H
I
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya {ejU H|$Ð
(gÌ 3 nona 1)
^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg
(gÌ 4 nona 2)
_hmamîQ´>mVrc g_mOgwYmaH$
~r. E. ^mJ-2 Am§Va{dÚmemIr` {df` (IDS)
K
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2014-15 nmgyZ)
J
© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2014
~r. E. (^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg) ^mJ-2 B{Vhmg IDS nona 1 d 2 H$[aVm
gd© h·H$ ñdmYrZ. oedmOr odÚm[rR>mÀ`m [admZJroedm` H$m{UË`mhr àH$mamZ{ Z·H$c H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr.
àVr : 2,000
n
àH$meH$ :
S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio
Hw$bg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya - 416 004.
n
_wÐH$ :
lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rc
AYrjH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnya-416 004.
n
ISBN- 978-81-8486-558-5
H
H
Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)
Xÿa {ejU {d^mJ-{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$cr Amho.
(ii)
Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
n
àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndma
gëcmJma g{_Vr n
àmMm`© S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rc
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
A{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io
àmMm`© S>m°. gr. Oo. {Icmao
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$
A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm
S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>Vao
A{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. Hw$cJwê$,
åh¡gya {dÚmnrR>, åh¡gya
àmMm`© S>m°. E. ~r. amOJo
àm. nr. àH$me
g§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$,
B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr
S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wio
_m. àmMm`© (S>m°.) E. Eg. ^moB©Q>o
Hw$cg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
_m. à-Hw$cJwê$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
lr. E_. E. H$mH$S>o
àm. (S>m°.) gr_m `odco
narjm {Z`§ÌH$, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
JrV-JmoqdX, âc°Q> Z§. 2, 1139 gmB©Šg EŠñQ>|eZ,
H$moëhmnya-416001
lr. ìhr. Q>r. nmQ>rc
{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
S>m°. A{Zc Jdir
àm. (S>m°.) AéU ^mogco (gXñ` g{Md)
A{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
n
g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Aä`mg_§S>i : B{Vhmg
n
AÜ`j - àmMm`© (S>m°.) Q>r. Eg. nmQ>rc
M§Ðm~mB©-em§Vmßnm e|Sy>ao H$m°coO, hþnar, Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya
l
S>m°. E_. E. cmohma
l
amOfu emhÿ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, éH$S>r,
Vm. hmVH$U§Jco, {O. H$moëhmnya
B{Vhmg {d^mJà_wI, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
l
S>m°. gXm{ed _méVr JmdS>o
_wYmoOr H$m°coO, \$cQ>U, {O. gmVmam
l
S>m°. I§S>oamd AOw©Z qeXo
l
S>m°. M§ÐH$m§V JmoqdXamd nmQ>rc
nÙ^yfU S>m.° dg§VamdXmXm nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, VmgJmd,
{O. gm§Jcr
(iii)
S>m°. (lr_Vr) Z§{XZr aqdÐ aUIm§~o
gXJwê$ JmS>Jo _hmamO H$m°coO, {dÚmZJa, H$amS>,
{O. gmVmam
Xya oejU H|$Ð
oedmOr odÚm[rR>,
H$m{ëhm[ya
^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
boIH$
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
gÌ-3 : nona-1 : ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg
àm. Jm¡V_ JUnVr H$mQ>H$a
H$cm d dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmc`, gmVmam
1
àm. Oo. dm`. ^mogco
17, "éUmZw~§Y', {dÚmZJa, H$dR>o_hm§H$mi, {O. gm§Jcr
2
àmMm`© amO|Ð _moao
lr. Ama. Ama. nmQ>rc _hm{dÚmc`, gmdiO, {O. gm§Jcr
3
àm. S>m°. gm¡. g§{JVm g§nV nmQ>rc
H$cm, dm{UÁ` d {dkmZ _hm{dÚmc`, ncyg, {O. gm§Jcr
4
gÌ-4 : nona-2 : _hmamîQ´>mVrc g_mOgwYmaH$
àm. S>m°. ìhr. dm`. _JXÿ_
1
lr_Vr AmŠH$mVmB© am_Jm|S>m nmQ>rc H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, BMcH$a§Or, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) e{_©cm gm~io
amOfu emhÿ H$cm d dm{UÁ` _hm{dÚmc`, éH$S>r, H$moëhmnya
2
S>m°. g§K{_Ìm ìhr. gadS>o
Amßnmgmho~ S>m§Jo H$m°coO, hmVH$U§Jco, H$moëhmnya
3
àm. {Xcrn JUnVr _mo{hVo
{ejU_hfu ~mnyOr gmiw§Io _hm{dÚmc`, H$amS>, gmVmam
4
n
g§nmXH$
BMcH$a§Or, {O. H$moëhmnya.
àm. S>m°. ìhr. dm`. _JXÿ_
lr_Vr AmŠH$mVmB© am_Jm|S>m nmQ>rc
H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, BMcH$a§Or
n
àm. Oo. dm`. ^mogco
17, "éUmZw~§Y', {dÚmZJa,
H$dR>o_hm§H$mi
(iv)
àñVmdZm
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mZo OyZ 2014 nmgyZ ~r.E.^mJ-2 Am§Va{dÚmemIr` (Am`.S>r.Eg.) {df`mgmR>r
"^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg' d "_hmamîQ´>mVrb g_mOgwYmaH$' {df`mMm Aä`mgH«$_
gÌnÕVrZwgma d gwYm[aV ñdê$nmV bmJy Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mZwgma Xÿa {ejU H|$Ðm_m\©$V ~{h…ñW
{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r `m {df`mMm XmoÝhr gÌmMm Aä`mgH«$_ {dMmamV KoD$Z gXaÀ`m nwñVH$mVrb ñd`§
AÜ``Z gm{hË` AZw^dr àmÜ`mnH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z boIZ H$ê$Z V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. OyZ 2014
nmgyZ `m dJm©gmR>r V`ma Ho$boë`m "^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg' d "_hmamîQ´>mVrb
g_mOgwYmaH$' `m nwñVH$m§V {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_Oob Aem gmoß`m ^mfoV {bImU H$aÊ`m§V Ambo Amho.
"^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg' `m go{_ñQ>a-3 gmR>rÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV H§$nZr
gÎmoÀ`m H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥$VrH$ ~Xb, gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm Midir, _hmË_m
\w$bo … OrdZ d H$m`©, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a … OrdZ d H$m`© `m KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`m§V
Ambm Amho. gÌ 4 gmR>r V`ma Ho$boë`m "_hmamîQ´>mVrb g_mO gwYmaH$' `m {df`mÀ`m Aä`mgH«$_mV
_hmamîQ´>mVrb AmÚgwYmaH$, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO, _hfu {dR²>R>b am_Or qeXo, gm_m{OH$ Am{U
e¡j{UH$ gwYmaH$ B. KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`m§V Ambobm Amho. `m nwñVH$mMr {d^mJUr EHy$U AmR>
KQ>H$m_Ü`o Ho$bobr Amho. gd© {dÚmWu Am{U {ejH$m§Zm ho nwñVH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aob Agm Amåhmg
{dídmg Amho.
gXa nwñVH$mÀ`m {bImZmMo H$m_ {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m H$m`©jÌo mVrb {d{dY _mÝ`da àmÜ`mnH$m§Zr
nyU© Ho$ë`m~Ôb g§nmXH$ _§S>i Ë`m§Mo Am^mar Amho. `m nwñVH$mÀ`m àH$meZmgmR>r {edmOr {dÚmnrR>
Am{U Xÿa {ejU {d^mJmVrb àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$boë`m ghH$m`m©~Ôb g§nmXH$
_§S>i _ZmnmgyZ Am^ma _mZV Amho.
- g§nmXH$
(v)
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$
nmZ H«$_m§H$
go{_ñQ>a-3 : nona-1
^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mm B{Vhmg
1.
H§$nZr gÎmoÀ`m H$mimVrc gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xc
1
2.
gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm Midir
23
3.
_hmË_m \w$co : OrdZ d H$m`©
52
4.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : OrdZ d H$m`©
73
go{_ñQ>a-4 : nona-2
_hmamîQ´>mVrc g_mOgwYmaH$
1.
_hmamîQ´>mVrc AmÚgwYmaH$
101
2.
amOfu N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamO
128
3.
_hfu {dÇ>c am_Or qeXo
150
4.
gm_m{OH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ gwYmaH$
164
(vii)
n
{dÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm :
àË`{H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>ç{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc
]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Ü`{ H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.
3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr A[{jm
Amh{.
ñd`§• _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV
Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ
Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§• AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü`{ oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm
ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{
Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ'
C[`w·V R>aVrc.
(viii)
(Study Tool)
åhUyZ
gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 1
H§$nZr gÎmoÀ`m H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~Xb
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1.0
C{Ôï>ço
1.1
àñVmdZm
1.2
{df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1
{¼üZ {_eZar
1.2.2
AmYw{ZH$ {ejU
1.2.3
H§$nZr gaH$maMo gwYmaUm à`ËZ - H$m`©
1.3
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.4
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
1.5
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6
gmam§e
1.7
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$
1.0
C{Ôï>ço
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm,
ð {¼üZ {_eZè`m§Zr ^maVmV Ho$boë`m {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©Mr Am{U {ejU àgmam_mJrb Ü`o`m§Mr
_m{hVr {_iob.
ð nmoVw©JrO, S>M, \«|$M, S>oZ, {~«{Q>e Am{U A_o[aH$Z {_eZè`m§Zr ^maVmV Ho$boë`m {ejU-n«gma H$m`m©Mr
AmoiI hmoB©b.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
B.A. Part 2 - (I.D.S) (sem III)
History of Social Reforms In India
1
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ð {_eZè`m§Zr ^maVmV Ho$boë`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.
ð B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVmV AmYw{ZH$ {ejUmMr gwadmV H$er Ho$br ho g_Oob.
ð gZ 1833 À`m gZXr H$m`ÚmVrb {ejU{df`H$ VaVyXr g_OmdyZ KoVm `oVrb.
ð bm°S>© _oH$m°boMo {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU Am{U {dMmam§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.
ð dyS>Mm {ejU{df`H$ I{bnm, Ë`mVrb VaVyXr Aä`mgVm `oVrb.
ð H§$nZrZo Ho$boë`m àemgH$s`, H$m`Xm Am{U Ý`m`XmZmVrb gwYmaUm g_OmdyZ KoVm `oVrb.
ð H§$nZr H$mimV ^maVmV Pmboë`m _hgyb d gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.
1.1
àmñVm{dH$ :
15 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>À`m XeH$mV d 16 ì`m eVH$mV {d{dY XoemVyZ `wamo{n`Z bmoH$ ì`mnmamÀ`m
{Z{_ÎmmZo ^maVmV Ambo. nmoVw©JrO Ibmer dmñH$mo-X-Jm_m hm 1498 gmbr àW_ ^maVmV g_wÐm_mJ} Ambm.
Ë`mZ§Va S>M, \«|$M, ñn°{Ze, S>oZ Am{U B§J«O bmoH$ ^maVmV ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ambo. gZ 1600 gmbr
B§½b§S>_Yrb ì`mnmè`m§Zr nyd}H$S>rb Xoem§er ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r "B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr' Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. B§½b§S>À`m
Eo{bPm~oW amUrH$Sy>Z Ver nadmZJr {_i{dbr. ^maVm_Ü`o ì`mnma H$aVmZm B§J«Om§Zm AÝ` `wamo{n` gÎmm§er g§Kf©
H$amdm bmJbm. `m g§Kfm©V B§J«OmnwT>o nmoVw©JrO, S>M, \«|$M `m `wamo{n`Zm§Mm {Q>H$md bmJbm Zmhr. àJV V§ÌkmZmZo
g‚m Agboë`m B§J«Om§nwT>o eodQ>r _amR>o, h¡Xa {Q>ny, _wKb `m ^maVr` gÎmm§ZmXoIrb hmV Q>oH$mdo bmJbo. Ë`m_wio
^maVmV gÎmm {dñVmamMr g§Yr Ë`m§Zm {_imbr. 23 OyZ 1757 amoOr Pmboë`m ßbmgrÀ`m `wÕmV B§J«Om§Zr ~§JmbMm
Zdm~ {gamO CÔmobmMm nam^d Ho$bm. B§J«Om§Mm hm XoemVrb n{hbm d _hÎdmMm {dO` hmoVm. ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©Zo
~§Jmb_Ü`o {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm nm`m KmVbm Jobm. {X„rMm ~mXehm ehmAmb_, {_aH$mgr_, gwOmCÔmobm `m§À`m
g§`wŠV \$m¡Om§Mm {~«{Q>em§Zr ~ŠgmaÀ`m bT>mB©V nam^d Ho$bm. ho ~ŠgmaMo `wÕ gwÕm {~«{Q>em§À`m Ñ{ï>Zo {ZUm©`H$
R>abo.
{~«{Q>em§gmo~V BVa `wamo{n`Zm§Zr Amnë`m ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m ñWmnZ H$éZ ^maVmV ì`mnmamMr gwédmV Ho$br.
ì`mnmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnbr pñWVr ^¸$_ Ho$br. `mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m AmH$m§jm dmTy> bmJë`m. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmV
O_rZr IaoXr H$amd`mg gwédmV Ho$br. ^maVmV Ë`m§Zr Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` AmH$m§jm
dmT>ë`m. ~Xbboë`m n[apñWVrMm `wamo{n`Z bmoH$m§Zr \$m`Xm KoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo d {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© hmVr
KoVbo. àíZ nS>Vmo H$s, `wamo{n`Z bmoH$m§Zr ^maVmV {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© hmVr H$m KoVbo Agmdo? Ë`mMo CÎma
AJXr gai Amho, ^maVr` bmoH$ {eH$bo gdabo VaM {¼üZ Y_m©Mr VÎdo Am{U {dMma AmH$bZ H$ê$ eH$Vrb
Ë`mVhr Vo Oa nm{ü_mÎ` YVuZo {eH$bo VaM Ë`m§Zm {¼üZ Y_m©Mo VÎdkmZ Am{U {dMma A{YH$ à^m{dnUo
g_OVrb. åhUyZ `wamo{n`Z bmoH$m§Zr ^maVmV Y_©àgmamgmR>r {ejU gwê$ Ho$bo Am{U Z§Va {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ
Ho$ë`m. Xwgao EH$ H$maU åhUOo Ë`m§Zm ^maVr`m§er {ejU Am{U {ejU g§ñWm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ OdiMo g§~§Y
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
2
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
àñWm{nV H$amd`mMo hmoVo. åhUyZ {_eZar bmoH$m§Zr ^maVmV {ejUmMr {deofV: nm{ü_mÎ` {ejUmMr gwédmV
Ho$br. AmnU OmUVmM gm_m{OH$ g_VoMo nwañH$V}, gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo g§ñWmnH$ d ^maVmVrb EH$ Wmoa
g_mOgwYmaH$ Am{U {ejUVÁk _hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$bo `m§Zr {ejUàgmamMr àoaUm Ë`m doiÀ`m "{_g naoam'
`m§À`mH$Sy>Z KoVbr.
H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m H$mimV gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mo AZoH$ à`ËZ Pmbo. bm°S>© hopñQ>¨½OÀ`m H$mimV ^maVmV
Jm|Yi KmbUmè`m d AamOH$Vm _mOdUmè`m R>J n|T>mè`m§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mM H$mimV Ý`m`ì`dñWoV
erK«JVr AmUÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`ImË`mV gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. bm°S>© {dë`_ ~o{Q>§H$À`m H$mimV gwYmaUdmXr _mo{h_ gwê$
am{hbr. Ë`mZo Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm, Ý`m`mb`rZ gwYmaUm, amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m gwYmaUm, e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm d gVr
~§Xr H$m`Xm (B. g. 1829), R>J ~§Xmo~ñV, Za ~ir `m~m~V à~moYZ, OmJ¥Vr, H$m`ÚmMm ~S>Jm BË`mXr _mÜ`_mVyZ
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
H§$nZrZo n«emg{H$` gwYmaUm d Ý`m` ì`dñWoH$S>ohr bj {Xbo. AmYw{ZH$ Ý`m` nÕVrMm nm`mhr `m H$mimV
KmbÊ`mV Ambm. _hgyb ì`dñWo_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`_Ymam, a`Vdmar, _hmbdmar `mgma»`m _hgwb
nÕVr ^maVmVrb {d{dY àm§VmV am~{dÊ`mV Amë`m. `mVyZ H§$nZrZo {VOmoar ^aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
`mMm n[aUm_ ^maVr` eoVr d eoVH$è`m§da Pmbm. ^maVr` eoVH$ar A{YH$M ZmS>bm Jobm. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo
^maVm_Ü`o ì`mnma H$aVm H$aVm `oWo gm_«mÁ` {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Amnbr àemgZ ì`dñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br. gZ 1857
À`m CR>mdmZ§Va H§$nZrÀ`m gÎmoMm eodQ> Pmbm d {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Mr gÎmm 1858 À`m amUrÀ`m OmhraZmå`mZo
ñWmnZ Pmbr.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 {¼üZ {_eZar :
{_eZar {ejU : àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmMo nm{ü_mÎ` Xoemer ì`mnmar g§~§Y hmoVo. ^maVmVrb aoe_r
dó d aËZm§Zm àmMrZ H$mim_Ü`o naXoemVyZ _mJUr hmoVr. dmñH$mo-X²-Jm_mZo Ob_mJ© 1498 bm emoYyZ H$mT>ë`m_wio
AZoH$ ì`mnmar H§$nÝ`m ^maVmV `oD$ bmJë`m. `m_Ü`o VrZ H§$nÝ`m _hÎdmÀ`m hmoË`m. 1600 gmbr {~«{Q>e B©ñQ>
B§S>`m H§$nZr, 1602 S>M B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr, 1664 \«|$M B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr, `m H§$nÝ`m_Ü`o ì`mnmar ñnYm© gwê$
hmoVr. Ë`mM~amo~a {ejU àgmamMo H$m_ `m H§$nÝ`m§Zr Ho$bo. H§$nÝ`m§À`m {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©bm "{_eZar
{ejU' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
`wamo{n`Z {_eZè`m§Mm ^maVmVrb {ejUàgma : ^maVmV ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ambobo `wamo{n`Z,
^maVmVrb amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$ d Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVr nmhÿZ ì`mnmam~amo~aM doJim {dMma
H$ê$ bmJbo. {¼üZ Y_©àgmamgmR>r d amOgÎmm hñVJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr ^y_r gmoB©ñH$a Amho `mMr Ë`m§Zm ImÌr
nQ>br. ^maVmVrb amO{H$` AZmJm|Xr, Xm[aÐç, AkmZ, Y_©^moionUm d A§YlÕm OmVrOmVrVrb g§Kf© d {dVwï>,
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
3
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Ym{_©H$ emofU Am{U gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmMr XwX©em, gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`mMm A^md d {dkmZ {ZîR>oEodOr nma§nm[aH$
ê$T>r, g§Ho$V, A{Zð> Mmbr[aVr `m§À`m{df`r Xwam{^_mZ `m gd© gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm Ym{_©H$ Am{U amO{H$`
\$m`Xm CR>{dÊ`mMm {dMma {_eZè`m§Zr Ho$bm d {ejU àgmamgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$br.
^maVmVrb {_eZar {ejUmMr Ü`o`o :
1) {ejUmÛmao ^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV {¼üZ Y_m©{df`r AmnwbH$s d ào_ {Z_m©U H$aUo.
2) ^maVr`m§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d e¡j{UH$ _mJmgbonUmMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z Ë`m§À`mer OdiMo g§~§Y
àñWm{nV H$aUo.
3) ^maVmV nmümË` nÕVrÀ`m {ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aUo.
4) {¼üZ Y_m©Mm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m`~bMo ^mfm§Va ^maVr` ^mfm§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU àgma H$aUo.
5) ^maVmVrb àMbrV {ejUm~amo~aM nmíMmË` {ejU ^maVmVrb {_eZè`m§À`m _wbm~mim§Zm XoUo
Amdí`H$ hmoVo. åhUyZ {_eZè`m§À`m _wbm~mim§Mr J¡agmo` Xya H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm nmümË` {ejU CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
6) ^maVr`m§À`mV Y_mªVa KS>dyZ AmUUo d Y_mªVarV bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmMm ñVa C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r ì`mdgm{`H$
{ejU XoUo.
{_eZè`m§Mo ^maVmVrb e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : ^maVmVrb _gmë`mMo nXmW©, dóo, Ab§H$ma, aËZo `m§Zm
ì`mnmar Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ \$ma _hÎd hmoVo. `wamon_Yrb nmoVw©JrO, \«|$M, S>M Am{U B§J«O ì`mnmar ^maVmV ì`mnmamÀ`m
BamÚmZo Ambo. BWbr n[apñWVr Ü`mZmV Amë`mZ§Va `m {_eZè`m§Zr Y_© àgmamgmR>r {ejU gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m
à`ËZm§Mo Imbrbn«_mUo dU©Z H$aVm `oB©b.
1) nmoVw©JrO : ^maVmV `oUmè`m `wamo{n`Zm§_Ü`o nmoVw©JrO àW_ hmoVo Am{U ñdm^m{dH$M {ejU àgmamMr
gwédmV H$aUmao gwÕm VoM hmoVo. B. g. 1542 _Ü`o g|Q> Po{d`g© ^maVmV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb IoS>çmV nm`
R>oD$Z {¼üZ Y_m©Mm àgma Ho$bm. Ë`m§ZrM H$moMrZ `oWo {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ Ho$bo. {ejU àgmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zr nwîH$i
H$m`© Ho$bo. AmOhr AZoH$ {ejU g§ñWm_Ü`o Ë`m§Mm Zmdm§Mm CëboI gmnS>Vmo. Ë`mZ§Va AmUIr EH$ "{~en'
^maVmV Ambm Vmo nU ñdV:bm nm{ü_mË` ~«m÷U g_OV hmoVm. ~«m÷U g§Ý`mgmÀ`m gd© àWm Vmo nmiV Ago.
BVHo$M H$m` nU Vmo emH$mhmar ^moOZ KoV Ago. Ë`m§Zo ^maVmVrb Añgb ^maVr` d ~«m÷UmVrb Añgb ~«m÷U
~ZÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ^maVmVrb ha{dbobr {dÚm naV ^maVmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r _r à`ËZ H$aV Amho Ago Vmo
åhUV Ago.
nmoVw©JrOm§Zr _w§~B©, Jmodm, X_U, Xrd, {MVJmd, {gbmoZ, hþJir `oWo {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. `m
{R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zr nmoVw©JrOm§À`m _wbm§Zm {ejU XoUo gwê$ Ho$bo. Oo {¼üZ Y_m©Mo AZwH$aU H$aVrb Ë`m§Zm _mo\$V
{ejU XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ë`m§Zr Ho$br. nmoVw©JrOm§À`m {ejUmV {¼üZ Y_©kmZ, A§H$J{UV, ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm Am{U
H$m§hr hñVH$bm§Mo {ejU {Xbo OmV hmoVo. Jar~ _wbm§Zm AÞ, nwñVHo$ dJ¡ao _XV {Xbr OmV hmoVr. na§Vw EH$ AQ>
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
hmoVr Vr åhUOo Ë`m§Zr {¼üZ Y_m©Mm pñdH$ma H$amdm. B. g. 1575 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr Jmoì`mV nXdr H$m°boO gwê$ Ho$bo.
Ë`mMàH$maMo Xwgao H$m°boO Ë`m§Zr ~m§Ðm `oWo gwê$ Ho$bo. AemM àH$maMr AmUIr H$mhr H$m°boOrg² Ë`m§Zr {¼üZ
bmoH$m§À`m dñVrV gwê$ Ho$br. `m H$m°boOmV VH©$emó, ì`mH$aU, g§JrV dJ¡ao {df` {eH$dbo OmV. Z§Va _mÌ
Ë`m§À`m nam^dm~amo~aM Ë`m§À`m {ejU g§ñWmhr bwá Pmë`m. {Xd, X_U d Jmodm `m {R>H$mUrM _`m©{XV ñdê$nmV
Ë`m {e„H$ am{hë`m.
2) S>M : S>M 17 ì`m eVH$mV ^maVmV Ambo, BVa `wamo{n`Zm§à_mUo Ë`m§Mm hoVy gwÕm ì`mnma H$aUo AgmM
hmoVm, Ë`m§Zr ~§Jmb_Ü`o "{N>Zgwam' Am{U "hþJir' `oWo H$maImZo gwê$ Ho$bo. _ÐmgÀ`m {H$Zmè`mdahr "ZmJmnÅ>U'
`oWo Ë`m§Zr AgoM H$maImZo C^mabo. S>M bmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m H$maImÝ`mVrb S>M H$m_Jmam§À`m _wbm§gmR>r d ^maVr`
H$m_Jmam§À`m _wbm§gmR>r H$m§hr {¼üZ emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. {~«{Q>em§~amo~aÀ`m Vrd« g§Kfm©_wio S>M Amnbr pñWVr
^¸$_ H$ê$ eH$bo ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m {ejU g§ñWm§_Ü`o {¼üZ Y_m©Mm àgma Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr {gbmoZ_Ü`o
H$m°boO ñWmnZ Ho$bo, {~«{Q>em§~amo~a Pmboë`m g§Kfm©_Ü`o Vo ^maVmV à{XK©H$mi Wm§~y eH$bo ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§À`m {ejU g§ñWmhr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV bwßV Pmë`m.
3) \«|$M : \«|$Mm§Zr Amnbr ì`mnmar H§$nZr B. g. 1664 _Ü`o ^maVmV gwê$ Ho$br. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV
Ë`m§Zr nm±S>oMar, _hr, `_Z Am{U H$m{bH$V `oWo ì`mnmar noR>m C^maë`m. {VWo Ë`m§Zr àmW{_H$ emimhr gwê$
Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§Zr gd© ^maVr`m§gmR>r {ejUg§ñWm C^maë`m d Ë`m_Ü`o ^maVr` {ejH$ AÜ`mnZmgmR>r R>odbo, na§Vw
{¼üZ Y_m©Mo VÎdkmZ {eH${dUo, hr {VWo Amdí`H$ AQ> hmoVr. \«|$Mm§Zr ^maVmV Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ emimhr C^maë`m
Am{U {VWo \«|$M ^mfm {eH${dÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$br.
Ë`m§Zm B§J«Om§er Vrd« g§Kf© H$amdm bmJbm. Ë`m§À`m O{_Zr B§J«Om§Zr {Ji§H¥$V Ho$ë`m Am{U \«|$M emimhr
B§J«Om§Zr Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoVë`m.
4) S>oZ : 17 ì`m eVH$mV S>oÝ_mH©$ _YyZ gwÕm H$mhr bmoH$ ì`mnmamgmR>r ^maVmV Ambo Am{U Ë`m§Zr
ÌmdUH$moa, goam_nmoao `oWo ì`mnmar noR>m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m§Zr amÁ`gÎmm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm H$Yrhr à`ËZ Ho$bm
Zmhr. {ejU àgma Am{U Y_©àgma Aer _`m©{XV H$m`©oM Ë`m§Zr nma nmS>br. B.g. 1845 _Ü`o Amnë`m
dgmhVr {~«{Q>em§Zm {dH$ë`m Am{U ^maV gmoSy>Z _m`Xoer Jobo. _mÌ Amnë`m `m dmñVì` H$mimV Ë`m§Zr ^maVmVrb
nÞmg hOma bmoH$m§Mo Y_mªVa KS>dyZ Ë`m§Zm {¼üZ ~Z{dbo.
5) {~«{Q>e {_eZar : 17 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r Y_©àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r AZoH$ {~«{Q>e {_eZarO
^maVmV `oD$ bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr Y_©àgmam~amo~a {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo Ho$di B§J«Or
{ejUmMr gwê$dmV Ho$br Ago Zmhr Va _Ðmg Am{U ~§Jmb àm§VmV g§ñH¥$V _hm{dÚmb` gwê$ Ho$bo. {~«{Q>e
{_eZè`m§Zr ^maVmV Y_©àgmam~amo~aM {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©bm dmhÿZ KoVbo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m à`ËZm_wio ^maVmV
AZoH$ {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmë`m. Ë`m {ejU g§ñWm§_YyZ nmíMmË` VgoM ^maVr` {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Omo_mZo
gwê$ Pmbo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
5
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
BVa `wamo{n`Z {_eZè`m§nojm {~«{Q>e {_eZè`m§Mo H$m`© ì`mnH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr _w§~B©, ~§Jmb d _Ðmg_Ü`o
{dÚmb`m§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `mVyZ H§$nZrÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm _mo\$V {ejU {Xbo. `m {_eZè`m§Mo ~§Jmb ho Y_©àgmamMo
H|$Ð Pmbo hmoVo. B. g. 1793 _Ü`o H$bH$Î`mOdi lram_nya `oWo {dë`_ H°$ao, _me©_Z, dmS>© `m {VKm {_eZè`m§Zr
Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. S>ram_nwa `oWo S>m°. H°$ao, dm°S>© d _me©_Z `m {VKm§Zr 1908 _Ü`o {h§Xw d _wpñb_m§gmR>r
{b{hboë`m nwñVH$mdê$Z VËH$mbrZ JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© q_Q>mo `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm Vwé§JmV R>odbo d Ë`m§À`m Y_©àgmamÀ`m
H$m_mda ~§Xr KmVbr. `m H$madmB©_wio {~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m YmoaUmda {~«{Q>e {_eZar ZmamO Pmbo. Varhr
^maVmVrb AÝ` àm§VmV {~«{Q>e {_eZè`m§Zr Y_©àgma d {ejUmMo H$m_ hiyhiy gwê$ R>odbo.
6) A_o[aH$Z {_eZar : A_o[aH$Z {_eZZo {ejU {df`H$ H$m`m©V qghmMm dmQ>m CMbbm Amho Ago
{XgVo. gZ 1813 _Ü`o ^maVmV nmD$b R>odë`mda Ad¿`m XmoZM dfm©V åhUOo 1815 gmbr _w§~B©V n{hbr
_amR>r emim Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$br. _w§~B©VM _wbtMr n{hbr emim gZ 1824 _Ü`o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo lo` XoIrb
ømM {_eZH$S>o OmVo. {_eZatZr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m øm _wbtÀ`m emioV dmMZ, boIZ, ^yJmob, IJmob, ì`mH$aU,
J{UV øm {df`m§~amo~aM g§gmamon`moJr {edUH$m_ Am{U {dUH$m_XoIrb {eH$dbo OmV Ago. EVÔoer` _wbtZr
Ho$bobo {edU d {dUH$m_ Ë`m§Zm Vo {eH$dUmè`m {ejH$m§À`m H$m_mhÿZ CÎm_ XOm©Mo Ago.
{_eZè`m§Mr gm_m{OH$ d BVa H$m`} : {_eZè`m§Zr Y_©àgma d {ejU àgmamgmo~V àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV
VoWrb g_mOmgmR>r XdmImZo gwê$ Ho$bo. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amamo½`mMr gmo` Ho$br. XwîH$mimÀ`m H$mimV J[a~m§Zm
Am{W©H$ ghmæ` Ho$bo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Zr `oWrb Y_m©Vrb C{Udm d Xmof ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mMm
^maVr` g_mOmda AZwHy$b n[aUm_ Pmbm. J«§W {Z{_©Vr, ~mb{ddmh nÕVrg {damoY-à~moYZ, b¾ gmohù`mVrb
AZmR>m`r IMm©~m~V OmJ¥Vr Ho$br. nwZ{d©dmh d ~mb {ddmh, {dYdm {ddmh ~m~V g_mO OmJ¥Vr, A§YlÕm
{Z_y©bZ, Xmê$~§Xr B. gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m.
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. B. g. 1498 _Ü`o dmñH$mo-X²-Jm_m hm H$moUË`m XoemVyZ gmJar _mJm©Zo àW_ ^maVmV Ambm?
(A) nmoVw©Jmb
(~) B§½b§S>
(H$) \«$mÝg
(S>) hm°b§S>
2. H$moUË`m gmbmV "{~«{Q>e B©ñQ> B§{S>`m' H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr?
(A) 1757
(~) 1650
(H$) 1600
(S>) 1625
3. nmoVw©JrOm§Zr ^maVmV H$moR>o {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br?
(A) nUOr
(~) H$moMrZ
(H$) dgB©
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
6
(S>) MoÞB©
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4. H$moUË`m àm§VmV B§J«Om§Zr g§ñH¥$V _hm{dÚmb`Mo gwê$ Ho$br?
(A) n§Om~ d _hmamï´> (~) qgY d n§Om~ (H$) dm`ì` àm§V d _Ü` àm§V (S>) ~§Jmb d _Ðmg
5. A_o[aH$Z {_eZè`m§Zr gZ 1895 _Ü`o n{hbr _amR>r emim H$moR>o gwê$ Ho$br?
(A) _w§~B©
(~) nwUo
(H$) Zm{eH$
(S>) nZdob
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`m§V CÎmao {bhm.
1) bm°S>© {dë`_² ~§oqQ>JZo gVr ~§XrMm H$m`Xm ^maVmV Ho$ìhm bmJy Ho$bm?
2) ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©V B§J«Om§Zr H$moUmMm nam^d Ho$bm?
3) amUrÀ`m OmhraZmå`mZwgma {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Mr gÎmm ^maVmV Ho$ìhm gwê$ Pmbr?
4) B. g. 1824 _Ü`o A_o[aH$Z {_eZè`m§Zr _wbtMr n{hbr emim H$moR>o gwê$ Ho$br?
5) {¼üZ {_eZè`m§Mo à_wI Ü`o` H$m` hmoVo?
1.2.2 AmYw{ZH$ {ejU :
{~«{Q>em§Mo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÛmao ^maVmVrb {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© :
B. g. 1600 _Ü`o ^maVmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ^maVm~amo~a `m H§$nZrZo ì`mnma gwê$ Ho$bm
Am{U hiyhiy amO{H$` hñVjon gwÕm gwê$ Pmbm. Y_©àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r AZoH$ {~«{Q>e {_eZar ^maVmV `oD$
bmJbo d Ë`m§Zr Y_©àgmam~amo~a {ejUàgmamMo H$m`©hr gwê$ Ho$bo. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo Ho$di B§J«Or {ejUmMr
gwê$dmV Ho$br Ago Zmhr Va _Ðmg Am{U ~§Jmb àm§VmV Ë`m§Zr g§ñH¥$V _hm{dÚmb`o ñWmnZ Ho$br. {_eZè`m§Zr
^maVmV {¼üZ Y_©àgmam~amo~a {ejUàgmamÀ`m H$m`m©bm dmhÿZ KoVbo. Ë`m§À`m à`ËZm§_wio ^maVmV AZoH$
{ejUg§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmë`m. Ë`m {ejUg§ñWm§_YyZ `wamo{n`Z VgoM ^maVr` {ejU XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Omo_mZo gwê$
Pmbo. H§$nZr gaH$maZo 1813 n`ªV ^maVmV {¼ñVr {_eZar nmR>dÊ`mg {damoY Ho$bm hmoVm. _mÌ 1813 À`m
gZXr H$m`ÚmZo (MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>) ^maVmV {_eZatZm nmR>dÊ`mMr nadmZJr {_imbr. àma§^r Ë`m§Zm ^maVmV Y_©àgma
H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr.
B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo e¡j{UH$ YmoaU :
B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVr` {ejUm~m~V _wbJm_r ñdê$nmMm {dMma Ho$bm Zmhr. O|ìhm doJdoJio ^maVr`
bmoH$ qH$dm A{YH$mar ^maVr` {ejUm~m~V gwMdV Vo§ìhm H§$nZrMo A{YH$mar gdmªMo åhUUo EoHy$Z KoV. H$moUmbmM
XwIdV ZgV. g§nyU© Xoe^a B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU EH$mM àH$maMo ZìhVo, H$mhr {R>H$mUr
^maVr` Xoer ^mfm§Zm CÎmoOZ Úm`Mo Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr B§J«Or {ejUmMo Omio ngam`Mo, ñWm{ZH$ n[apñWVrZwgma
{ejU {df`H$ YmoaU ~XbV Ago.
dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½OÀ`m CÎmoOZm_wio ga {dë`_ OmoÝg `m§Zr H$bH$Î`mbm "~§Jmb E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r' (1764)
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
7
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ñWmnZ Ho$br. AemàH$mao {~«{Q>e emgZmH$Sy>Z nm¡dm©Ë` {ejUmgmR>r VwaiH$ à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. B§J«Or
{eH${dÊ`mH$[aVm ^maVr` àm§VmV {R>H${R>H$mUr emim ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm H§$nZrg_moa _m§S>Ê`mV Ambr.
hr H$ënZm _m§S>Umam H§$nZrMm _wbH$s ZmoH$a ga Mmëg© J«±Q> hm hmoVm. ^maVmVrb AkmZ Zï> H$am`Mo Agob Va
bmoH$m§Zm B§J«Or {eH$Ê`m{edm` Xwgam _mJ© Zmhr Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo. B§½b§S>bm Joë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZrbm EH$ {ZdoXZ gmXa Ho$bo d ^maVmV emim ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr _ZYaUr Ho$br. Ë`mV Ë`mbm `e Ambo
Zmhr. `m Ë`mÀ`m _wÚmMo _hÎd ^maVmV dmñVì`mV AgUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m bjmV Ambo. Ë`m§Zr J«±Q>À`m gyMZoMo
_hÎd AmoiIyZ _Ðmg d ~§Jmb àm§VmV B§J«Or emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Mmbdbm. {dë`_ H°$ao `m {_eZar
_mUgmZo ~§Jmb_Ü`o {ejU joÌmV _hÎdmMo H$m`© Ho$bo. gaH$mar _XV Z KoVm H°$ao d Ë`mÀ`m {_Ìm§Zr ~§Jmb_Ü`o
B§J«Or {ejUmMm nm`m KmVbm. {R>H${R>H$mUr B§J«Or emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. ~m`~bMo ~§Jmbr ^mfoV ^mfm§Va Ho$bo.
`mZ§Va S>opìhS> hoAa d amOmam_ _mohZ am°` `m§Zr qhXy H$m°boOMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. {ejUm~m~VMr OmJ¥Vr bjmV
KoD$Z B. g. 1813 _Ü`o ""H§$nZrZo Xadfu {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmH$[aVm 1 bmI én`o IMm©Mr VaVyX H$amdr''
Agm AmXoe {Xbm. 1823 _Ü`o ~§Jmb_Ü`o {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {ejU g{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Ambr
d H$bH$Î`mbm EH$m g§ñH¥$V _hm{dÚmb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
1813 Mm gZXr H$m`Xm (MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>) :
Mmb©g J«±Q>À`m Am§XmobZmVyZ _mÝ`Vm nmdbobm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nwT>o 1813 Mm gZXr H$m`Xm åhUyZ AmoiIbm
OmD$ bmJbm. `m gZXr H$m`ÚmZwgma B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo Amnë`m Vmã`mV Agboë`m _wbImMr {ejU {df`H$
O~m~Xmar pñdH$mabr. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma {¼üZ Y_©àMmaH$m§Zm ^maVmV {¼üZ Y_©ng« ma H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr {_imbr.
`mZ§Va ^maVmV emim§_YyZ Y_©àgmam~amo~a ~m`~bMr gŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
gZXr H$m`ÚmMo 43 do H$b_ :
1) 1813 À`m gZXr H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ Z§~a 43 Zwgma ^maVr` bmoH$m§À`m {ejUmMo CÎmaXm{`Ëd H§$nZrH$S>o
gmon{dÊ`mV Ambo.
2) `m 43 ì`m H$b_m_Ü`o Ago Z_yX Ho$bo hmoVo H$s, ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmda Xadfu H$_rVH$_r EH$ bmI
én`o IM© H$aÊ`mV `mdoV.
3) {_eZè`m§À`m {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©bm nadmZJr {Xbr.
^maVmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo {ejU àgmamMo H$m`© ~§Jmb, _Ðmg, _w§~B© `m Ë`m§À`m dgmhVrÀ`m {R>H$mUr
Ho$bo. `m_Ü`o ~§Jmb_Ü`o 1823 gmbr EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$ê$Z eŠ` AgUmè`m gd© _mJmªZr {ejU àgmamMo
H$m`© Ho$bo. _w§~B©_Ü`o ^maVr` Am{U `wamo{n`Z nÕVrZo {ejU àgma H$am`bm n«moËgmhZ {Xbo. `oWo Ë`m§Zr {ejU
nÕVrda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r AZwXmZ nÕVr gwê$ Ho$br. _Ðmg àm§VmVrb {ejU àgma \$magm g_mYmZH$maH$
ZìhVm.
`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m 43 ì`m H$b_mV XmoZ eãX Ambo hmoVo Vo åhUOo "gm{hË`/dmL²>_`' d "^maVr` {dÛmZ' `m
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
8
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
eãXm§Mo {díbofU doJdoJù`m {dÛmZm§Zr doJdoJù`m nÕVrZo Ho$bo. "gm{hË`/dmL²>_`' `m g§X^m©V nm¡dm©Ë`dmÚm§Mo
Ago åhUUo hmoVo H$s, 43 ì`m H$b_m_Ü`o Amboë`m "dmL²>_`' `m eãXm_Ü`o \$ŠV Aa~r Am{U g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`
`oVo Am{U "^maVr` {dÛmZ' `m eãXmMm AW© Aa~r d g§ñH¥$V ^mfm§n¡H$s EH$m ^mfoMm {dÛmZ nm{ü_mÎ`dmÚm§Mo
Ago åhUUo hmoVo H$s `m eãXm§Mm AW© BVH$m g§Hw${MV KoD$Z MmbUma Zmhr. gm{hË`m_Ü`o B§J«Or ^mfoVrb
gm{hË`gwÕm Ambo nm{hOo.
1813 À`m gZXr H$m`Úm_Ü`o H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m {ejUmda IM© H$amd`mMm `mMm ñnï> C„oI Zgë`m_wio
H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m H$_©Mmè`m§_Ü`o dmX {Z_m©U Pmbm Am{U VmoM dmX nmümÎ`-nm¡dm©Ë` dmX åhUyZ AmoiIbm
OmVmo. `m dmXm_Ü`o ^mJ KoUmao XmoZ KQ>H$ hmoVo. Ë`mVrb EH$ JQ> nm¡dm©Ë`dmXr d Xwgam JQ> nmümË`dmXr hmoVm. `m
dmXmda {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r H§$nZr gaH$maZo \$magm hmbMmbr Ho$ë`m ZmhrV, `m dmXmV Xhm df} AerM {ZKyZ Jobr.
1833 À`m H$m`ÚmVrb {ejU {df`H$ VaVyXr :
H§$nZrMm joÌr` {dñVma dmT>V hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H§$nZrbm Xwgar gyMZm Omar H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. 30 Am°JñQ>,
1833 _Ü`o ^maVr` {ejUmg§~§Yr EH$ gyMZm Omar Ho$br, Ë`mVrb Imbrb gyMZm _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV :
1) gd© XoemVrb {_eZè`m§Zm Amnë`m Y_m©Mm ^maVmV àgma H$aÊ`mMr gdbV XoÊ`mV Ambr.
2) {ejUmMo AZwXmZ Xhm hOmamdê$Z EH$ bmI én`mn`ªV dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambo.
3) JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m H$m¢pÝgb_Ü`o Mm¡Wm gXñ` åhUyZ H$m`Xm gXñ`mMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
4) `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m gmd©^m¡_ÎdmMm ^maVmVrb {ejUmda _moR>m à^md nS>bm.
B. g. 1833 À`m H$m`Úmbm ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m B{VhmgmV _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ àmá Pmbo.
^maVr` {ejUmV bm°S>© _oH$m°boMo `moJXmZ :
10 OyZ, 1834 bm bm°S>© _oH$m°bo JìhZ©a OZab H$m¡pÝgbMm H$m`Xo{df`H$ g„mJma åhUyZ ^maVmV
Ambm. `mdoir nm¡dm©Ë`-nmümË` dmXmZo CJ« ê$n YmaU Ho$bo hmoVo. bm°S© ~oqQ>Jbm {dídmg hmoVm H$s _oH$m°bo hm dmX
MwQ>H$sgaer gmoS>dob Ë`mZo _oH$m°bobm ~§JmbÀ`m "bmoH${ejU g{_Vr'Mm g^mnVr Ho$bm. _oH$m°boZo 1813 À`m
43 ì`m H$b_mMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$bm. nm¡dm©Ë`-nmümË` dmXmdagwÕm Aä`mg Ho$bm d Amnbm g„m "{ddaU
nÌm'À`m ñdê$nmV boIZ~Õ H$ê$Z 2 \o$~«wdmar, 1835 bm bm°S>© ~oqQ>JH$S>o nmR>dbm.
_oH$m°boH$Sy>Z 1813 À`m gZXr H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$b_ 43 Mo ñnï>rH$aU :
l _oH$m°boZo Ago ñnï> Ho$bo H$s, {ejUmda Xa dfu 1 bmI é. H$go IM© H$amdoV, `m~m~V gaH$mada
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm {Z~ªY Zmhr, hm n¡gm gaH$ma Amnë`m BÀN>oà_mUo IM© H$ê$ eH$Vo.
l "gm{hË` qH$dm dmL²>_`' `m_Ü`o Aa~r d g§ñH¥$V ^mfo~amo~a B§J«Or ^mfoMm gwÕm g_mdoe hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
l "^maVr` {dÛmZ' `m eãXmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo g§ñH¥$V n§S>rV d _wgb_mZ _m¡bdrM Zìho, Va `m_Ü`o B§J«Or
^mfoVrb {dÛmZm§Mm gwÕm g_mdoe hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
9
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Xoer ^mfm d B§J«Or :
nm¡dm©Ë` - nmümË` dmXm_Ü`o Amnbr naIS> _Vo _oH$m°boZo _m§S>br AmhoV. _oH$m°boZo EVÔo{e` {ejU d
gm{hË` AÜ``Zmbm àIa {damoY Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mZo Ago åhQ>bo H$s, "B§J«Or hr ZdrZ kmZmMr Jwê${H$„r Amho.'
VgoM Vr ^maVr`m§da amÁ` H$aUmè`m emgZH$Ë`mªMr ^mfm Amho, B§J«Or ^mfo_wio ^maVmMm {dH$mg KSy>Z `oB©b.
Ë`mM~amo~a ñdV: ^maVr` gwÕm ^maVr` ^mfm§nojm B§J«Or ^mfo_YyZ {ejU KoÊ`mg CËgwH$ AmhoV. `m nÕVrZo
^maVr` ^mfm§Mm Aä`mg H$gm {ZaW©H$ Amho ho XmIdyZ B§J«Or ^mfobm Cƒ ñWmZ {Xbo.
_oH$m°boÀ`m {ddaUnÌmMr pñdH¥$Vr H$ê$Z bm°S>© {dë`_ ~oqQ>J Zo 7 _mM©, 1835 bm {ejU{df`H$
Om{haZm_m à{gÕ Ho$bm. `m {ejU{df`H$ Om{haZmå`m_Ü`o ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m B{VhmgmV EH$ doJio XmbZ
{Z_m©U Pmbo. {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm `m XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ {ejU XoÊ`mMr {Z{üV {Xem {_imbr.
^maVr` {ejUmVrb _oH$m°boÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ :
_oH$m°boÀ`m ^maVr` {ejUmg§§~§YrÀ`m ^y{_Ho$~m~V doJdoJù`m {dÛmZm§Zr doJdoJir _Vo ì`ŠV Ho$br
AmhoV. H$mhr {dÛmZm§Zr Ë`mbm {dH$mgmÀ`m _mJm©darb àH$mePmoV åhQ>bo Amho Va H$mhtZr Ë`mbm gd© Ìmgm§Mo
H$maU _mZbo Amho. _oH$m°boZo B§J«Or ^mfobm AdmñVd _hÎd XoD$Z `m {R>H$mUÀ`m ^mfm§Zm VwÀN> R>adbo Amho.
Ë`mZo g§ñH¥$V ^mfobm hrZ _mZbo Amho. hr XwX£dmMr Jmoï> Amho. ^maVmV {~«{Q>em§Mo amÁ` ~iH$Q> H$am`Mo
Agob Va amÁ` Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r B§J«OrMo kmZ Agbobo _Zwî`~i Amdí`H$ Amho Ago Ë`mZo ñnï> Ho$bo.
Ë`mM~amo~a ^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zm AmMmamZo d {dMmamZo B§J«O ~Zdm`Mo hmoVo Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Q>moH$mÀ`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ
B§J«OrMr àe§gm Ho$br.
{àÝgon `m§À`mH$S>o Ooìhm _oH$m°boMm Om{haZm_m Jobm Voìhm Ë`m§Zrhr _oH$m°boÀ`m OmhraZmå`mda H$S>mSy>Z
{Q>H$m Ho$br. {àÝgonZr ^maVr`m§Zm EVÔoer` ^mfo_YyZ {ejU XoÊ`mMm {dMma Ho$bm. Ago Agbo Var ^maVr`
{ejUmbm àmá Pmbobo _oH$m°boMo `moJXmZ ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m OmhraZmå`m_wio B§J«Or {ejUmMm nm`m `m
XoemÀ`m _mVrV ê$Obm Jobm. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{dY emóm§Mo d kmZ-{dkmZmMo {ejU B§J«Or ^mfoVyZ KoUo {OVHo$
gmono Amho {VVHo$ AÝ` ^mfm§_YyZ Zmhr. `m g§X^m©V amOmam_ _mohZ am°` `m§Zr _oH$m°boMr àe§gm Ho$br Amho. AmO
kmZ-{dkmZmÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o ^maVmMr Or àJVr Pmbr Amho Ë`mÀ`m_Ü`o B§J«Or ^mfoMm dmQ>m \$ma _moR>m Amho ho
{dgê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _oH$m°boMo `moJXmZ H$_r _mZyZ MmbUma Zmhr.
{Pan/nmPa {gÕm§V :
^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo nmPa {gÕm§V _hÎdmMm Amho. nmPa qH$dm {PanZo åhUOo W|~mW|~mZo Imbr
Vimn`ªV OmUo hmo`. `m nmPa {gÕm§VmMm AmYma KoV bm°S>© _oH$m°bo `mZo ^maVr` {ejUm~m~V hoM YmoaU am~{dÊ`mMo
{Z{üV Ho$bo. "{ejU VimJmimVrb gm_mÝ` _mUgm§Zm àË`j XoÊ`mnojm Vo g_mOmVrb Cƒ dJm©bm {Xbo Va
{PanV {PanV Vo gm_mÝ` dJm©n`ªV nmohmoMob' Agm `w{ŠVdmX _oH$m°boZo _m§S>bm `m {gÕm§Vmbm _oH$m°boMm "{Pan
qH$dm nmPa {gÕm§V' åhUVmV.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
10
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
bm°S>© Am°H©$b§S> `mZo hm {gÕm§V gaH$maMo {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU åhUyZ pñdH$mabm. bm°S>© Am°H©$b§S> `mZo 24
Zmoìh|~a, 1839 À`m Amnë`m {ddaUnÌmÛmao Aer KmofUm Ho$br H$s, "gaH$maMm CÔoe hm g_mOmVrb Cƒ
dJm©_Ü`o Cƒ{ejUmMm àgma H$aUo hm Agob' `m {gÕm§Vm_wio B§J«Or {ejUmMm àgma Pmbm d B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZrMo H$_©MmargwÕm AË`§V AmZ§Xr Pmbo. Ë`m§Zr `m {gÕm§VmMo ñdmJV Ho$bo.
nmPa {gÕm§VmMo n[ajU :
bm°S>© Am°H©$b§S> `mZo Á`m CÔoemZo nmPa {gÕm§V ^maVr` {ejUm_Ü`o AmUbm hmoVm Vmo Ë`mMm CÔoí` gmÜ`
Pmbm Zmhr. Am°H©$b§S>bm dmQ>V hmoVo H$s, Cƒ dJu`m§Zr B§J«OrMo kmZ KoVbo AgVo Va Vo ImbÀ`m dJm©n`ªV
nmohmoMbo AgVo Vgo Pmbo Zmhr. H$maU B§J«Or {ejU KoVboë`m Cƒ dJu` bmoH$m§Zr \$ŠV ñdV:Mm {dMma Ho$bm
Am{U B§J«Or {ejU KoD$Z Vo H§$nZr gaH$maMo ZmoH$a Pmbo. Cƒ dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§Zr VimJmimVrb bmoH$m§Mm
{dMmaM Ho$bm Zmhr. CbQ> Vo B§J«Om§Mo ^ŠV Pmbo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZgwÕm ho {e{jV bmoH$ B§J«Om§gmaIoM OJy bmJbo.
B§J«Om§Zm Iyf R>odUo hm EH$M Y§Xm Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. Cƒ dJu` lr_§V àJV Pmbo. {e{jV Pmbo. `mCbQ gm_mÝ`
bmoH$ A{YH$ Jar~, _mJmgbobo, hV~b Pmbo. Cƒ dJm©Vrb {eH$boë`m§Zr VimVrb gm_mÝ`m§Zm {ejU {_iyM
{Xbo Zmhr. CbQ> Ë`m§Zm> hmbmH$sMo OrdZ OJÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo. `m_wio {Pan {gÕm§V hm ^maVmV H§$nZr gaH$maMo
emg{H$` YmoaU åhUyZ A{YH$ à^mdr hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr.
1854 Mm dwS>Mm I{bVm :
1813 gmbr H§$nZrZo OmhraZm_m à{gÕ Ho$bm Ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm 1833 bm OmhraZm_m à{gÕ Ho$bm Varhr
^maVr` {ejUm_Ü`o H$mhr C{Udm {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm {Xgy bmJë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo `m C{Udm Xya
H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br Am{U `m g{_Vrbm ^maVr` {ejUnÕVr g§X^m©V ^{dî`H$mbrZ AmamIS>m
{Z`moOZnyd©H$ V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m~m~V {e\$maer H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m g{_Vrda gmon{dbr. _me©_oZ, Q´>°do{b`Z,
n°ar, {dëgZ B. `m g{_VrMo gXñ` hmoVo. `m gXñ`m§Zr ^maVr` {ejUmMm ~maH$mB©Zo Aä`mg Ho$bm. 19 Owb¡,
1853 amoOr H§$nZrZo g{_VrÀ`m gyMZm bjmV KodyZ dyS>Mm I{bVm (KmofUmnÌ) à{gÕ Ho$bo. Mmëg© dyS>
Ë`mdoir "~moS>© Am°\$ H§$Q´>mob'Mo AÜ`j hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ZmdmdéZM "dyS>Mm I{bVm' ho Zmd nS>bo. hm I{bVm
100 AZwÀN>oXmMm EH$ {demb A{^boI Pmbm hmoVm. `mVrb à_wI {e\$maer nwT>rbà_mUo 1) {ejUmMr Ü`o`o : dyS>À`m I{bË`m_Ü`o ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V nwT>rb _V ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV
Ambo hmoVo. ^maVr`m§Mm ~m¡{ÕH$, Z¡{VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ñVa C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r kmZàgma H$aUo ho {ejUmMo Ü`o`
Agbo nm{hOo. Ago Ho$ë`mZo ^maVr`m§_Ü`o àemgH$s` H$m`m©gmR>r bmJUmè`m j_Vm {dH${gV hmoVrb. `mMm
_w»` hoVy {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm ^maVm_Ü`oM H$m_H$mOmgmR>r H$m`©j_ _Zwî`~i {_idUo hm hmoVm.
2) Aä`mgH«$_ : ^maVr`m§Zm B§J«Or ^mfo~amo~a \$magr d Aa~r ^mfm§Mm Aä`mgH«$_mV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mMr
{e\$mae H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mM~amo~a nmümË` kmZ d {dkmZmbmhr Aä`mgH«$_mV _hÎd {Xbo Omdo åhUyZ
`wamonmVrb H$bm, H$m¡eë`, dmL²>_` d VÎdkmZ `m {df`m§Mm Aä`mgH«$_mV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
11
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
3) {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ : B§J«Or ^mfo~amo~a BVa ^maVr` ^mfm§Mm XoIrb {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ nwañH$ma
H$amdm, Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. àW_ Cƒ {ejUmgmR>r B§J«Or ^mfoMm _mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJ
H$aÊ`mV Ambm. na§Vw H$mbm§VamZo Cƒ {ejUgwÕm ^maVr` ^mfm§_YyZ XoÊ`mMo ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
4) bmoH${ejU {d^mJ : ~§Jmb, _Ðmg, _w§~B©, CÎma-n{ü_ àXoe d n§Om~ `m àm§VmV bmoH$-{ejU
{d^mJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr d `m {d^mJmMr g§nyU© O~m~Xmar g§MmbH$mda gmon{dÊ`mV `mdr VgoM
g§MmbH$m§À`m _XVrgmR>r Cng§MmbH$, {Z[ajH$, ghmæ`H$ {Z[ajH$ `m nXm§da {Z`wŠË`m H$aÊ`mV `mì`mV Am{U
`m gdmªÀ`m _XVrZo {ejU g§MmbH$m§Zr Amnbm Ahdmb àË`oH$ dfu H§$nZr gaH$maH$S>o nmR>dmdm Aer {e\$mag
H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
5) {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm : ^maVmV Cƒ {ejUmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B© Am{U H$bH$Îmm `m
{R>H$mUr {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr. hr {dÚmnrR>o b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>m§À`m YVuda AmYmabobr AgVrb.
JaO nS>ë`mg _X«mg VgoM BVa {R>H$mUr XoIrb Aem àH$maMr {dÚmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdr Aer {e\$mag
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m {dÚmnrR>m§Mm gdm}ƒ A{YH$mar Hw$bnVr Agob, Ë`mÀ`m _XVrbm Hw$bJwê$, à-Hw$bJwê$
AgVrb. `m gdmªMo {_iyZ EH$ ì`dñWmn{H$` _§S>i Agob. {dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o {gZoQ>Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
{dÚmnrR>m§gmR>r {Z`_ V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© {gZoQ> H$aob. Hw$bJwê$ d Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar ho {gZoQ>Mo g^mgX AgVrb,
Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
6) embo` g§ñWm§Mr H«$_~Õ C^maUr : bmoH$-{ejU {d^mJ d {dÚmnrR>o `m~amo~a embo` g§ñWm
XoIrb H«$_~ÕarVrZo C^mamì`mV Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H«$_dmarV EH$m ~mOyg daVr {dÚmnrR>o
AgVrb, Ë`m ImbmoImb _hm{dÚmb`o, _mÜ`{_H$ emim, {ZåZ _mÜ`{_H$ emim d gdm©V Imbr Xoer àmW{_H$
emim Agm H«$_ Agmdm Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
7) gmd©O{ZH$ {ejUmMm {dñVma : AmÎmmn`ªV {PanË`m {gÕm§VmZwgma CƒdUu`m§À`m {ejUmda
amOH$mofmVrb A{YH$m§e ^mJ IM© Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m {ejUmMm àíZ A§YmamVM hmoVm. na§Vw
I{bË`mZwgma {Pan {gÕm§Vmda {Q>H$m H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gd©gm_m§Ý`m§À`m {ejUmda bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
gd© ñVamdarb {ejU g§ñWm§Zm dmT>rd IMm©Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hþema d hmoVH$ê$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥Î`m
XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
8) ghmæ`H$ AZwXmZ : {ejUmÀ`m {dñVmamgmR>r d gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm {ejUmÀ`m gmo`r gw{dYm
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ghmæ`H$ AZwXmZ XoÊ`mMm Cnm` dwS>À`m I{bË`m_Ü`o gwM{dÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. `m
ghmæ`H$ AZwXmZ àUmbr~m~V àm§Vr` gaH$mam§Zr Amnbo ñdV:Mo {Z`_ H$amdoV Agohr gwM{dÊ`mV Ambo. CXm.
{ejUg§ñWm Y_©{Zanoj Agmì`mV, Mm§Jë`m ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr Agmì`mV, Ë`m gaH$mar
{Z`_m§À`m nmbZ H$aUmè`m VgoM {dÚmÏ`mªH$Sy>Z à_mUmV {ejU \$s KoUmè`m Agmì`mV B. VgoM {dÚmÏ`mªZm
{dÚmdoVZ, {ejH$m§Mo doVZ, J«§Wmb`, Aä`m{gH$m, B_maV ~m§YH$m_ B. gmR>rXoIrb AZwXmZ XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
12
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
9) {ejH$m§Mo à{ejU : àË`oH$ àm§Vm_Ü`o {ejH$m§À`m à{ejUm§gmR>r EH$Var à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`
Agmdo Ago I{bË`m_Ü`o ñnï> åhQ>bo hmoV.o d¡Ú{H$`, A{^`m§{ÌH$s Am{U H$m`Xm `m§gmaIo ì`mdgm{`H$ Aä`mgH«$_
{eH${dUmè`m {ejH$m§gmR>r Img à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`o ñWmnZ H$amdrV Agohr gwM{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
10) {ejU Am{U amoOJma : {e{jV bmoH$m§ZmM ZmoH$ar_Ü`o àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `mdo Ago I{bË`mV
gwM{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. `m YmoaUm_wio bmoH$ {ejUmH$S>o AmnmoAmnM AmH¥$ï> hmoVrb hm hoVy hmoVm VgoM {ejUmMm
hoVy \$ŠV gaH$mar ZmoH$ar {_idÊ`mMm ZgyZ `eñdr[aË`m OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m _mZdr _yë`m§Mm
{dH$mg H$aUo ho {ejUmMo Iao Ü`o` Amho, åhUyZ {ejUmH$S>o ì`mnH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ ~KÊ`mMr JaO I{bË`m_Ü`o
ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
11) ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU : ^maVr` OZVobm CÚmoJm§Mo à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmb`m§Mr VgoM
_hm{dÚmb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr. XoemVrb ~oamoOJmar Xya H$aÊ`mMm hm EH$ _hÎdmMm
à`ËZ hmoVm.
12) ór {ejU : I{bË`m_Ü`o ór {ejUmMo _hÎd {dfX H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. åhUyZM ór {ejUmg
CÎmoOZ XoÊ`mMr gyMZm I{bË`m_Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
13) ^maVr`g ^mfm§_Ü`o nwñVH$m§Mo àH$meZ : I{bË`m_Ü`o ^maVmVrb embo` nwñVH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
Am{U nmümË` gm{hË` d {dkmZ `m§Mm ^maVr` ^mfm§_Ü`o AZwdmX H$aÊ`mMr _hÎdmMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr
hmoVr.
dwS>À`m I{bË`mMo JwU-Xmof :
dwS>Mm I{bVm åhUOo {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo ^maVr` {ejUm~m~V CMbbobo EH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$ nmD$b _mZbo
OmVo. `m I{bË`mZo ^maVr` {ejUmbm EH$ Zdr {Xem àmá H$éZ {Xbr, Ago AgyZhr hm I{bVm Xmofm§nmgyZ
A{bá amhÿ eH$bm Zmhr.
JwU : ^maVr` {ejUmMo YmoaU {Z{üV H$éZ {ejUm{df`r Agbobr A{ZpíMVVm `m I{bË`m_wio
g§nwï>mV Ambr d {ejUmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm `mo½` {Xem - JVr {_imbr. ^maVr` {ejUmÀ`m gd© n¡bw§da àH$me
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm d àmW{_H$ {ejUmnmgyZ Vo {dÚmnrR>r` {ejUmMm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr hr n{hbrM doi hmoVr.
{PanUr {gÕm§Vmbm {damoY Ho$bm OmD$Z gd©gm_m§Ý`m§À`m {ejUmbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. {ejH$m§Mm XOm©
C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU _hm{dÚmb`o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Xoer emim§Zm _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambo. ór {ejUmbm
_hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambo, ^maVr` ^mfm§Zm _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambo, Aem àH$maÀ`m I{bË`m_wio ^maVr` {ejU hoVynwU©
~Zbo d {ejUmbm {ZpíMV ñdê$n àmá Pmbo. åhUyZ dwS>À`m I{bË`mZo ^maVr` {ejUmMr nm`m^aUr Ho$br
Ago _mZbo OmVo.
Xmof : ^maVr` {ejUmV ^maVr` ^mfm§Zm _hÎd {Xbo Agbo Var Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV B§J«Or ^mfoH$S>oM
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
13
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
A{YH$ bj {Xbo Jobo. _mÜ`{_H$ d Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ emim§_Ü`o {ejUmMo _mÜ`_ B§J«Or ^mfmM R>odë`m_wio
n«MbrV ^mfm§H$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo. Xoer nmR>emim hiyhiy ~§X nS>ë`m. {ejUmH$S>o g§Hw$MrV d¥ÎmrZo nm{hbo OmD$
bmJbo. {ejUmMm hoVy \$ŠV ZmoH$ar {_idUo BVH$mM g§Hw$MrV Pmbm. ^maVr` {ejU ~mOybm gmê$Z nmíMmË`
{ejU ê$O{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. I{bË`mÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma {ejU Y_©{Zanoj Agmdo Ago Z_yX
H$éZ gwÕm {¼ñVr Y_m©Mr nwñVHo$ R>odyZ Y_©àgma Ho$bm OmV hmoVm.
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. gZ 1813 À`m gZXr H$m`ÚmZo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo Xadfu ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmda {H$Vr a¸$_oÀ`m
IMm©Mr VaVyX H$amdr Ago R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.
(A) EH$ bmI ê$.
(~) nmM bmI ê$. (H$) nÞmg bmI ê$.
(S>) n§Mdrg bmI ê$.
2. "B§J«Or hr ZdrZ kmZmMr Jwé{H$„r Amho' Ago H$moU åhUmbo?
(A) bm°S>© {dë`_² ~oqQ>J (~) bm°S>© _oH$m°bo (H$) amOmam_ _mohZ am°` (S>) bm°S>© Am°H$b§S>
3. ^maVr`m§V {ejUmMm àgma ìhmdm åhUyZ {ejU{df`H$ {PanÊ`mMm {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
(A) bm°S>© Am°H$b§S> (~) bm°S© _oH$m°bo (H$) bm°S>© ~oqQ>J (S>) Mmb©g² dyS>
4. dyS>Mm {ejU{df`H$ I{bVm Ho$ìhm à{gÕ H$aÊ`mV Ambm?
(A) 19 Owb¡, 1853
(~) 19 Owb¡, 1833
(H$) 19 Owb¡, 1835
(S>) 19 Owb¡, 1840
5. H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {¼üZ {_eZè`m§Zm ^maVmV Y_©àgma H$aÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr?
(A) 1793
(~) 1833
(H$) 1853
(S>) 1813
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`m§V CÎmao {bhm.
1) H$moUË`m gZXr H$m`ÚmZwgma H§$nZr gaH$maZo ^maVmV {¼üZ {_eZar nmR>{dÊ`mg {damoY Ho$bm?
2) B. g. 1864 _Ü`o H$bH$Îmm `oWo "~§Jmb E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r'Mr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?
3) J. O. bm°S>© {dë`_² ~oqQ>JZo ~§JmbÀ`m "bmoH${ejU g{_VrMm' g^mnVr åhUyZ H$moUmMr Zo_UyH$
Ho$br?
4) "{ejU àW_ Cƒ dJm©bm {Xbo Va Vo {PanV gm_mÝ` dJm©n`ªV nmohMob' hm {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
5) H$moUË`m {ejU{df`H$ I{bË`mZwgma ^maVmV {dÚmnrR>m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
14
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
1.2.3 H§$nZr gaH$maMo gwYmaUm à`ËZ - H$m`© :
ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©Vrb {dO`mnmgyZ H§$nZrMm ^maVm_Ü`o amÁ`H$ma^ma gwê$ Pmbm V|ìhmnmgyZ EH$sH$S>o
amÁ`{dñVmamgmR>r à`ËZ Mmby Agbo Var XwgarH$S>o `m {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUboë`m àXoemda `mo½` Am{U em§VVm
d ñW¡`© XoUmao àemgZ AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H§$nZrZo Ho$bm. em§VVm, gwì`dñWm `m§À`m AmS> `oUmè`m R>J, n§oT>mar,
am_moer, {^„ B. ~§Xmo~ñV Ho$bm. Ë`m H$mbmdYrV {~«{Q>em§Zr EH$gmaIo gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMo dm EH$gmaIo gwYmaUoMo
YmoaU Adb§{~bobo {XgV Zmhr. n[apñWVrZwgma Vo Amnë`m YmoaUmV `mo½` Vo ~Xb H$aV am{hbo.
^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm g§ñWmnH$ åhUyZ am°~Q>© ŠbmB©ìhZo (B. g. 1757-60 Am{U B. g. 176567) H$m_ Ho$bo, Va hr gÎmm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½O (B. g.1772-85) Zo Ho$bo. bm°S>© H$m°Z©dm°{bgZo
(B. g. 1786-93) H$m`_Ymamgma»`m _hgyb {df`H$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. Va ^maVmVrb
gm_«mÁ`{dñVmamMo YmoaU bm°S>© dobñbrZo (B. g. 1798-1805) V¡ZmVr \$m¡Oo_m\©$V àË`jmV AmUbr. ^maVmda
{Z`§ÌU AmUÊ`mgmR>r _amR>çm§Mm nam^d bm°S>© hopñQ>¨½OÀ`m (B. g. 1813-23) H$mimV Pmbm. Ë`mZ§Va em§VVm,
gwì`dñWm {Z{_©VrgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm bm°S© {dë`_ ~oqQ>JZo (B. g. 1828-35) Ho$ë`m. nwT>o
^maVmVrb N>moQ>çm amÁ`mda, g§ñWmZmda {Z`§ÌU AmUÊ`mgmR>r bm°S>© S>bhm¡grZo (B. g. 1848-56) Imbgm
YmoaU pñdH$mabo. `m {demb àXoemMo g§KQ>Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`mda H§$nZrMr nH$S> _O~yV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$
Ë`m àemgH$s`, H$m`Xo{df`H$, Ý`m`{df`H$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m.
1) àemg{H$` gwYmaUm : {~«{Q>enyd© H$mim_Ü`o g§nyU© ^maVm_Ü`o gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo hmoVo. IoS>oJmd
ho nyU©nUo ñdmdb§~r d ñd`§nyU© ~Zbo hmoVo. amOH$s` joÌmV {H$Vrhr KS>m_moS>r Pmë`m, amÁ`H$V} ~XbV Jobo Var
JmdmMr OrdZ nÕVr ~Xbbr Zmhr. `m JmdmMo d§ena§namJV dVZXma EH$m AWm©Zo Ë`m JmdmMo dVZXma ~Zbo
hmoVo.
{~«{Q>em§Mr gÎmm ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm gÎmoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU J¡agmo`rMo Pmbo. Ë`mÑï>rZo `§ÌUo_Ü`o Am_wbmJ«
~Xb H$aUo gaH$mabm Amdí`H$ Pmbo. na§Vw hm ~Xb H$aVmZm OwÝ`m emgH$m§Zm XwImdUo åhUOo H§$nZrMr gÎmm
YmoŠ`mV AmUUmao R>abo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r nyduÀ`m emgH$m§À`m, dVZXmam§À`m gdbVr VemM R>odyZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>rb
A{YH$ma àW_V: H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Ambo. `m A{YH$mam§gmR>r gaH$ma {Z`wŠV H$_©Mmè`m§À`m Zo_UwH$m Ho$ë`m Joë`m.
`m gd© `§ÌUoVrb H$boŠQ>a nXm§da ^maVr`m§Mm gh^mJ OmUrdnyd©H$ Q>mibm Jobm. Ë`m_wio àemgZ `§ÌUodaVr
H§$nZr gaH$maMm nyU© A§Hy$e {Q>Hy$ eH$bm.
bm°S>© H$m°Z©dm°{bgZo H§$nZrÀ`m _wbH$s godo_Ü`o H«$m§VrH$maH$ gwYmaUm H$ê$Z H§$nZrÀ`m _wbH$s godo_Yrb
bmM bwMnV, ImOJr ì`mnma `mda A§Hw$e R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. VgoM ^maVmV nmo{bg `§ÌUoMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br. _wbH$s godo_Ü`o ^maVr`m§Zm àdoe Z XoVm `wamo{`Zm§Mm ^aUm Ho$bm. nU ~o{Q>§JZo ^maVr`m§ZmM H$_r nJmamda
_wbH$s godoV VgoM Ý`m` ImË`mV àdoe {Xbm. bm°S>© S>bhm¡gr `mZo àm§VmV H${_eZaMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br Am{U
H${_eZa JìhZ©a OZabbm O~m~Xma amhrb Aer VaVyX Ho$br. Ë`mZo _wbH$s ^oX qH$dm bîH$ar ^oX Ho$bm Zmhr,
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
15
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Aemn«H$mao Ë`mZo gÎmoMo H|${ÐH$aU KS>dyZ AmUbo. AmYw{ZH$ nÕVrMr ImVodmanÕVr Ë`mZo gwê$ Ho$br. H$m`Xm
Am{U gwì`dñWoMo amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mZo AmQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ Ho$bm.
2) H$m`Xo{df`H$ gwYmaUm : {~«{Q>enwd© H$mimV ^maVm_Ü`o àË`oH$ amÁ`, àm§V, Jmd Am{U Y_© `m§Mo
doJdoJio H$m`Xo ApñVËdmV hmoVo, `m_wio gd© H$m`Úm§~Ôb gm_mÝ` ^maVr`m§À`m _Zm_Ü`o e§H$m hmoVr. VgoM ho
H$m`Xo amOH$s` {df_Vobm nmofH$ R>abo hmoVo.
H§$nZrMm _w§~B©, _Ðmg d H$bH$Îmm `oWrb H$ma^ma gwédmVrbm ñdV§ÌnUo doJdoJio MmbV. nwT>o ~§JmbÀ`m
JìhZ©a OZabH$S>o ho gd© A{YH$ma EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m
CÔoemZo {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Zo 1773 _Ü`o "ao½`yboqQ>J A°ŠQ>' nmg Ho$bm. {Xdg|{Xdg gÎmmYre ~ZUmè`m H§$nZrbm
{~«{Q>e amÁ`mÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUÊ`mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoVyZ hm H$m`Xm _§Oya H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ao½`wboqQ>J A°ŠQ>
hm g§nyU© {ZXm}f ZìhVm, Ë`m_wio B§½b§S>Mm n§VàYmZ YmH$Q>m {nQ> `mÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV B. g. 1784 _Ü`o "{nQ²>g
B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>' hm H$m`Xm nmg Ho$bm. 1773 gmbr H§$nZrbm nwd}H$S>rb ì`mnmamÀ`m _ŠVoXmarMr gZX {~«{Q>e
gaH$maZo {Xbr hmoVr. `mbm AZwgê$Z 1793 _Ü`o `m gZXoMr \o$aVnmgUr {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q> H$aUma hmoVo Vr
\o$aVnmgUr H$ê$Z 23 E{àb, 1793 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Zo nmg Ho$bm.
`mZ§Va drg dfmªZr åhUOo 1813 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> nmg Pmbm. `m A°ŠQ>bm H§$nZrMr qhXwñWmZmVrb
_ŠHo$Xmar Zï> ìhmdr `mgh {¼üZ {_eZè`m§Zm qhXwñWmZmV Y_©àgma H$aÊ`mg {_imdm hr nmíd©^y_r hmoVr. `mZ§Va
1833 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>, 1853 Mm MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> Ago gZXr H$m`Xo {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Zo nmg Ho$bo. ho gd© H$m`Xo
H§$nZrÀ`m H$ma^mamg§X^m©V {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Zo YmoaU åhUyZ Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo.
{~«{Q>em§Zr H$m`Úm§~ÔbMm Jm|Yi Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r B. g. 1793 _Ü`o H$m`Xo g§{hVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg
gwédmV Ho$br. Ho$di H$m`Xo H$ê$Z H§$nZr gaH$ma Wm§~bo Zmhr Va H$m`ÚmMr g_mZVm àË`jmV AmUÊ`mg
gwédmV Ho$br. na§Vw B§J«O H$mio-Jmoao hm dU©^oX _mZV hmoVo. B§J«O Am{U ^maVr`m§_Ü`o hr g_mZVm hmoD$ eH$br
Zmhr Ago Agbo Var H§$nZrZo H$m`Xo{df`H$ gwYmaUm H$éZ ^maVm_Ü`o H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` gwê$ Ho$o bo. Ë`m_wio ^maVm_Ü`o
em§VVm, gwa{jVVm Am{U gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmbr.
3) Ý`m`{df`H$ gwYmaUm : {~«{Q>enwd© H$mimV ^maVmV Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma amOm, Y_©gÎmm, JmoVg^m
d n§Mm`V `m§À`m hmVr hmoVr. na§Vw Ë`m_Ü`o loUr~Õ aMZm_mÌ ZìhVr. Ë`mM~amo~a {ejm {dÎmX§S>, hmVnm`
VmoS>U,o _¥Ë`wXS§ > Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m AgV. JwÝhm Am{U {ejm `m§Mo {ZpíMV d pñWa Ago g_rH$aU _m§S>bb
o o ZìhVo.
AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ Ý`m`nÕVrMm nm`m B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo KmVbm. dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½OZo {Oëhm nmVirda
{XdmUr Am{U \$m¡OXmar Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`mda {~«{Q>e {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Mo dM©ñd Ago. `m Ý`m`mb`m§da
gXa {XdmUr AXmbV Am{U gXa {ZOm_r AXmbV `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. B. g. 1773 À`m ao½`wboqQ>J
A°ŠQZwgma B. g. 1774 _Ü`o H$bH$Îmm `oWo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mV
EH$ gaÝ`m`m{Ye Am{U Ý`m`m{Ye `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. bm°S>© H$m°Z©dm°{bgZo B. g. 1787, 1790,
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
16
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
1793 _Ü`o Ý`m`{df`H$ _hÎdmÀ`m gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. Ë`mV {~«{Q>e emgZmÀ`m IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga H$aUo hm _hÎdmMm
CÔoe hmoVm.
bm°S>© hopñQ½OZo IQ>ë`mMm {ZH$mb bdH$a bmdÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` Ý`m`mYrem§À`m g§»`oV, nJmamV, ^Î`mV
dmT> Ho$br. 1814 _Ü`o àË`oH$ R>mÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr (_w{Zgm\$mMr) _w{Zgm\$mMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. bm°S²> ~oqQ>JZo
Á`warMr nÕV gwê$ Ho$br. VgoM {ejm§Mo ñdê$nhr gm¡å` Ho$bo. IQ>bm Mmb{dVmZm Ý`m`mYrem§Zm _XV hmoÊ`mgmR>r
^maVr` Ý`m` g„mJma Zo_bo. Ý`m`mb`rZ ^mfm àmXo{eH$ Agmdr Agm AmXoe ~oqQ>JZo H$mT>bm.
4) Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm / O_rZ gwYmaUm d Ë`mVrb Xmof : H§$nZr gaH$maÀ`m H$maH$sXu_Ü`o _hgyb
nÕVr_Ü`o Am{U ì`mnmam_Ü`o gwYmaUm KSy>Z Amë`m. qhXwñWmZ H¥$fràYmZ Xoe Agë`m_wio _hgyb ho amÁ`mÀ`m
CËnÞmMo à_wI gmYZ hmoVo. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr hr ì`mnmar H§$nZr Agë`m_wio `oWrb gm_«mÁ`mVyZ OmñVrV OmñV
Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm CR>{dÊ`mgmR>r H§$nZr à`ËZerb hmoVr.
qhXwñWmZMm {dñVma hm àmXo{eH$Ñï>çm _moR>m Agë`mZo doJdoJù`m àm§Vm§Mr H¥$frì`dñWm d AW©aMZm
doJdoJir hmoVr. `mMm {dMma H$éZ H§$nZrZo doJdoJù`m _hgyb nÕVtMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©Z§Va
ŠbmB©ìhZo Xwhoar emgZnÕVr ñdrH$mabr. `mH$mimV H§$nZrH$S>yZ Ho$br Jobobr _hgyb dgybr ~§Jmb_Yrb a`Vobm
AË`§V ÌmgXm`H$ R>abr. dm°aZ hopñQ>¨½OZo gwÌo hmVmV KoVë`mZ§Va nmhUr H$ê$Z H$mhr gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m, aoìhoÝ`y
~moS>m©Mr ñWmnZm H$éZ nwT>rb nmM dfmªgmR>rMm _hgyb {ZpíMV Ho$bm.
B. g. 1793 _Ü`o JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© H$m°Z©dm°{bg `mZo ~§Jmb, {~hma, Amo[agm àm§VmV d dmamUgr_Ü`o
H$m`_Ymam nÕVr Adb§{~br. _mJrb H$mhr dfm©À`m _hgwbmMr gamgar H$mTy>Z Ë`mZwgma _hgyb R>a{dbm OmD$
bmJbm. Vrg dfmªZ§Va `m _hgybmMr a¸$_ pñWa Ho$br Jobr. `m{edm` O_rZXmambm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mgmR>r _hgyb
dgwbrMo A{YH$ma O_rZXmam§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m_wio eoVrMo CËnmXZ dmTy> bJmbo, amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm {ZpíMV d
H$m`_ñdê$nr CËnÞ {_iy bmJbo, H$aXmË`mbm H$amÀ`m aH$_oMm {ZpíMV AmH$S>m H$iy bmJbm, na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a
a`VoMm O_rZXmam§H$Sy>Z hmoUmam N>i dmTy> bmJbm. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m H$mimV gdbVr Zgë`m_wio eoVr H$aUmar
a`V d O{_ZXma `m§_Ü`o g§nH©$ am{hZmgm Pmbm Am{U Ë`m_wio H$m`_Ymam nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma ~§Jmbì`{V[aŠV BVa
{R>H$mUr H$aUo H§$nZrZo Q>mibo.
_Ðmg, _w§~B© àm§Vm_Ü`o _hgyb dgwbrgmR>r a`Vdmar nÕVr ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr. `m nÕVr_Ü`o O_rZXmam§Mr
_Ü`ñWr Q>miyZ gaH$ma d a`V-eoVH$ar `m§Mm àË`j g§nH©$ {Z_m©U Ho$bm Jobm. `m{edm` Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`m
H$mimV a`Vobm gdbVrhr {_iy bmJë`m. na§Vw `mhr nÕVr_Ü`o H$mhr Xmof {Z_m©U Pmbo. EH$Va a`Vobm _hgyb
^aVmZm amoI n¡em_Ü`o ^amdm bmJo. AmÎmmn`ªV _hgyb YmÝ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV ^abm OmB©. na§Vw AmVm Ho$di _hgÿb
^aÊ`mgmR>r àW_ YmÝ` ~mOmamV {dH$Uo Amdí`H$ Pmbo. `m {dH«$sÀ`m qH$_Vrda Ë`m Ë`m JmdmVrb ì`mnmè`mMo
{Z`§ÌU amhÿ bmJbo. Xwgao, `m nÕVr_Ü`o nydu a`Vobm JmdmMo Oo g§ajU, nmqR>~m {_iV Ago Vmo Zï> Pmbm. VgoM
AS>rAS>MUrbm O_rZXma qH$dm Jmdà_wIm§Mr a`Vobm hmoUmar _XVhr Wm§~br.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
17
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
`m gdmªVyZ eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar Var Pmbm qH$dm Ë`mMr O{_ZrdaMr _mbH$s Zï> Pmbr. Ago H$mhr Xmofhr
`m gwYmaUm§_wio {Z_m©U Pmbo. a`VdmarMo VmoQ>o Xya Pmbo nU Ë`mM~amo~a _hmb-à_wI, Jmd-à_wI `m§À`m hmVr
OmXm gÎmm Amë`mZo Vo Ë`mMm J¡admna H$ê$ bmJbo. VgoM `m XmoZ nÕVr{edm` _Ü`àm§V, J§Jm ZXrMo Imoao, dm`ì`
gahÔ àm§V VgoM n§Om~ `m {R>H$mUr _hmbdmar Am{U CÎma qhXwñWmZmV _m¡Odmar hr _hgÿb nÕVr am~{dbr
Jobr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Pmë`mZ§Va H§$nZrÀ`m ì`mnma{df`H$ YmoaUm§_Ü`o ~Xb hmoD$ bmJbm. H§$nZrZo MrZ_Yrb
H$mhr àXoem§da à^md {Z_m©U Ho$bm hmoVm. MrZ_Ü`o A\y$bm _moR>çm à_mUmV _mJUr hmoVr. `m A\y$Mo CËnmXZ nyd©
qhXwñWmZmV _moR>çm à_mUmda KoD$Z MrZbm A\y$Mr {Z`m©V gwê$ Pmbr. `m gd© ì`mnmamda B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr
_ŠVoXmar hmoVr (H§$nZr{edm` BVa H$moUrhr ì`mnma H$ê$ eH$V Zgo.) `mbm {~«Q>Z_Ü`o {damoY hmoD$ bmJbm.
VemM Ho$di ì`mnmar ñdê$n OmD$Z H§$nZrbm amOH$s` gÎmoMo ñdê$nhr `oD$ bmJbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio B. g. 1813
_Ü`o qhXwñWmZ d {~«Q>Z `m§À`m ì`mnmamdarb H§$nZrMr _ŠVoXmar g§ndÊ`mV Ambr. B. g. 1833 À`m MmQ>©a
A°ŠQ>_wio qhXwñWmZ-MrZ `m ì`mnmamdarb H§$nZrMr _ŠVoXmarhr CR>dÊ`mV Ambr.
ì`mnmamÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aer XiUdiUmMr gmYZo (añVo, aoëdo B.) `mV gwYmaUm KS>dZy AmUÊ`mMo
H$m_ JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© S>bhm¡gr `mZo Ho$bo. VgoM nVnoT>çm, ~±H$m `m_Ü`o g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mV Ambm. MbZ
ì`dñWoVrb {^ÞVm Xya H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ì`mnmam~amo~aM qhXwñWmZmVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMm nm`m `mM H$mimV
KmVbm Jobm. {~«{Q>e ^m§S>dbXma `oWrb CÚmoJmV ^m§S>db JwV§ dy bmJbo. I{ZO CËnmXZmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mV Ambr.
5) gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mo à`ËZ : {~«{Q>e H$mim_Yrb g_mO OmVrì`dñWm, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, amO{H$`
{df_Vm Aem AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio Xw^§Jbobm Am{U {dñH$irV Pmbobm hmoVm. H$_©H$m§S>, ê$T>r, nmoWr{Zð>Vm `m
AmYmao MmbUmè`m g_mOmbm àJVrH$S>o ZoÊ`mgmR>r H|$X«r` emgZ, H$m`ÚmMo amÁ`, g_mZ Ý`m`, nmíMmË` {ejU
EdT>çmM Jmoï>r nwaoem ZìhË`m. H§$nZrZo H$m`Úm_m\©$V Á`m AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m Ë`m_wio
`oWrb g_mOmbm gwYmaUm§Mr {Xem H$iy eH$br. JìhZ©a OZab ~oQ>tJZo B. g. 1829 _Ü`o H$m`Xm H$éZ
"gVrMr Mmb' ~§X Ho$br. R>Jm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r pñb_Z ZmdmÀ`m A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
`mVyZ R>Jm§Zm {ejm R>moR>mdUmao H$m`Xo V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. B. g. 1831 Vo 1837 `m H$mimV 3266 R>J
nH$S>bo. Ë`mn¡H$s 412 OUm§Zm \$mer XoÊ`mV Ambr. Va H$mhr OUm§Zm _m\$s XoD$Z Y§Xo {ejU XoÊ`mV Ambo.
H$Z©b H±$n~obZo Amo[agmVrb Za~ir `mgma»`m A{Zï> àWog ~§Xr KmVbr. amOñWmZ d _Ü`àXoemVrb ~m{bH$m
hË`og hË`og à{V~§Y KmVbm Jobm. B. g. 1843 _Ü`o "Jwbm_{Jar' ~oH$m`Xoera R>a{dbr. B. g. 1856 _Ü`o
"{dYdm nwZ{d©dmhm'Mm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
bmoH$OmJ¥Vr Am{U kmZàgmamMo gmYZ åhUyZ H§$nZrÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV B. g. 1780 _Ü`o d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr gwédmV
"{hH$s J°PoQ>'Zo Ho$br. nwT>o B. g. 1818 _Ü`o ~§Jmb_Yrb "~|Jm°b J°PoQ>' ho n{hbo ^maVr` d¥ÎmnÌ gwê$ Pmbo.
gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV `m d¥ÎmnÌm§da gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. gaH$ma{damoYr boIZmZo OZVoV Ag§Vmof ngê$ Z`o
åhUyZ d¥ÎmnÌr` boIZmbm à{gÕrnyd© nadmZJr Amdí`H$ R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. nwT>o JìhZ©a OZab ga Mmëg©
_oQ>H$m\$ `mZo d¥ÎmnÌm§Zm ñdmV§Í` {Xbo Am{U d¥ÎmnÌ ho g_mOgwYmaUoMo à^mdr gmYZ R>abo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
18
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. ^maVmVrb {~«{Q>e gÎmoMm g§ñWmnH$ åhUyZ H$moUmg AmoiIbo OmVo?
(A) am°~Q>© ŠbmB©ìh
(~) dm°aZ h|pñQ>½O² (H$) bm°S²> doboñbr (S>) S>bhm¡gr
2. {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Zo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mÀ`m CÔoí`mZo H$moUVm A°ŠQ> nmg Ho$bm?
(A) nrQ>g² B§{S>`m ~rb (~) ao½`wboqQ>J A°ŠQ> (H$) MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> (S>) ìhZm©Š`wba A°ŠQ>
3. a|½`wboqQ>J A°ŠQ>Zwgma B. g. 1774 _Ü`o ^maVmV H$moR>o gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo?
(A) {X„r
(~) _w§~B©
(H$) H$bH$Îmm (S>) _Ðmg
4. ßbmgrÀ`m bT>mB©Z§Va Xwhoar amÁ`ì`dñWm nÕV H$moUr pñdH$mabr?
(A) bm°S© S>bhm¡gr (~) bm°S© H$m°Z©dm°{bg (H$) bm°S>© h§opñQ>½O²
(S>) am°~Q>© ŠbmBìh
5. J. O. {dë`_² ~oqQ>JZo R>Jm§Mm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUmMr Zo_UyH$ Ho$br?
(A) H°$ßQ>Z ñbr_Z (~) H$Z©b H°$ån~ob (H$) H$Z©b amoO (S>) H$Z©b dobñbr
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`m§V CÎmao {bhm.
1) H$moUË`m gZXr H$m`ÚmZwgma H§$nZrMr MrZ ~amo~aMr ì`mnmar _ŠVoXmar Zï> Ho$br?
2) B. g. 1793 _Ü`o J. O. bm°S© H$m°Z©dm°{bgZo _hgyb Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m nÕVrMm Adb§~
Ho$bm?
3) B. g. 1818 _Ü`o ~§Jmb àm§VmV H$moUVo n{hbo ^maVr` d¥ÎmnÌ gwê$ Pmbo?
4) Amo[agm_Yrb Za~ir XoÊ`mMr àWm H$moUr ~§X Ho$br?
5) V¡ZmVr \$m¡O nÕVrMm H$moUr pñdH$ma Ho$bm?
1.3 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. `wamo{n`Z {_eZè`m§Mo ^maVmVrb {ejUàgmamMo H$m`© ñnï> H$am.
2. ^maVmVrb {ejUmg§~§Yr B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo YmoaU ñnï> H$am.
3. ^maVr` {ejUmV bm°S>© _oH$m°boMo `moJXmZ gm§Jm.
4. dwS>À`m I{bË`mVrb {e\$magtMr g{dñVa _m{hVr {bhm.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
19
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
5. H§$nZr gaH$maMo ^maVmVrb gwYmaUm H$m`© {dfX H$am.
(~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
^maVmVrb {_eZar {ejUmMr Ü`o`o
^maVmVrb B§J«O d nmoVw©JrO {_eZè`m§Mo H$m`©
A_o[aH$Z {_eZar
1833 Mm {ejU{df`H$ H$m`Xm
bm°S>© _oH$m°bo
dwS>Mm {ejU{df`H$ I{bVm
H§$nZr H$mimVrb àemg{H$` gwYmaUm
H§$nZr H$mimVrb H$m`Xm d _hgyb gwYmaUm
H§$nZr H$mimVrb gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm
1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
I{bVm - gaH$mar XñVEodO, AmXoenÌ, KmofUmnÌ
{Pan {gÕm§V - {ejU g_mOmVrb Cƒ dJm©bm Oa {Xbo Va Vo AmnmoAmn {PanV {PanV ImbÀ`m
dJm©n`ªV åhUOo gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§n`ªV nmohmoMb.
{_eZar - EImÚm Y_m©Mm àgma qH$dm àMma H$aUmam
_m¡Odmar - g§nyU© JmdmMm _hgyb R>adyZ Vmo JmdmH$Sy>Z EH${ÌV ñdê$nmVM dgyb H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr
åhUOo _m¡Odmar nÕV hmo`.
_hmbdmar - H$mhr JmdMm EH$ _hmb R>adyZ Ë`m _hmbmMm _hgyb R>adyZ Vmo EH${ÌV ñdê$nmV Jmoim H$aUo.
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
1) ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ 1 Mr CÎmao :
(A)
(~)
1) nmoVw©Jmb
2) B. g. 1600
3) H$moMrZ
4) ~§Jmb d _Ðmg
5) _w§~B©
1) B. g. 1829
2) ~§JmbMm Z~m~ {gamO CÔmobm 3) B. g. 1858
4) _§~B©
5) Y_©àgma
2) ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ 2 Mr CÎmao :
(A)
1) EH$ bmI é.
4) 19 Owb¡, 1853
2) bm°S>© _oH$m°bo
5) 1833
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
20
3) bm°S>© _oH$m°bo
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
(~)
1) 1813
4) bm°S>© _oH$m°bo
3) ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ 3 Mr CÎmao :
(A) 1) am°~Q>© ŠbmB©ìh
4) am°~Q>© ŠbmB©ìh
(~) 1) B. g. 1833
4) H$Z©b H°$n~ob
1.6
2) ga {dë`_² OmoÝg
3) bm°S>© _oH$m°bo
5) dyS>Mm {ejU{df`H$ I{bVm
2) a|½`wboqQ>J A°ŠQ>
5) H°$ßQ>Z ñbr_Z
2) H$m`_Ymam
5) bm°S>© dobñbr
3) H$bH$Îmm
3) ~|Jmb J°PoQ>
gmam§e :
15 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>À`m XeH$mV d 16 ì`m eVH$mV {d{dY XoemVyZ `wamo{n`Z bmoH$ ì`mnmamÀ`m
{Z{_ÎmmZo ^maVmV Ambo. nmoVw©JrO Ibmer dmñH$mo-X-Jm_m hm 1498 gmbr àW_ ^maVmV g_wÐ_mJ} Ambm.
Ë`mZ§Va S>M, \«|$M, ñn°{Ze, S>oZ Am{U B§J«O bmoH$ ^maVmV ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ambo. gZ 1600 gmbr
B§½b§S>_Yrb ì`mnmè`m§Zr nyd}H$S>rb Xoem§er ì`mnma H$aÊ`mgmR>r "B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZr'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
`wamo{n`Zm§Zr ^maVmV B. g. 1813 Z§Va {ejUmgmo~V Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. àW_ ~§Jmb àm§Vmda
Ë`m§Mo bj hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va _w§~B©, _Ðmg d BVa àm§VmV Ë`m§Zr {_eZè`m§À`m d H§$nZrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ejUmMo
YmoaU Adb§{~bo. Ho$di {ejU d Y_©àgma Z H$aVm H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm§Mo à`ËZ Pmbo.
Ë`mVyZM "gVr ~§Xr' (1829) gmaIm H$m`Xm Pmbm. {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh, ~mbhË`m, Za~ir `mgma»`m àWm§Zm
nm`~§X KmbÊ`mgmR>r H$m`ÚmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ à`ËZ Pmbo. H§$nZrZo àemg{H$` gwYmaUm d Ý`m` ì`dñWoH$S>ohr
bj {Xbo. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zr pñWa d H|${Ð` àemgZmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. AmYw{ZH$ Ý`m` nÕVrMm nm`mhr `m H$mimV
KmbÊ`mV Ambm. _hgyb ì`dñWo_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`_Ymam, a`Vdmar _hmbdmar `mgma»`m _hgyb
nÕVr ^maVmVrb {d{dY àm§VmV am~{dÊ`mV Amë`m. `mVyZ H§$nZrZo {VOmoar ^aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
`mMm n[aUm_ ^maVr` eoVr d eoVH$è`m§da Pmbm. ^maVr` eoVH$ar A{YH$M ZmS>bm Jobm. Aem àH$mao B©ñQ>
B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVm_Ü`o ì`mnma H$aVm H$aVm `oWo gm_«mÁ` {Z_m©U H$éZ Amnbr ì`dñWm ñWmnZm Ho$br. gZ
1857 À`m CR>mdmZ§Va H§$nZrÀ`m gÎmoMm eodQ> Pmbm d {~«{Q>e nmb©_|Q>Mr gÎmm 1858 À`m amUrÀ`m OmhraZmå`mZo
ñWmnZ Pmbr.
1.7 g§X^© J«§W :
1)
S. N. Sen
:
History of S. Modern India (1765-1950),
wiley eastern limited, New Delhi.
2) àm. Xoe_wI Eb. Or.
3) S>m°. H$mobmaH$a e. J.
:
:
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
^maVmVrb {ejUmMm {dH$mg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maV (1760-1950), lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
21
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4) àm. ndma O`qgJamd
:
5) S>m°. COJao AZwn_m
:
6) S>m°. COJao AZwn_m
:
7) nmaIo H$m{_b
8) S>m°. _moaOo J§JmYa
:
:
9) S>m°. gmgdS>H$a à. B.
:
qhXwñWmZMm amO{H$` Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$ B{Vhmg,
AO~ nwñVH$mb`, H$moëhmnya.
naH$s` {¼ñVr {_eZatMo _amR>r ^mfm{df`H$ H$m`©
(gZ 1542 Vo 1960), na_ {_Ì npãbHo$eÝg, R>mUo.
_amR>r àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr g_mO (1813 Vo 2000),
J«§Wmbr kmZ`k, _w§~B©.
{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mo `moJXmZ, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo.
_hmamï´>mVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[adV©Z Am{U {¼ñVr Y_u`,
bmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h, _w§~B©.
^maVr` R>J, {dX^© _amR>dmS>m ~wH$ H§$nZr, nwUo.
mmm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
22
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
gÌ3 : KQ>H$ 2
gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm Midir
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.0
C{Ôï>ço
2.1
àmñVm{dH$
2.2
{df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 amOm am__mohZ am°` Am{U ~«m÷mo g_mO
2.2.2 ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr Am{U Am`© g_mO
2.2.3 ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Am{U am_H¥$îU {_eZ
2.2.4 OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr X{jU ^maVmVrb H$m_{Jar
2.3
gmam§e
2.4
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.5
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7
g§X^© J«§W
2.0
C{Ôï>ço :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg ð ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m ñWmnZo_mJrb CÔoe, VÎdkmZ Am{U dmQ>MmbrMr _m{hVr {_iob.
ð am__mohZ d ~«m÷mo g_mO H$m`©H$Ë`mªÀ`m H$m`m©Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.
ð ~«m÷mo g_mOmVrb \y$Q>rMm d g_mOmZo H$o$boë`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
ð Am`© g_mO g§ñWmnH$ ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr `m§À`m M[aÌmMr d VÎdkmZmMr AmoiI hmoB©b.
ð ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Mo M[aÌ, {eH$mJmo Y_©n[afXoV _m§S>boë`m {dMmam§Mr d {_eZ ñWmnZm d H$m`©
g_oOb.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
23
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ð OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m CX`mMr nmíd©^y_r, Zm`a `m§À`m M[aÌmMr AmoiI hmoB©b.
ð hmo_éb Midirbm d AghH$mamg H$m {damoY Ho$bm `m§Mr _m{hVr {_iob.
ð OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo OmVr` à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m Ho$boë`m _mJUrg§~§YrMo {dMma bjmV `oVrb.
ð OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Ho$bobr H$m_{Jar g_OmdyZ KoVm `oB©b.
ð OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm ~«m÷U, am{ï´>`Îd Am{U X{bV-_wñbr_ `m§À`m ~m~VÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmMr AmoiI hmoB©b.
