KQ>H$ H«$. 3
dmao, AmЩVm Am{U d¥ï>r
3.0
C{ÔîQ>ço
3.1
àmñVm{dH$
3.2
{df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 dmao
3.2.2 AmЩVm
3.2.3 gm§{Ð^dZ
3.2.4 d¥îQ>r
3.3
gmam§e
3.4
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
3.5
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
3.6
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.7
gmamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.8
jo{Ì` H$m`©
153
3.0
C{X²XîQ>ço
1)
dmao {Z`§{ÌV H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
2)
J«{h` dmè`m§Mr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgUo.
3)
{Z`VH$m{bH$ dmao d ñWm{ZH$ dmao `m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUo.
4)
OoQ> àdmh d dm`yametMr _m{hVr KoUo.
5)
AmЩVoMo {d{dY àH$ma Aä`mgUo.
6)
gm§Ðr^dZ d gm§Ðr^dZmMo àH$ma Aä`mgUo.
7)
d¥îQ>rMo {d{dY ê$no Aä`mgUo.
8)
_oK qH$dm T>Jm§À`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mr _m{hVr KoUo.
9)
nO©Ý`mÀ`m àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
3.1
àmñVm{dH$
àmH¥${VH$ ^y{dkmZ, {d^mJ XmoZ _Ümo " hdm_mZemñÌ' (Climatology)`m emIo A§VJ©V KQ>H$ H«$. 7
_Ü`o AmnU dmao, AmЩVm Am{U d¥îQ>r `m hdm_mZmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
`m_Ü`o dmao, dmè`m§Mr {Z_uVr, dmao {Z`§{ÌV H$aUmè`m eŠVr, dmè`m§Mo àH$ma, AmЩVm, AmЩVoMo àH$ma
`m ~amo~aM gm§Ðr^dZ, d¥îQ>r d d¥îQ>rMr {d{dY ê$no, `m à_wI KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.2 {df` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 dmao (Winds) :
hbUmar hdm åhUOoM dmam hmo`. Vmn_mZmVrb ~Xbmbm AZwgê$Z ì`ñV à_mUmV dm`y^ma ~XbV
AgVm dm`w^mamV {Z_m©U hmoUmar Ag_mZVm Zm{her H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmñV ^mamH$Sy>Z H$_r ^mamÀ`m {XeoZo hdm
T>H$bbr OmVo. d dmè`mMr {Z_uVr hmoVo. dmè`mMr {Xem d JVr dm`w^ma CVamdma Adb§~yZ AgVoo. dm`w^ma CVma
hm g_^ma aofm (Isobar) da Adb§~yZ AgVmo. dmao Zoh_r g_^ma aofm§Zm H$mQ>H$moZmV dmhVmV. g_^ma aofm§Va
H$_r Agob Va dmè`m§Mm doJ OmñV AgVmo Am{U g_^ma aofm§Va OmñV Agob Va dmè`m§Mm doJ _§X AgVmo. dmao
Zoh_r ^yn¥îR>mOdi d {jVrOg_m§Va {Xeog dmhVmV. dmè`m§Mr {Xem R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r dmVHw$Hw$Q> qH$dm dm`w{X½Xe©H$
(Wind Vane) Va dmè`m§Mr JVr _moOÊ`mgmR>r dm`wdoJ_mnH$ (Anemometer) `m CnH$aUm§Mm dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo. dmè`m§Mm doJ Vmer Zm{dH$ _¡b qH$dm Vmer {H$bmo_rQ>a `m n[a_mUm§À`m ghmæ`mZo _moObm OmVmo.
154
3.2.2 dmè`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU H$aUmao KQ>H$ (Factors affecting direction and speed of the
winds ) :
dmè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr dm`w^mamVrb {j{VOg_m§Va Ag_mZVo_i
w o hmoV AgVo. dmao OmñV ^mamÀ`m àXoem§H$Sy>Z
H$_r ^mamÀ`m àXoem§H$S>o dmhV AgVmV. na§Vw dmè`m§Mr JVr d {Xem `m§Zm {Z`§{ÌV H$aUmè`m BVa H$m§hr eŠVr
qH$dm KQ>H$ H$m`©aV Agë`mZo dmè`m§À`m JVr d {Xem `m_Ü`o ~Xb hmoVmZm {XgVmo. ho KQ>H$ nwT>rb à_mUo 1)
dm`y^ma CVma (Pressure gradient)
^yn¥îR>mdaVr OmñV ^mamÀ`m àXoem§H$Sy>Z H$_r ^mamÀ`m àXoemH$S>o dm`y^ma H$_r - H$_r hmoV OmVmo.
`mbmM "dm`y^ma CVma' Ago åhUVmV. `m dm`y^ma CVmamÀ`m {Xeobm AZwgê$ZM dmao OmñV ^mamH$Sy>Z H$_r
^mamH$S>o dmhV AgVmV. dmè`m§Mr JVr hr dm`y^ma CVmamdma Adb§~yZ AgVo. g_^ma aofm§Va H$_r Agob Va
dm`y^ma CVma Vrd« AgVmo d dmè`m§Mm doJ OmñV AgVmo. `m CbQ> g_^ma aofm§Va OmñV Agob Va dm`y^ma CVma _§X
AgVmo d dmè`m§Mm doJ H$_r AgVmo. åhUOoM dmè`m§Mr {Xem d doJ dm`y^ma CVmamda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.
2)
^yn¥îR>mMo ñdê$n (Nature of earth surface)
n¥ÏdrMm n¥îR>^mJ ^y_rI§S>o d _hmgmJam§Zr ì`mnbobm Amho. ^y_rI§S>mMm n¥îR>^mJ C§MgIb AgyZ Vmo
nd©V, nR>mao, _¡XmZo d ZXrImoar `m§Zr ì`mnbmAmho. _¡XmZr d nR>mar àXoem§da dmè`m§Zm \$magm AS>Wim `oV Zmhr
`m_wio dmè`m§Mr {Xem gai d dmè`m§Mm doJ OmñV hmoVmo. Va nd©Vr` àXoem_Ü`o dmè`m§Mr {Xem ~Xbbr OmVo d doJ
H$_r hmoVmo. gmJar àXoem§da dmè`m§Zm H$moUVmhr AS>Wim AgV Zmhr. `m_wio dmè`m§Mm doJ _hmgmJam§daVr gdm©V
OmñV AgVmo d dmè`m§Mr {Xem gai AgVo. qH$dm dm`w^ma CVmambm AZwgê$Z AgVmo.
3)
H|$ÐmoËgmar àoaUm (Centrifugal force)
H$moUVrhr dñVy ñdV…^modVr {\$aV Agob Va {VÀ`m_Ü`o H|$ÐmoËgmaràoaUm {Z_m©U hmoVo `m ^m¡{VH$empñÌ`
{Z`_mZwgma n¥ÏdrÀ`m n[adbZm_wio qH$dm ñdn[a^«_Um_wio H§o$ÐmoËgmar àoaUm {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m àoaUoMm n[aUm_,
^yn¥îR>mda dmhUmè`m dmè`mda hmoVmo. {deofV… J«{h` dmao, M{H«$` dmXio, AmdV© `m àoaUoZo n«^m{dV hmoVmV.
`m àoaUoMm emoY qH$dm dmè`m§darb n[aUm_ "H$m°[aAm°brO' `m hdm_mZ VkmZo emoYbm åhUyZ `m àoaUobm
"H$m°[aAm°brO Mr àoaUm' (Coriolis Force) Ago åhUVmV.
n¥ÏdrÀ`m n[adbZmMm doJ {dfwdd¥ËVma gdm©V OmñV AgVmo d XmoÝhr Yw«dm§H$S>o Vmo H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVmo.
`mMm n[aUm_ CËVa d X[jU JmobmYm©V dmhUmè`m dmè`m§À`m {Xeoda hmoVmo. hm n[aUm_ \o$aob `m VkmZo emoYbm
åhUyZ `mbm "\o$aobMm {Z`_' åhUVmV. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, "" CËVa JmobmYm©Vrb dmao Amnë`m _yi {XeoÀ`m COì`m
~mOybm diVmV Va X{jU JmobmYm©V dmao Amnë`m _yi {XeoÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOybm diVmV.
155
^yn¥îR>mda H$_r - OmñV ^mamMo nQ²>Q>o (Pressure belts)AmhoV d Ë`m§Zm AZwgê$ZM dmao dmhV
AgVmV. dmao d ^manQ²>Q>o `m§Mm g~§Y gm§JUmam {Z`_ ~mB©O ~°bm°Q> `m VkmZo gm§{JVbm Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "" dmè`mÀ`m
{XeoH$S>o nmR> H$ê$Z C^o am{hbo AgVm, CËVa JmobmYm©V OmñV ^ma àXoe COì`m ~mOybm d H$_r ^ma àXoe S>mì`m
~mOybm AgVmV Va X{jU JmobmYm©V COì`m ~mOybm H$_r^ma àXoe d S>mì`m ~mOyg OmñV ^ma àXoe AgVmV.''
dmè`m§Mr {Z_uVr, ñdê$n, H$mbmdYr d àXoe `mdê$Z dmè`m§Mo doJdoJiçm àH$mam§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bo
OmVo.
3.2.3 J«hr` dmao (Planetary winds) :
n¥Ïdrda EHy$U Mma OmñV^ma d VrZ H$_r ^ma nQ²>Q>o {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. `m ^manQ²>Q>çm§Zm AZwgê$Z
OmñV ^mamÀ`m nQ²>Q>çm§H$Sy>Z H$_r ^mamÀ`m nQ²>Q>çm§H$S>o {dñVrU© àXoemV {Z`_rV dmao dmhVmV `m§ZmM J«hr` dmao
Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m§Mr {d^mJUr VrZ àH$mamV Ho$br OmVo.
1.
ì`mnmar dmao
2.
à{Vì`mnmar dmao
3.
Y«w{d` dmao
1.
ì`mnmar dmao (Trade Winds) :
CËVa d X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb H$H©$ d¥ËVr` d _H$ad¥ËVr` OmñV ^ma nQ²>Q>çm§H$Sy>Z {dfwdd¥ËVr` H$_r ^ma
nQ²>Q>çm§H$S>o dmhUmè`m dmè`m§Zm "ì`mnmar dmao' åhUVmV. ho dmao XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V 25 A§e Vo 5 A§e Ajm§emÀ`m
Xaå`mZ dmhVmV.
nyduÀ`m H$mir ì`mnmamgmR>r OmUmè`m {eS>m§À`m OhmOm§Zm gmJar àdmgmgmR>r `m dmè`m§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV
Ago åhUyZM `m dmè`m§Zm "ì`mnmar dmao' Ago åhQ>bo Amho .
156
J«hr` dmao :
AmH«$Vr 3.1
n¥ÏdrÀ`m n[adbZm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Ho«$ÐmoËgmar àoaUo_wio `m dmè`m§Mr {Xem nyd}H$Sy>Z - npíM_oH$S>o
AgVo. åhUyZM `m§Zm " ny{d©` dmao' (Eastliser) Ago hr åhUVmV.
CËVa JmobmYm©V ho dmao B©emÝ`oH$Sy>Z - Z¡G$Ë`oH$S>o dmhVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm "B©emÝ` ì`mnmar dmao' Ago
åhUVmV. Va X{jU JmobmYm©V `m dmè`m§Mr {Xem Am½Zo`H$Sy>Z dm`ì`oH$S>o Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm "Am½Zo` ì`mnmar dmao'
Ago åhUVmV.
~hþVm§er àXoemV ì`mnmar dmao {Z`_rV dmhVmV. {deofV… g_wÐmda `m§Mr {Xem d doJ `mV gmVË`
AmT>iVo. `m§Mm doJ Vmer 10 Vo 15 Zm{dH$ _¡b EdT>m AgVom. O{_Zrda/ ^yI§S>mda `m§Mm doJ WmoS>mgm _§X hmoVmo
d ñWm{ZH$ KQ>H$m§Zm AZwgê$Z {Xemhr ~XbVo. ì`mnmar dmao W§S> àXoemH$Sy>Z CîU àXoemH$S>o dmhV Agë`mZo
Ë`m§À`m H$Sy>Z nO©Ý`mMr eŠ`Vm \$maM H$_r AgVo. na§Vw `mo½` n[apñWVr Agë`mg I§S>mÀ`m nyd© {H$Zma n{hbm
WmoS>m\$ma nmD$g nS>Vmo. {hdmiçmV ho dmao doJmZo d {dñVrU© àXoemda dmhVmV. Am½Zo` ì`mnmar dmao {dfwdd¥ËV
Amobm§Sy>Z CËVa JmobmYm©V ^maVr` CnI§S>mdê$Z dmhVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zm " _mog_rdmao' åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
2)
à{Vì`mnmar dmao (Anti- trade winds) :
CËVa JmobmYm©V H$H©$ d¥ËVr` OmñV^ma nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z AmpŠQ>©H$ d¥ËVr` H$_r ^ma nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o d X{jU
JmobmYm©V _H$ad¥ËVr` OmñV ^ma nQ²>Q>çmH$Sy>Z Am§Q>mpŠQ>©H$d¥ËVr` H$_r ^ma nQ²>Q>çmH$S>o dmhUmè`m dmè`m§Zm "
"à{Vì`mnmar dmao' Ago åhUVmV. XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V ho dmao gmYmaUnUo 35 A§e Vo 60 A§e A§jm§emÀ`m Xaå`mZ
dmhVmV.
XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V \o$aobÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma ho dmao Amnbr _yi {Xem ~XbVmV d gmYmaUnUo npíM_oH$Sy>Z
dmhVmV åhUyZM `m§Zm " n{íM_r dmao' (Westerlies) Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.
157
CËVa JmobmYm©V `m dmè`m§Mr {Xem Z¡G$Ë`oH$Sy>Z B©emÝ`oH$S>o AgVo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm " Z¡G$Ë` à{Vì`mnmar dmao'
Ago åhUVmV. Va X{jU JmobmYm©V ho dmao dm`ì` {XeoH$Sy>Z Am½Zo` {Xeobm dmhVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm " dm`ì`
à{Vì`mnmar dmao' Ago åhUVmV.
