H
I
{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
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AmYw{ZH$ JX²` gm{hË`
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gÌ 3 Am¡a 4
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2014-15
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© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_ g§ñH$aU : 2014
~r. E. ^mJ 2 (qhXr : nona 3 Am¡a 5)
g^r AoYH$ma odídodX²`mc` H{$ AYrZ$& oedmOr odídodX²`mc` H$s AZw_oV H{$ o]Zm oH$gr ^r gm_J«r
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H$moëhmnwa - 416 004.
n
_wÐH$ :
lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rc
AYrjH$,
{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnwa - 416 004.
n
ISBN-978-81-8486-554-7
H
H
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð Am¡a {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc` H$s OmZH$mar {ZåZm§{H$V nVo na {_coJr{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, {dX²`mZJa, H$moëhmnwa-416 004. (^maV)
Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{díd{dX²`mc` AZwXmZ Am`moJ, ZB© {Xëcr Ho$ {dH$gZ AZwXmZ go Bg gm{hË` H$s {Z{_©{V H$s h¡&
(ii)
Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
n
gcmhH$ma g{_{V n
àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndma
àmMm`© S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rc
Hw$cJwê$,
{edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dX²`memIm,
{edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`>, H$moëhmnwa
àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hamîQ´> _wŠV {díd{dX²`mc`, Zm{eH$
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dX²`memIm,
{edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`>, H$moëhmnwa
àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm
S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>Vao
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
åh¡gya {díd{dX²²>`mc`, åh¡gya
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{edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`>, H$moëhmnwa
àm. nr. àH$me
àmMm`© S>m°. E. ~r. amOJo
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$,
B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {díd{dX²`mc`, Zdr {Xëcr
_m. àmMm`© (S>m°.) E. Eg. ^moB©Q>o
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`>, H$moëhmnwa
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{edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio
Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o
narjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {díd{dX²²>`mc`>, H$moëhmnwa
lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmQ>rc
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àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)
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n
l
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S>m°.lr_Vr nX²_m nmQ>rc
l
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qhXr {d^mJ, {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa
l
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ehmOr amOo _hm{dÚmc`, IQ>md, {O. gmVmam.
l
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l
l
VwH$mam_ H$mocoH$a AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, Zogar,
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S>m°. JOmZZ gXm{ed ^mogco
`ed§Vamd MìhmU AmQ>©g, H$m°_g© A°ÊS> gm`Ýg H$m°coO,
nmMdS>, Vm. dmB©, {O. gmVmam
àmMm`© S>m°. H¥$îUm amOmam_ nmQ>rc
l
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S>m°. aKwZmW JUnVr XogmB©
lr_Vr _Ww~mB© Jadmao H$Ý`m _hm{dX²`mc`, gm§Jcr
(iii)
AmYw{ZH$ JX²` gm{hË`
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odídodX²`mc`>,
H$m{ëhm[wa
BH$mB© b{ I H$
coIH$
BH$mB©
H
S>m°. Ama. Or. XogmB©
lr_Vr _Ww~mB© Jadmao H$Ý`m _hm{dX²`mc`, gm§Jcr
H
S>m°. ìhr. S>r. gwd}
AmQ>©g Ed§ H$m°_g© H$m°coO, AmîQ>m
H
S>m°. ~r. S>r. nmQ>rc
S>m°. nV§Jamd H$X_ _hm{dX²`mc`, gm§Jcr
3, 4
H
S>m°. Eg. ~r. ~ZgmoS>o
AÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, O`qgJnwa H$m°coO, O`qgJnwa
7, 8
2
n
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1, 5, 6
gå[mXH$
n
S>m°. gwZrc ~mny ~ZgmoS>o
AÜ`j, qhXr AÜ``Z _§S>c,
AÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ,
{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa O`qgJnwa H$m°coO, O`qgJnwa
AmQ>©g² Ed§ H$m°_g© H$m°coO, AmîQ>m
(iv)
S>m°. Ama. Or. XogmB©
lr_Vr _Ww~mB© Jadmao H$Ý`m
_hm{dX²`mc`, gm§Jcr
AnZr ~mV
{edmOr {díd{dX²`mc`, H$moëhmnwa H$s Xÿa{ejm `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V ~r. E. ^mJ 2 qhXr {df` Ho$
N>mÌm| Ho$ {cE {Z{_©V AÜ``Z gm_J«r« {Z`{_V ê$n go àdoe Z co nmZo dmco N>mÌm| H$s Agw{dYm H$mo Xÿa
H$aZo Ho$ g§H$ën H$m gw\$c h¡& Bg_| EH$ Amoa {díd{dX²`mc` H$s gm_m{OH$ g§dXo ZercVm {XImB© XoVr
h¡, Vmo Xygar Amoa {ejm go d§{MV N>mÌm| H$mo gw{dYm àXmZ H$aZo H$s à{V~X²YVm& ~r. E. ^mJ 1 VWm
B. A. ^mJ 3 H$s AÜ``Z gm_J«r« go Xÿa{ejm `moOZm Ho$ N>mÌ {Og Vah cm^mpÝdV hþE h¢, Cgr Vah
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Xÿa{ejm Ho$ N>mÌm| H$m _hm{dÚmc`m| VWm AÜ`mnH$m| go àË`j `m AàË`j ê$n go H$moB© g§~Y§ Zht
AmVm& CZH$s Bg pñW{V H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE AÜ``Z gm_J«r H$mo gac Am¡a gw~moY ^mfm _| àñVwV
{H$`m J`m h¡& gmW hr nmR>ç² H«$_, àíZnÌ H$m ñdê$n VWm A§H$-{dVaU H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a AÜ``Zgm_J«r H$mo Amdí`H$VmZwgma {dñV¥V VWm gyú_ ê$n go àñVwV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& h_| Amem hr
Zht, àË`wV {dídmg h¢ {H$ àñVwV g§H$cZ qhXr H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo dmco N>mÌm| Ho$ {cE CnmXo` {gX²Y
hmoJm&
àñVwV gm_J«r gm_y{hH$ à`mg H$m \$c h¡& BH$mB©-coIH$m| Zo AnZr-AnZr BH$mB`m| H$m coIZ
g_` na nwam H$a Bg_| _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡& {edmOr {díd{dX²`mc` Ho$ _m. Hw$cJwê$,
Hw$cg{Md, CnHw$cg{Md, Xÿa{ejm {d^mJ H$s g§Mm{cH$m Ed§ CZHo$ g^r gh`moJr cmoJm| Zo g_`-g_`
na Amdí`H$ gh`moJ {X`m& AV… BZ g^r Ho$ à{V Am^ma àH$Q> H$aZm h_mam H$V©ì` h¡& YÝ`dmX!
- g§nmXH$
(v)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
n¥îR>
àíZnÌ H«$. III : go{_ñQ>a III
1.
H$Wm gm{hË`
~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r - ào_M§X
nËZr - O¡Z|Ð
XþIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ±? - AmMm`© MVwagoZ
01
2.
H$Wm gm{hË`
^o{S>`o-^ydZoída - àgmX
emXr H$m OmoH$a - AãXþc {~pñ_ëcmh
{OZmda - Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$
33
3.
H$WoVa gm{hË`
ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¡ ({Z~§Y) - hOmaràgmX X²{ddoXr
Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XÿV (g§ñ_aU) - ^rî_ gmhmZr
~hþV {XZm| ~mX - (S>m`ar) - am_Xae {_l
55
4.
H$WoVa gm{hË`
Xoegodm Ho$ AmImS>o _| (hmñ`-ì`§½`) - gy`©~mcm
{ddoH$mZ§X - (OrdZr) - am_ZmW "gw_Z'
ñd{J©` Jm¡ad-JmWm (ao{S>Amo ZmQ>H$) - {Ma§OrV
77
àíZnÌ H«$. V : go{_ñQ>a IV
1.
{~Zm Xrdmam| Ho$ Ka (ZmQ>H$) - _ÝZy ^§S>mar
2.
{~Zm Xrdmam| Ho$ Ka (ZmQ>H$) - _ÝZy ^§S>mar
3.
H$c {Xëcr H$s ~mar h¡ (ZmQ>H$) - ldUHw$_ma Jmoñdm_r
4.
H$c {Xëcr H$s ~mar h¡ (ZmQ>H$) - ldUHw$_ma Jmoñdm_r
(vii)
98
143
ha BH$mB© H$s ewê$AmV CX²X{í` g{ hm{Jr, oOgg{ oXem Am¡a AmJ{ H{$ odf` gyoMV hm|J{ (1)
BH$mB© _| ·`m oX`m J`m h¡ $&
(2)
Am[g{ ·`m A[{ojV h¡ $&
(3)
ode{f BH$mB© H{$ AÜ``Z H{$ C[am§V Am[H$m{ oH$Z ]mVm| g{ AdJV hm{Zm A[{ojV h¡$&
ñd`§-AÜ``Z H{$ ocE Hw$N> àíZ oXE JE h¢, oOZH{$ A[{ojV CÎmam| H$m{ ^r XO© oH$`m
h¡$& Bgg{ BH$mB© H$m AÜ``Z ghr oXem g{ hm{Jm$& Am[H{$ CÎma ocIZ{ H{$ [íMmV² hr ñd`§AÜ``Z H{$ A§VJ©V oXE hþE CÎmam| H$m{ X{I|$& Am[H{$ X²dmam ocI{ JE CÎma (ñdmÜ`m`)
_yë`m§H$Z H{$ ocE h_ma{ [mg ^{OZ{ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¢$& Am[H$m AÜ``Z ghr oXem g{
hm{, BgocE `h AÜ``Z gm_J«r (Study Tool) C[`w·V ogX²Y hm{Jr$&
(viii)
BH$mB© : 1
1. ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r
- ào_M§X
1.1
CÔoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
ào_M§X H$m n[aM`
1.3.2
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' H$hmZr H$m n[aM`
1.3.3
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ð ào_M§X Ho$ H$hmZr gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
B.A. part 2 (sem III)
qhXr, AmYw{ZH$ JÚ gm{hË` - nona3
1
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
ð "~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð AmZ§Xr H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| H$mo g_P gH|$JoŸ&
ð nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ JwUm| H$mo AnZmZo H$m à`mg H$a|JoŸ&
ð ~S>ßnZ H$s {deofVmAm| H$mo g_PH$a AnZo OrdZ _| CZH$m AZwH$aU H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a|JoŸ&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
qhXr H$hmZr H$m OÝ_ 1900 B©. Ho$ Amgnmggo _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& JÚ {d{YAm| go g~go geŠV {dYm _mZr OmVr
h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ {dH$mg _| nÌ-n{ÌH$mAm| H$m {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡Ÿ&
qhXr H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_ H$Wm g_«mQ> ào_M§X H$mo H|$Ðq~Xy _mZVo h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ nyd©
H$s H$hmZr, ào_M§X `wJrZ H$hmZr, ào_M§ÐmoÎma H$hmZr, ZB© H$hmZr, AÚdV H$hmZr Ho$ én _| BgHo$ {dH$mg H$mo
XoIVo h¢Ÿ&
1.3
1.3.1
{df` {ddoMZ :
ào_M§X ì`{ŠVËd H¥${VËd :
qhXr H$hmZr H$mo ghr O_rZ Am¡a {Xem XoZodmbo `wJàdV©H$ H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| ào_M§X Or nhMmZo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
CZH$m OÝ_ ~Zmag {Obo Ho$ b_hr Jm±d _| 14 {gVå~a gZ² 1880 B©. _| hþAm WmŸ& CZH$m dmñV{dH$ Zm_ YZnVam`
Wm, bo{H$Z ñZoh go bmoJ CÝh| "Z~m~' Ho$ Zm_ go nwH$maVo WoŸ& do gmV df© H$s Am`w _| _mV¥gwI Am¡a Mm¡Xh df© H$s
Am`w _| {nV¥gwI go d§{MV hmo JE WoŸ& CZH$m {ddmh gmobh df© H$s Am`w _| hþAm WmŸ& CZH$s nËZr ~hþV PJS>mby WrŸ&
do n{V go PJS>m H$aHo$ h_oem Ho$ {bE AnZo _m`Ho$ Mbr JB©Ÿ& PJS>mby nËZr Ho$ H$maU CÝho nËZr gwI go d§{MV
ahZm nS>mŸ& nËZr Ho$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo ~mb {dYdm {edamZr Xodr Ho$ gmW XmånË` OrdZ ewê$ {H$`mŸ&
nm[adm[aH$ {Oå_oXmar H$mo g§^mbVo hþE ào_M§XOr _¡{Q´>H$ H$s narjm _| g\$b hmo JEŸ& do {ejm {d^mJ _|
Zm¡H$ar H$aZo bJo WoŸ& do AnZo à`mg Am¡a `mo½`Vm Ho$ ~b na "{S>ßQ>r B§ñnoŠQ>a Am°\$ ñHy$b' Ho$ nX na nhþ±M JE WoŸ&
Jm§YrOr Ho$ Agh`moJ Am§XmobZ _| g{H«$` ê$n go gpå_{bV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar N>moS> Xr WrŸ& do nyU©
ê$n go gm{hpË`H$ ~Z JE WoŸ&
ào_M§X Or Zo AnZo gm{hpË`H$ OrdZ H$m àma§^ CXy© boIZ go {H$`m WmŸ& do CXy© _| "Z~m~am`' Ho$ Zm_ go
{bIVo WoŸ& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "g§gma H$m g~go AZ_mob aËZ' CXy© n{ÌH$m "O_mZm' _| àH$m{eV hþB© WrŸ& CZH$m
nhbm H$hmZr g§J«h "gmoOodVZ' A§J«oO gaH$ma Zo OãV H$aHo$ Obm`m WmŸ& A§J«oO gaH$ma H$s Zr{V Am¡a ì`dhma
XoIH$a do "ào_M§X' Ho$ CnZm_ go {bIZo bJoŸ& dhr Zm_ CZH$s nhMmZ ~Z J`mŸ& "n§M na_oída' CZH$s nhbr qhXr
H$hmZr gZ² 1916 B©. àH$m{eV hþB© WrŸ& CÝhm|Zo CXy© _| 178 Am¡a qhXr _| VrZ gm¡ go A{YH$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr h¢Ÿ& CZH$s
àm`: g^r qhXr H$hm{Z`m± "_mZgamoda Ho$ AmR> ^mJm|' Am¡a "ào_ nMrgr', "gßV gamoO' Am{X g§J«hm| _| g§H${bV
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2
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
h¢Ÿ& CZH$s M{M©V H$hm{Z`m± h¢ - "narjm', "~S>o ^mB© gmh~', "nyg H$s amV', "n§M na_oída', "B©XJmh', "Zem',
"H$\$Z', "~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' Am{XŸ&Ÿào_M§X Ho$ à_wI CnÝ`mg h¢ - godm gXZ, ào_ml_, a§J^y{_, {Z_©bm, J~Z,
H$_©^y{_, JmoXmZŸ&
1.3.2
~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r H$hmZr H$m n[aM` :
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' ào_M§X Or H$s M{M©V H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr _| AmZ§Xr Zm_H$ Zmar H$m {MÌU h¡Ÿ& dh
AnZr g_PXmar, ghZerbVm Am¡a AnZËd Ho$ ì`dhma go Qy>Q>Zodmbo n[adma H$mo ~MmVr h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$maU hr Xmo
^mB`m| _| gwbh hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr ào_M§X H$s AmXe© H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr H$s aMZm ào_M§X Or Zo
àmapå^H$ H$mb _| H$s WrŸ& Bg_| ^maVr` nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Ho$ AmXe© H$mo grYr-gmXr, ñdm^m{dH$ ^mfm e¡br _|
àñVwV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& g§Vw{bV, gwJ{R>V Am¡a _whmdaoXma ^mfm à`moJ Zo H$hmZr H$mo _mohH$ ~Zm`m h¡Ÿ&
1.3.3
H$WmdñVw `m H$WmZH$ :
~oZr_mYd qgh Jm¡arnwa Jm±d Ho$ O_tXma WoŸ& Jm±d _| CZH$m gå_mZ WmŸ& CZHo$ {nVm_h g§nÞ Am¡a namonH$mar
WoŸ& CÝhmoZo Jm±d _| n¸$m Vmbm~ Am¡a _§{Xa ~Zdm`m WmŸ& A~ CZH$s _aå_V H$aZm ^r _wpíH$b ~Z J`m WmŸ&
~oZr_mYd qgh Ho$ XmXm Ho$ O_mZo _| XadmOo na hmWr Py_Vm Wm, A~ CgH$s OJh EH$ ~yT>r ^¢g WrŸ& dh ~hþV hr
H$_Omoa Wr _Ja XyY AÀN>m XoVr WrŸ&
~oZr_mYd qgh H$s AmYr go A{YH$ g§n{Îm dH$sbm| H$s \$s¨g Ho$ ê$n _| Mbr JB© WrŸ& CZH$s dV©_mZ Am`
EH$ hOma én`o dm{f©H$ go A{YH$ Zht WrŸ& CZHo$ Xmo ~oQ>o WoŸ& ~S>m bS>H$m lrH§$R> qgh ~r. E. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$aZo
Ho$ ~mX EH$ XâVa _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVm WmŸ& N>moQ>m ~oQ>m bmb{~hmar qgh Xmohao ~XZ H$m gOrbm OdmZ Wm§Ÿ& dh ha gw~h
Xmo goa VmOm XyY nrVm WmŸ& CgHo$ {dnarV lrH§$R> qgh WmŸ& dh {Z~©b, H$m§{VhrZ WmŸ& dh Am`wd}{XH$ Am¡f{Y`m|
Am¡a J«§Wm| na A{YH$ {dídmg H$aVm WmŸ& CZH$m à`moJ ^r H$aVm WmŸ& CgZo A§J«oOr {S>J«r àmá H$s Wr bo{H$Z dh
A§J«oOr àWmAm| H$m {damoY H$aVm WmŸ& Jm±d _| CZH$m ~S>m gå_mZ WmŸ&
lrH§$R> qgh qhXy gä`Vm H$m ào_r WmŸ& CgZo Jm±d _| am_brbm H$m àma§^ {H$`m WmŸ& dh ñd`§ am_brbm _|
{H$gr Z {H$gr H$m nmQ>© boVm WmŸ& dh gpå_{bV n[adma H$m g_W©H$ Am¡a CnmgH$ WmŸ& dh gpå_{bV n[adma H$mo
VmoS>Zodmbr Am¡aVm| H$mo Xoe Am¡a Om{V Ho$ {bE hm{ZH$maH$ _mZVm WmŸ& Bg{bE Jm±d H$s AZoH$ Am¡aV| lrH§$R> H$mo
AnZm Xwí_Z _mZVr WrŸ& CZH$s nËZr ^r CZHo$ {dMmam| H$m {damoY H$aVr WrŸ&
lrH§$R> qgh H$s nËZr AmZ§Xr EH$ ~S>o Cƒ Hw$b H$s bS>H$s WrŸ& CZHo$ {nVm Or H$m Zm_ ^ynqgh WmŸ& do EH$
N>moQ>rgr [a`mgV Ho$ Vm„þHo$Xma WoŸ& CZH$m ~hþV ~S>m _H$mZ WmŸ& CZHo$ Ûmana hmWr Py_Vm WmŸ& CZHo$ Ûmana Hw$Îmo,
~mO, ~har {eH$ao WoŸ& do ~S>o CXma{MÎm Am¡a à{V^membr nwéf WoŸ& do gmV bS>{H$`m| Ho$ {nVm WoŸ& CÝhmoZo nhbr VrZ
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~o{Q>`m| H$m {ddmh CËgmh go Am¡a {Xb ImobH$a emZ go {H$`m WmŸ& nÝÐh-~rg hOma H$m H$O© hmoZo na CZH$s Am±I|
Iwb JB©Ÿ&
"AmZ§Xr' ^ynqgh H$s Mm¡Wr bS>H$s WrŸ& dh g~ ~hZm| go A{YH$ ê$ndVr Am¡a JwUdVr WrŸ& R>mHw$a ^ynqgh
Cgo ~hþV ß`ma H$aVo WoŸ& CÝho ~oQ>r Ho$ {ddmh H$s qMVm gVmVr WrŸ&
EH$ {XZ lrH§$R> qgh ^ynqgh Ho$ nmg M§Xm _m±JZo Am`m WmŸ& ^ynqgh CZHo$ ñd^md na arP JEŸ& CÝhmoZo
Yy_Ym_ go "AmZ§Xr' Ho$ gmW lrH§$R>qgh H$m {ddmh H$adm`mŸ&
AmZ§Xr Zo n{V Ho$ Ka _| AbJ dmVmdaU XoImŸ& {Og Q>r_Q>m_ H$s Cgo ~MnZ go AmXV nS>r Wr Cggo {dnarV
n{V Ho$ Ka H$m dmVmdaU WmŸ& _H$mZ _| {IS>{H$`m± VH$ Zht WrŸ& Z O_rZ na \$e© Am¡a Z hr Xrdma na Vñdrao WrŸ&
dh Ka EH$ grYm-gmXm XohmVr _H$mZ WmŸ& AmZ§Xr Zo AnZo AmnH$mo ZE Ka Ho$ AZwHy$b ~Zm {b`mŸ& ~S>o Ka go AmB©
hþB© AmZ§Xr Zo n{V Ho$ Ka H$mo AnZm Ka g_P {b`m WmŸ&
EH$ {XZ Xmonha Ho$ g_` bmb{~hmar qgh Xmo {M{S>`m± bo Am`m Am¡a ^mdO AmZ§Xr go H$hZo bJm, ""Bgo
OëXr go nH$m XmoŸ& _wPo ^yI bJr h¡Ÿ&'' AmZ§Xr Zo nhbo hr ^moOZ ~Zm`m WmŸ& {\$a ^r Xoda Ho$ AmXoe H$mo _mZH$a
CgZo Z`m ì`§OZ ~ZmZm ewê$ {H$`mŸ& h±S>r _| nm±d ^a go A{YH$ Kr Zht WmŸ& CgZo gmam Kr _m±g _| S>mb {X`mŸ& ~S>o
Ka H$s ~oQ>r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo {H$\$m`Vr ImZm ~ZmZm Zht AmVm WmŸ&
bmb{~hmar ImZo ~¡R>mŸ& CÝhmoZo AZw^d {H$`m {H$ Xmb _| Kr Zht h¡Ÿ& CgZo AmZ§Xr go nyN>m "Xmb _| Kr Š`m|
Zht N>moS>m?' AmZ§Xr Zo H$hm, "Kr g~ _m±g _| nS> J`mŸ&' CgHo$ CÎma go bmb{~hmar H$mo Jwñgm Am`mŸ& dh H$hZo
bJm, ""A^r nagm| Kr Am`m h¡Ÿ& BVZm OëX CR> J`m?'' AmZ§Xr Zo H$hm, ""_¢Zo g~ Kr _m±g _| S>mb {X`m h¡Ÿ&''
^mdO H$s g\$mB© XoZm bmb{~hmar H$mo ng§X Zht AmB©Ÿ& dh {VZH$H$a ~mobm, "_¡Ho$ _| Vmo Mmho Kr H$s ZXr ~hVr hmoŸ&'
ór Jm{b`m± gh boVr h¡, _ma ^r gh boVr h¡ na _¡Ho$ H$s qZXm CZgo Zht ghr OmVrŸ& AmZ§Xr _w±h \o$aH$a
~mobr, "hmWr _am ^r Vmo Zm¡ bmI H$mŸ& dhm± BVZm Kr {ZË` ZmB©-H$hma Im OmVo h¢Ÿ&'
AmZ§Xr H$s ~mVm| go bmb{~hmar Ob J`mŸ& CgZo Wmbr CR>m H$a nQ>H$ Xr Am¡a ~mobm, "Or MmhVm h¡ Or^
nH$S> H$a ItM by±Ÿ&' CgH$s ~mVm| go AmZ§Xr H$mo ^r H«$moY Am J`mŸ& dh ~mobr, "dh hmoVo Vmo AmO BgH$m _Om
MImVoŸ&'
AmZ§Xr H$s ~mVm| go AZnT> COS²>S> bmb{~hmar AnZm Jwñgm H$m~y _| Zht aI nm`mŸ& CgZo IS>mD±$ CR>m H$a
AmZ§Xr H$s Amoa \|$H$s Am¡a ~mobm, "{OgHo$ Jw_mZ na ^ybr hþB© hmo, Cgo ^r XoIy±Jm Am¡a Vwåho ^rŸ&'
AmZ§Xr Zo hmW go IS>mD±$ amoH$s Am¡a {ga ~Mm {b`mŸ& _Ja C±Jbr _| ~S>r MmoQ> Am`rŸ& Cgo ~hþV Jwñgm Am`mŸ&
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dh Jwñgo go H$m±nZo bJrŸ& dh IyZ H$m Ky±Q> nrH$a ah JB©Ÿ& Zmar H$m ~b Am¡a gmhg, _mZ Am¡a _`m©Xm n{V VH$ hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& AV: AmZ§Xr n{V H$m B§VOma H$aZo bJrŸ&
lrH§$R> qgh e{Zdma H$mo Ka Am`mŸ& Cgo AmZ§Xr ~¥hñn{V Ho$ {XZ H$s KQ>Zm gwZmZm MmhVr WrŸ& Cg {XZ go
AmZ§Xr Zo Z Hw$N> Im`m Z {n`m WmŸ& dh n{V H$m B§VOma H$aVr ahr WrŸ& ^moOZ Ho$ nhbo nmg nS>mog Ho$ bmoJ AnZoAnZo Ka Mbo JE Vmo bmb{~hmar Zo lrH§$R> go H$hm, "^¡`m, Amn Oam ^m^r H$mo g_Pm Xr{OEJmŸ{H$ _w±h g±^mb
H$a ~mVMrV {H$`m H$a|§Ÿ& Zht Vmo EH$ {XZ AZW© hmo OmEJmŸ& dh ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r h¡Ÿ& h_ ^r H$moB© Hw$_u-H$hma Zht
h¢Ÿ&' lrH§$R> Hw$N> g_P Zht nm ahm WmŸ& Ka _| Š`m hþAm h¡? Cgo bmb{~hmar Zo AmZ§Xr Ho$ ~mao _| ~hþV Hw$N> CëQ>m
grYm H$hm Am¡a CgH$m gmW CgHo$ {nVmOr Zo {X`mŸ&
lrH§$R> Im-nrH$a AmZ§Xr Ho$ nmg J`m Am¡a AmZ§Xr go PJSo> H$m H$maU OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$sŸ& AmZ§Xr Zo
gmar H$hmZr lrH§$R> Ho$ gm_Zo aIr Am¡a H$hm, "Cgrgo nyN>mo _¢Zo Omo Hw$N> H$hm h¡, dh gM h¡ `m PyR>Ÿ&'
nËZr go gmar ~mVo§ OmZZo Ho$ ~mX lrH§$R> H$s Am±I| bmb hmo JB©Ÿ& dh ~mobm `hm± VH$ hmo J`m, Bg N>moH$ao H$m
`h gmhgŸ& AmZ§Xr amoZo bJr Wr, CgH$s Am±gy go lrH§$R> Am¡a ^S>H$ CR>mŸ& CgZo AnZo {nVm Ho$ gm_Zo ñnï> H$a {X`m
{H$ H$moB© EH$ H$s Xmo H$h bo, _¢ gh gH$Vm hÿ± bo{H$Z `h H$Xm{n Zht hmo gH$Vm {H$ _oao D$na bmV K±ygo nS>o Am¡a _¢
X_ Z _mê±$Ÿ&
~oZr_mYd qgh Zo lrH§$R> H$mo g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$sŸ& lrH§$R> qgh AnZo {nVm H$s ~hþV B‚mV H$aVm WmŸ&
dh AnZo {nVm H$s ha ~mV _mZVm WmŸ_Ja AmO dh CZH$s ~mV _mZZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma Zht WmŸ& dh nËZr Ho$
AmË_gå_mZ, Jm¡ad H$s ajm Ho$ {bE {nVm Am¡a ^mB© go PJS>m _mob boVm h¡Ÿ& {nVmOr Cgo g_PmZo H$s H$mo{ee
H$aVo h¢Ÿ& _Ja dh _mZZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma Zht hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh {nVmOr go H$hVm h¡, "XmXm, A~ Bg Ka _| _oam {Z~mh Z
hmoJmŸ&'
lrH§$R> AnZo {nVm H$s B‚mV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {nVmOr Cgo ~hþV MmhVo h¢Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$ H$B© Kam| Ho$ PJS>o lrH§$R> Zo
gwbPmE± h¢ _Ja AmO dh AnZr nËZr H$s _mZ-à{Vð>m Ho$ {bE {nVm go Ka go AbJ hmoZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ& dh AmZ§Xr
Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m newdV ì`dhma Am¡a AÝ`m` Ho$ {damoY _| IS>m hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
lrH§$R> Ho$ Ka _| {Z_m©U PJS>o go Jm±d Ho$ AZoH$ bmoJ gwÞ hmo JEŸ& Ka H$s {~JS>Vr pñW{V H$mo XoIH$a
~oZr_mYd qgh AnZo ~oQ>o lrH§$R> go g_PmVo ah|Ÿ& bmb{~hmar Zo O~ ^mB© Ho$ _ww±h go AmO Eogr öX`-{dXmaH$ ~mV
gwZr Vmo Cgo ~hþV Xw:I hþAmŸ& Cgo ~S>r ½bmZr hþB©Ÿ& dh ^mB© Ho$ gm_Zo OmZo go K~amZo bJmŸ& Cgo AnZo-Amn na e_©
AmZo bJrŸ& `{X lrH§$R> Cgo AHo$bo _| ~wbmH$a Xmo Mma H$S>r ~mVo H$h XoVo, Xmo-Mma V_mMo ^r bJm XoVo Vmo ^r Rr>H$
WmŸ& _Ja ^mB© H$m `h H$hZm {H$ A~ _¢ CgH$s gyaV Zht XoIZm MmhVm, bmb{~hmar go ghm Z J`mŸ& dh amoVm hþAm
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AmZ§Xr Ho$ nmg J`m Am¡a H$hZo bJm {H$ ^¡`m _oam _w±h Zht XoIZm MmhVo h¡§, Bg{bE _¢ hr Bg Ka go Mbm OmVm hÿ±Ÿ&
CÝho {\$a _w±h Z {XImD§°$JmŸ& _wPgo Omo Hw$N> AnamY hþAm Cgo j_m H$aZmŸ&
bmb{~hmar H$s j_m `mMZm go AmZ§Xr {nKb JB©Ÿ& dh X`mdVr WrŸ& Cgo BgH$m V{ZH$ ^r nVm Zht Wm {H$
~mV BVZr ~T>> OmEJrŸ& dh AnZo n{V go H$hZo bJr Ho$ bmb{~hmar H$mo amoH$ bmoŸ& bo{H$Z lrH§$R> CgH$s Amoa Ü`mZ
Zht XoVm V~ AmZ§Xr Ka N>moS>H$a OmZodmbo bmb{~hmar H$mo _ZmH$a Ka bo AmVr h¡Ÿ& dh Cgo _m\$ H$a XoVr h¡Ÿ& nËZr
H$m Jwñgm, H«$moY em§V hþAm XoIH$a lrH§$R> ^r bmb{~hmar H$mo _m\$ H$a Jbo bJmVm h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| ^mB© Iy~ \y$Q>-\y$Q>H$a
amoVo h¢Ÿ& XmoZmo§ H$m _Z gm\$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| ^mB`m| H$mo Jbo {_bVo XoIH$a ~oZr_mYd AmZ§{XV hmoH$a H$hVo h¢, "~S>o Ka
H$s ~o{Q>`m± Eogr hr hmoVr h¢Ÿ& {~JS>Vm hþAm H$m_ ~Zm boVr h¡Ÿ&' AmZ§Xr H$s CXmaVm H$s gamhZm H$aVo hþE Jm±d Ho$
bmoJ ^r H$hZo bJo "~S>o Ka H$s ~o{Q>`m± Eogr hr hmoVr h¢Ÿ&'
ào_M§XOr Zo A§{V_ gw{ŠV dmŠ` Ho$ X²dmam ñnï> {H$`m h¡ {H$, Ka VmoS>Zodmbo H$s VwbZm _| OmoS>Zodmbm ~S>m
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& YZg§nXm H$s VwbZm _| g§ñH$ma loð> hmoVo h¢Ÿ& g§ñH$m[aV _Zwî` à{VemoY Ho$ ~Xbo _m\$ H$a gwYma na ~b XoVm
h¡Ÿ&
AmZ§Xr H$m M[aÌ {MÌU AmZ§Xr ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r H$hmZr H$s à_wI nmÌ h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ M[aÌ H$s {ZåZ{b{IV {deofVmE± CnbãY hmoVr h¡§
~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r : AmZ§Xr ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {nVmOr ^yn qgh EH$ N>moQ>r gr [a`mgV Ho$ Vm„þHo$Xma
WoŸ& CZH$m Ka {demb WmŸ& Ka Ho$ gm_Zo hmoZodmbo hmWr, Hw$Îmo, ~mJ CZH$s à{Vð>m Am¡a ~S>ßnZ Ho$ {M• WoŸ& AmZ§Xr
Ho$ Ka _| ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYmE± WrŸ& {OgH$m bm^-^moJ CR>mZo H$s CgH$mo AmXV hmo JB© WrŸ&
_mVm-{nVm H$s bmS>H$s : AmZ§Xr gmV ~hZm| _| go Mm¡Wr bS>H$s WrŸ& dh AnZr g~ ~hZm| go A{YH$
ê$ndVr Am¡a JwUdVr WrŸ& CgHo$ ê$n-JwU Ho$ H$maU dh _mVm-{nVm H$s bmS>br WrŸ&
g_Pm¡VmdmXr : AmZ§Xr H$m ~MnZ bmS>-ß`ma Am¡a gwI-gw{dYm _| {~Vm h¡Ÿ& O~ dh emXr Ho$ ~mX n{V
Ka AmB©Ÿ& V~ CgZo XoIm {H$ `hm± a§J-T>§J Hw$N> Am¡a hr h¡Ÿ& {Og Q>r_-Q>m_ H$s Cgo ~MnZ go AmXV hmo JB© Cggo
{dnarV n{V Ho$ Ka pñW{V WrŸ& n{V H$m Ka gmYmaU J¥hñW H$m Ka WmŸ& Cg Ka H$mo {IS>{H$`m± Zht Wr, Xrdmam| na
Vñdra| Zht Wo Am¡a \$e© ^r Zht WmŸ& Am` H$_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Ka _| ^m¡{VH$ gwI-gw{dYmAm| H$s H$_r WrŸ& BVZmhr
Zht KaŸ_| ImZo-nrZo H$s AÀN>r-`mo½` _mÌm _| MrOo ^r CnbãY Zht WrŸ& {\$a ^r AmZ§Xr Zo AnZo-AmnH$mo Cg Ka
Ho$ AZwHy$b ~Zm`m WmŸ&
_m`Ho$ Ho$ à{V Jd© : ór Jm{b`m± gh boVr h¡, _ma ^r gh boVr h¡, na _¡Ho$ H$s qZXm gh Zht gH$VrŸ&
AmZ§Xr ^r AnZo _m`Ho$ H$s qZXm gh Zht nmB©Ÿ& O~ bmb{~hmar CgHo$ _m`Ho$ H$s qZXm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dh nyN>Vm h¡ {H$
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Š`m "CgHo$ _¡Ho$ _| Kr H$s ZXr ~hVr h¡?' AmZ§Xr H$mo `h _m`Ho$ H$m An_mZ bJVm h¡Ÿ& dh AnZo _m`Ho$ H$m Jd©
Ho$ gmW C„oI H$aVr hþB© H$hVr h¡, "hmWr _am ^r Vmo Zm¡ bmI H$m' Ame` `h h¡ {H$ ~S>o Ka H$s ha ~mV ~S>r hmoVr
h¡Ÿ& hmWr _aZo na ^r CgH$s H$s¨_V hmoVr h¡Ÿ& d¡go ~S>o Ka hr Am{W©H$ Xem {~JS>Zo na CgH$m _hÎd H$_ Zht hmoVmŸ&
AmZ§Xr Ho$ _¡`Ho$ H$s Am{W©H$ Xem Iam~ hmo JB© h¡Ÿ& {\$a ^r dh AnZo _m`Ho$ H$s H$moB© qZXm H$a| Bgo gh Zht nmVrŸ&
Cgo AnZo _m`Ho$ Ho$ à{V Jd© Am¡a A{^_mZ h¡Ÿ&
n{V Ho$ à{V ^amogm : bmb{~hmar AmZ§Xr Ho$ gmW Xmb _o§ Kr Z S>mbZo H$mo boH$a PJS>m H$aVm h¡Ÿ& O~ dh
Wmbr CR>mH$a nQ>H$ XoVm h¡ Am¡a H$hVm h¡ - "Or MmhVm h¡ Or^ nH$S> H$a ItM by±Ÿ&' CgH$s ~mVm| go AmZ§Xr
H«$mo{YV hmoH$a H$hVr h¡, "dh hmoVo Vmo AmO BgH$m _Om MImVoŸ&' Cgo AnZo n{V na ^amogm h¡ {H$ dh AnZo nËZr H$m
{H$gr Ho$ X²dmam An_m{ZV hmoVm Zht XoI gH$VoŸ& do A~ hmoVo Vmo AmZ§Xr H$mo An_mZrV H$aZodmbo bmb{~hmar H$mo
CgHo$ {H$E H$s gOm XoVoŸ&
gOJ : AmZ§Xr h_oem gOJ ahVr h¡Ÿ& dh CgH$m An_mZ H$aZo dmbm| H$mo Iar-ImoQ>r gwZmVr h¡Ÿ& dh
bmb{~hmar H$s ~mVm| H$m H$S>m Odm~ XoVr h¡Ÿ& CgH$s ~mVm| go ~m¡Ibm hþAm bmb{~hmar Cgo IS>mD$ \|$H$H$a _maZo
H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡Ÿ& V~ gOJVm go IS>mD±$ amoH$H$a dh AnZm {ga ~Mm boVr h¡Ÿ& {\$a ^r CgH$s D±$Jbr _| ~S>r
MmoQ> AmVr h¡Ÿ&
AÝ`m`-AË`mMma {damoY : AmZ§Xr AÝ`m`-AË`mMma H$aZodmbo Xoda H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh Xoda H$s
Obr H$Q>r Am¡a Jm{b`m| H$m {damoY H$aVr hþB© Cgo n{V H$m S>a {XImVr h¡Ÿ& O~ Xoda Cgo IS>mD±$ \|$H$ H$a _maZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ V~ dh ñd`§ H$m ~Mmd H$aVr h¡ Am¡a H«$moY go AmJ ~~ybm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
g§`_r : AmZ§Xr Xoda X²dmam \|$H$s hþB© IS>mD±$ hmW go amoH$Vr h¡Ÿ& Xoda CgH$mo Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$mo _maZo
H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ V~ dh g§`_ go H$m_ boVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo _mby_ h¡ {H$ Xoda Ho$ gmW dh AHo$br g§Kf© Zht H$a nmVrŸ&
Bg{bE dh g§`_ aIVr hþB© n{V H$m B§VOma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh An_m{ZV H$aZodmbo, AË`mMma H$aZodmbo Xoda H$mo gOm
{XbdmZm MmhVr h¡Ÿ& _Ja dh OëX~mOr Z H$a n{V Ho$ AmZo VH$ H$m B§VOma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& n{V H$m ImZm hmoZo VH$ dh
AnZo H$_ao _| n{V H$m B§VOma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& n{V Ho$ AmZo na CZgo »`mbr-Iwembr Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>Vr h¡Ÿ& dh ~S>o hr
g§`V Am¡a g§`_ go AnZr ~mV n{V Ho$ gm_Zo aIVr h¡Ÿ&
gM ~mobZodmbr : AmZ§Xr n{V go Xoda Ho$ gmW hþE PJS>o H$m H$maU gM-gM ~VmVr h¡Ÿ& dh Am¡am| H$mo
JbV {gX²Y H$aZo Ho$ {bE PyR>m `m AYyam gM Z H$hH$a Omo K{Q>V hþAm dh ~VmVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo PyR> ~mobZm `m {H$gr
H$mo Jw_amh H$aZm, ~mVm| H$m ~V§JS> ~ZmZm ng§X Zht h¡Ÿ& dh AnZm nj B©_mZXmar Am¡a gƒmB© go n{V Ho$ gm_Zo
aIVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo {_M©-_gmbm bJmH$a `m Am¡am| H$mo PyR>m {gX²Y H$aZo H$s AmXV Zht h¡Ÿ&
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7
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
ñÌr gwb^ Xw:I H$s A{^ì`{ŠV : AmZ§Xr {ñÌ`m| Ho$ ñd^mdmZwgma amoVr h¡Ÿ& dh Y¡`© Am¡a gmhg go Xoda
H$m _wH$m~bm H$aVr h¡ _Ja n{V Ho$ gm_Zo CgHo$ Y¡`© H$m ~m±Y Qy>Q> OmVm h¡Ÿ& dh Xoda Ho$ AË`mMma d JÝXr ^mfm H$mo
n{V go H$hH$a amoZo bJVr h¡Ÿ&
X`mdVr : AmZ§Xr O~ XoIVr h¡ {H$ CgHo$ gmW hþE AË`mMma Ho$ H$maU CgH$m n{V AnZo ^mB© bmb{~hmar
H$m _w±h XoIZm Zht MmhVm h¡Ÿ& dh `h Zht OmZVr Wr {H$ ~mV BVZr {~JS> OmEJrŸ& n{V Ho$ H«$moY Am¡a {ZU©`
go dh naoemZ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& bmb{~hmar Cggo _m\$s _m±JVm h¡Ÿ& dh h_oem Ho$ {bE Ka N>moS>H$a OmZo H$s ~mV H$aVm
h¡Ÿ& CgH$s j_m `mMZm Am¡a nN>Vmdo go AmZ§Xr H$m H«$moY Zï> hmoVm h¡ dh amoZo bJVr h¡Ÿ& dh AmgwAm| Ho$ Ob go
_Z H$mo gm\$ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a X`m {XImH$a bmb{~hmar H$mo _m\$ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh X`mdVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo à{VemoY boZm
AÀN>m Zht bJVmŸ& lrH§$R> AnZo ^mB© H$mo _m\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma Zht h¡ _Ja AmZ§Xr nN>Vmdm H$aZodmbo Xoda
H$mo _m\$ H$aVr h¢Ÿ&
~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r : AmZ§Xr YZ, gån{Îm, H$s Ñ{ï> go ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r Zht h¡ A{nVw g§ñH$ma, AnZmnZ, ào_,
gXmMma, ^mB©Mmam, CXmaVm, ghZerbVm, g_n©U, Ë`mJ, g_Ýd`mË_H$Vm, O¡go loð> _mZdr` JwUm| go g§nÞ
Zmar h¡Ÿ& dh XmoZm| ^mB`m| H$mo EH$ ~ZmVr h¡Ÿ& AË`mMma, AÝ`m`, An_mZ, _`m©Xm^§J H$aZodmbo Xoda H$mo CgHo$
X²dmam níMmÎmmn H$aZo na _m\$ H$aVr h¡ Cgo Ka N>moS>H$a OmZo Zht XoVrŸ& dh AnZo n{V H$mo g_PmVr h¡ {H$ do
^mB© H$mo _m\$ H$a X|Ÿ& CgH$m ì`dhma XoIH$a CgHo$ ggya H$hVo h¢, "~S>o Ka H$s ~o{Q>`m± Eogr hr hmoVr h¢Ÿ& {~JS>Vm
hþAm H$m_ ~Zm boVr h¡Ÿ&' Jm±d Ho$ bmoJ ^r AmZ§Xr H$s CXmaVm H$s gamhZm H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢, "~S>o Ka H$s
~o{Q>`m± Eogr hr hmoVr h¢Ÿ&'
AmZ§Xr H$m {MÌU AmXe© nËZr Ho$ ê$n _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ& dh A_ra n[adma _| nbr h¡ _Ja emXr Ho$ ~mX dh n{V
Ho$ Ka H$mo _Z go ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh Ho$db YZ-Xm¡bV go A_ra n[adma H$s Z hmoH$a {dMma-ì`dhma, g§ñH$ma
go ^r A_ra n[adma H$s h¡Ÿ&
H$hmZrH$ma ào_M§X Or Zo AmZ§Xr H$m {MÌU ~S>r AmË_r`Vm go {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr n«o_M§X Or H$s
AmXe©dmXr H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ àma{å^H$ `wJ H$s `h H$hmZr h¡Ÿ&
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
~oZr_mYd qgh ............. Jm±d Ho$ O_rXma WoŸ&
(A) b_hr
(~) Jm¡arnwa
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
8
(H$) hmnyS>
(S>) am_nwa
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
2)
3)
1.5
lrH§$R> Zo ............. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s WrŸ&
(A) ~r.E.
(~) E_. E.
(H$) ~r. H$m°_. (S>) `y.nr.Eg.gr.
