZ H$mo Vmo‹S>Zm H${R>Z hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ^«_a Am¡a H$_b
H$m CXmhaU XoH$a d¥§X Zo `h ~mV g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$hVo h¢¡ - O¡gm ào_ H$m ~§YZ hmoVm h¡, d¡gm Am¡a H$moB©
~§YZ Zht hmoVmŸ& Omo ^«_a H$mR> (bH$S>r) H$mo ^oXVm h¡, dhr H$mo_b, H$_b (H$_b-H$mof) H$mo N>oXH$a
{ZH$b Zht gH$VmŸ&
Xmohm H«$.
14 :
{hVH$mar ~mV :
h_mao {hV H$s ~mV h_oem AÀN>r bJVr h¡Ÿ& gag bJVr h¡Ÿ& g_{YZ H$s Jmbr H$m CXmhaH$ XoH$a
d¥§X Zo `h ~mV g_PmB© h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$hVo h¢ - Omo ~mV h_mao öX` Ho$ {bE {hVH$mar hmoVr h¡, dh {Zag
hmoZo na ^r gag bJVr h¡Ÿ& g_{YZ (_amR>r {dhrU) Ûmam Xr JB© Jmbr ^r h_o§ ß`mar bJVr h¡Ÿ&
Xmohm H«$.
15 :
öX` H$m AkmZ :
h_mam AkmZ Hw$N> bjUm| go àH$Q> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& nwamU H$Wm H$m CXmhaU XoH$a d¥§X Zo `h ~mV g_PmB©
h¡Ÿ& d¥§X H$hVo h¢ {H$ BZ bjUm| go OmZ n‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ öX` _| AkmZ H$m {Zdmg h¡Ÿ& nwamU H$Wm gwZH$a
PnH$s boVm h¡ Am¡a ~oH$ma H$s, Z gwZZo `mo½` ({~H$Wm) H$Wm gwZH$a Cëbmg go ^a OmVm h¡Ÿ&
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
1)
_ram± H$m OÝ_ amOñWmZ Ho$ .................. Jm§d _| hwAm WmŸ&
A) Hw$S>H$s
2)
~) gwS>H$s
S>) OmoYnwa
H$) ^moOamO>
S>) {dJ«hamO
_ram± Ho$ n{V H$m Zm_ .............. WmŸ&
A) {dH«$_{OV qgh ~) amUm gm§Jm
3)
H$) _odmS>
nm`mo Or _¢ Vmo ....................... aVZ YZ nm`moŸ&
A) Jmonmb
~) JmoqdX
H$) {JaYa>
36
S>) am_
4)
{~hmar ar{VH$mbrZ ................. ^mdZm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¢Ÿ&
A) {dah
5)
713
~) l¥±Jma-dU©Z
H$) Zm{`H$m-dU©Z
S>) {d`moJ-dU©Z
~)
H$)
700
703>
S>)
773
~) d¥§X
H$) VwbgrXmg
S>) gyaXmg
~) am_qgh
H$) _mZqgh
S>) H$s{V©qgh
"d¥§X-gVgB©' _| ............... {df`H$ Xmoho h¢Ÿ&
A) ào_
2.5
S>) Am¡a§JOo~
{H$eZJ‹T> Ho$ amOm .............. Zo d¥§X H$mo AnZm Jwê$ ~Zm`mŸ&
A) amOqgh
10)
H$) O`M§X
.............. Zr{V-H${d Ho$ ê$n _§o à{gÕ h¡Ÿ&
A) {~hmar
9)
~) amOm O`qgh
"{~hmar gVgB©' _| Xmohm| H$s g§»`m ............ h¡Ÿ&
A)
8)
S>) g§`moJ
"{~hmar gVgB©' H$m _w»` {df` .......... h¡Ÿ&
A) Zr{V-dU©Z
7)
H$) ào_>
{~hmar ..................... Ho$ Xa~mar H${d W|Ÿ&
A) amOm _mZ{g§h
6)
~) l¥±Jma
~) Zr{V
H$) ^pŠV
S>) l¥±Jma
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
Amar - H$adVŸ& N>mN> - gmahrZ nXmW©Ÿ&
_wamar - H¥$îU H$m EH$ Zm_Ÿ&
I§OZ - EH$ à{gÕ njr {deofŸ&
{XR>m¡Zm - H$mOb H$s dh q~Xr ~mbH$m| H$mo ZOa go ~MmZo Ho$ {bE CgHo _mWo na bJmB© OmVr h¡Ÿ&
H§$H$arbm - H§$H$S> {_bm hþAmŸ&
grËH$ma - gr-gr H$m eãX, {ggH$mar, dh gr-gr H$m eãX Omo nr‹S>m `m AmZ§X Ho$ g_` _w±h go
{ZbH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
AaJOm - EH$ gwJ§{YV Ðì` Omo Ho$ga, M§XZ, H$nya Am{X H$mo {_bmZo go ~ZVm h¡Ÿ&
A~ra - JwbmbŸ&
g_{YZ - nwÌ `m nwÌr H$s gmg (_amR>r {dhrU)Ÿ&
37
2.6
2.7
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CËVa :
1)
A
2)
H$
3)
S>
4)
~
5)
~$
6)
~
7)
S>
8)
~$
9)
A
10)
~
gmam§e :
A) qhXr gm{hË` _o§ H¥$îU H$d{`Ìr _ram± H$m Zm_ à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& CgH$m OÝ_ amOñWmZ Ho$ EH$ amOKamZo
_| hþAmŸ& d¡îUd ^pŠV Ho$ g§ñH$ma ~MnZ go hþE WoŸ& {ddmh Ho$ Hw$N> df© ~mX n{V H$s _¥Ë`w hþB©Ÿ& V~ _ram°
Zo gmao gm§gm[aH$ ~§YZm| H$m Ë`mJ {H$`m Am¡a H¥$îU Ho$ ^OZ-H$sV©Z _| brZ hmo JB©Ÿ& CZHo$ Zm_ na AZoH$
aMZmE± {_bVr h¢, na CZHo$ \w$Q>H$a nX hr àm_m{UH$ _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& `o nX hr "_ram± H$s nXmdbr' Zm_
go qhXr gm{hË` _| n«{gÕ h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU ào_, H¥$îU-^pŠV Am¡a H¥$îU-{dah CZHo$ nXm| H$m _w»` {df` h¡Ÿ&
CZHo$ nXm| _o {dah H$s _m{_©H$ AZw^y{V`m± h¢Ÿ& Bg H$maU CÝh| "XaX {XdmZr' `m "ào_ {XdmZr' H$hm OmVm
h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ nXm| _| H¥$îU Ho$ à{V AZÝ` {ZîR>m, g_n©U ^md, H¥$îU H$m ê$n-_mYw`© Am{X H$m _m{_©H$ dU©Z
hþAm h¡Ÿ&
~) ar{VH$mbrZ l¥±Jma-^mdZm Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¡ {~hmarŸ& do {_Om© amOm O`qgh Ho$ Xa~mar H${d
WoŸ& BÝhm|Zo EH$ hr aMZm {bIr h¡ "{~hmar gVgB©'Ÿ& gVgB© H$m _w»` {df` l¥±Jma-dU©Z h¡Ÿ& amYm Am¡a
H¥$îU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go l¥±Jma-dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m H$s ào_brbmAm| H$m gyú_ Am¡a _Zmod¡km{ZH
{MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& g§`moJ-l¥±Jma Ho$ dU©Z _| {~hmar H$mo {OVZr g\$bVm {_br h¡, CVZr {d`moJ-l¥±Jma Ho$
dU©Z _| ZhtŸ&
H$) d¥§X ar{VH$mb _| Zr{V-H${d Ho$ ê$n _| à{gÕ h¢& "d¥X gVgB©' _| Zr{V-{df`H$ 700 Xmoho h¢&
Bg_| OrdZ H$s JhZ AZw^y{V`m± h¢& gab Am¡a gw~moY ^mfm, _whmdam| Am¡a H$hmdVm| H$m gw§Xa à`moJ - BZHo$
H$mì` H$s à_wI {deofVm h¡&
2.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ 1)
n{R>V nXm| Ho$ AmYma na _ram± H$s ào_ gmYZm na àH$me S>m{bE&
2)
n{R>V nXm| Ho$ AmYma na _ram± H$s ^pŠV^mdZm H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
3)
n{R>V Xmohm| Ho$ AmYma na {~hmar Ho$ l¥§Jma-dU©Z H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
4)
n{R>V Xmohm| Ho$ AmYma na d¥§X Ho$ Zr{V-{df`H$ {dMmam| H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
38
Am) bKwÎmar àíZ :
2.9
1)
_ram± Zo am_-aËZ ê$nr YZ H$m dU©Z {H$g àH$ma {H$`m h¡?
2)
_ram±Zo H¥$îU Ho$ ê$n-gm¢X`© H$m dU©Z {H$g Vah {H$`m h¡?
3)
{~hmar Ho$ g§`moJ-l¥±Jma H$m n[aM` Xr{OE&
4)
{~hmarZo {d`moJ-l¥±Jma H$m dU©Z {H$g Vah {H$`m h¡&
5)
d¥§X Ho$ Zr{V g§~§Yr Xmo Xmohm| Ho$ Ame` Ho$ ñnï> H$s{OE&
joÌr` H$m`© :
2.10
1)
_hmamï´> H$s g§V H$d{`{Ì`m| H$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OE&
2)
_ram± Am¡a gyaXmg H$s {dah-^mdZm dU©Z H$s VwbZm H$a|&
3)
{~hmar Ho$ gypŠV naH$ Xmohm| H$m g§H$bZ H$a|&
4)
d¥§X Zr{V-{dMmam| H$s g_H$mbrZ _amR>r Zr{V-H${d`m| Ho$ gmW VwbZm H$a|&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
_ram±~mB© H$s nXmdbr - g§. naewam_ MVwd}Xr, qhXr gm{hË` gå_obZ, à`mJ.
2)
{~hmar H$m H$mì` - S>m°. AZ§V_§Jb dmOno`r, {h_mb` nmHo$Q> ~wŠg {Xëbr&
3)
{~hmar gagB© - Xod|Ð e_m©, {dZmoX nwñVH$ _§{Xa, AmJam&
BBB
39
BH$mB© - 3 (A)
1)
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
O`e§H$a àgmX H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"^maV _{h_m' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"^maV _{h_m' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
3.1
^maV _{h_m
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
^maV Ho$ Jm¡adembr AVrV go n[a{MV hmoJ§o&
2.
Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV hmo Om`|Jo&
3.
~m¡Õ Y_© Ho$ à^md VWm {dñVma go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
4.
Aqhgm, em§{V Am¡a X`m^md H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo&
5.
A{V{W`m| H$m gå_mZ H$aZodmbr VWm Z_«VmnyU© ì`dhma H$aZodmbr ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V go n[a{MV hmo
Om`|Jo&
40
3.2
àñVmdZm :
àgmXOr Zo AnZo ZmQ>H$m| X²dmam ^maVr` B{Vhmg H$s {d{N>Þ H${S>`m| H$mo OmoS>Zo H$m ñVwË` à`mg
{H$`m h¡& CZH$s `h Ñ‹T> YmaUm Wr {H$ {H$gr ^r Om{V Ho$ AmXe© Ho$ {Z_m©UmW© Eo{Vhm{gH$ AZwerbZ
na_mdí`H$ h¡ Am¡a Cggo Om{V H$m dV©_mZ àH$me_` hmoVm h¡& CZHo$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ZmQ>H$m| _| Xoe ^pŠV
VWm amï´>r`Vm H$s Jhar N>mn h¡&
àgmX Or _ybV: H${d-öX`r hmoVo hþE ^r CÝhm|Zo g^r àH$ma H$m gm{hË` {bIm& CZH$s AÝ`
{dYmAm| _| ^r H${d-öX` H$m à^md {XImB© XoVm h¡& CZHo$ ZmQ>çJrV ^r Bgr Ho$ X²`moVH$ h¢&
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1
O`e§H$a àgmX H$m n[aM`
O`e§H$a àgmX H$m OÝ_ H$mer Ho$ à{V{ð>V "gw±KZr gmhÿ' n[adma _| _mK ewŠb Xe_r gZ² 1889
_| hþAm& Cg g_` CZH$m ì`mnma AnZr Ma_gr_m na Wm& O`e§H$a Ho$ nhbo H$B© ^mB©-~hZm| H$s _¥Ë`w
hmo MwH$s Wt& AV: BZHo$ XrKm©`wî` Ho$ {bE Bï>Xod e§H$a go ~S>r àmW©Zm H$s Wr& O`e§H$a Zm_ aIZo Ho$
nrN>o ^r `hr dOh h¡&
àgmXOr H$s {ejm AënH$mbrZ hr ahr& CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm Ka na hr hþB©& CZHo$ {nVmOr Zo {deof
Ü`mZ aIm& Ka na hr CZH$mo g§ñH¥$V, qhXr, A§J«oOr, CXÿ© VWm \$magr AmX ^mfmAm| Ho$ n‹T>mZo H$s ì`dñWm
H$a Xr& {\$a AnZo _mohëbo H$s nmR>embm _| do n‹T>Zo bJo& lr. _mo{hZrbmb JwßVm CZHo$ àma§{^H$ Jwé Wo&
BÝhr§ go àgmX Or Zo ~«O^mfm _| H${dVm {bIZo H$s àoaUm hm{gb H$s& Zm¡ df© H$s Am`w _| CÝhm|Zo EH$
gd¡`m ~ZmH$a Jwé JwßVmOr H$mo gwZm`m& gd¡`m gwZH$a {dñ_` VWm {d_w½Y hmoH$a àgmX Or H$mo _hmH${d
~ZZo H$m Amerdm©X {X`m& Xg df© H$s Am`w _| do H$mer Ho$ {¹$Ýg H$m°boO _| n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE Xm{Ib hþE&
~mah df© H$s Am`w _| hr CZHo$ {nVmlr H$m ñdJ©dmg hþAm& {nVm Ho$ níMmV Vwa§V J¥h H$bb Ama§^ hþAm
Am¡a CZH$s n‹T>mB© éH$ JB©& n§Ðh df© H$s Am`w _| _mVmOr H$m {ZYZ hþAm& gÌh df© H$s Am`w _| ~S>o ^mB©
H$m Xohm§V hþAm Vmo gmam n[adm[aH$ Ed§ F$UJ«ñV ì`mnma CZHo$ H§$Ym| na Am nS>m& àgmX Or {g\©$ N>R>do
dJ© VH$hr nT> gHo$& CÝhm|Zo g§gma H$s _hmZ nwñVH$m| H$m AÜ``Z AnZo OrdZ Ho$ AZw^dm| Ho$ ~rM hr
{H$`m&
àgmX Or H$s d¡dm{hH$ qOXJr ^r XX©^ar ahr& CZH$s Xmo nËZr`m| H$s _¥Ë`w hþB©, AV: Vrgar ~ma
{ddmh H$aZm nS>m& do {ZË` XþH$mZ go bm¡Q>H$a ^moOZ Ho$ níMmV Xoa VH$ gm{hË` aMZm H$aVo Wo& àgmX
Or _¥Xþ^mfr, h±g_wI, {_bZgma, göX`, ì`dhma Hw$eb Am¡a g_` Ho$ nŠHo$ ì`pŠV Wo& AË`{YH$ n[al_
H$aZo Ho$ H$maU ClH$m eara {e{Wb hmo Mbm Wm& gZ 1936 _| àgmX Or H$mo ~r_mar Zo ~war Vah OH$S>m&
CÝh| VnoXrH$ H$s ~r_mar hþB©& 15 Zd§~a, 1937 _| H$mer _| CZH$m Xohm§V hþAm&
41
H¥${VËd :
B
H$mì` PaZm,
7)
{MÌmYma, 2) ào_n{WH$,
Am±gy, 8) bha, 9) H$m_m`Zr&
1)
3)
H$ê$Umb`,
4)
_hmamUm H$m _hÎd,
5)
H$mZZ-Hw$gw_,
6)
ZmQ>H$ - 1) gÁOZ, 2) àm`mpíMÎm, 3) H$ë`mUr-n[aM`, 4) `emoY_© Xod, 5) amOlr, 6) {demI,
7) AOmVeÌw, 8) OZ_oO` H$m ZmJ`k, 9) H$m_Zm, 10) ñH§$XJwßV, 11) M§ÐJwßV, 12) EH$ Ky±Q>, 13) Y«wd
ñdm{_Zr, 14) Ap½Z{_Ì (AnyU©)
BZ {dYmAm| Ho$ Abmdm CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, {Z~§Y Am{X _| ^r ~S>r g\$bVmnyd©H$ CÝhm|Zo AnZr boIZr
MbmB© h¡&
3.2
"^maV _{h_m' H${dVm H$m n[aM` :
lr. O`e§H$a àgmX H$m "ñH§$XJwßV' EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am¡a _hmZ ZmQ>H$ h¡, Omo {deof bmoH${à` ahm
h¡& "^maV _{h_m' H${dVm Bgr ZmQ>H$ Ho$ n§M_ A§H$ go CX²Y¥V H$s JB© h¡& `h _ybV: EH$ ZmQ>ç²JrV h¡&
Bgo "^maV df©' Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZm OmVm h¡& Bg H${dVm _| CÝhm|Zo gm§ñH¥${VH$ nwZOm©JaU {H$`m h¡& gmW
hr ^maV Ho$ Jm¡adembr B{Vhmg H$m dmñVd {MÌU {H$`m h¡&
H${d àgmX H$hVo h¢ {H$ EH$ Amoa nm¡am{UH$ ^maVr` F¥${f XYr{M Zo {dídH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE Ë`mJ
Am¡a g_n©U H$m AmXe© IS>m {H$`m Vmo Xÿgar Amoa g_«mQ> AemoH$, _hmË_m Jm¡V_ ~wX²Y Am{X _hmZ ^maVr`m|
Zo gmao {díd H$mo AnZm AmXe© ~Vm {X`m Am¡a ^maV H$s _hmZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ na§nam ~‹T>mB©&
3.3
"^maV _{h_m' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© :
`h JrV ^maV na N>mE hþE eÌwénr ~mXbm| (`dZm| Ho$ AmH«$_U Ho$ g_`) Ho$ {déÕ g^r ^maVr`m|
H$mo EH$Ì H$aZo Ho$ {bE Jm`m J`m Wm& àgmX-`wJ _| h_ namYrZ Wo& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥${V Am¡a àmMrZ
B{Vhmg go H${Vn` CXmhaU MwZH$a ^maVr`m| H$mo Xoe H$s ajm Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m& Bg JrV `m H${dVm
_| àgmX Or Zo ^maV df© Ho$ AVrV H$s Jm¡ad JmWm àñVwV H$aVo hþE AnZo H$V©ì` nW na AmJo ~‹T>Zo
H$s àoaUm Xr h¡& Xoe Ho$ {ZÐrñV dram| H$mo gOJ H$aZo H$m, AnZr _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ n¡am| _| n‹S>r hþB© XmgVm H$s
O§Ora| VmoS>Uo H$m AmdmhZ H${d Zo {H$`m h¡&
àgmX Or H$hVo h¢ {H$, ^maVdf© H$s àmH¥${VH$ pñW{V H$mo XoIH$a Eogo bJVm h¡ {H$ `h Xoe {h_mb`
Ho$ Am±JZ _| ~gm hþAm h¡ VWm gyaO AnZr àW_ {H$aUm| H$m Cnhma {h_mb` Ho$ Am±JZ _| hr XoVm h¡&
AWm©V ^maV _| hr g~go nhbo kmZê$nr gyaO àH$Q> hþAm& {h_mb` Ho$ ewÕ VWm ñdÀN> {h_ (~\©$) na
Cf:H$mbrZ AmbmoH$ Ho$ \¡$bZo go ^maV_mVm Ho$ Jbo _| hram| H$m hma nhZm`m J`m h¡, Eogm Am^mg hmo ahm
Wm& göX` àH¥${V Ho$ gh`moJ go h_ ñd`§ (^maVdmgr) OmJ¥V hþE, h_Zo ñd`§ kmZ àmßV {H$`m Am¡a h_mao
{dX²dmZm| Zo dh kmZ {díd Ho$ AÝ` bmoJm| H$mo XoZm Ama§^ {H$`m& n[aUm_V: gmao {díd _| kmZ H$m àH$me
42
\¡$b J`m& {díd^a Ho$ AmH$me _| \¡$bm A§Y:H$ma H$m gm_«mÁ` Bggo Zï> hþAm Am¡a g§nyU© {díd AkmZ
Ho$ H$maU _Z _| N>mE Xþ:I go _wŠV hþAm&
ewÕ VWm gmpËdH$ dmUr dmbr gañdVr Xodr Zo AnZo H$_b Ho$ \y$bm| H$s Vah H$mo_b hmWm| _|
ñZohnyd©H$ _Ywa P§H$ma dmbr drUm bobr Am¡a CgHo$ gßVñdam| go gmVm| g_w§Xa nma gm_doX H$m _Ywa g§JrV
N>oS> {X`m& _Vb~ `hm± Ho$ {Zdm{g`m| Zo gm_doX Ho$ {_ÌVm VWm nañna gX²^md Ho$ ^mdm| H$mo {díd _| XÿaXÿa VH$ \¡$bm {X`m& {Og g_` àb` hmo ahr Wr Cg g_` àb` Ho$ ^`§H$a H$ï> PobVo hþE, àH¥${V H$m
_yb ê$n gwa{jV aIVo hþE h_ bmb nVmH$m boH$a g_wÐ Ho$ _mJ© go {ZS>a hmoH$a AmJo ~‹T>o& (`hm± _Ëg
AdVma H$s H$Wm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V h¡&)
Bgr ^maVdf© _| bmoH$H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE AnZr h{S²²>S>`m| H$m XmZ H$aZodmbo XYr{M hmo JE& B§ÐZo d¥Ìmgya
Ho$ dY Ho$ {bE dO« {Z{_©{V Ho$ {Z{_Îm F${f XYr{Ì H$mo h{S²²>S>`m| H$m XmZ _m±Jm Wm& OZH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE
AnZo àmU Ë`mJH$a hS²>{S>`m| H$m XZ H$aZodmbo XYr{M Zo ApñW`wJ H$m B{Vhmg hr {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡& _mZd
Om{V Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Eogo _hm_mZdm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr Am¡a do Bgr Xoe Ho$ {Zdmgr Wo& A`moÜ`m
Ho$ amOHw$_ma am_ H$mo Mm¡Xh gmbm| Ho$ {bE Ka go {Zdm©{gV H$a dZ ^oO {X`m J`m& V~ do Xþ:Ir Zht
