B.A. Part I Sanskrit Lower

~r. E. ^mJ EH$
g§ñH¥$V (EopÀN>H$)
({ZåZñVa)
KQ>H$-1 : {XZM`m©
KQ>H$-2 : ~wX²{Y`©ñ` ~b§ Vñ`& ({hVmonXoe)
KQ>H$-3 : àho{cH$m:&
KQ>H$-4 : Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z: (~mcàhgZ_²)
KQ>H$-5 : e~ard¥ÎmmÝV:
KQ>H$-6 : Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:&
KQ>H$-7 : ñnîQ>m _mVw: ^y{_H$m
KQ>H$-8 : `mkdëŠ` JmJu g§dmX:
1
KQ>H$-1
{XZM`m©
1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
àñVwV KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmVyZ {dÚmWmªÀ`m {R>H$mUr nwT>rc JmoîQ>r {XgyZ òVrc.
1. g§ñH¥$V ^mfoVrc Am`wd}Xr` J§«WmVrc {df` Amnë`m OrdZmg {H$Vr Cn`moJr AmhoV, `mMo
kmZ hmoB©c.
2. Amnco Am`wî` {ZamoJr Agmdo `mgmR>r Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ AmMma H$gm R>odmdm `mMr _m{hVr
{_ioc.
3. ^maVr` d¡ÚH$ emómMr {deofV: Am`wd}X emómMr AmoiI Ë`m§Zm hmoB©c.
4. Am`wd}X J«§Wm§Mo dmMZmg Vo dmMÊ`mg àd¥Îm hmoVrc.
5. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV H$er {eñV R>odmdr, `mMo Ë`m§Zm kmZ hmoB©c.
1.1 àñVmdZm
AmOÀ`m J{V_mZ d YH$mYH$sÀ`m OrdZmV Amnë`m Amamo½`m{df`r gdmª_Üò OmJéH$Vm {XgyZ
òV Amho. hr g_mYmZmMr ~m~ Amho. Amnë`m ^maVr` d¡ÚemómV hr ñdmñÏ`m{df`r gdªH$f {dMma
Ho$cocm Amho. Amnco X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma H$go AgmdoV, H$m`m-dmMm d _Z `m§À`m ewÕrMo _hËd Am{U
AmnmX_ñVH$ earamMr {ZJm H$er R>odmdr, `m g§~§YrMm {dMma àñVwV nmR>mV Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m
AÜ``ZmVyZ Amnë`m dV©_mZmcm {eñV cmJmdr, Aer `mVyZ Anojm Amho.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
r
_amR>r ^mfm§Va :
1. (àËòH$ {ZamoJr) ì`{ŠVZo {ZamoJr ahmdo `mgmR>r ~«m÷_whÿVm©da CR>mdo, Ë`mZ§Va (_r
CR>Ê`mg `mo½` Amho H$s Zmhr Agm {dMma H$éZ åhUOoM) earamÀ`m qMVonmgyZ {Zd¥Îm
hmoD$Z (_c_yÌén) em¡Mm{dYr H$amdm.
2
2. Ë`mZ§Va éB©, dS>, I¡a, H$a§O, AOw©ZgmXS>m BË`mXr PmS>m§À`m VwaQ>, {VIQ> d H$Sy> _D$ Q>moHo$
Agcoë`m H$mS>çm gH$mir d ^moOZ Pmë`mda Mmdmì`m.
3. XmV d {haS>çm `m§Zm BOm Z nmohmoM{dVm H§$aJirÀ`m nwT>À`m noam EdT>r OmS> d ~mam
A§Jwio (~moQ>o) cm§~ H$mS>r Mmdmdr.
4. Z§Va XaamoO gwa_m S>moù`mV Kmcmdm. Vmo S>moù`m§Zm {hVH$a Amho. S>moim hm VoOmo_`
(§A{¾JwUàYmZ) Amho. Ë`mg {deofV: (erVàYmZ) H$\$mMo ^` AgVo.
5. åhUyZ (H$\$ Xmof H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r) gmVì`m amÌr (S>moù`mVyZ H$\$ Xmof) JiyZ
OmÊ`mgmR>r agm§OZ dmnamdo. Z§Va Zñ`, JwiÊ`m, Yy_«nmZ d Vm§~yc `m§Mo godZ H$amdo.
6. Zoh_r (à{V{Xder) Aä`§J H$amdm. Vmo dmY©Š`. WH$dm d dmV{dH$mam§Zm ZîQ> H$aVmo. ÑîQr
ñdÀN> H$aVmo, earamg nwîQ> H$aVmo, Am`wî` dmT>{dVmo, (JmT>) {ZÐm AmUVmo, ËdMm gwHw$_ma
H$aVmo d eara ~iH$Q> ~Z{dVmo.
7. ì`m`m_mZo earamg hcHo$nUm òVmo, H$m`© H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr dmT>Vo, OR>am¾r à{XßV hmoVmo
(^yH$ cmJVo). _oX (ñWycVm) H$_r hmoVmo. earamMo Ad`d KQ²>Q> ~ZyZ ñnîQ> (aoIrd)
{XgVmV.
8. A{YH$ ì`m`m_ Ho$ë`mZo VhmZ cmJUo, j` (amO`ú_m) hmoUo, àV_H$ (ídmg cmJUo),
aŠV{nÎm, l_ (WH$dm) òUo, ½cmZr òUo, ImoH$cm, Vmn d dm§Vr ho {dH$ma CËnÞ hmoVmV.
9. ì`m`m_Z§Va A§Jmg CQ>Uo cmdmdo. CQ>Uo cmdë`mZo H$\$ ZîQ> hmoVmo, _oXmMo emofZ hmoVo,
Ad`d pñWa (_O~yV) hmoVmV. d ËdMm AË`§V H$m§{V`wŠV hmoVo.
10. ñZmZ ho OQ>am¾r àXrnH$, d¥î` (dr`©dY©H$) Am`wî` dmT>{dUmao, CËgmheŠVr d ~c
XoUmao AgVo. (VgoM) ImO, _c (ËdModarc). WH$dm, Km_, VÝÐm (§Amig), VhmZ,
Xmh d nmn (amoJ) Zme H$aUmao AgVo.
11. (ñZmZmZ§Va) nydu Ho$coco OodZ nMë`mda nÏ`H$maH$ ({hVH$a) d à_mUera ^moOZ
H$amdo. (_c_yÌmXtMo) doJ ~cmËH$mamZo nyU© H$é ZòV VgoM `m doJm§Mr OmUrd Pmcr
AgVm (doJ {Z:gmaUm{edm`) AÝ` H$m_ H$é Zò. {edm` gmÜ` amoJ ~am Ho$ë`m{edm`
Xþgao H$m_ H$ê$ Zò.
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12. CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ Zgcoë`m, amoJ d emoH$mZo nr{S>V `m§Zm Amnë`m Hw$dVrZwgma Xþ:I
{ZdmaÊ`mMm Cnm` `moOZm, {H$S>m-_wJr BË`mXr àmÊ`m§Zm Zoh_r Amnë`m à_mUoM g_Omdo.
(Ë`m§À`m ~m~VrV à{VHy$c AmMaU H$é Zò.)
13. (`mo½`) doir ~mocmdo, {hVH$a ~mocmdo. (`w{ŠV-`wŠV nU) _moOHo$ ~mocmdo. A{dg§dmXr
(Ë`mO) H$moUVmhr {damoY Zmhr Ago gË`) ~mocmdo, _¥Xÿ (JmoS>) ~mocmdo. (ôQ> Pmcr
AgVm g_moaMr ì`ŠVr ~mococ d Z§Va _r ~mocoZ Aer àVrjm Z H$aVm {VÀ`m ~amo~a)
àW_ ~mocmdo, (Zoh_r) àgÞ Moham R>odmdm, AË`§V gm¡OÝèrc dmJmdo, X`miy d _¥Xÿ
ñd^mdmZo ahmdo.
14. EH$Q>m _Zwî` gwIr hmoV Zmhr. Amnë`m ~m§Yd d BîQ> {_Ìm§g_doV gwImMm Cn^moJ ¿`mdm.
gJirH$S>oM {dœmg R>ody Zò d A{dídmghr H$é Zò. AmnUmcm EImXm eÌy Amho Am{U
AmnU H$moUmMm Var eÌy Amho Ago H$moUmOdi hr ~mocy Zò.
15. Amncm (Pmcocm) An_mZ (H$moUmOdihr) ì`ŠV H$é Zò, VgoM Amnë`m ñdm_tMr
Amnë`mdarc ñZoh hrZVm (J¡a_Ou) `m§Mo dU©Z H$moUmOdihr H$é Zò. cmoH$m§À`m
_ZmVrc A{^àm` OmUyZ Omo Á`m àH$mamZo g§VwîQ> hmoB©c Ë`m àH$mamZo Xþgè`mMr godm
H$aÊ`mV ~wpÜX_mZ AgUmè`mZo dmJmdo. B§{Ð`m§Zm nrS>m XoD$ Zò, VgoM Ë`m§Mo \$ma cmS> H$é
ZòV.
17. {ÌdJmªMr (Y_©, AW© d H$m_ `m nwéfmWmªMr) àmßVr hmoUma Zmhr AWdm Ë`m§Zm {damoY
hmoB©c, Ago H$moUVohr H$m`© H$é Zò. gd© àH$maÀ`m Y_mª_Üò nXmonXr _Ü`_ _mJm©Zo
Mmcmdo.
18. H$og, ZIo, d XmT>r \$ma dmT>dy Zò. nm` d _c{dgO©H$ B§{Ðò Zoh_r ñdÀN> R>odmdr.
à{V{XZ ñZmZ H$amdo. gwJ§{YV Ðìò dmnamdr. gw§Xa dóo n[aYmZ H$amdr. CÕQ> dmJy Zò
d gä` AmMaU R>odmdo.
19. VmVS>rÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r amÌr ~mhoa nS>md`mMo Agë`mg hmVmV H$mR>r, S>moŠ`mg {eaómU d
~amo~a ghmæ`H$ ¿`mdm. Vm|S> PmH$ë`mg {edm` qeHy$ Zò, hgy Zò ` Om§^B© XoD$ Zò.
20. eara dmUr d _Z `m§À`m {H«$`m WH$dm òÊ`mnyduM Wm§~dmì`m C{H$S>mì`m pñWVrV \$ma
H$mi Wm§~y Zò. amÌrÀ`m doir d¥jmMm Aml` KoD$ Zò.
21. _ÚmMr {dH«$s H$é Zò, _ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr H$é Zò, _ÚmMr Xod-Kod (ì`mna) hr H$é Zò,
d _ÚmMo godZ H$é Zò. nyd}H$S>rc dmam, D$Z, Yyi, Xd d éj dmam ( `m nmM JmoîQ>r)
`m§Mo godZ H$é Zò.
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22. earamMr pñWVr gai ZgVmZm qeH$, T>oH$a. ImoH$cm. Pmon, AÞgodZ d _¡WwZ `m JmoîQ>r
H$é Zò. H$mR>mda d gmdcrV Wm§~y Zò. amOmMo A{à` H$é Zò. hÎmr, gn© d qeJo
AgUmao àmUr `m§À`mOdi OmD$ Zò.
23. ZrM, XþîQ>, d A{VehmUo `m§À`mH$S>o godm (MmH$ar) H$é Zò. VgoM Mm§Jë`m cmoH$m§~amo~a
H$ch H$é Zò. g§Ü`mH$mir ^moOZ, ñÌrghdmg, Pmon, AÜ``Z d qMVZ H$ê$ Zò.
24. eÌy, `k, g_wXm`, BH$S>o {VH$S>o {dIwacoco doí`m, ì`mnmar (hm°Q>oc BË`mXr) `m§À`mH$S>o
^moOZ H$é Zò. Ad`d, _wI, d ZIo `m§Zr dmÚ (dmO{dÊ`Mr ZŠH$c) H$é Zò. hmV
d Ho$g (AH$maU) hcdy Zò.
25. gd© àH$maMo OJmVrc ({d{dY) {H«$`m (JmoîQ>r) {eH$Ê`mgmR>r ~w{Õ_mZ cmoH$m§ZmM Jwé
_mZVmV. åhUyZ cm¡{H$H$ JmoîQ>t~m~V cmoH$m§ZmM narjH$ _mZyZ Ë`mà_mUo AmMaU H$amdo.
26. gd© àmUr_mÌm§À`m ~m~VrV X`m^md, XmZ XoUo, H$m`m-dmMm d _Z `m§Mo X_Z Am{U
Xþgè`m§À`m {hVm_Üò Amncm ñdmW© nmhUo hoM Iao gX²d«V Amho.
27. gÚm _mPo amÌ§{Xdg H$go OmV AmhoV. _r H$gm hmoV Amho? `mMo Zoh_r Ü`mZnyd©H$ [dMma
H$aUma H$Yrhr Xþ:Ir hmoV Zmhr.
28. Aem àH$mao g§jonmZo AmMma (gXmMma AWdm gX²d¥Îm) `m dU©Z Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mMo
AmMaU H$aUmè`m _Zwî`mg XrKm©`wî`, Amamo½` (ñdmñÏ`), Eoíd`© (YZ, g§nÎmr) H$sVu d
emídV cmoH$ àmßV hmoVmV.
1.3. ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. Am`wd}X hm H$moUË`m doXmMm CndoX Amho?
(A) F$½doX
(~) Òwd}X
(H$) gm_doX
(S>) AWd©doX.
2. AîQ>m§JöX`mMm H$Vm© H$moU Amho?
(A) dm½^Q>
(~) {dOà{jV
(S>) gwlwV.
5
(H$) MaH$
3. {ÌdJ© åhUOo H$m`?
(A) {ÌXmof
(~) VrZ nwéfmW© (H$) {Ì_c
(S>) VrZ cmoH$.
4. Mjy VoOmo_` Agë`mZo Ë`mg H$moUË`m XmofmnmgyZ ^` AgVo?
(A) {nÎm
(~) dmV
(H$) ícof
(S>) aŠV.
5. ì`m`m_mV² ............. j`: CnOm`Vo&
(A) H$m_:
(~) Áda&
(H$) erV
(S>) _oXg:.
6. .............. _whþV©o C{VîR>oV²&
(A) à^mVo
(~) {Z{eWo
(H$) ~«m÷o
(S>) ewô.
7. Aä`§Jm_wio ........... àgmX àmßVr hmoVo.
(A) A{j
(~) Ñ{îQ>
(H$) Mjw
(S>) ZoÌ.
8. Aä`L²>J§ AmMaoV² ............&
(A) {ZË`_²
(~) gßVmh_²
(H$) n{jH$_²
(S>) _mg_²&
9. A{Vì`m`m_V: ............. Om`Vo&
(A) _wN>m©
(~) _¥Ë`w:
(H$) ì`m{Y:
(S>) N>{X©:&
10. CX²dV©Z (CQ>Uo) H$go AgVo?
(A) {nÎmha
(~) H$\$ha
(H$) aŠVha
(S>) dmVha&
(~) nwT>rc n§ŠVtMo g§X^© XoD$Z ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. ~«m÷o _whÿV} C{ÎmîR>o ËñdñWmo éjmW©_m`wf: &
2. gm¡dra_ÄOZ§ {ZË`§ {hV_úUmoñVVmo ÔoV²&
3. Ad¥{Îmì`m{YemoH$mVm©ZZwdV}V e{ŠVV:&
(H$) n[aÀN>oX {chm.
1. OrdZmV ì`m`m_mMo _hÎd
2. ^mfU{dYr:&
6
(S>) "{XZM`m©' `m nmR>>mVrc _wX²>Xo WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.
1.4 ñd`_² AÜ``ZmÀ`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. (S>) AWd©doX&
2. (A) dm½^Q>&
3. (~) VrZ nwéfmW©&
4. (~) ícoî_&
5. (S>) _oXg:&
6. (H$) ~«m÷o&
7. (~) Ñ{îQ>&
8. (A) {ZË`_²&
9. (S>) N>{X©:&
10. (~) H$\$ha&
(~) g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU
1.
~«m÷mo _whÿV} C{ÎmîR>oËñdñWmo ajmW©_m`wf:&
AW© : (àËòH$ {ZamoJr) ì`ŠVrZo {ZamoJr ahmdo `mgmR>r ~«m÷ _whÿVm©da CR>mdo.
g§X^© : àñVwV ícmoH$ n§ŠVr dm½^Q>H¥$V "AîQ>m§JöX`' `m J«§WmVyZ KoVcoë`m "{XZM`m©' `m
nmR>mVrc Amho. _Zwî`mZo XaamoO Ho$ìhm CR>mdo ho `m n§ŠVrVyZ gm§{JVco Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo gH$mir ~«m÷_whÿVm©da CR>mdo Ago BWo gm§{JVco Amho. ~«m÷_whÿV©
åhUOo gy`m}X`mnydu Mma K{Q>H$m åhUOo VrZ Vmg qH$dm H$_rV H$_r XrS> nmdUo XmoZ Vmg CR>mdo.
åhUOo gmYmaUnUo nhmQ>o 4 Vo 4.30 dm. ~«÷ åhUOo kmZ Vo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r hmM H$mi CÎm_
AgVmo. ñdñW: åhUOo ZramoJr ñdñW `m eãXmMo cjU gwlwVmZo Ago g§m{JVco Amho.
g_Xmof : g_{¾íM g_YmVy_c{H«$`:&
àgÞmË_|{Ð`_Zm: ñdñW BË`{^Yr`Vo&&
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Á`m _ZwfmMo (VrZ) Xmof g_ AmhoV, A¾r g_ Amho, YmVy Am{U _c{H«$`m g_ AmhoV, VgoM
Á`m ì`ŠVrMm AmË_m B§{Ðò Am{U _Z àgÞ AmhoV, Aem nwéfmg ñdñW Ago åhUVmV.
cdH$a H$m CR>mdo? `mMo CÎma "ajmW©_m`wf:&' Ago {Xco Amho. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, Am`wî`mMo
ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~«m÷ _whÿVm©da CR>mdo.
d¡{eîQ>ço : àñVwV n§ŠVrVyZ J«§WH$mamZo _Zwî`mZo A{YH$ H$mc OJÊ`mgmR>r A{Ic _mZd
àmÊ`mg CnXoe Ho$cm Amho.
2.
gm¡dra_ÄOZ§ {ZË`§ {hV^úUmoñVVmo ÔoV²&
AW© : Z§Va XaamoO gwa_m S>moù`mV Kmcmdm. Vmo S>moù`m§Zm {hVH$maH$ Amho.
g§X^© : àñVwV ícmoH$n§ŠVr "{XZM`m©' `m nmR>mVrc AgyZ {VÀ`mVyZ S>moù`mV H$moUVo A§OZ
Kmcmdo ho gm§{JVco Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : _Zwî` earamVrc S>moio ho A{Ve` ZmOyH$ B§{Ð` AgyZ _hÎdmMo Amho. VoOñdr
S>moio CÎm_ ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMo ÚmoVH$ _mZco OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r S>moù`mMr {ZJm d H$miOr KoUo AË`mdí`H$
Amho. åhUyZ XaamoO S>moù`mV gwa_m Kmcmdm. gwaå`mgmR>r nmR>m_Üò "gm¡dramÄOZ' hm eãX `moOcm
Amho. "gwdram ZXr^d§ gm¡dra_²' gm¡dra§ H¥$îUdU© gwa_m B{V ^mfm`m_²& Aer ì`ËnÎmr AmT>iVo. åhUOo
gwdram ZXrnmgyZ CËnÞ (àmßV) hmoVmo Vmo gwa_m hm S>moù`mV S>moù`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r XaamoO Kmcmdm.
Ë`m_wio gyú_ JmoîQ>r hr S>moù`m§Zm {XgVmV Am{U S>moio gw§Xa dmQ>VmV.
d¡{eîQ>ço : `m n§ŠVrVyZ S>moù`mÀ`m {hVmgmR>r S>moù`mV gwa_m à{V{XZr dmnaÊ`mMr gyMZm
J«§WH$mamZo {Xcr Amho.
3.
Ad¥{Îmì`m{YemoH$mVm©ZZwdV}V epŠVV:&
AW© : CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ Zgcoë`m, amoJ d emoH$mZo nr{S>V `m§Zm Amnë`m eŠVrZwgma Ë`m
Xþ:I {ZdmaUmMm Cnm` `moOmdm.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : _Zwî`mZo OrdZmV dmJV AgVmZm Xþgè`mMo Xþ:I H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm
nm{hOo g_mOmV H$mhr cmoH$m§Zm d¥{Îm = CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ ZgVo. Ë`m§Mm CXa{Zdm©h ì`dpñWV
Mmcmdm `mgmR>r AmnUmg Ogo gm_Ï`© Agoc Ë`mà_mUo Amem ì`ŠVrg ZmoH$ar-CÚmoJmg ghH$m`©
H$amdo, Ë`m_wio Vr ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m nm`mda C^r amhrc d Vr Ðì`mO©Z d AÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r
dm__mJm©cm cmJUma Zmhr.
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g_mOmV AZoH$ cmoH$ {Za{Zamù`m ì`mYtZr J«ñV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr ì`mYr Xÿa hmoD$Z Vo {ZamoJr
= Amamo½` g§nÞ ìhmdoV `mgmR>r AmnU Amdí`H$ Vo à`ËZ Ho$co nm{hOoV.
H$mhr cmoH$m§Zm BîQ> ì`ŠVtMm dm dñVy§Mm {d`moJ KS>ë`mZo Vo emoH$mHw$c AgVmV. Aem ì`ŠVtMo
Xþ:I em_{dÊ`mgmR>r hr AmnU Oéa Vo à`ËZ H$amdoV.
d¡{eîQ>ço :
gd} gw{IZ: gÝVw gd} gÝVw {Zam_`:&
gd} ^Ðm{U neÝVw _m H$píMX² Xþ:I^m½^doV²&&
hmM {dMma àñVwV n§ŠVrVyZ àH$Q> Ho$cm Amho.
(H$) {ddoMZ n[aÀN>oX :
1.
OrdZmV ì`m`m_mMo _hÎd.
AmMm`© dm½^Q>m§À`m "AîQ>m§JöX`' `m J«§WmV "{XZM`m©' Zm_H$ EH$ AÜ`m` Amho. Ë`m_Üò
ì`m`m_mMo cm^ gm§{JVco AmhoV. earamÀ`m Á`m hmcMmct_wio eara d _Z `m§Zm ñW¡`© àmßV hmoVo d
earamMo gm_Ï`© dmT>Vo, Ë`mg ì`m`m_ åhQ>co OmVo. ì`m`m_ Ho$ë`mZo earamg hcHo$nUm òVmo, H$m`©
H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr dmT>Vo, OR>am¾r àXrßV Pmë`mZo ^yH$ Mm§Jcr cmJVo. _oX (ñWycVm) H$_r hmoVmo,
earamMo Ad`d {niXma ~ZyZ aoIrd (ñnîQ>) {XgVmV. eara H$UIa ~ZVo. åhUyZ àËòH$mZo Amnë`m
eŠVrZwgma àË`hr ì`m`m_mMo godZ H$éZ Amnco Amamo½` CÎm_ R>odco nm{hOo.
2.
^mfU{d{Y&
OrdZm_Üò ^mfU = ~mocUo `mcm \$ma _hÎd Amho. Ë`m{dUm ì`dhma nyU© hmoV ZmhrV. åhUyZ
g§^mfU H$aVmZm H$mhr {Z`_ nmiUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`m {Z`_m§Mr _m{hVr {XZM`m© `m nmR>m_YyZ
AmnUmg {_iVo. Vr Aer- _Zwî`mZo `mo½`doir `mo½` ~mocmdo, {hVH$a ~mocmdo, `wpŠV`wŠV nU _moOHo$
~mcmdo. Á`m_Üò H$moUVmhr {damoY Zmhr Ago (A{dg§dmXr) gË` ~mocmdo. Zoh_r _Ywa ~mocmdo. EImÚm
ì`ŠVrMr ôQ> Pmcr AgVm g_moaMr àW_ ~mcoc d _r Z§Va ~mocoZ Aer àVrjm ZH$aVm {VÀ`m~amo~a
AmnU hmoD$Z àW_ ~mocmdo, ~mocVmZm Moham àgÞ R>odmdm d dmJUohr gm¡OÝ`nyU© Agmdo. Ë`m~amo~aM
Ancm Pmcocm An_mZ H$moUmcmhr gm§Jy Zò Am{U Amnë`m ñdm_rMr Amnë`mdarc J¡a_Ouhr
H$moUmOdi ~mocyZ XmIdy Zò, Zoh_r cmoH$m§À`m _ZmVrc A{^àm` OmUyZ Vo g§VwîQ> hmoVrc AgoM dV©Z
~w{Õ_mZ ì`ŠVrZo H$amdo.
9
(S>) "{XZM`m©' `m nmR>mVrc _wÔo WmoS>Š`mV ñnîQ> H$am.
"{XZM`m©' `m eãXmZo {Xdgm ~amo~aM am{ÌM`m© d F$VwM`©oMohr J«hU Ho$co OmVo. {XZM`m© `m
nXm_YyZ "{XZo-{XZo M`m©, {XZñ` M`m© qH$dm {XZmZm§ M`m© = {XZM`m© ho AW© {ZînÞ hmoVmV. `m
AÜ`m`m_Üò dU©Z Ho$cocr M`m© Ho$di nwéfm§gmR>r ZgyZ {ó`m§gmR>r hr Amho. g§nyU© _mZd OmVrgmR>r
Vr cmJy Amho . `m nÕVrZo AmnU dV©Z Ho$ë`mZo AmnUmg Bh d nacmoH$s gwImMm cm^ hmoVmo. AmnU
dm½^Q>mZo gm§{JVcoë`m {XZM`}Mm WmoS>Š`mV nam_e© KoD$`m....
m
~«m÷_whÿVm©da CR>Uo : {ZamoJr ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`m gwIm`w XrKm©`ygmR>r àmV:H$mcr CR>co
nm{hOo.
m
XÝVYmdZmMo {dYmZ : A§WéUmVyZ CR>ë`mZ§Va X§V YmdZ H$amdo. X§V YmdZmgmR>r éB©,
dS>, I¡a, H$a§O, AOw©Z, gmXS>m BË`mXr PmS>m§À`m VwaQ>, {VIQ> d H$Sy> AgUmè`m nU _D$
Q>moHo$ AgUmè`m H$mS>çm dmnaì`m. `m H$mS>çm hmVmÀ`m H$a§JirÀ`m nwT>À`m noam EdT>çm
OmS> d ~mam A§Jwio cm§~ Agmì`m XÝVYmdZ XmoZ doim H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho 1)
àmV:H$mcr d 2) ^moOZmZ§Va. `m_wio Vm|S>mVrc _{cZVm Xÿa hmoVo Am{U XmV d
{haS>çm§_Üò AS>H$coco AÞH$U ~mhoa H$mT>co OmVmV. X§V YdZ H$aVmZm EH$ H$miOr
¿`mdr Ago gm§{JVco Amho. Vr åhUOo - XmV {haS>çm `m§Zm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr BOm
nmohmoMy XoD$ Zò.
m
A§OZ à`moJ : _wI ewÜXrZ§Va à{V{XZ gm¡{dam§OZ S>moù`mV KmVco nm{hOo. ho S>moù`m§gmR>r
AË`§V {hVH$maH$ AgVo. S>moio VoOmo_` Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm erVàYmZ H$m\$mMo ^` AgVo.
Ë`mgmR>r AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$Xm agm§OZmMm Cn`moJ Oéa H$amdm.
m
Zñ`mXtMo godZ : A§OZ à`moJmZ§Va Zñ`, JwiÊ`m, Yy_«nmZ d Vm§~yc `m§Mo godZ H$amdo.
m
Aä`§JgodZ : XaamoO Aä`§J Ho$co nm{hOo, H$maU Ë`m_wio dmY©Š`, WH$dm d dmVO
{dH$ma ZîQ> hmoVmV. ÑîQ>r ñdÀN> ahmVo. Am`wî` dmT>Vo. JmT> Pmon cmJVo Am{U ËdMm
gwHw$_ma hmoD$Z eara ~iH$Q> d gwS>m¡c ~ZVo.
m
ì`m`m_mMo {dYmZ : àËòH$ ì`ŠVrZo à{V{XZr ì`m`m_ Ho$cmM nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio eara
hcHo$ ~ZVo, H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo, ^yH$ Mm§Jcr cmJVo, ñWycVm H$_r hmoVo d earamMo Ad`d
~iH$Q> ~yZZ aoIrd hmoVmV ì`m`m_mMo Ago AZoH$ cm^ Agco Var à_mUmnojm A{YH$
ì`m`m_ H$é Zò. Vgo Ho$ë`mg VhmZ cmJVo, j` (= amO`ú_m) hmoUo, à_VH$ (= ídmg)
cmJUo aŠV{nÎm hmoUo, ½cmZr hmoUo VgoM ImoH$cm, Vmn d dm§Vr ho {dH$ma CäXdVmV.
10
m
Aä`§J (CQ>>Uo) d ñZmZmMo {dYmZ : ì`m`m_mZ§Va earamg CQ>Uo cmdmdo Ë`m_wio
H$\$mMm Zme hmoVmo, _oXmMo emofU hmoVo, Ad`d _O~yV hmoVmV Am{U ËdMm H$mpÝV_mZ
hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va ñZmZ H$amdo. ñZmZm_wio OR>am¾r àXrn hmoVo, dr`© d Am`wî` dmT>Vo.
CËgmheŠVr d ~c àmßV hmoVo. VgoM ImO, _c, WH$dm, Km_, Amig (gwñVr), VhmZ,
Xmh d (amoJénr) nmn Zme hmoV AgVmo.
m
^moOZmXr H$V©ì` : ñZmZmZ§Va d nydu godZ Ho$coc AÞ nMë`mda nÏ`H$a d à_mUera
^moOZ H$amdo. _c-_yÌmXtMo doJ ~cmËH$mamZo nyU© H$é ZòV. VgoM `m doJm§Mr OmUrd
Pmcr AgVm doJ {ZñgmaUm{edm` AÝ` H$m_ H$é Zò. {edm` gmÜ` amoJ ~amH$aÊ`mMoM
H$m_ H$amdo.
m
AZwHw$c ì`dhma - {ZX}e : Á`m§Zm H$moUVohr CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ Zmhr, Omo amoJ d
emoH$mZo nr{S>V Amho, Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a Amnë`m emar[aH$ d Am{W©H$ gm_Ï`m©Zwgma C{MV
ì`dhma H$amdm. AWm©V Cn{O{dHo$Mo gmYZ Zgcoë`m§Zm CÚmoJ {_idyZ Úmdm, Am{W©H$
_XV H$amdr Am{U amoJr ì`ŠVrcmhr d¡ÚH$s` {M{H$Ëg|gmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr _XV H$amdr.
VgoM emoH$ nr{S>Vm§Zm C{MV AmídmgZ (Yra dJ¡ao) XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mer AZwHy$c ì`dhma
H$amdm. H$sS>m-_w§JrÀ`m ~m~VrVhr Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m à_mUoM g_Omdo. `m§À`m ~m~V
à{VHy$c AmaMU H$é Zò.
m
_Ywa ^mfU {ZX}e : `mo½` doi d `mo½` Agoc VoM ~mocmdo. {hVH$a JmoîQ>r gm§Jmì`m,
_moOHo$ ~mocmdo. Á`mV H$moUVmhr {damoY Zmhr Ago gË` ^mfU ~mocmdo. _¥Xÿ ^mfm
dmnamdr. g_moaMr ì`ŠVr AJmoXa ~mococ d Z§Va _r ~mocoZ, hm ^md _Zm_Üò R>ody Zò,
AmnUM àW_ g_moaÀ`m ì`ŠVrg Hw$ec àíZ {dMmamdoV.
m
{dMma-JwßVVm : Amnë`m _ZmVrc {dMma àH$Q> H$é ZòV. VgoM AmnU H$moUmcm
Amncm eÌy Amho Am{U Xþgam Amncm eÌw Amho Agm {dMma H$é Zò. Amncm An_mZ
d YÝ`mMr J¡a_Ou ho H$moUmOdihr CKQ> H$é Zò.
m
naÀN>XmZwdV©Z : Xþgè`m§À`m _ZmVrc A{^àm` OmUyZ Vo g§VwîQ> amhVrc Ago dmJmdo.
m
B§{Ð` ì`dhma {d{Y : S>moio, H$mZ BË`mXr B§{Ð`m§Zm én, eãX BË`mXr Amnmnë`m
{df`m§Mm Cn^moJ KoÊ`mnmgyZ AS>dy Zò naÝVw Ë`m§Zm Ë`m Ë`m {df`m§_Üò AË`§V cmocwn
hmoD$ XoD$ Zò.
11
m
{ÌdJ© - {damoYmMm {ZfoY : Y_©, AW© d H$m_ `m VrZ nwéfmWmªZm {ÌdJ© åhQ>co OmVo.
Ë`mMr àmßVr H$éZ KoVcrM nm{hOo. _mÌ ho H$aVmZm \$ma Q>moH$mMr ^y{_H$m KoD$Z EImÚm
JmoîQ>rg {damoY H$é Zò. Zoh_r _Ü`_ _mJm©Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm.
m
eara ewÜXr : Ho$g, ZIo, d XmT>r dmT>dy Zò. nm` ñdÀN> R>odmdoV, _c{dgO©H$ B§{Ðò
(JwXìXma, _wÌ _mJ© B.) Zoh_r ñdÀN> R>odmdr. XaamoO ñZmZ H$amdo. gwJ§YrV nXmW© dmnamdo.
gw§Xa dóo dmnamdr nU ^S>H$ d N>mZN>moH$sMo H$nS>o dmné ZòV. gä` AmMaU R>odmdo.
CÀN¥>§Ic dV©Z H$é Zò.
m
X§S>mXr YmaU : amÌr VmVS>rÀ`m H$m_r ~mhoa nS>md`mMo Pmë`mg hmVmV H$mR>r, S>moH$scm
{eaómU d ghmæ`H$ ~amo~a ¿`mdm.
m
qeH$-AmXr H$aUo : Vm|S> PmH$ë`m{edm` qeHy$ Zò, hgy Zò d Om§^B© XoD$ Zò, `m
{eîQ>mMmamMo nmcZ H$amdo.
m
emar[aH$ AmXr hmcMmcr : eara, dmUr d _Z `m§À`m {H«$`m WH$dm òÊ`mnydr°M
Wm§~dmì`m ~amM doi C{H$S>ì`m pñWVrV ~gy Zò.
m
{ZfoÜX JmoîQ>r : amÌr PmS>mMm Aml` KoD$ Zò. VgoM _ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr, {dH«$s dm ì`mnma
H$é Zò. VgoM _ÚmMo godZhr H$é Zò. H$mR>mda d gmdcrV Wm§~y Zò. earamMr pñWVr
gai ZgVmZm qeH$, T>oH$a, ImoH$cm, Pmon, d _¡WwZ `m nmM JmoîQ>r H$é Zò. ZrM, XþîQ>
d A{VehmUo `m§Mr MmH$ar H$é Zò, Mm§Jë`m cmoH$m§er H$ch H$é Zò.
m
AÝ` gXþnXoe : gd© àH$maÀ`m OJmVrc ì`dhma {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r ~w{Õ_mZ _mZgmcm
OJM Jwé Amho. gdmªÀ`m ~m~VrV X`m^md, XmZ, H$m`m, dmMm d _ZmMo X_Z Am{U
Xþgè`mÀ`m {hVm_Üò Amncm ñdmW© nmhUo hoM Iao gX²d«V Amho.
m
{dMmanÜXVr : _mPo gÜ`mMo {Xdg-amÌ H$go OmV AmhoV, CÚm H$er pñWVr Agoc
`mMm à{V{XZ {dMma H$amdm. Agm _Zwî` H$Yrhr gwIr hmoV Zmhr.
Aem àH$mao dm½^Q>mMm`m©Zr gXmMmamMo WmoS>Š`mV H$WZ Ho$co Amho. `mMo AmMaU Ho$co AgVm
_Zwî`mcm XrKm©`wî`, Amamo½`, Eoíd`©, gwè d ñdJ© AmXr emídV cmoH$m§Mr àmßVr hmoVo.
1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ / H$R>rU eãX
m
AYmoao{IV eãX :
12
m
eara{MÝVm§ {Zd©¥Ë` : àmV{d©Yr = em¡M_wI_mO©Z H$éZ.
m
H¥$Vem¡M{d{Y : ñdÀN>VoMo H$m_ CaH$cocm, hmVnm` Vm|S> YwVcocm.
m
em¡M : ñdÀN>Vm.
m
AH©$ : éB©.
m
Ý`J«moY : dS>.
m
I{Xa : I¡a.
m
H$fm`H$Qw>{VŠVH$_² : VwaQ>, {VIQ> d H$Sy> `m MdrMr.
m
AúUmo: {hV_² : S>moù`m§Zm CnH$maH$.
m
Oaml_dmVhm : dmY©Š`, WH$dm d dmV ZîQ> H$aVmo.
m
Aä`§J : gdmªJmcm Voc cmdUo.
m
_oXg:j` : Ma~r PS>Uo.
m
V¥îUm : VhmZ.
m
j` : amO`ú_m (Q>r.~r).
m
àV_H$ : ídmg cmJUo.
m
OrU} : (AÞ) nMë`mda.
m
AÜ`mZ² : Imdo, godZ H$amdo.
m
{ÌdJ© : Y_©, AW© d H$m_ ho nwéfmW©.
m
AmË_dV² : ñdV:à_mUo.
m
H$sQ>{nnr{cH$_² : {H$S>m_w§½`m.
m
Ag§dm{XZ² : nañna {damoYr ZgUmao.
m
noec_² : _¥Xÿ.
m
Z¡H$:gwIr : EH$Q>çmZo AmZ§X Cn^moJy Zò. òWo "ñ`mV²' AÜ`möV Amho.
13
m
gd©Y_}fw _Ü`_m_² : gd© {Z`_m§Mo ~m~VrV _Ü`_ _mJ© ñdrH$mamdm. {deofV: ~m¡ÜX
n§anaoVrc Y_© {Z`_m§~m~V Q>mHo $mMr A{VaoH$s ^y{_H$m Q>miyZ gwdU©_Ü`mMr ^y{_H$m ñdrH$mamdr.
m
ZrMamo_ ZIídlw : Ho$g, ZIo d XmT>r cm§~ Agy Zò.
m
{Z_©cmL²>{K«_cm`Z : n` d _c OmÊ`mMo _mJ© ñdÀN> AgmdoV.
m
AZwë~Z : ^S>H$ Zgcoco, N>mZ N>moH$sMo Zgcoco.
m
CÁÁdc : ñdÀN>, M_H$Xma.
m
MoîQ>m : hmcMmc.
m
àmH²$l_mV² : Wm§~dmì`m.
m
CÜd©OmZw: : JwS>Ko da H$éZ. C{H$S>do.
m
ZŠV_² : amÌr.
1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`.
1.6.1 `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. H$ZrÝ`J«g_ñWmoë`§ àJwU§ ............. A“xc_²&
(A) EH$mXe
(~) X²dmXe
(H$) Xe
2. A{Vì`m`m_mMo CnÐd H$moUVo?
(A) l_, Šc_&
(~) Áda, _yÀN>m©&
(S>) Ì`moXe.
(H$) H$\$d¥pÜX, _oXd¥pÜX&
(S>) AOrU©, ZoÌamoJ&
3. .............. eyÝ`§ Zmaä^§ ÔoÎm§ Mm{damoY`Z²&
(A) {ÌdJ©
(~) {Ì\$cm
(H$) {Ì_c
(S>) {ÌJwU.
4. ñdmW©~wpÜX:namW}fw n`m©ßV{_{V ..............&
(A) gm¡»`:&
(~) gXmMma:&
(H$) _moj:&
(S>) gÛ¥V_²&
5. ............. qhV {_V_² AÚmV&
(A) AnŠdo
(~) AOrU}
(S>) OrU}&
(H$) nŠdo
14
1.6.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
(A) Aä`“_mMao{ZË`§, g Oaml_dmVhm&
(~) OrU} {hV§ {_V§ MmÚmÞ doJmZraòãXcmV²&
(H$) àH$meòÞmn_mZ§ Z M {ZñZohVm§ à^mo:&
(S>) {Z{e MmË`{`Ho$ H$m`} XÊS>r _m¡cr ghm`dmZ²&
(B) AmMm`©: gd©MoîQ>mgw cmoH$ Ed {h Yr_V:&
1.6.3 n[aÀN>oX {chm.
(A) XÝVYmdZ{d{Y:&
(~) naÀN>ÝXmVwdV©Z_²&
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r
1. gmW© dm½^Q> : g§nm. J. H¥$. JÐo, lr JOmZZ ~wH$ S>onmo, _w§~B©.
2. ñdmñÏ` : S>m°. énmcr H$mnao, lr A{XeŠVr àH$meZ, gmVmam.
` ` `
15
KQ>H$-2
~wX²{Y`©ñ` ~b§ Vñ`&
({hVmonXoe)
2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 ^mfm§Va
2.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
2.4 gmam§e
2.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZo Vwåhmcm1. g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc H$Wm§Mm n[aM` hmoB©c.
2. "{hVmonXoe' `m OJà{gX²Y H$WmJ«§WmMr AmoiI hmoB©c.
3. g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc Zr{VemñÌ d ì`dhma {dkmZ `m§Mm H$Wm§Ûmao ghO n[aM` hmoB©c.
4. ì`dhma èñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ JwUm§Mo kmZ hmoB©c.
5. g§ñH¥$V_Yrc JÚm§Mm n[aM` hmoB©c.
6. {hVmonXoemVrc g§ñH¥$V H$Wme¡crMm n[aM` hmoB©c.
16
2.1 àñVmdZm
{dÚmWu {_Ì_¡{ÌUtZmo,
àñVwV H$Wm {hVmonXoemVrc "gwöX²ôX>' `m Xþgè`m ^mJmVyZ {ZdS>cr Amho.
{hVmonXoe hm J«§W ì`mdhm[aH$ cm¡{H$H$, Z¡{VH$, amOZr{VH$, kmZmZo `wŠV N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm
JmoîQ>tMm öX`ñneu g§J«h hmo` H$s Omo AË`§V H$mo_c d ~wX²{Y_mZ {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò {d{dY g§ñH$mam§Mo
~rOmamonU H$aÊ`mV AË`§V gj_ Am{U g_W© Amho. øm J«§WmMm aMZmH$mc B.g. 14 do eVH$ Amho.
`mMm g§J«hH$Vm© ZmamÙ n§{S>V Amho. Ë`mMm Aml`XmVm ~§JmcMm amOm YdcM§Ð hmoVm. H$mhr cmoH$ øm
J«§WmMm {dîUweå`m©cm àUoVm _mZVmV na§Vw hm ^«_ Ë`m§Zm Aem_wio hmoVmo H$s, `mVXoIrc n§MV§Ìmà_mUo
H$Wm gm§JUmam {dîUye_m©M Amho.
`m J«§WmÀ`m aMZmH$mamZo hm J«§W g§ñH¥$V^mfoV àm{dÊ`, dmŠnQw>Vm Am{U ì`dhmaMmVw`© àmßV
H$adyZ XoUmam Amho, Ago åhQ>coco Amho Am{U ho nyU©nUo AZw^dgË` Amho. g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m
n[akmZmgmR>r IamoIaM BVHo$ gmono Am{U gai _mÜ`_ Xþgao H$moUVohr Zmhr. AË`§V H${R>UmVrc H${R>U
{df`mMr BVH$s gai Am{U AmH$f©H$ ì`m»`m XþgarH$S>o Xþ{_©iM hmo` Am{U ømM d¡{eîQ>çm§_wio hm
J«§W g§ñH¥$V nmR>çH«$_m_Üò àma§{^H$ dJm©gmR>r ñdrH$macocm OmVmo.
"gwöX²ôX' hm {hVmonXoe J«§WmMm EH$ ^mJ Amho. Ë`mV amOmÀ`m godH$m§Mr H$V©ìò, amOm§Mr
amOZrVr, àOm, H$_©Mmar VgoM amOm `m§À`m_Yrc g§~§Y B. àmg§{JH$ ì`dhmam§Mr _r_m§gm Am{U
{R>H${R>H$mUr gm_mÝ` OrdZnX²YVrMo {ddoMZ Ho$coco Amho Am{U {_Ìm§_Üò \y$Q> nmSy>Z Amnë`m
H$m`©{gÜXrMo Cnm` gm§{JVcoco AmhoV. Va _J AmVm AmnU hr H$Wm nmhÿ`m.
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 ^mfm§Va
H$moÊ`m EH$m PmS>mda EH$ H$mdim-H$mdir amhmV hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m {nëcm§Zm Ë`m PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrV
amhUmam H$mim gmn ImV Ago. Voìhm nwÝhm J^©dVr Pmcocr H$mdir åhUmcr. "ñdm_r! ho PmS> gmoSy>Z
XoD$! Omon`ªV `m {R>H$mUr H$mim gmn (Amho) Vmon`ªV (hm) Amnë`m ~mim§Zm ImUmaM (Amncr ~mio
H$Yrhr {Od§V amhUma ZmhrV) H$maU;
XþîQ> ñÌr, YyV© {_Ì, CcQ> CÎma XoUmam ZmoH$a VgoM Á`m KamV gmn amhVmo (Vo Ka) Zoh_r _¥Ë`yMo
H$maU hmoV AgVo. `mV H$moUVrhr e§H$m Zmhr.
17
H$mdim åhUmcm, "ho {àò, Km~aUo `mo½` Zmhr (Km~ê$ ZH$mog) (H$maU) _r nwZ:nwÝhm Ë`mMo
AnamY _m\$ Ho$coco AmhoV. AmVm _r Ë`mcm _m\$ H$aUma Zmhr. H$mdir åhUmcr, "`m ~cdmZm~amo~a
^m§S>U H$go H$ê$ eH$Uma?' H$mdim åhUmcm, "Aer e§H$m (_ZmV) AmUy ZH$mog' H$maU••
Á`mÀ`mOdi ~wX²Yr Amho, Ë`mÀ`mOdi gm_Ï`© Amho. Omo ~w{X²YhrZ Amho, Ë`mÀ`mOdi
H$moRy>Z gm_Ï`© òUma? dZmVrc gm_Ï`©g§nÞ nU _XmoÝ_Îm Agcoë`m qghmcm gemZo _mê$Z Q>mH$co.
H$mdir åhUmcr, "ho H$go (eŠ` Amho).' H$mdim åhUmcm• _ÝXma ZmdmÀ`m nd©Vmda XþXm©ÝV
ZmdmMm qgh amhmV hmoVm. Am{U Vmo gd© àmÊ`m§Zm _maV hmoVm. Voìhm gd© àmUr EH$Ì òD$Z qghmcm
åhUmco• "ho qghloîR>m! EH$mMdoir AZoH$ àmÊ`m§Zm H$m _maVmog? Oa Amncr H¥$nmÑîQ>r Agoc Va
Amåhr Amnë`m ^moOZmgmR>r XaamoO EH$-EH$ àmUr Amnë`m godoV nmR>dyZ XoD$, Voìhm§ qgh åhUmcm,
""Oa Vw_Mr hr BÀN>m Amho Va Ago ìhm`cm nm{hOo (AgoM hmodmo).'' VoìhmnmgyZ XaamoO EHo$H$ àmUr
ImD$Z qgh amhÿ cmJcm. EHo${Xder EH$m åhmVmè`m gemda nmir Amcr (gemMm {Xdg Amcm) Voìhm
Ë`mZo {dMma Ho$cm••
""OJÊ`mÀ`m AmeoZo ^rVr XmI{dUmè`mMr àmW©Zm Ho$cr OmVo. Oa _cm _am`Mo Amho Va
qghmMr àmW©Zm H$m ~ao H$ê$ Zò?''
(Ago åhUyZ) Z§Va Vmo hiyhiy Mmcy cmJcm. Voìhm ^wHo$Zo ì`mHy$i Pmcocm qgh H«$mo{YV Pmcm
d åhUmcm, "Vy EdT>çm Ceram H$m Amcmg?' ggm åhUmcm, "_hmamO, `mV _mPm H$mhrhr Xmof Zmhr.
Amnë`mH$S>o òV AgVmZm añË`mV Xþgè`m EH$m ~cdmZ qghmZo _cm nH$S>co hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`mg_moa enW
KoD$Z Amcmo Amho H$s, nwÝhm _mKmar òVmo. hr gyMZm ñdm_tZm XoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mH$S>o Amcmo Amho.'
qgh H«$mo{YV hmoD$Z åhUmcm. "cdH$a Mc (Am{U) Vmo XþîQ> H$moR>o amhVmo? Vo XmId.' Voìhm ggm
qghmcm (KoD$Z) Imoc {dhrar (XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r) Odi KoD$Z Jocm. VoWo Joë`mZ§Va ggm åhUmcm,
"ñdm_r! AmnU ñdV: nhm (nhmdo), Ago åhUyZ Ë`m Imoc {d{harÀ`m nmÊ`mV Ë`mM qghmMo à{Vq~~
XmI{dco. Ë`mZ§Va H«$mo{YV VgoM Ah§H$mar Pmcoë`m qghmZo Ë`mÀ`mda CS>r _mê$Z ñdV: _aU nmdcm.
åhUyZ _r åhUVmo, Á`mMr ~wX²Yr Ë`mMo ~c AgVo BË`mXr.
H$mdir åhUmcr, "_r gd©H$mhr EoH$co Amho. `mdoiocm Oo (H$mhr) H$amd`mMo Amho Vo gm§J?
H$mdim åhUmcm, "ho {àò, `m OdiM Agcoë`m VcmdmV (gamodamV) XaamoO amOHw$_ma ñZmZ H$aVmo.
Vy ñZmZmÀ`m doir earamdê$Z H$mTy>Z {eioda R>odcoco gydU©gyÌ MmoMrV nH$Sy>Z KoD$Z ò d `m T>mocrV
R>odyZ Xo' Z§Va EH$Xm Ooìhm amOnwÌ nmÊ`mV ñZmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r CVacm Voìhm H$mdirZo VgoM Ho$co.
Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m gwdU©_mioMm emoY KoUmè`m {enm`m§Zr T>mocrV H$mù`m gmnmcm nm{hco Am{U Ë`mcm _mê$Z
Q>mH$co. åhUyZ _r åhUVmo.
Oo namH«$_m§Mr eŠ` Zgoc Vo Cnm`mZo H$amdo. H$mdirZo gwdU©_mioZo H$mù`m gmnmcm R>ma _ma{dco
Amho. (H$mdirZo gwdU©_mioÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$mù`m gmnmMm dY H$a{dcm.)
({hVmonXoemÀ`m Xþgè`m ^mJmVyZ)
18
2.2.2 g§gX^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. dZo qghmo ~cmoÝ_Îm: eeHo$Z {Znm{VV:&
AW© : dZmVrc ~cdmZ Am{U _XmoÝ_Îm Agcoë`m qghmcm gemZo R>ma _maco.
g§X^© : àñVwV dmŠ` ZmamÙ n§{S>VmZo {c{hcoë`m "{hVmonXoem' Vrc "gwöX²ôX' `m Xþgè`m
^mJmVyZ KoVcoë`m "~wX²{Y`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' `m nmR>mVrc Amho. ho dmŠ` H$mdirZo H$mdù`mcm CÔoeyZ
åhQ>coco Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : H$moÊ`m EH$m PmS>mda EH$ H$mdim d H$mdir amhmV hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m {nëcm§Zm Ë`m
PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrV amhUmam H$mim gmn ImV hmoVm. Voìhm nwÝhm J^©dVr Pmcocr H$mdir åhUmcr,
"ñdm_r! ho PmS> gmoSy>Z XoD$. Omon`ªV `m{R>H$mUr H$mim gmn Amho. Vmon`ªV Vmo Amnë`m ~mim§Zm
ImUmaM.'
XþîQ> ñÌr, YyV© {_Ì, CcQ> CÎma XoUmam ZmoH$a VgoM Á`m KamV gmn amhmVmo Vo Ka Zoh_r _¥Ë`yMo
H$maU hmoV AgVo. `mV H$moUVrhr e§H$m Zmhr.
H$mdim åhUmcm, "ho {àò Km~aUo `mo½` Zmhr. H$maU _r nwZ:nwÝhm Ë`mMo AnamY _m\$ Ho$coco
AmhoV. AmVm _r Ë`mcm _m\$ H$aUma Zmhr. H$mdir åhUmcr, "`m ~cdmZm~amo~a ^m§S>U H$go H$ê$
eH$Uma?' H$mdim åhUmcm, "Aer e§H$m _ZmV AmUy ZH$mog.
H$maU Á`mÀ`mOdi ~wX²Yr Amho, Ë`mÀ`mOdi gm_Ï`© Amho, Am{U Omo ~wX²{YhrZ Amho,
Ë`mÀ`mOdi ~i H$moRy>Z òUma? dZmVrc gm_Ï`©g§nÝZ nU _XmoÝ_Îm Agcoë`m qghmcm gemZo _mê$Z
Q>mH$co.
H$mdir åhUmcr, "ho H$go eŠ` Amho' H$mdim åhUmcm• ""_§Xma ZmdmÀ`m nd©Vmda XþXm©ÝV
ZmdmMm qgh amhmV hmoVm Am{U Vmo gd© àmÊ`m§Zm _maV hmoVm. Voìhm gd© àmUr EH$Ì òD$Z qghmcm
åhUmco, ho qghloîR>m, EH$mMdoir AZoH$ àmÊ`m§Zm H$m _maVmog? Oa Amncr H¥$nmÑîQ>r Agoc Va
Amåhr Amnë`m ^moOZmgmR>r XaamoO EH$-EH$ àmUr Amnë`m godoV nmR>dyZ XoD$.'' Voìhm qgh åhUmcm,
"Oa Vw_Mr hr BÀN>m Amho. Va Ago ìhm`cm nm{hOo' VoìhmnmgyZ XaamoO EH$-EH$ àmUr ImD$Z qgh
amhÿ cmJcm. EHo${Xder EH$m åhmVmè`m gemda nmir Amcr. Voìhm Ë`mZo {dMma Ho$cm. "OJÊ`mÀ`m
AmeoZo ^rVr XmI{dUmè`mMr àmW©Zm Ho$cr OmVo. Oa _cm _am`Mo Amho Va qghmMr àmW©Zm H$m ~ao H$ê$
Zò?'
Z§Va Vmo hiyhiy Mmcy cmJcm Voìhm ^wHo$Zo ì`mHy$i Pmcocm qgh H«$mo{YV Pmcm d åhUmcm, ""Vy
EdT>çm Ceram H$m Amcmg?' ggm åhUmcm, "_hmamO `mV _mPm H$mhrhr Xmof Zmhr. Amnë`mH$S>o òV
19
AgVmZm añË`mV Xþgè`m EH$m ~cdmZ qghmZo _cm nH$S>co hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`mg_moa enW KoD$Z Amcmo Amho
H$s, nwÝhm _mKmar òVmo. hr gyMZm ñdm_tZm XoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mH$S>o Amcmo Amho.' qgh H«$mo{YV hmoD$Z
åhUmcm. "cdH$a Mc Vmo XþîQ> H$moR>o amhVmo? Vo XmId.' Voìhm ggm qghmcm Imoc {dhrarOdi KoD$Z
Jocm. VoWo Joë`mZ§Va ggm åhUmcm, "ñdm_r! AmnU ñdV: nhm' Ago åhUyZ Ë`m Imoc {dhrarÀ`m
nmÊ`mV Ë`mM qghmMo à{Vq~~ XmI{dco. Ë`mZ§Va H«$mo{YV VgoM Ah§H$mar Pmcoë`m Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`mda
CS>r _mê$Z ñdV: n§MVÎdmV {dcrZ Pmcm.''
d¡{eîQ>ç : Á`mÀ`mOdi ~wX²Yr AgVo. VmoM ~cdmZ R>aVmo ho àñVwV dmŠ`mVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. Á`mÀ`mOdi ~wX²Yr Amho, Ë`mÀ`mOdi ............. Amho.
(A) gm_Ï`©
(~) kmZ
(H$) Ðì`
(S>) X¡d.
2. _ÝXma ZmdmÀ`m nd©Vmda ............... ZmdmMm qgh amhmV hmoVm.
(A) XþXm©ÝV
(~) Ap½Z_wI
(H$) MyS>mH$U©
(S>) drUmH$U©.
3. "{hVmonXoe' J«§WmMm H$Vm© ............. hmo`.
(A) {dîUye_m©
(~) ZmamÙ n§{S>V (H$) H$m¡{Q>ë`
(S>) O`Xod.
4. "~w{Õ`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' hm nmR> .............. J«§WmVyZ KoVcm Amho.
(A) n§MV§Ì
(~) BgmnZrVr (H$) {hVmonXoe
(S>) Q>maPZ.
5. "~w{X²Y`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' hm nmR> {hVmonXoemÀ`m .............. ZmdmÀ`m ^mJmVyZ KoVcm
Amho.
(A) {_Ìg§àmßVr
(H$) H$moH$mcyH$s`_²
(~) cãYàUme_²
(S>) gwöX²ôX.
6. amOHw$_ma XaamoO ............. òWo ñZmZ H$arV Ago.
(A) ZXrV
(H$) VcmdmV
(~) AmoT>çmV
(S>) gmJamV.
7. ............. ømcm MmoMrV gwdU©gyÌ AmUm`cm gm§{JVco hmoVo.
(A) {M_Urcm
(H$) _moaUrcm(H$) _moaUrcm
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(~) H$mdircm
(S>) {enm`m§Zm.
8. qghmZo ............... òWo CS>r KoVcr.
(A) Ocme`mV
(~) ZXrV
(H$) VcmdmV
(S>) {d{harV.
2.3 gmam§e
ZmamÙ n§{S>V {c{IV "{hVmonXoe' J§«WmVrc "gwöX²ôX' `m ^mJmVyZ "~X²{Y`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' hm
nmR> KoVcocm Amho. `m nmR>mV EH$m H$mdù`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMo dU©Z Ho$coco Amho. Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr AnËò
gmn àËòH$doir ImV Ago. Ë`mda H$mdù`mZo gm§{JVco, "hm Ìmg Iyn Pmcocm Amho. nU Ë`mMm _r
AmVm ~§Xmo~ñV H$arZ. H$maU Á`mÀ`mOdi ~wX²Yr AgVo, Ë`mMoM ~i AgVo, åhUyZM g§e`mdê$Z
qgh _macm Jocm.' Ë`m_wio H$mdim åhUVmo, "EH$m VcmdmV XaamoO EH$ amOHw$_ma òVmo, Ë`mÀ`m Jù`mV
gmoÝ`mMm H§$R>m Amho. Vmo H§$R>m Vy PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrV ZoD$Z R>od' åhUOo gmn _macm OmB©c. EHo${Xder
amOmMo {enmB© gmoÝ`mÀ`m H§$R>mMm emoYV-emoYV PmS>mÀ`m T>mocrOdi Amco. Ë`m§Zr gmnmcm R>ma Ho$co.
åhUyZM åhUVmV, S>moŠ`mMm dmna Ho$cm AgVm èàmßVr {ZpíMV hmoVo.
2.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
(A) 1.
(A) gm_Ï`©.
2.
(A) XþXm©ÝV.
3.
(~) ZmamÙ n§{S>V.
4.
(H$) {hVmonXoe.
5.
(S>) gwöX²ôX.
6.
(H$) VcmdmV.
7.
(~) H$mdircm.
8.
(S>) {dhrarV.
2.5 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) Imcrc dmŠ`m§Mo gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
21
1. n§ÄMËd§ MoXJ{_î`m{_ qH$ qghmZwZòZ _o&
2. H$mŠ`m H$ZH$gyÌoU H¥$îUgnm} {Znm{VV:&
3. Ac_Z`m {MÝV`m&
4. g§à{V `Wm H$V©ì`§ VX² ~«y{h&
~) Imcrc CVmè`m§Mo _amR>rV ^mfm§Va H$am.
1. H$pñ_¨píMÎmam¡ .............. Z ^{dî`{V&
2. ApñV _ÝXmaZmpåZ ............ qghoZmoŠV_²&
3. VÝ_ÝX§ ............ _ÌmJVmo@pñ_&
H$) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.
1. "~wX²{Y`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' `m nmR>mVrc {dMma ñnîQ> H$am.
2. "~wX²{Y`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' `m nmR>mMo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$am.
3. "~wX²{Y`©ñ` ~c§ Vñ`' `m nmR>mMo agJ«hU H$am.
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
m
ZmamÙ n§{S>V : g§nmXH$ H¡$. am_M§ÐemñÌr {H$ÄOdS>oH$a (1956), {hVmonXoe, {MÌemim
àH$meZ, nwUo-2.
` ` `
22
KQ>H$-3
àho{cH$m:&
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 ^mfm§Va
3.3 _hÎdmMo eãX
3.4 gmam§e
3.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
3.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o
`m nmR>mÀ`m AÜ``ZmVyZ {dÚmWmªZm nwT>rc JmoîQ>tMo kmZ hmoB©c.
1. g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc {dZmoXr d hmñ` àYmZ JmoîQ>tMr _m{hVr hmoB©c.
2. g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mÀ`m AÜ``ZmV ê$Mr dmT>oc.
3. {dÚmÏ`mªMr ~wpÜX VëcI hmoB©c.
4. g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mÀ`m Amcoë`m àho{cH$m§À`m g§H$cZmgmR>r àd¥Îm hmoVrc.
3.1 àñVmdZm
{dÚmWu {_Ìhmo,
àho{cH$m - Hy$Q>, CImUm, H$moS>o! Hy$Q>mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`mMr aMZm. Ë`m aMZoVrc
23
eãXícofm_wio Xþhoar AW© hmoD$Z Ë`mnmgyZ AmZ§X {_iVmo. H$Yr H$Yr AmnUmg H$ënZm òUma Zmhr
Aer CÎmao àmßV Pmë`mZo {dñ_` àmßV hmoVmo. Ë`mVyZ AmZ§X àmßV hmoVmo. Aem H$mhr àho{cH$m§Mm
AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
`
_amR>r AZwdmX
1. Á`mcm nm` ZmhrV Varhr Xÿada MmcVmo, Omo Ajamer g§~§{YV Amho nU {dÛmZ_mÌ Zmhr,
Á`mcm Vm|S> Zmhr Varhr ñnîQ>dŠVm Amho, Agm Omo Amho, Ë`mcm Omo AmoiIoc VmoM
n§{S>V hmo`. (CÎma- nÌ)
2. ho H$_cmjr, _r Anyd© Agm H$m§V åhUOo VoOñdr nwê$f nm{hcm, Á`mÀ`m_Üò (Xþgè`mMo)
H$ë`mU (e:) H$aÊ`mMm Ü`mg nyU©nUo âcocm Amho. Ë`mcm OmUyZ KoB©c, Vmo {dÛmZ
Amho `mV _wirM g§e` Zmhr. (CÎma - AemoH$ d¥j)
3. Á`mMo Zmd JUnVrMo dmhZ Amho VgoM Á`mcm cm§~ eonyQ> Amho, Omo OS> ({Z{O©d) AgyZ
g§JUH$mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Á`mMo _Z OS>coco Amho, Aem VwÂ`m {edm` _r MmcV Zmhr (CÎma
- g§JUH$mMm _mD$g)
4. gm{hË`, g§JrV d H$co_Üò {ZîUmV Agcoë`m, {deof kmZ d emñÌm_Üò Am{U
J{UVm_Üò kmZr Agcoë`m VwÂ`m àoaUoZo _r gd© H$m`} H$arZ. Ahmo Amü`©M! hr VwPr
~wÜXrM. (CÎma - g§JUH$)
5. _r "Û§Û' Amho. _r "{ÛJwhr' Amho. _mÂ`m§ KamV Zoh_rM "Aì`dr^md' AgVmo. "VËnwéf
H$_©Yma`' åhUOo _J _r "~hþd«r{h' hmoB©Z! (CÎma - AmR>am{dído Xm[aÐr ì`ŠVr)
6. `m ícmoH$mMo XmoZ AW© g§^dVmV. Vo nwT>rcà_mUo (A) e§H$amcm nS>cocm nmhÿZ nmd©Vrcm AË`§V AmZ§X Pmcm - Am{U "Aaoao! e§H$a
e§H$a' åhUV gJio gmn aSy> cmJco.
(~) M§XZ d¥j nS>cocm nmhÿZ {^ëc ñÌrcm AË`§V AmZ§X Pmcm Am{U "Aaoao! M§XZ
M§XZ' åhUV (Aml` ZîQ> Pmë`mZo) gmn aSy> cmJco.
7. ho amOloîQ>m! _r d Vy AmnU XmoKohr cmoH$ZmW AmhmoV. (na§Vw) ho amOm. _r "~hþd«r{h'
(=g_mg) (= cmoH$, Á`mMo ZmW AmhoV Agm) d AmnU VËnwéf g_mg (=cmoH$m§Mo
ZmW) AmhmV.
24
8. d{S>cm§Zr gm§{JVco, "_wcm, _mÂ`m AmkoZo Vy nÌ {chr.' Ë`mZo nÌ {c{hco Am{U {nË`mMr
Amkm Amocm§S>cr Zmhr.
9. gwdm{gZr pñÌ`m§_Üò H$moUVr ñÌr (AË`§V) ghZerc Amho? (C. grVm) H$moUVm amOm
gdm}Îm_ Amho? (C. am_:) {dÛmZm§H$Sy>Z H$moU Zoh_r d§{Xcr OmVo? (CÎma - {dÚm) `m
gd© n«íZm§Mr CÎmao) VoWoM gm§{JVcr AmhoV (nU) Vr H$iV ZmhrV. (Vr emoYm ~ao!)
10. OodUmÀ`m eodQ>r H$m` ß`mdo? O`§V Hw$UmMm _wcJm Amho? {dîUwnX H$go Agë`mMo
gm§§{JVco Amho? B§Ðmcm VmH$ ({nÊ`mg) {_iUo H$R>rU Amho. (ho H$go H$m`?) (CÎma eodQ>À`m MaUmVrc eãX AZwH«$_o VrZ àíZmMr CÎmao AmhoV.)
11. {Ocm _r hmVmV KoD$Z Hw$admico, Or AJXr gai Amho, Or gS>gS>rV Amho, Or Mm§Jë`m
d§emV OÝ_cocr Amho, {OMm dU© Jm¡a Amho, {OMm ñne© gwImdh (=hdmhdmgm
dmQ>Umam) Amho, Or JwUm§Mr ImUM Amho, Or Zoh_r _Zmcm ^wai KmcVo, Aem {Vcm
H$moUrVar ni{dco. {VÀ`m {dahm_wio _r Hw$R>ohr OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. (ho ~mocUo EoHy$U Xþgam
_Zwî` åhUmcm,) ho {^jwH$m VwPr nËZr Va Zìho? (Ë`mda Vmo {^jy åhUmcm,) Vr hmoVr
_mPr AmdS>Vr H$mR>r.
12. Á`mà_mUo aËZO{S>V hm Jù`mV pñWamdVmo Ë`mà_mUo Omo JimV pñWamdcm Amho, öX`mÀ`m
{R>H$mUr R>odcocm Amho, Ë`mhÿZ AË`§V Odi Aem {Iem_Üò AmV_Üò cn{dcocm Amho,
~mocÊ`mgmR>r H$mZmÀ`m AJXr Odi AgVmo, Am{U jUmV Xÿa OmVmo. Agm _r cmoH$m§_Üò
XoemV H$s naXoemV? qH$dm KamV? Amho `mMm emoY KoVcm OmVmo. (Agm _r H$moU? Vo
AmoiIm nmhÿ.) (CÎma - Mobile Phone ^«_U ÜdZr)
13. nmd©Vr e§H$a g§dmX :
nmd©Vr : hr H$moU ~ao Vw_À`m S>moŠ`mda ~gcr Amho?
e§H$a : hr Va e{eH$cm.
nmd©Vr : ho {VMo Zmd Amho H$m`?
e§H$a : ho {VMo Zmd n[aM`mMo AgyZhr Vy H$er {dgacrg?
nmd©Vr : _mPm àíZ e{eH$co~m~V Zmhr Ë`m ñÌr~X²Xc {dMmaVo.
e§H$a : e{eH$coda {dídmg Zgoc Va {dOòcm gm§Jy XoV.
25
AemàH$mao nmd©VrnmgyZ J§Jocm cn{dÊ`mMr BÀN>m ~miJUmè`m e§H$amMo eR>Ëd
Vw_Mo ajU H$amo.
14. {OMm OÝ_ ewÜX Hw$cmV Pmcm. d{S>cm§Zm _mê$Z hr Or n{dÌ Amho. hr ñÌr ñdê$n
AgyZhr d{S>cm§à_mUo Or Zoh_r OJmMo OrdZ Amho. Or H$Ý`m AmOmo~mer {_cZ nmdyZ
{OZo d{S>cm§Zm OÝ_cm KmVco Vr ^yVcmda gdmªZm d§Ú Amho, Ë`m Zm{`Ho$Mo Zmd H$m`?
(CÎma - OcYmam)
15. n¥îR> AgyZhr Omo _Zwî` Zmhr, VgoM àm{U_mÌhr Zmhr. Aä`mgm{edm` nXmonXr gmjaVoZo
`wŠV Amho. {dÚm{d^y{fV Agm Omo pñWa AgyZhr Omo ~«÷m Zmhr. H$ë`mUH$Umè`m _cm
Jwég_mZ {_Ì g_O. (CÎma - nwñVH$)
16. _r Xodm§Zm A_¥V XoD$Z g§VwîQ> Ho$co, _wa[anycm (= {dîUycm) cú_r XoD$Z Iwf Ho$co,
n¥Ïdrcm (gmJa -) gr_m {Xcr, B§Ðmcm H$ënd¥j XoD$Z AmZ§{XV Ho$co, lre§H$amcm
M§ÐH$cm XoD$Z g§VwîQ> H$co, VgoM Amnë`m nmoQ>m_Üò _¡ZmH$mXr nd©Vm§Zm OmJm XoD$Z
à`ËZnyd©H$ Ë`m§Mo g§ajU Ho$co _mÌ AJñVr_wZtZr _mPo AmM_Z Ho$co AgVm H$moUrhr
Ë`m§Zm AS>{dco Zmhr. Agm _r H$moU (CÎma - g_wÐ)
3.3 _hÎdmMo eãX
m
eem‘>: : M§Ð, Á`mÀ`m _m§S>rda ggm Amho Agm. (ee: A‘>o `ñ` g:&) qH$dm eemÀ`m
AmH$mamMm Á`mÀ`m da S>mJ Amho Agm. (eem‘>ma: A‘>: {M•§ `ñ` g:&) M§Ðmda H$mim
S>mJ AgVmo. Ë`mda H$dr§Zr AZoH$ H$ënZm Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§n¡H$sM hr EH$ gemMr
H$ënZm Amho. eem‘> à_mUoM _¥Jm‘>:, h[aUm‘>:, eer dJ¡ao M§ÐmMr Zmdo g§ñH¥$V
gm{hË`mV Amcr AmhoV.
m
gwag[aVm : J§Jm ZXr, gy`©d§er` amOm ^JraW `mZo CJ« VníM`m© H$ê$Z ñdJm©Vrc J§Jm
n¥Ïdrda n¥Ïdrda AmUcr. ^JraWmÀ`m _mJyZ OmV AgVm Jdm©Zo ~o\$m_ Pmcoë`m J§JoZo
dmQ>oV Omh²Zy amOmMr `k^y_r dmhÿZ Zocr. Voìhm Oh²Zy amOmZo amJmZo {Vcm {nD$Z Q>mH$cr.
nwT>o ^JraWmÀ`m àmW©Zodê$Z Vo Ë`mZo Amnë`m H$mZmVyZ gmoSy>Z {Xcr. Ë`m_wio J§Jocm
Omh²Zdr Ago Zmd {_imco.
m
_¡ZmH$ : {h_mc` (nd©V) d _oZm `m§Mm nwÌ: B§ÐmZo nd©Vm§Mo n§I N>mQ>Ê`mg gwédmV Ho$cr
AgVm Vmo B§ÐmÀ`m ^rVrZo g_wÐmV cncm hmoVm. c§H$mXhZmgmR>r {ZKmcoë`m hZw_mZmÀ`m
gm§JÊ`mdê$Z Vmo nmÊ`mVyZ da Amcm.
26
m
KQ>moØd_wZr : AJñË`: {_ÌmdéUm§Mm nwÌ. g_wÐm_Üò cncoë`m Agwam§Zr B§Ðm{XH$m§Zm
Ìmg XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. Voìhm Xodm§Zr A½Zr d dm`y `m§Zm g_wÐ emofyZ Q>mH$Ê`mg
gm§{JVco. nU g_wÐmVrc àmÊ`m§Mm Zme hmoB©c `m {dMmamZo Ë`m§Zr emofU H$aÊ`mMo
ZmH$maco. Voìhm B§ÐmZo {Xcoë`m emnmZo {_ÌmdéUm§À`m dr`m©Zo hm Hw§$^mV CËnÝZ Pmcm,
åhUyZ `mg Hw$å^moØd åhQ>co OmVo. g_wÐmV amhUmè`m H$mcHo$`m§Zr Ìmg XoÊ`mg gwédmV
Ho$cr AgVm `mZo g_wÐmg {nD$Z Q>mH$co. Z§Va Xodm§Zr H$mcHo$`m§Zm R>ma H$éZ gdmªZm
ÌmgmnmgyZ _wŠV Ho$co.
m
O`§V : B§Ðmcm nm¡cmo_r Zm_H$ ñÌrnmgyZ Pmcocm nwÌ. Xod d Amgwa `m§À`m `wÕmV `mZo
H$mco` amjgmcm R>ma Ho$co.
3.4 gmam§e
àho{cH$m = Hy$Q>, CImUm, H$moS>o, `m àH$maÀ`m ícmoH$mV {Za{Zamù`m H$moQ>çm, g_ñ`m ì`ŠV
Ho$coë`m AgVmV. EH$m JmoîQ>rMm CcJS>m H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ AZoH$ JmoîQ>r _mhrV H$ê$Z ¿`mì`m
cmJVmV Am{U _J AmnmoAmnM Ë`mÀ`m kmZmV â nS>Vo. ~w{ÕMmVw`m©Zo aMcoë`m gw^m{fVm§Mm AW©
g_OyZ KoVmZm ~wÕrMm H$g cmJVmo. Am{U AWm©Mm CcKS>m hmoVmM gwIX AmZ§X hmoVmo. AemM H$mhr
àho{cH$m§Mm AmnU Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ............ n{VV§ ÑîQ>dm nmd©Vr hf© {Z^©am&
(A) eL²>H$a_²
(~) JUoe_²
(H$) H$m{V©Ho$`_²
(S>) ^¡ad_².
2. ao {^jmo Vd .......... Z {h Z {h àmU{à`m `pîQ>H$m&
(A) H$m{_Zr
(~) `m{_Zr
(H$) Xm{_Zr
(S>) ñdm{_Zr&
3. "OmVm ewÕHw$co OKmZ {nVa_²' `m n§ŠVrV H$moUmMo dU©Z Amco Amho?
(A) gy`© {H$aU
(~) g_wÐ
(H$) OcYmam
(S>) _oK&
4. g§JUH$mÀ`m H$moUË`m ^mJmMo Zmd JUnVrÀ`m dmhZmMo Zmd `m AWm©Mo Amho?
(A) qàQ>a
(~) _m°{ZQ>a
5. ^moOZmÝVo qH$ no`_²?
(A) jra_²
(~) VH«$_²
27
(H$) gr.nr.`y.
(S>) _mD$g.
(H$) emH$_²
(S>) Xþ½Y_²&
8.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (A) eL²>H$a_²
2. (A) H$m{_Zr&
3. (H$) OcYmam&
4. (S>) _mD$g
5. (~) VH«$_²&
3.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. KQ>moØd åhUOo H$moU?
(A) {dídm{_Ì
(~) {_Ì
(H$) déU
(S>) AJñË`.
2. J§Jocm H$moUVm eãX H$drZo `moOcm Amho?
(A) gañdVr&
(~) H$mqcXr&
(H$) gwag[aVm&
(S>) `_wZm&
3. eem‘> `m nXmMm AW© H$m`?
(A) M§Ð
(~) gy`©
(H$) J«h
(S>) VmaH$m&
4. O`ÝV: ............. nwÌ:&
(A) JUoeñ`
(~) ~«÷Xodñ`
(H$) déUñ`
(S>) eH«$ñ`&
5. e§H$amg H$drZo H$moUVo Zmd `moOco Amho?
(A) eofem`r
(~) ~~«wdmhZ: (H$) {d^w:
(~) g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. ééXþ: nÝZJm: gd} hm eL²>H$a eL>²H$a&
2. XoÊ`m {ZÝhmoVw{_ÀN>mo[a{V gwag[aV§ emR²>`_ì`m{Û^mon©:&
3. OmZr{h _m§ {hVH$a§ JwéVwë`{_Ì_²&
28
(S>) eH«$:&
(H$) àho{cH$m åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ Vwåhmcm AmdS>coë`m H$moUË`mhr XmoZ àoho{cH$m
ñnîQ> H$am.
3.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
1. gmW© g§ñH¥$V àho{cH$m
: gm¡. AcH$Z§Xm {dZmoX BZm_Xma, daXm ~wŠgo, nwUo,
àW_md¥Îmr 2007.
2. àho{cH$m
: gm¡. gwf_m Omoer, AZ` àH$meZ, nwUo àW_md¥Îmr, 2000.
3. àho{cH$meVH$_²
: gm¡. XþJm© nmaIr, g§ñH¥$V ^mfm àMm[aUr g^m, ZmJnya,
àW_md¥Îmr 2011.
` ` `
29
KQ>H$-4
Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z: (~mcàhgZ_²)
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
4.1 àñVmdZm
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 ^mfm§Va
4.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
4.4 gmam§e
4.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
4.0 C{ÔîQ>o
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mÀ`m dmMZmZo Vwåhmcm Imcrc JmoîQ>tMo kmZ hmoB©c.
1. AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc gm_m{OH$ {df`mdarc EH$m§{H$H$m hm àH$ma Aä`mgVm
òBc
© .
2. AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V ^mfme¡crMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.
3. àhgZ `m H$mì`àH$mamMr AmoiI hmoB©c.
4.1 àñVmdZm
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, AmVmn`ªV AmnU àmMrZ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc H$mhr àH$ma nm{hcoV. AmVm
AmnU AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc àhgZ hm àH$ma Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. S>m°. H¥$îUcmc `m§À`m
30
"{d^w{dO`:' `m nwñVH$mVrc "§Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z:' ho ~mcàhgZ nmR>çnwñVH$mV g_m{dîQ> Ho$co Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V ^mfme¡crVrc ~mcgm{hË`mMm EH$ Z_wZmhr `m {Z{_ÎmmZo Amnë`mcm Aä`mgmd`mg
{_iUma Amho.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
4.2.1 ^mfm§Va
(a§J_§Mmdarc AmgZmda cmo_emXodr, {VMm nVr JX©^goZ, CîQ´>amO Am{U Ë`mMr nËZr _{hfrXodr
~gcoco AmhoV. gdmªÀ`m _wHw$Q>m§da Ë`m§À`m Zmdm§Zwgma ney§À`m AmH¥$Ë`m H$mT>coë`m AmhoV qH$dm Ë`m
Ë`m ney§Mo _wIdQ>o gdmªZr YmaU Ho$co AmhoV.)
C§Q>amO
: H$moU Amho ao {VH$S>o?
EH$OU
: (àdoe H$ê$Z) _hmamO, _r Amho.
C§Q>amO
: H$moU? {à` Aœqgh? Aœqghm, EoH$.
Aœqgh
: Amkm Agmdr _hmamO.
C§Q>amO
: H$m` ao, AmO Amnë`mH$S>o eoOmaMo amÁ`mÜ`j lr_§V JX©^qgh _hmamO Amco
AmhoV ho Vwcm _m{hV Zmhr H$m?
Aœqgh
: (JX©^goZmcm) Z_ñH$ma ^JdmZ!
JX©^goZ
: Vm~S>Vmo~ EH$m gôMo Am`moOZ H$a.
_{hfrXodr : AmnU JX©^goZ _hmoX` Am{U Ë`m§Mr nËZr cmo_emXodr `m§Mm gÝ_mZ H$aUma
AmhmoV.
Aœqgh
: Oer Amncr Amkm. (OmVmo.)
_{hfrXodr : ^{JZr cmo_eo, H$m`©~mhþë`m_wio _r AmYr {dMmaco Zmhr. Am_Mo OodU éMH$a
hmoVo H$s Zmhr?
cmo_erXodr : H$m` gm§Jy ^{JZr _{hfr! Á`mà_mUo C§Q>_hmamO gw§Xa AmhoV. Oer Vy Anyd©
gw§Xar Amhog VgoM VwPo OodUhr éMH$a Amho. Aem àH$maMo ^moOZ `mnydu Im„o
Zmhr. Vo H$m` hmoVo J ew^«a§JmMo, M§ÐmgmaIo ... ...
31
JX©^goZ
: Ë`mcm XÿY åhUVmV.
(gdmªÀ`m Jßnm§_ÜòM EHo$H$OU òD$Z _§Mmdarc gdmªZm hmV OmoSy>Z Z_ñH$ma
H$ê$Z gôà_mUo ~gVmV. gJio newdoeYmar AmhoV.)
cmo_emXodr : Vo Va Am_À`m XoemV H$moUmcmM _mhrV Zmhr.
_{hfrXodr : Am_À`m amÁ`mV XoIrc H$moUmcmhr _mhrV ZìhVo. _rM òWo Amë`mda àW_
Ho$co.
C§Q>amO
: IamoIarM _{hfrXodtMrM hr H¥$nm Amho.
Aœqgh
: (àdoe H$ê$Z) _hmamOm§Mm OÒ`H$ma Agmo. hr g^m Am`mo{OV Ho$cr Amho.
(Ago åhUyZ Xe©H$m§H$S>o XmI{dVmo.) ho nmhm, C§Xra, Hw$Ìr, Sw>H$ao, JmB©, ~¡c.
C§Q>amO
: ìdm! H$m` VwPo H$m¡eë`! WmoS>çmemM doioV _moR>m OZg_wXm` Vy Jmoim Ho$cmg.
JX©^goZ
: (àgÞ hmoD$Z) N>mZ N>mZ, òWo eoù`m, _|T>çm, JmB© `m gw§Xar XoIrc {damO_mZ
AmhoV.
C§Q>amO
: (CRy>Z) ~m§Ydm§Zmo, AmnU OmUVmM, H$s AmO Amnë`m nmaV§Í`{XdgmMm Xhmdm
dm{f©H$moËgd Amho. Var XoIrc ñdoÀN>mYmar AmnU _mJ©^«îQ> hmoD$Z BH$S>o {VH$S>o
^Q>H$V AgVmo. AmO Amåhr àgÞ AmhmoV. Amncr Iyn g_¥Õr Pmcocr Amho.
AmnU gd© amOH$_©Mmar AmhmoV. _r XoIrc AÝ` H$moUr Var {Z`mo{OV Ho$cocm
amOm{YH$mar Amho. ñdV:À`mM amOmMo {Z`_ AmnU nmiVmo AmhmoV, Ë`mÀ`mM
_mJm©Mo AZwgaU H$arV AmhmoV. AmnU Amncr ^mfm XoIrc {dgacmo AmhmoV.
(gô_Üò Q>mù`m§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ>) ~§Yw§Zmo, `m nwÊ` {Xder eoOmaÀ`m dZnwaamÁ`mVyZ
_hmamOm{YamO, lr_§V, AVwcZr` Üd{Z_mYw`© Agcoco, VmZgoZmà_mUo Agcoco
ho JX©^goZ _hmoX` òWo CnpñWV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm AmnU A§V:H$aUmnmgyZ gÝ_mZ
H$ê$`m. (Aœqghmcm CÔoeyZ) hma H$moR>o Amho?
Aœqgh
: H$m` hr _mÂ`m ~m`H$moMr MyH$! AmÎmm AmUVmo. (OmD$Z nwÝhm àdoe H$éZ) hm
hma. (Ago åhUyZ XmoaI§S>mMm hma XoVmo.) (C§Q> _hmamO EH$ hma JX©^goZmcm
KmcVmo Ë`mMà_mUo _{hfrXodr cmo_emXodrÀ`m Jù`mV hma KmcVo. gô_Üò
Q>mù`m§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ> d Hw$O~yO.)
C§Q>amO
: ~§Yy§Zmo, AmOÀ`m `m g_`r Aem àH$maMo nmhþUo Amnë`mH$S>o Amco AmhoV ho
Amnco _hX²^m½` Amho. (JX©^goZ hmV OmoS>Vmo.) AmVm _r JX©^goZ _hmamOm§Zm
{dZ§Vr H$aVmo H$s, Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m _Ywa ñdamV H$mhr JrVo JmD$Z Amnë`mda
32
AZwJ«h H$amdm. (Ago åhUyZ ~gVmo.)
JX©^goZ
: (CR>Vmo, Ë`mMdoir gô_Üò Q>mù`m§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ> hmoVmo.) _hm_mÝ` C§Q> _hmamO,
Amnë`m amÁ`mV {Z_§ÌU ZgVmZm XoIrc EdT>m gÝ_mZ {_imcm ho _hXmíM`©.
Am{U BWo Va gd© gw§XaM {XgV Amho. Amncr hr naV§ÌVm {Mam`y hmodmo.
(Q>mù`m§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ>) AmVm _r ^yH$ånamJm_Yrc JrV àñVwV H$aVmo. (H$H©$e
AmdmOmV JmVmo. àW_ Amcmn KoVmo.)
AmH$memVyZ Iyn XJS>m§Mm dfm©d hmodmo. ney§Zm qeJoM Agy ZòV Am{U hr
H§${nV hmoUmar YaUr PmoŠ`mà_mUo Xmocm`_mZ hmodmo.
(dfm©d hmodmo ~hþ nmfmUm§Mm. ZH$moV{M qeJo `m àmÊ`m§Zm. H§${nV hr AdKr
YaUr. qhXmoù`mn[a hmo qhXmo{cV.) (Q>mù`m§Mm H$S>H$S>mQ>) Ahmhm H$m` ho JrV!
Ahmhm H$m` ho _mYw`©! (gJirH$S>o hoM EoHy$ òVo.)
Aœqgh
: (CRy>Z, amJmZo) ho H$m` JmUo Amho? hm Am_Mm An_mZ Amho.
C§Q>amO
: (H«$mo{YV hmoD$Z) Aídqgh, Jßn ~g. (JX©^goZmcm) Ahmhm! H$m` ho JrVmMo
_mYw`©! nwÝhm EH$Xm Jmdo. (gJio) hmo hmo, Jmdo. gJù`m§Mr EoH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m
Amho.
JX©^goZ
: Oa Ago Agoc Va, nwÝhm EoH$mdo. (nyduMoM JrV nwÝhm Ë`mM ñdamV JmVmo.)
g^mgX
: (Q>mù`m§À`m H$S>H$S>mQ>mgh) Ahmhm! Ho$dT>m _moR>m AmZ§X! AË`§V g§wXa JrV.
Aœqgh
: ho H$gco gw§Xa JrV? (CRy>Z OmVmo.)
cmo_emXodr : An_m{ZV Pmcoco Amåhr AmVm òWo Wm§~y eH$V Zmhr. (JX©^goZmcm) Mcm
Am`©nwÌ, OmD$`m. (XmoKo OmVmV.)
_{hfrXodr : ^{JZr j_m H$amdr.
C§Q>amO
: JocoM H$m`? (hmVm§Zr S>moHo$ nH$Sy>Z ~gVmo.)
(nS>Xm nS>Vmo.)
4.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
1. VWm{n ñdoÀN>mMm[aUmo d`§ nW^«îQ>m Bd BVñVV: ^«_m_:&
33
AW© : VWm{n ñdoÀN>mMmar AmnU añVm âH$Q>ë`mà_mUo BH$S>o {VH$S>o ^Q>H$V AgVmo.
g§X^© : àñVwV {dYmZ H¥$îUcmc a{MV "Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z:' `m nmR>mVrc AgyZ C§Q>amO
gôcm CÔoeyZ åhUVmV.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : EH$Xm nmird àmÊ`m§À`m amÁ`mV Ë`m§À`m nmaV§Í`moËgdmMm H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV
Ho$cocm AgVmo. Ë`m gô_Üò nmird àmÊ`m§Mm _w»` C§Q> Amho. Va à_wI A{VWr JX©^goZ åhUOo JmT>d
Amho. _mUgm§Zr gd© ney§da {Z`§ÌU Ho$co Amho. ho gJio Amnco ñdmV§Í` J_mdyZ ~gco AmhoV. nU
Ë`m§Zm Ë`mMo Xþ:I Z dmQ>Vm CcQ> nmaV§Í`mMm Xhmdm dm{f©H$moËgd gmOam Ho$cm OmV Amho. amZmdZmV
H$moR>ohr ^Q>H$mdo, _Z _mZoc Vgm g§Mma H$amdm, hr dmñV{dH$ ney§Mr ghO àd¥Îmr. na§Vw _mUgm§cr
Amnë`mcm Jwcm_ Ho$ë`m_wio AmnU Amncm _yi ñd^md {dgaë`mZo _mJ©^«îQ> Pmcmo AmhmoV, `mMr
OmUrdhr Ë`m§Zm hmoD$ cmJë`mMo Ë`mÀ`m ~mocÊ`mVyZ hmoVo. ~ao hm Omo C§Q>amO Amho. Vmo XoIrc
Xþgè`mM H$moUr {Z`wŠV Ho$cocm amOH$_©Mmar Agë`mZo Vgohr Ë`mcm \$mago A{YH$ma ZmhrVM. Amnë`m
_mcH$mÀ`m {Z`_m§MoM nmcZ Ë`mcm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ghH$m`mªZm H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m
_mJm©MoM AZwgaU H$amdo cmJVo. nU Varhr Amncr Or H$mhr àJVr Pmcr Amho, Or H$mhr g_¥ÜXr
àmßV Pmcr Amho Ë`m{df`r Ë`m§Zm AmZ§XM dmQ>Vmo Amho.
hm Ogm àhgZmMm EH$ Z_wZm Amho VgmM ~mcZmQ>çmMm XoIrc EH$ Z_wZm Amho. EImÚmMo
AZw{MV AmMaU CKS>o nmSy>Z Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ë`m AmMaUm{df`r cmO {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mZo Vo Q>mimdo
`mgmR>r àhgZm§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. g_mOmVrc dmB©Q> Mm{carVr, àWm, éT>r. ì`§½ò `m§Mr {I„r
CS>dyZ g_mOà~moYZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo hm ê$nH$àH$ma ê$T> Pmcm Amho. òWo XoIrc ZmQ>H$H$mamZo
nmaV§Í`mVM AmZ§X _mZUmè`m _yI© cmoH$m§Mo àVrH$mË_H$ dU©Z Ho$co Amho. n§MV§Ì, {hVmonXoemà_mUo
ney§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Jwcm_rVXoIrc g§VwîQ> amhUmè`m _mUgm§Zm ho CnXoem_¥VM Amho.
2. Ahmo JrV_², Ahmo _mYw`©_²&
AW© : Ahmhm H$m` ho JrV! H$m` ho _mYw`©!
g§X^© : àñVwV {dYmZ H¥$îUcmc a{MV "§Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z:' `m nmR>mVrc AgyZ C§Q>amO
JX©^goZmcm CÔoeyZ åhUVmV.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : nmird àmÊ`m§À`m Xhmì`m nmaV§Í`moËgdmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m_Üò C§Q>amOmÀ`m {dZ§Vrcm
_mZ XoD$Z AmJ§VwH$ Amcocm nU à_wI A{VWrMm _mZ {_imcocm JX©^goZ Amncm JrVJm`ZmMm
H$m`©H«$_ gwê$ H$aVmo. A{^Zd Aem ^yH§$namJm_Üò CƒadmV Amcmn AmidrV Vmo EH$ JmUo åhUVmo.
Ë`m JmÊ`mMm ^`mZH$ AW© Am{U H$U©H$Qy> AmdmO åhUOo EH$ AO~ agm`Z Amho. dmñV{dH$ ho JmUo
EoHy$Z Á`mMm {Y¸$ma H$amd`mg nm{hOo, Ë`mMmM CXmoCXmo C§Q>amO H$arV Amho.
34
`m JmÊ`mMm AW© Amho, "`m Z^mVyZ nmfmUm§Mm dfm©d hmodmo. ney§Zm qeJoM ZgmdrV. hr
H§$nm`_mZ YaVr PwH$ë`mà_mUo Xmocm`_mZ ìhmdr.' Iao nmhVm dm{f©H$moËgdmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ew^qMVZna
JrV Jmd`mg nm{hOo. nU EdT>o VmaVå` JX©^goZmH$S>o H$moRy>Z AgUma? Am{U Amcoë`m nmhþÊ`m§Zr
Ò_mZm§Mo Ogo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$co nm{hOo VgoM nmhþÊ`m§Mr XoIrc Ò_mZm§Zr àe§gm Ho$cr nm{hOo, Agm
[admOM nS>cocm {XgVmo. Vwåhr {H$Vr N>mZ Am{U Amåhr {H$Vr gw§Xa AgmM Va {XImdm AgVmo Zm?
Á`m _yi nma§nm[aH$ H$Wodê$Z g§ñH¥$V_Üò Am{U Z§Va _amR>rV XoIrc "Ahmo ê$n_² Ahmo Üd{Z:'&
hr åhU V`ma Pmcr, Ë`m H$WoMm Aml` KoD$Z H¥$îUcmc `m§Zr ho gw§Xa àhgZ gmYco Amho.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. JX©^goZmÀ`m nËZrMo Zmd H$m` Amho?
(A) _{hfrXodr
(~) cmo_emXodr
(H$) JX©^rXodr
2. cmo_emXodrZo H$moUVm nXmW© àW_M _{hfrXodtH$S>o Imëcm?
(A) XÿY
(~) Xhr
(H$) Vyn
(S>) AídcmXodr.
(S>) cmoUr.
3. CîQ´>amOmZo H$moUË`m CËgdmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo g^m Am`mo{OV Ho$cr hmoVr?
(A) ñdmV§Í`moËgd (H$) nmaV§Í`moËgd (~) àOmgÎmm{XZmo Ë gd
ñdamÁ`ñWmnZmoËgd.
4. CîQ´>amOmÀ`m Xa~mamV {H$Vdm nmaV§Í`moËgd gmOam Pmcm?
(A) Xhmdm
(~) n§Yamdm
(H$) {dgmdm
(S>) n§M{dgmdm.
5. df©ÝVw Z^gmo .. .. .. .
(A) ~hþgw_Zm{Z (~) ~hþOc§
(H$) ~hþ\$cm{Z
(S>) ~hþnmfmUm:
6. CîQ´>amOmÀ`m nËZrMo Zmd H$m` Amho?
(A) _{hfrXodr
(~) cmo_emXodr
(H$) JX©^rXodr
(S>) AídcmXodr&
(S>)
4.4 gmam§e
àñVwV àhgZmV Iar nmÌVm ZgVmZm g_mOmV nañnam§Mr AdmOdr àe§gm H$aUmè`m cmoH$m§Mo
dU©Z Ho$co Amho. H$mhr ñdmW© gmYyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r EH$m_oH$m§da gVV ñVw{Vgw_Zm§Mm dfm©d H$aUmao cmoH$
35
nm{hco H$s ghOM AmnU "Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z:&' Ago åhUVmo. hr EH$ cmoH$moŠVr Amho. "CîQ´>mUm§M
{ddmhofw JrV§ Jm`pÝV JX©^m:& nañna§ àe§gpÝV Ahmo ê$n_hmo Üd{Z:&&'
EH$Xm C§Q>m§À`m c¾m_Üò ^Q>Or åhUyZ JmT>d Joco. Ë`mZo _§JcmîQ>H$m åhQ>ë`m. Ë`mdir C§Q>m§Zr
JmT>dmÀ`m AmdmOmMr ânya àe§gm Ho$cr. Va JmT>dmZo ê$nmMr. `m cmoH$moŠVrMm coIH$mZo Amnë`m
àhgZmV gw§Xa dmna H$ê$Z KoVcocm Amho. _mUgmMr godm MmH$ar H$aÊ`mV g_mYmZ _mZUmè`m, KmoS>o,
åher, ~¡c, JmT>do dJ¡ao àmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nmaV§Í`mV amhUmè`m, Xþgè`m§Mr MmH$ar H$aÊ`mVM AmZ§X
_mZUmè`m _mUgm§Mo {MÌU Ho$co Amho. ñdmWu, g§{YgmYy, amOH$s` nwT>mè`m§Mo Am{U Ë`m§À`m nwT>§ nwT>§
Jm|S>m KmoiUmè`m _Vc~r cmoH$m§Mo {MÌU `m àhgZmV Ho$coco Amho.
4.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
àhgZ : g§ñH¥$V_Yrc Xeê$nH$m§n¡H$s àhgZ hm EH$ hmñàgàYmZ énàH$ma Amho. à+hg²
(1n.n) åhUOo Q>a CS>{dUo, {I„r CS>{dUo `m YmVynmgyZ àhgZ hm eãX V`ma hmoVmo. `mV
ZmQ>H$mà_mUo amOm, amOnwÌ dJ¡ao Cƒ XOm©Mr nmÌo ZgyZ hcŠ`m XOm©Mr nmÌo AgVmV. H${dH$pënV
H$WmZH$ AgVo. hmñ` hm `mMm àYmZ ag AgVmo. àhgZmV X§^ñ\$moQ> AgVmo. `m_Üò {d{jßV
{XgUmè`m AmMmamda {dZmoXJ^© Q>rH$m AgVo.
4.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
(A) 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(~) cmo_emXodr.
(A) XÿY.
(H$) nmaV§Í`moËgd.
(A) Xhmdm.
(S>) ~hþnmfmUm:
(A) _{hfrXodr.
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
(A) Imcrc CVmè`m§Mo _amR>rV ^mfm§Va H$am.
36
1. CîQ´> : qH$ Z OmZm{g Ëd_² ... ... ... ê${Ma_ AmgrV² Z dm?
2. CîQ´> : (CËWm`) ~mÝYdm: ... ... ... {dñ_¥VdÝV:&
3. JX©^ : (C{Îmð>{V VX¡d g^m`m§ H$aVcÜd{Z:) ... ... ... Amcmn§ H$amo{V&
4. Aíd : (CËWm` gamof_²) {H$_oVX² JmZ_² ... ... ... Am`©nwÌ JÀN>md:&
(~) Imcrc dmŠ`m§Mo gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. ñdm{YamOñd Ed {Z`_mZ² d`§ nmc`m_:&
2. gÝVw neyZm§ Z¡d {dfmUm:&
3. {H$_² EVV² emo^Z_² JmZ_²?
(H$) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.
1. "Ahmo ê$n_² Ahmo Üd{Z:' `m àhgZmVyZ coIH$ g_mOmÀ`m H$moUË`m d¡JwÊ`mda àH$me
Q>mH$Vmo, Vo ñnîQ> H$am.
2. "Ahmo ê$n_² Ahmo Üd{Z:' `m àhgZmMo agJ«hU H$am.
3. Aídqgh `m nmÌmMo ì`pŠV{MÌ aoImQ>m.
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
m
S>m°. H¥$îUcmc {d^w{dO` : (1995) {d^wd¡^d_², {dídZrS>, B© 937, gañdVr{dhma,
Zdr {Xëcr.
` ` `
37
KQ>H$-5
&& e~ard¥ÎmmÝV: &&
5.0 C{ÔîQ>o
5.1 àñVmdZm
5.2 {df` {ddoMZ
5.2.1 ^mfm§Va
5.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
5.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
5.4 gmam§e
5.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
5.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
5.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
5.0 C{ÔîQ>o
am_mÙ ho àmMrZ Amf©-_hmH$mì`. Amf© åhUOo G$ftZr aMcoco. dmë_rH$s G$ftZr am_mÙmMr
aMZm Ho$cr. à^y lram_m§À`m OrdZmda AmYm[aV ho _hmH$mì` Amho.
`m nmR>mÀ`m AÜ``ZmVyZ Amf©-_hmH$mì`mMm Z_wZm {dÚmÏ`mªZm Aä`mgmd`mg {_ioc.
Ë`m_wio g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMm EH$ àH$ma Ë`m§À`m ÑpîQ>JmoMa hmoB©c. am_mÙmMr gwc^ H$mìè¡cr d
aMZmgm¢X`© Ë`m§Zm C_Joc. Ë`mM~amo~a nmR>mVrc e~arMr ñdm{_{ZîR>m, Y¡`©, Vnñ`m `m ì`pŠV{deofm§Mm
AmXe© {dÚmÏ`mªg_moa C^m am{hc.
5.1 àñVmdZm
lr_Ûmë_r{H$am_mÙmVrc AaÊ`H$m§S>mVrc gJ© 74 _Üò am_ d e~ar `m§À`m ôQ>rMm àg§J
38
d{U©cocm Amho. am_ d cú_U grVoÀ`m emoYmV AaÊ`mV {\$aV AgVmZm dmQ>oV æm§Zm H$~§Y amjg
ôQ>cm. Ë`m amjgmcm B§ÐmZo dO«mKmV H$ê$Z Ad`d{da{hV Ago Ho$di YS> {eëcH$ R>odco hmoVo. na§Vw
nwÝhm à^y am_M§ÐmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo H$~§Y amjg emn_wŠV hmoD$Z nyd©dV hmoB©c Agm C:emn {Xcm hmoVm.
lram_M§ÐmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo H$~§Y amjg nyd©dV Pmcm d Ë`mZo grVoMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r am_mcm nwT>rc
_mJ©Xe©Z Ho$co. OmVm-OmVm n§nm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mda e~arcm ôQ> XoD$Z Om Agohr gm§{JVco.
^pŠVnamÙ ÑT>godmd«Vr e~ar {VÀ`m Jwê§$À`m AmkoZo nånm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mda
_V§JdZmVrc Aml_mV amhV hmoVr. `m Aml_dmgmV JwéOZm§Mr godm, d«V {Z`_m§Mo H$R>moa-AZwîR>mZ
Am{U ^pŠVnyU© A§V:H$aUmZo B©eñ_aU `m_wio {VMr VníM`m© CÎmaH$mimV \$cmoÝ_wI hmoD$Z {Vcm à^y
lram_M§Ð d cú_UmMr ôQ> Pmcr.
5.2 {df` {ddoMZ
5.2.1 ^mfm§Va
1. nånm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ Vramda nmohmoMë`mda Ë`m XmoZ ^mdm§Zr VoWo e~arMm gw§Xa Aml_
nm{hcm.
2. Ë`mMr emo^m Ý`mhmiV AgUmao Vo XmoKo ^mD$ AZoH$ PmS>m§Zr doT>coë`m Ë`m a_Ur`
Aml_mV OmD$Z e~arcm ôQ>co.
3. Voìhm {gX²Y (VnpñdZr) e~ar, Ë`m XmoZ ^mdm§Zm Aml_mV Amcoco nmhÿZ hmV OmoSy>Z C^r
am{hcr Am{U {VZo ~w{Õ_mZ Aem lram_ Am{U cú_UmÀ`m MaUm§Zm àUm_ Ho$cm.
4. ({VZo) nmÚ, A¿`© Am{U AmM_Zr` BË`m{X gd© gm_J«r g_{n©V Ho$cr Am{U Ë`m§Mr
{d{YdV nyOm Ho$cr. Voìhm lram_M§Ð Ë`m Y_©namÙ VnpñdZrcm åhUmco•
5. ho VnmoYZo! Vy gd© {d¿Zm§da {dO` {_i{dcm Amhog H$m`? Vn dmT>V Amho VwPo H$m`?
Vy H«$moY Am{U Amhmamda g§`_ {_i{dcm Amhog H$m`?
6. Vy Adc§~cocr d«Vo VwÂ`mH$Sy>Z nmicr OmV AmhoV Zm? VwÂ`m _Zmg (emídV Ago) gwI
Amho Zm? ho Mmê$^m{f{U! Vy Or Jwégodm Ho$crg Vr nyU©V: g\$c Pmcr Amho Zm?
7. am_mH$Sy>Z AemàH$mao Mm¡H$er Ho$cr Joë`mZ§Va, Vr {gX²Ym§H$Sy>Z gÝ_m{ZV Aer {gÕ
39
VnpñdZr, d¥X²Y e~ar, lram_m§g_moa C^r amhÿZ åhUmcr•
8. nwéfmoÎm_ lram_m! VwPm XodloîR>mMm òWo gËH$ma Pmë`mZ§Va AmO _mPr Vnñ`m g\$c Pmcr
Am{U AmVm _cm ñdJ©hr àmßV hmoB©c.
9. gm¡å`! _mZX! VwPr _¥Xþc ÑîQ>r nS>ë`m_wio _r A{Ve` n{dÌ Pmco. ho eÌwX_Z! VwÂ`m
H¥$nmàgmXmZoM AmVm _r Aj`cmoH$mg OmB©Z.
10. Ooìhm AmnU {MÌHy$Q> nd©Vmda nmohmoMcmV Ë`mMdoir _mPo Jwê$, Á`m§Mr _r (_Zmo^mdo)
godm Ho$cr, Vo AVwë` VoOñdr {d_mZmZo òWyZ {Xì`cmoH$mg (ñdJm©g) Joco.
11 d 12) Ë`m Y_©k, _hmË_m _hfvZr OmVmZm _cm gm§{JVco Amho H$s, VwÂ`m `m na_ n{dÌ
Aml_mV à^y am_M§Ð òVrc Am{U cú_Umgh VwPo A{VWr hmoVrc. Vy Ë`m§Mm `Wm`mo½`
gËH$ma H$a. Ë`m§Mo Xe©Z H$ê$Z Vy loîR> Aem Aj`cmoH$mg Omerc.
13. ho nwéfmoÎm_m! Ë`m _hmZ Vnñì`mZo _cm Ago gm§{JVco hmoVo. (åhUyZ) ho nwéfì`mK«m! _r
nånmVramda CJdUmè`m ZmZm{dY dÝ` \$io d H§$X_yim§Mm g§M` (= gmR>m) Ho$cm Amho.
14. AemàH$mao e~arH$Sy>Z {ZdoXZ Ho$co Joë`mZ§Va Vmo Y_m©Ë_m (à^y lram_) amKd, {dkmZmÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo {ZË` VÎdmnmgyZ H$Yrhr ~{hîH¥$V Zgcoë`m e~arcm åhUmcm.
15. ho VnpñdZr! _r H$~ÝYmÀ`m _wImVyZ VwÂ`m Jwê§$Mm VÎdV: A{YH$ma EoH$cm Amho. Oar
Vwcm C{MV dmQ>V Agoc Va _r Ë`m§À`m à^mdmcm àË`j nmhÿ BpÀN>Vmo.
16. lram__wImVyZ Amcoco Vo dMZ EoHy$Z e~arZo Ë`m XmoÝhr ^mdm§Zm Vo {demc dZ XmI{dco
(Am{U åhUmcr) •
17. ho aKwZ§XZm! _oKm§à_mUo A{Ve` KZXmQ> Am{U newnú`m§Zr (JÀM) âcoë`m `m dZmcm
nhm. ho dZ _V§JdZ `m ZmdmZo à{gX²Y Amho.
18. ho _hmVoOñdr lram_m! òWoM _mPo ^m{dVmË_m (ewX²Y A§V:H$aUmMo) Jwéd`© amhmV hmoVo.
`mM {R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zr Jm`Ìr_§ÌmÀ`m OnmZo n{dÌ Pmcoë`m Amnë`m earamcm _§ÌmZwîR>mZmg{hV
A½Zrg An©U Ho$co.
19. hr àË`ŠñWñWir ZmdmMr doXr Amho, OoWo o _mÂ`mH$Sy>Z ny{Ococo Vo (Jwéd`©) (d¥XY² mdñWo_i
w )o
n[al_m§Zr WaWaUmè`m hmVm§Zr (XodVm§Zm) \w$co dmhmV AgV.
40
20. ho aKwÎm_m! nhm, Ë`m§À`m VníM`}À`m à^mdmZo AmOhr hr doXr Amnë`m VoOmZo gd©
{Xem§Zm àH$m{eV H$aV Amho.
21. Cndmg H$aÊ`m_wio AeŠV (= Xþ~©i) Ago Vo Ooìhm MmcÊ`mg Ag_W© Pmco hmoVo, Voìhm
Ë`m§À`m Ho$di qMVZ_mÌo VoWo gmV g_wÐm§Mo Oc àH$Q> Pmco. Vo nhm (AOyZhr VoWo Amho).
22. ho aKwZ§XZm! A{^foH$mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr Oo dëH$c dñÌ `m d¥jm§da ngê$Z Q>mH$co Vo AOyZhr
`m àXoemV dmicoco Zmhr.
23. XodnyOogmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$_cnwßnm§g{hV Jw§\$coë`m (_mim§Vrc) hr \w$co AOyZhr H$mo_oOcocr
ZmhrV.
24. AmnU g§nyU© AaÊ` nm{hco Oo EoH$Ê`m`mo½` hmoVo Vohr EoH$co, AmVm Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z Amkm
KoVcocr Aer _r, `m XohmMm Ë`mJ H$ê$ BpÀN>Vo.
25. hm Aml_ Á`m§Mm Amho Am{U Á`m§Mr _r godmd«Vr Amho Ë`m n{dÌmË_m _wZtÀ`m Odi
AmVm _r OmD$ BpÀN>Vo.
26. e~arMo Ago Y_©`wŠV ~mocUo EoHy$Z cú_Umgh amKdmg A{Ve` AmZ§X Pmcm Am{U
ghO _wImoX²Jma Amco- ""AmíM`© Amho''.
27. Ë`mZ§Va à^yam_M§Ð H$R>moa d«VmMaU H$aUmè`m e~arcm åhUmco, ^Ðo! Vy _mPm _moR>m gËH$ma
Ho$cmg. AmVm Vy ñdoÀN>oZo AmZ§XmZo AmdS>Ë`m cmoH$s Omdo.
28. e~ar AmË_g_m{Y KoD$Z _J Ë`m nwÊ`ñWir Jocr OoWo {VMo nwÊ`mË_m _hfu JwéXod {dhma
H$arV hmoVo.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
1. nånm gamodamÀ`m .......... VQ>mda e~arMm Aml_ hmoVm.
(A) nyd©
(~) npíM_
(H$) CÎma
(S>) X{jU.
2. e~arMm Aml_ ........... dZmV hmoVm.
(A) _V§J
(~) X§S>H$
(H$) MånmaÊ`
(S>) nånm.
41
3. lram_m§Zm dmQ>oV ........... amjgmZo e~ar{df`r gm§{JVco.
(A) OQ>m`w
(~) _m[aM
(H$) H$~§Y
(S>) amdU.
4. e~arÀ`m Jwê§$Zm Xoh R>odcm Voìhm lram_M§Ð .......... nd©Vmda hmoVo.
(A) ho_Hy$Q>
(~) qdÜ`
(H$) _oê$
(S>) {MÌHy$Q>.
5. Aml_mV .............. ZmdmMr doXr hmoVr.
(A) àË`H²$ñWir (~) AmË_ñWir (H$) doXñWir
(~) {ddoMH$ Q>rnm Úm.
1. H$~§Y amjgmMr Am{U am_mMr ôQ>.
2. am_cú_UmMr e~ar ôQ>.
3. e~arMr ^ŠVr.
(H$) gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. Vm_wdmM VVmo am_: l_Ut Y_©g§pñWVm_²&
2. J{_î`må`jæ`m§cmoH$m§ñËdËàgmXmX[a¨X_²&
3. amKd: àmh {dkmZo Vm§ {ZË`_~{hîH¥$Vm_²&
4. _V§JdZ{_Ëòd {dlwV§ aKwZ§XZ&
(S>) g{dñVa CÎmao Úm.
1. e~arMo ì`pŠV{MÌU.
2. Aml_mMo dU©Z.
5.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1 : CÎma
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nyU© H$am.
42
(S>) `kñWir.
1. (~) npíM_.
2. (A) _V§J.
3. (H$) H$~§Y.
4. (S>) {MÌHy$Q>.
5. (A) àË`ŠñWir.
(~) {ddoMH$ {Q>nm Úm.
1. H$~§Y amjgmMr Am{U am_mMr ôQ>.
OQ>m`wZo _mJ© gm§{JVë`mà_mUo grVocm emoYV lram_ {ZKmco Voìhm Ë`m§Zm dmQ>oV H$~§Y amjg
{Xgcm.
Ad`da{hV Ho$di YS> Agcocm hm H$~§Y amjg hmoVm. Ë`mZo VníM`m© H$ê$Z ~«÷Xodm§Zm àgÞ
Ho$co d ~«÷Xodm§Zr Ë`mcm {Ma§Ord hmoÊ`mMm Amerdm©X {Xcm. Ë`mZo Jdm}Ý_Îm hmoD$Z B§Ðmda ñdmar Ho$cr
Voìhm B§ÐmZo Ë`mMo Ad`d dO«mZo VmoSy>Z Q>mH$co. na§Vw nwÝhm lram_m§Mr ôQ> Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mcm nyd©dV
eara àmßV hmoD$Z Vmo {Xì`cmoH$mg OmB©c Agm C:emn {Xcm. lram_m§Mr Ooìhm H$~§Y amjgmer ôQ>
Pmcr Voìhm Ë`mZo àW_ emnmVyZ _wŠVVm H$ê$Z KoVcr d {Xì` eara àmßV H$ê$Z AmH$me_mJm©Zo OmVmOmVm lram_m§Zm nwT>Mm _mJ© Ë`mZo gm§{JVcm. Ë`mM~amo~a nånm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mda _V§JdZmVrc
Aml_mV e~ar amhV AgyZ {VMr ôQ> KoÊ`mg gm§{JVco.
AemàH$mao B§ÐmÀ`m emnmVyZ lram_m§H$adr _wŠV Pmcocm H$~§Y amjg AmH$me_mJm©Zo {Xì`
cmoH$mg Jocm.
2. am_cú_UmMr e~ar ôQ>.
nånm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mda _V§JdZmVrc e~arÀ`m Aml_mV lram_M§Ð cú_Umgh Joco.
lram_M§Ð Aml_mV Amë`mda Y_©namÙ e~arZo nmÚ AÜ`© Am{U AmM_Zr` BË`mXr gd©
gm_J«r g_{n©V Ho$cr Am{U {d{YdV Ë`m§Mr nyOm H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mg_moa C^r am{hcr. Ë`mdoir lram_m§Zr
e~arMr nwT>rc eãXm§V {dMmaUm Ho$cr•
"ho VnmoYZo! Vy {d¿Zm§da {dO` {_i{dcm Amhog H$m`? VwPo Vn dmT>V Amho H$m`? Vy H«$moY
Am{U Amhmamda g§`_ {_idcm Amhog H$m`? Vy Adc§~cocr d«Vo VwÂ`mH$Sy>Z nmicr OmV AmhoV
43
Zm? VwÂ`m _Zmg emídV Ago gwI Amho Zm? Vy Or Jwégodm Ho$crg Vr nyU©V: g\$c Pmcr Amho
Zm?' BË`mXr àíZm§Zr e~arMo jo_Hw$ec lram_m§Zr {dMmaco.
e~arcm lram_m§À`m ôQ>rVM OÝ_mMo gm\$ë` Pmë`mgmaIo dmQ>co. e~arZo AaÊ`mVyZ Jmoim
Ho$cocr dÝ`\$io d H§$X_wio lram_m§Zm An©U Ho$cr d gmao _V§JdZ {\$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Jwé§À`m CnmgZoMr
{R>H$mUr XmIdcrV. AemàH$mao H¥$VmW©Or{dVm e~ar lram_m§À`m Amerdm©XmZo Aj`cmoH$mg àmßV
Pmcr.
3. e~arMr ^ŠVr.
e~ar ho A{Ve` gmpÎdH$, glX²Y d AmñWmnyU© ì`pŠV_Îd hmoVo. {Xì`cmoH$s àñWmZ
H$aÊ`mnydu Jwé§Zr {Vcm lram_m§Mr ôQ> KS>oc Ago gm§{JVco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio S>moù`m§V àmU AmUyZ
lram_m§Mr àVrjm H$aUmar e~ar A{Ve` ^mdyH$ Aer VnpñdZr hmoVr.
{VMm {VÀ`m Jwé§À`m dMZmda ÑT>{dídmg hmoVm. lram_m§À`m ôQ>rZo {Vcm A{Ve` hf© Pmcm d
{VZo Ë`m§Mm `Wmo{MV AmXa gËH$ma Ho$cm. Vr ñdY_©Xj hmoVr.
{VMr {VÀ`m Jwé§àVr A{Ve` lÜXm hmoVr d {VZo Ë`m§Mr AË`§V _Zmo^mdo godm Ho$cr hmoVr
åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr A§{V_ g_`r {Vcm g§VwîQ>{MÎmmZo am_ôQ>rMm Amerdm©X {Xcm.
{VZo lram_m§À`m BÀN>oZwgma Ë`m§Zm _V§JdZmVrc {VÀ`m Jwé§Mm Aml_ {\$ê$Z XmI{dcm. Ë`m§À`m
dmñVì`mÀ`m IwUm R>m`r-R>m`r VemM hmoË`m. àË`ŠñWir doXr, `kmVrc A½Zr, gßVg_wÐm§Mo Oi,
A{^foH$mZo {Ôcocr dëH$co `m gmè`m IwUm {VZo lram_m§Zm AmR>dUrZo XmI{dë`m. Ë`mVyZ {VMr
{Z:ñgr_ ^ŠVr, öX`mMr H$mo_cVm, A§V:H$aUmMr ewX²YVm ho gmao JwU {XgyZ òVmV.
(H$) g§X^m©gh ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. Vm_wdmM VVmo am_: l_Ut Y_©g§pñWVm_²&
g§X^© : darc dmŠ` lram_- e~ar d¥Îmm§VmVrc Amho. hm nmR> lrdmpë_H$s am_mÙmVrc
AaÊ`H$m§S>mVyZ gJ© H«$. 74 _YyZ KoVcm Amho. lram_ e~arg ôQ>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr e~arMo jo_Hw$ec
{dMmaco, Ë`mg§X^m©Vrc ho dmŠ` Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : lram_ e~arcm ôQ>Uma Ago e~arcm {VÀ`m Jwé§Zr gm§{JVcoM hmoVo. Ë`m_wio
Y_©namÙ VnpñdZr e~ar JwédMZmda ÑT>{dídmg R>odyZ am{hcr. {VZo ñdV:À`m VnmZwîR>mZmV
A{O~mV I§S> nSy> {Xcm Zmhr. {VMo jo_Hw$ec {dMmaVmZm lram_m§Zr Ë`m Y_©namÙ VnpñdZrcm nwT>rc
àíZ {dMmaco H$s, "ho VnmoYZo! Vy {d¿Zm§da {dO` {_i{dcm Amhog H$m`? VwPo Vn dmT>V Amho
H$m`? Vy H«$moY Am{U Amhmam§da g§`_ {_i{dcm Amhog H$m`? Vy Adc§~cocr d«Vo VwÂ`mH$Sy>Z nmicr
44
OmV AmhoV Zm?' VwÂ`m _Zmg (emídV Ago) gwI Amho Zm? ho Mmê$^m{fUr! Vy Or Jwê$godm Ho$crg
Vr nyU©V: g\$c Pmcr Amho Zm? Aem àíZm§Zr amKdmZo e~arMr {dMmanyg Ho$cr.
d¡{eîQ>ço : à^y lram_m§Zr e~arMr {dMmanyg Ho$cr Ë`m àíZm§VyZ ^Jd§Vmcm ^ŠVmÀ`m
CnmgZoMr H$miOr {XgyZ òVo. VnmoYZ OrdmhÿZ A{YH$ gm§^miUmar e~ar `m àíZm§VyZ g_OyZ òVo.
2. J{_î`må`jæ`m§cmoH$m§ñËdËàgmXmX[a¨X_&
g§X^© : darc dmŠ` lram_-e~ar d¥Îmm§VmVrc Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : nånm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mdarc _V§JdZmV e~ar ZmdmMr EH$ VnpñdZr
ahmV hmoVr. grVmemoYmW© ^Q>H$Umao à^wam_M§Ð d cú_U H$~§YmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z {Vcm ôQ>Ê`mg {VWo
Amco. e~ar hr AË`§V Y_©namÙ, gmpÎdH$ d AZÝ`^ŠVr H$aUmar VnpñdZr hmoVr. {VÀ`m Jwé§Mr
{VZo AË`§V _Zmo^mdo godm Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio g§VwîQ> hmoD$Z Jwé§Zr ""à^wam_M§Ð Vwcm ôQ>Vrc d Ë`m§À`m
Amerdm©XmZo Vy Ajæ`cmoH$m§g Omerc, Ago dMZ {Xco. Ë`m JwédMZmda ÑT> {dídmg R>odyZ e~ar
VoWoM Aml_mV am{hcr d {VZo {VMo Vn A{daV Mmcy R>odco. Á`m Ajæ`cmoH$m§g Amnco Jwê$ Joco {VWo
AmnUhr Omdo ho EH$_od _ZmoaW {VZo lram_m§Zm ~mocyZ XmI{dco. VËnydu AÜ`©, nmÚ, AmM_Zr` XoD$Z
lram_m§Mr {VZo _Zmo^mdo nyOm Ho$cr d g§VwîQ> lram_m§Zr {Vcm Ajæ`cmoH$m§g OmÊ`mMm Amerdm©X {Xcm.
d¡{eîQ>ço : darc dmŠ`mVyZ e~arMr JwédMZmVrc ÑT> lÜXm {XgyZ òVo. VgoM {VÀ`m
A§V:H$aUmMr ewX²YVm d ñdV:À`m Vnmdarc AT>i {dídmggwÜXm `m dmŠ`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo.
3. amKd: àmh {dkmZo Vm§ {ZË`_~{hîH¥$Vm_²&
g§X^© : darc dmŠ` lram_- e~ar d¥Îmm§VmVrc Amho. e~arH$Sy>Z `mo½` Am{VÏ` ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va
"lram_m§Zr e~arer ~mocÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr' ho dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$dr dmpë_H$s Agm ûcmoH$mY©
aMVmV H$s, ""Ë`m, {dkmZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gX¡d A~{hîH¥$V AgUmè`m e~arg amKd åhUmco.''
ñnîQ>rH$aU : {dkmZ Am{U cm¡{H$H$ Aer XmoZ joÌo òWo Ano{jV AmhoV. cm¡{H$H$mÀ`m joÌmV
e~ar hr hrZHw$imV OÝ_cocr Agë`mZo ~{hîH¥$V nU {dkmZmÀ`m joÌmV gd©OU EH$mM na_oídamMo
A§e Agë`mZo {ZË` A~{hîH¥$V AerM hmoVr d {VÀ`m Aem, {dkmZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo, g_Ëd ^mdmcm
ñ_ê$ZM à^yam_M§Ð e~arcm CÔoeyZ åhUmco, Agm H$drMm _{VVmW© Amho.
òWo {dkmZmMm AW© Amho ewÕ kmZ. Á`m kmZmZo gdmªZm g_mZ _mZco Amho. gd©M EH$mM
na_oídamMr coH$ao AmhoV. EH$M Xod gd©Ì ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho; Ago g_ËdXeu kmZ åhUOo {dkmZ
Ago òWo Ano{jV Amho. Ë`m {dkmZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo e~ar H$YrM ~{hîH¥$V ZìhVr, Ago òWo åhUmd`mMo
Amho.
d¡{eîQ>ço : H$dr dmpë_H$s¨Zr EH$mM ûcmoH$mYm©V JyT> VÎdkmZ gm§{JVco Amho.
45
4. _V§JdZ{_Ëòd {dlwV§ aKwZ§XZ&
g§X^© : darc dmŠ` lram_- e~ar d¥Îmm§VmVrc Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : lram_m§Mo `Wmo{MV nyOZ Pmë`mZ§Va, lram_m§Zr e~arcm {VÀ`m Jwê§$Mm à^md
nmhÊ`mMr BÀN>m Xe©{dcr. Voìhm e~arZo _V§JdZmVrc {R>H${R>H$mUr {VÀ`m Jwê§$À`m AmR>dUtMr ñWio
lram_m§Zm XmI{dcr, Voìhm àma§^rM {VÀ`m _wImVyZ "ho aKwZ§XZm, ho dZ _V§JdZ åhUyZ à{gÕ Amho'
Ago CX²Jma {ZKmco.
ho _V§JdZ A{Ve` KZXmQ> d¥jamOtZr d newnú`m§Zr JÀM âcoco hmoVo. Ë`m dZmVrc Ë`m
Aml_mV àË`ŠñWir ZmdmMr doXr hmoVr. {VWoM Odi gßV g_wÐm§Mo Oi hmoVo. ZOrH$M H$_cnwînm§gh
Jw§\$coë`m _mcoVrc Amocr \w$co hmoVr. VgoM Amocr dëH$cdñÌo {VWoM Odi dmiV hmoVr. AemàH$mao
_V§JdZmVrc e~arÀ`m AmR>dUr {VZo lram_m§Zm XmI{dë`m.
(S>) g{dñVa CÎmao Úm.
àíZ 1 : e~arMo ì`pŠV{MÌU.
dmë_rH$s am_mÙmVrc AaÊ`H$m§S>mV 74 dm gJ© lram_ d e~arÀ`m ôQ>rMm àg§J gm§JVmo.
H$~§YmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mZwgma lram_ n§nm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mda ngacoë`m _V§JdZmV òVmV d
VoWrc AaÊ`gm¢X`© Ý`mhmiV AgVm e~arMm Aml_ Ë`m§À`m ÑîQ>rnWr nS>Vmo. VoWoM lram_M§Ð d
e~ar `m§Mr ôQ> KS>Vo. Ë`m§À`m_Yrc g§dmXmdê$Z e~arMr H$mhr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço {XgyZ òVmV. Vr
òUoà_mUo :1. AmOÝ_ Jwé§Mr _Zmo^mdo godm H$aUmar e~ar hr A{Ve`, glX²Y, ÑT>godmd«Vr, {ZîH$m_
Am{U {Zñn¥h Aer gmÜdr hmoVr.
2. lram_ ôQ>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo `Wmo{MV ñdmJV H$ê$Z AÜ`©, nmÚ BË`mXr nyOm H$aUmar e~ar
hr Y_©namÙ, H$V©ì`Xj d nyOm{dÜ`mXr CnMmam§Mm `mo½` n[aM` d kmZ AgUmar hmoVr.
3. lram_M§Ð H$YrVar ôQ>Vrc åhUyZ dÝ`\$io d H§$X_yim§Mm g§M` H$aUmar e~ar hr {VÀ`m
àVrjoÀ`m namH$mîR>o_wio AË`§V {MH$mQ>rMr d AmË_g§`_r hmoVr ho OmUdVo.
4. e~arZo lram_m§Zm _V§JdZmVrc {VÀ`m Jwê§$Mo {ZdmgñWmZ d {R>H${R>H$mUÀ`m Ë`m§À`m
AmR>dUr gm§{JVë`m d XmI{dë`m Ë`mdê$Z e~arMr {Zñgr_ ^ŠVr d AZÝ`Vm {XgyZ
òV.o
46
5. lram_m§Mr ôQ> Pmë`mZ§Va e~arZo lram_m§Odi Ajæ`cmoH$m§g OmÊ`mMrM BÀN>m àH$Q>
Ho$cr `mVyZ {VMr g§gmam{df`r AZmgŠVr d Üò`màVr {ZíM`Vm àH$fm©Zo {XgVo.
6. Jwê$OZm§Mr godm, d«V {Z`_m§Mo H$R>moa AZwîR>mZ, ^ŠVrnyU© A§V:H$aUmZo B©eñ_aU `m_wio
CÎmaH$mimV e~arMr VníM`m© \$cmoÝ_wI Pmcr d {Vcm lram_m§Mr ôQ> KS>cr.
7. gmpËdH$Vm, ^ŠVöX`mMr H$mo_cVm, Jwé^pŠVnamÙ A§V:H$aUmMr ewÕVm d AmV©Vm VgoM
JwédMZmVrc ÑT>{dídmg ho e~arMo JwU òWo nhmd`mg {_iVmV.
àíZ 2 : Aml_mMo dU©Z.
1. nånm gamodamÀ`m npíM_ VQ>mda EH$ A{Ve` KZXmQ> d {d{dY dÝ` dZñnVtZr `wŠV
Ago {VVHo$M a_Ur` d "_V§JdZ' åhUyZ à{gÕ hmoVo. `m dZmVM dÝ`d¥jamOtZr doT>cocm
e~arMm Aml_ hmoVm. e~arMr ôQ> Pmë`mZ§Va {VZo lram_m§Zm Jwê§$Mm à^md XmIdUmè`m
ñWim§àVr Zoco d Vr ñWio XmI{dcr.
2. e~arZo lram_m§Zm XmI{dcoco _V§JdZ ho KZXmQ> PmS>rPwSy>nm§Zr d {d{dY newnú`m§Zr JÀM
âcoco hmoVo.
3. Ë`m dZmV {VÀ`m Jwê§$Zr AZoH$ `km§Mo d Jm`Ìr_§ÌmMo {d{YdV AZwîR>mZ Ho$co hmoVo.
4. {VWoM EH$ àË`ŠñWir do{XH$m hmoVr {OWo {VÀ`m na_nyÁ` Jwé§Zr WaWaË`m hmVm§Zr
XodVm§Zm \w$co dm{hcr hmoVr.
5. dmY©Š`m_wio VgoM AZoH$ Cndmgm§_wio AeŠV Pmë`m_wio ~gë`m OmJrM Jwé§Zr nyOZmW©
gßV g_wÐm§À`m OcmMo qMVZ Ho$co Vo {VWoM àH$Q> hmoD$Z am{hco hmoVo.
6. A{^foH$mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr Oo dëH$cdñÌ d¥jm§da ngê$Z Q>mH$co Vo AOyZhr Ë`m àXoemV
dmico ZmhrV.
7. XodnyOogmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$_cnwînm§g{hV Jw§\$cocr \w$co {VWo AOyZhr H$mo_oOcr ZìhVr.
AemàH$mao {R>H${R>H$mUr Jwê§$Mr à^md{MÝho Agcocm Aml_ e~arZo lram_ d cú_U `m§Zm
{\$ê$Z XmI{dcm. Ë`mZo Vo XmoKohr g§VwîQ> Pmco.
5.4 eãXmW©
m
ícmoH$ 1) nwîH$[aÊ`m: : nwînH$[aUr `m ñÌrqcJr B©H$meÝV Zm_mMo n§M_r, fîR>r
EH$dMZ. AW©-gamodamÀ`m.
47
m
ícmoH$ 2) Aä`wno`Vw: : A{^+Cn+B (2 n.n.) YmVyMo {cQ²>cH$mamMo (namoj
^yVH$mi) V¥.nw.E.d. Odi Joco.
m
ícmoH$ 3) OJ«mh
: J«ö (1 n.n.) YmVyMo {cQ²> cH$mamMo (namoj ^yV.)
V¥.nw.E.d. KoVco.
m
ícmoH$ 4) l_Ur_²
: l_Ur `m ñÌrqcJr B©H$mamÝV Zm_mMo {ÛVr`m EH$dMZ.
VnñdrZrcm.
m
ícmoH$ 7) ee§g
: e§g²- (1n.n.) YmVyMo {cQ²> cH$mamMo (namoj ^yV.)
V¥.nw.E.d. H$m¡VwH$ Ho$co.
m
ícmoH$ 10) n`©Mm[af_² : n[a+Ma² V¥Vr` ^{dî`H$mi, à.nw.E.d. godm Ho$cr.
m
ícmoH$ 15) Xe©`m_mg : Ñe²-ní` (1 n.n.) à`moOH$mMo Am_ÝV namoj ^yVH$mimMo
V¥.nw.E.d. XmI{dco.
m
ícmoH$ 18) M{H«$ao
: H¥$ ( 3 n.) YmVyMo {cQ²> cH$mamMo (namoj ^yV.) V¥.nw.E.d.
Ho$co.
m
ícmoH$ 26) coô
: c^² (1 Am.n.) YmVyMo {cQ>² cH$mamMo (namoj ^yV.)
V¥.nw.E.d. cm^co.
m
ícmoH$ 28) OJm_
: J_² (1 n.n.) YmVyMo {cQ>² cH$mamMo (namoj ^yV.)
V¥.nw.E.d. Joco.
5.5 gmam§e
`m nmR>mV lram_cú_Um§À`m e~ar ôQ>rMo dU©Z Amho. n§nm gamodamÀ`m npíM_VQ>mda _V§J_wZtÀ`m
Aml_mV lram_ e~arcm ôQ>co. {VZo Ë`m§Mo `Wmo{MV AmXam{VÏ` Ho$co. Ë`m§Zm ñdV:À`m Jwê§$Mr
à^md{MÝho Agcocr Aml_mVrc ñWio XmI{dcr d A§VV: Vr nacmoH$s {ZKyZ Jocr Ago dU©Z òWo
dmMmd`mg {_iVo.
5.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
m
_h{f© dmë_r{H$àUrV lr_Ûmë_rH$s` am_mÙ (àW_ I§S>), àH$meH$-JrVm àog, JmoaInya,
Amd¥Îmr-39 do _wÐU.
` ` `
48
KQ>H$-6
Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:&
6.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
6.1 àñVmdZm
6.2 {df` {ddoMZ
6.2.1 ^mfm§Va
6.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
6.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.4 gmam§e
6.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
6.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
6.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
6.0 C{ÔîQ>o
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mÀ`m dmMZmZo Vwåhmcm Imcrc JmoîQ>tMo kmZ hmoB©c.
1. AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË`mVrc "nÚ' hm àH$ma Aä`mgVm òB©c.
2. Q>m°cñQ>m°` `m§À`m VÎdkmZmMm n[aM` hmoB©c.
3. Q>m°cñQ>m°` Aml_mMo ñdê$n g_Ooc.
4. AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V ^mfme¡crMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.
6.1 àñVmdZm
g§ñH¥$V^mfm hr OJmVë`m gdm©V àmMrZ ^mfm§n¡H$s EH$ Amho. {H$ËòH$ ^mfm H$mimÀ`m CXamV
cwßV Pmcoë`m {XgVmV. VWm{n g§ñH¥$V^mfocm AmOXoIrc A_¥V^mfoMm gÝ_mZ àmßV Pmcocm Amho.
49
Zdagm§Zr n[anyU© AJmY Ago dmL²>_` `m ^mfoZo àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmOVmJm`V Omonmgcoco Amho.
amîQ´>{ZîR>mna gm{hË` ho Ë`mn¡H$sM hmo`. amîQ´>^pŠVagmZo n[anyU© gm{hË` g§ñH¥$V_Üò {dnwc à_mUmV
{Z_m©U Pmco Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVXoIrc `m ^mfoV ê$nHo$, H$mìò, _hmH$mìò aMcr OmV AmhoV.
"_hmË_m`Z_²' ho EH$ AmYw{ZH$ _hmH$mì` Amho. H$dr Ho$Xma C\©$ J§JmYa {dîUy R>oHo$Xma `m§Zr
`m H$mì`mMr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. Mm¡Xm AÜ`m`m§Mo Am{U 1869 ícmoH$m§Zr ~X²Y Ago ho _hmH$mì` Amho.
H$dr Ho$Xma `m§À`m{df`r \$maer _m{hVr CncãY hmoV Zmhr. H$Xm{MV, g§ñH¥$V H$dtMr
à{gX²{Y-namL²>_wIVm ho EH$ H$maU Agmdo. VWm{n, CncãY _m{hVrdê$Z Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ Owc¡, 1916
cm Pmcm Vo g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË`mMo JmT>o Aä`mgH$, CnmgH$ Agë`mMr à{MVr Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ òVo.
"_hmË_m`Z_²' `m _hmH$mì`mÀ`m ì`{V[aŠV Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ J«§Wm§Mo coIZ Ho$coco Amho.
_hmË_m Jm§YrÀ`m Aqhgm, g_Vm, gË`mJ«h, ñdmdc§~Z `m VÎdm§Mm à^md AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$m§da
nS>cocm {XgVmo. _hmË_m Jm§YrÀ`m AqhgoÀ`m _mJm©Zo ñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m `m gË`mJ«hr Midirda
AmYm[aV AZoH$ ZmQ>Ho$, _hmH$mìò g§ñH¥$V_Üò CncãY AmhoV. {d^y{VnyOZmVyZ ñdXoe^ŠVr,
amîQ´>{ZîR>mXoIrc ì`ŠV hmoV AgVo. Wmoa {d^yVtMr M[aÌo g_mOmgmR>r XrnñV§^mgmaIrM AgVmV. Voìhm
Aem ì`ŠVtMo H$m`© AYmoao{IV H$aUmè`m, AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMm EH$ Z_wZm åhUOo "_hmË_m`Z_²'
ho _hmH$mì` hmo`.
_hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo hËòn`ªVÀ`m _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm, Ë`m§Zr g_mOgwYmaUm d
ñdmV§Í`àmßVr `mgmR>r {Xcocm cT>m `m§Mo dmñVd Am{U öX`ñneu dU©Z `m _hmH$mì`m_Üò Amho.
{cAmo Q>m°cñQ>m°` `m§À`m VÎdkmZmMm, coIZmMm à^md Jm§YrOtÀ`m OrdZmda nS>cm hmoVm.
X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V OmohmÝg~J©Odirc EH$m a_Ur`, {ZgJ©g§nÞ dZm_Üò Jm§YrOtZr EH$m Aml`mMr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Am{U Ë`mcm "Q>m°cñQ>m°`' ho Zmd {Xco. gË`mJ«htZm daModa Vwé§Jdmg ^moJmdm cmJV
Ago. Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mo \$ma hmc hmoV AgV. gË`mJ«hmÀ`m Midirg_doVM Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mr
qMVm Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V Ago. Ë`m§Mr gwa{jVVm Am{U ì`dñWm `mo½`[aVrZo ìhmdr. `mgmR>r gdmªZr EH${ÌV
amhUo gmo`rMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m H$maUmgmo~VM OmVr` gcmoIm, Ym{_©H$ EoŠ`, ñdmdc§~Z, g_mZVm,
ghH$m`© `m VÎdm§À`m A§JrH$mamgmR>r Aml_mMr C^maUr Pmcr. `m Aml_mMo gw§Xa dU©Z àñVwV nmR>mV
Ho$co Amho. gwg§K{Q>V Aem _mZd ghOrdZmMm àË`` `m H$mì`mVyZ òVmo.
AmnUm gdmªZm g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mVrc _hmH$mì`mMm n[aM` ìhmdm. `m{R>H$mUr ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm,
~§YwVm, EH$Vm, ñdmdc§~Z B. JwUm§Mm {dH$mg ìhmdm, `mÑîQ>rZo àñVwVÀ`m nmR>mMr {ZdS> Ho$cocr Amho.
Va _J AmnU AmVm `m nmR>mMm Aä`mg H$ê$ `m.
50
6.2 {df` {ddoMZ
6.2.1 ^mfm§Va
1. VgoM VoWo MoñQ>Q>©Z ZmdmMm ^mfmà^y d coIH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo (Amnë`m) coImV ^maVr`
H$Wm-ì`Wm {c{hë`m.
2. Ë`mZo à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco ñdV:Mo Aì`ŠV ^md nm{hco. Ë`mMo JwOamVr ^mfoV ^mfm§Va
H$ê$Z Ë`mMo _wÐU Ho$co.
3. Am{U VgoM `wamon_Üò à~moYZH$ma Am{U VÎdqMVH$ Agm Q>m°cñQ>m°` hmoD$Z Jocm. Ë`m§À`m
{dMmam§Zr ào[aV Pmcocm hm EH$_od IamoIaM H${dcoIH$ Amho.
4. "qhXþnwÌ' hm coI Q>m°cñQ>m°`Zo nydu {c{hcm Am{U Ë`mMr g{dñVa _r_m§gm Jm§YrZr
{c{hcr.
5. cJoMM gmJa_mJm©Zo g§VwîQ> hmoD$Z naV OmUmè`m JmYtZm Ë`m nÌmMo gå`H²$ CÎma
Q>m°cñQ>m°`Zo {Xco.
6. {~«Q>Z_Üò dmñVì` H$arV AgVmZm Amnë`m doioMm Anì`` hmoB©c. (Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ)
amOH$s` \$i eyÝ` åhUyZ OmÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVcm.
7. cmoH$emhrMm (n{hcm) AmamIS>m qhXþñdamÁ` Zm_H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ àXrK© à~§Y Ë`mZo àdmgmV
{c{hcm.
8. Ooìhm Q´>mÝgdmccm Jm§Yr {Zame hmoVo (Voìhm) Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m gË`mJ«htgmR>r {ZdmgmMr
ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco.
9. JmoIco ZmdmÀ`m ZoË`mH$S>o (Ë`m§Zr) Ðì`ê$nr _XVrMr _mJUr Ho$cr. {ZOm_ BË`mXr
amOm§Zr (d BVa) H$mhr amOm§Zr øm§Zm hOmamo énò nwa{dco.
10. H°$coZ~mH$mo `m O_©Z H$mam{JamZo OmohmÝg~J©Odi Agcocr hOmamo EH$a nS>rH$ O_rZ
{Xcr.
11. Ë`m{R>H$mUr \$iPmS>m§Zr gwg§nÝZ Am{U nma H$aÊ`mg AdKS> Agcocm, nmÊ`mZo `wŠV
Agcocm, dZmÀ`m Aml`mcm Agcocm Agm hm Aml_ ñWmnZ Ho$cm.
51
12. Vmo (Aml_) gd©Ì Q>m°cñQ>m°`À`m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmD$ cmJcm. gd©Y_u` cmoH$m§À`m
{ZdmgmgmR>r Ë`mMr `moOZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
13. Oo gË`mJ«hmÀ`m H$maUm_wio Vwé§JmV OmVrc. (OoUoH$ê$Z) Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m
nmcZnmofUmMr qMVm amhUma Zmhr.
14. Am{U Jm§YrOtZr d{H$cr gmoSy>Z Aml_ Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r Joco. emH$mhma hrM gdmªMr
gm_w{hH$ AmMmanX²YVr R>acr.
15. Vmo ñdV:M cmoH$m§Mm emgZH$Vm© d¡Ú Am{U {ejH$, Am`ì`` A{YH$mar Am{U VgoM
Ý`m`mYre d ajH$ hmoVm.
16. gdmªZr CnOr{dHo$gmR>r gd©àH$maMo ì`dgm`m{^_wI ñd`§nyU©ËdmH$S>o ZoUmao Ago l_ H$amdoV.
17. eoVr, JmonmcZ, H$mam{Jar, gm§{KH$ ñd`§nmH$ Am{U Ho$eH$V©Z, gyVnmgyZ dñÌ{Z{_©Vr,
M_m}ÚmoJ, _wÐU AemàH$maMr BVH$s gl_ {XZM`m© Voìhm Aml_mV hmoVr. gd© H¡$Xr ho gd©
l_ ghOnUo ghZ H$arV hmoVo.
6.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
1. emH$mhmamo {h gd}fm§ {d{hV§ gL²>KOrdZ_²&
AW© : emH$mhma hrM gdmªMr gm_w{hH$ AmMmanX²YVr R>acr.
g§X^© : àñVwV dmŠ`, H$dr Ho$Xma `m§Zr {c{hcoë`m "_hmË_m`Z_²' `m nwñVH$mVrc Mm¡Ï`m
AÜ`m`mVyZ KoVcoë`m "Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:' `m nÚnmR>mVrc Amho. `m Aml_mV amhV AgVmZm VoWrc
Amhma H$em àH$maMm hmoVm, ho dU©Z H$aVmZm àñVwV dmŠ` Amcoco Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : "qhXþnwÌ' hm coI Q>m°cñQ>m°`Zo nydu {c{hcm Am{U Ë`mMr g{dñVa _r_m§gm
Jm§YtZr {c{hcr. cJoMM gmJa_mJm©Zo g§VwîQ> hmoD$Z naV OmUmè`m Jm§YtZm Ë`m nÌmMo gå`H²$ CÎma
Q>m°cñQ>m°`Zo {Xco. {~«Q>Z_Üò dmñVì` H$arV AgVmZm Amnë`m doioMm Anì`` hmoB©c. Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ
amOH$s` \$i eyÝ` åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr OmÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVcm. cmoH$emhrMm n{hcm AmamIS>m "qhXþñdamO'
ZmdmMm _mJ©Xe©H$ àXrK© à~§Y Ë`mZo àdmgmV {c{hcm. Jm§Yr Ooìhm Q´>mÝgdmccm {Zame hmoVo, Voìhm
Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m gË`mJ«htgmR>r {ZdmgmMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco. JmoIco ZmdmÀ`m ZoË`mH$S>o Ë`m§Zr
Ðì`ê$nr _XVrMr _mJUr Ho$cr. {ZOm_ B. amOm§Zr Ë`m§Zm hOmamo énò nwa{dco. H°$coZ~mH$mo `m O_©Z
H$mam{JamZo OmohmÝg~Jm©Odi Agcocr hOmamo EH$a nS>rH$ O_rZ {Xcr. Ë`m{R>H$mUr \$iPmS>m§Zr
52
gwg§nÝZ Am{U nma H$aÊ`mg AdKS> Agcocm, nmÊ`mZo `wŠV Agcocm, dZmÀ`m Aml`mcm Agcocm
Agm hm Aml_ ñWmnZ Ho$cm. Vmo Aml_ gd©Ì Q>m°cñQ>m°`À`m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm OmD$ cmJcm.
gd©Y_u` cmoH$m§À`m {ZdmgmgmR>r Ë`mMr `moOZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Oo gË`mJ«hmÀ`m H$maUm_wio Vwé§JmV
OmVrc, OoUoH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m nmcZnmofUmMr qMVm amhUma Zmhr Am{U Jm§YtZr d{H$cr
gmoSy>Z Aml_ Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r Joco. Ë`m{R>H$mUr emH$mhma hrM gm_y{hH$ AmMmanÜXVr R>acr, H$maU
VoWo amhUmè`m§_Üò H$gë`mhr àH$maMm ôX^md R>odcm OmUma Zmhr. H$maU hm Amhma H$moUË`mhr
Amamo½`mgmR>r hmZrH$maH$ ZìhVm, AZwHy$cM Agm hmoVm.
d¡{eîQ>ç : àñVwV dmŠ`mVyZ Jm§YrOtMm g_^md {XgyZ òVmo.
6.2.3 "Q>m°cñQ>m`ml_:' nmR>mVrc {df` ñnîQ> H$am.
"_hmË_m`Z_²' ho EH$ AmYw{ZH$ _hmH$mì` Amho. H$dr Ho$Xma C\©$ J§JmYa {dîUy R>oHo$Xma `m§Zr
`m H$mì`mMr aMZm Ho$cr Amho. Mm¡Xm AÜ`m`m§Mo Am{U 1869 ícmoH$m§Zr ~X²Y Ago ho _hmH$mì` Amho.
AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`mMm EH$ Z_wZm åhUOo "_hmË_m`Z_²' ho _hmH$mì` hmo`. _hmË_m
Jm§YrÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo hËòn`ªVÀ`m _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm, Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m g_mOgwYmaUm d ñdmV§Í`àmßVr
`mgmR>r {Xcocm cT>m `m§Mo dmñVd Am{U öX`ñneu dU©Z `m _hmH$mì`mV Amho.
MoñQ>Q>©Z ZmdmMm ^mfmà^y d coIH$ hmoVm. Ë`mZo coImV ^maVr` H$Wm-ì`Wm {c{hë`m, Ë`mZo
à{Vq~{~V Pmcoco ñdV:Mo Aì`ŠV ^md nm{hco. Ë`mMo JwOamVr ^mfoV ^mfm§Va H$ê$Z Ë`mMo _wÐU Ho$co
Am{U VgoM `wamon_Üò à~moYZH$ma Am{U VÎdqMVH$ Agm Q>m°cñQ>m°` hmoD$Z Jocm. Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Zr
ào[aV Pmcocm hm EH$_od IamoIaM H${dcoIH$ Amho. "qhXþnÌ' hm coI Q>m°cñQ>m°`Zo nydu {c{hcm Am{U
Ë`mMr g{dñVa _r_m§gm Jm§YtZr {c{hcr. cJoMM gmJa_mJm©Zo g§VwîQ> hmoD$Z naV OmUmè`m Jm§YtZm Ë`m
nÌmMo gå`H²$ CÎma Q>m°cñQ>m°`Zo {Xco. {~«Q>Z_Üò dmñVì` H$arV AgVmZm Amnë`m doioMm Anì``
hmoB©c. Ë`mnmgyZ amOH$s` \$i eyÝ` åhUyZ OmÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVcm. cmoH$emhrMm n{hcm AmamIS>m
"qhXÿ ñdamO' ZmdmMm _mJ©Xe©H$ XrK© à~§Y Ë`mZo àdmgmV {c{hcm. Ooìhm Q´>mÝgdmccm Jm§Yr {Zame
hmoVo, Voìhm Ë`m§Zr ñdV:À`m gË`mJ«htgmR>r {ZdmgmMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco. JmoIco ZmdmÀ`m
ZoË`mH$S>o Ë`m§Zr Ðì`ê$nr _XVrMr _mJUr Ho$cr. Voìhm {ZOm_ B. amOm§Zr hOmamo én`m§Mr _XV Ho$cr.
H°$coZ~mH$mo `m O_©Z H$mam{JamZo OmohmÝg~Jm©Odi Agcocr hOmamo EH$a nS>rH$ O_rZ {Xcr.
Ë`m{R>H$mUr \$iPmS>m§Zr gwg§nÝZ Am{U nma H$aÊ`mg AdKS> Agcocm, nmÊ`mZo `wŠV Agcocm,
dZmÀ`m Aml`mcm Agcocm. Agm hm Aml_ ñWmnZ Ho$cm. Vmo Aml_ gd©Ì Q>m°cñQ>m°`À`m ZmdmZo
AmoiIcm OmD$ cmJcm. gd©Y_u` cmoH$m§À`m {ZdmgmgmR>r Ë`mMr `moOZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Oo
gË`mJ«hmÀ`m H$maUm_wio Vwé§JmV OmVrc. OoUoH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m nmcZnmofUmMr qMVm
53
amhUma Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r Jm§YtOr d{H$cr gmoSy>Z Aml_ Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r Joco. emH$mhma hrM gm_w{hH$
AmMmanÕVr R>acr. Vmo ñdV:M cmoH$m§Mm emgZH$Vm©, d¡Ú, {ejH$, Am`ì``m{YH$mar VgoM Ý`m`m{Ye
d ajH$ hmoVm. gdmªZr CnOr{dHo$gmR>r gd©àH$maMo ì`dgm`m{^_wI ñd`§nyU©ËdmH$S>o ZoUmao l_ H$amdoV,
Ago gm§JV. eoVr, JmonmcZ, H$mam{Jar, gm§{KH$ ñd`§nmH$, Ho$eH$V©Z, gyVmnmgyZ dñÌ{Z{_©Vr, M_m}ÚmoJ,
_wÐU AemàH$maMr BVH$s gl_ {XZM`m© Voìhm Aml_mV hmoVr. gd© H¡$Xr ho gd©l_ ghOnUo ghZ
H$arV hmoVo.
darc {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, Q>m°cñQ>m°`À`m VÎdkmZmMm, coIZmMm à^md Jm§YrOtÀ`m
OrdZmda nS>cocm hmoVm. X{jU Am{\«$Ho$V OmohmÝg~J©Odirc EH$m a_Ur`, {ZgJ©g§nÝZ dZm_Üò
Jm§YrOtZr EH$m Aml_mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Am{U Ë`mcm "Q>m°cñQ>m°`' ho Zmd {Xco. gË`mJ«htZm daModa
Vwé§Jdmg ^moJmdm cmJV Ago. Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mo \$ma hmc hmoV AgV. gË`mJ«hmÀ`m
Midirg_doVM Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mr qMVm Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgV. Ë`m§Mr gwa{jVVm Am{U ì`dñWm `mo½àrVrZo
ìhmdr `mgmR>r gdmªZr EH${ÌV amhUo gmo`rMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio `m H$maUmgmo~VM OmVr` gcmoIm, Ym{_©H$
EoŠ`, ñdmdc§~Z, g_mZVm, ghH$m`© `m VËdm§À`m A§{JH$maÊ`mgmR>r Aml_mMr C^maUr Pmcr. `m
Aml_mMo gw§Xa dU©Z àñVwV nmR>mV Ho$coco Amho. gwg§K{Q>V _mZd ghOrdZmMm àË`` `m H$mì`mVyZ
òVmo.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. "Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:' hm nmR> H$moUË`m J«§WmVyZ KoVcm Amho.
(A) _hmË_m`Z_²
(H$) CÎmamÙ_²
(~) X{jUm`Z_²
(S>) Xodm`Z_²&
2. "Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:' nmR>mMm coIH$ H$moU Amho?
(A) AmMm`© {H$emoa{_l
(H$) H$dtÐ na_mZ§X
(~) H$dr Ho$Xma
(S>) H$dr OwJc{H$emoa.
3. Q>m°cñQ>m°` Aml_ H$moUË`m ZJamOdi ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm?
(A) Q>mo{H$`mo
(~) n°[ag
(H$) qgJmnya
(S>) OmohmÝg~J©.
4. H$moUË`m O_©Z H$mam{JamZo Aml_mgmR>r hOmamo EH$a nS>rH$ O_rZ {Xcr.
(A) JQ>o
(~) _°Šgå`yca (H$) H°$coZ~mH$mo (S>) M{M©c.
54
5. H$moUVr gm_y{hH$ AmMmanÜXVr R>acr?
(A) emH$mhma
(~) _m§gmhma
(H$) {_lmhma
(S>) g_mhma.
(H$) Q>m°cñQ>m°`
(S>) MoñQ>Q>©Z.
6. Jm§YtZr H$moUmÀ`m {dMmam§Zr ào[aV Pmco?
(A) {dZmo~m ^mdo (~) gmZoJwéOr
6.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
m
àmê$n
: AmamIS>m.
m
Q´>mÝgdmc_²
: ehamMo Zm§d.
m
dmŠH$së`_² : d{H$cr.
m
gL²>KOrdZ_² : gm§{KH$ OrdZ.
m
gL²>KnmH$
: gm_wXm{`H$ OodU.
m
B`Vr
: EdT>r.
6.4 gmam§e
{cAmo Q>m°cñQ>m°` `m§À`m VÎdkmZmMm, coIZmMm à^md Jm§YrOtÀ`m OrdZmda nS>cocm hmoVm.
X{jU A{\$H«o$V OmohmÝg~J©Odirc EH$m a_Ur`, {ZgJ©g§nÞ dZmV Jm§YrOtZr EH$m Aml_mMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$cr Am{U Ë`mcm Q>m°cñQ>m°` ho Zm§d {Xco. gË`mJ«htZm daModa Vwé§Jdmg ^moJmdm cmJV Ago.
Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mo \$ma hmc hmoV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mr gwa{jVVm d ì`dñWm `mo½`
[aVrZo ìhmdr, `mgmR>r gdmªZr EH${ÌV amhUo gmo`rMo hmoVo. Am{U OmVr` gcmoIm, Ym{_©H$ EoŠ`,
ñdmdc§~Z, g_mZVm, ghH$m`© `m VÎdm§À`m A§{JH$maUmgmR>r Aml_mMr C^maUr Pmcr.
6.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A) 1.
(A) _hmË_m`Z_².
2.
(~) H$dr Ho$Xma.
3.
(S>) OmohmÝg~J©.
4.
(H$) H°$coZ~mH$mo.
55
5.
(A) emH$mhma.
6.
(H$) Q>m°cñQ>m°`.
6.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
(A) Imcrc dmŠ`m§Mo gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. Q>m°cñQ>m°`mo `wamono M à~wX²YñVËËd{MÝVH$:&
2. dZ_m{lË` VÌmgm¡ ñWmn`m_mg Mml__² &
3. B`Vr gl_m ZyZ§ {XZM`m© VXml_o &
4. O_©Z: {eënemñÌk: H°$coZ²~mH$mo ^wd§ XXm¡ &
(~) Imcrc nÚCVmè`m§Mo _amR>rV ^mfm§Va H$am.
1. ñd`_od g cmoH$mZm§ ................. ñd`§nyU©ËdH$maH$m:&&
2. Q>m°cñQ>m°`ñ` ZmåZm .................. ^doX² âUnmofUmV²&&
3. Q>m°cñQ>m°òZ nÌñ` ................... Vñ_mX² J_Z{ZíM`:&&
4. àdmgo gmo{cIX²XrKª ................. gË`mJ«{hUm§ H¥$Vo&&
5. JmoIco Zm_ ............... OmohmÝg~J©g{ÝZYm¡&&
(H$) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.
1. "Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:' `m nmR>mMm gmam§e {chm.
2. "cm°Q>ñQ>m°`ml_:' `m nmR>mVrc {dMma H$WZ H$am.
3. "Q>m°cñQ>m°`ml_:' `m nmR>mMo _hÎd ñnîQ> H$am.
6.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
m
H${d: Ho$Xma : "_hmË_m`Z_²' OJXrn àH$meZ_², 105, ZmamÙ noR>, nwUo 411030.
` ` `
56
KQ>H$-7
ñnîQ>m _mVw: ^y{_H$m&
7.0 C{ÔîQ>o
7.1 àñVmdZm
7.2 {df` {ddoMZ
7.2.1 {df` àdoe
7.2.2 ^mfm§Va
7.3 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
7.3.1 EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao.
7.3.2 `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
7.3.3 MyH$ H$s ~amo~a.
7.3 ^mfm§Va
7.4 gmam§e
7.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao.
7.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ.
7.7 g§X^m©gmR>r J§«W.
7.0 C{ÔîQ>o
hm nmR> dmMë`mda1. ^mgmMo doJionU H$ioc.
2. am_mÙmVrc H¡$H$`rnojm ^mgmMr H¡$H$`r ñnîQ> H$ê$Z XmIdVm òB©c.
3. âV Am{U H¡$H$`r, H¡$H$`r Am{U XeaW `m§À`mVrc ZmVo OmUyZ KoVm òB©c.
57
7.1 àñVmdZm
àñVwV nmR> hm ZmQ>H$H$ma ^mgmÀ`m "à{V_m' `m am_H$Wodarc gmV A§H$s ZmQ>H$m_Yrc ghmì`m
A§H$mVrc CVmam Amho. H¡$Ho$`rZo amÁèwëH$ åhUyZ am_mcm dZdmg _m{JVë`m_wio _hmamO XeaWm§Mm
_¥Ë`y Pmcm Am{U am_ dZmV Jocm Aem n[apñWVrV naVcocm âV Amnë`m _mVoÀ`m AZmH$cZr`
dmJÊ`m_wio {VÀ`mda ZmamO AgVmo, Vmo am_mcm ôQy>Z naVë`mdahr VgmM ZmamO AgVmo. AemM
n[apñWVrV gw_§Ì amdUmZo grVoMo AnhaU Ho$ë`mMr dmVm© KoD$Z òVmo, Voìhm âV AñdñW hmoVmo Am{U
{MSy>Z H¡$Ho$`rH$S>o OmD$Z {Vcm am_mcm grVogh dZmV nmR>dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîH¥$Ë`m~m~V ~moc cmdVmo.
Ë`mdoir àW_ H¡$Ho$`r AmnU Ago H$m dmJcmo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVo, Agm H$Wm^mJ `m CVmè`mV Amcm
Amho.
7.2 {df` {ddoMZ
7.2.1 {df` àdoe
Amnë`mcm XÿfUo XoUmè`m Amnë`m nwÌmcm H¡$Ho$`r AmnU ho H¥$Ë` hoVwnwañnaM Ho$ë`mMo gm§JVo.
"nwÌemoH$mZo _¥Ë`y hmoB©c' XeaWmcm {_imcocm ~«m÷UmMm emn Iam ìhmdm, `mgmR>r d{gîR> dm_XodmXtÀ`m
g§_VrZo AmnU am_mcm dZdmg _mJyZ XeaWmcm "nwÌemoH$' KS>{dcm Ago Vr gm§JVo. AWm©V âVmcm
ghOr ho nQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio "nwÌemoH$'M ìhmdm Ago dmQ>V hmoVo Va Amnë`mcm dZdmg nU Vr _mJy
eH$cr AgVr qH$~hþZm {VZo Vmo _mJm`cm hdm hmoVm Agm _wÔm Vmo CnpñWV H$aVmo. Ë`mda "Vy gVV
AmOmoir OmV òV Agë`m_wio VwPm {dah hm emoH$ {Z_m©U H$aUmam R>acm ZgVm H$maU Vmo Vgm
gd`rMm hmoVm' Ago ñnîQ>rH$aU H¡$Ho$`r XoVo. `mda "14 df} EdT>m àXrK© H$mi Ë`mgmR>r dZdmg
XoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZìhVr' Agm _wÔm âVmZo CnpñWV Ho$ë`mda _mÌ "XþpíMV Agë`m_wio AZdYmZmZo
14 {Xdgm§EodOr 14 df} Ago åhQ>co Joco' Aer H$~wcr H¡$Ho$`r XoVo. Ho$di XeaWmÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m
H$_m©Mo \$i Ë`mcm ^moJVm `mdo, Vo _mJo amhÿ Zò `mgmR>r Amnë`m _mVoZo Ago Ho$co ho H$ië`mda
âVmMm amJ H$_r hmoVmo Ago òWo XmIdco Amho.
òWo âV {nV¥^ŠV, ^mdm~Ôc Anma ào_ AgUmam, MwH$sÀ`m dmJÊ`mMr MrS> AgUmam Amho.
H¡$Ho$`r ào_i nËZr d _mVm `mnojm àW_ EH$ nmn^rê$ ñÌr Amho. d{S>cYmè`m§À`m JwéOZm§À`m
AZw_VrZo Vr H$R>moanUo dmJcr Ago H$ië`mda âVmMm {VÀ`mdarc amJ Zmhrgm hmoVmo. _mVo~m~VMm
Ë`mMm J¡ag_O Xÿa hmoD$Z "ñnîQ>m _mVw: ^y{_H$m' - åhUOoM _mVoMr {VÀ`m dmJÊ`m_mJ§Mr _Zmo^y{_H$m
Ë`mÀ`mg_moa ñnîQ> hmoVo ho g§dmXmMo \${cV Amho, åhUyZ CVmè`mcm ZmdM Vo {Xco Amho.
^mgmZo BWo H¡$Ho$`r _yi am_mÙmVrc H$Wonojm doJir XmIdcr Amho. _yi am_mÙmV H¡$Ho$`r hr
58
gdVr_ËgamZo AñdñW hmoD$Z am_mcm dZdmg d âVmcm amÁ` _mJVo Vo gmnËZ^mdmZo! nU
"ZmQ>H$mVrc H¡$Ho$`r ~«m÷UmÀ`m emnmcm {_Ï`mËd òD$ Zò åhUyZ hoVwnyd©H$ am_mcm dZdmg KS>dVo d
`mo½` doir Vr Amncm hoVy CKS>hr H$aVo. òWo ^mgmZo am_ H$WoMo CÝZ`Z Ho$co Amho.
âVmMr ^mfm àmgm{XH$ Am{U g§dmX àgÞ AmhoV. N>moQ>çmN>moQ>çm dmŠ`m§_YyZ ^mdàH$Q>rH$aUmMr
^mgmMr e¡cr cj doYyZ KoVo.
7.3 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
7.3.1 EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1. âV Hw$Umgh H¡$Ho$`rcm ôQy> BpÀN>V hmoVm?
2. H¡$Ho$`rcm "AmZ§X XoUmar' åhUyZ H$moUVr dmVm© âV {Vcm XoVmo?
3. XeaWmZo eãXdoYr ~mUmZo Hw$UmMm dY Ho$cm?
4. nwÌemoH$mZo ì`{WV Pmcoë`m _wZrZo XeaWmcm H$moUVm emn {Xcm?
7.3.2 `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` nwÝhm {chm.
1. am_ñ` gH$memV² ........ AmJV B{V&
(A) cú_U:
(~) gw_ÝÌ:
(H$) hZy_mZ²
2. _¥Jòcm Jocoë`m XeaWmZo ........ Mm dY Ho$cm.
(A) _¥JmMm
(~) h[aUrMm
(H$) _w{ZnwÌmMm
(S>) OmåddmZ²
(S>) Hw$Í`mMm
3. Mm¡Xm {Xdgm§EodOr Mm¡Xm df} Ago H¡$Ho$`rZo ........ åhQ>co.
(A) hoVwnwañna
(~) amJmZo
(H$) cmo^mZo (S>) _Z AñdñW Agë`m_wio
7.3.3 Imcrc {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {chm.
1. _wZrMm emn ImoQ>m R>adÊ`mgmR>r H¡$Ho$`rZo am_mcm dZdmg Am{U âVmcm amÁ` Ago da
_m{JVco.
2. H¡$Ho$`rZo gX²hoVwZo dam§Mr _mJUr Ho$ë`mMo d{gîR> dm_XodmXr F$ftZm R>mD$H$ hmoVo.
3. âV ~è`mMXm Ë`mÀ`m H$mH$m§À`m Kar amhV Agë`m_wio XeaWmcm Ë`mMm {d`moJ gd`rMm
hmoVm.
59
7.2.2 ^mfm§Va
_mVoMr ñnîQ> ^y{_H$m
(Z§Va H¡$Ho$`r d Xmgr àdoe H$aVo.)
H¡$Ho$`r
: {dOò, _cm ôQ>Ê`mg âV Amcm Amho.
Xmgr
: hmo _hmamUr. `wdamO am_m§H$Sy>Z Am`© gw_§Ì Amco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mgh amOnwÌ âV
_hmamUtZm ôQy> BpÀN>VmV, åhUo.
H¡$Ho$`r
: (ñdJV) IamoIa H$moUË`m {Z{_ÎmmZo âV _mPr qZXm H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m H$aV
Agoc ~ao?
Xmgr
: _hmamUr, amOHw$_ma òD$ XoV H$m?
H¡$Ho$`r
: Om, Ë`m§Zm òD$ Xo.
Xmgr
: Oer Amkm _hmamUr! ({\$éZ Odi OmV) amOHw$_mam§Mm {dO` Agmo. `mdo
AmnU.
âV
: {dOò, gm§{JVcog H$m` (_hmamUtZm)!
Xmgr
: hmo.
âV
: Va _J OmVmo Amåhr XmoKo.
(XmoKo àdoe H$aVmV)
H¡$Ho$`r
: ~mim, {dO`m gm§JV hmoVr - am_mH$Sy>Z gw_§Ì AmcoV Ag§.
âV
: `mhÿZhr AmZ§XmMr JmoîQ> _r Amnë`mcm gm§JUma Amho Xodr.
H¡$Ho$`r
: ~mim, H$m¡gë`m Am{U gw{_Ìm `m§Zmhr ~mocmdy H$m?
âV
: Zmhr, IamoIa Ë`m§Zr EoH$Ê`mgmaIo Zmhr.
H¡$Ho$`r
: (ñdV:erM) h§, H$m` Agoc ~a§ Ia§M? (àË`j) ~moc _wcm.
âV
: EoH$m.
Omo ñdV:M amÁ` gmoSy>Z Amnë`m AmkoZo dZmV Jocm Ë`mMr grVm Zm`H$ nËZr
nidcr Jocr, Amncr BÀN>m nyU© Pmcr. &&1&&
60
H¡$Ho$`r
: h§þ!
âV
: Aao ao! _Zñdr Am{U gËderc Aem B©ídmHy§$Zm Vw_À`mgmaIr gyZ {_imë`m_wio
Ë`m§À`mda gwZoÀ`m AnhaUmgma»`m ({~H$Q>) àg§J AmoT>dcm. &&2&&
H¡$Ho$`r
: (ñdV:er) R>rH$ Amho, hr doi gm§JÊ`mg `mo½` Amho. (àË`j) ~mim, Vwcm
_hmamOm§À`m emnm~m~V _mhrV Amho H$m?
âV
: H$m`? _hmamOm§Zm emn hmoVm?
H¡$Ho$`r
: gw_§Ì. {dñVmamZo gm§Jm.
gw_§Ì
: Oer Amncr Amkm, Hw$_ma, EH$md§ - nydu _¥Jòcm Jocoë`m _hmamOm§Zr EH$m
Vù`mV H$ce âVmZm amZhÎmrÀ`m MrËH$mamà_mUo òUmè`m AmdmOmcm amZhÎmrMm
AmdmO _mZyZ EH$m eãXdoYr ~mUmZo (EH$m) Am§Yù`m _hfvMm OUy S>moimM
Agm Ë`m§Mm nwÌ _macm.
âV
: _macm? nmn em§V ìhmdo, nmn em§V ìhmdo. Z§Va _J?
gw_§Ì
: Z§Va VmoM Jococm nmhÿZ.
aS>Umè`m Ë`m gË`dMZr F$frZo eodQ>r åhQ>co hmoVo - "Ogm _r VgmM Vyhr
nwÌemoH$mZo _aerc' &&3&&
âV
: IamoIa ho A{Ve` Xþ:IXm`r Amho.
H¡$Ho$`r
: ~mim, `mgmR>rM _cm ñdV:cm AnamYmV Q>mHy$Z _r nwÌ am_mcm dZmV nmR>dco,
IamoIa amÁ`mÀ`m cmo^mZo Zìho. _hfvMm emn _wcmÀ`m {d`moJm{edm` Iam hmoUma
ZìhVm.
âV
: Va _a VemM nwÌ{d`moJmgmR>r _cm AaÊ`mV H$m Zmhr nmR>dco?
H¡$Ho$`r
: ~mim, _m_mÀ`m Kar AgUmè`m VwPm {d`moJ ñdm^m{dH$ (gd`rMm) hmoVm.
âV
: _J 14 df} H$moUË`m H$maUmZo R>adcrV?
H¡$Ho$`r
: 14 {Xdg Ago åhUÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUmè`m _r Jm|Yicoë`m _ZmZo 14 df} Ago
åhQ>co, ~mi.
âV
: MmVw`© {dMma H$aÊ`mOmoJo Amho Iao. ho JwéOZm§Zm R>mD$H$ Amho?
61
gw_§Ì
: Hw$_ma, d{gîR> dm_Xod BË`mXtZm R>mD$H$ hmoVo Am{U _mÝ`hr hmoVo ho.
âV
: Aao, ho Va Ì¡cmoŠ`mMo gmjrXma AmhoV. AmZ§XmMr JmîQ> Amho H$s AmnU
{ZamnamYr AmhmV. _mVo, ^mdmÀ`m ào_m_wio CËnÞ Pmcoë`m amJm_wio _r Amnë`mcm
Or XÿfUo {Xcr Ë`m~Ôc _cm j_m H$am. _mVo, A{^dmXZ H$aVmo.
H¡$Ho$`r
: ~mim, _wcmÀ`m AnamYm~Ôc j_m H$moUVr _mVm H$aV Zmhr ~ao! CR>, CR>. `mV
H$m` Xmof (VwPm)?
âV
: _r H¥$VmW© Pmcmo. AmVm _r Amncm {Zamon KoVmo. AmOM _r Am`mªÀ`m gmømW©
g§nyU© amO_§S>imMr `moOZm H$aVmo. hm _r {ZKmcmo.
7.4 gmam§e
"ñnîQ>m _mVw: ^y{_H$m' `m ^mgmMm "à{V_m' `m am_H$Woda AmYm[aV ZmQ>H$mVyZ KoVcoë`m
N>moQ>çmem CVmè`mV "am_mda AVrd ào_ AgUmar H¡$Ho$`r Ë`mÀ`m amÁ`m{^foH$mgma»`m AmZ§XmÀ`m jUr
Aer H$m dmJcr' `m AZoH$Xm nS>Umè`m gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m _ZmVrc àíZmcm CÎma XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ ^mgmZo
Ho$cocm {XgVmo. ^mgmÀ`m gd©M ZmQ>H$m§VyZ ^mgmZo _mUgmVrc gÎd aO V_ {VÝhr JwUm§da àH$me
Q>mH$cocm Amnë`mcm {XgVmo. nU Ë`mMm hoVy _mUgmVrc Mm§JwcnUm, Ë`mÀ`mVrc gÎd JwU emoYyZ
H$mT>Ê`mMm Amho ho àH$fm©Zo OmJUdVo. BWohr H¡$Ho$`r gma»`m g§nÞ amOHw$cmVyZ Amcoë`m ê$nJwUg§nÞ
ñÌrÀ`m {d{MÌ dmJÊ`mMm Iyn doJù`m nmVirdê$Z {dMma H$ê$Z ^mg {VMo Y_©^rê$Ëd Amnë`mnwT>o
_m§S>Vmo. _wZrMm emn AZmR>m`r OmD$ Zò, {_ÏWm hmoD$ Zò `m hoVyZo H¡$Ho$`rZo am_mcm dZdmg _m{JVcm
Am{U Ago H$aVmZm {VMo _Z AñdñW Pmë`m_wio Mm¡Xm {Xdgm§EodOr 14 df} Ago {VÀ`mH$Sy>Z åhQ>co
Joco. ho ^mgmZo {Xcoco ñnîQ>rH$aU nQ>mo, Z nQ>mo nU EImÚm dmB©Q> JmoîQ>rH$S>o XoIrc Mm§Jë`m àH$mao
H$go nmhVm òVo ho `mVyZ Amnë`mcm {eH$Vm òVo, ^mgmMo doJionU `mV Amho.
7.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
(7.3.1) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao
1. gw_Ì§ mgh.
2. gÎderc Aem B©údmHw$d§er`m§Mr gyZ nidcr Joë`mMr dmVm©.
3. _w{ZnwÌmMm.
4. _mÂ`mgmaImM Vwhr nwÌemoH$mZo _aerc.
62
(7.3.2)
1.
2.
3.
`mo½` n`m©`.
gw_Ì§ :.
_w{ZnwÌmMm.
_Z AñdñW Agë`m_wio.
(7.3.3)
1.
2.
3.
MyH$ H$s ~amo~a.
MyH$.
~amo~a.
MyH$.
7.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
7.6.1 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. ApñV nm{S>Ë`§ gå`J² {dMma{`Vw_²&
2. hÝV Ì¡cmoŠ`gm{jU: IëdoZo& {XîQ>çm@ZnamÕmÌ^dVr&
7.6.2 XrKm}Îmar àíZ
m
"ñnîQ>m _mVw: ^y{_H$m' `m àg§JmVyZ ^mgmZo aoImQ>cocr H¡$Ho$`rMr ì`pŠVaoIm {dñVmamZo
_m§S>m.
7.7 g§X^m©gmR>r J«§W
1. ^mgZmQ>H$MH«$ ^mJ-1 : Mm¡Iå~m àH$meZ, dmamUgr.
2. à{V_m Am{U àgÞamKd : àgmX àH$meZ, nwUo.
3. à{V_m
: E_. Ama. H$mio, _moVrcmc ~ZmagrXmg, {Xëcr.
4. à{V_mZmQ>H$_²
: g§nm. lrYamZ§X emñÌr, _moVrcmc ~ZmagrXmg, {Xëcr, n§M_
g§ñH$aU, 1991.
` ` `
63
KQ>H$-8
`mkdëŠ` JmJu g§dmX:
8.0 C{ÔîQ>o
8.1 àñVmdZm
8.2 {df` {ddoMZ
8.2.1 ^mfm§Va
8.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
8.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©, Q>rnm
8.4 gmam§e
8.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
8.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
8.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
8.0 C{ÔîQ>o
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m KQ>H$mÀ`m dmMZmZo Vwåhmcm nwT>rc JmoîQ>tMo kmZ hmoB©c.
1. d¡{XH$ dmL²>_`mVrc Cn{ZfX² dmL²>_`mMm n[aM` hmoB©c.
2. AmO ^m¡{VH$ gwImÀ`m _mJo cmJUmè`m, ApñWa OrdZ hmoUmè`m g_mOmMr OmUrd hmoB©c.
3. nyduÀ`m F$ftZr g¥îQ>rÀ`m _yiVÎdm§Mm emoY H$gm KoVcm `mMo kmZ hmoB©c.
4. AmOMo OrdZmV em§Vr d ñW¡`© àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn{ZfXmVrc VÎdkmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z
KoVm òB©c.
8.1 àñVmdZm
{dÚmWu {_Ìhmo, AmVmn`ªV g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm n[aM` Vwåhmcm Pmcm Amho.
64
AmVm àmMrZ d¡{XH$ dmL²>_`mVrc Cn{ZfX² dmL²>_`mMm AmnU Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. àmMrZ
Cn{ZfËH$mcrZ ^mfme¡crMmhr Vwåhmcm n[aM` hmoUma Amho.
ewŠc Òwd}XmÀ`m H$mÊd d _mÜ`§{XZ emIoÀ`m eVnW~«m÷Um_Üò ~¥hXmaÊ`H$mon{ZfXmMm
A§V^m©d hmoVmo. gd© Cn{ZfXm§À`m VwcZoZo Vo ~¥hV²-_moR>o Agë`mZo VgoM AaÊ`mV AÜ``Z Ho$co OmV
Agë`mZo `mcm ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Ago åhUVmV. `m Cn{ZfXmV AZoH$ H$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ VgoM {dÛmZm§À`m
nañna g§dmXmVyZ AmË_VÎdmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$co Amho. `mkdëŠ`m§Mo ~«÷{df`H$ {dMma ho `m
Cn{ZfXmMo gma Amho. `m Cn{ZfXmMo ghm AÜ`m` AgyZ `mVrc {Vgè`m AÜ`m`mÀ`m ghmì`m
~«m÷UmV `mkdëŠ` JmJu g§dmX Amcm Amho. AmOhr g¥îQ>rMr {Z{_©Vr H$er Pmcr, {VÀ`m _yimer
H$moUVo VÎd Amho? Ago àíZ nS>VmV. Ë`mà_mUo JmJuZo `mkdëŠ`m§Zm {dMmacoë`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao òWo
{_iVmV. AmË_m gdmªV`m©_r Amho `m gdmª_Üò ì`mnyZ Agcoë`m AmËå`mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> hmoÊ`mÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo nwT>rc MMm© _hÎdmMr Amho. n¥ÏdrnmgyZ AmH$memn`ªV gd© AmË_^mdmZo `wŠV Pmcocr AmhoV.
`m§Mo ~møê$n Am{U A§Vaê$n ñnîQ>nUo OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r `mVrc g§dmX Cn`wŠV R>aoc.
8.2 {df` {ddoMZ
8.2.1 ^mfm§Va
Ë`mZ§Va `mkdëŠ`m§Zm dmMŠZwMr H$Ý`m JmJuZo {dMmaco, ""ho Oo H$mhr Amho Vo OcmV AmoVàmoV
âcoco Amho. _J Oc H$emV AmoVàmoV âcoco Amho?''
`mkdëŠ`
- ho JmJu, dm`y_Üò.
JmJu
- dm`y H$em_Üò AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- A§V[ajmV.
JmJu
- A§V[aj H$emV AmoVàmoV âcoco Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- J§Yd© cmoH$m§V.
JmJu
- J§Yd©cmoH$ H$em_Üò AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- Am{XË` cmoH$m§V.
JmJu
- Am{XË`cmoH$ H$em_Üò AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
JmJu
- MÝÐcmoH$mV.
65
`mkdëŠ`
- MÝÐcmoH$ H$em_Üò AmoVàmoV Pacocm Amho.
`mkdëŠ`
- XodcmoH$mV.
JmJu
- XodcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- BÝÐcmoH$mV.
JmJu
- B§ÐcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- àOmn{VcmoH$mV.
JmJu
- àOmn{VcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- ~«åhcmoH$mV.
JmJu
- ~«÷cmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho?
`mkdëŠ`
- JmJu Vy A{YH$ àíZ {dMmê$ ZH$mog.
8.2.2 gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU
1. ""H$pñ_ÝZ IVw dm`wamoZü àmoVüoË`ÝV[ajcmoHo$fw?''
AW© : dm`y H$emV AmoVàmoV âcm Amho? A§V[ajmV.
g§X^© : ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn{ZfXmVyZ {ZdS>coë`m "`mkdëŠ` JmJu' g§dmXmVrc ho dmŠ` Amho. `m
Cn{ZfXmV ghm AÜ`m` AgyZ {Vgè`m AÜ`m`mV ghmì`m ~«m÷UmV `mkdëŠ` JmJu g§dmX Amcocm
Amho. Ë`mV {VZo `mkdëŠ`mcm qOH$Ê`mÀ`m BÀN>oZo àZ {dMmamd`mg àma§^ Ho$cm H$s, Amnë`m
S>moù`m§Zm (M_©Mjy§Zm) Oo {XgV Amho, Vo gd© nmÊ`m_Üò g_m{dîR> Amho; na§Vw nmUr S>moù`m§Zm {XgVo,
Ë`m_wio Vohr AÝ` dñVyV g_m{dîQ> Agco nm{hOo Va nmUr dm`y_Üò AmoVàmoV Amho Ago `mkdëŠ`mZo
CÎma {Xë`mda nwT>o JmJu {dMmaVo "H$pñ_ÝZw Icw ..........'
ñnîQ>rH$aU : JmJu {dMmaVo "dm`y H$emV AmoVàmoV ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho.' Voìhm `mkdëŠ` CÎma
XoVmV "A§V[ajmV'. åhUOo dm`y A§V[ajmV AmoVàmoV Amho. `mMm AW© Agm H$s, nmUr ho H$maU n¥Ïdr
ho H$m`© åhUyZ nmÊ`m_Üò n¥Ïdr AmoVàmoV Amho, Va nmUr dm`y_Üò AmoVàmoV Amho Am{U dm`y
A§V[ajmV Amho. Aer H$m`©H$maUm§Mr _m{cH$m Mmcy Amho. H$m`© ho Amnë`m H$maUmV AmoVàmoV âcoco
AgVo. Ë`mM Ý`m`mZo dm`w A§V[ajmV AmoVàmoV âcocm Amho. òWo dm`y ho H$m`© A§V[aj ho H$maU
Amho. dñÌmÀ`m Cä`m V§VyV AmS>do V§Vy {dUcoco AgVmV, Ë`mà_mUo H$m`© Amnë`m H$maUm§_Üò
66
AmoVàmoV AgVo.
VmËn`© : AmË_m H$m`© H$aÊ`mÀ`m ncrH$S>o Amho ho g_OmdyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r JmJuMo àíZ CnH$maH$
R>aco AmhoV. AmË_VÎd hm MM}Mm {df` Zmhr, Vmo EH$ _hmZ AZw^d Amho ho òWo ñnîQ> H$amd`mMo
Amho.
2. Jm{J© _m@{Vàmjr[a{V&
AW© : JmJu Vy A{YH$ àíZ {dMmê$ ZH$mog.
g§X^© : ~¥hXmaÊ`H$ Cn{ZfXmVyZ {ZdS>coë`m "`mkdëŠ`-JmJu' g§dmXmVrc ho dmŠ` Amho.
`mkdëŠ`mcm qOH$Ê`mÀ`m BÀN>oZo JmJuZo AH$am àíZ {dMmaco, Ë`mV nmUr H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho
nmgyZ ~«÷cmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho, Ago {dMmaë`mZ§Va `mkdëŠ` åhUVmo "Jm{J© _m@{Vàmjr[a{V&'
ñnîQ>rH$aU : `mkdëŠ` åhUVmo, JmJu AmUIr A{YH$ àíZ {dMmê$ ZH$mog. òWo JmJuMo àíZ
MmcyM am{hco, åhUyZ `mkdëŠ`mZo Ago åhQ>co Amho, H$maU "nmUr dm`yV AmoVàmoV Amho' ho
gm§{JVë`mda "dm`y-H$emV' dm`y A§V[ajmV gm§{JVë`mda A§V[aj H$emV, "J§Yd©cmoH$mV,' J§Yd©cmoH$
Am{XË`cmoH$mV, Am{XË`cmoH$ M§ÐcmoH$m§V, M§ÐcmoH$, ZjÌcmoH$mV, ZjÌcmoH$ XodcmoH$mV, XodcmoH$
B§ÐcmoH$m§V, B§ÐcmoH$ àOmn{VcmoH$mV, Z§Va Vr {dMmaVo. àOmn{V cmoH$ H$emV Va ~«÷cmoH$mV Ago
åhQ>ë`mda ~«÷cmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV ^ê$Z am{hcm Amho, Voìhm `mkdëŠ`mZo àíZ {dMmaÊ`mg JmJucm
amoIco, H$maU ~«÷cmoH$ ho H$maU AgyZ Oc n¥Ïdr ho gdm©V _moR>o H$m`© Amho. ~«÷cmoH$ ho AmËå`mMo
ApñVËd qH$dm d¡^d Amho. AmË_m H$m`©H$maUmÀ`m ncrH$S>o Amho, Ë`m_wio BWyZ nwT>o àíZ {dMmaUo
`mo½` Zìho Ago `mkdëŠ`mMo åhUUo Amho.
VmËn`© : AmË_m hm MM}Mm {df` Zmhr, Vmo _hmZ AZw^d Amho, åhUyZ JmJucm `mkdëŠ`mZr
namd¥Îm Ho$co.
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ
(A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. Oc H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) J§Yd©cmoH$mV (~) Am{XË`cmoH$mV (H$) n¥ÏdrcmoH$mV (S>) A§V[ajmV.
2. J§Yd©cmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) OcmV
(~) A§V[ajmV
67
(H$) XodcmoH$mV
(S>) Am{XË`cmoH$mV.
3. Am{XË`cmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) MÝÐcmoH$mV (~) ZjÌcmoH$mV (H$) XodcmoH$mV
(S>) J§Yd©cmoH$mV.
4. MÝÐcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) XodcmoH$mV
(~) ZjÌcmoH$mV (H$) B§ÐcmoH$mV
(S>) ~«÷cmoH$mV.
5. ZjÌcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) àOmn{VcmoH$mV (~) XodcmoH$mV
(H$) BÝÐcmoH$mV
(S>) ~«÷cmoH$mV.
6. B§ÐcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) XodcmoH$mV
(~) àOmn{VcmoH$mV (H$) ~«÷cmoH$mV
(S>) M§ÐcmoH$mV.
7. àOmn{VcmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) ~«÷cmoH$mV (~) XodcmoH$mV
(H$) B§ÐcmoH$mV
(S>) M§ÐcmoH$mV.
8. ~«÷cmoH$ H$emV AmoVàmoV Amho?
(A) àOmn{VcmoH$mV (~) MÝÐcmoH$mV
(H$) H$emV Zmhr (S>) BÝÐcmoH$mV.
8.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©, Q>rnm
m
AmoV§ àmoV§
: AmoVàV ^ê$Z am{hcoco Amho. Aßgw-An²-(ñÌr), Oc-nmUr- nmÊ`mV,
A§V[aj-nmoH$ir AmH$me.
m
`mkdëŠ`
: d{gîR>Hw$imVrc EH$ F$fr, d¡e§nm`ZmMm {eî` Ë`m§À`m H$mË`m`Zr d
_¡Ìo`r Aem XmoZ pñÌ`m (nËÝ`m) hmoË`m. hm ~«÷{ZîR> hmoVm.
m
JmJu
: dMŠZw G$frMr H$Ý`m. åhUyZ {hcm JmJu dmMdZdr ho Zmd Amho.
hr na_~«÷{ZîR> AgyZ {VMm `mkdëŠ`mer Pmcocm g§dmX, {VÀ`m
{dÛÎmoMm ÚmoVH$ Amho.
8.4 gmam§e
~¥hXmaÊ`H$mon{ZfXmV Amcoë`m `mkdëŠ`JmJu g§dmXmVyZ g¥{îQ>CËnÎmr~ÔcMo {dMma Amnë`mcm
g_OVmV. g¥îQ>r CËnÎmrMm H«$_ AmH$me - dm`y - VoO - Amn - n¥Ïdr Agm Amho. Ë`m_wio n¥Ïdr
hr Amn_Üò gm_mdcocm Amho. Amn-VoOm_Üò VoO, dm`y d dm`y AmH$mem_Üò. Ë`mMà_mUo JmJuZo
68
`mkdëŠ`mcm {dMmacoë`m àíZmVyZ n¥Ïdrdarc gd© OcmV-Oc, dm`yV-dm`y, A§V[ajmV-A§V[aj,
J§Yd©cmoH$mV-J§Yd©cmoH$, Am{Xë`cmoH$mV-Am{XË`cmoH$, M§ÐcmoH$mV-M§ÐcmoH$, ZjÌcmoH$mV-ZjÌcmoH$,
XodcmoH$mV-XodcmoH$, B§ÐcmoH$mV-B§ÐcmoH$, àOmnVrcmoH$mV-àOmnVrcmoH$, ~«÷cmoH$mV AmoVàmoV âcocm
Amho Am{U ~«÷cmoH$ H$emVhr âcocm Zmhr, H$maU AmËå`mMo ApñVËd åhUOo ~«åhcmoH$ Voìhm
AmË_VÎd hm MM}Mm {df` Zmhr, Ë`mMm AZw^d ¿`m`cm hdm. Vr JmoîQ> eãXm§Zr gm§JVm òUma Zmhr.
åhUyZ `mkdëŠ`m§Zr {Vcm Jßn Ho$co. EHy$U `m nmR>mVyZ AmnU g¥îQ>rCËnÎmr{df`r {dMma H$ê$ cmJVmo.
àËòH$mZo AmË_VÎd g_OyZ ¿`mdo hm `mMm Ame` Amho.
8.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
A) 1. (S>) A§V[ajmV.
2. (S>) Am{XË`cmoH$mV.
3. (A) MÝÐcmoH$mV.
4. (~) ZjÌcmoH$mV.
5. (~) XodcmoH$mV.
6. (~) àOmn{VcmoH$mV.
7. (A) ~«÷cmoH$mV.
8. (H$) H$emV Zmhr.
8.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
(A) gg§X^© ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1. H$pñ_ÝVw Icw AÝV[ajcmoH$m AmoVmü àmoVmü B{V&
2. H$pñ_ÝZw Icw Am{XË`cmoH$m AmoVmü àmoVmü B{V&
3. H$pñ_ÝZw Icw XodcmoH$m AmoVmü àmoVmü B{V&
4. H$pñ_ÝVw Icw BÝÐcmoH$m AmoVmü àmoVmü B{V&
69
(~) Imcrc CVmè`m§Mo _amR>rV ^mfm§Va H$am.
1. AW h¡Z§ JmJu dmMŠZdr ............. JÝYd©cmoHo$fw&
2. JmJu{V H$pñ_Þw Icw ................ Am{XË`cmoHo$fw&
3. H$pñ_ÝZw Iëdm{XË`cmoH$m ............ XodcmoH$m AmoVmü&
4. ~«÷cmoHo$fw .............. dmMŠZì`wnaam_&
(H$) nwT>rc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.
1. "`mkdëŠ` JmJu g§dmX' Vw_À`m eãXmV {chÿZ Ë`mMo VmËn`© {chm.
2. "`mkdëŠ`JmJu nmR>m'Mm gmam§e {chm.
3. Cn{ZfX² dmL²>_`mda Q>rn {chm.
8.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W
m
gw~moY C{n{ZfËg§J«h, ^mJ-2, g§nmXH$ : X. dm. OmoJ.
` ` `
70

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B.A. Part I Sanskrit Lower

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