AmZ§Xr AnZo _m±-~mn H$s ............. g§VmZ WrŸ&
(A) nm±Mdr
(~) N>R>r
(H$) Mm¡Wr
(S>) gmVdr
4)
............. Zo AmZ§Xr H$mo IS>mD±$ \|$H$H$a _mam WmŸ&
(A) ^ynqgh
(~) lrH§$R>
(H$) ~oZr_mYd (S>) bmb{~hmar
5)
............. nËZr H$s _mZ-à{Vð>m Ho$ {bE Ka go AbJ hmoZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) ^ynqgh
(~) bmb{~hmar
(H$) lrH§$R>
(S>) ~oZr_mYd
6)
............. H$s ~o{Q>`m± Eogr hr hmoVr h¢Ÿ& {~JS>Vm hþAm H$m_ ~Zm boVr h¢Ÿ&
(A) ~S>o
(~) N>moQ>o
(H$) A_ra
(S>) Jar~
7)
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' ào_M§X H$s ............. H$hmZr h¡Ÿ&
(A) AmXe©dmXr
(~) `WmW©dmXr
(H$) _Zmod¡km{ZH$ (S>) Eo{Vhm{gH$
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
~har - ~mO H$s Vah EH$ {eH$mar {M{S>`m
PmS>-\$mZyg - {eeo Ho$ PmS>, h±{S>`m± Am¡a {Jbmg Am{X
Q>r_-Q>m_ - ~Zmd qgJma, AmS>å~a
nwb{H$V - ào_ `m hf© Ho$ doJ go {OgHo$ amoE± C^a AmEo hmo, JXJX
gamhZm - àe§gm
jwYm - ^yI
{VZH$m - gyIr Kmg
H$hma - EH$ Om{V Omo nmZr ^aZo Am¡a
_JXya - gm_Ï`©, e{ŠV
S>mobr CRmZo H$m H$m_ H$aVr h¡, ^moB©
H$mon - H«$moY, Jwñgm
^Ð - gä`, gw{e{jV
Jw_mZ - Ah§H$ma, Jd©
~mdbm - nmJb, {d{jßV
Voda - H«$moY ^ar {MVdZ
AH$S>Zm - K_§S> {XImZm
eD$a - H$m_ H$aZo H$s `mo½`Vm
Pw±PbmhQ> - {IObmZm, {MS>{MS>mZm
_w±h bJZm - {H$gr Ho$ gm_Zo ~T>-MT>H$a
hOaV - _hmË_m, _hmnwéf
~mVo H$aZm
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{ZN>mda hmoZm - {H$gr Ho$ {bE _a OmZm
9
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1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) Jm¡arnwa 2) ~r. E. 3) Mm¡Wr 4) bmb{~hmar 5) lrH§$R> 6) ~S>o 7) AmXe©dmXr
1.7
gmam§e :
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' ào_M§X H$s AmXe©dmXr H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr _| ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r AmZ§X H$m {MÌU
{~JS>Vr ~mV H$mo ~ZmZodmbr Zmar Ho$ ê$n _| {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& AmZ§Xr H$m {ddmh lrH§$R> go hþAm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _m`Ho$ H$s
VwbZm _| CgH$m ggwamb gmYmaU pñW{V _| OrdZ-`mnZ H$aZodmbm n[adma h¡Ÿ& AmZ§Xr AnZo AmnH$mo n{V Ho$ Ka
Ho$ AZwHy$b ~ZmVr h¡Ÿ& CgH$m n{V Zm¡H$ar H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dh e{Zdma-BVdma Ho$ {XZ Ka AmVm h¡Ÿ&
EH$ {XZ bmb{~hmar Am¡a AmZ§Xr H$m Xmb _| Kr Z S>mbZo H$mo boH$a PJS>m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& bmb{~hmar AnZo Jwñgo
na H$m~y Zht aI nmVmŸ& dh AmZ§Xr H$mo IS>mD±$ \|$H$ H$a _maVm h¡Ÿ& AmZ§Xr AnZo {ga H$mo ~MmVr h¡ _Ja D±$Jbr H$mo
MmoQ> AmVr h¡Ÿ&
lrH§$R> O~ ^mB© X²dmam nËZr H$mo IS>mD±$ \|$H$H$a _maZo H$s ~mV gwZVm h¡ V~ dh Ka go AbJ ahZo H$s ~mV
H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dh nËZr H$s à{Vð>m-gå_mZ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE AbJ ahZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dh bmb{~hmar H$m _w±h Z
XoIZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& bmb{~hmar _m\$s _m±JVm h¡Ÿ& dh ^m^r AmZ§Xr go j_m `mMZm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$m nN>Vmdm,
j_m `mMZm go AmZ§Xr {nKb OmVr h¡ Am¡a _m\$ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh AnZo n{V H$mo ^r g_PmVr h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$maU
Qy>Q>Zodmbm n[adma ~M OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmZ§Xr AnZo ì`dhma go ~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r hmoZo H$s {Oå_oXmar g\$bVmnyd©H$ {Z^mVr
h¡Ÿ&
1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' H$hmZr AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IEŸ&
2)
AmZ§Xr H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OEŸ&
3)
~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r Ho$ JwUm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
{ZåZ{b{IV AdVaUm| H$mo gg§X^© ñnï>rH$aU H$s{OEŸ&
1)
"dh hmoVo Vmo AmO BgH$m _Om MImVoŸ&'
2) "_¢ hr Bg Ka go Mbm OmVm h±ÿŸ& CÝh| {\$a _w±h Z {XImD±$JmŸ&'
3)
1.9
"~S>o Ka H$s ~o{Q>`m± Eogr hr hmoVr h¢Ÿ& {~JS>Vm hþAm H$m_ ~Zm boVr h¡Ÿ&'
joÌr` H$m`© :
"~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r' H$hmZr H$m ZmQ>ç énm§Va H$s{OEŸ&
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
10
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1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
1) ào_M§X - _mZgamoda (H$hmZr g§H$bZ) ^mJ - 7
2)
S>m°. gaOyàgmX {_l - qhXr H$hmZr Ho$ AmYmañV§^
3)
S>m°. H¥$îUm nmQ>rb - qhXr H$s J«m_rU H$hm{Z`m| _| g_mO
®®®
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11
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BH$mB© : 1
2. nËZr
- O¡Z|Ð
1.1
CÔoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
O¡Z|Ð H$m n[aM`
1.3.2
"nËZr' H$hmZr H$m n[aM`
1.3.3
"nËZr' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX ð O¡Z|Ð Or Ho$ H$hmZr gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
12
qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq
ð O¡Z|Ð Or nËZr H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw H$mo g_P gH|$JoŸ&
ð nËZr H$hmZr _| {M{ÌV nËZr H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo g_P nmE±JoŸ&
ð nwéf àYmZ _mZ{gH$Vm Am¡a Zmar H$s ~o~gr go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð Zmar Ho$ _m¡Z {dÐmoh go àoaUm àmßV H$a|JoŸ&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
ào_M§XmoÎma `wJ _| qhXr H$hmZr H$m {dH$mg AZoH$ ê$nm| _| hmoZo bJm WmŸ& OrdZ Am¡a OJV Ho$ {d{dY njm| H$mo
AnZr n[a{Y _| g_oQ>Zodmbr qhXr H$hmZr àJ{VdmXr H$hmZr, _Zmo{díbofUdmXr H$hmZr, `WmW©dmXr H$hmZr Am{X
H$B© ê$nm| _| {dH${gV hmoVr ahr WrŸ&
_Zmo{díbofUdmXr H$hmZrH$mam| _| O¡Z|ÐOr à_wI _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| _| ì`{ŠV _Zmo{dkmZ Ho$ Xe©Z
hmoVo h¢Ÿ& _mZdr` Xw~©bVmAm| H$m `WmW© {MÌU O¡Z|Ð H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ nmÌ AnZo Amg-nS>mog go
CR>mE hþE _mZd M[aÌ h¢Ÿ&
{df` {ddoMZ :
1.3.1 O¡Z|Ð H$m n[aM` :
1.3
ào_M§X Or Ho$ ~mX qhXr H$hmZr H$mo e{ŠV, gm_Ï`© Am¡a g§^mdZm XoZodmbo à_wI H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| O¡Z|Ð
_mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m OÝ_ gZ² 1905 B©. _| {Obm A{bJT> Ho$ H$m¡{S>`mJ§O _| hþAm WmŸ& _m±-~mn Zo CZH$m Zm_ aIm
Wm AmZ§XrbmbŸ& CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ ß`maobmb Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ a_mXodr WmŸ& AmZ§Xrbmb Xmo df© Ho$ Wo V~ CZHo$
{nVm ß`maobmb H$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© WrŸ& CZH$s nad[ae _m± Am¡a _m_m _hmË_m ^JdmZXrZ Zo H$s WrŸ& do n[adma Ho$ gmW
~MnZ _| hr {X„r Mbo JE Am¡a dhr ahZo bJoŸ& CZH$s àmapå^H$ {ejm hpñVZmnwa Ho$ O¡Z JwéHw$b F${f ~«÷Mm`m©l_
_| g§nÞ hþB©Ÿ& JwéHw$b _| hr CÝh| O¡Z|ÐHw$_ma Zm_ {X`m J`m Am¡a Bgr Zm_ go do qhXr gm{hË` OJV² _| à{gÕ hmo JEŸ&
àIa ~w{X²>Y Ho$ O¡Z|Ð Or ñd^md go g§H$moMr Am¡a EH$m§V {à` WoŸ& CZHo$ ì`{ŠVËd na _hmË_m ^JdmZXrZ Ho$
qMVZ naH$ {dMmam| H$m Jham à^md CnbãY hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~MnZ go do O¡Z _V go à^m{dV WoŸ& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ {dMmam|
go à^m{dV hmoH$a gm{hË`joÌ _| nXm©nU {H$`m WmŸ&
O¡Z|Ð ì`{ŠVJV à`mg go _mÜ`{_H$ narjm _| g\$b ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX Cƒ {ejm Ho$ {bE ~Zmag {díd{dÚmb`
_| Xm{Ib hþE WoŸ& Jm§Yr Ho$ Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ _| gpå_{bV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$mo gOm hmo JB© Am¡a CÝh| Oob H$s
hdm ImZr nS>rŸ& Oob _| hr CÝh| boIZ H$s àoaUm {_br WrŸ& Oob _| CÝhmoZo {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ& CZH$s "Aqhgm'
erf©H$ aMZm nhbr aMZm _mZr OmVr h¡ {OgH$m {Z_m©U Oob _| hþAm WmŸ& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "Iob' {demb
^maV _| gZ² 1928 B©. _| àH$m{eV hþB© WrŸ&
O¡Z|Ð Or Zo Hw$N> g_` VH$ gmPoXmar _| \${Z©Ma H$m ì`dgm` ^r {H$`m WmŸ& do boIH$, g§dmXXmVm, ghg§nmXH$,
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13
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g§nmXH$, àH$meH$ Am{X ê$n go gm{hË` joÌ go OwS>o aho WoŸ& g_rjH$m| Ho$ {dMmamZwgma qhXr _| Ibrb {O~«mZ Ho$
Xe©Z H$aZo hmo Vmo O¡Z|Ð H$s aMZmAm| H$mo nT>Zm Mm{hEŸ&
qhXr _| _Zmodkm{ZH$ H$hmZr boIZ H$m àma§^ H$aZodmbo O¡Z|Ð Or Zo T>mB© gm¡ go A{YH$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr h¢Ÿ&
CZH$s àm`: g^r H$hm{Z`m± \«$m`S> Ho$ _Zmo{dkmZ go à^m{dV h¢Ÿ& CÝhmoZo gm_m{OH$ n¥ð>^y{_ Ho$ ñWmZ na d¡`{ŠVH$
e¡br H$m à`moJ H$a _Zwî` _Z H$s Jw§{W`m| H$mo gwbPmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` H$s _mZ{gH$Vm VWm CgH$m
{díbofU Ed§ ì`{ŠVJV g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ddoMZ H$aZodmbo O¡Z|Ð Or H$s H$hmZr _| _Zmod¡km{ZH$Vm, ^mfm H$s
ghOVm, {eën H$s gyú_Vm Am{X {deofVmE± CnbãY hmoVr h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ à_wI H$hmZr g§J«h h¢ - "EH$ amV', "dmVm`Z',
"Zrb_ Xoe H$s amOH$Ý`m', "Xmo {M{S>`m±', "nmOo~', "EH$ {XZ', "\$m±gr', "Yw«dVmam' Am{XŸ& O¡Z|Ð CnÝ`mmgH$ma Ho$
ê$n _| AnZr nhMmZ ñWm{nV H$a MwHo$ h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ à_wI CnÝ`mg h¢Ÿ& - naI, gwZrVm, Ë`mJnÌ, H$ë`mUr, gwIXm,
{ddV©, ì`VrV, _w{ŠV~moY Am{XŸ&
1.3.2
"nËZr' H$hmZr H$m n[aM` :
"nËZr' O¡Z|Ð H$s M{M©V H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr gZ² 1940 B©. _| àH$m{eV hþB© WrŸ& O¡Z|Ð Or BgH$m
aMZmH$mb ào_M§X Ho$ Or{dV hmoZo go OmoS>Vo h¢Ÿ& AWm©V BgH$m aMZmH$mb gZ² 1936 B©. Ho$ Amgnmg H$m h¡Ÿ& O¡Z|Ð
Or Zo ñdrH$ma {H$`m h¡ {H$ CÝhmoZo `h H$hmZr H«$mpÝVH$m[a`m| Ho$ à{V AnZo ñdm^m{dH$ AmH$f©U Ho$ H$maU {bIr
WrŸ& Bg H$hmZr H$s àoaUm Ho$ g§X^© _| O¡Z|Ð ñd`§ H«$mpÝVH$mar ^JdVrMaU H$m C„oI H$aVo h¡§Ÿ& {\$a ^r `h
Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$hmZr Zht h¡Ÿ&
"nËZr' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$ AË`ën Am¡a KQ>Zm ZJÊ` gr h¡Ÿ& n«ñVwV H$hmZr _| XoemoX²Yma H$s qMVm H$aZodmbm
H«$mpÝVH$mar n{V AnZr nËZr Am¡a [aíVoXmam| Ho$ à{V {H$g gr_m VH$ {Zanoj Am¡a CXmgrZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ `h {XIm`m
h¡Ÿ& Bg_|o ^maVr` Zmar Ho$ {dÐmoh H$m gOrd {MÌU {_bVm h¡Ÿ& H$hmZrH$ma Zo n{V H$s AZwXmaVm Ho$ à{V ^maVr` Zmar
H$m AmXe© Am¡a C‚db ì`{ŠVËd {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ _Ja Zmat H$s KwQ>Z-nrS>m H$m g_mYmZ Zht {X`m h¡Ÿ& àñVwV
H$hmZr H$s nËZr boIH$ H$s àVrH$_`r Zmar _mÌ ~Z JB© h¡Ÿ&
1.3.3
"nËZr' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$ :
gwZ§Xm H«$mpÝVH$mar H$m{bÝXrMaU H$s nËZr h¡Ÿ& dh eha go Xya EH$ {VañH¥$V _H$mZ H$s Xygar _§{Ob na ahVr
h¡Ÿ& CgH$s pñW{V Cg _H$mZ H$s Vah h¡Ÿ& CgH$m n{V H$moB© H$m_ Z H$aHo$ Xoegodm _| bJm ahVm WmŸ& Cgo nËZr Am¡a
n[adma H$s qMVm Zht WrŸ& dh Xoa amV _| Ka bm¡Q>Vm h¡Ÿ& dh h_oem Xmo-Mma {_Ìm| H$mo gmW boH$a Ka AmVm h¡Ÿ& gwZ§Xm
H$mo nVm Zht ahVm {H$ {H$VZo bmoJ ImZm ImE±JoŸ& H$m{bÝXrMaU AmVo hr gyMZm Ho$ ê$n _| AmXoe XoVm h¡ {H$ BVZo
bmoJ ImZm ImE±JoŸ& Bggo gwZ§Xm H$mo ~hþV Agw{dYm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
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gwZ§Xm ~rg-~mB©g df© H$s Xw~br-nVbr Xoh H$s `wdVr h¡Ÿ& dh à{V{ð>V n[adma H$s bS>H$s h¡Ÿ& EH$ ~ƒo H$mo
OÝ_ XoH$a Cgo Imo XoZo Ho$ ~mX, A~ dh {~bHw$b AHo$br h¡Ÿ&
h_oem H$s Vah Cg {XZ ^r H$m{bÝXrMaU AnZo VrZ {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW amV EH$ ~Oo Ho$ ~mX Ka bm¡Q>Vm h¡Ÿ& dh
Am¡a CgHo$ {_Ì XoemoX²Yma, Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm, Zr{V-AZr{V, qhgm-Aqhgm Am{X {df`m| na ~hg H$aVo h¢ do AnZo
_aZo H$s ñdV§ÌVm MmhVo h¢Ÿ& do _mZVo h¢ {H$ Owë_ {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Owë_ hmoJm hrŸ& CZH$s J_m©J_© ~hg Ho$ ~rM
gwZ§Xm Ohm± Wr dhm± h¡Ÿ& dh amoQ>r ~Zm MwH$s h¡Ÿ& CgZo A§JrR>r Ho$ H$mo`bo CbQ>o Vdo go T>§H$ {XE h¢Ÿ& dh AnZo _mWo na
D§$J{b`m {Q>H$mE± Bg àVrjm _| ~¡R>r h¡ {H$ ~hg go \w$agV nmH$a n{V H$_ao go ~mha AmE Vmo dh amoQ>r namog XoŸ&
n{V H$s XoemoX²Yma Am¡a gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z H$s qMVm _| gwZ§Xm H$hr na ^r Zht h¡Ÿ& dh D$~, hVmem Am¡a ì`W©
H$s àVrjm H$s _Z:pñW{V _| h¡Ÿ& Cgo Omoe H$m H$moB© H$maU {XImB© Zht XoVmŸ& CgHo$ {bE CËgmh An[a{MV h¡Ÿ& dh
CgHo$ {bE Hw$N> Xya H$s dñVw h¡Ÿ& dh ^maV _mVm H$s ñdV§ÌVm H$mo g_PZm MmhVr h¡, na CgH$mo Z ^maV _mVm g_P
_| AmVr h¡, Z ñdV§ÌVm g_P _| AmVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo n{V Am¡a CgHo$ {_Ìm| H$s Omoam| H$s ~mVMrV H$m _Vb~ hr g_P _|
Zht AmVmŸ& {\$a ^r Cg_| CËgmh H$s ~S>r ^yI h¡Ÿ& dh MmhVr h¡ {H$ n{V Cggo ^r Xoe H$s ~mVo H$a|Ÿ& dh _mZVr h¡
{H$ Cg_| ~wX²{Y Oam H$_ h¡, bo{H$Z g_PmZo go dh Yrao-Yrao g_PZo bJoJrŸ& dh nT>Zo H$mo ^r V¡`ma h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z
CgH$m n{V _mZVm h¡ {H$ nËZr H$m H$m_ n{V H$s godm H$aZm h¡Ÿ&
gwZ§Xm H$m _mZ{gH$ ñVa n{V go ~hþV {^Þ h¡Ÿ& dh `h g_P nmZo _| Ag_W© h¡ {H$ gaH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| Omo
BVZr ~S>r VmH$V h¡, Cggo H¡$go bS>m Om gH$Vm h¡? AnZr Aën ~wX²{Y go dh `h _mZVr-g_PVr h¡ {H$
hm{H$_ go bS>Zm AÀN>r ~mV Zht h¡Ÿ& Cgo n{V Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m| H$m gaH$ma go bS>Zm, Omoa go ~mobZm ~wam
bJVm h¡Ÿ& Cgo S>a bJVm h¡ {H$ grYo-gmXo H$nS>m| _| Ka Ho$ ~mha ~¡R>m hþAm Iw{\$`m nw{bg H$m AmX_r gwZ boJm
Vmo _wgr~V hmoJrŸ&
n{V Am¡a CZHo$ gm{W`m| H$s ~hg g_mßV Zht hmoVr Vmo dh ~aVZ _m§OVr Am¡a Mm¡H$m gm\$ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh
AnZo ImbrnZ go IrP OmVr h¡Ÿ&
H$m{bÝXrMaU Mm¡Ho$ _| AmH$a Mma bmoJm| Ho$ ^moOZ H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡Ÿ& gwZ§Xm n{V H$s Amoa Z XoIH$a
H$R>moaVmnyd©H$ eyÝ` _| XoIVr h¡Ÿ& n{V H$s gyMZm H$m H$moB© CÎma Zht XoVrŸ& dh MyZ H$s Wmb (AmQ>o H$s bmoB© ~ZmZo H$m
Wmb) MbH$m (H$mR> H$m Jmob nmQ>m {Og na amoQ>r ~obr OmVr h¡) ~Q>bmoB© Am¡a Xygao Imbr ~aVZ boH$a agmoB© Ho$
~mha AmVr h¡Ÿ&
H$m{bÝXrMaU EH$ ~ma {\$a go gmW Ho$ AmX{_`m| H$s g§»`m ~VmH$a Omo Hw$N> h¡ Cgr_| H$m_ MbmZo H$s ~mV
H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg na ^r gwZ§Xm Hw$N> Zht ~mobVrŸ& n{V H$s ~mV H$aZo H$s nX²Y{V go Cgo Jwñgm AmVm h¡Ÿ& dh n{V H$s
gmoM Am¡a ì`dhma go H«$mo{YV h¡Ÿ& dh n{V H$s {H$gr ^r ~mV H$m CÎma Zht XoVrŸ& Cgo Jwbm_ H$s Vah aIZodmbo n{V
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Ho$ à{V CgHo$ _Z _| Z\$aV ^a JB© h¡Ÿ& n{V H$s Cnojm go dh H«$mo{YV h¡Ÿ& CgH$m _m¡Z Zht Qy>Q>Vm V~ H$m{bÝXrMaU
{_Ìm| Ho$ ~rM nËZr Ho$ AñdñW hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡ Am¡a hmoQ>ob _| ImZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Cgr g_` gwZ§Xm EH$
~S>r Wmbr _| ImZm namogH$a CZHo$ ~rM bmH$a aI XoVr h¡Ÿ& Cg g_` ^r dh Zht ~mobVrŸ& nmZr aIH$a MwnMmn
Mbr OmVr h¡Ÿ&
H$m{bÝXrMaU nËZr Ho$ ì`dhma H«$mo{YV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ nËZr Zo Cgo {_Ìm| Ho$ ~rM _| Cgo PyR>m
{gX²Y {H$`m h¡Ÿ& dh AnZr P„mhQ> gwZ§Xm na CVmaVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$s ZmamOJr H$m g~~ nËZr H$s Mwßnr h¡Ÿ& nËZr Ho$ _m¡Z
Am¡a _mZ Ho$ H$maU dh {_Ìm| Ho$ ~rM An_mZ _hgyg H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
gwZ§Xm H$mo Bg ~mV H$m Xw:I h¡ {H$ n{V Zo Cgo ß`ma go Hw$N> Zht H$hmŸ& n{V H$s j_m àmWu H$s Vah ~mV H$aZm
`m Cgo Jwbm_ _mZH$a hþŠ_ MbmZm `m Cggo gå_mZ-_mZ H$s Amoa AZXoIr H$aZm Cgo AÀN>m Zht bJVmŸ& n{V H$m
Cnojm ^md Cgo MmoQ> nhþ±MVm h¡Ÿ& dh Bg ~mV go éR> OmVr h¡ {H$ n{V Zo BVZm VH$ Zht nyN>m {H$ dh Š`m Im`oJrŸ&
gwZ§Xm éR>H$a ^r n{V Ho$ AmXoe H$m nmbZ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh IwX ^yIr ahH$a n{V Am¡a CZHo$ {_Ìm| H$mo {IbmVr
h¡Ÿ& Cgo H$^r AnZo na Vmo H$^r n{V na Jwñgm AmVm h¡Ÿ& dh n{V Zo Cgo nyN>m Zht {H$ Vw_ Š`m ImAmoJrŸ? Bggo
H«$mo{YV h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa AnZo H$mo {Y¸$maVr h¡ {H$ Cgo Vmo Iwe hmoZm Mm{hE Wm {H$ CZHo$ {bE EH$ amoO ^yIo ahZo
H$m Cgo nwÊ` {_bm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s Amoa CgH$m Ü`mZ Š`mo§ Zht J`mŸ& dh n{V go ZmamO Z hmoZo H$m {ZU©` H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh
g_P Zht nmVr {H$ CgHo$ _Z _| IrO, D$~, hVmem H¡$go ^a OmVr h¡Ÿ& dh n{V Ho$ AmXoe H$m nmbZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
~¡R>H$ Ho$ X²dma Ho$ ~mha IS>r ahVr h¡Ÿ& ^moOZ Ho$ níMmV H$m{bÝXrMaU AnZo {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW AmV§H$dmX Ho$ {df`
_| nwZ: MMm© H$aZo bJVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡Z|Ð Or AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr Ho$ X²dmam ñnï> H$aVo h¢ {H$ Omo ì`{ŠV ~mha H«$mpÝV H$aVm h¡, Xoe Am¡a g_mO H$m
ZŠem ~XbZm MmhVm h¡, emofU CËnrS>Z Am¡a _mZd {damoYr pñW{V`m| H$mo ~XbZo Ho$ {bE `wX²Y H$s KmofUm H$a
AnZm g~ Hw$N> CgrHo$ {Z{_Îm ~{bXmZ H$aZo H$mo VËna ahVm h¡, dh Ka _| AnZr nËZr H$s N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r Iw{e`m|
Am¡a g§Vmof H$s Oam ^r qMVm Zht H$aVmŸ& bo{H$Z nËZr h¡ Omo AZOmZo hr CgH$s Cnojm Am¡a gå_mZ ^OZ H$s Oam
gr ^r qMVm {H$E {~Zm CgHo$ à{V d¡go hr EH${Zð> Am¡a EH$mJ« ê$n _| g_{n©V h¡ O¡go dh ñd`§ AnZo Xoe Am¡a g_mO
Ho$ {bE h¡Ÿ& A§Va ~g `hr h¡ {H$ CgHo$ ~mao _| bmoJ ~hþV Hw$N> OmZVo h¢ `m OmZZm MmhVo h¢ O~ {H$ dh nËZr XadmOo
Ho$ ~mha Xrdma go gQ>r IS>r _m¡Z Cno{jV Am¡a Ab{jV hr ~Zr ahVr h¡Ÿ&
O¡Z|Ð Or Zo nËZr AWm©V gwZ§Xm Ho$ H$moU go gmar H$Wm àñVwV H$s h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _Z Ho$ CVma-MT>md H$mo, nb-nb
~XbVo _Zmo^mdm| H$mo do gyú_Vm go nH$S>Vo h¢Ÿ& nËZr (gwZ§Xm) H$s AË`{YH$ CX²do{bV _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo g_W© e¡br
_| A{^ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& n{V H$s Cnojm-CXmgrZVm nËZr H$mo {H$g Vah VmoS>Vr h¡ Bgo A§{H$V H$aZo _| H$hmZrH$ma H$mo
g\$cVm {_br h¡Ÿ&
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gwZ§Xm H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU :
"nËZr' O¡Z|Ð Hw$_ma Or H$s _Zmod¡km{ZH$ H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr H$s Zm{`H$m gwZ§Xm h¡Ÿ& H$hmZr Ho$ AÝ`
gmao nmÌ Cggo OwS>o Am¡a CgHo$ M[aÌ H$mo nyU© H$aVo h¢Ÿ& CgH$m {MÌU {ZåZ{b{IV ê$n _| hþAm h¡ AZnT> : gwZ§Xm ~rg-~mB©g gmb H$s Xw~br-nVbr Xoh H$s Am¡aV h¡Ÿ& dh AZnT> Am¡aV h¡Ÿ& CgH$m n{V
H$m{bÝXrMaU nT>m {bIm h¡Ÿ& dh H«$mpÝVH$mar h¡Ÿ& gwZÝXm AZnT> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU n{V Am¡a CgHo$ {_Ìm| H$s ~hg Ho$
{df` dh g_P Zht nmVrŸ& ñdV§ÌVm, H«$mpÝV, AmV§H$ O¡go eãXm| H$mo gwZÝXm g_P Zht nmVrŸ& dh ^maV _mVm H$mo
^r Zht g_P nmVrŸ&
à{V{ð>V n[adma H$s bS>H$s : gwZÝXm à{V{ð>V n[adma H$s bS>H$s h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {bE n{V gd©ñd h¡Ÿ& dh n{V
H$s BÀN>m-Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© _| gX¡d OmJéH$ ahVr h¡Ÿ& n«{V{ð>V n[adma go hmoZo Ho$ H$maU dh gå_mZ MmhVr
h¡Ÿ&
n{V nam`U ^maVr` nËZr : gwZÝXm ^maV Ho$ qhXy n[adma H$s nËZr h¡Ÿ& dh g§ñH$maerb Am¡aV h¡Ÿ& Cgo
~MnZ go `hr {ejm {_br h¡ {H$ n{V AnZr nËZr H$m na_oída hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gwZÝXm H$s AnZo n{V Ho$ à{V Anma lÕm
h¡Ÿ& Cgo AnZo n{V go AJmY ào_ h¡Ÿ& dh `h ñdßZ _| ^r Zht gmoM gH$Vr {H$ dh AnZo n{V go nhbo ImZm Im boŸ&
dh AnZo n{V H$s àVrjm _| AmYr-AmYr amV VH$ ~¡R>r ahVr h¡Ÿ& dh MmhVr h¡ {H$ O~ CgHo$ n{V Am OmE, V^r
amoQ>r ~Zmdo Am¡a CÝh| J_m©-J_© amo{Q>`m± {IbmdoŸ& dh A§JrR>r ObmH$a n{V H$s amh XoIVr h¡Ÿ&
{VañH¥$V-Cno{jV OrdZ H$m {eH$ma : gwZÝXm AZnT> hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ {dMma n{V Ho$ {dMmam| go _ob
Zht ImVoŸ& dh n{V H$s ~m¡X²{YH$ ~hg _| {hñgm Zht bo nmVrŸ& n[aUm_V: Cgo n{V X²dmam Cno{jV-{VañH¥$V OrdZ
OrZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya hmoZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& CgH$m n{V CgH$s Amoa Ü`mZ Zht XoVmŸ& dh AHo$br Ka _| ahVr h¡Ÿ& {Og Ka
_| dh ahVr h¡ dh eha go Xya EH$ {VañH¥$V _H$mZ h¡Ÿ& _H$mZ H$s Vah dh ^r {VañH¥$V Am¡a Cno{jV h¡Ÿ& n{V Ho$ {bE
ImVm ~VmH$a n{V H$m B§VOma H$aZodmbr gwZÝXm H$mo n{V nyN>Vm VH$ Zht {H$ Vwåhmao {bE ImZm ~Mm h¡ {H$ ZhtŸ&
n{V H$s Cnojm Am¡a AZXoIr go CgHo$ _Z _| {Zamem-H«$moY ^a J`m h¡Ÿ&
n{V H$s bmnadmhr go {MpÝVV : gwZÝXm H$mo AnZr qMVm Zht h¡Ÿ& dh AnZo n{V H$s bmnadmhr Ho$ H$maU
{MpÝVV h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ n{V H$mo AnZm {~ëHw$b Ü`mZ Zht h¡Ÿ& dh Z H$^r g_` na Ka AmVm h¡ Am¡a Z H$^r g_`
na ImZm ImVm h¡Ÿ& gwZÝXm `h Zht g_P nmVr {H$ CgH$m n{V H$hm± H$hm± Ky_Vm h¡, Š`m-Š`m H$aVm h¡Ÿ& gw~h go
Xoa amV VH$ Ka go ~mha ahZodmbo n{V Ho$ à{V gwZÝXm Ho$ _Z _| H«$moY ^am hþAm h¡Ÿ& R>rH$ g_` na Ka bm¡Q>H$a
ImZm Z ImZodmbo n{V Ho$ à{V dh {MpÝVV ahVr h¡Ÿ& dh g_P Zht nmVr {H$ nyao {XZ ^a CgH$m n{V Š`m H$aVm
h¡? AnZo {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW D±$Mr AmdmO _| ~hg H$aZodmbo n{V go dh {MpÝVV h¡Ÿ& Cgo S>a h¡ {H$ Iy{\$`m nw{bg
H$m AmX_r H$m{bÝXrMaU H$s ~hg gwZH$a gaH$ma go {eH$m`V H$aoJmŸ& Iy{\$`m nw{bg H$s CnpñW{V H$s Amoa
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17
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AZXoIr H$aZodmbo Am¡a g_` na ImZm Z ImZodmbo, g_` na Ka Z bm¡Q>Zodmbo, nËZr H$s BÀN>m, ApñVËd H$s
Amoa Ü`mZ Z XoZodmbo n{V H$mo boH$a gwZÝXm qM{VV h¡Ÿ& H$m{bÝXrMaU H$s bmnadmhr Ho$ H$maU CgHo$ nwÌ H$s
_¥Ë`w hmo JB© h¡Ÿ&
n{V H$s àVrjm go Xw:Ir : gwZÝXm H$m n{V H$m{bÝXrMaU Xoa amV VH$ Ka go ~mha ahVm h¡Ÿ& CgH$m B§VOma
H$aVr-H$aVr gwZÝXm WH$ OmVr h¡Ÿ& dh n{V H$m B§VOma H$aVr hþB© A§JrR>r Ho$ gm_Zo ~¡R>r ahVr h¡Ÿ& dh n{V H$mo Ja_Ja_ amo{Q>`m± namogZm MmhVr h¡, _Ja n{V g_` na Z AmZo H$maU dh AnZm {dMma Ë`mJ XoVr h¡Ÿ& n{V H$s n«Vrjm
go dh Xw:Ir hmoH$a gmoMVr h¡ {H$ _¢ amo{Q>`m± ~ZmH$a aI XoVr h±ÿŸ& O~ do (n{V) AmE±Jo Vmo Im b|JoŸ& dh amo{Q>`m±
~ZmH$a n{V H$s n«Vrjm H$aVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& n{V H$s àVrjm Cnojm go dh Xw:Ir, CXmg ~Z OmVr h¡Ÿ&
n{V Ho$ AmJ_Z go àgÞ : AnZo n{V Ho$ {bE amo{Q>`m± ~ZmH$a n{V H$m B§VOma H$aZodmbr gwZÝXm n{V Ho$
AmJ_Z go Iwe hmoVr h¡Ÿ& dh AnZo n{V H$mo ImZm {IbmZo Ho$ H$V©ì` H$m {Zdm©h H$aZo H$s g§^mdZm go àgÞ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
n{V Ho$ AmJ_Z Am¡a CgH$mo ImZm {IbmZo H$s H$ënZm go CgH$m VZ-_Z nwb{H$V hmo CR>Vm h¡Ÿ&
n{V go ê$ð> : ImZm ~ZmH$a Xoa amV VH$ n{V H$m B§VOma H$aZodmbr gwZÝXm H$mo `h ~wam bJm {H$ CgHo$ n{V
EH$ ~Oo Ka AmE Am¡a CgHo$ nmg Zht AmEŸ& Z CÝhm|Zo Cggo `h nyN>m {H$ dh A^r VH$ Š`m| OmJ ahr h¡Ÿ& gwZÝXm
H$mo n{V H$s CgH$s Amoa AZXoIr H$aZm Am¡a Ka AmH$a {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW Omoa-Omoa go ~mobZm, ~hg H$aZm AÀN>m Zht
bJVmŸ& dh n{V H$s bmnadmhr go éR> OmVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo Bg ~mV H$m Xw:I h¡ {H$ CgHo$ n{V Zo CgH$mo CgHo$ ImZo Ho$ ~mao
_| nyN>m VH$ ZhtŸ&
godm ^mdr : gwZÝXm n{V H$s godm H$aVr h¡Ÿ& n{V H$mo Am¡a CgHo$ {_Ìm| H$mo ImZm {IbmVr h¡Ÿ& dh ñd`§ ^yIr
ahVr _Ja {eH$m`V Zht H$aVrŸ& dh H$_ao Ho$ ~mha Xrdma go bJr IS>r hmoH$a n{V Am¡a CgHo$ {_Ìm| H$s godmAmXoe H$s nyV©Vm H$aZo _| AmZÝX _mZVr h¡Ÿ&
n{V Ho$ H«$moY H$m {eH$ma : gwZÝXm H$mo n{V H$m Xoa amV Ka AmZm, {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW Omoa-Omoa go ~mobZm, {_Ìm|
Ho$ gmW ahZm, {~Zm gyMZm {XE g^r Ho$ {bE ImZo H$m à~ÝY H$aZo H$m AmXoe XoZm AÀN>m Zht bJVmŸ& dh AnZr
ZmamOJr Am¡a AmH«$moe ì`ŠV H$aZo Ho$ {bE n{V go Z ~mobZo H$m {ZíM` H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh Cg {XZ n{V Ho$ {H$gr àíZ
H$m CÎma Zht XoVrŸ& CgHo$ _m¡Z go H$m{bÝXrMaU H«$mo{YV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ ì`dhma go H«$mo{YV H$m{bÝXrMaU {_Ìm| Ho$
gmW ImZm ImZo Ho$ {bE hmoQ>ob OmZm MmhVm h¡ Cgr dŠV gwZÝXm ImZm boH$a AmVr h¡Ÿ& H$m{bÝXrMaU Zo {_Ìm| go
nËZr H$m ñdmñÏ` AÀN>m Z hmoZo H$s OmZH$mar H$s Wr Am¡a Cgr g_` gwZÝXm H$mo ImZm boH$a AmVr hþB© XoIH$a
H$m{bÝXrMaU H$mo Jwñgm AmVm h¡Ÿ& H$m{bÝXrMaU AnZo {_Ìm| _| PyR>m {gX²Y hþAm WmŸ& Bgr{bE Cgo Jwñgm Am`m
WmŸ& n{V-nËZr Ho$ ~rM H$m VZmd {_Ìm| Ho$ gm_Zo Iwb J`m WmŸ& Bg{bE gwZÝXm H$mo n{V Ho$ H«$moY H$m {eH$ma hmoZm
nS>m WmŸ&
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18
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nwÌ {d`moJ go Xw:Ir : gwZÝXm Zo nhbr g§VmZ Ho$ ê$n _| nwÌ H$mo OÝ_ {X`m WmŸ& dh ~r_ma hþAm V~
H$m{bÝXrMaU Zo Cg nwÌ H$s Amoa Ü`mZ Zht {X`mŸ& nwÌ H$m BbmO R>rH$ go Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CgH$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB©Ÿ&
CgH$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ H$maU gwZÝXm ~hþV Xw:Ir ahVr WrŸ&
AHo$bonZ go ÌñV : EH$ _mÌ g§VmZ H$s _¥Ë`w Am¡a n{V H$s bmnadmhr Ho$ H$maU gwZÝXm AHo$bonU Ho$ Xw:I
go ÌñV h¡Ÿ& dh n{V Ho$ H$m`© _| {hñgm Zht bo nmVrŸ& n{V ^r Cgo AnZo H$m`© _| gpå_{bV Zht H$aVmŸ& n{V Am¡a
CgHo$ {_Ìm| H$s ~hg _| gwZÝXm gpå_{bV Zht hmo gH$VrŸ& n{V Ho$ H$m`© Am¡a ~hg Ho$ {df`m| go gwZÝXm AnZo
AmnH$mo H$Q>m hþAm _mZVr h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n Cgo AHo$br H$mo Ka _| ahZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& dh AHo$bonZ go ÌñV h¡Ÿ& dh
O~ AHo$br hmoVr h¡ V~ nwÌ H$s `mX H$aVr hþB© Xw:Ir hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
n{V Ho$ ì`dhma go jwãY : Xoa go Ka bm¡Q>Zodmbo, Ka H$s Amoa AZXoIr H$aZodmbo, n[adma H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m|
go Xya ^moJZodmbo, nËZr-nwÌ Ho$ à{V bmnadmhr XoIZodmbo n{V go gwZÝXm jwãY h¡Ÿ& dh _m¡Z go AnZm Jwñgm,
AmH«$moe, IrP àH$Q> H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Xoa amV {_Ìm| Ho$ {bE ImZm namogZo H$m AmXoe XoZodmbo n{V Ho$ à{V gwZÝXm Ho$ _Z
_| AmH«$moe ^a hþAm h¡Ÿ& dh n{V go ß`ma-AnZËd H$s H$m_Zm H$aVr h¡ _Ja n{V gyMZm `m AmXoe XoVm h¡Ÿ& gwZÝXm
^yIr ahVr h¡ _Ja n{V CgH$s qMVm VH$ Zht H$aVmŸ& n{V Ho$ ì`dhma go gwZÝXm jwãY h¡Ÿ& dh n{V Ho$ AmXoe-gyMZm
Am¡a Jwñgm H$m _m¡Z ahH$a CÎma XoVr h¡Ÿ& CgH$s _m¡Z à{V{H«$`m go CgH$m n{V Am¡a A{YH$ H«$mo{YV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _Ja
gwZÝXm CgH$s Amoa AZXoIr H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
Y¡`©dmZ : n{V H$s AmXVm|, ì`dhmam| Am¡a _mZ{gH$Vm H$m gwZÝXm Y¡`© Ho$ gmW _wH$m~bm H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh
AnZm AmH«$moe, H«$moY g§`_ Ho$ gmW _m¡Z ahH$a àH$Q> H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
O¢Z|ÐHw$_ma X²dmam {M{ÌV gwZÝXm ^maVr` Zmar H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh n{V H$m {damoY H$aVr h¡ _Ja
CgHo$ {damoY _| H$hr na ^r _maH$ Am¡a qhò VÎd Zht h¡Ÿ&
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
C{MV eãX MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
O¡Z|ÐOr H$m ~MnZ H$m Zm_ ............. WmŸ&
(A) amoeZbmb
(~) AmZ§Xrbmb
(H$) ^JdmZXrZ (S>) {OV|Ð
2)
O¡Z|Ð Or H$m OÝ_ AbrJT> {Obo Ho$ ............. Jm±d _| hþAm WmŸ&
(A) b_hr
(~) dmamUgr
(H$) H$m¡{S>`mJ§O (S>) amOmnwa
3)
O¡Z|Ð Or ............. Ymam Ho$ aMZmH$ma _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
(A) àJ{VdmXr
(~) N>m`mdmXr
(H$) Am°M{bH$ (S>) _Zmod¡km{ZH$
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19
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4)
O¡Z|Ð Or ............. Ho$ {dMmam| go à^m{dV hmoH$a AmOmXr Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| gpå_{bV hmo JE WoŸ&
(A) ào_M§X
(~) _hmË_m Jm§Yr Or (H$) {VbH$
(S>) am_ _Zmoha bmo{h`m
5)
H$m{bÝXrMaU ............. Xb go OwS>m hþAm h¡Ÿ&
(A) H«$mpÝVH$mar
(~) ì`mnmar
(H$) \$m¡Or
(S>) Xoe Ðmohr
H$m{bÝXrMaU H$s nËZr H$m Zm_ ............. h¡Ÿ&
(A) gwOmVm
(~) gwZÝXm
(H$) gw{_Ìm
(S>) gwZrVm
Cg {XZ H$m{bÝXrMaU AnZo ............. {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW Am`m WmŸ&
(A) Xmo
(~) VrZ
(H$) Mma
(S>) nm±M
6)
7)
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
AmV§H$ - ^`, S>a
MMm© - ~mVMrV
Omoe - CËgmh
hm¢g - A{^bmfm
AmV§{H$V H$aZm - S>amZm
AdamoY - ~Ym
1.6
XoemoX²Yma - Xoe H$mo ~war pñW{V go ~MmZm
n[aUm_ - \$b
ñn¥hUr` - MmhZo `mo½`
AR>Io{b`m± - _Z _mZm Iob H$aZm
_X - Zem
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) AmZ§Xrbmb 2) H$m¡{S>`mJ§O 3) _Zmod¡km{ZH$ 4) _hmË_m Jm§Yr Or
5) H«$mpÝVH$mar 6) gwZ§Xm 7) VrZ
1.7
gmam§e :
"nËZr' O¡Z|ÐHw$_ma H$s _Zmod¡km{ZH$ H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& Bg_| à^mdr H$WmZH$ H$m A^md h¡ {\$a ^r AnZr e¡br Ho$
AmH$f©U _| H$hmZrH$ma EH$ gmYmaU KQ>Zm H$mo àmUdmZm ~ZmZo _| g\$b hþE h¢Ÿ& gZ² 1940 B©. _| àH$m{eV
AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr _| H$hmZrH$ma Zo XoeCX²Yma H$s qMVm H$aZodmbm H«$mpÝVH$mar n{V AnZr nËZr Am¡a [aíVoXmam| Ho$
à{V {H$g gr_m VH$ {Zanoj Am¡a CXmgrZ hmo gH$Vm h¡ `h {XIm`m h¡Ÿ& n{V H$s CXmgrZVm Ho$ H$maU nËZr Ho$ _Z
_| CX²^wV {dÐmoh H$hmZr H$m H|$Ðr` nj h¡Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr Ho$ X²dmam H$hmZrH$ma Zo CgHo$ C‚db Am¡a AmXe© ì`{ŠVËd
H$mo C^mam h¡Ÿ& n{V H$s AZwXmaVm go nËZr Ho$ _Z CX²^wV nrS>m, KwQ>Z H$m g_mYmZ H$aZo _| H$hmZrH$ma Ag\$b aho
h¢Ÿ& Ho$db ~oOmZ dñVw Ho$ ê$n _| ahZodmbr nËZr H$s _mZ{gH$Vm, CgH$m {dÐmoh H$hmZrH$ma Zo AmH$f©H$ e¡br _|
A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& geŠV H$WmZH$ H$m A^md hmoVo hwE ^r Ho$db H$hmZrH$ma H$s e¡br Ho$ H$maU nËZr H$hmZr
nmR>H$ Ho$ {Xb-{X_mJ H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
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1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1) "nËZr' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IEŸ&
2)
gwZÝXm H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OEŸ&
3) "nËZr' H$hmZr Ho$ AmYma na gwZÝXm H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
{Zå_{Zb{IV AdVaUm| H$m gg§X^© ñnï>rH$aU H$s{OEŸ&
1) "Owë_ {_Q>mZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Owë_ hmoJm hrŸ&'
2) "na CgHo$ Z ^maV _mVm g_P _| AmVr h¡, Z ñdV§ÌVm g_P _| AmVr h¡Ÿ&'
1.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
qhXr Ho$ _Zmod¡km{ZH$ H$hmZrH$mam| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OEŸ&
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
1) _Ywaoe - H$hmZrH$ma O¡Z|ÐHw$_ma nwZ{d©Mma - g_mZmÝVa n«H$meZ, X[a`mJ§O, ZB© {X„r
2)
O¡Z|Ð H$s g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m± - (10 IÊS>)