hþE ~pëH$ gmJa H$s Vah {demb Am¡a Jhao CËgmh go dZ _| Mbo JE& amdU O¡go AÝ`m`r go b‹T>Zo Ho$
{bE amÁ`{dhrZ hmoH$a ^r goZm BH$R²>R>m H$s Am¡a g_w§Xa na nwb ~Zdm`m& AmO ^r ^maV Am¡a b§H$m Ho$
{~M g_w§Xa _| ^½Z ê$n _| BgH$m AñVrËd h¡&
Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na `hm± àmMrZH$mb _| ~{b XoZo H$s àWmE± Wt& CÝh| ~§X H$amZo H$m H$m`© amOHw$_ma
{gÕmW© Zo {H$`m& CgZo hr g~go nhbo g§gma H$mo em§{V H$m nmR> nT>m`m& do ^r Bgr ^maVdf© _| n¡Xm hþE
Wo& Xÿgam| H$mo gwIr hmoVo hþE XoIZo _| hr h_| AmZ§X H$s àmpßV hmoVr h¡& ~wÕ Ûmam ~m¡Õ Y_© H$s ñWmnZm
Bgr dOh go hþB© Wr& Ho$db Vbdma Ho$ ~b na {dO`-àmpßV AZw{MV OmZH$a X`mY_© H$m àgma H$aZodmbo
g_«mQ> AemoH$ ~m¡Õ {^jw ~Z JE& Am¡a {díd Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo _| AnZo AZw`m{``m| H$mo X`mY_© (~m¡ÕY_©)
Ho$ àgma Ho$ {bE ^oO {X`m&
^maVr` bmoJm| Zo {dXoer h_bmdam| H$mo nam{OV H$aHo$ ^r CÝh| H$B© ~ma X`mnyd©H$ j_m H$a Xr h¡&
VWm MrZ H$mo ^r Y_© H$s Ñ{ï> h_Zo Xr h¡& amjgm| H$s ~ñVr g_P OmZo dmbo b§H$m H$mo ^r h_Zo hr
erbdmZ ~Zm {X`m& AWm©V BZ Xoem| _| X`m VWm em§{V H$m g§Xoe XoZodmbo ~m¡Õ Y_© H$m àgma h_Zohr
{H$`m h¡& h_mao Bg Xoe _| h_oem hr àH¥${V H$m daXmZ ahm h¡& Bg{bE H$^r {H$gr H$m Hw$N> {N>Z boZ.o H$s
Oê$aV h_| Zht ahr& `h nhbo go hr h_mar OÝ_^y{_ ahr h¡, H$ht ~mha AmH$a h_ `hm± Zht ~go h¢&
h_ ^maVdm{g`m| Zo AmO VH$ ~hþV gr Om{V`m| Ho$ CËWmZ-nVZ H$mo `hm± XoI {b`m h¡& Am§{Y`m±,
~mare VWm Vy\$mZm| H$mo h_Zo S>Q>H$a IS>o hmoH$a h±gVo-h±gVo Pobm h¡& `wJm§VH$mar àb` go g§J«m_ H$a h_Zo
àma§^ go hr {dnXmAm| H$m gm_Zm {H$`m h¡, Omo draVmnyU© H$m`© h¡& `hm± Ho$ dra h_oem hr ~bdmZ, gÀM[aÌ
VWm {dZ`erb aho h¢& CZHo$ öX` _| AnZr Om{V VWm Xoe H$m A{^_mZ ^r ^am Wm& Xygam| Ho$ Xþ:I
43
_| _XX H$aZm AnZm Y_© _mZVo Wo& öX` Ho$ Jm¡ad _| `hr A{^_mZ Wm {H$ h_ {H$gr H$mo {dnÞmdñWm
_| Zht aI|Jo&
^maVdmgr YZ-g§M` Ho$db ñdmW© Ho$ {bE Zht H$aVo Wo, ~pëH$ `mMH$ H$mo XmZ XoZo H$s d¥{Îm CZ_|
Wr& h_mao g§ñH¥${V _| A{V{W`m| H$mo XodVm _mZH$a CZH$s godm H$aZo H$s ar{V h¡& h_mao nyd©O h[aíM§Ð H$s
Vah gË`dmXr, am_-H¥$îU H$s Vah VoOñdr VWm ^rî_ H$s Vah ÑT>-à{Vk aho h¢& ho ^maVr` dram| Vw__|
^r CÝht nyd©Om| H$m IyZ h¡, Vwåhmam ^r dhr Xoe h¡, Vwåhmao A§Xa ^r dhr gmhg, d¡gm hr kmZ, em§{V
VWm epŠV h¡& CÝht {Xì`-Am`m] H$s g§VmZ hmo Vw_& CR>mo, Am¡a `h {ZíM` H$amo H$s ^maVdf© h_mam h¡&
CgHo$ gå_mZ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE VZ-_Z-YZ g~ Hw$N> A{n©V H$a|& h_ Or`| Vmo CgHo$ {bE Am¡a _a|Jo Vmo
^r CgHo$ {bE&
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
Cfm h±gH$a ............... H$m A{^Z§XZ H$aVr h¡&
1)
2)
MrZ
gañdVr
2)
qgYy
3)
gßVñna
4)
^maVdf©
XYr{M
2)
nwa§Xa
3)
B{Vhmg
4)
am_
am_
2)
XYr{M
3)
^maV
4)
aËZmH$a
~{b
2)
{dO`
4)
àb`
3)
em§{V
Y_©
2)
gwI
3)
g¥{ï>
4)
ñdU©
3)
am_Xmg
4)
N>. {edmOr
MrZ
4)
nm{H$ñVmZ
............. {^jw ~ZH$a aho&
1)
8)
4)
{dO` Ho$db bmoho H$s Zht, ........... H$s ahr Yam na Yy_&
1)
7)
hram|
Y_© Ho$ Zm_ na Xr OmZodmbr ............ h_Zo hr ~§X H$s&
1)
6)
3)
H${d Zo {Zdm©{gV ............... H$mo H$hm h¡&
1)
5)
b§H$m
àgmXOrZo ................ Ho$ Ë`mJ H$s _hÎmm ~VmB© h¡&
1)
4)
2)
AnZo H$mo_b H$a _| drUm .................. Zo br&
1)
3)
^maV
g_«mQ> AemoH$
2)
g_«mQ> M§ÐJwßV
^maVr`m| Zo ............... H$mo X`m H$m XmZ {X`m&
1)
`dZ
2)
b§H$m
3)
44
9)
H${d Zo h_| ............... _| nbo hþE dra H$hm h¡ ?
1)
10)
3)
epŠV
4)
Z_«Vm
XodVm
2)
eÌw
3)
XmdZ
4)
dra
gË`
2)
AgË`
3)
XmZ
4)
kmZ
ß`mao ^maVdf© na àgmX Or Zo ............. {ZMmda H$aZo H$m g§Xoe {X`m h¡&
1)
3.5
g_ra
dMZ _| .............. öX` _| VoO, à{Vkm _| ahVr Wr&
1)
12)
2)
^maVr`m| Ho$ {bE A{V{W ............. Ho$ g_mZ aho h¢&
1)
11)
àb`
gd©ñd
2)
JX©Z
3)
YZ
4)
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
ì`mo_-V_ nw§O = Amg_mZ _| N>m`m hþAm Kmoa A§Yoam (AkmZ)
2.
g§g¥{V = g§gma
3.
AemoH$ = emoH$a{hV, gwIr
4.
{d_b = _ba{hV, ewÕ.
5.
gßV qgYw = gmV g_wÐ (jra, X{Y, Y¥V, Bjw, _Yw, _{Xam Am¡a bdU)
6.
gm_ = gm_doX
7.
Aê$U Ho$VZ = bmb nVmH$m
8.
dê$U nW = Ob _mJ©
9.
A^rV = {ZS>a hmoH$a
10.
nwa§Xa = B§Ð
11.
n{d = dO«
12.
ApñW-`wJ = h{S²>S>`m| Ho$ h{W`mam| H$m `wJ
13.
EH$ {Zdm©{gV = am_
14.
aËZmH$a = g_wÐ
15.
àM§S> g_ra = ^`§H$a Vy\$mZ
16.
{dnÞ = XþIr, AmV©
45
ß`ma
3.6
3.7
3.8
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1) 1
2) 1
3) 1
4) 1
5) 1
6)
7) 1
8) 1
9) 1
10) 1
11) 1
12)
A
A
gmam§e :
1)
O`e§H$a àgmX àmMrZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg Ho$ àe§gH$ aho h¢&
2)
namYrZ ^maVr`m| H$mo EH$Ì H$aZo VWm H$V©ì` nW na bmZo Ho$ {bE àgmXOr Zo ^maVdf© Ho$
AVrV H$s Jm¡ad JmWm àñVwV H$s h¡&
3)
XYr{M, am_ VWm ~wX²Y O¡go _hmË_mAm| Ho$ X²dmam Ë`mJ, CËgmh, X`m Am¡a em§{V H$s _hV²
na§nam H$m AmXe© àñVwV {H$`m h¡&
4)
XmZ, nanrS>m H$mVaVm VWm A{V{W Xodmo ^d H$s _hmZ g§ñH¥${V H$m Jm¡ad H$aVo hþE OmJaU
H$m g§Xoe {X`m h¡&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ 1)
"^maV _{h_m' H${dVm _| H${d Zo Jm¡adembr ^maVr` B{Vhmg VWm g§ñH¥${V H$m {MÌU H$aVo
hþE Š`m H$hm h¡ ?
2)
"^maV _{h_m' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV ^maV H$s _hmZVm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE, g§Xoe g_PmBE&
Am) gg§X^© ñnï>rH$aU Ho$ {bE&
1)
3.9
""dhr h¡ aŠV, dhr h¡ Xoe, dhr gmhg h¡, d¡gm kmZ {ZN>mda H$a X| h_ gd©ñd, h_mam ß`mam
^maVdf©''
joÌr` H$m`© :
_amR>r VWm qhXr Ho$ àmMrZ ^maVr` B{Vhmg H$m Jm¡ad H$aZodmbo H${d`m| VWm ZmQ>H$H$mam| H$s
aMZmAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE& ^maV|Xþ, gmdaH$a, Hw$gw_mJ«O H$s aMZmAm| H$mo nT>rE&
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
2)
ñH§$XJwßV - O`e§H$a àgmX
Aê$U `h _Yw_` Xoe h_mam - O`e§H$a àgmX&
BBB
46
BH$mB© - 3 (~)
2)
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
ñZoh nW
3.3.1
^dmZràgmX {_l H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"ñZoh nW' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"ñZoh nW' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
3.1
- ^dmZràgmX {_l
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
gm_m{OH$ Ed§ _mZdr` ^mdZmAm| go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
2.
OrdZ _| ào_nyU© ì`dhma H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo&
3.
{_Ì-eÌy VWm ^Q>H$m hþAm amhr ^r ñZoh go gÝ_mJ© na H¡$go bm`m Om gH$Vm h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
4.
ß`ma {Jao hþE H$mo H¡$go CR>m gH$Vm h¡ VWm {H$VZr ^r JhamB© _| H¡$go nhþ±M gH$Vm h¡, Bgo g_P
gH|$Jo&
5.
^oX^md {_Q>mH$a ào_ XoZm hr _Zwî`Vm h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
47
3.2
àñVmdZm :
^dmZràgmX {_lOr dñVwV: EH$ gÀMo à{V^membr H${d Wo& CZH$m gm{hË` aqdÐZmW R>mHw$a VWm
A§J«oOr H${d dS²>©gdW© Ho$ H${dVm g§~§Yr AmXem] go A{YH$ à^m{dV b{jV hmoVm h¡& `Ú{n BÝh| ^r
à`moJdmXr Io_o _| em{_b H$a {b`m J`m Wm& qH$Vw BZH$m {ZOr OrdZ Xe©Z à`moJdmXr gm{hË` H$s
àd¥{Îm`m| Ho$ {dnarV OmZ nS>Vm h¡& dmñVd _| BZH$s H$mì`MoVZm ì`pŠVna ~hþV H$_ h¡ Am¡a g_ï>rnaH$
H$m\$s A{YH$ h¡& BZH$s H${dVm _| gd©Ì _mZdVmdmXr ñda Am¡a ZdOrdZ gm¢X`© h¡, Omo {H$ gm§àXm{`H$
g§X^© _| EH$ A{^Zd _mZdr` amJmË_H$ g§~§Y go OwS>o h¢&
AnZo nhbo hr H${dVm g§J«h "JrV-\$amoe' go qhXr H$mì`-OJV _| AnZm {d{eï> ñWmZ {Z_m©U
H$aZodmbo lr. ^dmZràgmX {_l Or Ho$ H$mì` _| dV©_mZH$mbrZ {dam|Ym| VWm {dg§J{V`m| H$m à^mdr {MÌU
nm`m OmVm h¡& CÝh| {XImdQ>r, AmS>§~a go `wŠV OrdZgo Z\$aV h¡& Bg{bE do AnZr A{^ì`pŠV H$mo nyar
Vah ghO Am¡a ^mdJå` ~ZmVo h¢&
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1
^dmZràgmX {_l H$m n[aM` :
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ loð> H${d ^dmZràgmX {_l H$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ hmoe§Jm~mX {Obo Ho$
{Q>J[a`m Jm§d _| 29 _mM©, 1913 _| EH$ H$mì`Hw$ãO ~«m÷U n[adma _| hþAm& AmnZo hmoe§Jm~mX go
hmB©gHy$b narjm CÎmrU© H$s Am¡a O~bnwa Ho$ am~Q>©gZ H$mboO go ~r.E. {H$`m& ~mX _| ñdmÜ`m` go g§ñH¥$V
Ed§ ~±Jbm H$m AÀN>m kmZ hm{gb {H$`m& BÝht {XZm| Jm§YrdmXr Xe©Z H$m AÜ``Z {H$`m Am¡a CZHo$
AZw`m`r ~Zo& 1942 Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| {hñgm boZo H$s dOh go VrZ gmb VH$ amOZr{VH$ ~§Xr aho&
^dmZràgmXOr Zo Or{dH$monmO©Z H$s Ñ{ï>go 1946 go 1950 VH$ _{hbml_ dYm© _| AÜ`mnZ {H$`m&
EH$ gmb VH$ amï´>^mfm àMma g{_Vr dYm© _| H$m`©aV aho& 1952 go 1955 VH$ h¡Ðm~mX _| "H$ënZm'
_m{gH$m n{ÌH$m H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m& 1956 go 1958 VH$ AmH$medmUr _w§~B© VWm {Xëbr _| qhXr H$m`©H«$_m|
H$m g§MmbZ {H$`m& 1958 go 1972 VH$ g§nyU© Jm§Yr gm{hË` H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m& BgHo$ ~mX Jm§Yr em§{V
à{Vð>mU, Jm§Yr ñ_maH$ {Z{Y Am¡a gd© godm g§K go g§~Õ aho&
{_lOr H$m àma§{^H$ OrdZ Zaqghnwam, gmohmJnwao, hmoe§Jm~mX Am¡a ~¡Vyb O¡go ñWmZm| na ~rVm h¡ Omo
aoIm Am¡a gVnwS>m nd©V Ho$ CÝ_wŠV ß`ma Ho$ gmjr h¢& Bg{bE AmnH$s aMZmAm| _| gVnwS>m Ho$ KZo O§Jbm|
H$mo AnZm {_Ì VWm AmË_r` _mZm h¡& dfm© Ho$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| H$mo AmnH$s aMZmAm| _| n`m©ßV _mÌm _| XoIH$a
g^r AmnH$mo ào_ go "dfm© H$m H${d' Zm_ go g§~mo{YV H$aVo h¢&
{_lOr _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ na_^ŠV Wo, AV: AmnH$s aMZmAm| _| Jm§YrdmXr Xe©Z Ho$ ~w{Z`mXr VËd
O¡go-ào_, em§{V, Aqhgm, l_ H$s à{Vð>m, Amem, g§H$ën, epŠV, gh-ApñVËd, _mZdr` H$ê$Um,
amï´>^mfm H$s Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U H$m Xm{`Ëd VWm gdm}X`r Ñ{ï> g§nyU© H$mì` _| n[ab{jV hmoVr h¡&
48
{_lOr à_wIV: _mZdVmdmXr H${d h¢& AmnH$s aMZmAm| _| _Zwî` hr g~go ~‹S>m hmoVm h¡& dhr CZHo$
gm{hË` H$m bú` h¡& AmnH$s aMZmE± AmnH$s gabVm-gmXJr Ed§ VmOJr H$m àVrH$ h¢& Amn Ab§H¥$V
^mfm go gX¡d Xÿa ah|&
B
H¥${VËd :
H$mì` g§J«h : JrV \$amoe, BXÝZ__, M{H$V h¡ Xþ:I, A§Yoar H${dVmE±, Jm§Yr n§MeVr, ~wZr hþB©
añgr, Iwe~y Ho$ {ebmboI, ì`pŠVJV, AZm_ Vw_ AmVo hmo, n[adV©Z {OE, {ÌH$mb g§Ü`m, eara H${dVm,
\$gb| Am¡a \y$b VWm g§à{V&
nwañH$ma :
1973
_| "~wZr hþB© añgr' Zm_H$ H${dVm g§J«h na gm{hË` AH$mX_r, {Xëbr go gå_m{ZV&
_Ü` àXoe, g§ñH¥${V {d^mJ H$s Amoa go {eIa gå_mZ go Ab§H¥$V&
3.3.2
"ñZoh nW' H${dVm H$m n[aM` :
`h H${dVm lr. ^dmZràgmX {_lOr H$s à_wI H¥${V h¡& Bg H${dVm _| {_l Or H$s gm_m{OH$ Ed§
_mZdr` ^mdZmE± ì`ŠV hþB© h¢& "ñZoh-nW' _| H${d Zo gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm Am¡a Cgo bmZo Ho$ {bE Om{V,
dJ©, dU© Am{X ^oXm| H$mo Ë`mJH$a g^r go ß`ma ^am ì`dhma H$aZo H$m AmJ«h {H$`m h¡& ào_nyU© ì`dhma
H$aZo H$s enW ^r {XbmB© h¡& n[aUm_V: Hw$N> ñWmZm| na Bg H${dVm H$mo "ào_ enW' Zm_ go ^r N>nm
h¡& OrdZ _| g_mZVm bmZo Ho$ {bE dmX {ddmX, K¥Um, CnXoe Am{X H$s Anojm ß`ma ^ao ì`dhma H$s
Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡& Cggo hr {H$grH$m _Z OrVm Om gH$Vm h¡& {H$gr ^Q>Ho$ hþE amhr H$mo gÝ_mJ© na
bm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Omo {H$gr H$maU AnZo AmXe© go {Ja J`m hmo Cgo CR>m`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg{bE H${d
Zo Bg H${dVm _| EH$ hr _mJ© na ~b {X`m h¡& {H$ ewÕ gmpËdH$ ào_ H$mo OZ-OZ VH$ \¡$bm Xmo& gånyU©
g§gma go K¥Um, Ûof, g§Kf© Am{X AnZo Amn g_mßV hmo Om`|Jo& _mZd OrdZ gwIr Am¡a em§{V_` hmo gHo$Jm&
Bg H${dVm _| Eogr e¡br H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡ {H$, Ohm± H${d {H$gr H$ënZm bmoH$ H$s ^md_` g¥{ï> H$s
Anojm nmañn[aH$ dmVm©bmn H$a ahm hmo& Bggo EH$ Eogm {ZOrnZ CVaVm h¡ Omo nmR>H$ `m lmoVm H$mo ~a~g
AmH¥$ï> Ed§ à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& eãX-M`Z à{VnmÚ Ho$ gd©Wm AZwHy$b hmoZo Ho$ H$maU e¡br _| àdmh Ed§
à^mdmoËnmXH$Vm H$s d¥{Õ hþB© h¡&
3.3.3
"ñZoh nW' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© :
H${d {_lOr ha _mZd Ho$ gmW ào_nyU© ì`dhma H$aZo H$m AmJ«h H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$, H$moB© ^r
ì`pŠV, {\$a dh {_Ì hmo `m eÌy, AnZm OmZm-nhMmZm hmo `m AZOmZm, {Ogo h_ AmO VH$ ~S>m g_PVo
aho, dh YZr ì`pŠV hmo `m H$moB© Jar~-gd©hmam ì`pŠV {H$gr H$maU go AnZo nW go ^Q>H$ J`m hmo, Vmo
Cggo H$Qw>Vm`wŠV ì`dhma H$aZo H$s ^yb h_| H$^r Zht H$aZr Mm{hE& H$^r {H$gr ì`pŠV Ho$ à{V ~war
YmaUm h_| Zht ~ZmZr Mm{hE& dh Eogm hr Wm, CgH$m ñd^md hr Eogm Wm, Bg ~mV Ho$ gm¡ Jdmh h¢,
49
~r.E. / _Ü`H$mbrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` ....4
H$hH$a CgH$s Cnojm H$aZm ^r C{MV Zht h¡& `{X gM_wM hr CgH$m n¡a {\$gb OmE, dh JbV _mJ©
nH$S> bo, Vmo CgHo$ gmW h_| H$R>moaVm go Zht ~pëH$ ñZoh Ho$ gmW noe AmZm Mm{hE& AnZo öX` _| Omo
ß`ma h¡ dh Cgo nyar Vahgo XoZm Mm{hE& Bggo hr dh {R>H$ _mJ© go, gÝ_mJ© go MbZm grIoJm& H${d H$m
`h ÑT> {dídmg h¡ {H$ gÀMo ñZoh go g^r àH$ma H$s Xþîàd¥{Îm`m| H$mo X~m`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg ñZoh _|
BVZr epŠV h¡ {H$ {H$gr {Jao hþE H$mo CR>mH$a gÝ_mJ© na nhþ±Mm`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {H$gr nËWa-{Xb AmX_r
H$s H$R>moaVm H$mo H$mo_b én àXmZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& OrdZ Am¡a OJV _| {H$VZr ^r JhamB`m± Š`m| Z
hmo, Eogr H$moB© OJh Zht {H$, Ohm± ß`ma nhþ±M Zht gH$Vm& AWm©V ~wamB`m| H$s Jhar ImB© _| {Jao hþE H$mo
^r ß`ma CR>m gH$Vm h¡& {H$VZm ^r ^«ï> O_mZm Am J`m hmo, bo{H$Z ß`ma H$m _yë` H$^r H$_ Zht hmoVm&
dh g~H$mo AÀN>m hr bJoJm& ß`ma Eogr MrO h¡ Omo {Jao hþE H$mo CR>m gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a BÝgmZ Ho$ OrdZ
_| Bggo ~S>m gËH$_© Zht& Bg g§gma _| H$moB© Eogm nVZ Zht h¡, {Ogo ñZoh Ho$ ghmao CR>m`m Z Om gHo$&
{g\©$ AJa h_ ß`ma ^ar {ZJmh {H$gr na S>mb XoVo h¢, Vmo Cggo {H$gr H$m Xþ:gmhg AnZo Amn Mbm
OmVm h¡& {H$gr H«$moYr ì`pŠV H$m H«$moY ^r {_Q> gH$Vm h¡& AnZr Y¥ï>Vm _| H$moB© {H$VZm ^r H$R>moa Š`m|
Z ~Zm hmo, CgHo$ Jmb ^r ào_ ^ao Am±gyAm|go h_ H$mo_b ~Zm gH$Vo h¢& AWm©V CgHo$ A§Xa ^r H$mo_b
ào_ ^mZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U H$a gH$Vo h¢& Bg{bE H$R>moaVm `m H$Qw>Vm nyU© ì`dhma N>moS> H$a h_| hm{X©H$ ào_
go Xÿgam| H$m {Xb OrV boZm Mm{hE&
H${d Zo bmoJm| _| ì`mßV enW CR>mZo H$s AmXV H$m dU©Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX g_mO H$mo H$ê$Um_` B©ída
VWm {H$gr ^yIo-ß`mgo _a OmZodmbo AmX_r H$s H$g_ XoH$a `h AZwamoY {H$`m h¡ {H$, h_| g~ Ho$ gmW
ñZoh go noe AmZm Mm{hE& Bggo hr OrdZ _| g_Vm, gh`moJ-gwI Am¡a g_¥X²>{Y Am OmEJr& {_lOr H$hVo
h¢ {H$, Bg g_mO _| ahZo dmbo g~H$mo enWm| go ~S>m ß`ma h¡& BVZm hr Zht CÝh| enW boZo H$s AmXV
nS> MwH$s h¡& `h enW JbV hmo `m ghr, bo{H$Z Cgo {Z^mZm ~hþV _wpíH$b h¡& ha H$g_ dmñVd _| EH$
_wgr~V h¡& O~ ^r H$moB© ì`pŠV {H$gr ~mV H$s enW boVm h¡ Vmo CgH$m n[aUm_ `hr hmoVm h¡ {H$ VahVah H$s _wgr~V| CgHo$ {ZH$Q> AnZo Amn nhþ±M OmVr h¢& (AWm©V H${dZo enW Am¡a _gr~V Ho$ Amngr
g§~§Y H$s H$nmobH$pënV ~mV na ì`§½` {H$`m h¡&) enW boVo g_` Vmo dh ~mV AÀN>r bJVr h¡, _Ja
`o ~mV AmJo MbH$a BVZr ~T> OmVr h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV ñdÀN>§XVm go AnZm OrdZ-`mnZ H$a hr Zht gH$Vm&
H${d g_mO na EH$ enW MT>mVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ Vw_ Bg enW H$mo ào_nyU© ì`dhma Ho$ _mÜ`_go OrdZ
_| CVmaZo H$s H$mo{ee H$amo& Ka-Ka _| AnZo {Xb _| {Z{hV ß`ma H$s ^mdZm nhþ±Mm Xmo&
H${d Cg H$ê$UmH$a `m X`m_y{V© na_mË_m H$s enW XoH$a H$hVm h¡ {H$, Vwåh| Cg Z§Jo AWm©V gd©hmam
ì`pŠV H$s enW h¡, Omo {^I_§Jm ñZoh H$s ^rI _m±JVo-_m±JVo {JS>{JS>mH$a _a J`m& Eogo Aghm` bmoJm|
Ho$ gmW g»V ~mV H$amoJo, Vmo do Am¡a A{YH$ XþIr hmo Om`|Jo& AV: Eogo bmoJm| H$mo AnZo öX` H$m ñZoh
~m§Q> X|Jo Vmo CZHo$ Mohao {Ib CR>|Jo& BgH$m à^md A{_Q> hmoJm&
50
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
1)
{H$gr Ho$ `e na Yyb CS>Vr XoIo Vmo Cggo ............... ~mV H$aZo H$s ^yb Zht H$aZr
Mm{hE&
1)
2)
4)
JbV
ñZoh
2)
Xþ:I
3)
H«$moY
4)
__©
JV©
2)
Hw$E§
3)
Joh
4)
g_w§Xa
Y¥ï>Vm
2)
ß`ma
3)
enW
4)
n[a{MV
enWm|
2)
AmXVm|
3)
{^I_§Jo
4)
Joh
3)
àgmX
4)
amOoe Omoer
"ñZoh-nW' H${dVm Ho$ H${d ........... h¢&
1)
3.5
~S>r
g_mO H$mo ............ go ~S>m ß`ma hmoVm h¡&
1)
6)
3)
ha EH$ ............... Ho$ H$nmob Am±gy go Jrbo hmoVo h¢&
1)
5)
ñZoh`wŠV
{H$VZo ^r Jhao aho ................ ha OJh ß`ma Om gH$Vm h¡&
1)
4)
2)
{H$gr Zo JbV amh nH$S>r hmo Vmo Cgo AnZo A§Va H$m .................. XoH$a XoIZo Ho$ {bE
H${d H$hVo h¢&
1)
3)
g»V
^dmZràgmX {_l
2)
ZraO
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
A§Va = öX`
2.
Zoh = ào_
3.
JV© = ImB©
4.
nVZ = {JamdQ>
5.
Xþñgmhg = H$R>maVmnyU© qh_V
6.
Y¥ï>Vm = {T>R>mB©
7.
_T>Zm = S>mbZm
8.
Joh-Joh = Ka-Ka
9.
H$ê$UmH$a = X`m_` ^JdmZ
51
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1) 1
3.7
3.8
2) 1
3) 1
4) 1
5) 1
6) 1
gmam§e :
1)
H${d Zo ñZohnW H${dVm _| ñZoh H$s Amgr_ epŠV H$m _hÎd {dfX {H$`m h¡& Omo ì`pŠV
n[apñW{V go der^yV hmoH$a n{VV hþAm h¡, Eogo ì`pŠV Ho$ gmW ß`ma ^am ì`dhma H$aZo go
dh {\$a AnZr CÞ{V H$a gH$Vm h¡, gÝ_mJ© na Mb gH$Vm h¡&
2)
{H$VZr ^r JhamB© _| ß`ma Om gH$Vm h¡ VWm {H$VZm ^r ^«ï> hmo O_mZm ß`ma ^m gH$Vm h¡&
H«$moYr ì`pŠV H$m H«$moY ^r ñZoh go {_Q> gH$Vm h¡&
3)
H${d Zo bmJm| H$mo H$ê$UmH$ma VWm {^I_§Jm| H$s enW {XbmH$a Bg Amoa CZH$m ÜmZ AmH${f©V
{H$`m h¡, {H$ g^r àH$ma Ho$ ^oX^md {_Q>mH$a hm{X©H$ ào_ XoZm, ^mdZmnyU© ì`dhma H$aZm hr
_Zwî`Vm h¡&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ.
""{H$VZo ^r Jhao aho JV©
ha OJh ß`ma Om gH$Vm h¡,
{H$VZm ^r ^«ï> O_mZm hmo,
ha g_` ß`ma ^m gH$Vm h¢''
Am) XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1)
3.9
"ñZoh nW' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV ñZoh H$m _hÎd {dfX H$s{OE&
joÌr` H$m`© :
H${d ZraO H$s "BgH$mo ^r AnZmVm Mb' VWm _amR>r Ho$ H${d _§Joe nmS>JmdH$a H$s "ào_ åhUOo
ào_ AgV' H${dVm Am| H$mo nT>rE&
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
kavyanchal.com
2)
kavitakosh.org/kk /
3)
^dmZràgmX {_l
"JrV \$amoe' - ^dmZràgmX {_l.
BBB
52
BH$mB© - 3 (H$)
3)
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm
3.3.1
ZraO H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
3.1
- ZraO
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
AmemdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo&
2.
H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gmhgnyU© gm_Zm H$a gH|$Jo&
3.
A§YH$ma Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE gyaO Am¡a XrnH$ H$m {H$VZm _hÎd h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
4.
dŠV H$mo Z g_PZodmbo H$mo H¡$go {_Q>Zm nS>Vm h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
5.
BÝgmZ OmJ¥V hmo OmVm h¡, Vmo {H$VZo ^r {dn[aV _m¡g_ H$mo dh ~Xb gH$Vm h¡& Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
53
3.2
àñVmdZm :
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ JrVH$mam| _| gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à` Am¡a geŠV H${d ZraO qhXr Ho$ EH$ Eogo JrVH$ma
h¢, {Ogo g~go A{YH$ n‹T>m Am¡a gwZm OmVm h¡& ZraO AnZo OrdZ _| "H$bm OrdZ Ho$ {bE' à`moOZ Ho$
g_W©H$ aho& ZraO Or _mZdVmdmXr H${d h¢& CZH$m _mZdVm ào_ {dídào_ _| hr ì`mßV h¡& do _mZd ào_
H$mo g¥{ï> _| g~go ~S>m Y_© _mZVo h¢& AZw^y{V H$s ghO-gw§Xa A{^ì`pŠV, H$ënZm{à`Vm, qMVZerbVm,
gm¢X`©_`r d¥{Îm, agnyU© ^mfm, b`, g§JrVmË_H$Vm, gwHw$_ma ^md-eæ`m, amo_mZr ^mdmdoe VWm _mZdVmdmX
CZHo$ H$mì` H$s à_wI {deofVmE± aht h¢&
ZraO Ho$ {à` {df`m| _| go EH$ h¡ - _¥Ë`w& Bg{bE H$B© AmbmoMH$moZo CÝh| _¥Ë`wdmXr H${d VH$ H$h
{X`m h¡& d¡go ào_ ZraO H$m gdm©{YH$ {à` {df` h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm gm¢X`© VWm amoQ>r CZHo$ AÝ` ß`mao {df`
aho h¢& CÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$ ê${T>`m| Ed§ {df_VmAm| H$s H$Qw> AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE X{bVm| Ed§ emo{fVm| H$s nr‹S>m
H$mo dmUr Xr h¡& CÝh| AQy>Q> {dídmg h¡ {H$ _mZd Ho$ à`mgm| go Bgr YaVr na ñdJ© CVmam Om gH$Vm h¡&
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1
ZraO H$m n[aM`
lr. JmonmbXmg gŠgoZm "ZraO' H$m OÝ_ 8 \$adar, 1929 B©. H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ BQ>mdm {Obo Ho$
nwamdbr Zm_H$ Jm§d _| EH$ gmYmaU H$m`ñW O_tXma n[adma _| hþAm Wm& 1942 _| CÝhm|Zo hmB©ñHy$b H$s
narjm àW_ loUr _| CÎmrU© H$s& 1951 _| ~r.E. VWm 1953 _| E_.E. H$s narjm ^r àW_ loUr _| CÎmrU©
H$s& N>: df© H$s AdñWm _| hr {nVmOr H$s N>m`m CR> J`r& n[adma _| _m± Ho$ Abmdm VrZ N>moQ>o XÿY_w±ho
^mB© Wo&
ZraO Zo AnZo OrdZ _| H$B© Zm¡H$[a`m± H$s& n[adma Ho$ ^aU-nmofU VWm N>moQ>o ^mB`m| H$s {ejm H$m
~moP ^r CÝht Ho$ H§$Ym| na hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$mo AnZo hmB©ñHy$b OrdZ go hr H$B© N>moQ>o-_moQ>o H$m_ H$aZo
n‹S>o& H$^r CÝhm|Zo {gZo_mKa H$s XþH$mZ na H$m_ {H$`m, Vmo H$^r Q>mB{nñQ> Ho$ ê$n _|& H$^r gm°åg npãb{gQ>r
hmD$g _| ghm`H$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© {H$`m, Vmo H$^r H$mZnwa Ho$ S>r.E.dr. H$m°boO _| ŠbmH$s© H$s& H$^r
{dXoer H§$nZr "~mëH$Q>© ~«Xg©' _| ñQ>oZmo Q>mB{nñQ> H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aZo Ho$ ~mX 1955 _| _oaR> H$m°boO _|
àmÜ`mnH$ Ho$ ê$n _| Vmo 1956 go do Y_©g_mO H$m°boO AbrJ‹T> _| àmÜ`nmH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`©aV aho& Bg
àH$ma ZraO Zo AnZo OrdZ H$s _y{V© ñd`§ AnZo hr hmWm| ~ZmB©&
3.3.2
"A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm H$m n[aM` -
ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` Am_ bmJm| Ho$ _Z _| AZoH$ gnZo OmJ¥V hþE Wo& bo{H$Z Hw$N> ñdmWu
amOZoVmAm| VWm ^«ï> emgH$m| Zo Am_ bmoJm| Ho$ gnZm| H$mo MH$ZmMya {H$`m& do ñdmW©de Am_ bmoJm| na
BVZm AÝ`m` H$aVo aho {H$, AÝ`m` Ho$ A§Yoao _| OrdZ H$m _mJ© Ty>±T>Zm ^r Am_ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE XþîH$a hmoZo
54
bJm& gm_mÝ` bmoJm| H$s `h {Zhm`V J_JrZ Am¡a ~o~g pñW{V göX` ^mdZmAm| Ho$ H${d ZraO go XoIr
Z JB©& bo{H$Z H${d H$m {dídmg h¡ {H$ EH$ {XZ `h g~ Hw$N> T>b Om`oJm& g~Hw$N> H$m AñV hmo Om`oJm&
Š`m|{H$ ñdV§ÌVm H$m gyaO CJZo Ho$ ~mX CgH$s amoeZr H$mo H$moB© AnZo hmWm|, Kam| `m Ab_m[a`m| _| ~§X
Zht H$a gHo$Jm& Bg{bE Owë_ H$aZodmbo ZmXmZm| H$mo gå~moYH$a ZraOOrZo "A§{Y`ma T>bH$a ahoJm' H${dVm
_| MoVmdZr XoVo hþE H$hm h¡ ""dŠV H$mo {OgZo Zht g_Pm Cgo {_Q>Zm nS>m h¡,
~M J`m Vbdma go Vmo \y$b go H$Q>Zm nS>m h¡,
Š`m| Z {H$VZr hr ~S>r hmo, Š`m| Z {H$VZr hr H${R>Z hmo
ha ZXr H$s amh go MQ²>Q>mZ H$mo hQ>Zm nS>m h¡&''
3.3
"A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© :
H${d JmonmbXmg gŠgoZm "ZraO' Zo "A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm _| OrdZ Ho$ à{V AnZo
AmemdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡& do H$hVo h¢ {H$, Mmho Am±{Y`m± ~ma-~ma {KaVr aho Am¡a {~O{b`m±
^r ah-ahH$a YaVr na {JaVr ah|; bo{H$Z Omo Xrn Ob ahm h¡ dh ObVm hr ahoJm Am¡a A§YH$ma Adí`
Xÿa hmoJm& H${d Ho$ H$hZo H$m A{^àm` `h h¡ {H$ {Og àH$ma N>moQ>o go Xrn H$s amoeZr gKZ A§YH$ma H$mo
Xÿa H$a XoVr h¡ Am¡a A§YH$ma T>bH$a hr ahVm h¡ VWm Am§Yr Am¡a Vy\$mZ Cg Xrn H$s amoeZr _§X Zht H$a
nmVo, Cgr àH$ma _Zwî` H$mo ^r AnZo OrdZ _| H${R>ZmB`m| go V{ZH$ ^r {dM{bV Z hmoZm Mm{hE&
H${d H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ amoeZr H$moB© ny±Or Zht h¡ {Ogo {VOmoar _| aIm Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a dh Eogm
{Ibm¡Zm ^r Zht h¡ {OgH$m _yë` àË`oH$ J«mhH$ bJmVm aho& dmñVd _| dh Vmo ngrZo H$s h±gr h¡ Am¡a
ehrXm| H$s Am`w h¡ VWm dh Cg Z`o gy`© H$m CX` H$hVr h¡ {OgH$s {H$aUm| go VS>nH$a {Vb{_bmZodmbo
OJV H$mo amhV {_bVr h¡ Am¡a ghr amh ^r& Bg{bE H${d H$aVm h¢ {H$ CX` hmo ahr bm¡ H$mo Q>moH$Zm Zht
Mm{hE Am¡a Á`mo{V Ho$ aW H$mo amoH$Zm C{MV Zht h¡, H$`m|{H$ gw~h H$m XÿV Vmo ha àH$ma Ho$ A§YH$ma H$mo
{ZJbH$a hr ahoJm VWm Omo Xrn Ob ahm h¡ dh ObVm hr ahoJm Am¡a A§YH$ma Adí` Xÿa hmoJm&
ZraO H$hVo h¢ {H$, Xrn Mmho O¡gm ^r hmo Am¡a H$ht ^r hmo, na§Vw dh gy`© H$m AdVma h¡ Am¡a ^bo
hr Yyn Ho$ g_` CgH$m Hw$N> ^r _hÎd Z g_Pm OmE, bo{H$Z A§YH$ma _| dh nhaoXma h¡& H${d H$m H$hZm
h¡ {H$ Xÿa go Vmo dh XrnH$ Ho$db EH$ \y±$H$ H$m hr V_mem h¡, bo{H$Z `{X dh eara go Ny> Om` Vmo,
{\$a dh {dßbdr A§Jma hr h¡& BgH$m AW© `h h¡ {H$, h_ AnZr EH$ \y±$H$ go XrnH$ H$mo ~wPmH$a CgH$s
amoeZr _§X H$a gH$Vo h¢, bo{H$Z `{X dhr àÁd{bV Xrn h_mao eara H$m ñne© H$aVm h¡, Vmo {\$a eara
Ob CR>oJm& H${d H$hVm h¡ {H$ Xrdma IS>r H$aZm Am¡a bmI-bmI XadmOo bJmZm ~oH$ma hr h¡ Š`m|{H$
Bggo Xrn H$s amoeZr _§X Zht hmoJr Am¡a {_Q²>Q>r Ho$ Xrn _| A_¥V ê$nr amoeZr hmoH$a hr ahoJr VWm Omo
Xrn Ob ahm h¡ dh ObVm hr ahoJm Am¡a A§YH$ma Adí` Xÿa amoJm& AWm©V ñdmYrZ ^maV H$s Am_ OZVm
55
A~ OmJ¥V hþB© h¡, AV: CZHo$ g_j AÝ`m` Am¡a AkmZ H$m A§Yoam IS>m H$aHo$, CÝh| amoH$m Zht Om gH$Vm&
`{X OdmZr h¡ Vmo hdm àË`oH$ Ky±KQ> ImobVr h¡, Eogr OdmZ VWm VoO hdm H$mo amoH$Zo H$m à`mg H$aVo
h¢ Vmo dh Am±{Y`m| H$m ê$n YmaU H$aVr h¡& EH$ ~ma dh Vy\$mZ ~Z OmVr h¡ Vmo, Z dh H$mZyZ OmZVr
h¡ Am¡a Z hr H$moB© à{V~§Y Cgo amoH$ nmVm h¡& dh nhmS>m| na ^r ~X{b`m| H$s Vah CN>bVr-S>mobVr Xm¡S>Vr
ahVr h¡& Bg epŠVembr hdm Ho$ àVrH$ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$, AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ EH$ ~ma
{dÐmoh IS>m hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo, {\$a Cgo Mm±Xr Ho$ Omb _| bnoQ>mo VWm Cgo IyZ Ho$ gm¡Xo _| g_oQ>Zo H$m à`mg
H$amo& Eogm {dÐmohr _mZd ha H¡$X go ~mha {ZH$bH$a hr ahoJm& Am¡a `h d¡gm hr hmoJm O¡gm Xrn ObZo
Ho$ ~mX A§YH$ma H$m T>bZm {ZpíMV h¡&
ñdmYrZ ^maV _| ^r AÝ`m`nyd©H$ Xÿgam| Ho$ A{YH$mam| na H$ãOm H$a ~¡R>o bmoJm| H$mo MoVmdZr XoVo hþE
H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$, {OgZo g_` H$mo Zht g_Pm Cgo {_Q>Zm nS>Vm h¡& ha O_mZo H$m dmVmdaU AbJ hmoVm
h¡& nwamUr _mÝ`VmE±, nwamZr na§namE± VWm ñdmW©, A§YËd Am{X boH$a H$moB© Z`r amoeZr H$mo amoH$Zm MmhVm
hmo Vmo Cgo hmaZm hr nS>oJm& dŠV H$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo Ü`mZ _| boH$a Omo PwH$Vm Zht h¡, Cgo H$Q>Zm nS>Vm
h¡& ñdV§ÌVm H$m gyaO {ZH$bm hr h¡ Vmo dh AnZr {H$aUm| H$mo ha EH$ VH$ nhþ±MmE {~Zm Zht ah gH$Vm&
O¡go {H$ {H$gr nhmS>r go ~h Am`r ZXr Ho$ _mJ© _| H$moB© MÅ>mZ Am OmVm h¡ Vmo, ZXr AnZo _mJ© go Cgo
H$mQ> XoVr h¡& ZXr H$mo h_oem Ho$ {bE {H$gr MQ²²>Q>mZ go amoH$m Zht Om gH$Vm& d¡go hr {H$gr H$m ñdmW©,
{H$gr H$s g§Hw${MV Ñ{ï> ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ àH$me H$mo amoH$ Zht gH$Vr& Bg{bE H${d MoVmdZr XoVm h¡ {H$ h_|
ñdmW© N>moS>H$a àH$me go g§{Y H$aZr Mm{hE& Š`m|{H$ dV©_mZ `wJ _| _mZd OmJ CR>m h¡& A~ OmJ hr J`m
h¡ Vmo, A§Yoao H$mo ^JmZodmbo XrnH$ H$s Vah dh AÝ`m`nyU© _mhm¡b H$mo ~XbH$a hr ahoJm&
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
2)
"A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm Ho$ H${d ............... h¢&
1) ZraO
2) {Zambm
3) àgmX
4)
^dmZràgmX {_l
Ob J`m h¡ Xrn Vmo A§{Y`ma .................. hr ahoJm&
1) ObH$a
2) T>bH$a
3) JbH$a
4)
{ZJbH$a
3)
Xrn H¡$gm ^r Š`m| Z hmo ZraO Zo Cgo ................ H$m AdVma H$hm h¢&
1) V_
2) ny±Or
3) gy`©
4) \y$b
4)
dŠV H$mo {OgZo Zht g_Pm Cgo ............... nS>m h¡&
1) hQ>Zm
2) bS>Zm
3) ^mJZm
5)
............... Ho$ OmJ OmZo go _m¡g_ ~XbH$a hr ahoJm&
1) BÝgmZ
2) nm§{N>`m|
3) ZXr
56
4)
{_Q>Zm
4)
MQ²>Q>mZ
3.5
3.6
3.7
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
ny±Or = g§n{Îm, YZ
2.
Xm_ = _yë`
3.
V_ = A§YH$ma
4.
{dßbdr = {dÐmohr, H«$m§{VH$mar
5.
_¥{VH$m = {_Q²>Q>r
6.
{H$dmS> = XadmOm
7.
à{V~§Y = éH$mdQ>
8.
MQ²²>Q>mZ = ~S>m nËWa
9.
g§{Y = gwbh, {_ÌVm
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1) 1
2) 2
4) 4>
5) 1
3) 3
gmam§e :
1)
Am§{Y`m| Ho$ {KaZo go Am¡a {~O{b`m| Ho$ ~ma-~ma {JaZo go Omo g§H$Q>m| H$m A§Yoam {Z_m©U hmo OmVm
h¡, dh XrnH$ Ho$ ObZo Ho$ ~mX {ZpíMV Xÿa hmo Om`oJm& `h H${d H$m {dídmg h¡&
2)
amoeZr H$mo H${d Zo OmJaU H$m àVrH$ _mZm h¡ Am¡a H$hm h¡ {H$, dh H$moB© ny±Or Zht h¡, {Ogo
{VOmoar _| ~§X {H$`m OmE& dh {Ibm¡Zm ^r Zht h¡, {OgH$m _yë` ha J«mhH$ bJmE& dmñVd
_| dh Vmo ngrZo H$s h±gr VWm ehrXm| H$s Am`w h¡& AWm©V AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ {dÐmoh Ho$ {bE
Anma H$ï> VWm g_n©U H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&
3)
Xrn Mmho O¡gm hmo, Cgo H${d Zo gy`© H$m AdVma H$hm h¡ Am¡a dh A§YH$ma _| nmaoXma H$m H$m_
H$aVm h¢&
4)
dŠV H$mo Omo g_P Zht nmVm, Cgo {_Q>Zm nS>Vm h¡ Am¡a `h d¡go hr hmoVm h¡ O¡go, ZXr H$s
Ymam H$mo amoH$Zodmbo MQ²>Q>mZ H$mo Qy>Q>H$a {~IoaZm nS>Vm h¡&
g§jon _| BÝgmZ Ho$ OmJ OmZo go _m¡g_ ~XbH$a hr ahVm h¡ Am¡a AÝ`m`ê$nr A§Yoam Zï> hmo
OmVm h¡&
57
3.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ.
""dŠV H$mo {OgZo Zht g_Pm Cgo {_Q>Zm nS>m h¡,
ha ZXr H$s amh go MQ²>Q>mZ H$mo hQ>Zm nS>m h¡&''
Am) XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1)
3.9
"A§{Y`ma T>bH$a hr ahoJm' H${dVm _| {d{^Þ CXmhaUm| X²dmam {X`m hþAm OmJaU H$m g§Xoe
g_PmBE&
joÌr` H$m`© :
_hmXodr d_m© H$s "_Ywa-_Ywa _oao XrnH$ Ob' H${dVm H$mo n{T>E VWm "A§Yma \$ma Pmbm nUVr OnyZ
R>odm' Bg _amR>r Ho$ JrV H$mo gw{ZE&
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
lr jo_M§Ð gw_Z X²dmam gånm{XV "AmO Ho$ bmoH${à` H${d ZraO' nwñVH$ n{T>E&
BBB
58
BH$mB© - 3 (S>)
4)
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
amOoe Omoer H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"BË`m{X' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"BË`m{X' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
3.1
BË`m{X
- amOoe Omoer
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
^maVr` Am_ bmoJm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ ñVa go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
2.
^maVr` Am_ g_mO H$s {XZM`m© VWm VmXmV go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
3.
Am_ bmoJ S>aZm N>moS> XoVo h¢, Vmo ~mH$s bmoJ (~S>o bmoJ) CZgo H¡$go S>a OmVo h¢, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
4.
BË`m{X `m Am_ bmoJm| Ho$ H$ï>m| go hr Xþ{Z`m MbVr h¡, bo{H$Z AkmZde do Ho$db emofU H$m {eH$ma
hmoVo h¢& Bgo g_P gH|$Jo&
59
3.2
àñVmdZm :
amOoe Omoer gm{hË` AH$mX_r X²dmam nwañH¥$V qhXr gm{hË`H$ma h¢, {OÝhm|Zo gÎma Ho$ XeH$ Ho$
Ama§{^H$ H$mb _| {bIZm Ama§^ {H$`m Wm& CÝhm|Zo {ejm nyar H$aZo Ho$ ~mX nÌH$m[aVm ewê$ H$s Am¡a Hw$N>
gmbm| VH$ AÜ`mnZ ^r {H$`m& amOoe Omoer Zo H${dVmAm| Ho$ Abmdm H$hm{Z`m±, ZmQ>H$, boI Am¡a
{Q>ßn{U`m± ^r {bIt& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> ZmQ>çénm§Va VWm Hw$N> bKw {\$ë_m| Ho$ {bE nQ>H$Wm boIZ H$m
H$m`© ^r {H$`m& H$B© ^maVr` ^mfmAm| Ho$ gmW-gmW A§J«oOr, ê$gr Am¡a O_©Z _| ^r CZH$s H${dVmAm| Ho$
AZwdmX àH$m{eV hþE h¢& amOoe Omoer H$s H${dVmE± Jhao gm_m{OH$ A{^àm` go `wŠV hmoVr h¢& do OrdZ
Ho$ g§H$Q> _| ^r Jhar AmñWm H$mo C^maVr h¢& CZHo$ H$mì` _| AmË_r`Vm Am¡a b`mË_H$Vm h¡ VWm _Zwî`Vm
H$mo ~MmE aIZo H$m EH$ {Za§Va g§Kf© ^r& "BË`mXr' H${dVm _| H${dH$m g§Kf© Cg AmX_r Ho$ {bE h¡, {Ogo
g_mO H$s g§aMZm _| Ý`m` Zht {_bm& Omo BË`m{X h¢&
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1
amOoe Omoer H$m n[aM`
amOoe Omoer H$m OÝ_ 8 OwbmB©, 1946 H$mo _Ü` àXoe Ho$ Zaqgh {Obo _| hþAm Wm& Amn gmB§g
Ho$ N>mÌ aho& AZoH$ {dX²`mb`m| _| {ejU H$m`© Ho$ gmW hr boIZ ^r {H$`m& b§~o g_` VH$ ~¢H$ _| godmaV
aho& dV©_mZ _| ñdV§Ì boIZ _| g§b½Z amOoe Or gXm CÀM {dMma Ho$ gyÌ H$mo M[aVmW© H$a aho h¢& AmnHo$
n[adma _| _m± VWm nm±M ^mB© h¢& AmnH$s nËZr ~¢H$ _| godmaV h¢& VWm EH$ nwÌr AmB©AmB©Q>r _w§~B© _| boŠMaa
h¡& AmnH$s ~MnZ gohr boIZ _| ê${M ahr h¡& AemoH$ AÌo Am¡a doUw Jmonmb Or Ho$ g§nH©$ go AmnH$s
boIZ _| é{M n¡Xm hþB©&
boIZ Ho$ Abmdm AmnZo Q´>oS> `w{Z`Z _| H$m_ {H$`m h¡ VWm ^monmb J¡gH$m§S> _| Am_ OZ H$m godH$
~ZH$a ^r H$m_ {H$`m h¡&
B
H¥${VËd :
H${dVm g§J«h - EH$ {XZ, ~mob|Jo noS>, {_Q²>Q>r H$m Moham, Xmo n§{º$`m| Ho$ ~rM, Am¡a ZonÏ` _| hm±gr&
b§~r H${dVm - g_aJmWm&
AZwdmX - nVbyZ nhZm AmX_r (_m`H$modñH$s H$s H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX), YaVr H$m H$ënVê$
(^¥Vh[a H$s H${dVmAm| H$m AZwdmX)
~mb H${dVm g§J«h - J|X {Zambr {_Q²>Qy>&
BgHo$ Abmdm AmnZo H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ VWm AmbmoMZm Ho$ joÌ _| ^r boIZ {H$`m h¡, VWm "Bg{bE'
Am¡a "Z`m nW' n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ {H$`m h¡& Hw$N> bKw {\$ë_m| H$s nQ>H$WmE± ^r {bIr h¢&
60
B
nwañH$ma :
amOoe Omoer H$mo _wpŠV~moY nwañH$ma, lrH$m§V d_m© ñ_¥{V gå_mZ, e_eoa gå_mZ, nhb gå_mZ,
_Ü`àXoe gaH$ma H$m {eIa gå_mZ, _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr nwañH$ma VWm "Xmo n§pŠV`m| Ho$ ~rM' H${dVm g§J«h
H$mo gZ 2002 H$m gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma àmßV hþAm h¡&
3.3.2
"BË`m{X' H${dVm H$m n[aM` :
AmO ^maV BŠH$sgdt gXr Ho$ àW_mY© _| nXmn©U H$a MwH$m h¡& ^y_§S>brH$aU, CXmarH$aU, ~mOmadmX
Am¡a Cn^moŠVmdmX H$m _m¡OyXm Xm¡a AmO Ho$ ^maV H$s {deofVm h¡& `h EH$ Eogm Xm¡a h¡ Ohm± goÝgoŠg H$m
Am±H$S>m ~rg hOma nma H$a OmVm h¡, Am¡a Xÿgar Amoa Am_ AmX_r H$s VH$br\$m| H$m gyMH$m§H$ VoOr go
~T>Vm ahVm h¡& Am_ AmX_r A{YH$m{YH$ g_ñ`mAm| go OyPVm ahVm h¡& amOoe Omoer Or H$mo BÝhr Am_
bmoJm| H$s qMVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo Bg H${dVm H$s {Z{_©{V H$m à`moOZ ñnï> H$aVo hþE IwX {bIm h¡ - ""_oao »`mb
go _oar hr Zht, ha boIH$ Ho$ boIZ H$s _yb qMVm EH$ hr hmoVr h¡, {H$ dh Cg AmX_r H$s Va\$ go
~mob gHo$, {Ogo g_mO H$s g§aMZmAm| _| Ý`m` Zht {_bm& Omo BË`m{X h¡& dmñVd _| {OZHo$ X_ na Xþ{Z`m
Mb ahr h¡, Omo _yb CËnmXZ H$_© H$a aho h¢, dhr g_mO _| g~go A{YH$ Cno{jV h¢& _oar H${dVm ì`dñWm
_| _m¡OyX Bg _yb^yV AÝ`m` Ho$ {déÕ h¡&'' ñnï> h¡ Omoer Or Zo ^maVr` Am_ bmoJm| H$s dV©_mZ H$mbrZ
pñW{V H$m `WmW© qMÌU Bg H${dVm _| {H$`m h¡&
3.3.3
"BË`m{X H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© :
amOoe Omoer H$hVo h¢ {H$, ^maVr` g_mO _| _§Ìr _hmoX`, A\$ga VWm ~S>o nXm| na {damO_mZ bmoJm|
H$mo hr _hÎdnyU© g_PH$a _mZ-gå_mZ {_bVm h¡& Vmo Xÿgar Amoa {XZ-amV H$ï> CR>mZodmbo Am_ bmoJm| H$mo
ho` Ñ{ï> go XoIm OmVm h¡& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ~S>o-~S>o nXm| na {damO_mZ bmoJm| H$m g^m-g_mamoh _| C„oI
hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ~mH$s g~ H$mo BË`m{X (Am_) g_PH$a CZH$s Va\$a H$moB© Ü`mZ Zht XoVm&
XaAgb BË`m{X `m Am_ bmoJm| H$s g§»`m g_mO _| A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& Am_ bmoJ Am{W©H$ Ñ{ï> go
H$_Omoa hmoVo h¢&, Bg{bE ^mdVmd \$aHo$ gãOr IarXVo h¢ Am¡a ImZm ImH$a Img bmoJm| Ho$ ^mfU gwZZo
OmVo h¢& (Š`m|{H$ BZ Am_ bmoJm| H$mo ^«_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^mfU XoZodmbo Img bmoJ g~ gM ~mobVo h¢& VWm
n§{S>V hmoVo h¢&) g^m-g_mamoh _| CnpñWV hmoZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a dŠVmAm| Ho$ ^mfU gwZZo Ho$ {bE Img bmoJm|
Ho$ nmg g_` Zht hmoVm& AV: dhm± ^r Am_ bmoJm| H$mo hr CnpñW{V ~T>mZr nS>Vr h¡& ZoVm AnZo ñdmW©
Ho$ {bE Owbyg {ZH$mbVo h¢, bo{H$Z Cg_| nyar {Oå_oXmar Am_ bmoJm| nahr gm¢nr OmVr h¡& Vp»V`m± CR>mZm,
Zmao bJmZm `o nyao H$m_ BÝh| hr H$aZo nS>Vo h¢& Am_ bmoJ b§~r bmBZm| _| IS>o hmoH$a _VXmZ H$aVo h¢&
Š`m|{H$ CÝh| ~ma-~ma `h ^«_ {X`m J`m Wm {H$ do hr Bg bmoH$V§Ì _| gaH$ma ~ZmVo h¢& amOZoVmAm| H$s
Hy$Q>Zr{V go do AZOmZ hmoVo h¢& BÝht Am_ OZm| H$mo CH$gmH$a ñdmWu amOZoVm Am§XmobZ H$amVo h¢ Am¡a
Am§XmobZm| _| em{_b Am_ bmoJ nw{bg H$s Jmobr go _ma {X`o OmVo h¢&
61
Am§XmobZm| _| em{_b Am_ bmoJ nw{bg H$s Jmobr go _mao OmZo na, CgH$s ^r amOZr{V H$s OmVr
h¡& Am§XmobH$ ZoVm g_mMmanÌ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _ao hþE bmoJm| Ho$ ñHy$b _| ^Vu H$aVo dŠV aIo JE Zm_ AÝ`
bmoJm|VH$ nhþ±MmVo h¢& VWm Hw$N> VZ»dmh boZodmbo bmoJm| Ho$ Zm_ CZHo$ H$m`m©b`m|go àmßV {H$E OmVo h¢&
Hw$N> _ao hþE bmoJ Eogo hmXgm| _| ^r BË`m{X hr ah OmVo h¢& AWm©V CZH$s nhMmZ Z hmoZogo AZOmZ Kmo{fV
{H$E OmVo h¢&
BË`m{X `m Am_ bmoJ ha OJh em{_b hmoH$a ^r CZHo$ Zm_ H$ht ^r Zht {bE OmVo& g\$bVm VWm
`e Ho$ A{YH$mar Vmo AmohXo dmbo bmoJ hr hmoVo h¢& Eogo Am_ bmoJm| H$m C„oI Hw$N> {ga{\$ao `m nmJb
H${d`m| H$s H${dVm _| AŠga {XImB© XoVm h¡& AWm©V {Zambm H$s àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam go à^m{dV amOoe
OmoerOr Am_ bmoJm| H$s BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢&
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
"BË`m{X' ............... H$s H${dVm h¡ ?
1)
2)
4)
{_l
Am_
2)
Img
3)
XþK©Q>ZmJ«ñV
4)
~S>o
Hw$Îmo
2)
Jw§S>o
3)
BË`m{X
4)
amOZoVm
nwbrg
2)
Jw§S>m|
3)
BË`m{X
4)
amOZoVmAm|
Am§hXodmbo
2)
BË`m{X
3)
H${d
4)
{ga{\$ao bmoJm|
{ga{\$ao H${d`m| H$s H${dVm _| ............... AŠga {XI OmVo Wo?
1)
3.5
àgmX
Xoe Am¡a Xþ{Z`m ............... Ho$ H$ï>m| go MbVr h¡&
1)
6)
3)
............... Ho$ S>aZm N>moS> XoZogo ~mH$s g~ S>a OmVo Wo&
1)
5)
ZraO
nw{bg H$s Jmobr go ................ _ma {X`o OmVo Wo&
1)
4)
2)
"BË`m{X' eãX H$m à`moJ H${dVm _| .................. bmoJm| Ho$ {bE {H$`m J`m h¡&
1)
3)
amOoe Omoer
nw{bg
2)
BË`m{X
3)
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
AmohXm = nX&
2.
BË`m{X = Am_ bmoJ Ho$ {bE à`wŠV eãX&
3.
VmXmV = g§»`m, {JZVr&
62
AmohXodmbo
4)
S>anmoH$
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.
^md-Vmd = {H$gr dñVw H$m _yë` Am{X&
5.
Jmoï>r = g^m, dmVm©bmn&
6.
Vp»V`m± = {bIZo H$s n{Å>`m±, ~°Za&
7.
Omo{I_ = Eogm H$m_ {Og_| Amn{Îm hm|&
8.
{ga{\$am = nmJb&
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1) 1
2) 1
3) 3
4) 3>
5) 2
6) 2
gmam§e :
1)
^maVr` g_mO _| nXm| na {daO_mZ bmoJm| H$mo _hÎdnyU© Vmo ~mH$s g^r Am_ bmJm| H$mo ho`
g_Pm OmVm h¡&
2)
H${d Zo Am_ bmoJm| H$mo BË`m{X H$hm h¡, Omo ^mdVmd H$aHo$ gãOr IarXVo h¢, g^m-g_mamoh
_| g§»`m ~‹T>mVo h¢, Owbyg _| em{_b hmoVo h¢& Vp»V`m CR>mZm, Zmao bJmZm, bmB©Z bJmH$a
_VXmZ H$aZm, Am§XmobZm| _| em{_b hmoZm BÝht bmoJm| H$m H$m_ h¡&
3)
Am_ bmoJ nw{bg H$s Jmobr go _ma {XE OmVo h¢, {\$a ^r CZH$s H$moB© {deof nhMmZ Zht hmoVr&
do Omo{I_ CR>mZo go S>aVo h¢& bo{H$Z O~ do S>aZm N>moS> XoV h¢ Vmo ~mH$s g~ CZgo S>aVo h¢&
4)
Xoe Am¡a Xþ{Z`m BZgo MbVr h¡, bo{H$Z AkmZde _| Bgo g_P Zht nmVo& AV: BZ Am_
bmoJm|H$m H$ht Zm_ Zht hmoVm& BÝh| {g\©$ Hw$N> nmJb H${d`m| H$s H${dVm _|hr ñWmZ {_bVm
h¡& AWm©V H${d Am_ bmoJm| H$mo gOJ H$aHo$ CÝh| CZHo$ hH$ {XbmZm MmhVo h¢&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ.
""BË`m{X `y± Vmo ha Omo{I_ go S>aVo Wo
bo{H$Z H$^r-H$^r O~ dmo S>aZm N>moS> XoVo Wo
Vmo ~mH$s g~ CZgo S>aZo bJVo Wo
BË`m{X hr H$aZo H$mo dmo gmao H$m_ H$aVo Wo&''
63
Am) XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1)
3.9
"BË`m{X' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV ^maVr` Am_ bmoJm| H$s pñW{V ñnï> H$aVo hþE H${dVm H$m g§Xoe
g_PmBE&
joÌr` H$m`© :
_amR>r Ho$ ~hþM{M©V H${d Zm. Ymo. _hmZmoa H$s Am_ ^maVr` bmoJm| Ho$ {bE {bIr H${dVmAm| H$m
AÜ``Z H$s{OE&
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
books.googale.co.in
2)
Xmo n§pŠV`m| Ho$ ~rM - amOoe Omoer&
BBB
64
BH$mB© - 4 (A)
1)
4.1
CX²Xoí`
4.2
àñVmdZm
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ
4.3.1
{Z_©bm JJ© H$m n[aM`
4.3.2
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
4.3.3
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
4.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7
gmam§e
4.8
ñdmÜ`m`
4.9
joÌr` H$m`©
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
4.1
nwÌ_moh
- {Z_©bm JJ©
CX²Xoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
{Z_©bm JJ© Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hmo OmE§Jo&
2.
qhXr H$s g\$b H$d{`Ìr {Z_©bm JJ© Or H$s Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
3.
qhXr H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| {Z_©bm JJ© Or Ho$ `moJXmZ go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo&
4.
àñVwV H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dV©_mZ H$s EH$ Ádb§V g_ñ`m go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
65
~r.E. / _Ü`H$mbrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` ....5
4.2
àñVmdZm :
nMhÎmamoÎma H$m XeH$ _{hbm `wJ Ho$ ê$n _| Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m Š`m|{H$ Bg_| àW_ ~ma ór g§~§Yr
g^r {df`m| na {dMma {H$`m J`m& Bgr g_` _| ór boIZ ~S>o Omoa emoa go ór Apñ_Vm Ed§ ApñVËd
Ho$ à{V {dMmam| H$mo qhXr H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ~Iy~r àñVwV {H$`m& gZ 1975 Ho$ _{hbm XeH$ _| _{hbm
boIZ _| ZmardmX Xe©Z Ho$ H$B© _m¡{bH$ qMVZ nj {_bVo h¢& Bg_| ì`dñWm Ho$ {damoY _| AnZo ApñVËd
H$mo nhMmZZo H$m à`ËZ H$aVo hþE {nV¥gÎmm H$s N>m`m go hQ>H$a ór ApñVËd H$s Yw±Ybr N>{~ H$mo ñnï>
H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡& ór boIZ _| JwUmË_H$ n[adV©Z Am`m Am¡a g§doXZm Ho$ joÌ _| gH$mam_H$Vm Am
JB© h¢& ^mfm Am¡a e¡{b`m| _| àm`mo{JH$Vm Am JB©& {ó`m| Ho$ Am§V[aH$ Am¡a ~mhar Xþ{Z`m Ho$ H$B© gdmb
Am¡a Odm~m| H$mo _{hbm H$d{`{Ì`m| Zo AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go geŠV Jw§{\$V {H$`m h¡& Bg
g_H$mbrZ _{hbm H${d`m| _| {Z_©bm JJ© Zo AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ {df` Am¡a qMVZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZr
EH$ {d{eï> nhMmZ ~ZmB© h¡& {Z_©bm Or AnZr H${dVmAm| _| órdmXr à{VamoY H$s AdYmaUm go A{YH$
anQ> T>§J _| noe H$aVr h¡& CZH$s A{YH$Va H${dVmE± Kaoby ór H$s {XZM`m© {Z`{V H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a CZHo$
g§Kf© H$mo ì`mnH$ d¡Mm[aH$ OmJê$H$Vm Ho$ gmW ì`ŠV hmoVr h¡&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
4.3.1
{Z_©bm JJ© H$m n[aM` :
{Z_©bm JJ© H$m OÝ_ gZ 1955 _| Xa^§Jm ({~hma) Ho$ EH$ _madmS>r n[adma _| hþAm& ~r.Eñgr. àW_
df© H$s n‹T>mB© Xa^§Jm go H$s& CgHo$ ~mX {Xëbr {díd{dÚmb` go dm{UÁ` _| ñZmVH$ H$s n‹T>mB©& ê$gr
^mfm _| {S>ßbmo_m {H$`m& ór Ho$ à{V OmJ¥V, CZH$s {ZåZ pñW{V Ho$ à{V qM{VV Am¡a OrdZ _yë`m| Ho$
à{V OmJê$H$ H$d{`Ìr {Z_©bm H$B© gmbm| VH$ "àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K' H$s g{Md ahr& g\$Xa hme_r
H$s {Z_©_ hË`m Ho$ Vwé§V ~mX OZ ZmQ>ç _§M Jm{O`m~mX H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Bg emIm _| H$B© ZmQ>ç àXe©Z
{H$`m& H$bm Ho$ joÌ _| é{M VWm H$bm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr `wJXe©Z VWm g§Kf© VWm `WmW© OrdZ ~moY
_§MZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr {H$`m& {Z_©bm Or H$s H${dVmE± g^r à_wI nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| {Za§Va àH$m{eV hþB©
h¡& CZH$s Hw$N> H${dVmAm| H$m ~§Jbm, _amR>r A§J«oOr Am¡a O_©Z _| AZwdmX hþAm h¡& CZH$s Hw$N> H${dVmE±
"Xg ~ag: qhXr H${dVm A`moÜ`m Ho$ ~mX' Am¡a "H$hVr h¢ Am¡aV|' Am{X g§J«hm| _| g§H${bV h¡& CÝhm|Zo Wmo‹S>m
JX²` boIZ {H$`m dmo ^r M{M©V ahm h¡& CZHo$ àH$m{eV H${dVmg§J«h Bg àH$ma h¢ aMZmE± :
1.
`h ham JbrMm
2.
H$~mS>r H$m VamOy
3.
g\$a Ho$ {bE agX
(1992)
(2000)
(2007)
66
"`h ham JbrMm' H${dVm g§Jh ór _Z Am¡a Cg Zmar H$s {dìhbVm H$m XñVmdoO h¡, Ohm± Zmar
AnZm A~moYZ _Z VWm __© gnZm| H$m Iwbmgm àñVwV H$aVr h¡& "H$~mS>r H$m VamOy' geŠV Ed§ n[anŠd
H$mì`-g§J«h h¡ {Og_| AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| ór OrdZ Ho$ _yë`m| H$mo VmobVm hþAm ór OrdZ H$m Iwbm {MQ²>R>m
h¡& Bg {H$Vm~ na qhXr AH$mX_r {Xëbr H$m H¥${V nwañH$ma {_bm h¡& BZH$s H${dVmAm| _| AÝ`m` emofU,
{df_Vm H$m à{VH$ma {_bVm h¡, gmW hr AnZr _wpŠV, AnZm AmË_{dñVma ^r h¡&
4.3.2
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm H$m n[aM` :
{Z_©bm Or H$m Xÿgam H$mì`-g§J«h "H$~mS>r H$m VamOy' gZ
g§J«h Mma H«$_m| _| {d^m{OV h¡ 1.
H$bmH$ma H$s Xþ{Z`m
2.
H$~mS>r H$m VamOy
3.
H${d Am¡a B©ída
4.
S>mH©$ ê$_
2000
_| àH$m{eV hþAm& `h H$mì`-
{Z_©bm Or Zo A{V Im_moer go, {~Zm A{V[aŠV _wIaVm go BZ H${dVmAm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡, Omo AnZo
N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o {ddaUm| Am¡a N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Ñí`m| go EH$ ~‹S>m dŠVì` Am¡a EH$ ~S>m n[aÑí` {Z_m©U H$aVr h¡&
Bgr H$mì`g§J«h _| g§J«{hV "nwÌ_moh' Zm_H$ H${dVm g~go AbJ h¡ Am¡a dh h_mam ~a~g Ü`mZ ItMVr
h¡& Bg H${dVm _| ì`mnmar {nVm Ho$ Xmo ~oQ>o h¢, CZH$s Vñdra {nVm Zo AnZr _oO na ereo Ho$ ZrMo aIr
h¡& nËZr H$m ñdJ©dmg hþAm h¡ Am¡a ~o{Q>`m| H$s emXr hmo MwH$s h¡, {nVmOr Ka _| AHo$bo h¢& ~oQ>o AnZo
ì`dgm` _| ì`ñV h¢& ~S>r ~hZ ~rM-~rM _| AmH$a Ka ì`dpñWV H$a OmVr h¡ Am¡a {nVmOr H$s XoI^mb
H$a OmVr h¡& BVZo na ^r ^maVr` {nVm nw{Ì`m| Ho$ ~Om` nwÌ_moh _| {H$g H$Xa \±$gm hþAm h¢& Bgr ê$T>r
H$mo {dS>å~Zm ^ao ñd`§ _| MwnMmn _wIa {H$`m J`m h¡
4.3.3
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© :
{Z_©bm Or H$s H${dVmAm| _| nwéf dM©ñderbVm H$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE {dÐmoh `m AmH«$moe O¡gm
ì`dhma Zht {_bVm& dh AnZr ~mV {~ëHw$b g§`_Vm Ho$ gmW Ed§ EH$ _mhm¡b n¡Xm H$aHo$ aIVr h¡, {Oggo
nmR>H$ {dMma H$aZo na _O~ya hmoVo h¢& "nwÌ_moh' H${dVm nwéfàYmZ `m nwéfgÎmmË_H$ _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo ì`ŠV
H$aVr h¡& Bg H${dVm _| {Z_©bm Or Zo EH$ dmVmdaU {Z{_©{V H$s h¡& EH$ ~hþV ~S>m Ka h¡, Bg Ka _|
EH$ {nVm AHo$bo ahVo h¡& BZHo$ Xmo ~oQ> o Am¡a Xmo ~o{Q>`m± h¡& Xmo ~o{Q>`m| go EH$ ~oQ>r AnZo {nVmOr, ^mB©`m|
Am¡a {nVmOr H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$s nhMmZ nmR>H$m| go H$a ahr h¡& {nVmOr ~¡R>H$ _| aIr _oO Ho$ ereo Ho$
ZrMo Xmo Vñdra| gOr h¢& `o Vñdra| CZHo$ XmoZm| ~oQ>m| H$s h¡, {OZ_| go EH$ h¡Xam~mX Am¡a Xÿgam {Xëbr _|
ahVm h¡&
67
{nVmOr AnZo ~oQ>m| H$s Vñdram| Ho$ gmW K§Q>m| ì`ñV {XIVo h¢& em`X ~oQ>m| H$mo `mX H$aHo$ dŠV JwOmaVo
hm|Jo& {nVmOr ì`mnmar Wo bo{H$Z A~ CZH$m H$mamo~ma R>n hmo MwH$m h¡, noQ´>mob n§n {~H$ MwH$m h¡& ~o{Q>`m|
H$s emXr hmo JB© h¡, nËZr H$m ñdJ©dmg hþAm h¡, _Vb~ BVZo ~‹S>o Ka _| AHo$bo ahVo h¢& EH$ g_` Wm
O~ `h Ka ^amnyam Ed§ JwbOma Wm, bo{H$Z A~ nwaVÎd H$m Z_yZm bJ ahm h¡& ~oQ>r H$mo AnZo {nVmOr
Ho$ ^moOZ H$s AmXV H$s `mX AmVr h¡, Cgo `mX AmVm h¡ {H$ EH$ g_` _| {nVmOr ^moOZ H$mo AnZm
g~go Ah_ H$m_ _mZVo Wo, g~Ho$ gmW M¡Z go ~{V`mVo hþE Amam_ go ImZm ImVo Wo& _Vb~ {nVmOr
ImZo Ho$ ~hþV em¡H$sZ hþAm H$aVo Wo& bo{H$Z A~ H$B©-H$B© {XZm| VH$ XÿY ~«oS> na JwOmam H$aVo h¢&
XmoZm| ~oQ>m| _| go H$^r-H$^r H$moB© {nVmOr Ho$ nmg AmVm h¡, dh ^r {nVmOr H$s XoI^mb `m I¡aI~a nwN>Zo Zht Vmo AnZo {hggo Ho$ ê$nE boZo AmVm h¡& XmoZm| ~oQ>m| _| go H$moB© H$^r Zht H$hVm H$s {nVmOr
Amn MbH$a h_mao gmW a{hE, h_| ~hþV Iwer hmoJr& ~‹S>r ~hZ ({nVmOr H$s ~S>r ~oQ>r) ~rM-~rM _|
{nVmOr Ho$ Ka AmVr h¡& {OVZm hmo gHo$ CVZm Ka H$mo ì`dpñWV H$a XoVr h¡, {nVmOr H$s XoI^mb H$aVr
h¡& CgHo$ dmng OmZona Zm¡H$a {nVmOr H$s AÀN>r XoI^mb H$a| Am¡a CZH$s ({nVmOr) godm _| {Q>H$m aho,
Bg{bE bmbM Ho$ ê$n _| VZIm go AbJ Am¡a én`| XoVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ CÝh| _mby_ h¡ {H$ {nVmOr H$s
~o_Vb~ S>m±Q>Zo H$s AmXV OmZodmbr Zht h¡& N>moQ>r ~oQ>r Ho$ _Z _| H$B© ~ma Am`m {H$ {nVmOr Zo _oO Ho$
ZrMo bJmB© Vñdra| hQ>m Xÿ±, ^mB©`m| H$s \$moQ>mo hQ>mH$a ~S>r ~hZ H$s Vñdra bJm Xÿ±& na§Vw dh OmZVr h¡
{H$ CgH$s Bg haH$V H$mo {nVmOr gh Zht nmE§Jo, g»V ZmamO hmo OmE§Jo& ~S>r ~hZ H$mo ^r AÀN>m Zht
bJoJm {H$ {nVmOr H$mo XþI nhþ±Mo& N>moQ>r ~oQ>r àíZ H$aVr h¡ {H$, nwÌ_moh H$m ZmVm {g\©$ ^maV _| hr ~hVm
h¡ `m {dXoem| _| ^r& `h {df` qMVZr` h¡ Š`m|{H$ dh {dXoe H$^r J`r Zht h¡&
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
2)
{Z_©bm JJ© H$m OÝ_ ............... _| hþAm&
A) gZ 1945
~) gZ 1955
1956
S>) gZ
1957
{Z_©bm JJ© H$m OÝ_ .................. àm§V _| hþAm&
A) Va^§Jm
3)
H$) gZ
~) ^§Jnyam
H$) _wOâ\$a
{Z_©bm JJ© H$m OÝ_ ................ n[adma _| hþAm&
A) O¡Z
~) _madmS>r
H$) nmaer
S>) amg^§Jm
S>) JwOamVr
4)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm ............... H${dVmg§J«h _| g§H${bV h¡&
A) `h ham JmbrMm ~) H$~mS>r H$m VamOy H$) g\$a Ho$ {bE agX S>) H$hVr h¡ Am¡aV|
5)
"H$~mS>r H$m VamOy' H$mì`g§J«h H$m àH$meZ gZ ............ _| hþAm h¡&
A) 1992
~)
H$)
2000
68
2007
S>)
2008
6)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm _| EH$ ........... H$s ì`Wm H$Wm {_bVr h¡&
A) _mVm
7)
~) {nVm
S>) ~oQ>m
{Z_©bm Or H$B© gmbm| VH$ "àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K' H$s ........... ahr&
A) AÜ`j
3.5
H$) ~oQ>r
~) g{Md
H$) g§MmbH$
S>) ì`dñWmnH$
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
_oO = bH$S>r Am{X H$s ~Zr Mm¡H$s
2.
R>n = nyU©V: ~§X
3.
nwamVÎd = àmMrZ AZwg§YmZ Ed§ AÜ``Z go g§~§{YV dñVy (kmZ)
4.
JwbOma = {Ibm hþAm ~mJ-~JrMm
5.
JwOmam H$aZm = {Zdm©h H$aZm
6.
~{V`mZm = ~mV H$aZm
7.
VZIm = doVZ, nJma
8.
~o_Vb~ = {Zîà`moOZ, ~oH$ma
9.
bV = ~yar AmXV
10.
H$~mS>r = {ZH¥$ï>, \$mbVy dñVyAm| H$m ì`mnmar, aÔrdmbm
4.3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1)
~
2)
A
3)
~
5)
~
6)
~
7)
~
4.3.7
4)
~
gmam§e :
1)
{Z_©bm JJ© H$s H${dVmAm| _| ór-{d_e© Ho$ H$B© a§J h¢&
2)
{Z_©bm JJ© H$s H${dVmAm| _o AnZmnm {_bVm h¡, Am¡a dh AÀN>o g_mO Am¡a ì`dñWm H$s _m§J
H$aVm h¡&
3)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm go g§Xoe {_bVm h¡ {H$ ór H$s ñdV§Ì gÎmm ñdrH$ma {H$E {~Zm h_ gÀMo
AWm] _| ZE Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ _Zwî` hmo hr Zht gH$Vo&
69
4.8
4)
{Z_©bm JJ© AnZr H${dVmAm| _| órdmXr à{VamoY H$s AdXmZVm go A{YH$ anQ> Ho$ T>§J _| noe
H$aVr h¡&
5)
{Z_©bm JJ© H$s H${dVmE± Kaoby ór H$s {XZM`m© {Z`{V H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a CZHo$ g§Kf© H$mo
ì`mnH$ YamVb na ì`ŠV H$aVr h¡&
6)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {Z_©bm Or Zo ~oQ>o Am¡a ~o{Q>`m| _| \$H©$ H$aZodmbm| na H$amam ì`§J
{H$`m h¡&
7)
H$d{`Ìr H$hZm MmhVr h¡ {H$ gå~ÝYm| Am¡a gÎmm Ho$ OrU© g§ñH$mam| go J«ñV T>m§Mo go OyPZm hmoJm
Am¡a gå~ÝYm| _| gm§ñH¥${VH$ H«$m§{V H$aZr hmoJr&
8)
nwéfdmXr _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo ~XbZm hmoJm Am¡a CÝh| ór nwéf g_mZVm Ho$ ñVa na bmZm hmoJm&
9)
~oQ>r nam`m YZ, nam`o Ka H$s emo^m Am¡a ~oQ>m ~wT>mno H$s bmR>r `m ghmam BZ C{º$`mo§ H$mo
~XbZm hmoJm&
10)
AmOH$b ~oQ>r AnZo _mVm-{nVmAm| Ho$ {bE dhr g~ Hw$N> H$a gH$Vr h¡, Ohm± EH$ g_` _|
~oQ>m H$aVm Wm&
11)
AW©H|${ÐV [aíVo-ZmVo ~ZZo Ho$ H$maU nwÌ AnZr _mVm-{nVm go Xa {H$Zma H$a aho h¢&
12)
{Og _mVm-{nVm AnZr g§VmZ (nwÌ) H$mo n‹T>m`m, ~‹T>m`m Am¡a EH$ AÀN>o BÝgmZ Ho$ ê$n _|
H$m{~b ~Zm`m, Cgr _mVm-{nVm Ho$ Xþ{X©Z _| ~oQ>o H$m CZH$m ghmam Z ~ZZm, `h ~mV H$d{`Ìr
H$mo A{YH$ IbVr h¡&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ 1)
""ImZo Ho$ ~ohX em¡H$sZ {nVmOr H$B© H$B© {XZ XÿY ~«oS> na JwOmam H$aVo h¢& _wOo `mX h¡ CZH$m
^moOZ H$aZm Ka H$m g~go Ah_ H$m_ hþAm H$aVm Wm&
2)
""~S>r ~hZ ~rM ~rM _| AmVr h¡, {OVZm hmoVm h¡ g~ ì`dpñWV H$a OmVr, Zm¡H$a H$mo VZIm
go AbJ Am¡a én`m| H$m bmbM XoVr h¡ Vm{H$ {Q>H$m aho&''
Am) XrKm©oÎmar àíZ 1)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm ^mdmW© {b{IE&
2)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {Z_©bm JJ©Zo ór-nwéf {df_Vm na H$amam ì`§½` {H$`m h¡, ñnï>
H$s{OE&
70
4.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
4.10
1)
ór-nwéf {df_Vm (qbJ^oX) na AmYm[aV H${dVmAm| H$m g§H$bZ H$s{OE&
2)
"nwÌ_moh' H${dVm na AmYm[aV nWZmQ>ç ~ZmH$a IobZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE&
3)
_pëbH$m A_aeoI H$m H$mì`g§J«h "dmiyMm {à`H$a' n{‹T>E&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
H$~mS>r H$m VamOy - {Z_©bm JJ©
2)
`h Vw_ ^r OmZmo - gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao
3)
H${dVm AmO - E. AaqdXmjZ
BBB
71
BH$mB© - 4 (~)
2)
4.1
CÔoí`
4.2
àñVmdZm
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ
Jmbr
4.3.1
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao H$m n[aM`
4.3.2
"Jmbr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
4.3.3
"Jmbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
4.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7
gmam§e
4.8
ñdmÜ`m`
4.9
joÌr` H$m`©
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
4.1
- gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
gwerb Q>mH$^m¡ao Or Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hmo OmE§Jo&
2.
qhXr X{bV H${dVm Ho$ joÌ _| gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao Or Ho$ `moJXmZ go n[a{MV hmo OmE§Jo&
3.
gwerb Q>mH$^m¡ao Or H$s gm{hpË`H$ Ñ{ï> H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
4.
nwéf-àYmZ g_mO _| Zmar H$s Xmo`_ pñW{V H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
5.
H${dVm _| {M{ÌV àVrH$mË_H$Vm H$mo g_P|Jo&
72
4.2
àñVmdZm :
_hmamï´> _| S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Ho$ Am§XmobZ go X{bV H${dVmAm| H$m CX²J_ hþAm h¡& ñdmV§Í`moÎma
H$mb _| Zm_Xod T>gmb AJ«Ur h¢, CÝhm|Zo AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go X{bV g§ñH¥${V H$m {MÌU {H$`m
h¡& X{bV _{hbm gm{hË`H$mam| _| ~hþV go Zm_ {bE Om gH$Vo h¢& bo{H$Z _hmamï´> _| qhXr X{bV gm{hË`na
{bIZodmbr à_wI _{hbm gm{hË`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao Or H$m ñWmZ AJ«JÊ` h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hmZr,
CnÝ`mg, AmË_H$Wm, H${dVm, {Z~§Y Am{X {dYmAm| _| AnZm `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& H$d{`Ìr gwerbm Or Zo
AnZo gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go X{bV ór Am¡a CZH$s X`Zr` pñW{V Ho$ {d{dY ñVam| na àH$me S>mbm h¡&
qhXr gm{hË` OJV² _| gwerbm Or X{bV H$d{`Ìr Ho$ én _| nhMmZr OmVr h¡& H$d{`Ìr gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao
dmë_r{H$ g_mO H$s h¡& AV: Bg g_mO H$m `WmW© dU©Z CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| {_bVm h¡& CZH$s H${dVmE±
g{X`m| go nr{S>V, X{bV, AÝ`m`-AË`mMma go ÌñV, Cno{jVm| H$s _yH$ dmUr H$mo AmdmO XoZo H$m H$m_
H$aVr h¢& X{bV Ed§ ór na hmo aho AË`mMma, AÝ`m` Ho$ {Ibm\$ gmd©O{ZH$ ê$n go AmdmO CR>mZo H$m
H$m_ gwerbm Or Zo {H$`m h¡& gwerbm Or {g\©$ AmdmO D$R>mH$a ê$H$s Zht h¡, Vmo {d{dY ^mfUm| Ed§
Am§XmobZm| _| g{H«$` ahH$a {ejm, g§JR>Z, g§Kf© Am{X VÎdm| Ho$ X²dmam hr _mZdVm àñWm{nV H$aZo H$m
{dMma àñVwV H$aZo Ed§ g{X`m| go Am ahr X{bV g_ñ`mAm| H$m g_mYmZ ImoOZo H$m g\$b H$m`© gm{hË`
Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aVr ahr h¢&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
4.3.1
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao H$m n[aM` :
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao qhXr H$s OmZr_mZr H$d{`Ìr h¢& AmnH$m OÝ_ 4 _mM©, 1954 _| dmë_r{H$ n[adma
_| _Ü`àXoe Ho$ ~mZmnwam (hmoe§Jm~mX) Jm§d _| hþAm& AmnHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ am_àgmX Kmdar Am¡a _m§ H$m
Zm_ nÞm~mB© Wm& àma§{^H$ {ejm ~mZmnwam Jm§d _| hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Hw$gw_ _hm{dÚmb` _mbdm go ~mahdr H$s
H$jm nmg H$s, gZ 1974 _| dht go ~r.E. {H$`m& gZ 1974 _| ZmJnwa Ho$ gw§Xabmb Q>mH$^m¡ao Or Ho$
gmW {ddmh~Õ hþB©& {ddmh Ho$ Cnam§V ^r {ejm Omar aIr& nX²ì`wÎma AÜ``Z ZmJnwa {díd{dÚmb` go
nyam {H$`m& gZ 1992 _| ZmJnwa {díd{dÚmb` go "Ako` Ho$ H$Wm gm{hË` _| Zmar' {df` na nr.EM.S>r.
Cnm{Y àmßV H$s& AmnZo gZ 1976 go AÜ`mnZ H$m H$m_ ewê$ {H$`m h¡& gZ 1986 go Amn goR>
Ho$gar_b nmoadmb _hm{dÚmb` H$m_R>r (ZmJnwa) _| qhXr àmÜ`m{nH$m Ho$ nX na H$m`©aV ahr& A~ godm
g_mpßV Ho$ ~mX ñdV§Ì ê$n go boIZ H$m`© _| OwS>r h¢& AmnZo Xoe-{dXoe _| {d{dY n[afXm| _| gpå_{bV
hmoH$a ì`m»`mZ {XE h¢& {d{^Þ nÌ n{ÌH$mAm| _| AmnHo$ H${dVmE± Ed§ g¥OZmËH$ AmboI àH$m{eV hþE h¢&
Amn X{bV Zmar dmë_r{H$ dJ© H$s pñW{V na n[adV©ZdmXr Am§XmobZ _| d¡Mm[aH$ ê$n go g{H«$` h¢&
AmH$medmUr na {d{dY n[aMMm©E§ àgm[aV hþB© h¢& EH$ ñZoh_`r Zmar Ho$ gmW AmXe© _m§, nËZr, J¥{hUr
Ho$ ê$n _| Amn g_ñV gm_m{OH$ VWm gm{hpË`H$ OJV² _| »`m{VàmßV h¢& AmO g_ñV qhXr gm{hË` joÌ
_| X{bV Zmar bo{IH$m Ho$ ê$n _| gwà{gÕ aMZmH$_u h¡&
73
B
aMZmE± :
ñdmVr ~§Xÿ Am¡a Imao _moVr (1993), `ah Vw_ ^r OmZmo (1994), Vw_Zo Cgo H$~ nhMmZm (1995),
h_mao {hñgo H$m gyaO (H${dVm g§J«h) : Qy>Q>Vm dh_ (1997), AZw^y{V Ho$ Koao (1997), g§Kf© (2006)
H$hmZr g§J«h) : Z§Jm gË` (2007), a§J Am¡a ì`§½` (2007), ZmQ>H$ : ^maVr` Zmar: g_mO Am¡a gm{hË`
Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m] _| (1996) ({ddaU); n[adV©Z Oê$ar h¡ (boI g§J«h 1997); {eH§$Oo H$m XX©
(AmË_H$Wm) 2011; Zrbm AmH$me (CnÝ`mg) 2013.
nwañH$ma :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
4.3.2
"`h Vw_ ^r OmZmo' Ho$ {bE _Ü` àXoe gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma.
CÎma àXoe X{bV gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma.
_Ü` àXoe X{bV gm{hË` AH$mX_r : {d[eï> godm gå_mZ Ed§ nwañH$ma.
qhXr godm nwañH$ma : _hmamï´> qhXr gm{hË` AH$mX_r
a_{UH$m \$mD$ÊS>oeZ H$s Amoa go "gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo' gå_mZ Ed§ nwañH$ma.
"Jmbr' H${dVm H$m n[aM` :
X{bV H$d{`Ìr gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡aoZo AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go X{bV, ór Am¡a CZH$s X`Zr`
pñW{V H$mo `WmW© ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡& gZ 1994 _| àH$m{eV "`h Vw_ ^r OmZmo' H$mì` g§J«h _|
"Jmbr' H${dVm g§H${bV h¡& "Jmbr' H${dVm ór Am¡a nwéf Ho$ {bE Hw$Îmm Am¡a Hw${V`m H$m CXmhaU XoH$a
`h ~VmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡& {H$ XmoZm| EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ h¡ {\$a ^r nwéf àYmZ g§ñH¥${V _| Zmar
Ho$ {ZåZñVa H$m ñWmZ {_bVm h¡& Hw${V`m H$mo Jmbr Ho$ ê$n _| BñVo_mb {H$`m OmVm h¡, na§Vw Hw$Îmm B_mZXma
`m d\$mXma _mZm OmVm h¡, Eogm Š`m| hmo ahm h¡ ? `h àíZ H$d{`Ìr Bg H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_mao gm_Zo
I§S> H$a ahr h¡& gwerbm Or H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ^r _ZwdmX H$s naånam Or{dV h¡& nwéf
àYmZ g§ñH¥${V _| Zmar H$s AdhobZm gwerb Or H$mo H$Xm{n ng§V Zht h¡&
4.3.3
"Jmbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© :
"`h Vw_ ^r OmZmo' gwerbm Or Ho$ Am§~oS>H$admXr gmoM Am¡a X{bV gamoH$mam| H$m nhbm H$mì` g§J«h
h¡& gwerbm X{bV ^r Am¡a Zmar ^r h¡, Am¡a BZ XmoZm| Ho$ à{V h_mao g_mO H$m Omo ZO[a`m h¡ CgHo$ à{V
EH$ g§doXZerb aMZmH$ma H$s H$_b go CgH$m gm_m{OH$ n[adoe CZH$s aMZmAm| _| C^a AmVm h¡& gwerbm
Q>mH$^m¡ao H$s H${dVmE± Mmho X{bV {d_e© H$s hmo `m {\$a Zmar g§X^© H$s& AmYw{ZH$ e¡br H$s CZH$s
H${dVmAm| _| Omoe h¡, ZH$ma h¡& X{bV Am¡a Zmar g_wXm` Ho$ {bE ZdMoVZm Ho$ g§Xoe h¢& àVrH$ ^r {df`
H$s g§J{V H$mo {~R>mVo h¢& "Jmbr' H${dVm _| Hw$Îmm Am¡a Hw${V`m H$m H«$_e: nwéf Am¡a ór Ho$ àVrH$ Ho$
ê$n _| BñVo_mb {H$`m h¡&
74
H$d{`Ìr H$hVr h¡, nwéf d\$mXmar Ho$ Zm_ na AnZo AmO H$mo EH$ Hw$Îmm H$h gH$Vm h¡, na§Vw dh
AnZo Amn H$mo Hw${V`m Zht H$hVm& Š`m|{H$ Hw${V`m eãX gwZH$a hr bJVm h¡ {H$ `h EH$ Jmbr h¡& Hw${V`m
eãX Jmbr Ho$ ê$n _| à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡, Š`m| Hw${V`m ór dJ© _| AmVr h¡, `h àíZ H$d{`Ìr h_mao
gm_Zo IS>m H$aVr h¡& nwéf H$mo Hw$Îmo Ho$ g_mZ d\$mXma H$h H$a N>moS> {X`m OmVm h¡& nwéf H$mo Hw$Îmo Ho$
g_mZ d\$mXm`a H$hH$a N>moS> {X`m OmVm h¡& na§Vw Hw${V`m Ho$ M[aÌ Am¡a d\$m H$mo AZoH$ ^mJm| _| ~m±QH> $a
Vm¡bm OmVm h¡&
H$d{`Ìr gwerbm Or EH$ J§^ra àíZ CnpñWV H$aVr h¡ {H$ O~ Hw$Îmm Am¡a Hw${V`m EH$ Xÿgao Ho$
nyaH$ h¡& V~ Hw$Îmo H$mo d\$mXma H$hm OmVm h¡, bo{H$Z M[aÌ Ho$ Zm_na "Hw${V`m' Jmbr Š`m| Xr OmVr h¡?
H$d{`Ìr AmJo H$hVr h¡ {H$ `h {df_Vm AmO H$s Zht h¡ Vmo hOmam| gmbm| go Mbr Am ahr h¡&
nwéf àYmZ g_mO _| Mmho g_n©U H$m g_` AmE `m {dÐmoh H$m XþJw©U H$m, Xmof Zmar na hr Wmonm OmVm
h¡& nwéf Ho$ XþJw©Um|na h_oem _Zw _mZ H$s MmXa S>mbr OmVr h¡& _Zwñ_¥{V _| nwéf àYmZ g§ñH¥${V H$mo COmJa
{H$`m h¡, Am¡a ór H$mo Xmo`_ ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡& Am{X _Zw H$m ~Zm`m Y_©emó AmO ^r g_mO _| AnZm
Aga N>moS>Vm hþAm AmJo ~‹T> ahm h¡& ór Am¡a nwéf EH$ Xÿgao H$mo nya§H$ hmoVo hþE ^r, XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM _|
{df_Vm \¡$bmZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m Om ahm h¡& `h {df_Vm Zmar Ho$ ~mao _| ~‹T>Vr VwÀN>Vm, CÀM-ZrMVm,
qbJ-^oX IË_ hmo, Bg{bE Vmo H$d{`Ìr Zo Hw$Îmm Am¡a Hw${V`m H$m CXmhaU XoH$a nwéfdmXr _mZ{gH$Vm
aIZodmbm| H$mo g_PmZo H$m à`mg "Jmbr' H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$`m h¡&
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
qhXr gm{hË` OJV² _| gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao Or ................ H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZr OmVr
h¡&
A) Am{Xdmgr
~) J«m_rU
H$) X{bV
S>) ZmJar
2)
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao H$m OÝ_ _Ü`àXoe Ho$ ................ Jm§d _| hþAm&
A) ImZmnwam
~) ~Znwar
H$) ~mZmnwam
S>) VmZmnwam
3)
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao H$m OÝ_ ................ n[adma _| hþAm&
A) dmë_r{H$
~) MyhS>m
H$) _m§J
S>) M_ma
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao H$m OÝ_ gZ ............... _| hþAm&
A) 1953
~) 1954
H$) 1955
S>)
4)
5)
1956
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao Zo ............ {díd{dÚmb` go nr.EM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmßV H$s&
A) {edmOr
~) ZmJnwa
H$) gmJa
S>) Am¡a§Jm~mX
75
6)
gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao Zo ........... H${dVm {bIr h¡&
A) Jmbr
7)
8)
~) nwÌ_moh
4.6
4.7
S>) nmZr
"Jmbr' H${dVm ........... H${dVm g§J«h _| g§J«{hV h¡&
A) `h Vw_ ^r OmZmo
~) ñdm{V ~y±X Am¡a Imao _moVr
H$) Vw_Zo Cgo H$~ nhMmZm
S>) h_mao {hñgo H$m gyaO
"Jmbr' H${dVm "ór-nwéf' .................. H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVr h¡&
A) g_mZVm
4.5
H$) BË`mXr
~) {df_Vm
H$) gä`Vm
S>) gm¢X`©
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
d\$m = d\$mXma, dMZ nmbZm
2.
nyaH$ = Vwï> H$aZodmbm, EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$
3.
g_n©U = A{n©V H$aZm
4.
_Zw = Am{X _Zw H$m ~Zm`m Y_©emó, ~«÷m Ho$ _mZH$ nwÌ, _Zw H$s H$ënZm nm¡am{UH$ h¡&
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1)
H$
2)
H$
3)
A
4)
5)
~
6)
A
7)
A
8)
~
~
gmam§e :
1)
AmYw{ZH$ X{bV qhXr H$mì` _| gwerb Q>mH$^m¡ao Or H$m ñWmZ _hÎdnyU© h¡&
2)
H$d{`Ìr gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao Or Zo AnZr H${dVmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go X{bV Am¡a ór dJ© H$s
g_ñ`mAm| H$m ~o~mH$s go {MÌU {H$`m h¡, Am¡a nmR>H$m| H$mo {dMma H$aZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya {H$`m
h¡&
3)
gwerbm Or Zo X{bV Am¡a ór H$mo AnZo AmË_gå_mZ Am¡a _yb^yV A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V Mo{VV
H$a S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Or Ho$ {dMmam| H$m àMma Ed§ àgma {H$`m h¡&
4)
"Jmbr' H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gwerbm Or Zo ór-nwéf {df_Vm H$s ~mV aIr h¡&
5)
H$d{`Ìr naånamJV {_WH$ H$mo ZH$maVr h¡& H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZm AmH«$moe XO© H$aVr
h¡, VWm naånamdm{X`m| H$mo {YŠH$ma XoVr h¡&
76
4.8
6)
nwéf H$mo Hw$Îmo Ho$ g_mZ d\$mXma H$hm OmVm h¡, na§Vw ór H$mo Hw${V`m Zm_ Jmbr XoH$a nwH$mam
OmVm h¡& BVZm hr Zhr Vmo ór Ho$ {bE BñVo_mb H$s OmZodmbr Jmbr (Hw${V`m) H$mo AZoH$ ^mJm|
_| ~m±Q>m OmVm h¡ Am¡a nwH$mam OmVm h¡&
7)
H$d{`Ìr g^r nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo gdmb I‹S>m H$aVr h¡, {H$ ór-nwéf EH$ g_mO _| ahVo h¢,
XmoZm| H$mo EH$ JmS>r Ho$ Xmo n{h`o _mZo OmVo h¢, nwéfm| go Á`mXm g_n©U ór H$m h¡, {\$a ^r
h_mao g_mO_| M[aÌ Ho$ Zm_ na ór H$mo "Hw${V`m' Zm_ H$s Jmbr Š`m| Xr OmVr h¡ ?
8)
Bg {df_Vm, ^oX^md `m qbJ^oX H$mo dV©_mZ {Oå_oXma Zht h¡, Š`m|{H$ ~hþV nhbo _Zwñ_¥{V
Zm_H$ Y_©emó _| `h {df_Vm H$m ~rO ~mo`m hþAm {_bVm h¡&
9)
H$d{`Ìr "Jmbr' H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {g\©$ gdmb `m AnZm AmH«$moe ì`ŠV Zht H$aVr h¡,.Vmo
dh nmR>H$m| Ed§ qMVH$m| Bg pñW{V H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| gh`moJ H$s A{nb ^r H$aVr.h¡&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ 1)
""O~ Hw$Îmm Am¡a Hw${V`m EH$ Xþgao Ho$ nyaH$ h¢ V~
Hw$Îmo H$mo d\$mXma H$hZo Ho$ gmW hr M[aÌ Ho$ Zm_na
"Hw${V`m' Jmbr Š`m| Xr OmVr h¡?''
Am) XrKm©oÎmar àíZ -
4.9
1)
"Jmbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© {b{IE&
2)
"Jmbr' H${dVm _| ór-nwéf {df_Vm H$m {MÌU hþAm h¡, ñnï> {H${OE&
joÌr` H$m`© :
4.10
1)
"Jmbr' H${dVm H$m _amR>r _| AZwdmX {H${OE&
2)
_amR>r H$d{`Ìr Á`moVr bm§Oodma Am¡a gwerbm Q>mH$^m¡ao H$s H${dVmAm| H$s VwbZm H$s{OE&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
`h Vw_ ^r OmZmo (H${dVm g§J«h) - gwerb Q>mH$^m¡ao
2)
_Zw H$m nmn (H${dVm g§J«h) - amO|Ð ~‹S>JwOa
3)
AOyZ dmXi CR>bo Zmhr (H${dVm g§J«h) - Á`moVr bm§Oodma
BBB
77
BH$mB© - 4 (H$)
3)
4.1
CÔoí`
4.2
àñVmdZm
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ
nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡
4.3.1
Zaoe gŠgoZm H$m n[aM`
4.3.2
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
4.3.3
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
4.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7
gmam§e
4.8
ñdmÜ`m`
4.9
joÌr` H$m`©
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
4.1
- Zaoe gŠgoZm
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
H${d Zaoe gŠgoZm Or Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hmo OmE§Jo&
2.
H${d Zaoe gŠgoZm Or H$s gm{hpË`H$ Ñ{ï> H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
3.
"dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_' H$mo ZE {gao go nhMmZ gH|$Jo&
4.
d¡km{ZH$ kmZ H$mo AmË_gmV H$a Cgo _mZdr` Am¡a à{V~Õ g¥OZ-Y_© _| H¡$go T>mbm OmVm h¡, BZH$mo
g_P gH|$Jo&
78
3.2
àñVmdZm :
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${d`m| _| Zaoe gŠgoZm Zm_ ~‹S>o gå_mZ Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡& Š`m|{H$ do bJ^J
n¢Îmmbrg dfm] go H${dVm Ho$ gmW OwS>o h¢& O~go CÝhm|Zo H${dVmE± {bIZm Ama§^ {H$`m V~go CZH$s H${dVmE±
qhXr H$s {d{^Þ nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| _| N>nVr Am ahr h¡& IyX Zaoe gŠgoZm Or Zo AnZr ~o{hgm~r H${dVmAm|
H$m H$mì`-g§J«h Ho$ én _| àH$me Zht {H$`m& na§Vw O~ do gmR> df© Ho$ hþE V~ CZHo$ ñZohr, {à`OZm| Ed§
{_Ìm| Zo {_bH$a CZHo$ Xmo H${dVm g§J«h àH$m{eV {H$E& do em`X qhXr Ho$ nhbo H${d h¢ {OÝhm|Zo AnZo
A{O©V d¡km{ZH$ kmZ H$mo AmË_gmV H$a Cgo _mZdr` Am¡a à{V~X²Y-Y_© _| T>mb {b`m Am¡a Bg O{Q>b
à{H«$`m _| {nN>bo Mmbrg dfm] _| Zaoe Or H$s à{Vð>m ~‹T>Vr hr JB© h¡& Omo EH$ Amoa Vmo ~oeH$ CZH$s
H${dVm H$s CËH¥$ï>Vm H$m à_mU h¡ bo{H$Z Xÿgar Va\$ `h qhXr H$mì`-g§ñH¥${V H$s à~wX²Y Am¡a nyd©J«h_wŠV
JwU J«mhH$Vm H$m g~yV ^r h¡, {Og_| g§J«h H$m àH$meZ _mZmo ñdrH¥${V Ed§ gamhZm H$s H$moB© eV© hr Zht
h¡&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
4.3.1
Zaoe gŠgoZm H$m n[aM`
Zaoe gŠgoZm H$m OÝ_ 16 OZdar 1939 _| ½dm{b`a (_Ü` àXoe) _| hþAm& AmnZo O~bnwa
{díd{dÚmb` go ~r.B©. (AmZg©) {g{db B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$s {ejm àmßV H$s& H$mobH$mVm go E_.AmB©.B©
(ÄmBpÊS>`m) H$m AÜ``Z, E_.B©. (nrEM) 1974-75 Am°b BpÊS>`m BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ hmB{OZ EÊS> npãbH$
hoëW H$s {ejm nyar H$s& gm{hpË`H$ joÌ go H$m{\$ Xÿa hmoZo na ^r AmnZo H${dVm, ZmQ>H$, {\$ë_, d¥Îm{MÌ
Am{X _| AnZm _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m h¡& AmnZo "Ama§^', "aMZm g_`', "N>m`mZQ>' Am{X à{VH$mAm| Ho$
g§nmXH$ H$m nX^ma g§^mbm h¡& H$B© dfm] VH$ Amn H$WmH«$_ _| H${dVm H$m°b_ {bIVo aho h¢& EH$ _mh
Ho$ {bE Amn AmB©.AmB©.Q>r. H$mZnwa _| H¡$ång H${d H$s Vah Am_§{ÌV Wo& Xmo df© Ho$ {bE gmJa
{díd{dÚmb` Ho$ "_wpŠV~moY {H«$E{Q>d amBqQ>J g|Q>a _| ~Vm¡a {ZX}eH$ Ho$ ê$n _| gpå_{bV Wo& gmW hr
H$B© amï´>r` A§Vaamï´>r` àmoOoŠQ> _| ~Vm¡a B§Or{Z`[a¨J H$ÝgëQ>oÝQ> Ho$ ê$n _| gpå_{bV aho h¢&
aMZmE± :
1.
"g_wÐ na hmo ahr ~mare' Ed§
2.
"gyZmo Mmê$erbm'
Zm_H$ Xmo H${dVm g§J«h àH$m{eV hþE h¡& AmnZo H$B© ZmQ>H$, bKw{\$ë_, d¥Îm{MÌ ^r {bIo h¢& AmnH$s
BÊQ>a _r{S>EQ> Ed§ {díd{dÚmb` ñVa na nmR²>çH«$_ _| H${dVmE± gpå_{bV H$s JB© h¢&
gå_mZ Ed§ nwañH$ma :
1.
"nhb' gå_mZ (^monmb)
79
4.3.2
2.
H$mì` ^yfU (bIZD$)
3.
H${dVm H$mof gå_mZ (O`nwa)
4.
gamoO ñ_¥{V gå_mZ ({Xëbr)
5.
e_eoa gå_mZ (bIZD$) Ed§
6.
Q>r.dr. gr[a`b {\$ë_ {ZX}eZ Ho$ {bE
1991
_| ZoeZb AdmS>© àmßV {H$`m h¡&
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm H$m n[aM` -
EH$ AX²{d{V` VÎd h_| Zaoe gŠgoZm H$s H${dVm Ho$ H|$Ð _| {XImB© nS>Vm h¡, Omo qhXr Vmo Š`m
em`X g_ñV ^maVr` H${dVm _| Xþb©^ h¡ Am¡a dh h¡ _mZd Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ ~rM bJ^J g§nyU© VmXmËå`
H$m Ahgmg Am¡a CËgd& `hm± àH¥${Vgo A{^àm` H$moB© ê$_mZr E|{Ð` eaÊ` Zht ~pëH$ n¥Ïdr Am¡a Cggo
^r AmJo, gmam ~«÷mÊS> h¡ do gmar dñVwE§ h¡ {OZgo _mZd {Z{_©{V hmoVm h¡, Am¡a do ^r {OÝh| dh {Z{_©V
H$aVm h¡& gm_m{OH$ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ àmMrZV_ KQ>H$ Ho$ {bE `h H$moB© M§^o H$s MrO Zht, qH$Vw bJVm
h¡ ~rM _| g§doXZm _| EH$ {dbJmd Am ahm Wm& Am¡a A~ _wpŠV~moY Ho$ ~mX qhXr H${dVm `{X `WmW©
go nao "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_' H$mo ZE {gao go nhMmZVr Am¡a A{^ì`ŠV H$aVr bJ ahr h¡, Vmo CgHo$ nrN>o
Zaoe gŠgoZm garIr à{V_m H$m `moJXmZ AZÝ` h¢& "nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm "gyZmo Mmê$erbm'
H${dVm-g§J«h _| g§H${bV h¡& erV-H${Q>~§Y àXoem| _| O~ ~\©$ R>§S>m Am¡a ^mar ~ZZm ewê$ hmo OmVm h¡,
Cgr dŠV _N>{b`m§ g§H$Q> _| nS> OmVr h¡& V~ nmZr IyX _| n[adV©Z H$aVm h¡& R>§S>m hmoZo na ^r Zht hmoVm
Am¡a gVh na O_ OmVm h¡, {Oggo _N>{b`m± ~M OmVr h¡& _Vb~ nmZr _| Omo _mZdr`Vm {_bVr h¡ dh
h_mao g_mO _| H$ht {XImB© Zht XoVr h¡? `h Ádb§V àíZ H${d h_mao gm_Zo CR>m ahm h¡&
4.3.3
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm ^mdmW© :
H${d Zaoe gŠgoZm Or Zo erV-H${Q>~ÝYm| _| Ohm§ nmZr O_H$a ~\©$ hmo OmVm h¡, Eogo àXoem| Ho$ nmZr
Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar Bg H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xr h¡& H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ AmO O~ H$‹S>mHo$ H$s R>ÊS> nS>
ahr h¡, nmZr nrZm Vmo Xÿa H$s ~mV h¡, bmoJ Cgo KygZo go ~M aho h¢& Eogm Š`m| hmo ahm h¡? `h Oam MbH$a
XoIZm Mm{hE {H$ g§H$Q> H$s Bg KS>r _| nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡&
H${d O~ nmZr H$mo XoIVo h¢ Vmo do AmíM`© M{H$V hmo OmVo h¡, Š`m|{H$ nmZr Vmo erfm©gZ H$a ahm
h¡& gM_wM Prbm|, Vmbm~m| Am¡a Z{X`m| H$m nmZr {ga Ho$ ~b IS>m hmo ahm h¡& _Vb~ nmZr ~\©$ ~ZH$a
AmH$ma àmßV H$a ahm h¡& gVh H$m nmZr R>ÊS>m Am¡a ^mar hmoZo bJVm h¡, Am¡a Sw>~H$s bJmH$a ZrMo J_©
Am¡a hëHo$ nmZr H$mo R>ÊS> OyPZo Ho$ {bE D$na ^oO XoVm h¡& `h à{H«$`m bJmVma MbVr h¡, Sy>~{H$`m± bJmVm
hþAm nmZr C_S>Vm-Kw_S>Vm hþAm Mma {S>J«r gopëg`ag na Am OmVm h¡& V~ H${d àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$ `h
Mma {S>J«r Š`m h¡?
80
`h Mma {S>J«r dh VmnH«$_ h¡, {OgHo$ ZrMo _N>{b`m| H$m _aZm ewê$ hmo OmVm h¡& V~ nmZr H$mo nVm
Mb OmVm h¡, {H$ AJa dh Am¡a R>ÊS> hþAm Vmo _N>{b`m| H$s OmZ IVao _| h¡& AMmZH$ dh IyX _|
n[adV©Z H$aVm h¡, nhbo Omo H$a ahm Wm {R>H$ CgH$m CëQ>m H$aZo bJVm h¡& dh A~ R>ÊS>m hmoZo na ^r
^mar Zht hmoVm ~pëH$ hëH$m hmoH$a D$na hr V¡aVm ahVm h¡& A~ nmZr VrZ {S>J«r hëH$m, Xmo {S>J«r Am¡a
hëH$m Am¡a eyÝ` {S>J«r hmoVo hr, ~\©$ ~ZH$a gVh na O_ OmVm h¡&
Bg Vah nmZr _N>{b`m| H$m H$dM ~Z OmVm h¡& O~ Mmho OrVZr R>§S> nS>Vr aho, _N>{b`m| na H$moB©
g§H$Q> Zht Am`oJm& ZrMo J_© nmZr _| _N>{b`m± OrdZ H$m CËgd _ZmVr ah|Jr& Bg dŠV erV-H${Q>~ÝYm|
_| V_m_ Prbm| Am¡a g_wÐm| H$m nmZr O_H$a _N>{b`m| H$m H$dM ~Z MwH$m h¡&
H${d Zaoe gŠgoZm _Zwî` Om{V H$mo àíZ nwN>Vo h¢ {H$ nmZr Ho$ àmU Vmo _N>{b`mo ~gVo h¢ na§Vw AmX_r
Ho$ àmU H$hm± ~gVo h¢? Š`m|{H$ dV©_mZ g_` _| H$moB© Hw$N> ~Mm Zht nm ahm h¢, O¡go {H$gmZ AÝZ H$mo
~Mm Zht nm ahm h¡ dh AnZo hmWm| go \$gbm| H$mo AmJ bJmE Xo ahm h¡& _mVmE± AnZo ~ÀMo H$mo ~Mm
Zht nm aht, CÝh| JmoX _| boH$a Hw$Am| _| N>bm±J| bJm ahr h¢&
V~ H${d H$mo bJVm h¡ h_ Am¡a R>§S>o hmoVo hr Mbo OmE±, h_| MbH$a XoIZm Mm{hE {H$ Bg dŠV
H$S>mS>o H$s R>§S> nS> ahr h¡, V~ _N>{b`m| na g§H$Q> H$s K‹S>r _§S>am ahr h¡& Eogo g_` _| nmZr Š`m H$a
ahm h¡& _Vb~ O~ g_mO _| AZoH$mZoH$ g_ñ`mE± ~‹T>Vr Om ahr h¢, Eogo g_` _| g_mOgodH$, emgZ,
~wX²{YOrdr Ed§ OZVm Ho$ nmbZhmam| Zo R>§S> ahZo Ho$ ~Om` J^©Omoer Ho$ gmW AmJo AmH$a Bg g§H$Q> H$s
KS>r _| {H$gmZ _{hbm, X{bV, nrN>S>o dJm] H$s ajm H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
2)
Zaoe gŠgoZm H$m OÝ_ 16 OZdar ............... _| hþAm&
A) 1938
~) 1939
H$) 1940
S>)
Zaoe gŠgoZm H$m OÝ_ ................ _| hþAm&
A) ½dm{b`a
~) O~bnya
H$) J`mZm
S>) ^monmb
3)
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm ................ H$mì`g§J«h _| g§J«{hV h¡&
A) g_wÐna hmo ahr ~mare
~) gyZmo Mmê$erbm
H$) nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡
S>) dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_
4)
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm ............... H$s h¡&
A) Ohra Hw$aoer
~) Zaoe gŠgoZm
H$) {Z_©bm JJ©
5)
1941
S>) amOoe Omoer
nmZr Ho$ àmU ............ _| ~gVo h¢, AmX_r Ho$ àmU H$hm± ~gVo h¢, XmoñVm|&
A) _N>{b`m|
~) nm§{N>`m|
H$) noS>m|
S>) gmJa
81
~r.E. / _Ü`H$mbrZ Ed§ AmYw{ZH$ H$mì` ....6
4.5
4.6
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
erfm©gZ = ì`m`m_ _| EH$ àH$ma H$s _wÐm `m AmgZ
2.
VmnMH«$ = Vmn H$m H«$_ gy{MV H$aZodmbr g§»`m
3.
gVh = dñVw H$m D$nar ^mJ `m {dñVma
4.
erV H${Q>~§Y = ^y_§S>b Ho$ CÎmar VWm X{jUr A§em| Ho$ Xmo H$pënV ^mJ&
5.
{S>J«r = A§e
6.
Prb - àmH¥${VH$ Obme`, ~hþV ~‹S>m Vmb, gamoda.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1)
4.7
~
2)
A$
3)
~
4)
~
5)
A
gmam§e :
1)
Zaoe gŠgoZm H$s H${dVm _| _mZd Am¡a àH¥${V Ho$ ~rM bJ^J g§nyU© VmXmËå` H$m Ahgmg
Am¡a CËgd {XImB© XoVm h¡&
2)
_wpŠV~moY Ho$ ~mX "dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_' H$mo ZE {gao go nhMmZZo Am¡a A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo _| Zaoe
gŠgoZm Or H$s à{V^m H$m `moJXmZ AZÝ` h¡&
3)
d¡km{ZH$ kmZ H$mo AmË_gmV H$a Cgo _mZdr` Am¡a à{V~X²Y g¥OZ-Y_© _| T>mbZo H$m H$m_ Zaoe
Or Zo {H$`m h¡&
4)
^maVr` gm{hË` _| nmZr H$mo OrdZ H$hm J`m h¡& H$‹S>mHo$ H$s R>ÊS> _| ^r dh AnZo Amn H$mo
^mar Zht hmoZo XoVm, qOggo _N>{b`m| H$s OmZ ~M OmVr h¡&
5)
nmZr _N>{b`m| H$m H$dM ~Z OmVm h¡, Vm§{H$ _N>{b`m± AnZo OrdZ H$m CËgd _ZmVr ah|&
6)
nmZr _N>{b`m| H$mo OrdZ Xo gH$Vm h¡& _Vb~ Xÿgam| H$s gyajm H$a gH$Vm h¡, Vmo _Zwî` Eogm
Š`m| Zhr H$a ahm h¡ ?
7)
àmH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm| Ho$ H$maU `m gaH$ma H$s JbV² Zr{V`m| Ho$ H$maU {H$gmZ AmË_hË`m H$a
aho h¢& IoVr _| {OVZm n¡gm bJm`m h¡, CVZm ^r IMm© Zht {ZH$b hm h¡, AnZo hmWm| go \$gbm|
H$mo AmJ bJmE Xo ahm h¡, BgHo$ {bE H$m¡Z {Oå_oXma h¡?
8)
^yI_ar Ho$ H$maU `m Ka H$m à_wI ì`pŠV Z ahZo Ho$ H$maU _mVmE± AnZo ~ÀMm| Ho$ gmW
AmË_hË`m H$a ahr h¢& `h {dn{Îm H$s KS>r Š`m| Am JB©? H${d h_| Bgr ~mVna gmoMZo Ho$
{bE _O~ya H$a aho h¢&
82
4.8
9)
`h {dn{Îm `m ~XpñVr Am¡a {~KS> OmE, BgHo$ nhbo h_o gmoMZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {H$ nmZr
O¡gm (Xÿgam| H$mo g§H$Q>J«ñVm| H$mo gwajm XoZm) h_ Hw$N> H$a gH$Vo h¢?
10)
_Zwî` _| H$_ hmoVm ^mB©Mmam, ào_^md, _mZdr`Vm, g§doXZerbVm, g§H$Q> _| EH$-Xÿgao H$mo
ghmam XoZo H$s àd¥{Îm na H${d Zo ì`§½` {H$`m h¢&
11)
nmZr Org àH$ma Xÿgam| H$s OmZ ~MmVm h¡, Xÿgam| Ho$ OrdZ _| Iwehmbr bmVm h¡, Cgr àH$ma
_Zwî` H$m ^r ì`dhma hmoZm Mm{hE, `h g§Xoe H${dVm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go XoZm MmhVo h¢&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ 1)
""Bg Vah dh H$dM ~Z OmVm h¡ _N>{b`m| H$m A~ nS>Vr aho R>§S>
ZrMo J_© nmZr _| _N>{b`m± OrdZ H$m CËgd _ZmVr ahVr h¢&''
2)
""Bggo nhbo {H$ R>§S>o hmoVo hr Mbo OmE±
h_, MbH$a XoIbo {H$ Bg dŠV O~ nS> ahr h¡
H$S>mHo$ H$s R>§S> V~ _N>{b`m| Ho$ g§H$Q> H$s Bg KS>r _|
nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡&''
Am) XrKm©oÎmar àíZ -
4.9
1)
"nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© {b{IE&
2)
""nmZr Š`m H$a ahm h¡' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV àVrH$mË_H$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
joÌr` H$m`© :
4.10
1)
T>J\w$Q>r, JmanrR>, dird Am{X {df`m| na _amR>r _| {Z~§Y {b{IE&
2)
"dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>§~H$_' {df` na H${dVm {bIZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
gyZmo Mmê$erbm - Zaoe gŠgoZm
2)
ZXr Ho$ X²drn - Ako`
BBB
83
BH$mB© - 4 (S>)
4)
4.1
CÔoí`
4.2
àñVmdZm
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ
4.3.1
Ohra Hw$aoer H$m n[aM`
4.3.2
"J‹O>b' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
4.3.3
"J‹O>b' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
4.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
4.7
gmam§e
4.8
ñdmÜ`m`
4.9
joÌr` H$m`©
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z
4.1
J‹Ob>
- Ohra Hw$aoer
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
1.
JµObH$ma Ohra Hw$aoer Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
2.
qhXr Ho$ g\$b JµObH$ma Ohra Hw$aoer Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
3.
qhXr JµOb Ho$ joÌ _| Ohra Hw$aoer Or Ho$ `moJXmZ go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
4.
JµOb H$mì` ê$n go n[a{MV hm|Jo&
5.
àñVwV J‹O>b Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dV©_mZ H$s g§doXZhrZVm H$mo g_P gH|$Jo&
84
4.2
àñVmdZm :
^maVr` gm{hË` _| JµOb H$s gwXrK©, {dñV¥V Ed§ g_wÞV naånam {dX²`_mZ h¢& "JµOb' H$mì` H$s
g~go A{YH$ bmoH$a§OH$ Ed§ bmoH${à` {dYm ahr h¡& {JZo MwZo eãXm| _| AZw^y{V`m|H$mo A{^ì`ŠV H$aZo H$m
`h EH$ geŠV Ed§ à^mdr _mÜ`_ h¡& JµOb CXÿ© JµOb Ho$ H$Wm VWm {eën go à^m{dV Adí` h¡, {\$a
^r {df`dñVw H$s Ñ{ï> go qhXr JµOb CXÿ© JµOb go AmJo ~‹T>r h¡ qhXr JµOb Zo H$mì` H$mo Z`r ^md^y{_
Ed§ ZdrZ Voda àXmZ {H$E h¢, Am¡a dh Xa~mam| go {ZH$bH$a OZ_mZg H$m H§$R>hma ~Z JB© h¡& qhXr JµOb
_| AmYw{ZH$ ^md~moY, Am_-AmX_r H$s nrS>m, CgH$m ApñVËd g§Kf© Am{X AZoH$ g§doXZmAm| H$mo
A{^ì`pŠV àXmZ H$s J`r h¡& qhXr JµOb Zo Am_ AmX_r Ho$ ì`mnH$ OrdZ Ho$ Agr{_V bmoH$ go ZmVm
Omo‹S>m h¡& g_H$mbrZ qhXr JµOb Ho$ {_OmO, b~mo bhOo Am¡a _whm§dao H$m ê$n {ZpíMV H$aZo _| Xþî`VHw$_ma
Ho$ ~mX Ho$ aMZmH$mam| _| Ohra Hw$aoer H$m Zm_ AJ«Ur h¡& Ohra Zo AnZr JµObm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go g_H$mbrZ
qhXr JµOb H$mo, qhXr H${dVm Ho$ g_mZ ì`mnH$ \$bH$ àXmZ {H$`m h¡& H$hZo H$s OéaV Zht {H$ Ohra
Hw$aoer qhXr JµOb Ho$ Z`o Xm¡a H$m EH$ à_wI Am¡a _hÎdnyU© Zm_ h¡&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
4.3.1
Ohra Hw$aoer H$m n[aM`
Ohra Hw$aoer H$m OÝ_ 5 AJñV 1950 _| M§Xoar ({Obm AemoH$ZJa, _Ü`àXoe) Zm_H$ H$ñ~o Ho$
EH$ {ZåZ-_Ü`_dJu` _wpñb_ n[adma _| hþAm& Ohra O~ N>h df© Ho$ Wo V~ H¢$ga go CgHo$ {nVm H$m
{ZYZ hmo J`m& Ohra H$m nmbZ-nmofU CZH$s {dYdm _m± Am¡a g~go ~S>o ^mB© ~era Hw$aoer Zo gpå_{bV
ê$n go {H$`m& CZH$s {ejm M§Xoar Ho$ CƒVa _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb` go àma§^ hþB©& CÝhm|Zo g¡{\$`m H$m°boO
^monmb go ~r.Eñgr H$s Cnm{Y àmßV H$s Ama H|$Ð gaH$ma H$s godm _| Mbo JE& gZ 1975 _| CZH$m
{ddmh am{~`m ImZ go hþAm& CZH$m n[adm[aH$ OrdZ AmZ§X go ~rV ahm Wm& ~oQ>m g_ra Am¡a ~oQ>r Vãñgw_
X²dmam CZHo$ n[adma _| d¥X²{Y hþB©&
Ohra Hw$aoer Ho$ ì`pŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd na JrVH$ma _wHw$Q> {~hmar "gamoO' H$m à^md ahm h¡& gamoO
OZdmXr boIH$ g§K ½dm{b`a Ho$ AÜ`j Wo& CÝhm|Zo Ohra H$mo Bg g§K Ho$ g{Md nX na {Z`wŠV {H$`m
Wm& Ohra Zo g§K Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AZoH$ `wdm gm{hË`H$mam| go g§nH©$ H$a CÝh| g¥OZ H$m`© Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m&
VËníMmV do OZdmXr g§K Ho$ AÜ`j ~Zo& gåà{V do g§K H$s amï´>r` H$m`©H$m[aUr Ho$ gXñ` ^r h¡& Ohra
Hw$aoer Ho$ {bE OrdZ H$m EH$ _mÌ lo` Am¡a ào` JµOb-g¥OZ h¡& gZ 1965 go CX²`VZ CZH$m boIZ
g¥OZ H$_© J{Verb h¡ {Og_| OrdZmZw^d H$m `WmWªH$Z h¡& dV©_mZ g_mZ H$s {dg§J{V Am¡a {dÐÿnVm H|$
H$maU CÝhm|Zo AnZr {M‹T> JµOb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`ŠV H$s h¡& qhXr Ho$ gmV JµOb g§J«h Ed§ 850 JµObm|
Ho$ ñWm{nV Ohra Hw$aoer BZ g¥OZna g§Vwï> Zht h¡, CÝh| bJVm h¡ {H$ A^r ~hþV Hw$N> H$hm OmZm eof
h¢& CZH$s JµObm| _| ^mfm H$s ghOVm Am¡a gmXJr hr CZHo$ {eën H$m gm¢X`© h¡&
85
aMZmE± : JOb g§J«h 1)
boIZr Ho$ ñdßZ
2)
EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn
3)
Mm±XZr H$m Xþ:I
4)
g_§Xa ã`mhZo Am`m Zht h¡
5)
^r‹S> _| g~go AbJ
6)
no‹S> VZ H$a ^r Zht Qy>Q>m
7)
~mobVm h¡ ~rO ^r
3.3.2
(1975)
(1979)
(1986)
(1992)
(2003)
(2010)
(2013)
"JµOb' H$m n[aM` :
Ohra Hw$aoer H$s JµOb H$s JµObm| _| gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m§ {dÐþnVmE±, Am_ AmX_r H$s qOXJr Am{X
H$m {MÌU {XImB© XoVm h¡& Z`o àVrH$m| Ed§ {~å~mo Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝhm|Zo Am_ AmX_r H$s qOXJr H$mo
ì`m»`m{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& àñVwV JµOb gZ 2003 _| àH$m{eV "^rS> _| g~go AbJ' JµOb
g§J«h H$s Mm¡Xhdr JµOb h¡& g_` Ho$ gmW h_mao ^mdmË_H$ _yë` ‹T>hVo Om aho h¢& ào_, AnZmnm,
AmË_r`Vm, g§doXZm O¡go CXmÎm ^md {dñ_¥V hmoVo Om aho h¢& JµObH$ma H$hVo h¢ {H$ dV©_mZ g_mO H$s
~Xhmbr H$s Amoa XoIZo Ho$ {bE h_mao Ñ{ï>H$moU _| ~Xbmd bmJZm Amdí`H$ h¡& dV©_mZ go _w±h _moS>H$a
^mdZm Zht h¡, Vmo b‹S>mB© _| CVaH$a h_o _mZdVm Ho$ gamoH$mam| H$s H${dVm H$aZr hmoJr& h_mar naånam,
g§ñH¥${V CÁÁdb Wr, CgHo$ O‹S>o _O~yV Wr, {díd _| ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo ZdmOm OmVm Wm& na§Vw g_`
Ho$ gmW BgH$m _hÎd H$_ hmoVm J`m& `{X Bgo {\$a go AnZm Imo`m hþAm ñWmZ àmßV H$aZm hmo, Vmo h_|
{\$a go BgH$s O‹S>m| H$mo XoIZm-g_PZm hmoJm& Ohra Hw$aoer H$s ^mfm ghO qH$Vw VrImnZ {bE h¢ {eën
H$m {Zdm©h ^r CÝhm|Zo àm_m{UH$Vm h¡ gmW {H$`m h¡&
4.3.3
"JµOb' H$m ^mdmW© :
Ohra Hw$aoer qhXr JµOb Ho$ Z`o Xm¡a H$m EH$ à_wI Am¡a _hÎdnyU© Zm_ h¡& {nN>bo Hw$N> XeH$mo _|
h_mar gm_m{OH$-amOZr{V g§ñWmAm| Am¡a g§JR>Zm| _| {OZ nVZmoÝ_wI, g§doXZhrZ Ama _yë`{Zanoj
Ag{hîUwVmAm| Am¡a A§YVmAm| Zo AnZm àdoe ~Zm {b`m h¡, Ohra Zo CÝh| Iy~-Iy~ nhMmZ {b`m h¡ Am¡a
Bgr ~mV àñVwV JµOb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go aIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& Bg JµOb _| g§J«{hV àË`oH$ eoa H$m ^mdmW©
Hw$N> Bg àH$ma h¡Bg JµOb Ho$ nhbo eoa _| Ohra Hw$aer H$hVo h¢ {H$ h_| AZ¡{VH$Vm Ho$ Mí_|H$mo ~XbH$a XoIZm hmoJm&
AZ¡{VH$Vm Ho$ ~mao _| h_mao Omo {dMma ~ZVo Om aho h¢ CgHo$ Xÿgao nj H$mo ^r XoIZm hmoJm& H$moB© ór JbV
86
H$X_ CR>mVr h¡, JbV amhm| na MbH$a AZ¡{VH$ H$_© H$aVr h¡ Vmo BgH$m _Vb~ `h Zht H$s dh AZ¡{VH$
hmoH$a g_mO go H$Q> JB©, Am¡a OëX~mOr _| h_Zo Cgna bm§ÀN>Z bJm {X`m& bm§ÀN>Z bJmZo go nhbo h_o
`h gmoMZm hmoJm {H$ dh Am¡aV JbV amhm| na Š`m| Mbr JB©&
AnZo Xÿgao eoa _| JµObH$ma H$hVo h¢ {H$ gm_mÝ`V: h_ {dJV OrdZ H$s IQ²>Q>r, _rR>r, H$‹S>dr Am{X
~mVm| H$mo `mX aIVo h¢ Am¡a CgH$m amoZm amoVo h¢& Ohra H$hVo h¢ {H$ Eogr ~mVm| H$mo h_| ^ybZm hmoJm Š`m|
{H$ h_mao gm_Zo gwZhar ^{dî` nS>m hþAm h¡& "Omo ~rV JB© gmo ~mV JB©' Bg CpŠV Ho$ AZwgma h_| gmoMH$a
AmJo ~‹T>Zm hmoJm&
AnZo AJbo eoa _| JµObH$ma H$hVo h¢ {H$ OrdZ _| Hw$N> AÀN>o XmoñV {_bVo h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> {damoYr
XmoñV ^r hmoVo h¢& {damoYr XmoñV go amoO _wbmH$mV ^r hmoVr h¡, Hw$N> {dn[aV ~mV| ^r hmoVr h¢& bo{H$Z `h
XmoñV h_mao {damoY _| Š`m| h¡, CgHo$ BamX| Š`m h¡, `h h_o g_PZm-~yPZm hmoJm Am¡a CgHo$ gmW ~mV{MV
`m _ob-{_bmn ~‹T>mZm hmoJm& _Vb~ Xþí_Z H$mo ^r g_PH$a CgHo$ gmW XmoñVr H$aZr hmoJr& XmoñVr H$m
hmW ~‹T>mZm hmoJm&
AnZ| Mm¡Wo eoa _| JµObH$ma H$hVo h¢ {H$ AmO Ho$ O_mZo _| ~hþV IwbH$a `m CÝ_wŠV hmoH$a qOXJr
OrZm ^r Omo{I_ ^am h¡& Š`m| {H$ ñd¡a `m CÝ_wŠV OrZm IyX Ho$ Am¡a Xÿgam| Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ hmoVm h¡,
g§Vw{bV {OÝXJr ghr _mJ© na MbVr h¡& `{X C\$ZVr hþB© ZXr H$s Yma H$mo AZwemgZ _| Zht ~m§Ym J`m
Vmo dh {H$gmZm| Ho$ Kam|, \$gb Am¡a _Zwî` H$s OZ H$mo hm{Z nhþ±Mm gH$Vr h¡&
AnZo AJbo eoa _| Ohra Hw$aoer H$hVo h¢ {H$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo `{X IË_ H$aZm h¡ Vmo h_o
_¡XmZ _| CVaH$a b‹T>Zm hmoJm, Xmo-Xmo hmW H$aHo$ Cg g_ñ`m H$mo {_Q>mZm hmoJm& H$m`a H$s Vah ^mJZm
Zm_X© H$m H$m_ h¡& Bg{bE b‹S>mB© _| CVaH$a h_| g§Kf© H$aZm hmoJm, Mmho Cg_| OrV hmo `m hma& H${d
`hm± haX_ g§Kf© Ho$ {bE V¡`ma ahZo H$m g§Xoe XoVo h¢&
AnZo N>R>o eoa _| Ohra H$hVo h¢ {H$ Bg Xþ{fV dmVmdaU _| AnZr _Z H$s ~mVm| H$mo {H$VZo {XZm|
VH$ Hw§${R>V aI|Jo& EH$-Zm-EH$ {XZ AnZo _Z H$mo Jm±R>m| H$mo g_mO Ho$ gm_Zo Z ghr bo{H$Z AHo$bo _|
~§X H$_ao ImobZm hmoJm& Š`m|{H$ _Zmo{dkmZ H$hVm h¡ {H$ {dMmam|, ^mdZmAm| H$mo X~mH$a aIZo go _Zwî`
_| hrZVm ~moY {Z_m©U hmo OmVm h¡& gM_wM _| h_ g_mO H$m {hV MmhVo h¢ Vmo h_| Hw$N> Z Hw$N> H$aZm
hmoJm& AÀN>r gmoM Ho$ gmW H$_ ~T>Zm hmoJm&
Bg JµOb H$s A§{V_ eoa _| Ohra Hw$aoer H$hVo h¢ {H$ `{X ^maV H$s CObr {damgV H$mo ~MmZm
h¡ Vmo h_| {\$a EH$ ~ma AnZr O‹S>m| H$s Amoa bm¡Q>Zm hmoJm& EH$ g_` _| ^maV H$mo gmoZo H$s Mr‹S>r`m H$hm
OmVm Wm, ^maV H$s g§ñH¥${V, naånam, ar{V[admO Am{X H$s nyao {díd _| dmhdm hmoVr Wr& `{X h_| do
gwdU©_` jUm| H$mo bmZm h¡ Vmo h_| {\$a EH$ ~ma AnZr OS>m| H$s Amoa bm¡Q>Zm hmoJm _Vb~ _mZdr`Vm,
^mB©Mmam, Amngr ào_ H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm hmoJm& OmV, Y_©, n§W, gm§àXm{`H$Vm H$mo Zï> H$aHo$ _mZd Y_© H$mo
{dH${gV H$aZm hmoJm& Š`m|{H$ ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$s _yb O‹S>o _mZd Y_© na hr Q>rH$s hþB© h¢&
87
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ &
1)
2)
Ohra Hw$aoer H$m OÝ_ 15 AJñV ................. _| hþAm&
A) 1949
~) 1950
H$) 1951
4)
~) _w§S>oar
H$) gw§Xar
6)
4.5
4.6
S>) _§Jb
Ohra Hw$aoer Ho$ A~VH$ ................ JµOb g§J«h àH$m{eV h¢&
A) nm§M
~) N>h
H$) gmV
S>) AmR>
àñVwV "JµOb' ............... JµOb g§J«h H$s Mm¡Xhdr JµOb h¡&
A) ^rS> _| g~go AbJ
H$) Mm±XZr H$m Xþ:I
5)
1952
Ohra Hw$aoer H$m OÝ_ ................ Zm_H$ H$ñ~o _| hþAm&
A) M§Xoar
3)
S>)
~) EH$ Qw>H$S>m Yyn
S>) ~mobVm h¡ ~rO ^r
qhXr gm{hË` _| Ohra Hw$aoer ............ Ho$ én _| M{M©V h¢&
A) H$hmZrH$ma
~) CnÝ`mgH$ma
H$) {Z~§YH$ma
S>) JµObH$ma
"^rS> _| g~go AbJ' JµOb g§J«h ................ _| àH$m{eV hþAm h¡
A) 2001
~) 2002
H$) 2003
S>) 2004
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
1.
JµOb = ào{_H$m go dmVm©bmn
2.
JµObm = {haZ H$m N>moQ>m ~ƒm
3.
AZ¡{VH$Vm = Zr{V {déX²Y, A{d{hV
4.
AmJV = Am`m hþAm
5.
{dJV = ~rZm hþAm
6.
H$m-nwéfVm = H$m`a
7.
_wëH$ = àm§V, àXoe g§gma
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma&
1)
~
2)
A$
3)
H$
4)
A
5)
S>
6)
H$
88
4.7
4.8
gmam§e :
1)
Ohra Hw$aoer H$s JµObm| _| gm_m{OH$ {dg§J{V`m±, {dÐþnVmE±, Am_ AmX_r H$s {OÝXJr Am{X
H$m {MÌU {XImB© XoVm h¢&
2)
Z`o àVrH$m| Ed§ {~å~m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝhm|Zo Am_ AmX_r H$s qOXJr H$mo ì`m»`m{`V H$aZo H$m
à`mg {H$`m h¡&
3)
Ohra Hw$aoer H$mo naånam Am¡a AmYw{ZH$Vm Ho$ ~rM AmdmOmhr H$aZodmbm H${d _mZm OmVm ahm
h¡& Š`m|{H$ do naånam H$mo OrdZ-àdmh _mZVo aho h¢& naånam h_mao dV©_mZ Ho$ nmofU Ho$ {bE
Am°ŠgrOZ H$s Vah A{Zdm`© h¡&
4)
Ohra Hw$aoer H$s JµOb| ào_ H$s nr‹S>m Ho$ ~Om` noQ> H$s nrS>m H$mo ^moJVo Am¡a A±Yoao _| OyPVo
Am_ AmX_r H$s nrS>m H$m ~`mZ H$aVr h¢&
5)
Ohra Hw$aoer H$s JµOb Zmar OrdZ H$s JhamB© go N>mZ~rZ H$aVr h¡& Zmar H|$ AZ¡{VH$Vmdmbo
Mí_o H$mo ~XbZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢&
6)
Ohra H$s JµOb dV©_mZ amOZr{V Am¡a ì`dñWm Ho$ M[aÌ H$s ~S>r ~marH$s go nS>Vmb H$aVr
h¢&
7)
Ohra H$s gmar H$mo{ee dV©_mZ OrdZ Ho$ ~hþAm`m_r {MÌ H$mo AnZr JµObm| _| CVmaZo H$s h¡&
do nañnam Ho$ _yë`dmZ VÎdm| H$mo AmË_gmV H$aVo hþE, Z`r g§doXZm Am¡a Z`o OrdZ _yë`m| H$mo
gm_Zo aIH$a eoa H$hVo h¢&
8)
Ohra {dJV H$S>dr ~mVm| H$mo ^ybH$a dV©_mZ _| AÀN>r ~mVm| H$mo gmW boH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$s
~mV H$aVo h¢, Xþí_Z H$m {Xb OrVZo H$s ~mV H$aVo h¢&
9)
qOXJr H$s ñdV§ÌVm _| ^r AZwemgZ H$s ~mV JµObH$ma H$aVo h¢&
10)
dV©_mZ H$s {dg§J{V`m| S>Q>H$a _wH$m~bm H$aZo H$s ~mV Ohra H$aVo h¢, qMVm Ho$ ~Xbo qMVZ
H$s ~mV JµObH$ma H$aVo h¢&
11)
^maV H$s CObr {damgV H$mo ~MmZo H$s ~mV Ohra H$aVo h¢, ^maV H$m {dJV d¡^d {\$a go
àmßV H$aZm h¡ Vmo h_o {\$a go BgH$s O‹S>mo H$mo XoIZm Am¡a g_PZm hmoJm&
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) g§X^© Ho$ àíZ 1)
""~MmZm h¡ AJa Bg _wëH$ H$s CObr {damgV H$mo,
h_| AnZr O‹S>mo H$s Amoa {\$a go bm¡Q>Zm hmoJm&''
89
Am) XrKm©oÎmar àíZ -
4.9
1)
Ohra Hw$aoer H¥$V "JµOb' H$m ^mdmW© {b{IE&
2)
Ohra Hw$aoer _wëH$ H$s CObr {damgV H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go n[adV©Z Anojm aIVo
h¢&
joÌr` H$m`© :
4.10
1)
àñVwV JµOb Ho$ {df` na _amR>r _| JµOb {bIZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE&
2)
_amR>r Ho$ H${d Zmam`U gwd} H$m "gZX' H${dVm g§J«h n{T>E&
3)
Ohra Hw$aoer Am¡a _amR>r Ho$ JµObH$ma gwaoe ^Q> H$s JObm| H$s VwbZm H$s{OE&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z :
1)
^rS> _| g~go AbJ - Ohra Hw$aoer
2)
Ohra Hw$aoer H$s MwqZXm JµOb| - g§. S>m°. _Yy IamQ>o
3)
amJ ^monmbr (_m{gH$ à{ÌH$m) - ^monmb, \$adar
4)
AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${dVm _| JµOb - àm. bVm Jwad
2014
BBB
90