à{Vì`mnmar dmao {dpñVU© àXoemV d {Z`_rV dmhVmV `m§Mr {Xem ì`mnmar dmè`m§À`m {dê$Õ Agë`mZo
Ë`m§Zm "à{Vì`mnmar dmao' Ago åhUVmV. à{Vì`mnmar dmao CîU àXoem§H$Sy>Z W§S> àXoem§H$S>o dmhV Agë`mZo nO©Ý`mgmR>r
nmofH$ pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo d I§S>mÀ`m npíÀ_ ^mJmV `m dmè`mnmgyZ nmD$g nS>Vmo. g_erVmoîU H${Q>~Y§ r` AmdV©md§ a
`m dmè`m§Mm OmñV à^md AgVmo. CËVa JmobmYm©À`m VwbZoV X{jU JmobmYm©V ho dmao {Z`_rV dmhVmV. åhUyZM
X{jU JmobmYm©V `m dmè`m§Zm " ewa n{íM_r dmao ' (Brave west winds) åhUVmV. gmJamdê$Z dmhVmZm `m§Mm
doJ dmT>V OmVmo. `m_wio X{jU JmobmYm©V 40 A§e Vo 60 A§e Ajd¥ËVmV `m dmè`m§Zm doJdoJiçm Zmdm§Zr
AmoiIVmV. X{jU JmobmYm©V 40 A§e Ajm§emV Ë`m§Zm " JaOUmao Mmirg' (Roaring ) åhUVmV. 50 A§e
Ajm§emV Ë`m§Zm "Idibobo nÞmg' åhUVmV. (Furious Fifties) Va 60 A§e X. Ajm§emV Ë`m§Zm
"qH$MmiUmao gmR'> (Screaming sixties) Ago åhUVmV. CËVa JmobmY©mV 30 A§e C. Vo 35 A§e CÎma
Ajd¥ËVmV `m dmè`m§nmgyZ {hdmiçmV nmD$g nS>Vmo `m àXoem§Zm " ^y_Ü` gm_wÐrH$ hdm_mZ àXoe ' åhUVmV.
3)
Y«wdr` dmao (Polar Winds) :
^yn¥îR>mda XomÝhr Yw«dmda Vmn_mZ JmoR>U{~§XyÀ`m Imbr 00 g|.J«o. AgVo n[aUm_r Y«w{d` àXoe df©^a
~\$m©ÀN>mXZmImbr AgVmV. åhUyZM `oWo OmñV^ma àXoe {dH$grV Pmbo AmhoV. `m OmñV^ma n«Xe
o m§H$Sy>Z CnYw{« d`
H$_r^ma àXoem§H$S>o (AmpŠQ©H$ d A§Q>m{ŠQ>©H$ d¥ËVr` H$_r^ma àXoe) dmao dmhVmV. Ë`m§Zm " Y«w{d`dmao ' Ago
åhUVmV. XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V 60 A§e Vo 80 A§e Ajm§emÀ`m Xaå`mZ Yw«{d` dmao dmhVmV.
Yw{« d` dmè`m§Mr dmhÊ`m§Mr {Xem gmYmaU nydH} $Sy>Z npíM_oH$S>o Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm " nyd© Y«{w d` dmao' (Polar
Easterlies)Ago åhUVmV. CËVa Yw«dmOdirb doJdmZ dmè`m§Zm Zm°aoñQ>a (Noreasters) åhUVmV. Va
X{jU Y«wdmOdi `m§Zm Job (Gale ) Ago åhUVmV.
{dfwdd¥ËVr` em§V nQ²>Q>m (Doldrum) :
{dfwdd¥ËVr` àXoemV 50 A§e CÎma d 5 A§e X[jU Ajd¥Vm§À`m Xaå`mZ df©^a gy`©{H$aUo b§~ê$n
AgVmV. n[aUm_r `m àXoemV Vmn_mZ OmñV AgVo. hdm Vmnbr OmVo. àgaU nmdVo. d dOZmZo hbH$s hmoVo. d
hdoMo CÜd©Jm_r àdmh gwê$ hmoVmV. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ " {dfwdd¥ËVr` H$_r ^ma nQ²>Q>çm§Mr' {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. hmM
àXoe "{dfwdd¥ËVr`' em§V nÅ>m (Doldrum) åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
XmoÝhr JmobmYm©Vrb "ì`mnmar dmao' (Trade winds) d X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb "Am½Zo` ì`mnmar dmao ' `mM
àXoemV EH$Ì `oVmV. åhUyZM hm àXoe ' Am§Va CîU> H${Q>~Y§ r` H|$Ðr` {d^mJ' (Intertropical Convergence
Zone) åhUyZhr AmoiIbm OmVmo.
158
Aíd Ajm§e (Horse Latitude)
{dfwdd¥ËVr` àXoemV AË`m{YH$ Vmn_mZmZo dmVmdaUmV CÜd©Jm_r Pmbobr hdm XmoÝhr Yw«dm§À`m {XeoZo
dmhVo d Z§Va CËVa JmobmYm©V H$H©$ d¥ËVmOdi d X{jU JmobmYm©V _H$a d¥ËVmOdi nwÝhm ^yn¥îR>mda CVaVo. `m_wio
XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V 25 A§e Vo 35 A§e Ajm§emÀ`m Xaå`mZ OmñV ^ma àXoem§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho. `m AYmoJm_r
hdoMo àdmh Agboë`m àXoembm " Aíd Aj§me' (Horse Latitude)Ago åhUVmV.
`m àXoemV hdoMr {jVrOg_m§Va qH$dm AmS>dr hmbMmb AgV Zmhr. nyduÀ`m H$mir `wamon d A_o[aH$m
I§S>mVrb ì`mnma {deofV… KmoS>`m§Mm ì`mnma `oWyZ MmbV Ago. dmè`m A^mdr hr ì`mnmar OhmOo {H$Ë`oH$ {Xdg
H$H©$ d _H$a d¥ËVr` OmñV ^ma nQ²>Q>çmV AS>Hy$Z nS>V . OhmOm§darb Mmam d AÞ- YmÝ` g§nwîQ>mV Amë`mZo
ZmBbmOmZo KmoS>çm§Zm g_wÐmV gmoS>yZ Xçmdo bmJV Ago åhUyZM XmoÝhr JmobmYm©Vrb 25 A§e Vo 35 A§e Ajm§emVrb
àXoe " Aíd Ajm§e' (Horse Latitude) åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo.
3.2.4 {Z`VH$mbrH$ dmao (Periodical winds)
"{derîR> àXoem§_Ü`o d {derîR> H$mbmdYr_Ü`o VgoM {derîR> {XeoZo d {derîR> JVrZo dmhUmao dmao
åhUOoM {Z`VH$mbrH$ dmao (periodical winds) hmo`' . ho dmao G$Vw_mZmZwgma dmhV Agë`mZo `m§Zm "Gw$Vyà_m{UV
dmao' (seasonal winds) Agohr åhUVmV.
`m _Ü`o 1.
_mog_r dmao
2.
Imao d _VbB© dmao
3.
S>m|Jar d XarVrb dmao
`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A)
_mog_r dmao (Monsoon Winds) :
"^yn¥îR>mda G$VwZwgma (CÝhmim, {hdmim) {Z`_rV dmhUmè`m dmè`m§Zm _mog_r dmao Ago åhUVmV'.
"_m¡gr_'(mausim) åhUOoM G$Vy `m Aao~rH$ eãXmnmgyZ "_m¡g_r' (Monsoon) `m eãXmMr CËnËVr
Pmë`mMo {XgVo.
O_rZ d nmUr `m§Mo ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_© doJdoJio AmhoV. O_rZ AnmaXe©H$, KZê$n d pñWa Va nmUr
nmaXe©H$, Ðdê$n d ApñWa Amho. `m_wio nmÊ`mMr {d{eîR> CîUVm O_rZrnojm AS>rMnQ> OmñV Amho. `m_wio
EH$mM H$mbmdYrV O_rZ d nmUr `m§Mo Vmn_mZ d n[aUm_r dm`w^ma `mV {^ÞVm AmT>iVo `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ
"G$VwZwgma O_r{ZH$Sy>Z Ob^mJmH$S>o d Ob^mJmH$Sy>Z O_rZrH$S>o dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV `m§Zm _mog_r dmao åhUVmV'.
159
A. CÝhmir _mog_r dmao
~. {hdmir _mog_r dmao
AmH¥$Vr H«$ 3.2 : _mog_rdmao
_mog_r dmè`m§À`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r H$m§hr {derîR> JmoîQ>tMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m_Ü`o
1
{dñV¥V ^y_rI§S>mMm àXoe
2.
{dñV¥V gmJa gm{ZÜ`
3.
Am`{ZH$ (Tropical) àXoemVrb ñWmZ
B. JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m JmoîQ>r EH${ÌV d `mo½` nÕVrZo ApñVËdmV Agë`mg _mog_r dmè`m§Mr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. CXm. ^maVr` CnI§S>, Am½Zo` Am{e`m, X. Am[\«$H$m, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m B.
^maVmVrb _mog_r dmao (Indian monsoon)
{dñV¥V ^y_rI§S>, {dñV¥V gmJa gm{ZÜ` d Am`{ZH$ àXoemVrb ñWmZ `m§Mr `mo½` nyV©Vm ^maVr` CnI§S>mV
hmoVo. CÝhmiçmV dm`ì` ^maVmV OmñV Vmn_mZm_wio H$_r^ma àXoe {Z_m©U hmoVmo. `mM H$mimV qhXr_hmgmJamda
OmñV ^ma àXoe {dH$grV Pmbobm AgVmo. qhXr _hmgmJamdamdarb OmñV ^mamÀ`m n«XoemH$Sy>Z dm`ì` ^maVmVrb
H$_r^ma n«XoemH$S>o dmao AmH${f©bo OmVmV. ho dmao {dfwdd¥ËV Amobm§Sy>Z Aa~r g_wÐ d ~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamdê$Z
dm`ì` ^maVmH$S>o dmhÿ bmJVmV. `m§ZmM "CÝhmir _mog_r dmao' qH$dm "Z¡G$Ë` _mog_r dmao' åhUVmV. ho dmao
~mîn`wŠV Agë`mZo ^maVr` CnI§S>mV `m dmè`m§nmgyZ nmD$g nS>Vmo. {deofV… ghçmÐr nd©Vam§Jm d nydmªMb_Ü`o
A{Vd¥îQ>r hmoVo.
{hdmiçmV Vmn_mZ d dm`y^ma CËVa pñWVr_Ü`o AgVmV. ^maVr` CnI§S>mV Vmn_mZ H$_r d dm`y^ma
OmñV AgVmo. Va qhXr _hmgmJamda VwbZoZo Vmn_mZ OmñV d dm`y^ma H$_r AgVmo. `m H$mbmdYrV ^maVr`
CnI§S>mdarb OmñV^ma àXoemH$Sy>Z qhXr _hmgmJamdarb H$_r ^ma àXoemH$S>o dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV `m dmè`m§Zm "
"{hdmir _mog_r dmao' naVUmao _mog_r dmao' qH$dm "B©emÝ` _mog_r dmao' Ago åhUVmV. `m dmè`m§_wio Vm_riZmSy>À`m
nyd© {H$ZmanQ²>Q>rbm nmD$g nS>Vmo. na§Vw ho dmao H$moaS>o Agë`mZo ^maVmÀ`m BVa ^mJmV nmD$g nS>V Zmhr.
160
~)
Imao dmao d _VbB© dmao (Sea and Land Breeze)
O_rZ d nmUr `m§Mo ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_© (Physical Proerties) doJdoJio AmhoV. nmÊ`mMr {d{eîQ>
CîUVm O{_Zrnojm AS>rM nQ> OmñV Amho. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ O_rZ d nmUr `m§Zm VmnÊ`mgmR>r d W§S>
hmoÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJim H$mbmdYr bmJVmo. n[aUm_r dm`w^mamV {^ÝZVm {Z_m©U hmoVo d dmè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. X¡{ZH$
Vmn_mZ {^ÞVo_wio Imao d _VbB© dmao {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.3
1)
Imao dmao (Sea Breeze)
gw`m}X`mZ§Va gm¡aeŠVr_wio CîUVm {_iy bmJVo. {Xdgm gy`m©À`m CîUVo_i
w o O_rZrMo ^mJ bdH$a VmnVmV.
VwbZoZo nmUr/ Ob^mJ VmnÊ`mgmR>r doi bmJVmo. `m_wio O_rZrda H$_r^ma d gmJamda OmñV ^ma àXoem§Mr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. d {Xdgm g_wÐmdê$Z O_rZrH$S>o dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV `m§Zm " Imao dmao' Ago åhUVmV.
Imao dmao gH$mir 10 Vo 11 nmgyZ amÌr 7 Vo 8 dmOo n`ªV g_wÐmH$Sy>Z O_rZrH$S>o dmhVmV. 1 Vo 2 dmOo
n`ªV Ë`m§Mm doJ OmñV AgVmo d Z§Va Vmo H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVmo. `m dmè`m§Mm doJ Vmer 15 Vo 20 {H$._r. AgVmo.
161
2)
_VbB© dmao (Land Breeze)
gy`m©ñVmZ§Va ^yn¥îR>mbm {_iUmar CîUVm g§nwîQ>mV `oVo. amÌ hmoVmM {Xdgm {_imboë`m CîUVoMo CËgO©Z
hmoD$ bmJVo. O_rZrÀ`m ^mJmH$Sy>Z doJmZo CîUVoMo CËgO©Z hmoVo d Vo bdH$a W§S> hmoVmV `m CbQ> nmÊ`mÀ`m
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_mª_wio nmUr W§S> hmoÊ`mgmR>r doi bmJVmo. amÌrÀ`m doir O_rZrda H$_r Vmn_mZ d
Ob^mJmda VwbZoZo OmñV Vmn_mZ AgVo. dm`w^mamMr pñWVr `m CbQ> AgVo. O_rZrda OmñV dm`w^ma d nmÊ`mda/
gmJa^mJmda H$_r dm`y^ma Agë`mZo O_rZrH$S>yZ gmJa^mJmH$S>o dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV. g_wÐ gm{ZÜ`mVrb `m
amÌrÀ`m dmè`m§ZmM "_VbB© dmao' (Land Breeze) Ago åhUVmV.
_VbB© dmao amÌr 10 Vo 11 nmgyZ gH$mir 7 Vo 8 dmOn`ªV dmhVmV. amÌr 2 dmOon`ªV `m dmè`m§Mm doJ
OmñV AgVmo ho dmao gamgar Vmer 15 Vo 20 {H$._r doJmZo dmhVmV.
Imao d _VbB© dmao O_rZrda gw_mao 25 Vo 30 {H$._r A§Vamn`ªV Va g_wÐmda 35 Vo 45 {H$._r A§Vamn`ªV
dmhVmV. `m dmè`m§À`m à^mdm_wioM g_wÐgm{ZÜ`mVrb àXoem§Mr Vmn_mZH$jm H$_r AgVo d `oWrb hdm_mZ g_
ñdê$nmMo AgVo. åhUOoM `oWo CÝhmio d {hdmio \$ma H$S>H$ ñdê$nmMo AgV ZmhrV.
H$ .
S>m|Jar d XarVrb dmao (Mountain and Valley winds)
X¡{ZH$ Vmn_mZmÀ`m {^ÞVo_wio S>m|Jami àXoemV `m dmè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. S>moJar dmao amÌrÀ`m doir
S>m|Jamdê$Z CVmambm AZwgê$Z Jwê$Ëdr` à^mdmZo Xar àXoemH$S>o dmhVmV Va XarVrb dmao Xar àXoemH$Sy>Z S>m|Ja
_mÏ`mH$S>o {Z`_rV na§Vw {d{eîR> doioV dmhVmV.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.4
162
1.
S>m|Jar dmao (Mountain winds)
àXoemÀ`m C§Mrbm AZwgê$Z S>m|Ja _mWo d Xar àXoemV {Xdgm d amÌr {^ÞVm AmT>iVo. gy`m©nmgyZ
{Xdg^a {_imboë`m CîUVoMo amÌr CËgO©Z gwê$ hmoVo. S>m|Ja _mÏ`mMm ^mJ bdH$a CîUVm CËgOuV H$aVmo d
bdH$a W§S> hmoVmo. åhUyZM S>m|Ja_mWo/ nd©V {eIam§Mo ^mJ "CËgO©Z {IS>H$s' (Radiation window) åhUyZ
AmoiIbo OmVmV. `m CbQ> Xar àXoemVrb hdoMo Vmn_mZ VwbZoZo OmñV AgVo. n[aUm_r S>m|Ja _mÏ`mda OmñV ^ma
d XaràXoemV H$_r ^ma {Z_m©U hmoVmo. amÌr S>m|Ja _mÏ`mH$Sy>Z XaràXoemH$S>o dmao dmhVmV. `m§ZmM " S>m|Jardmao'
(Mountain winds) Ago åhUVmV. `m§Mr {Xem CVmamdê$Z Imbr Agë`mZo `m§Zm "AYmo_wIr CVma dmao'
(Down slope winds) Agohr åhUVmV.
2)
XarVrb dmao (Valley winds)
gw`m}X`mZ§Va gdm©V àW_ S>m|Ja _mÏ`mda gy`©{H$aU nS>VmV d ho ^mJ bdH$a Vmny bmJVmV. Xar àXoem§À`m
VwbZoV S>mJ| a_mÏ`mdarb hdm bdH$a> VmnVo d `oWo H$_r ^ma àXoem§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoV.o `m àXoem§À`m VwbZoV XaràXoemVrb
hdm W§S> AgVo. n[aUm_r `oWo OmñV dm`y^ma AgVmo. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ {Xdgm XaràXoemH$Sy>Z S>m|Ja _mÏ`mH$S>o
dmao dmhÿ bmJVmV `m§Zm " XarVrb dmao ' (Valley Winds) Ago åhUVmV. ho dmao CVmambm AZwgê$Z daVr
dmhV Agë`mZo `m§Zm "CÜd©_wIr CVma dmao' (upslope winds) Ago åhUVmV.
3.2.5 ñWm{ZH$ dmao (Local winds)
n¥ÏdrVbmda doJdoJiçm àXoem§_Ü`o {d{eîR> ñWm{ZH$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr_wio dmè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
`m dmè`m§Zm " ñWm{ZH$ dmao ' (Local winds ) Ago åhUVmV. ho dmao Á`m àXoemdê$Z dmhVmV Ë`m àXoemVrb
Vmn_mZ, AmЩVm d nO©Ý` `m hdoÀ`m joÌm_Ü`o n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUVmV. åhUOoM Ë`m àXoem§À`m hdm_mZmV ~Xb
KS>dyZ AmUVmV. åhUyZM ñWm{ZH$ dmao Xo{Ib EImXçm àXoemÀ`m hdm_mZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hËdmMo _mZbo OmVmV.
OJmVrb H$m§hr {d{eîR> àXoemVyZ dmhUmao dmao nwT>rb à_mUo 1)
CîU dmao (Hot winds)
dmè`mMo Zmd
àXoe
1.
\$m°Z
`wamon( Amëng)
2.
{MZwH$
g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo (am°{H$O)
3.
{gamoŠH$mo
`wamon (BQ>br, J«rg)
4.
Im_grZ
CËVa Am{\«$H$m (B{Oá)
5.
ha_mQ>Z
{JZr (n. Am[\«$H$m)
6.
by, Zm°d}ñQ>a
^maV ( C. _¡XmZ)
7.
g±Q>m A°Zmg
g§`wŠV g§ñWmZo ( H°${b\$mo{Z©`m)
163
8.
~J©
X{jU Am{\«$H$m
9.
go_Zw
BamU
10.
{~«H$ {\$ëS>g©
Am°ñQ´>o{b`m (pìhŠQ>mo[a`m)
11.
Pm|S>m
AO}Q>rZm
12)
gmob°Zmo
n. `wamon( ñnoZ)
13.
H$am~wamZ
_Ü` Am{e`m ( Aao{~`Z dmid§Q>)
14)
{g_yZ
_Ü` Am{e`m ( Aao{~`Z dmid§Q>)
2)
W§S> dmao (Cold winds)
dmè`mMo Zmd
àXoe
1.
~moam
{J«Zb±S> d Am§Q>mpŠQ>©H$m
2.
Q´>_° m±Q>mZo
`waon (Am°pñQ´>`m)
3.
{_ñQ´>b
`wamon (\«$mÝg)
4.
nyJm©
_Ü` Am{e`m (Aao{~`Z dmid§Q>)
5.
pãbPmS>©
Am[ŠQ>©H$ Qw>§S´>m( g¡~oar`m, H°$ZS>m)
6.
J«rJob
_mëQ>m (X. A_oarH$m)
7.
{S>brZm°g
X. A_oarH$m (AO]Q>rZm)
8.
nÝnamg
~«mPrb, AOoªQ>rZm
9.
~wñQ>a
Ý`wPrb§S>
10
Job
Am§Q>m{ŠQ>©H$m
3.2.6 OoQ> àdmh (Jet Steam) :
""^yn¥îR>mdarb gm_mÝ` dmè`m§À`m àdmh MH«$mdaVr ^yn¥îR>mnmgyZ 5000 Vo 10,000 _rQ>a C§Mrdarb
Cƒ dmVmdaUr` hdoMo àdmh åhUOoM OoQ> àdmh (Jet Steam) hmo`.''
Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV A_oarH$Z {d_mZm§Zm n{hë`m§Xm `m OoQ>àdmhm§Mm AZw^d Ambm. OoQ> àdmh ho g_wÐ
àdmhm§ gmaIoM AgVmV. `m§Mr bm§~r hOmamo {H$bmo_rQ>g© AgyZ OmS>r 2 Vo 5 {H$._r. ê§$Xr 200 Vo 500
{H$bmo_rQ>g© AgVo. `m àdmhm§Mm doJ Vmgr 200 Vo 500 {H$bmo_rQ>g© AgVmo. CÝhmiçm§À`m VwbZoV {hdmiçmV
`m dmè`§mMm doJ WmoS>m OmñV AgVmo.
164
OoQ> àdmhm§À`m {Z{_©VrMr H$maUo AmOhr {ZpíMV ñdê$nmV ñnîQ> Pmbobr ZmhrV. Var XoIrb Cƒ
dmVmdaUmVrb dm`y^ma `m àdmhm§À`m {Z_uVrg H$maUr^yV Agë`mMo _mZbo OmVo. Cƒ dmVmdaUmg Y«w{d` àXoemV
H$_r^ma d {dfwdd¥ËVr` àXoemV OmñV ^ma H$m`©aV AgVmo. `mVyZM OoQ> àdmhm§Mr {Z_uVr hmoVo. `m {edm`
{dfwdd¥ËVr` dm`wamer d Y«w{d` dm`wamer XoIrb OoQ> àdmhm§À`m {Z{_©Vrg H$maUr^yV AmhoV.
OoQ> àdmhm§Mo ñWmZ 25 A§e Vo 35 A§e Ajm§emÀ`m Xaå`mZ Amho. XmoÝhr JmobmY©mV ho àdmh H$m`©aV
AgVmV. Cƒ dmVmdaUmV npíM_oH$Sy>Z dmhUmao ho hdoMo àdmh ZmJ_moS>r qH$dm diUm§Zr dmhmVmV. Cƒ
dmVmdaUmVrb ^yAmdV© dmè`m§er (Geostrophic winds) `m§Mo ~aoM gmÜ`å`© AgVo. OoQ> àdmhm§Mm n[aUm_
hdm_mZmda hmoVmZm {XgVmo. {deofV… _Ü` H$Q>r~§YmVrb (g_{eVmoîU H$Q>r~§Yr` àXoe) àXoem§À`m hdm_mZmda
`m§Mm à^md OmZdVmo. _Ü` H${Q>~§YmVrb AmdVmªMr {Z{_©Vr, nO©Ý`, ~\©$d¥îQ>r, YwHo$ `mda OoQ> àdmhm§Mm n[aUm_
hmoVmo.
3.2.7 dm`yamer (Air Masses)
"{dñV¥V bm§~r, ê§$Xr d OmS>r Agbobm ^yn¥îR>mOdiMm dmVmdaUmMm ^mJ åhUOoM dm`yamer hmo`'.
àM§S> AmH$mamÀ`m hdoMm Wa åhUOoM dm`yamer hmo`. dm`wametMm {dñVma hOmamo {H$._r. bm§~, hOmamo {H$._r. ê§$X
d eoH$S>mo {H$._r. OmS> AgVmo. EdT>çm àM§S> AmH$mamMr hdm dmhÿ bmJVo. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zm dm`yamer åhUVmV.
dm`yamer hçm Ë`m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_m©dê$Z AmoiIë`m OmVmV. dm`wametMo Vmn_mZ AmЩVm ho dm`y
amer§Mo _w»` ^m¡{VH$ JwYU_© ñnîQ> H$aVmV. `m JwUY_m©daM dm`wametMr pñWaVm Adb§~yZ AgVo. dm`wametMo
^m¡{VH$ JwUY_© ho Vr dm`wamer Á`m àXemoV {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. CXm- {dfwdd¥ËVr` àXoemV
{Z_m©U hmoUmar dm`wamer CîU AgVo Va Y«w{d` àXoemV {Z_m©U hmoUmar dm`wamer W§S> AgVo. g§nyÊ©m dm`wamer _Ü`o
^m¡{VH$ JwUY_© g_mZ AgVmV.
CËnËVr àXoemnmgyZ dm`yamímr dmhÿ bmJë`mda Ë`m§Mo ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_© ~XbVmV. VgoM Ë`m Á`m àXoemVyZ
dmhVmV. Ë`m àXoem§À`m hdm_mZmdahr n[aUm_ H$aVmV. åhUyZM dm`wametMm Aä`mg hdm_mZemñÌmV _hËdmMm
_mZbm OmVom. CXm. Y«wdr` W§S> dm`wamer {dfwdd¥ËVmH$S>o dmhÿ bmJë`mda VrMo ñdV…Mo Vmn_mZ dmTy> bmJVo Va Vr
Á`m àXoemdê$Z dmhVo Ë`m àXoemMo Vmn_mZ H$_r H$aVo.
CËnËVr àXoe / ñÌmoV àXoe / AmYma àXoe (Source Region) hm dm`yametÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gdm©V
_hËdmMm _mZbm OmVmo d åhUyZM CËnËVr àXoedaVr AmYmabobo dm`wam§etMo dJuH$aÊm hr `mo½` qH$dm n`m©á
_mZbo OmVo. CËnËVr àXoemZwgma dm`wametMo nwT>rb Mma àH$ma Ho$bo OmVV.
1.
CîU H${Q>~§Yr` ^yI§S>r` dm`yamer
2.
CîU H${Q>~§Yr` _hmgmJar` dm`yamer
3
erV H${Q>~§Yr` ^yI§S>r` dm`yamer
4.
erV H${Q>~§Yr` _hmgmJar` dm`yamer
165
Aem {^Þ àXoemVrb {^Þ hdm_mZmÀ`m / ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_m©À`m dm`wamer CËnËVr àXoe gmoSy>Z dmhÿ bmJë`mda
EH$_oH$s¨À`m g§nH$m©V `oVmV. Ë`m§Mo Vmn_mZ, AmЩVm d Ë`m§Mr KZVm `m§À`mV {^ÞVm Agë`mZo Ë`m EH$_oH$sV
{_giV ZmhrV. Va Ë`m§À`mV EH$ gr_m qH$dm {df_Vm nmVir V`ma hmoVo. Ë`m gr_maofobm qH$dm {df_VoÀ`m
nmVirbm " AmKmS>r' (Front) Ago åhUVmV. hr {g_maofm åhUOo EH$ g§H«$_U nQ²Q>m AgVmo Ë`mbm " {dbJVm
{d^mJ' (Zone of Discountinuty) Agohr åhUVmV.
Á`mdoir XmoZ {^Þ JwUY_m©À`m dm`wamer EH$_oH$s¨g_moa `oVmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m EH$_oH$s¨Zm Amobm§S>yZ OmÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmV. W§S> dm`wamer dOZmZo OS> Agë`mZo ^yn¥îR>mbJV amhVo Va CîU dm`wamer dOZmZo hbH$s Agë`mZo
W§S> dm`wamerda MT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. `mVyZM AmdV©m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. g_erVmoîU H$Q>r~§Yr` àXoe {dfwdd¥ËVr`
d Y«wdr` dm`wametÀ`m {_bZmMo àXoe åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. åhUyZM dm`wametMm à^md g_erVmoîU H$Q>r~§Yr`
hdm_mZmda OmñV à_mUmV hmoVmZm {XgVmo. H$moUVr dm`wamer OmñV {H«$`merb (Active) Amho `mda {Z_m©U
hmoUmè`m AmKmS>tMm àH$ma R>aVmo. CXm. CîUdm`wamer OmñV {H«$`mímrb Agë`mg {Z_m©U hmoUmar AmKmS>r " CîU
AmKmS>r' (Warm Front) AgVo Va W§S> dm`wamer {H«$`merb Agë`mg Aer AmKmS>r " W§S> AmKmS>r'
(Cold Front) åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
3.3.1 AmЩVoMo àH$ma (Types of Humdidity)
Á`m à_mUo hdobm d BVa dm`y§Zm dOZ AgVo Ë`mM à_mUo dm`wê$n AdñWoVrb nmÊ`mbm qH$dm ~mînmbmhr
dOZ AgVo. ~mînmÀ`m `m dOZr à_mUmZwgma hdoVrb ~mînmMm qH$dm AmЩVoMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. hdoVrb
~mînmMo à_mU _moOÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr dê$ZM AmЩVoMo {d{dY àH$mao dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. `m_Ü`o {Zanoj AmЩVm,
{d{eï> AmЩVm d gmnoj AmЩVm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. AmЩVoMo ho àH$ma nwT>rb à_mUo 1)
{Zanoj AmЩVm (Absolute Humidity)
{Zanoj AmX«©Vm åhUOoM EImÚm àXoemVrb [d{eï> doir, {d{eï> AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m, {d{eð> Vmn_mZmÀ`m
hdoVrb ~mînmMo dOZr à_mU hmo`. CXm. EImÚm àXoemVrb 1 KZ_rQ>a AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m, 50 g|.J«o. Vmn_mZmÀ`m
hdo_Ü`o 5 J«°_ ~mîn Agë`mg Vr Ë`m hdoMr {Zanoj AmЩVm hmo`.
{Zanoj AmЩVm hr hdoMo AmH$ma_mZ d Vmn_mZ `mdê$Z R>a{dbr OmVo. Vmn_mZmZwgma hdoMo AmH$ma_mZ
~XbV Agë`mZo AmЩVo_Ü`ohr ~Xb hmoVmZm {XgVmo. åhUyZM hdm_mZmÀ`m Aä`mgmV {Zanoj AmЩVm H$mb~mø
dmQy> bmJbr d AmЩVoÀ`m _moO_mnmgmR>r Xwgar nÜXVr ApñVËdmV Ambr.
2)
{d{eï> AmЩVm (Specific Humidity)
{d{eï> Vmn_mZmMr d {d{eï> AmH$ma_mZmMr hdm dmVmdaUmV C§M Joë`mg qH$dm Imbr Amë`mg
VrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV ~Xb hmoVmo. n[aUm_r hdoMo AmH$ma_mZhr ~XbVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m hdoÀ`m {Zanoj AmЩVo_Ü`o ~Xb
KSy>Z `oVmo. hm ~Xb dmVmdaUmÀ`m d hdm_mZmÀ`m Aä`mgmg `mo½` ZgVmo. `mda Cnm` åhUyZ AmЩVoÀ`m
_moO_mnmgmR>r ZdrZ nÜXVr dmnamV Ambr.
166
""EImÚm àXoemVrb {d{eï> dOZmÀ`m hdoV ~mînmMo OodT>o dOZr ^mJ à_mU AgVo Ë`mbm Ë`m hdoMr
{d{eï> AmЩVm Ago åhUVmV.''
CXm. 1000 J«°_ dOZmÀ`m hdo_Ü`o 1000 J«°_ ~mînmMo à_mU Agë`mg Vr Ë`m hdoMr {d{eï> AmЩVm
_mZbr OmVo.
{d{eï> dOZmMr hdm dmVmdaUmV C§M Joë`mg qH$dm Imbr Amë`mg VrÀ`m Vmn_mZmV ~Xb hmoVmo.
AmH$ma_mZmV ~Xb hmoVmo na§Vy {VÀ`m dOZmV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr n[aUm_r Ë`m hdoÀ`m {d{eï> AmЩVoV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr
åhUyZM dmVmdaUmÀ`m d hdm_mZmÀ`m Aä`mgmV {d{eï> AmЩVm _hÎdmMr _mZVmV.
3)
gmnoj AmЩVm (Relative Humdity)
{d{eï> AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m d Vmn_mZmÀ`m hdoVrb ~mînmMo àË`j à_mU d Ë`mM Vmn_mZmdarb hdoMr
~mînYmaUeº$s `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOoM gmnoj AmЩVm hmo`. Xwgè`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Pmë`mg hdoMr {Zanoj
AmЩVm d Ë`mM hdoMr ~mînYmaUeº$s `m§Mr VwbZm qH$dm JwUmoÎma åhUOoM "gmnoj AmЩVm' hmo`. gmnoj AmЩVm
AnyUmªH$mV qH$dm Q>¸o$dmarV gm§{JVbr OmVo. ~mînYmaU eº$sÀ`m AZwf§JmZo qH$dm VwbZoZo {Zanoj AmЩVm gm§JrVbr
OmVo. åhUyZM Vrbm gmnoj AmЩVm Ago åh§Q>bo OmVo.
H$moUË`mhr àXoemMr qH$dm {R>H$mUmMr gmnoj AmЩVm eyÝ` qH$dm 0% AgV Zmhr. H$maU hdm {H$Vrhr
H$moaS>r Agbr Var {VÀ`mV WmoS>mVar ~mînmMm A§e AgVmoM hdoVrb ~mînmMo à_mU dmT>bo AgVm gmnoj AmЩVmhr
dmT>V OmVo. hdoÀ`m H$_mb ~mînYmaU eº$s EdT>o ~mîn Oa Ë`m hdo_Ü`o gm_mdbo Jobo Va Ë`m hdoMr gmnoj
AmЩVm 100% hmoVo `m hdoV `m nwT>o OmñV ~mîn gm_mdbo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. Aem hdobm "~mîng§àŠV hdm
(Saturated Air) åhUVmV Oa ~mînYmaUeº$s nojm ~mînmMo à_mU 10
H$_r Agob Va Vr hdm Ag§àŠV hdm
gmnj
o AmÐV©m = × 100= 100%
(Unsaturated Air) åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
10
EImÚm àXoemVrb {Zanoj AmЩVm d VoWrb hdoMr ~mînYmaUeº$s `m§Mr VwbZm H$ê$Z Ë`m àXoemVrb
hdoMr gmnoj AmЩVm R>adVm `oVo. Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb gwÌmMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV.
gmnj
o AmÐV©m (%)=
{Zanj
o AmЩVm
×100
~ mînYmaUeº r
CXm. : 1 KZ_rQ>a AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m 100 g|.J«o. Vmn_mZmÀ`m hdoMr {Zanoj AmЩVm 10 J«°_ Agë`mg {VMr gmnoj
AmЩVm nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.
åhUOoM hdoÀ`m ~mînYmaUeº$s EdT>o ~mîn Oa àË`j Ë`m hdo_Ü`o Agë`mg Ë`m hdoMr gmnoj AmX«©Vm
100% AgVo åhUOoM Vr hdm ~mîng§àº$ AgVo.
167
CXm. 1 KZ_rQ>a Amma_mZmÀ`m 100 g|.J«o. Vmn_mZmÀ`m hdoMr {Zanoj AmЩVm 5 J«°_ Agë`mg Ë`m hdoMr gmnoj
AmЩVm nwT>rbà_mUo Agob.
åhUOoM hdoÀ`m ~mînYmaUeº$snojm H$_r ~mîn Oa Ë`m hdo_Ü`o àË`j gm_mdbobo Agë`mg Ë`m
hdoMr gmnoj AmЩVm 100% nojm H$_r AgVo. Aer hdm AOyZ OmñV ~mîn gm_mD$Z KoD$ eH$Vo. {Vbm Ag§àº$
hdm Ago åhUVmV.
gmnoj AmЩVoMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amoë`m d H$moaS>çm \w$½`mMm Vmn_mnH$ (Wet and Dry Bulb
Thermometer) dmnaVmV. Va gmnoj AmЩVoMr gVV EH$ AmR>dS>çmMr Zm|X R>odÊ`mgmR>r AmЩVm boIH$
(Hair Hygrograph) ho CnH$aU dmnaVmV.
dmVmdaUmÀ`m d hdm_mZmÀ`m Amä`mgmV AmЩVm hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ _mZbm OmVmo. hdoMo dmVmdaUr`
A{dîH$ma Ogo X§d, X{hda, YwHo$, nO©Ý` B. dmVmdaUmVrb AmЩVo da Adb§~yZ AgVmV.Y«w{d` d dmid§Q>r
àXoem§À`m VwbZoV {dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoemV AmЩVm OmñV Agë`mZo VoWo nO©Ý`mMo à_mU OmñV AmT>iVo. AmЩVoÀ`m
à_mUmda Ë`m àXoemVrb hdm_mZ R>aV AgVo. gmJagm{ZÜ`mVrb àXoemV AmЩVm OmñV Agë`mZo VoWrb hdm_mZ
CîU d X_Q> ñdê$nmMo AgVo Va I§S>mVJ©V ^mJ d dmid§Q>m_Ü`o hdm H$moaS>r Agë`mZo VoWrb hdm_mZ CîU d
H$moaS>o ~Zbo Amho. n¥ÏdrVbmdarb dZñnVr d àmUr `m gOrdm§À`m Ñï>rZo Va AmЩVm IwnM _hÎdmMr _mZbr
OmVo.
5
gmnj
o AmÐV©m (%) = × 100= 50%
10
3.3.2 AmЩVm (Humidity)
n¥Ïdr^modVmbÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb dm`y YwbrH$aU `m ~amo~aM dmVmdaUmV dm`wê$n AdñWoV ApñVËdmV
Agbobo nmUr qH$dm ~mîn åhUOoM " AmX©Vm' hmo`.
Vmn_mZ, dm`w^ma, dmao `m§À`m ~amo~arZoM dmVmdaUr` AmЩVm XoIrb hdm d hdm_mZmMm EH$ _hËdmMm
KQ>H$ _mZbm OmVmo. dZñnVr, àmUr d _mZdr OrdZmda AmX«©VoMm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Xd, X{hda, YwHo$, nO©Ý`
`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr AmЩVodaM Adb§~yZ AgVo. dmVmdaUr` AmX«©VoMo à_mU gd©Ì gmaIo AgV Zmhr CîU H$Q>r~§YmV
Vo 4% , _Ü` H$Q>r~§YmV 3%, Va dmid§Q>r àXoe , Y«w{d` àXoemV 2% qH$dm Ë`mnojm H$_r AgVo. VgoM EHy$U
df©^amV gd© H$mi AmЩVm gmaIr AgV Zmhr. CÝhmiçmV {deofV… nmdgmiçmV AmX«©Vm gdm©{YH$ AgVo Va
{hdmiçmV gdm©V H$_r AgVo åhUOoM ñWiH$mimZwgma AmЩVm ~XbVmZm {XgVo.
dmVmdaUmVrb hr AmЩVm ~mînr^dZ (Evaporation) {H«$`odaVr Adb§~yZ AgVo"" Á`m {H«$`o_wio
nmÊ`mMo qH$dm ~\$m©Mo ê$nm§Va dm\o$_Ü`o hmoVo Ë`m {H«o$`obm ~mînr^dZ åhUVmV''. qH$dm ""Ðdê$n qH$dm KZê$n
AdñWoVrb nmUrm dm`wê$n AdñWoV namdVuV hmoVo Vr {H«$`m åhUOoM ~mînr^dZ hmo`.'' ~mînr^dZmMr {H«$`m
hdoMo Vmn_mZ VgoM CnbãY Obme` `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. OmñV Vmn_mZmÀ`m àXoemV hdoVrb AmЩVoMo à_mU
OmñV AgVo Va Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmbo AgVm hdoVrb AmЩVmhr H$_r hmoVo.
168
n¥ÏdrVbmdarb _hmgmJa d g_wÐ hr ~mînmMr à_wI CJ_ñWmZo AmhoV. `m{edm` gamodao, Vbmd, ZXçm,
{dhrar, AaÊ`o `m§À`mnmgyZ XoIrb dmVmdaUmbm AmЩVM
o m nwadR>m hmoVmo. dZñnVtÀ`m nmZmÛmao hmoUmao " ~mînmoËgO©Z
(Evapo- Transpiration ) ~mîn{Z{_©VrgmR>r Cn`wŠV _mZbo OmVo. O_rZr§À`m VwbZoV Ob^mJmda AmЩVoMo
à_mU OmñV AgVo åhUyZM ^y_rI§S>mÀ`m VwbZoV _hmgmJamda AmЩVm OmñV Amho. XmoÝhr JmobmYmªMm {dMma
H$aVm CËVa JmobmYm©À`m VwbZoV X{jU JmobmYm©V AmЩVoMo à_mU OmñV Amho. AmЩVoÀ`m Ajm§er` {dVaUmMm
{dMma H$aVm XmoÝhr JmobmYm©V 10 A§e Vo 20 A§e Ajm§em_Ü`o ì`mnmar dmè`m§À`m à^mdjoÌmV AmЫ©VoMo à_mU
gdm©{YH$ AgVo.
dmVmdaUmVrb ObMH«$mÛmao (Hydrological cycle) g§nyU© gOrdg¥îQ>rbm AmЩVoMm nwadR>m Ho$bm
OmVmo. gy`m©À`m CîUVo_wio nmÊ`mMo ê$nm§Va ~mînmV hmoVo. C§M dmVmdaUmV ~mînmMo T>J V`ma hmoVmV. gm§Ðr^dZ
(Condensetion) {H«$`oÛmam ~mînmMo nwÝhm nmÊ`m_Ü`o ê$nm§Va hmoVo. d¥îQ>rÀ`m (Precipitation) ê$nmZo nmUr
nwÝhm ^yn¥îR>mda AdVaVo. ^yn¥îR>mdarb ho nmUr ZXçm, Zmbo, AmoT>o `m§À`m ñdê$nmV nwÝhm gmJambm {_iVo. åhUOoM
gmJa {d^mJmH$Sy>Z ^y^mJmH$S>o d ^y^mJmH$Sy>Z nwÝhm gmJa^mJmH$S>o hmoUmao ~mînmMo dhZ' ObMH«$ åhÊmyZ AmoiIbo
OmVo.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.5
1 J«°_ dOZmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Vmn_mZ 10 gopëgAgZo dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r 1 H°$bar EdT>r CîUVm bmJVo. 1 J«°_
~\$m©Mo nmÊ`mV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r 79 H°$bar EdT>r bmJVo. Va 1 J«_° dOZmÀ`m ~\$m©Mo ~mînmV ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r
607 H°$bar CîUVm Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUOoM ~\$m©Mo qH$dm nmÊ`mMo ~mînmV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mgmR>r OodT>r CîUVm
bmJVo VodT>r CîUVm Ë`m ~mînm_Ü`o ApñVËdmV AgVo. ~mînmVrb `m gwámdñWoVrb CîUVoÀ`m "gwá CîUVm qH$dm
AZX²^D$V CîUVm (Latant Heat)' Ago åhUVmV hrM CîUVm gm§Ðr^dZ {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVmZm nyÝhm dmVmdaUmV
gmoS>br OmVo. `m CîUVoMm n[aUm_ dmVmdaUmVrb A{^gaUàdmh (Convectional currents) dmXio,
dmVmdaUr` Ii~ir (Atmospheric Disturbance), CƒdmVmdaUr` {dn[aVVm (Upper Atmosphic
Inversion) `m§À`mdaVr hmoVmo.
169
1 KZ_rQ>a AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m doJdoJù`m Vmn_mZmdarb ~mîn YmaU eº$s
hdoMo Vmn_mZ
(A§e gopëgAg)
~mînYmaUeº$s
(J«°_)
0
5.5
5
7.4
10
10.0
15
13.4
20
17.8
25
23.5
dmVmdaUmVrb ~mîn d Vmn_mZ `m§Mm g_ ñdê$nmMm g§~§Y Amho. hdoMo Vmn_mZ dmT>bo AgVm hdoMr
~mîn YmaUmeº$shr dmT>Vo. Va Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmbo AgVm hdoMr ~mînYmaUmeº$s H$_r hmoVo. darb H$moï>H$mdê$Z
Ago bjmV `oVo H$s {d{eð> AmH$ma_mZmMr hdm {d{eï> Vmn_mZmda {d{eï> dOZmMo ~mîn gm_mD$Z KoVo. `mbmM
Ë`m hdoMr "~mînYmaUeº$s' Ago åhUVmV. àË`jmV VodT>o ~mîn Oa Ë`m hdoV Agob Va Aer hdm "~mîn g§àº$
hdm' åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo.
CXm. 150 g|.J«o. Vmn_mZmMm, 1 KZ_rQ>a AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m hdo_Ü`o Oa 13.4 J«°_ ~mîn Agob Va Vr
hdm ~mîng§àº$ hdm _mZbr OmVo.
~mîng§àº$ hdoMo Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmë`mg VrÀ`mVrb Á`mXm ~mînmMo gm§Ðr^dZ hmoVo d ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va
nmÊ`mV qH$dm ~\$m©V hmoVo. d¥ï>rÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o {deoV: nO©Ý`mMm {Z{_©VrgmR>r hr {H«$`m _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo.
{dfwdd¥Îmr` àoXem§_Ü`o hdoMo Vmn_mZ Zoh_rM OmñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio VoWrb hdoV ~mînmMo à_mUhr OmñV
AgVo. Aem hdoMo Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmë`mg nmD$g nS>Vmo. Va Y«wdr` àXoemV Vmn_mZ H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wio VoWrb
hdoV ~mînmMo à_mU H$_r AgVo. n[aUm_r Aem dmVmdaUmV nmdgmMr eŠ`Vm H$_r hmoVo.
3.4
gm§Ðr^dZ / g§KZZ (Condensation) :
"hdoVrb qH$dm dmVmdaUmVrb ~mîn, Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmë`m_wio nyÝhm ObH$UmV qH$dm {h_H$UmV
ê$nm§VarV hmoÊ`mMr {H«$`m åhUOoM gm§Ðr^dZ qH$dm g§KZZ hmo`.'
Ag§n¥º$m hdm qH$dm 100% nojm H$_r gmnoj AmЩVm Agbobr hdm Vmn_mZ H$_r hmoV Joë`mZo W§S> hmoD$
bmJVo. n[aUm_r VrMr ~mînYmaUeº$s H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo. eodQ>r Vr hdm ~mîng§n¥º$~ZVo. åhUOoM VrMr
gmnoj AmЩVm 100% hmoVo. ""Ag§n¥º$ hdm Á`m {d{eï> Vmn_mZmÀ`m nmVirda ~mîng§n¥º$ hmoVo Ë`m Vmn_mZmbm
qH$dm Vmn_mZmÀ`m nmVirbm Xdq~Xy qH$dm Xdm§H$ (Dew Point) Ago åhUVmV.''
170
dmVmdaUrVrb gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m _w»`V: XmoZ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. `m_Ü`o VoWrb hdoMr gmnoj
AmЩVm d hdoMo Vmn_mZ. AmЩVm`wº$ hdoMo Vmn_mZ H$_r hmoV Joë`mg Vr ~mîn g§n¥º$ ~ZVo d _moR>çm à_mUmV
gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo. gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m hmoVmZm dm\o$Mo ê$nm§Va ObH$UmV qH$dm {h_H$UmV hmoV
AgVo. `m ObH$Um§À`m qH$dm {h_H$Um§À`m {Z{_©Vrbm Á`m YwbrH$Um§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo Ë`m§Zm "ObmH$f©H$
YwbrH$U (Hygroscopic Nuclei) Ago åhUVmV.
gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m hmoV AgVmZm Vmn_mZmMr nmVir (Xdq~Xy qH$dm Xdm§H$) Oa JmoR>Uq~XyÀ`m daVr
Agob Va ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va (ObH$UmV) Xd, YwHo$, T>J qH$dm nmD$g Aem doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmV hmoVmZm {XgVo.
Am{U Oa, gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m hmoVmZm Xdq~Xy qH$dm Xdm§H$ JmoR>Uq~XyÀ`m (00 g|.J«o.) À`m Imbr Agob Va
~mînmMo ê$nm§Va {h_H$UmV hmoVo d X{hda Jmam qH$dm {h_dfm© `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
gm§Ðr^dZmÀ`m {H«$`ogmR>r hdo_Ü`o ^anya AmЩVm Agmdr bmJVo. VgoM Ë`m hdoMo Vmn_mZ H$_r ìhmdo
bmJVo. Vmn_mZ H$_r hmoÊ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmdê$Z gm§Ðr^dZmMo J{Verb d pñWVrerb Ago àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
1)
J{Verb gm§Ðr^dZ (Dynamic Condensation)
Vmn_mZmÀ`m ~Xbmbm AZwgê$Z hdoMo CÜdJm_r àdmh gwê$ hmoVmV ^yn¥ð>mOdi hdm VmnVo. àgaU nmdVo,
dOZmZo hbH$s hmoVo d dmVmdaUmV C§M OmD$ bmJVo. Ë`m_wio Vr W§S> hmoVo d {Vbm Xdm§H$ àmá hmoVmo da Joë`mda Vr
W§S> hmoVo d {Vbm Xdm§H$ àmá hmoVmo d g§mÐr^dZmMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo. `mbmM J{Verb gm§Ðr^dZ Ago åhUVmV.
CîU d W§S> dm`wametÀ`m EH$Ì `oÊ`mZohr C§M dmVmdaUmV gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m KS>V.o åhUyZM `mbm CƒdmVmdaUr`
gm§Ðr^dZ (Uppar Atmospheric Condensation) Agohr åhUVmV. `m àH$maÀ`m gm§Ðr^dZmZo T>Jm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVo.
2)
pñWVrerb gm§Ðr^dZ (Static Condensation)
amÌrÀ`mdoir {deofV: {hdmù`mV ^yn¥ð>mÀ`m AË`m{YH$ CîUVm CËgO©ZmZo Vmn_mZ EH$X_ H$_r hmoVo.
nhmQ>oÀ`m doir ^yn¥ð>mH$S>rb CîUVoMo CËgO©Z g§nyï>mV `oVo d ^yn¥ð>mOdi Vmn_mZ Xdm§H$ nmVirda nmohmoMVo. Aem
doir ^yn¥ð>mOdi gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo Am{U ObH$U d {h_H$Um§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `mbmM pñWVrerb
gm§Ðr^dZ qH$dm ^yn¥ð>r` gm§Ðr^dZ (Surface Condensation) Ago åhUVmV. `m àH$maÀ`m gm§Ðr^dZmZo
X§d, X{hda, YwHo$ `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
EHy$UM hdm_mZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. gm§Ðr^dZm_wioM d¥ï>rMr gd©
ê$no X§d, X{hda, YwHo$, Jmam, nO©Ý`, {h_d¥ï>r `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVmZm _moR>çm à_mUmV
AZX²^yV CîUVm / Jwá CîUVm (Latant Heat) dmVmdaUmbm nyadbr OmVo. `m CîUVo_wio hdoV ApñWaVm
(Instability) {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m ApñWaVo_wio dmVmdaUmV A{^gaU àdmh (Convectional Current)
{Z_m©U hmoVmV d nO©Ý`mbm nmofH$ pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo.
171
3.2.4 d¥ï>r (Precipitation) :
dmVmdaUmVrb ~mîn gm§Ðr^dZmÀ`m {H«$`oZo X§d, X{hda, YwHo$, nO©Ý`, {h_d¥ï>r `m ñdê$nmV Ñî`_mZ hmoVo
qH$dm {Xgy bmJVo Ë`mdoir Ë`mbm "d¥ï>r' Ago åhUVmV. d¥ï>rMr hr {d{dY ê$no hdm_mZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo d gOrdm§À`m
Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVmV. d¥ï>rMr hr {^Þ ê$no H$Yr O{_Zrda pñWamdbobr AgVmV. H$Yr hdoV Va§JV
amhVmV Va H$Yr C§M dmVmdaUmV {XgyZ `oVmV. Ë`m§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr nwT>rb à_mUo.
1)
X§d (Dew) Am{U X{hda (Frost)
nhmQ>oÀ`m doir {deofV: {hdmù`mVrb amÌr nmÊ`mMo W|~ qH$dm ObH$U dZñnVr, bmoI§S>r dñVy qH$dm
O{_Zrda {XgVmV `m§Zm X§d Ago åhUVmV.
{hdmù`mV amÌr_mZ _moR>o AgVo. Ë`m_wio CîUVoMo CËgO©Z _moR>çm à_mUmda hmoVo. n[aUm_r ^yn¥ð>mOdi
Vmn_mZ EH$X_ H$_r hmoVo. dZñnVr, O_rZ, bmoI§S>r dñVy g^modVmbÀ`m hdonojm OmñV W§S> Pmboë`m AgVmV.
n[aUm_r ^modVmbÀ`m hdoVrb ~mînmMo gm§Ðr^dZ hmoVo d ObH$Um§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ho ObH$U `m dZñnVr,
bmoI§S>r dñVy d O[_Zrda ObX {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m§Zm X§d Ago åhUVmV. X§d {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r Xdm§H$ Zoh_r
JmoR>U q~XyÀ`m daVr Agmdm bmJVmo. X§dm_wio dZñnVr d {nH$m§Zm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.
{d{eï> n[apñWVrV Vmn_mZmMr nmVir (g§n¥º$VoMr nmVir) qH$dm Xdm§H$ Oa JmoR>U{~§XyImbr Agob
Va g§H$« _U (Sublimation) KSy>Z `oV.o åhUOoM ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va {h_H$UmV hmoV.o `m {d{dY dñVyd§ a {WOboë`m/
JmoR>boë`m {h_H$Um§ZmM X{hda (Frost) Ago åhUVmV. X{hdamÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Xdm§H$ Zoh_rM JmoR>U q~XyÀ`m
Imbr Agmdm bmJVmo. X{hda ho {nH$m§gmR>r d dZñnVtgmR>r ZwH$gmZH$maH$ _mZbo OmVo.
O{_ZrbJV dmhZmao ~mîn qH$dm Obq~Xy bmoI§S>r Im§~, {dÚwVdmhH$ Vmam, bmoI§S>r nÌo, dZñnVr `m§À`m
g§nH$m©V `oVo d EH$X_ JmoR>V.o ho JmoR>bb
o o Obq~Xy åhUOoM "amB©_' (Rime) hmo`. {deofV: g_{eVmofU H${Q>~Y§ mV
_moR>çm à_mUmV amB©_Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
2)
{h_ (Snow) d Jmam (Hoil)
dmVmdaUmVrb qH$dm hdoVrb ~mînmMo gm§Ðr^dZ gwê$ Pmë`mda A{^gaU àdmhm§_i
w o (Convectional
Currents) ObH$U dma§dma dmVmdaUmV C§M \o$H$bo OmVmV. Vmn_mZ JmoR>Uq~XyÀ`m Imbr OmVo d ObH$Um§Mo
ê$nm§Va {h_H$UmV hmoVo. hr {H«$`m _moR>çm à_mUmV KS>Vo d {h_d¥ï>r hmoVo. ^yn¥ð>mda AZoH$ doim {h_d¥ð>r hmoD$Z
Wamda Wa {h_g§M` hmoVmo. V|ìhm Ë`mg {h_ (Snow) åhUVmV.
172
{h_H$Um§Mo g§M`Z hmoD$Z _moR>çm AmH$mamMo {h_IS>o V`ma hmoVmV d nO©Ý`m ~amo~a ^yn¥ð>mda `oVmV. V|ìhm
Ë`m§Zm "Jmam' (Hoil) Ago åhUVmV. CÜd©Jm_r hdoÀ`m àdmhm§_wio nmD$g nSy> bmJVmo. ho nmdmgmMo W|~ `m
àdmhm§_wio dma§dma C§M dmVmdaUmV \o$H$bo OmVmV. Ë`mdoir ho ObH$U {hH$UmV ê$nm§VarV hmoVmV. Ago {h_H$U
EH$Ì `oD$Z {h_IS>o ~ZVmV. Vo dmVmdaUmV Va§Jy eH$V ZmhrV. Vo nmdgm~amo~a ^yn¥ð>mda `oVmV. V|ìhm Ë`mg Jmam
qH$dm Jmam§Mm nmD$g Ago åhUVmV. JmamMm dfm©d \$i~mJm, {nHo$ `m§À`mgmR>r hmZrH$maH$ AgVmo. Va OZmdao d
_mZdmgmR>rhr Vmo ZwH$gmZH$maH$ R>aVmo.
3)
YwHo$ (Fog)
amÌrÀ`m doir {deofV: {hdmù`mVrb amÌr _moR>çm à_mUmV CîUVoMo CËgO©Z hmoVo d ^yn¥ð> A{YH$
à_mUmV W§S> hmoVo. `m doir ^yn¥ð>mbJVMm dmVmdaUmMm VimMm Wa W§S> hmoVmo. n[aUm_r hdoVrb ~mînmMo gm§Ðr^dZ
hmoVo d ^yn¥ð>mbJV gyú_ ObH$Um§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `mbmM YwHo$ åhUVmV. YwHo$ åhUOoM ^yn¥ð>mbJVMo T>J hmo`.
YwŠ`m_wio dmVmdaUmVrb Ñî`Voda (Visibility) n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
d¥ï>rVrb BVa KQ>H$m§À`m _mZmZo YwHo$ H$_r _hÎdmMo Agbo Var Vo gdm©V OmñV Anm`H$maH$ d hmZrH$maH$
_mZbo OmVo. XmQ> YwŠ`m_wio añVo dmhVyH$, aoëdo dmhVyH$, {d_mZ dmhVyH$ `m_Ü`o AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. dZñnVr d
{nH$m§À`m dmT>rda dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. XmQ> YwŠ`m_wio _¡XmZr Ioi d _mZdr ì`dhmamdahr n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
XmQ> YwHo$ (Fog) Ñî`Vm 1 {H$._r., {dai YwHo$ (mist) Ñî`Vm 1 Vo 2 {H$._r., hbHo$ YwHo$ (Haze)
Ñî`Vm 2 Vo 5 {H$._r. Ago YwŠ`mMo àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. Va ehar ^mJmda Ywa d YwHo$ {_iyZ YwaHo$ (Smog)
{Z_m©U hmoVmZm {XgVo. YwŠ`m_wio OrdrV hmZr KSy>Z `oVo. YwHo$ ~hþVoH$ doim nhmQ>oÀ`m doir nS>Vo d gw`m}X`mZ§Va
H$m§hr doimZo Vmn_mZ dmTy> bmJë`mda Zm{hgo hmoVo. {Z{_©VrZwgma YwŠ`mMo nwT>rb àH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
A)
{dgO©Z YwHo$ (Radiation Fog)
{Xdg^a {_imboë`m gm¡aeº$sMo amÌrÀ`m doir {dgO©Z hmoVo. nhmQ>oÀ`m doir Vmn_mZ EH$X_ H$_r hmoVo
d dmVmdaUmVrb ~mînmMo Ob H$UmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. `mbmM {dgO©Z qH$dm CËgO©Z YwHo$ åhUVmV. S>m|Jami
^mJmV CËgO©Z YyHo$ _moR>çmà_mUmV {Z_m©U hmoVo.
~)
A{^dhZ YwHo$ (Advaction Fog)
^y_rI§S> d _hmgmJam§À`m W§S n¥ð>^mJm§dê$Z CîU ~mîn`wº$ dm`wamer dmhV OmVmZm W§S> hmoVo. {VÀ`mVrb
~mînmMo gm§Ðr^dZ KSy>Z n¥ð>^mJmda ObH$Um§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo d A{^dhZ YwHo$ {Z_m©U hmoVo. g_wÐ{H$Zmar ^mJmV
`m àH$maMo YwHo$ gmaIo nhmd`mg {_iVo. VgoM CîU d {eV g_wÐ àdmhm§À`m EH$Ì `oÊ`mÀ`m àXoemV A{^dhZ
YwHo$ AmT>iVo. CXm. Ý`w \$mD§$S>b±S> ~oQ>m§Odi Jë\$pñQ´>_ (CîU) d b°~«m°S>moa ({eV) g_wÐàdmhm§_wio YwHo$ {Z_m©U
hmoVo.
173
H$)
gr_m§V YwHo$ (Front Fog)
g_{eVmoîU> H${Q>~§Yr` àXoemV XmoZ {^Þ JwUY_m©À`m (CîU d {eV) dm`yamer EH$Ì `oD$Z AmKmS>r
(Front) {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mbmM dm`yam§etMr gr_m åhUVmV. CîUdm`yamer W§S> dm`yamerda Amê$T> Pmë`mg
gm§Ðr^dZ KS>y>Z `oVo d YwHo$ {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mbmM gr_m§V YwHo$ åhUVmV. g_{eVmoîU H$Q>r~§YmV qH$dm _Ü`
Ajm§emV gr_m§V YwHo$ _moR>çmà_mUmV d dma§dma {Z_m©U hmoVo. g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr` AmdVmªÀ`m doir XoIrb
{g_m§V YwŠ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
S>)
dm\$ YwHo$ (Steam Fog)
CîU g_wÐ àdmhmdê$Z W§S> dmao dmhV AgVmZm _moR>çm à_mUmV ~mînr^dZ KSy>Z `oVo d àM§S> à_mUmV
dm\o$Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. `mbmM dm\$ YwHo$ åhUVmV. Cƒ Ajm§er` àXoemV åhUOoM {eV H$Q>r~§YmV g_wÐ ^mJm§da
ho dm\$YwHo$ _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZM `mbm "gmJar Ywa' (Sea Smoke) Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. CÎma
Y«wdmOdirb AmpŠQ>©H$ _hmgmJamda hOmamo Mm¡ag {H$._r. joÌmV gw_mao XmoZ {H$._r. C§M dmVmdaUmV ho YwHo$
AmT>iyZ `oVo.
WmoS>Š`mV n¥Ïdrda YwŠ`mMr {Z{_©Vr ^y^mJm§nojm Ob^mJm§da OmñV à_mUmV hmoVo. g_{eVmoîU d {eV
H${Q>~§Yr` àXoe, S>m|Jami àXoemVhr YwHo$ dma§dma {Z_m©U hmoVo. CîU d {eV g_wÐàdmh OoWo EH$Ì `oVmV Ë`m
àXoemVhr _moR>çm à_mUmV YwHo$ AmT>iVo. F$V¥§Mm {dMma H$aVm CÝhmù`mÀ`m VwbZoV {hdmù`mV OmñV à_mUmV
YwŠ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm {XgVo.
5)
T>J qH$dm _oK (Clouds) :
dmVmdaUmV doJdoJù`m C§Mrda hdoVrb ~mînmMo gm§Ðr^dZ KSy>Z ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va ObH$UmV qH$dm
{h_H$UmV hmoVo hm ObH$Um§Mm qH$dm {hH$Um§Mm g_wh qH$dm g_wƒ` åhUOoM "T>J qH$dm _oK' hmo`. T>Jm§Mm
C„oI "C§M dmVmdaUmVrb YwHo$' Agmhr Ho$bm OmVmo. hdoMo CÜd©Jm_r àdmh T>Jm§À`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü`o _hÎdmMo _mZbo
OmVmV.
gd© T>J EH$gmaIo AgV ZmhrV. H$m§hr T>J V§Vy_`, Xmoè`mgmaIo, ñVam§Mo, {T>Jm§Mo Va H$m§hr ngaQ>,
VwH$S>çm§Mo, bhmZ qH$dm AmdmT>ì` AmH$mamMo AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m doJdoJù`m a§JN>Q>m AgVmV. CXm. nm§T>ao, gmoZoar,
{Zio, Vm§~S>>o, H$mio B. H$m§hr T>J AVr C§Mmda Va H$m§hr AJXr ^yn¥ð>mOdi H$_r C§Mrda AmT>iVmV. 1932
gmbr Am§Vaamï´>r` _mog_ {dkmZ n[afX (International Metrological Council) `m§Zr Ho$bobo T>Jm§Mo
dJuH$aU gd© OJ^a à_mU _mZbo OmVo. T>Jm§Mr C§Mr d Ë`m§Zr doJdoJir d¡{eîQ>ço `m§À`m AmYmao T>Jm§Mo dJuH$aU
nwT>rb à_mUo Ho$bo Amho.
174
A)
AVrC§Mrdarb _oK (High Altitude Clouds)
ho T>J 6 Vo 12 {H$._r. C§Mrda V`ma hmoVmV. `m JQ>mV nwT>rb à_wI T>Jm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1)
{gag _oK (Cirrus Clouds)
dmVmdaUmV gdm©{YH$ C§Mrda ho T>J AmT>iVmV. `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr {h_H$Um§§nmgyZ Pmbobr AgVo. {nOboë`m
H$mngmà_mUo, nm§T>è`m d gmoZoar a§JmMo ho T>J AgVmV. `m§À`mVyZ gw`©àH$me Amanma OmV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr gmdbr
nS>V Zmhr.
2)
{gamo-Š`w_wbg _oK (Cirro-Cumulus Clouds)
{gag d Š`w_wbg T>Jm§nmgyZ `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. AmH$memV C§Mrda ngaboë`m AdñWoV AgVmV. H$Yr
H$Yr ho T>J nmÊ`mdarb Va§Jmà_mUo ^mgVmV. nm§T>è`m a§JmMo MH$mH$Umao ho T>J {h_H$Um§nmgyZ ~Zbobo AgVmV.
gw`©àH$me `m§À`mVyZ OmV Agë`mZo `m§Mr gmdbr nS>V Zmhr.
3)
{gamo-ñQ´>°Q>g _oK (Cirro-stratus clouds)
{gag d ñQ´>°Q>g T>Jm§nmgyZ `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ho T>J gd© AmH$me ì`mnVmV. Ë`m§À`m_wio AmH$membm
XwYmi a§J àmá hmoVmo. `m§À`mV {h_H$Um§Mo à_mU OmñV Agë`mZo `m§Mrhr gmdbr nS>V Zmhr. na§Vy `m§À`m_wio M§Ð
d gw`m©bm Iir (Halo) nS>VmV. ho T>J dmXir hdoMr gwMZm XoVmV.
~)
_Ü`_ C§Mrdarb _oK (Medium Altitude Clouds)
ho T>J 2 Vo 6 {H$._r. C§Mrda V`ma hmoVmV. `m_Ü`o AëQ>mo-ñQ´>oßg d AëQ´>mo-ä`w_wbg _oKm§Mm g_mdoe
hmoVmo.
1)
AëQ>mo-ñQ´>oQ>g _oK (Alto-stratus clouds)
_Ü`_ C§Mrdarb dmVmdaUmV doJdoJù`m Wam§À`m ñdê$nmV AmT>iVmV. ObH$Um§Mo ~Zbobo ho T>J XmQ>
{Ziga-H$mù`m a§JmMo AgVmV. `m§À`mVyZ gw`©, M§Ð Añnï> {XgVmV `m T>Jm§nmgyZ {dñV¥V àXoemV nmD$g nS>Vmo.
2)
AëQ>mo-Š`w_wbg _oK (Alto-cumulus clouds)
_Ü`_ C§Mrdarb Cä`m {dñVmamMo d àM§S> AmH$mamMo ho T>J Kw_Q>mH¥$Vr {XgVmV. ObH$Um§Zr ~Zbobo ho
T>J H$mù`ma§JmMo Agë`mZo M§Ð, gw`© PmH$bo OmVmV VgoM `m T>Jm§Mr JS>X gmdbr nS>Vo. `m§À`m nmgyZ WmoS>çm
àXoemV nU ^anya nmD$g nS>Vmo.
175
H$)
H$_r C§Mrdarb _oK (Low Attitude Clouds)
ho T>J ^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ 2 {H$._r. C§Mr n`ªV V`ma hmoVmV. `m_Ü`o nwT>rb àH$maÀ`m T>Jm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
1)
ñQ´>°Q>mo-Š`w_wbg _oK (Strato-cumulus clouds)
ñVam§Mo d AmdmT>ì` AmH$mamMo ho T>J {gag d Š`w_wbg T>Jm§nmgyZ V`ma hmoVmV. H$_r C§Mrdarb ho _oK
nmÊ`mZo qH$dm ObH$Um§Zr ^abobo AgVmV. `m§À`m nmgyZ ^anya nmD$g nS>Vmo. H$mù`m a§Jm§À`m `m T>Jm§nmgyZ M§Ð,
gw`© {XgV ZmhrV. `m§Mr JS>X gmdbr nS>Vo.
2)
ñQ´>°Q>g _oK (Stratus clouds)
H$_r C§Mrdarb ho T>J XmQ> YwŠ`mMo d {d{dY ñVam§Mo ~Zbobo AgVmV. EH$mda EH$ ñVam§Mr aMZm
`m§_Ü`o ñnï>nUo nhmd`mg {_iVo. `m§À`m nmgyZ [a_{P_ nmD$g nS>Vmo.
3)
qZ~mo-ñQ´>°Q>g _oK (Nimbo-stratus clouds)
AmH$ma Zgbobo, nmÊ`mZo ^abobo, H$mù`m a§JmMo ho T>J AmOhr O_rZrda CVa§S>çm Á`mà_mUo ^mgVmV.
H$mù`m a§JmMo ho T>J gw`©, M§Ð `m§Zm nyU©nUo PmHy$Z Q>mH$VmV. `m T>Jm§nmgyZ gVV d ~amM doi nmD$g nS>Vmo. ~hþVoH$
doim `m§À`mnmgyZ {h_dfm©d hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
S>)
Cä`m {dñVmamMo _oK (Vertical streached clouds)
ho T>J ^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ Vo 15 {H$._r. C§Mr n`ªV AmT>iyZ `oVmV. `m T>Jm§Mm C^m {dñVma/AmH$ma AmS>ì`m
{dñVmamnojm OmñV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm Cä`m {dñVmamMo T>J åhUVmV. `m_Ü`o nwT>rb T>Jm§Mo àH$ma g_m{dï> hmoVmV.
1)
Š`w_b
w g _oK (Cumulus clouds)
dmVmdaUmÀ`m 2 Vo 15 {H$._r. A§VamV ho T>J AmT>iVmV. gnmQ> Vi ^mJ d Kw_Q>mH$ma _mWm `m_wio ho
T>J H$mngmÀ`m {T>Jmà_mUo ^mgVmV. Ë`m§À`m AmS>ì`m {dñVmamnojm Ë`m§Mm C^m{dñVma OmñV AgVmo. OmoaXma
CÜd©Jm_r hdoÀ`m àdmhm§Zr Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m nm`Ï`mH$S>rb ^mJmV ObH$U Va _mÏ`mH$S>rb ^mJmV
{h_H$U AgVmV. nm§T>è`m a§JmMo ho T>J Mm§Jë`m hdoMo {ZXe©H$ _mZbo OmVmV. ¹${MV àg§Jr `m§À`mnmgyZ OmoaXma
d¥ï>r hmoVo d Jmam nS>VmV. ho T>J Š`w_wbmo-qZ~g T>Jm§Mr n{hbr AdñWm _mZbo OmVmV.
2)
Š`w_wbmo-qZ~g _oK (Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds)
gdm©V AmdmT>ì` d àM§S AmH$mamMo ho T>J OmñV Vmn_mZmZo {Z_m©U Pmboë`m CÜd©Jm_r A{^gaU
àdmhm§nmgyZ V`ma hmoVmV. S>m|JamÀ`m AmH$mamMo ho T>J doJdmZ gm§Ðr^dZmZo V`ma hmoV Agë`mZo `m§À`mV àM§S>
nmÊ`mMm gmR>m AgVmo. H$mù`m a§JmMo ho T>J {dOm, dmao `mgh OmoaXma dmXir nmD$g XoVmV. Jmam§gh nS>Umam hm
nmD$g H$_r doiogmR>r AgVmo. _hmamï´>mV CÝhmir nmdgmÀ`m doir ho T>J {XgyZ `oVmV.
ObMH«$ d hdm_mZm_Ü`o T>Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr EH$ _hÎdmMr à{H«$`m Amho. gm¡aeº$sMo namdV©Z, Vmn_mZ
{Z`§ÌU, {dH$saU, Vmn_mZ H$joMo {Z`§ÌU `m gma»`m {H«$`m§_Ü`o T>Jm§Mm gh^mJ _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo. gmJar
^mJ, {dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoe, g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr` àXoe, nd©Vm§Mo dmVm{^_wI CVma (Windward Slope) B.
àXoemV T>Jm§Mo à_mU OmñV AmT>iVo.
176
6)
nO©Ý` qH$dm nmD$g (Rainfall) :
dmVmdaUmV hdoMo> CÜd©Jm_r g§MbZ hmoV AgVo. Aem doir hdm ~mîn`wº$ Agob Va dmVmdaUmV C§M
Joë`mda hdm W§S> hmoD$ bmJVo d gm§Ðr^dZmÀ`m {H«$`obm gwê$dmV hmoVo. Xdq~Xy qH$dm Xdm§H$ qH$dm ~mîn g§n¥º$VoÀ`m
nmVirnojm Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmë`mg ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va ObH$UmV qH$dm {h_H$UmV hmoVo. ho ObH$U d {h_H$U hdoV
Va§JVmZm OS> hmoVmV d ^yn¥ð>mda AdVaVmV. `mbmM "nO©Ý` qH$dm nmD$g' åhQ>bo OmVo. JmoR>U q~XyÀ`m Imbr Oa
gm§Ð©r^dZ KSy>Z Ambo Va ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va {h_H$UmV hmoD$Z {h_dfm© hmoVo.
nO©Ý`mMo _moO_mn _rbr_rQ>a, g|Q>r_rQ>a, qH$dm B§MmV H$aVmV. nO©Ý`mÀ`m _moO_mnmgmR>r "nO©Ý` _mnH$
(Rain Guage)' ho CnH$aU dmnaVmV. EImÚm àXoemVrb g_mZ nO©Ý` Agbobr {R>H$mUo OmoS>Umar aofm
"g_nO©Ý` aofm (Isohyte)' åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. `m aofoÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nO©Ý`mMo {dVaU g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
EH$m g_mZ à{H«$`oZo nO©Ý`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ~mîn`wº$ hdm dmVmdaUmV C§M OmVo d W§S> hmoVo. Vr hdm
~mîng§n¥º$ ~ZVo d gm§Ðr^dZmÀ`m {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo. ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va nmÊ`mV hmoVo qH$dm ObH$UmV hmoVo. qH$dm
{h_H$UmV hmoVo d nO©Ý` ^yï>mda AdVaVmo. na§Vy hdm Á`m nÜXVrZo dmVmdaUmV CÜd©J_Z H$aVo d Á`m nÜXVrZo VrMo
gm§Ðr^dZ hmoVo `m dê$Z nmdgmMo nwT>rb àH$ma gm§{JVbo OmVmV.
A)
Amamoh qH$dm A{^gaU nO©Ý` (Convectional Rainfall)
gw`m©nmgyZ {_imboë`m gm¡aeº$s_wio ^yn¥ð> VmnVo. Ë`m_wio ^yn¥ð>mbm bmJyZ Agbobr hdm XoIrb Vmnbr
OmVo hr hdm àgaU nmdVo, {VMo dOZ H$_r hmoVo d dmVmdaUmV CÜd©J_Z H$aVo. dmVmdaUmV daVr Joboë`m hdoMr
nmoH$ir ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r AmOy~mOyMr hdm `oVo. nyÝhm hr hdm Vmnbr OmVo d dmVmdaUmV CÜd©J_Z H$aVo. Aem
àH$mao hdoMo CÜd©Jm_r àdmh gwê$ hmoVmV `m§Zm "A{^gaU àdmh (Convectional Currents)' Ago åhUVmV.
CÜd©J_Z H$aUmar hdm ~mîn`wº$ Agob Va Vr ~mîng§n¥º$ ~ZVo. VrMr gmnoj AmЩVm 100% ~ZVo. `mM hdoMo
Vmn_mZ AmUIr H$_r Pmë`mg gm§Ðr^dZmMr {H«$`m KSy>Z `oVo. ObH$Um§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo d nmdgmbm gwê$dmV
hmoVo. `mbmM "A{^gaU qH$dm Amamoh nO©Ý`' åhUVmV.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.6 : Amamoh nO©Ý`
177
Amamoh nO©Ý`mMr {Z{_©Vr OmoaXma A{^gaU àdmhm§_wioM hmoV AgVo. {dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoem§_Ü`o åhUOoM
50 C. Vo 50 X. Ajm§em§À`m Xaå`mZ XaamoO Xwnmar T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> d {dOm§À`m M_M_mQ>mgh hm nmD$g nS>Vmo.
Am`{ZH$ àXoem§_Ü`o CÝhmù`mV Aem àH$maMm nmD$g nS>Vmo. hm nmD$g H$_r {dñVmamÀ`m àXoem§_Ü`o nS>V Agbm
Var Vmo H$_r H$mbmdYrV na§Vy àM§S> à_mUmV AgVmo. Š`w_wbmoqZ~g T>Jm§nmgyZ nS>Umam hm nmD$g eoVrgmR>r
Cn`wº$ AgV Zmhr. Vmo O_rZrMr Ywn KS>{dUmam AgVmo. `mMm Cn`moJ ^yJ^m©Vrb nmUrgmR>m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rhr
hmoV Zmhr H$maU `m nmdgmMo ~hþVm§e nmUr dmhÿZ OmVo.
~)
à{VamoY nO©Ý` (Orographic Rainfall) :
Obme`m§dê$Z dmhUmè`m ~mîn`wº$ dmè`m§À`m _mJm©V S>m|Ja am§J, nd©V qH$dm C§M nR>ma Amë`mg dmè`m§Zm
{damoY qH$dm à{VamoY hmoVmo. ho dmao S>m|Ja qH$dm nd©Vm§Mm AS>Wim Amobm§Sy>Z nwT>o dmhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
Ë`mdoir Vo dmVmdaUmV C§M OmVmV d W§S> hmoVmV. Xdq~Xyda nmohmoMë`mda Ë`m§Mr gmnoj AmЩVm 100% hmoVo.
gm§Ðr^dZmÀ`m {H«$`oZo T>Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo d nd©Vm§À`m dmVgÝ_wI CVmam§da (Windward Slope) VgoM nd©V
_mÏ`m§da OmoaXma nO©Ý`d¥ï>r hmoVo. `mbmM "à{VamoY nO©Ý`' åhUVmV. ^yn¥ð>mÀ`m/^yê$nm§À`m AS>Wù`m§_wio hm
nmD$g nS>Vmo åhUyZ `mbm "^yê$nr` nmD$g (Relief Rainfall)' Ago hr åhUVmV.
nd©V am§Jm Amobm§Sy>Z Joë`mda nd©Vm§À`m {dê$ÜX ~mOydê$Z qH$dm "dmV{dÝ_wI CVmamdê$Z (Leeward
Slope)' ho dmao Imbr CVê$ bmJVmV. `m dmè`mVrb ~mîn AmJmoXaM H$_r Pmbobo AgVo. VgoM CVmamdê$Z
Imbr CVaVmZm `m dmè`m§Mo Vmn_mZ dmTy> bmJVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr ~mînYmaUeº$s dmT>Vo. `mMmM n[aUm_ åhUyZ
dmV{dÝ_wI CVmam§da nmD$g nS>V Zmhr d `m àXoem§da "nO©Ý` N>m`oÀ`m àXoem§Mr (Rain Shadow Area)'
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. hm àXoe "H$m`_ XwîH$mir àXoe (Permanent Draught Region)' åhUyZhr AmoiIbm OmVmo.
^maVr` CnI§S>mV nS>Umam nmD$g `mM àH$mamV _moS>Vmo. VgoM OJmVrb gdm©V OmñV nmD$g `m nÜXVrZo nS>Vmo.
_oKmb`mmVrb "_m°grZam_' `m {R>H$mUr OJmVrb gdm©V OmñV nmD$g `m àH$mao nS>Vmo.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.7 : à{VamoY nO©Ý`
178
H$)
AmdV© nO©Ý` (Cyclonic Rainfall) :
H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m AmdVm©V qH$dm MH«$dmVm_Ü`o "H$_r ^ma H|$Ð (Low Pressure Area)' {dH${gV
hmoVo. `m H$_r ^ma H|$ÐmH$S>o ~mOyÀ`m àXoemVrb dmao AmH${f©bo OmVmV. MH«$mH$ma {XeoV d àM§S> doJmZo {\$aUmao ho
dmao dmVmdaUmV CÜd©J_Z H$aVmV. ho dmao Oa ~mîn`wº$ AgVrb Va dmVmdaUmV daVr Joë`mda W§S> hmoVmV.
X~q~Xyda Ë`m§Mr gmnoj AmЩVm 100% hmoVo. åhUOoM Vo ~mîng§n¥º$ ~ZVmV d gm§Ðr^dZmÀ`m {H«$`oZo T>Jm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr hmoVo d eodQ>r nmD$g nS>Vmo. `mbmM "AmdV© qH$dm MH«$dmV nO©Ý`' åhUVmV.
AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3.8 : AmdV© nO©Ý`
AmdV© nO©Ý`mMo à_wI XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. `m_Ü`o CîUH${Q>~§Yr` AmdV© nO©Ý` d g_{eVmoîUH${Q>~§Yr`
AmdV© nO©Ý` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CîUH${Q>~§Yr` AmdV© ho dmXir dmao AgVmV. `m§À`m_Ü`o qH$dm H|$Ð^mJr
Agboë`m H$_r^ma H|$ÐmH$S>o d CÜd©Jm_r {XeoZo dmao OmoamZo dmhVmV. ho CÜd©Jm_r dmao C§M OmD$Z W§S> hmoVmV d
{dOm, JS>JS>mQ>mgh OmoamMm nmD$g XoVmV. hr dmXio gmJar ^mJmda {Z_m©U hmoVmV. {H$ZmadVu àXoemV hr dmXio
_moR>o ZwH$gmZ KS>dVmV. `m dmXir nmdgm_wio _hmnya `oVmV d _moR>çm à_mUmV OrdrV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo. _mÝgwZnyd©
d _mÝgwZmoÎma H$mimV ^maVmÀ`m nyd© d npíM_ {H$Zmar àXoemV åhUOoM ~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamV d Aa~r g_wÐmV hr
dmXio {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
g_{eVmoîU H${Q>~§Yr` AmdV© ho doJù`m àH$maMo AgVo. `m_Ü`o XmoZ doJdoJù`m JwUY_m©À`m åhUOoM
CîU d W§S> Vmn_mZmÀ`m dm`yamer {dfwdV¥Îmr` d Y«w{d` àXoemVyZ _Ü` H$Q>r~§YmV EH$Ì `oVmV. `m dm`yamer
g_moamg_moa Amë`mda EH$_oH$m§Zm Amobm§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. W§S> dm`yamer OS> Agë`mZo Imbr ^yn¥ð>mOdi
amhVo Va CîU dm`yamer hbH$s Agë`mZo daVr MT>Vo. hr CîU dm`yamer ~mîn`wº$ Agob Va Vr W§S> hmoVo d
gm§Ðr^dZmZ§Va _moR>m nmD$g XoVo. `m AmdVm©V nS>Umam nmD$g em§V d [a_{P_ ñdê$nmMm VgoM OmñV {dñVm[aV
àXoemV OmñV H$mi AgVmo. hr gm¡å` dmXio npíM_r dmè`m§À`m à^mdmImbr àdmg H$aVmV d _Ü` H${Q>~§YmV
~hþYm {hdmù`mV nmD$g XoVmV. hm nmD$g {deofV: I§S>mÀ`m npíM_ ^mJmV nS>Vmo.
179
3.3
gmam§e
gXa KQ>H$m_Ü`o dmao, dmè`m§Mo àH$ma, AmЩVm, AmЩVoMo àH$ma, gm§{Ð^dZ, d¥îQ>r, d¥îQ>rMo àH$ma, nO©Ý`,
nO©Ý`mMo àH$ma B. _wÚm§Mr g{dñVa _m{hVr {Xbobr Amho.
3.4
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1.
dm`y^ma
:
hdoMo dOZ
2.
g_^ma aofm
:
g_mZ dm`w^ma {R>H$mUo OmoS>Umar aofm
3.
Zm{dH$ _¡b
:
g_wÐmdarb A§Va _moOÊ`mMo n[a_mU
4.
dm`y^ma CVma
:
dm`w^ma H$_r H$_r hmoV OmÊ`mMo à_mU
5.
^yn¥ð>
:
O{_ZrMm n¥ð>^mJ
6.
H|$ÐmËgmar àoaUm :
n¥pÏdÀ`m n[adbZmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmar eº$s
7.
n¥pÏdMo n[adbZ :
n¥pÏdMo ñdV:^modVr {\$aUo
8.
^manÅ>o
:
n¥pÏddarb H$_r-OmñV dm`y^ma àXoe
9.
J¥{h` dmao
:
n¥pÏddarb dmao
10.
npíM_r dmao
:
npíM_oH$Sy>Z dmhUmao dmao
11.
nydu` dmao
:
nyd}H$Sy>Z dmhUmao dmao
12.
em§VnS>
:
{dfwdd¥Îmr` em§V / H$_r ^ma àXoe
13.
Aíd Ajm§e
:
H$H©$ d _H$a d¥ÎmmOdirb OmñV ^ma àXoe
14.
{Z`VH$mbrH$ dmao :
{d{eîQ> H$mbmdYrV dmhUmao dmao
15.
_mog_r dmao
:
^maVmVrb CÝhmir d {hdmir dmao
16.
Imao dmao
:
g_wÐmdê$Z dmhUmao dmao (O{_ZrH$S>o)
17.
_VbB© dmao
:
O{_Zrdarb dmao (g_wÐmH$S>o)
18.
S>m|Jar dmao
:
CVmamdê$Z Imbr dmhUmao dmao
19.
XarVrbdmao
:
CVmamda daÀ`m {XeoZo dmhUmao dmao
20.
ñWm{ZH$ dmao
:
{d{eï> àXoemVM dmhUmao dmao
21.
OoQ> àdmh
:
^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ WmoS>çm C§Mrda dmhUmao dmao
22.
dm`wamer
:
{dfwdd¥Îmr` d Y«wdr` àXoem§H$Sy>Z dmhUmao dm`yPmoV
180
23.
AmЩVm
:
dmVmdaUmVrb ~mîn
24.
~mpîn^dZ
:
nmÊ`mMo ê$nm§Va dm\o$V hmoUo
25.
ObMH«$
:
O{_ZrH$Sy>Z gmJamH$S>o d gmJamH$Sy>Z O{_ZrH$S>o nmÊ`mMo {d{dY ê$nmV
dhZ
26.
gm§Ðr^dZ
:
~mînmMo ê$nm§Va nmÊ`mV hmoUo
27.
d¥ï>r
:
nmÊ`mMr {d{dY ê$no
28.
nO©Ý`
:
nmD$g
3.5
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ
Imcrc {Xcoë`m ~hþn`m©`r àíZm§Mo `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1.
dmVHw$¸w$Q> qH$dm dm`w{X½Xe©H$ `m CnH$aUmZo H$m` Xe©{dbo OmVo.
A) Vmn_mZ
2.
~) nR>ma
H$) _¡XmZ
S>) ZXrImoar
~) Ho$aob
H$) ~m°B©O ~°bm°Q>
S>) `m n¡H$s Zmhr
~) {Z`VH$mbrH$ dmao H$) OoQ>àdmh
S>) J¥{h`dmao
~) à{Vì`mnmar dmao
H$) Y«w{d` dmao
S>) darb gd©
"npíM_r dmao' åhUyZ H$moUË`m dmè`m§Mm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo.
A) ì`mnmar dmao
8.
S>) Vmn_mZ
{dfwdd¥Îmr` àXoem§H$S>o {Z`_rV dmhUmao dmao H$moUVo.
A) ì`mnmar dmao
7.
H$) dm`y^ma CVma
n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmdê$Z {Z`_rV dmhUmao dmao H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVmV.
A) ñWm{ZH$ dmao
6.
~) nO©Ý`
n¥Ïdrdê$Z / ^yn¥ð>mdê$Z dmhUmè`m dmè`m§À`m {Xeo{df`r H$moUr {Z`_ gm§J{Vbm
A) H$m°[aAm°{bO
5.
S>) AmЩVm
dmè`m§À`m {Xeoda n[aUm_ H$aUmam gdm©V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ H$moUVm.
A) nd©V
4.
H$) dmè`mMr {Xem
dmè`mMr {Xem d doJ H$emda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
A) AmЩVm
3.
~) dm`y^ma
~) à{Vì`mnmar dmao
H$) Y«wdr` dmao
S>) ñWm{ZH$ dmao
CÎma d X{jU JmobmYm©Vrb H$H©$ d _H$a d¥Îmr` OmñV ^ma àXoe H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV.
A) em§VnS>
~) ewa npíM_r dmao {d^mJ
H$) Aj Ajm§e
S>) I.T.C.Z.
181
9.
{XdgmÀ`m doir g_wÐmdê$Z O{_ZrH$S>o dmhUmè`m dmè`m§Zm H$m` åhUVmV.
A) Imao dmao
10.
S>) ñWm{ZH$ dmao
~) dm`yamer
H$) OoQ> àdmh
S>) ñWm{ZH$ dmao
~) ~mînmoËgO©Z
H$) ~mpîn^dZ
S>) g§KZZ
~) Ag§n¥º$ hdm
H$) Amobr hdm
S>) ~mîng§n¥º$ hdm
~) AmЩq~Xy
H$) Xdq~Xy
S>) {db`q~Xy
~) gmnoj AmЩVm
H$) {d{eï> AmЩVm
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
~) ~mînmoËgO©Z
H$) gm§Ðr^dZ
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
~) X{hda
H$) YwHo$
S>) nO©Ý`
Imbrb n¡H$s H$moUË`m T>Jm§_wio gw`© d M§Ðmbm Iir (Halo) nS>VmV.
A) {gamo-ñQ´>°Q>g
21.
H$) J¥{h`dmao
Vmn_mZmMr nmVir JmoR>U q~XyImbr AgVmZm gm§Ðr^dZ {H«$`oZo ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va {h_H$UmV hmoVo Ë`mg
H$m` åhUVmV.
A) Xd
20.
~) dm`yamer
~mîng§n¥º$ hdoMo Vmn_mZ H$_r Pmbo AgVm ~mînmMo ê$nm§Va nmÊ`mV hmoVo Ë`mg H$m` åhUVmV
A) ~mpîn^dZ
19.
S>) Job
{Zanoj AmЩVm d Ë`mM hdoMr ~mînYmaUeº$s `m§Mo JwUmoÎma åhUOo H$m`.
A) {Zanoj AmЩVm
18.
H$) H$m°Z
~mîn`wº$ hdm Á`m Vmn_mZmbm ~mîng§n¥º$ ~ZVo Ë`m Vmn_mZmÀ`m nmVirbm H$m` åhUVmV.
A) JmoR>Uq~Xy
17.
~) pŠbPS>©
hdoÀ`m ~mînYmaUeº$s EdT>o ~mîn {VÀ`mV gm_mdbo Agë`mg {Vbm H$m` åhUVmV.
A) H$moaS>r hdm
16.
S>) Aao{~H$
nmÊ`mMo ê$nm§Va dm\o$V qH$dm dm`w_Ü`o hmoÊ`mMr {H«$`m H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV.
A) gm§Ðr^dZ
15.
H$) B§p½be
{dñV¥V AmH$mamMm, g_mZ ^m¡{VH$ JwUY_mªMm ^yn¥ð>mOdirb ApñWa> dmVmdaUmMm ^mJ åhUOo H$m`.
A) J¥{h` dmao
14.
~) amo_Z
^yn¥ð>mnmgyZ 5000 Vo 10,000 _rQ>a C§Mrdê$Z dmhUmè`m dmè`m§Zm H$m` åhUVmV.
A) OoQ> àdmh
13.
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
nwT>rbn¡H$s H$moUVm dmam CîU dmam Amho.
A) ~moam
12.
H$) _mog_r dmao
_mog_r dmè`m§_Yrb "_m¡gr_' `m _yi eãXmMr CËnÎmr nwT>rb n¡H$s H$moUË`m ^mfoVyZ Pmbr.
A) {J«H$
11.
~) _VbB© dmao
~) AëQ>mo-ñQ´>°Q>g
H$) Š`w_wbg
S>) Š`w_wbmo-qZ~g
àM§S> AmH$mamMo, nmÊ`mMo ^abobo, àM§S> nmD$g XoUmao H$mio T>J H$moUË`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVmV.
A) Š`w_b
w g
~) Š`w_b
w mo-qZ~g
H$) AëQ>mo-Š`w_wbg
182
S>) AëQ>mo-ñQ´>°Q>g
22.
nO©Ý` qH$dm nmdgmMo _moO_mn H$moUË`m n[a_mUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$aVmV.
A) {_br~ma
23.
~) à{VamoY nO©Ý`
H$) AmdV© nO©Ý`
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
~) à{VamoY nO©Ý`
H$) AmdV© nO©Ý`
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
CîU d W§S> dm`yamer g_moamg_moa `oD$Z H$moUË`m nO©Ý`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
A) Amamoh
3.6
S>) {_brJ«°_
^yVbmdarb ^yê$nm§Zm ASy>Z nS>Umam nmD$g H$moUVm.
A) Amamoh nO©Ý`
25.
H$) g|Q>
Vmn_mZmÀ`m à^mdmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m hdoÀ`m CÜd©Jm_r àdmhm§_wio H$moUË`m àH$maMm nmD$g nS>Vmo.
A) Amamoh nO©Ý`
24.
~) {_br_rQ>a
~) à{VamoY nO©Ý`
H$) AmdV© nO©Ý`
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) H$
2) H$
3) A
4) ~
5) S>
6) A
7) ~
8) H$
9) A
10) S>
11) H$
12) A
13) ~
14) H$
15) S>
16) H$
17) ~
19) H$
19) ~
20) A
21) ~
22) ~
23) A
24) ~
25) H$
3.7
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A)
Imbrb àíZm§Mr g§{jßV CÎmao {bhm.
1.
dmao {Z`§{ÌV H$aUmao KQ>H$ ñnï> H$am.
2.
ì`mnmar dmè`m§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnï> H$am.
3.
à{Vì`mnmar dmè`m§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.
4.
{dfwdd¥Îmr` em§VnS> åhUOo H$m` ?
183
S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr
5.
Aíd Ajm§em~m~V _m{hVr {bhm.
6.
_mog_r dmè`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr ñnï> H$am.
7.
Imao d _VbB© dmè`m§Mr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
8.
S>m|Jar d Xardarb dmè`m§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.
9.
OoQ> àdmh åhUOo H$m` ?
10.
dm`yamer åhUOo H$m` ?
11.
gmnoj AmЩVoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
12.
gm§Ðr^dZmMo à_wI àH$ma ñnï> H$am.
13.
X§d d X{hda `mVrb \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.
14.
YwŠ`mMo {d{dY àH$ma ñnï> H$am.
15.
Cä`m {dñVmamMo _oK / T>Jm§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.
16.
AmdV© nO©Ý`mMr _m{hVr {bhm.
~)
Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1.
AmH¥$Vrgh J¥{h` dmè`m§Mr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
2.
^maVmVrb _mog_r dmè`m§Mr _m{hVr {bhm.
3.
dm`yametMr g{dñVa _m{hVr {bhm.
4.
AmЩVoMo àH$ma ñnï> H$am.
5.
d¥ï>rMr {d{dY ê$no WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.
6.
_oK qH$dm T>Jm§Mo àH$ma / dJuH$aU ñnï> H$am.
7.
nO©Ý`mMo {d{dY àH$ma ñnï> H$am.
3.8
jo{Ì` H$m`©
Amnë`m eoOmarb hdm_mZ à`moJemiobm ^oQ> XoD$Z hdm_mZmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m Zm|XrgmR>r dmnaë`m
OmUmè`m CnH$aUm§Mo {ZarjU H$am d _m{hVr Úm.>
Amnë`m àXoemVrb nmdgmMr AmH$S>odmar Jmoim H$am.
❖❖❖
184