®®®
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21
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BH$mB© : 1
3. XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ§?
- AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr
1.1
CÔoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
AmMm`© MVwagoZ emór H$m n[aM`
1.3.2
"XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ§?' H$hmZr H$m n[aM`
1.3.3
"XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ§?' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn,
ð AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr Am¡a CZHo$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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22
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ð "XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw H$mo g_P b|JoŸ&
ð "XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' H$hmZr Ho$ H$Ï` H$mo OmZ b|JoŸ&
ð ào_ H$s eVmo] Am¡a Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo g_P nmE±JoŸ&
ð JbV\$h_r Ho$ H$maU CX²^wV pñW{V, àíZm| H$mo g_PH$a JbV\$h_r go ~MZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a|JoŸ&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
n«o_M§X nyd© `wJ H$s {hÝXr H$hmZr ~më`mdñWm _| WrŸ& ào_M§X Ho$ `wJ _| CgZo {dH$mg {H$`mŸ& dh {df`, e¡br
H$s ÑpîQ> go AnZm ñdV§Ì gÎmm ñWm{nV H$aZo _| g\$b hmo JB©Ÿ& ào_M§X Am¡a CZHo$ g_H$mbrZ H$hmZrH$mam| (gwXe©Z,
n§. {dídå^aZmW e_m© H$m¡{eH$, O`e§H$a àgmX, AmMm`© MVwagoZ emór, O¡Z|Ð, Ako`, am_H¥$îUXmg) Zo H$hmZr
gm{hË` H$mo g_¥X²Y H$aZo _| `moJXmZ {X`m WmŸ&
Eo{Vhm{gH$ {df`m| na _m{_©H$ H$hm{Z`m| H$s aMZm H$aZodmbm| H$hmZrH$mam| _| AmMm`© MVwagoZemór H$m Zm_
erf©ñW h¡Ÿ& do ào_M§X Ho$ AZwH$Vm©Am| _| go à_wI _mZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& ào_M§X H$s aMZm e¡br go à^m{dV hmoZo na ^r CÝhm|Zo
EH$mÝVV: J«hU Zht {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ nadVu `wJ _| CZH$s CnÝ`mg H$bm n`m©á {^Þ Am`m_ J«hU H$a
gH$sŸ&
{df` {ddoMZ :
1.3.1 AmMm`© MVwagoZemór H$m n[aM` :
1.3
H$WmH$ma, {M{H$ËgH$ VWm B{Vhmg Ho$ JhZ AÜ`oVm Ho$ ê$n _| AnZr nhMmZ ñWm{nV H$aZodmbo AmMm`©
MVwagoZ emór Or H$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ ~wbÝXeha {Obo Ho$ EH$ Jm±d _| 26 AJñV gZ² 1891 B©. _| hþAm WmŸ&
CZH$m OÝ_ H$m Zm_ MVw^w©O WmŸ& CZHo$ {nVmOr R>mHw$a Ho$dbam_ d_m© Or Am`© g_mOr Am¡a gwYmadmXr WoŸ& CZH$s
_mVm Ë`mJ, ñZoh Am¡a g{hîUwVm H$s _y{V© WrŸ& _mVm-{nVm Zo BÝh| {gH$ÝXam~mX Ho$ JwéHw$b _| nT>Zo ^oOm qH$Vw dhm±
Ho$ Zrag dmVmdaU go D$~H$a do MwnMmn H$mer ^mJ JE WoŸ& dhm± go bmH$a CÝh| O`nwa H$s g§ñH¥$V g§ñWm _| ^aVr
{H$`m J`m, Ohm± go CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm H$s AZoH$ narjmAm| _| g\$bVm àmá H$sŸ& AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX
CÝhm|Zo {gH§$Xmam~mX _| d¡ÚH$ ì`dgm` ewê$ {H$`mŸ& do bmhm¡a Ho$ S>r. E. dr. H$m°boO _| Am`wd}X Ho$ àmo\o$ga Ho$ ê$n
_| H$m`© H$aV| WoŸ& do gm{hË`godm Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm H$m`© EH$ gmW H$aVo WoŸ& CZH$m d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ g\$b Zht ahmŸ&
EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ CZH$s VrZ npËZ`m| H$s AH$mb _¥Ë`w hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo Vrgar nËZr kmZXodr H$s N>moQ>r ~hZ H$_b
{H$emoar go {ddmh {H$`mŸ& Mm¡Wr nËZr go CÝh| EH$ H$Ý`maËZ H$s àm{á hþB©Ÿ&
AmMm`© MVwagoZ emór Or ñdñW, ~{bð>, JohþAm a§J Ed§ ñ\y${V©dmZ eara Ho$ YZr WoŸ& CZHo$ _wI_§S>b na
Jå_^raVm, àm¡T>Vm {XImB© XoVr WrŸ& ~wT>mno _| ^r h_oem ŠbrZ eod H$aZodmbo MVwagoZ Or Ho$ ~mb EH$X_ H$mbo
Am¡a XmV R>rH$ Ed§ g\o$X WoŸ& CZH$s ~mVMrV _| AmË_r`Vm, {dÐmoh Am¡a ZdrZVm H$m ñda \y$Q> nS>Vm WmŸ& 2 \$adar,
1960 B©. _| noem~ éH$Zo H$s ~r_mar go CZH$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB©Ÿ&
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23
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{M{H$ËgH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝhm|Zo OrdZ H$mo ~hþV {ZH$Q> go XoIm WmŸ& ~S>o - ~S>o amOm-_hmamOmAm| Ho$ `hm±
CZH$m CR>Zm-~¡R>Zm WmŸ& dhm± go CÝh| AnZo boIZ Ho$ {bE H$m\$s _gmbm àmá hmoVm WmŸ& JwU Am¡a _mÌm XmoZm| Ñ{ï>`m|
go {h§Xr gm{hË` H$s g_¥X²{Y _| CZH$s XoZ _hÎdnyU© h¡Ÿ& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr J¥hbú_r n{ÌH$m _| gZ² 1914 B©. _o
àH$m{eV hþB© WrŸ& CÝhmoZo gmT>o Mma gm¡ H$hm{Z`m± (25 H$hmZr àg§J) Am¡a ~Îmrg CnÝ`mg VWm ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm H$s
h¡Ÿ& B{Vhmg, Y_©, amOZr{V, g_mO, ñdmñÏ`, {M{H$Ëgm Am{X go gå~pÝYV CZH$s 186 aMZmE± àH$m{eV hþB© h¢
Am¡a 52 aMZmE± AàH$m{eV h¢Ÿ&
öX` H$s naI, öX` H$s ß`mg, A_a A{^bmfm, AmË_Xmh, gmo_ZmW, d¡embr H$s ZJadYy Am{X M{M©V
CnÝ`mgm| H$s aMZm H$aZodmbo emór Or Zo gmT>o Mma gm¡ go A{YH$ H$hm{Z`m± {bIr h¢Ÿ& CZH$s M{M©V H$hm{Z`m± h¢
- A§~nm{bH$m, {^jwamO, qghJT> {dO`, ~md{M©V, ê$R>r amZr, Xo IwXm H$s amh, hëXrKmQ>r _|, ~mU~ÝYw, XwIdm
_¢ H$m± go H$hÿ _moar gOZr Am{XŸ&
{df`dñVw Ho$ AmYma na CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, _Zmod¡km{ZH$ Am{X dJm]
_| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ do N>moQ>r - go - N>moQ>r gm_m{OH$ VWm Eo{Vhm{gH$
KQ>Zm H$mo AmH$f©H$ VWm _Zmoa§OH$ T>§J go àñVwV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& {Oggo nmR>H$ Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ gOrd {MÌ gm IS>m hmo
OmVm h¡Ÿ& gOrd nmÌm| H$m {Z_m©U, Omoerbo g§dmX Am¡a à^mdr dmVmdaU H$m {Z_m©U, nmÌmZwHy$b Am¡a àg§JmZwHy$b
^mfm H$m à`moJ emór H$s {deofVmE± h¢Ÿ&
1.3.2
XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ§... H$hmZr H$m n[aM` :
"XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr H$s M{M©V H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr gZ² 1920 `m
1921 B©. Ho$ Amgnmg {bIr hþB© h¡Ÿ& H$B© EH$ AmbmoMH$m| Zo `h Amn{Îm CR>mB© Wr {H$ AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr emñÌr Or
H$s _m¡{bH$ H$hmZr Z hmoH$a MwamB© hþB© h¡Ÿ& Amn{Îm CR>mZodmbo H$B© H$hVo Wo {H$ AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr _amR>r go MwamB© h¡,
Vmo AÝ` Bgo JwOamVr `m CXy© go MwamB© h¡ Eogm _mZVo h¢Ÿ& H$B© {dX²dmZm| Zo Bgo ~§Jbm H$WmH$ma h[agmYZ _wImonmÜ`m`
H$s "go{bg_m ~oJ_' H$hmZr H$m ê$nm§Va {gX²Y H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡Ÿ& _Ja pñW{V Eogr Zht h¡Ÿ& emñÌr Or CZ
{XZm| {M{H$ËgH$ Ho$ ê$n _| AZoH$ amOm-_hmamOmAm| Ho$ Xa~mam| VWm AÝV:nwam| _| Om`m H$aVo WoŸ& dhm± CÝh| amOm_hmamOmAm| Am¡a emgH$m| Ed§ ehoZehm go gå~pÝYV AZoH$ Jwá ~mVo _mby_ hmoVr WrŸ& {OZH$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a
CÝhm|Zo H$B© EH$ aMZmAm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
CZ {XZm| {X„r _| emhr O_mZo Ho$ Hw$N> {H$ñgmJmo qOXm WoŸ& do emhr naånam go aBgm| H$mo gwZmZo H$m ImZXmZr
noem H$aVo AmE WoŸ& do {H$ñgm gwZmZo H$s \$sg Xmo én`o go nMmg én`o VH$ boVo WoŸ& AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr Or Eogo
{H$ñgmJmo go H$hm{Z`m± gwZm H$aVo WoŸ& CZgo H$hm{Z`m± gwZH$a hr emñÌr Or H$hmZr boIZ H$s Amoa AmH${f©V hþE WoŸ&
AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr H$s àoaUm emñÌr Or H$mo Eogo {H$ñgmJmo go {_br WrŸ& `{X AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr Mmoar H$m _mb h¡ Eogm
_mZ boVo h¢ Vmo dh gm{hË` H$s Mmoa H$m _mb Z hmoH$a {H$ñgmJmo Ho$ _w±h go Mwam`m hþAm _mb h¡Ÿ& emñÌr Or H$mo Bg
H$hmZr H$mo gwZmZodmbo {H$ñgmJmo H$mo Xmo én`o \$sg XoZr nS>r WrŸ&
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24
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"XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' ào_ H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& ~oJ_ gbr_m go EH$ Zm¡H$a CgHo$ ~MnZ go ào_ H$aVm WmŸ&
gb_m ^r Cggo ào_ H$aVr Wr, na dh ~MnZ H$m ß`ma WmŸ& C_« hmoZo na gbr_m nX} _|o ahZo bJr Am¡a dh eh§emh
H$s ~oJ_ ~Z JB©Ÿ& _Ja Zm¡H$a Cgo ^yb Zht gH$mŸ& dh nm±M gmb VH$ nmJbm| H$s Vah ^Q>H$Vm ahm Am¡a A§V _| ^og
~XbH$a ~oJ_ gbr_m H$s Zm¡H$amZr ~ZH$a ahZo bJmŸ& {g\©$ gbr_m H$mo XoIVo ahZo Am¡a {IX_V H$aHo$ {XZ JwOmaZo
H$m CgH$m BamXm WmŸ& EH$ {XZ ~mXemh {eH$ma Ho$ {bE Mbm J`mŸV~ gbr_m Zo eam~ nr brŸ& dh eam~ Ho$ Zeo
_| Mya nS>r Wr V~ CgH$s {IX_V _| Zm¡H$amZr ~ZH$a ahZodmbo Zm¡H$a Zo Cgo My_ {b`mŸ& O~ dh gbr_m H$mo My_ ahm
Wm V~ ~mXehm Am JE Am¡a CÝhm|Zo CgH$s Mmoar nH$S> brŸ& Cgo ~ÝXr ~Zm`m J`mŸ&
gbr_m H$mo hmoe Am`m V~ CgZo XoI {H$ Cgo ~§Xr ~Zm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Cgo bJ ahm Wm {H$ ~mXemh Ho$ AmZo na
dh gmo ahr WrŸ& Bg{bE Cgo ~ÝXr ~Zm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& dh nÌ {bIH$a ~mXemh Ho$ gm_Zo AnZr ~mV aIVr h¡ Am¡a Cgr
g_` Oha ImH$a AnZr OrdZ `mÌm g_mßV H$aVr h¡Ÿ& JbV\$h_r Ho$ H$maU ~oJ_ na eH$ H$aZo H$m ~mXemh H$mo
Xw:I hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh ~oJ_ Ho$ H$hZo na Zm¡H$a H$mo N>moS> XoVm h¡ Am¡a dh ñd`§ EH$m§V _| Xw:I Ho$ Am±gy ~hmVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
1.3.3
H$WmZH$ `m H$WmdñVw :
\$mJwZ H$s J_u go ~MZo Ho$ {bE ~mXemh emhOhm± AnZr ZB© XwëhZ Ho$ gmW H$í_ra Ho$ Xm¡bVImZo _| ahZo
Mbo JE W|Ÿ& H$í_ra H$s dm{X`m| H$m _m¡g_ gwhmZm WmŸ& amV XyY _| Zhm ahr WrŸ& Xya Ho$ nhmS>m| H$s Mmo{Q>`m± ~\©$ go
g\o$X hmoH$a Mm±XZr _| ~hma {XIm ahr WrŸ& Amam_~mJ Ho$ _hbm| Ho$ ZrMo nhmS>r ZXr ~b ImH$a ~h ahr WrŸ&
_moVr _hb Ho$ EH$ H$_ao _| e_mXmZ Ob ahm Wm Am¡a CgH$s Iwbr {IS>H$s Ho$ nmg ~¡R>r gbr_m amV H$m
gm¢X`© {Zhma ahr WrŸ& Iwbo hþE ~mb CgH$s {\$am¡Or a§J H$s AmoT>Zr na Iob aho WoŸ& gbr_m Zo {MH$Z Ho$ H$m_
go gOr Am¡a _mo{V`m| go Jw§Wr hþB© Zrbo a§J H$s AmoT>Zr na H$_Im~ H$s Hw$aVr Am¡a nÞm| H$s H$_anoQ>r nhZr Wr
{Og na A§Jya Ho$ ~am~a Ho$ _mo{V`m| H$s _mbm Py_ ahr WrŸ& gbr_m H$m a§J ^r _moVr Ho$ g_mZ WmŸ& CgH$s Xoh
H$s JR>Z {Zabr WrŸ& CgZo g§J_a_a Ho$ g_mZ n¡am| _| Oar Ho$ H$m_ Ho$ OwVo nhZo WoŸ& {OZ na Xmo hrao AnZr M_H$
go emo^m`_mZ WoŸ&
H$_ao _| H$s§_Vr B©amZr H$mbrZ WrŸ& gwJpÝYV _gmbm| go ~Zo e_mXmZ Ob aho WoŸ& H$_ao _| Mma nyao H$X Ho$
AmB©Zo bJo WoŸ& gmoZo-Mm±Xr Ho$ \y$bXmZm| _| VmOo \y$bm| Ho$ JwbXñVo aIo WoŸ& Xrdmam| Am¡a XadmOmo| na ZmJHo$ga Am¡a
Månm H$s _mbmE± Py_ ahr WrŸ& \y$bm| H$s Iwe~y go H$_am _hH$ ahm WmŸ& AZoH$ H$s§_Vr Am¡a gwÝXa dñVwAm| go H$_ao
H$mo gOm`m J`m Wm&
~mXemh Xmo {XZ go {eH$ma H$mo JE WoŸ& gbr_m Xoa amV {IS>H$s _| ~¡R>H$a CZH$s n«Vrjm H$a ahr WrŸ& B§VOma
go D$~H$a CgZo Xmgr H$mo ~wbmH$a AnZo nmg ~¡R>Zo H$m hþŠ_ {X`mŸ& CgZo Cg gmH$s (Xmgr) go nyN>m {H$ VwPo ~rZ
AÀN>r bJVr h¡ `m ~m§gwar? Xmgr Zo CÎma {X`m, "hþOya {Og_| Iwe hmoŸ&' {\$a gbr_m Zo Cgo nyN>m "Vy {H$g_| Iwe
h¡?' CgH$m CÎma XoVo hþE Xmgr Zo H$hm "gaH$ma! ~m§{X`m| H$s Iwer hr Š`m?'
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~oJ_ Zo Xmgr go gmao XadmOo Am¡a {IS>{H$`m± ImobZo Am¡a {MamJm| H$mo ~wPmZo H$m AmXoe {X`mŸ& CgZo Mm§XZr
H$m AmZ§X àmá H$aVo hþE \y$b_mbmE± AnZo nmg aIZo H$m AmXoe {X`mŸ&
~oJ_ Zo gmH$s (Xmgr) go ea~V _m±JmŸ& gmH$s ea~V bo AmB©Ÿ& ~oJ_ H$mo dh ea~V ~hþV J_© bJmŸ& CgZo
gmH$s go nyN>m {H$ "Bg_| Jwbm~ Zht h¡?' gmH$s Zo Jwbm~ {_bmZo H$s nw{ï> H$sŸ& gmH$s Zo ~oJ_ Ho$ AmXoe na ea~V
_| eam~ {_bmB© Am¡a dh gwdm{gV eam~ H$m nmÌ ~oJ_ Ho$ gm_Zo bm YamŸ& EH$ hr gm±g _| ~oJ_ Zo Cgo nr {b`mŸ&
eam~ Ho$ Zeo _| ~oJ_ Zo gmH$s go ào_ JrV JmZo H$m AmJ«h {H$`mŸ& dh Zeo _| _I_br _gZX na bwT>H$ JB©
Am¡a ag ^ao ZoÌm| go gmH$s H$mo Amoa XoIZo bJrŸ& gmH$s Zo d§er H$m gwa {_bmH$a JmZm ewê$ {H$`m, "XwIdm _¢ H$mgo
H$hÿ± _moar gOZr'Ÿ&
~hþV Xoa VH$ gmH$s JmVr ahr Am¡a Yrao-Yrao amoZo bJrŸ& gbr_m (~oJ_) _{Xam Am¡a `m¡dZ Ho$ Zeo _| Mya
hmoH$a Py_Zo bJrŸ& dh Py_Vo -Py_Vo ~ogwY nS>rŸ& eam~ H$s VoOr go CgHo$ Jmb gwI© hmo JEŸWoŸ& nmZ Ho$ a§J go
hmoR> a§JrV ~Z JE WoŸ& gm±g H$s gwJ§Y go H$_am _hH$ ahm WmŸ& _§X ndZ go O¡go H$mo_b nÎmr H$m±nZo bJVr h¡ Cgr
àH$ma gbr_m H$m dj:ñWb Yrao-Yrao H$m±n ahm WmŸ& ngrZo H$s ~±yXo CgHo$ bbmQ> na _mo{V`m| H$s Vah M_H$ ahr
WrŸ&
gmH$s d§er aIH$a ~oJ_ Ho$ nmg AmH$a Cgo {ZhmaZo bJrŸ& CgH$m eara H$m±nZo bJm, Am±Io§ ObZo bJr, H§$R>
gyI J`mŸ& dh KwQ>Zo Ho$ ~b ~¡R>H$a ~hþV Yrao-Yrao AnZo Am±Mb go ~oJ_ Ho$ _wI H$m ngrZm nm|N>Zo bJrŸ& BgHo$ ~mX
CgZo PwH$H$a ~oJ_ H$m _w±h My_ {b`mŸ&
gmH$s Zo AMmZH$ Am±I CR>mH$a XoIm Vmo gm_Zo ~mXemh emhOhm± IS>o WoŸ& do AmíM`© Am¡a H«$moY go gmH$s
H$mo XoI aho WoŸ& ~mXemh Zo Cgo nyN>m "Vy H$m¡Z h¡? Am¡a `hm± Š`m H$a ahr Wr?'
gmH$s Mwn IS>r ahrŸ& ~mXemh Zo H$hm - "Odm~ XoŸ&' V~ gmH$s Zo Yr_o ñda _| H$hm- "Ohm§nZmh, H$ZrO
AJa Hw$N> Odm~ Z Xo Vmo?'
gmH$s Ho$ CÎma go H«$mo{YV hmoH$a ~mXemh Zo H$hm- "_oar ~mV H$m `h Odm~ Zht? AÀN>m, VwPo Z§Jr H$aHo$
H$moS>o bJmE OmE±JoŸ&'
gmH$s Zo H$hm, "_¢ _X© hÿ±Ÿ&' CgHo$ CÎma go ~mXemh H$s Am±Im| go Jwñgo H$s ÁdmbmE± \y$Q>Zo bJrŸ& CgZo H«$moY go
hr gbr_m H$s Amoa XoImŸ& dh ~ogwY nS>r gmo ahr WrŸ& CgH$m ^am `m¡dZ Iwbm nS>m WmŸ& CgH$mo XoIH$a ~mXemh Ho$
_w±h go {ZH$bm, "C\²$! \$mhem!' dh Cgo Jm{b`m± XoZo bJoŸ& CgZo gmH$s Ho$ dof _| hmoZodmbo _X© H$mo VhImZo _| S>mbZo
H$m hþŠ_ EH$ ^`§H$a ê$ndmbr VmVar Am¡aV H$mo {X`mŸ&
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26
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VmVar Am¡aV Zo Cg `wdH$ H$mo VhImZo _| T>H$o b {X`mŸ& Cg H¡$Xr `wdH$ Ho$ ~moP go n¸$m \$e© ZrMo YgH$Zo bJmŸ&
gw~h gbr_m H$s ~ohmoer Xya hmo JB©Ÿ& dh Mm¡H$H$a CR> ~¡R>rŸ& CgZo AnZo ~mb g§dmao, AmoT>Zr R>rH$ H$s Am¡a
Mmobr Ho$ ~Q>Z H$gZo H$mo AmB©Zo Ho$ gm_Zo Om IS>r hþB©Ÿ& {IS>{H$`m± ~ÝX WrŸ& CgZo gmH$s H$mo nwH$mam Am¡a _m¡g_ Ho$
à{V {eH$m`V H$sŸ& dh eam~ Am¡a ZtX Ho$ à{V ZmamOJr ì`ŠV H$aZo bJrŸ&
gbr_m Omoa-Omoa go gmH$s H$mo nwH$maZo bJrŸ& bo{H$Z H$moB© Zht Am`mŸ& CgZo XadmOm, {IS>{H$`m± ImobZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$s bo{H$Z {IS>{H$`m± ~mha go ~ÝX hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Zht IwbrŸ& CgZo XadmOo Ho$ ~mha XoIm, XadmOo na Z§Jr
Vbdma boH$a VmVar Am¡aV nhao na _wñV¡X IS>r h¡Ÿ& Cg nhao na IS>r Am¡aV go _mby_ hþAm {H$ ~mXemh AmH$a
Mbo JE h¢Ÿ& ~mXemh Ho$ hþŠ_ go CgHo$ _hb na nhao bJmE JE h¢Ÿ& CgH$s gmH$s H$mo ~mXemh Zo H¡$X H$aHo$ VhImZo
_| aIm h¡Ÿ& dh gmH$s Ho$ Ow_© Ho$ ~mao _| OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡Ÿ& _Ja Cgo H$moB© ghr OmZH$mar Zht XoVmŸ& dh
AZw^d H$aVr h¡ {H$ Cgo ^r ~mXemh Zo H¡$X {H$`m h¡Ÿ& dh amoVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ ~mXemh Ho$ AmZo Ho$ g_` dh
Zeo _| WrŸ& Bg{bE ~mXemh Cggo ZmamO hmo JE h¢Ÿ& Cgo eam~ nrbmZodmbr gmH$s go ZmamO hmoH$a ~mXemh Zo gmH$r
H$mo H¡$X {H$`m Am¡a ~mXemh AmZo na CgZo ~mXemh H$m ñdmJV Zht {H$`mŸ& Bg{bE Jwñgo go ~mXemh Zo Cgo (~oJ_
H$mo) H¡$X {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
gH$sZm AnZr ~mV ~mXemh Ho$ g_j aIZo Ho$ {bE nÌ {bIVr h¡Ÿ& _Ja ~mXemh Cgo _m\$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE
V¡`ma Zht hmoVmŸ& ~mXemh Zo nÌ boH$a AmB© hþB© ~m§Xr go H$hm {H$, "Cggo H$h Xo {H$ _a OmE' Am¡a IV H$mo R>moH$a
_maH$a _w±h \o$a {b`mŸ&
~mXemh H$m Odm~ gwZH$a gbr_m ~hþV Xoa VH$ amoVr ahrŸ& CgZo AnZo AmnH$mo H$_ao _| ~ÝX {H$`mŸ& K§Q>m| ~rV
JE, {XZ {N>nZo bJmŸ& gbr_m ~oJ_ hmoZm {H$VZm Xw:IXm`H$ hmoVm h¡ Bgo AZw^d H$aZo bJrŸ& dh H$hZo bJr BVZr
gr ~mV na {H$ "_¢ Oam gmo JB©, CZHo$ AmZo na OJ Z gH$s, Bg{bE BVZr ~S>r gOm, BVZr ~oB‚mVrŸ& Bg ~oB‚mVr
Ho$ ~mX _w±h {XImZo bm`H$ _¢ H$hm± ahr hÿ±? A~ Vmo _aZm hr R>rH$ h¢&' dh AnZm Xw:I àH$Q> H$aVr hþB© H$hVr h¡, "_¢
Jar~ {H$gmZ H$s Am¡aV Š`m| Z hþB©Ÿ&'
dh An_mZ, Xw:I, H«$moY go CR>r Am¡a AnZo _Z H$s gmao ~mVo IV _| {bIH$a dh IV ~mXemh Ho$ nmg ^oO
{X`m Am¡a A§JyR>r H$mo bJm hþAm Oha CgZo MmQ> {b`mŸ&
em_ Ho$ g_` ~mJ _| Q>hbZodmbo ~mXemh go Zm¡H$am| Zo H$hm {H$ gbr_m ~r~r Zo Oha Im {b`m h¡ Am¡a dh
_a ahr h¡Ÿ&
~mXemh Zo gbr_m H$m IV nT> {b`m Am¡a OëXr-OëXr gbr_m Ho$ nmg nhþ±M JEŸ& CÝhmoZo XoIm {H$ gbr_m
O_rZ na nS>r h¡Ÿ& Oha H$m Aga Cg na hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh Zo hH$s_ H$mo ~wbmZo H$m AmXoe {X`mŸ& do gbr_m Ho$
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nmg ~¡R> JEŸ& gbr_m Zo CZgo H$hm "_oam H$gya ~hþV _m_ybr WmŸ& CgHo$ {bE _wPo AnZo ~hþV ~S>r gOm XrŸ&'
~mXemh Zo H$S>o ñda _| Cggo H$hm, "emhr OZmZImZo _| _X© H$mo ^og ~XbH$a aIZm _m_ybr Hw$gya Zht h¡?' _¢Zo
AnZr Am±Im| go _X© H$mo emhr OZmZImZo _| XoIm h¡ Omo ^og ~XbH$a ah ahm WmŸ&
gbr_m H$mo ~mXemh go _mby_ hþAm {H$ CgH$s godm _| gmH$s ~ZH$a ahZodmbr Am¡aV Z hmoH$a _X© WmŸ& Cgo
`h OmZH$a AmíM`© hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
gbr_m Cg gmH$s Ho$ gå~Y _| Hw$N> ^r Zht OmZVr WrŸ& dh Am¡aV Z hmoH$a nwéf h¡ Am¡a dh gbr_m H$s godm
_| h¡ Bg{bE ~mXemh Cggo ZmamO h¡ `h OmZH$a dh H$hVr h¡ "ImqdX! V~ Vmo Hw$N> {eH$m`V hr Zht, Bg Hw$gya
H$s Vmo `hr gOm `mo½` h¡Ÿ& _wPo _m\$ H$s{OEŸ& _wPo Bg ~mV H$m Hw$N> nVm ZhtŸh¡Ÿ&'
dmñVd pñW{V H$s OmZH$mar hmoZo na ~mXemh H$mo ~hþV Xw:I hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh AnZr JbVr na nN>Vmdm H$a amoZo
bJVm h¡Ÿ& JbV\$h_r Ho$ H$maU {H$VZm ~S>m AZW© hmo J`m Bgo OmZH$a ~mXemh H$mo Xw:I hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ~oH$gya gbr_m
Ho$ {bE Cgo nN>Vmdm-Xw:I hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
gbr_m ~mXemh go AnZr A§{V_ AO© _§Oya H$aZo H$s àmW©Zm H$aVr hþB© H$hVr h¡ {H$ "Cg OdmZ H$mo _m\$ H$a
Xmo {OgZo gmH$s ~ZH$a CgH$s godm H$s h¡Ÿ&'
~mXemh Cg H¡$Xr OdmZ go gM ~mV OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dh `wdH$ gM ~mV ~Vm XoVm h¡ {H$ gbr_m
O~ ~ƒr Wr V~ _¢ CgHo$ ~mn Ho$ nmg Zm¡H$a WmŸ& V^r go _¢ Cgo ß`ma H$aVm Wm, gbr_m ^r ß`ma H$aVr WrŸ& na dh
~MnZ H$m ß`ma WmŸ& C_« hmoZo na gbr_m nX} _| ahZo bJr Am¡a dh eh§emh H$s ~oJ_ hþB©Ÿ& _Ja _¢ Cgo ^yb Z gH$mŸ&
nm±M gmb VH$ nmJb H$s Vah ^Q>H$Vm ahmŸ& A§V _| ^og ~XbH$a ~m±Xr H$s Zm¡H$ar H$a brŸ& {g\©$ Cgo XoIVo ahZo
Am¡a {IX_V H$aHo$ {XZ JwOmaZo H$m BamXm WmŸ& Cg {XZ _Xhmoer Ho$ dmVmdaU _| _¡ AnZo AmnH$mo amoH$ Zht nm`m
Am¡a _¢Zo Cgo My_ {b`mŸ& `h _oam AnamY h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mao _| gbr_m H$mo Hw$N> ^r nVm Zht h¡Ÿ& CgH$s PyR>r ~XZm_r Z
hmo Bg{bE _¢ `o gmar ~mVo Amngo ~Vm ahm hÿ±Ÿ&'
~oH$gya gbr_m H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ {bE ~mXemh AnZo H$mo AnamYr-Xmofr _mZZo bJmŸ& dh {XZ-amV gbr_m Ho$
H$_ao _| ahZo bJmŸ& {Og {IS>H$s Ho$ nmg gbr_m ~¡R>H$a ~mXemh H$s àVrjm H$aVr Wr dhm± ~¡R>H$a ~mXemh
gbr_m H$s H$~« H$s Amoa XoIVm ahZo bJmŸ& dh {H$grH$mo AnZo `hm± AmZo Zht XoVm WmŸ& AmYr am{Ì Ho$ A§Yoao _|,
J§^ra gÞmQ>o _| EH$ __©^o{XZr JrV Üd{Z ~mXemh H$mo gm\$ gm\$ gwZmB© XoVr h¡, "XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZrŸ&'
gbr_m H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU :
gbr_m "XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' erf©H$ H$hmZr H$s à_wI nmÌ h¡Ÿ& H$hmZrH$ma Zo CgHo$ M[aÌ Ho$
{Zå_Z{b{IV nhbwAm| H$mo àH$m{eV {H$`m h¡ -
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~mb n«o{_H$m : A_ra n[adma H$s gbr_m ~MnZ _| Zm¡H$a go ào_ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh ào_ H$m AW© OmZZo H$s Am`w
H$s ^r Zht V~ CgZo Ka Ho$ Zm¡H$a Ho$ ào_ n«ñVmd H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m WmŸ&
{Oå_oXma `wdVr : gbr_m {Oå_oXma `wdVr Ho$ ê$n _| {M{ÌV h¡Ÿ& dh O~ ~S>r hmo JB© Am¡a nX} _| ahZo bJr
V~go CgZo AnZr {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo g_P {b`m WmŸ& ~MnZ Ho$ ào_ H$mo CgZo N>moS>H$a Ka-n[adma H$s _`m©XmAm| H$m
{Oå_oXmar Ho$ gmW {Zdm©h {H$`m WmŸ& ~mXemh Ho$ gmW {ddmh hmo OmZo na CgZo AnZo Y_© H$m nmbZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
n{V go ào_ H$aZodmbr : gbr_m ~oJ_ ~ZZo na AnZo n{V go ào_ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh n{V H$m B§VOma H$aVr ahVr
h¡Ÿ& n{V Ho$ {d`moJ Ho$ Xw:I ^ybmZo Ho$ {bE eam~ H$m ghmam boVr h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh H$s _Ou-ào_ nmZo Ho$ {bE IV
{bIVr h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh go _mZ-gå_mZ, ào_ Z {_bZo na AmË_hË`m H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
A{^_mZr : gbr_m AnZo AmË_ gå_mZ H$s ajm Ho$ {bE H$mo{ee H$aVr h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh H$m ào_, AnZmnZ,
gå_mZ nmZo _| Ag\$b hmoZo na dh Oha ImH$a AmË_hÎ`m H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh OmZ XoH$a AnZo A{^_mZ-ñdËd H$s ajm
H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
gm¢X`©ào_r : gbr_m gm¢X`© ào_r h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ H$_ao H$s gOmdQ> CgHo$ gm¢X`© ào_ H$mo Xem©Vr h¡Ÿ& Xw{Z`m^a H$s
AZoH$ Iy~gyaV MrOm| go CgHo$ _hb H$mo gOm`m J`m h¡Ÿ& JmbrMm, Xrdmam| VWm AÝ` MrOm| Ho$ M`Z go CgH$m
gm¢X`© ào_ àH$Q> hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
~mXemh Ho$ JbV\$h_r H$m {eH$ma : ~mXemh H$m B§VOma H$aVo H$aVo gbr_m D$~ JB© WrŸ& CgZo AnZr
D$~ {_Q>mZo Am¡a B§VOma H$m J_ ^ybmZo Ho$ {bE eam~ nr br WrŸ& dh eam~ Ho$ Zeo _| ~ogwY nS>r Wr V~ CgH$s
Zm¡H$amZr Zo CgH$mo My_ {b`mŸ& ~oJ_ H$mo My_Zodmbr Zm¡H$amZr H$mo Z§Jr H$aHo$ H$moS>o bJdmZo H$s gOm gwZmB© JB©, V~
Zm¡H$amZr Zo H$hm {H$ dh Am¡aV Z hmoH$a _X© h¡Ÿ& CgH$m CÎma gwZZo na ~mXemh H$mo Jwñgm Am`mŸ& CgH$mo bJm H$s
~oJ_ Zo dh _X© h¡ `h OmZVo hþE ^r CgH$s Xmgr Ho$ ê$n _| {Z`w{ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ~oJ_ gbr_m H$mo ~mXemh Zo
CgHo$ _hb _| H¡$X H$a aImŸ& dmñVd _| gbr_m Zht OmZVr Wr {H$ Xmgr Ho$ ^og _| _X© CgH$s godm _| h¡Ÿ& {\$a ^r
~mXemh H$mo bJVm h¡ {H$ CgZo OmZ-~wPH$a OZmZImZo _| Am¡aV Ho$ ^og _| _X© aIm h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh H$s JbV\$h_r
H$m {eH$ma gbr_m hmo JB© WrŸ&
g§Vmofr : ~mXehm go O~ Cgo _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s godm _| Am¡aV Ho$ ^og _|o _X© Wm, V~ dh Bg ^yb Ho$
Cgo Xr hþB© gOm `mo½` _mZH$a ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Cgo g§Vmof h¡ {H$ ~mXemh H$s JbV\$h_r Xya hmo JB© h¡Ÿ&
à{VemoY go Xya : gbr_m H$mo O~ ~mXemh go _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s godm H$aZodmbr Xmgr Am¡aV Z
hmoH$a _X© Wm V~ dh AnZr JbVr ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dmñVd _| Bg_| CgH$s JbVr Zht Wr {\$a ^r dh Z {H$E hþE
AnamY Ho$ {bE XÊS> ^moJVr h¡Ÿ& dh AnamY H$aZodmbo _X© go à{VemoY boZm Zht MmhVr A{nVw dh Cgo _m\$ H$aZo
H$s ~mXemh go àmW©Zm H$aVr h¡Ÿ& dh AnZm {Xb ~S>m H$a à{VemoY go Xya ahVr h¡Ÿ&
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29
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~mXemh Ho$ Xw:I-nN>Vmdo H$m H$maU : gbr_m ~oHw$gya Wr {\$a ^r CgZo AnZo OrdZ H$mo g_mßV H$a
{X`m Bg{bE ~mXemh H$mo Xw:I hþAmŸ& dh nN>Vmdm H$aZo bJmŸ& dh gbr_m H$s `mXm| _| gbr_m Ho$ _hb _| ~¡R>H$a
gbr_m H$s H$~« H$mo XoIVm ahZo bJmŸ& CgH$m Xw:I-nN>Vmdm H$_ Z hmoH$a ~T>Vm hr J`mŸ&
AmbmoÀ` H$hmZr H$s gbr_m H$m {MÌU gOrd, gw§Xa Am¡a à^mdr ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& nmR>H$ Ho$ {Xbm|-{X_mJ na
CgH$m ì`{ŠVËd A{_Q> à^md N>moS>Vm h¡Ÿ& H$hmZrH$ma Zo ñnï> {H$`m h¡ {H$ ào_ H$m Xygam Zm_ Ë`mJ-g_n©U h¡Ÿ&
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a dmŠ` {\$a go {b{IEŸ&
1)
(H$) {M{H$ËgH$ (S>) ì`mnmar
2)
`h H$hmZr àW_ ~ma ............. n{ÌH$m _| N>nr WrŸ&
(A) gwYm
(~) h§g
(H$) gm{hË` g§Xoe (S>) ZB© H$hmZr
3)
~mXemh J_u Ho$ {XZm| _| ............. JE WoŸ&
(A) {g_b
(~) H$í_ra
(H$) Z¡ZrVmb
(S>) CQ>r
ZB© ~oJ_ H$m Zm_ ............. WmŸ&
(A) _w_VmO
(~) AZmaH$br
(H$) gbr_m
(S>) Jwb~mZmo
4)
5)
~oJ_ go ào_ H$aZodmbm ............. gmH$s ~ZH$a CgH$s godm H$a ahm WmŸ&
(A) Zm¡H$a
(~) {Z`mo{OV da
(H$) S>mŠQ>a
(S>) H${d
6)
~mXemh Zo gmH$s H$mo ~oJ_ H$mo ............. hþE XoIm WmŸ&
(A) ~mVo H$aVo
(~) PJS>m H$aVo
(H$) My_Vo
7)
1.5
AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr ............. ^r WoŸ&
(A) d¡km{ZH$
(~) AÜ`mnH$
(S>) IobVo
~mXemh Zo ............. Ho$ H$maU ~oJ_ H$mo H¡$X {H$`m WmŸ&
(A) JbV\$h_r
(~) AnamY {gX²Y hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
(H$) ~oJ_ H$s ~od\$mB© (S>) nmJbnU
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
e_mXmZ - dh AmYma {Og_| _mo_ H$s ~Vr bJmH$a ObmVo h¢Ÿ&
{MH$Z - _hrZ gyVr H$nS>m {Og na C^ao hþE ~yQ>o ~wZo ahVo h¢Ÿ&
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30
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H$_Im~ - EH$ àH$ma H$m aoe_r H$mnS> {Og na H$bm~Vy Ho$ ~ob~wQ>o ~wZo hmoVo h¢Ÿ&
{\$amoOr - ìhm`boQ> ãby
~m±Xr - bm¢S>r, Xmgr
H$_{gZ - H$_ C_« H$s
XñV~ñVm - hmW N>mVr na ~m±YH$a, _moS>H$a
CH$VmZm - D$~Zm
_gZX - ~S>m V{H$`m
bwË\$ - AmZ§X
\$mhem - {N>Zmb
àñdoX - ngrZm, àgoX
Hw$gya - JbVr
VmVar - VmVa Xoe H$s Am¡aV
VmVa Xoe- _Ü`H$mbrZ _Ü` E{e`m H$m EH$ Xoe
JM - n¸$m \$e©
Omo qhXwñWmZ Am¡a \$mag Ho$ CÎma _|
H¡$pñn`V gmJa go MrZ Ho$ CÎma VH$ \¡$bm WmŸ&
gmH$s - eam~ {nbmZodmbr
{H$ñgmJmo - dh Omo {H$ñgo, H$hm{Z`m± gwZmZo H$m H$m_ H$aVm hmoŸ&
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) {M{H$ËgH$ 2) gwYm 3) H$í_ra 4) gbr_m 5) Zm¡H$a 6) My_Vo 7) JbV\$h_r
1.7
gmam§e :
"XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' AmMm`© MVwagoZ emór H$s ~hþM{M©V H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& `h H$hmZr àW_ ~ma
"gwYm' n{ÌH$m _| N>nr WrŸ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ `h H$hmZr {H$gr {H$ñgmJmo Zo emór Or go H$hr WrŸ& H$hmZr gwZH$a
emór Or Zo Cg {H$ñgmJmo H$mo Xmo én`o \$sg Xr WrŸ& Cg _m¡{IH$ H$WmgyÌ H$mo emór Or Zo AnZr H$bmË_H$ e{ŠV
go {b{IV ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
gbr_m H$m Zm¡H$a ~MnZ go Cgo MmhVm h¡Ÿ& gbr_m ^r Cgo MmhVr h¡, _Ja `h ~MnZ H$m ß`ma _mZH$a
gbr_m Cgo ^yb OmVr h¡Ÿ& dh ~mXemh ehmOhm± H$s ~oJ_ ~Z OmVr h¡Ÿ& dh ào_r Zm¡H$a AnZo ß`ma H$mo Zht ^yb
nmVmŸ& dh H$B© gmbm| VH$ nmJbm| H$s Vah ^Q>H$Vm ahVm h¡Ÿ& dh gbr_m H$s ZOXrH$s nmZo d godm H$aZo Ho$ hoVw go
Zm¡H$amZr ~ZH$a gbr_m Ho$ nmg ahZo bJVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ {XZ eam~ Ho$ Zeo _| ~ogwY gbr_m H$mo My_Vo hþE ~mXemh Zo Cgo
nH$S> {b`mŸ& ~mXemh Zo Cgo gOm XoZr Mmhr Vmo CgZo H$hm {H$ dh Am¡a Z hmoH$a _X© h¡Ÿ& ~mXemh H$mo Jwñgm Am`mŸ&
CgZo Cg Zm¡H$a H$mo VhImZo _| ~§Xr ~ZmH$a aImŸ& ~mXemh H$mo ~oJ_ H$s d\$mB© na g§Xoh hþAmŸ& CgZo ~oJ_ H$mo ^r
~ÝXr ~Zm`mŸ& ~oJ_ H$mo bJm {H$ ~mXemh Ho$ AmZo na CgZo ~mXemh H$mo ñdmJV Zht {H$`m Bg{bE ~mXemh H«$mo{YV
hmo JE h¡§Ÿ& AV: CgZo ~mXemh H$mo nÌ {bIH$a AnZr g\$mB© XoZr Mmhr na§Vw ~mXemh H$m Jwñgm H$_ Zht hþAmŸ&
~mXemh H$m H«$moY em§V H$aZo _| ZmH$m_`m~ gbr_m Zo Oha ImH$a AnZr OrdZ `mÌm g_mßV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee
H$sŸ& ~mXemh Zo Omo XoIm Wm Cg_| gbr_m H$m Xmof Oam ^r Zht WmŸ& ~mXemh H$mo JbV\$h_r hmo JB© WrŸ& AnZr
JbV\$h_r Ho$ H$maU gbr_m H$s OmZ Mbr JB© `h OmZH$a ~mXemh H$mo nN>Vmdm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh gbr_m H$s H$~«
H$s Amoa XoIH$a {XZ H$mQ>Zo bJVm h¡Ÿ& CgZo Cg Zm¡H$a H$mo _m\$ H$a {X`mŸ& dh gbr_m {Og {IS>H$s Ho$ gm_Zo
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31
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~¡R>H$a CgH$m B§VOma H$aVr Wr Cgr {IS>H$s Ho$ gm_Zo ~¡R>H$a ~mXemh gbr_m H$s H$~« H$mo XoIVm ahVm h¡ Am¡a
Cgr g_` dh JrV H$s YyZ "XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr' gwZVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
àñVwV H$hmZr ~hþV hr amoMH$, à^mdr Am¡a J{Verb H$hmZr h¡Ÿ& H$hmZr H$m àma§^ ~hþV hr H$bmË_H$ Am¡a
à^mdr h¡Ÿ& Aa~r-\$magr eãX à`moJ Ho$ H$maU _wpñb_ emgZ H$m dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aZo _| H$hmZrH$ma H$mo
g\$bVm {_br h¡Ÿ&
1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
{ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE1)
"XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$h±ÿ _moar gOZr' H$hmZr AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IEŸ&
2)
gbr_m H$m n[aM` Xr{OEŸ&
3)
~mXemh JbV\$h_r H$m {eH$ma Š`m| hmoVm h¡?
4)
gbr_m nÌ _| Š`m {bIVr h¡?
5)
~mXemh {IS>H$s go Š`m XoIVm ahVm h¡? Š`m|?
{ZåZ{b{IV AdVaUm| H$m gg§X^© ñnï>rH$aU H$s{OEŸ&
1)
""gaH$ma! ~m§{X`m| H$s Iwer hr Š`m?''
2) ""_¢ {H$gr Jar~ {H$gmZ H$s Am¡a Š`m| Z hþB©Ÿ&''
3) ""Bg ~oB‚mVr Ho$ ~mX _w±h {XImZo bm`H$ _¢ H$hm± ahr h°ÿ§? A~ Vmo _aZm hr R>rH$ h¡Ÿ&''
1.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
AnZo Amg-nmg hmoZodmbo {H$gr {H$ñgmJmo go {_bH$a Cggo AnZo Jm±d, amOm, emgH$ go gå~pÝYV H$hm{Z`m±
OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s{OE Am¡a CZ H$hm{Z`m| H$mo {b{IV ê$n _| àH$m{eV H$admBEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
1.10
1)
AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr - d¡embr H$s ZJa dYy (CnÝ`mg)
2)
AmMm`© MVwagoZ emñÌr - XwIdm _¢ H$mgo H$hÿ± _moar gOZr (H$hmZr g§J«h)
®®®
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BH$mB© : 2
1. ^o{S>E
- ^wdZoída
1.1
CÔoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
^wdZoída H$m n[aM`
1.3.2
"^o{S>E' H$hmZr H$m n[aM`
1.3.3
"^o{S>E' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ð ^wdZoída Ho$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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ð OmZdam| H$s ^yI Am¡a H«y$aVm go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð _mZd H$s {ZX©`Vm Am¡a A_mZdr`Vm go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð Zmar Om{V na {H$`o Om aho AÝ`m` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð "Imê$ ~§Omao' H$m n[aM` nm`|JoŸ&
ð ^wdZoœa H$s H$hmZr "^o{S>E' H$s H$WmdñVw go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
Aà¡b, 1938 Ho$ "h§g' A§H$ _| "^o{S>E' H$hmZr n«H$m{eV hþB© h¡Ÿ& {Og_| a§{JñVmZ go JS²>S>o _| ~¡R>H$a JwOaZo
dmbo Imê$, CgHo$ {nVm, VrZ ZQ>{Z`m| Am¡a ~¡bm| na ^o{S>`m| Zo {H$E hþE h_bo H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ ~¡b, VrZ
ZQ>{Z`m± Am¡a Imê$ H$m {nVm ^o{S>`m| H$s ^yI H$m {eH$ma hþEŸ& Xmo ~¡b Ed§ Imê$ ~M JEŸ& ~Xbo H$s ^mdZm go AJbo
df© ImgZo gmR> ^o{S>`m| H$mo _mamŸ& Imê$ H$s {ZX©`Vm, {nVm-nwÌ H$s ñdmWu n«d¥{Îm, bS>{H$`m| H$s XrZVm Am{X na
boIH$ Zo àH$me S>mbm h¡Ÿ&
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
1.3.1 ^wdZoída H$m n[aM` :
gZ² 1910 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ emhOhm±nwa Jm§d _| ^wdZoídaOr H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ& CZH$s _¥Ë`w gZ² 1957 _| hþB©Ÿ&
ZmQ>H$, H$hmZr, H${dVm, AmbmoMZm BÝht gm{hpË`H$ {dYmAm| _| CÝhm|Zo boIZ H$m`© {H$`m h¡Ÿ& XwYZmW qgh Zo CZHo$
g_J« gm{hË` H$m g§nmXZ "^wdZoída g_J«' J«§W _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
aMZmE± :
AmOmXr H$m nÌ, EH$ amV, OrdZ H$s PbH$, S>mH$_w§er, ^o{S>E, ^{dî` Ho$ J^© _|, _m± ~oQ>o, _mñQ>aOr,
_m¡gr, bS>mB©, gw`©nyOm, hm` ao _mZd öX` (ZmQ>H$), EH$ gmå`hrZ gmå`dmXr, EH$m§H$s Ho$ ^md, n{Vg (e¡VmZ),
à{V^m H$m {ddmh, í`m_m (EH$ d¡dm{hH$ {dS>§~Zm)Ÿ&
1.3.2
"^o{S>E' H$hmZr H$m Ame` :
Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVmOr JS²>S>o _| H$m\$s gm_mZ VWm n§Ðh-n§Ðh gmb H$s VrZ ZQ>{Z`m| H$mo boH$a ½dm{b`a
Ho$ amO go AmB©Z _| Am aho WoŸ& ~§Omar JS²>S>o H$mo VoO ^JmZodmbo VrZ ~¡b OmoS>o WoŸ& bJ^J gÎma _rb H$m amñVm nma
H$aZm WmŸ& _Z _| ^o{S>`m| H$m ^` WmŸ& Bg{bE JS²>S>o _| Xmo H$_mZ Am¡a EH$ Q>monrXma ~§XyH$ WrŸ& XmoZm| ~S>o VS>Ho$
{ZH$bo WoŸ& ~rg _rb AmJo ~T>Zo na {nVmOr Zo AZw^d {H$`mŸ{H$ ^o{S>E nrN>m H$a aho h¢Ÿ& H$_mZ Am¡a ~§XyH$ H$mo R>rH$
R>mH$ {H$`mŸ& ZB© nmo§Jbr Z bmZo H$s dOh go Imê$ H$mo {nVmOr H$s Jm{b`m± gwZZr nS>rŸ& ~mnZo Imê$ H$s nrR> na
Hw$hZr ^r _marŸ& ^o{S>`m| H$m ApñVËd OmZZo go ~¡b n±yN> {hbmH$a Omoa go ^mJZo bJoŸ& {nVmOr Zo {ZX}e {X`m,
"^o{S>E ZOXrH$ Am aho h¡§Ÿ& CZgo ~MZm h¡ Vmo O¡go hr dh ZOXrH$ Am OmE±, _mamoŸ& EH$ ^r Vra ~oH$ma Imo`m Vmo _¢
H$boOm {ZH$mb by±JmŸ&' VrZm| bS>{H$`m± EH$ Xygar go {MnH$H$a Am±gy ~hmZo bJrŸ& CÝh| ZrMo {Jam XoZo H$m ^`
{XImH$a Imê$ Zo CÝh| Myn {H$`mŸ&
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^o{S>E g_rn AmZo na ~¡bm| H$s bJm_| N>moS>H$a ^o{S>`m| H$m {ZemZm bJmZo bJoŸ& {Jao hþE ^o{S>`m| H$mo ^o{S>E
{~Zm éHo$ Im aho WoŸ& {nVm-nwÌ Zo AZoH$ ^o{S>`m| H$mo _mamŸ& CZH$s g§»`m H$ar~ 200-300 WrŸ& Imê$ Zo Vram| go Am¡a
{nVmOr Zo ~§XyH$ go ^o{S>E _mao§Ÿ& ~mX _| Imê$ Zo ~§XyH$ g§^mbrŸ& bS>H$s ~mXt ~§XyH$ ^aVr Wr Am¡a dh AMyH$ {ZemZm
bJmVm WmŸ& Xw^m©½`de ~mê$X IË_ hþB©Ÿ& bJVm Wm {H$ ^o{S>E hma H$a {nN>S> JE h¢Ÿ& {nVm Zo Imê$ H$s àe§gm H$sŸ&
Hw$N> {_ZQ>m| _| ^o{S>`m| Zo {\$a go h_bm ewê$ {H$`mŸ& do nrN>m H$aZo bJoŸ& ~¡b WHo$ WoŸ& ~moP H$_ H$aHo$ {nVmOr
Zo JS²>S>m hbH$m H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hmŸ& gm_mZ {ZH$mbH$a \|$H$m J`mŸ& JS²>S>m AmJo ~T>mŸ& ^o{S>E nrN>m N>moS>Zodmbo Zht
WoŸ& CÝh| ImZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ZQ>Zr H$mo CR>mH$a ZrMo \|$H$m J`mŸ& Cgo ImH$a Vwa§V ^o{S>E nrN>o nS>oŸ& V~ CZHo$ {bE EH$
~¡b JS²>S>o go AbJ {H$`m J`mŸ& {Oggo {nVm H$s Am±Im| _| Am±gy AmEŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm, "~S>m Agrb ~¡b WmŸ& ~S>m
Agrb ~¡b WmŸ&'
~¡b H$mo ImH$a {\$a go ^o{S>E AmJo ~T>oŸ& A~ XmoZm| ~¡b JS²>S>m T>mo aho WoŸ& ~moP H$_ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {nVm Zo
Xygar ZQ>Zr H$mo \|$H$Zo Ho$ {bE H$hmŸ& Imê$ Zo Xwgar ZQ>Zr H$mo {Jam`mŸ& JS²>S>m hëH$m hþAmŸ& VoO Xm¡S>Zo bJmŸ& nm±M
{_ZQ>m| _| ^o{S>E dmng AmEŸ& {nVm Zo Jhar gm±g br, _mWm nrQ>m, ^o{S>`m| Ho$ {bE Hw$N> XoZm nS>oJmŸ& ZQ>Zr ~mXt H$mo
{JamZm nS>oJmŸ& ~m§Xr ^mar Wr Imê$ H$mo Hw$N> AÀN>r bJVr WrŸ& bo{H$Z "CgZo Mm±Xr H$s ZW CVmaH$a _wPo Xo Xr Am¡a
~m±hm| go Am±I| ~§X {H$E Hy$X nS>tŸ&' JS²>S>m ^mJZo bJmŸ& A~ ~¡b WH$ JE WoŸ& Imê$ ~¡bm| H$mo ~§XyH$ Ho$ Hw$ÝXo go _ma
ahm Wm bo{H$Z ^o{S>E {\$a go nrN>m H$aZo bJo WoŸ& CZH$s ^yI g_mßV Zht hþB© WrŸ&
A~ {nVm XmoZm| ~¡bm| _| go EH$ H$mo ^o{S>`m| H$mo ImZo Ho$ {bE XoZm MmhVo WoŸ& EH$ ~¡b go JS²>S>m T>mo`m Zht Om
gH$Vm Wm n[aUm_ñdê$n {nVm-nwÌ XmoZm| ^o{S>`m| H$m {eH$ma hmo gH$Vo WoŸ& XmoZm| _| go EH$ H$mo ~MmZm Amdí`H$ WmŸ&
Imê$ Zo H$hm, "`h _m¡V Ho$ _w±h _| OmZm h¡Ÿ& h_ XmoZm| _mao OmE±Jo, h_| `m Vwåh| {H$gr H$mo Vmo ~MZm Mm{hEŸ&' V~ {nVm
Zo {ZU©` {b`m, "Vw_ R>rH$ H$hVo hmo, _¢ ~yT>m AmX_r h±ÿŸ& _oar qOXJr IË_ hmo JB©Ÿ h¡& _¢ Hy$X nSy>±JmŸ&' nwÌ Ho$ à{V {nVm
H$m ß`ma C_S> Am`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo Imê$ Ho$ XmoZm| Jmb My_ {bEŸ& XmoZm| hmWm| _| ~S>r-~S>r Ny>[a`m± brŸ& Jbo _| _O~yar
go H$nS>m bnoQ> {b`mŸ& A~ do _¥Ë`w H$m {eH$ma hm|JoŸ& bo{H$Z EH$ gyMZm CÝhm|Zo nwÌ Imê$ H$mo Xr, "_¢ ZE OyVo
nhZo hÿ±, _¢ BÝh| Bg gmb nhZVm; na XoImo, Vw_ BÝh| _V nhZZm, _ao hþE AmX{_`m| Ho$ OyVo Zht nhZo OmVo, Vw_
BÝh| ~oM XoZmŸ&'
{nVmOr Zo OyVo CVmaH$a JS²>S>o _| \|$Ho$ Am¡a do ^o{S>`m| Ho$ ~rM Hy$X nS>oŸ& {nVm ^o{S>`m§o H$m gm_Zm H$aVo hþE
CZH$s hË`m H$aVo aho, "CZgo AmhV hmoH$a ^o{S>`o CZH$m {eH$ma hþEŸ& ^o{S>`m| Zo {OgVamh VrZ ZQ>{Z`m| H$mo Am¡a EH$
~¡b H$mo Im`m Wm Cgr Vah {nVm H$mo ^r Im`mŸ& V~VH$ JS²>S>o _| ~¡R>H$a ~¡bm| H$mo ^JmVo hþE Imê$ AmJo ~T> J`m
Am¡a ~M J`mŸ& JS²>S>o go ZrMo Hy$XVo dŠV Imê$ Zo EH$ dMZ {nVm H$mo {X`m Wm, "{hamg _V hmoZmŸ& _¢ qOXm ahm Vmo
EH$-EH$ ^o{S>E H$mo H$mQ> S>mby±JmŸ&' {nVm H$mo {X`m dMZ Imê$ Zo A§eV: nyam {H$`mŸ& Imê$ Zo H$hm, "_¢Zo Xygao hr
gmb CZ_| go gmR> ^o{S>E Am¡a _maoŸ&'
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35
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Imê$ ~§Omao H$s {ZX©`Vm Am¡a A_mZwfr` OrdZ na boIH$ ^wdZoída Or Zo n«H$me S>mbm h¡Ÿ& ½dm{b`a go
ZQ>{Z`m| H$mo CR>mH$a n§Om~ _| ~oMm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& do C_« _| N>moQ>r h¢Ÿ& CÝh| ^o{S>`m| H$mo ImZo Ho$ {bE JS²>S>o go {Jam`m h¡Ÿ&
Xw{Z`m H$s H$m¡Z gr ^r MrO ^o{S>`m| H$s ^yI ~wPm Zht gH$VrŸ& CZ e¡VmZm| H$s \$m¡O H$m H$moB© ^r _wH$m~bm Zht H$a
gH$VmŸ& Imê$ ~§Omao Ho$ {nVm Zo nwÌ H$mo qOXm aIZo Ho$ {bE AnZo àmUm| H$s Amhþ{V Xr h¡Ÿ& "~S>o {_`m± Zo Jhar gm±g
br, _mWm nrQ> {b`m, h_ Š`m H$a|, ^rI _m§J Ho$ ImZm ~§Omam| H$m XrZ h¡, h_ aB©g ~ZZo Mbo Wo...' `h H$WZ
öX`ñneu h¡Ÿ&
1.3.3
"^o{S>E' H$hmZr H$m Imê$ ~§Omam :
Imê$ ~§Omao H$m Agbr Zm_ BâVIma h¡Ÿ& dh {H$gr MrO go Zht S>aVmŸ& O~ CgZo H$hm {H$ "_¢ AHo$bm nZoR>r
go EH$ ^o{S>`m _ma gH$Vm hy±Ÿ&' V~ boIH$ Zo Cg na ^amogm {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Imê$ H$s Am±I| R>§S>r Am¡a O_r hþ`r h¢Ÿ& KZr
g\o$X _y±N>m| Ho$ ZrMo CgH$m Moham A_mZwfr` Am¡a {ZX©`r bJVm h¡Ÿ& dh AnZr qOXJr AnZr Mmb go Or ahm WmŸ&
_m¡V Zht Am ahr WrŸ& Xygam| H$s ^br, ~yar am` H$s nadmh {H$E {~Zm dh {ZX©` H$Qw> gË` AÝ`m| Ho$ gm_Zo àH$Q>
H$aVm WmŸ& dh H$^r PyR> Zht ~mobVm WmŸ& gË` {H$VZm D$ga Am¡a ^`mZH$ hmo gH$Vm h¡ Cgo dh ~VbmVm WmŸ&
CgH$s Am±Im| _| H${R>ZVm {XIm`r XoVr h¡Ÿ& CgZo ^o{S>`o go g§~§{YV ~Vm`r hþB© H$hmZr _| R>mog VarH$m Am¡a Jhar
~ogamoH$mar h¡Ÿ& `Ú{n dh {H$gr MrO go Zht S>aVm {\$a ^r Cgo ^o{S>`o go S>a bJVm h¡Ÿ& "_¢ {H$gr MrO go Zht S>aVm,
hm± {gdm ^o{S>`o Ho$ _¢ {H$g MrO go Zht S>aVmŸ&'
Imê$ H$_mZ Am¡a ~§XyH$ MbmZm OmZVm h¡Ÿ& ZB© nm|Jbr Ka go Z bmZo go Cgo {nVm H$s Jm{b`m± gwZZr nS>r h¡Ÿ&
Cgo H$hZr H$s _ma ^r ghZr nS>r h¡Ÿ& Imê$ A§Yoao _| ^r CS>Vr hþB© _wJm©{~`m| H$m {eH$ma H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Imê$ Zo gmobh
Vram| go gmobh Am¡a O§J bJr ~§XyH$ hmoH$a ^r AZoH$mZoH$ ^o{S>E {Jam`o h¢Ÿ& Bg_| bS>H$s ~m§Xr Zo CgH$s ghm`Vm H$s
h¡Ÿ& CgH$m {ZemZm Iy~ bJVm WmŸ& {Og na CgHo$ {nVmOr Zo H$hm h¡, "na _¢ _aVo-_aVo H$h Mby±Jm {H$ gmV _wëH$
Ho$ ~§Omam| _| Imao-gm Iam {ZemZo~mO Zht h¡Ÿ&'
½dm{b`a H$s ZQ>{Z`m| H$mo n§Om~ _| ~oMZo H$m H$m_ Imê$ Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ^o{S>E nrN>o bJZo go JS²>S>o _| go EH$ EH$
ZQ>Zr H$mo CR>mH$a ^o{S>`m| Ho$ gm_Zo JS²>S>m hbH$m H$aZo Ho$ {bE \|$H$m h¡Ÿ& ~mXt ZQ>Zr ^mar WrŸ& dh Imê$ H$mo ~hþV
AÀN>r bJr WrŸ& JS²>S>m hbH$m H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo ^r ^o{S>`m| Ho$ gm_Zo {JamZm nS>mŸ& Cg dŠV ~m§Xr Zo Mm±Xr H$s ZW
CVmaH$a Imê$ H$mo Xr h¡Ÿ& AnZo àmU ~MmZo Ho$ {bE ZQ>{Z`m| Am¡a ~¡bm| H$s Hw$~m©Zr XoZr nS>r h¡Ÿ& BÝht Adgam| na
Imê$ {ZX©`r Am¡a H$R>moa ~Zm h¡Ÿ& ^o{S>E nrN>m Zht N>moS> aho WoŸ& CgHo$ {nVmOr Zo JS²>S>o go Hy$XH$a ^o{S>`m| H$m gm_Zm
H$aZm V` {H$`mŸ& {nVmOr H$s _¥Ë`w {ZpíMV WrŸ& Bg{bE Imê$ Zo {nOmOr H$mo Amídm{gV H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡, "{hamg
_V hmoZmŸ& _¢ qOXm ahm Vmo EH$-EH$ ^o{S>E H$mo H$mQ> S>mby±JmŸ&' CgZo {nVm H$mo {XE dMZ nyU© H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s
h¡Ÿ& CgZo boIH$ go H$hm h¡, "_¢Zo Xwgao hr gmb CZ_| go gmR> ^o{S>E Am¡a _maoŸ&'
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36
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Imê$ Ho$ à{V CgHo$ {nVmOr Ho$ _Z _| ß`ma h¡Ÿ& _¥Ë`w Ho$ nyd© {nVm Zo CgHo$ XmoZm| Jmb My_o h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z AnZo OyVo
nhZZo H$s BOmOV Zht Xr h¡Ÿ& OyVm| H$mo JS²>S>o _| aIVo hþE {nVmOr Zo Imê$ (BâVIma) go H$hm h¡, "_¢ ZE OyVo nhZo
hÿ±, _¢ BÝh| Xg gmb nhZVm, na XoImo, Vw_ BÝh| _V nhZZm, _ao hþE AmX{_`m| Ho$ OyVo Zht nhZo OmVo, Vw_ BÝh| ~oM
XoZmŸ&' AmO Imê$ H$s C_« gÎma df© H$s hþ`r h¡Ÿ& CgH$s JaXZ na Obo H$m {ZemZm h¡Ÿ&
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
CgH$m Agbr Zm_ BâVIma `m Eogm hr Hw$N> Wm, na CgH$m bKwH$aU ............. {~ëHw$b Mñnm±
hmoVm WmŸ&
(A) BâVm
(~) Ima
(H$) Imê$
(S>) Bœm
2)
^o{S>`m, EH$ _V©~m J|X-gm Hy$XH$a CgH$s ............. _| Jham O»_ H$a XoVm h¡ ~gŸ&
(A) Om±K
(~) nrR>
(H$) ny±N>
(S>) JX©Z
3)
gwZmo _¢ ............. Ho$ amO go AmB©Z _| Am ahm WmŸ&
(A) n§Om~
(~) amOñWmZ
(H$) {X„r
(S>) ½dm{b`a
............. go VoO H$moB© Mma n¡a H$m OmZda Zht Xm¡S> gH$VmŸ&
(A) bmo_S>r
(~) ^o{S>E
(H$) ^mby
(S>) ~mK
_oao ~mn Zo _oao ............. na ~§XyH$ H$s Zbr aI br WrŸ&
(A) H§$Yo
(~) {ga
(H$) hmW
(S>) nrR>
gmV _wëH$ Ho$ ~§Omam| _| ............. gm Iam {ZemZo~mO Zht h¡Ÿ&
(A) ~oQ>o
(~) Imao
(H$) ^wdZoída
(S>) {nVm
4)
5)
6)
7)
½dm{b`a H$s ZQ>{Z`m, Cgo ............. bJm Xmo Vmo dh ^r ^o{S>`m| H$m _wH$m~bm H$a boŸ&
(A) n§I
(~) Vbdma
(H$) Xm±V
(S>) ~§XyH$
8)
............. Ho$ ImZm ~§Omam| H$m XrZ h¡, h_ aB©g ~ZZo Mbo WoŸ&
(A) byQ>
(~) Mmoar H$a
(H$) Zm¡H$ar H$a (S>) ^rI _m§J Ho$
9)
na XoImo, Vw_ BÝh| _V nhZZm, _ao hþE AmX{_`m| Ho$ ............. Zht nhZo OmVo, Vw_ BÝh| ~oM XoZmŸ&
(A) OyVo
(~) H$nS>o
(H$) gm\o$
(S>) eQ>©
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37
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10) _¢Zo Xygao hr gmb _| CZ_| go ........... ^o{S>E Am¡a _maoŸ&
(A) Xg
11)
1.5
(~) n§Ðh
(H$) gmR>
(S>) gÎma
Imê$ Zo H$hm, "_oar ............. na A~ VH$ Obo H$m XmJ h¡Ÿ&'
(A) Q>m§J
(~) JaXZ
(H$) nrR>
(S>) ZmH$
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
Mñnm± - {MnH$m hþAm
MyhoXmZ - Myhm| H$mo nH$S>Zo Ho$ {bE ~Zm`m J`m qnOam
D$ga - D$OmS>, IoVr `mo½` Zht
bâO - eãX
eoIr - A{^_mZ, K_§S>, AH$S>
MmoIr - AÀN>r, CÎm_
_ga\$ - ì`dhma, Cn`moJ
\o$Z - PmJ
_oh - ~mXb
VS>H$m - g~oam, gw~h
nN>m±h - npíM_ H$s Amoa H$m Xoe
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) Imê$ 2) Om±K 3) ½dm{b`a 4) ^o{S>`o 5) H§$Yo 6) Imao
7) Xm±V 8) ^rI _m§J Ho$ 9) OyVo 10) gmR> 11) JaXZ
1.7
gmam§e :
Imê$ ~§Omao H$s Am`w gVam Ho$ Amgnmg h¡Ÿ& dh ^o{S>E Ho$ {gdm {H$gr go Zht S>aVmŸ& dh H$^r {H$grgo
PyR> Zht ~mobVmŸ& CgH$s JaXZ na Obo H$m {ZemZ h¡Ÿ& Z§Xr ZQ>Zr Cgo AÀN>r bJVr WrŸ& dh H$_mZ Am¡a ~§XyH$ H$m
{ZemZm R>rH$ go bJmVm h¡Ÿ& {nVmOr H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ Cnam§V CgZo Xwgao hr gmb _| gmR> ^o{S>E _mao h¢Ÿ&
1)
2) Xmo gm¡- VrZ gm¡ ^o{S>`m| H$m Pw§S O~ OmS>o H$s amVm| _| {ZH$bVm h¡, V~ gmar Xw{Z`m H$s MrO| CZH$s ^yI
~wPm Zht gH$VrŸ& ^o{S>`m MmbmH$ Am¡a ~hmXwa OmZda hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh WH$Zm Zht OmZVmŸ&
Imê$ ~§Omam, CgHo$ {nVm, n§Ðh gmb H$s VrZ ZQ>{Z`m| H$mo boH$a ½dm{b`a amO go AmB©Z _| Am aho WoŸ&
½dm{b`a H$s ZQ>{Z`m± N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r JX~Xr hmoVr h¢ Am¡a n§Om~ _| {~H$s OmVr h¢Ÿ&
3)
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4) ^o{S>`m| Zo nrN>m H$aZo na nhbo Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVm Zo H$_mZ Am¡a ~§XyH$ go gm_Zm {H$`mŸ& ~mX _| JS²>S>o
_| ^am hþAm gm_mZ EH$ ZQ>Zr, EH$ ~¡b Am¡a Xmo-ZQ>{Z`m| H$mo ZrMo \|$H$mŸ& A§V _| {nVmOr ^r ^o{S>`m| H$m {eH$ma
hþEŸ&
5) ^o{S>`m| H$mo _maVo hþE Imê$ Ho$ {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w hþ`rŸ&
6) Imê$ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVm ZQ>{Z`m| Ho$ ì`mnma _| g\$b Zht hþE h¢Ÿ& Imê$ gVam df© H$s Am`w _| hr OrdZ go
{ZnQ>mam H$a MwH$m h¡Ÿ& _m¡V Cgo Zht MmhVr & {\$a ^r g_` Ho$ _w±h na WyH$ H$a dh Or{dV ahm h¡Ÿ&
1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
"^o{S>E' H$hmZr H$m Ame` g_PmBEŸ&
2)
Imê$ ~§Omao H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OEŸ&
3)
~S>o Ka H$s ~oQ>r Ho$ JwUm| H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
{ZåZ{b{IV AdVaUm| H$s gg§X^© ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&
1)
~S>m Agrb ~¡b Wm, ~S>m Agrb ~¡b WmŸ&
2)
{hamg _V hmoZmŸ& _¢ qOXm ahm Vmo EH$-EH$ ^o{S>E H$mo H$mQ> S>mby±JmŸ&
3) _ao hþE AmX{_`m| Ho$ OyVo Zht nhZo OmVoŸ&
1.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
1) "^o{S>`m| H$s H«y$aVm' Bg {df` na {Z~§Y {b{IEŸ&
2)
~§Omam Om{V go g§~§{YV OmZH$mar àmßV H$s{OEŸ&
3) AnZo OrdZ Ho$ à_wI n«g§Jm| Am¡a KQ>ZmAm| H$mo {b{IEŸ&
4)
O~ {H$gr qhò ídmnX Zo AmnH$m nrN>m {H$`m hmo Vmo Cg g_` AmnH$m Omo hmb hþAm Wm, CgH$m dU©Z
H$s{OEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
1.10
1)
S>m°. haX`mb Ho$ "qhXr H$hmZr na§nam Am¡a àJ{V' Bg J«§W H$m AÜ``Z H$a Cg_| {M{ÌV g_ñ`mAm| H$s
gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
®®®
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BH$mB© : 2
2. emXr H$m OmoH$a
- AãXwb {~pñ_„mh
2.1
CÔoí`
2.2
àñVmdZm
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1
AãXwb {~pñ_ëbmh H$m n[aM`
2.3.2
"emXr H$m OmoH$a' H$hmZr H$m n[aM`
2.3.3
"emXr H$m OmoH$a' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
2.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7
gmam§e
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
2.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ð AãXwb {~pñ_„mh H$s H¥${V`m| go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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40
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ð "emXr H$m OmoH$a' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð H$mZyZ H$s ajH$ nwbrg {H$gVah J¡aH$mZyZr H¥$Ë` H$aVr h¡, Bggo n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð A_ram| H$s {ZX©`r àd¥{Îm go n[a{MV hmo Om`|JoŸ&
2.2
àñVmdZm :
AãXwb {~pñ_„mh ZB© nrT>r Ho$ ~hþM{M©V Am¡a ~hþ_wIr à{V^mg§nÞ boIH$ h¡Ÿ& do gm_m{OH$ OrdZ Ho$ Jhao
Am¡a gyú_ {MVoam h¡Ÿ& "emXr H$m OmoH$a' CZH$s öX`ñneu Ed§ _m{_©H$ H$hmZr h¡Ÿ&
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
2.3.1 AãXwb {~pñ_„mh H$m n[aM` :
AãXwb {~pñ_„mh H$m OÝ_ Bbmhm~mX {Obo Ho$ ~bmnwa Jm§d _| 5 OwbmB© 1949 H$mo hþAmŸ& CZH$s àma§{^H$
{ejm _Ü` àXoe Ho$ _§S>bm {Obo _o| hþBŸ© & CÎma àXoe Ho$ {_Om©naw _| {ejm àmá H$aZo Ho$ Cnam§V Bbmhm~mX {díd{dX²`mb`
_| qhXr gm{hË` go E_². E. VWm S>r. {\$b² Cnm{Y nmB©Ÿ&
aMZmE± CnÝ`mg : Oha~mX, PrZr-PrZr ~rZr MX[a`m, X§V H$Wm, _wIS>m Š`m XoIo
H$hmZr g§J«h : Qy>Q>m hþAm n§I, {H$VZo {H$VZo gdmb, a¡Z ~goam, A{V{W Xodmo ^d:
H${dVm g§J«h : _wPo ~mobZo Xmo, N>moQ>mo ~wVm| H$m ~`mZ, dbr _mohå_X Am¡a H$ar_Z ~r H$s H${dVmE±Ÿ&
~mbmon`moJr H$hmZrg§J«h : AOJa H$m noQ>
CZHo$ "PrZr PrZr ~rZr MX[a`m' CnÝ`mg H$mo gmo{d`V b¢S> Zohê$ nwañH$ma VWm "_wPo ~mobZo Xmo' H$mì`g§J«h
H$mo CÎma àXoe qhXr g§ñWmZ H$m nwañH$ma àmá hþAm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s AZoH$ aMZmE± _amR>r, n§Om~r, _b`mb_, ~m§Jbm,
OmnmZr, A§J«oOr Am{X ^mfm _| AZy{XV H$s JB© h¢Ÿ&
2.3.2
"emXr H$m OmoH$a' H$hmZr H$m Ame` :
EH$ O_mZo _o§ Aa~ Am¡a B©amZ Ho$ eam~Kam| _| bS>{H$`m| H$s Vah gOYOH$a bS>Ho$ J«mhH$m| H$mo eam~ namogVo
WoŸ& BÝh| "gmH$s' H$hm OmVm Wm & do Jwbm_ H$hbm`o OmVo WoŸ& gm¡XmJa CZH$s ~mobr bJmH$a CÝh| ~mOmam| _| {~H$m
H$aVo WoŸ& ZmM Zm¡Q>§{H$`m| _| CZH$s OéaV nS>Vr WrŸ& CÝh| "bm¢S>m' H$hm OmVm WmŸ& bS>{H$`m| Ho$ Vah ñQ>oO na CZH$m
~Vm©d hmoVm WmŸ& do ZmMVo, JmVo WoŸ& ZmM-_§S>{b`m| _| ^r CÝh| ñWmZ {_bVm WmŸ& do O_tXmam| H$s aI¡b ^r hmoVo WoŸ&
CZHo$ {bE hË`mE± ^r hþB© h¢Ÿ& nwÌ OÝ_, emXr-ã`mh Ho$ Adgam| na do AmH$f©U H$m H|$Ð ~ZVo WoŸ& BVZm hr Zht
{\$ë_m| _| do H$[aí_m {XImZodmbo gobo~«oQ>r H$bmH$ma ~Zo h¢Ÿ& A~ CZH$s Z`r nm¡Y {dH${gV hþB© h¡Ÿ&
"emXr H$m OmoH$a' emXrdmbo em{_`mZo _| Mohao na g\o$Xm nmoVo, hmoR>m| H$mo bmb a§J go a±Jo, gH©$gr Q>monr
bJmE, H$mbo H$nS>m| go gwg{‚mV, hmWm| _| g\o$X XñVmZo nhZo, EH$ hmW _| N>S>r Kw_mVm Am¡a Xygam hmW eoH$h±S> Ho$
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{bE AmJo ~T>mE ~ƒm| H$m _Zmoa§OZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& AmnH$mo ngmonoe _| S>mbVm h¡ {H$ Š`m H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& Bggo hmW
{_bmZm Mm{hE `m Zht?'
Im± gmh~ ~oQ>r H$s emXr Ka _|o WrŸ& CZH$m n[adma _oh_mZm| ghrV gw~h go emXrKa _| nhþ±Mm WmŸ& gw~h H$m
ZhmZm, YmoZm Am¡a Xmonha H$m ImZm-nrZm, emXrKa _| g§nÞ hþAmŸ& emXr Ka H$mo gOmZodmbr MrO| Xmonha _| AmB©Ÿ&
em_ hmoVo-hmoVo emXrKa H$s gmar MrO| M_H$Zo bJrŸ& Im± gmh~ Ho$ n[admadmbo, _oh_mZ, bS>Ho$, bS>{H$`m±,
\¡$eZdmbo g^r gOYO JE WoŸ& V^r {H$grZo AmdmO bJm`r {H$ "OZdmgo _| OmoH$a bmoJ J§XJr \¡$bm aho h¢Ÿ&'
~mamV H$mo ~¡R>Zo H$s Ohm± gw{dYm H$s JB© Wr, dhm± Im± gmh~ nhþ±MoŸ& CÝhm|Zo XoIm {H$ Xmo OmoH$a H$~m~ Im
aho WoŸ& H$mJO H$s OyR>r ßboQ>| ZrMo nS>r WrŸ& Im± gmh~ AmVo hr XmoZm| OmoH$a IS>o hmo JEŸ& CÝhm|Zo Jm¡a go XoIm EH$
OmoH$a n§Ðh-gmobh H$m Wm Am¡a Xygao H$s C_« Xg-~mah ~ag H$s WrŸ& XmoZm| Zo AnZo nohamd nhZo WoŸ& XmoZm| gJo
^mB© Wo Am¡a {S>Za nmQ>u Ho$ gmW Am`o WoŸ& ~S>o ^mB© H$m Zm_ Wm H$„ÿ Am¡a N>moQ>o H$m b„ÿŸ& b„ÿ Zo AnZm Moham
a±J aIm WmŸ& CgHo$ {ga na gH©$gr Q>monr WrŸ& {b~mg bS>{H$`m| O¡gm WmŸ& {\$a ^r Cg_| AmH$f©U H$_ WmŸ& ghr
AmH$f©U Wm H$„ÿ _|Ÿ& gm±dbm a§J, Z_H$sZ Moham, Kw±Kambr Owwë\|$ (Omo {H$ ZH$br Wr) Am¡a {VaN>r AXmŸ&
H$mñQy>åg nhZZo Ho$ H$maU dh EImX Hy$~S>dmbo ~yT>o Ho$ g_mZ {XIm`r Xo ahm WmŸ& CgHo$ Mohao na _mñH$ WmŸ&
Cgna EoZH$ bJm`r WrŸ& H$mbm Mmo§Jm nhZH$a H$_a na Jmobm-gm Jwå_S> ~Zm`m WmŸ& hmWm| _| g\o$X XmñVmZo
nhZo WoŸ& EH$ hmW _| N>S>r Wr Am¡a Xygam hmW eoH$h¢S> Ho$ {bE AmJo \¡$bm hþAm WmŸ& MbVo dŠV Eogm bJ ahm
Wm {H$ H$moB© Hy$~hþdmbm ~yT>m AmJo ~T> ahm hmoŸ&
{H$gr g‚mZ Zo ~Vm`r hþB© "`h Bg{bE hmW {_bm aho h¡ {H$ BgHo$ hmW _| én`m-Xmo én`m XoZm Mm{hEŸ&' ~mV
H$m ñ_aU Im± gmh~ H$mo hmo OmZo go XmoZm| OmoH$a H$mo do Jm{b`m± XoZo bJoŸ& XmoZm| ^mB`m| Zo J§XJr \¡$bmZo H$s ~mV H$m
BÝH$ma {H$`mŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZm nohamd R>rH$ {H$`m Am¡a do dhm§ go hQ> J`oŸ&
~mha Jmo{b`m| H$s AmdmO gwZmB© nS>rŸ& Mmam| Va\$ ^JXS> _M J`r WrŸ& gmBaZ H$s AmdmO, Jmo{b`m| H$s
VS>VS>mhQ> ~T> ahr WrŸ& EH$ ^rS> emXrKa _| Kwg J`rŸ& do bmoJ ~mamVr Zht WoŸ& nw{bgdmbo WoŸ& Bgr _wh„o _|
~Jb Ho$ Ka_| AmV§H$dmXr {N>no WoŸ& dhm± EZH$mC§Q>a hþAm WmŸ& emXr Ka_| nw{bg AmVo hr H$„ÿ H$mo bJm {H$
Im±gmh~ Ho$ _oh_mZm| H$m AmJ_Z hþAm h¡ Bg{bE CgZo CZgo eoH$h¢S> H$aZm MmhmŸ& hdm _| \$m`a H$aVo hþE H$„ÿ
OmoH$a H$mo boH$a Mbr JB©Ÿ& CgH$m Hy$~S> CÝhm|Zo ~_ aIZo H$s OJh _mZr WrŸ& Cgo AmV§H$dm{X`m| H$s ghm`Vm
H$aZodmbm _mZm WmŸ&
Xygao {XZ gw~h emXr-Ka H$s MrOm| H$mo g_oQ>m Om ahm WmŸ& Hw$N> bmoJ dhm± nhþ±MH$a Im± gmh~ H$mo H$„ÿ H$mo
nw{bg Ho$ M§Jwb go Nw>S>dmZo H$s {~ZVr H$aZo bJoŸ& bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo CZH$s Amoa Ü`mZ Zht {X`mŸ& CëQ>o H$hm {H$,
"_¡§ H$moB© A„m {_`m± hÿ±? OmH$a {H$gr dH$sb go {_bmoŸ& XoI Zht aho hmo, _¢ {H$VZm {~Or hÿ± Bg dŠVŸ&' ZoVmOr
H$mo gyMZm XoZo H$s ~mV H$hZo na CÝhm|Zo gwZm`m, "do eha _| Zht h¡Ÿ& emXr AQ>|S> H$aHo$ H$b amV _| hr amOYmZr
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Mbo JE h¢Ÿ& H$~ VH$ bm¡Q>|Jo nVm ZhtŸ&' {\$a do emXr H$s MrO| ZoJ X[a`m| Am{X H$s MMm© H$aVo hþ`o dhm± go AmJo
~T> JEŸ&
H$„ÿ Ho$ Ka go gQ>o hþE Ka H$s MmbmZ _| ~¡R>H$a bmoJ ~mV| H$a aho WoŸ& "^bm' n§Ðh df© H$m ~ƒm "~_' H¡$go
OmZ Om gH$Vm h¡? H$„ÿ H$s H$_a _| Hy$~S> Zht ~_ h¢, `h H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡? AmV§H$dm{X`m| H$m {Jamoh, AmO H$s
nrT>r H$m AnZo ~ƒm| H$s Amoa Z XoIZm, ~ƒm| H$mo bmbM XoH$a CÝh| AmV§H$dmX _| em{_b H$amZm Am{X ~mVm| na
MMm© H$aVo H$aVo ~mV| Amog_m {~Z bmXoZ VH$ nhþ±MrŸ& V~ {H$gr g‚mZ Zo H$hm, "Aao ^mB©, Amog_m {~Z bmXoZ H$m
_Vb~ h¡ bmXoZ H$m ~oQ>m Amog_mŸ& Aa~r O~mZ _| ~oQ>o H$mo A~ "{~Z' H$hVo h¢ & hmo `h ahm h¡ {H$ ham_rnZ Vmo ~oQ>m
H$a ahm h¡ Am¡a \$OrhV hmo ahr ~oMmao ~mn H$sŸ& H$„ÿ H$s naoemZr H$mo N>moS>H$a bmoJ {\$bmgm\$s H$s Amoa Ü`mZ aho
WoŸ& Im± gmh~ _XX Ho$ {bE V¡æ`ma ZhtŸ& H$„ÿ H$mo Nw>S>dmZo H$m àíZ WmŸ& CgH$s _m± Zo bmoJm| H$mo {~ZVr H$sŸ& H$m\$s
Iwga-\w$ga hþB© Am¡a bmoJ AnZo-AnZo Ka Mbo JEŸ&
nyao {XZ bmoJm| Zo gbmh-_edam {H$`m bo{H$Z H$moB© ZVrOm Zht {ZH$bmŸ& "én`m Xmo én`m' H$s ~mV H$hH$a
{Og g‚mZ Zo Im± gmh~ H$mo ^S>H$m`m Wm, do em_ Ho$ dŠV H$„ÿ Ho$ {nVmOr Ho$ nmg Am`o Am¡a CÝhm|Zo WmZo OmZo H$s
~mV H$hr, "Mbmo, CR>mo, h_t MbVo h¢Ÿ& XoIVo h¢, Š`m hmoVm h¡? h_| ^r ~§X H$a X|Jo Am¡a Š`m?' XmoZm| WmZo nhþ±MoŸ&
g‚mZ gmhg ~Q>moaH$a A§Xa nhþ±MoŸ& do nT>o-{bIo AmX_r Wo, Bg{bE XamoJm gmh~ Zo CZgo T>§J go ~mV| H$sŸ& H$„ÿ H$mo
XoIZo H$s BOmOV {_brŸ& H$„ÿ H$mo XoIZo XmoZm| H$moR>ar VH$ nhþ±MoŸ& H$„ÿ H$m Moham {Ib CR>mŸ& Cgo bJm {H$ A~ Cgo
~mha {ZH$mbm OmEJmŸ& bo{H$Z CgZo XoIm {H$ EH$ {gnmhr Zo CÝh| EH$ {ZpíMV ñWmZ na amoH$m h¡ Vmo CgH$m Moham
~wP J`mŸ& g‚mZ Am¡a H$„ÿ Ho$ {nVmOr Zo H$„ÿ H$s Amoa XoImŸ& H$„ÿ Ho$ eara na A~ emXr Ho$ OmoH$a dmbo H$mñQçyåg
Zht WoŸ& dh EH$ \$Q>r hþB©-gr eQ>© Am¡a J§Xm-gm n¡Om_m nhZo hþE WmŸ& _Ja Mohao na CgH$m Z_H$sZ gm¢X`© ~aH$ama
WmŸ& _oH$An ^r PbH$ ahm WmŸ& _Ja dh ~ZmdQ>r Zht WmŸ& Am±I| gyOH$a ~S>r hmo J`r WrŸ& {\$a ^r Iy~gyaV bJ
ahr WrŸ& CgHo$ Agbr ~mb {~Ia H$a Kw±Kambo hmo JE WoŸ& Jmbm| na bmbr Wr, _Ja em`X IyZ H$sŸ& hm|R> _moQ>o Am¡a
WmoS>o {VaN>o hmo JE WoŸ& Bg Vah CgHo$ nyao ì`{ŠVËd _| XmoZm| hr ê$n ZOa Am aho WoŸ& "gmH$s' H$m ^r Am¡a "emXr Ho$
OmoH$a' H$m ^rŸ&
H$„ÿ H$mo XoIH$a CgH$m ~mn Ry>±R> hmo J`mŸ& gmWdmbo g‚mZ Ho$ Mohao na AOr~ Vah Ho$ ^md C^aoŸ& CÝh| bJm
H$„ÿZo eoH$h±S> Ho$ {bE AnZm Xm{hZm hmW ~mha {ZH$mbH$a PQ>go ^rVa ItMm h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| dmng AmZo bJoŸ& Bg g_`
H$„ÿ H$m ~mn AmJo Mb ahm Wm Am¡a g‚mZ nrN>o-nrN>o Mb aho WoŸ& WmZo H$s B_maV go WmoS>r Xya {ZH$bZo na, noS>m|
go JwOaVo dŠV CÝhm|Zo N>am] dmbr JZ H$s AmdmO gwZr Am¡a XoIm - EH$ noS> Ho$ ZrMo H$~yVa H$m EH$ ~ƒm IyZ go
{bWS>m VS>n ahm h¡ Am¡a WmoS>r Xya na IS>m EH$ ~mbH$ {Ib{IbmH$a h±g ahm h¢Ÿ& {\$a CÝhm|Zo XoIm {H$ WmoS>r Xoa
_| ~ƒm| H$s EH$ ^rS>-gr dhm± BH$Ç>r hmo J`r Am¡a do O_rZ na nS>o H$~yVa Ho$ Cg ~ƒo H$mo EH$ Xygao H$s Va\$
CN>mbZo bJoŸ& Bg H$mo Ñí` XoIH$a H$„ÿ Ho$ ~mn H$mo Je Am`mŸ& gmWdmbo g‚mZ Zo CÝh| AnZr ~mhm| _| g§^b {b`m
h¡Ÿ&
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2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
EH$ O_mZo _| Aa~ Am¡a B©amZ Ho$ eam~Kam| _| bS>{H$`m| H$s Vah gOo-YOo Iy~gyaV ............. H$mo
eam~ namogm H$aVo WoŸ&
(A) bS>{H$`m|
(~) {ñÌ`m|
(H$) J«mhH$m|
(S>) emXrdmbm|
2)
eam~ Kam| _| eam~ namogZodmbo bS>Ho$ ............. H$hbmVo Wo Am¡a do Jwbm_ hmoVo WoŸ&
(A) OmoH$a
(~) bm¢S>o
(H$) {_ò
(S>) gmH$s
3)
OwboIm Zo ............. H$mo IarXm WmŸ&
(A) `ygw\$
(~) `mHy$~
(H$) Im± gmh~
(S>) g‚mZ
emXr Ka _| emXr ............. H$s ~oQ>r H$s WrŸ&
(A) `mHy$~
(~) `ygw\$
(H$) Im± gmh~
(S>) g‚mZ
4)
5)
emXr Ka _| EH$ g‚mZ ............. _| go IQ>_b {ZH$mbH$a _ma aho WoŸ&
(A) eoadmZr
(~) Q>mB© H$s Zm°Q>
(H$) n¡Om_m
(S>) eQ>©
6)
............. _| OmoH$a bmoJ J§XJr \¡$bm aho h¢Ÿ&
(A) Ka
(~) emXrKa
7)
8)
9)
(H$) eam~Ka
(S>) OZdmgo
............. AmJo ~T>H$a EH$ nw{bgdmbo H$m hmW {_cmZo bJmŸ&
(A) AmV§H$dmXr
(~) b„ÿ
(H$) H$„ÿ
(S>) ZoVm
............. O~mZ _| "{~Z' H$hVo h¢ ~oQ>o H$moŸ&
(A) Aa~r
(~) \$magr
(S>) CXy©
(H$) B©amZr
CÝhm|Zo XoIm- EH$ noS> Ho$ ZrMo ............. H$m EH$ ~ƒm IyZ go {bWS>m VS>n ahm h¡Ÿ&
(A) AmX_r
(~) Hw$Îmo
(H$) H$~yVa
(S>) VmoVo
10) eha go WmoS>m ~mhar BbmHo$ _| hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ............. H$m n[aga em§V Am¡a gw§Xa WmŸ&
(A) WmZo
2.5
(~) emXrKa
(H$) eam~Ka
(S>) emXr Ho$ OmoH$a
eãXmW© :
bm¢S>m - ~mbH$
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aI¡b - CnnËZr Ho$ ê$n _| aIr hþB© ór
{_gam - CXy© \$magr H$s H${dVm H$m H$moB© MaU `m nX
^m±S> - _gIam, ~hþê${n`m
{H$aXma - {H$gr aMZm H$m dh nmÌ {OgHo$ {bE A{^Z` {H$`m OmE
ngmonoe - AmJm-{nN>m, gmoM{dMma
OZdmgm - ~mam{V`m| Ho$ R>haZo H$m ñWmZ
MmoJm - KwQ>Zm§o VH$ bQ>H$Vm hþAm EH$ àH$ma H$m nhZmdm
dmH$B© - gM_yM
_b~m - {Jar hþB© B_maV H$m T>oa
ZoÌ - {ddmhmXr ew^ Adgam| na g§~§{Y`m| Am¡a A{lVm| Am{X H$mo Hw$N> YZ Am{X XoZo H$s àWmŸ&
A_Z - em§{V
D$hmnmoh - gmoM-{dMma
Je - _yN>m©, ~ohmoer
BOmOV - Amkm, ñdrH¥${V
\$bmZm| - H$moB© A{ZpíMV `m AH${WV
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) J«mhH$m| 2) gmH$s 3) `ygw\$ 4) Im± gmh~ 5) Q>mB© H$s Zm°Q>
6) OZdmgo 7) H$„ÿ 8) Aa~r 9) H$~yVa 10) WmZo
2.7
gmam§e :
1) emXr H$m OmoH$a Mohao na g\o$X Am¡a hmoR>m| na bmb a§J, {ga na gH©$gr Q>monr bJmVm h¡Ÿ& dh H$mbo H$nS>m|
go gwg{‚mV hmoH$a hmWm| _| g\o$X XmñVmZo nhZH$a emXrdmbo em{_`mZo _| EH$ hmW _| N>S>r Kw_mVm Am¡a Xygam hmW
eoH$h¢S> {bE AmJo ~T>Vo hþE ~ƒm| H$m _Zmoa§OZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
boIZ Zo gmH$s, Jwbm_, bm¢S>m, O_tXmam| Ho$ aI¡b, ^S>¡Vr, H$a¡bm, ~Vmem, b§R>, gobo~«oQ>r H$bmH$ma,
{dXyfH$, Om¡H$a¡Vr na§nam _| emXr Ho$ OmoH$a H$mo aIm h¡Ÿ&
2)
3) EH$ g‚mZ Zo ^S>H$mZo go Im± gmh~ H$„ÿ H$s ghmæ`Vm Zht H$aVo dhr g‚mZ WmZo go H$„ÿ H$mo Nw>S>dmZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Cg_| CÝh| H$m_`m~r Zht {_brŸ&
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AmV§H$dmXr, gm_m{OH$m| H$m g_mO Am¡a ~ƒm| Ho$ à{V XoIZo H$m Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| n§Mm`V Zo
{dMma {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Amog_m "{~Z' bmXoZ na ^r bmoJm| Zo MMm© H$s h¡Ÿ&
4)
5) H$„ÿ nw{bg H$s AË`mMma H$m {eH$ma ~Zm h¡Ÿ& EH$ g‚mZ Am¡a CgHo$ {nVm H$mo Cg_| ImH$s Ho$ Xe©Z hþE
h¢Ÿ& {Oggo {nVm Cgo XoIVo hþE Ry>±R> hþE h¡Ÿ&
6)
2.8
N>am} go _mao hþE H$~yVa Am¡a H$„ÿ H$s AdñWm g_mZ h¡Ÿ& {Oggo ~mn H$mo Je Am`m h¡Ÿ&
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
"emXr H$m OmoH$a' H$hmZr H$m Ame` ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
{ZåZ{b{IV AdVaUm|H$s g§X^©g{hV ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&
2.9
1)
OZdmgo _| OmoH$a bmoJ J§XJr \¡$bm aho h¢Ÿ&
2)
`h Bg{bE hmW {_bm aho h¢ {H$ BgHo$ hmW _| ê$n`m Xmo ê$n`m XoZm Mm{hEŸ&
3)
do eha _| ZhtŸ& emXr AQ>|S> H$aHo$ H$b amV _| hr amOYmZr Mbo JEo h¢Ÿ&
joÌr` H$m`© :
1)
_amR>r Ho$ nw. b. Xoenm§S>o H$m aoIm{MÌ "Zmam`U'
2)
"OmoH$a' Ho$ g_mZ g_mO H$m _Zmoa§OZ H$aZodmbo nmÌm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
3)
g_mO H$m _Zmoa§OZ H$aZodmbo nmÌm| Ho$ Xw:I XX© Ed§ doXZmAm| H$mo g_P {b{OEŸ&
4)
{H$gr emXr H$s Mhb nhb H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
2.10
1)
AãXwb {~pñ_„mh - PrZr PrZr {~Zr MX[a`mŸ&
2)
AãXwb {~pñ_„mh - _wIS>m Š`m XoIo
3)
AãXwb {~pñ_„mh - Oha~mX
®®®
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BH$mB© : 2
3. {OZmda
- Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$m H$WmZH$
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
3.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn,
ð Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ Ho$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð "{OZmda' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVy go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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ð "{OZmda' H$hmZr Ho$ OJoga H$m n[aM` nm`|JoŸ&
ð "{OZmda' H$hmZr H$s "{~aOy H$s ~hÿ' H$m n[aM` nm`|JoŸ&
ð H$m_m§Y ggya go ~hÿ {H$g Vah naoem{Z`m| H$m AZw^d H$aVr h¢ Bggo n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
3.2
àñVmdZm :
Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ X{bV boIH$ Am¡a H${d h¢Ÿ& ^maVr` X{bV gm{hË` Ho$ A§VJ©V CÝh| _rb H$m nËWa
_mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& EH$ X{bV AmX_r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g_mO Zo CZHo$ à{V Xwì`©dhma {H$`mŸ& dmë_r{H$ nT>mB© Ho$ à{V A{V
OmJéH$ Wo, Bg{bE do h_oem C‚db N>mÌ ahoŸ&
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1 Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ H$m n[aM` :
Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ H$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$ _wOâ\$aZJa {Obo Ho$ ~mabm Jm§d _| 30 OyZ 1950 H$mo hþAmŸ&
CZH$s _¥Ë`w noQ> Ho$ H¢$ga go 17 Zd§~a 2013 H$mo hþB©Ÿ& CZH$s nËZr H$m Zm_ M§Xm h¡Ÿ& Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ Zo Zd
ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ EH$ ANy>V Ed§ X{bV Ho$ ê$n _| AnZo OrdZ H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ S>m°.
~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Ho$ AZw`m`r ahoŸ& CZH$s gm{hË` H¥${V`m| _| X{bVm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m `WmW© Am¡a X_Z Ho$ à{V
AmH«$moe ^md H$m à^mdembr {MÌU hþAm h¡Ÿ& CZH$s aMZmE± Bg àH$ma h¢ AmË_H$Wm - OyR>Z (1997)
H${dVm g§J«h - g{X`m| H$m g§Vmn (1989), ~g! ~hþV hmo MwH$m (1997), A~ _¢ Am¡a Zht (2001)
H$hmZr g§J«h - gbm_ (2000), Kwgn¡{R>E (2003)
AmbmoMZm - X{bV gm{hË` H$m gm¢X`©emñÌ (2001)
AÝ` - g\$mB© XodVm (2009)
ZmQ>H$ - Xmo Mohao
3.3.2
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$m Ame` :
H$ƒo Am¡a XoVrbo amñVo na b§~o S>J ^aVo hþE OJoga VoO Yyn _| AmJo ~T> ahm WmŸ& CgHo$ EH$ hmW _| _O~yV
b§~r bmR>r Am¡a Xygao hmW _| H§$Yo na aIr H$nS>o-bÎmm| H$s nmoQ>br WrŸ& nrN>o go Yrao-Yrao {~aOy ~hÿ Am ahr WrŸ&
g~oao -g~oao Mm¡Yar Zo {~aOy ~hÿ H$mo Ka go {ZH$mbH$a Cgo _¡Ho$ ^oOZo Ho$ {bE OJoga go H$hm h¡Ÿ& ~hÿ-~o{Q>`m| H$mo
bmZo Am¡a {^OdmZo H$m H$m_ OJoga H$aVm Am`m h¡Ÿ& Yr_o JVr go {~aOy-~hÿ Mb ahr h¡ Bg{bE CgZo JVr ~T>mZo
Ho$ {bE H$hm h¡Ÿ& n§Ðh H$mog OmVm h¡Ÿ& VoO Yyn go naoemZr hmo ahr h¡Ÿ& {~aOy ~hÿ Zo {ga H$m n„ÿ nrN>o ItMm WmŸ&
OJogaZo XoIm {H$ dh ~hþV gw§Xa h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z Á`mXm amoZo go CgH$s Am±I| gyO JB© Wr Am¡a Moham CXmg WmŸ& CgH$s
gw§XaVm XoIH$a OJoga AM§~o _| ahmŸ& d¡go Vmo Ka go ~mha {ZH$bZo na ~hÿ-~o{Q>`m± añVo go MbVo dŠV OJoga Ho$ gmW
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48
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~mV| H$aVr Wr, bo{H$Z ~hÿ Zo ~mV Zht H$sŸ& dh WH$ J`r WrŸ& OJoga Zo IoVr _| Xm¡S>Zodmbm IaJmoe Cgo {XImZm
Mmhm bo{H$Z {~aOy-~hÿ Zo CgH$s Amoa Ü`mZ {X`mŸ& ~hÿ H$s bbV XoIH$a OJoga ~oM¡Z hþAm WmŸ& CgH$s g_P _|
Zht Am ahm Wm {H$ dh Š`m H$ho Am¡a Š`m nyN>oŸ& ~hÿ g_rn AmZo VH$ dh ~¡R>m ahmŸ& ~hÿŸg_rn AmH$a ~¡R> JB© WrŸ&
Hw$N> g_` Im_moe ahZo Ho$ ~mX {hå_V OwQ>mH$a CgZo ~hÿ H$mo nyN>m "~hÿOr, _¢ R>ham Zm¡H$a, H$moB© ^yb hmo Omdo Vmo
_m\$ H$a {X`mo, AmnHy$ Bg hmbV _| XoI Ho$ Hw$N> R>rH$-gm Zm bJoŸ& Hw$N> naoemZr h¡ Vmo _¡Þo ~Vm XmoŸ& Wmao _m`Ho$
nhþ±MmZo H$m {Oå_m _oam h¡Ÿ& _¢Zo Vmo gmoƒm Wm Xwnha go nhbo nhþ±M Om±JoŸ&' g_` ~rVVm Om ahm WmŸ& ~hÿ T>§J go CR>r
Am¡a MbZo bJrŸ&
~hÿ Ho$ gmW amñVm Zht H$Q> ahm WmŸ& OJoga Zo OëX JVr go AmJo ~T>H$a ~JrMo _|o Amam_ H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hrŸ&
~JrMm Am`mŸ& ~hÿ EH$ noS> go nrR> {Q>H$mH$a ~¡R> JB©Ÿ& OJoga Zo S>mob go Hw$E± H$m nmZr ItMm Am¡a ~hÿZo nmZr {n`m±
~ma-~ma àíZ nyN>Zo Am¡a OJoga Zo AmídñV H$aZo Ho$ Cnam§V ~hÿZo _w±h ImobmŸ&
{~aOy-~hÿ Zo ~Vm`m {H$ dh _Z go _¡Ho$ Zht Om ahr h¡Ÿ& Cgo Ka go {ZH$mb {X`m h¡Ÿ& ggya CgHo$ gmW ~wam
ì`dhma H$aZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ& dh {~aOy H$s nËZr h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z ggyaZo Cgo nm±M hOma _| CgHo$ _m_m go IarXm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$
{nVm Zht h¡Ÿ& _m§ Zo _m_m H$m ghmam {b`m h¡Ÿ& _m_r Zht h¡Ÿ& Xg df© H$s AdñWm _| _m_mZo CgHo$ gmW ~wam ì`dhma
{H$`mŸ& CgH$m eara ~a~mX {H$`mŸ& A~ Mm¡Yar Ho$ Ka na ^r ggya CgH$m Ig_ ~ZZm MmhVm h¡Ÿ& {~aOy H$moB© ^r
~mV gwZZo H$mo V¡`ma Zht h¡Ÿ& gmg ^r ggya Ho$ nj _| h¡Ÿ& gmg Zo H$hm h¡, "Bg Ka H$m [admO hr h¡Ÿ& Am¡aV {g\©$
BñVo_mb H$s MrO h¡Ÿ& Bg Ka _| [aíVm| H$s _`m©Xm H$m H$moB© _Vb~ Zm h¡ ~hÿŸ& qOXJr gwI M¡Z go H$mQ>Zr h¡ Vmo
g_Pm¡Vm H$a boŸ&'
Mm¡Yar H$s H$mbr H$aVyVm§o H$mo ~hÿ Zo OJoga Ho$ gm_Zo Imob {X`mŸ& gVdra H$s {H$gZr H$mo Mm¡Yar Zo IoV go
Jm`~ {H$`m WmŸ& Cgo Ka _| aIH$a Cg na AË`mMma {H$E WoŸ& Mm¡Yar H$s ~oQ>r gamoO _m`Ho$ AmZodmbr WrŸ& V~
{H$gZr H$mo ~mha {ZH$mbH$a CgH$s hË`m H$s WrŸ& OJoga go H$hH$a AnZm C„ÿ grYm H$aZo Ho$ {bE bm{R>`m§ ^r
MT>m`r WrŸ& OJoga Mm¡Yar H$mo amOm _mZVm WmŸ& CZH$s B‚mV H$aVm WmŸ& bo{H$Z Mm¡Yar H$s nmob Iwb OmZo go Cgo
Jwñgm Am`mŸ& CgZo EH$ Eogo AmX_r Ho$ {bE AnZr qOXJr ~~m©X H$a br Omo AmX_r Zht, O§Jbr {OZmda h¡Ÿ&
CgH$s gmoM AVrV H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo I±JmbZr bJrŸ& Z OmZo {H$VZr ~ma CgZo Mm¡Yar Ho$ {bE AnZm| na bm{R>`m±
MbmB© WrŸ& dh IwX ^r Vmo {OZmda ~Z J`m Wm... CgZo bmR>r H$mo O_rZ na nQ>H$mŸ&
{~aOy-~hÿ Z _¡Ho$ OmZm MmhVr Wr Z ggwamb _|Ÿ& Bg{bE CgZo OJoga go H$hm {H$ dh Cgo O§Jb_| N>moS>H$a
Mbm OmE Am¡a ggwa go OmH$a H$h Xo {H$ OJoga Cgo _¡Ho$ N>moS> Am`m h¡Ÿ& _m± H$m Ka Vmo ~hþV nhbo COS> J`m WmŸ&
`h gwZgmZ O§Jb hdo{b`m| go Á`mXm gwa{jV h¡Ÿ& H$_ go H$_ ^o{S>E Amd|Jo Vmo a§J-ê$n ~Xb Ho$ Vmo Zm Amd|JoŸ&
{~aOy-~hÿ H$s ~mV| gwZH$a {ZU©` boVo hþE OJoga Zo H$hm h¡, Zm ~hÿOr - _¢ bN>_Z Zm hÿ± Omo grVm Hy$ {~`m~mZ
O§Jb _| N>moS> Ho$ dmng Mbm OmD±$Ÿ&' OJoga H$m ÑT> AmË_{dídmg XoIH$a {~aOy-~hÿ ^r CgHo$ gmW AmË_{dídmg
go dmng OmZo Ho$ {bE Iwer go V¡`ma hþB© h¡Ÿ&
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3.3.3
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$m OJoga :
OJoga Mm¡Yar Ho$ Ka H$m_ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& O~ dh Xg ~ag H$m Wm V~ CgHo$ {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w hþB© WrŸ& EH$ gmb Ho$
~mX _m± H$s ^r _¥Ë`w hþB©Ÿ& ~MnZ _| hr {nVm Zo Cgo Mm¡Yar Ho$ hdmbo {H$`m WmŸ& V~go {XZ amV hdobr _| ahVm h¡Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar H$s h_C_« bS>H$s gamoO ~MnZ go hr Cgo O½Jy H$hH$a ~wbmVr WrŸ& amV {XZ Mm¡Yar Ho$ H$m_m| _| dh bJm
ahVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z hdobr Ho$ {H«$`m-H$bmn Cgo AZOmZ aho h¢Ÿ& Mm¡Yar H$s d\$mXmar Am¡a hþHw$_ ~OmZo H$s VËnaVm hr
CgHo$ {bE g~Hw$N> h¡Ÿ& Zm¡H$a hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo Mm¡Yar go Cgo Xmo dŠV H$s amoQ>r, gmb _| EH$ Xmo H$nS>o, H$^r H$^r CVaZ
{_bVr h¡Ÿ& C_«^a H$s Jwbm_r CgHo$ {hñgo AmB© h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Yar H$mo N>moS>H$a dh AÝ`Ì H$ht Om Zht gH$Vm Am¡a gmoM
^r Zht gH$VmŸ&
OJoga AZnT> Am¡a J±dma AmX_r h¡Ÿ& dh Mm¡Yar H$mo amOm _mZVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ XohmV _| Mm¡Yar H$s B‚mV h¡Ÿ&
OJoga C_« _| ~S>m hmo OmZo na Mm¡Yar Zo Cg hdobr Ho$ ~mha H$s H$m_m| _o§ ^r bJm {X`mŸ& IoV-I{bhmZ VWm Xw{Z`mOhmZ H$s H$m_| Cgo H$aZr nS> ahr h¢Ÿ& Mm¡Yar H$s H$Ý`m gamoO H$mo ggwamb {^OdmZo VWm _¡Ho$ bmZo H$m H$m_ ^r
CgZo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CgH$s H$X H$mR>r b§~r hmoZo go dh b§~o - b§~o S>J ^aH$a MbVm h¡Ÿ&
O~ dh {~aOy-~hÿ H$mo CgHo$ _¡Ho$ boH$a Om ahm Wm, V~ CgZo AZw^d {H$`m dh CXmg h¡Ÿ& V~ CgZo {~aOy~hÿ H$s CXmgr OmZZo H$s H$moere H$sŸ& V~ Cgo nVm Mbm {H$ Kadmbm| Zo Cgna AÝ`m` {H$E h¢Ÿ& Mm¡Yar H$m Agbr
ê$n gm_Zo AmZona Mm¡Yar Ho$ à{V CgHo$ _Z _| H«$moY {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& CgZo AnZo ì`dhma go {~aOy-~hÿ Ho$ _Z _|
h_XXu {Z_m©U H$sŸ& {Oggo {~aOy-~hÿ Zo gmar ~mV| Cgo H$hrŸ& {~aOy-~hÿ H$s ~mVm| go OJoga {dM{bV hmo CR>mŸ&
CgZo ~hÿ H$mo em§V {H$`mŸ& Cgo kmV hþAm {H$ gV~ra H$s {H$gZr H$mo Mm¡Yar Zo AnZo IoV go Jm`~ H$aHo$ Cgna
AË`mMma {H$EŸ& Cgo nrQ>Zo _| OJoga Zo gmW {X`m WmŸ& {~aOy-~hÿ H$s ~mVm| Ho$ gm_Zo dh ~\©$ H$s Vah {nKb J`m
h¡Ÿ& CbPZ _| \±$g J`m h¡Ÿ& ghr ~mV| gyZZo go CgH$s AdñWm AY_ar hþB© h¢Ÿ& Cgo bJm {H$ {H$gr Zo CgHo$ {Oñ_ go
g_yMm aŠV ItM {b`m h¡Ÿ& CgH$m _Z Mm¡Yar Ho$ à{V Z\$aV Am¡a Jwñgo go ^a CR>m h¡Ÿ&' Cgo bJ ahm Wm O¡go CgHo$
^rVa Hw$N> Ob ahm h¡Ÿ& Cgo IwX na ^r Jwñgm Am ahm WmŸ& CgZo EH$ AmX_r Ho$ {bE AnZr qOXJr ~~m©X H$a br
Omo AmX_r Zht, O§Jbr {OZmda h¡Ÿ& CgH$s gmoM AVrV H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo I±JmbZo bJm Z OmZo {H$VZr ~ma CgZo
Mm¡Yar Ho$ {bE AnZm| na bm{R>`m± MbmB© WrŸ& dh IwX ^r Vmo {OZmda ~Z J`m WmŸ&'
{~aOy-~hÿ _¡Ho$ _o§ _m_m H$s hdg H$m {eH$ma ~Zr Wr Am¡a ggwamb _| ggya Cggo g§~§Y aIZm MmhVo WoŸ& ghr
~mV H$m nVm bJZo na OJoga Zo AmË_{dídmg go H$hm h¡, "Zm-~hÿ Or _¢ bN>_Z Zm hÿ± Omo grVm Hy$ {~`m~mZ O§Jb
_| N>moS> Ho$ dmng Mbm OmD±$Ÿ&'
~hÿ-~o{Q>`m| H$mo ghr gbm_V CZHo$ _¡Ho$ AWdm ggwamb go bmZm Am¡a N>moS>Zo H$m H$m_ OJoga Zo àm_m{UH$Vm
go {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmVo OmVo g_` ~hÿ-~o{Q>`m| Ho$ gm_mZ na AWdm CZH$s Amoa ZOa CR>mH$a XoIZo H$s CgH$s AmXV Zht
h¡Ÿ& Ho$db Mm¡Yar H$s h_C_« ~oQ>r gaomO CgHo$ gmW h±gr _OmH$ H$s ~mV| H$aVr WrŸ& Cgo O½Jy H$hH$a nwH$maVr WrŸ&
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ZZX, OoR>mZr, gmg Am{X Ho$ {H$ñgo gwZmH$a IwX h±gVr Wr Am¡a OJoga H$mo h±gmVr WrŸ& Cggo {OX H$aVr WrŸ& Jm§d
Ho$ BX©-{JX© Ho$ amñVm| Am¡a n[apñWVr`m| H$m kmZ OJoga H$mo h¡Ÿ&
3.3.4
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$s {~aOy H$s ~hÿ :
{~aOy ~hÿ H$mo gmg Am¡a ggya X²>dmam Ka go {ZH$mb {X`m h¡Ÿ& ~mn H$s _¥Ë`w H$~ hþB© `h dh OmZVr ZhtŸ& O~
go CgZo hmoe g§^mbo h¢ V~ go dh _m_m Ho$ Ka ahr h¡Ÿ& _m_r H$s _¥Ë`w hþ`r h¡Ÿ& _m§ Zo _m_m H$m ghmam nm`m h¡Ÿ& Xg gmb
H$s AdñWm _| _m_m Zo CgH$m A~moY eara ~a~mX {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CgZo _m_m H$mo H$^r _m\$ Zht {H$`mŸ& _m¡H$m {_bVo hr
{~aOy-~hÿ Zo _m_m H$mo Obrb {H$`m h¡Ÿ& O~ ^r dh H$ar~ AmVm Wm dh MrIVr {M„mVr WrŸ& CgZo H$hm h¡, "H$hZo
H$mo Vmo {~aOy go _oam ã`mh hþAm Wm... hH$sH$V `h Wr {H$ _m_m Zo Mm¡Yar go nm±M hOma {b`o Wo... Mm¡Yar O~
AnZr H$aVyVm| _| g\$b Zht hmo gH$m Vmo _wPo {ZH$mb ~mha {H$`mŸ&'
{~aOy ~hÿ H$mo Ka go ~mha {ZH$mb {X`m h¡Ÿ& ~mha AmVo dŠV amo ahr WrŸ& OJoga H$mo H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ Cgo _¡Ho$
N>moS>H$a AmAmoŸ& Kago ~mha Cgo {dXm H$aZo H$moB© Zht Am`m WmŸ& amñVo go MbVo dŠV dh Yrao-Yrao Mb ahr WrŸ&
OJogaZo ~ma-~ma OëXr H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$hZo na ^r dh Yr_r J{V go AmJo ~T> ahr WrŸ& n„ÿ nrN>o ItM boZo go OJoga
Zo Cgo XoIm "dmh! BVZr gw§Xa...' dh Q>H$Q>H$s bJmE Cgo XoIZo bJm WmŸ& Á`mXm amoZo go ~hÿ H$s Am±I| gyO JB© WrŸ&
Moham CXmg WmŸ& {\$a ^r gw§XaVm {N>n Zht nmB© WrŸ& _mao-nyao Jmob Mohao na ~S>r-~S>r H$mbr Jhar Am±I| XoI OJoga
R>Jm-gm ah J`mŸ&' VoO Yyn Ho$ H$maU VWm WH$mZ Am¡a ß`mg go CgHo$ hmoR>m| na nnS>r O_Zo bJr WrŸ& Moham bmb
hþAm WmŸ& CgH$m _¡H$m n§Ðh H$mog Xya WmŸ& Cgo AmídñV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee OJoga Zo H$s h¡Ÿ& ~JrMo _| Hw$E| H$m nmZr
nrVo dŠV ^r CgH$m Moham H$R>moa Am¡a ^mdhrZ WmŸ&
{~aOy-~hÿ Ka _| naoem{Z`m| H$m AZw^d H$a ahr WrŸ& AnZo XwI XX© H$mo CgZo AHo$bo {O`m WmŸ& {~aOy H$moB©
^r ~mV Zht gyZVm WmŸ& gmg Zo gm\$ H$hm Wm {H$ dh Hw$N> H$a Zht gH$VrŸ& CgZo H$hm h¡ "Bg Ka H$m Vmo [admO hr
h¡Ÿ& Am¡aV {g\©$ BñVo_mb H$s MrO h¡Ÿ& Bg Ka _| [aíVm| H$s _`m©Xm H$m H$moB© _Vb~ Zm h¡ ~hÿŸ& qOXJr gwI-M¡Z go
H$mQ>Zr h¡ Vmo g_Pm¡Vm H$a boŸ&' gmg Eogr qOXJr go g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~Vm ahr Wr {Og_| ha amoO {~aOy-~hÿ
H$mo _aZm nS>VmŸ& ggwamb _| ha nmR> CgZo ZaH$ H$s Vah JwOmam h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Yar Ho$ ~mao _| {~aOy ~hÿ Zo OJoga go H$hm h¡,
"Mm¡Yar- _oam ggwa- ggwa Zht Ig_ ~ZZm MmhVm Wm _oam... _¢Zo {damoY H$am Vmo _wPo _mam-nrQ>m J`mŸ& Vah-Vah
Ho$ Owë_ {H$E-{\$a ^r _¡Þo hma Zr _mZr Vmo {ZH$b ~mha {H$`mŸ& VwPo hþHw$_ {X`m... Om N>moS> Am Bgo...' {~aOy ~hÿ
Ho$ H$WZ go OJoga ^r CbPZ _| nS>m h¡Ÿ&
_m`Ho$ Ho$ XadmOo {~aOy-~hÿ H$mo nhbo hr ~§X hþE h¢Ÿ& ggwambdmbm| Zo Cgo Ka go {ZH$mb {X`m h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Yar H$s
haH$V|, CgZo gVdra H$s {H$gZr go {H$`m H¥$Ë`, Mm¡Yar Ho$ H«y$H$_© OJoga go H$hZo na OJoga Zo OmZ {b`m {H$
Mm¡Yar {OZmda h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ gmW ahVo-ahVo dh ^r {OZmda ~Zm h¡Ÿ& {~aOy-~hÿ _m§ H$m Ka Am¡a ggya H$s hdobr
go Á`mXm gwa{jV gwZgmZ O§Jb _mZVr h¡Ÿ& OJoga Cgo AmídñV H$aVo h¡Ÿ& AHo$br O§Jb _| N>moS>Zm Zht MmhVmŸ&
OJoga Zo AmË_{dídmg go g_PmZo na dh CgHo$ gmW dmng OmZm V` H$aVr h¡Ÿ&
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3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
............. go ~mha AmVo hr ~hÿ-~o{Q>`m| JhZo CVma H$a nmoQ>br _| Ty>±g XoVr h¢Ÿ&
(A) Jm±d
(~) Ka
(H$) _doerImZo (S>) ggwamb
2)
nm¡ \$Q>Zo go nhbo hr ............. Zo OJoga H$mo OJmH$a H$nS>m| H$s nmoQ>br OJoga Ho$ gm_Zo bm nQ>H$s
WrŸ&
(A) gmg
(~) Mm¡Yar
(H$) {~aOy
(S>) gamoO
3)
OJoga Zo nmoQ>br CR>mB© Am¡a ............. Ho$ XadmOo na OmH$a IS>m hmo J`mŸ&
(A) gamoO
(~) _m_r
(H$) {H$gZr
(S>) hdobr
4)
b§~o b§~o S>J ^aH$a MbZm ............. H$s AmXV h¡Ÿ&
(A) Mm¡Yar
(~) OoR>Zr
(H$) OJoga
(S>) gVdra
5)
Jm§d go ~mha VH$ ............. Ho$ gmW CgH$s ZZX|, OoR>mZr, gmg Am¡a ^r H$B© {ñÌ`m± AmB© WrŸ&
(A) gamoO
(~) {~aOy-~hÿ
(H$) {H$gZr
(S>) _m_r
6)
CgHo$ {bE ............. H$s d\$mXmar Am¡a hþHw$_ ~OmZo H$s VËnaVm hr g~Hw$N> WrŸ&
(A) gamoO
(~) Mm¡Yar
(H$) {~aOy
(S>) gVdra
7)
............. H$mo XoIVo hr OJoga Ho$ Mohao na Iwer H$s bha Xm¡S> JB©Ÿ&
(A) {~aOy-~hÿ
(~) gamoO
(H$) IaJmoe
(S>) Hw$Am±
8)
_aZo-_maZodmbm ............. ~\©$ H$s Vah {nK>bZo bJm WmŸ&
(A) Mm¡Yar
(~) {~aOy
(H$) _m_m
9)
(S>) OJoga
_¢ ............. Zm hÿ± Omo grVm Hy$ {~`mdmZ O§Jb _| N>moS> Ho$ dmng Mbm OmD±$Ÿ&
(A) am_
(~) amdU
(H$) bN>_Z
(S>) XeaW
10) ~hÿ AnZr hr am¡ _| ............. _| X~r amI Hw$aoX ahr WrŸ&
(A) Myëho
3.5
(~) O§Jb
(H$) amñVo
(S>) grZo
eãXmW© :
V{ne - Ja_r, VnZ
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52
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H$Vam - ~y±X, q~Xw
_doer - Mm¡nm`m, new
S>J - H$X_
Hw$bm±Mo - N>bm±J
Prb - Vmbm~
hVmem - Kmoa {Zamem
S>mob - nmZr aIZo `m ^aZo H$m bmoho H$m ~aVZ
AmoH$ - hdobr H$s nmÌ Ho$ g_mZ _wÐm, A§O{bŸ&
Im_moer - _m¡Z
{~bI - ~hþV amoZm
Ig_ - n{V, _m{bH$
_mqZX - g_mZ Vwë`
gh_ - ^`, S>a, g§H$moM
OmohS> - N>moQ>m Vmb
{dÚm~mZ - COmS> OJh
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) Jm±d 2) Mm¡Yar 3) hdobr 4) OJoga 5) gamoO
6) Mm¡Yar 7) IaJmoe 8) OJoga 9) bN>_Z 10) grZo
3.7
gmam§e :
y OJoga ~MnZ go Mm¡Yar Ho$ Ka H$m Zm¡H$a h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ _mVm-{nVm Zht h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Yar Ho$ à{V d\$mXmar Am¡a CZHo$
hþHw$_ H$m nmbZ H$aVm h¢Ÿ& ~hÿ-~o{Q>`m| H$mo _¡Ho$, ggwamb _| ^oOZm Am¡a bmZo H$m H$m_ dh H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {~aOy-~hÿ H$mo
_¡Ho$ ^oOZo H$m H$m_ H$aVo dŠV Cgo Mm¡Yar H$s Ag{b`V H$m nVm bJVm h¡Ÿ& dh Mm¡Yar H$mo {OZmda _mZZo bJm h¡Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar Ho$ hþHy$_ na OJogaZo AnZo hr AmX_r`m| na bm{R>`m± Mbm`r h¢Ÿ& Mm¡Yar Zo gVdra H$s {H$gZr na AË`mMma
{H$E h¢Ÿ&
y Mm¡Yar H$s ~oQ>r gamoO OJoga H$s h_ C_« h¡Ÿ& dh OJoga H$mo O½Jy H$hH$a nwH$maVr h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Yar gamoO go S>aVo
h¢Ÿ& ggwamb go _¡Ho$ AmVo dŠV gamoO Zo OJoga go h±gr _OmH$ H$s ~mV| H$s h¢Ÿ&
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53
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y {~aOy-~hÿ H$mo Mm¡Yar Zo Ka go {ZH$mb {X`m h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Yar CgH$m Ig_ ~ZZm MmhVmŸh¡ & gmg g_Pm¡Vm H$aZo
Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¡Ÿ& Xg df© H$s AdñWm _| _m_m Zo Cgna AË`mMma {H$`o h¢Ÿ& nm±M hOma én`m| Ho$ {bE Cgo {~H$m h¡Ÿ&
_m`H$m A§Ym Hw$Am ~Zm h¡Ÿ& A~ CgHo$ {bE _m`H$m Ed§ ggwamb XmoZm| XadmOo ~§X h¢Ÿ&
{~aOy-~hÿ Mm¡Yar Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$m nXm©\$me H$aVr h¡Ÿ& g^r ghr ~mV| hmoZo na OJoga Mm¡Yar H$mo {OZmda
_mZVm h¡Ÿ& AZoH$ ~wao H$m`m] _| OJoga Zo {hñgm {b`m Wm, Bg{bE dh AnZo H$mo ^r {OZmda _mZVm h¡Ÿ&
y
y
3.8
OJoga Ho$ g_PmZo na {~aOy-~hÿ dmng Am ahr h¡Ÿ&
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$m Ame` {b{IEŸ&
2)
"{OZmda' H$hmZr Ho$ OJoga H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OEŸ&
3)
"{OZmda' H$hmZr H$s {~aOy-~hÿ H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OEŸ&
àñVwV AdVaUm| H$s g§X^©g{hV ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&
1)
~hÿOr _¢ R>ham Zm¡H$a H$moB© ^yb hmo Omdo Vmo _m\$ H$a XmoŸ&
2) Bg Ka H$m [admOhr h¡ Am¡aV {g\©$ BñVo_mb H$s MrO h¡ Bg Ka _| [aíVm| H$s _`m©Xm H$m H$moB©b _Vb~Zm
h¡ ~hÿŸ&
3)
3.9
3.10
_¢ bN>_Z Zm hÿ± Omo grVm Hy$ {~`m~Z O§Jb _| N>moS>Ho$ dmng Mbm OmD±$Ÿ&
joÌr` H$m`© :
1)
H«y$a àm{U`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
2)
_mZd _Z _| hmoZodmbr {ZX©`Vm na àH$me S>m{bEŸ&
3)
AmnHo$ Jm§d Ho$ {H$gr AË`mMmar Zo {H$E AË`mMmam| H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
Amo_àH$me dmë_r{H$ H$s H$hm{Z`m± n{T>EŸ&
®®®
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54
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BH$mB© : 3
1. ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?
- hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr
1.1
CÔoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
"{Z~§Y' {dYm H$m _hÎd
1.3.2
hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$m n[aM`
1.3.3
"ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$m ñdê$n
1.3.4
"ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$m Ame`
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CÔoí` :
àñVwV B©H$mB© H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Amn ð H$WoÎma gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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55
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ð "{Z~§Y' {dYm H$s {deofVmE± g_P gH|$JoŸ&
ð hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð "ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$m Ame` g_P|JoŸ&
ð _Zwî` H$s Agbr nhMmZ go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð _Zwî` _| hmoZodmbr neyVm g_P gH$moJoŸ&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
AÜ``Z H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE g_rjH$m|Zo JÚ gm{hË` H$m {d^mOZ Xmo _w»` ^mJm| _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go H$WZnaH$
gm{hË` Am¡a Xygam H$WoÎma gm{hË`Ÿ& {OZ gm{hË` {dYmAm| _| H$Wm H$m g_mdoe hmoVm h¡, CZ gm{hË` {dYmAm| H$mo
H$WZnaH$ gm{hË` H$s loUr _| aIm J`m h¡Ÿ& Omo gm{hË` {dYmE± H$WmdñVw AWdm H$Wm Ho$ {gdm hmoVr h¡, CZH$m
g_mdoe H$WoÎma gm{hË` _| {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ JÚ gm{hË` _| H$WoÎma gm{hË` H$mo g~go _hÎdnyU©
gm{hË` _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg gm{hË` H$m CX²^d, {dH$mg Am¡a àMma-àgma AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| hr hþAm h¡Ÿ& g~go
_hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ H$WoÎma gm{hË` H$mo nmíMmÎ` gm{hË` H$s XoZ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
H$WoÎma JÚgm{hË` _| {Z~§Y, g§ñ_aU, S>m`ar, AmË_H$Wm, OrdZr, aoIm{MÌ Am¡a `mÌm dU©Z Am{X {dYmAm|
H$m g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ ZdOmJaU H$mb _| H$WoÎma gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg M_m}ËH$f© na nhþ±Mm
h¡Ÿ& àñVwV BH$mB© _| {Z~§Y, g§ñ_aU Am¡a S>m`ar BZ VrZ H$WoÎma {dYmAm| H$m g_rjmË_H$ AÜ``Z {H$`m Om ahm h¡Ÿ&
1.3
1.3.1
{df` {ddoMZ :
"{Z~§Y' {dYm H$m` _hËd :
"{Z~§Y' {dYm npíM_ H$s XoZ h¡Ÿ& A§J«oOr "Eñgo' (Essay) H$m n`m©`dm`r eãX h¢ "{Z~§Y'Ÿ& {Og JÚ-aMZm
_| boIH$ Ho$ {ZOrnZ Ho$ gmW, {H$gr {df`na g§{jßV e¡br _| àH$me S>mbm OmVm h¡, Cgo {Z~§Y H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& S>m°.
Jwbm~amd Ho$ {dMmamZwgma {Og JÚ-aMZm _| EH$ gr{_V AmH$ma Ho$ ^rVa {H$gr {df` H$m dU©Z `m à{VnmXZ
EH$ {deof {ZOrnZ, ñdÀN>ÝXVm, gm¡ð>d Am¡a gOrdVm VWm Amdí`H$ g§J{V Am¡a gå~ÕVm Ho$ gmW {H$`m J`m
hmo, Cgo {Z~§Y _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& JÚ gm{hË` H$s AÝ` {dYmAm| H$s VwbZm _| "{Z~§Y' H$mo A{YH$ à^mdr Am¡a
_hÎdnyU© {dYm _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m _hËdnyU© H$maU `h h¡ {H$ AÝ` JÚ {dYmAm| _| {dMmam| H$mo grYo ì`ŠV H$aZo
H$s Ny>Q> Zht hmoVr bo{H$Z {Z~§Y _| {H$gr ^r {df` na grYo ~mV H$s Om gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& g_rjH$m| Ho$ {dMmamZwgma Bg
{dYm H$m àma§^ ^maV|Xwgo hþAm h¡Ÿ& ^maV|Xw Zo nwamVÎd, B{Vhmg, Yå, H$bm, g_mOgwYma Am{X AZoH$ {df`m| na
{Z~§Y {bIo h¢Ÿ& ^maV|Xw `wJ Ho$ {Z~§YH$mam| _| go àVmnZmam`U {_l, ~mbH¥$îU ^Å>, ~XarZmam`U Mm¡Yar, bmbm
lr{ZdmgXmg, amYmMaU Jmoñdm_r Am¡a H$merZmW IÌr BZ {Z~§YH$mam| Zo "{Z~§Y{dYm' H$mo A{YH$ {dH${gV Am¡a
g_Õ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n AmO qhXr {Z~§Y _| d¡Mm[aH$ IwbmnZ Am J`m h¡Ÿ& AmO Eogm H$moB© {df` Zhr h¡,
Eogr H$moB© g_ñ`m Zht h¡, Omo {Z~§Y H$s ì`mnH$ n[a{Y Ho$ A§VJ©V g_m{hV Z hmo nmVr hmoŸ& kmZ Ho$ g^r {df` AmO
Ho$ {Z~§Ym| _| g_pÝdV hmo JE h¡§Ÿ&
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C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ AmO {Z~§Y A{YH$ EH$mJ« AmË_XmZào[aV {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| J{Verb ~Z JE h¢Ÿ&
{Z~§YH$mam| H$s d¥{Îm`m± Jhar EH$mJ«Vm go H|${ÐV OmZ nS>Vr h¢Ÿ& AmO amOZr{VH$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$ {df`m| na `wdm
{Z~§YH$ma qMVZ H$s VmOJr go {Z~§Y {bI aho h¢Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ H$s {dH¥${V`m| H$mo geŠVVm go COmJa H$a aho
h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW eaX Omoer, adrÝÐ H$m{b`m O¡go {Z~§YH$ma hmñ`, ì`§½` Am¡a {dZmoX H$s {Xem _| {deof `moJXmZ Xo
aho h¢Ÿ& g§jon _| qhXr JÚ H$s g¥OZmË_H$ g§^mdZmAm| H$s {Xem _| "{Z~§Y {dYm' Ho$ A§VJ©V {Z~§YH$mam| Zo Omo
Eo{Vhm{gH$ `moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ& CgH$mo ZOaA§XmO Zht {H$`m Om gH$VmŸ&
1.3.2
AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$m n[aM` :
AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$m OÝ_ g§dV 1864 H$mo ~{b`m {Obo Ho$ AmoPm ~{b`m (AmaV Xw~o H$m N>nam)
Zm_H$ Jm§d _| hþAmŸ& (`h Jm§d AmMm`©Or Ho$ à{V_m_h AmaV Xw~o Ho$ Zm_ na ~gm`m J`m WmŸ&) Amn Ho$ {nVmOr
H$m Zm_ AZ_mob Xw~o WmŸ& do g§ñH¥$V Ho$ {dX²dmZ WoŸ& Amn Ho$ nyd©O Á`mo{VfemñÌ Ho$ àH$m§S> n§{S>V aho WoŸ& gZ² 1827
_| AmnH$m {ddmh ^JdVr XodrOr Ho$ gmW hþAmŸ&
AmnH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm Jm§d _| hr hþB©Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX Jm±d Ho$ {ZH$Q>dVu nmamea ~«÷M`m©l_ _| AmnZo AnZr
nT>mB© nyar H$sŸ& {\$a Amn H$mer {díd{dÚmb` J`oŸ& AmnZo gZ 1823 _| àdo{eH$m, gZ 1928 _| gm{hË`mMm`© Am¡a
gZ 1830 _| emómMm`© H$s n[ajmE± nmg H$sŸ& H$B© H$maU dh Amn A§J«oOr H$s Cƒ {ejm àmá Zht H$a gHo$Ÿ& gZ
1927 _| AmnZo ES>{_ab H$s Am¡a gZ 1929 _| B§Q>a_r{OEQ> VWm AmMm`© H$s narjmE± CÎmrU© H$sŸ&
~më`H$mb _| hr AmnZo g§ñH¥$V Am¡a qhXr Ho$ H$B© J«§W H§$R>ñW {H$`o WoŸ& Amn g§ñH¥$V, qhXr Am¡a ~§Jbm
^mfmAm| Ed§ CZHo$ gm{hË` Ho$ àH$m§S> n§{S>V WoŸ& AmnH$mo A§J«oOr gm{hË` H$m AÀN>m kmZ WmŸ& Amn Á`mo{Vfemó
Ho$ AÀN>o kmVm WoŸ&
AmnH$mo Ama§^ go hr AÜ`mnZ H$m`© _| é{M hmoZo Ho$ H$maU gZ² 1930 go AmnZo AÜ`mnZ H$m`© ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ&
gZ 1930 go _| g~go nhbo Amn {díd^maVr J`o Am¡a gZ 1950 VH$ AmnZo {díd^maVr Am¡a "em§{V {ZHo$VZ' _|
AÜ`mnZ H$m`© {H$`mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX gZ 1950 _| Amn H$mer {díd{dÚmb` _| qhXr {d^mJ Ho$ AÜ`j ~ZoŸ& Xg
dfm]VH$ AÜ`mnZ H$m H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Amn n§Om~ {díd{dÚmb` M§S>rJT> _| qhXr {d^mJmÜ`j ~ZoŸ& AmnH$s
gm{hË`-godm Ho$ {b`o gm{hË` g§ñWmE± Am¡a gaH$ma Ûmam AmnH$mo {d{dY gå_mZm| go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& gZ
1940 _| AmJam {díd{dÚmb` Zo S>r.{bQ> Cnm{Y àXmZ H$sŸ& gZ 1957 _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo nÙ^yfU H$s Cnm{YÛmam
Ab§H¥$V {H$`mŸ& gZ 1962 _| AmnH$mo gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$m Q>¡Jmoa nwañH$ma {X`m J`mŸ&
AmnZo AZoH$ _m¡{bH$ VWm AZw{XV J«§Wm| H$s aMZmE± H$s h¢Ÿ& AmnH$s _m¡{bH$, g_rjmË_H$ Am¡a AZw{XV
aMZmE± BgàH$ma h¢ y
g_rjmË_H$ J«§W - gya gm{hË` (gZ 1934), gm{hË` H$m gmaWr (gZ 1948), AmYw{ZH$ qhXr na
{dMma
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emoY J«§W - qhXr gm{hË` H$s ^y{_H$m (gZ 1940), H$~ra (gZ 1950), qhXr gm{hË` (gZ
1942 ), ZmW g§àXm` (gZ 1950 ), _Ü`H$mbrZ Y_©gmYZm (gZ 1952 ), qhXr gm{hË` H$m Am{XH$mg
(gZ 1952))
y
y {Z~§Y g§Jh
« - AemoH$ Ho$ \y$b, {dMma Am¡a {dVH©$, {dMma àdmh, h_mar gm{hpË`H$ g_ñ`mE±, H$ënH$Vm,
gm{hË` H$m __©
y
H$Wm gm{hË` - ~mUH$Å> H$s AmË_H$Wm, _oKXyV
y
AZw{XV J«§W - àmMrZ ^maV H$m H$bmË_H$ {dH$mg, n«~§Y qMVm_{U, n«~§Y H$moeŸ
y
g§nm{XV J«§W - g§XoeamgH$, n¥ÏdramO amgmo, ZmW {gÕm| H$s ~m{Z`m±
BgHo$ A{V[aŠV AmnZo {díd^maVr ZmJar àMm[aUr n{ÌH$m H$m AZyemgZ Am¡a AÝ` _hÎdnyU© gm{hpË`H$
n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g§nmXZ H$m`© ^r {H$`m h¡Ÿ& qhXr Ho$ g_mbmoMH$m| Am¡a {Z~§YH$mam| _| AmnH$m AË`§V _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ
h¡Ÿ&
{h§Xr {Z~§Y gm{hË` H$s {dH$mg à{H«$`m _| hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXrOr H$m `moJXmZ g~go _hÎdnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo qhXr JÚ H$s Aì`dpñWV Am¡a A{ZpíMV Xem H$mo gwYmamŸ& ^mfm _| go ì`mH$aU g§~§Yr Xmofm| H$mo Xya {H$`mŸ&
qhXr {Z~§Y H$m a§J-én J§^ra ~Zm`mŸ& {Z~§Ym| H$mo A{YH$ ~m¡{ÕH$ ~Zm`mŸ& _amR>r Ho$ {Z~§YH$ma {MnbyUH$a Ho$
{Z~§Ym| H$m "{Z~§Y-_mbmXe©' Zm_ go qhXr _| AZwdmX {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {df` H$s Ñ{ï> go {Z~§Y H$m n`m©ßV {dH$mg {H$`mŸ&
CÝhmoZo d¡km{ZH$, gm{hpË`H$, g_rjmË_H$, ^mdmË_H$, nwamVÎd, dm{UÁ` Am{X {df`m| go gå~§{YV J§^ra e¡br _|
{Z~§Y {bIo h¢Ÿ&
1.3.3
"ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$m ñdê$n :
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ ~hþM{M©V {Z~§YH$ma AmMm`© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXrOr H$m "ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' gdm}ËH¥$ï>
{Z~§Y h¡Ÿ& "H$ënH$Vm' {Z~§Y g§J«h _| g§H${bV Bg {Z~§Y _| _Zwî` H$s d¥{Îm-àd¥{Îm`m| H$m _m{_©H$Vm go {ddoMZ
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ {dMmamZwgma ZmIyZ H$m ~T>Zm newVm H$m bjU h¡Ÿ& ZmIyZ H$mo ~ma-~ma H$mQ>Zo Ho$ ~mX ^r CZH$m
~T>Zm {Za§Va Omar ahVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m AW© h¡ _Zwî` _| hmoZodmbr newVm h_oem qOXm ahVr h¡Ÿ& Bg ~mV na CÝhm|Zo AnZr
am` ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& do H$hVo h¡, ""ZmIyZ H$m ~T>Zm _Zwî` Ho$ ^rVa H$s newVm H$s {ZemZr h¡, bo{H$Z Cgo ~T>Zo Z XoZm
AWm©V ~T>Zo go amoH$Zm _Zwî` H$s AnZr BÀN>m h¡Ÿ& BVZmhr Zht dh AnZm AmXe© h¡Ÿ&
dV©_mZ `wJ _| eñÌm|-AñÌm| H$s g§»`m ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡Ÿ& {díd H$m ha Xoe ajm Ho$ Zm_na {dZmeH$mar hË`mam|
H$s g§»`m ~T>m ahm h¡Ÿ& `h ~mV {ÛdoXrOr H$mo {~bHw$b ng§V Zht h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ {dMmamZwgma eñÌm|-AñÌm| H$mo gmoM
g_PH$a ~T>Zo XoZm, `h ^r newVm H$s {ZemZr h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z {dídem§{V Ed§ {dídH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE eñÌm|-AñÌm| H$s
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~mT> H$mo amoH$Zm _Zwî`Ëd H$m VH$mOm h¡Ÿ& {Z~§Y Ho$ A§V _| CÝhm|Zo `h _m¡{bH$ g§Xoe {X`m h¡ {H$ "ZmIyZ ~T>Vo h¢ Vmo
~T>|, bo{H$Z _Zwî` CÝh| ~T>Zo Zht XoJmŸ&'
ZmIyZ H$s Amoa XoIH$a boIH$ H$m _Z {Zame hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& do _Z hr _Z gmoMVo ahVo h¢, Am{Ia _Zwî` {H$g
Amoa ~T> ahm h¡? h_mam B{Vhmg Bg~mV H$m gmjr h¡ {H$ _Zwî` newVm H$s Amoa ~T> ahm h¡Ÿ& dh Aó ~T>mZo H$s Amoa
~T> ahm h¡Ÿ& ZIYa _Zwî` A~ A°Q>_ ~_na ^amogm H$aHo$ AmJo H$s Amoa Mb nS>m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z g_` H$s _m§J `h h¡
_Zwî` H$mo new ~ZH$a AmJo Zht ~T>Zm Mm{hEŸ& Cgo H$moB© Am¡a amñVm ImoOZm Mm{hEŸ& dmñVd _| _Zwî` new go {^Þ
h¡Ÿ& Cg_| g§`_ h¡Ÿ& Xwgam| Ho$ gwI-Xw:I Ho$ à{V g§doXZm h¡, lÕm h¡, Ë`mJ h¡Ÿ& Jm¡V_ ~wÕ Ho$ {dMmamZwgma _Zwî` g~go
Xw:I-gwI H$mo ghmZw^y{V Ho$ gmW XoIVm h¡Ÿ& Aqhgm, gË` Am¡a AH«$moY_ybH$ Y_© H$m ñdrH$ma H$a _Zwî`Vm H$s
ajm H$aZm `hr _Zwî` H$m na_{à` H$V©ì` h¡Ÿ&
^maVdf© Ho$ AZoH$ F${f_w{Z`m| Zo _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî` ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡Ÿ& Cg_| g§`_ Am¡a gä`Vm H$s
^mdZm OJmH$a Cgo newVm go AbJ H$aZo Ho$ à`mg {H$E h¢Ÿ& {\$a ^r _Zwî` A§Xa H$s newVm N>moS>Zo Ho$ {bE V¡æ`ma
Š`m| Zht hmoVm? Bg gdmb go boIH$ naoemZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW _Zwî` O~VH$ A§Xa H$s newVm Zht N>moS>oJm V~VH$
dh gwIr Zht hmoJmŸ& Bg ~mV H$m g§Ho$V ^r {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
1.3.4
"ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$m Ame` :
{Z~§Y Ho$ A§V _| {dídem§{V H$m g§Xoe XoZodmbo {dídÁ`mo{V amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§YrOr H$m Zm_{ZX}e {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
EH$ ~yT>o H$m g§X^© XoH$a CZHo$ Xme©{ZH$ {dMmam| go {díddm{g`m| H$mo n[a{MV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Jm§YrOr H$hm H$aVo Wo,
"_Zwî` h_oem gwI nmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z _Zwî` H$mo `h _mby_ Zht H$s gwI ~mha Zht A§Xa hmoVm
h¡Ÿ& Cgo nmZo Ho$ {bE qhgm H$m Ë`mJ H$amo, Ûof-H«$moY go _wŠV hmo OmAmo, {Za§Va H$_© H$aVo ahmo, Amam_ H$aZm N>moS>mo,
ào_ H$amo, "{OAmo Am¡a {OZo Xmo' H$m ñdrH$ma H$amo!' Xw^m©½`de CZHo$ {dMmam| H$m ñdrH$ma H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` Jmobr
_maH$a CZH$s hË`m H$a ZE {gaogo newVm H$m àXe©Z {H$`mŸ& Bg KQ>Zm go {ÛdoXr ì`{WV hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& {\$a ^r do AnZm
AmemdmX ì`ŠV H$aVo h¡Ÿ& ^{dî` _| Eogm {XZ AmEJm Am¡a _Zwî` Ho$ ZmIwZm| H$m ~T>Zm ~§X hmoJmŸ& BgHo$ gmW _Zwî`
OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm ào_ _| h¢, _¡Ìr _| h¢, Ë`mJ _| h¢, AnZo H$mo g~Ho$ _§Jb Ho$ {bE {Z:eof ^md go Xo XoZo _| h¢Ÿ& `h
g§Xoe XoH$a _Zwî` H$mo ZmIyZ ~T>Zo Zht XoZm Mm{hEŸ& `h àoaUmXm`r g§Xoe XoVo h¢Ÿ&
boIH$ Ho$ {dMmamZwgma AÝ` àm{U`m| H$s Vah _Zwî` ^r àH¥${V H$s CnO h¡Ÿ& g^r gOrdm| Ho$ gmW g_mZ
ì`dhma H$aVr h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n AÝ` gOrdm| _| Omo newVm hmoVr h¡, dh _Zwî` _| ^r hmoVr h¢Ÿ& Bggo `h ñnîQ>
hmoVm h¡ {H$ _Zwî` AmgmZr go new ~Z gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z Cgo _Zwî` ~ZmZm ~hþV _wpíH$b hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` H$mo
_Zwî` ~ZmZo H$s à{H«$`m `wJm|-`wJm| go {Za§Va MbVr Am ahr h¡Ÿ& Y_m}nXoeH$, g§V, g_mOgwYmaH$, gm{hpË`H$,
{dX²dmZ `o g^r {_bH$a, _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî` ~ZmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo Am aho h¢Ÿ& {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Am¡a Y_©J«§Wm|
H$s ghmæ`Vmgo ^r `hr à`mg {H$`o Om aho h¡§ {H$ _Zwî` Am{Ia _Zwî` ~ZoŸ& dh _Zwî` O¡gm ì`dhma H$a|Ÿ&
bo{H$Z Bg H$m`© _| Ano{jV g\$bVm hmW Zht Am ahr h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z ^{dî` _| Bg H$m`© _| Oê$a g\$bVm
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{_boJrŸ& dh {XZ _Zwî`Om{V Ho$ {bE gw{XZ hmoJmŸ& Bg AmË_{dídmg Ho$ gmW boIH$ Zo gH$mamË_H$ {dMma
ì`ŠV {H$E h¡Ÿ&
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| ............. gm{hË` H$mo _hÎdnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) agàYmZ
(~) ^mdàYmZ
(H$) H$WmË_H$ (S>) H$WoÎma
2)
............. Zo {Z~§Y H$m a§J-ê$n J§^ra ~Zm`mŸ&
(A) _hmdra {ÛdoXr
(H$) em§{VàgmX {ÛdoXr
3)
"ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' `h {Z~§Y ............. g§J«h e_| g§H${bV h¡Ÿ&
(A) {Z~§Y _mbmXe©
(~) H$ënH$Vm
(H$) AemoH$ Ho$ \y$b (S>) {dMma àdmh
4)
ZmIyZ H$m ~T>Zm ............. H$m bjU h¡Ÿ&
(A) A_mZdr`Vm
(~) Agä`Vm
5)
1.5
(~) hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr
(S>) e§^wZmW {ÛdoXr
(H$) AZ¡{VH$
(S>) newVm
............. Ho$ _amR>r {Z~§Ym| H$m hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Zo qhXr _| AZwdmX {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
(A) ~m. gr. _T>}H$a
(~) {MnbwUH$a
(H$) aËZmH$a
(S>) ImS>rbH$a
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW© :
ghMa - gmW MbZo `m ahZodmbm
A_mdQ> - nHo$ Am_ H$m ag gwImH$a ~Zm`r hþB© _moQ>r naV
Jm{b~ - OrVZodmbm, {dO`r, à~b
IweZw_m - ^bm bJZodmbm, gw§Xa
OS>Vm - AMoVZm, AkmZ, _yI©Vm
AmË_VmofU - AmË_g§Vmof
ZIYa - ZmIyZ hmoZodmbm
~hZmoB© - ~hZ H$m n{V, ^{JZrn{V
nm§Sw>{b{n - nwñVH$ H$s hñV{b{IV n«{V
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COaV - _OXyar, nm[al{_H$
qOXm{Xbr - qOXm{Xb hmoZm
nm¡Y - CnO, n¡Xmíe
~obmJ - {H$gr H$s é[aAm`mV Z H$aZodmbm, Iam
gå~b - Ob, ghmam
OwPmê$ - bS>Zodmbm
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) H$WoÎma 2) hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr 3) H$ënH$Vm 4) newVm 5) {MnbwUH$a
1.7
gmam§e :
H$WoÎma gm{hË` _| "{Z~§Y' {dYm H$m ñWmZ gdm}ƒ h¡Ÿ& Bg {dYm H$m H$m\$s {dH$mg ^r hþAm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n
{Z~§Y {dYm Ho$ A§VJ©V "ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' Bg d¡Mm[aH$ {Z~§Y H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmMm`© hOmaràgmX
{ÛdoXrOr Zo Bg {Z~§Y _| _Zwî`Vm Am¡a newVm g§~§Yr AnZo _m¡{bH$ {dMma ì`ŠV {H$E h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW Am{X_ `wJ
go boH$a AmYw{ZH$ `wJVH$ newVm Zo _Zwî` H$m nrN>m Zht N>moS>m h¡, AWdm _Zwî` Zo newVm Ho$ hmoZodmbo ZmVm Zht
VmoS>m h¡Ÿ& g§jon _| àñVwV {Z~Y nmR>H$m| H$mo gmoMZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya H$aZodmbm {Z~§Y h¡Ÿ& h_ g~H$mo A§V_w©I
~ZmZodmbm `h {Z~§Y qhXr H$m gdm}ËH¥$ï> {Z~§Y h¡Ÿ&
{Z~§Y Ho$ A§Vr_ {hñgo _| _Zwî` H$mo newVm go D$na CR>mZm {H$gr EH$ H$m H$m_ Zht h¡Ÿ& `h H$m_ h_ g~ H$m
h¡Ÿ& gm{hË`, {ejm, H$bm Am{X g^r joÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî` ~ZmZo H$m H$m_ {Za§Va H$aVo ahZm Mm{hEŸ&
Bg ~mV H$m {OH«$ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& O~ _Zwî` O§Jbr Wm V~ Cgo ZmIwZm| H$s {ZVm§V OéaV Wr, bo{H$Z AmO ZmIwZ
~T>mZo H$s OéaV Zht h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V Ho$ {Z`_mZwgma ^bohr ZmIwZ ~T>Vo h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z CÝh| g_`na H$mQ>Vo ahZm `h _Zwî`Vm
H$m bjU h¡Ÿ& BgH$m ì`mnH$ AW© `h h¡ {H$ eñÌ-AñÌm| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZmŸ& ~_{dñ\$moQ> H$aVo ahZm, Mmam| Amoa
qhgm H$m _mhm¡b V¡æ`ma H$aZm `o g^r An«Ë`j ê$n _| ZmIwZ ~T>Zo `m ~T>mZo Ho$ bjU h¡§Ÿ& g§jon _| newVm H$s Amoa
Om aho _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî`Vm H$s Amoa bmZm `h h_ g~ H$m Img H$aHo$ gm{hË`H$mam| H$m A{Zdm`© H$V©ì` h¡Ÿ& Bg ~mV
gyVmodmM ^ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1) "ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$m Ame` ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
2) "ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$s àmg§{JH$Vm ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
3) "ZmIyZ Š`m| ~T>Vo h¢?' {Z~§Y H$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
4) _Zwî` _| {XImB© XoZodmbr newVm H$m gmoXmhaU {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
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1.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
1)
_amR>r Ho$ {Z~§YH$mam| H$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
2) Amn {Og _mhm¡b _| ahVo h¢, Cg _mhm¡b _| _Zwî` _| {XImB© XoZodmbr newVm H$m {ddoMZ H$a|Ÿ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ:
1.10
1)
_Zwî` _| hmoZodmbr newVm H$m {MÌU {H$E hþE _amR>r {Z~§Ym| H$m AÜ``Z H$a|Ÿ&
2)
qhXr Am¡a _amR>r ^mfm Ho$ {OZ {Z~§Ym| _| _Zwî` _| {N>nr newVm H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡, CZH$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
®®®
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BH$mB© : 3
2. Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV (g§ñ_aU)
- ^rî_ gmhZr
2.1
CÔoí`
2.2
àñVmdZm
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1
^rî_ gmhZr H$m n[aM`
2.3.2
g§ñ_aU {dYm H$m n[aM`
2.3.3
"Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV' `enmbOr H$m n[aM`
2.3.4
"Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV' g§ñ_aU H$m Ame`
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
2.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7
gmam§e
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
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CÔoí` :
2.1
Bg BH$mB© H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Amn ð g§ñ_U {dYm H$m ñdê$n Am¡a {deofVmAm| go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
ð ^rî_ gmhZr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
ð Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV `enmbOr ì`{ŠVÎd go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
ð qhXr gm{hË` _| `enmbOr Ho$ `moJXmZ go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
2.2
àñVmdZm :
g§ñ_aU {dYm Ho$ A§VJ©V "Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV' Bg g§ñ_aU H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ~hþ_yIr à{V^m Ho$ YZr
^rî_ gmhZr Zo `h g§ñ_aU {bIm h¡Ÿ& qhXr Ho$ _hmZ gm{hË`H$ma `enmbOr H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a `h g§ñ_aU {bIm
J`m h¡Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ ~hZmoB© lr. M§ÐJwá {dÚmb§H$ma ~ma-~ma `enmbOr Ho$ ~mao _| ~mVMrV H$aVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s
~mVMrV go ào[aV ^rî_ gmhZr `enmb H$s aMZmE± nT>Vo ahVo h¡Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfme¡br go H$m\$s à^m{dV hmoH$a
`enmbOr H$m gm{hË` J§^raVm go nT>Vo ahVo h¢Ÿ& _w§~B© _| àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K Ûmam Am`mo{OV Obgo _| `enmbOr
H$mo XoIZo Am¡a gwZZo H$m CÝho _m¡H$m {_bVm h¡Ÿ& H$B© dfm] ~mX _mñH$mo _| XmoZm| H$s ^|Q> hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& AnZo {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW
`enmbOr ^rî_ gmhZr (_mñH$mo _|) Ho$ Ka AmVo-OmVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& Bggo boIH$ `enmbOr Ho$ A§Va§J go n[a{MV hmo
OmVo h¡Ÿ& _mñH$mo go bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM nÌmMma Omar ahVm h¡Ÿ& ~r_mar Ho$ H$maU BbmO Ho$ {bE `enmbOr
H$mo {X„r AmZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n `enmbOr Ho$ ì`{ŠVÎd Ed§ H$V¥©Îd H$s gmar {deofVmE± ^rî_ gmhZr H$mo
_mby_ hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ H$hZo na do "{Xì`m' CnÝ`mg H$m A§J«oOr _| AZwdmX ^r H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AZwdmX ~ohX ng§V AmZo
Ho$ H$maU CgH$mo àH$m{eV H$aZo H$s g^r {Oå_oXmar`m± `enmb ñd`§ {Z^mVo h¢Ÿ& `enmbOr Ho$ JwOa OmZo Ho$ ~mX
CZH$s T>oa gmar ñ_¥{V`m± boIH$ Ho$ _Z _| VamoVmOm hmoVr h¢Ÿ& CZ_| go C„oIZr` Am¡a àoaUmXm`r ñ_¥{V`m| H$m
AmË_r`Vm nyd©H$ {H$`m hþAm {ddoMZ `hr `h g§ñ_aU h¡Ÿ& ^mdnyU© Am¡a amoMH$ ^mfme¡br _| {bIm hþAm `h
g§ñ_aU nmR>H$m| H$mo ~ohX ng§V AmVm h¡Ÿ&
2.3
2.3.1
{df` {ddoMZ :
^rî_ gmhZr H$m n[aM` :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mb Ho$ OmZo-_mZo gm{hË`H$ma ^rî_ gmhZr H$m OÝ_ _Ü`d{J©` n[adma _| hþAm WmŸ& Ka _|
gm{hpË`H$ _mohm¡b hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~MnZ go CÝho gm{hË` H$s é{M ahr h¡Ÿ& do JÚ gm{hË` H$s Amoa _wS> J`oŸ& gd©àW_
CÝhm|Zo H$hmZr {bIrŸ& ~mX _| `h {gb{gbm {Za§Va Omar ahmŸ& CÝhm|Zo H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$, g§nmXZ, OrdZr,
~mb-gm{hË` Am{X {dYmAm| _| gm{hË` g¥OZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
~MnZ go hr do ào_M§X Am¡a n§. gwXe©ZOr Ho$ gm{hË` go ào[aV aho h¢Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ñd`§ Bg ~mV H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`m
h¡ {H$ ào_M§X H$m CnZa à^md WmŸ& bo{H$Z do `h Zht MmhVo H$s CZH$s VwbZm ào_M§X Ho$ gmW hr OmEŸ& CZHo$ JÚ
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gm{hË` g~go à_wI {deofVm h¡ AZw^d H$s gƒmB©Ÿ& CZH$m nyam H$WmZH$ gm{hË` AZw^d na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo
CnÝ`mg H$s A{YH$m§e KQ>ZmE± Am¡a H$B© H$hm{Z`m± nyar Vah go AZw^d Ho$ AmYmana {bIr h¢Ÿ& O¡go Zrbr Am±I|,
Mr\$ H$s XmdV, g_m{Y, àmo\o$ga, A_¥Vga Am J`m h¡, I§S>ha, amYm-AZwamYm, {XdmñdßZ Am{X H$hm{Z`m±
AZw^d na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma "V_g' CnÝ`mg H$s Hw$N> KQ>ZmE±, ~g§Vr CnÝ`mg H$s ~g§Vr, Hw§$Vmo CnÝ`mg Ho$
àmo\o$gagm~ Am{X g^r nmÌ AZw^d go CVao h¢Ÿ& "V_g' O¡go CnÝ`mg _| CÝhmoZo gm§àXm{`H$Vm Ho$ `WmW© én Ho$
geH$Vmgo {XIm`m h¡Ÿ& VËH$mbrZ n[apñWV Ho$ `WmW© én H$mo AnZo AZw^dm| Ho$ gmW Xem©`m h¡Ÿ& Xoe{d^mOZ Ho$
~mX ^S>H$ D$R>o gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jm| H$m Agbr ê$n {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
bmoH$moÝ_wI H$WmZH$, AmYw{ZH$Vm ~moY Am¡a gm_m{OH$ à{V~ÕVm `o CZHo$ H$Wm gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE±
h¢Ÿ& _mŠg©dmX Ho$ à^md Ho$ H$maU {ZåZJd© Ho$ emofU H$m H$éZ {MP {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ` AmX_r H$mo H|$Ð _|
aIH$a CgH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H$Wm gm{hË` Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Cno{jV Am_ AmX_r H$mo
Ý`m` XoUo H$m _hÎdnyU© H$m_ CÝhmoZo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ "na `h Š`m' Am¡a "Ohþa~aìhm' O¡gr
H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝhmoZo gm{hË`H$mam| H$mo CZHo$ Xm{`Ëd Ho$ à{V OmJ¥V H$aZo H$m H$m_ ^r CÝhm|Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
do g_Ýd`dmXr Am¡a _Ü`_ _mJ© H$mo AnZmZo dmbo boIH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Am¡a nmíMmË`
gä`Vm XmoZm| _| g_Ýd` bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡Ÿ& CÝh| AVrV go bJmd hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$mo
H$ënZm Ho$ a§J _| a§JH$a AmYw{ZH$ g§X^© _| àñVwV H$aZo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© ^r CÝhm|Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& CZH$s I§S>ha,
AVrV Ho$ ñda, _H$~am Am¡a emh eoa Abr Am{X H$B© H$hm{Z`m± Eogr h¢ {OZ_| B{Vhmg gm\$ PbH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
g§jon _| gmhZr Or àJ{Verb na§nam Ho$ e{ŠVembr gm{hË`H$ma h¡Ÿ& {OÝhm|Zo H$ar~ gmV CnÝ`mg, ~mah
H$hmZr g§J«h, nm±M ZmQ>H$, OrdZr, {Z~§Y Am{X {d{dY {dYmAm| _| gm{hË` g¥OZ H$a qhXr gm{hË` H$mo g§nÞ Am¡a
g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
g§ñ_aU gm{hË` Ho$ {dH$mg Ed§ CÞ`Z H$s {Xem _| C„oIZr` `moJXmZ XoZodmbo g§ñ_aUH$mam| _o§ go ^rî_
gmhZr EH$ h¡Ÿ& "Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XVy ' `h CZH$m ~hþM{M©V g§ñ_aU h¡Ÿ& àñVwV g§ñ_aU qhXr Ho$ à{WV`e gm{hË`H$ma
`enmbOr H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a {bIm hþAm AZyR>m g§ñ_aU h¡Ÿ& Bg g§ñ_aU _| `enmb Or Ho$ A§Va§J H$mo AmË_r`Vm
go {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `enmb EH$ OwPmê$ boIH$ WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo gm{hpË`H$ OrdZ _| H$^r g_Pm¡Vo Zht {H$E WoŸ&
`h ~mV ^rî_ gmhZr H$mo ~ohX ng§V AmVr h¡Ÿ& nwañH$ma nmZo Ho$ {bE `enmbOrZo amÁ`gÎmm H$mo H$^r Iye Zht
{H$`mŸ& n[aUm_ñdê$n CÝho gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$m nwañH$ma {_bm, bo{H$Z _aUmonam§VŸ& CZH$s {Zð>m, ÑT>Vm, {ZS>a
ñd^md Am¡a ~obmJ ì`{ŠVËd go ^rî_ gmhZr H$m\$s à^m{dV hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& BVZmhr Zht CÝho "Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV'
H$hH$a CZHo$ à{V AmpË_`Vm ^r ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
2.3.2
g§ñ_aU {dYm H$m n[aM` :
JÚ gm{hË` H$s AÝ` {dYmAm| _| "g§ñ_aU' EH$ _hÎdnyU© {dYm h¡Ÿ& Bg {dYm H$m CX²^d AmMm`© _hmdra
àgmX {ÛdoXr `wJ _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& "gañdVr' Bg `wJ H$s gdm©{YH$ _hÎdnyU© n{ÌH$m WrŸ& Bg n{ÌH$m Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
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"g§ñ_aU' Bg H$WoÎma {dYm H$m àma§^ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m Ho$ {d{^Þ A§H$m| _| g_`-g_` na AZoH$
amoMH$ g§ñ_aU àH$m{eV hmoVo ahoŸ& ñd`§ _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Zo "AZw_moXZ H$m A§V', "g^m H$s gä`Vm' Am{X
aMZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go "g§ñ_aU' H$m lrJUoem {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| ~mb_wHw§$X Jwá Or H$m "h[aAm¢Y Or Ho$ g§ñ_aU'
`h J«§W C„oIZr` _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| {bIo JE A{YH$m§e g§ñ_aU àdmgr ^maVr`m| Ûmam {bIo J`o h¢Ÿ& BZ_|
go A{YH$m§e g§ñ_aUm| H$m CÔoe Wm, npíM_ H$s arVr-Zr{V`m|, Xe©Zr` ñWbm| Am{X go n[a{MV H$amZm WmŸ&
n[aUm_ñdê$n BZH$s e¡br {Z~§YmË_H$ hmo J`r h¡Ÿ&
C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ qhXr g§ñ_aU gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmZo _| _hmXodr d_m© Zo AË`{YH$ _hËdnyU©
`moJXmZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& "AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ', "ñ_¥{V H$s aoImE§', "nW Ho$ gmWr', "ñ_m[aH$m' Am¡a "_oam n[adma' CZHo$
_hÎdnyU© g§ñ_aU g§J«h h¡Ÿ& Bg {dYm H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo _| àH$meM§Ð Jwá, ~Zmagr Xmg MVwd}Xr, {ednyOZ ghm`,
gË`dVr _{„H$, Xod|Ð gË`mWu, em§{V{à` {ÛdoXr Am{X boIH$m| Zo _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m h¡Ÿ& g§ñ_aU gm{hË` Ho$
Ab§H¥$V H$aZo dmbo H${d`m| _| _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr, am_Ym[aqgh {XZH$a VWm h[ad§eam` ~ƒZ BZH$m `moJXmZ ^r
C„oIZr` h¡Ÿ&
`enmb Ho$ à{V ^rî_ gmhZr Ho$ _Z _| AZoH$ ñ_¥{V`m± ^ar h¢Ÿ& CZ_| go _hÎdnyU© ñ_¥{V`m| H$mo eãX~Õ {H$`m
h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ ~hZmoB© lr. MÝÐJwá {dÚmb§H$ma h_oem `enmbOr H$m {OH«$ {H$`m H$aVo WoŸ& Š`m|{H$ do XmoZmo JwéHw$b
~m§JS>r Ho$ ghnmR>r WoŸ& M§ÐJwá H$hm H$aVo Wo {H$ "`enmb EH$ Vah go \$m±gr Ho$ VŠVo na go CVa H$a gm{hË` _| Am`o
h¢Ÿ&' `| gmar ~mV| ~ma-~ma gwZZo Ho$ H$maU ^rî_ gmhZr `enmbOr H$m gm{hË` nT>Zm ewê$ H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$m "qnOao
H$s CS>mZ' H$hmZr g§J«h nT>H$a do à^m{dV hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s ^mfm CZna OmXy H$m H$m_ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z _|
^mdZmË_H$ _mhm¡b ~Zm XoZodmbr ^mfm CÝho ~ohX ng§V AmVr h¡Ÿ& n{Um_ñdê$n do `enmb Ho$ "{Xì`m', XmXm
H$m_aoS>, nmQ>u H$m_aoS>, O¡gr aMZmE± J§^raVm go nT>Vo h¢Ÿ&
_w§~B© _| àJ{Verb boIH$ g§KÛmam Am`mo{OV Obgo _| `enmbOr H$mo XoIZo H$m Am¡a gwZZo H$m _m¡H$m ^rî_
gmhZr H$mo {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Bg Obgo _| `enmbOr Zo "\y$bmo H$m Hw$Vm©' H$hmZr noe H$s WrŸ& ì`§Je¡br _| {bIr hþB© `h
H$hmZr ^rî_ gmhZr H$mo ~ohX ng§X WrŸ& BgHo$ ~mX ^rî_ gmhZr Ho$ ~S>o ^mB© ~bamO gmhZr Ho$ Ka _| `enmbOr
Am¡a ~bamO gmhZr XmoZm| H$s ~mVMrV gwZZo H$m Adga {_bVm h¡Ÿ& Bggo `enmbOr H$m aMZmAm| go CZH$m n[aM`
~T> OmVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z CZH$m ì`{ŠVJV n[aM` hmoVm h¡ - _mñH$mo _|Ÿ& O~ gmhZr _mñH$mo Ho$ {dXoer ^mfm àH$meZJ¥h
_| AZwdmXH$ H$m H$m_ {H$`m H$aVo WoŸ& `enmb AnZo {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW ^rî_ gmhZr Ho$ Ka AmVo-OmVo WoŸ& XmoZm| Ho$
~rM {d{dY {df`m| na ~hg hmoVr-ahVr WrŸ& Bg ~mVMrV go CZHo$ ì`{ŠVÎd H$s T>oa gmar {deofVmAm| go ^rî_
gmhZr {g\©$ n[a{MV hr Zht ~pëH$ H$m\$s à^m{dV hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&
2.3.3
"Z`o g§ñH$ma Ho$ AJ«XyV' g§ñ_aU H$m Ame` :
CZHo$ {dMmamZwgma `enmbOr ~hþAm`m_r ì`{ŠVÎd Ho$ YZr WoŸ& do XoIZo _| {OVZo Xw~bo Wo, CVZo AnZo
qMVZ _| AmoOñdr WoŸ& CÝh| Z AnZr Vmar\$ gwZZo H$m em¡H$ Wm, Z AnZr Vmar\$ IwX H$aZo H$mŸ& CZ_| PyR>r Z_«Vm
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{~ëHw$b Zht WrŸ& Omo ~mV _Z _| AmVr Wr H$h XoVo WoŸ& do ñnï>dŠVm WoŸ& AVrV H$s MMm© H$aZo _| CÝho {XbMñnr
ZhtŸWrŸ& CZH$m ~MnZ Jar~r _| {~Vm WmŸ& emXr Ho$ ~mX ^r CÝho Jar~r H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>m WmŸ& nËZr Ho$ gmW
{~Obr Ho$ eoS> ~ZmH$a ~oMZo H$m H$m_ ^r {H$`m WmŸ& {\$a ^r do AnZr Jar~r Ho$ {XZm| Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ Zht ~mobVo
WoŸ&
_mñH$mo go bm¡Q>Zo Ho$ ~mX `enmbOr go {_bZo H$m, ~mVMrV H$aZo H$m, nÌmMma Omar aIZo H$m Adga {Za§Va
{_bVm ahVm WmŸ& CZ {XZm| _| ^rî_ gmhZr qhXr gm{hË` H$m A§J«oOr _| AZwdmX {H$`m H$aVo WoŸ& `enmbOr H$s XmoVrZ H$hm{Z`m| H$m A§J«oOr _| {H$`m hþAm AZwdmX `enmbOr H$mo ~ohX ng§V Am`m WmŸ& Bg AZwdmX go ào[aV hmoH$a
CÝhm|Zo "{Xì`m' CnÝ`mg H$m A§J«oOr _| AZwdmX H$aZo H$s {Oå_oXmar ^rî_ gmhZr na gm¡nr WrŸ& `h {Oå_oXmar ~S>r
bJZ go {Z^mZo H$m H$m_ gmhZr Zo {H$`m WmŸ&
g§ñ_aU Ho$ A§V _| `enmbOr H$s ~r_mar Ho$ ~mao _| boIH$ Zo h_XXu H$s ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& BbmO Ho$
{bE CÝho {X„r AmZm nS>Vm WmŸ& O~ H$moB© CZH$s ~r_mar Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>Vm Vmo do H$hVo Wo, _wPo BVZo amoJ h¡ {H$
_¢ CZHo$ Zm_ VH$ ^yb OmVm h±yŸ& Bggo OrdZ H$s Amoa gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï>go XoIZo H$s, gwI Am¡a Xw:I XmoZm| H$m
àgÞVm go ñdmJV H$aZo H$s ^mdZm ì`ŠV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& CZH$s qOXm{Xbr A§{V_ gm±g VH$ ~Zr ahr WrŸ& AnZr
gm{hË`H¥${V`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Jhar _mZdr`Vm Am¡a AZwH$aUr` ^md-àdUVm go gm{hË` H$mo g_¥Õ ~ZmZodmbo
`enmbOr h_mao ~rM Zht aho, bo{H$Z Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV Ho$ ê$n _| CÝhm|oZo Omo `moJXmZ {X`m h¡, dh {Ma§Ordr
h¡Ÿ&
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
............. {dYm _| aMZmH$ma H$s ñ_¥{Vna A{YH$ ~b {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) AmË_H$Wm
(~) OrdZr
(H$) `mÌmd¥Îm (S>) g§ñ_aU
2)
............. H$mo Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV H$hm h¡Ÿ&
(A) Y_©nmb
(~) Yå_nmb
(H$) `enmb
^rî_ gmhZr Ho$ ~hZmoB© H$m Zm_ ............. h¡Ÿ&
(A) M§ÐJwá {dÚmb§H$ma
(H$) gy`©Jwá {dÚmb§H$ma
(~) ñH§$XJwá {dÚmb§H$ma
(S>) M§ÐgoZ {dÚmb§H$ma
3)
4)
(S>) ^ynmb
`enmb Ho$ ............. CnÝ`mg H$m ^rî_ gmhZr Zo A§J«oOr _| AZwdmX {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
(A) XmXm H$m_aoS>
(~) nmQ>u H$m_aoS>
(H$) {Xì`m
(S>) XoeÐmohr
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5)
2.5
àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K Zo ............. Obgo H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m WmŸ&
(A) dmamUgr
(~) à`mJ
(H$) H$mZnwa
(S>) _w§~B©
eãXmW© :
namYrZVm - Jwbm_r
O_mV - g_wXm`, Om{V, g§àXm`
H$amb - ^`mdh
~ag-Jm±R> - OÝ_{V{W
A{Yð>mZ - à^wÎd
_wH$på_b - V¡æ`ma
emoaJwb - ~mob~mbm
e¡{Wë` - WH$mZ
JÀN>§Vr - namO`
Y_m©W© - Y_© Ho$ {bEŸ
emoa-Jwb - H$mobmhb
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) g§ñ_aU 2) `enmb 3) M§ÐJwá {dÚmb§H$ma 4) {Xì`m 5) _§w~B©
2.7
gmam§e :
qhXr JÚ gm{hË` H$s H$WoÎma {dYmAm| _| go EH$ {dYm h¡ g§ñ_aUŸ& Bg_| aMZmH$ma AnZr ñ_¥{V H$mo {deof
_hÎd XoVm h¡Ÿ& ñ_¥{V Ho$ ~bna dh {H$gr {df` `m ì`{ŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| AnZo {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU©
~mV `h h¡ {H$ {Og ì`{ŠV AWdm ñWmZ Ho$ ~mao _| g§ñ_aU {bIZm h¡, Cggo Jham g§nH©$ hmoZm {ZVm§V Oéar h¡Ÿ&
gm_mÝ` bmoJ Am¡a new-n§N>r Ho$ ~mao _| ^r g§ñ_aU {bIm OmVm h¡Ÿ& {OZHo$ à{V AmË_r`Vm hmoVr h¡, K{Zð> n[aM`
hmoVm h¡, CZ g^r H$mo g§ñ_aU Ho$ nmÌ ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&
qhXr gm{hË` _| Bg {dYm H$m àma§^ ^maV|Xw h[aíMÝÐ a{MV "Hw$N> Amn ~rVr, Hw$N> OJ ~rVr' (1873
B©.) go _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg {dYm H$mo {dH${gV H$aZo _| lram_ e_m©, ~ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr, _hmXodr d_m©,
am_d¥j ~oZrnwar, A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, am_Hw$_ma d_m©, amO|Ð `mXd, h[ae§H$a nagmB©, am_Xahm {_l Am¡a
^rî_ gmhZr Am¡a _hmZw^mdm|Zo C„oIZr` `moJXmZ {X`m h¡Ÿ& BZ aMZmH$mam| Zo g§ñ_aU {dYm Ho$ ñWm{nV n¡Q>Z©
H$mo EH$ ZE gm±Mo _| T>mbm h¡Ÿ& Eogm H$aVo hþE ì`{ŠV-aoIm H$mo ^mdZmË_H$ a§J _| Z a±JVo hþE, n¡Zr {ZJmh go
XoIVo hþE Am¡a H$ht-H$ht ì`§JmË_H$ bhOo _| Cg ì`{ŠVaoIm H$mo C^maH$a Bg {dYm H$mo EH$ Z`m {ZIma
àXmZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
2.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
g§ñ_aU {dYm H$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
2)
"Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV' g§ñ_aU H$m Ame` {b{IEŸ&
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3)
"Z`o g§gma Ho$ AJ«XyV' Bg g§ñ_aU _| {M{ÌV `enmb H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
4) qhXr gm{hË` _| `enmb Ho$ `moJXmZ H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
2.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
1) _amR>r Ho$ {H$gr _hmZ gm{hË`H$ma H$m qhXr _| g§ñ_aU {b{IEŸ&
2) qhXr Am¡a _amR>r ^mfm _| {bIo JE g§ñ_aUm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
1) `enmb H$m "{Xì`m' CnÝ`mg n{T>EŸ&
®®®
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BH$mB© : 3
3. ~hþV
{XZm| Ho$ ~mX (S>m`ar A§e)
- am_Xae {_l
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
am_Xae {_l H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar A§e H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar A§e H$m Ame`
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
3.1
CÔoí` :
àñVwV BH$mB© H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ð Amn S>m`ar {dYm go n[a{MV hmo Om`|JoŸ&
ð AmnH$mo S>m`ar {dYm H$s Cn`wŠVVm _mby_ hmo Om`oJrŸ&
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ð am_Xae {_lOr Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VÎd go n[a{MV hmo Om`|JoŸ&
ð "~hþV {XZm| ~mX' Bg S>m`ar A§e H$s {deofVmE± _mby_ hmo Om`oJrŸ&
3.2 àñVmdZm :
"S>m`ar boIZ' {dYm _| am_Xae {_lOr Ho$ "~hþV {XZm| ~mX' Bg S>m`ar A§e H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& dmñVd
_| S>m`ar boIZ H$mo ñdV§Ì {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH¥${V XoZo Ho$ ~mao _| gm{hpË`H$m| Am¡a g_rjH$m| _| AmO ^r {ddmX
Omar h¡Ÿ& AmbmoÀ` S>m`ar A§e nmR>H$m| H$mo ào[aV H$aZodmbm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m _hÎdnyU© H$maU h¡ {df`m| _| hmoZodmbr
{d{dYVmŸ& àH¥${V H$m Hw$ebVm nyd©H$ _mZdrH$aU H$aVo hþE àH¥${V Am¡a _Zwî` Ho$ ~rM hmoZodmbo Am§V[aH$ g§~§Ym|
H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ A§VJ©V O¡go _m¡g_ ~XbVm h¡, F$Vy ~XbVm h¡, d¡go _Zwî` H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H¡$go
~XbVr h¡ BgH$m gmoXmhaU {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
~agmVr _m¡g_ H$m A{VaoH$ hmoZo go AmV§H$^am _mhm¡b H¡$go {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡, `h ñnï> {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW
nwñVH$ _obm Am¡a g§JmoîR>r BZ Xmo KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ {ddoMZ _| nwñVH$m| Ho$ à{V Am¡a g§Jmoï>r Ho$ ~mao _| {H$VZm AmH$f©U
h¡ Bg H$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& S>m`ar Ho$ A§{V_ A§e _| "Myho' g§~§Yr hmoZodmbr A§YlÕm H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Myho H$mo
JUoeOr H$s gdmar _mZZm `h EH$ {_W h¡Ÿ& Agb _| Myhm h_mao {bE hm{ZH$a àmUr h¡, `h ñnï> {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1 am_Xae {_l H$m n[aM` :
ào_M§X Ho$ Cnam§V qhXr CnÝ`mg Ho$ Z`m _moS> XoZodmbo CnÝ`mgH$mam| _| go am_Xae {_l EH$ h¡Ÿ& AnZr {d{eï>
{dMmaYmam Am¡a gO©ZmË_H$ e{ŠV Ho$ H$maU {_lOr Zo AnZm ñdV§Ì ì`{ŠVÎd ~Zm {b`m h¡Ÿ& ào_M§X Zo {Og
`WmW©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo J«hU {H$`m Wm, CZH$s na§nam H$mo AmJo ~T>mZo H$m lo` am_Xae {_l H$mo {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo AnZo "nmZr H$s àmMra', "O~ Qy>Q>Vm hþAm' Am¡a "gyIVm hþAm Vmbm~' BZ CnÝ`mgm§o _| J«m_m§Mb H$mo
àYmZVm Xr h¡Ÿ& CZH$m "O~ Qy>Q>Vm hþAm' `h CnÝ`mg CÎmaàXoe Ho$ H$N>ma A§Mb H$s X_Km|Q> g_ñ`mAm|, {dg§J{V`m|,
A^mdm| Am¡a Am§V[aH$ g§X^m} H$mo Vrd«Vm go A{^ì`ŠV H$aZodmbr EH$ geŠV H¥$Vr h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$sH$aU Am¡a
~mhar gä`Vm Ho$ g§H«$_U Ho$ ~rM {Za§Va ~Xb aho Jm§dm| Ho$ {d{^Þ Am`m_m| H$mo Bg CnÝ`mg _| CX²Km{Q>V {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
~rgdt gXr Ho$ N>R>o XeH$ _| H$hmZrH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| gm{hË`joÌ _| nXmn©U H$aZodmbo Am¡a {bIr Am§XmobZ `m
Jwa _| em{_b Z hmoZodmbo {_lOr AZoH$ {dYmAm| H$s aMZmAm| _| A{daV aV aho h¢Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$
OrdZ Ho$ à{V CZH$s gH$mamË_H$ Ñ{ï> h¡Ÿ& aMZm-j_Vm _| ÑT> AmñWm h¡Ÿ& do Xw{Z`m H$mo Iwbr Am§Im| go XoIVo h¢,
g_PVo h¢ Am¡a AnZo {ZîH$f© {ZH$bVo h¢Ÿ& {ZH$mbo JE {ZîH$mfm] H$mo AnZr H$hm{Z`m| _| ghO H$bmË_H$Vm Ho$ gmW
ì`ŠV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& dV©_mZ H$mbmdrY _| CZHo$ gn©X§e (1982), dg§V H$m EH$ {XZ (1982), Bg gR> H$hm{Z`m±
(1984), AnZo {b`o (1992), AmO H$m {XZ ^r (1996), EH$ H$hmZr bJmVma (1998), {\$a H$~ Am`|Jo (1998),
{dXyfH$ (2002) Am{X H$Bª H$hmZrg§J«h àH$m{eV hþE h¢Ÿ&
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"S>m`ar boIZ' H$bm H$m {dH$mg nmíMmË` gm{hË` à^md Ho$ H$maU hþAm h¡Ÿ& Bgo gm{hË` H$m ewÕê$n H$hZo
Ho$ ~Om` AY©-gm{hpË`H$ JÚê$n H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| boIH$ AnZo OrdZ `m OrdZ Ho$ {H$gr _hÎdnyU© àg§J H$mo
boH$a S>m`ar {bIVm h¡Ÿ& `WmW© H$mo g§jon _| Bg n«H$ma ì`ŠV {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ {dñVma Ho$ {~Zm g~Hw$N> ñnï> hmo
OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`§OZm, ì`§½` Am¡a dU©Z H$s gOrdVm go S>m`ar boIZ H$s à_wI {deofVmE± hmoVr h¢Ÿ& Bg_| S>m`ar boIH$
KQ>Zm-dU©Z Ho$ gmW-gmW AmË_-{díbofU g§~§Yr CZ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo ^r {M{ÌV H$aVm h¡, {Oggo CgH$m
ì`{ŠVËd _wI[aV hmo CR>Vm h¡Ÿ&
S>m`ar boIZ Ho$ Xmo àH$ma {H$E JE h¢Ÿ& EH$ h¡ "gm{hpË`H$ S>m`ar' Am¡a Xwgam h¡ "Eo{Vhm{gH$ S>m`ar'Ÿ&
gm{hpË`H$ S>m`ar _| boIH$ H$m ì`{ŠVËd {XImB© XoVm h¢, Vmo Eo{Vhm{gH$ S>m`ar _| KQ>ZmAm| H$s `WmW©Vm à{Vq~~rV
hmoVr h¡Ÿ& qhXr _| gZ² 1930 go S>m`ar boIZ H$m àma§^ hþAm & ZaXod emór doXVrW© H$mo qhXr Ho$ àW_ S>m`ar boIH$
H$m lo` {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& A{YH$ go A{YH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$m dU©Z H$_ go H$_ eãXm| _| {H$E OmZodmbr Bg {dYm H$mo
qhXr gm{hË` _| {dH${gV H$aZodmbo S>m`ar boIH$m| _| {ZåZm§{H$V boIH$m| H$m `moJXmZ C„oIZr` _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
O¡go KZí`m_ Xmg {~S>bm (S>m`ar Ho$ Hw$N> nÞo), am_àgmX amdr (~wH$goba H$s S>m`ar), S>m°. gwerbm Zm`a (Jm§Yr
Or H$s H$mamdmg `mÌm), g‚mZqgh (bS>mI `mÌm H$s S>m`ar), {Z_©bm Xoenm§S>o (gdm}X` nX`mÌm), Xm_moXa Xmg
_y±XS>m ({dZmo~m Ho$ gmW), BbmM§X Omoer (_oar S>m`ar Ho$ Zrag n¥ð>)Ÿ&
Bg {dYm Ho$ AÝ` _hÎdnyU© aMZmH$mam| _| H$Ýh¡`mbmb {_l, Y_©dra ^maVr, S>m°. OJXre Jwá Am¡a am_Xae
{_l H$m `moJXmZ ^r C„oIZr` _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
3.3.2
"~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar A§e H$m n[aM` :
{H$gr ì`{ŠV Ho$ OrdZ _| {H$gr {deof {XZ Š`m - Š`m KQ>Vm h¡, Š`m - Š`m H$aVm h¡, Š`m - Š`m AZw^d
H$aVm h¡, Š`m - Š`m gmoMVm {dMmaVm h¡, {H$g - {H$g go {_bVm h¡, Am{X H$m {ddaU Cgr {XZ {bI S>mbVm h¡,
Vmo Eogo {XZm| H$m {ddaU l¥§Ibm Cg ì`{ŠV H$s "S>m`ar' ~Z OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bgo "X¡Z§{XZr' ^r H$hm OmV h¡Ÿ& dmñVd _|
S>m`ar Cg ì`{ŠV H$s {ZOr XñVmdoO hmoVr h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n A{YH$m§e "S>m`[a`m±' AnZo _yb ê$n _| àH$m{eV Z
hmoH$a g§nm{XV ê$n _| àH$m{eV hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
qhXr _| "S>m`ar' boIZ H$m àma§^ ^maV|Xw - `wJ _o§ hþAm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z A~VH$ ~hþV H$_ S>m`[a`m± àH$m{eV hþB©
h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n "S>m`ar' {dYm H$mo ~hþV g§nÞ Zht H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& dmñVd _| "S>m`ar' boIH$ Ho$ g_`, n[adoe,
ì`{ŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VÎd H$mo OmZZo - g_PZo H$s Ñ{ï> go {ZVm§V Cn`moJr hmoVr h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$
aMZmH$ma AnZo ì`{ŠVJV OrdZ _| Ag§Vmof, Xw:I Am¡a nrS>m H$s pñW{V`m| go H¡$go JwOaVm h¡, `h gË` S>m`ar go
nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo AmVm h¡Ÿ& AmOH$b qhXr _| S>m`ar H$m àH$meZ Omoa nH$S> ahm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n S>m`ar gm{hË`
g§nÞ hmoVm Om ahm h¡Ÿ&
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3.3.3
"~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar A§e H$m Ame` :
qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ OmZo_mZo boIH$ am_Xae {_l H$m "~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar dU©Z amoMH$ Am¡a à^mdnyU© h¡Ÿ&
Bg_| boIH$ H$s g§doXZerbVm, gO©ZerbVm Am¡a ^mdm| H$s CËH$Q>Vm ñnï>én go {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ& S>m`ar Ho$ àma§^
_| boIH$ Zo "_m¡g_' _Zwî` H$m "_Z' Am¡a "H$b_' BZ {VZm| Ho$ Am§V[aH$ g§~§Ym|H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& _m¡g_
Am¡a _Zwî` H$m _Z XmoZm| EH$ Xygao na {Z^©a ahVo h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n _m¡g_ ~XbVo hr _Z H$s pñW{V ~XbVr h¢Ÿ& O¡go
nmdg H$m AmJ_Z hmoVm h¡ d¡go _Z Iwer go ZmM CR>Vm h¡Ÿ& Z`r-Z`r H${dVmE± {bIZo H$s àoaUm nmdg go {_bVr
h¡Ÿ& nmdg H$m ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmar àH¥${V ì`mHw$b hmo CR>Vr h¡Ÿ& new-n§N>r, noS>-nm¡Yo, nhmS>, nd©V, Z{X`m±,
gmJa gmao nmdg Ho$ AmJ_Z go _mZm| Iwer go nmJb hmo OmVo h¡§Ÿ& `hm± am_XaeOrZo àH¥${V H$m ~hþV hr gw§Xa
_mZdrH$aU {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
{_lOr Ho$ {dMmamZwgma _m¡g_ Ho$ Xmo ñdV§Ì ê$n hmoVo h¢Ÿ& EH$ ê$n "g§`{_VVm' H$m Am¡a Xygam "A{VaoH$s'
hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g§`{_V ê$n AmZ§XXm`r hmoVm h¡ Am¡a A{VaoH$s ê$n `mVZmXm`r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& O~ _m¡g_ A{VaoH$s én YmaU H$a
boVm h¡ V~ g^r K~am OmVo h¡§Ÿ& bo{H$Z _m¡g_ Ho$ g§`{_V ê$n go g^r AmZ§XrV hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& nmdg H$m CXmhaU XoH$a
CÝhm|Zo àH¥${V Ho$ g^r A§Jm| na nmdg H$m Š`m Aga hmoVm h¡ BgH$m g§doXZerb dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go J_u H$m _m¡g_
ewê$ hmo OmVm h¡, d¡go _Z K~amVm h¡, nmZr ~agZo H$s à{Vjm H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z O¡go nmdg CÝ_Îm hmo CR>Vm h¡
V~ Mmam| Amoa AmV§H$-hr-AmV§H$ \¡$b OmVm h¡Ÿ&
eaX, ho_§V Am¡a {e{ea BZ {VZ F$VwAm| H$m à^md ñnï> ê$n go {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go eaX H$m AmJ_Z hmoVm
h¡ d¡go nmdg H$s Kmoa KZ-JO©Zm H$_ hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& YaVr Zhm YmoH$a ZE F$Vw H$m ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gO-YOH$a
V¡æ`ma hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& ho_§V Ho$ AmJ_Z H$s gyMZm gd©àW_ eaX XoVm ho, Bg{bE Cgo ho_§V H$m AJ«XyV H$hm h¡Ÿ& ho_§V
Ho$ AmZo go Mmam| Amoa R>§S>H$ ^a OmVr h¡Ÿ& g¥{ï> Ho$ H$Z-H$Z _| AX²^wV VmOJr ^a OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg R>§S>H$ _| ñ\y${V© hmoVr
h¡, àH¥${V H$mo J{V_mZ ~ZmZo H$s e{ŠV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht boIH$ H$s boIZr ^r g¥OZerb hmo CR>Vr h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z
h|_V H$m g_má hmoZm Am¡a {e{ea H$m Am OmZm Bg g§H«$_U H$mb _| R>§S>H$ A{VaoH$s hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& CgH$m ~yam Aga
àH¥${V Ho$ ha A§J _| {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& AdH$me àm{á Ho$ H$maU boIH$ H$mo ~XbVo _m¡g_ H$m ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE
Imbr g_` ^r {_bVm h¡Ÿ&
boIH$ Ho$ {dMmamZwgma _m¡g_ Am¡a C_« H$m ^r g§~§Y hmoVm h¡Ÿ& C_« Ho$ AZwgma _m¡g_ H$m ñdmJV H$aZo H$s
j_Vm H$_-OmXm hmoVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& ~MnZ Am¡a OdmZr _| _Zwî` h±gVo-h±gVo erV H$m ñdmJV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~wT>mno
_| _m¡g_ go bS>Zo Am¡a CZHo$ X§e H$mo ghOVm go ghZo H$s e{ŠV Zht hmoVrŸ& AR>mgr gmb H$s C_« _| _m¡g_ Ho$
n[aUm_m| H$mo PobZo H$s VmH$V Zht h¡ `h amO H$s ~mV ^r am_Xae {_lOr Zo ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ&
O¡go-O¡go C_« ~T> OmVr h¡ d¡go ì`W©Vm ~moY go JwOaZo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ g_` {_bVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s AZw^y{V
boIH$ Zo br h¡Ÿ& "Aja_' g§Jmoð>r Ho$ Z`o A§H$ H$m bmoH$mn©U CZHo$ hmWm| go H$aZm V` hþAm WmŸ& bo{H$Z _m¡g_
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A{YH$ Iam~ Z hmo `h qMVm CÝho gVmVr ahVr h¡Ÿ& g§`moJde _m¡g_ {~KS>Zo Ho$ ~Om` AZwHy$b ahZo Ho$ H$maU
g§Jmoð>r bm^Xm`r Am¡a Z`r Cî_m XoZodmbr em{~V hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&
g§Jmoð>r {Og _mhm¡b _| g§nÞ hþB© CgH$m {dñVma go dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Zaoe em§{S>ë`, gañdVr (boIH$ H$s
nËZr) e{eH$m§V, AbH$m, g§JrVm e_m© Am{X go _wbmH$mV§o hmo OmZo Ho$ H$maU boIH$ àgÞ hmo OmVo h¡§Ÿ& ñdm_r
{ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ 150 dr OÝ_{XZ Ho$ Cnbú` _| g§Jmoð>r H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m WmŸ& g§JrVH$ma g§O` à^mH$a Zo {ddoH$mZ§X
na {bIr JB© H${dVm H$m Am¡a {_lOr H$s "~Zm`m h¡ _¢Zo `o Ka Yrao-Yrao' Bg JOb H$m à^mdembr Jm`Z go gmam
_mhm¡b amo_m§{MV hmo CR>Vm h¡Ÿ&
OZdar 2013 H$s amV Omo KZKmoa ~agmV hþB© Wr, CgH$m dU©Z ^r S>m`ar _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ& gmar amV nmZr
~agZo Ho$ H$maU Omo naoemZr hþB© Wr CgH$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ Amoa {H$gmZ Bg ~agmV H$m ñdmJV H$aVo
h¢ Vmo Xygar Amoa ehar _mZ{gH$Vm Ho$ {eH$ma hþE bmoJ AnZr naoemZr H$mo XmohamVo ahVo h§¡Ÿ& Agb _| {H$gmZm| Ho$
{bE ~agmV H$m g_`na ~agZm daXmZ em{~V hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z g_` go nhbo Am¡a g_` Ho$ ~mX hmoZodmbr ~agmV
A{^emn H¡$go ~ZVr h¡Ÿ& BgH$m {dñVma go dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
19
"nwñVH$ _obm' `h Bg S>m`ar H$m g~go _hÎdnyU© A§e h¡Ÿ& Bggo boIH$ Ho$ _Z _| nwñVH$m| Ho$ à{V {H$VZm ß`ma
^am h¡ BgH$m A§XmOm bJm`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& KZKmoa ~m[ae Am¡a Mmam| Amoa ^ar hþB© R>§S>H$ _| ^r do nwñVH$ Ho$ _obo
_| em{_b hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ& ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, {X„r X²dmam Am`mo{OV "nwñVH$ _obm' nmR>H$m|, boIH$m| Am¡a ~ƒmo§ Ho$
{bE kmZ H$m ^§S>ma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _obo _| boIH$, àH$meH$ Amng _| {_bVo ahVo h¢Ÿ& Z`r nwñVH|$ àH$m{eV H$aZo H$s
`moOZm ~ZmVo h¢Ÿ& BZ gmar ~mVm| H$m {dñVma go dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
"Myhm' `h Bg S>m`ar H$m C„oIZr` {hñgm h¡Ÿ& ~Jbdmbo ßbmQ> Ho$ EH$ Jhao JÈ>o _| \±$go hþE Mwho H$mo XoIH$a
boIH$ Ho$ _Z _| Omo {dMma Am OmV| h¡§ CgH$m _m{_©H$Vm go {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Xygam| H$mo gVmZodmbo Myho H$mo JUoeOr
H$s gdmar g_PH$a Z _maZm CÝh| ng§X Zht h¡Ÿ& Agb _| Myho H$mo JUoe H$m dmhZ g_PZm EH$ {_W h¡Ÿ& gƒmB© `hr
h¡ {H$ Myho h_mao Kam|, IoV-I{bhmZm| Ho$ Xwí_Z h¡§Ÿ& CÝho _maZm hr Mm{hEŸ& Y_©-AY_© H$s ~mV| H$aZodmbo bmoJ AÝ`
newn§{N>`m| H$mo _maVo h¢, Am¡aVmo§ Am¡a X{bVm| Ho$ gmW nmedr ì`dhma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& V~ BZH$m Y_© H$hm± Jw_ hmo OmVm h¡?
`h gdmb CR>mVo hþE CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ OS>Vm H$mo Y_© H$m `WmW© _mZZodmbo bmoJ ghr ~mV H$mo g_PVo hr Zht h¡Ÿ&
Zm H$^r g_P {b`m h¡ Am¡a Zm H$^r g_P b|JoŸ&
g§jon _| amoMH$ e¡br _| {bIm hþAm `h S>m`ar H$m A§e nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE àoaUmXm`r h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V g§~§Yr Z`o
{dMmam| H$s XoZ XoZodmbm h¡Ÿ& Y_© Am¡a AY_© Ho$ ~mao _| Z`r Ñ{ï> XoZodmbm h¡Ÿ&
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
............. S>m`ar _| KQ>ZmAm| H$s `Wm©WVm {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ&
(A) gm{hpË`H$
(~) amOZr{VH$
(H$) Ym{_©H$
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(S>) Eo{Vhm{gH$
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3.5
2)
qhXr _| S>m`ar boIZ {dYm H$m àma§^ ............. _| hþAm h¡Ÿ&
(A) gZ² 1920
(~) gZ² 1930
(H$) gZ² 1940 (S>) gZ² 1950
3)
ho_§V F$Vw Ho$ AmJ_Z H$s gyMZm ............. XoVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) eaX
(~) dg§V
(H$) {e{ea
(S>) J«rî_
4)
nmdg ............. hmoVo hr Mmam| Amoa AmV§H$ H$m _mhm¡b {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) CÝ_Îm
(~) CXmg
(H$) CXmÎm
(S>) CÚwŠV
5)
Myho H$mo JUoe Or gdmar _mZZm ............. h¡Ÿ&
(A) {_W
(~) na§nam
(H$) ê$T>r
(S>) àVrH$
eãXmW© :
CnZm_ - nwH$maZo H$m Zm_
g{hîUw - ghZerb
F$Vw - _m¡g_
F$VwÌ`-VrZ F$VwE± - Ja_r, dfm© Am¡a OmS>m
_wN>§Xa - ~S>r _y±N>m| dmbm
{_eZar - B©gmB© Y_m}nXoeH$
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) Eo{Vhm{gH$ 2) gZ² 1930 3) eaX 4) CÝ_Îm 5) {_W
3.7
gmam§e :
àñVwV S>m`ar A§e _| S>m°. am_Xae {_lOr Zo _m¡g_, _Zwî` H$m _Z Am¡a H$g_, nwñVH$ _obm Am¡a Myhm BZ
VrZ {df`m| go g§~§{YV AnZo _m¡{bH$ {dMma ì`ŠV {H$E h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ à{V AnZr g§doXZmE±, ^mdZmE± àH$Q> H$s h¡Ÿ&
n[aUm_ñdê$n "~hþV {XZm| ~mX' Bg S>m`ar A§e H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX nT>Zodmbo A§V_w©I hmo OmVo h¡§Ÿ& _Zwî`
OrdZ _| _m¡g_ H$m Img H$aHo$ "~agmVr _m¡g_' H$m _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dfm©F$Vw _| ~agZodmbm nmZr
gmao MamMa _| MoVZm ^a XoVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z O~ ~agmV CÝ_Îm hmo OmVr h¡ŸV~ _hmàb` H$s pñW{V {Z_m©U hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&
{\$a ^r ~agmVr Ob Ho$ _hÎd H$mo ZH$mam Zht Om gH$VmŸ& Š`m|{H$ Ob h¡ Vmo Ord h¡, Ord h¡ Vmo OrdZ h¡ Am¡a Ob
h¡ Vmo g^r Ordm| H$m H$b h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ à{V gmoMZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
{ejm Am¡a {ejm go {_bZodmbm kmZ XmoZm| H$m _hÎd A{YH$ h¡Ÿ& kmZ {_bZo H$m g~go _hÎdnyU© gmYZ h¡
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nwñVH$Ÿ& "nwñVH$ _obm' _| BZ g^r ~mVm| H$m AmñWmnyd©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& boIH$ Ho$ {dMmamZwgma nwñVHo§$ h_go
~mobZm MmhVr h¢, ~mV| H$aZm MmhVr h¢Ÿ& _Z go dmVm©bmn H$aZm MmhVr h¡§Ÿ& AV: h_| h_oem nwñVH$ Ho$ ghdmg _|
ahZm Mm{hEŸ& `hr _m¡{bH$ g§Xoe {X`m h¡Ÿ&
Bg S>m`ar A§e H$m g~go _hÎdnyU© A§e h¡ MyhmŸ& Bg_| Myhm| Ho$ H$maU Š`m-Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡ BgH$m
gmoXmhaU {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Myhm {g\©$ Myhm h¡ŸCgo JUoeOr H$m dmhZ _mZZm JbV h¡Ÿ& O~VH$ Myho H$mo h_ _maVo
Zht, V~VH$ dh h_o gVmVm ahoJmŸ& boIH$ Zo BgH$m AZw^d {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AZw^d Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo `h A§e {bIm h¡Ÿ&
n[aUm_ñdê$n `h A§e nyU©ê$ngo gM h¡Ÿ& Hw$b{_bmH$a Bg A§e go nmR>H$mo§ H$mo gmoMZo H$s, {dMma H$aZo H$s Z`r
{Xem {_b OmVr h¡Ÿ&
3.8
3.9
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
"S>m`ar {dYm' H$s n[a^mfm XoH$a CgH$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
2)
am_Xae {_l Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Ed§ H¥${VËd H$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
3)
"~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar A§e H$m Ame` ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
4)
"~hþV {XZm| ~mX' S>m`ar A§e H$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
joÌr` H$m`© :
1)
S>m`ar boIZ H$aZodmbo _amR>r gm{hË`H$mam| H$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
2) S>m`ar boIZ H$aZodmbo qhXr Am¡a _amR>r gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ S>m`ar boIZ H$m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$s{OEŸ&
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ:
am_Xae {_lOr Ho$ ""{~Zm XadmOo H$m _H$mZ'', ""Xygam Ka'' Am¡a ""WH$s hþB© gw~h'' CnÝ`mg n{T>EŸ&
®®®
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BH$mB© : 4
1. Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _| (hmñ` ì`§½`)
S>m°. gy`©~mbm
1.1
CÔoí`
1.2
àñVmdZm
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1
gy`©~mbm H$m n[aM`
1.3.2
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' hmñ` ì`§½` H$m n[aM`
1.3.3
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' hmñ` ì`§½` H$m Ame`
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.5
eãXmW©
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
1.7
gmam§e
1.8
ñdmÜ`m`
1.9
joÌr` H$m`©
1.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ð H$WoÎma gm{hË` H$s {dYmAm| go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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ð "hmñ`-ì`§½`' {dYm H$s {deofVmE± _mby_ hmo Om`oJrŸ&
ð "Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' ì`§½` H$m Ame` g_P OmAmoJoŸ&
ð gy`©~mbm Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VÎd go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
1.2
àñVmdZm :
AÜ``Z H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bE JÚ gm{hË` H$mo Xmo ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& O¡go - H$WmË_H$ gm{hË`
Am¡a H$WoÎma gm{hË`Ÿ& H$WmË_H$ gm{hË` H$WmàYmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| H$Wm (H$WmZH$) H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a g§~§{YV
{dYm H$s H$WmdñVw H$m {dH$mg {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$WoÎma gm{hË` _| H$Wm Zht hmoVrŸ& H$Wm (H$WmZH$) Ho$ ~J¡a {dYm
H$m {dH$mg {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| H$WoÎma gm{hË` H$m _hÎd {XZ-~-{XZ ~T>Vm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& BgàH$ma H$m
gm{hË` nT>Zodmbo nmR>H$m| H$s g§»`m ^r ~T> ahr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ H$B© _hÎdnyU© H$maU hmo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& O¡go ~XbVr OrdZe¡br
Ho$ H$maU _Zwî` H$m OrdZ J{V_mZ hmoVm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n CgHo$ nmg Imbr g_` H$m A^md ahVm h¡Ÿ&
{\$a ^r Cgo {OVZm g_` {_bVm h¡, Cg_| gm{hË` nT>Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& Eogo _| "JmJa _| gmJa'
g_mZodmbm H$WoÎma gm{hË` nT>Zm A{YH$ ng§X H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bggo H$_ g_` _| _Zng§X Am¡a Ame` g§nÞ gm{hË`
nT>Zo H$m AmZ§X {_bVm h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ H$WoÎma gm{hË` _| g_` g_`na Z`r Z`r {dYmAm| H$m
g_mdoe hmoVm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m ZVrOm `h hmoVm h¡ {H$ nmR>H$m| H$mo {d{dY {dYmAm| go g_¥Õ H$WoÎma gm{hË` nT>Zo
H$m EH$ AbJ àH$ma H$m g_mYmZ ^r {_bVm h¡Ÿ& g§jon _| H$WoÎma gm{hË` Ho$ à{V nmR>H$m| H$s ~T>Vr A{^ê${M H$mo
Ü`mZ _| aIH$a àñVwV BH$mB© _| {g\©$ H$WoÎma {dYmAm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
1.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
S>m°. gy`©~mbm H$m n[aM` :
1.3.1
S>m°. gy`©~mbm H$m OÝ_ 25 AŠVy>~a, 1944 _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m ~MnZ VWm {ejm dmamUgr _| g§nÞ hþB© h¡Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo H$mer qhXy {díd{dÚmb` go "ar{V gm{hË`' na nrEM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y hm{gb H$s h¡Ÿ& ~MnZ _| {bIr
H${dVmAm| go CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ OrdZ H$s ewéAmV hþB© h¡Ÿ& H${dVm Ho$ gmW-gmW H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg Am¡a ì`§½`
gm{hË` _| ^r CÝhm|Zo AnZr ñdV§Ì nhMmZ ~ZmB© h¡Ÿ& CZH$s nhbr H$hmZr "OrOr' gm[aH$m Ho$ AŠVy~a 1972 _|
àH$m{eV hþB© h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW nhbm ì`§½` "Y_©`wJ' n{ÌH$m Ho$ _mM© 1973 Ho$ A§H$ _| n«H$m{eV hþAm h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ AZoH$
ì`§½` VWm H$hm{Z`m± A§J«oOr, _amR>r, n§Om~r, H$ÞS>, CXy© Am{X ^mfmAm| _| AZy{XV hþB© h¢Ÿ& A~ VH$ CZH$s VrZ gm¡
go A{YH$ H$hm{Z`m± àH$m{eV hþB© h¢Ÿ& CZH$s _m¡{bH$ aMZmE± Bg àH$ma h¢ y
CnÝ`mg : _oao g§{YnÌ, gw~h Ho$ B§VOma VµH$, A{¾n§Ir, Xrjm§V
y
H$hmZr g§J«h : Wmbr^a Mm±X, EH$ B§X«YZwf Ow~oXm Ho$ Zm_, {XemhrZ _¢, _w§S>oa naŸ&
y
ì`§½` g§J«h : Hw$N> AXX Om{hbm| Ho$ Zm_, AOJa H$ao Z MmH$arŸ&
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S>m°. gy`©~mbm H$s ì`§½`§ g§nXm ^anya Zht h¡, {\$a ^r qhXr H$s _{hbm ì`§½` H${_©`m| Ho$ ~rM CZH$m ñWmZ
erf©ñW h¡Ÿ& "AOJa H$ao Z MmH$ar' `h CZH$m ~hþM{M©V ì`§½` g§H$bZ h¡Ÿ& Bg_| 47 aMZmE± g§H${bV H$s JB© h¢Ÿ& nyar
B©_mZXmar Am¡a ghO AnZmnZ `h CZH$s ì`§½` aMZmAm| H$s à_wI {deofVmE± h¢Ÿ& "AOJa H$ao Z MmH$ar' _|
g§H${bV ì`§½`m| _§o H$bm, gm{hË`, {\$ë_, g§ñH¥${V, Xoegodm Am¡a nÌH$m[aVm, OZZoVm Am¡a ~w{ÕOrdr, {H«$Ho$Q>
Am¡a ào_, {ejm Am¡a g§_obZ, JYm| Am¡a Hw$Îmm| Am{X H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a ì`§½` aMZmE± {bIr h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ ì`§½`m| _| g^r
àH$ma H$m àhma ñnï> {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ&
dmñVd _| "hmñ`-ì`§½`' ({Ogo A§J«oOr _| "gQ>m`a' H$hm OmVm h¡) {dYm H$m CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg ^maV|Xw `wJ
go ewé hþAm h¡Ÿ& àma§^ _| (àmMrZ VWm _Ü`H$mb _|) `h hmñ`-ì`§½` nÚe¡br _| {bIm hþAm h¡Ÿ& JÚe¡br _| ì`§½`
{bIZo H$s na§nam AmYw{ZH$ H$mb go ewê$ hþB© h¡Ÿ& C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ "ì`§½`' `h gw{e{jV Am¡a àJë^
_pñVîH$ H$s XoZ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& AV: ì`§½` nT>Zo `m gwZZodmbm nmR>H$ `m lmoVm XmoZmo| gw{e{jV Am¡a g§doXZerb hmoZo
H$s _m§J H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& BgH$m _hÎdnyU© H$maU `h h¡ {H$ ì`§½` {g\©$ nmR>H$m| H$mo hgmZo `m JwXJwXmZo Ho$ {bE Zht
{bIm OmVm, ~pëH$ {H$gr {dg§J{V `m {dS>§~Zm H$m CX²KmQ>Z H$a CgHo$ g§nyU© g§ñH$mam| H$mo {dM{bV H$aZo Ho$
{bE {bIm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`§½` nT>H$a nmR>H$ AñdñW hmo, g§~§{YV {dg§J{V H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh ñd`§
H¥${VàdU hmo, `hr BgH$m _w»` CÔoe hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ H$s, ì`§½` Ho$ nrN>o boIH$ H$m
{ZpíMV qMVZ VWm Ñ{ï>H$moU hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {OgH$m AmYma boH$a dh pñW{V {deof H$m AnZr àIa AmbmoMZm H$m
bú` ~ZmVm h¡Ÿ& h_mam Xoe AZoH$ {dg§J{V`m| go ^am hþAm h¡Ÿ& amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am¡a gm§ñH¥${VH$
{damoYm^mgm| Am¡a VZmdm| _| H$B© dfm]go OH$S>m hþAm h¡Ÿ& AV: dh hmñ` Ho$ _wH$m~bo ì`§½` Ho$ {bE hr A{YH$
Cn`wŠV Am¡a CËnmXH$ dmVmdaU V¡`ma H$aVm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ A§VJ©V "hmñ`-ì`§½`' {dYm
{Za§Va MbVr Am ahr h¡Ÿ&
1.3.2
ì`§½`{dYm H$m n[aM` :
ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX Img H$aHo$ N>R>| XeH$ _| qhXr H$mì` H$m {dH$mg {Og J{V go hþAm, Cggo ì`§½` H$mo
ñdV§Ì {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| _mÝ`Vm {_brŸ& N>R>| XeH$ _| OrdZ _yë`m| H$m A{YH$ èhmg hþAm WmŸ& èhmgmoÝ_wIr
g_mO H$m gdm©{YH$ à^mdr CnMma hmoVm h¡ ì`§½`Ÿ& O~ JÚ gm{hË` H$s AÝ` {dYmE± à^mdeyÝ` hþB© V~
gm_m{OH$ CnMma àUmbr _| ì`§½`§ Zo AgaXma Xdm H$m H$m`© {H$`m h¡Ÿ& C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ N>R>| XeH$
_| (gZ² 1951 go 1960) ì`§½`H$mam| H$s nwar nrT>r H$m`©aV hþB© h¡Ÿ& O¡go h[ae§H$a nagmB©, eaX Omoer, adrÝÐ
ZmW Ë`mJr, bVr\$ Km|Yr, gy`©~mbm, e§H$a nwUVm§~oH$a Am{X M{M©V ì`§½`H$ma Ho$ ê$n _| C^ao Am¡a bmoH${à`
^r hþEŸ&
dmñVd _| {dg§J{V ì`§½` H$m àmU h¡Ÿ& Xw^m©½`de h_mam Xoe {dg§J{V`m| go ^am hþAm h¡Ÿ& AÝ` Xoem| H$s VwbZm
_| h_mao Xoe Ho$ g_mOOrdZ Ho$ ha A§J _| {dg§J{V`m± {XImB© XoVr h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n AmOH$b ì`§½` na gm{hË` H$s
VwbZm _| ~hþV AZwg§YmZ hmo aho h¢Ÿ& Bggo ì`§½` H$m ñdV§Ì {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| {dH$mg hþAm h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h
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h¡ {H$ AmOH$b ^maVdf© Ho$ AZoH$ amÁ`m| Ho$ {dÚmb`rZ nmR>çnwñVH$m| _| VWm {díd{dÚmb`m| Ho$ AÜ``Z H«$_ _|
ì`§½` nmR> VWm ì`§½`H$mam| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& `h ì`§½` VWm ì`§½`H$mam| Ho$ {bE Jm¡ad H$s ~mV h¡Ÿ&
1.3.3
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' ì`§½` H$m Ame` :
ñdmV§Í`moÎma qhXr gm{hË` _| hmñ`-ì`§½` Ymam H$mo g_¥Õ H$aZodmbr _{hbm bo{IH$mAm| _| gy`©~mbm H$m
ñWmZ erf©ñW h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr ñdV§Ì ì`§½`e¡br {Z_m©U H$s h¡Ÿ& CZH$s ì`§½`e¡br {OVZr ghO bJVr h¡ CVZr
YmaXma Am¡a n¡Zr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' `h gy`©~mbm H$m amoMH$ e¡br _| {bIm hþAm gdm}ËH¥$ï> hmñ` ì`§½` h¡Ÿ& Bg H$m
erf©H$ nT>Vo hr nmR>H$ A§XmOm bJmVo h¢ {H$ `h dV©_mZ amOZr{V H$mo H|$Ð _| aIH$a {bIm hþAm ì`§½` h¡Ÿ& h_mam
{demb Xoe _mZmo Amn_Vb~r XoegodH$m| H$m AImS>m ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& ñdmW©ny{V© hoVw XoegodH$ H$m _wIm¡Q>m YmaU H$a
XoegodH$ ~ZZodmbm| H$m _mZmo Vm±Vm bJm h¡Ÿ& "O¡go ZoVm d¡go AZw`m`r' AWdm "O¡go AZw`m`r d¡go ZoVm' BZ H$hmdVm|
Ho$ AZwgma AmO AdgadmXr XoegodH$m|H$s _mZmo ~mT> Am`r h¡Ÿ&
g~go ~S>r qMVmOZH$ ~mV `h hmoVr h¡ H$s ñd`§Kmo{fV XoegodH$ Am¡a ~S>o ì`mnmar, {~ëS>g©,
{_b_m{bH$, Jw§S>o, R>oHo$Xma BZHo$ ~rM hmoZodmbr {_br ^JVŸ& `o bmoJ XoegodH$m| H$mo AnZo Omb _| \±$gmV|
h¡§, Y_H$mVo h¢Ÿ& `oZ-Ho$Z-n«H$maoZ AnZm C„ÿ {gYmaVo h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n Eogo bmoJm| H$mo Iwe aIZo Ho$ {bE
XoegodH$m| H$mo Ad¡Y H$m_ H$aZo nS>Vo h¡§Ÿ& Yrao-Yrao XmoZm| {_bH$a ^«ï>mMma H$m amñVm AnZmVo h¢Ÿ& XmoZm| _|
^«ï>mMma Ho$ ~mao _| {_br-^JV hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& Eogo nmI§S>r XoegodH$m| Ho$ H$maU Xoe H$s amOZr{V qMVm H$m
{df` hmoVr Om ahr h¡Ÿ&
bo{IH$mZo EH$ Amoa XoegodH$m| H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Vmo Xygar Amoa Xoe H$s OZVm Ho$
~mao _| ^r AnZo _m¡{bH$ {dMma ì`ŠV {H$E h¡Ÿ& Jar~r, ^wI^ar, A{ejm, AkmZ Am¡a A§Y:lÕmA| go J«ñV OZVm
H$B© dfm] go Am±Io _y±XH$a Or ahr h¡Ÿ& amoQ>r, H$nS>m Am¡a _H$mZ O¡gr OrdZmdí`H$ OéaVm| Ho$ bmbo nS>Zo Ho$ ~mX
^r H$^r {eH$do-{eH$m`V| Zht H$aVr h¢Ÿ& ha hmb _| _w±h {gbmH$a OrdZ {OZodmbr OZVm H$m XoegodH$ ~ZZm,
ZoVm hmoZm ~hþV AmgmZ h¡Ÿ& Xygar _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ H$mbm~mOma H$aZodmbo ì`mnmar, ^«ï>mMmar, H$m±Q´>oŠQ>a,
XheV \¡$bmZodmbo Jw§S>o Am{Xgo g_Pm¡Vm H$aHo$ XoegodH$ ~ZZm Am¡a Xoe H$s byQ> H$aZm {H$VZm AmgmZ hmoVm
Om ahm h¡Ÿ& BgH$m `WmW© {MÌU ^r {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Agb _| h_mam {dembH$m` Xoe Eogo ñdmWu, Amn_Vb~r,
YmoHo$~mO XoegodH$m| Ho$ H$maU {XZ-~-{XZ IVao _| Am ahm h¡Ÿ& Xygar Amoa {XemhrZ Am¡a ^`J«ñV OZVm Ho$
H$maU nVZerb ZoVmAm| H$s g§»`m ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡Ÿ& Eogo hmbmV _| H«$m§{V H$s {ZVm§V OéaV hmo gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&
bo{H$Z Eogr H«$m§{V hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm {~bHw$b Z Ho$ ~am~a h¡Ÿ& `hr gƒmB© bo{IH$mZo nmR>H$m| Ho$ gm_Zo aIr h¡Ÿ&
bo{IH$mHo$ {dMmamZwgma h_mao Xoe _| {d^y{V nyOH$m| H$s H$_r Zht h¡Ÿ& Omo ^r H$moB© IwX H$mo XoegodH$ Kmo{fV
H$aVm h¡, CgHo$ gmW Am±I| _y§XH$a _m±-~mn H$m [aíVm OmoS>Zodmb| bmoJ Bg ^y{_ _| hmoVo h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n
ñd`§Kmo{fV XoegodH$m| H$s g§»`m ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡Ÿ&
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Xygar Amoa Owë_, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma MwnMmn ghZodmbo, amoQ>r, H$nS>m Am¡a _H$mZ O¡gr OrdZmdí`H$ MrO|
Zm {_bZo Ho$ ~mX H$^r {eH$d|-{eH$m`V| H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` _¥Ë`w H$m ñdrH$ma H$aZodmbr OZVm ^r h_mao Xoe _| h¡Ÿ& BZ
g^r H$mo _mZmo ha hmb _| _w§h {gbmH$a ahZo H$s O~aXñV Q´>oqZJ ^r Xoe Ho$ nmI§S>r ZoVmAm| Zo Xr hmoJrŸ& Eogr Ame§H$m
bo{IH$m Zo ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ& {Og Xoe _| Owë_ ghZodmbo, AÝ`m`-AË`mMma H$mo MwnMmn Jbo bJmZodmbo, bmoJ
A{YH$ hmoVo h¢, Cg Xoe _| XoegodH$ ~ZZm ~hþV AmgmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hr ì`§½` bo{IH$mZo _m{_©H$Vm go {M{ÌV {H$`m
h¡Ÿ& XoegodH$ hmoZo Om ahm ì`{ŠV H$hVm h¡, "Amo _oao joÌdm{g`m| Amn Ho$ Zm_ `h g§XoeZwgma Y_H$s Omar H$aVm h±ÿ
{H$ My± {H$ _wPo A~ Hw$N> ^amogo_§X gmWr {_b JE h¢, AV: _¢ ~oIm¡\$, ~o{hMH$ AmnHo$ joÌ H$s godm Ho$ AImS>o _|
Hy$XZo dmbm hÿ±Ÿ& gmdYmZ!' Bggo `hr ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ O~VH$ Bg Xoe H$s Am_ OZVm AnZm Voda Zht ~XboJr
V~VH$ Xoe H$s hmbV Eogr hr ahoJrŸ& VWmH${WV XoegodH$ AmVo aho|Jo, OmVo ah|Jo, emofU H$m {gb{gbm {Za§Va
Omar ahoJmŸ&
1.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
1.5
_¢ Xoegodm Ho$ {bE ............. hÿ±Ÿ&
(A) AmZodmbm
(~) CVaZodmbm
(H$) bJZodmbm (S>) gmoMZodmbm
2)
ha hmb _| ............. ahZo H$s BÝh| Q´>oqZJ {_br h¡Ÿ&
(A) _w§h ~§XH$a
(~) _w§h ImobH$a
(H$) _w§h {gbmH$a (S>) _w§h H$mo Vmbm bJmH$a
3)
_¢ Xoegodm Ho$ ............. _| Hy$XZodmbm hÿ±Ÿ&
(A) _¡XmZ
(~) AImS>o
(H$) Iob Ho$ _¡XmZ (S>) Imbr _¡XmZ
4)
Xoe-go{d`m| H$m ^moOZ AË`§V ............. hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) gr{_V
(~) Cn`wŠV
(H$) gm{_l Amhmar (S>) g§Vw{bV
5)
AmnHo$ Zm_ `h g§XoeZw_m ............. Omar H$aVm h±ÿŸ&
(A) Zmam
(~) KmofUm
(H$) Y_H$s
(S>) gyMZm
eãXmW© :
B\$amV - A{Ve`Vm
Am~mohdm - Obdm`w
doXmÝV - N>: Xe©Zm| _o| go EH$
~oVH$„þ\$s - g§H$moM H$m A^md
ì`§½` - Cnhmg H$s Ñ{ï>go ~Zm`m {MÌ
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81
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ì`§½`mo{ŠV - dh C{ŠV {Og_| ì`§½` hmo
1.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) CVaZodmbm 2) _w§h {gbH$a 3) AImS>o 4) g§Vw{bV 5) Y_H$s
1.7
gmam§e :
àñVwV H$WoÎma {dYmAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V hmñ`-ì`§J, OrdZr Am¡a g§JrV-a{S>Amo-ZmQ>H$ BZ VrZ {dYmAm| H$m
g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& VrZm| {dYmE± AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s ~hþM{M©V {dYmE± _mZr OmVr h¢Ÿ& {XZ-~-{XZ BZ {dYmAm| H$m
_hÎd ~T>Vm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ ñdê$n N>mÌm| H$mo BZ {dYmAm| H$m ñdén, n[a^mfm Am¡a ì`m{ßV H$m kmZ hmo, Bg
CÔoí` H$mo gm_Zo aIH$a nmR>çH«$_ _| BZ ñdV§Ì {dYmAm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
AmO Ho$ O_mZo _| grYr-grYr ~mV Z H$moB© _mZVm h¡ Am¡a Z hr gwZZo H$mo V¡`ma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z
ì`§½`e¡br _| Img H$aHo$ hmñ`agàYmZ ì`§½`e¡br _| {bIm hþAm gm{hË` nT>Zo Am¡a gwZZo Ho$ {bE haH$moB©
bmbm{`V Am¡a CËgwH$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Bg J{V_mZ `wJ _| "hmñ`-ì`§J' _mZmo OrdZ H$m
AmYma hmoVm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ hmñ`-ì`§J _Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| hmoZodmbr H${_`m|,
{dH$mam| Am¡a {dH¥${V`m| H$s Amoa B§{JV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a nT>Zodmbm| H$mo ~¡R>H$a {dMma H$aZo H$mo {dde H$aVm
h¡Ÿ& BZ gmar ~mVm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| boH$a ì`§½`H$ma gy`©~mbm Zo {bIm hþAm "Xoe-godm Ho$ AImS>o _|' Bg ì`§½`
H$m nmR>çH«$_ _| g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' `h ì`§½` Xoe Ho$ VWmH${WV Am¡a ñd`§Kmo{fV XoegodH$m| H$m nXm©\$me H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
ñdmWmªY XoegodH$m| H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX _mZmo ~mT> Am`r h¡Ÿ& BZo-{JZo XoegodH$m| H$mo N>moS> {X`m OmE Vmo Cd©[aV
g^r XoegodH$ hmoZo H$m {g\©$ ZmQ>H$ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&
1.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' {M{ÌV ì`§½` H$m Ame` g_PmBEŸ&
2)
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' {M{ÌV amOH$s` ZoVm H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
3)
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' {M{ÌV gm_mÝ` OZVm H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
"Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' Bg ì`§½` Ho$ AmYmana "`Wm àOm VWm amOm' Bg bmoH$mo{ŠV H$m Ame`
gmoXmhaU ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
4)
5) "Xoegodm Ho$ AImS>o _|' Bg ì`§½` H$m CÔoe ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
1.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
1)
à. Ho$. AÌo Or H$m "P|Sw>Mr \w$bo' H$mì`g§J«h nT> {b{OEŸ&
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82
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1.10
2)
"Cf:H$mb hmoVm hmoVm' gwaoe ^Q>Or H$s JPb H$m Ame` g_P {b{OEŸ&
3)
S>m°. Amßnmgmho~ JUnVamd ndmaOr H$m "amï´> åhUOo H$m`?' {Z~§Y nT> {b{OEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
_amR>r Ho$ à{WV`e JPbH$ma gwaoe ^oQ> H$s JPb| nT> {b{OEŸ&
_amR>r Ho$ ~hþM{M©V gm{hË`H$ma e§H$a nmQ>rb H$s ì`§½`e¡br _| {bIr hþ`r H$hm{Z`m± nT> {b{OEŸ&
®®®
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83
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BH$mB© : 4
2. {ddoH$mZ§X (OrdZr)
- am_ZmW "gw_Z'
2.1
CÔoí`
2.2
àñVmdZm
2.3
{df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1
am_ZmW "gw_Z' H$m n[aM`
2.3.2
"OrdZr' {dYm H$m n[aM`
2.3.3
"{ddoH$mZ§X' OrdZr H$m Ame`
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
2.5
eãXmW©
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
2.7
gmam§e
2.8
ñdmÜ`m`
2.9
joÌr` H$m`©
2.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
2.1
CÔoí` :
Bg BH$mB© H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Amn ð "OrdZr' Bg gm{hË` {dYm go n[a{MV hm|JoŸ&
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84
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ð "OrdZr' H$s n[a^mfm Am¡a {deofVmAm| H$mo g_P gH$moJoŸ&
ð am_ZmW "gw_Z' Ho$ ì`{ŠVÎd H$s {deofVmE± _mby_ hmoJrŸ&
ð am_ZmW "gw_Z' Ho$ H¥${VÎd go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
ð "{ddoH$mZ§X' Bg OrdZr H$m Ame` g_P OmAmoJoŸ&
ð "{ddoH$mZ§X' Bg OrdZr go {ddoH$mZ§X H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± _mbw_ hmo Om`oJrŸ&
ð {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ H$m`©-H$V¥©Îd go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
2.2
àñVmdZm :
"OrdZr' AmYw{ZH$ `wJ Ho$ JÚ gm{hË` H$s _hÎdnyU© {dYm h¡Ÿ& Bgo JÚ gm{hË` H$s AmYw{ZH$V_ {dYm _mZm
OmVm h¡Ÿ& npíM_r {dX²dmZ {bQ>Z ñQ´>°Mr Zo "OrdZr' H$m ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$, "OrdZr `h boIZH$bm
H$m g~go gwH$mo_b Am¡a ghmZw^y{VnyU© gm{hË` àH$ma h¡Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ AmbmoMH$ S>m°. JmoqdX {ÌJwUm`V _mZVo
h¢ {H$ "OrdZr `h Eogr gm{hË` {dYm h¡ {Og_| ^mdwH$ H$bmH$ma {H$gr ^mJ H$m dU©Z gwn[a{MV T>§J go Bg àH$ma
ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡ {H$ Cg ì`{ŠV H$s gƒr OrdZJmWm Ho$ gmW-gmW H$bmH$ma H$m öX` ^r _wI[aV hmo CR>Vm h¡Ÿ&'
Bggo `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ "OrdZr' _| {H$gr ì`{ŠV Ho$ OrdZ H$s ~S>r go ~S>r KQ>ZmAm| H$m Am¡a N>moQ>r-go N>moQ>r
Kaoby ~mVm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
"OrdZr' {dYm H$m CX²^d ^maV|Xw `wJ go _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ñd`§ ^maV|Xw Zo AZoH$ Ord{Z`m± {bIr h¢Ÿ& O¡go M[aVmdbr, ~mXemh-Xn©U, n§M-n{dÌmË_m Am{XŸ& _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mb _| Y_© go g§~§{YV
_hmnwéfm| H$s Ord{Z`m± A{YH$ {bIr J`r h¢Ÿ& O¡go - S>m°. aKwd§e X²dmam {bIr J`r "_mZdnwÌ' Bg OrdZr _|
_hm^maV B©gm H$m OrdZ Am¡a CZHo$ Xme©{ZH$ {dMmam| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H¥$îU{~hmar {_l Zo {bIr hþ`r
"am_H¥$îU na_h§g : H$ënVé H$s CËgd brbm' Am¡a "{ddoH$mZ§X' (am_ZmW "gw_Z) BZ Ord{Z`m| H$m g_mdoe
{H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
2.3
2.3.1
{df` {ddoMZ :
am_ZmW gw_Z H$m n[aM` :
qhXr H$m JÚ gm{hË` g_¥Õ Am¡a g§nÞ H$aZo _| {OZ à{WV`e boIH$m|Zo C„oIZr` `moJXmZ {X`m h¡, CZ
_hmZw^dm| _| go am_ZmW "gw_Z' EH$ h¡Ÿ& CZH$m g_mdoe N>m`mdmXmoÎma H$mb Ho$ boIH$mo _| {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& OrdZr Ho$
joÌ _| AnZr ñdV§Ì nhMmZ {Z_m©U H$aZodmbo "gw_Z'Or H$mo amOZr{Vgo OwS>r {d^y{V`m| Ho$ OrdZM[aÌ {bIZo _|
{deof é{M h¡Ÿ& CZH$m gZ² 1942 _| àH$m{eV "h_mao ZoVm Am¡a {Z_m©Vm' `h J«§W A{YH$ bmoH${à` h¡Ÿ& Bg J«§W_|
^maV Xoe Ho$ Zd{Z_m©U _| {OZ _hmZ _hmnwéfm|Zo _m¡{bH$ `moJXmZ {X`m ho, CZHo$ OrdZd¥Îm g§H${bV {H$E h¢Ÿ& g~go
_hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ AÝ` OrdZr boIH$m| H$s VwbZm _| OrdZr-boIZ _| e¡br d¡{dÜ` Am¡a bm{dÝ` bmZo _|
gw_ZOr H$mo A{YH$ g\$bVm àmá hþB© h¡Ÿ& g~go _hÎd nyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ Xygar ^mfm _| {bIo J`o Cƒ H$mo{Q> Ho$
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85
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OrdZr- J«§Wm| H$m AZwdmX H$aHo$ qhXr OrdZr gm{hË` H$s lrd¥{Õ H$aZodmbo boIH$m| _| gw_ZOr H$m ñWmZ {ef©ñW
h¡Ÿ& Bg Ñ{ï> go gZ² 1943 _| àH$m{eV "_hmË_m H$mD§$Q> {b`mo Q>mëgQ>m`' `h J«§W g~go _hÎdnyU© _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `h
AZw{XV J«§W h¡Ÿ& Bg_| {díd{d»`mV Q>m°bñQ>m` Ho$ OrdZM[aÌ H$m _m¡{bH$ Am¡a àoaUmXmB© {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
2.3.2
"OrdZr' {dYm H$m n[aM` :
"OrdZr' {dYm H$m Ama§^ ^maV|Xw-`wJ _| hþAm h¡Ÿ& {df`mZwHy$b VWm ^mdmZwHy$b ^mfm-e¡br Ho$ à`moJÛmam
ì`{ŠV{deof Ho$ OrdZd¥Îm H$m geŠV A§H$Z H$aZm `h OrdZr H$s à_wI {deofVm h¢Ÿ& Bg {dYm H$mo g_¥Õ Am¡a
g§nÞ H$aZo H$m H$m_ ^maV|Xw `wJ _o§ H$m{V©H$àgmX IÌr (A{hë`m~mB© H$m OrdZ M[aÌ), H$m{eZmW IÌr (^maVdf©
H$s {d»`mV {ó`m| Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ), a_me§H$a ì`mg (Zonmo{b`Z ~moZmnmQ>© H$m OrdZM[aÌ), XodràgmX _w§{g\$a
(AH$~aZm_, amUm ^r_, O`d§V qgh) Am{X boIH$m| Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma ^maV|Xw-`wJ _| ñd`§ ^maV|Xw h[aü§Ð
Zo OrdZr-boIZ Ho$ joÌ _| AnZo g_H$mbrZ boIH$m| H$m _mJ©Xe©Z {H$`m Wm, Cgr àH$ma AmMm`© _hmdra àgmX
{ÛdoXr Zo ^r Bg JÚ{dÚm _| `Wmg§^d é{M br h¡Ÿ& CZHo$Ûmam a{MV Ord{Z`m± "àmMrZ n§{S>V Am¡a H${d',
"gwH${dg§H$sV©Z', "Mm[aV MMm©' Am{X J«§Wm| _| g§H${bV h¢Ÿ& CZHo$ A{V[aŠV {OZ boIH$m| Zo OrdZr gm{hË` H$mo
g_¥Õ {H$`m h¡, CZ_| _hmXod ^Å> (bmOnV _{h_m), H$m{V©H$àgmX (N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m OrdZM[aÌ), ~„XodàgmX
{_l (n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ) Am{X boIH$m| H$m `moJXmZ C„oIZr` h¡Ÿ&
g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ^maV|Xw-`wJ go OrdZr boIZ H$m Omo {gb{gbm ewê$ hþAm h¡ dh AmOVH$
{Za§Va Omar h¡Ÿ& ^{dî`_| `h {dYm AÝ`-JÚ{dYmAm| H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ g_¥Õ hmoJrŸ& BgH$m g~go _hÎdnyU©
H$maU h¡ OrdZr boIZ H$aZodmbo à{VW`e boIH$m| H$s g§»`m {XZ-~-{XZ ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡Ÿ&
2.3.3
"{ddoH$mZ§X' OrdZr H$m Ame` :
am_ZmW "gw_Z' Ûmam {bIr hþ`r "{ddoH$mZ§X' `h ~hþM{M©V OrdZr h¡Ÿ& Bg_| ^maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ OmJaU Ho$
_hmZ ZoVm ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§XOr Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ^mdyH$Vm go eãX~Õ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& {h§XwY_© Ho$ {hV¡fr, ajH$ {ddoH$mZ§XOr
Ho$ OÝ_ go boH$a _hm{Zdm©U VH$ H$s _hÎdnyU© ~mVm|, àg§Jm| Am¡a AZw^dm| H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& H$bH$Îmm Ho$
{g_y{bH$m Zm_H$ N>moQ>o Jm§d _| {dídZmW XÎmOr Ho$ n[adma _| 19 OZdar 1863 _| OÝ_o {ddoH$mZ§XOr H$m ~MnZ H$m
Zm_ draoída WmŸ& `wdmdñWm _| n[admadmbm| Zo CZH$m Zm_ Za|Ð H$a {X`mŸ& CZHo$ Jwê$ am_H¥$îU na_h§gOr Zo CÝho
{ddoH$mZ§X Zm_ go nwH$maZm ewê$ {H$`m& CZHo$ {nVmOr dH$sb WoŸ& _mVm ^wdZoídar Xodr Ym{_©H$ {dMmam|go àoarV Am¡a
lÕmby Zmar WrŸ&
~MnZgohr {ddoH$mZ§XOr AÜ`mpË_H$ {dMmam| go à^m{dV hmoVo WoŸ& ~«÷g_mO Ho$ {dMmam| H$m CZna Jham
Aga WmŸ& do ^JdX²JrVm H$m {ZË` nR>Z H$aVo WoŸ& npíM_r {dX²dmZ hŠgbo Am¡a h~©Q>© ñn|Ýga Ho$ J«§W CÝh| ~ohX ng§V
AmVo WoŸ& C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ am_H¥$îU na_h§g Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmZo Ho$ ~mX na_h§g Ho$ AÜ`mpË_H$ {dMmam|go
H$m\$s à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo CZH$m Jwê$ Ho$ ê$n_| ñdrH$ma {H$`m WmŸ&
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86
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ñZmVH$ VH$ H$s {ejm nyar hmoVo hr n[admadmbm|Zo CZH$s emXr Ho$ ~mao _| gmoMZm ewê$ {H$`mŸ& bo{H$Z emXr
go BÝH$ma H$a AmOrdZ g§Ý`mg Y_© H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ& Agb _| CÝh| ^m¡{VH$ OrdZ H$m AmH$f©U Zht WmŸ&
~MnZ go hr AÜ`mpË_H$ OrdZ Ho$ à{V CZHo$ _Z _| AmñWm WrŸ& Bg AmñWm H$mo ~T>mZo H$m H$m_ Jwê$ na_h§gOrZo
{H$`m WmŸ&
"n§S>rV _¡Ìr - g^oV g§Mma
Ho$ë`mZo XoemQ>Z `oVgo
_ZwOm {dX²dÎmm \$ma'
Bg CpŠV Ho$ AZwgma CÝhm|Zo Xoe-{dXoe H$s `mÌm H$aZo H$m {ZYm©a {H$`mŸ& Xw^m©½`de 16 AJñV 1886 _|
na_h§g ñdJ©dmgr hmo JEŸ& n[aUm_ñdê$n emaXmXodr (am_H¥$îU na_h§g H$s nËZr) go BOmOV boH$a CÝhm|Zo `mÌm
ewê$ H$sŸ& gd©àW_ CÝhmo§Zo {h_mb` OmZm ng§X {H$`mŸ& {h_mb` _| Xmo dfm] H$m dmñVì` nyam H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do {Vã~V
JEŸ& dhm± B©gmB© àmo\o$ga _wX{b`ma CZHo$ g§nH©$ _| AmEŸ& BZHo$ {dMmam| go à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo g§Ý`mg Y_© H$m
ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ& BVZmhr Zht CÝhm|Zo AÜ`mpË_H$ OrdZ H$m g§Xoe XoZo Ho$ {bE "à~wÕ ^maV' `h g_mMma nÌ ^r
ewê$ {H$`mŸ&
ñdm_rOr H$s A_arH$m H$s `mÌm H$mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ {dXoe `mÌm _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg `mÌm Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo _B©
1893 _| A_[aH$m Ho$ {bE àñWmZ {H$`m WmŸ& {eH$mJmo _| Am`mo{OV Y_© n[afX _| 11 OyZ 1893 _| {X`m hþAm
^mfU Eo{Vhm{gH$ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg ^mfU go A_[aH$mdm{g`m|Zo {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ AZwgma AnZm OrdZ
ì`VrV H$aZm ewê$ {H$`mŸ& bwB©gm Am¡a g|Q>~J© BZ Xmo _{hbmAm| Zo CZHo$ {eî`Ëd H$m AmOrdZ ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ&
AŠVw~a 1895 _| ñdm_rOr A_[aH$m go B§½b¢S> JEŸ& B§½b¢S> `mÌm _| {_g _mJm©aoQ> Zmodob BZHo$ g§nH©$ _| Am`rŸ&
CÝhm|Zo BgmB© Y_© H$m Ë`mJ H$a qhXwY_© H$m ñdrH$ma {H$`mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX ^{JZr {Zdo{XVm `h Z`m Zm_ boH$a CÝhm|Zo
qhXwY_© Ho$ àMma-àgma H$m`© _| _m¡{bH$ `moJXmZ ^r {X`mŸ&
do B§½c¢S> go nwZ: A_[aH$m J`o Am¡a dhm± doXmÝV Y_© H$m àMma-àgma {H$`mŸ& bmoJm| Ho$ AmJ«h na do A_[aH$m
go nwZ: B§½c¢S> JEŸ& B§½c¢S> _| AZoH$ _hm{dÚmb`m| _| ì`m»`mZ XoH$a AÜ`mpË_H$ {dMmam| H$mo B§½c¢S>dm{g`m| VH$
nhþ±MmZo H$m _hmZ H$m`© {H$`mŸ& {dXoem| _| gmS>o VrZ dfm] _| ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$m àMma H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do ^maV bm¡Q>oŸ&
"am_H¥$îU {_eZ' H$s ñWmnZm H$a CÝhm|Zo qhXwY_© Ho$ àMma-àgma H$m H$m`© {Za§Va Omar aImŸ& Bg {_eZ H$s AZoH$
emImE± nyao ^maV _| X[aÐrZmam`U H$s godm Am¡a Xw:I, amoJ Am¡a emoH$ Ho$ {ZdmaU H$m loð> H$m`© H$a ahr h¢Ÿ&
ñdm_rOr h_oem H$hm H$aVo Wo {H$ ""XrZXw{I`m| H$s godm H$aZm `hr ^JdmZ H$s nyOm H$m gdm}Îm_ ê$n h¢Ÿ&''
n[aUm_ñdê$n CZHo$ {eî` AmO ^r Bg àH$ma Ho$ H$m_ _| bJo hþE h¢Ÿ&
gZ 1889 _| CÝhm|Zo Xmo~mam B§½c¢S> `mÌm H$sŸ& B§½c¢S> go do {\$a A_[aH$m JEŸ& A_[aH$m _| AmR> _{hZm| H$m
dmñVì` H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do \«$m±g JEŸ& \«$m±g _| VrZ _{hZo ahZo Ho$ ~mX VwH$s© Am¡a VwH$s©go {_l JEŸ& {_lgo {\$a ^maV
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87
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AmEŸ& ^maV AmVo hr CÝh| {\$ago AnZo H$m_ _| bJ OmZm nS>mŸ& {dXoe `mÌm _| H$s hþ`r ^mJXm¡S> Am¡a `hm± AmZo Ho$
~mX CÝhm|Zo Omo {Za§Va n[al_ {H$`m Wm, Bggo CZH$m ñdmñÏ` {~KS> J`m Am¡a 4 OwbmB©, 1902 _| amV Ho$ AmR> ~Oo
BÝhm|Zo eara Ë`mJ {X`mŸ& ^{dî` _| {Og {dídg§ñH¥${V H$m CX` hmoJm Cg_| àmMrZ ^maVr` AÜ`mË_ H$m Am¡a
nmíMmË` {dkmZ H$m g§`moJ hþAm hmoJmŸ& Eogm _hmZ g§Xoe XoZodmbo {ddoH$mZ§XOr Zo ^maV Am¡a ^maV H$s g§ñH¥${V
XmoZm| H$s _hmZVm nyao {díd_| nhþ±MmZo H$m _hmZ H$m`© {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
boIH$ Ho$ {dMmamZwgma {ddoH$mZ§XOr ^maVr` kmZ H$s VoOpñdVm Ho$ à{V{ZYr h¡Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` doXmÝV Y_©
H$s _hmZVm npíM_r Xoem| _| nhþ±MmZo H$m _hmZ H$m`© {H$`m h¡Ÿ& A§J«oOr ^mfm Am¡a ^maVr` AÜ`mË_ {dÚm na
A{YH$ma aIZodmbo CƒH$mo{Q> Ho$ godm^mdr g§Ý`m{g`m| H$m g§JR>Z {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bg g§JR>ZX²dmam CZHo$ níMmV
Xoe _| Am¡a A_o[aH$m _| ~hþV H$m_ hmo ahm h¡Ÿ& ^maVr` OrdZ-Zr{V Ho$ à{V CZHo$ _Z _| à~b lÕm ^md WmŸ&
n[aUm_ñdê$n CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V, AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm Am¡a ^maVr` Y_©J«§Wm| H$s _hmZVm {díd Ho$ A{YH$m§e
Xoem| _| nhþ±MmZo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© bJZ Am¡a lÕmnyd©H$ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
2.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
2.5
am_ZmW "gw_Z' H$m OÝ_ ............. _| hþAm h¡Ÿ&
(A) H$mer
(~) dmamUer
(H$) bIZm¡
(S>) am_oída
2)
{ddoH$mZÝX H$m OÝ_ ............. Jm±d _| hþAm h¡Ÿ&
(A) {g`mnwa
(~) am_nwa
(H$) hpñVZmnwa (S>) {g_w{bH$m
3)
{ddoH$mZ§X `h Zm_ ............. Zo aIm h¡Ÿ&
(A) emaXmXodr
(~) {dídZmW
(H$) ^wdZoídar
(S>) am_H¥$îU na_h§g
4)
{ddoH$mZ§XOr H$mo ............. H$m à{V{ZYr _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
(A) ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V (~) ^maVr` g_mO (H$) ^maVr` Xe©Z (S>) ^maVr`Y_©
5)
g§gma Ho$ gmao bmoJ _mohê$nr ............. _| nS>o h¢Ÿ&
(A) _m`mOmb
(~) _mohOmb
(H$) ZmarOmb
(S>) A§Y:H$ma
eãXmW© :
AmoOñdr - ~bdmZ, dr`©embr
OmJaU - OmJ¥{V
AmohXm - nX, ñWmZ
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88
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~oIm¡\$ - {ZS>a, {Z^©`
Û¡V - Xmo hmoZo H$m ^md
Û¡VdmX - EH$ Xme©{ZH$ {gÕmÝV Omo Ord Am¡a ~«÷ _| ^oX _mZVm h¡
Ah{Z©e - {XZ-amV, AmR>m| nha
AÛ¡V - Û¡V H$m A^md, Ord-~«÷ H$s EH$Vm
AÛ¡VdmX - OJV H$m _ybVÎd EH$ hr h¡ `h _V
2.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) dmamUgr 2) {g_y{bH$m 3) am_H¥$îU na_h§g 4) kmZ 5) A§Y:H$ma
2.7
gmam§e :
"OrdZr' {dYm Ho$ CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg à{H«$`m _| C„oIZr` `moJXmZ XoZodmbo aMZmH$mam| _| go EH$ h¡ am_ZmW
"gw_Z'Ÿ& `wJnwéf ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§XOr na {bIr OrdZr _| am_ZmWOrZo {ddoH$mZ§XOr H$m OrdZd¥Îm eãX~Õ {H$`m
h¡Ÿ& qhXwY_© H$s _hmZVm A_[aH$m, B§½c¢S> O¡go nmíMmË` Xoem| _| nhþ±MmZo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© {ddoH$mZ§XOrZo {H$`m
h¡Ÿ& _moh H$s amV _| {ZÐm_¾ ^maVr`m| Ho$ gmW-gmW {díddm{g`m| H$mo AnZr AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ed§ AmoOñdr dmUr go
OmJ¥V H$aZodmbo {ddoH$mZ§X ^maVr` kmZ H$s VoOpñdVm Ho$ àVrH$ WoŸ& do ^maVr` AmÜ`mpË_H$ MoVZm Ho$ {dYm`H$
nj Ho$ à{V{ZYr WoŸ& CÝhm|Zo ^maV Ho$ gmW-gmW A_o[aH$m Am¡a `wamon _| doXmÝV H$mo gdm}ƒ OrdZ Xe©Z Ho$ ê$n _|
àH$Q> H$aZo H$m _hmZ H$m`© {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
gab, gw~moY Am¡a bm{bË`nyU© ^mfm _| {bIr hþ`r `h OrdZr nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE àoaUmXm`r Vmo h¡ hr, gmW hr
AZwH$aUr` ^r h¡Ÿ& ~më`mdñWm go hr {ddoH$mZ§X _| qMVZerbVm VWm {Z{^©H$Vm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$m nyam OrdZ
J{Verb H¡$go hþAm Bg H$m gmam d¥Îmm§V Bg "OrdZr' _| ^am hþAm h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n Xoe Ho$ bmImo-H$am|S>m| `wdH$
{ddoH$mZ§XOr H$m lÕmnyd©H$ AmXe©dmXr nwéf Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH$ma H$a aho h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ OrdZ H$m`© go àoaUm boH$a AnZm
OrdZ AmXe©dmXr ~Zm aho h¡§Ÿ&
2.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
OrdZr H$s n[a^mfm XoH$a {deofVmE± ñnï> H$s{OEŸ&
2) am_ZmW "gw_Z' Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd H$m {dñVma go {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
3)
am_ZmW "gw_Z' Ho$ H¥${VÎd H$m gmoXmhaU {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
4)
{ddoH$mZ§XOr H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
5)
{ddoH$mZ§X H$s A_[aH$m `mÌm H$m dU©Z H$s{OEŸ&
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89
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2.9
2.10
joÌr` H$m`© :
1)
S>m°. X. {^. Hw$bH$Uu Ho$ "ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Am{U _amR>r dmL²>_`' J«§W H$m AÜ``Z H$s{OEŸ&
2)
_amR>r Ho$ à{gÕ boIH$ S>m°. Ho$. a§. {eadmS>H$aOr H$m "Amnbo {dMma{díd' J«§W nT>rEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
_amR>r ^mfm Ho$ {OZ J«§Wm| _| {ddoH$mZ§XOr Ho$ Xme©{ZH$ {dMmam| H$m {MÌU {H$`m h¡, CZH$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
®®®
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90
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BH$mB© : 4
3. ñd{U©_
Jm¡ad JmWm (ao{S>Amo ZmQ>H$)
- {Ma§OrV
3.1
CÔoí`
3.2
àñVmdZm
3.3
{df` {ddoMZ
3.3.1
{Ma§OrV H$m n[aM`
3.3.2
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' H$m n[aM`
3.3.3
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' H$m Ame`
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
3.5
eãXmW©
3.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z-àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
3.7
gmam§e
3.8
ñdmÜ`m`
3.9
joÌr` H$m`©
3.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
3.1
CÔoí` :
àñVwV BH$mB© H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo go Amn ð ao{S>Amo-ZmQ>H$ Bg {dYm go n[a{MV hmo OmAmoJoŸ&
ð ao{S>Amo-ZmQ>H$ {dYm H$s {deofVmE± _mby_ hmo Om`oJrŸ&
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91
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ð ao{S>Amo-ZmQ>H$ Bg {dYm _| {Ma§OrV H$m `moJXmZ _mbw_ hmo Om`oJmŸ&
ð "ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' Bg ao{S>Amo ZmQ>H$ H$m Ame` g_P gH$moJoŸ&
ð ^maV H$s _hmZVm _mby_ hmo Om`oJrŸ&
ð Xoeào_ H$s ^mdZm {H$VZr _hmZ Am¡a A{Zdm`© hmoVr h¡, `h _mby_ hmo Om`oJmŸ&
ð ^maVdf© Ho$ ^yV-dV©_mZ Am¡a ^{dî` H$s OmZH$mar {_boJrŸ&
3.2 àñVmdZm :
dmñVd _| "ZmQ>H$' H$hmZr H$m hr EH$ ê$n h¡Ÿ& BgH$m CX²^d AmO go H$B© eVmãXr nyd© EH$ Ñí`àYmZ
H$bmH¥${V Ho$ ê$n _o§ hþAmŸ& BgH$m AmZ§X Am±Im| go hr {b`m Om gH$Vm WmŸ& bo{H$Z ao{S`mo Zo Cgo H$mZm| go gwZZo H$s
Am¡a agmñdmXZ boZo H$s MrO ~Zm {X`mŸ& n[aUm_ñdê$n ZmQ>H$ "Ñí`-lmì`' _mÜ`_ ~Z J`mŸ&
lr {Ma§OrV Ho$ {dMmamZwgma ZmQ>H$m| H$m Am°b B§{S>`m ao{S`mo go àgmaU H$ar~Z B.gZ 1937 go ewê$ hþAm
hmoJmŸ& Cg g_` ao{S>Amo Ho$ Am_ lmoVmAm| Ho$ _Z _| BgHo$ à{V EH$ AmíM`©`wŠV H$m¡Vwhb WmŸ& n[aUm_ñdê$n
CÝhm|Zo ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$mo _OmH$ _| "A§Yo H$m {gZo_m' H$hZm ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ& Img ~mV `h h¡ {H$ gZ² 1936 _| Am°b
B§{S>`m ao{S>`mo H$s {d{YdV² ñWmnZm hþB©Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW ao{S>`mo Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| _| ZmQ>H$ H$mo AbJ ñWmZ {_bmŸ& bo{H$Z
Cgr g_` {H$gr ^r ñQ>oeZ Ho$ nmg ghr {H$ñ_ Ho$ ao{S>`mo Y_u ZmQ>H$ Zht WoŸ& gZ² 1939 go ewê$ hþE {ÛVr` {díd`wÕ
Ho$ N>: dfm] go ^maVr` ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$m Vrd« J{Vgo {dH$mg hþAmŸ& C„oIZr` ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ^maVr` ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$
H$m ghr {dH$mg dñVwV: 1947 AWm©V ñdV§ÌVm àm{ßV Ho$ ~mX go hr _mZZm Mm{hEŸ& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX go ao{S>`mo
ZmQ>H$ AmYw{ZH$Vm, g_gm_m{`H$Vm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ `WmW©~moY H$m dmhH$ ~ZmŸ&
AmO ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ à`moJ Am¡a {dH$mg H$s H$B© _§{Obo V` H$a Ho$ àm¡T>Vm àmßV H$a MwH$m h¡Ÿ& a§J_§{M` ZmQ>H$
Am¡a {\$ë_ H$s VwbZm _| AnZo H$mo A{YH$ à^mdr _mÜ`_ {gÕ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW ZmQ>ç-OJV _| ñdV§Ì Am¡a
geŠV gm{hpË`H$ {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| AnZm ñWmZ ^r {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
3.3.1 {Ma§{OV H$m n[aM` :
qhXr Ho$ _yY©Ý` ZmQ>H$H$mam| _| go EH$ h¡ {Ma§OrVŸ& BZHo$ AZoH$ ZmQ>H$ ao{S>`mo go àgm[aV hþE h¢Ÿ& CÝhmoZo ao{S>`mo
ZmQ>H$ na gyú_Vm go {dMma {H$`m h¡ Am¡a Bg _mÜ`_ H$mo g_Pm h¡Ÿ& `o Am°b B§{S>`m go H$B© dfm] VH$ ZmQ>H$ boIH$
Ho$ ê$n _| g§~§Õ aho h¢Ÿ& BÝhmoZo ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go amï´>ào_ VWm ^maV H$s g§ñH¥${V H$m {damQ> én CX²Km{Q>V
{H$`m h¡Ÿ& ^maV Ho$ Jm¡ad_` AVrV H$m ñ_aU H$aZo Ho$ {bE ^r CÝhmoZo ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$m AmYma {b`m h¡Ÿ& OZ_mZg H$mo ào[aV Ed§ àmoËgm{hV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AbJ-AbJ ZmQ>çaMZmE± {bIr h¡§Ÿ&
BZHo$ C„oIZr` ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>ç aMZmAm| _| ã`mh H$s Yy_, _oh_mZ, hmoar AmB© ao, bbm, dh Am`m, nVPa H$s
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92
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amV, n{VV-nmdZ, _hmídoVm, XmXr _m± OmJr Am{X H$m g_mdoe {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& BZ ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_
go _mZd H$s _yb^yV nhMmZ hmoZodmbr amï´>r` MoVZm H$mo OJmZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Xoe H$s nwÊ`^y{_ go AZwamJ,
Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ gmW ghmZw^y{V Ed§ gh`moJ VWm AmXem] H$m AZwH$aU H$aZo H$s àoaUm ^r ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>H$m|Ûmam Xr h¡Ÿ&
"Vñdra CgH$s' `h {Ma§OrV H$m g~go _m{_©H$ Am¡a àoaUmnyU© ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ h¡Ÿ& `h ZmQ>H$ nyU© ê$n go Xoe-n«o_ H$s
^mdZm go AmoV-àoV ^am h¡Ÿ& Bg ZmQ>H$ H$m àW_ àgmaU {X. 31 _B©, 1963 _| {H$`m J`m WmŸ& Bg ZmQ>H$ Ho$ g^r
nmÌ AnZo nyd©Om| H$s na§nam H$mo {Z^mVo hþE AnZo Xoeào_ H$m n[aM` XoVo h¢Ÿ& Bg ZmQ>H$ H$m _XZ EH$ Eogm ì`{ŠV h¡
Omo XoeX«mohr ~ZVm h¡ Am¡a lmoVm H$s ½bm{Z H$m nmÌ ~ZVm h¡Ÿ& A§V_| _XZ Ûmam AmË_hÎ`m go ZmQ>H$ H$m à^md Vrd«
hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$WmZH$ _| Xoe-ào_ H$s _w»` H$Wm Ho$ gmW-gmW XoeÐmoh H$s g_mZm§Va H$Wm go Xoe-ào_ Ho$ XmoZm|
nhby EH$ gmW C^a H$a gm_Zo Am OmVo h¢Ÿ& `hr Bg ZmQ>H$ H$s {deofVm h¢Ÿ& BZH$m "h_ qhXwñVmZr' `h {X. 29 _B©,
1970 _| àgm[aV ZmQ>H$ gm§àXm{`H$ EH$Vm H$m g§Xoe XoZodmbm g~go _hÎdnyU© ZmQ>H$ h¡Ÿ& Bg ZmQ>H$ Ûmam {Ma§OrVZo
AnZo Xm{`Ëd H$mo nyU©V: {Z^m`m h¡Ÿ&
3.3.2 "ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' H$m n[aM`
ao{S>`mo boIZ ~rgdt gXr H$s geŠV gm{hpË`H$ {dYm h¡Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË` H$mo ao{S>`mo H$s g~go ~S>r XoZ h¡Ÿ&
ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>ç gm{hË` {gÕZmW Hw$_ma Ho$ {dMmamZwgma A§Yoao a§JH$j _| àñVwV {H$`m OmZodmbm ZmQ>H$ hr ao{S>`moZmQ>H$ hmoVm hoŸ& Bgo AÑí` Am¡a lì`_mÜ`_ H$m ZmQ>H$ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ao{S>`mo Ho$ Am{dîH$ma Zo Bg ZmQ>çén H$mo OÝ_
{X`m h¡Ÿ& g_rjH$m| Ho$ {dMmamZwgma ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>H$ hdmB© ZmQ>H$ hmoVm h¡, àñVwVrH$aU Ho$ gmW hr hdm _| Imo OmVm
h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n jU^§JwaVm BgH$s {Z`{V h¡Ÿ& AnZo _yb ê$n _| àH$m{eV hmoH$a ~hþV H$_ hr ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>H$
àH$me _| Am nmVo h¢Ÿ& {\$a ^r qhXr _| ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ {bIZo H$m Am¡a CZH$m àgmaU H$aZo H$m {gb{gbm {Za§Va
MbVm Am ahm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> g_rjH$m| Zo AmMm`© MVwagoZ emór H$m "amYmH¥$îU' qhXr H$m àW_ ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ _mZm h¡Ÿ&
Hw$N> g_rjH$ amOZmam`U _oham Ho$ "Zb-X_`§Vr' ZmQ>H$ H$mo `h lo` XoVo h¢Ÿ&
qhXr _| ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$s Ama§{^H$ AdñWm _| n[adV©Z H$aZo H$m, EH$m§H$s ZmQ>H$m| H$mo ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ê$n
_| n[ad{V©V H$aZo H$m gmam lo` Cn|ÐZmW AíH$, CX`e§H$a ^Å> Am¡a am_Hw$_ma d_m© H$mo {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
g~go _hÎdnyU© ~mV `h h¡ {H$ ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ ~mX ao{S>`mo Ho$ {bE _yb ê$n _| {bIo JE H$bmË_H$ VWm
gO©ZmË_H$ ZmQ>H$m| H$s g§»`m A{YH$ h¡Ÿ& BZ ZmQ>H$m| H$m gm{hpË`H$ _yë` a§J_§Mr` ZmQ>H$m| H$s VwbZm _| {H$gr ^r
Ñ{ï> go H$_ Zht h¡Ÿ& AmOVH$ Cƒ H$mo{Q> Ho$ AZoH$ qhXr ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$m| H$s aMZm hþB© h¡ŸAm¡a CZH$m àgmaU ^r hþAm
h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n EH$ ñdV§Ì gm{hpË`H$ {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$m| Zo qhXr gm{hË` OJV _| AnZr ñdV§Ì OJh
~ZmB© h¡Ÿ&
3.3.3 "ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' H$m Ame`
qhXr Ho$ à{gÕ ZmQ>H$H$ma Am¡a AmH$medmUr Ho$ ZmQ>H$ {d^mJ Ho$ ^yVnyd© _w»` àñVw{V A{YH$mar (Mr\$
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93
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àmoS>çyga) lr. {Ma§OrV H$m "ñd{U©` Jm¡ad-JmWm' `h gdm}ËH¥$ï> ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ h¡Ÿ& "gmV amï´>r` ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$' Bg
ZmQ>çg§J«h _| BgH$m g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& àñVwV ZmQ>H$ _| Xmo JrVm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n Bg
ZmQ>H$ H$mo g§JrV àYmZ ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$a CgH$m {dH$mg H$aZm `hr CZHo$ ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$m| H$m _ybY_© h¡Ÿ& àñVwV ZmQ>H$
H$m _yb CÔoe ^r `hr h¡Ÿ& amï´>{Z_m©U H$m g§Xoe XoZm, OZ-OZ _| amï´>ào_, amï´>^{ŠV Am¡a amï´> Ho$ {bE g_n©U H$s
^mdZm H$mo OJmZm, Bg bú` go ào[aV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo `h ZmQ>H$ {bIm h¡Ÿ& ^maV H$mo 15 AJñV 1947 _| {_br hþ`r
ñdV§ÌVm Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm H$mo H$WmdñVw ~ZmH$a `h ZmQ>çH¥${V {Z_m©U H$s h¡Ÿ& O~ Xoe AmOmX hþAm V~
boIH$ Iyer go Py_ CR>o WoŸ& Bg Iwer _| hr CÝhm|Zo "AmO _w{ŠV Ë`mohma, gIr _¢ _§JbXrn ObmD±$' `h JrV {bIm
WmŸ& "Jm§YrOr H$s O`O`H$ma' `h JrV CÝhm|Zo nhbo hr {bIm WmŸ& BZ Xmo JrVm| H$m g_mdoe Bg ZmQ>H$ _| {H$`m
J`m h¡Ÿ& H$WmdñVw H$m gma BZ JrVm| _| g_m`m hþAm h¡Ÿ&
^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm H$s ñdU© O`§Vr Ho$ Cnbú` _| Am`mo{OV g_mamoh _| Bg ZmQ>H$ H$m _§MZ Am¡a àgmaU
AmH$medmUr Ho$ H|$Ðr` ZmQ>H$ {d^mJ Zo {Xg§~a 1997 _| {H$`m WmŸ&
àñVwV ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ _| gyÌYma, l_dra, aUdra BZ VrZ à_wI nwéf nmÌ Am¡a ZV©H$s Ed§ Xw:Ir Zmar BZ Xmo
àYmZ Zmar nmÌm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Jm`H$ Xb _| Jm¡U ñÌr-nwéf nmÌm| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ZmQ>H$ H$m àma§^
dmÚ-g§JrV Ho$ ~mX gyÌYma Ho$ ñda go hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h gyÌYma Xoe H$s _hmZVm H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE, Xoe H$mo _hmZ
~ZmZo dmbo ZoVmAm| _| AJ«^mJr hmoZodmbo amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m O`O`H$ma H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
EH$ Amoa gyÌYma h_mao Xoe H$s _hmZ na§namE±, JUV§Ì, gË`, Aqhgm Am{X H$m dU©Z H$aVo hþE, Xoe H$s
AmOmXr H$m JwUJmZ ~`mZ H$aVm h¡ŸVmo Xygar Amoa {dídd§XZr` _hmË_m Jm§YrOr H$s O`O`H$ma H$aVm ahVm h¡Ÿ&
BgHo$ gmW Jm`H$ Xb O`JmZ ewê$ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg O`JmZ JrV _| A§J«oOm| Zo ^maVdm{g`m| H$m Omo A_mZdr` emofU
{H$`m CgH$m à^mdembr {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& JrV Ho$ gmW-gmW ~§XwH$m|, Vmonm| Am¡a KmoS>m| H$s Q>mnm| H$s AmdmO Ho$
_mÜ`_ go Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE Omo g§J«m_ hþAm Wm, CgH$m Üd{Z Ho$ _mÜ`_ go dmVmdaU {Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm
h¡Ÿ& JrV g_mßV hmoVo hr gyÌYma {\$a go AmOmXr H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$hmZr ewê$ H$a XoVm h¡Ÿ& Xoe H$s AmOmXr Ho$ {bE
{OÝhm|Zo `moJXmZ {X`m Wm, g_n©U {H$`m Wm, CZ g§JR>Zm| Am¡a ì`{ŠV`m| H$m AmXa`wŠV ñ_aU {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go
AmOmX qhX \$m¡O, ZoVmOr gw^mfM§Ð ~mog, "N>moS>mo ^maV' H$m Zmam bJmZodmbo _hmË_m Jm§Yr BZ g~ H$m Jd© Ho$
gmW ñ_aU {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&
15 AJñV 1947
`h {V{W ^maVdf© Ho$ H$moQ>r-H$moQ>r OZm| Ho$ {bE A{dñ_aUr` h¡Ÿ& Bg Eo{Vhm{gH$ {V{W
H$m {Mañ_aU {H$`m Om`oJmŸ& `h {V{W AmOmXr H$m g§Xoem XoZodmbr h¡Ÿ& `h {V{W ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ gy`m©oX` H$s {V{W h¡Ÿ&
AV: Bg {V{W go OwS>m hþAm JrV ~hþV hr à^mdembr Am¡a àoaUmXmB© h¡Ÿ&
hf©gyMH$ g§JrV Ho$ ~rM go ZV©H$s H$m nyOm-JrV gwZmB© nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& `h JrV _w{ŠV Ë`mohma H$m h¡Ÿ& Bg _§JbJmZ
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94
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Ûmam ZV©H$s Xoe Ho$ {bE g_n©U H$aZo H$m g§Xoe XoVr h¡Ÿ& h_mam amï´> {Ma§Ordr hmoJm, Mmamo Amoa _§Jb_` dmVmdaU
{Z_m©U hmoJmŸ& am_amÁ` H$m CX` hmoJm, Eogr H$m_Zm Ho$ gmW nyOm JrV g_mßV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
Bg JrV H$s g_m{á Ho$ ~mX Vwa§V qMVm gyMH$ H$éU g§JrV gwZmB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& gmW hr gmW gyÌYma AmOmXr Ho$
gmW-gmW Xoe{d^mOZ H$s XX©^ar `mX {XbmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg {d^mOZ Ho$ H$maU Xoe Ho$ H$moZo-H$moZo _| \¡$bo Ûof Am¡a K¥Um
^ao _mhm¡b H$s `mX VmOm hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& A§J«oOm| Zo ({\$a§{J`m| Zo) gmoM-g_PH$a _Oh~ H$m Oha \¡$bmH$a Bg Xoe
Ho$ AnZr _Ougo Xmo Qw>H$S>o {H$EŸ& Xoe H$m {d^mOZ hmoVo hr nyam Xoe qhgm Ho$ Vm§S>d _| Ob OmVm h¡Ÿ& aŠVnmV go YaVr
_m± aŠVa§{OV hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ& OZVm H$m Xw:I Am¡a emoH$ g^r {XemAm| go \y$Q> nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&
gyÌYma H$m ñda Yrao-Yrao g_má hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& OZVm H$m amoZm-{M„mZm-AmH«$moe ^r Yr_m hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& Eogo
_| Xw:Ir ^maVdm{g`m| H$s ì`Wm-doXZmAm| H$mo JrVX²dmam ì`ŠV H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Xoe AmOmX Oê$a hþAm bo{H$Z {d^mOZ
Ho$ H$maU dh {\$a go AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Ho$ {V{_a _| {Kam hþAm h¡Ÿ& `h emoH$JrV H$mo{Q>-H$mo{Q> OZVm Ho$ AmH«$moe
H$mo àm{V{Z{YH$ ê$n _| ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡Ÿ&
emoH$-JrV H$m ñda H$_ hmoVo hr {\$ago Xoe Ho$ àW_ àYmZ_§Ìr n§{S>V Zohê$ Ho$ O`O`H$ma Ho$ Zmao gwZmB©
XoVo h¢Ÿ& gmW hr gyÌYma H$m ñda C^aVm h¡Ÿ& Qy>Q>o hþE Xoe H$mo C^maZo H$m H$m_ Zohê$OrZo H¡$go {H$`m Wm, BgHo$
{bE CÝh| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Zgr _wgr~Vm| Am¡a g_ñ`mê$nr Vw\$mZm| go H¡$go OyPZm nS>m Wm,ŸCgH$m _m{_©H$ {MÌU {H$`m
h¡Ÿ& l_dra Ho$ H$WZ go Zohê$OrZo Io{Vham| Ho$ {bE {H$E hþE H$m`© H$m JwUJmZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& l_dra Ho$ g_yh JmZ
X²dmam n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmAm| X²dmam Bg YaVr H$mo (^maV^y{_ Ho$) ñdJ© ~ZmZo H$s C_§Jm| H$m g§{jßV {MÌU
{H$`m h¡Ÿ&
{\$a go gyÌYma l_e{ŠV Ûmam Xoe Ho$ ha joÌ _| Omo Zd{Z_m©U hþAm h¡ CgH$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW
nS>mogr Xoem| Ho$ (nm{H$ñVmZ Am¡a MrZ) gmW {H$E JE `wÕm| H$m ^r dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Xoe H$s ajm H$aZodmbo OdmZm|
H$m à{V{Z{YÎd H$aZodmbm aUdra dra {gnmhr`m| H$s em¡`©JmWm ì`ŠV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Agb _| Xoe H$s ajm H$aZodmbo
g¡{ZH$ gƒo XoegodH$, ajH$, em§{V-XyV hmoVo h¡§, BgH$m dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
aUdram| Ho$ g_yh-JmZ H$s g_m{á Ho$ gmW {\$ago gyÌYma H$m ñda gwZmB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& XoIVo-XoIVo AmOmXr Ho$
nƒmg df© H¡$go nyao hþE, ~rVo hþE BZ nMmg dfm} _| Xoe Ho$ ha joÌ _| Omo {dH$mg hþAm h¡Ÿ& BZ g^r H$m Jm¡ad JrV
JmVm h¡Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht AmO {díd _| ^maV Zo AnZm ñdV§Ì ñWmZ H¡$go {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ Am{X àoaUmXm`r ~mVm| H$m
g§jon _| dU©Z {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
gyÌYma Jm`H$ Xb Am¡a AÝ` nmÌm| H$mo {_bH$a Jm¡ad-JrV JmZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& g~ {_bH$a
Jm¡ad-JmWm H$m g_mnZ JrV àñVwV H$aVo h¡Ÿ& Bg JrV X²dmam Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm A_a aho, Xoe àJ{Verb ~Zo,
_hmË_m Jm§Yr H$m ñdamÁ` H$m gnZm gM hmo, ñdV§ÌVm-g_Vm-~§YwVm H$m dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmo, ñdmV§Í`gy`© na
naV§ÌVm ê$nr amV H$s H$mbr N>m`m Z nS>o, Jm§YrOr H$s g§XoedmUr g~ H$mo àoaUm XoZodmbr Am¡a H¥${VàdUVm H$m
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95
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g§Xoe XoZodmbr JrVm ~ZoŸ& BgHo$ gmW {díd H$mo gË`-Aqhgm-gË`mJ«h H$m _m¡{bH$ g§Xoe XoZodmbm, em§{VXwVm| H$m
Xoe `h à{V_m {XZ-~-{XZ ì`mnH$ ~Zo, Bg H$m_Zm Ho$ gmW ZmQ>H$ g_má hmoVm h¡Ÿ&
3.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
ZrMo {XE JE n`m©`m| _| go C{MV n`m©` MwZH$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&
1)
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' `h ............. ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ h¡Ÿ&
(A) H$WoÎma
(~) H$WmàYmZ$
(H$) g§JrVàYmZ (S>) _Zmoa§OZ àYmZ
2)
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' ZmQ>H$ H$m à_wI nwéfnmÌ ............. h¡Ÿ&
(A) l_dra
(~) aU~ra$
(H$) gyÌYma
3)
4)
5)
3.5
Xoe Ho$ OdmZm| H$mo ............. H$hm h¡Ÿ&
(A) em§{VXwV
(~) gÎmm Ho$ godH$$
(H$) Xoe Ho$ ZoVm (S>) Xoe Ho$ godH$
gZ² ............. _| Am°b B§{S>`m ao{S>`mo H$s {d{YdV² ñWmnZm hþB©Ÿ&
(A) 1936
(~)$1935
(H$) 1934
(S>) 1937
ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$mo ............. Z| "A§Yo H$m {gZo_m' H$hm h¡Ÿ&
(A) OJXre _mWwa
(~) Cn|ÐZmW AíH$$ (H$) {Ma§OrV
(S>) _mohZ amHo$e
eãXmW© :
JUV§Ì - emgZ H$m EH$ àH$ma
B§J{bñVm§ - B§½c¢S>
C{XV `m¡dZm - _w½Ym Zm{`H$m H$m EH$ ^oX
BÝH$bm~ - qOXm~mX, H«$m§{V H$s O`
3.6
(S>) XoegodH$
hf©{d^moa - AmZ§Xr
{H$arQ> - _wHw$Q> amOm H$m {eamo^yfU
Mm¡_wIm - {Og Ho$ _w±h Mmam| Am¡a hmo
Omoerbm - Omoe go ^am hþAm
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1) g§JrVàYmZ 2) gyÌYma 3) Xoe Ho$ godH$ 4) gZ 1936 5) {Ma§OrV
3.7
gmam§e :
Xoe ^a _| amï´>r` MoVZm OJmZo Am¡a OZVm H$m _Zmo~b ~T>mZo _| ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m AXm H$a ahm
h¡¡Ÿ& AmO EH$ ñdV§Ì Ed§ geŠV gm{hpË`H$ {dYm Ho$ ê$n _| ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$mo ñdrH$mam J`m h¡Ÿ& EH$ Z`o à`moJerb
a§J_§Mr` ZmQ>H$ na ^r ^md, ^mfm, {df`-dñVw Ed§ {eënJV gm¡ð>d H$s Ñ{ï>go BgH$m à^md ñnï> {XImB© Xo ahm h¡Ÿ&
AV: ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ H$s ~T>Vr hþ`r Cn`wŠVVm Ü`mZ _| boH$a H$WoÎma {dYm Ho$ A§VJ©V "ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$' Bg {dYm H$m
g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ&
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ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>H$ Ho$ _wH$w Q>_{U, amï´>r` ZmQ>H$H$ma lr. {Ma§OrV Ho$ "ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad-JmWm' Bg g§JrV àYmZ ao{S>`mo
ZmQ>H$ H$m nmR>çH«$_ _| g_mdoe {H$`m h¡Ÿ& `h ZmQ>H$ amï´>gdo m, amï´>à_o Am¡a amï´> Ho$ {bE g_n©U H$m g§Xe
o XoZdo mbm
ZmQ>H$ h¡Ÿ& Bg_| ñdV§ÌVm nyd© H$m Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX Ho$ ^maV H$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ níMmV nMmg
dfm] _| ^maV Zo Omo C„oIZr` H$m`© {H$`m h¡, CgH$m {MÌU g§jno _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ& ^maV _m± H$mo Jwbm_r H$s O§Oram| go _wŠV
H$aZo H$m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© H$aZodmbo amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§Yr, ZoVmOr gw^mfM§Ð ~mog, bmoH$_mÝ` {V>bH$ Am{X _mÝ`dam|
H$m Jm¡adJmZ Bg ZmQ>H$ _| {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Xoe{d^mOZ H$m ñdrH$ma H$aVo hþE n§{S>V Zohê$ Am¡a CZHo$ gh`moJr _§{Ì`m| Zo
g_ñ`mê$nr Vw\$mZ go OwPVo hþE Omo _hmZ H$m`© {H$`m h¡, CgH$m boIm-OmoIm Bg_| {XImB© XoVm h¡Ÿ& Xoe Ho$ {H$gmZ,
gr_m na bT>Zdo mbo OdmZ, H$m`©àdU l{_H$ Am{X Ho$ à{V gå_mZ H$s ^mdZm Bg ZmQ>H$ _| ì`ŠV H$s h¡Ÿ&
g§jon _| hmñ`-ì`§½`, OrdZr Am¡a ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>H$ BZ {dYmAm| H$m nmR>çH«$_ _| g_mdoe H$a H$WoÎma gm{hË`
Ho$ à{V N>mÌm| H$s Am¡a qhXr ào_r {dX²dmZm| H$s A{^ê$Mr ~T>mZo H$m H$m_ qhXr AÜ``Z _§S>b Zo {H$`m h¡Ÿ&
3.8
3.9
ñdmÜ`m` :
1)
{Ma§OrV Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd Am¡a H¥${VÎd H$m {ddoMZ H$s{OEŸ&
2)
ao{S>`mo-ZmQ>H$ H$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
3)
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' ZmQ>H$ H$m Ame` {b{IEŸ&
4)
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' ZmQ>H$ _o§ {M{ÌV ^maV df© H$s _hmZVm H$m Ame` {b{IEŸ&
5)
"ñd{U©_ Jm¡ad JmWm' ZmQ>H$ H$s {deofVmE± {b{IEŸ&
joÌr` H$m`© :
1) Amn Ho$ {Obo _| hmoZodmbo ñdVÌVm goZm{Z`m| H$s gyMr ~ZmBEŸ&
2)
3.10
Amn Ho$ Amg-nmg hmoZodmbo {H$gr ^r ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr go dmVm©bmn H$s{OEŸ&
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bEŸ&
AmH$medmUr gm§Jbr go àgm[aV àm. XodXÎm nmQ>rb H$m"eW©' ao{S>`mo ZmQ>H$ n{T>EŸ&
nÌH$ma Hw$_ma Ho$VH$aOr H$m "H$Wm ñdmV§Í`mMr' J«§W n{T>EŸ&
®®®
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97
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