2.1
àmñVm{dH$ :
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mMo Img d¡{eï>ç åhUOo ^maVmV KSy>Z Ambobo Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$
n[adV©Z hmo`. nmíMmË`m§À`m AmJ_Zm_wio nmíMmË` {ejU Am{U g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m à^mdm_wio ^maVr` g_mOmV
ZdOmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U Pmbr d g_mO A§V_w©I hmoD$Z {dMma H$ê$ bmJbm. gwYmaH$m§Zr Am{U Zd{e{jVm§Zr g_mO
à~moYZ Ho$ë`m_wio AmnUhr ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmX pñdH$méZ gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV Agm {dMma
éOy bmJbm. `m gwYmaUm~amo~aM amO{H$` gwYmaUmMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m gwYmaUm MidirV ~«m÷mo g_mO,
Am`© g_mO, am_H¥$îU {_eZ Am{U OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm àm_w»`mZo {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.
gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$ OmJ¥VrMr H$maUo :
1) nmíMmË` {ejUmMm n[aUm_ : nmíMmË`m§À`m AmJ_Zm_wio ^maVr`m§Mm g§~§Y Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vrer,
Y_m©er Am{U {dMmam§er Ambm. B§J«Or {ejUmMm ^maVmV àma§^ Pmë`mZo ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd, _mZdVmdmX,
CXma_VdmX Am{XMo kmZ hmoD$ bmJbo. Zì`mZo {ejU KoVboë`m Zd`wdH$m§Zr Amnë`m Ym{_©H$-gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV
XmIb Pmboë`m ^«m_H$, A{Zï> MmbrarVrMr OmUrd hmoD$ bmJbr. {ejUmÀ`m A^mdm_wioM `m XoemV gVràWm,
OmVr^oX, A§YlÕm, {ó`m§Mr AdhobZm, X¡ddmX Am{U H$_©H$m§S>m§Zm D$V Ambm. darb ~m~tZm _yR>_mVr
{Xë`m{edm` Iè`m AWm©Zo g_mOmMr gwYmaUm hmoUma Zmhr. `m§Mr OmUrd hmoD$Z Ym{_©H$-gm_m{OH$ Midir
gwê$ Pmë`m.
2) AmYw{ZH$H$aUmMm à^md : `wamonmV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMm CX` Pmë`mZo CËnmXZmV àM§S> dmT> Pmbr.
Ë`mMm \$Q>H$m ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWobm ~gbm. ^maVmVrb hñVì`dgm` ~wS>më`mZo ~oH$marV àM§S> dmT> Pmbr.
Ago Agbo Var Ë`m§Zm ZdZì`m V§ÌkmZmMr AmoiI hmoD$ bmJë`mZo Ë`m§À`m kmZmV ^a nS>br.
3) _wÐU Am{U d¥ÎmnÌm§Mo H$m`© : qhH$s ZmdmÀ`m `wamo{n`Z J¥hñWmZo {d{dY ^maVr` ^mfoVrb
Q>mB©n V`ma Ho$bo. _wÐU H$bo_wio AZoH$ J«§Wm§Mr d d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr N>nmB© gwb^ Pmbr. B§J«Or d Xoer ^mfoV gwê$
Pmboë`m d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U Ho$br. {dMmam§À`m XodmUKodmUr_wio kmZmMm àgma PnmQ>çmZo hmoD$
bmJbm.
4) {¼üZ Y_©àgmamMm n[aUm_ : {¼üZ {_eZè`m§Zr Jar~ ^maVr`m§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV H$éZ, ZmoH$arMo
Am{_f XmIdyZ, amoJr-{nS>rVm§Mr godm-gwl¥fm H$éZ Ë`m§Mo Y_mªVa H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. {¼üZ {_eZè`m§Zr
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
24 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
qhXy Y_m©nojm {¼üZ Y_© H$gm loð> Amho ho nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mg àma§^ Ho$bm. n[aUm_r qhXy Y_m©da g§H$Q> Amë`mMr
^mdZm dmTy> bmJë`mZo Amnë`m Y_m©V gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm dmQy> bmJbr.
5) ^maVr`m§V ZdOmJ¥VrMr àoaUm : nmíMmÎ`m§À`m AmJ_Zm~amo~aM Zd_VdmXmMo dmao ^maVmV dmhÿ
bmJbo. `wamonmVrb emgZì`dñWm, bmoH$emhr, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd, _mZdVmdmX, CXma_VdmX AmXr {dMma
^maVr`m§À`m n`©V XmIb Pmbo. Ë`mVM nmíMmÎ` {dkmZ, dmL²>_`mnmgyZ ^maVr`m§Zr àoaUm KoD$Z Amnë`m Y_m©V
Am{U g_mOmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
6) {ejUmMm àgma d à^md : {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV gd© OmVrY_m©Vrb bmoH$m§À`mgmR>r {ejU Iwbo Ho$bo.
{ejU KoD$Z V`ma Pmboë`m Zdgw{e{jV dJm©V dU©dM©ñdmMr OmUrd {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo ~«m÷Ur dM©ñd PwJméZ
XoÊ`mMr {ZH$Q> dmQy> bmJbr. Ë`mVyZM gm_m{OH$ g_Vm Amdí`H$ dmQy> bmJbr. Ë`mVyZM Ym{_©H$-gm_m{OH$
Midir gwê$ Pmë`m. `m MidirV g_mOmV d Y_m©V Agboë`m A{Zï> éT>r-na§nam Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r, OmVr^oX
_moSy>Z H$mTy>Z gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bm.
darb H$maUm§Mm n[anmH$ åhUOo EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV Ym{_©H$-gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$
g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmë`m.
2.2
{df` {ddoMZ :
^maVmV B§J«OmMr gÎmm pñWa Pmë`mda qhXr bmoH$m§Zm nmíMmÎ` g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI Pmbr. nmíMmÎ`mÀ`m
g§ñH¥$Vrnojm qhXyñWmZ hm gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ñï>çm _mJmgbobm Amho. AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m ^«m_H$
Am{U doS>Ji H$ënZoV g_mO AS>H$bm Amho. {ejUm_wio nmíMmË` bmoH$m§À`m AmMma-{dMmam§Mr, _mZdVmdmXrCXma_VdmXr _yë`m§Mr AmoiI ^maVr`m§Zm Pmbr. Ë`m§À`mVrb Mm§Jë`m ~m~rMo AZwH$aU H$amdo Ago dmQy> bmJbo.
Amnë`m Y_m©Vrb g_mOmVrb Mm§Jë`m Jmoï>r pñdH$maÊ`mMr d dmB©Q> ~m~r Q>mHy$Z XoÊ`mMr JaO dmQy> bmJbr.
Amnë`m Y_m©À`m, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nwZ:é‚mrdZm_wio g_mOmMm {dH$mg hmoB©b. Ë`mVyZM gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm
H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ~«m÷mo g_mO, Am`©g_mO, am_H¥$îU {_eZ, OñQ>rg nmQ>u `m gma»`m AZoH$ g§ñWm CX`mg
Amë`m d Ë`m§Zr _hÎdnyU© H$m`© H$éZ Xoe{hVmbm _moR>mM hmV^ma bmdbm. Aem g§ñWm d g§KQ>ZmMr AmoiI
H$éZ KoUo CX²~moYH$ R>aob.
2.2.1 amOm am__mohZ am°` Am{U ~«m÷mo g_mO :
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m ~«m÷mog_mOmZo Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm Midi gwê$ Ho$br.
qhXy Y_m©V gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUmar Midi C^maUmar g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ ~«m÷mo g_mO AmoiIbm OmVmo. amOm
am__mohZ am°` ho "AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMo OZH$' Am{U "^maVr` à~moYZmMo OZH$' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVmV.
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Mm OÝ_ ~§Jmb àm§VmVrb hþJir {OëømVrb amYmZJa `m JmdmV Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo
{ejU nmQ>Um `oWo Pmbo. g§ñH¥$V, ~§Jmbr `m ^mfm§À`m ~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr Aao{~H$ Am{U n{e©`Z `m na{H$` ^mfoV
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
25
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
àm{dÊ` {_i{dbo. Ë`m§Zr qhXy, {¼üZ, O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, `hþXr, nmaer Y_mªMm d Y_©J«§Wm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZoM Ë`m§Zm
Iè`m Y_m©Mr AmoiI Pmbr. na_oœa EH$ Amho ho gd© Y_m©Vrb gË` Ë`m§Zm g_Obo.
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr ~«m÷mo g_mOmMr ñWmnZm 20 Am°JñQ,> 1828 amoOr Ho$br. gd© Y_m©Mm gImob
Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda na_oœa EH$ Amho Ago Ë`m§Mo _V ~Zbo. Ë`m§Zm qhXy Y_m©V A{Zð> éT>r-àWm, na§nam, Xmof Am{U
A§YlÕm {XgyZ Amë`m. Ë`mMà_mUo qhXy Y_m©V _yVunyOm, ~hÿXodVmdmX, AdVma H$ënZm, H$_©H$m§S>, nmo{W{ZîR>m
`mgma»`m {ZaW©H$ Am{U ^«m_H$ g_OwVr AmhoV Ago am°` `m§Zm dmQy> bmJbo. am°` `m§Zr Amnë`m {dMmam§À`m
àgmamW© B. g. 1815 gmbr "AmpË_` g^m' Va gZ 1822 _Ü`o "`w{ZQ>o[a`Z H${_Q>r' ñWmnZ Ho$br. 20
Am°JñQ,> 1828 amoOr H$bH$Îmm `oWo ~«m÷mo g_mO ñWmnZ Ho$bm.
~«m÷mo g_mOmMo CÔoí` :
1) qhXy Y_m©Mo ewÕrH$aU H$éZ ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zm Iè`m Y_m©À`m VÎdmMr AmoiI H$éZ XoUo.
2) g_mOmVrb A{Zð> éT>r, àWm, na§nam, MmbrarVr Zm{hem H$aUo.
3) {¼üZ {_eZè`m§À`m qhXy Y_m©darb {Q>Ho$bm d Y_mªVamg {damoY H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m Y_© àgma H$m`m©g
eh XoUo.
4) qhXy Y_m©V Am{U g_mOmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUo.
~«m÷mo g_mOmMo VÎdkmZ :
1) EHo$ídadmX : B©œa hm EH$M AgyZ Vmo {ZJw©Z, {ZamH$ma Amho. B©œa hm `m AZ§V OJmMm {Z_m©Vm d
{Z`Îmm Amho. Ë`m {ZamH$ma Aem B©œamMr CnmgZm H$amdr. B©œamÀ`m CnmgZogmR>r H$moUË`mhr H$_©H$m§S>mMr Oéar
Zmhr.
2) _yVunyOog {damoY : _yVunyOobm {damoY Ho$bm. B©œamMo ApñVÎd _yVuV AWdm dñVyV Zgë`m_wio
_yVunyOm H$ê$ Z`o.
3) ~§YwÎdmMr ^mdZm : B©œa hm AmnUm gdmªMm {nVm Amho. åhUyZ AmnU gd©OU EH$_oH$m§Mo ~§Yy
AmhmoV.
4) AdVmadmXmg {damoY : B©œa hm {ZamH$ma Agë`m_wio Vmo gmH$ma hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
AdVmadmXmMr H$ënZm ^«m_H$ d MwH$sMr Amho.
5) AmËå`mMo A_aÎd : AmË_m hm A_a AgyZ Vmo Amnë`m H¥$Ë`m~Ôb \$ŠV B©œambmM O~m~Xma
AgVmo.
6) gd© Y_m©Vrb EoŠ` : ZrVr_Îmm, gXmMma, _mZdm~ÔbMo ào_, ^yVX`m `m_wio {d{dY Y_m©V EoŠ`
{Z_m©U hmoVo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
26
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
7) {díd~§YwÎdmda lÕm : ~«m÷mo g_mO gd© Y_m©Vrb VÎdkmZmMm AmXa H$aVmo. Ë`mMr qZXm H$aV
Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {díd~§YwËdmda lÕm Amho.
8) ào_, namonH$ma, godm : Y_m©Mm Iam AW© ào_, namonH$ma, godm Agm Amho, ho J¥hrV YéZ EH$_oH$m§er
ì`dhma H$amdoV.
~«m÷mo g_mOmMr dmQ>Mmb :
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§À`m g_¥Õ {dMmamZo Am{U H$m`© H$m¡eë`mZo ~«m÷mo g_mOmMm àgma Pmbm. g_mOmÀ`m
AZw`m`m§V ^a nS>br. "g§dmX H$m¡_wXr' ho {Z`VH$m{bH$ gwê$ H$ê$Z ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm àgma Ho$bm.
EHo$œadmXmda {dœmg AgUmè`m AZw`m`m§Zm EH${ÌV `mdo åhUyZ EH$ _§{Xa ~m§Ybo. `m _§{XamV ~gyZ {ZJw©U,
{ZamH$ma Aem B©œamMr bmoH$ CnmgZm H$ê$ bmJbo. `m _§{XamV à{V_m, nwVim, {eën, {MÌ `mg ñWmZ ZìhVo.
Ë`mMà_mUo Y_©Jwê$, nwOmnmR>, `k`mJ, hmo_hdZ `m§Zmhr ~§Xr hmoVr. Mm[aÍ`, Z¡{VH$Vm, gX²JwU Am{U
gd©Y_©{dMmamda ^a {Xbm OmB©. amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr EHo$œadmXmÀ`m àgmamW© AZoH$ J«§W àH$m{eV Ho$bo.
Ë`m§Zr Y_© Am{U g_mO gwYmaUm Midi gwê$ Ho$br. B. g. 1833 _Ü`o amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Mm _¥Ë`y
Pmbm.
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Mo H$m`© :
ór-nwéf g_VoMr H$ënZm _m§Sy>Z amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§Zr {ó`m§Mr Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠVVm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm. gVr àWm, Ho$ednZ `m MmbrarVtZm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmobZo Ho$br. n[aUm_r VËH$m{bZ JìhZ©a
OZab ga bmS>© {dë`_² ~oqQ>J `m§Zr 4 {S>g|~a, 1829 _Ü`o gVr~§XrMm H$m`Xm nmg Ho$bm. amOm am__mohZ am°`
`m§Zr nmümË` nÕVrÀ`m {ejUmMm AmJ«h Yabm. Ë`mgmR>r _hm{dÚmb`o gwê$ Ho$br. doXm§VmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr doXm§V H$m°boO gwê$ Ho$bo. d¥ÎmnÌr` {bImU H$éZ g_mOOmJ¥VrMo H$m`© Ho$bo.
XodoÐZmW Q>mJmoamMo H$m`© :
amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va ~«m÷mo g_mOmbm ZdM¡VÝ` XoÊ`mMo H$m`© Xod|ÐZmW Q>mJmoam§Zr Ho$bo.
Ë`m§Zr ~«m÷mo g_mOmV 1838 _Ü`o àdoe Ho$bm. B. g. 1838 gmbmV Ë`m§Zr "VÎd~m|{YZr g^m' ñWmnZ H$éZ
~«m÷mo g_mOmMm àgma IoS>çmnmS>çmn`ªV nmohM{dbm.
Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ~mø {dÚmb` gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {eî`dJm©bm _yVunyOm, VrW©`mÌm,
H$_©H$m§S>, àm`píMÎm KoUo BË`m{XnmgyZ Xya R>odbo.
Ho$edM§Ð goZ :
Ho$edM§Ð goZ `m§Zr ~«m÷mo g_mOmV àdoe Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m H$m`©nÕVr_wio `m g_mOmg Zdr {Xem {_imbr.
Ë`m§À`m CXma_VdmXr {dMmamZo d dŠV¥©Îdm_wio ~«m÷mo g_mO bmoH${à` ~Zbm. Ë`m§Zr ~«m÷mo g_mOmMm àgma CÎma
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
27
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
àXoe, n§Om~, _Ðmg àm§VmV Ho$bm. Ho$edM§Ðm§Zr Am§VaOmVr` d {dYdm {ddmhmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Vo qhXy Y_m©bm
g§Hw${MV g_Oy bmJbo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Ë`m§À`m g^oV gd© Y_©J«§Wm§Mo dmMZ hmoD$ bmJbo.
~«m÷mo g_mOmV \y$Q> :
Xod|ÐZmW Q>mJmoa Am{U Ho$edM§X« goZ `m§À`mV VmpÎdH$ _V^oX {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ho$edM§Ð goZ ho ~«m÷mo g_mOmVyZ
B. g. 1866 _Ü`o ~mhoa nS>bo d Ë`m§Zr "^maVr` ~«m÷mo g_mO' ñWmnZ H$éZ g_mO H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Xod|ÐZmW
Q>mJmoam§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr AgUmam g_mO "Am{X ~«m÷mo g_mO' `m ZmdmZo H$m`© H$ê$ bmJbm. Ho$edM§Ð goZ `m§À`m
^maVr` ~«m÷mo g_mOmZo ~mb{ddmhmg {damoY, {dYdm {ddmh d Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmg CÎmoOZ {Xbo. Ë`mMà_mUo
ór-_wŠVr, {ejU àgma Am{U _ÚnmZ {ZfoY Aem H$m`©H«$_mda ^a {Xbm.
B. g. 1878 _Ü`o Ho$edM§Ð goZ `m§À`m ^maVr` ~«m÷mo g_mOmV \y$Q> nS>br. VéU AZw`m`m§Zm goZ `m§Mo
{dMma _dmi dmQy> bmJbo. Ë`m§Zr Ho$edM§Ð `m§Mr H$mhr VÎdo A_mÝ` Ho$br. Ë`mVM goZ `m§Zr Amnë`m 13 df}
d` AgUmè`m _wbrMm {ddmh Hw$M{~hmaÀ`m amOm~amo~a d¡{XH$ nÕVrZo bmdyZ {Xbm. Ë`m§Zr ñdV:M {gpìhb
_°aoO A°ŠQ>Mm ^§J Ho$ë`mZo {edZmW emór, AmZ§X _mohZ ~mog, {edM§Ð XÎm, C_oeM§Ð XÎm `mgmaIo Ohmb VéU
^maVr` ~«m÷mo g_mOmVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo d Ë`m§Zr 1878 _Ü`o "gmYmaU ~«m÷mo g_mO' ñWmnZm Ho$bm.
gmYmaU ~«m÷mo g_mOmZo AÜ`mpË_H$, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ H$m`© hmVr KoVbo. ~mb{ddmh Am{U nS>Xm
nÕVrg {damoY Ho$bm. {ó`m§Zm Cƒ {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r AmJ«h Yabm. {dYdm {ddmh Am{U Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmMm
Omo_mZo AmJ«h Yabm.
WmoS>Š`mV ~«m÷mo g_mOmZo Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$ joÌmV C„oIZr` H$m`© Ho$bo. ~«m÷mo
g_mOmÀ`m _werVyZM ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midirbm d¡Mm[aH$ nmíd©^y_r bm^br.
S>m°. {e[afHw$_ma {_Ìm `m§À`m _Vo, ""~«m÷mo g_mOmMr Midi åhUOo ñdm§VÍ`mMm n{hbm AmdmO (First
Voice of Freedom) hmo`.''
EM. gr. PHo$[a`m `m§À`m _Vo, ""AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmbm KS>{dUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m gwYmaUm MidirMm _J
Ë`m Midir qhXy Y_©, g_mO, amOH$maU H$emerhr g§~§{YV AgmoV - àma§^q~Xy åhUOo amOm am__mohZ am°` d
~«m÷mo g_mO hmoVm.''
gXm{ed H¥$îU \$S>Ho$ `m§À`m _Vo, ""`m `wJmÀ`m Ama§^r nmíMmÎ` {ejUmZo, ZmñVrH$ d nmI§S>dmXmMr
Aer ^`§H$a bmQ> `m XoemV Cgibr hmoVr, {H$ {VZo {H$Ë`oH$m§À`m _Vmà_mUo bdH$aM gd© Xoe AmH«$_yZ qhXyY_©
Am_ybmJ«nUo CISy>Z H$mT>bm AgVm; na§Vw B©œamÀ`m C{MV {Z`Vr_wio Ë`mdoir amOm am__mohZ am°` hm EH$ Abm¡{H$H$
nwéf {Z_m©U Pmbm d Ë`mZo EHo$ídar n§WZm_H$ EH$ ZdrZ bmQ> CËnÞ Ho$br, Ë`m_wio nwT>o `oUmar AmnÎmr Q>ibr.''
(Zd`wJ Y_©, n¥.30)
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
28
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 1 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. "^maVr` à~moYZmMo OZH$' åhUyZ H$moU AmoiIbo OmVmV?
(A) _hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo
(~) amOm am__mohZ am°`
(H$) am_H¥$îU na_h§g
(S>) Ho$edM§Ð goZ
2. ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m àgmamgmR>r "VÎd~mo{YZr g^m' H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$br?
(A) amOm am__mohZ am°`
(~) AmZ§X _mohZ ~mog
(H$) Xodo§ÐZmW Q>mJmoa
(S>) aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa
3. "^maVr` ~«m÷mo g_mO H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$bm?
(A) Ho$edM§Ð goZ
(~) {edZmW emór
(H$) Xodo§ÐZmW Q>mJmoa
(S>) C_oeM§Ð XÎm
4. B. g. 1829 _Ü`o H$moUr gVr ~§XrMm H$m`Xm nmg Ho$bm?
(A) J. O. bmS>© S>bhm¡gr
(~) J. O. dm°aZ h|pñQ>½O
(H$) J. O. {dë`_² ~o§{Q>J
(S>) J. O. bm°S>© H$m°Z©dmbrg
5. "g§dmX H$m¡_wXr' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVyZ ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm H$moUr àgma Ho$bm?
(A) Ho$edM§Ð goZ
(~) Xod|ÐZmW Q>mJmoa
(H$) amOm am__mohZ am°`
(S>) B©œaM§Ð {dÚmgmJa
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) B. g. 1815 _Ü`o "AmpË_` g^m' H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$br?
2) "AmXr ~«m÷mo g_mOmMo' g§ñWmnH$ H$moU?
3) Aënd`mV Amnë`m _wbrMm {ddmh bmdyZ XoD$Z H$moUr "{gpìhb _°aoO A°ŠQ>'Mm ^§J Ho$bm?
4) "~«m÷mo g_mOmMr Midi åhUOo ñdmV§Í`mMm n{hbm AmdmO hmo`' Ago H$moU åhUVmV?
5) "AmpË_` g^m' d "`w{ZQ>o[a`Z H${_Q>r' EH$Ì H$éZ H$moUr ~«m÷mo g_mO ñWmnZ Ho$bm?
2.2.2 ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr Am{U Am`© g_mO :
^maVr` Ym_r©H$, gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm MidirV Am`© g_mOmMo ñWmZ Aìdb XOm©Mo Amho. ñdm_r X`mZ§X
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
29
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
gañdVr `m§Zr 10 E{àb, 1875 amoOr _§w~B© `oWo Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr Ym_r©H$, gm_m{OH$,
e¡j{UH$ d amO{H$` gwYmaUm Am`© g_mOmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$ë`m.
ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr :
ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVrMm OÝ_ B. g. 1824 _Ü`o JwOamV àm§VmVrb _moadr g§ñWmZmVrb EH$m ~«m÷U
Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo _yi Zm§d _yie§H$a Ago hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo dS>rb A§~me§H$a ho gZmVZr d Ym_r©H$ d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo.
Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Zr Ë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$V, doX, Ý`m` Am{U Y_m©Mo {ejU {Xbo. Ë`m§À`m ~mb_Zmda gZmVZr ~«m÷Ur
{dMmam§Mm nJS>m nS>bm. _yie§H$aÀ`m OrdZmbm d`mÀ`m Mm¡Xmì`m dfu H$bmQ>Ur XoUmar KQ>Zm KS>br. Vmo àg§J
åhUOo _hm{edamÌrÀ`m {Xder _§{XamV CnmgZm H$arV AgVmZm "lr'À`m qnS>rda ~gyZ EH$ C§Xra Z¡doÚ ImVmZm
Ë`m§Zr nm{hbm. ho nm{hë`mda Ë`m§Mm _yVunyOodaMm {dídmg CS>mbm. _yVuV Xod Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQy> bmJbo.
Ë`mVyZM B©œamMo Iao ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr {Okmgm dmT>br. B. g. 1845 _Ü`o Ë`m§À`m KamV _yie§H$aÀ`m
{ddmhmMr MMm© gwê$ Pmbr. AmnU Oa H$m {ddmhmÀ`m ~§YZmV AS>H$bmo Va AmnUmg Iè`m B©œamMr Am{U
Y_m©Mr AmoiI hmoUma Zmhr ho bjmV KoD$Z EHo$ amÌr Ka gmoSy>Z {ZKyZ Jobo.
B. g. 1845 Vo 1860 `m H$mbmdYrV Ë`m§Zr ^maV^a àdmg Ho$bm. `m 15 dfmªÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr kmZ
Am{U gË`mMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr ñdm_r {daOmZ§X gañdVtMo {eî`Ëd nËH$éZ ñdV: ñdm_r
X`mZ§X gañdVr Ago Zm§d YmaU Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr doX Am{U `moJmMm gImob Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m bjmV d¡{XH$
Y_m©Mr Wmoadr Ambr. d¡{XH$ VÎdkmZmda AmYm[aV qhXy Y_m©Mr Am{U g_mOmMr nwZ:aMZm H$aÊ`mMo Ü`o`
~miJbo. Ë`mVyZM ~hÿXodVmdmX, H$_©H$m§S>, Añn¥í`Vm, OmVr^oX, _yVunyOm `m qhXy Y_m©Vrb A{Zï> àWm Zï>
H$éZ g_Voda AmYmabobm doXH$mbrZ g_mO {Z{_©VrMo Am{U {¼üZ d _wñbr_ Y_©àgmambm nm`~§X KmbÊ`mÀ`m
hoVyZo "Am`© g_mO' ñWmnZ Ho$bm.
Am`© g_mOmÀ`m àMmamMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. X`mZ§XZr 24 OyZ, 1887 amoOr n§Om~ àm§VmVrb bmhmoa `oWo
Am`© g_mOmMr emIm gwê$ Ho$br. nwT>o bmhmoa hoM `m g_mOmMo _w»` H|$Ð ~Zbo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVmV gd©Ì {\$ê$Z Am`©
g_mOmMm àMma Ho$bm. bmbm h§gamO, bmbm bOnV am°`, n§S>rV JwéXÎm, ñdm_r lÕmZ§X `mgmaIo {eî` Ë`m§Zm
bm^bo.
X`mZ§X gañdVtZr Am`© g_mOmÀ`m emIm n§Om~, H$mpí_a Am{U dm`ì` àm§VmV gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Am`wî`mÀ`m
eodQ>Mr XmoZ df} Ë`m§Zr Am`© g_mOmÀ`m àgmamW© amOñWmZmV Kmbdbr. 30 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1883 amoOr AO_oa
`oWo Ë`m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. X`mZ§X gañdVtZr "gË`mW© àH$me' hm J«§W {b{hbm.
Am`© g_mOmMr VÎdo :
Am`© g_mOmÀ`m VÎdkmZmV doX àm_mÊ`mda ^a {Xbm. Am`© g_mOmMo VÎdkmZ nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) doX hm Am`m©Mm n{dÌ Y_©J«§W AgyZ Vmo gd© Am`mªZr àm_mÊ` _mZmdm.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
30
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
2) B©œa hm EH$M AgyZ Vmo {ZamH$ma, AZ§V, Ý`m`r, gd©gmjr, X`miy, gd©eŠVr_mZ Am{U n{dÌ Amho.
B©œa hm g¥ï>rMm {Z_m©Vm d {Z`§Vm Amho.
3) na_oœamÀ`m ewÕ ñdénmMo kmZ doXmV AgyZ àË`oH$ qhXy ì`ŠVrZo doXmMm Aä`mg H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo àW_
H$V©ì` Amho.
4) Am`m©À`m d¡{XH$ Y_m©Mo XadmOo gd©Y{_©`m§gmR>r Iwbo AmhoV. ewÕrH$aUmZo H$moUmghr `m Y_m©V àdoe
{_iVmo.
5) àË`oH$ Am`© g_mOmÀ`m AZw`m`mZo gË` J«hU H$amdo d AgË`mMm Ë`mJ H$amdm.
6) àË`oH$mZo EH$_oH$m§~amo~a ào_mZo d Ý`m`mZo dmJmdo.
7) Am`© Y_m©Mm _yi CÔoí` _mZd OmVrMo H$ë`mU H$aUo hmM Amho.
8) Ho$di ñdV:À`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma Z H$aVm BVam§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r gX¡d à`ËZ H$amdm.
9) g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUm§À`m AmS> d¡`{ŠVH$ _V^oX AmUy Z`oV.
10) AkmZmMm Zme H$éZ kmZmÀ`m àgmamMo Ü`o` àË`oH$mZo ~miJmdo.
Am`© g_mOmMr H$m_{Jar :
Am`© g_mOmZo Ym_r©H$, gm_m{OH$, amO{H$` Am{U e¡j{UH$ joÌmV Jm¡adnyd© H$m`© Ho$bo.
1) Ym_r©H$ gwYmaUm : Am`© g_mOmZo doXmMo àm_mÊ` _mÝ` Ho$bo. qhXy Y_m©Vrb _yVunyOm, VrW©`mÌm,
d«Vd¡H$ë`o, AdVmadmX `mgma»`m Jmoï>r Q>mH$mD$ _mZë`m. nwamo{hVmMo loð>Ëd ZmH$méZ na_oœa ^ŠVrgmR>r H$moUmhr
nwamo{hVmMr JaO Zmhr Ago R>UH$mdyZ gm§{JVbo. doX ho ewÕ Am{U n[anyU© Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo AÜ``Z H$amdo. qhXy
Y_m©bm nyU©Ëd XoÊ`mgmR>r doXmMo AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ H$amdo. gd© OmVrY_m©Vrb ór-nwéf, ewÐ-AVrewÐ `m§Zm
doXmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. doXmV gm§{JVboë`m ""{dewÕ Y_m©Mo AZwH$aU H$aÊ`mMm AmJ«h Yabm.
éT>r-na§naoZo CnmgZoÀ`m _Ja{_Ç>rV gmnS>boë`m qhXy Y_m©bm dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r X`mZ§XmZr 'Back to the Vedas'
(doXmH$S>o naV Mbm) hm AmXoe {Xbm.
2) ewÕrH$aU Midi : Am`© g_mOmMo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo H$m`© åhUOo Ë`m§Zr hmVr KoVbobr
ewÕrH$aUmMr _mo{h_ hmo`. {¼üZ Am{U _wñbr_ Y_m©V gŠVrZo Y_mªVarV Pmboë`m qhXyZm nwÝhm ñdY_m©V KoÊ`mV
Ambo. Aem qhXyZr BVa Y_m©V Joboë`m bmoH$m§Zm naV qhXy Y_m©V KoÊ`mg gZmVZr d¥ÎmrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mm àIa {damoY
hmoVm. B. g. 1821 _Ü`o _b~ma `oWrb AZoH$m§Zm gŠVrZo _wgb_mZ Y_m©Mr {Xjm {Xbr. Aem gw_mao 2500
bmoH$m§Zm Am`© g_mOmÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr Ë`m§Zm nwÝhm {h§Xy Y_m©V KoVbo. VgoM ewÕrH$aUmMr hr _mo{h_ amOñWmZ,
h¡Ðm~mX Am{U n§Om~_Ü`o gwÕm am~dbr. Iao nmhVm EdT>çm _moR>çm à_mUmV ewÕrH$aUmMr Ho$bobr hr ~m~
H«$m§{VH$maH$ åhUmbr bmJob.
3) gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm : doXmZ§Va {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Y_©J«§Wm§Zr Iao Va qhXy Y_m©bm d g_mOmg {dH¥$V
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
31
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ñdê$n {Xbo. åhUyZ X`mZ§X gañdVrZr Vo {dH¥$V ñdén Zï> H$éZ ZdM¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. dU© hm Iao Va OÝ_mda
Adb§~yZ ZgyZ JwUH$_m©da Adb§~yZ AgVmo Ago ñnï> H$éZ OmVrg§ñWobm _moR>m hmXam {Xbm. eyÐm§Zm Am{U
{ó`m§Zm doXmMo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMm Am{U Cƒ {ejU KoÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho Ago åhUyZ Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Midi gwê$
Ho$br. {ó-nwéf g_VoMm {dMma _m§S>bm. VgoM ~mb{ddmh, Añn¥í`Vm, _yVunyOm, new~ir `mgma»`m A{Zï>
àWm§Zm àIa {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`mMà_mUo hþ§S>m nÕV, ~hÿnpËZËdmMr Mmb, XodXmgr àWm `mda H$S>mSy>Z h„m MT>{dbm.
Añn¥í`Vm Am{U OmVr^oXmg àIa {damY Ho$bm.
4) e¡j{UH$ H$m`© : {ejU àgmam{edm` XoemMr Am{U g_mOmMr àJVr hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr ho OmUyZ
Am`© g_mOmZo {ejU àgmamW© {d{dY {R>H$mUr {ejUg§ñWm gwê$ Ho$ë`m. ñdm_r lÕmZ§Xm§Zr "JwéHy$b {dÚmb`o'
ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m emimVyZ g§ñH¥$V Am{U d¡{XH$ {ejU {Xbo OmD$ bmJbo. bmbm h§ÝgamO `m§Zr bmhmoa `oWo
"X`mZ§X A°½bmo-do{XH$ H$m°boO' gwê$ H$éZ B§J«Or Am{U d¡{XH$ {ejUmMm àgma Ho$bm. AmOhr _hmamï´>mV H$moëhmnya,
gmobmnya Am{U _w§~B© `oWo Am`© g_mOmÀ`m g§ñWm_YyZ e¡j{UH$ H$m`© gwê$ Amho.
5) amï´>^ŠVrÀ`m àgmamMo H$m`© : ^maVr` bmoH$m§V amï´>^ŠVrMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm àWËZ
Am`© g_mOmZo Ho$bm. ñdm_r X`mZ§XmZr "Am`m©dV hr Am`m©Mr ^y_r Amho' ho Kmo{fV Ho$ë`mZo qhXr bmoH$m§V
amï´>^ŠVrMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Pmbr. ñdXoer Am{U amï´>r` {ejUmda Am`© g_mOmZo ^a {Xbm. ñdm_r X`mZ§X
gañdVr åhUV {H$, "Q>mH$mD$Vrb Q>mH$mD$ ñdamÁ` ho na{H$` gÎmonojm A{YH$ {hVH$maH$ AgVo.' Am`©
g_mOmZo bmbm bOnV am°`, ñdm_r lÕmZ§X Am{U {~nrZM§Ð nmb `mgmaIo Ohmb Xoe^ŠV qhXwñWmZbm
XoD$Z ñdmV§Í` Midirbm A{YH$ JVr {Xbr. dob|Q>mBZ {Mamob `m§À`m _Vo, ""Am`© g_mO åhUOo ^maVr`
Ag§VmofmMm OZH$ hmo`.'' `m g_mOmZo qhXy Y_© Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr~Ôb AmXamMr Am{U ñdm{^_mZmMr ^mdZm
àÁdbrV Ho$br.
ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVrÀ`m Am`© g_mOmMo dU©Z ^{JZr {Zdo{XVm Ago H$aVmV {H$, ""Am`© g_mO åhUOo
bT>mD$ qhXyY_© hmo`.''
S>m.° A°Zr ~oPQ§ > Ago åhUVmV H$s, ""qhXyñWmZ hm qhXyÀ`mgmR>r Amho.'' Ago gm§JUmam n{hbm _hm_mZd hmo`.
hm°Ýg H$mohÝg `m§À`m _Vo, ""{dgmì`m eVH$mVrb ^maVmMr nm`m^aUr Am`© g_mOmZo Ho$br.''
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 2 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. B. g. 1875 _Ü`o _w§~B© `oWo Am`© g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?
(A) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
(~) bmbm haX`mb
(H$) bmbm h§gamO
(S>) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
32
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
2. bmhmoa `oWo "X`mZ§X A°½bmo-d¡{XH$ H$m°boO'Mr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?
(A) bmbm bOnV am°`
(~) bmbm haX`mb
(H$) bmbm h§gamO
(S>) bmbm JmoqdX am°`
3. "JwéHy$b {dÚmb`o' H$moUr gwê$ Ho$br?
(A) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
(~) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
(H$) ñdm_r l§ÕmZ§X
(S>) ñdm_r ñdénmZ§X
4. Am`© g_mOmMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$moUVo?
(A) {ejU àgma
(~) doX AÜ``Z
(H$) ewÕrH$aU Midi
(S>) amï´>^ŠVrMm àgma
5. "gË`mW© àH$me' hm J«§W H$moUr {bhbm?
(A) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
(~) ñdm_r X`mZ§X ^maVr
(H$) ñdm_r X`mZ§X _wIOu
(S>) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVtZr 1845 Vo 1860 `m H$mbmdYrV H$emMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm?
2) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr `m§Zr H$moUmMo {eî`Ëd nËH$abo?
3) "B©œa ^ŠVrgmR>r nwamo{hVm§Mr JaO Zmhr' Ago H$moUr gm§{JVbo?
4) B. g. 1821 _Ü`o _b~ma _Yrb _wñbr_ Y_© gŠVrZo pñdH$maÊ`mg bmdboë`m 2500 qhXy§Zm naV
qhXy Y_m©V H$moUr KoVbo?
5) "Am`m©dV hr Am`m©Mr ^y_r Amho' Ago H$moUr åhQ>bo?
2.2.3 ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Am{U am_H¥$îU {_eZ :
àmñVm{dH$ :
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV Ym_r©H$-gm_m{OH$ H$m`© H$aUmar am_H¥$îU {_eZ hr EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñWm hmoVr.
am_H¥$îU na_h§g ho H$bH$Î`mOdirb X{jUoída _§{XamV nwOmar åhUyZ H$m`© H$aV. Vo ñdV:bm H$mbr_mVoMo
^ŠV g_OV. H$mbr_mVoÀ`m ^ŠVrZo d `moJgmYZoZo Ë`m§Zm {Xì`Ñï>r àmá Pmë`mMo åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. am_H¥$îU
na_h§g `m§Mo {eî` ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr B. g. 1897 _Ü`o am_H¥$îU {_eZMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ~obya _R>mMr
{ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr ñWmnZm H$éZ Vo am_H¥$îU {_eZMo _w»` H§o$Ð ~Zdbo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
33
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
am_H¥$îU na_h§g :
ñdm_r am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§Mo _yi Jm§d JXmYa MamonmÜ`m` Ago hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ B. g. 1836 _Ü`o
~§Jmb_Yrb hþJir {OëømVrb EH$m IoS>çmV Jar~ ~«m÷U Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbm. B©œamMr ^ŠVr Vo bhmZnUmnmgyZ
H$aV. B. g. 1885 _Ü`o Vo H$mbr_mVoMo nwOmar åhUyZ X{jUoœa _§{XamV H$m`© H$ê$ bmJbo. H$mbr_mVoÀ`m
^ŠVrV Vo EH$én hmoV. e§H$amMm`m©Mo AZw`m`r VmoVmnwar `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm g§Ý`mg KoÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm Ho$bo. Ë`m§ZrM Ë`m§Mo
Zmd JXmYa MQ>monmÜ`m` EodOr am_H¥$îU Ago R>odbo. nwT>o Ë`m§Mm {ddmh emaXm_Zr `m§À`mer Pmbm. am_H¥$îU
`m§Zr gmoß`m d gmÜ`m ^mfoV VÎdkmZ gm§{JVbo Amho.
ñdm_r am_H¥$îU na_h§gmMo VÎdkmZ :
1. gd© Y_© Iao AgyZ Vo _Zwî`mg na_oœamH$S>o ZoVmV.
2. _Zwî`mZo YZ Am{U ^m¡{VH$ gwImMm hì`mg Z YaVm B©œam§À`m MaUr brZ ìhmdo.
3. gd© Y_© Iao Agë`mZo BVam§À`m Y_m©Mm Cnhmg H$ê$ Z`o.
4. _yVunyOm _mÝ` Ho$br nU H$_©H$m§S>o _hÎdmMr ZgyZ l§Õm hr _hÎdmMr Amho Ago ñnï> Ho$bo.
5. B©œamÀ`m àmárgmR>r J¥hñWY_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$ Z`o.
6. _mZdgodm hmM Iam Y_© Amho.
7. Mm[aÍ` ho kmZmnojm loð> Amho.
8. {ó`m§Zm gd©Ì AmXamZo Am{U gÝ_mZmZo dmJ{dUo JaOoMo Amho.
9. B©œaàmárgmR>r {ddoH$ Am{U d¡am½`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
10. g§gma H$aV AgVmZm _Zwî`mZo gËH$m`© H$amdo.
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X :
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§Mo {eî`Îd nËH$éZ Ë`m§Mo {dMma gmÜ`m Am{U gmoß`m ^mfoV
gm§JyZ Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm OJ^a àMma d àgma Ho$bm. {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Mo _yi Zmd Zao§ÐZmW {dídZmW XÎm Ago hmoVo.
Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 12 OmZodmar, 1863 amoOr H$bH$Î`mVrb EH$m H$m`ñW Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmbm. Vo 1884 _Ü`o H$bH$Îmm
{dÚmnrR>mMo nXdrYa åhUyZ ~mhoa nS>b.o {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr øy_, H$m§ÝV, h|Jb, S>mduZ, _rb, ñnoÝga `m VÎddoÎ`m§À`m
J«§WmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. àma§^r Vo ~«m÷mo g_mOmÀ`m {eH$dUyH$sH$S>o AmH$fr©V Pmbo. nwT>o Vo d`mÀ`m 20 ì`m dfu
am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`m§À`m OrdZmbm H$mbmQ>Ur {_imbr. Vo am_H¥$îUmMo {Zpñg_
AZw`m`r ~Zbo.
am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va {ddoH$mZ§XmZr Amnbo gmao Am`wî` am_H¥$îUmÀ`m g§XoemÀ`m àgmamW©
Kmb{dÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. Ë`m§Zr ^maV^a àdmg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m Xw:ImMr Am{U ÌmgmMr OmUrd
Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm Xw:I d Xm[aÐçmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bm. am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§Mr
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
34
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
{eH$dU d Y_© hm doXm§Vmda AmYm[aV Amho. doXm§Vmda Ë`m§Mm nyU© {dídmg hmoVm. ^maVr`m§À`m AdZVrMo Iao
H$maU Ë`m§Zm AmnU OJmVrb BVa XoemnmgyZ Xya am{hbmo ho dmQ>Vo. Ë`mda Cnm` åhUOo AmnU OmJ{VH$ àdmhmV
gm_rb hmoUo hoM Amho Ago dmQ>o. JVr hoM {Od§VnUmMo bjU Agë`mMo Vo gm§JVmV. Ë`m§Zr B. g. 1887 _Ü`o
am_H¥$îU _R>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ~obya _R> hoM {_eZMo à_wI H|$Ð ~Zbo.
{eH$mJmo OmJ{VH$ gd©Y_© n[afX :
^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vrbm OJmg_moa ZoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U ^maVmÀ`m AdZVrda Cnm` emoYÊ`mgmR>r A_o[aHo$Vrb
{eH$mJmo `oWo ^aboë`m gd©Y_© n[afXog ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X B. g. 1893 _Ü`o hOa am{hbo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dÛÎmoZo
d dŠV¥Îde¡brZo, _mZdVo~ÔbÀ`m H$UdoZo Am{U {díd~§YwÎdmÀ`m ^mdZobm AmìhmZ H$éZ gmè`m lmoË`m§Zm qOHy$Z
KoVbo. Ë`mdoir ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X åhUmbo {H$, ""nmÊ`mMo {d{dY àdmh gmJambm OmD$Z {_iVmV, Ë`mMà_mUo
{d{dY _mJ© _mZdmbm B©œamH$S>o KoD$Z OmVmV.'' ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§XmÀ`m~m~V "Ý`y`m°H©$ hoam°ëS>' _Ü`o ""{ddoH$mZ§X
Y_©n[afXoV {Z:g§e`nUo EH$ _hZr` ì`{ŠV R>abo. Ë`m§Mo {dMma Eo§H$ë`mZ§Va Amåhm§bm Ago dmQ>Vo {H$, EdT>çm
kmZr XoemV {_eZar nmR>{dUo _yI©nUmMo Amho.''
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§XmZr A_o[aHo$Mm Xm¡am H$éZ qhXy Y_m©da AZoH$ ì`m»`mZo {Xbr. A_o[aHo$V Ë`m§Zr "doXm§V
g_mO' ñWmnZ Ho$bm. A_o[aHo$Vrb AZoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr Amnbo {eî` ~Zdbo. {ddoH$mZ§X Amnë`m ^mfUmVyZ åhUV,
""qhXyÎddmXmZo _mZdr à{Vð>oMm CnXoe OodT>çm ^ì`nUo Ho$bm VodT>m ^yVbmdarb EH$mhr Y_m©Zo Ho$bm Zmhr.''
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr A_o[aHo$Z§Va B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg, O_©Zr d pñdËPbªS>Mm Xm¡am Ho$bm. `m Mma dfm©À`m
Xm¡è`mZ§Va Vo 1897 _Ü`o _m`Xoer naVbo. Voìhm qhXr OZVoZo Ë`m§Mo ^ì` ñdmJV Ho$bo. qhXwñWmZbm naVë`mda
Ë`m§Zr am_H¥$îU {_eZMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
am_H¥$îU {_eZ g§KQ>Z Am{U H$m`© :
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr {_eZÀ`m g§KQ>ZogmR>r H$m`© Ho$bo. {_eZÀ`m l§ÕoMm àMma Am{U XoemÀ`m àJVrgmR>r
H$m_ Ho$bo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr XmoZ _w»` H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`mVrb EH$ H|$Ð H$bH$Îmm ehamÀ`m eoOmar ~obya
`m{R>H$mUr Va Xwgao H|$Ð Amë_moS>m eoOmaÀ`m _m`mdVr `oWo gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m{R>H$mUr am_H¥$îU {_eZ_Ü`o VéU
gh^mJr Pmbo. VoWo Aem VéUm§Zm {_eZÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Ym_r©H$ H$m`m©Mo g§Ý`mgr åhUyZ à{ejU XoÊ`mMr
gmo` Ho$br. {_eZMo gmYy àmMrZ H$mimVrb gmYyà_mUo ahmV. na§Vw ho g§Ý`mgr g_mOmMr godm H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm
XwîH$mi {nS>rVm§gmR>r _XV H$aUo, amoJr-{nS>rVm§Zm d¡Ú{H$` _XV H$aUo Am{U ßboJ, H$m°bam, _hmamoJr Am{U
AZmWm§Mr H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJV Ago. Jar~ Am{U d§{MV bmoH$m§À`mda X`m XmIdmdr bmJo.
Ë`mgmR>r ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr {e{jVm§Zm AmìhmZ H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo {H$, XrK©H$mimnmgyZ hOmamoOU
^yH$ Am{U AkmZmV OJV AmhoV. Aer àË`oH$ ì`{ŠV XoeÐmohr Amho, Or Amnë`m IMm©Zo {e{jV Pmbr Amho
Ë`m àË`oH$mZo {ejUàgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r IM© H$amdm. {ddoH$mZ§X nwT>o Ago åhUVmV H$s, ^maVmÀ`m Anojm OZVoH$Sy>Z
AmhoV. emar[aH$ Am{U Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo g_mOmVrb daÀ`m dJm©Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm Amho.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
35
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
WmoS>Š`mV, ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zm ^maVr` bmoH$m§Vrb AeŠVnUm, ä`mS>nUm Am{U Amier d¥ÎmrMm amJ
`oV Ago. Ë`m~m~V ~mobVmZm ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X åhUV, ""Á`m H$em_wio emar[aH$, ~m¡{ÕH$, Ym_r©H$ Am{U
AÜ`mpË_H$ d¥Îmr Vwåhm§bm AeŠV ~ZdV Agë`mg Ë`m§Mm {df Ogo ZmH$mabo OmVo Vgo ZmH$mamdo. Vo OrdZ Zìho,
Vo Iao Zìho. gË` ho ~bdmZ AgVo, gË` ho ewÕ Amho, gË` åhUOo nyU© kmZ Amho.'' ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X Y_m©Mo
amï´>r` OrdZmVrb _hÎd {deX H$aVmZm åhUV, ""amï´>r` OrdZm§À`m g§JrVmMo gma åhUOo Y_© hmo`.''
ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Zr Zì`m {nT>rVrb bmoH$m§Zm AmË_gÝ_mZmMr {eH$dU {Xbr. Ë`m§À`mV g§ñH¥$Vr~m~VMm
AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Ho$bm. _mZdgodm hrM Iar B©œagodm Agë`mMo {deX Ho$bo.Aem `m _hmZ _mZd godoMo d«V
KoVboë`m ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§Xm§Mm _¥Ë`y 4 Owc¡, 1902 amoOr Pmbm.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 3 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. JXmYa MamonmÜ`m` ho Zm§d ~XbyZ am_H¥$îU Ago Zm§d H$moUr R>odbo?
(A) VmoVmnwar
(~) e§H$amMm`©
(H$) {daOmZ§X
(S>) lÕmZ§X
2. "am_H¥$îU {_eZMr' ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?
(A) X`mZ§X gañdVr
(H$) bmbm bOnVam`
(~) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
(S>) am_H¥$îU na_h§g
3. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X `m§Mo _yi Zm§d H$m` hmoVo?
(A) Za|ÐZmW
(~) AaqdX
(H$) gw^mfM§Ð
4. A_o[aHo$V doXm§V g_mO H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$bm?
(A) am_H¥$îU na_h§g
(H$) am__mohZ am°`
(~) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
(S>) Ho$edM§Ð goZ
(S>) `moJramO
5. am_H¥$îU {_eZÀ`m ~obya d _m`mdVr H|$ÐmVyZ Ym_r©H$-gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mo à{ejU H$moUmbm {Xbo
OmB©?
(A) VéU g§Ý`memZm
(~) VéU `wdH$m§Zm (H$) VéU AZw`m`m§Zm (S>) VéU {eî`m§Zm
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) B. g. 1893 _Ü`o Pmboë`m OmJ{VH$ Y_©n[afXoV qhXyÎdmMm n[aM` H$moUr H$éZ {Xbm?
2) H$moUmÀ`m gm{ZÜ`mV Amë`mZo {ddoH$mZ§XmÀ`m OrdZmbm H$bmQ>Ur {_imbr?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
36
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
3) am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§Mr {eH$dU H$emda AmYm[aV Amho?
4) "amîQ´>r` OrdZm§À`m g§JrVmMo gma åhUOo Y_© hmo`' Ago H$moU åhUmbo?
5) ~obya _R>mMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?
2.2.4
X{jU ^maVmVrb OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr H$m_{Jar :
OñQ>rg nmQ>u A{YH¥$V[aË`m "gmD$W B§{S>`Z {b~ab \o$S>aoeZ' `m Zm§dmZo AmoiIbm OmUmam _Ðmg àm§VmVrb
EH$ amO{H$` nj hmo`. OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr ñWmnZm gZ 1917 _Ü`o S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a `m§Zr ga nr. Q>r. MoÅ>r`a,
nmZJbMo amOo ga am_mñdm_r _wX{b`a `m§À`m ghmH$m`m©Zo Ho$br. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIo[ag Am{U {dgmì`m
eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoÎma OmVr` VUmd hm àm_w»`mZo OmVr` nyd©J«h, ~«m÷Um§Zm emg{H$` ZmoH$è`mV
{Xbobo PwH$Vo _mn Am{U BVa OmVrÀ`mda Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z hmoUmam AÝ`m`-AË`mMma B. à_wI ~m~tMm n[anmH$
hmoVm. Ë`mVM _hmamï´>mV gZ 1873 _Ü`o _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m "gË`emoYH$ g_mO'
VÎdkmZm§Mm Am{U H$moëhmnyaÀ`m amOfu emhÿ N>ÌnVtÀ`m ~«m÷UoÎma {dMmagUrÀ`m à^mdm_wio _Ðmg àm§VmV
OñQ>rg nmQ>u CX`mg Ambr.
gwadmVrÀ`m H$mhr dfm©V OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`m©À`mH$S>o {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJr H$éZ
¿`mdo åhUyZ Am{U ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zm amÁ`H$ma^mamV A{YH$ à{V{Z{YËd XoÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. 1919 À`m _m°Q>\$S>©
gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmZo àm§VmV {ÛXb amOnÕV gwê$ Pmbr. 1920 _Ü`o Pmboë`m {ZdS>UyH$sV OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo ^mJ
KoVbm d {ZdS>UyH$ qOHy$Z _Ðmg àm§VmV gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$bo. EdT>oM Zìho Va Mma doim àm§Vr` {ZdS>UyH$m qOHy$Z
13 df} _X«mg àm§VmMm H$ma^ma nm{hbm. nwT>o no[a`a B©. ìhr. am_mñdm_r `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr "goë\$ [añnoŠQ>
Midi' gwê$ Ho$br. gZ 1944 _Ü`o no[a`a `m§Zr OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo "ÐdrS> H$iK_' `m gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZoV énm§Va
H$éZ {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m amOH$maUmVyZ _mKma KoVbr.
S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a `m§Mo M[aÌ :
S>m°. Zm`a ho _X«mg (gÜ`mÀ`m MoÞB©) ehamVrb EH$ Zm_d§V S>m°ŠQ>a åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV. Ë`m§Zr ga nr.
Q>r. Mo{Å>`a `m§À`m _XVrZo 1917 _Ü`o OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. hr nmQ>u Ë`m§Zr ~«m÷UoÎma {hVg§~§YmÀ`m
ajUmgmR>r d ~hþOZm§Mr Owb_r ~«m÷Ur dM©ñdmnmgyZ _wŠVVm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwê$ Ho$br. bdH$aM S>m°. Zm`a `m§Zr
"OmB§Q> ñQ>m°H$ H§$nZr' gwê$ Ho$br. `m H§$nZrMo eoAg© {dHy$Z OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m àMmamgmR>r "OñQ>rg' ho B§J«Or
_mÜ`_mMo d "ÐdrS>r`Z' Am{U "Am§Y« àH$m{gH$m' hr ñWm{ZH$ V_ri Am{U VobJy `m ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVrb
d¥ÎmnÌo gwê$ Ho$br. `m gdm©_mJo S>m°. Zm`a `m§Mr Iar àoaUm Am{U nmR>~i amOfu emhÿ N>ÌnVtMo bm^bo. Vo _Ðmg
àm§VmV EH$ gÝ_mZZr` ì`ŠVr åhUyZ gd©n[a{MV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr 1890 nmgyZ H$m±J«og A{YdoeZmV ^mJ KoD$Z àý
_m§S>bo. ~«m÷UoÎma bmoH$m§Mr ~«m÷Ur Ym_r©H$ d gm_m{OH$ dM©ñdmVyZ _wŠVVm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Amnë`m
boImVyZ ~«m÷U dJm©À`m H$ënH$, hmñ`mñnX, {ZX©`r Am{U ~T>mB©Imoa d¥ÎmrMm ñ\$moQ> KS>{dbm. ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zm
g§K{Q>V H$éZ {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`mªH$S>o OmVr` à{V{ZYrËd _m{JVbo. _m±Q>o½`y-Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm XoVmZm OmVr`
à{V{Z{YÎd Z {Xë`mg hr gwYmaUm `moOZm An`er R>aob Ago R>m_nUo gm§{JVbo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
37
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
àma§^rÀ`m ~«m÷UoÎma g§KQ>Zm :
{~«{Q>e ^maVmV ^mfr` {d^mJUr hr amOH$maUmVrb gd©_mÝ` ~m~ hmoVr. àË`oH$ H$mimV {~«{Q>em§Zr H$m±Jgo« nojm
H$_r à_mUmV ñdV§Ì amÁ`H$ma^mamMr _mJUr H$aUmè`m JQ>mZm _hÎd {Xbo. B. g. 1909 _Ü`o nr. gw~«åhÊ`_
Am{U E_².nwafmoÎm_ Zm`Sy> `m XmoZ d{H$bm§Zr "X _Ðmg Zm°Z-~«måhrU Agmo{gEeZ' ZmdmMr g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br.
`m g§KQ>ZoZo Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1909 nydu EH$ hOma gXñ`m§Mr ^aVr Ho$br. na§Vw `m g§KQ>Zog ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zr à{VgmX
{Xbm Zmhr.
B. g. 1912 _Ü`o ZmoH$aemhr_wio Ag§Vwï> ~Zboë`m gmadZm {nbmB©, Or. {dañdm_r Zm`Sy>, XmoamB©ñdm_r
Zm`Sy> d Eg². Zmam`Uñdm_r B.Zr "_Ðmg `wZm`Q>oS> {bJ'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br Am{U gr. ZVogm _wX{b`a `m§Mr
goH«o$Q>ar åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. `m g§KQ>ZoZo gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©nwaVo Amnbo joÌ _`m©{XV R>odbo. g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _Ðmg
ehamV AZoH$ emIm gwê$ Ho$ë`m. `m g§KQ>ZoMm CÔoe Agm hmoVm {H$, ~«m÷UoÎma {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r dgVrJ¥h ñWmnZ
H$aUo, ~«m÷UoÎma nXdrYam§À`mgmR>r dm{f©H$ KaJwVr H$m`©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ H$aUo d Ë`m§À`m _mJÊ`m nwñVH$mVyZ
àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mMm hmoVm.
OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr Ü`o`o-YmoaUo :
18 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1917 amoOr njmZo Amnbr Ü`o`-YmoaUo S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a `m§Zr V`ma Ho$ë`mZwgma "X qhXy'
d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ à{gÕ Ho$br Vr nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV 1) X{jU ^maVmVrb ~«m÷U gmoSy>Z BVa gd© OmVtÀ`m {ejU, amO{H$`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, ^m¡{VH$
Am{U ZrVr_ÎmoÀ`m {dH$mgmg MmbZm XoUo.
2) X{jU ^maVmVrb ~«m÷UoÎma OmVrÀ`m ajUmgmR>r d {hVmÀ`m OmonmgUogmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
3) gmd©O{ZH$ àíZm§Mr OmUrd H$éZ XoD$Z ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zm gaH$ma_Ü`o Iao Am{U `mo½` à{V{ZYrËd {_idyZ
XoUo.
4) Omhra g^m Am`mo{OV H$éZ dmL²>_` {dVarV H$éZ ñdñW Am{U CXma_VdmXr {dMmam§Mm àgma H$aUo.
hmo_éb {bJer OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm g§Kf© :
S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q> `m Am`[ae órZo _Ðmg àm§VmV gZ 1916 _Ü`o {WAmgm°\$s gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm H$éZ
^maVr` ñdmV§Í` MidirV ^mJ KoVbm. Ë`m§Mo ~hþVoH$ amO{H$` ghH$mar ~«m÷U hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr
~m~VÀ`m H$ënZm `m nwamUo, _Zwñ_¥Vr d doXmda AmYm[aV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _yë`m§~m~V ~«m÷UoÎma {e{jVm§Zr àíZ
CnpñWV Ho$bo. hmo_ê$i {bJÀ`m ñWmnZonydu ~oP§Q> Am{U Zm`a `m§À`mV Zm`aZr "_o{S>H$b A°ÝQ>rgoßQ>rH$ OZ©b'
_Ü`o {b{hboë`m boImdéZ g§Kf© Pmbm. Ë`m boIm{déÕ ~oP§Q>Zr Zm`a {damoYmV Ý`m`mb`mV ~XZm_r Ho$ë`m~Ôb
Xmdm XmIb Ho$bm.
S>m.° ~oPQ§ > `m§Mm ~«m÷Um§er Agbobm ñZoh d Ë`mMo EH${OZgr ^maVmMo Ñí` ho ~«m÷Ur VÎdkmZmda AmYmabobo
Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm OñQ>rg nmQ>uer g§Kf© Pmbm. "Ý`y B§{S>`m' `m hmo_ébÀ`m nm{jH$mVyZ OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
38
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Om{haZmå`mda {Q>H$m Ho$br. Voìhm OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo hmo_éb Midirg {damoY Ho$bm d ~|PQ>~mBªMm "Am`[ae
~«m÷Ur' Agm CnhmgmZo C„oI Ho$bm. "Ð{dS>r`Z' `m d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ "hmo_éb åhUOo ~«m÷Ur H$ma^ma' Aer {Q>H$m
Ho$br. OñQ>rg d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ hmo_éb {damoYr à{gÕ Pmbobo H$mhr boI "X Bìhmoë`yeZ Am°\$ A°Zr ~oP§Q>' `m nwñVH$mVyZ
àH$m{eV Ho$bo. S>m°. Zm`a `m§Zr hmo_éb MidirMo dU©Z H$aVm§Zm Ago åhQ>bo H$s, ""Jmoè`m ~mB©Zo Mmb{dbobo
Am§XmobZ {deof H$éZ gaH$mabm YmoH$m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVo.' Á`m H$m`m©Mm bm^ ~«m÷Um§Zm hmoVmo.
OmVr` à{V{ZYrÎdmMr _mJUr :
_m±Q>o½`yZr 20 Am°JñQ>, 1917 amoOr ^maVr`m§Zm amO{H$` gwYmaUm XoÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$br. `m KmofUo_wio
_Ðmg àm§VmVrb ~«m÷UoÎma amO{H$` ZoË`mVrb \y$Q>rV ^a nS>br. Am°JñQ> _{hÝ`mV OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Amnë`m
_mJÊ`m§À`m g_W©ZmgmR>r AZoH$ n[afXm KoVë`m. ~«m÷UoÎmam§À`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì Am{U amIrd OmJm§Mr _mJUr Ho$br.
H$m±J«og_Yrb ~«m÷UoÎma gXñ`m§Zr "_Ðmg n«o{gS>|Ýgr Agmo{gEeZ' ñWmnZ H$éZ OñQ>rg nmQ>uer ñnYm© gwê$ Ho$br.
`m Agmo{eEeZ_Ü`o no[a`a B. ìhr. am_mñdm_r, H$ë`mUgw§Xa_², _wX{b`a, nr. daXamOwby Zm`Sy> Am{U Ho$gdm
{nbmB© `m à_wI ~«m÷UoÎma ZoË`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
{XZm§H$ 14 {S>g|~a, 1917 amoOr _m±Q>o½`y _Ðmg_Ü`o XmIb Pmbo H$maU Ë`m§Zm {Z`mo{OV H$m`Úm~m~VÀ`m
à{V{H«$`m OmUyZ ¿`md`mÀ`m hmoË`m. OñQ>rg nmQ>u Am{U _Ðmg ào{gS>|Ýgr Agmo{eEeZ `m XmoÝhr njm§Zr ~brOm,
Zm`Sy>, {nbmB©, _wX{b`a, MoÅ>r Am{U n§M_m OmVrÀ`mgmR>r amIrd OmJm XoÊ`mgmR>r {dZ§Vr Ho$br. JìhZ©a ~°aZ
noQ>b°ÝS> d X _Ðmg _ob `m§Zr OmVr` à{V{ZYrÎdmg nmR>t~m {Xbm na§Vw _m±Q>o½`y `m§Zr nmoQ>OmVrÀ`mgmR>r OmVr`
à{V{ZYrÎdmg ZH$ma {Xbm. _m±Q>o½`y-Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm Ahdmb 2 Owb¡, 1918 amoOr à{gÕ Pmbm.
V§Omda `oWo Pmboë`m OñQ>rg nmQ>u ~¡R>H$sV S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a `m§Zm b§S>Zbm nmR>{dÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. H$maU
VoWrb H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb gXñ`m§Zm ~m÷UoÎmam§Zm dmT>rd OmVr` à{V{ZYrÎd XoÊ`mgmR>r amOr H$aÊ`mgmR>r OyZ,
1918 _Ü`o Zm`a b§S>Zbm nmohMbo d Ë`m§Zr {d{dY g^m KoD$Z, nmb©_|Q> gXñ`mg_moa ^mfUo XoD$Z, boI {bhÿZ
Am{U Om{hamVrÛmao nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo AZoH$ ^maVr` d {~Ja ^maVr`m§Mm nmR>t~m
{_idbm.
g§`wŠV {ZdS> g{_VrZo åhUUo EoHy$Z KoD$Z 1919-20 _Ü`o {~bmg A§Vr_ ñdê$n {Xbo d gwYmaUm H$m`Xm
bmJy Ho$bm. Voìhm OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo {eï>_§S>i JR>rV Ho$bo Ë`m§V AH$mQ>© am_mñdm_r _wX{b`a, Hw$_m© d|H$Q>m aoÈ>r
Zm`Sy>, H$moH$m Amßnm amd Zm`Sy> Am{U Eb. Ho$. Vwbgram_ `m§Mm g_mdoe H$éZ Ë`m§g åhUUo _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r
nmR>{dbo. am_Zmam`ZrJa `m§Zr gwÕm Am°b B§{S>`m b°S> hmoëS>a Agmo{eEeZ d _Ðmg O_rZXma Agmo{eEeZMo
à{V{ZYrËd Ho$bo. ZoË`m§Zr gd© à`ËZ Ho$bo. 17 Owb¡, 1919 amoOr Zm`a _aU nmdbo d Ë`mZ§Va aoÈ>r Zm`Sy> àd¥Îmo
~Zbo.
eodQ>r H${_Q>rZo 17 Zmoìh|~a, 1919 amoOr Ahdmb à{gÕ Ho$bm. Ë`m§V _Ðmg àm§VmVrb OmVr`
n«{V{ZYrÎdmMr {e\$mag Ho$br. amIrd OmJmMr g§»`m ñWm{ZH$ amO{H$` nj Am{U gaH$ma R>adob. {XK©H$mi
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
39
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
OñQ>rg, H$m±J«og, E_nrE Am{U {~«{Q>e gaH$ma `m§À`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z Pmbobm g_PmoVm hm "_oQ>§Ýg AdmS>©' `m
ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo. _mM©, 1920 _Ü`o Pmboë`m _oQ>§Ýg AdmS>©Zwgma 63 n¡H$s 28 OmJm ~«m÷UoÎmamgmR>r
amIrd R>odë`m. `m 28 OmJm§n¡H$s 3 OmJm ehar ^mJmgmR>r d 25 OmJm J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~«m÷UoÎmamgmR>r
R>odë`m.
AghH$ma Midirg {damoY :
_m°Q>-\$S>© gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmZo Ag_mYmZ Pmë`mZo d _mM©, 1919 _Ü`o am¡b§Q> A°ŠQ> nmg Ho$ë`mZo _hmË_m
Jm§YrOtZr AghH$ma Midi gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr H$m`Xo_§S>i, Ý`m`mb`o, emim Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`©H«$_mda
~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Ê`mMo AmìhmZ Ho$bo. AghH$ma YmoaUmZo amO{H$` ì`dñWoV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mg Va\o$gmaIm Cn`moJ
hmoB©b. Ë`mda OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Jm§Yr åhUOo, "gm_m{OH$ ñdmñW {~KS>{dUmao AamOH$ hmo`.' Ago åhQ>bo. nmQ>uÀ`m
d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr AghH$ma Midirda OmoaXma {Q>H$m Ho$br. OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo gXñ` _m[a`mXmg aËZñdm_r `m§Zr Jm§Yr d
Ë`m§Mr _mo{h_ Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m {damoYr Agë`mMo Omhra Ho$bo. `m n{dÍ`m_wio OñQ>rg nmQ>u amOH$maUmV EH$mH$s
nS>br H$maU BVa amO{H$` Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm§Zr AghH$ma Midirbm nmR>t~m {Xbm. 1920 _Ü`o
Jm§YrOtZr _Ðmgbm ^oQ> XoD$Z ~«m÷Um§À`m gX²JwUm§Mr Am{U H$m`m©Mr ñVwVr Ho$br. Ë`mda {Q>H$m H$aVm§Zm OñQ>rgZo
åhQ>bo H$s,
""Jm§Yr g§àXm`mVrb EH$m ñWm{ZH$ ~«m÷U ZoË`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr g^m Pmbr. Voìhm Jm§YtÀ`m g^modVmbr
~«m÷U {ó-nwéfm§Zr JamS>m {Xbm. Vo _§Ì JmV g^obm Ambo. Ë`m§Zr Jm§YrÀ`m g_moa Zmai \$moS>bo, H$mnya Omibm
d Mm§XrÀ`m nmÌmVyZ Ob An©U Ho$bo. WmoS>Š`mV, Ë`m§Zm Xod _mZyZ Iwem_V Ho$br. Ë`m_wio Jm§YtZr ~«m÷Um§Mo d
Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMm _moR>m Jm¡ad Ho$bm. Á`m§Zm Ð{dS>r`Z g§ñH¥$VrMr, VÎdkmZmMr, dmL²>_`mMr, ^mfoMr d B{VhmgmMr
_wimV _m{hVr ZgVmZm `m JwOamVr gX²J¥hñWmZo ~«m÷Um§Mr dmao_mn ñVwVr Ho$ë`mZo ~«m÷U IwerZo d Jdm©Zo S>m¡by
bmJbo.''
H§$Xñdm_r MoÅ>r `m§Zr Jm§YrÀ`m "`§J B§{S>`m' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mÀ`m g§nmXH$mg nÌ {bhÿZ H$i{dbo {H$,
~«m÷U-~«m÷UoÎma dmXmnmgyZ Xya ahm. OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Z H§$Q>miVm Jm§YtZm {damoY Ho$bm. Mm¡[aMmoam KQ>ZoZ§Va ñdV:
Jm§YtÀ`m _ZmV Midir~m~V g§e` {Z_m©U Pmbm. Jm§YtZm AQ>H$ Pmë`mda OñQ>rgZo Jm§YrÀ`m ZrVr d ~m¡{ÕH$
eŠVrMr ñVwVr Ho$br.
OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm H$m`©H$mi :
_m°Q>©-\$S>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm bmJy hmoD$Z _Ðmg àm§VmV {ÛXb amOnÕVr bmJy Pmbr. 1920 Vo 37 `m
H$mimV OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo 13 df} _Ðmg àm§VmMm amÁ`H$ma^ma Ho$bm.
H$m±J«ogZo AghH$ma MidirÀ`mdoir Zmoìh|~a, 1920 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$bm. OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo
`m {ZdS>UyH$sV 98 n¡H$s 63 OmJm qOH$ë`m d E. gw^mam`bw ao{È>>`a _Ðmg àm§VmMo n{hbo _w»`_§Ìr Pmbo. na§Vw
àH¥$VrñdmñÏ` {~KS>ë`mZo Ë`m§Zm am{OZm_m Úmdm bmJbm. Ë`m§À`mZ§Va nmZJbMo amOo am_am`ZrJa _w»`_§Ìr
Pmbo. B. g. 1924 _Ü`o H°${~ZoQ> _§Ìr Hw$_m© d|H$Q>m aoÈ>r Zm`Sy> `m§Zr njm~Ôb ZmamOr ì`ŠV Ho$br.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
40
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
W|Jmam` MoÅ>r `m§À`m {Za§Hw$e ZoV¥Îdm~Ôb njmV _V^oX dmT>bo H$maU VobJyZm V_rimÀ`mnojm _§Ìr_§S>imV
loð> ñWmZ {Xbo Jobo. Ë`m_wio 1923 _Ü`o nmQ>uV \y$Q> nS>br. Voìhm gr. Ama. aoÈ>rZr _§ÌrnXmMm am{OZm_m {Xbm.
1923 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV nmQ>ubm `e {_imbo. Zì`m _§{Ì_§S>imbm A{YdoeZmÀ`m n{hë`mM {Xder {dídmgXe©H$
R>amdmbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo. am_am`ZrJa Zmoìh|~a 1926 n`ªV gÎmoda am{hbo. ñdamÁ` njmZo gaH$ma ~Z{dÊ`mg
ZH$ma {Xbm Voìhm JìhZ©aZo nr. gwã~mam`Z `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$bo.
1930 _Ü`o OñQ>rg nmQ>u nwÝhm gÎmoda Ambr. _w»`_§Ìr ~r. _wZwñdm_r Zm`Sy> `m§Mr H$ma{H$X© _V^oXmV
Jobr. `mM gw_mamg _hm_§XrMr bmQ> Amë`mZo AW©ì`dñWm H$mob_S>br. X{jU {OëømV nya Ambm. gaH$maZo
Am{W©H$ VyQ> ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r O_rZ _hgybmV dmT> Ho$br. Voìhm ~mo~brMm amOm Am{U d|H$Q>{JarMm amOm
Hw$_am _§Ìr_§S>imVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo. 1930 gmbmV nr. Q>r. amOZ Am{U Zm`Sy> `m§À`mV g§Kf© Pmbm. Zm`Sy> `m§Zr
VrZ df} njmMo A{YdoeZM ~mobm{dbo Zmhr. E_². E. _w{Whm MoÅ>r`a `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr O_rZXmam§Mo g§KQ>Z
H$éZ Zmoìh|~a, 1930 _Ü`o ~§S> H$éZ "qPJa J«wn' ñWmnZ Ho$bm.
nmQ>uMo ~mamdo dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZ 1932 bm ^abo AgVm ~§S>Imoa JQ>mZo Zm`Sy> `m§Zm gÎmodéZ Xya H$éZ
Ë`m§À`m OmJr ~mo~brÀ`m amOmMr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br. ~mo~br `m§À`m ñdmWu JQ>mMr ImÌr ZìhVr åhUyZ Zm`Sy>§Zr
1932 _Ü`o amOrZm_m {Xbm Am{U amd Zdo _w»`_§Ìr ~Zbo. gÎmodéZ Xya hmoVmM _wZwñdm_r Zm`Sy>Zr ñdV§Ì nj
ñWmnZ Ho$bm d Vmo "OñQ>rg S>o_m°H«${Q>H$ nmQ>u' `m Zm§dmZo AmoiIbm Jobm. Zm`Sy>Zm H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb 20 {damoYr
gXñ`m§Zr nmqR>~m {Xbm. gZ 1935 _Ü`o _wZwñdm_r Zm`Sy> _aU nmdë`mda Zm`Sy>À`m g_W©H$m§Zr nwÝhm OñQ>rg
nmQ>uV àdoe Ho$bm. `mMdoir nmQ>uMo Eb. lram_bw Zm`Sy> _Ðmg _hmnm{bHo$Mo _o`a Pmbo.
amï´>dmXmMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJbr. Ë`mVM amd `m§À`m ^«ï> d AH$m`©j_ H$ma^mamMr ^a nS>ë`mZo OñQ>rg
nmQ>uMr bmoH${à`Vm Zm{her Pmbr. njmVrb ñdmWu JQ>mVrb V§Q>m d AZoH$ ZoVo H$m±J«og_Ü`o Jobo. amd Amnë`m
njmVrb gXñ`m§Zm Wm§~dy eH$bo ZmhrV. Á`m§Zr `mnydu njmbm `e {_idyZ {Xbo Aem {Oëhm ZoË`mMo A{YH$ma
amd `m§Zr H$_r Ho$bo. Ë`mV ^a åhUyZ gaH$maÀ`m {ZX©`r ~rbmg nmqR>~m {Xbm. eoVH$è`m§Mm O_rZ _hgyb
12.5% déZ H$_r Ho$bm Zmhr. n[aUm_r, H$m±J«ogZo eoVH$ar ~Mmd Am§XmobZ gwê$ Ho$bo. amd `m§Zr Am§XmobZ
_moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m§Mm n[aUm_ 1934 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV njmMm nam^d hmoÊ`mV Pmbm. nU
gÎmm {Q>H$Ê`mV nmQ>ubm `e {_imbo H$maU ñdamÁ` njmZo gaH$ma_Ü`o gm_rb hmoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. _hm_§Xr
H$mimV OñQ>rg _§Ìr _{hÝ`mbm 4333-60 én`o BVH$m nJma KoV {H$ Omo g|Q´>b àmpìhÝgÀ`m _§Í`mnojm IynM
OmñV hmoVm. Ë`mda d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr OñQ>rg nmQ>uda OmoaXma {Q>H$m Ho$br. OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm hm {H$igdmUm àH$ma
bmoH$m§À`mV Ûof {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg ghmæ`H$ R>abm. bmoH$ OñQ>rgMr amOdQ> OmD$Z H$m±J«ogÀ`m amOdQ>rMr dmQ>
nmhÿ bmJbo. EdT>oM H$m` nU IoS>çmVrb {ó`m AOyZ {H$Vr H$mi ~m|~br gaH$maMr gÎmm gwê$ amhUma Ago åhUy
bmJë`m.
bm°S>© Ba°pñH$Z `m _ÐmgÀ`m JìhZ©aZo \o$~«dw mar, 1937 _Ü`o ñQ>Qo > goH$o« Q>ar P|Q>bÝ° S> `m§Zm nmR>{dboë`m AhdmbmV
eoVH$è`m§À`m pñWVr~m~V {b{hbo {H$, "àË`oH$ nmn H$_r qH$dm A{YH$ Joë`m n§Yam dfm©V ~mo~rb gaH$maZo
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
41
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
agmVimbm nmohM{dbo.' n[aUm_r, H$m±J«og nj Omo_mZo dmT>bm. 1937 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV OñQ>rg nmQ>ubm PmoS>nyZ
H$mT>bo d Ë`mZ§Va OñQ>rgMr amO{H$` gÎmm g§nbr.
OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m èhmgmg Ë`m§Mo {~«{Q>e gaH$mabm ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU, OñQ>rg gXñ`m§Mm ñd^md,
X{bV Am{U _wñbr_ `m§Zr nmqR>~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm Am{U ñd`§-gÝ_mZ MidirÀ`m g§Kfm©Mm A§VJ©V H$bh,
AH$m`©j_ g§KQ>Z, {ZîH«$`Vm Am{U bm`H$ ZoË`m§Mm A^md H$maUr^yV R>abo.
gŠVrÀ`m qhXr ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mg {damoY :
1937 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV nam^d Pmë`mZo OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm amO{H$` à^md g§nwï>mV Ambm. Zì`m H$m±J«og
gaH$maZo gr. JmonmbMmar `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr qhXr ^mfoMm gŠVrMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ pñdH$ma Ho$bm. Voìhm OñQ>rg
nmQ>u "goë\$ [añnoŠQ> MidirV' {dbrZ Pmbr d Ë`m§Zr gaH$maÀ`m qhXr _mÜ`_mÀ`m YmoaUmg àIa {damoY Ho$bm.
goë\$ [añnoŠQ> MidirZo OñQ>rg nmQ>uer ghH$m`© H$éZ H$m±J«og d ñdamÁ` njmbm {damoY Ho$bm. qhXr {damoYr
Am§XmobZmZo OñQ>rg njmbm ^{dî` n«má Pmbo. 1939 _Ü`o amOJmonmbMmar gaH$maZo am{OZm_m {Xbm H$maU
Ë`m§Zm _hm`wÕmV gh^mJr hmoUo ng§V ZìhVo. _ÐmgMm H$ma^ma JìhZ©aÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr gwê$ Pmbm. Voìhm
JìhZ©a Ba°ñH$sZ `m§Zr 21 \o$~«wdmar, 1940 amoOr gŠVrMo qhXr _mÜ`_ aÔ Ho$bo.
ñdV§Ì ÐdrS>ZmSy> amÁ`mMr _mJUr :
no[a`a `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo "Ð{dS>rñWmZ' qH$dm "ÐdrS>ZmSy>' `m ñdV§Ì amÁ`mÀ`m _mJUrMm
nwañH$ma Ho$bm. 1938 À`m Mm¡Xmì`m OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZmV no[a`a njmMo AÜ`j Pmbo Am{U
Ë`m§Zr V_ri bmoH$m§À`m gmd©^m¡_ amÁ`mÀ`m _mJUrMm R>amd _§Oya H$éZ KoVbm. ho amÁ` goH«o$Q>ar Am°\$ ñQ>oQ> \$m°a
B§{S>`m `m§À`m àË`j {Z`§ÌUmImbr Agmdo. 1939 _Ü`o no[a`aZr ÐdrS>ZmSy> A{YdoeZ ~mobmdyZ "ñdV§Ì, gmd©^m¡_
d ñdm`Îm bmoH$gÎmmH$ ÐdrS>ZmSy>' amÁ`mMo g_W©Z Ho$bo. 17 {S>g|~a, 1939 _Ü`o no[a`aZr "ÐdrS>ZmSy>
ÐdrS>mÀ`mgmR>r' Aer KmofUm Ho$br. 1940 À`m 15 ì`m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZmV ÐdrS>ZmSy> amÁ` _mJUrMm
nwZ:Cƒma Ho$bm. _hm`wÕmV gaH$mabm _XV ìhmdr åhUyZ no[a`aZr ÐdrS>ZmSy> amÁ` _mJUr Am§XmobZ VhHy$~
Ho$bo. Ooìhm "{H«$ßg {_eZ'Zo ^maVmbm ^oQ> {Xbr Voìhm OñQ>rg nmQ>u {eï>_§S>i Á`mV no[a`a, S>ãby. nr.E.
gmoXanm§{S>`Z ZmXa, EZ². Ama. gm_rßnm _wX{b`a Am{U _w{Zhm MoÅ>r`a `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr {H«$ßg {_eZMr
^oQ> 30 _mM©, 1942 amoOr KoVbr. ÐdrS>ZmSy> amÁ`mMr _mJUr Ho$br Ë`mg {H«$ßg {_eZZo à{VgmX {Xbm. na§Vw
ÐdrS>ZmSy> ñdV§Ì amÁ` ho H$m`Xo_S§ >imÀ`m R>amdmZo qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ bmoH$_VmZoM ApñVËdmV `oD$ eH$Vo Ago gm§{JVbo.
OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr H$m_{Jar :
OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Amnë`m gÎmm H$mimV nmg Ho$boë`m H$m`Úm§Mm XyaJm_r n[aUm_ Pmbm. Ë`mVrb H$mhr
H$m`Xo AmOhr ì`dhmamV Mmby AmhoV. Ë`mVrb _hÎdmMo H$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) AmajUmMm H$m`Xm : OñQ>rg gaH$maZo gßQ>|~a, 1921 AmajUmMm H$m`Xm nmg H$éZ ^maVmÀ`m
H$m`Xo _§S>imÀ`m B{VhmgmV H$m`Xoera AmajUmMr gmo` Ho$br.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
42
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
2) X _Ðmg qhXy [abrOrg B§S>mo_|Q> A°ŠQ> : 1925 _Ü`o qhXy [abrOrg A°ŠQ> nmg H$éZ _Ðmg àm§VrVrb
AZoH$ qhXy _§{Xao gaH$maÀ`m àË`j {Z`§ÌUmImbr AmUbr.
3) {ó`m§Zm H$m`Xo_§S>imV n«doe XoUmam H$m`Xm : 1919 À`m ^maV gaH$ma{df`H$ H$m`ÚmZo {ó`m§Zm
H$m`XoH$mZy H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$bm. 1921 _Ü`o OñQ>rg gaH$maZo darb YmoaUmV ~Xb H$éZ qbJ^oX Z H$aVm
_VXma nmÌVm R>a{dbr. `m H$m`ÚmZo S>m°. _wWwbú_r aoÈ>r `m n{hë`m ^maVr` H$m`Xo_§S>i gXñ` ~Zë`m.
4) AmXr ÐdrS>a g§kogmR>r H$m`Xm : gZ 1922 _Ü`o OñQ>rg gaH$maZo H$m`ÚmZo "n§M_ma' qH$dm
"n[a`ma' `m OmVrdmMH$ g§km ~XbyZ X{bVm§Zm "AmXr ÐdrS>a' `m Zm§dmZo Xe©{dÊ`mg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
5) X _Ðmg Ebo_|Q>ar EÁ`wHo$eZ A°ŠQ> : 1920 _Ü`o gaH$maZo _wbm-_wbtÀ`m gŠVrÀ`m àmW{_H$
{ejUmMr gmo` Ho$br. àmW{_H$ {ejUmÀ`m {ZYrV dmT> Ho$br. `m H$m`ÚmV 1934 d 1935 _Ü`o XwéñVr
H$éZ nmbH$m§Zr Oa Amnë`m nmë`m§Zm emioVyZ H$mTy>Z KoVë`mg Ë`m§Zm {ejm H$aÊ`mMr H$m`ÚmV VaVyX Ho$br.
6) X _Ðmg `w{Zìh{g©Q>r A°ŠQ> : 1923 À`m {dÚmnrR> H$m`ÚmZo {dÚmnrR> àemgZmV dmT> Ho$br. Vo
A{YH$ àm{V{ZYrH$ ~Z{dbo.
7) XwnmaÀ`m ^moOZmg _mÝ`Vm XoUmam H$m`Xm : 1920 _Ü`o _Ðmg _hmnm{bHo$Zo H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m
_mÝ`VoZo emioVrb _wbm§À`m XwnmaÀ`m ^moOZmMr gmo` Ho$br. hr `moOZm nwT>o Ho$. H$m_amO `m§Zr 1960 _Ü`o
_wbtÀ`m _mo\$V ^moOZmÀ`m `moOZoZo H$m`_ Ho$br d `m `moOZoMm {dñVma 1980 _Ü`o E_². Or. am_M§ÐZ `m§Zr Ho$br.
8) X ñQ´>oQ> AoS²> B§{S>ñQ>rO A°ŠQ> : OñQ>rg gaH$maZo 1922 _Ü`o hm nmg Ho$bm. Ë`mV 1935 _Ü`o
XwéñVr Ho$br. `m H$m`ÚmZo CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m ñWmnZogmR>r AmJmD$ H$O© XoÊ`mMr gmo` Ho$br.
9) X _b~ma Q>oZoÝgr A°ŠQ> : 1931 À`m H$m`ÚmZo eoVrdarb Hw$imMm H$m`Xoera h¸$ _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr IQ>ë`mVrb Hw$im§Zm O{_Zr {_imë`m.
{dÚmnrR>o :
B. g. 1921 _Ü`o Am§Y« {dÚmnrR>mMr `moOZm V`ma Ho$br. Am§Y« {dÚmnrR>mMr _mJUr H$m|S>m d|H$Q>mnæ`m
Am{U nÅ>m~r {gVmam_æ`m `m§Mr ~è`mM H$mimnmgyZ hmoVr. V_ri Am{U VobJy dmXm_wio {dÚmnrR> hmoÊ`mV
AS>Wio Ambo. nU 1923 _Ü`o Q>r. EZ². {edJmZZ_² {nbmB© `m§Zr OñQ>rg _§Ìr_§S>imV àdoe Ho$ë`mZo Am§Y«
{dÚmnrR>mMm _mJ© _moH$im Pmbm. V_rimÀ`m nmqR>ã`mZo 6 Zmìh|~a, 1925 amoOr Am§Y« {dÚmnrR> ~rb _§Oya
Pmbo. Am§Y« {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm 1926 _Ü`o hmoD$Z gr. Ama. aoÈ>r `m {dÚmnrR>mMo n{hbo Hw$bJwê$ ~Zbo.
Am§Y« {dÚmnrR> gwê$ Pmë`mZo ñdV§Í` V_ri {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m _mJUrbm Omoa bmJbm. H$maU _Ðmg {dÚmnrR>mda
~m÷Um§Mo dM©ñd hmoVo. {edJmZZ_² `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr g{_Vr Zo_yZ {dÚmnrR> ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m gwgmÜ`VoMm
Aä`mg Ho$bm. B. g. 1929 _Ü`o "AmÊUm_bmB© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. AmÊUm_bmB© `m§Mo Zm§d
XoÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`m§Zr {dÚmnrR>mbm _moR>r XoUJr {Xbr.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
43
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
nm`m^yV gw{dYm {Z{_©Vr :
OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo _w»`_§Ìr am_am`ZrJa `m§Zr _X«mg ehamÀ`m nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg Ho$bm. 1920
_Ü`o "_Ðmg Q>mD$Z ßb°qZJ A°ŠQ>' nmg H$éZ ehamÀ`m dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`ogmR>r {Zdmgr H$m°bZrO V`ma
Ho$ë`m. 1923 _Ü`o ehamÀ`m n{ü_og 5 {H$. _r. bm§~rMm d 2 {H$. _r. é§XrMm Vbmd ImoXbm. B. g.
1911 _Ü`o {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo _m_m©bZ `m IoS>çmOdi aoëdo ñQ>oeZ gwê$ Ho$bo. OdiÀ`m IoS>çmV {Zdmgr
dgmhVr gwê$ H$éZ Ë`mg "W§§oJam`ZJa' Ago Zm§d {Xbo. Vo "Q>r ZJa' åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo. Q>r. ZJaÀ`m
_Ü`^mJr Agboë`m ~mJobm "nmZJb nmH©$' Zm§d {Xbo. OdiÀ`m añË`m§Zm d {R>H$mUmg nmQ>uÀ`m nXm{YH$mè`m§Mr
d gXñ`m§Mr Zm§do {Xbr. PmonS>nÅ>r ñdÀN>Vm `moOZm hmVr KoVbr. XmQ> bmoH$dñVrÀ`m {R>H$mUr gmd©O{ZH$
ñZmZJ¥ho C^mabr.
B. g. 1924 _Ü`o "B§{S>`Z ñHy$b Am°\$ _o{S>{gZ' Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Am`wd}XmÀ`m g§emoYZmbm Am{U
{dH$mgmbm MmbZm {Xbr. Ë`mgmR>r "{gÕm' Am{U "D$ZmZr' ñHy$b gwê$ H$éZ nma§nm[aH$ Am¡fY {Z{_©Vrg àmoËgmhZ
{Xbo.
amO{H$` dmagm :
OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo ~«m÷UoÎma amO{H$` g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoanmgyZ ~«m÷UoÎma
Midir gwê$ Agë`m Var gwÕm OñQ>rg hr Aer n{hbr amO{H$` g§KQ>Zm hmo`. nmQ>uZo {ÛXb amÁ`nÕVrÀ`m
amÁ`H$ma^mamV ^mJ KoD$Z _X«mg_Yrb CÎm_ {e{jV bmoH$m§Zm bmoH$emhr emgZ d bmoH$g^m `m§Mo _hÎd XmIdyZ
{Xbo. ÐdrS> _wÞoÌ H$iK_ Am{U AmÊUm ÐdrS> _wÞoÌ H$iK_ `m AmOÀ`m amO{H$` njm§Zm OñQ>rg Am{U
ÐdrS>a H$iK_ njm§Mm dmagm bm^bm Amho. Ë`m_wio S>r. E_. Ho$. Am{U E. S>r. E_. Ho$. ho amO{H$` nj
H$moUË`mhr AS>Wù`m{edm` Vm_riZmSy>Mm H$ma^ma nhmVmV.
~«m÷Um§À`m ~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ :
OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm CX` amO{H$` g§KQ>Zm åhUyZ Pmbm Var {VMm CÔoe ~«m÷UoÎmam§Mo {hV OmonmgÊ`mMm hmoVm.
gwadmVrbm njmV ~«m÷Um§Zm àdoe ZmH$mabm hmoVm. nU BVa JQ>m~amo~aM `wamo{n`ZmZm g^obm {Z[ajH$ åhUyZ hOa
amhÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xbr hmoVr. 1926 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV nam^d Pmë`mda nmQ>uZo gd©g_mdoeH$ YmoaU d amï´>dmXr
VÎdmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. gZ 1929 _Ü`o Pmboë`m OñQ>rg, _§Ìr_§S>idmXr d KQ>ZmdmXr `m {ÌnjmÀ`m A{YdoeZmV
~«m÷Um§Mm OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo gXñ` H$ê$Z KoÊ`mdaMm {Z~ªY CR>{dbm. Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1929 À`m nmQ>uÀ`m Zoëbmoa
`oWrb AH$amì`m A{YdoeZm§V H$m`©H$mar g{_VrZo R>amd _m§S>bm. _wZwñdm_r Amnë`m ^mfUmV R>amdmbm nmqR>~m
Úmdm åhUyZ åhUmbo {H$, ""~è`mM H$mimnmgyZ AmnU EH$m dJ©g_yhmbm dJibo Amho, AmnU gdmªgmR>r amO{H$`
d¥VÎd H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr qH$dm àm§VmVrb gd© bmoH$m§gmR>r XmIb H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Oa Amnbr BÀN>m Agob,
àm§Vmbm àm§Vr` ñdm`ÎmVm gwYmaUm _§Oya Pmë`mda {_iUma Agob Va AmnU gd© g_mOmgmR>r Iè`m _mJÊ`m
Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. ~m÷Um§Zr Oa nmQ>uMr Ü`o`-YmoaUo _mÝ` Ho$br Va Ë`m§Zm njmV àdoe XoÊ`mg H$m` haH$V Amho?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
44
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Ago Agob Va ~«m÷U nj àdoemdarb {Z~ªY CR>dbm nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio ImÌrZo Amnbr njg§KQ>Zm H$moUË`mhr
dJm©bm dJiyZ ~ZUma Zmhr.''
E. nr. àÌmo `m _mOr {ejU _§Í`mZo Zm`Sy>§Zm gh_Vr Xe©{dbr. na§Vw `m R>amdmg no[a`a Am{U Ama. Ho$.
emZ_wI_² MoÅ>r `m§Zr _moR>çm AmdoemZo {damoY Ho$bm d R>amd Zm_§Oya Pmbm. ~«m÷Um§Zm nmQ>uV àdoe XoD$ Z`o åhUyZ
Vo åhUmbo {H$, BVa njmVrb ~«m÷UoÎma OñQ>rg nmQ>uV `oV AgVmZm, ~«m÷Um§À`m H$m`©nÕVrg dmd XoÊ`mMr
Am{U amO{H$` g_ñ`m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr H$m` JaO Amho. AmnU Ë`m§Zm njmV àdoe XoD$Z _yI©nUm H$éZ Ë`m§Mo
OñQ>rg nmQ>uVbo _hÎd dmT>dV AmhmoV.
OñQ>rg njmZo B. g. 1934 _Ü`o ~«m÷U gXñ` H$éZ KoÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br.
OñQ>rg nmQ>ubm H$m±J«og njmer ñnYm© H$amdr bmJbr. H$maU H$m±J«ogZo ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zm Amnë`m njmV gÎmoV
A{YH$ dmQ>m XoÊ`mMo YmoaU R>odbo. OñQ>rg njmMo YmoaU gm_m{OH$, Ym_r©H$ dM©ñd d gÎmm _moS>Ê`mMo Am{U
~«m÷U-~«m÷UoÎmamV d¡a^md dmT>{dUmao R>abo.
amï´>r`Îdm~m~VMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ :
OñQ>rg nmQ>u {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mer EH${Zð> hmoVr. gwadmVrÀ`m H$mhr dfm©V hmo_éb Midirbm {damoY
Ho$bm. njmZo Amnbo à{V{ZYr bmoH$g^oV nmR>{dbo ZmhrV. 1916-20 À`m Xaå`mZ nmQ>uZo gmd©{ÌH$ à{V{ZYrËd
{_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$éZ amO{H$` à{H«$`oV gh^mJ KoVbm. AghH$ma MidirÀ`mdoir OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo _Ðmg
_ober hmV{_idUr H$éZ Jm§Yr Am{U amï´>dmXmbm {damoY Ho$bm d CKS>nUo Xmof {Xbm. ga W|Jam` MoÅ>r OñQ>rg
nmQ>uÀ`m AÜ`jm§Zr Ago Om{hanUo _V _m§S>bo H$s, ""amO{H$` H¡$ÚmMr AdñWm Mmoa, XamoS>oImoamnojm dmB©Q>
Amho.'' amï´²>dmXr Am{U ñdnjmVrb E. nr. àÌmo hr {damoY H$aUmè`mV AmhoV. VËH$m{bZ OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo gaH$ma
à_wI nmZJbÀ`m amOm§Zr ^maVr` amï´>dmXrMo gw~«mam_æ`m ^maVr `m§Zr {bhboë`m H${dVm§À`m àH$meZmda d
àgmamda ~§Xr KmVbr. B. g. 1920 À`m _Ü`mdYrV njmZo amï´>r`d¥ÎmrÀ`m YmoaUmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`mMà_mUo
Ma»`mda hmVmZo V`ma Ho$bobo H$mnS> Am{U ñdXoer AW©H$maUmMm {VañH$ma H$aÊ`mMo gmoSy>Z {Xbo. 1925 _Ü`o
Pmboë`m nmQ>uÀ`m dm{f©H$ A{YdoeZmV R>amd nmg H$éZ ñdXoer H$maImZo Am{U CÚmoJmg nmqR>~m {Xbm. OñQ>rg
nmQ>uZo Amnë`m YmoaUmV ~Xb Ho$ë`m_wio ñdamÁ` njmer ñnYm© H$aVm Ambr. "ñdamÁ`' ({H$ ñd-emgZ) hr
g§km KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> Pmbr. OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m _X«mg emIoMo AÜ`j gr. Ama. aoÈ>r `m§Zr hm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbm.
OñQ>r{e`Zm§À`m _Vo, "ñdamÁ` åhUOo {~«{Q>e gÎmoÀ`m A§VJ©V WmoS>ogo ñd-emgZ hmo`.' KQ>ZoV Ago åhQ>bo {H$,
^maVmbm ñdamÁ` hdo Amho nU {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mer nyaH$ Am{U Vo bdH$amV bdH$a gd© em§VVoÀ`m, H$m`Xoera
Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$ _mJm©Zo {_idmd`mMo Amho.
OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Om{b`Zdmbm ~mJ hË`mH$m§S>mMm {ZfoY Ho$bm hmoVm H$m ho Eo{Vhm{gH$ gmYZmVyZ ñnï>nUo
{XgV Zmhr. 1930 nmgyZ amï´>dmXr YmoaUmnmgyZ njmZo _mKma KoVbr. g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§J Am§XmobZmÀ`mdoir
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
45
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
OñQ>rg gaH$maZo YmoaUmÀ`m {déÕ \$magm à`ËZ Ho$bm Zmhr. g_mOdmÚm§Mm "ñd`§-gÝ_mZ' MidirV ^mJ
KoD$ZgwÕm hm H$m`©H«$_ \$magm bmoH$_mÝ` Pmbm Zmhr.
XbrV Am{U _wpñb_mnmgyZ \$maH$V :
OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo 1920 _Ü`o gÎmm {_idë`mda àm§VmVrb ~m÷UoÎma dJm©Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aÊ`mda Xmdm
gm§{JVbm. na§Vw njmZo AZoH$ OmVr-dJm©Mm nmqR>~m J_mdbm. nwT>o WoJam` MoÅ>r d am_am`ZrJa `m§À`m H$ma{H$XuV
nmQ>uZo \$ŠV ~«m÷UoÎmamVrb Cƒ OmVtMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aÊ`mg gwadmV Ho$br. X{bV Am{U _wgb_mZmÀ`m nmgyZ
\$maH$V KoVbr. H$m`Xo _§S>imV n{hë`m OñQ>rg gaH$mabm _wñbr_ gXñ`m§Zr nmqR>~m {Xbm nU Zo_UyH$sÀ`m doir
gh_V Z Pmë`mZo nmqR>~m H$mTy>Z KoVbm. OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo _wpñb_m§Mm ^«_{Zamg Ho$ë`mMo {deX H$aVmZm Aã~mg
Abr ImZ ho _wñbr_ gXñ` 1923 _Ü`o åhUmbo {H$, "_bm àË`j AZw^dmZo _m{hV Pmbo {H$ "Ooìhm AZw^dmMm
àíZ `oVmo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr dma§dma àmYmÝ` _wX{b`a, Zm`Sy>, MoÅ>r`a qH$dm {nbmB© `m§Zm {Xbo. na§Vw _wgb_mZm§Zm Zmhr.'
Ë`m_wio OñQ>rg njmbm Ho$ìhm§hr _wpñb_m§Zr nmqR>~m {Xbm Zmhr. H$maU nmQ>ubm Cƒ OmVrMr g_OyV H$mT>Vm
Ambr Zmhr, AmajU YmoaUm_wio qhXyZm \$maem ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m ZmhrV.
`mM gw_mamg OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo X{bVm§er \$maH$V KoVbr. S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a `m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va X{bV hiyhiy
nmQ>uVyZ ~mhoa nS>bo. "nw{b`ZñQ´>moH$ KQ>Zm' (Á`mg ~r. A°ÊS> gr. g§n Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.) KS>ë`mZo ~«m÷UoÎmamVrb
Cƒ OmVrn¡H$s do„mbmg, ~oar, MoÅ>rO, ~{bOm, H$m_mg Am{U H$mnyg d X{bVm§À`mV VwgS>onUm {Z_m©U Pmbm.
11 _o, 1921 amoOr H$Zm©Q>H$ Q>oŠñQ>mB©b {_b _Yrb X{bV d qhXy bmoH$ g§nmda Jobo. 20 OyZbm ~°H$s¨Jh°_ _rb
_Oyam§Zr Ë`m§Mo AZwH$aU Ho$bo. X{bVm§Zr g§n {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r VmËH$mi hmoH$ma {Xbm nU qhXy bmoH$m§Zr g§n MmbyM
R>odbm. Ë`m_wio XmoÝhr JQ>mV d¡a^md {Z_m©U Pmbm. nmobrg Am{U qhXy_Ü`o g§Kf© hmoD$Z Ë`m§V AZoH$OU _¥Ë`y_wIr
nS>bo. Voìhm OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m ZoË`m§Zr X{bVm§Mm {VañH$ma H$éZ gaH$maZo X{bVm§Mo \$mOrb bmS> Ho$ë`mZo hr
g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho Ago gm§{JVbo. `m KQ>Zo~m~V "OñQ>rg' d¥ÎmnÌmZo Ago åhQ>bo {H$,
"bmoH$_V.... `m emoMZr` KQ>Zo_mJo amÁ` gaH$maMo YmoaU H$mhr à_mUmV bo~a ImË`mZo X{bVm§Mo (AmXr
ÐdrS>m§Mo) bmS> Ho$ë`mZo d H$mhrA§er nmobrg A{YH$mè`m§Zr {Z:g§e`nUo X{bVm§Zm nmqR>~m {Xë`mZo KS>br
Amho.'
Amo. W{ZH$mMb MoÅ>r `m§Zr hm n«íZ 12 Am°ŠQ>mo~a amoOr _Ðmg H$m`Xo_§S>imV _m§S>bm. Ë`m_wio OñQ>rg nmQ>u
gXñ` Am{U Eg². lr{Zdmg Aæ`Jma `m§À`mV _moR>mM dmX Pmbm. ÐdrS>gZ² `m§Zr OñQ>rgbm Xmof XoVmZm åhQ>bo
{H$, ""hm Ho$di EH$ l_rH$ dmX {H§$dm g§n Agm _`m©{XV g§nH$ar Am{U Ag§nH$ar `m§À`mVrb ZgyZ Vmo OmVr`
nyd©J«hmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm g§Kf© hmo`.'' E_². gr. amOmh `m H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb X{bVm§À`m _w»` à{V{ZYrZo
ÐdrS>gZ² `m§À`m _Vmbm gh_Vr Xe©dbr. XbrV dmMH$m§Zo "_Ðmg _ob' _YyZ OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm {ZfoY H$aVm§Zm
åhQ>bo {H$, Q>r. E_². Zm`a `m§Zr EH$Xm ~«m÷Um§Mm {ZfoY Ho$bm hmoVm. nw{b`ZQ´>moñH$ KQ>ZoZ§Va bdH$aM amOmh
Am{U X{bVm§Zr OñQ>rg nmQ>ubm am_am_ R>moH$bm.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
46
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 4 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. OñQ>rg nmQ>uMr gZ 1917 _Ü`o H$moUr ñWmnZm Ho$br?
(A) S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a
(~) ~r. _wZwñdm_r Zm`Sy>
(H$) nr. Q>r. amOZ
(S>) am_m ñdm_r _wX{b`a
2. "OñQ>rg' ho B§J«Or _mÜ`_mMo d¥ÎmnÌ H$moUË`m amO{H$` njmZo gwê$ Ho$bo?
(A) ñdamÁ` nj
(~) OñQ>rg nmQ>u
(H$) ÐdrS>a H$iK_²
(S>) E. S>r. E_². Ho$.
3. "Am`[ae ~«m÷Ur' Agm H$moUmMm OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo CnhmgmZo C„oI Ho$bm?
(A) bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$
(~) S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q>
(H$) nÅ>m{^{gVmam_æ`m
(S>) amOJmonmbMmar
4. "_o§QÝg AdmS>©'Zwgma 1920 _Ðmg àm§VmV 63 n¡H$s {H$Vr OmJm ~«m÷UoÎmam§À`mgmR>r amIrd R>odë`m?
(A) 25
(~) 30
(H$) 32
(S>) 28
5. _Ðmg àm§VmV qhXr ^mfoMm gŠVrMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ H$moUr pñdH$ma Ho$bm?
(A) gr. amOJmonmbMmar
(~) _hmË_m Jm§YrOr
(H$) JìhZ©a Ba°pñH$Z
(S>) gw~«mamd ñdm_r
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) _Ðmg àm§VmgmR>r gZ 1921 _Ü`o H$moUË`m gaH$maZo AmajUmMr gmo` Ho$br?
2) H$moUVr n{hbr _{hbm ^maVr` H$m`Xo_§S>imMr gXñ` ~Zbr?
3) Am§Y« {dÚmnrR>mMo n{hbo Hw$bJwê$ åhUyZ H$moUmMr {Z`wŠVr Pmbr?
4) OñQ>rg nmQ>uZo Amnë`m njmV 1934 nmgyZ H$moUË`m OmVrbm gXñ` H$éZ KoVbo?
5) nw{b`ZñQ>moH$ KQ>Zo_wio H$moUË`m XmoZ OmVrV VwgS>onUm {Z_m©U Pmbm?
2.3
gmam§e :
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV Am{U {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r ^maVmV gm_m{OH$ d Ym_r©H$ gwYmaUm KS>dyZ
AmUÊ`mgmR>r ~«m÷mo g_mO, Am`© g_mO, am_H¥$îU {_eZ Am{U OñQ>rg nmQ>u `m g§KQ>Zm§Zr Amnë`m g_mO
qH$dm njmÀ`m Ü`o`YmoaUmMm pñdH$ma H$éZ g_mOmVrb A{Zï> éT>r-àWm§Mm Zme H$aÊ`mgmR>r, ~«m÷Ur
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
47
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
dM©ñdmnmgyZ ~«m÷UoÎmam§Mr _wŠVVm H$aÊ`mgmR>r, {ejUàgma H$éZ g_mOmbm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMm _mJ©
Adb§{~bm. _Ðmg àm§Vm§Vrb ~«m÷Ur dM©ñdmnmgyZ gwQ>H$m H$éZ g_mOmV ñd-gÝ_mZmMr Am{U ñdm{^_mZmMr
Á`moV àÁd{bV H$éZ {ejU àgma, amO{H$` ~m~VrV OmVr` à{V{ZYrËdmMr _mJUr Ho$br d Vr _mÝ` H$éZ
KoD$Z gd© ~«m÷UoÎmam§Zm bmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWoMm AZw^d XoÊ`mMr g§Yr {Z_m©U H$éZ {Xbr. Ë`mMà_mUo
g_mOCn`moJr Aem gmo`rgw{dYm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. amOm am__mohZ am°`, ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X, ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
Am{X gwYmaH$m§Zr qhXy Y_m©Mr _hVr {deX H$éZ {¼üZ Am{U _wñbr_ Y_m©Îma _mo{h_obm Amda KmVbm.
EHo$ídadmXr VÎdkmZmMm pñdH$ma H$éZ B©œamÀ`m AmamYZogmR>r nwamo{hVm§À`m _Ü`ñWrMr JaO Zgë`mMo gm§JyZ
g_mOmMr OmJ¥Vr Ho$br. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` Midirbm Am{U amï´>r` d¥ÎmrÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r _moR>mM hmV^ma
bmdbm. _mZdgodm hrM Iar B©œa godm hmo` Ago gm§JyZ {díd~§YwËdmMr hmH$ {Xbr. Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$
ñdmñÏ` {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r, OmVr` AS>Wio Xya H$éZ EH$g§K g_mO KS>{dÊ`mMm Ho$bobm à`ËZ g_mO d
Xoe{hVmMm R>abm.
2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
{_eZ - Y_m©Mm qH$dm VÎdkmZmMm àgma H$aUmar g§ñWm
{_eZar - Y_©àMmaH$, àgmaH$
nmoWr{Zð>m - Am§YionUmZo R>odbobm {dídmg
`wZrQ>o[a`Z H${_Q>r - EHo$ídadmXr g{_Vr
ewÕrH$aU - n{dÌrH$aU, nmnjmbZ
AdVmadmX - àË`j, gmjmV (CXm. am_ hm B©œamMm AdVma hmoVm.)
EHo$œadmX - EH$M Xod _mZUo
Ho$ednZ - _w§S>U H$aUo
nS>Xm nÕV - ~waIm KoÊ`mMr nÕV
nmI§S>dmX - gwYmaH$, {^Þ Ym_r©H$ _V
gZmVZr - Z ~XbUmam
XodXmgr - XodVobm dm{hbobr ór
{Xì`Ñï>r - X¡drÑï>r
~«m÷UoÎma - ~«m÷U gmoSy>Z BVa gd©
{ÛXb amOnÕV - {ÛgÎmmH$ amÁ`nÕVr
goë\$ [añnoŠQ> - ñd-gÝ_mZ, ñd-à{Vð>m
~hþOZ - ~«m÷U dJiyZ BVa, ~«m÷UoÎma
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
48
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ào{gS>|Ýgr - BbmIm, àm§V, naJZm
Va\$ - AmYma, Q>oHy$
[abrOg - Ym{_©H$
Q>oZoÝgr - Hw$i, eoVmda am~Umam
H$m°bZrO² - amhÊ`mgmR>rÀ`m dgmhVr
ñdm`ÎmVm - ñd`§em{gV, ñdm`Îm
g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§J - em§VVoÀ`m _mJm©Zo H$m`Xm _moS>Uo
{WAm°gm{\$H$b - hm J«rH$ eãX AgyZ {WAm°g åhUOo na_oœa Am{U gmo{\$`m åhUOo kmZ `m§Mm AW©
Iè`m B©œambm g_OmdyZ KoUo
2.5
ñd`§AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao :
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 1 :
(A) 1) amOm am__mohZ am°` 2) Xod|ÐZmW Q>mJmoa 3) Ho$edM§Ð goZ 4) bm°S>© {dë`_² ~oqQ>J
5) amOm am__mohZ am°`
(~) 1) amOm am__mohZ am°` 2) Xod|ÐZmW Q>mJmoa 3) Ho$edM§Ð goZ 4) S>m°. {eafHw$_ma {_Ìm
5) amOm am__mohZ am°`
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 2 :
(A) 1) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr 2) bmbm h§gamO 3) ñdm_r lÕmZ§X 4) ewÕrH$aU Midi
5) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
(~) 1) kmZ Am{U gË`mMm 2) ñdm_r {daOmZ§X 3) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr 4) Am`© g_mOmÀ`m
H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr 5) ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 3 :
(A) 1) VmoVmnwar 2) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X 3) Za|ÐZmW {dídZmW XÎm 4) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
5) VéU g§Ý`memZm
(~) 1) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X 2) ñdm_r am_H¥$îU na_h§g 3) doXm§Vmda 4) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
5) ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
49
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 4 :
(A) 1) S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a 2) OñQ>rg nmQ>u 3) S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q> 4) 28 5) gr. amOJmonmbMmar
(~) 1) OñQ>rg gaH$maZo 2) _wWwbú_r aoÈ>r 3) gr. Ama. aoÈ>r 4) ~«m÷U 5) qhXy Am{U X{bV
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. ~«m÷mo g_mOmMo VÎdkmZ Am{U H$m`© {deX H$am.
2. Am`© g_mOmZo Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mo dU©Z H$am.
3. am_H¥$îU {_eZÀ`m VÎdkmZmMr d H$m_{JarMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
4. OñQ>rg nmQ>uÀ`m H$m_{JarMo WmoS>Š`mV dU©Z H$am.
5. OñQ>rg nmQ>uMo Ü`o`YmoaU gm§JyZ nmQ>uZo Ho$boë`m H$m_{JarMo WmoS>Š`mV dU©Z H$am.
(~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1. amOm am__mohZ am°`
2. ~«m÷mo g_mOmMo VÎdkmZ
3. Ho$edM§Ð goZ
4. ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr
5. Am`© g_mO VÎdkmZ
6. ñdm_r {ddoH$mZ§X
7. {eH$mJmo Y_©n[afX (1893)
8. S>m°. Q>r. E_². Zm`a
9. OmVr` à{V{ZYrÎdmMr _mJUr
10. OñQ>rg nmQ>uMm X{bV-_wñbr_m~m~V ÑpîQ>H$moU
2.7 g§X^© J«§W :
1) OmdS>oH$a e. X.
2) H$X_ `. Zm.
:
:
3) d¡Ú gw_Z, H$moR>oH$a em§Vm
:
4) H$mobmaH$a am. Jmo.
5) gaXogmB© d ZbmdS>o
:
:
6) ndma O. ^m.
:
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
AmYw{ZH$ ^maV, gwb^ amï´>r` J«§W_mbm, nwUo (1928)
g_J« ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya (2003)
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya
(2004)
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya (1987)
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya (2007)
qhXyñWmZÀ`m ñdmV§Í` MidirMm B{Vhmg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya (1998-99)
50
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
7)
Tara Chanda
:
History of Freedom Movement in India - Vol.II,
Government of India, New Delhi (1983)
8)
Kavlekar K. K.
:
Non-Brahmin Movement In Southern India 1873-1949
Shivaji University, Kolhapur (1979)
9)
Rajaraman P.
:
The Justic Party : a Historical Perspective 1916-37
Poompozil Publishers, OCLC 20453430 (1988)
10) Justic Party (India)
:
Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
mmm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
51
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 3
_hmË_m \w$bo : OrdZ d H$m`©
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0
C{Ôïço
3.1
àmñVm{dH$
3.2
{df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1
{ejU {df`H$ H$m`©
3.2.2
gm_m{OH$ H$m`©
3.2.3
gË`emoYH$ g_mO
3.3
gmam§e
3.4
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
3.5
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.6
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.7
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
3.0
C{Ôï>ço :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg,
1. _. \w$bo `m§À`m ór{ejU {df`H$ {dMmam§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.
2. ór`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo H$m`© g_Oob.
3. Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mr H$ënZm `oB©b.
4. _. \w$bo `m§Mo gm_m{OH$ joÌmVrb H$m`© g_OUo gmono OmB©b.
5. {ó`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr {_iob.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
52
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
6. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm, VÎdo `m§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.
7. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr KoVm `oB©b.
3.1
n«mñVm{dH$ :
^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUm MiditMm Aä`mg AmnU _mJÀ`m àH$aUmV Ho$bm Amho. 19
ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r ^maVr` g_mOm_Ü`o Y_©gwYmaUoÀ`m MidirMr gwadmV Pmbr. `m H$mimV H$_©H$m§S>,
_yVunyOm, OmVràWm, AZoH$ A{Zï> MmbrarVr, éT>r, na§nam ApñVÎdmV hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio g_mOOrdZ OQ>rb ~Zbo
hmoVo. 19 do eVH$ ho ^maVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo à~moYZmMo, gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrMo _mZbo OmVo. H$maU `m eVH$mVM AZoH$
gm_m{OH$ Ym{_©H$ gwYmaUoÀ`m Midir _moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Pmë`m. AZoH$ gwYmaH$ {dMmad§VmÀ`m H$m`m©_wio
gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ joÌmV gwYmaUm gwê$ Pmë`m.
gwadmVrg ~§Jmb_Ü`o à~moYZmMr nm`m^aUr Pmbr. à~moYZmMr Midi ~§Jmb_Ü`o gwê$ Pmbr. Z§Va
_hmamï´>mV d BVaÌ {VMo bmoU ngabo. ^maVr` Y_mªMm Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`mVrb A{Zï> éT>r, na§nam, H$_©H$m§S> Xÿa
H$éZ _yi Y_©VÎdmda MT>boë`m KmVH$ A§YlÕoMr Oi_Q>o H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Midir gwê$
Pmë`m. 1818 _Ü`o _amR>r gÎmoMm eodQ> Pmbm. noedmB© ~wS>mbr. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr gÎmm pñWamdV hmoVr.
B§J«Om§À`m AmJ_Zm_wio AZoH$ joÌmV ~Xb gwê$ Pmbo. nmíMmÎ`m§À`m {ejUm_wio, ghdmgm_wio ^maVr` g_mOmV
AmË_n[ajU gwê$ Pmbo. {deofV: nmümË` {ejUm_wio AmMma-{dMma Am{U Cƒma `mV ~Xb hmoD$ bmJbo. `m
H$mimV ^maVr` g_mOm_Ü`o AZoH$ àH$maMo Xmof hmoVo. eãX àm_mÊ`, J«§W àm_mÊ`m_Ü`o g_mO éVbm hmoVm.
~w{Õàm_mÊ`mMm bdboehr ZìhVm. dU© d OmVrì`dñWoMm g_mO_Zmda nJS>m hmoVm. {ó`m§Zm H$gë`mhr àH$maMo
ñdmV§Í` ZìhVo. {VÀ`mda Y_m©À`m, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Zmdmda AZoH$ ~§YZo bmXbr hmoVr. ~mb{ddmhmMr nÕV éT>
hmoVr. {ejUmnmgyZ {Vbm d§{MV R>odbo hmoVo. {dYdmMr pñWVr AË`§V {dXmaH$ hmoVr. ~mbm-OaR> {ddmhm_wio
AZoH$ H$modù`m _wbtda AË`mMma hmoV hmoVo. {dYdm ór Hw$én {Xgmdr åhUyZ {ó`m§Mo Ho$ednZ H$arV. S>mJÊ`m
XoV. {VMo Hw$nmofU KS>dyZ AmUV. H$mhr {dYdm ór`m nwéfm§À`m dmgZm§À`m {eH$ma ~ZV. Ë`m§Mo b¢{JH$ emofU
hmoV Ago. dU© d OmVr ì`dñWo_wio g_mO hOmamo OmVr_Ü`o {d^mJbm. Añn¥í`m§Zm ñne©hr H$é Z`o, Ë`m§Zm
Xodmb`o, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUo, nmUdR>o, Y_©ñWio BË`mXr {R>H$mUr ~§Xr hmoVr. g_mOmVrb EH${OZgrnUm Zmhrgm
Pmbm hmoVm. ~«m÷U gmoSy>Z BVam§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma ZmH$maUoV Ambm hmoVm. eoVH$ar, H$m_Jma, Añn¥í`,
{ó`m `m g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` dJm©Mo gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ emofU gwê$ hmoVo. `m nmíd©^y_rda gwYmaUm MiditZm,
{dMmam§Zm àma§^ Pmbm.
_. OmoVr~m \w$bo - OrdZ d¥Îmm§V :
_. OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Mm OÝ_ 11 E{àb, 1827 amoOr _mir Hww$Qw>§~m_Ü`o nwUo `oWo Pmbm. Ë`m§À`m AmOmo~m§Mo
Zmd eoQ>r~m hmoVo. Vo _wiMo gmVmam {OëømVrb H$Q>JyU JmdMo a{hdmer hmoVr. JmdmVrb àñWm{nVm~amo~a Ë`m§À`m
nUOmo~m§Mo ^m§S>U Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Zr Vo Jmd gmoS>bo d Vo ImZdbr (nwUo {Oëhm) `oWo ñWm`rH$ Pmbo. nwT>o
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
53
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r eoQ>r~m nwUo `oWo ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. Ë`m§Zm (eoQ>r~m§Zm) amUmoOr, H¥$îUm d JmoqdXamd Aer VrZ _wbo
hmoVr. CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr \w$bm§Mm ì`dgm` Ho$bm. OmoVr~m§Mo _yiMo AmS>Zmd Jmoèho hmoVo nU `m \w$bm§À`m
ì`dgm`mdê$Z \w$bo Ago AmS>Zmd nS>bo. JmoqdXamd d {M_Um~mB© `m§À`m nmoQ>r OmoVr~m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. Vo EH$
dfm©Mo AgVmZmM Ë`m§À`m AmB©Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm. na§Vw Ë`m§À`m dS>rbm§Zr Xþgam {ddmh Ho$bm Zmhr. OmoVr~m eara`ï>rZo
_O~yV Am{U gw§Xa {XgV hmoVo. d`mÀ`m gmVì`m dfu Ë`m§Zm emioV XmIb Ho$bo. nwT>o JmoqdXamdm§Mm ~wÕr^«_
Ho$bm. n[aUm_r OmoVr~m§Mo {ejU g§nbo. Ë`m§Zm emioVyZ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambo. na§Vw Ë`m§À`m eoOmar ahmUmao {bOrQ>gmho~
d J\$ma _wÝer ~oJ `m {¼üZ d nmagr J¥hñWm§Zr JmoqdXamdm§Mr g_OyV H$mT>br Am{U nwÝhm OmoVr~m§Mo {ejU gwê$
Pmbo. 1840 _Ü`o d`mÀ`m Voamì`m dfu Ë`m§Mm {ddmh I§S>moOr Zodgo nmQ>rb `m§Mr _wbJr gm{dÌr~mB© {hÀ`mer
Pmbm. Ë`m 9 dfmªÀ`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ 3 OmZodmar, 1831 amoOr Zm_Jmd `oWo Pmbm. OmoVr~m-gm{dÌr~mB©
`m§Zr _hmamï´>mÀ`m g_mOOrdZmbm Amnë`m {dMma d d¥ÎmrZo AmH$ma {Xbm.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
3.2.1 _. \w$bo `m§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© :
"{ejU' `m VrZ eãXm§À`m _m§S>UrgmR>r Am{U A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r hOmamo Vk, bmImo {ejH$, H$moQ>çmdYr
_wbo, bmImo emim Am{U hOmamo {dÚmnrR>o OJ^a YS>nS>VmZm AmnU AmO nhmVmo AmhmoV. H$moUË`mhr AmYw{ZH$
g_mOmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV {ejUmMm dmQ>m \$ma _moR>m AgVmo. {ejUm{edm` ^maVr` g_mOmbm VéUmonm` Zmhr.
{ejUm{edm` Am_À`m g_mOmMr CÞVr hmoUma Zmhr ho OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m H$m_mMr gwadmV {ejUmnmgyZ Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm à^md amOfu emhÿ _hmamO, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a, S>m°. H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb, S>m°. ~mnyOr gmiw§Io `m§À`m {ejU{df`H$ H$m`m©da nS>ë`mMo AmnUmg
ñnï>nUo {XgVo. àmMrZ _Ü``wJrZ H$mimV amÁ` H$moUmMohr Agbo Var {ejU ì`dñWoV \$mago ~Xb Pmbo ZmhrV.
MmVwdU© ì`dñWo_wio {ejUmMm A{YH$ma ~hþOZ g_mOmbm {Xbm Jobm Zmhr. hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ ~hþOZ g_mOmbm
{ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV R>odë`mZo Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o AkmZ, Xm[aÐç A§YlÕm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. _. \w$bo `m§Zr "Jwbm_{Jar'
`m J«§Wm_Ü`o ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m AYmoJVrMr H$maU{__m§gm Ho$br Amho. Vo åhUVmV, ""{dÚo{dZm _Vr Jobr&
_Vr{dZm ZrVr Jobr& {ZVr {dZm JVr Jobr& JVr {dZm {dÎm Jobo& {dÎmm {dZm eyÐ IMbo& BVHo$ AZW© EH$m A{dÚoZo
Ho$bo&''
B§J«Or amOdQ>rVrb {ejUm_wio OmJ¥Vr :
gZ 1818 _Ü`o _hmamï´>mVrb noedmB©Mm eodQ> Pmbm. VoìhmnmgyZ _hmamï´>mV B§J«Or A§_b gwê$ Pmbm. `m
H$mimV {ejUmbm gwédmV Pmbr, Ago _mZbo OmVo. noedmB©À`m H$mimV Añn¥í`Vm, dU©ì`dñWm ÑT> Pmbr.
B§J«Om§À`m _hmamï´>mVrb AmJ_ZmZ§Va Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m gÎmoMm nm`m hiyhiy {dñVm[aV d ÑT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r, H§$nZrÀ`m
H$ma^mamV _XV hmoÊ`mgmR>r, ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$bo. AWm©V H$mhr {¼ñVr {_eZar
d CXma_VdmXr {~«Q>re A{YH$mè`m§Zr {ejU àgmamMo H$m_ `m H$mimV gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. ^maVr` bmoH$m§_Ü`o
{ejUàgma H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m H$mimV gZ 1813 _Ü`o n{hë`m§Xm Am{W©H$ VaVyX H$aUoV
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
54
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Ambr hmoVr. ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r EH$ bmI én`o IM© H$amdoV Ago ~§YZ gZ 1813 À`m gZXr H$m`ÚmZo
(\o$aVnmgUrÀ`m gZXr H$m`ÚmZo) B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrg KmbyZ {Xbo. `m H$mimVM ^maVr` g_mOmbm nm¡dm©Ë` H$s
nmpíM_mË` {ejU Úmdo? Agm dmX ^maVm_Ü`o CËnÞ Pmbm Am{U Ë`m_wio nwT>o AZoH$ df} ^maVr` bmoH$ `m dmXmV
JwV§ Zy am{hbo. AIoa bm°S>© _oH$m°bo `m§Zr ^maVr`m§Zm nmümË` nÕVrMo {ejU XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br. VgoM H§$nZrZo
Ho$boë`m Am{W©H$ VaVwXrnmgyZ Vo d§{MV am{hbo. nwT>o B§JO
« A{YH$mar d {¼ñVr {_eZè`m§À`m {ejU{df`H$ YmoaUm_wio
^maVmV {ejU àgma hmoD$ bmJbm. `m {ejU àgmam_wiM
o ^maVmV n{hbr gw{e{jVm§Mr {nT>r {Z_m©U Pmbr.
_w§~B© Bbm»`mV Jar~ bmoH$m§_Ü`o {ejUmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1815 _Ü`o EH$ g§ñWm ñWmnÊ`mV Ambr.
nwT>o `m g§ñWobm ~m°å~o ZoQ>rìh EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r Ago Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. Eb²{\$ÝñQ>ZMm nmqR>~m `m g§ñWobm
hmoVm. Eb²{\$ÝñQ>Z ho `m g§ñWoMo AÜ`j Pmbo. 1824 _Ü`o ñWmnZ Pmboë`m _w§~B©Vrb EH$m B§J«Or emiobm
Ë`m§MoM Zmd {Xbo. Ë`mMoM nwT>o Eb²{\$ÝñQ>Z H$m°boO_Ü`o énm§Va Pmbo. `m g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo R>mUo, nZdob `oWo B§J«Or
emim gwê$ Pmë`m. 1840 _Ü`o ~moS>© Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZMr ñWmnZm _w§~B©V Pmbr. emim§Mr ñWmnZm, aMZm,
Aä`mgH«$_ _mÝ`Vm, \$s gdbVr, emim VnmgUr B. H$m_o ~moS>© Am°\$ EÁ`wHo$eZZo Ho$br. `m H$mimV H$mhr
B§J«Or, _amR>r emim _w§~B© Bbm»`mV gwê$ Pmë`m hmoË`m. B§J«Or amOdQ>rV {ejUmbm JVr àmá Pmbr.
Á`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr ZmH$maÊ`mV Ambr Amho Aem§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr CnbãY H$éZ
{Xbr. {ejU{df`H$ Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©bm 1848 _Ü`o gwadmV Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. 1848 _Ü`o nwÊ`mÀ`m
dmZdS>r `oWo Añn¥í`m§À`m dñVrV n{hbr emim Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr. hr emim OyZ, 1848 Vo Am°ŠQ>mo~a,
1848 n`ªV Mmbbr. nwT>o hr emim ~§X nS>br. d`mÀ`m 21 ì`m dfu Omo{V~m§Zr Amnë`m {ejU àgmamÀ`m
Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`m©bm gwadmV Ho$br. `mdoir Ë`m§Zm g§nyU© gmW XoUmè`m gm{dÌr~mBªMo d` Ho$di 18 dfmªMo hmoVo.
Omo{V~m§Zr gm{dÌr~mBªZm {b{hUo, dmMUo BË`mXtMo {ejU KarM {Xbo. nwT>o gXm{ed Jmod§S>o `m§Mo~amo~a Ah_XZJa
`oWo nmR>dyZ Ë`m§Mo {ejU nyU© H$éZ KoVbo. Omo{V~m, gm{dÌr~mB©, gXm{ed Jmod§S>o, {MniyUH$a, VmË`mgmho~ {^S>o
`m§Zr {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©bm g§KQ>rV ñdê$n `mdo d JVr àmá ìhmdr åhUyZ "Zo{Q>ìh {\$_ob ñHy$b' nwUo d "{X
gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ à_moQ>tJ {X EÁ`wHo$eZ Am°\$ _hmag _m§½g EQ>goQ´>mO' Aem XmoZ {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m.
1848 _Ü`o _wbtgmR>r {^S>odmS>çm_Ü`o gwê$ Ho$bobr emim H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va ~§X nS>br hmoVr. 3 Owb¡, 1851
amoOr AmÊUmgmho~ {MniyUH$am§À`m dmS>çmV _wbtgmR>r emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. n{hë`m {Xder `m emioV
AmR> _wbr hmoË`m. Ë`m§Mr g§»`m bdH$aM 48 Pmbr. `m emioV gm{dÌr~mB© `m _w»`{e{jH$m hmoË`m. Ë`m§À`m~amo~a
{dîUwn§V _moaoœa Am{U {dÇ>b ^mñH$a ho Cn{ejH$ åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV hmoVo. 17 gßQ>|~a, 1851 Am{U {X. 15
_mM©, 1852 amoOr AZwH«$_o amñVm noR> d doVminoR>oV _wbtgmR>r emim gwê$ H$aUoV Amë`m. gwadmVrg emioV _wbr
nmR>{dÊ`mg nmbH$ V`ma hmoV ZgV. nU Omo{V~m d gm{dÌr~mB© `m XmoKm§Zr nmbH$m§À`m ^oQ>r KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr _Vo
AZwHy$b ~Z{dÊ`mV `e {_i{dbo. Ë`m_wio _wbtMr g§»`m dmTy> bmJbr. _wbtZm emioV nmR>{dë`mg Y_© ~wS>ob,
AZW© KS>ob, XmoÝhrH$S>rb {nT>çm ZaH$mV OmVrb, Zdè`mÀ`m VmQ>mV Amù`m nS>Vrb. _wbr {eH$ë`m Va Ë`m
dm__mJm©bm bmJVrb Ago {dMma Á`m g_mOmV _m§S>bo OmV hmoVo Ë`m g_mOmVrb _wbtZm {eH${dÊ`mMo H$m_
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
55
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
OmoVr~m, gm{dÌr~mB© H$arV hmoVo. emim Mmb{dÊ`mg à{VHy$b n[apñWVr hmoVr. g_mOmMm àM§S> àjmo^ \w$ë`m§Zm
`m H$mimV ghZ H$amdm bmJbm. gZmVZr H$_©R>mZr `m emim§Zm Am{U ór {ejUmbm g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ZmdmImbr
H$S>dm {damoY Ho$bm. gm{dÌr~mBªZr qQ>Jb, Q>dmir, XJS> JmoQ>o-eoU_mam ghZ Ho$bm. nU Amnë`m H$m`m©nmgyZ Ë`m
_mJo hQ>ë`m ZmhrV. _wbtÀ`m emioMr Xþgar dm{f©H$ narjm 12 \o$~«wdmar, 1853 amoOr nyZm H$m°boO_Ü`o Pmbr.
237 _wbr narjm XoV hmoË`m. ho Ñí` nhmUogmR>r VrZ hOmamhÿZ A{YH$ bmoH$ O_bo hmoVo. nwUo Am{U AmgnmgÀ`m
IoS>çmV Omo{V~m Am{U gm{dÌr~mB© `m§Zr AZoH$ emim gwê$ H$éZ ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMr Xmao
Iwbr Ho$br. EVXoer` _{hbm§_Yrb gm{dÌr~mB© `m n{hë`m {e{jH$m, n{hë`m _w»`mÜ`m{nH$m d n{hë`m {ejUVk
hmoË`m Ago åhQ>ë`mg MwH$sMo hmoUma Zmhr. gm{dÌr~mBªÀ`m ~amo~a _wñbr_ g_mOmVrb \$mVr_m eoI `m§Zrhr
{ejHo$gmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao Q´>oqZJ nyU© Ho$bo hmoVo Am{U OmoVr~m, gm{dÌr `m§À`m emioV {e{jH$m åhUyZ
Ë`m§Zrhr _wbtZm {eH${dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. _wñbr_ g_mOmVrb Ë`m n{hë`mM {e{jH$m hmoË`m.
Omo{V~m \w$bo ho gm_m{OH$ g_VoÀ`m MidirMo AmÚ àdV©H$ hmoVo. ór {ejUmÀ`m H$m`m©~amo~a Ë`m§Zr
Añn¥í`m§À`m_Ü`o {ejU àgmamÀ`m H$m`m©bm àmYmÝ` {Xbo hmoVo. Añn¥í` g_mOmbm {ejU {_imë`m{edm`
Ë`m§À`mV OmJ¥Vr hmoUma Zmhr ho Ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. eyÐm{VeyÐm§À`m H$ë`mUmMm _mJ© \$ŠV {ejUmVyZ OmVmo ho
OmUyZ Ë`m§Zr 1848 nmgyZM Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmg gwadmV Ho$br hmoVr. 1852 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`m
_wbm_wbtgmR>r doVminoR>oV emim gwê$ Ho$br. 1853 gmbr Amnë`m H$mhr {_Ìm§À`m ghmæ`mZo "_hma, _m§J
BË`mXr bmoH$m§g {eH${dÊ`mH$[aVm _§S>ir' `m ZmdmMr g§ñWm H$mT>br. 1858 n`ªV AmUIr XmoZ emim gwê$
Ho$ë`m. d§ena§naoZo, dU©ì`dñWoZo Á`m§Zm {eH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm hmoVm Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ma àmá H$éZ
XoÊ`mgmR>r Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr {df_ g_mOì`dñWo{déÕ ~§S> C^mabo. Ë`m§À`m `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`m©bm `wamo{n`Z
EV²Xoer` {ejU ào_tZr ghH$m`© Ho$bo. AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, boIZ, dmMZ hr EH$mM dJm©Mr _ŠVoXmar ~Zbr
hmoVr. _wR>^a {eH$bobo bmoH$ g_mOmVrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Mo emofU H$arV hmoVo. {ejUmÀ`m A^mdr Amnbo
emofU hmoV Amho `mMo ^mZ ~hþOZ g_mOmbm Ambobo ZìhVo. kmZmMr ñdm^m{dH$ àd¥Îmr, nmaV§Í`mMo nme VmoSy>Z
ñdV§Ì hmoÊ`mMr AgVo. kmZmVyZM ñdmV§Í` Am{U g_Vm `m _yë`m§Mm CX` hmoVmo, ho gd©l¥V hmoVo. kmZmnmgyZ d§{MV
AgUmè`m§Zm H$moUr {dÚm {eH${dÊ`mg V`ma ZgVmZm Omo{V~m§Zr `m d§{MVmgmR>r OmUrdnyd©H$ {ejUn«gmamMo
H$m_ hmVr KoVbo hmoVo.
bm°S>© ~oQ>tJÀ`m H$mimV ^maVmVrb {ejUm~Ôb gwYmaUm gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r bm°S>© _oH$m°boÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr
EH$ g{_Vr {Z`wŠV Ho$br hmoVr. 1835 _Ü`o `m g{_VrZo Amnbm Ahdmb H§$nZr gaH$maH$S>o gmXa Ho$bm. `m
AhdmbmV _oH$m°boZo nmümË` {dÚm B§J«Or ^mfoVyZ ^maVr`m§Zm {eH$dmì`mV Aer _hÎdmMr {e\$mag Ho$br.
Ë`m~amo~aM {ejUmÀ`m {PanÊ`mMm {gÕm§V (Filtration theory) _m§S>bm hmoVm. _oH$m°bÀo `m {e\$maerZwgma ^maVmV
{Xbo OmUmao {ejU Cƒd{U©`m§Zm d _Ü`_dJu`m§Zm {_iUma hmoVo. _J Vo {PanV {PanV hiyhiy ImbÀ`m
dJm©n`ªV nmohMUma hmooVo. `m {PanUmè`m {gÕm§Vmbm _. \w$bo `m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm hmoVm. ^maVmVrb {ejUmMm
àgma nhmUogmR>r gaH$maZo h§Q>a Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1882 gmbr `m Am`moJmg_moa gmj XoVmZm Vo åhUVmV,
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
56
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
"Jar~ eoVH$è`mH$Sy>Z gaH$ma Omo gmam/_hgyb Jmoim H$aVo Ë`m dgwbmMo CËnÞ d[að> dJm©À`m {ejUmdaM IM©
hmoVo. hm d[að> dJ© ñdV:nwaVmM {dMma H$aVmo åhUyZ gaH$maZo H${Zð> dJm©À`m {ejUmH$S>o bj {Xbo nm{hOo.
gaH$maZo ~mam dfm©Imbrb _wbm_wbtZm àmW{_H$ {ejU gŠVrMo Am{U _mo\$V {Xbo nm{hOo. ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zm
àmW{_H$ {ejU gŠVrMo d _mo\$V {_imdo Agm AmJ«h YaUmao Vo n{hbo ^maVr` hmoVo. àmW{_H$ {ejH$ H$go
AgmdoV `m~Ôb Vo åhUVmV, ""àmW{_H$ {ejH$ eoVH$ar dJm©Vrb AgmdoV. Vo à{ejrV AgmdoV. ~«m÷U
{ejH$ Ym{_©H$ nyd©J«hm_wio H${Zð> dJu`m§er \$Q>Hy$Z dmJVmV. eoVH$ar dJm©Vrb {ejH$ Ë`m dJm©V A{YH$
ghOnUo {_giVrb. AË`§V Jm§^r`m©Zo d ~maH$mB©Zo Ë`m§Zr {ejUm~ÔbÀ`m Amnë`m _mJÊ`m, {dMma h§Q>a
Am`moJmg_moa _m§S>bo hmoVo. Cƒ {ejU OrdZmVrb JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr Zmhr. H$maHy$Z d {ejH$
_moR>çm à_mUmV `mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVrb Ago Cƒ {ejU {Xbo OmVo.'' Ago Ë`m§Zr VËH$mbrZ _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejUm~Ôb
_V _m§S>b.o
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 1 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. _amR>r gÎmoMm eodQ> Ho$ìhm Pmbm?
2. 19 do eVH$ ^maVmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo H$m hmoVo?
3. _. \w$bo `m§Mm OÝ_ Ho$ìhm d H$moR>o Pmbm?
4. _. \w$bo `m§Zr _wbtgmR>r n{hbr emim Ho$ìhm gwê$ Ho$br?
5. {ejUmVrb {PanÊ`mMm {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV. Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. Añn¥í` dJm©bm {ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r _. \w$bo `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m g§ñWoMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo?
(A) "_hma, _m§J BË`mXr bmoH$m§g {dÚm {eH$dÊ`mH$[aVm _§S>ir'
(~) "T>moa, Mm§^ma BË`mXr bmoH$m§g {dÚm {eH$dÊ`mH$[aVm§ _§S>ir'
(H$) "am_moer, ~oaS> BË`mXr bmoH$m§g {dÚm {eH$dÊ`mH$[aVm _§S>ir'
(S>) "~«m÷U-~«m÷UoÎma BË`mXr bmoH$m§g {dÚm {eH$dÊ`mH$[aVm _§S>ir'
2. ór {ejUmgmR>r _. \w$bo `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$boë`m g§ñWoMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo?
(A) {ó {ejU g§ñWm
(H$) ~m{bH$m {ejU g§ñWm
(~) Zo{Q>ìh {\$_ob g§ñWm
(S>) {\$_ob EÁ`wHo$eZ g§ñWm
3. bm°S>© _oH$m°boZo ^maVr`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r H$moUË`m nÕVrÀ`m {ejUmMr {e\$mag Ho$br?
(A) nm¡dm©Ë` (~) {Zdmgr (H$) nmümË` (S>) ~{hñW
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
57
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4. àmW{_H$ {ejH$ H$gm Agmdm? `m~Ôb _. \w$bo `m§Mo _V H$m` hmoVo?
(A) eoVH$ar dJm©Vrb à{e{jV Agmdm. (~) ~«m÷U dJm©Vrb kmZr Agmdm.
(H$) XbrV dJm©Vrb Aà{e{jV Agmdm. (S>) {ó-dJm©Vrb _m`miy Agmdm.
5. {ejUmVrb {PanÊ`m§Mm {gÕm§V åhUOo H$m`?
(A) àW_ CƒdJm©bm {ejU {Xë`mg Vo {PanV H${Zð> dJm©n`ªV OmUmao.
(~) eyÐ-dJm©H$Sy>Z Hw$Qy>§~mVrb gdm©n`ªV OmUmao {ejU.
(H$) {ó-dJm©H$Sy>Z Hw$Qy>§~mVrb gdmªn`ªV OmUmao {ejU.
(S>) Cƒ-{e{jVm§H$Sy>Z Aën-{e{jVmn`ªV OmUmao {ejU.
3.2.2
_. \w$bo `m§Mo gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoMo H$m`© :
amOfu emhÿ _hmamO, H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb Am{U S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m OrdZmbm H$bmQ>Ur
XoUmao H$mhr àg§J KS>bo hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo _. \w$ë`m§À`m OrdZmbmgwÕm Ë`m§À`m ~«m÷U {_ÌmÀ`m b¾damVr_Ybm
Omo{Vamdm§Mm eyÐ åhUyZ Pmbobm An_mZ H$bmQ>Ur XoUmam R>abm. V|ìhmnmgyZ _. \w$ë`m§Zr Amnbo g§nyU© Am`wî`
àñWm{nV {df_ g_mOì`dñWo{déÕ Ý`m`, g_Vm, {ejUmMm àgma, órXmñ` {d_moMZ, _mZdVmdmX, ~wÕr
àm_mÊ`dmX {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r IMu Ho$bo.
1) ór CÕma :
àmMrZ H$mir {deofV: d¡{XH$ H$mimV ór`m§Zm gÝ_mZmMo ñWmZ hmoVo. ór`m§Zm amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$,
gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ hmoV.o na§Vw doXmoÎma H$mimV {ó`m§À`m h¸$-A{YH$mamMr JiMonr hmoD$Z _Ü``wJmÀ`m
CÎmamYm©V ór Myb Am{U _yb EdT>çmnwaVr amhrb. Vr Ho$di ^moJdmXr, M¡Z{dbmgmMr dñVy ~Zbr hmoVr.
Omo{Vamdm§Zr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimÀ`m gwédmVrbm {óÀ`m `m X¡Ý`mdñWoda gd©àW_ àH$me Q>mH$bm. {Vbm A{YH$ma
{_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r OrdmMo amZ Ho$bo. Ë`m_Ü`o gd©àW_ Ë`m§Zr ór{ejUmMm AmJ«h Yabm. gd© A{dH$mgmMo _yi
{ejUmV Amho, ór {eH$br Va Hw$Qy>§~ {eHo$b Am{U g_mO KS>ob, Ë`mVyZ amï´> C^maob. åhUyZ Omo{Vamdm§Zr
{ejUmMr Xmao ór`m§H$[aVm Iwbr Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr B. g. 1848 _Ü`o nwÊ`V n{hbr _wbtgmR>r emim gwê$ Ho$br
Am{U ^maVmV àW_ ór {ejUmMm nwañH$Vm© åhUyZ _mZ {_i{dbm. AmO g§nyU© ^maVmV Am{U OJmV ^maVr`
_{hbm gÝ_mZmMo OrdZ OJV AmhoV Vo _. \w$ë`m§Zr {ejUmMr Xmao Iwbr Ho$ë`m_wioM åhUmdo bmJob.
2) {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh :
19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrMm H$mi {dMmamV KoVm {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmg g_mOmMm {damoY hmoVm. na§Vw
~mb{ddmh, OaR>{ddmh nÕVr_wio ~mb{dYdmMo à_mU _moR>o hmoVo Am{U g_mOmVrb hr \$ma _moR>r g_ñ`m ~ZyZ
am{hbr hmoVr. `m_Ü`o ~«m÷U _{hbm {dYdm§Mo à_mU OmñV hmoVo. Omo{Vamdm§Zr hr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
{dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmMo g_W©Z Ho$bo Am{U JmoIë`m§À`m ~mJoV B. g. 1864 _Ü`o n{hbm {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh KS>dyZ
AmUbm. hr Ë`m H$mim_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrM åhUmdo bmJob.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
58
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
3) ~mbhË`mà{V~§YH$ J¥h :
Ë`m H$mimVrb A{Zð> àWoZwgma ~mb{ddmh, OaR>{ddmh hmoV AgV. Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar gm_m{OH$
g_ñ`m åhUOo ^«yUhË`m _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV Ago. hr ^«yUhË`m Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>r, {dYdm JamoXa {ó`m§Zm
AmË_hÎ`onmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r \w$bo Xm§nË`m§Zr ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J¥h gwê$ H$éZ _mZdVmdmX Omonmgbm
hmoVm. nwUo `oWo hm A{^Zd à`moJ _. \w$ë`m§Zr gd©àW_ ^maVmV gwê$ Ho$bm ho {deof. AmO eoH$S>mo df} bmoQ>br
Var Omo{Vamdm§À`m `m ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J«hmMo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo Zmhr. Vr EH$ H$mimMr JaO ~Zy nmhV
Amho. `mVyZM Ë`m§Mo Ñï>onUm {XgyZ `oVo. dmH$S>o nmD$b nS>ë`m_wio JamoXa am{hboë`m {ó`m§Zm JwnMynnUo
~mbhË`m àVr~§YH$ J¥hmV `oD$Z àgyV hmoVm `mdo d Ë`m§Zm Pmboë`m g§VVrMo nmbZnmofU `m J¥hmV Ho$bo OmV
Ago.
_. \w$ë`m§Zr nwéfm§Zr Oa Amnë`m nËZrbm _yb hmoV Zgob Va Xþgam {ddmh H$amdm hr Jmoï> _mÝ` ZìhVr. `mM
{dMmamà_mUo Vo H¥$Vr H$aUmao hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m nËZrnmgyZ _wb hmoV Zmhr Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr Xþgao b¾ H$amd§ Agm
Ë`m§À`mda KaÀ`m§Mm Am{U {_Ìm§Mm X~md `oV hmoVm. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr `m Jmoï>rg g§_Vr Z XoVm Ë`m§À`mM ~mbhË`m
à{V~§Y J«hmVrb EH$m {dYdm ~«m÷U _{hboÀ`m _wbmg XÎmH$ KoVbo. Ë`mbm S>m°ŠQ>a ~Zdb Vmo åhUOo S>m°.
`ed§V. Ë`m§Zr gwÕm Omo{Vamdmà_mUo Amnë`m XohmMr OmoV _mbdrn`ªV ~hþOZ g_mOmMr godm Ho$br.
_. \ww$bo ZwgVo ~mobKodS>o g_mO gwYmaH$ ZìhVo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m dS>rbm§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`m§Mo df©lmÕ Z H$aVm
Vr a¸$_ {dÚmÏ`mªZm e¡j{UH$ gm{hË` Am{U JaOy§Zm AÞ XoD$Z gmOam Ho$bo hr Jmoï> AmOhr AmXe©dV Amho.
4) Añn¥í` CÕma{df`H$ H$m`© :
Á`m H$mimV Jù`mV _S>Ho$, H$_aobm PmSy> Am{U hmVmV K±yJamÀ`m H$mR>r KoD$Z ^a CÝhmVM Kam~mhoa
Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Zm nS>mdo bmJV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm neynojm dmB©Q> dmJUyH$ {_iV hmoVr. Aem ~hþOZ g_mOmV ZdM¡VÝ`
_. \w$ë`m§Zr {ejUmÛmao {Z_m©U Ho$bo. Ë`m§Zr {ejUmMr Ûmao gdmªgmR>r Iwbr Ho$br. H$maU gd© AkmZmMo _yi
åhUOo {ejU Amho, {ejU ho dm{KUrMo XÿY Amho, ho Ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. ~hþOZ ~m§Ydm§Zm ho kmZ A_¥V
nmObo Va Ë`m§Mr àñWm{nVmH$Sy>Z \$gdUyH$ hmoUma Zmhr ho _. \w$ë`m§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. åhUyZ `m Jar~, A§YlÕmiy
{ZÐrV g_mOmbm Omo{Vamdm§Zr {ejUmMo ~miH$Sy> nmObo. Ë`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr 1852 bm doVminoR>oV ~hþOZ dJm©gmR>r
emim gwê$ Ho$br. 1858 n`ªV nwÊ`mV Ë`m§Zr ~hþOZ ~m§Ydm§H$[aVm VrZ emim Mmby Ho$ë`m. BVHo$M Zìho Va
_wbm§À`m OodUmZ§Va nmUr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mH$[aVm Omo{Vamdm§Zr ñdV:À`m KaMm nmÊ`mMm hm¡X Iwbm Ho$bm
Am{U Añn¥í` qH$dm ~hþOZm§Zm gwÕm BVa _mZdmà_mUo OJÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho ho _. \w$ë`m§Zr àñWm{nVm§Zm XmIdyZ
{Xbo.
5) eoVH$è`m§gmR>r Ho$bobo H$m`© :
^maV hm H¥$fràYmZ Xoe Agë`mZo eoVH$ar `m XoemMm amOm _mZbm OmVmo. na§Vw `m amOmMr àñWm{nV
ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z \$gdyH$ Ho$br OmVo ho _. \w$ë`m§Zr OmUbo hmoVo. _. \w$ë`m§À`m _Vo, `m XoemVrb eoVH$ar H$Om©V
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
59
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
OÝ_Vmo, H$Om©V dmT>Vmo Am{U H$Om©V _aVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐç, H$O©~mOmarnUm Zï> H$aUo Amdí`H$
Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm `m XoemVrb ~iramOmbm gj_ ~Z{dbo nm{hOo. Ë`mH$[aVm gd©àW_ Ë`m§Zm {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo,
Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>o.
~hþg§»` OZVm hr eoVrda Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm eoVrMm {dH$mg Pmbm nm{hOo. eoVrMo CËnÞhr
dmT>bo nm{hOo. eoVrÀ`m CËnÞdmT>rgmR>r nmÊ`mÀ`m g_ñ`mMm àíZ gmoS>{dUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo, ho XÿaÑï>rÀ`m
Omo{Vamdm§Zr AmoiIbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr {d{har, H$mbdo ImoXUo, ~§Ymao ~m§YUo H$go Amdí`H$ Amho ho gaH$mabm
nQ>dyZ {Xbo. Ë`mMà_mUo eoVH$è`m§Zm nrH$ g§ajUmH$[aVm ~§XÿH$ nadmZm, H¥$fr _m{hVr nwpñVH$m, gaH$maZo nwadmì`mV
Aem {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. VgoM eoVrbm OmoS>Y§Xm Agbm nm{hOo Am{U eoVrdarb H$a gwÕm gaH$maZo _m\$ H$amdm.
OoUHo $éZ eoVH$ar Am{YH$ Omo_mZo H$m_ H$aob. _. \w$ë`m§Zr àñWm{nV g_mOì`dñWm Am{U nwamo{hVmH$Sy>Z eoVH$è`m§Mr
H$er \$gdUyH$, byQ> hmoV Amho ho Ë`m§À`m "eoVH$è`m§Mo AmgyS>' `m J«§WmÛmao Ho$br Amho.
_. \w$bo ho Iè`m AWm©Zo eoVH$è`m§Mo H¡$dmar hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZm§Zm dmMm \$moS>Ê`mgmR>r B.g.
1888 _Ü`o S>çyH$ Am°\$ H°$ZmQ> `m pìhŠQ>mo[a`m amUrÀ`m {Ma§OrdmnwT>o {Xbobo ^mfU _hÎdnyU© R>aVo. Omo{Vamdm§Zr
S>çyH$ Am°\$ H°$ZmQ> g_moa eoVH$è`m§Mm dof YmaU H$éZ Ë`mbm nQ>dyZ {Xbo H$s, `m XoemVrb eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐç
hQ>dm`Mo Agob Va Ë`m§Zm àmW{_H$ {ejU XoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m{edm` eoVH$è`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoUma Zmhr.
AmOhr hr Jmoï> bmJy nS>Vo Amho. AmO ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMo, eoVr kmZ {Xbo Va Z¸$sM
^maVr` eoVH$ar gwIr g_¥Õ Pmë`mdmMyZ amhUma Zmhr. _. \w$ë`m§À`m _Vo, ^maVr` eoVH$ar hm AkmZ Am{U
A§YlÕo_wio {dH$mg H$é eH$bm Zmhr. AmOhr doJir n[apñWVr Zmhr ho {deof. eoVH$è`m§À`m Am{W©H$ CÞVrgmR>r
Ë`m§À`m _wbm§Zm ñdV:À`m nm`mda C^o H$aUmè`m {ejUmMm nwañH$ma Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. VgoM Ë`m§Zm Z¡g{J©H$
AmnÎmrÀ`mdoir gdm}Vmonar gaH$maZo _XV H$amdr Ago à{VnmXZhr Ho$bo. ^maVr` eoVr Am{U eoVH$è`m§À`m
{dH$mgmH$[aVm AmOhr Omo{Vamdm§Mo {dMma bmJy nS>Vrb.
6) gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm (24 gßQ>|~a, 1873) :
gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm _. \w$ë`m§Zr B. g. 1873 _Ü`o Ho$br. `m MidirMm CJ_ ^maVmVrb
Zì`m {nT>rbm {_imboë`m nmümË` kmZm_wio Pmbm. hOmamo df© AkmZ, A§YlÕm, OwZo ~wagQ>boë`m {dMmam§_wio
^maVr` g_mO _mUgmda AkmZmMr H$mOir ngabr hmoVr. ~hþOZ dJm©bm gË` Am{U AgË` H$m` `mVrb
\$aH$ H$iV ZìhVm. Aem {XemhrZ g_mOmbm `mo½`, gå`H$ {dMmam§Mr {eH$dU XoD$Z d§MrV KQ>H$m§Zm g_mOmÀ`m
_w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mH$[aVm MidirMm CX` Pmbm. `m gË`emoYH$ g_mOm_wio àñWm{nVm§Mr H$bwfrV _Zo
ewÕ hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. g_mOmVrb {df_VoMr Yma H$_r hmoD$Z _mZdVmdmX, ~wÕr àm_mÊ`dmX OmonmgÊ`mg
_XV Pmbr. hr Midi H$moÊ`m EH$m OmVr Y_m©À`m {damoYmV {Z_m©U Pmbr ZìhVr Va gd© OmVr Y_mªÀ`m
gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wÕtÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm EH$Ì H$éZ ewÕ AmMaUmÀ`m Ûmao Ë`m§Zm AmXe© OrdZmH$S>o dmQ>Mmb H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVr. hOmamo dfm©Mr Jwbm_{Jar, ór-nwéf ^oX, {df_Vm, A§YlÕm gË`emoYH$ g_mOmbm Zï>
H$amd`mMr hmoVr. `m MidirÛmao g_mOmVë`m eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mn`ªV nmohMyZ Ë`mbm Ý`m`, h¸$ {_idyZ Úm`Mm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
60
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
hmoVm. Ë`m§À`mV hOmamo dfm©nmgyZMm J_mdbobm AmË_{dídmg nwÝhm {Z_m©U H$amd`mMm hmoVm. WmoS>Š`mV, gË`emoYH$
g_mO åhUOo àñWm{nV g_mOì`dñWoÀ`m {damoYmV EH$ ñdV§Ì _mZdVmdmXr {dMmamda {Z_m©U Pmbobr Zdr
g_mO ì`dñWm hmoVr. `m MidirZo nwamo{hVemhrbm, _Ü`ñWmbm {damoY H$éZ EHo$œa dmXmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm
Amho ho {deof.
7) _. \w$bo `m§Mo gm{hË`, boIZ :
_. Omo{Vamd H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo H$dr, boIH$, gm{hpË`H$ Am{U B{VhmgH$ma ZìhVo. na§Vw Ë`m§Mo {dMma
VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` Am{U Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVrbm AZwgê$Z ~§S>Imoad¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m
{dMmam§Mm H|$Ðq~Xÿ _mUyg hmoVm. Am{U `m _mZdmÀ`m {damoYmV àñWm{nV g_mOì`dñWm C^r hmoVr. Ë`m ì`dñWobm
Omo{Vamdm§Zr Amnë`m boIUrVyZ CÎma {Xbo. àñWm{nVm§À`m ì`dñWoMr bŠVao Omo{Vamdm§Zr doerbm Q>m§Jbr. _.
\w$ë`m§Mo {bImU d§{MV KQ>H$m§À`m Ý`m` h¸$mgmR>r hmoVo. `m Xþb©jrV, Cno{jV KQ>H$mda Omo{Vamdm§Zr àW_ {bImU
Ho$bo. àH$me Q>mH$bm. Ë`m_wio _. \w$bo§Mm C„oI d§MrVmMm (Subaltan-historian) B{VhmgH$ma åhUmdm bmJob.
_. \w$ë`m§Mm "Jwbm_{Jar' hm J«§W 1873 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmbm. `m J«§Wm_Ü`o _. \w$ë`m§Zr àñWm{nV
g_mOì`dñWm, OwÝ`m AdVma H$ënZm, OwZr _yë`o `m§À`mda Vmeoao AmoT>bo. hm J«§W Ë`m§Zr A_o[aHo$Vrb
Jwbm_{Jar{déÕ bT>Umè`m bmoH$m§Zm An©U Ho$bm.
"eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>' `m J«§WmV Omo{Vamdm§Zr eoVH$è`m§À`m X¡Ý`mdñWoda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho. eoVH$è`m§À`m
{dH$mgmH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr {d{dY Cnm` `moOZmXoIrb gwM{dë`m AmhoV. Ë`m J«§Wm_Ü`o {ejUmA^mdr g_mOmMr
H$er Hw$M§~Zm hmoVo, Ë`m§Zr ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo {dÚo{dZm _Vr Jobr& _Vr{dZm ZrVr Jobr&
ZrVr{dZm JVr Jobr& JVr{dZm {dÎm Jobo&
{dÎmm{dZm eyX² IMbo& BVHo$ AZW© EH$m A{dÚoZo Ho$bo&
_. \w$ë`m§Zr "V¥Vr`aËZ' ho ZmQ>H$ 1855 gmbr {b{hbo. `m ZmQ>H$m_Ü`o ^Q>~«m÷U, VËH$mbrZ g_mOmVrb
bmoH$m§À`m AkmZmMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Y_m©À`m Zmdmda H$go \$gdVmV, bw~mS>VmV ho XmI{dbo Amho. VgoM
{¼üZ Y_©àgmaH$ Amnë`m {Z:njnmVr Y_m©À`m _XVrZo A{e{jV eyÐmg Iao kmZ gm§JyZ Ë`mg H$gH$go gË`
_mJm©da AmUVmV Vo ñnï> H$aVmV.
N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m nmodmS>çmÛmao _. \w$ë`m§Zr N>. {edmOr _hmamOm§À`m OrdZmVrb AZoH$ _hÎdnyU©
àg§Jmda àH$me Q>mH$bm Amho.
_. \w$ë`m§Zr Or H$mhr J«§W {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho Ë`mMm _w»` CÔoe åhUOo gH$b ~hþOZ g_mOmg ehmUo
H$éZ gmoS>Ê`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`mVrb Ý`yZJ§S>Ëd Xÿa ìhmdo Am{U X{bV g_mO ^Q>, ~«m÷Um§À`m ^ybWmnm§nmgyZ gmdY
hmoD$Z ZdOrdZ OJmdo AgmM CÔoe Ë`m§À`m J«§W{Z{_©Vr nmR>r_mJo hmoVm.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
61
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
"~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~' `m J«§WmV Omo{Vamdm§Zr àñWm{nV AkmZr ^moù`m, ^m~S>çm ~hþOZ g_mOmbm ^Q>,
~«m÷U XodmÀ`m, Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr H$go ZmS>dVmV `mda Vmo\$ Amnë`m boIUrÛmao S>mJbr Amho.
_. \w$ë`m§Zr "gËgma A§H$ 1 d 2' 1885 gmbr {bhÿZ H$mT>bo. `m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr ^Q>, ~«m÷Um§À`m Y_m©Mo
H$mañWmZr ñdénmda àH$me Q>mH$bm. VgoM ~«m÷mo g_mO d àmW©Zm g_mOmÀ`m A§Va§Jm{df`r MMm© Ho$br.
Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Zr "Bemam' `m nwñVH$m_Ü`o Añn¥í`Vo{df`r {bImU Ho$bo, {dMma _m§S>bo.
Omo{Vamdm§Mm eodQ>Mm J«§W åhUOo "gmd©O{ZH$ gË` Y_©' hmo`. Ë`m§Zr `m J«§Wm_Ü`o {díd~§YwËdmMr, _mZdr
_wŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMr H$ënZm _m§S>br hmoVr. gd© _Zwî`mà_mUo AmnU gd© EH$mM na_oœamMr boH$ao AgyZ ór
Am{U nwéf ho XmoZM dJ© AgyZ Ë`mn{bH$S>o H$moUVmhr dJ©, OmV `m OJmV Zmhr Ago _mZddmXr, Y_©{Zanoj
naIS> {dMma _. \w$ë`m§Zr _m§S>bo. darb gd© J«§Wm_Ü`o _. \w$ë`m§Mm _w»` CÔoe ~hþOZ g_mOmVrb amOH$s`,
Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Jwbm_{Jar Zï> H$éZ Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U H$amd`mMm hmoVm. VgoM àñWm{nVm§Zm
AmìhmZ XoD$Z ~hþOZ g_mOmMm CÕma H$éZ EH$ àJë^ g_mOmÀ`m Omoamda ~bembr amï´>{Z_m©U H$amd`mMo hmoVo.
8) ór {ejU {df`H$ H$m`© :
_. \w$ë`m§À`m _Vo, {ejU hm _mZdmMm {Vgam S>moim Amho. VgoM {ZH$mon g_mO Am{U ~bembr amï´>
{Z_m©U H$am`Mo Agob Va ór`m§Zm {ejUmMo XadmOo Iwbo Ho$bo nm{hOoV. Vo åhUV, {OÀ`m hmVr nmiÊ`mMr
Xmoar, Vr OJmVo CÕmar. EH$m órbm {ejU {Xbo Va EH$ Hw$Qy>§~ ehmUo hmoB©b Am{U Ë`mVyZ g_mO Am{U eodQ>r
amï´>. Ë`m_wio _. \w$ë`m§Zr ór {ejUmMm AmJ«h àm_w»`mZo Yabm. Ë`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr gd© àW_ ^maVmV n{hbr
_wbtMr emim 1848 _Ü`o nwÊ`mV gwê$ Ho$br. Omo{Vamd ñdV: kmZXmZ XoÊ`mMo H$m`© H$ê$ bmJbo. Z§Va Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m nËZr gm{dÌr~mB© `m§Zm {e{jH$m åhUyZ _wbm§À`m emioda nmR>{dbo. hr Jmoï> àñWm{nV g_mO ì`dñWobm
AmdS>br Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr gm{dÌr~mB© \w$b|Zm emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ Ìmg {Xbm. AIoa Ë`m Xm§nË`mbm ñdV:Mo Kahr
gmoS>mdo bmJbo. VargwÕm `m XmoKm§Zr Amnbm ór-{ejUmMm {ZYm©a gmoS>bm Zmhr, hr JmoîQ> _hmamï´>mÀ`mM Zìho Va
^maVmÀ`m ór{ejU{df`H$ _hÎdnyU© H«$m§{VH$maH$ nmD$b hmoVo. AemM àH$maMr Xþgar emim Ë`m§Zr 1851
_Ü`o ~wYdma noR>oV, 1851 _Ü`o {Vgar emim amñVm noR>oV Am{U 1852 _Ü`o doVminoR>oV Mm¡Wr emim gwê$ Ho$br
hmoVr. `m A{^Zd Am{U _hÎdnyU© H$m`m©Mr XIb KoD$Z VËH$m{bZ gaH$maZo Ë`m§Mm `Wmo{MV gËH$ma Ho$bm. _.
\w$ë`m§À`m `m YmS>gr {ZU©`m_wio AmO ^maVr` ór`m Amnë`m Hw$Qy>§~mVM Zìho g_mOmVrb gd©M joÌmV C„oIZr`
^y{_H$m nma nmS>V AmhoV. `mMo gd© lo` `m \w$bo Xm§nË`m§Zm Úmdo bmJob.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 2 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J¥h H$moR>o ñWmnZ Ho$bo?
2. _. \w$bo `m§Zr {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmbm àmoËgmhZ H$m {Xbo?
3. ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$J¥h åhUOo H$m`?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
62
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4. eoVH$è`m§À`m H$O©~mOmarnUm~Ôb _. \w$bo `m§Mo _V H$m` hmoVo?
5. S>çyH$ Am°\$ H$Zm°Q> H$moU hmoVo?
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm§_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV. Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. _. \w$bo `m§Zr eoVH$è`m§À`m pñWVrMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r {b{hboë`m J«§WmMo Zmd {bhm.
(A) Jwbm_{Jar
(~) eoVH$è`mMm AmgyS> (H$) ~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~ (S>) Bemam
2. "~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~' `m J«§WmMm {df` H$m` hmoVm?
(A) ^Q>-~«m÷U XodmÀ`m, Y_m©À`m Zmdm§da H$go bw~mS>VmV.
(~) A§YlÕoMm H$gm \$m`Xm KoVmV.
(H$) AkmZmMm H$gH$gm bm^ KoVmV.
(S>) ^moù`m-^m~S>çm OZVobm H$go \$gdVmV.
3. _. \w$bo `m§Zr {b{hboë`m "Jwbm_{Jar' `m J«§WmMm _w»` {df` H$m` hmoVm?
(A) àM{bV g_mOì`dñWm, AdVma d OwZr _yë`o
(~) Xodm-Y_m©Mm
(H$) Xm[aÐçmMm
(S>) AkmZmMm
4. S>çyH$ Am°\$ H$Zm°Q> `m§Mo g_moa _. \w$bo `m§Zr H$emMm AmJ«h Yabm?
(A) àmW{_H$ {ejUm§Mm
(~) gmd©{ÌH$ {ejUm§Mm
(H$) Cƒ {ejUm§Mm
(S>) pñÌ-{e`Um§Mm
5. g_mOgwYmaUogmR>r _. \w$bo `m§Zr {ejUmMm AmJ«h H$m Yabm?
(A) {ejUm{edm` g_mOn[adV©Z hmoUma Zmhr.
(~) {ejUm{edm` Am{W©H$ emofU ~§X hmoUma Zmhr.
(H$) Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r.
(S>) g_mOñdmñÏ` d g_VogmR>r.
3.2.3 gË`emoYH$ g_mO (24 gßQ>|~a, 1873) :
~hþOZ g_mOm_Ü`o {ejU àgma H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$ë`m_wio g_mOm_Ü`o OmJ¥Vr gwê$
Pmbr. gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV Amnë`m _wbm-_wbtZm emioV Z nmR>dUmao nmbH$ Amnë`m nmë`m§Zm emioV nmR>dy
bmJbo. g_mOOmJ¥VrMo ho bjU hmoV.o Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU, ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J¥h, {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh, eyÐm{VeyÐm§Mo
{ejU BË`mXr gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©bm ì`mnH$ ñdén àmá hmoUogmR>r g_{dMmar bmoH$m§Mo EImXo _§S>i Agmdo qH$dm
g§KQ>rV Ago à`ËZ H$aUogmR>r g§KQ>Zm Agmdr `m {dMmamVyZ Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr "gË`emoYH$ g_mOm'Mr 24
gßQ>|~a, 1873 amoOr nwUo `oWo ñWmnZm Ho$br. gË`emoYH$ g_mO hr g_mOgwYmaUogmR>r ñWmnZ Pmbobr n{hbr
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
63
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Midi hmoVr. "gd©gmjr OJËnVr& Ë`mbm ZH$moM _Ü`ñWr&' ho `m g_mOmMo à_wI VÎd hmoV.o Omo{V~m§Zr "gË`mn[aVm
Zmhr Y_©, gË` h§o{M na~«÷Ÿ&' ho g_mOmMo ~«rXdmŠ` {ZdS>bo.
gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr à_wI VrZ VÎdo hmoVr Vr nwT>rbà_mUo 1) B©œa EH$ AgyZ gd© _mUgo EH$mM B©œamMr boH$ao AmhoV. Vmo gd©ì`mnr, {ZJwU© , {ZamH$ma, gË`ê$n Amho.
2) B©œamMr, na_oœamMr ^ŠVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àË`oH$ _mZdmg Amho. AmB©bm ^oQ>Ê`mg qH$dm ~mnmbm
àgÞ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`ñWmMr JaO ZgVo. Ë`mà_mUo B©œamMr àmW©Zm H$aUogmR>r H$moUË`mhr _Ü`ñWm§Mr qH$dm
Xbmbm§Mr/nwamo{hVm§Mr JaO Zmhr.
3) H$moUrhr OmVrZo loð> R>aV ZgyZ \$ŠV JwUm§Zr loð> R>aVmo. darb VÎdo H$~yb Agë`mg H$moUmbmhr `m
g_mOmMo gXñ` hmoVm `oB©b.
gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm nwT>rbà_mUo enW/à{Vkm ¿`mdr bmJV hmoVr, ""gd© _mZd àmUr EH$mM
XodmMr boH$ao AmhoV. g~~ Vr _mPr ^md§S>o AmhoV. Aem ~wÕrZo _r Ë`m§À`mer dmJoZ. na_oœamMr nyOm, ^ŠVr
AJa Ü`mZYmaUm H$aVodoir AJa Ym{_©H$ {dYrÀ`mdoir _r _Ü`ñWmMr JaO R>odUma Zmhr. _r _mÂ`m _wbm_wbtZm
gw{e{jV H$arZ.''
gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr Midi H$moUË`mhr dJm©{déÕ, Y_m©{déÕ ZìhVr. gË`emoYH$ g_mOm~ÔbMo {dMma
Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©' Am{U "Jwbm_{Jar' `m J«§Wm_Ü`o _m§S>bo AmhoV. eyÐm{VeyÐm§Mr pñWVr
gwYmaUogmR>r, ~hþOZ g_mOmV OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUUogmR>r gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr hmoVr. AZoH$
Jmdm_Ü`o gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m emIm ñWmnZ Pmë`m. Xmé~§Xr, Aën IMm©V {ddmh, gŠVrMo {ejU, Añn¥í`Vm
{Z_y©bZ BË`mXr {df`mda MMm© hmoV Ago. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo H$m_ Iyn Mm§Jë`m arVrZo Mmby hmoVo. gË`emoYH$
g_mOmMo gwadmVrMo g^mgX Ago hmoVo 1) am. H¥$îUamd nm§Sy>a§J ^mboH$a
2) am. am_æ`m ì`§H$æ`m Aæ`mdmé
3) am. YmoS>ram_ Zm_Xod Hw§$^ma
4) S>m°. am. ~. {dlm_ am_Or Kmobo
5) am. amOmam_ \w$bo
6) am. ~mimOr amUyOr \w$bo
7) am. JUnV amOmam_ \w$bo
8) am. ZaqgJamd gm`~y dS>Zmbm
9) am. Om`m `„mßnm qbJy
10) am. ì`§Hy$ ~mimoOr H$miodma
11) am. JmoqdXamd ~mnyOr {^„ma
12) am. ½`mZmo~m H¥$îUmOr ggmUo
13) am. Zmam`U {dR>mo~m qeXo nd©Vr
14) am. ½`mZ~m _ëhmaOr PJS>o {_ór
15) am. amOÞm qbJy
16) am. gXm{edamd Jmod§S>o
17) am. gImam_ `ed§V nam§Ono
18) am. {^H$mo~m ~mimOr gmir
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
64
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
19) am. JUnV VwH$mam_ AëhmQ>
20) am. Zmam`Uamd H$S>H$b (go)
21) am. Zmam`U VwH$mam_ ZJaH$a (g_mOmMo goH«o$Q>ar)
22) am. ~mnyOr har qeXo (hoS> AH$m¡ÝQ>ÝQ>, ~wbT>mUm)
gË`emoYH$ g_mOm_Ü`o Z§Va AZoH$ bmoH$ gh^mJr Pmbo hmoV.o gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m g^mgXm§À`m ZmdmdéZ
ZOa Q>mH$br AgVm, _moR>_moR>o hþÔoXma, dH$sb, ì`mnmar, eoVH$ar, _Oya Aem dJm©Vrb bmoH$ gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo.
VgoM _amR>m, _mir, aOnyV, ~«m÷U, gmoZma, H$mgma, Jmogmdr, OVr, _madmS>r, Añn¥í`, _wgb_mZ dJ¡ao Aem
AZoH$ {d{dY OmVrMo bmoH$ Omo{V~m§À`m gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo g^mgX Pmbo hmoVo. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZo
bmoH$OmJ¥Vrg àmYmÝ` {Xbo. g_mOCn`moJr H$m_o H$aÊ`mda Ë`m§Mm ^a hmoVm. Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©bZ, ór {ejUmMm
nwañH$ma, ~hþOZm§Mo {ejUmbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo. A§YlÕm§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m g_mOmZo Ho$bo. gË`emoYH$
nÕVrZo Aën IMm©V {ddmhmMr nÕV gwê$ Ho$br. Ym{_©H$ {dYrdoir _Ü`ñWm§Zm ñWmZ ZìhVo. B©œa Am{U _mUyg
`m§À`m_Yrb Xbmbm§Zm {damoY Ho$bm. {dYdm nwZ{d©dmhmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. gVr Mmbrg {damoY Ho$bm. gVràWo{déÕ
g_mOmV OmJ¥Vr Ho$br. Ho$ednZ {damoYr Midi C^mê$Z `m A{Zð> éT>rbm {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`mgmR>r Zm{^H$
g_mOmV à~moYZ H$éZ Ho$ednZ H$aÊ`mnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm namd¥Îm Ho$bo. Zm{^H$m§Mm g§n KS>dyZ AmUbm. Z¡g{J©H$
AmnÎmrÀ`m doiog gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo H$m`©H$V} Am{W©H$ _XV Jmoim H$arV d Vr g§~§{YVmn`ªV nmohM H$arV.
1876 _Ü`o Ah_Xm~mX `oWo Obàb` Ambm. Ë`mdoir {nS>rVm§Zm _XV H$aÊ`mH$m_r g_mOmZo nwT>mH$ma KoVbm
hmoVm. H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`m©gmR>r \§$S> C^maUo AJa XoUJr XoÊ`mMr doi Ambr H$s Ë`m§Mm hmV Zoh_r gT>i
Ago. Omo{V~m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Zoh_r _XV H$arV AgV. 1875 gmbÀ`m gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m [anmoQ>©_Ü`o 3486
é. O_m Pmë`mMr Zm|X Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s 222 é. BVH$s XoUJr ñdV: Omo{V~m§Zr {Xbr hmoVr Va gm{dÌr~mBªZr 15
é. {Xbo hmoVo. Aer Zm|X gmnS>Vo. `m{edm` gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZo {Z~§Y ñnYm©, dŠV¥Îd ñnYm© B. gwê$ H$éZ
{dÚmÏ`mªZm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo hmoVo. Aer AZoH$ bmoH$mon`moJr H$m_o gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZo Ho$br.
_hmË_m Omo{V~m§Mo amOH$s` {dMma :
Omo{V~m§À`mda {_eZè`m§Mm à^md hmoVm. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` amÁ`nÕV A_o[aH$Z nÕVrMr Agmdr, Vr {~«{Q>e
nÕVrMr Zgmdr Ago R>m_nUo gm§{JVbo. Ë`m§Zm bmoH$emhr amOnÕV Ano{jV hmoVr. ^maVr` bmoH$m§V Omon`ªV
EoŠ`mMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV ^maVmbm amï´> åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. {~«{Q>e bmoH$m§Zr ^maVr`m§Zm Jwbm_{JarV
R>odë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr B§J«Om§À`m YmoaUmMm {VañH$ma Ho$bm. ñdmV§Í`m~amo~aM `m XoemV g_Vm àñWm{nV ìhmdr Ago
Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.
àma§^r {~«{Q>e gÎmm CbWyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm Omo{V~m§Mm {dMma hmoVm. nU Aëngm_Ï`m©{Zer bT>m XoD$Z B§J«OmMr
gVm Zmhrer hmoUma Zmhr ho g_Oë`mda Ë`§mZr hm _mJ© gmoSy>Z {Xbm. Ë`m_wio Omo{V~m§Zr `m XoemVrb Ym{_©H$gm_m{OH$ emofU Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m`© H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. bmoH${ejUmÀ`m _mJm©Zo g_mOmbm g§K{Q>V H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`mV OmJ¥Vr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ Jwbm_{Jar Zï> H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© Adb§{~bm. {~«{Q>e amÁ`H$Ë`mªH$Sy>Z
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
65
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Amnë`m bmoH$m§Zm gwYmaUm {_iVrb. Ë`m_wio ^maVr`m§Mo H$ë`mU hmoB©b Aer Omo{V~m§Mr YmaUm hmoVr. åhUyZ Vo
{~«{Q>e YmOuUo ZìhVo. qhXr àOoÀ`m {hVmgmR>r qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrÀ`mdoir \w$ë`m§Zr {~«{Q>e gaH$mada àIa
{Q>H$m Ho$br.
AIrb ^maVr` H$m±J«ogMo A{YdoeZ gZ 1889 _Ü`o _w§~B© `oWo ^abo AgVm OmoVr~m \w$bo ñnï>nUo åhUmbo
H$s, Omon`ªV `m g^oV eoVH$è`m§Zm g_mdyZ KoVbo OmV Zmhr Vmon`ªV {Vbm amï´>r` åhUdyZ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr.
Wm°_g goZ `m§À`m "H$m°_Z goÝg' `m nwñVH$mMm à^md OmoVr~m§À`mda _moR>m hmoVm. Ë`m_wioM OmoVr~m§Zr XoemVrb
Ñï>àd¥Îmrda H$S>mSy>Z h„m MT>{dbm.
OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Mo Y_©{df`H$ {dMma :
_hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Mo Ym_uH$ {dMma H«$m§VrH$maH$ AgoM hmoVo. qhXyY_m©Vrb éT>r, àWm, na§nam,
MmbrarVrda, nmn-nwÊ`mÀ`m H$ënZmda Ë`m§Zr àIa {Q>H$m Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr B©œamMm C„oI "{Z_uH$' Agm Ho$bm
Amho. OJ^amV B©œambm doJdoJù`m eãXm§Zr g§~moYbo OmVo. B©œambm A„m, Jm°S> Aem eãXm§V g§~moYbo OmVo.
na§Vw B©œa ^ŠVrgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m nyOm-AMm©, {dYr, H$_©H$m§S>o Ho$ë`m_wio _mUgm-_mUgmV \y$Q> nS>Vo.
_mUgmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo, {hVmMo ajU H$aUo åhUOoM B©œamMr ^ŠVr hmo`. {h§Xy Y_m©Vrb _yVunyOm OmoVr~m§Zr _mÝ`
Ho$br Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr EHo$œadmXmMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. {ZJw©U, {ZamH$ma Aem B©œambm eaU OmÊ`mMm _mJ© OmoVr~m§Zr
XmI{dbm. ~«m÷Um§Zr ñdV:À`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r, H$ï> Z H$aVm nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm Y§Xm åhUyZ Y_m©Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm.
_hmË_m \w$bo åhUVmV H$s, {Z{_©H$mMm Y_© EH$M Amho. gË`mgmaIm OJmV Xwgam Y_© Zmhr. gdm©V loð> d
n{dÌ _Zwî` VmoM H$s, Á`mMo _Z gË`mZo n{dÌ Pmbo Amho. Omo gË`mMo AmMaU gX¡d H$aVmo. OmoVr~m§Zr nwT>o Ago
åhQ>bo Amho, _mZdmZo XodmMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnbo Am`wî` dm`m Kmbdy Z`o. AmnU gd©OU EH$mM B©œamMr
boH$ao AmhmoV. Aem B©œambm Z¡doÚ An©U H$aUo MwH$sMo Amho. {Z{_©H$mZo OJmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm àË`oH$ _mUyg
ñdV§Ì {Z_m©U Ho$bm. Aem àË`oH$ _mUgmbm ñdmV§Í` {Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`mZo gË`mMo gX¡d AmMaU H$amdo.
~«m÷Um§Zr Amnë`m ñdmWm©gmR>r Y_©J«§W V`ma Ho$bo. Y_m©À`m ZmdmImbr g_mOmbm emofbo OmV Amho.
Aem emofUmnmgyZ g_mOmbm _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr gË`emoYH$ g_mO ñWmnZ Ho$bm. gd© OmVrY_m©Vrb
bmoH$m§Zr AmnAmngmV g§Kf© Z H$aVm ào_mZo dmJmdo. OmoVr~m§À`m Y_©{dMmam§Mo gma åhUOo B©œamdarb {dœmg,
gË`mMm emoY, ZrVr_yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm hmo`.
OmoVr~m åhUV,
"Y_© amÁ` ^oX _mZdm ZgmdoŸ& gË`mZo dmJmdoŸ& B©emgmR>rŸ&
{¼ñV _h_§X _m§J ~«m÷Um§erŸ& Yamdo nmoQ>merŸ& ~§YynarŸ&
{Z{_©H$mMm Y_© gË` AmhoŸ& ^m§S>Uo AZ¡H$Ÿ& H$emgmR>rŸ&'
WmoS>Š`mV, OmoVr~m§Zm OmVr^oX, dU©^oX Zmhrgm H$ê$Z _mUwgH$s, Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§Yw^md, ào_mÀ`m
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
66
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
AmYmamda g_mO{Z{_©Vr H$amd`mMr hmoVr Am{U åhUyZM `m Wmoa _hmËå`mZo OJmbm OUyH$mhr {dídY_m©Mm
g§XoeM {Xbm Amho.
OmoVr~m \w$b|À`m BVa gwYmaUm :
OmoVr~m \w$bo ZJanm{bHo$Mo Xhm df} g^mgX hmoVo. `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm gmoB©-gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mgmR>r OmVrZo à`ËZ Ho$bo. Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ~m§YH$m_o ¿`mdr bmJbr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm _Oyam§er
g§~§Y Ambm. Ë`m_wio R>oHo$Xma _Owam§Mo emofU H$aVmV ho bjmV `oVmM Ë`m§Zr _Owam§À`m Ý`m`mgmR>r AmdmO
CR>{dbm.
OmoVr~m \w$bo `m§Mo \w$b_mir OmVrVrb _w§~B©Vrb EH$ ghH$mar Zmam`U _oKmOr bmoI§S>o `m§Zr _w§~B©_Yë`m
{JaUr H$m_Jmam§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r gZ 1875 _Ü`o {JaUr H$m_Jmam§Mr g§KQ>Zm gwê$ Ho$br. hr ^maVmVrb
n{hbr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm hmo`. Ë`mMà_mUo bmoI§S>o `m§Zr gZ 1893 _Ü`o _w§~B©V qhXy-_wgb_mZ OmVr`
X§JbrÀ`mdoir X§Jb {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr. åhUyZ {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo gZ 1895 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm
"amd~hmÔÿa' hr nXdr XodyZ Ë`m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm.
am`JS>mdarb {edN>ÌnVtÀ`m g_mYrMm OrUm}Õma H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmoVr~m§Zr Iyn à`ËZ Ho$bo. OmoVr~m Am{U
Zmam`Uamd bmoI§S>o `m§Zr g_mYrÀ`m OrUm}ÕmamgmR>r {ZYr O_{dÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B© Am{U nwUo `oWo g^m KoVë`m.
Ý`m. amZS>o `m§Zr 1875 _Ü`o ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr `m§Mr hÎmrdéZ {_adUyH$ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r OmoVr~m \w$bo
`m§Mo ghH$m`© KoVbo.
`mo½`Vm :
Wmoa g_mOgwYmaH$, eyÐm{VeyÐ ór`m, ~hþOZ g_mOmMo CÕmaH$, H¡$dmar Aem CnmÜ`m§Zr Omo{V~m \w$bo
`m§Mr AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmbm Am{U _hmamï´>mbm AmoiI Amho. g_mOmVrb dU©ì`dñWm, OmVrì`dñWobm Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m {dMma d H¥$VrZo AmìhmZ {Xbo. Añn¥í`Voda H$S>mSy>Z {Q>H$m Ho$br. ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m _wŠVrMm, eŠVrMm
_mJ© åhUyZ {ejUmÀ`m àgmambm àmYmÝ` {Xbo. {ejUmMr _whÿV©_oT> _hmamï´>mV amodbr. Añn¥í`m§À`mdarb AÝ`m`,
AË`mMmambm dmMm \$moS>br. gd© àH$maÀ`m Jwbm_{Jar {déÕ AmdmO CR>dbm. gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Jwbm_{Jar{déÕ
~§S> C^mabo. emo{fV {nS>rVm§À`m Ý`m` h¸$mgmR>r EdT>çm I§~ranUo C^m ahmUmam Xþgam H$moUr gwYmaH$ Ë`mH$mir
ZìhVm. Vo H$V} gwYmaH$ hmoVo. eoVH$è`m§Mr Xþ:Io Ë`m§Zr nm{hbr hmoVr. Amnë`m J«§WmVyZ {dMma d H¥$VrVyZ Vr
doerda Q>m§Jbr. gaH$ma, gmdH$ma, ^Q>Or `m§À`mH$Sy>Z eoVH$ar dJm©Mo hmoUmao emofU Ë`m§Zr _m§S>bo. {ejU joÌmV
Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobo H$m`© \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho. qMVZerb {dMmad§V åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AmoiIVmV. _hmamï´>mMm _mQ>uZ ë`yWa
åhUyZhr Ë`m§Zm AmoiIVmV. àñWm{nV g_mO ì`dñWo{déÕ, Y_©ì`dñWo{déÕ ~§S>Imoar H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm AmìhmZ
XoUo hr gmYr ~m~ ZìhVr. _. \w$b§Zr _Vb~r Y_©ì`dñWoMo Am°S>rQ H$éZ ~«m÷Ur Y_©ì`dñWm, Ë`m§Mm Y_©, Ë`m§Mo
J«§W, nmoÏ`m, nwamUo ZmH$mabr. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m énmZo Ë`m§Zr _hmamï´>mV à~i g§KQ>Z C^m Ho$br. g_mOmÀ`m,
Y_m©À`m Xm§{^H$Voda H$R>moa àhma Ho$bo. eoVH$ar, ~hþOZ g_mOmbm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r J«§WboIZ Ho$bo. "Jwbm_{Jar'
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
67
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
gma»`m J«§WmVyZ ~hþOZ g_mO H$go Jwbm_{JarMo OrdZ OJVmo `mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. "eoVH$è`mMm AmgyS>' `m
J«§WmV eoVH$ar dJm©Mr H$er bw~mS>UyH$ Ho$br OmVo, `mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©' `m J«§WmVyZ
"gË`emoYH$ g_mOm'Mo {dMma, VÎdkmZ _m§S>bo AmhoV. "~«m÷Um§Mo H$g~' `m J«§WmV _Vb~r Y_m©Mm AmYma
KoD$Z ~«m÷U H$go ~hþOZm§Mo emofU H$aVmV Vo gm§{JVbo Amho.
ór {ejU, gVr àWog {damoY, Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU, {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh, ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J¥h, gË`emoYH$
{ddmh nÕVr (H$_r IMm©Mr {ddmh nÕV) Aem Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©_wio g_mOmVrb \$ma _moR>m dJ© Mm§Jë`m nÕVrMo
OrdZ OJy bmJbm. _mZdVmdmX, ~wÕràm_mÊ`dmX, ~§Yw^md `m VÎdm§Zm Ë`m§Zr _hÎd {Xbo. à{V g§ñH¥${VMo {Z_m©Vo
åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. VH©$VrW© bú_Uemór Omoer åhUVmV, ""qhXÿ g_mOmVrb ~hþOZ g_mOmV
AmË_àË`` d AmË_mdbmoH$Z CËnÞ H$aUmam n{hbm _mUyg åhUOo _. \w$bo hmo`. ~hþOZm§Mm CÕmaH$, gwYmaH$mg
OZVoZo "_hmË_m' hr nXdr ~hmb H$éZ Ë`m§Mm Jm¡ad Ho$bm. 28 Zmoìh|~a, 1890 amoOr Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y Pmbm.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ - 3 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$moUr Ho$br?
2. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo ~«rX dmŠ` H$m` hmoVo?
3. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo H$moUVohr EH$ VÎd gm§Jm.
4. H$moUË`m J«§Wm_Ü`o gË`emoYH$ g_mOm~ÔbMo {dMma Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§Zr _m§S>bo AmhoV?
5. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m XmoZ g§ñWmnH$ gXñ`m§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm.
(~) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV. Ë`mVrb AMyH$ n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ`
nwÝhm {bhm.
1. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Ho$ìhm Pmbr?
(A) 24 gßQ>|~a, 1873
(~) 24 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1873
(H$) 24 OyZ, 1873
(S>) 24 OmZodmar, 1873
2. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZo B©œamÀ`m AmamYZogmR>r H$moUmMr _Ü`ñWr ZmH$mabr?
(A) ~«m÷Um§Mr
(~) nwamo{hVm§Mr
(H$) J«§Wm§Mr
(S>) ^Q>m§Mr
3. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$moR>o Pmbr?
(A) _w§~B© (~) R>mUo (H$) nwUo (S>) ZmJnya
4. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZo H$moUË`m nwZ:{ddmhmMm AmJ«h Yabm?
(A) ~mb (~) àm¡T> (H$) Zm|XUr (S>) {dYdm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
68
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
5. "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©' `m J«§WmMo boIH$ H$moU hmoVo?
(A) _. Omo{V~m \w$bo.
(~) _hfu {dÇ>b am_Or qeXo
(H$) am_ _mohZ am°`
(S>) amOfu emhÿ _hmamO
3.3 gmam§e :
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü`o 19 do eVH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$ R>abo. ZdrZ AmMma-{dMmam§Mr gwadmV `m
eVH$mV Pmbr. AmYw{ZH$ {ejUàUmbrg `mM H$mimV gwadmV Pmbr. _. Omo{V~m \w$bo `m H$mimVrb
g_mOH«$m§{VH$maH$, H$V} gwYmaH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Ë`m§Zr eyÐm{VeyÐm§À`m {ejUmgmR>r g§nyU© Am`wî`
IM© Ho$bo. {ejUm_wio _mUgmMo neyËd hQ>Vo. Mm§Jbo dmB©Q> {dMma {ejUm_wioM _mZdmbm g_OVmV. AkmZ,
Xm[aÐç, Jwbm_{Jar Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU hmM EH$_od _mJ© Agë`mMo Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. àmW{_H$ {ejU
gŠVrMo d _mo\$V Agmdo Agm Ë`m§Zr AmJ«h Yabm hmoVm. ór`m§À`m {ejUmMm AmJ«h Ë`m§Zr Yabm d AZoH$
emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. ñdV:À` nËZrbm {eH$dyZ {e{jH$m ~Z{dbo. Vr XoemVrb n{hbr {e{jH$m d _w»`mÜ`m{nH$m
R>abr. {dYdm ór`m§Zm Mm§Jbo OrdZ OJVm `mdo åhUyZ à`ËZ Ho$bo. g_mOmVrb YyV© _mUgmH$Sy>Z \$gboë`m
{ó`m§Zm _XVrMm AmYma {Xbm. ~mbhË`m à{V~§YH$ J¥h gwê$ Ho$ë`mZo AZoH$ ór`m§Mo àmU dmM{dbo. {dYdm
nwZ{d©dmhmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm d {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh KS>dyZhr AmUbm. Añn¥í`m§Zm neynojmhr hrZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr
OmV hmoVr. Añn¥í`m§Zm gmYo _mUygH$sMo H$moUVohr A{YH$ma {Xbo OmV ZìhVo. Voìhm Omo{V~m§Zr {ejUmMm,
kmZmMm _mJ© Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Iwbm Ho$bm. {ejUm_wio Ë`m§À`mV AmË_^mZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. eoVH$è`m§Zm
"Jwbm_{Jar', "eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>' B. J«§WmVyZ CnXoe H$éZ OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~hþOZ g_mOmbm
Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$ Jwbm_{JarMr OmUrd H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>r gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm
H$éZ Ë`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`© Ho$bo. gË`mMm AmJ«h YéZ ZrVr_mZ g_mO {Z{_©VrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. eyÐmVreyÐm§Mo,
{ó`m§Mo H¡$dmar, CÕmaH$ åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm AmoiIVmV.
3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
à~moYZ : Zd{dMmam§Mr gwadmV OmJ¥V H$aUo, {eH$dU XoUo, CnXoe H$aUo
EH${OZgrnUm : EoŠ`, EH$monm
eãXàm_mÊ` : Amåhr åhUVmo Vo qH$dm EImÚm {d{eï> ì`ŠVrZo gm§{JVbo åhUyZ Iao _mZZoMm AmJ«h
J«§Wàm_mÊ` : EImÚm {d{eï> J«§Wm_Ü`o {deofV: Ym{_©H$ J«§Wm_Ü`o gm§JÊ`mV Ambo åhUyZ Iao _mZUo
qH$dm à_mU _mZUo.
AÜ``Z : {eH$Uo
AÜ`mnZ : {eH${dUo
H$_©H$m§S> : Ym_uH$ {dYr, Ym_uH$ {dYr H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
69
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
~wÕràm_mÊ` : gmamgma {dMma
Ho$ednZ : _w§S>U, nVr {ZYZmZ§Va {dYdoMo Ho$ednZ H$aÊ`mMr Mmb
MmVwdU© : Mma dU© - ~«m÷U, jÌr`, d¡í`, eyÐ
_Vr : ~wÕr
JVr : Hw$ebVm
{dÎm : g§nÎmr
{_eZar : Y_©àgmaH$ qH$dm àgmaH$
Bbm»`m : àm§V, naJZm
Xmñ` : Jwbm_{Jar
{d_moMZ : gwQ>H$m H$aUo, _wŠVr H$aUo
~hþOZ : ~«m÷U gmoSy>Z BVa gd©OU
~iramOm : eoVH$ar
nwamo{hV : Ym_uH$ {dYr H$aUmam, nyOm-AMm© H$aUmam
AmgyS> : Mm~yH$
H$g~ : H$m_mVrb H$m¡eë`, H$mam{Jar
{ZJyU© : H$moUË`mhr JwUY_m©{edm`
{ZamH$ma : AJUrV, _moOVm Z `oUmam
Zm^rH$ : Ýhmdr
3.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao - 1 :
(A) 1) B. g. 1818 2) gm_m{OH$, Ym_uH$ gwYmaUm MidirMm CX`
3) 11 E{àb, 1827 amoOr nwUo 4) 1848 5) bm°S>© _oH$m°bo
(~) 1) "_hma, _m§J BË`mXr bmoH$m§g {dÚm {eH$dÊ`mH$[aVm _§S>ir'
2) Zo{Q>ìh {\$_ob g§ñWm 3) nmümË` 4) eoVH$ar dJm©Vrb à{e{jV Agmdm.
5) àW_ Cƒ dJm©bm {ejU {Xë`mg Vo {PanV H${Zð>dJm©n`ªV OmUmao.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao - 2 :
(A) 1) nwUo
2) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
70
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
3) dmH$S>o nmD$b nS>boë`m {ó`m§Zm àgyV hmoD$Z Pmboë`m g§VVrMo nmbZnmofU
H$aÊ`mgmR>rMo J¥h hmo`.
4) `m XoemVrb eoVH$ar H$Om©V OÝ_Vmo, H$Om©V dmT>Vmo Am{U H$Om©V _aVmo.
5) B§½b§S>À`m pìhŠQ>mo[a`m amUrMm nwÌ.
(~) 1) "eoVH$è`mMm AmgyS>' 2) ^Q>-~«m÷U Xodm-Y_m©À`m Zmdm§da H$go bw~mS>VmV.
3) àM{bV g_mOì`dñWm, AdVma d OwZr _yë`o 4) àmW{_H$ {ejUmMm
5) {ejUm{edm` g_mOn[adV©Z hmoUma Zmhr.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao - 3 :
(A) 1) _. OmoVr~m \w$bo 2) "gË`mnaVm Zmhr Y_©, gË` h|{M na~«÷Ÿ&'
3) B©œa ^ŠVrgmR>r _Ü`ñWmMr JaO Zmhr 4) "gmd©O{ZH$ gË`Y_©' Am{U "Jwbm_{Jar'
5) H¥$îUamd nm§Sy>a§J ^mboH$a d am_æ`m ì`§H$`m Aæ`mdmê$.
(~) 1) 24 gßQ>|~a, 1873
2) nwamo{hVm§Mr
3) nwUo
4) {dYdm
5) _. OmoVr~m \w$bo
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1. _. Omo{V~m \w$bo `m§À`m e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
2. _hmamï´>mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm MidirVrb _. \w$bo `m§Mo H$m`© {deX H$am.
3. "gË`emoYH$ g_mOm'Mo H$m`© ñnï> H$am.
(~) {Q>nm {bhm.
1. _. \w$bo `m§Mo {ó-CÕmaH$ H$m`©
2. _. \w$bo `m§§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m gwYmaUm
3. gË`emoYH$ g_mO
4. _. \w$bo `m§Mo eoVH$è`m§gmR>rMo H$m`©
5. \w$ë`m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ H$m`©
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$/J«§W :
1. Am°_doQ> Job
:
2. H$sa YZ§O`
:
"dmgmh{VH$ g_mOmVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~§S>' gwJmdm àH$meZ,
nwwUo (1995)
_hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$bo : Am_À`m g_mOH«$m§VrMo OZH$ (Mm¡Wo
nwZ_w©ÐU), nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B© (2011)
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
71
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
3. \$S>Ho$ `. {X.
:
_hmË_m \w$bo g_J« dmL²>_`, _hmamï´> amÁ` gm{hË` Am{U
g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B© (1991)
4. gw_§V `ed§V
:
~hþOZdmX d g_mOdmX, nwUo (1995).
5. ZaHo$ h[a (g§nm.)
:
_hmË_m \w$bo : emoYmÀ`m Zì`m dmQ>m, _hmË_m OmoVramd \w$bo,
M[aÌ gmYZo g{_Vr, _w§~B©. (1998)
6. gmi§wIo nr. ~r. (g§nm.) :
_hmË_m \w$bo Jm¡ad J«§W, _hmamï´> amÁ` {ejU {d^mJ,
_§Ìmb`, _w§~B© (1982).
mmm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
72
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
gÌ 3 : KQ>H$ 4
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : OrdZ d H$m`©
AZwH«$_{UH$m
4.0
C{Ôï>ço
4.1
àmñVm{dH$
4.2
{df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ~mbnU d {ejU
4.2.2
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`©
(A) {ejU{df`H$ {dMma
(~) e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm
4.2.3
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m`©
(A) Añn¥í` CÕmamMo H$m`©
(~) _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mdarb gË`mJ«h
(H$) _Zwñ_¥VrMo XhZ
(S>) _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi
4.2.4
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo amOH$s` H$m`©
(A) Jmob_oO n[afXm
(~) nwUo H$ama
(H$) amï´>dmXmg§~§Yr {dMma
(S>) amOH$s` nj g§KQ>Zm
4.2.5
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
73
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4.2.6
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ór{df`H$ {dMma
4.2.7
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Y_©{df`H$ {dMma
4.2.8
Y_mªVa
4.2.9
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr J«§Wg§nXm d d¥ÎmnÌo
4.2.10 `mo½`Vm
4.3
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.4
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.5
gmam§e
4.6
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
4.7
g§X^© J«§W
4.0
C{Ôï>ço :
ð _mZdr ñdmV§Í`mMo {eënH$ma, Wmoa {ejUVk, g_mOgwYmaH$, AW©Vk, ^maVmÀ`m KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo OrdZ d H$m`© g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
ð Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©déZ Ë`m§Mr {ejUm{df`rMr _hVr bjmV `oB©b.
ð g_mOmÀ`m e¡j{UH$ àJVrgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
ð S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m`© g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
ð Añn¥í`m§À`m CÞVrgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr g_Oob.
ð S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr amOH$s` ^y{_H$m g_Oob.
ð S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm ór {df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU g_Oob.
ð S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm Y_©{df`H$ {dMma g_Oob.
ð S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m J«§Wm{df`r _m{hVr g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.
4.1
àmñVm{dH$ :
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMr OS>UKS>U Á`m AZoH$ loð> g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m à`ËZm_wio Pmbr Ë`m_Ü`o S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~So >H$am§Mo Zm§d daÀ`m H«$_m§H$mda KoVbo OmVo. EH$ Wmoa {ejUVk, nXX{bVm§Mo H¡$dmar, AW©VÁk, g_mOgwYmaH$,
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
74
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
X{bV MidirMo gd©loð> ZoV¥Îd, J«§WH$ma, à{gÕ H$m`Xon§{S>V, Xoe^ŠV, CËH¥$ï>ZoVm, X{bVm§Mm CÕmaH$Vm©,
gm_mÝ` OZVoMm H¡$dmar Am{U ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma åhUyZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo OrdZ d H$m`©
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a X{bV MidirMo Am{U X{bVm§À`m _wŠVrbT>çmMo ZoVo hmoVo. emofUm{déÕ
C^maboë`m H«$m§{VH$mar bT>çmMo bT>dæ`o hmoVo. Vo \$ŠV H«$m§{VH$mar, amOH$maUr ZìhVo Va Vo {dMmad§V, Aä`mgy d
g_mOemók hmoVo. Añn¥í`m§Mo CÕmaH$V} åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm Zmdbm¡{H$H$ Amho. H$maU Añn¥í`m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mMo,
Ë`m§Zm Jwbm_{JarÀ`m OmoIS>mVyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Zm OmJ¥V d g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Zm {ejUmMr g§Yr
CnbãY H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m h¸$mgmR>r _ZmoY¡`© XmI{dÊ`mMo H$m_ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñdV:À`m
AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmamda A{Ve` {Zð>oZo Ho$bo. Añn¥í`m§Zm AmË_gÝ_mZmMm Z{dZ _mJ© XmI{dbm. Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§Mm
CÕma hoM Amnbo OrdrV H$m`© _mZbo. X{bV g_mO hm _mJmgbobm g_mOg_yh Amho. hOmamo dfmªnmgyZ `m
g_yhmda AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, d[að> dJm©Mo dM©ñd ahmV Ambobo Amho. hOmamo df} AÝ`m` ghZ H$aUmè`m `m
~m§Ydm§À`m _ZmV AmË_{dídmg, AmË_gÝ_mZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$bo. Amnë`m
EHy$UM OrdrV H$m`m©V Añn¥í` g_mOmMm ñdm{^_mZ OmJ¥V Ho$bm.
Añn¥í`m§Zm _mUyg åhUyZ AgUmao A{YH$ma Om{Vg§ñWoZo Zï> Ho$bo hmoVo. Om{Vg§ñWo_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm
Xm[aÐç Ambo hmoVo. Cƒ{dÚm{d^y{fV Pmë`mZ§Vahr d¡`{ŠVH$ ñdmWm©gmR>r Am{W©H$ àbmo^ZmMm {dMma Z H$aVm
g§nyU© Am`wî`^a Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§À`m CÞVrgmR>r d AÝ`m`m{déÕ PJS>V am{hbo. Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§Zm ñdËdmMr
OmUrd H$éZ {Xbr. Ë`m§Zm AÝ`m`m{déÕ bT>Ê`mMr àoaUm {Xbr. Abm¡{H$H$ ~w{Õ_Îmm Agbobo, bmoH$emhrMo
nwañH$V}, _mZdr ñdmV§Í`mMo H¡$dmar, {dÚmì`mg§Jr, qhXyH$moS> {~bmMo H$V}, àJmT> {dÛmZ d ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo
{eënH$ma åhUyZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ^maVr` g_mOmbm kmV AmhoV. AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Mo H$m`© H$V¥©Ëd Abm¡{H$H$ d AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
4.2.1 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ~mbnU d {ejU :
(A) ~mbnU : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m _hmZ g_mOgwYmaH$mMm OÝ_ 14 E{àb, 1891 amoOr
_Ü`àXoemVrb "_hÿ' `m Jmdr Pmbm. Ë`m§Mo nmiÊ`mVrb Zm§d ^r_ hmoVo. ^r_amdm§Mo _yi Jm§d aËZm{Jar {OëømVrb
IoS> VmbwŠ`mVrb Am§~mdS>o ho hmo`. Ë`m§Mo dS>rb am_Or _mbmoOr gH$nmi ho g¡Ý`mV gw^oXma hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m
JmdmÀ`m AmS>ZmdmdéZ Ë`m§Mo AmS>Zm§d Am§~mdS>oH$a hmoVo. gmVmam `oWo {ejU KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm Am§~oS>H$a
ZmdmMo ào_i {ejH$ ^oQ>bo. Ë`m§Mo Am§~oS>H$am§da Iyn ào_ hmoVo. Amnë`m ào_i Jwé~Ôb AmXa ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr Am§~oS>H$a ho AmS>Zm§d pñdH$mabo.
^r_amd ho {nVm am_Or d _mVm ^r_m~mB© `m§Mo Mm¡Xmdo AnË`. AmB© bhmZnUrM dmabr. dS>rb am_Or d
AmË`m _ram~mB© `m§Zr ^r_amdm§Mo nmbZnmofU Ho$bo. am_Or ho bîH$amV ZmoH$arbm hmoVo. nwT>o Vo ñdV:À`m H$V©~Jmarda
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
75
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
bîH$amV gw^oXma, _oOa nXmn`ªV nmohmoMbo. _wbm§_Ü`o {dÚoMr AmdS> {Z_m©U ìhmdr, _wbm§Mo Mm[aÍ` gmoÁdi ahmdo
`m{df`r am_Or Zoh_r Xj AgV. Amnë`m _wbm§da Ë`m§Zr Mm§Jë`m g§ñH$mamMo ~rO bmdbo. am_Or ì`mg§Jr,
gwerb, Y_©erb hmoVo. KaMr J[a~r AgVmZmhr Ë`m§Zr _wbm§À`mV {ejUmMr AmdS> {Z_m©U Ho$br. Aä`mg
H$amdm, _wb§ kmZr ìhmdrV `mgmR>r Vo AZ§V AS>MUr ghZ H$aV nU _wbm§Zm nwñVHo$ AmUyZ XoV. "_mÂ`m B§J«OrVë`m
dŠV¥©ËdmMo d J«§W H$V¥©ËdmMo lo` _mÂ`m dS>rbm§H$S>o OmVo' Ago H¥$VkVoZo ~m~mgmho~ CX²Jma H$mT>rV.
(~) {ejU : ^r_amd Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo àmW{_H$ {ejU Xmnmobr `oWo Pmbo. B. g. 1896 gmbr gmVmam
`oWrb "A°J«rH$ëMab ñHy$b gmVmam' `oWo Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUmMr gwadmV Pmbr. `mM Xaå`mZ dS>rb
am_OtMr ZmoH$ar gwQ>br Voìhm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m _wbm§À`m {ejUmgmR>r Amnbo {~èhmS> _w§~B©bm nai `oWo hmb{dbo.
1904 bm ^r_amd Mm¡Wr nmg Pmbo. 1907 bm Vo _°Q´>rH$ narjm CÎmrU© Pmbo. ho nmhÿZ am_OtZm Iyn AmZ§X
Pmbm. OwÝ`m àWm Am{U na§naoà_mUo Ë`m§Mm {ddmh 9 dfmªÀ`m a_m~mBªer Pmbm.
_hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejUmgmR>r ~m~mgmho~ _w§~B©bm Ambo d Ë`m§Zr Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z H$m°boO_Ü`o àdoe KoVbm.
gmVmam d _w§~B© `oWo {ejU KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` åhUyZ {hUdV AgV d An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {_iV
Ago. dS>rb am_OtZm dmQ>V hmoVo. Amnë`m _wbm§Zr g§ñH¥$V {eH$mdo, ~wÕr_mZ ìhmdo, n§{S>V åhUyZ Zmd {_idmdo
nU {ejH$m§Zr Ë`m§Zm g§ñH¥$V {df` KoÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. {Za{Zamù`m àg§Jr Añn¥í`VoMo MQ>Ho$ Ë`m§Zm ~gV.
bhmZnUrM Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ H$Qy> àg§Jmbm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJo. emioV BVa {dÚmWu Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mOdi ~gy XoV ZgV.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm eodQ>À`m ~mH$mda doJio ~gmdo bmJo. Añn¥í` Agë`mZo BVa _wbo Ioimd`mg KoV ZgV. Ë`m§Zm qhXy
nmUdR>çmda nmUr {nVm `oV Zgo. BVa _wbo Ë`m§Zm {edyZ KoV ZgV. H$maU Vmo {dQ>mi _mZbm OmV hmoVm. Añn¥í`
AgUmè`m `m An_mZmñnX dmJUwH$s_wio ^r_amdm§Zm bhmZd`mVM Añn¥í`VoÀ`m AdohbZoMo d {dQ>§~ZoMo MQ>Ho$
~gy bmJbo d Añn¥í`VoÀ`m H$b§H$mMr OmUrd àH$fm©Zo Pmbr. dS>rb am_OtZm {_iUmè`m Aën noÝeZ_Ü`o
^r_amdm§Mo {ejU d Hw$Qw>§~mMm M[aVmW© Mmb{dUo AdKS> Pmbo. Ë`mMdoir ^r_amdm§Mo {ejH$ Jwéd`© Ho$iwñH$a
`m§Zr ga Zmam`U M§XmdH$a `m§À`m _Ü`ñWrZo ~S>mÚ
o mMo _hmamO lr_§V g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ^r_amdmbm
Xa_hm 25 é. Mr {eî`d¥Îmr {_idyZ {Xbr. `m {eî`d¥Îmrda Ë`m§Zr Amnbo {ejU nyU© Ho$bo d Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z
_hm{dÚmb`mVyZ ~r. E. Mr narjm CÎmrU Pmbo.
^r_amd ~r. E. Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr ~S>moXo g§ñWmZmV g¡Ý`m_Ü`o boâQ>Z§Q>Mr ZmoH$ar Yabr. nU Ë`mM Xaå`mZ
dS>rb am_OrM§ {ZYZ Pmb§. Z§Va ~S>moÚmV ZmoH$arda éOy hmoÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$ pñWVr ZìhVr. Hw$Qw>§~mM
nmbZnmofU, H$O©, kmZg§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMr _hÎdH$m§jm Aem OrdZH$bhmÀ`m Yw_mirVyZ _mJ© H$gm H$mT>mdm `m
{dd§MZoV AgVmZm Vo ~S>moÚmMo Zaoe g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> `m§Zm _w§~B©V ^oQ>bo. _hmamOm§Zr ^r_amdbm {eî`d¥Îmr
_§Oya Ho$br. ^r_amd ~S>moÚmbm Jobo. VoWo Cn{ejU_§Í`mg_moa H$ama nÌmda ghr Ho$br. Vmo H$ama Agm hmoVm,
"^r_amdm§Zr A_o[aHo$V OmdyZ {ejU ¿`mdo d Z§Va Xhm df} ~S>moÚmV ZmoH$ar H$amdr' 15 OyZ, 1913 Vo 14 OyZ,
1916 `m VrZ dfm©V ^r_amdm§Zr A_o[aHo$Vrb H$mob§{~`m {dÚmnrR>mV àdoe KoVbm. A{Ve` H$mQ>H$ga H$éZ
XaamoO AR>am-AR>am Vmg Aä`mg Ho$bm. 1915 gmbr "n«mMrZ ^maVmVrb ì`mnma' (EÝeÝQ> B§{S>`Z H$m°_g©) `m
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
76
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
{df`mda à~§Y {bhÿZ E_. E. Mr nXdr g§nmXZ Ho$br. 1916 À`m _o _{hÝ`mV S>m°. JmoëS>ZdoPa `m§À`m dmXH$Wm
g_doV "^maVmVrb Om{Vg§ñWm, {VMr `§ÌUm, CËnÎmr Am{U {dH$mg' (H$mñQ²>g BZ B§{S>`m, XoAa _oH°${ZP_,
Oo{Z{gg A°ÝS> S>oìhobn²_|Q>) øm {df`mda Ë`m§Zr {Z~§Y dmMbm. `mM dfu Ë`m§Zr "^maVmÀ`m amï´>r` Zâ`mMm dmQ>m
: EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥W¸$aUmË_H$ n[aerbZ' (Z°eZb {S>ìhrS>ÝS> Am°\$ B§{S>`m- E {hñQ>m°[aH$ A°ÝS> A°Z°{b{Q>H$b
ñQ>S>r) hm à~§Y gmXa H$éZ H$mob§{~`m {díd{dÚmb`mMr nrEM². S>r. nXdr g§nmXZ Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr g`mOramd
Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {eî`d¥ÎmrMr _wXV dmT>dyZ KoVbr.
B. g. 1916 gmbr ^r_amd b§S>Zbm Jobo. b§S>Z_Ü`o AW©emó d H$m`ÚmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r "J«oO
BZ'_Ü`o Am{U "b§S>Z ñHy$b Am°\$ BH$m°Zm°{_Šg A°ÝS> nmo{b{Q>H$b gm`Ýg' `m g§ñWoV àdoe {_i{dbm. S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Mr AW©emómV AmUIr g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMr, b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mMr nXdr {_idÊ`mMr d ~°[añQ>a hmoÊ`mMr
Vrd« BÀN>m hmoVr. b§S>Z_Yrb "nr. Eg². qH$J A°ÊS> gÝg' øm àH$meZ g§ñWoZo Ë`m§Mm à~§Y "{~«{Q>e ^maVmVrb
àm§{VH$, d¡ÎmrH$ CËH«$m§Vr' (Xr BÝh°ë`yeZ Am°\$ àm°pìhÝeb \$m`Z°Ýg BZ {~«Q>re B§{S>`m) `m ZmdmZo n«{gÕ Ho$bm.
b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mZo Ë`m§Zm EH$X_ E_². Eñgr bm ~gÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xbr. {~«Q>re å`w{P`_, b§S>Z ñHy$b d B§{S>`m
Am°\$sg `m J«§Wmb`mV ~gyZ Ë`m§Zr {d{dY {df`m§À`m Aä`mgmbm gwadmV Ho$br. nU Ë`mM Xaå`mZ {eî`d¥ÎmrMr
_wXV g§nbr. nU H$mhrhr Pmbo Var naV b§S>Zbm Aä`mgmgmR>r naV `m`Mo Agm {ZYm©a H$éZ Vo 21 Am°JñQ>,
1917 bm Am§~oS>H$a _§w~B©V Ambo.
~S>moXm gaH$maer Pmboë`m H$amamà_mUo ~S>moÚmbm OmÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. nU ~S>moÚmbm OmÊ`mBVnV Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
n¡go ZìhVo. B§½b§S>hÿZ naV `oV AgVmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr "Wm°_g Hw$H$' `m H§$nZrÀ`m OhmOmVyZ H$mhr nwñVHo$
nmR>{dbr hmoVr. nU Vo OhmO ~wS>mbo. H§$nZrZo Ë`m§Zm ^anmB© åhUyZ H$mhr n¡go {Xbo. Ë`m n¡emVyZ Ë`m§Mr ~S>moÚmbm
OmÊ`mMr gmo` Pmbr. gßQ>|~a, 1917 bm Am§~oS>H$a bîH$ar g{Md åhUyZ ~S>moXm g§ñWmZmV éOy Pmbo. nU
BVam§Zm Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ ghZ hmoB©Zm. {VWo Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` åhUyZ An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {_iy bmJbr. g{Mdmb`mV
A{YH$mar d {enm`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm em§VVoZo H$m_ H$aUo AeŠ` Ho$bo. H$mJX Am{U \$m`br Vo Am§~oS>H$am§À`mH$S>o
XwéZM \o$H$sV AgV. Cƒ{dÚm{d^y{fV AgyZhr, Añn¥í` {H$Vrhr {dÛmZ Pmbm Var Ë`mÀ`mdaMm Añn¥í`VoMm
H$b§H$ Xya hmoV ZìhVm. `mMr Ë`m§Zm I§V hmoVr. _hmamOm§Zm gm§JyZhr Ë`mVyZ _mJ© {ZKoZm. Ë`m§Zr ~S>moÚmMr ZmoH$ar
gmoS>br d Vo _w§~B©bm naV Ambo. ZmoH$argmR>r _w§~B©V emoYmemoY gwê$ Ho$br. nmeu Hw$Qw>§~mV H$mhr {eH$dÊ`m
{_imë`m; nU VoWohr OmV AmS>dr Ambr. ImOJr ì`mnmar {ejU XoUmè`m "dg© H$m°boO' `m {ejUg§ñWoV Ë`m§Zr
AW©emó, ~±qH$J d H$m`Xm ho {df` {eH${dÊ`mgmR>r ZmoH$ar Ë`m§Zm {_imbr. `mM gw_mamg Ë`m§Mo boIZhr Mmby hmoV.o
"^maVmVrb OmVr' hm {Z~§Y Ë`m§Zr nwñVH$ énmZo à{gÕ Ho$bm. B. g. 1918 _Ü`o Ë`m§Zm _§w~B©Mo _mOr
amÁ`nmb bm°S>© {gS>Zh°_ øm§À`m IQ>nQ>rZo _w§~B©À`m {gS>Z²h°_ H$m°boO_Ü`o nm°{b{Q>H$b BH$m°Zm°_r `m {df`mÀ`m
àmÜ`mnH$mÀ`m OmJr {Z`wŠVr Pmbr. 450 _m{gH$ doVZ Ë`m§Zm {_iV Ago. Ho$di XrS> dfmªÀ`m àmÜ`mnH$sMm
H$mbI§S>mZo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _ZmMr nH$S> KoVbr. Ë`m§Mo ì`mg§Jr {dMma, kmZ{Zð>Vm, nm§{S>Ë`, JmT>o Aä`mgH$,
{dMmaàdV©H$ e¡br `m_wio Ë`m§Mo AÜ`mnZmMo H$m`© à^mdr d n[aUm_H$maH$ R>abo. {gS>Zh°_ H$m°boO_Ü`o Ë`m§Mr
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
77
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
EH$ `eñdr d CËH¥$ï> àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ Zm|X Pmbobr Amho. Ë`mM Xaå`mZ H$moëhmnyaÀ`m amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m
Am{W©H$ ghH$m`m©Zo "_yH$Zm`H$' ZmdmMo _m{gH$ gwê$ Ho$bo.
Aä`mgnyVugmR>r b§S>Zbm OmÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m ~gy XoV ZìhVr. Ë`m§Zr _m{gH$ doVZmVyZ ~arM ~MV Ho$br.
Amnbo ñZohr Zdb ^WoZm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z nmM hOma én`o dMZ{MÇ>rda H$O© KoVbo. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$
_XV Ho$br. Aer _XV KoD$Z S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a 5 Owb¡, 1920 amoOr "{gQ>r Am°\$ EpŠgQ>a' `m ~moQ>rZo B§½b§S>bm
admZm Pmbo. b§S>Zbm Ë`m§Zr A{dlm§V l_, AI§S> Vnü`m© H$éZ Aä`mg Ho$bm. B§½b§S>_Ü`o àW_ Ë`m§Zr ~r.
Eñgr. d Z§Va E_². Eñgr. nXdr g§nmXZ Ho$br. E_². Eñgr. bm Ë`m§Zr "àm°pìhÝe`b {S>goÝQ´>bm`PoeZ Am°\$
B§{n[a`b \$m`ZmÝg BZ {~«Q>re B§{S>`m' hm {df` KoVbm.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr S>m°ŠQ>a Am°\$ gm`Ýg (S>r. Eg². gr.) nXdrH$aVm "én`mMm àíZ' (X àm°ãbo_ Am°\$ X²
énr) hm à~§Y {bhbm. 1923 gmbr b§S>Z {dÚmnrR>mMr S>r. Eg². gr. nXdr {_idbr. Ë`mM dfu Vo ~°[añQ>aMr
narjm CÎmrU© Pmbo. 1924 _Ü`o Vo ^maVmV naV Ambo d _w§~B©V Ë`m§Zr hm`H$moQ>m©V dH$sbr gwê$ Ho$br. "Añn¥í`Vm
{ZdmaU' hoM Amnbo Or{dV H$m`© _mZyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m e¡j{UH$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` H$m`m©bm gwédmV Ho$br.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 1 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a H$moUË`m dfu _°Q´>rH$ narjm CÎmrU© Pmbo?
2. _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejUmgmR>r ~m~mgmho~m§Zr _w§~B©Vrb H$moUË`m H$m°boO_Ü`o àdoe KoVbm?
3. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zm Cƒ {ejUmgmR>r {eî`d¥Îmr XoD$ Ho$boë`m ~S>moÚmÀ`m _hmamOm§Mo Zmd
H$m`?
4. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr nrEM². S>r. gmR>r gmXa Ho$boë`m à~§YmMm {df` H$moUVm?
5. nm°{b{Q>H$b BH$m°Zm°_r `m {df`mMo àmÜ`mnH$ åhUyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm H$moUË`m H$m°boO_Ü`o ZmoH$ar
bmJbr?
4.2.2 S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo e¡j{UH$ H$m`© :
(A) {ejU{df`H$ {dMma :
AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ghZ H$aUmè`m Añn¥í` g_mOmbm gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{ejU hmM à^mdr _mJ© Amho `mMr OmUrd S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm hmoVr. Amnbo bmoH$ {ejUmV _mJmgbobo Agë`m_wio
{ejU hrM Ë`m§Mr JaO Amho. Ë`m§À`m àJVrMo gmYZ {ejU hoM Amho. Amnë`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mMr OmUrd
d {VÀ`m {déÕ AmdmO CR>{dÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© {ejUmV Amho. gd© àH$maÀ`m {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U
gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr àmá H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r {ejU hmM amO_mJ© Amho. "gä`Vm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `mMm {ejU hm
nm`m hmoVm' Ago Vo åhUV. Amboë`m g§YrMm `mo½` dmna Ho$ë`mg Añn¥í` ì`ŠVrhr Cƒ{dÚm{d^y{fV hmody eH$Vo
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
78
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ho Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë`m CXmhaUmZo XmIdyZ {Xbo. _mUgmbm ñdV:À`m n«JVrgmR>r {ejU Amdí`H$ Amho Ago
à{VnmXZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$bo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í` g_mOmMo {ejU hoM A§JrH¥$V H$m`© _mZbo.
{Zaja OZVobm Am§~oS>H$am§Zr PmonoVyZ OmJo Ho$bo. g_mOmVrb {df_Vm Zï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU ho à^mdr
_mÜ`_ Amho. åhUyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr "{eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm Am{U g§Kf© H$am' Agm g§Xoe XoD$Z AmË_gmhmæ`,
AmË_gÝ_mZ d Ý`m`h¸$ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r OmJ¥V Ho$bo. Ë`mJ, ñdm{^_mZ, Zì`mMr H$mg, ñd{dH$mg d {ejU `m
n§MgyÌrda Ë`m§Mm ^a Ago. e¡j{UH$ àgma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 20 Owc¡, 1924 amoOr
"~{hîH¥$V {hVH$m[aUr g^m' `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m g^oMr Ü`o`o d C{Ôï>ço :
1) Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejU XoUo d Ë`m§À`mgmR>r dg{VJ¥h gwê$ H$aUo.
2) àm¡T>m§gmR>r amÌrÀ`m emim, Añn¥í` _wbm§gmR>r dmMZmb`o, g_mOH|$Ðo Am{U Aä`mg _§S>io CKSy>Z
X{bVm§_Ü`o g§ñH¥$Vr àgma H$aUo.
3) X{bVm§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVr_Ü`o CÞVr d gwYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ Am{U H¥$fremim gwê$ H$aUo.
ho C{Ôï> R>odyZ hr g^m ñWmnZ Pmbr. Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejUmgmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
Ho$bo. Aem {ejUg§ñWm§_Ü`o {ejUmMo _yë` _mZdVoÀ`m Ñï>rZo OmUdUmao d Añn¥í` _wbm§H$S>o ghmZw^yVrZo
nmhUmè`m {ejH$m§MrM {Z`wŠVr Ho$br OmV Ago. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmgmR>r kmZmMm dmna
H$aÊ`mda ^a hmoVm. ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$m[aUr g^oÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©bm gwédmV Ho$br.
àmW{_H$ {ejU "gŠVrMo' Agbo nm{hOo hm {dMma _m§S>bm. B. g. 1925 _Ü`o `m g^oZo gmobmnya `oWo X{bV
{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r dg{VJ¥h gwê$ Ho$bo. dg{VJ¥hmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam IM© Ë`m§Zr Ho$bm. gmobmnya ZJanm{bHo$Zo
dg{VJ¥hmgmR>r AZwXmZ _§Oya Ho$bo. g^oZo X{bV dJm©gmR>r g§ñWm gwê$ Ho$br. X{bV dJm©gmR>r "gañdVr {dbmg'
ho _m{gH$ Mmb{dbo. _w§~B©_Ü`o _mo\$V dmMZmb`, "_hma hm°H$s Šb~' gwê$ Ho$bm. H$maU dmB©Q> gd`r H$Sy>Z
Añn¥í`m§Mr _Zo AÝ`Ì di{dVm `oVrb. WmoS>Š`m§V, Añn¥í` g_mOmMr na§namJV gm_m{OH$, Ym_r©H$ d Am{W©H$
Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠVVm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm OmJ¥V H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g_mO {e{jV Pmë`mg Ë`mMr CÞVr
hmoD$ eHo$b Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr àma§^mnmgyZ Añn¥í` g_mOmV {ejUmMm àgma
KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo Ü`o` R>a{dbo.
(~) e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm :
1) ^maVr` ~{hîH¥$V {ejU àgmaH$ _§S>i (1928) : X{bVm§À`m embo` {ejUmMr ^ŠH$_ nm`mda
C^maUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`m§Zr `m _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Añn¥í` dJm©Mr n[apñWVr _wbm§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mgmaIr
ZìhVr. åhUyZ "X{bV dJ© {ejU g§ñWo'Zo {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r dg{VJ¥ho CKS>br. gaH$maZohr Ë`m§Zm _XV Ho$br d
{VÀ`m_m\©$V nmM dg{VJ¥ho gwê$ Ho$br. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m `m {ejU g§ñWobm 1861 À`m "M°[aQ>o~b gmogm`Q>rO
a{OñQ´>oeZ A°ŠQ>' H«$_m§H$ 21 AÝd`o _mÝ`Vm {_imbr hmoVr. `m g§ñWoMo H$m`©dmh S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a hmoVo.
emgZmH$Sy>Z {_iV Agbobo AZwXmZ Anwao nSy> bmJë`mZo AZoH$ {R>H$mUmhÿZ `m g§ñWoZo XoU½`m Jmoim H$éZ
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
79
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUàgmamMo H$m`© Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m _mJ©Xe©Zmà_mUo ~hþVoH$ àË`oH$ {OëømV H$m`©H$Ë`mªZr dg{VJ¥ho
ñWmnZ Ho$br d X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejUmMr g§Yr àmá H$éZ {Xbr.
2) nrnëg EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm (1945) : emgZg§ñWoV CÀM OmJm {_idm`À`m
AgVrb Va Cƒ {ejU _hÎdmMo Amho, Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. 8 Owb¡, 1945 amoOr _w§~B© `oWo S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr `m gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. _Ü`_ dJm©V d X{bV dJm©V Cƒ {ejUmMm àgma Pmbm nm{hOo. hm
`m gmogm`Q>rMm CÔoe hmoVm. `mM g§ñWoÀ`m dVrZo 20 OyZ, 1946 amoOr _w§~B© `oWo "{gÕmW© H$bm Am{U {dkmZ
_hm{dÚmb`' gwê$ Ho$bo. ^maVmVrb ZmdmOboë`m _hm{dÚmb`mV `m _hm{dÚmb`mMr JUZm Pmbr. `mM g§ñWoÀ`m
dVrZo Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ZmJnya-{dX^© d _amR>dmS>m `m ^mJmbm _Ü`dVu {R>H$mU åhUyZ Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWo 19 OyZ,
1950 _Ü`o "{_btX H$bm Am{U {dkmZ _hm{dÚmb`' ñWmnZ Ho$bo. 1953 _Ü`o "{gÕmW© dm{UÁ` Am{U
AW©emó _hm{dÚmb`' d 1956 _Ü`o "{gÕmW© {dYr _hm{dÚmb`' gwê$ Ho$bo. nrnëg EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rZo
gwê$ Ho$boë`m `m _hm{dÚmb`mV Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejUmMr Cƒ g§Yr àmá Pmbr. Añn¥í` g_mOmV {ejUmMm
àgma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr Ho$bo. Añn¥í` g_mOmbm Amnë`m h¸$m{df`r OmJ¥V Ho$bo. AZoH$
dg{VJ¥ho {Z_m©U H$éZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dë`m. Amnbo J«§Wmb` `m _hm{dÚmb`mbm {Xbo. e¡j{UH$
àJVr Pmë`m{edm` X{bV g_mO g§KQ>rV d {dH${gV d AÝ`m`mbm à{VH$ma H$aÊ`mg åhUOoM g§Kf© H$amd`mg
g‚m hmoB©b. `mMr OmUrd Pmbr åhUyZM Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejUmgmR>r S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ A{daV PQ>bo.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ~hþg§»` dJm©À`m àJVrgmR>r {PObo. emo{fV dJm©Mo {ejU Pmbo nm{hOo hm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h
hmoVm. H$maU {ejU hoM emofU _wŠVrMr nm`dmQ> Amho. {ó`m d nXX{bV `m§À`mdaMm AÝ`m` Wm§~dmd`mMm
Agob Va Ë`mda "{ejU' hmM am_~mU Cnm` Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`m ~amo~a
_wbtÀ`mhr {ejUmgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. _wbtZm {ejU {Xbo Va g_mOmMr àJVr PnmQ>çmZo hmoB©b hm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg
hmoVm. H$maU {ó`m§Zm {ejU XoUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho. {ejUmVyZ ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m
_Vo, Oo "_mUyg' KS>{dVo Vo {ejU. Ë`m§Zm OrdZdmXr, _mZdVmdmXr, gwg§ñH$mar, erbdmZ `m§Mm gwaoI g§J_
gmYUmao {ejU A{^àoV hmVo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 2 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1. {ejUmMm àgma KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moUË`m g^oMr ñWmnZm Ho$br?
2. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr X{bV dJm©gmR>r H$moUVo _m{gH$ Mmb{dbo?
3. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moUË`m dmŠ`mVyZ {ejUmMm g§Xoe {Xbm?
4. H$moUË`m gmbr nrnëg EÁ`wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm Pmbr?
5. 20 OyZ, 1946 amoOr {gÕmW© H$bm Am{U {dkmZ _hm{dÚmb` H$moR>o gwê$ Ho$bo?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
80
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4.2.3 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo gm_m{OH$ H$m`© :
(A) Añn¥í` CÕmamMo H$m`© :
Añn¥í`Vm hr g_ñ`m ^maVmV A{Ve` Vrd« hmoV Mmbbr hmoVr. qhXy Y_m©Vrb dU©ì`dñWoMm n[aUm_
Om{Vì`dñWoV Pmbm. Om{Vì`dñWo_wio "Añn¥í`Vm' hr _moR>çm à_mUmda qhXy g_mOmV éOy bmJbr. "Añn¥í`Vm'
hm qhXy Y_m©bm bmJbobm H$b§H$ Amho. `m Om{Vì`dñWoZo _mUgmbm _mUyg åhUyZ AgUmao A{YH$ma H$mTy>Z
KoVbo. Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Zm A{Ve` {ZX©`nUo dmJ{dbo OmV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ Ñï>çm ~{hîH¥$V Ho$bo
hmoVo. Añn¥í` åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm JmdmÀ`m ~mhoa ahmdo bmJo. A{Ve` KmUoaS>r H$m_o Ë`m§Zm {Xbr OmV hmoVr. noedo
H$mimV Va Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ ~§YZo hmoVr. Añn¥í` OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Mo OJUo An_mZmñnX, A_mZwf d qhXy Y_m©bm
H$b§H$ \$mgUmao hmoVo. {dÚmO©ZmMm A{YH$ma Ë`m§Zm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio Vmo AkmZ, A§YH$mamV MmMnS>V hmoVm.
qhXy Y_m©V Agboë`m {df_Vo_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m dmQ>çmbm Xm[aÐç, _mZhmZr, H$O©~mOmarnUm Ambm
Amho Aer _r_m§gm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$br. Añn¥í`m§Mm CÕma H$aÊ`mgmR>rM Ë`m§Zr "Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU'
hoM Amnbo OrdrV H$m`© _mZbo. B. g. 1924 bm Vo B§½b§S>hÿZ naV Amë`mZ§Va Amnë`m Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§À`m
h¸$mgmR>r, Ý`m`mgmR>r d _wŠVVogmR>r Amnbo g§nyU© Am`wî` doMÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. Añn¥í`m§Zm ñdV:À`m
h¸$mgmR>r OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§~oS>H$am§Zr g^m, g§_obZo, n[afXm, MMm©, d¥ÎmnÌo, {d{dY J«§W, _m{hVr nÌHo$
B. gmYZm§Mm dmna Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zm g§KQ>rV Ho$bo. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ë`m§Zm OmJ¥V Ho$ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m _Zmda
ñdm{^_mZmMm gy`© CX` nmdy bmJbm. Ë`m§Zm ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwËd d Ý`m` h¸$ XoÊ`mgmR>r AhmoamÌ PQ>bo.
Añn¥í` àíZm§H$S>o g§nyU© OJmMo bj doYbo. Ë`m§Zr doJdoJù`m nm{jH$mVyZ Añn¥í`m§Mo àíZ OJmg_moa AmUbo.
"_yH$Zm`H$'_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§Mr JmèhmUr _m§S>br. "~{hîH¥$V ^maVm'V Ë`m§Zr ~{hîH¥$V ^maVmMo Xe©Z
KS>{dbo. gm_m{OH$ g_VoMm AmJ«h "g_Vm' `m nm{jH$mV Ho$bm. `m gdm©VyZ Añn¥í`m§Mm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMo
H$m_ Ho$bo.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb `odbm `oWrb 1935 À`m Y_mªVamÀ`m g^oV ""_r qhXy
åhUyZ OÝ_bmo Var qhXy åhUyZ _aUma Zmhr'' hm {dMma _m§S>bm d 1956 bm Y_mªVa H$éZ hm {dMma gË`mV
AmUbm. Añn¥í`m§Zm {Xbr OmUmar dmJUyH$ Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm Ambobo Xw:I, Xm[aÐç, AdohbZm ho ~XbÊ`mMo H$m_
qhXy g_mOì`dñWoV {dMmamZo hmoUo eŠ` ZìhVo. åhUyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$éZ gË`mJ«hmMm _mJ©
Adb§{~bm. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mdarb gË`mJ«h d _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi hmVr KodyZ àË`j
gË`mJ«hmbm gwadmV Ho$br.
(~) _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mdarb gË`mJ«h :
gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ Jwbm_{Jar Zï> H$éZ g_VoMr, _mZdVoMr _whÿV©_oT> amodÊ`mgmR>r S>m°.
~m~mgmho~m§Zr gË`mJ«hmMr Midi hmVr KoVbr. Añn¥í` g_mOmMo _Zmo~b dmT>mdo, Ë`m§À`mV ÑT> AmË_{dídmg
{Z_m©U ìhmdm åhUyZ MdXma Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h n{hë`m§Xm KS>dyZ AmUbm. `mVyZ Ý`m`mgmR>r, h¸$mgmR>r g§Kf©M
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
81
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
H$amdm bmJVmo hr OmUrd Añn¥í`m§À`mV {Z_m©U Pmbr. hr OmJ¥VrMr n{hbr {R>UJr hmoVr. 19 d 20 _mM©,
1927 amoOr ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$maUr g^oMo n{hbo A{YdoeZ _hmS> `oWo KoÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. "_hmS>Mm g_Vm g§Kf©'
C^mê$Z gm_m{OH$ MidirMo n{hbo nmD$b CMbbo. 4 Am°JñQ,> 1923 amoOr gr. Ho$. ~mobo `m§Zr {d{Y_§S>imV
Añn¥í`m§Zm emim, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUo, H$m`m©b`o, {dhar, Vbmd B. {R>H$mUr _wŠV g§Mma Agmdm Agm R>amd
_§Oya H$éZ KoVbm. R>amd Ho$bm AgVmZmhr Añn¥í`m§Zr Vù`mda OmD$Z nmUr ^aÊ`mMo YmS>g Ho$bo Zmhr. ho
YmS>g Añn¥í` g_mOmV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$bo.
5 Am°JñQ,> 1927 amoOr gr. Ho$. ~mobo `m§Zr gwYm[aV R>amd nwÝhm H$m`Xo_§S>imV nmg H$éZ KoVbm. Vmo Agm
hmoVm, "å`w{Z{gnm{bQ>r, bmoH$b ~moS>© `m§Zr nyduÀ`m R>amdmMr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br Zmhr Va gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm
{_iUmar J«±Q> ~§X Ho$br OmB©b. Ë`mZwgma _hmS> ZJanm{bHo$Zo MdXma Vio Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo Ho$bo. gm_m{OH$
MidirMo n{hbo nmD$b S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr CMbbo. "_hmS>Mo MdXma Vio ho gmd©O{ZH$ Amho. AmnU gdmªZr
{_iyZ Vù`mMo nmUr àmeZ H$ê$ Agm {ZU©` KoVbm. gd© Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§À`m ~amo~a, {_adUwH$sZo OmD$Z Ë`m§Zr
Vù`mMo nmUr n«meZ Ho$bo. _mZdr g_VoÀ`m h¸$mgmR>r C^mabobm hm ~§S>mMm P|S>m hmoVm. "Amåhm§bmhr _mUgmgmaIm
OJÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho' hr gm§JUmar à{VH$mË_H$ d¥Îmr hmoVr.
Añn¥í`m§Zr MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr {nD$Z ~mQ>{dbo Agm H$m§Jmdm gdUmªZr Ho$bm. `m àg§JmZo Ë`m§Mr S>moH$s
^S>H$br. AZoH$ Añn¥í` H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm _ma Imdm bmJbm. gdUmªZr Vù`mVyZ EH$ hOma H$iem nmUr H$mTy>Z
Vù`mMo doXmoŠV {dYrnyd©H$ ewÕrH$aU Ho$bo. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a d BVa H$m`©H$Ë`mªda MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr àmeZ
H$aÊ`mÀ`m H¥$Ë`mda _ZmB© hþHw$_mMm Xmdm Ho$bm. 22 Owb¡, 1927 À`m A§H$mV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a {b{hVmV, "AmOda
Jm§Yrà_mUo Añn¥í`Vm hm qhXy Y_m©darb H$b§H$ Amho Ago Amåhr _mZV hmoVmo. nU AmVm Am_Mr Ñï>r {\$abr
Amho d Vmo Am_À`m ZaXohmdarb H$b§H$ Amho Ago Amåhr g_OVmo.' Am_À`mdarb hm H$b§H$ YwD$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo
H$m`© AmåhrM pñdH$maUma AmhmoV. `m H$m`m©À`m {gÕrgmR>r Amåhmbm AmË_`k H$amdm bmJbm Var Amåhr
Km~aUma Zmhr. 4 Am°JñQ>, 1927 amoOr _hmS> ZJan[afXoZo R>amd {\$a{dbm. Vi ImOJr Amho. ho {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ý`m`mb`mV IQ>bm XmIb Ho$bm. Voìhm Am§~oS>H$am§Zr `m KQ>Zobm AmìhmZ {Xbo. 25 {S>g|~a, 1927 amoOr
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë`m AZw`m`m§gmo~V MdXma Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h Ho$bm d Vio Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo Ho$bo. _hmS>À`m
`m gË`mJ«hmZo ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ nwZa©MZoÀ`m H$m`m©bm H$bmQ>Ur {Xbr. Añn¥í` dJ© hm boMmnoMm Zmhr, Ë`mMr
AmVm AdohbZm H$aVm H$m_m Z`o Ago gaH$mabm dmQy> bmJbo.
(H$) _Zwñ_¥VrMo XhZ :
_hmS>À`m `m gË`mJ«hmZo _mUwgH$s g§nmXÊ`mMr _whÿV©_oT>M ^maVmV KmVbr Jobr. 25, 26 Am{U 27
{S>g|~a, 1927 amoOr gË`mJ«h n[afX _hmS> `oWo KoÊ`mMo R>abo. gË`mJ«hmMr Zm|XUr IoS>monmS>çmV gwê$ Pmbr.
23 {S>g|~a nmgyZM _hmS> `oWo Añn¥í` ~m§Yd _moR>çm g§»`oZo `oV hmoVo. hr g^m "g_VoMr _whÿV©_oT> amodÊ`mgmR>r
~mobmdbr Amho. gd© _mUgo OÝ_V: g_mZ AmhoV d _aon`ªV g_mZ XOm©Mr amhVrb' Ago n{hboM dmŠ` OmhraZmå`mV
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
82
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
hmoVo. `m n[afXoV "eyÐ OmVrMm Cn_X© H$aUmar, Ë`m§Mm AmË_gÝ_mZ Zï> H$aUmar, Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$,
amOH$s` Jwbm_{Jar H$m`_ R>odUmè`m "_Zwñ_¥Vr' `m Y_©J«§WmMm n[afX XhZ{dYr H$arV Amho Ago n[afXoZo Omhra
Ho$bo. _mUygH$sMm CÀN>oX H$aUmè`m `m "_Zwñ_¥Vr' `m Y_©J«§WmMo n[afXoÀ`m _§S>nmÀ`m XmamV 26 {S>g|~a, 1927
amoOr XhZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Añn¥í`m§Zm Vù`mH$S>o OmÊ`mg H$boŠQ>a hÿS>Zr _ZmB© Ho$br. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr àmá
n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$éZ gdmªgh MdXma Vù`mbm doT>m KmbyZ {_adUyH$ H$mT>br d g^mñWmZr Ambo. gË`mJ«h
ñW{JV H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. gË`mJ«htZr Am§~oS>H$am§Mm hm {ZU©` pñdH$mabm. dU©ì`dñWoÀ`m H$ënZo{déÕ
{ZfoY Zm|Xdbm. _Zwñ_¥VrMo XhZ H$éZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr OwZr ñ_¥Vr OmiyZ qhXy§À`m gm_m{OH$ nwZa©MZobm Cn`moJr
nS>ob Aem Zì`m ñ_¥VrMr _mJUr Ho$br. `m Y_©g§JamZo OwÝ`m `wJmMm A§V Pmbm. Añn¥í`m§Mm AmË_{dídmg
dmT>{dbm. Ë`m§À`m R>m`r {Z_m©U Pmbobo VoO, OmJ¥Vr, Apñ_Vm d ñdËdmMr OmUrd AmVm X~br OmUmar ZìhVr
ho {gÕ Pmbo.
(S>) _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi :
Añn¥í`m§À`m _mWr _maboë`m gm_m{OH$ Jwbm_{JarMr ~§YZo _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gË`mJ«hmMo
eó hmVr KoVbo. Ë`mV _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi _hÎdnyU© R>abr. _§{Xa àdoe åhUOo nyOZ hm CÔoe ZìhVm Va
Añn¥í`m§À`m àdoemZo _§{Xa, _yVu An{dÌ hmoVmV hm J¡ag_O Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>rMm EH$ à`ËZ hmoVm. qhXy§À`m _§{XamV
àdoe {_imbm Va AmnUmg qhXyÀ`m öX`mV àdoe {_iob d Cƒd{U©` qhXy Y_m©Vrb Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§Zm g_OyZ
KoVrb d Añn¥í`VoMm n«íZ gwQ>Ê`mg _XV hmoB©b åhUyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi hmVr KoVbr.
Añn¥í`m§Mm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì _§{Xa ~m§YUo hm _mJ© Zìho, Va gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dñWm gdmªZm Iwë`m
H$aUo hm hmo`. A_amdVrbm "A§~mXodr _§{Xam'Mm gË`mJ«h _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. 13 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1929 _Ü`o
nd©Vrdarb _§{XamV àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r n{hbm gË`mJ«h H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mdoir gË`mJ«htZm _mahmU H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. nmo{bgm§Zr _Ü`o nSy>Z hr X§Jb AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUbr.
qhXyMr H$mer g_Oë`m OmUmè`m Zm{eH$À`m "H$mimam_ _§{Xa' àdoemMr Midi _hmamîQ´>mV JmObr.
àË`oH$ qhXyÀ`m öX`mV am_mbm ñWmZ Amho Am{U `m _§{XamV àdoe Ho$ë`mg BVa _§{Xam§Mr Xmao Iwbr hmoVr hmoVrb
Agm Am§~oS>H$am§Mm {dídmg hmoVm. gË`mJ«hmMr arVga nadmZJr KoD$Z 2 _mM©, 1930 bm gË`mJ«h H$aÊ`mMo
R>abo. 15 hOma Añn¥í` ZmJ[aH$ _moMm©V gh^mJr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Zm{eH$ _Ü`o XmIb Pmbo. H$mimam_ _§{XamH$S>o
àM§S> _moMm© Jobm. nU _§{XamMo XadmOo ~§X Agë`mZo _§{XamV àdoe {_imbm Zmhr. gË`mJ«hmÀ`m {_aUdUwH$sMo
ê$nm§Va g^oV Pmbo. _§{Xa àdoemMm {ZU©` Vm~S>Vmo~ Pmbm Zmhr. _§{Xa àdoemMm bT>m gVV JmOV am{hbm.
1935 n`ªV hm bT>m Mmby hmoVm. E{bMnya `oWrb XÎm_§{Xa Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. hm gË`mJ«h åhUOo
~m~mgmho~m§Zr CƒdUu`m§Zm gZXera _mJm©Zo Ho$bobo AmdmhZ hmoVo.
`m gË`mJ«hm_wio Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnë`m _mZdr h¸$mMr OmUrd Pmbr. h¸$ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r à{Vnjmer
gVV Pw§OV amhÊ`mMr MoVZm {Z_m©U Pmbr. gË`mJ«hmZo Añn¥í`m§Zm AmpË_H$ ~i {_imbo, nU Am§~oS>H$am§Zm `m
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
83
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
gË`mJ«hmZo EH$ OmUrd Pmbr H$s, CƒdUu` qhXy Añn¥í`m§Zm "_mUyg' åhUyZ H$YrM ñdrH$maUma Zmhr. S>m°.
~m~mgmho~m§À`m `m Midir g_Vm, ñdmV§Í` d ~§YwËdmda AmYmaboë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_wioM Añn¥í`m§À`m MidirMo
EH$ Zdo nyd© gwê$ Pmbo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 3 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {bhm.
1. "_r qhXy åhUyZ OÝ_bmo Var qhXy åhUyZ _aUma Zmhr' hm {dMma H$moUr _m§S>bm?
(A) _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$bo
(~) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
(H$) N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamO
(S>) _hfu {d. am. qeXo
2. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moUË`m {R>H$mUÀ`m Vù`mda OmD$Z Añn¥í`m§À`m Ý`m` h¸$mgmR>r
gË`mJ«h Ho$bm?
(A) ZmJnya
(~) Zm{eH$
(H$) _hmS>
(S>) nwUo
3. _Zwñ_¥Vr `m Y_©J«§WmMo XhZ H$moUË`m gmbr Ho$bo?
(A) 1926
(~) 1927
(H$) 1935
(S>) 1940
4. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Hoo$boë`m H$moUË`m _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi _hmamï´>mV JmObr?
(A) A_amdVrMo A§~mXodr _§{Xa
(~) E{bMnya `oWrb XÎm_§{Xa
(H$) Zm{eH$Mo H$mimam_ _§{Xa
(S>) H$moëhmnyaMo _hmbú_r _§Xra
5. nd©Vrdarb _§{Xa àdoemgmR>r H$moUË`m gmbr gË`mJ«h Ho$bm?
(A) 1929
(~) 1931
(H$) 1935
(S>) 1934
4.2.4 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo amOH$s` H$m`© :
X{bVm§Zm Ý`m` h¸$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am`wî`^a PQ>bo. Añn¥í`m§Mm
CÕma hoM Amnbo OrdrV H$m`© _mZbo. Añn¥í`m§Zr amOH$s` h¸$m§gmR>r g§Kf© Ho$bm nm{hOo. VaM AmnU ~bembr
hmody Aer Am§~oS>H$am§Mr ^y{_H$m hmoVr. 1926 Vo 1936 `m H$mimV {d{Y_§S>imV H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm Jar~
dJm©Mr CÞVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r Ambobr EH$hr g§Yr dm`m OmD$ {Xbr Zmhr. Añn¥í`m§Mr ~mOy _m§S>VmZm Ë`m§Zr
Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m` AË`mMmambm dmMm \$moS>br. X{bVm§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar
`moOZm§Mm nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm. JìhZ©aÀ`m H$m`Xo H$m¡pÝgbMo g^mgX åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm, H$m`Xm _§Ìr åhUyZ H$m_
H$aVmZm, ^maVr` KQ>ZoMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$arV AgVmZm Añn¥í` ~m§Ydm§Mm CÕma øm Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMm
Ë`m§Zr H$Yrhr {dga nSy> {Xbm Zmhr.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
84
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
{d{Y_§S>imV gXñ` åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AW©g§H$ënmVrb CUrdm, àemgZmVrb Xmof
XmIdyZ AÝ`m`mbm dmMm \$moS>br. {ejUmVrb Xmof, Xmé~§XrMr Amdí`H$Vm, Añn¥í`m§Mo h¸$ `m {df`m§da
Ë`m§Zr gyú_nUo Aä`mg H$éZ Amnbm A{^àm` Zm|Xdbm. {ó`m§Zm {d{dY gdbVr, gmo`r-gw{dYm {_idyZ
XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bm. X{bVm§Zm H$m`Xo_S§ >imV à{V{ZYrËd {_imdo, VgoM Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ VaVyXrgmR>r
gm`_Z H${_eZnwT>o Ahdmb R>odbm. Añn¥í` OrdZmMm nQ>M gm`_Z H${_eZ nwT>o _m§S>bm.
(A) Jmob_oO n[afXm :
qhXr nwT>mar d qhXr g§ñWm{ZH$ `m§Zr b§S>Zbm OmD$Z {~«Q>re _wËgÚm§er {dMma{d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r
~mob{dbobr hr Jmob_oO n[afX hmoVr. b§S>Z `oWo 1930 _Ü`o ^aboë`m Jmob_oO n[afXoV Añn¥í` dJm©Mo n«{V{ZYr
åhUyZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Zm ~mobm{dbobo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr `m n[afXoV X{bVm§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`, AË`mMmamMr OJmbm
_m{hVr {Xbr. X{bVm§Zm Ý`m` XoÊ`mgmR>r {~«Q>re gaH$ma H$mhrhr à`ËZ H$arV Zmhr. ho à^mdrnUo _m§S>bo. n[afXoV
^mfU H$aVmZm Vo åhUmbo, ""X{bVm§Mr _mJUr Aer Amho H$s, "^maVmVrb gaH$ma ho bmoH$m§Zr bmoH$m§H$[aVm
Mmb{dbobo bmoH$m§Mo amÁ` Agmdo' {~«Q>re amOdQ> gwê$ hmoD$Z gìdmeo df} bmoQ>br Var Am_Mr Xw:Io Amho VerM
AmhoV.'' nwT>o Vo _moR>çm AmdoemZo åhUmbo, ""Amåhm§bm Ago gaH$ma nm{hOo H$s, Oo XoemMo Iao {hV {Zð>mnyd©H$
gmYob Am{U Ý`m`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ àíZ Hw$UmÀ`mhr amJmbmo^mMr ndm© Z ~miJVm gmoS>drb.''
Am§~oS>H$am§À`m_Yrb gË`Vm, {Z^©`Vm d {Z{^©S>nUmMm `m n[afXoda _moR>m n[aUm_ Pmbm. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m `m
^mfUm_wio ~S>moÚmMo g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>hr Iye Pmbo. Añn¥í`m§Mm àíZ àW_M OJmnwT>o Ambm. ^maVr`
eoVH$ar Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mo àíZhr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr A{Ve` Vi_irZo _m§S>bo. B§½b§S>_Yrb d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr Ë`m§À`m
^mfUmbm, àíZmbm, g_ñ`m§Zm à{gÕr {Xbr. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m àíZmbm dmMm \w$Q>br. Añn¥í`m§À`m
{hVajUmMr h_r {~«Q>re gaH$maZo KoVbr. n{hë`m Jmob_oO n[afXoV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr X{bV ~m§Ydm§À`m
{hVajUmgmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMr _mJUr Ho$br. hr _mJUr {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo _mÝ` Ho$br.
gßQ>|~a, 1931 _Ü`o b§S>Z `oWo Xwgar Jmob_oO n[afX gwê$ Pmbr. `m n[afXobm Jm§YrOthr hOa hmoVo.
ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K Añn¥í`m§Zm Úmdm qH$dm Zmhr `m~m~V _hmË_m Jm§YrOr d S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`mV
_V^oX Pmbo. Añn¥í`m§Zr Amnë`m h¸$mgmR>r g§KQ>rV hmodyZ g§Kf© H$amdm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo. nU Añn¥í`m§Mm àíZ
g_mOm§VJ©V n«íZ gmoS>dy Ago Jm§YrOtZm dmQ>V hmoVo. Jm§YrOtMm _mJ© hm gwYmaUmdmXr hmoVm Va S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Mm
_mJ© hm H«$m§VrH$mar hmoVm.
(~) nwUo H$ama :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Zr amIrd _VXma g§KmMm AmJ«h Jmob_oO n[afXoV Yabm. _hmË_m Jm§YrMm `mbm {damoY
hmoVm. 17 Am°JñQ>, 1932 gmbr {~«Q>re n§VàYmZ a°ågo _°H$S>moZëS> `m§Zr "OmVr` {ZdmS>m' Omhra Ho$bm. `m
{ZdmS>çmZwgma Añn¥í`m§Zm "ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K' XoÊ`mV Ambm. Jm§YrOr `mdoir `oadS>çmÀ`m Oob_Ü`o H$mamdmgmV
hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr `m {ZU©`mbm {damoY Xe©dV àmUm§{VH$ CnmofUmbm gwédmV Ho$br. Jm§YrOtÀ`m `m {ZU©`m_wio XoemV
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
85
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Ii~i CS>mbr, qMVoMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Pmbo. X{bVm§À`m h¸$m§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mMr d Jm§YrOtMo àmU dmM{dÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar Am§~oS>H$am§da hmoVr. Jm§YrOtMr àH¥$Vr T>mgiV Mmbbr. eodQ>r Ooð> ZoË`m§Zr _Ü`ñWr H$éZ 24
gßQ>|~a, 1932 amoOr _hmË_m Jm§Yr d S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`mV Omo H$ama Pmbm Ë`mbm "nwUo H$ama'
åhUVmV. `m H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§gmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobo ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMo H$b_ aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Ë`mEodOr Añn¥í`m§Zm H$m`Xo_S§ >imV amIrd OmJm R>do Ê`mV Amë`m. _moR>çm _ZmZo ì`dhm`© VS>OmoS> S>m.° ~m~mgmho~m§Zr
Ho$br. Ë`m§Zr A{Ve` CXmÎm _ZmZo _mKma KoVbr d Jm§YrOtMo n«mU dmM{dbo.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a nwUo H$amam{df`r åhUVmV, "EH$sH$S>o Jm§Yr§Mm Ord dmM{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar d XwgarH$S>o
X{bV dJm©À`m H$ë`mUmMm d Ë`m§À`m {hVg§~§Ym§À`m g§ajUmMm àíZ `m H$amam_wio gmoS>dy eH$bmo. `m H$amam{df`r
YZ§O` H$sa {b{hVmV, "_hmË_m Jm§YtMo àmU dmMdyZ Am§~oS>H$a _hmË_m Pmbo.'
nwUo H$amamVrb H$b_o nwT>rbà_mUo 1) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMm Ë`mJ H$amdm d g§`wŠV _VXma g§KmMm pñdH$ma
H$amdm.
2) h[aOZm§gmR>r 148 amIrd OmJm R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. H|$ÐmV 18 Q>¸o$ OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mV Amë`m.
3) h[aOZ hm qhXy g_mOmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Agë`mMo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo.
4) Añn¥í`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r _hmË_m Jm§YrOtZr à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr amï´>{hVmgmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMr _mJUr aÔ Ho$br Am{U nwUo H$amamda
ghr Ho$br.
(H$) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo amï´>dmXmg§~§Yr {dMma :
^maVr` ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mÀ`m H$mimV AmYr ñdmV§Í` H$s gwYmaUm Agm {dMma àdmh gwê$ Pmbm. _hmË_m
Jm§YtÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr amï´>r` H$m±J«ogMm bT>m Mmby hmoVm. na§Vw Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñdV:bm gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUoÀ`m
H$m`m©bm dmhÿZ KoVbo hmoVo. Añn¥í`, nXX{bV, _mJmgdJu` g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm_m{OH$
{df_Vm, Om{V^oX {déÕ bT>m C^mabm hmoVm. Añn¥í`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ ~§YZo d Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$aUo hoM Ü`o`
Ë`m§Zr R>odbo. "Amåhmbm gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$am åhUOo Amåhr Vw_À`m Im§Úmg Im§Xm
bmdyZ amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Am_Mo àmU nUmg bmdy' Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Xoe^ŠVm§Zm AmdmhZ hmoVo. S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnë`m Ý`m`mgmR>r, h¸$mgmR>r OmJ¥V H$éZ XoemÀ`m ñdmV§Í`àmárMr OmU H$éZ XoUo
hrM Iar ñdmV§Í` Midi _mZbr.
(S>) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m amOH$s` nj g§KQ>Zm :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr Añn¥í`, X{bV, nXX{bV, emo{fV, nrS>rV `m§À`mV Amnë`m
h¸$mgmR>r, Ý`m`mgmR>r, g_VogmR>r amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr ìhmdr, Ë`mgmR>r amOH$s` g§KQ>Zm Agmì`mV Ago
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
86
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Ë`m§Zm dmQy> bmJbo. `m CÔoemZoM Ë`m§Zr H$mhr amOH$s` nj ñWmnZ Ho$bo. Amnë`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r,
Añn¥í`m§Zm amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV AñVrËd {_idyZ Úm`Mo Agob Va Ë`m§Zm g§KQ>rV Ho$bo nm{hOo
hr OmUrd Añn¥í`m§Zm H$éZ {Xbr d Añn¥í` g_mOmbm amOH$s` njmÛmao g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mMo _hmZ H$m`©
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Ho$bo.
1) ñdV§Ì _Oya nj (1926) : 1935 À`m H$m`Úmà_mUo àm§Vm§Zm ñdm`ÎmVm {_imë`m_wio Z{dZ
{ZdS>UwH$m hmoUma hmoË`m. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§Mm bT>m A{YH$ JVr_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g§YrMm
\$m`Xm KoVbm d "ñdV§Ì _Oya njmMr' ñWmnZm Am°JñQ>, 1936 _Ü`o Ho$br. g_mOmVrb X{bV, eoV_Oya,
eoVH$ar, l_Ordr dJ©, d§{MV d Xw~©b KQ>H$, Jar~ Aem gd© dJm©À`m CÞVrgmR>r `m njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
"Jar~m§Mm nj Jar~m§ZrM Mmbdbm nm{hOo.' Aer YmaUm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr hmoVr. ñdV§Ì _Oya njmV H$m`ñW,
~hþOZ g_mO, Xw~©b _amR>r dJ© B. OmVtMmhr g_mdoe hmoVm. ñdV§Ì _Oya njmMm CÔoe Am{U YmoaU R>a{dVmZm
~m~mgmho~m§Zr Imbrb Jmoï>tda ^a {Xbm.
1) H$m_Jmam§À`m _OwarMr {H$_mZ _`m©Xm R>adUo.
2) H$m_mMo Vmg AmR> H$amdoV.
3) H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm H$m`Xoera H$aUo.
4) Ho$boë`m H$m_mMo `mo½` doVZ {_imdo.
5) H$m_Jmam§Zm ñdñV d Amamo½`Xm`H$ Kao AgmdrV.
6) H$m_Jmam§Zm ^anJmar aOm {_imdr.
7) ^y{_{hZm§Zm O{_Zr XodyZ Ë`m§À`m dgmhVr ñWmnZ H$amì`mV.
8) H$m_Jmam§À`m _wbm§gmR>r {ejUmMr gmo` H$aUo.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr darb C{Ôï>o njmÀ`m OmhraZmå`mV g_m{dï> Ho$br hmoVr, "hm OmhraZm_m Jar~ Am{U
X{bV dJ© `m§À`m CËH$fm©À`m {Z CÕmamÀ`m Ü`o`mZo ào[aV Pmbm hmoVm.' H$maU `m Om{haZmå`mV eoVH$è`m§Zm
H$O©nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^yVmaU ~±H$m, ghH$mar ~±H$m, ~mOma g{_Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$amdr, CËnmXZmMr _mbH$s
amÁ`mH$S>o amhmdr, CÚmoJY§Úm§Mr nwZa©MZm, IoS>çmVrb Amamo½`mgmR>r {Z Kam§gmR>r IoS>çm§Mr `moOZm, g^mJ¥ho,
dmMZmb`o `m `moOZm d ^y_rhrZ _Owam§Zm H$m_, gŠVrMo d _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejU, ~oH$mar {ZdmaU B. H$ï>H$ar
d l{_H$ dJm©À`m H$ë`mUmÀ`m AZoH$ Jmoï>r OmhraZmå`mV hmoË`m. `m njmV X{bV `m eãXmEodOr _Oya hm eãX
pñdH$mabm H$maU `m njmMo H$m_ H$ï>H$ar OZVoÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r hmoVo, Ago Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV.
`m njmMr {Z{_©Vr AmXe© d H$S>H$ {Z`_m§da Ho$br hmoVr. àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m 1937
gmbr Pmë`m. _w§~B© àm§VmV ñdV§Ì _Oya njmZo {ZdS>UwH$m bT>dë`m. `m njmZo 15 amIrd OmJm§n¡H$s 13 OmJm
qOH$ë`m. C„oIZr` `e g§nmXZ Ho$bo. S>m.° Am§~So >H$ahr {ZdSy>Z Ambo. 1936 Vo 1942 `m H$mimV ~m~mgmho~m§À`m
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
87
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ZoV¥ÎdmImbr `m njmZo `e {_idbo. H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar d Añn¥í`m§Mo AZoH$ àíZ {d{Y_§S>imV _m§S>bo d Ë`m§À`m
H$ë`mUmMo YmoaU pñdH$mabo.
2) A{Ib ^maVr` eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZ (1942) : ^maVmVrb gd© _mJmgboë`m dJm©bm
g§KQ>rV H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`m CÕmamgmR>r, X{bVm§À`m _wŠVr g§J«m_mbm Zdr {Xem XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ amOH$s` nj
Agmdm Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m h¸$m§Mr nyU©nUo A§_b~OmdUr hmoV Zmhr `mgmR>r
A{Ib ^maVr` X{bV g§KmMr _mJUr dmTy> bmJbr. {X. 18 d 19 Owb¡, 1942 amoOr ZmJnya `oWo "A{Ib
^maVr` X{bV n[afX' g§nÞ Pmbr. `m n[afXobm OmoSy>ZM _{hbm n[afX d g_Vm Xb n[afX Am`mo{OV Ho$br
hmoVr. 1942 gmbr ñdV§Ì _Oya njmMo {dgO©Z H$éZ "A{Ib ^maVr` eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZ'Mr ñWmnZm
20 gßQ>|~a, 1942 bm Pmbr. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmImbr `m njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Añn¥í`m§À`m Ñï>rZo
EH$m Zì`m ndm©Mr gwédmV hmoVr. nXX{bVm§À`m H$ë`mUmMr d Ë`m§À`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmMo Ü`o`, Añn¥í`m§À`m
AÝ`m`mMo {ZdmaU, Om{Vì`dñWoMo {Z_y©bZ B. CÔoe `m njmMo hmoVo. ^maVmÀ`m AZoH$ àm§VmV `m \o$S>aoeZÀ`m
emIm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. \o$S>aoeZZo 1946 gmbr Pmboë`m àm§{VH$ {ZdS>UwH$sV ^mJ KoVbm. nU `mV
\o$S>aoeZbm nam^d nËH$amdm bmJbm. gdUmªZr Añn¥í`m§Zm _Vo {Xbr ZmhrV. H$maU Añn¥í`m§gmR>r g§`wŠV _VXma
g§K hmoVm. 1952 bm n{hbr gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$ Pmbr. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a d Ë`m§À`m \o$S>aoeZbm
nam^d pñdH$mamdm bmJbm. Oar {ZdS>UwH$sV An`e Ambo Var Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AmemdmX gmoS>bm ZìhVm. 1942
Vo 1956 Aer Mm¡Xm df} \o$S>aoeZZo Midi qOdV R>odbr. `m njmZo AZoH$ R>amd Ho$bo. Añn¥í`m§Mo ñdV§Ì
amOH$s` AñVrËd _mÝ` H$amdo, AZwgy{MV OmVr d AÝ` _mJmgdJu` OmVrV OmJ¥Vr H$éZ Ë`m§Zm ~bdmZ ~ZdUo,
amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ h¸$ Añn¥í`m§Zm àmá H$éZ XoUo. `m R>amdmZo Añn¥í`m§Zm AZoH$ h¸$ àmá H$éZ
{Xbo. \o$S>aoeZÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§gmR>r g§K{Q>V[aË`m g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {_imbr.
`m njmZo X{bV g_mOmV OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr.
3) [anpãbH$Z nj : S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ CƒdUu`m§À`m Jwbm_rVyZ,
AkmZ A§YlÕoVyZ X{bVm§Zm _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r, ^maVmV bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r "eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ>
\o$S>aoeZ' ~aImñV H$éZ "[anãbrH$Z nj' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. Ë`m§Zr `m njmMm _gwXmhr R>adbm hmoVm.
na§Vw Am§~oS>H$am§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va "[anpãbH$Z nj' ñWmnZ H$aUogmR>r eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZMo
AIoaMo A{YdoeZ 3 Am°ŠQ>m~o a, 1957 amoOr ZmJnyaÀ`m {Xjm ^y_rda ^abo. `mM A{YdoeZmV ^maVr` [anãbrH$Z
nj CX`mg Ambm. `m njmMo AÜ`j åhUyZ amd~hmÔÿa EZ². {edamO (_Ðmg) `m§Mr {ZdS> Pmbr.
A{Ib ^maVr` [anãbrH$Z njmÀ`m ñWmnZoZV§ a `m njmMr dmQ>Mmb `mo½` _mJm©Zo ìhmdr `mgmR>r Am§~So >H$am§Zr
njmÀ`m KQ>ZoMm Omo _gwXm V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm, Ë`mà_mUo KQ>Zm A_bmV AmUbr. `m njmMr Ü`o`o, C{Ôï>o ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb gaZmå`m_Ü`o ì`ŠV Ho$boë`m Ü`o`mer {_iVr OwiVr AmhoV. Vr åhUOo Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YwVm hr VÎdo _hÎdmMr AmhoV. àË`oH$ ^maVr`mbm Ym_r©H$, Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`,
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
88
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
g_mZ g§Yr, g§gXr` bmoH$emhrMm nwañH$ma, ^maVmVrb gd© H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§Zm, Aën^yYmaH$m§Zm, ^y_rhrZ
eoVH$è`m§Zm, l{_H$m§Zm, Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$éZ Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` d g_Vm àmá H$éZ XoUo ho `m
njmMo Ü`o` hmoVo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 4 :
(A) Imbrb CnàíZm_Ü`o {dYmZo d n`m©` {Xbo AmhoV `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {bhm.
1. B. g. 1930 _Ü`o S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a b§S>Z `oWo Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$moUË`m n[afXobm
Jobo hmoVo?
(A) _mUJm§d n[afX
(~) ~m¡X²Y n[afX
(H$) Jmob_oO n[afX
(S>) Y_mªVa n[afX
2. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a d _hmË_m Jm§Yr `m§À`mV H$moUVm H$ama Pmbm?
(A) nwUo H$ama
(~) _w§~B© H$ama
(H$) b§S>Z H$ama
(S>) ZmJnya H$ama
3. Amåhm§bm gm_m{OH$ d Ym_r©H$ Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV H$am åhUOo Amåhr Vw_À`m Im§Úmg Im§Xm bmdyZ
amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Am_Mo àmU nUmg bmdy Ago AmdmhZ H$moUr Ho$bo?
(A) _hmË_m Jm§Yr
(~) n§{S>V Zohê$
(H$) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
(S>) emhÿ N>ÌnVr
4. ñdV§Ì _Oya njmMr ñWmnZm H$moUË`m gmbr Pmbr?
(A) 1931
(~) 1936
(H$) 1942
(S>) 1945
5. a°ågo _°H$S>moZëS> `m§À`m OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZwgma Añn¥í`m§Zm H$moUVm _VXmag§K XoÊ`mV Ambm?
(A) amIrd _VXma g§K
(~) ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K
(H$) gd©gmYmaU _VXma g§K
(S>) XbrV _VXma g§K
4.2.5 ^maVr` KQ>ZoMo _hmZ {eënH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho ^maVr` KQ>ZoMo _hmZ {eënH$ma åhUyZ gmè`m OJmV AmoiIbo OmVmV. 15
Am°JñQ>, 1947 Z§Va n§. Zohê§$À`m _§{Ì_§S>imV Vo H$m`Xm_§Ìr Pmbo. 29 Am°JñQ> amoOr KQ>Zm g{_VrZo KQ>ZoMm
_gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r boIZ g{_Vr Zo_br. _gwXm g{_VrMo AÜ`jnX S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo. _gwXm
g{_VrV gmV gXñ` hmoVo. `m gXñ`m§À`m _XVrZo ^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm {bhbr. KQ>ZoMm _gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo
H$m_ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr A{Ve` _ohZV KoD$Z `eñdrnUo nma nmS>bo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` KQ>ZoMo _hmZ
{eënH$ma åhQ>bo OmVo.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
89
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
KQ>Zm g{_VrMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ 9 {S>g|~a, 1946 amoOr Pmbr. 25 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 n`ªV AR>am ~¡R>H$m
KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m Pmë`m Ë`mV 315 H$b_o AgyZ AmR> n[a{eï>ço hmoVr. hm A{V{dñV¥V Agm XñVEodO Amho.
amOH$s` bmoH$emhr ~amo~aM S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr Ano{jV hmoVr. KQ>ZoÛmao Añn¥í`VoMo CƒmQ>Z
H$aÊ`mgmR>r KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyXr H$éZ X{bV-OmVr O_mVtZm amIrd OmJm d Ë`m§Zm _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMo h¸$
{_idyZ XoUmao S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ^maVr` KQ>ZoMo _hmZ {eënH$ma R>aVmV. ^maVr` OrdZmV ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm
Am{U Ý`m` øm _mZdr _yë`mMo A{Yð>mZ àñWm{nV Ho$bo.
ñdV§Ì ^maVmV X{bV dJm©bm Ë`m§Mo amO{H$`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma {_imbo nm{hOoV `mgmR>r
Ë`m§Zr Amnbo g§nyU© Am`wî` doMbo. bmoH$g^m d {dYmZg^oVrb amIrd OmJm, gaH$mar ZmoH$ar d BVa joÌm§V 34
Q>¸o$ amIrd OmJm, e¡j{UH$ gw{dYm, gdbVr, g§ajU {df`H$ VaVyX, _yb^yV h¸$ B. ~m~V MMm© hmoD$Z KQ>ZoMm
_gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr n§Mdrg dfmªÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV Á`m C{Ôï>m§gmR>r g§Kf© Ho$bm, Vmo ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m
amÁ`KQ>ZoV eãX~Õ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Am{U O~m~Xmar Ë`m§Zr `eñdrnUo nma nmS>br. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a bmoH$emhrMo
g_W©Z H$aVmZm åhUVmV, bmoH$emhrMo AñVrËd {Q>H$dm`Mo Agob Va Amnbo gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ CÔoe
gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU \$ŠV gZXera _mJm©Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm nm{hOo. åhUOo AghH$ma, H$m`Xo^§J Am{U
gË`mJ«hmMo _mJ© gmoSy>Z Úmdo. AmnU amOH$s` bmoH$emhrVyZ gm_m{OH$ bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r PQ>bo
nm{hOo.
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr am̧{Xdg n[al_ H$éZ amÁ`KQ>ZoMm _gwXm V`ma Ho$bm. Ë`m§Zr "amï´>' g_moa
R>odyZM `m H$m`m©V ñdV:bm PmoHy$Z {Xbo. 26 OmZodmar, 1950 bm ^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm AñVrËdmV Ambr.
XoemVrb gd© qhXy§gmR>r g_mZ H$m`Xm AñVrËdmV AmUUmao "qhXy H$moS> ~rb' Ë`m§Zr V`ma Ho$bo. nU gaH$ma Vo
A§_bmV AmUÊ`mg {db§~ bmdV Amho ho {XgVmM Ë`m§Zr _§ÌrnXmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm.
4.2.6 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ór{df`H$ {dMma :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr qhXy g_mOmVrb Cno{jV KQ>H$m§Zm Ý`m` d h¸$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Or
Midi gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`m Cno{jV KQ>H$m§V Añn¥í`, eoVH$ar, l{_H$ dJ© `m§À`m ~amo~a {ó`m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVm.
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ór eyÐm{VeyÐm§Mo gm_m{OH$ àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mda ^a {Xbm. Añn¥í` {ó`m§Zr Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gwê$
Ho$boë`m X{bV gË`mJ«hmV gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm. {ó`m§Zm _mZdVoMo A{YH$ma {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r AI§S> H$m`©
Ho$bo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 14 ì`m H$b_mV ^maVr` órbm nwéfm§À`m ~amo~arZo g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá H$éZ
{Xbo. {Vbm nwéfmg_mZ _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbm. 39 ì`m H$b_mZwgma Cn{O{dHo$Mo n`m©á gmYZ {_i{dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma ór-nwéfm§Zm g_mZ amhrb. `m_wio {ó`m§Zm EH$ ^¸$_ AmYma {_imbm. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
"ór-ñdmV§Í`mMm OmhraZm_m' Agbobo qhXy H$moS> ~rb 5 \o$~«wdmar, 1951 amoOr g§gXoV Omhra Ho$bo. {ó`m§Zm
Ë`m§Mo h¸$ d A{YH$ma {_imdoV `mgmR>r qhXy H$moS> {~bmMm AmJ«h Yabm. X{bVm§Zm Va Ë`m§Zr ñdm{^_mZmZo
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
90
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
OJÊ`mMr eŠVr {Xbr nU {ó`m§Zmhr Ë`m§Zr AmË_gÝ_mZmZo OJÊ`mMr àoaUm {Xbr. {ó`m§Zm nwéfmà_mUo g_mOmV
~amo~arMo ñWmZ d h¸$ nm{hOoV `mgmR>r Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ho {~b g§gXoV _§Oya ìhmdo åhUyZ _moR>çm à_mUmda à`ËZ
Ho$bm. `m {~bm_wio 1) ór-nwéfm§Zm g_mZ A{YH$ma.
2) {ó`m§Zm {ejUmMm A{YH$ma XoUo.
3) {ó`m§Zm d{S>bmonm{O©V g§nÎmrV {hñgm {_iÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
4) {ó`m§Zm KQ>ñ\$moQ> XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, KQ>ñ\$mo{Q>V órbm nmoQ>Jr _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
5) n{hbr nËZr AgVmZm Xwgar nËZr H$aÊ`mg _ZmB©.
6) XÎmH$ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.
7) ñdV:Mm dmag {ZdS>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma.
{ó`m§gmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr qhXy H$moS> {~bmÀ`m énmZo `wJàdV©H$mMo H$m`© Ho$bo. ^maVr` órbm gd©M
joÌmV àJVrMr g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ {Xbr. H$m`ÚmÛmao órbm g§ajU d h¸$ àmá ìhmdo `m CÔoemZoM S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zr
ho {~b _m§S>bo. nU à{VJm_r àd¥ÎmrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr `m {dYo`H$mbm {damoY Ho$bm. hr KQ>Zm ^maVr` B{VhmgmV
AË`§V IoXOZH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 11 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1951 amoOr H$m`Xo_§ÌrnXmMm amOrZm_m {Xbm.
Oar `m {dYo`H$mbm {damoY Pmbm Agbm Var ~è`mMem H$b_m§Mo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va Pmbobo {XgVo. S>m.° Am§~So >H$amZr
Cno{jV órbm EH$ g§ajUmMo H$dMM {Xbo Amho. Ë`m_wio AmO ór àJë^, gwOmU, gw{e{jV Pmbobr {XgVo.
`mM {~bm_wio ór ñdV§Ì, AmË_{dídmgy d OmJ¥V Pmbobr {XgVo. g_mOH$maU d amOH$maU `m XmoÝhr nmVù`m§da
Vr g§Kf© H$aÊ`mg g‚m Amho. Añn¥í` {ó`m§Zr gdmª{JU gwYmaUogmR>r PQ>mdo hm g§Xoe S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {Xbm.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 5 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) ^maVr` KQ>ZoMo _hmZ {eënH$ma åhUyZ H$moUmbm AmoiIbo OmVo?
2) n§. Zohê§$À`m _§{Ì_§S>imV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a H$moUVo _§Ìr hmoVo?
3) ^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm H$moUË`m gmbr AñVrËdmV Ambr?
4) KQ>Zm g{_VrMr n{hbr ~¡R>H$ H$moUË`m gmbr Pmbr?
5) ór ñdmV§Í`mMm OmhraZm_m Agbobo H$moUVo ~rb S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr g§gXoV _m§S>bo?
4.2.7 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Y_©{df`H$ {dMma :
g_mOmÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV Y_m©bm _moR>o ñWmZ Amho. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Y_©{df`H$ {dMma AZoH$ J«§Wm§_YyZ
_m§S>bb
o o AmhoV. g_mOOrdZmbm Y_© Amdí`H$ Amho nU ê$T>r-H$_©H$m§S>mV ~wS>mbobm, _Zwî`mMr ñdV§Ì {dMmagaUr
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
91
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Zï> H$aUmam, {df_Vm, AkmZ, A§YlÕm `m§Zm n«moËgmhZ XoUmam Y_© Ë`m§Zm Ë`mÁ` hmoVm. _mUgmÀ`m àJVrbm,
AmË_{dídmgmbm, {dH$mgmbm nmofH$ dmVmdaU V`ma H$aUmam, g_Vm Am{U ñdmV§Í` `m§Mr {eH$dU XoUmam Y_©
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm A{^àoV hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý`m` `m _mZdr _yë`m§Mr àñWmnZm H$aUmam Y_©
Agbm nm{hOo hm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. Y_m©Mo Ü`o` ho ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg hoM Agbo nm{hOo. Y_m©Mo _ybVÎd
_mZdmMo AñVrËd {Q>H${dUo ho Agbo nm{hOo.
Y_© åhUOo Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ àoaUm ZìhVr ho Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Vrb _hÎdmMo VÎd hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ g_Vm,
gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ` `mgmR>r Y_m©Mm AmYma KoUo Ë`m§Zm JaOoMo dmQy> bmJbo. Y_© hr gm_m{OH$ eŠVr Amho Agm
{dMma Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _m§S>bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _mUgmÀ`m hmVmV OÝ_ H$moUË`m g_mOmV ¿`mdm ho ZgVo. nU _mUgmMm
OÝ_ Á`m g_mOmV hmoVmo Ë`m g_mOmMm Y_© Ë`mbm nmimdm bmJVmo. Ë`mbm Y_m©da Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
ZgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ hm Y_© ~Zbm. g_mO g§KQ>rV ~{ZdÊ`mgmR>r, g_mOmg_moa
g_mZVm, AmXe© _yë`o R>odyZ Y_m©Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ago à{VnmXZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$bo.
4.2.8 Y_mªVa :
^maVr` B{VhmgmV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`m AmË__wŠVrMm, ñdËdemoYmMm Am{U {dMma
`wJmMmhr Ama§^ Ho$bm. ì`ŠVrbm qhXy Y_m©V ñWmZ Zmhr. _mUwgH$sMo h¸$ Añn¥í`m§Zm {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r
~m~mgmho~m§Mm A{daV g§Kf© gwê$ hmoVm. qhXy Y_m©V amhÿZ Añn¥í`m§Zm _yb^yV h¸$ {_i{dÊ`mMm Ë`m§Zr Xhm df}
à`ËZ Ho$bm. _hmS>, Zm{eH$ `oWrb gË`mJ«h ho Ë`mgmR>rM hmoVo. emim, _hm{dÚmb`, _§{Xao, nmUdR>o, gmd©O{ZH$
{R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zm Zoh_rM ñn¥í` dJm©Zo An_mZmMr dmJUyH$ {Xbr hmoVr. åhUyZ qhXy Y_m©V g_mZ XOm© àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gË`mJ«hmÀ`m _mJm©Zo OmD$Z H$mhr nXamV nS>Uma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio qhXy Y_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`m{edm`
Xwgam n`m©` Ë`m§À`m nwT>o ZìhVm. Añn¥í`m§Zm _mUwgH$sMo h¸$, Ý`m`, gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m qhXy Y_m©V amhÿZ {_iUma
Zgob Va AÝ` Y_m©Mm pñdH$ma H$aUo C{MV R>aob. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr 13 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1935 amoOr Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb
"`odbm' `oWo XbrV dJu` n[afXoV Y_mªVamMr KmofUm Ho$br. "_r qhXy åhUyZ OÝ_mbm Ambmo Agbmo Var _r qhXy
åhUyZ _aUma Zmhr' Aer H«$m§{VH$mar Eo{Vhm{gH$ KmofUm `odbm `oWo Ho$br. OJmVrb AZoH$ Y_m©Mm ~maH$mB©Zo
Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`m§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_© pñdH$mamd`mMo R>a{dbo.
~m¡Õ Y_© H$m pñdH$mabmV ho gm§JVmZm Vo {b{hVmV, ""~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr VÎdo {Q>H$mdy AmhoV. ~m¡Õ Y_m©Zo
ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý`m` `m _mZdr _yë`m§Mm pñdH$ma Ho$bm Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m {dH$mgmbm d g_mOmÀ`m
àJVrbm nmofH$ Agm ~m¡Õ Y_© Amho.'' ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm nm`m Z¡{VH$ Amho. ~m¡Õ Y_m©V Om{V^oX, H$_©H$m§S> `mbm
Wmam Zmhr. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` ñdmV§Í` ho ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mo gma Amho. ~m¡Õ Y_© {dkmZ{Zð> d ~w{Õ{Zð>
Amho. gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma, g§Kf© hr gm_m{OH$ H$maUo Zï> H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© Jm¡V_ ~wÕm§Zr
gm§{JVbm. `m Jmoï>r_wioM Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_© pñdH$maÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm. 1935 bm `odbm `oWo KoVbobr
Y_mªVamMr KmofUm 14 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1956 amoOr nyU© Ho$br. ZmJnya `oWrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ g_ma§^mV Amnë`m Ag§»`
AZw`m`m§gh Ë`m§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr Xrjm YoVbr. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§Mo _mUygnU {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Y_mªVa
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
92
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
Ho$bo. ñdV:da {dídmg, gË`, Aqhgm d g_Voda AmYmabobm ~m¡Õ Y_© Amho, Ago Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV. Á`m qhXy
Y_m©Zo eyÐm§da gm_m{OH$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ Jwbm_{Jar bmXbr Ë`mMm Ë`mJ H$éZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm pñdH$ma
Ho$bm.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 6 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Y_mªVamMr KmofUm H$moR>o ^aboë`m n[afXoV Ho$br?
2) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Y_mªVamMr KmofUm H$moUË`m gmbr Ho$br?
3) "_r qhXy åhUyZ OÝ_mbm Ambmo Agbmo Var qhXy åhUyZ _aUma Zmhr' Aer H«$m§{VH$mar KmofUm H$moUr
Ho$br?
4) ~m¡Õ Y_© H$moUr pñdH$mabm?
5) S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ~m¡Õ Y_m©Mr Xrjm H$moR>o KoVbr?
4.2.9 S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mr d¥ÎmnÌo d J«§Wg§nXm :
dV©_mZ nÌ ho g_mO OmJ¥VrMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho, `m {dMmagaUrVyZM S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr d¥ÎmnÌo
Mmb{dbr. Añn¥í`m§À`m ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r, Ý`m` h¸$mgmR>r d Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m` AË`mMmambm dmMm
\$moS>Ê`mgmR>r d¥ÎmnÌ ho _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho, Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý`m` hr S>m°.
~m~mgmho~m§À`m nÌH$m[aVoMr MVw:gyÌo hmoVr. n[adV©ZmMm {dMma ñn¥í` g_mOmV éO{dUo d Añn¥í`m§Zm Ý`m`
{_idyZ XoUo hm d¥ÎmnÌ gwê$ H$aÊ`m_mJrb S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§Mm hoVy hmoVm.
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr {Xboë`m Am{W©H$ _XVrZo "_yH$Zm`H$' ZmdmMo dV©_mZnÌ 31
OmZodmar, 1920 bm gwê$ Ho$bo. "~{hîH¥$V ^maV' ho nm{jH$ 1927 gmbr gwê$ Ho$bo. _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mÀ`m
gË`mJ«hmÀ`mdoir ñn¥í` dJm©À`m Q>rHo$bm CÎma XoÊ`mgmR>r ho nm{jH$ gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va "OZVm' d "à~wÕ ^maV'
hr d¥ÎmnÌo gwê$ Ho$br nU Vr AënOrdr R>abr. Oar Vr AënOrdr R>abr Agbr Var Ë`mVyZ _m§S>boë`m {dMmamVyZ
Añn¥í`m§Zm g§KQ>rV d OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$bo. d¥ÎmnÌm~amo~aM Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ J«§Wm§Mo {bImU Ho$bo.
g_mOà~moYZ, g_mOmMm {dH$mg d n[adV©ZmgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ J«§W {b{hbo. "J«§W åhUOo _mÂ`m OrdZmMm
ídmgmoÀN²>dmg Amho' Ago S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ åhUV. J«§Wm§À`m g§JVrV amhUo Ë`m§Zm AmdS>V Ago. H$maU {dÚoZo
_Zwî` ñdV:Mm {_Ì ~ZVmo. Ë`m§Zr {d{dY {df`m§Mm Aä`mg d qMVZ Ho$bobo hmoVo. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m H«$m§VrH$mar
VÎdkmZmVyZM gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. Ë`m§Zr {b{hbobm EHo$H$ J«§W åhUOo nm§{S>Ë`mMm nwamdmM Amho. g_mOmV
OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r, Añn¥í`m§Zm Ý`m` h¸$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr {d{dY J«§Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. S>m°.
Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _amR>rda n«^wËd AgyZhr Ë`m§Zr J«§W B§J«OrVM {b{hbo H$maU {~«Q>re amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm ^maVmVrb
n[apñWVrMo kmZ ìhmdo. Ë`m§Mm AZoH$ J«W§ m§Zr, boIm§Zr, d¥ÎmnÌm§Zr g_mOà~moYZmMo H$m`© Ho$bo. `m g_mO à~moYZmVyZ
X{bV g_mO OmJ¥V Pmbm d Amnë`m h¸$mgmR>r g§Kf© H$amd`mbm V`ma Pmbm.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
93
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mm J«§Wm{df`r hì`mg AI§S> dmT>V hmoVm. hOmamo J«§W Ë`m§À`m g§J«hr hmoVo. Ë`mV OJmVrb
Xw{_©i J«§W hmoVo. EH$Xm n§. _XZ_mohZ _mbdr` `m§Zr Am§~oS>H$am§Mm J«§Wg§J«h XmoZ bmI én`mbm {dH$V KoÊ`mMr
BÀN>m ì`ŠV Ho$br. Voìhm Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Vr BÀN>m A_mÝ` Ho$br. Vo åhUVmV, ""J«§Wg§J«h OmUo åhUOo _mÂ`m
Hw$S>rVyZ àmU OmUoM hmo`.'' Ë`m§À`m J«§Wmb`mVrb J«§Wm§Zm Hw$Umbmhr hmV bmdÊ`mMr nadmZJr Zgo. Ë`m§Zr
EImXm J§«W {bhÿZ nyU© Pmë`mda d Amnbo {dMma J«§WmV N>mnbobo nmhÿZ Ë`m§Zm ñdJu` AmZ§X hmoB©. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
{b{hbobo H$mhr J«§W nwT>rbn«_mUo :
1) H$mñQ>g² BZ B§{S>`m (1917)
2) àm°ãbo_g² Am°\$ ê$nr, BQ>g² Amo[aOrZ A°ÝS> BQ>g² gmoë`weZ (1923)
3) Bìh°ë`weZ Am°\$ n«mopìhZerAb \$m`ZmÝg BZ {~«Q>re B§{S>`m (1923)
4) {hñQ´>r Am°\$ B§{S>`Z H$aÝgr A°ÝS> ~±qH$J (1923)
5) A°{Z{hboeZ Am°\$ H$mñQ> (1937)
6) \o$S>aoeZ ìhg}g {\«$S>_ (1940)
7) Wm°Q>g² Am°Z nm{H$ñVmZ (1940)
8) {_. Jm§Yr A°ÝS> B_°Z{gnoeZ Am°\$ X AZQ>Mo~ëg (1943)
9) amZS>o, Jm§Yr A°ÝS> {OÞm (1943)
10) ìhm°Q> H$m±J«og A°ÝS> Jm§Yr h°ìh BZ Qy> AZQ>Mo~ëg (1945)
11) H$å`wZb S>oS>bm°H$ A°ÝS> do Qy> gm°ëd BQ> (1945)
12) hþ doAa X eyÐmO (1946)
13) nm{H$ñVmZ Am°a nm{Q>©eZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m (1946)
14) ñQ>oQ>g² A±S> _m`Zm[aQ>rO (1947)
15) AZQ>Mo~ëg hþ Ama Xo A°ÝS> ìhm` Xo Ama {~Ho$_ AZQ>Mo~ëg (1948)
16) Wm°Q>g² Am°Z qbp½dñQ>rH$ ñQ>oQ> (1955)
17) ~wÕ A°ÝS> H$mb©_mŠg© (1956)
18) X [aS>ëg BZ qhXyP_ (1956)
19) ~wÕ A°ÝS> {hO Yå_ (1957)
20) am`qQ>½O A°ÝS> ñnrMog² Am°\$ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ìhm°ë`w_ 1 Vo 5
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 7 :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) g_mO OmJ¥VrMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ H$moUVo Amho?
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
94
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
2)
3)
4)
5)
4.2.10
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~m§À`m nÌH$m[aVoMr MVw:gwÌo H$moUVr AmhoV?
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 1927 gmbr H$moUVo nm{jH$ gwê$ Ho$bo?
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moUË`m ^mfoV Amnbo J«§W {bhbo?
J«§W åhUOo _mÂ`m OrdZmMm H$m` Amho Ago Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV?
`mo½`Vm :
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í` g_mOmbm ñdgm_Ï`m©Mr AmoiI H$éZ {Xbr. Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o
AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Ho$bm. Ë`mJ, Zì`mMr H$mg, ñdm{^_mZ, ñd{dH$mg, {ejU øm n§MgyÌrda Ë`m§Zr ^a
{Xbm. Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU d g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo hoM Amnbo OrdrV H$m`© Ë`m§Zr _mZbo. Añn¥í`m§Zm _mUyg
åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$ Ë`m§Zr {_idyZ {Xbm. Amnbo g§nyU© OrdZ nXX{bVm§À`m CÕmamgmR>r g_{n©V Ho$bo. {ó`m§À`m
CÞVrH$aVm d _wŠVVogmR>r bT>m XoUmao Vo _hmZ goZmZr hmoVo. EH$ àH$m§S>n§{S>V, H$m`XoVk, AW©Vk, Y_©{ddoMH$,
amOH$s` _wËgÔr, _hmZ g_mOgwYmaH$, {ejUVk, OmJ{VH$ H$sVuMo KQ>Zmn§{S>V d _hmZ g§gXnQy> Ago Ë`m§À`m
OrdZmMo {d{dY n¡by hmoVo. gmpÎdH$nUo AÝ`m`m{déÕ PJS>Umam EH$ ZoVm åhUyZ g§nyU© XoemV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$a {MaH$mb ñ_aUmV amhVrb.
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
{eënH$ma - {Z_m©Vm, KS>{dUmam
_hVr - _hÎd
XjVm - H$miOr
CÕmaH$Vm© - H$ë`mU H$aUmam
H$m`Xon§{S>V - H$m`ÚmMm Vk
OmoIS> - ~§YZ, _`m©Xm, Xmñ`, Jwbm_{Jar
AmË_gÝ_mZ - _mZ, _hÎd, ñdà{Vð>m
H¡$dmar - ajU H$aUmam
àJmT> - kmZr, hþema
H$Qy> - dmB©Q>
nmUdR>m - J«m_rU ^mJmVrb nmUr ^aÊ`mMr OmJm
Zaoe - amOm
kmZg§nmXZ - kmZ KoUo, kmZ AmË_gmV H$aUo
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
95
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
{Z`wŠVr - Zo_UyH$
dmXH$Wm - MMm©
doVZ - nJma
_m{gH$ - _{hZm
CÞVr - àJVr
AZw`m`r - {eî`
I§V - Xw:I, CUrd
emo{fV - Am{W©H$ bw~mS>UyH$
nm{jH$ - n§Yam {Xdgm§Zr àH$m{eV hmoUmao
_wŠV - ~§YZ Zgbobm
~§S> - CR>md
XhZ - OmiUo
Hw$S>r - Xoh, earamVrb àmU
gZXera - `mo½`, gai
AmamIS>m- énaofm
{Z^©` - YrQ>, YmS>gr
g§{dYmZ - amÁ`KQ>Zm
^y_r{hZ - O_rZ ZgUmam
gË`mJ«h - gË`mMm AmJ«h
Y_mªVa - EH$m Y_m©VyZ Xwgè`m Y_m©V OmUo
~{hîH¥$V dJ© - Añn¥í` dJ©, X{bV dJ©
Xmñ` - Jwbm_{Jar
{dÛmZ - hþema, ~wÕr_mZ
Abm¡{H$H$ - loð>
{MaH$mb - Zoh_r, H$m`_
ñ_aU - AmR>dU
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
96
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
4.4
ñd`§AÜ``Z àým§Mr CÎmao :
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 1 :
(A) 1) 1907 2) Eb{\$ÝñQ>Z H$m°boO 3) g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> 4) ^maVmÀ`m amï´>r` Zâ`mMm
dmQ>m : EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥W:¸$aUmË_H$ n[a{ebZ 5) {gS>Zh°_ H$m°boO
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 2 :
(A) 1) ~{hîH¥$V {hVH$m[aUr g^m 2) gañdVr {dbmg 3) {eH$m, g§KQ>rV ìhm Am{U g§Kf© H$am
4) 1945 5) _w§~B©
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 3 :
(A) 1) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a 2) _hmS> 3) 1927 4) Zm{eH$Mo H$mimam_ _§{Xa
5) 1929
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 4 :
(A) 1) Jmob_oO n[afX 2) nwUo H$ama 3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a 4) 1936
5) ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 5 :
(A) 1) S>m.° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~So >H$a 2) H$m`Xm_§Ìr 3) 26 OmZodmar, 1950 4) 9 {S>g~| a, 1946
5) qhXy H$moS> ~rb
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 6 :
(A) 1) `odbm 2) 1935 3) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a 4) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
5) ZmJnya
ñd`§AÜ``Z àý - 7 :
(A) 1) dV©_mZnÌ 2) ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm d Ý`m` 3) ~{hîH¥$V ^maV 4) B§J«Or
5) ídmgmoÀN²>dmg
4.5
gmam§e :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ho EH$ MVwaó {dÛmZ, ì`mg§Jr Am{U kmZ`moJr
n§{S>V hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr OÝ_^a {dÚmì`mg§J H$éZ {dMmaYZ {_i{dbo Am{U {ZîH$b§H$ Mm[aÍ` àmá Ho$bo. g_mO,
amOH$maU, Y_©, amÁ`KQ>Zm AW©H$maU, {ejU `m {d{dY joÌm§V Ë`m§Zr _ybJm_r qMVZ Ho$bo. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë`m H$V¥©ËdmZo Amnbo Zm§d OJmÀ`m B{VhmgmV AOam_a Ho$bo. Añn¥í`m§Mm CÕmaH$Vm©, X{bVm§Mm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
97 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H¡$dmar, {ó`m§Mm CÕmaH$Vm©, nXX{bVm§Mm ÌmVm, _mZdmÀ`m à{Vð>oH$aVm bT>Umam `moÕm åhUyZ S>m°. ~m~mgmho~
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmV kmV AmhoV.
^maVr` g_mOì`dñWobm bmJbobm "Añn¥í`Vm' hm _moR>m H$b§H$ Amho. eVH$mZweVHo$ Jwbm_{JarÀ`m
OmoIS>mV AS>H$boë`m, AÝ`m`, AË`mMma ghZ H$aUmè`m Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m CÞVrgmR>r S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr
Amnbo AdKo OrdZM g_{n©V Ho$bo. Añn¥í`m§Zm EH$ _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r Vo AhmoamÌ
PQ>bo. Añn¥í` g_mOmV ñdËdmMr OmUrd, AmË_^mZ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$ Xmñ`mVyZ
Añn¥í` g_mOmbm _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r bT>Umao EH$ H«$m§{VH$mar, ~§S>Imoa ZoVo åhUOo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a
hmoV.
Añn¥í`m§gmR>r {ejUg§ñWm d _hm{dÚmb`o ñWmnyZ Ë`m§Zm Ý`m` h¸$mgmR>r g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {Xbr.
Ë`m§Zr {d{dY d¥ÎmnÌo Mmb{dbr. gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` n[afXm§Mo AÜ`jnX ^yf{dbo Ë`m§Mo amOH$s` OrdZ
AË`§V à^mdembr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr H$m_Jmam§À`m h¸$m§{df`r Midir Ho$ë`m. KQ>Zm g{_VrMo AÜ`j hmoVo. KQ>ZoMm
_gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr `eñdVrnUo nma nmS>bo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm ^maVr` KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma åhUVmV.
_wËgÚmMo ehmUnU, ZoË`mMo JwU, {dÛmZ, ì`mg§Jr, ghZerbVm Ë`m§À`m A§Jr hmoVr. åhUyZM ^maVr` amï´>
C^maUr d amï´> ~m§YUrMo H$m`© H$aÊ`mV Á`m amO{H$`, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ {dMmad§Vm§Mm d g_mOgwYmaH$m§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`m _m{bHo$V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Zmd AJ«ñWmZr ¿`mdo bmJob. Aem `m _hmnwéfmMo _hm{Zdm©U
6 {S>g|~a, 1956 amoOr Pmbo.
^maV gaH$maZo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zm 1990 gmbr "^maVaËZ' hm {H$Vm~ XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm
Jm¡ad Ho$bm. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§~Ôb YZ§O` H$sa åhUVmV, ""{díd^yfU Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m Abm¡{H$H$ OrdZmZo
^maVmV kmZmMo EH$ ZdrZ VrW© {Z_m©U Pmbo. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Zm§d XoemÀ`m B{Vhmgmer gX¡d {ZJS>rV amhrb. `m
`wJmVrb n{hë`m loUrVrb Abm¡{H$H$ nwéfm§_Ü`o Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ Amho. _mZdr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV Ë`m§Zr Amnbo
Zm§d Amnë`m namH«$_mZo H$moéZ R>odbo.''
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm. (XrKm}Îmar àíZ).
1. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo OrdZ d H$m`© ñnï> H$am.
2. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
3. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mo dU©Z H$am.
4. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`moÕmamgmR>r Ho$boë`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr Úm.
5. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` H$m`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
6. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _§{Xa àdoe MidirMo dU©Z H$am.
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
98
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
7. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo ór{df`H$ {dMma ñnï> H$am.
8. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m amOH$s` njmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
(~) {Q>nm {bhm. (bKwÎmar àíZ).
1. _hmS>À`m MdXma Vù`mMm gË`mJ«h
2. H$mimam_ _§{Xa àdoe Midi
3. Jmob_oO n[afX
4. nwUo H$ama
5. ñdV§Ì _Oya nj
6. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Y_mªVa
4.7 g§X^© J«§W :
1) H$sa YZ§O`
:
2) g§nmXH$ _§S>i
:
3) H$g~o amdgmho~
4) àH$meZ g{_Vr
:
:
5) S>m°. nJmao _. gw.
:
6) amD$V JUoe, amD$V Á`moVr
:
7) damS>H$a a. K.
8) {^S>o, nmQ>rb, WmoamV
:
:
9) gaXogmB© ~r. EZ².
:
10) naXoer à{V_m
:
11) Jm`H$dmS> kmZamO H$m{eZmW :
12) JmoIbo X. Z.
:
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, _w§~B©
ghmdr Amd¥Îmr (1989)
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a Jm¡ad J«§W, _hmamï´> amÁ` n[afX Am{U
g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i (2006)
Am§~oS>H$a Am{U _mŠg©, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo (1985)
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mr ^mfUo, ^mJ-1
1920 Vo 1936, Cƒ Am{U V§Ì{ejU {d^mJ, _hmamï´> emgZ
(2002)
X{bV gm{hË`mMm B{Vhmg, àem§V npãbHo$eÝg, OiJmd
àW_md¥Îmr (2005)
_hmamï´>mVrb n[adV©ZmMm B{Vhmg, S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg, nwUo
Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr (2009)
^maVr` amOH$s` {dMmad§V, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya (2005)
_hmamï´>mVrb g_mOgwYmaUoMm B{Vhmg, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ,
H$moëhmnya (2005)
AmYw{ZH$ _hmamï´>, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya (2000)
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am{U ór _wŠVr, {X½ZmV àH$meZ, nwUo (2003)
_hm_mZd S>m°. {^_amd am_Or Am§~oS>H$a, [a`m npãbHo$eÝg,
H$moëhmnya (2013)
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo A§Va§J, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B© (2003)
99
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
13) S>m°. \$S>Ho$ ^mbM§Ð
:
14) nmQ>rb ~r. ~r.,
gm¡. MìhmU AM©Zm
15) I¡a_moS>o Mm§JXod ^JdmZamd
:
:
16) IamV e§H$aamd (g§nm.)
:
17) I¡a_moS>o Mm§JXod ^JdmZamd
:
18) S>m°. nmZVmdUo J§JmYa (g§nm.) :
\w$bo, Am§~oS>H$a emoY Am{U ~moY, AmZ§X àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX
(1985)
^maVr` amOH$s` {dMma, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya (2011)
S>m°. ^r_amd am_Or Am§~oS>H$a, I§S>-3, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo
(1990)
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mr AmË_H$Wm, B§Ðm`Ur gm{hË`,
nwUo (1987)
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Am{U qhXy H$moS> ~rb, gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo
(1987)
S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo {ZdS>H$ boI, à{V_m àH$meZ,
nwUo (2009).
mmm
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
100
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC