gÌ-2 : KQ>H$ 4
AdH$me d gmJa g§emoYZmVrb {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
4.0
C{Ôï>o
4.1
àmñVm{dH$
4.2
{df` {ddoMZ
4.2.1 CnJ«h `wJmMm àma§^
4.2.2 A{¾~mU {dkmZ
4.2.3 H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h Am{U CnJ«h n«jonU
4.2.4 ^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_
4.2.5 gmJar Aä`mgmMo _hÎd
4.2.6 amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWm
4.3
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
4.4
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CVao
4.5
gmam§e
4.6
gamdmgmR>r n«íZ
4.7
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
190
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4.0
C{Ôï>o :
1) H¥${Ì_ CnJ«hm§À`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
2) A{¾~mU {Z{_©VrÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMm nam_e© KoVm `oB©b.
3) H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h d Ë`m§Mo àH$ma Am{U CnJ«h àjonH$ d Ë`m§Mo àH$ma g_OyZ KoVm `oVrb.
4) ^maVr` CnJ«h H$m`©H«$_mÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
5) gmJar Aä`mgmMo _hÎd OmUyZ KoVm `oB©b.
6) amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm KoVm `oB©b.
4.1
àmñVm{dH$ :
`m AJmoXaÀ`m KQ>H$m_Ü`o AmnU H¥$fr joÌmVrb AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. AmVm `m
KQ>H$mV Amnë`mbm AdH$me d gmJa g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌmVrb dmQ>MmbrMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho. AmYw{ZH$
H$mimV {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m§Mo gmhmæ` KoVë`m IooarO _mZdmbm Amnbo OrdZ gwgø ~ZdVm `oUma Zmhr. _mZdr
OrdZmda {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m§Mm _moR>m à^md nS>bm Amho. _mZdmMr OrdZnÕVr Ë`mMo gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$,
Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` OrdZ BVHo$M H$m`; nU Ë`mÀ`m OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU `m gdmªda {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m§Mm
à^md {XgyZ `oVmo. amï´>mÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmerXoIrb V§ÌkmZ A{Ve` {ZJS>rV Amho. V§ÌkmZmMm AmYma
KoVë`mIoarO H$moUË`mhr amï´>mbm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo ñdßZ gmH$ma H$aUo eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr. `oWo Amnë`mbm
AdH$me g§emoYZm_Ü`o Pmboë`m àJVrMm AmT>mdm ¿`md`mMm Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o AdH$me `wJmMm àma§^ H$gm
Pmbm, A{¾~mU {dkmZ, A{¾~mU CÈ>mU{df`H$ g§H$ënZm, H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h d CnJ«h àjonH$ V§ÌkmZ {dH$mg
Am{U ^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_, M§Ð_mo{h_oMmhr AmT>mdm, gmJar Aä`mgmMo _hÎd, gmJa g§emoYZm_Ü`o gmJa
{dH$mg {d^mJmZo Ho$bobo H$m`© OmUyZ KoVm `oB©b. _mZdmÀ`m gdmª{JU {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMo
_hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.
4.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
4.2.1 CnJ«h `wJmMm àma§^ :
AmnU Á`m n¥Ïdrda dmñVì` H$aVmo Ë`m n¥Ïdrbm Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m àX{jUm KmbUmam M§Ð hm Z¡g{J©H$ CnJ«h
Amho. VgoM _mZdmZo n¥Ïdr^modVr {\$aUmao H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h {Z_m©U H$ê$Z V§ÌkmZmVrb H«$m§Vr Ho$br Amho. n¥ÏdrÀ`m
JwéËdmH$f©U H$joV amhÿZ n¥Ïdrbm àX{jUm KmbUmam n{hbm H¥¥${Ì_ CnJ«h ñ\w$Q>{ZH$-1 hm a{e`mZo 4 Am°ŠQ>mo~a
1957 amoOr AdH$memV gmoS>bm. `oWyZ nwT>o "CnJ«h `wJmbm' àma§^ Pmbm, Ago åhUVm `oB©b. VoìhmnmgyZ AZoH$
Xoem§Zr {H$VrVar CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>bo AmhoV. Ë`m CnJ«hm_YyZ `§Ìo nmR>{dbr Jobr. _mZdmZo M§Ð^y_rda
nmD$b R>odbo. n¥Ïdr^modVr {\$aUmam n{hbm H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h Am{U M§Ðmda nmD$b R>odUmam n{hbm _mZd `m XmoZ
KQ>Zm§_Yrb H$mb \$ŠV ~mam dfmªMm hmoVm.
191
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
AdH$memV OmUmè`m _mZdmZm A§Vamidra åhUVmV. A_o[aHo$V Ë`m§Zm A°ñQ´>moZm°Q> Va a{e`mV H$m°ñ_moZm°Q>
åhUVmV. A_o[aHo$Zo 31 OmZodmar 1958 amoOr "EŠñßbmoaa-1' ho AdH$me`mZ gmoS>yZ AdH$me joÌmV àdoe
Ho$bm. `mZ§Va a{e`mÀ`m `war JmJarZ `mZo "ìhmoñQ>moH$-1' `m AdH$me`mZmVyZ n¥ÏdràX{jUm KmbyZ OJmVrb
n{hbm A§Vamidra hmoÊ`mMm ~hþ_mZ {_idbm. A°bZ eo\$S>© (5 _o 1961, {\«$S>_-7) hm A_o[aHo$Mm n{hbm
A§Vamidra hmo`. ìh°b§{Q>Zm VoaoíH$modm `m a{e`Z órZo 16 OyZ 1963 bm AdH$me `mZmVyZ n¥Ïdr àX{jUm
KmbyZ n{hbr ór AdH$me`mÌr åhUyZ ~hþ_mZ {_i{dbm. 20 Owc¡ 1969 amoOr A_o[aHo$À`m Zrb Am_©ñQ´>m±J,
ES>{dZ, Am°pëS´>Z d _m`Ho$b H$m°{bÝg `m§Zr "Anmobmo-11' `m `mZmVyZ M§Ðmda nmD$b R>odbo. nwT>o M§ÐmMm
Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwÝhm H$hr `mÌm Pmë`m. VgoM n{hbm ^maVr` A§Vamidra amHo$e e_m© `m§Zr a{e`Z AdH$me
`mZmVyZ n¥ÏdràX{jUm KmVbr.
^maVmZo 11 E{àb 1975 amoOr Am`©^Å> hm CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoSy>Z AdH$me g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌmV
{X_mImV àdoe Ho$bm. Am`©^Å> gmoS>Ê`m_mJo nwT>rb H$mimgmR>r à`moJ H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm hmoVr. `m àH$ënmbm
SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment) Ago Zmd hmoVo. 1975 Vo 1980 hr nmM df}
^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr CnJ«h V§ÌkmZmVrb {Za{Zamù`m joÌmV nm`m^aUr Ho$br. `m H$mimV ^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr
Ho$boë`m g§emoYZmMr \$io nwT>rb XeH$mV nhmd`mg {_imbr.
4.2.1 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. n¥Ïdr àX{jUm KmbUmam M§Ð hm H$moUË`m àH$maMm CnJ«h Amho?
(A) Z¡g{J©H$
(~) AZ¡g{J©H$
(H$) _mZd{Z{_©V
(S>) H¥${Ì_
2. n¥Ïdr àX{jUm KmbUmam _mZd{Z{_©V CnJ«hmbm H$m` åhUVmV?
(A) Z¡g{J©H$ CnJ«h (~) AZ¡g{J©H$ CnJ«h (H$) _mZd{Z{_©V CnJ«h (S>) H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h
3. a{e`mZo AdH$memV gmoS>bobm n{hbm _mZd{Z{_©V CnJ«h H$moUVm?
(A) BÝg°Q>
(~) Q>obñQ>ma
(H$) ñ\w$Q>{ZH$-1
(S>) Anmobmo
4. A_o[aHo$Zo AdH$memV gmoS>bobm n{hbm _mZd{Z{_©V CnJ«h H$moUVm?
(A) ñ\w$Q>{ZH$-1 (~) EŠgßbmoaa (H$) Q>oAbñQ>ma
(S>) Anmobmo
5. OJmVrb n{hbm A§Vamidra H$moU?
(A) amHo$e e_m© (~) `warJmJmarZ
(H$) Am`©^Q>
(S>) ìh°b|{Q>Zm VoaoíH$modm
6. OJmVrb n{hbr _{hbm AdH$me`mÌr H$moU?
(A) ìh°b|{Q>Zm VoaoíH$modm
(~) H$ënZm Mmdbm
(H$) gw{ZVm {dë`_g²
(H$) _Xa Voaogm
192
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
7. n{hbr ^maVr` AdH$me`mÌr H$moU?
(A) Zrb Am°_©ñQ´>m±J (~) `warJmJmarZ
(H$) amHo$e e_m©
(S>) `moJoe e_m©
8. M§Ðmda n{hbo nmD$b R>odUmam AdH$me`mÌr H$moU?
(A) Zrb Am°_©ñQ´>m±J (~) amHo$e e_m©
(H$) `war JmJmarZ
(S>) ìh°b|{Q>Zm VoaoíH$modm
(H$) ^mñH$amMm`©
(S>) Q>obñQ>ma
9. ^maVmMm n{hbm H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h H$moUVm?
(A) Am`©^Q>
(~) Anmobmo
4.2.2 A{¾~mU {dkmZ :
AdH$memV H$moUVohr CÈ>mU ho A{¾~mU gmoS>Ê`mnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVo. CnJ«h qH$dm _mZd Am{U CnH$aU ZoUmao
AdH$me OhmO `m§Zm A{¾~mU CMby eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wioM A{¾~mUmbm bmoQ>-dmhZ Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
nydunmgyZ {H$Ë`oH$ df} ~§XyH$sÀ`m Xmê$gma»`m {_lUmMm dmna H$ê$Z bhmZ A{¾~mU ~Zdbo OmV AgV.
Ë`m§À`mVrb B§YZ H$_r Agë`mZo Vo H$_r doimV OiyZ Zï> hmoV AgV. na§Vw {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r A{YH$
eŠVrembr B§YZmMm dmna Ho$bm Va A{¾~mU n¥ÏdrnmgyZ A{YH$ Xya OmVrb, `m g§H$ënZoMm {dH$mg Pmbm.
O_©Zr_Ü`o n«W_ 1891 _Ü`o hoa_mZ JmÝgqdS²>Q> `m§Zr hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. Ë`mZ§Va 1903 _Ü`o A{¾~mUmÀ`m
CÈ>mUmg§~§Yr J{UVr d g¡Õm§{VH$ ~mOyMr gwÕm _m§S>Ur Ho$br. Va a{e`Z emñÌk H$m°ÝñQ>§{Q>Z PmobmoìhñH$s `m§Zr
1903 _Ü`oM A{¾~mUmgmR>r X«dê$n Am°pŠgOZ (LOX) Am{U Ðdén hm`S´>moOZ `m§Mm Cn`moJ B§YZ åhUyZ
H$amdm, Ago gwM{dbo Am{U Aem àH$maÀ`m X«dê$n am°Ho$Q> _moQ>maMo AmamIS>o V`ma Ho$bo. Aem VèhoZo {dgmì`m
eVH$mVrb A{¾~mU {dkmZmMm (Rocketary) OÝ_ Pmbm.
A{¾~mU CÈ>mU{df`H$ g§H$ënZm :
A{¾~mUmMo H$m`© ho Ý`yQ>ZÀ`m {H«$`m d à{V{H«$`m g_mZ AgVmV Am{U Ë`m EH$_oH$s¨À`m {déÕ {XeoZo H$m_
H$aV AgVmV. `m {Vgè`m {Z`_mZwgma hmoV AgVo. A{¾~mUmVrb B§YZ Ooìhm noQ>Vo Voìhm ZmoPb_YyZ Ja_ dm`yMo
aoUy àM§S> doJmZo ~mhoa nS>VmV. øm {H«$`obm à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ A{¾~mU {déÕ {XeoZo da T>H$bbm OmVmo.
aoQ>m : B§YZmMo ÁdbZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMm Omoa O{_ZrÀ`m {XeoZo R>odbm Va A{¾~mUmbm da OmÊ`mgmR>r aoQ>m àmá
hmoVmo. A{¾~mUmZo {H$Vr dOZ (dñVw_mZ) AdH$memV ZoUo Ano{jV Amho Am{U Ë`mZo {H$Vr A§Va JmR>md`mMo
Amho `m à_mUmV aoQ>m Agmdm bmJVmo.
B§YZ àUmbr : B§YZ àUmbr åhUOo A{¾~mU da OmÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam aoQ>m {Z_m©U H$aUmao B§YZ (AWdm
àË`j OiUmam KQ>H$) ÁdbZmgmR>r Am°pŠgOZ nwadR>m H$aUmam "Am°pŠgS>m`Pa' B§YZ d Am°pŠgS>m`Pa
gmR>{dÊ`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`m `m gJù`m§Zm {_iyZ B§YZàUmbr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
193
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
A{¾~mUmMo àH$ma :
B§YZmÀ`m Am°pŠgS>m`PaÀ`m àH$mamZwgma (A) KZ B§YZr A{¾~mU : `m A{¾~mUm_Ü`o B§YZ Am{U Am°pŠgS>m`Pa `m§Mo {_lU EH$Ord H$ê$Z
KZ R>moH$ù`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV A{¾~mUmÀ`m ZirV AmoVbo OmVo. `oWo A{YH$ eŠVr nwa{dUmao B§YZ H$_r OmJoV _mdy
eH$Vo. `m àH$maÀ`m A{¾~mUmV B§YZ AJmoXaM V`ma Agë`mZo jonUmóm§gmR>r ({_gmB©ëg) hr ì`dñWm AmXe©
R>aVo.
(~) Ðdén B§YZr A{¾~mU : Ðdén B§YZ dmnaUmè`mg A{¾~mUmMr aMZm A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgVo.
`m n«H$maÀ`m A{¾~mUmV B§YZ Am{U Am°ŠgrS>mBPa ho ñdV§ÌnUo Q>mŠ`m_Ü`o gmR>dyZ R>odbobo AgVmV Am{U
Oéarn«_mUo Vo ÁdbZmgmR>r B§{OZ_Ü`o AmUbo OmVmV.
(H$) {_l B§YZr A{¾~mU : {_l B§YZr AWdm g§H$[aV A{¾~mUm_Ü`o Ðdén Am{U KZén Aem XmoÝhr
ñdénmV agm`Zo dmnabr OmVmV. KZ ñdénmV B§YZ Ë`mda Ðdén Am°ŠgrS>m`PaMm \$dmam _méZ ÁdbZmg àma§^
H$aUo hr `m àH$maÀ`m A{¾~mUm_Yrb _w»` g§H$ënZm Amho.
H«$m`moOo{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ :
H«$m`moOo{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ ho AË`§V àJV V§ÌkmZ Amho, H$maU `m_Ü`o hm`S´>moOZ Am{U Am°pŠgOZ AË`§V W§S>
AdñWoV gmR>dyZ R>odmdo bmJVmV. gmh{OH$M Ë`mÀ`m Q>mŠ`m§da CîUVmamoYH$ H$dM (Insulation) MT>dmdo bmJVo.
`m IoarO ho B§YZ d Am°pŠgS>m`Pa Zù`m n§n dJ¡ao KQ>H$ {d{eï> nXmWm©MoM ~Zdmdo bmJVmV. H$maU EdT>çm W§S>
AdñWoV AZoH$ YmVy {R>gyi ~ZVmV. VgoM Ðdê$n hm`S´>moOZ V`ma H$aVmZm I~aXmar ¿`mdr bmJVo. ho V§ÌkmZ
Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVo. AdH$memV A{YH$ A§Vamn`ªV OmñVrV OmñV dñVw_mZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r H«$m`moOo{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Amdí`H$
AgVo.
^maVmV gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV a{e`mÀ`m ½bmd H$m°_m°g `m g§emoYZ g§ñWoH$Sy>Z H$mhr H«$m`moOo{ZH$ B§{OZo
{dH$V KoV hmoVm. `mMdoir H«$m`moOo{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMo hñVm§VaUhr Ho$bo OmUma hmoVo. VWm{n, `m V§ÌkmZmMm g§^mì`
bîH$ar Cn`moJ nmhÿZ A_o[aH$Z jonUmó {Z`§ÌUmMm (MTCR) AmYma KoD$Z a{e`mda XS>nU AmUbo. a{e`mZo
B§{OZo nwa{dÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xë`mZ§Va ^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr ñd~imda H«$m`moOo{ZH$ B§{OZmMm {dH$mg gwê$ Ho$bm Amho.
Xaå`mZ a{e`Z g§ñWoer nwÝhm ~mobUr H$ê$Z {_imboë`m _m°S>b
o Mm dmna H$ê$Z "Or. Eg². Eb². ìhr.- S>r1' hm
CnJ«hdmhH$ AdH$memV gmoS>bëo `m `m A{¾~mUmMm {Vgam Q>ßnm H«$m`moO{o ZH$ V§ÌkmZmda AmYm[aV hmoVm.
AJ«^ma (Payload) : A{¾~mU V§ÌkmZm_Ü`o A{¾~mUmÀ`m Q>moH$mnmer AgUmè`m dñVyMo dñVy_mZ hm
KQ>H$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm AgVmo. A{¾~mUmMo ñdV:Mo (dOZ) dñVy_mZ dJiVm Vmo {H$Vr dñVy_mZ AdH$memV
ZoD$ eH$Vmo `mbm "AJ«^ma' (Payload) hr g§km dmnabr OmVo. A{YH$ AJ«^ma ZoUmao A{¾~mU n¥Ïdr~mhoaÀ`m
A§Vami _mo{h_m Am{U _mZdmbm A§VamimV nmR>dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV.
194
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
XwYmar V§ÌkmZ : A{¾~mUmMm dmna AdH$me g§emoYZmV CnJ«h àjonU H$aÊ`mgmR>r AWdm A§Vami`mZo
nmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmV Agbm Var A{¾~mU V§ÌkmZmMm _moR>m dmna bîH$ar H$m_mgmR>r Amho. _yimVM
A{¾~mUmMm {dH$mg Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV O_©ZrV Am{U A_o[aHo$V jonUmó V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>rM Pmbm.
åhUyZM AdH$me V§ÌkmZmbm "XwYmar V§ÌkmZ' åhQ>bo OmVo.
4.2.2 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. O_©Zr_Ü`o àW_ A{¾~mUmgmR>r eŠVrembr B§YZmMr g§H$ënZm H$moUr _m§S>br?
(A) am°~Q>© H$m°H$
(~) hoa_mZ JmÝgqdS²>Q> (H$) _me©b ~m°~
(S>) _m`H$b OmoÝg
2. B§YZ åhUyZ Ðdén Am°pŠgOZ d hm`S´>moOZMm dmna H$amdm Ago H$moUË`m a{e`Z emókmZo gwM{dbo?
(A) Om°Z añH$sZ (~) Q>m°bñQ>m`
(H$) H$m°ÝñQ>§{Q>Z PmobmoìhñH$s (S>) {Q>_oWr
3. JVr{df`H$ {Vgam {Z`_ H$moUr _m§S>bm?
(A) S>m°. ^m^m
(~) Oo. gr. ~mog (H$) AmBZñQ>mB©Z
(S>) Ý`yQ>Z
4. H«$m`moOo{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmV H$moUË`m XmoZ dm`y§Mm AË`§V W§S> AdñWoV Cn`moJ H$aVmV?
(A) Am°pŠgOZ d hm`S´>moOZ
(~) Am°pŠgOZ d Zm`Q´>moOZ
(H$) hm`S´>moOZ d Zm`Q´>moOZ
(S>) Zm`Q´>moOZ d ho{b`_
5. A{¾~mUmMo ñdV:Mo dOZ dJiVm Oo dOZ dmhÿZ ZoD$ eH$Vmo `mbm H$moUVr g§km dmnabr OmVo?
(A) AJ«^ma
(~) ^ma_mZ
(H$) dñVy_mZ
(S>) dOZ
4.2.3 H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h d CnJ«h dmhH$ (àjonH$) :
H¥${Ì_ CnJ«hm§Mr aMZm :
H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h n¥Ïdr^modVr AdH$memV hOmamo {H$. _r. A§Vamdê$Z {\$aV AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m_Yrb `§ÌUm hr
A{Ve` g§doXZerb d Jw§VmJw§VrMr AgVo. CnJ«h AdH$memVyZ n¥ÏdrH$S>o _m{hVr nmR>{dVmV. gmh{OH$M
CnJ«hm§H$Sy>Z _m{hVr {_idUo Am{U Vr n¥Ïdrda nmR>{dUo hm CnJ«h V§ÌkmZmVrb gdm©V _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho.
CnJ«hm§H$S>o AmO AZoH$ H$m_o gmon{dbobr AgVmV. hr H$m_o nma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r CnJ«hm§Zm n¥Ïdrdê$Z gyMZm nmR>dmì`m
bmJVmV. VgoM CnJ«hm§Zr {_i{dbobr _m{hVr `mo½` Ë`m {R>H$mUr O_m H$amdr bmJVo. `mgmR>r H¥${Ì_ CnJ«hm§_Ü`o
gd©gmYmaU nwT>rb CnH$aUo ~g{dbobr AgVmV.
1. ao{S>Amo bhar àjonU `§Ì
2. gm¡a {dÚwV KQ>
3. Vmn_mZ _moOUmao CnH$aU
195
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
4. CëH$mnmVmMr Zm|X KoUmao CnH$aU
5. A{VZrb {H$aUo _moOUmao CnH$aU
6. AmH$mer` (E[aEb)
7. Xya{MÌdmUr H°$_oam
8. {Xem {Z`§ÌH$
9. H$jm {Z`§ÌH$
`m CnJ«hm_Ü`o g§Xoe bhatMo àjonU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ao{S>Amo bhar àjonU `§Ì ~gdbobo AgVo. Vo hOmamo
{H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamn`ªV g§Xoe bhatMo àjonU H$ê$ eH$Vo. CnJ«hmda gm¡a{dÚwV KQ> ~gdbobo AgVmV Vo
gy`©{H$aUm§nmgyZ {dÚwV {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m {dÚwVMm dmna CàhmVrb Xya{MÌdmUr aS>ma, JUH$`§ÌUm
`mgma»`m `§ÌUm H$aV AgVmV. Ooìhm CnJ«h n¥ÏdrÀ`m N>m`oV (amÌr) àdoe H$aVmo, Voìhm gm¡aeŠVr Ë`mg {_iV
Zmhr. Aemdoir CnJ«hmVrb "g§MmbH$ {dOoar' CnJ«hmbm {dÚwV nwadR>m H$arV AgVo.
CnJ«hm§Mo H$m_mZwén àH$ma :
CnJ«hm§À`m H$m_mZwgma Ë`m§Mo nwT>rb ghm àH$ma nmS>bo OmVmV.
1. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ CnJ«h
2. hdm_mZ CnJ«h
3. bîH$ar CnJ«h
4. _mJ©Xe©H$ CnJ«h
5. g§XoedhZ CnJ«h
6. Xyag§doXZ CnJ«h
1. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ CnJ«h : d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmgmR>r AZoH$ CnH$aUo Agbobo CnJ«h n¥Ïdr^modVr
gmoS>Ê`mV `oVmV. n¥ÏdrÀ`m ~mø dmVmdaUmVrb \o$a~Xb, IJmobemór` g§emoYZmbm Amdí`H$ à`moJ B. Jmoï>r
`m CnJ«hmÛmao H$aVm `oVmV. A_o[aHo$Zo 1958 _Ü`o àjo{nV Ho$bobm "EŠñßbmoaa-1' hm Aem àH$maMm n{hbm
CnJ«h hmo`. VgoM ^maVmZohr 2003 "Q>r.B.Eg.' hm CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>bm Amho.
2. hdm_Z CnJ«h : ho CnJ«h àm_w»`mZo n¥ÏdrÀ`m dmVmdaUmMm _mJmodm KoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV. hdoMo
JwUY_©, T>J, dmVmdaUmVrb ~XbmMr dJ¡ao _m{hVr ho CnJ«h Jmoim H$ê$Z n¥ÏdrH$S>o nmR>dVmV. "Q>m`am°g' hm
AemàH$maMm n{hbm CnJ«h A_o[aHo$Zo AdH$memV nmR>dbm. VgoM ^maVmZohr AemàH$maMm "H$ënZm-1' ZmdmMm
CnJ«h AdH$memV nmR>dbm Amho.
196
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
3. bîH$ar CnJ«h : CnJ«hm_YyZ n¥Ïdrda bj R>odVm `oV Agë`mZo hoa{JargmR>r CnJ«hmMm dmna 1960
À`m XeH$mnmgyZ Ho$bm OmV Amho. ho CnJ«h n¥ÏdrÀ`m OdiÀ`m H$joV {\$ê$Z {d{eï> ^y-n«Xoemda ZOa R>odVmV
Am{U Ë`m à{V_m ^yH|$ÐmH$S>o nmR>dVmV. A_o[aH$m, a{e`m, MrZ, \«$mÝg Am{U {~«Q>Z `m§Mo hoa{Jar H$aUmao CnJ«h
ApñVËdmV AmhoV.
4. _mJ©Xe©H$ CnJ«h : CnJ«hm§Mm Cn`moJ XiUdiUmà_mUoM OhmOo, {d_mZo, AdH$me`mZo Am{U
_moQ>mar `m§Zm Ë`m§Mo n¥Ïdrdarb ñWmZ XmIdÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. `mbmM _mJ©Xe©Z àUmbr qH$dm Z°ìhrJoeZ {gñQ>r_
Ago åhUVmV. Aem àH$mao CnJ«hm§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMr H$ënZm 1960 _Ü`o ApñVËdmV Ambr. A_o[aHo$Mm
"Q> Q ´ > m pÝPQ> - 1~r' hm n{hbm _mJ© X e© H $ CnJ« h hmo V m. gÜ`m dmnamV Agbo b r "OmJ{VH$ ñWmZ
{ZpíMVràUmbr'(GPS : Global Positioning System) hr AemàH$maÀ`m CnJ«hmda AmYm[aV Amho. ^maVr`
_mJ©Xe©H$àUmbrMo "JJZ' (GAGAN) ho gm§Ho${VH$ Zmd Amho.
5. g§XoedhZ CnJ«h : XiUdiUmgmR>r CnJ«hm§Mm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr gwédmV 1962 _Ü`o Pmbr.
"Q>obñQ>ma' hm A_o[aHo$Mm d `wamo{n` amï´>m§Mm g§`wŠV g§XoedmhH$ CnJ«h hmoVm. gwédmVrbm `màH$maMo CnJ«h ao{S>Amo
XiUdiUmgmR>r dmnabo OmV AgV. ^maVmZo gwédmVrbm 1981 _Ü`o àm`mo{JH$ VÎdmda "A°nb' hm CnJ«h
gmoSy>Z geñdr nXmn©U Ho$bo. Z§Va BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Vrb CnJ«h XiUdiUmMo H$m_ H$aVmV.
6. Xyag§doXZ CnJ«h : Xyag§doXZ CnJ«hmMr gwédmV 1972 _Ü`o b±S>g°Q> `m A_o[aH$Z CnJ«h _m{bHo$Zo
Pmbr. Xyag§doXZ CnJ«hm§Mo _w»` H$m_ n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>^mJmMo {MÌU H$ê$Z Vr _m{hVr n¥Ïdrdarb H|$ÐmH$S>o nmR>dUo.
`m _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ AZoH$ àH$mao H$aVm `oVmo. Ë`m_wio Xyag§doXZ CnJ«h hm AdH$me V§ÌkmZmVrb AË`§V _hÎdmMm
^mJ Amho. ^maVmZo 1988 _Ü`o n{hbm Xyag§doXr CnJ«h "Am`.Am`.Eg.-1' hm AdH$memV gmoS>bm.
CnJ«hm§Mo ^«_UH$joZwgma àH$ma :
CnJ«hm§Mr ^«_UH$jm Am{U Ë`m§Mo n¥ÏdrnmgyZMo A§Va `mZwgma CnJ«hm§Mo nwT>rb Mma àH$ma nS>VmV.
1. H$_r C§Mrdarb CnJ«h
2. ^ypñWa CnJ«h
3. gy`©pñWa CnJ«h
4. _mob{Z`m H$joVrb CnJ«h
1. H$_r C§Mrdarb CnJ«h : `m àH$maMo CnJ«h n¥ÏdrÀ`m n¥ð>m^mJmnmgyZ \$ma Xya ZgVmV. gm_mÝ`V:
200 Vo 600 {H$._r. C§Mrda {\$aUmè`m hdm_mZ{df`H$ _m{hVr nwa{dUmao Am{U XiUdiUmgmR>r bmJUmao
CnJ«h gd©gmYmaUnUo `m H$joV {\$aVmV.
2. ^ypñWa CnJ«h : `m CnJ«hm§Mr {\$aÊ`mMr H$jm {ZpíMV ñdénmMr AgyZ Vo gm_mÝ`V: n¥ÏdrnmgyZ
197
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
36000 {H$._r. C§Mrda {\$aV AgVmV. `m CnJ«hm§Mr ^«_UH$jm gm_mÝ`nUo dVw©imH$ma AgyZ Ë`mMm doJ
Am{U {Xem AemàH$mao AgVo H$s ho CnJ«h n¥Ïdrdarb EImÚm {R>H$mUmÀ`m VwbZoV ñWra Agë`mà_mUo ^mgVmV.
BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Vrb CnJ«h ^ypñWa àH$maMo AmhoV.
3. gy`©pñWa CnJ«h : `m CnJ«hm§Mr H$jm gd©gmYmaUnUo dVw©imH$ma AgyZ Ë`m§Mr ^«_UmMr {Xem CÎmaX{jU Aer AgVo. `m ^«_UH$jobm Y«wdr` (Polar) H$jm Ago åhUVmV. gy`©pñWa CnJ«h n¥ÏdrnmgyZ 600 Vo
1000 {H$._r. C§Mrda AgVmV. Am`.Ama.Eg. _m{bHo$Vrb CnJ«h gy`©pñWa AgVmV.
4. _mob{Z`m H$joVrb CnJ«h : `m àH$maÀ`m CnJ«hm§Mr ^«_UH$jm XrK© Am{U b§~dVw©imH$ma AgVo.
Ë`m_wio ho CnJ«h H$mhr doim n¥ÏdrÀ`m AJXr Odi Va H$mhr doim n¥ÏdrÀ`m Xya A§Vamda AgVmV.
AdH$meñWmZH$ d à`moJemim :
darb CnJ«hm§IoarO n¥Ïdr^modVr àX{jUm KmbUmè`m AmH$meñWmZH$m§Mr à`moJemim§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr
Amho. Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ AdH$me g§emoYZmgmR>r hmoVmo Amho. Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo1. AdH$meñWmZH$
2. {\$aVr Á`mo{Vfr` doYemim
3. {\$aVr gm¡a doYemim
4. {\$aVr ^y-^m¡{VH$s` doYemim
1. AdH$meñWmZH$ : AdH$me`mZmgmR>r gmhmæ`H$ R>aUmam AdH$me`mZmÀ`m àdmgmV B§YZmMr,
CnH$aUmMr gwQ>çm ^mJm§Mr qH$dm AÝ` gm_J«rMr _XV H$aUmam H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h åhUOo AdH$meñWmZH$ hmo`. Ë`m
AdH$meñWmZH$m_Ü`o Amdí`H$ Ë`m KQ>H$m§Mo {Za{Zamio nwaogo gmR>o AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. E{àb 1971 _Ü`o
"g°ë`wQ>-1' ho AdH$meñWmZH$ a{e`mZo gmoS>bo Va _o 1973 _Ü`o A_o[aHo$Zo ñH$m`b°~ ZmdmMr à`moJemim
AdH$memV gmoS>br. Va gÜ`m OJmVrb n§Yam Xoem§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z Am§Vaamï´>r` AdH$meñWmZH$ àH$ën gmH$ma
Ho$bm Amho.
2. {\$aVr Á`mo{Vfr` doYemim : n{hbr doYemim O§~ynma àmaU, j-{H$aUo Am{U J°_m àmaU `m§Mm
Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r E{àb 1966 _Ü`o AdH$memV nmR>{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. na§Vw n{hbm à`ËZ A`eñdr
R>abm. Ë`m_wio Xwgar doYemim 7 {S>g|~a 1968 amoOr H$joV gmoS>Ê`mV Ambr. Ë`m emioMo H$m`© `eñdr R>abo.
{\$aË`m Á`mo{Vfr` doYemioZo IJmobemór` Aä`mgmV AË`§V _mobmMr ^a KmVbr.
3. {\$aVr gm¡a doYemim : A_o[aHo$Ûmam 1962 d 1965 Aem XmoZ {\$aË`m gm¡adoYemim AdH$memV
nmR>dë`m Ë`m§Mm _w»` hoVy hm hmoVm H$s gy`m©À`m {dÚwV Mw§~H$s` àmaUmMm Aä`mg H$aUo. {\$aË`m gm¡adoYemio_Ü`o
hmoUmè`m àË`oH$ à`moJmnmgyZ {_imbobr _m{hVr gVV AI§S>nUo, H«$_mZwgma Zm|X hmoV AgVo.
4. {\$aVr ^y-^m¡{VH$s` doYemim : {\$aVr ^y-^m¡{VH$s` doYemim XmoZ àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©er g§~§{YV
198
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
Agë`mZo XmoZ àH$maÀ`m {\$aË`m ^y-^m¡{VH$s` doYemim V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`mV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ doYemim
Am`Zm§~amÀ`m daÀ`m WamnmgyZ Mw§~H$mdaÀ`m gr_on`ªV Am{U Ë`m{R>H$mUmhÿZ Am§VaJ«hr` AdH$memn`ªVMr
_m{hVr nmR>dy eH$bo. Xwgè`m àH$maMr doYemim Y«wdr` H$joV H$_r C§Mrda amhÿZ gd© n¥Ïdrdarb Am{dîH$mamMo
ObX gd}jU H$aVo.
A{¾~mU/CnJ«hdmhH$ : V§ÌkmZ {dH$mg :
A_o[aHo$Zo 1945 _Ü`o n{hbo gmD§${S>J am°Ho$Q> `eñdr[aË`m gmoS>bo. Ë`mbm d°H$ H$mnm}ab Ago Zmd hmoVo.
`mZ§Va Joë`m 50 dfm©V AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m A{¾~mUmMm {dH$mg Pmbm Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o "AH$m©g' `m N>moQ>çm 5
{H$.J«°_ dOZmÀ`m 61 {H$._r. C§Mrn`ªV OmD$ eH$Umè`m A{¾~mUmnmgyZ Vo ZmB©H$ H$OyZ `m 27 {H$.J«°_ dOZmÀ`m
158 {H$._r. C§Mrn`ªV OmD$ Q>mH$Umè`m Aem {d{dY A{¾~mUm§Mm g_mdoe Amho. VgoM ^maVmZohr AdH$me
H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVë`mZ§Va 1963 _Ü`o N>moQ>çm A{¾~mUmdarb g§emoYZmbm gwédmV Pmbr. Ë`m_Ü`o gmD§$qS>J
am°Ho$QX²dmao hdm_mZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmar CnH$aUo 50 Vo 150 {H$._r. C§Mrn`ªV ZoÊ`mMr j_Vm àmá Ho$br Jobr.
Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmV A{¾~mUmMm {dH$mg XmoZ ñdV§Ì {R>H$mUr nU EH$mM doir Pmbm hmoVm. A_o[aH$m Am{U
O_©Z `m Xoem_Ü`o 1930 Vo 1945 `m n§Yam dfm©V A{¾~mU àjonU V§ÌkmZmMr IynM àJVr Pmbr hmoVr.
A_o[aHo$V am°~Q>© JmoS>mS>© Va O_©ZrV dm°ëQ>a S>m°Z©~J©a Am{U doZ}a \$m°Z ~«mD$Z ho g§emoYH$ bîH$ar H$m_mgmR>r
g§emoYZ H$arV hmoVo. `m_Ü`o "ìhr-2' `m gwà{gÕ A{¾~mUmMo ñWmZ AmJiodoJio Amho. `mM~amo~a A_o[aHo$Zo
"àm`ìhoQ>' `m n{hë`m A{¾~mUmMr `eñdr MmMUr KoVbr.
^maV : A{¾~mU V§ÌkmZ {dH$mg àma§^ :
^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ H$m`©H«$_mMm 1970 Vo 1980 Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV _w»`^a CnJ«h àjonH$
~Z{dÊ`mH$S>o hmoVm. `m Xaå`mZ A{¾~mUmÀ`m aMZog§~§Yr, B§YZmg§~§Yr Am{U _mJ©Xe©H$ n«Umbr{df`H$ g§emoYZ
Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. `m H$mimV "amo{hUr' Am{U "_oZH$m' `m gmD§$qS>J am°Ho$Q> àUmbrMm {dH$mg Ho$bm OmV hmoVm.
A{¾~mU ~ZdÊ`mMo V§ÌkmZ ^maVmbm AdJV ZìhVo. `mgmR>r a{e`mMr _XV àË`oH$doir ¿`mdr bmJV
hmoVr. Ë`m_wio àjonH$mÀ`m {Z{_©VrV ñd`§{gÕ hmoÊ`mMr JaO ^mgy bmJbr. Ë`mVyZM {dH«$_ gmam^mB©gma»`m
Á`oð> emókmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vmo§S> XoV S>m°. AãXwb H$bm_ d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr AWH$
n[al_ KoD$Z Eg.Eb.ìhr.-3 (SLV-3) ho ñdXoer ~ZmdQ>rMo àjonH$ ~Z{dbo d ^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZmVrb
EH$m _hÎdnyU© Q>ßß`mbm gwédmV Ho$br.
1. n{hë`m {nT>rMo CnJ«h dmhH$ (SLV) : ^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr ñdà`ËZmVyZ {dH${gV Ho$boë`m n{hë`m
CnJ«hdmH$mMr Owc¡ 1980 _Ü`o `eñdr MmMUr KoVbr. `m dmhH$m_Ü`o Mma Q>ßno hmoVo Am{U KZ B§YZmMm dmna
H$aÊ`mV Ambobm hmoVm. `m dmhH$mZo "Ama.Eg.-1' hm amo{hUr CnJ«h _m{bHo$Vrb CnJ«h `mo½` {R>H$mUr H$joV
gmoS>Ê`mV `e àmá Ho$bo.
199
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2. Xwgè`m {nT>rMo CnJ«h dmhH$ (ASLV) : Eg.Eb.ìhr. (SLV) àH$maÀ`m dmhH$m_Ü`o gwYmaUm
H$ê$Z nwT>À`m {nT>rMo Eg.Eb.ìhr. (ASLV) ho ZdrZ CnJ«h dmhH$ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `m dmhH$mMr aMZm
100 {H$.J«°_ dOZmnojm A{YH$ dOmZmMo CnJ«h dmhÿZ ZoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `m CnJ«hmMr
n{hbr d Xwgar MmMUr A`eñdr R>abr _mÌ {Vgar MmMUr d Mm¡Wr MmMUr `eñdr R>abr.
3. {Vgè`m {nT>rMo CnJ«h dmhH$ (PSLV) : Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1993 _Ü`o nr.Eg.Eb.ìhr. `m ZdrZ
dmhH$mMr MmMUr Pmbr. VWm{n, "Am`.Ama.Eg.-nr.-1' hm CnJ«h "nr.Eg.Eb.ìhr. S>r.-2' `m dmhH$mZo
`eñdr[aË`m AdH$memV gmoS>bm. 1996 _Ü`o "nr.Eg.Eb.ìhr.-S>r3' `m CnJ«hdmhH$mZo "Am`.Ama.Eg.nr.3' `m CnJ«h gy`©pñWa Yw«dr` H$joV ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `e àmá Ho$bo.
4. Mm¡Ï`mg {nT>rMo CnJ«h dmhH$ (GSLV) : A{YH$ ^ma dmhÿZ ZoD$ eH$Umè`m A{¾~mU {Z{_©VrgmR>r
"Or.Eg.Eb.ìhr.' àH$ën 1990 _Ü`o hmVr KoÊ`mV Ambm. gw_mao 2000 {H$.J«.° ^ma dmhÿ eH$Umè`m A{¾~mUmMr
{Z{_©Vr ho `m àH$ënmMo C{Ôï> hmoVo. `m àH$maÀ`m A{¾~mUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao A{V{d{eï> Ago H«$m`moOo{ZH$
B§{OZ Amnë`mbm a{e`mH$Sy>Z Am`mV H$amdo bmJV Ago.
Odi Odi Xhm dfmªÀ`m AWH$ n[al_mZ§Va 18 E{àb 2001 amoOr "Or.Eg.Eb.ìhr.-S>r.-1' Mo
`eñdr àjonU lrharH$moQ>m `oWyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Or.Eg.Eb.ìhr.À`m `eñdr CÈ>mUmV Bómo `m ^maVr` AJ«JÊ` amQ´>r` g§ñWoMm _hÎdmMm dmQ>m Amho. _o
2003 _Ü`o gw_mao 2000 {H$bmo dOZ àjo{nV H$ê$ eH$Umè`m Or.Eg.Eb.ìhr.Mr `eñdr MmMUr KoÊ`mV
Ambr.
4.2.3 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. A_o[aHo$Zo 1958 _Ü`o H$moUVm d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ CnJ«h gmoS>bm?
(A) Am`AmaEg (~) Q>rB©Eg
(H$) EŠgßbmoaa-1
(S>) Q>m`am°g
2. ^maVmZo 2003 _Ü`o H$moUVm d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ CnJ«h gmoS>bm?
(A) Q>rB©Eg
(~) Am`AmaEg (S>) JJZ
(H$) Q>obñQ>ma-1
3. A_o[aHo$Zo H$moUVm hdm_mZ CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>bm Amho?
(A) H$ënZm-1
(~) Q>m`am°g
(H$) Q>obñQ>ma
(S>) JJZ
4. ^maVmZo H$moUVm hdm_mZ CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>bm Amho?
(A) Q>obñQ>ma
(~) JJZ
(H$) H$ënZm-1
(S>) Q>m`am°g
5. ^maVmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ àUmbrÀ`m CnJ«hmMo Zmd H$m`?
(A) JJZ
(~) Am`AmaEg-1 (H$) EŠgßbmoaa
(S>) H$ënZm-1
200
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
6. A_o[aHo$À`m n{hë`m XiUdiU CnJ«hmMo Zmd H$m`?
(A) EŠgßbmoaa
(~) Q>obñQ>ma-1 (H$) Q>rB©Eg
(S>) Am`AmaEg-1
7. ^maVmÀ`m n{hë`m Xyag§doXr CnJ«hmMo Zmd H$m`?
(A) JJZ
(~) H$ënZm-1 (H$) Am`AmaEg-1
(S>) Q>rB©Eg
8. ^ypñWa CnJ«hmMr C§Mr gm_mÝ`V: n¥ÏdrnmgyZ {H$Vr {H$. _r. AgVo?
(A) 3600 {H$._r. (~) 2600 {H$._r. (H$) 4600 {H$._r.
(S>) 5600 {H$._r.
9. gy`©pñWa CnJ«h ho H$moUË`m _m{bHo$Vrb AgVmV?
(A) BÝg°Q>
(~) Q>rB©Eg
(H$) d°H$ H$mnm}ab
(S>) Am`AmaEg
10._mob{Z`m H$joVrb CnJ«hm§Mr ^«_UH$jm H$er AgVo?
(A) dVw©imH$ma
(~) XrK© Am{U b§~dVw©imH$ma
(H$) JmobmH$ma
(H$) bKy Am{U dVw©imH$ma
11.a{e`mZo E{àb 1971 _Ü`o H$moUVo AdH$meñWmZH$ AdH$memV gmoS>bo?
(A) g|ë`wQ>-1
(~) ñH$m`b°~
(H$) EŠgßbmoaa
(S>) Q>m`am°g
12.A_o[aHo$Zo _o 1973 _Ü`o H$moUVr à`moJemim AdH$memV gmoS>br?
(A) ñH$m`dm°H$
(~) ñH$m`b°~
(H$) ñH$m`
(S>) Ho$Am`Ama
13.A_o[aHo$À`m n{hë`m gmD§$qS>J am°Ho$Q>Mo Zmd H$m`?
(A) d°H$ H$mnm}aoQ> (~) d°H$ H$mnm}ab (H$) BÝg°Q>
(S>) Am`AmaEg
14.A_o[aHo$V A{¾~mUmMm {dH$mg H$moUVr Ho$bm?
(A) am°~Q>© A±S´>çy (~) S>m°. am°g
(H$) am°~Q>© JmoS>mS>©
(H$) S>m°. {\$brn
15.O_©ZrZo n{hbm H$moUVm A{¾~mU {dH${gV Ho$bm?
(A) Eg-1
(~) ìhr-2
(H$) Oo-1
(S>) Ho$-2
4.2.4 ^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_ :
^maVmMr IJmobemór` na§nam hOmamo df} OwÝ`m H$mbmdYrnmgyZ Amho. ^maVr` doXm§_Ü`o J«h-Vmè`m§Mr
dU©Zo AgyZ gyú_ ñdénmMr _m{hVr CnbãY Amho. ^maVmV VrZ-Mmaeo dfm©nyduÀ`m doYemim§Mrhr C„oIZr`
H$m_{Jar Amho. _mÌ ^maVr` nmaV§Í`mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV `m ~m~rH$S>o Xwb©j Pmbo Am{U EHy$UM d¡km{ZH$
g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌmbm Iri ~gbr.
^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va AdH$me g§emoYZmMm Cn`moJ ^maVmnwT>rb g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r hmoD$
201
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eHo$b, hr Jmoï> d¡km{ZH$ Am{U d¡km{ZH$ YmoaU R>a{dUmè`m§À`m IynM bdH$a bjmV Ambr. 1962 _Ü`o
AUwD$Om© {d^mJmZo EH$ g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. hr g{_Vr 'INCSR' `m g§{já ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmB©. B§{S>`Z
Z°eZb H${_Q>r \$m°a ñnog [agM© ho Ë`m H${_Q>rMo nyU© Zmd hmoVo.
^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWm "Bómo'Mr ñWmnZm 1969 _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va 1972 _Ü`o
"{S>nmQ>©_|Q> Am°\$ ñnog'Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
^maVr` AdH$meg§emoYZ g§ñWm/"Bómo' :
^maVmV hmoUmè`m gd© AdH$me g§emoYZ H$m`©H«$_mMo g§MbZ ^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWm "Bómo'
Am{U ^maV gaH$maMm "AdH$me {d^mJ' ho g§`wŠVnUo H$aVmV. ~§Jiya `oWrb _w»`mb`mà_mUo Ah_Xm~mX,
h¡Ðm~mX Am{U {VéAZ§Vnwa_² `m {R>H$mUmhÿZ AdH$me g§emoYZmMo H$m`© MmbVo. ^maVr` AdH$me H$m`©H«$_mMr
_w»` C{Ôï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo1. ^maVmV J«m_rU d An«JV ^mJmV g§XoedmhZmÀ`m gw{dYm dmT>{dUo.
2. Z¡g{J©H$ IZrO g§nÎmrMm emoY KoUo.
3. {dH$mgmÀ`m ZdrZ `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
4. dmVmdaU d hdm_mZmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
5. ^maVr` gr_m§Mo {ZarjU H$éZ g§~§{YV _m{hVr bîH$ambm nwa{dUo.
6. "Bómo' A§VJ©V Xoe^a ngaboë`m {d{dY H|$ÐmVyZ bîH$amgmR>r jonUmóo {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
darb C{Ôï>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AdH$me V§ÌkmZ {d^mJ ñdV:À`m g§ñWm_Ü`o {d{eï> àH$ënm§Mo {Z`moOZ
H$aVmo. VgoM AUwD$Om© {d^mJ g§ajU g§emoYZ {d^mJ dJ¡ao BVa d¡km{ZH$ g§ñWm§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo H$mhr àH$ën
hmVr KoVbo OmVmV. `mIoarO AdH$me g§emoYZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV _Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg H$aUo Am{U BVa AmZwf§{JH$
joÌmV {dH$mg H$aUo `mgmR>r {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo g§`wŠV g§emoYZ àH$ën AdH$me g§emoYZ {d^mJmV\}$
hmVr KoVbo OmVmV.
"Bómo' A§VJ©V {d{dY g§emoYZ H|$Ðo :
^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMr CnJ«h {Z{_©Vr ho ^maVmVrb g§emoYZ H|$X«mÀ`m AmOn`ªV gm§{KH$ à`ËZmMo \$i Amho.
Ë`mVrbM H$mhr _hÎdmMr g§emoYZ H|$Ðo Imobrà_mUo 1. "Bómo' CnJ«h H|$Ð : "Bómo' CnJ«h H|$Ð ho ~§Jiya `oWo AgyZ `m{R>H$mUr CnJ«hm§Mo AmamIS>o V`ma
H$aUo, CnJ«hm§Mr ~m§YUr d MmMÊ`m KoUo hr H$m_o nma nmS>br OmVmV. CnJ«hmg§~§YrMo V§ÌkmZ Am{U CnJ«hmMo
{d{dY Cn`moJ `m§À`mda `m H|$ÐmV {deoe g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo.
2. {dH«$_ gmam^mB© A§V[aj H|$Ð : AdH$meg§emoYZmVrb _w»` ^mJ AgUmè`m CnJ«h àjonH$mdarb
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g§emoYZmMr O~m~Xmar KoUmar hr ^maVmVrb EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñWm Amho. à»`mV d¡km{ZH$ {dH«$_ gmam^mB© `m§À`m
gÝ_mZmW© `m H|$ÐmMo Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. {VéAZ§Vnwa_² `oWrb `m àM§S> H|$Ðm_Ü`o {Za{Zamù`m
dmhH$m§Mm {dH$mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Eg.Eb.ìhr., E.Eg.Eb.ìhr., nr.Eg.Eb.ìhr. Am{U Or.Eg.Eb.ìhr.
àjonH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr `mM H|$ÐmV MmbVo.
3. AdH$me Cn`moOZ H|$Ð/g°H$ : JwOamV_Ü`o Ah_Xm~mX `oWo Agboë`m g°H$ H|$ÐmV A§V[ajmV
nmR>dboë`m CnJ«hm§À`m Cn`moJmg§~§Yr g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© MmbVo. XiUdiU, Xyag§doXZ `m joÌmer g§~§{YV
CnJ«hm§À`m {Z`§ÌU à{H«$`oVrb gwb^Vm `mg§~§YrMo g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo. AdH$memVrb CnJ«hm§er g§^mfU
gmYÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar n¥Ïdrdarb H|$ÐmMr {Z{_©Vr d XoIaoI hr g°H$_m\©$V Ho$br OmVo.
4. gVre YdZ AdH$me H|$Ð/ema : Am§Y« àXoemVrb lrh[aH$moQ>m `m {R>H$mUr Agbobo ho H|$X« "ema'
(SHAR) `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmV Ago. gZ 2002 _Ü`o àm. gVre YdZ `m§À`m gÝ_mZmW© `m H|$ÐmMo Zm_H$aU
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. BómoÀ`m àjonUmMo "ema' ho à_wI H|$Ð Amho. `m {R>H$mUmhÿZ CnJ«h Ë`m§À`m g§~§{YV H$joV
nmR>dbo OmVmV.
5. ^m¡{VH$s g§emoYZ à`moJemim : AdH$me g§emoYZmer {ZJS>rV ^m¡{VH$s {dkmZmVrb gd© joÌmVrb
àJV g§emoYZ H$aUmar ^m¡{VH$s g§emoYZ à`moJemim (nr.Ama.Eb.) Ah_Xm~mX `oWo AgyZ `oWo BÝ\«$maoS>,
"IJmob{dkmZ' gy`m©g§~§Yr g§emoYZmVrb H$m`© MmbVo.
6. Q>o{b_oQ´>r Q´>°qH$J d H$_m§S> ZoQ>dH©$ : ^maVr` CnJ«h àjonH$ Am{U CnJ«hmMm ^mJ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Am{U
Ë`m§À`m hmbMmbrMr _m{hVr O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H|$ÐmMo Omio Q>o{b_oQ´>r Q´>°qH$J d H$_m§S> ZoQ>dH©$ C^maÊ`mV
Ambo Amho. Ë`mMo _w»`mb` ~§Jiya AgyZ bIZm¡, nmoQ>©ãboAa, lrh[aH$moQ>m, {VéAZ§Vnwa_² Am{U _m°[aeg `m
{R>H$mUr O{_Zrdarb {Z`§ÌU H|$Ðo AmhoV.
7. _mñQ>a H§$Q´>mob \°${g{bQ>r : CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>ë`mZ§Va Vmo `mo½` OmJr ZoD$Z ñWm{nV H$aUo,
Ë`mMr gd© H$m`©o ì`dpñWV Mmby H$ê$Z XoUo Am{U CnJ«hmda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo hr H$m_o H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb hgZ `oWrb
_mñQ>a H§$Q´>mob \°${g{bQ>rÛmam (E_.gr.E\$.) Ûmam nma nmS>br OmVmV.
8. amï´>r` Xyag§doXZ g§ñWm : amï´>r` Xyag§doXZ g§ñWm (EZ.Ama.Eg.) h¡Ðm~mX `oWo AgyZ {VMo H$m_
AdH$me {d^mJmÀ`m A§VJ©V nU ñdm`ÎmnUo MmbVo. Xyag§doXZg§~§Yr g§emoYZ H$aUo Am{U CnJ«h à{V_m ì`mnmar
VÎdmda dmnamgmR>r CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho `m g§ñWoMo _w»` H$m`© Amho.
9. Zm°W©-B©ñQ>Z© ñnog A°{ßbHo$eZ g|Q>a : ho H|$Ð 2000 _Ü`o {ebm±J `oWo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ
AdH$me V§ÌkmZmVrb àJVrMm B©emÝ`H$S>rb amÁ`m§Zm \$m`Xm H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ho g|Q>a ñWmnZ Ho$bo Amho.
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^maVr` CnJ«h H$m`©H«$_ :
19 E{àb 1975 bm gmoS>bobm n{hbm ^maVr` CnJ«h "Am`©^Q>' Vo ^maVmZo Ho$boë`m Mm§Ð_mo{h_oÀ`m
KmofUon`ªV ^maVmMr AdH$me g§emoYZmVrb H$m_{Jar {dñ_`H$maH$ Amho. AWH$ n[al_mZ§Va ~Z{dÊ`mV Amboë`m
ñdXoer ~ZmdQ>rÀ`m "Am`©^Q>'bm AdH$me H$jmV nmR>dÊ`mV Ambo Vo _mÌ a{e`mÀ`m àjonH$ `mZmZo. Ë`m_wio
AmOn`ªV AZoH$ AmìhmZm§Zm Vm|S> XoV Xyag§Mma, Xyag§doXZ, hdm_mZ{df`H$, gmJaemó{df`H$, ñdXoer ~ZmdQ>rMo
CnJ«h Am{U Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmao n«jonH$ `mZ ~ZdÊ`mV "Bómo'Zo `e {_idbo Amho. gwédmVrbm àm`mo{JH$
VÎdmdarb CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>Ê`mV `e {_idbo. Ë`mZ§Va Iè`m AWm©Zo ~hþCn`moJr d d¡km{ZH$ joÌmer
g§~§{YV CnJ«h àUmbrbm gwédmV Pmbr. `m CnJ«h àUmbrVrb "BÝg°Q>' d Am`.Ama.Eg. (Xyag§doXZ) àUmbrMo
`e Z¸$sM dmImUÊ`mOmoJo Amho. XmoÝhr CnJ«h àUmbrMr d¡{eï>ço Cn`mo{JVm Am{U `eñdrVm `m~ÔbMr WmoS>Š`mV
_m{hVr AmnU KoD$`m.
^maVr` CnJ«h àUmbrMo àH$ma :
1. "BÝg°Q>'àUmbr (^maVr` amï´>r` CnJ«h àUmbr)
2. "Am`.Ama.Eg.'àUmbr (Xyag§doXZ CnJ«h àUmbr)
1. "BÝg°Q>'àUmbr (^maVr` amï´>r` CnJ«h àUmbr) :
BÝg°Q> àUmbr_Yrb 'INSAT' A Indian National Satellite Mo (^maVr` amï´>r` CnJ«h) bKy én Amho.
`m _m{bHo$Vrb n{hbm CnJ«h 1982 _Ü`o gmoS>Ê`mV Ambm. VoìhmnmgyZ AmÎmmn`ªV BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Vrb AZoH$
CnJ«h ^maVmZo AdH$memV gmoS>bo AmhoV.
BÝg°Q>-1 hm ~hþCÔoer` amï´>r` CnJ«h Amho. `m CnJ«hmg Q>o{bH$å`w{ZHo$eZ, hdm_mZmMm Aä`mg, Xoe^a
Q>r.ìhr.Mo Omio ngadUo, ao{S>Amo d Q>r.ìhr. àgmaUmMo `mo½` {dVaU H$aUo `mgmaIr H$m_o {Xbr Jobr.
n{hë`m {nT>rVrb CnJ«h : "BÝg°Q>-1E' `m CnJ«hmMo àjonU A_o[aHo$À`m _XVrZo 10 E{àb 1982
amoOr Ho$bo Jobo. _mÌ 147 {Xdgm§À`m ^«_§VrZ§Va hm CnJ«h {ZH$m_r Pmbm. `mZ§Va "BÝg°Q>-1~r' hm CnJ«h
A_o[aHo$À`m _XVrZo 30 Am°JñQ> 1983 amoOr AdH$memV gmoS>bm Jobm. nwT>o "BÝg°Q>-1gr' hm CnJ«h \«$mÝgÀ`m
gmhmæ`mZo 22 Owb¡ 1988 amoOr AdH$memV gmoS>bm Jobm. `m CnJ«hm§Mo {Z`§ÌU ^maVmV _mñQ>a H§$Q´>mob \°${g{bQ>r
(hgZ) `oWyZ hmoV AgVo.
Xwgè`m {nT>rVrb CnJ«h : "BÝg°Q>-2' _m{bHo$Vrb CnJ«h "BÝg°Q>-1' Mr gwYm[aV Amd¥Îmr AgyZ Vo
gd©M ~m~VrV "BÝg°Q>-1' _m{bHo$nojm gag AmhoV. `m _m{bHo$Vrb "BÝg°Q>-2E' 10 Owb¡ 1992 amoOr Va
"BÝg°Q>-2~r' 23 Owb¡ 1993 amoOr \o«§$M {J`mZmVrb àjonU H|$Ðmdê$Z AdH$memV pñWa H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
Xwgè`m {nT>rVrb BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$A§VJ©V BÝg°Q>-2 hm 3 OyZ 1997 amoOr n«jo{nV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
n¥ÏdrnmgyZ 200 {H$._r. C§Mrda pñWa H$aÊ`mV Ambobm hm CnJ«h E[a`Z-4 `m am°Ho$Q>Ûmao gmoS>Ê`mV Ambm. `m
àH$ënmda 140 H$moQ>r IM© H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m CnJ«hmMo d¡{eï>ço åhUOo `mÀ`m ~m§YUrMm Ambobm IM© hm
OJmVrb BVa CnJ«hm§À`m _mZmZo EH$ V¥Vr`m§e Amho.
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{Vgè`m {nT>rVrb CnJ«h : `m_Yrb n{hbm CnJ«h BÝg°Q 3 ~r \«|$M {J`mZmVyZ _mM© 2000 _Ü`o hm
Ho$di Xyag§Mma CnJ«h åhUyZ gmoS>bm Jobm>. `mg CnJ«hm_wio "ìhrg°Q>' (Very small aperaure Technology)
àUmbrV bjUr` gwYmaUm Pmbr.
Mm¡Ï`m {nT>rVrb CnJ«h : Mm¡Ï`m {nT>rVrb n{hbm CnJ«h BÝg°Q> 4E 22 {S>g|~a 2005 amoOr \«|$M
{J`mZmVrb H$moD$a `oWrb A§Vami àjonU Vimdê$Z AdH$memV nmR>dÊ`mV Ambm.
BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Vrb Xwgam CnJ«h BÝg°Q> 4gr 10 Owb¡ 2006 amoOr ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rÀ`m CnJ«hmÛmao gmoS>Ê`mV
Ambm.
BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Mo Cn`moJ :
^maVr` CnJ«hm§Mr BÝg°Q> _m{bH$m àW_nmgyZ ~hþCÔoer` ñdê$nmMr Amho. ho CnJ«h {d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm
nwadÊ`mV Cn`moJr nS>V AmhoV.
1. Xyag§Mma joÌ : `m CnJ«hm§Mm Cn`moJ Xyag§MmamMo Omio {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maÀ`m Xyag§Mma
{d^mJmZo Ho$bm Amho. àog Q´>ñQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m (nrQ>rAm`) Zo BÝg°Q> CnJ«hm§À`m gw{dYm§Mm bm^ KoD$Z doJmZo ~mVå`m
d _m{hVrMr XodmUKodmU H$aUmar `§ÌUm dmnaÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br Amho.
2. XyaXe©Z gw{dYm : ^maVmV XyaXe©ZÀ`m {dH$mgmV BÝg°Q> CnJ«hm§Mr H$m_{Jar AË`§V _wb^yV ñdê$nmMr
Amho. BÝg°Q>da AmYm[aV XyaXe©ZMm bm^ XoemVrb 85% bmoH$g§»`obm hmoVmo. ~mVå`m§Mo àgmaU VmËH$mi
H$aVm `oVo. Ë`m~amo~a e¡j{UH$ joÌm_Ü`o `m CnJ«h _m{bHo$Zo _mobmMo H$m`© Ho$bo Amho.
3. _mo~mBb g§XoedhZ : g§XoedhZmÀ`m joÌmV _mo~mB©b \$moZ (^«_UÜdZr) Am{U \°$Šg `m§Zm _hÎdmMo
ñWmZ Amho. "_mo~mB©b g°Q>obmBQ> gpìh©gog' `m CnJ«hmda AmYm[aV goodoMr ì`dñWm BÝg°Q> CnJ«h _m{bHo$_wio eŠ`
Pmbr Amho.
4. Q>o{b-_o{S>grZ : Q>obr-_o{S>grZ hr CnJ«hmda AmYm[aV ZdrZ godm Amho. ^maVmgma»`m {demb
XoemV XwJ©_ ^mJmV d¡ÚH$s` godm Am{U amoJ{ZXmZ VÁk CnbãY ZgVmV. hr H$_VaVm ^éZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r
CnJ«hm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z ehamVë`m gwg‚m hm°pñnQ>b_Yrb VÁkm§Mm g„m XwJ©_ ^mJmVrb é½Um§Zm {_iy eH$Vmo.
5. emoY Am{U ~Mmd _mo{h_ : g§H$Q>mMr nyd©gyMZm XoUo Am{U g§H$Q>H$mir ~Mmd d _XV H$m`© H$aUo
`m_Ü`o CnJ«hm§Mr _mobrMr ^y{_H$m AgVo. `m `§ÌUobm LEORSS (Low Earth Orbit and Rescue Satelite
System) Ago Zmd Amho. `m àUmbrMm \$m`Xm VQ>ajH$Xb {d_mZVi àm{YH$aUo Am{U Zm¡H$mZ`Z joÌmVrb
H§$nÝ`m§Zm hmoVmo.
6. J«m_g°Q> nWXe©H$ àH$ën : CnJ«hm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZajaVm Am{U AkmZ `m§À`mda _mV H$aVm
`oB©b. `m g§H$ënZoVyZ BómoZo J«m_g°Q> (GRAMSAT) hr `moOZm H$m`m©pÝdV Ho$br Amho. `m `moOZoV àmXo{eH$
205
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
nmVirda Am{U àmXo{eH$ ^mfm_Ü`o Img J«m_rU ^mJmgmR>r e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_mMo àjonU
CnJ«hmÛmam H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.
2. Am`.Ama.Eg. CnJ«h àUmbr (Xyag§doXZ CnJ«h àUmbr) :
Am`AmaEg CnJ«hàUmbr åhUOoM B§{S>`Z [a_moQ> gopÝg¨J g°Q>b
o mBQ> (Xyag§dXo Z) àUmbr hmo`. `m àUmbrVrb
CnJ«hm§Mm Cn`moJ hm _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. AemàH$maMo CnJ«h àjo{nV
H$aUmam ^maV hm OJmVrb nmMdm Xoe Amho.
^maVmÀ`m n{hë`m Am`.Ama.Eg.-1 E `m CnJ«hmMo åhUOoM XyañWg§doXr CnJ«hmMo àjonU àm`mo{JH$
VÎdmda a{e`mÀ`m ìhmoñQ>moH$ am°Ho$Q>À`m gmhmæ`mZo 1 _mM© 1988 _Ü`o Ho$bo Jobo. `m CnJ«hmÛmao ^maVmÀ`m
Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMo dê$Z gd}jU H$aUo, Ë`mMr _m{hVr O_m H$aUo d Ë`mMo dJuH$aU H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho.
`m _m{bHo$Vrb Xwgam CnJ«h Am`.Ama.Eg.-1 ~r hm 29 Am°JñQ> 1991 amoOr AdH$memV gmoS>bm Jobm. `m
CnJ«hm§À`m àjonUmZo ^maVmÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm emoY KoUo d Ë`mMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo Amho.
Ë`mgmR>r "Z°eZb Z°Mab [agmog© _°ZoO_|Q> {gñQ>r_ (NNRMS) Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br Jobr.
`m CnJ«hmH$Sy>Z {_imboë`m _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ {díbofU d dJuH$aU h¡Ðm~mX `oWrb "Z°eZb [a_moQ> gopÝg¨J
H|$ÐmV' MmbVo.
g_wÐr CnJ«h Am`.Ama.Eg.-nr 4
(IRS-P4)
:
Am`.Ama.Eg.-nr 4 hm CnJ«h ^maVmV\}$ gmoS>Ê`mV Ambobm n{hbm g_wÐr CnJ«h (Ocean Satellite)
Amho. `m CnJ«hmÛmao _hmgmJam~ÔbMr d Ë`mVrb I{ZOg§nÎmr ~ÔbMr _hÎdnyU© _m{hVr nwa{dbr OmUma Amho.
`m CnJ«hmda AË`mYw{ZH$ Ago (Ocean colour monitor) d gm°{bS>ñQ>oQ> H°$_oao ~gdÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
g_wÐr CnJ«hm§_wio gmJamdarb hdm_mZ, Ë`mVrb ~mînmMo à_mU, dmè`mMr JVr `m~ÔbMr AMyH$ _m{hVr {_iy
eH$Vo.
_oQ>g°Q> :
hdm_mZ CnJ«h hm \$ŠV hdm_mZmMr _m{hVr {_idÊ`mÀ`m CÔrîQ>mZo ^maVmH$Sy>Z nmR>dÊ`mV Ambobm n{hbm
CnJ«h Amho. Y«wdr` CnJ«h àjonH$-gr 4 Ûmao 12 gßQ>|~a 2002 amoOr lrh[aH$moQ>m `oWyZ _oQ>g°Q>Mo àjonU H$aÊ`mV
Ambo. _oQ>g°Q>Mo "H$ënZm-1' Ago Zm_H$maU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
Am`.Ama.Eg. CnJ«h àUmbrMo \$m`Xo :
1. eoVr_Ü`o {nH$mMo àVrhoŠQ>ar CËnmXZ {H$Vr `oD$ eHo$b `mMm A§XmO KoVm `oVmo. VgoM {nH$m§da nS>bobo
amoJ, XwîH$mimMo nyd©H$WZ, nya{Z`§ÌU `m gd© Jmoï>tMo A§XmO CnJ«hmÛmao nmR>{dboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao H$aVm
`oVmV.
206
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
2. nmUr ì`dñWmnZ, O{_ZrVrb nmÊ`mMr CnbãYVm `m§Mm A§XmO AMyH$nUo H$aVm `oVmo. VgoM O{_ZrVrb
I{ZOm§Mm emoY KoUo, Vob d Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y§À`m gmR>çm§Mm emoY KoUo `mgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
3. AmoeZg°Q>Ûmao g_wÐmVrb hmbMmbtMm _mÝgyZda hmoUmam n[aUm_ g_wÐmVrb I{ZOo, {H$ZmanÅ>rMr
Q>ohiUr, g_wÐr OrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUo `mgmR>r Xyag§doXZ CnJ«hm§Mr _XV hmoVo.
4. eha {dH$gZ, nS>rH$ O{_ZrMo {dH$gZ, O§JbmMm AMyH$ A§XmO KoUo `mgmR>r Xyag§doXr CnJ«hm§Mr _XV
hmoVo.
{_eZ Mm§Ð`mZ :
^maVr` emókm§ZmgmR>r ñdoXre ~ZmdQ>rMo `mZ V`ma H$ê$Z M§Ðmda nmR>dUo ho EH$ àH$maMo ñdßZM. ho ñdßZ
22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2008 amoOr gË`mV CVabo. Am§Y«àXoemVrb lrharH$moQ>m `oWrb gVre YdZ A§V[aj g§emoYZ
H|$Ðmdê$Z g§nyU© ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMo Mm§X«`mZAdH$memV Ponmdbo. Va 14 Zmoìh|~a 2008 amoOr `m `mZmVrb Img
CnH$aUo Mm§Ð^y_rda nmohMbr. hm ^maVmÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ B{VhmgmVrb gwdU©jU hmoVm. Mm§Ð_mo{h_oÀ`m C{Ôï>nyVu_wio
^maV `m~m~VrV A_o[aH$m Am{U a{e`mgma»`m àJV Xoem§À`m am§JoV OmD$Z ~gbm. `mnydu A_o[aH$m, a{e`m
Am{U `wamo{n` amï´>m§H$Sy>Z gw_mao 60 Mm§Ð_mo{h_m `eñdr[aË`m nyU© Ho$ë`m AmhoV. A_o[aHo$Zo nmR>dboë`m "Anmobmo11' `mZmÛmao Mm§Ð^y_rda n{hë`m§Xm _mZdmZo nmD$b R>do bo. B. g. 1990 gmbr OnmZZo "{XVoZ' ZmdmMo AdH$me`mZ
Mm§Ð^y_rÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r nmR>dbobo hmoVo. Mm§Ð_mo{h_o~amo~aM BVa J«hmdarb _mo{h_m§gmR>r ^maVmMr V`mar gwê$
Amho. `eñdr Mm§Ð_mo{h_o_wio ^maVr` emókm§Mm AmË_{dídmg XwUmdbm Amho. Ë`m~amo~a BVa J«hm§darb _mo{h_m§hr
AdH$me g§emoYZmVrb EH$ _hÎdm§H$m§jr nmD$b R>aob. {_eZ Mm§Ð`mZMr _w»` d¡{eï>ç Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.
{_eZ Mm§Ð`mZ - _w»` C{Ôï>o :
1. M§Ð^y_rMr N>m`m{MÌo KoD$Z Mm§Ð^y_rÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ d amgm`{ZH$ JwUY_mªMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
2. M§Ðmdarb I{ZO g§nÎmrMo gd}jU H$aUo.
3. M§Ðmda {dnwb à_mUmV AmT>iUmam hobr`_-3
(He3)
`mMm ^{dî`mV D$Om©òmoV åhUyZ Cn`moJ
H$aUo.
4. M§Ð{Z{_©VrÀ`m B{VhmgmMm gImob Aä`mg H$aUo.
5. Xyag§doXr CnJ«hm§gmR>r COm©òmoV {_i{dUo.
`m _mo{h_oVrb Mm§Ð`mZmMo {d{dY gwQ>o ^mJ qhXwñWmZ EamoZm°{Q>Šg {b{_Q>oS>_YyZ V`ma hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr OmoS>Ur
~§JiyaÀ`m BómoÀ`m g°Q>obmB©Q> g|Q>a_Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM BómoV\}$ `m Mm§X«`mZ _mo{h_ogmR>r ~§Jiya nmgyZ 40
{H$. _r. A§Vamda ã`mbmby Jmdr Img "S>rn ñnog Q´>°qH$J ZoQ>dH©$' `m Zì`m H|$ÐmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
207
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
`mZ ^ypñWa H$joV àjo{nV H$ê$Z M§ÐmH$S>o nmR>dÊ`mMr _hÎdnyU© ^y_{H$m BómoÀ`m ~§Jiya H|$ÐmV\}$ nma nmS>br
Jobr. `m _mo{h_m§_Ü`o ~rEAmagr, Q>rAmaE\$Ama, BómoÀ`m AZoH$ g§ñWm {dÚmnrR>mVrb g§emoYH$ Am{U AZoH$
emIm_Yrb, d¡km{ZH$ gh^mJr Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV Cƒ V§ÌkmZmMo n«{ejU KoVboë`m
_Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg Pmbm Amho. VgoM `m _mo{h_o_Ü`o ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMr `eñdr MmMUr gmÜ` Pmbr Amho. `m
_mo{h_oV ^maVm~amo~a NASA, ESA, (Eurapian Space Agency), BAA (Bulgerian Aero-space Agency)
`m g§ñWm gh^mJr Pmë`m hmoË`m.
M§Ð`mZ 1 _mo{hV_oMm {ZYm©[aV H$m`©H$mb hm XmoZ dfmªMm hmoVm. na§Vw 312 {Xdgm§V hr _mo{h_ `eñdr
Pmbr. 29 Am°JñQ> 2009 nmgyZ ao{S>Amo g§Xoe `oUo ~§X Pmë`mZo `m _mo{h_oMr gm§JVm Pmë`mMo BómoZo Om{ha
Ho$bo. `m _mo{h_oV M§Ðmda nmUr Agë`mMm emoY bmJbm hr Jmoï> {Xbmgm XoUmar Amho. ^maVmMr AdH$me
g§emoYZmVrb EH$ CÎmw§J Pon R>abr Amho.
4.2.4 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWm BñÌmoMr ñWmnZm H|$ìhm Pmbr?
(A) 1969
(~) 1869
(H$) 1970
(S>) 1974
(H$) h¡Ðm~mX
(S>) _w§~B©
(H$) hgZ
(S>) MoÞB©
2. ema ho H|$Ð H$moR>o Amho?
(A) hgZ
(~) lrharH$moQ>m
3. _mñQ>a H§$Q´>mob \°${g{bQ>r H|$Ð H$moR>o Amho?
(A) lrharH$moQ>m
(~) h¡Ðm~mX
4. amï´>r` Xyag§doXZ g§ñWm (EZAmaEgE) H$moR>o Amho?
(A) h¡Ðm~mX
(~) _§w~B©
(H$) {X„r
(S>) H$bH$Îmm
5. BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Vrb BÝg°Q>-1 E hm CnJ«h AdH$memV H|$ìhm gmoS>bm?
(A) 1983
(~) 1982
(H$) 1970
(S>) 1985
6. BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Vrb BÝg°Q>-2 E hm CnJ«h AdH$memV H|$ìhm gmoS>bm?
(A) 1990
(~) 1992
(H$) 1998
(S>) 1973
7. CnJ«hm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZajaVm Am{U AkmZ `m§À`mda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr `moOZm H$m`m©pÝdV
Ho$br Amho?
(A) J«m_g°Q>
(~) EÁ`yg°Q>
(H$) BÝg°Q>
208
(S>) _oQ>g°Q>
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
8. ^maVmV\}$ H$moUVm g_wÐr CnJ«h gmoS>bm Amho?
(A) J«m_g°Q>
(~) _oQ>g°Q>
(~) EÁ`yg°Q>
(S>) Am`AmaEg-nr4
9. ^maVmZo hdm_mZmMr _m{hVr {_idÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVm CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>bm Amho?
(A) _oQ>g°Q>
(~) J«m_g°Q>
(H$) BÝg°Q>
(S>) Am`AmaEg-nr4
10. M§Ðmda AmT>iUmam H$moUË`m dm`yMm Cn`moJ ^{dî`mV D$Om©ómoV åhUyZ hmoB©b?
(A) Zm`Q´>moOZ
(~) ho{b`_-3
(H$) Am°pŠgOZ
(S>) H$m~©Z
4.2.5 gmJar Aä`mgmMo _hÎd :
AZoH$ eVH$mnmgyZ _mZd g_wÐmMm Am{U Ë`mVrb A\$mQ> g§nÎmrMm Amnë`m \$mÚmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aV
Amho. nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo AÞ Am{U XiUdiU `mgmR>r _mZd g_wÐmdaVr OmV Ago.
^maVmbm gw_mao 7000 {H$._r.bm§~rMm g_wÐ{H$Zmam bm^bm AgyZ, ^maVr` gmJar hÔr_Ü`o 1256
bhmZ_moR>r ~oQ>oXoIrb AmhoV. EdT>çm àM§S> à_mUmV CnbãY AgUmè`m gmJar g§nXoÀ`m _mZmZo AmnU dmna
IynM H$_r à_mUmV H$arV Agë`m_who ^maVmV gmJa {dkmZ d gmJa {dH$mg XmoÝhr joÌm§Zm _moR>m dmd Amho.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamdaXoIrb gmJa {dkmZmMo _hÎd gVV dmT>V Amho. `mVrb EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm
åhUOo 1982 _Ü`o OJmVë`m AZoH$ Xoem§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z _mÝ` Ho$bobr "_hmgmJar A{YamÁ`' (Ocean Regime) hr g§H$ënZm Amho. g§`wŠV amï´>m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo "gmJar H$m`Xm' (Law of the sea-UNCLOSE) 1982
_Ü`o 159 Xoem§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bm. gmJar A{YamÁ` g§H$ënZoV gmJamVrb gmYZ g§nÎmrMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMm ^mJ
AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r àË`oH$ XoemZo joÌo dmQy> KoVbr AmhoV. Á`m Xoem§Zm gmJa{H$Zmam Amho Ë`m Xoem§Zm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r
"{deofm{YH$ma Am{W©H$ joÌ' (EEZ : Exclusive Economic Zone) hr g§H$ënZm _mÝ` Pmbobr Amho. `m
joÌmMm {dñVma {H$Zmè`mnmgyZ 320 {H$._r. g_wÐmn`ªV _mZÊ`mV Ambobm AgyZ `m ^mJmV Ë`m Xoembm gmJamMm
dmna H$aÊ`mV g§nyU© h¸$ {_imbm Amho. `mnwT>rb _hmgmJar ^mJm_Yrb gmYZg§nÎmr dmnaÊ`mgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r`
aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m ^mJmVrb gmYZg§nÎmr {d{Z`moJmgmR>r "Am§Vaamï´>r` gmJaVi àm{YH$aU' hr
g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
gmJa {dH$mg {d^mJ : ^maVr` gmJar hÔrV CnbãY AgUmè`m gmYZg§nÎmrMo _hÎd bjmV KoD$Z
^maV gaH$maZo gmJa {dkmZmH$S>o g§emoYZmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r Owb¡ 1981 _Ü`o gmJa {dH$mg {d^mJmMr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`mVrb `moOZm, gmJaemór` gdo©jU, gmJar` ñÌmoVmMo ì`dñWmnZ _Zwî`~i Am{U Zm{dH$
V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg B. H$m_o hm {d^mJ H$aVmo. _moR>çm gmJamVrb {H$Zmar` n`m©daUmMo g§ajU H$aUo hr `m
{d^mJmMr O~m~Xmar Amho.
209
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
gmJa {dkmZ {d^mJ : ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ JaOm Am{U gmJamVrb CnbãY gmYZg§nÎmr `m§Mm d¡km{ZH$
nÕVrZo {dMma hmoD$Z Ë`mVyZ gmJa {dkmZ `m joÌmMm {dH$mg ìhmdm `mgmR>r ^maV gaH$maZo Zmoìh|~a 1982 _Ü`o
"gmJa {dH$mg YmoaU' (ocean policy statement) Omhra Ho$bo. ^maVmbm Am{W©H$ h¸$ àmá Agboë`mg ^mJmMm
{dH$mg KS>dyZ Ë`mVyZ {Z`moOZ~Õ àH$mao Am{W©H$ bm^ {_idÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm `m YmoaUmV
Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. g§gXoV YmoaU {df`H$ _gyXm g§_V hmoD$Z Ë`m_Ü`o ^maVr` gmJar A{YH$ma joÌmMm d¡km{ZH$
nm`mda {dH$mg Am{U g§emoYZ ho `m YmoaUmMo _w»` gyÌ hmoVo.
4.2.5 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo _mZd g_wÐmda H$emgmR>r OmV Ago?
(A) n`©Q>ZmgmR>r
(~) nmohÊ`mgmR>r
(H$) AÞ d XiUdiU (S>) {\$aÊ`mgmR>r
2. ^maVmMm g_wÐ{H$Zmam {H$Vr {H$._r. Amho?
(A) 7000
(~) 8000
(H$) 720
(S>) 9000
3. ^maVr` gmJar hÔr_Ü`o {H$Vr bhmZ-_moR>r ~oQ>o AmhoV?
(A) 1356
(~) 1256
(H$) 1280
(S>) 1226
4. OJmVrb AZoH$ Xoem§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z _hmgmJam§À`m g§X^m©V H$moUVr g§H$ënZm _mÝ` Ho$br Amho?
(A) gmJa _§WZ
(~) gmJar A{YH$ma (H$) _hmgmJar A{YamÁ` (S>) gmJar amÁ`
5. Á`m Xoem§Zm gmJa {H$Zmam Amho Ë`m Xoem§Zm dmna H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr g§H$ënZm _mÝ` Pmbobr
Amho?
(A) Am{W©H$ joÌ (~) {dH$mg joÌ (H$) Am{W©H$ {H«$`m joÌ (S>) {deofm{YH$ma Am{W©H$ joÌ
4.2.6 amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWm, nUOr
(Z°eZb BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> Am°\$ AmoeZmoJ«m\$s)
^maV gaH$maZo gmJa g§emoYZmgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì {d^mJ Agmdm Agm {dMma H$ê$Z `wZoñH$mo d BVa 20
Xoem§À`m _XVrZo 1 OmZodmar 1966 _Ü`o `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm nUOr `oWo Ho$br. hr g§ñWm n§VàYmZm§À`m H$m`m©b`mÀ`m
A{YH$mamImbr H$m_ H$aVo. AmO `m g§ñWoV 600 d¡km{ZH$ gmJa g§emoYZmÀ`m {d{dY àH$ënmda H$m_ H$arV
AmhoV.
g§ñWoMr C{Ôï>o :
1. gmJamdarb ^m¡{VH$ KQ>Zm§Mm {deofV: _mog_r nmdgmÀ`m g§X^m©V KS>Umè`m KS>m_moS>tMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
210
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
2. gmJamVrb O¡{dH$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm emoY KoD$Z Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
3. gmJar eoVrÀ`m V§ÌmMm (sea-farming) {dH$mg H$aUo.
4. g_wÐmVrb gOrd (n«mUr d dZñnVr) `m§À`mnmgyZ Cn`wŠV O¡dagm`Zo {_idUo Am{U Ë`m§À`mda g§emoYZ
H$aUo.
5. gmJamVrb VobjoÌm§Mm emoY KoUo.
6. gmJaVimVrb I{ZO g§nÎmrMr _m{hVr {_idUo.
7. {H$Zmao Am{U ~§Xao `m§À`m {dH$mg AmamIS>çmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
8. g_wÐmVrb àXyfU amoIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
9. g_wÐmVrb d {H$Zmè`mdarb ^m¡{VH$ ~Xbm§Mo n«mê$n ~Z{dUo.
10. gmJa {dkmZmgmR>r CnJ«h à{V_m Am{U AË`mYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$aUo.
11. ^aVr-AmohmoQ>rÀ`m bmQ>m§V àM§S> D$Om© AgVo Vr nH$Sy>Z {VÀ`mnmgyZ drO{Z{_©Vr H$aUo.
g§ñWoMr H$m_{Jar :
gmJamdarb g§emoYZmgmR>r {d{eï> àH$maMr aMZm AgUmè`m Am{U g§emoYZmbm `mo½` CnH$aUm§Zr g‚m
Aem Zm¡H$m AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. gmJa {d^mJmZo gmJa H$Ý`m (1983) Am{U gmJag§nXm (1994) `m XmoZ
Zm¡H$m {dH$V KoD$Z `m joÌmV nXmn©U Ho$bo.
"JdgUr' hr g§emoYH$ Zm¡H$m amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ H$aUmar Img Zm¡H$m AgyZ `m Zm¡Ho$da 19 emók 45
Zm{dH$ amhÿ eH$VmV. `m Zm¡Ho$Mm dmna g_wÐVimdarb I{ZO JmoQ>o {_idÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm Jobm Amho. `mIoarO
{H$Zmar ^mJmVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r gmJanydr© Am{U gmJanpíM_r `m XmoZ g§emoYH$ Zm¡H$m dmnaë`m OmV AmhoV.
g§ñWoÀ`m AZoH$ gwg‚m à`moJemim AgyZ Ë`mdê$Z gmJag§emoYZmÀ`m gd© VnmgÊ`m H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo.
g§ñWoH$S>o AË`mYw{ZH$ Ago AZoH$ g§JUH$ CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`mda gd© _m{hVr EH$Ì O_{dbr OmVo. {edm` BVa
g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z {_iUmar _m{hVrhr `oWo g§H${bV Ho$br OmVo. Aem emñÌr` _m{hVrMm Cn`moJ g§ñWm Amnë`mgmR>r
VgoM AZoH$ g§ñWm§À`m g§emoYZmgmR>r H$arV AgVo.
1. `m g§ñWoÀ`m H$m_{Jar_wio ^maVmbm _hmgmJamV AË`§V Imobda Agbobo I{ZO {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r h¸$
àmá Pmbo AmhoV.
2. Imobg_wÐm_YyZ I{ZO-JmoQ>o H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m H$m_mV g§`wŠV amï´>m§H$S>yZ ^maVmbm AJ«Ur Jw§VdUyH$Xma
åhUyZ XOm© n«má Pmbm Amho.
3. g_wÐmVrb AZoH$ gOrdm§nmgyZ O¡dagm`Zo àmá H$aÊ`mV `e Ambo AgyZ hr O¡dagm`Zo Am¡fY CÚmoJmV
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Cn`moJr nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.
4. ^maVmbm {deof Cn^moJ A{YH$ma AgUmè`m Am{W©H$ joÌm_Ü`o (EEZ) ^anya _Ëñ`moËnmXZ hmoÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm g§ñWoÀ`m g§emoYZmV {XgyZ Ambr Amho.
5. `m g§ñWoZo gmJa {dkmZmVrb g§emoYZmgmR>r AZoH$ _hÎdmMr CnH$aUo {Z_m©U Ho$br AgyZ Ë`m§Mm `eñdr
dmna Ho$bm Amho.
6. g§ñWoH$Sy>Z CnbãY Pmboë`m _m{hVr_wio/{díbofUm_wio ^maV gaH$maMo H$moQ>çmdYr én`m§Mo naH$s`
MbZ dmMbo Amho.
7. g§ñWoZo lrb§H$m, _m°[aeg, Ho${Z`m, H°$ao{~`Z ~oQ>o `m XoemVrb emókm§Zm à{ejU {Xbo Amho.
8. ^maV gaH$maÀ`m Vob Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y _§S>imgmR>r (ONGC) gmJar ^yJ^m©Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z
VobdmhH$ nmB©nbmB©Z Q>mH$Uo, ZdrZ Vob {d{har emoYÊ`mg _XV H$aUo, `mgmaIr H$m`©o g§ñWm H$arV AgVo.
9. g§ñWoZo H$moi§~rÀ`m ZdrZ OmVr emoYë`m AgyZ Ë`m§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmda CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vr _XV
H$aVo.
4.2.6 ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZ :
Imbrb àíZm§gmR>r `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm H|$ìhm Pmbr?
(A) 1 OmZodmar 1966
(~) 1 OmZodmar 1970
(H$) 1 OmZodmar 1982
(S>) 1 OmZodmar 1985
2. amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWm H$moUË`m H$m`m©b`mÀ`m A{YH$mamImbr H$m_ H$aVo?
(A) _Zwî`~i {dH$mg _§Ìmb`
(~) J¥h_§Ìmb`
(H$) g§ajU _§Ìmb`
(S>) n§VàYmZ
3. amï´>r` gmJa g§ñWogmR>r H$moUVr Img Zm¡H$m Amho?
(A) gmJag_«mQ>
(~) {dH«$m§V
(H$) JdgUr
(S>) B§Ðm`Ur
4. amï´>r` gmJa g§ñWoZo g_wÐmVrb gOrdm§nmgyZ H$m` {_i{dbo Amho?
(A) O¡dagm`Zo
(~) YmVy agm`Zo
(H$) {_lYmVy
(S>) O¡dYmVy
5. amï´>r` gmJag§ñWoZo H$emÀ`m ZdrZ OmVr emoYë`m AmhoV?
(A) _mgirÀ`m
(~) eodmimÀ`m
(H$) àdmimÀ`m
212
(S>) H$moi§~rÀ`m
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
4.3
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW© :
H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h
A°ñQ´>moZm°Q>
H$m°ñ_moZm°Q>
bmoQ>-dmhZ
Am°pŠgS>m`Pa
{_gmB©ëg
Q>rB©ëg
O§~ynma àmaU
Bómo
4.4
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
_mZd{Z{_©V CnJ«h
A§Vamidra
A§Vamidra
A{¾~mU
ÁdbZmg _XV H$aUmam Am°pŠgOZ dm`y
jonUmó
V§Ì àm`mo{JH$ CnJ«h
A{VZrb {H$aU
^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ H|$Ð
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
4.2.1 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (A)
2. (S>)
3. (H$)
4. (~)
6. (A)
7. (H$)
8. (A)
9. (A)
5. (~)
4.2.2 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (~)
2. (H$)
3. (S>)
4. (A)
5. (A)
4.2.3 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (H$)
2. (A)
3. (~)
4. (H$)
5. (A)
6. (~)
7. (H$)
8. (A)
9. (H$)
10. (~)
11. (A)
12. (~)
13. (~)
14. (H$)
15. (~)
4.2.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (A)
2. (~)
3. (H$)
4. (A)
5. (~)
6. (~)
7. (A)
8. (S>)
9. (A)
10. (~)
4. (H$)
5. (S>)
4.2.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (H$)
2. (A)
3. (~)
213
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
4.2.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1. (A)
4.5
2. (S>)
3. (H$)
4. (A)
5. (S>)
gmam§e :
a{e`mZo n{hbm H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h ñ\w$Q>{ZH$-1957 _Ü`o AdH$memV gmoSy>Z V§ÌkmZmVrb H«$m§Vr Ho$br. `oWyZ
nwT>o CnJ«h `wJmbm àma§^m Pmbm. ^maVmgh OJmVrb AZoH$ Xoem§Zr Amnbo ñdV:Mo CnJ«h AdH$memV gmoS>bo, Va
A_o[aHo$Zo Anmobmo-11 `m `mZmVyZ _mZd M§Ðmda nmR>dbm.
AdH$memV CnJ«h AJa CnH$aU nmR>dÊ`mgmR>r A{¾~mUmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. øm A{¾~mUmgmR>r
e{ŠVembr B§YZmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. ho B§YZ YZê$n d Ðdê$n AgVo.
H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h ho n¥Ïdr^modVr hOmamo {H$._r. A§Vamdê$Z {\$aV AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mda AZoH$ àH$maMr CnH$aUo
~gdbobr AgVmV. Ë`m CnJ«hm§Mo {d{dY àH$ma AmhoV. ^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m§Zr Amnbo CnJ«h AdH$memV
nmohMÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maMo CnJ«hdmH$ {Z_m©U Ho$bo. ^maVmVrb AdH$me g§emoYZmbm Zdr {Xem XoÊ`mMo
_hÎdnyU© H$m_ "BómoZ'o Ho$bo Amho. BómoAV§ J©V {d{dY H|$Ðo H$m`©aV AmhoV. Ë`mg H|$Ðm_YyZ "BÝg°Q>' d "Am`AmaEg'
àUmbrÀ`m CnJ«hm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z AdH$memV nmR>dbo AmhoV. BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Mm Cn`moJ Xyag§Mma, XyaXe©Z,
Q>o{b_o{S>grZ emoY d ~Mmd H$m`m©gmR>rhr Ho$bm Jobm Amho. Va Am`AmaEg àUmbrMohr \$m`Xo åhUOo eoVr_Yrb
A§XmO dV©dÊ`mgmR>r, nmUr ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r, Z¡g{J©H$ gmR>çm§Mm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>rhr hmoVmo Amho.
AdH$me g§emoYZm_Ü`o AË`§V A{^_mZmñnX H$m_{Jar åhUOo "{_eZ Mm§Ð`mZ' 2008 _Ü`o `m _mo{h_VoMr
`eñdr gwédmV Pmbr. `m _mo{h_oMr C{Ôï>ço åhUOo Mm§Ð^y_rMm ^m¡{VH$ d amgm`{ZH$ JwUY_mªMm Aä`mg H$aUo.
M§Ðmdarb I{ZO g§nÎmrMo gd}jU H$aUo hmo`. Ë`m_Ü`o AË`§V _hÎdmMo C{Ôï> åhUOo M§Ðmdarb ho{b`_-3
(He-3) `m dm`yMm ^{dî`mV D$Om©ómoV åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aUo eŠ` Amho H$m? `m JmoîQ>tMm AmVm A§XmO KoÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
Joë`m AZoH$ eVH$mnmgyZ _mZd g_wX«mMm Amnë`m \$m`ÚmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aV Amho. nma§nm[aH$ nÕVrZo
_mZd AÞ Am{U XiUdiUmgmR>r g_wX«mda OmV Ago. gwX¡dmZo ^maVmbm 7000 {H$._r. bm§~rMm g_wÐ{H$Zmam
bm^bm Amho. ^maVr` gmJar hÔrVrb gmYZg§nÎmrMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r "{deofm{YH$ma Am{W©H$ joÌ' (EEZ)
h¸$ ^maVmg àmá Pmbm Amho. amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm 1966 _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambr. {VMr _w»`
C{Ôï>ço åhUOo _m¡g_r nmdgmÀ`m g§X^m©V KS>Umè`m KS>m_moS>tMm Aä`mg H$aUo, O¡{dH$ gmYZg§nÎmrMm emoY
KoUo d gmJa VimVrb I{ZOg§nÎmrMr _m{hVr KoUo, g_wX«mVrb àXyfU amoIÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo B. g§ñWoZo AmVmn`ªV
Ho$bobr H$m_{Jar A{^_mZmñnX Amho. Vob d Z¡g{J©H$ dm`y _hm_§S>igmR>r (ONGC) gmJar ^y_mJm©Mm Aä`mg
H$ê$Z nmBnbmB©Z Q>mH$Uo d ZdrZ Vob {d{har emoYÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$br Amho. ^maVmZo g_wÐmVrb doJdoJù`m
YmVy§À`m JmoQ>çm§Mo Z_wZo Jmoim Ho$bo AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a gmJar D$Om©{Z{_©VrÀ`m d JmoS>çm nmÊ`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m
joÌmV {deof H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho.
214
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
4.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
(A) g§{já CÎmao Úm.
1. A{¾~mUm§Mo àH$ma gm§Jm.
2. H«$m`moOo{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMr _m{hVr Úm.
3. H¥${Ì_ CnJ«hm§Mr aMZm ñnï> H$am.
4. BÝg°Q> _m{bHo$Mo Cn`moJ gm§Jm.
5. Am` Ama Eg àUmbrMo Cn`moJ gm§Jm.
6. gmJar Aä`mgmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$am.
7. amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWoMr _m{hVr Úm.
(~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. CnJ«h `wJmÀ`m Ama§^mMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.
2. A{¾~mU åhUOo H$m`? Vo gm§JyZ A{¾~mUmÀ`m CÈ>mU{df`H$ g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
3. H¥${Ì_ CnJ«h åhUOo H$m`? Vo gm§JyZ CJ«hm§Mo àH$ma dU©Z H$am.
4. ^maVr` AdH$me g§emoYZ g§ñWoMo "Bómo'Mo AdH$me g§emoYZmVrb `moJXmZ ñnï> H$am.
5. ^maVr` CnJ«h _m{bHo$Vrb "BÝg°Q>' àUmbrMo dU©Z H$ê$Z Cn`moJ ñnï> H$am.
6. ^maVr` CnJ«h _m{bHo$Vrb "Am`AmaEg' àUmbrMo dU©Z H$ê$Z \$m`Xo ñnï> H$am.
7. amï´>r` gmJa g§emoYZ g§ñWoÀ`m H$m_{JarMr MMm© H$am.
4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1.
Kalpana Rajaram,
:
Dr. R. L. Siro
Science and Technology in India,
Spectrum Books (P) Ltd., A1, 291 First Floor
Junakpuri, New Delhi - 110058
2. `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´>
_wŠV {dÚmnrR>
:
3. S>m°. à_moX OmoJioH$a
:
4. S>m°. AmZ§X nmQ>rb
:
5. S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma
:
E_.nr.Eg.gr. Am{U `y.nr.Eg.gr. (EH${ÌV)
ñnYm© n[ajm§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z,
{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ MmUŠ` _§S>i n[adma
AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmVrb {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ
Ho$-gmJa npãbHo$eZ, Amd¥Îmr Xwgar (2007)
amÁ`godm nyd© narjm gm_mÝ` j_Vm MmMUr
ñQ>S>r gH©$b npãbHo$eZ àm. {b.
{dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Am{U àJVr, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
qqq
215
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE