1. No category

Unit-1

gÌ-1 : KQ>H$ 1
{dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZmMm n[aM`
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
1.0
C{X²Xïço
1.1
n«mñVm{dH$
1.2
{df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1
{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMr ì`m»`m, ñdê$n
1.2.2
d¡km{ZH$ {dMma nÕVr_Yrb _yb^yV g§H$ënZm
1.2.3
d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVr - (Q>ßno)
1.2.4
{dkmZ d A§YlÕm (bmoH$^«_)
1.2.5
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg
1.2.6
{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm B{Vhmg
1.3
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
1.4
ñd`§-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.5
gmam§e
1.6
gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.7
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.0
C{X²Xï>`o :
1. {dkmZmMr d V§ÌkmZmMr ì`m»`m {dkmZmMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm `oB©b.
2. {ZgJm©Vrb gË` OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$
g§emoYZmÀ`m _yb^yV g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVm `oVrb.
1
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
~r.E.^mJ 1 - gÌ H«$. 1
{dkmZ V§ÌkmZ Am{U àJVr
3. d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mgm_Ü`o {d{dY Q>ßno AgVmV ho g_OyZ KoVm `oVrb.
4. g_mOmVrb A§YlÕm Zm{hem H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dkmZmMo gmhmæ` ¿`mdo bmJVo. VgoM {dkmZmÀ`m àJVr_wio
g_mOmMm {dH$mg H$gm hmoVmo ho ñnï> H$aVm `oB©b.
1.1
n«mñVm{dH$ :
AmOMo `wJ ho {dkmZ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Joë`m AZoH$ eVH$mV
_mZdmZo Amnbr àJVr Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_wio {dkmZ V§ÌkmZ _mZdr OrdZmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ ~Zbo Amho.
àmMrZ H$mir _mJmgbobm _mZdr g_mO AmO {dH${gV Pmbm Amho. XiUdiU, eoVr, d¡ÚH$emó,
gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amO{H$` OrdZmV H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~Xb Pmbm Amho. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUm_wio d
emór` {dMma nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z _mZdmZo {ZgJm©V XSy>Z am{hboë`m gË`mMm emoY bmdbm. Ë`mgmR>r
g§emoYZmMr {d{eï> nÕVr dmnê$Z AmnUmbm ^oS>gmdUmè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mMm d g_mO A{YH$ gwIr d g_¥Õ
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `mVyZM {d{dY H$bm d emóo {Z_m©U Ho$br. g_mOmVrb A§YlÕmda {dkmZmZo _mV H$ê$Z
g_mOmMm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ V`ma Pmbm. Ë`m_wioM n¥ÏdrÀ`m ~mhoa gy`©_mboÀ`m nbrH$S>À`m {dídmMm Aä`mg
AmO _mZd H$aV Amho. gÜ`mMo _mZdmMo OrdZ g§nyU© {dkmZmZo ì`mnbo Amho. {dkmZm{edm` _mZdmMo OrdZ hr
H$ënZmM AmnU H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. åhUyZM `m KQ>H$mV {dkmZ V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ì`m»`m, {dkmZmMo ñdê$n, d¡km{ZH$
{dMma nÕVrVrb _wb^yV g§H$ënZm, {dkmZmMr Aä`mg nÕVr d AmOn`ªVÀ`m g_mOmÀ`m gdmªJrU àJVrV
{dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMo `moJXmZ `m§Mm Aä`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMr, ì`m»`m, ñdê$n :
Amnë`m AdVr ^modVr {ZgJm©V gVV KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmV Ë`mMm Amnë`mbm ghO AZw^d `oVmo. _mZdmÀ`m
AmOn`ªVÀ`m dmQ>Mmbrda ZOa Q>mH$ë`mg Ago {Xgbo H$s, amZmdZmVrb Jwhm§_Ü`o dmñVì` H$aUmè`m AY©Z¾
AdñWoV amhUmè`m PmS>mdaMr \$io, H§$X_wio ho AÞ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r amZmo_mi ^Q>H$Umè`m _mZdmZo H$mimÀ`m
AmoKmV {ZgJm©da Amü`©H$maH$ {dO` {_idbm. g^modVmbÀ`m g¥ï>rda _mV H$ê$Z JJZmbm JdgUr KmbÊ`mMr
AmH$m§jm Vmo ~miJy bmJbm Amho. _mZdr OrdZmV hr H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr hr {dkmZ V§ÌkmZ àJVr_wio AmO
_mZdr OrdZmÀ`m n«Ë`oH$ joÌmV {dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMm ñne© hmoVmo. XaamoOMo OrdZ Á`m dñVy§À`m ghmæ`mZo OJV Amho
Ë`mbm {dkmZ V§ÌkmZmMm ñne© Pmbm Amho. nwT>rb ì`m»`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo `m eãXmMm AW© A{YH$ ñnï> hmoB©b.
{dkmZ :
B§J«OrVrb Science `m eãXmMm _amR>r AZwdmX {dkmZ qH$dm emó Agm Ho$bm OmVmo. gm`Ý` hm eãX
b°{Q>Z ^mfoVrb "gm`Zo{e`m' `m eãXmdê$Z Ambobm Aho. gm`Zo{e`mMm _yi eãX Scire (gm`a) åhUOo
OmUUo, kmZ n«má H$aUo, g_OyZ KoUo Agm hmoVmo.
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ì`m»`m :
S>opìhg : "_mZdmZo g^modVmbMr n[apñWVr qH$dm n`m©daU g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U {VÀ`mda à^wËd
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _mZdmZo OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$bobm à`ËZ åhUOo {dkmZ hmo`.'
"{ZarjU, à`moJ d {dJ_Z `m§À`mÛmao {_idbobo {ZgJm©Vrb KS>m_moS>tMo gwgyÌ Am{U nÕVera kmZ
åhUOo {dkmZ hmo`.'
S>ãby. gr. S>°ånr`a : "{dkmZ åhUOo {ZgJ© KQ>ZmVrb g§~§YmMm Am{U Vo g§~§Y ñnï> H$aUmè`m g§H$ënZm§Mm
dñVy{Zð> Aä`mg Amho. {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm AbJ AbJ dm gwQ>çm ZgVmV Ë`m EH$_oH$m§er {ZJS>rV AgVmV
Ë`m_wio EH$m KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg Ë`m KQ>ZonwaVm _`m©{XV amhÿ eH$V Zmhr.
darb ì`m»`mMm Ame` bjmV KoVë`mg Ago AmT>iyZ `oVo H$s, {dkmZ Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m
n[apñWVrg§~§Yr dñVy{ZíR> kmZ àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb AgVo. dñVy{Zð> kmZmgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm AJXr
OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV. `oWo {dkmZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm OmñVrV OmñV _m{hVr O_m H$amdr bmJVo.
Ë`mgmR>r {Z[ajUmMr JaO AgVo. {VMr _m§S>Ur nÕVera H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`mAmYmao {gÕm§V _m§S>Vm `oVmV.
{dkmZmbm A{Ve` {M{H$ËgH$nUo dmQ>Mmb H$amdr bmJVo.
Am{X_ AdñWonmgyZ _mUyg AZoH$ Amü`©H$maH$ KQ>Zm nmhmV Ambm Amho. Ë`m_Ü`o _oKm§Mm JS>JS>mQ>,
{dÚw„VoMm WaH$mn CS>dUmam M_M_mQ> Am{U H$S>H$S>mQ>, Ywdm±Yma H$mogiUmam nmD$g, O§Jbo ~o{MamI H$aUmao
dUdo, dmXidmam, gmJamMm a§J {ZimM H$m? \w$bnmIamZm a§J H$moRy>Z Ambo? g_wÐmda bmQ>m H$m V`ma hmoVmV?
gmJambm ^aVr-AmohmoQ>r H$em_wio `oVo? gy`m©oX`mdoir Vm§~S>o H$m \w$Q>Vo? H$mOdo amÌr H$m M_H$VmV? Ago {H$VrVar
àý _mZdmÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`m àým§Mr CH$b H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ doJdoJù`m emóm§Mm CX` Pmë`mMo
AmT>iyZ `oVo.
_mZdmZo AdH$memVrb J«hVmè`m§Mm emóewÕ Aä`mg H$ê$Z IJmob {dkmZmMm nm`m aMbm. {ZgJm©Vrb
{Za{Zamù`m dZñnVr nmZm-\w$bmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z dZñnVr emómMm nm`m aMbm. VgoM àmUr emñÌmMm
OrdemómMm nXmW© {dkmZmMm ^yJ^©emómMm Aem AZoH$ {dkmZ emIm§Mm _mZdmZo emoY bmdbobm Amho. _mZdmÀ`m
Hw$Vyhbmbm A§V Zmhr. {dkmZmÀ`m àJVrMo _yi _mUgmbm bm^boë`m ~m¡{ÕH$ XoUJr_Ü`o gmnS>Vo.
V§ÌkmZ : X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm_Ü`o AmnU {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ ho XmoZ eãX g_mZAWu dmnaVmo. ì`dhmamV Va
`m XmoÝhr eãXm_Ü`o \$aH$M Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. ZdrZ emoY bmJbm Am{U Ë`m emoYmda AmYm[aV EImXo gmYZ
~Z{dbo Am{U Vo gmYZ _mZdmZo nm{hbo Va ì`ŠVr Ë`m gmYZmbm {dkmZ g_OVo. `mMo H$maU V§ÌkmZ ho {dkmZmhÿZ
doJio Amho `m \$aH$mMm {dMma H$ê$Z {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ `m Jmoï>r nm{hë`m nm{hOoV.
V§ÌkmZ åhUOo, ""d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ {dMmanyd©H$ d `moOZm~Õ arVrZo {dH${gV Ho$bobo ì`mdhm[aH$
g_ñ`odarb Cn`moOZ åhUOo V§ÌkmZ hmo`.''
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""_mZdr OrdZ gwIr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dkmZmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m gmYZm§Mo kmZ åhUOo V§ÌkmZ hmo`.''
{dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZm_Yrb \$aH$ nmhmVmZm {dkmZmMr ì`m»`m, AW© darb n[aÀN>oXmV g_OyZ KoVbobm
AmhoVM. {dkmZmMm _w»` hoVy kmZgmYZm hm Amho. AmnU Á`m {dídmV amhVmo Ë`m {dídmV AZoH$ KS>m_moS>r KS>V
AgVmV `m KS>m_moS>r H$m KS>VmV? Ë`mMo H$maU H$m` Amho? `mMm dñVy{Zð> X¥{îQ>H$moUmVyZ Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m
g§~§YrMo {Z{üV kmZ àmá H$aUo Ë`m KQ>Zo_mJrb H$m`©-H$maU g§~§Y n«ñWm{nV H$aUo ho {dkmZmMo H$m_ Amho.
kmZmMr VhmZ Am{U ào_ hr {dkmZmMr àoaH$eŠVr Amho. Á`m {ZgJ©{Z`_mZwgma `m {dídmVrb KQ>Zm KS>V AmhoV
Ë`m {Z`_m§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUo. {ZgJm©Vrb ahñ`mMm CbJS>m H$aUo, Ë`mda àH$me Q>mH$Uo ho {dkmZmMo _w»`
C{Ôï> Amho. _mZdmbm kmZmMm I{OZm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho {dkmZmMo H$m`© Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {dkmZ ZdZdrZ
emoYmMm Ü`mg KoV AgVo.
V§ÌkmZmMo ñdê$n {dkmZmBVHo$ ì`mnH$ ZgVo. {dkmZmZo bmdboë`m emoYm§Mm n«Ë`j ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmV
Cn`moJ H$aUo hm V§ÌkmZmMm CÔoe AgVmo. {dkmZmVrb kmZmÀ`m AmYmao {Za{Zamir CnH$aUo, `§Ìo `m Jmoï>r V`ma
H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMo {dH${gV Ho$boobo V§Ì åhUOo V§ÌkmZ hmo` qH$dm _mZdmZo Amnë`m OrdZmV Ho$bobm Cn`moJ åhUOo
V§ÌkmZ hmo`. CXm. gm¡aD$O}Mm emoY åhUOo {dkmZ hmo` Va gm¡a D$O}da noQ>Umao gm¡a {Xn, gmobja dm°Q>a {hQ>a,
gy`©Myb ñd¡aKQ> hr V§ÌkmZmMr CXmhao hmoV. dm\o$À`m A§Jr àM§S> eŠVr hm {Z`_ åhUOo {dkmZ hmo` `m {Z`_mMm
dmna H$ê$Z _mZdmZo aoëdo B§{OZ, AmJ~moQ> `mgmaIr XiUdiUmg Cn`wŠV Aer gmYZo ~Z{dbr åhUOo V§ÌkmZ
hmo`.
AmO EH${dgmì`m eVH$mMm {dMma H$aVm _mZdmZo V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmV Iyn _moR>r àJVr gmYbr Amho.
V§ÌkmZm_wio _mZdr OrdZ gwIr hmoÊ`mg _moR>r _XV Pmbr Amho. AmO gd©M ~m~VrV AmYw{ZH$ `m§{ÌH$ gw{dYm
_mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m AmhoV. AmO ^m¡{VH$ gwIo Amnë`m nm`m§er bmoiU KoV AmhoV. H$m~mS>H$ï> H$ê$Z ñdV:À`m
earamMo hmb H$aUo _Zwî`mZo ~§X Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m{R>H$mUr Vmo `§ÌeŠVr dmnê$ bmJbm Amho. H$mhr `§Ìo _mZdmgmR>r
eoVrMr H$m_o H$aV AmhoV. AmO ^maVmgma»`m H¥$fràYmZ XoemZo eoVr_Ü`o AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ dmnê$Z AÞYmÝ`
CËnmXZmÀ`m ~m~VrV H«$m§Vr Ho$br Amho. ho gmaoM {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZm_wio eŠ` hmoV Amho.
1.2.1 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. _mZdr OrdZ gwIr H$aÊ`mgR>r {dkmZmnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m gmYZm§Mo kmZ åhUOo H$m`?
(A) {dkmZ
(~) V§ÌkmZ
(H$) emó
(S>) VH©$emó
2. {ZarjU à`moJ d {dJ_Z `m§Mo Ûmao {_i{dbobo {ZgJm©Vrb KS>m_moS>tMo gwgyÌ Am{U nÕVera kmZ
`mbm H$m` åhUVmV?
(A) V§ÌkmZ
(~) {dkmZ
(H$) VH©$emó
(S>) emó
3. AdH$memVrb J«hVmè`m§Mm emóewÕ Aä`mg H$aUmè`m emómg H$m` åhUVmV?
(A) _mZgemó
(~) VH©$emó
(H$) IJmobemó
(S>) ^yJmobemó
4
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1.2.2 d¡km{ZH$ {dMma nÕVr_Yrb _yb^yV g§H$ënZm :
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm pñdH$ma H$ê$Z gË` emoYÊ`mMm Ho$bobm à`ËZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`mer gyg§JV Aer
{dMmaàUmbr åhUOod d¡km{ZH$ {dMmagaUr hmo`. _mZd hm BVa àmÊ`m§hÿZ doJim d loð> Amho. H$maU Hw$emJ«
~wÕr d {dMma H$aÊ`mMm JwU Ë`mÀ`mOdi Amho. Ë`m_wioM AZoH$ {dÚm emóo d ^m¡{VH$ gwImMr gmYZo {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z _mZdmZo Amnbr àJVr Ho$br Amho. {dMmam§À`m ghmæ`mZo {dkmZ C^m amhVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Or nÕVr dmnabr
OmVo {Vbm d¡km{ZH$ {dMma nÕVr Ago åhUVmV. `m nÕVr_Yrb _yb^yV g§H$ënZm d gyÌo nwT>rbà_mUo 1. d¡km{ZH$ gË` dñVy{Zð> AgVo : {dkmZ Zoh_rM dñVy{Zð> gË`mMm emoY KoVo. {dídm_Yrb Oo H$mhr
gË` Agob Vo emoYÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Vo. ho gË` ì`{ŠVJV ñdê$nmMo AgVo. nydu {ZgJm©~Ôb H$mhr MwH$sÀ`m
H$ënZm ê$T> hmoË`m. CXm. n¥Ïdr hr {dídmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Amho. {Xdgm _mUgmbm àH$me {_imdm d amÌr erVb
Mm§XUo {_imdo `mgmR>r M§Ðgy`m©Mr Pw§~ao AmH$memV bQ>H${dbr AmhoV. `m H$ënZm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {dkmZmÀ`m
H$gmoQ>rbm CVaë`m ZmhrV. H$mona{ZH$gZo gy`©_Ü` {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. hm Ë`mMm {gÕm§V dñVy{Zð> ñdê$nmMm hmoVm.
åhUyZ bmoH$m§Zr Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm EImXr KQ>Zm H$er {XgVo `mnojm hr KQ>Zm VerM H$m
{XgVo? ho emoYÊ`mMm àm_m{UH$ d dñVy{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moU {dkmZmMm {XgVmo. {dkmZ ho dñVypñWVrer {ZJ{S>V AgVo.
2. d¡km{ZH$ gË` ho AZw^dmda AmYm[aV AgVo : {dkmZm_Ü`o `oUmè`m AZw^dmg d¡km{ZH$ AZw^d
åhUVmV. Vo kmZ|{Ð`mZm Ambo nm{hOoV. (S>moim, ZmH$, H$mZ, ËdMm, Or^ hr kmZ|{Ð` AmhoV.) kmZ|{Ð` hrM
AZw^dm§Mr àdoeÛmao hmoV. {dkmZ AZw^dmbmM à_mU _mZVo. Ago AZw^d H$mooUmbmhr KoVm `oVmV. Oa EImÚm
Jmoï>rMr gË`Vm AWdm IaonUm Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrbm VnmgyZ nmhmVm `oV Zgob Va Ë`mg d¡km{ZH$ gË` åhUVm `oV
Zmhr. EImXm gmYy _hmamO åhUmbm H$s, _bm _hmZ X¡dr eŠVr àmá Pmbr Amho. Ë`m eŠVrMm _bm AZw^d
Ambm Amho ho {dkmZmg _mÝ` hmoUmao Zmhr. H$maU Vem _hmZ X¡dr eŠVrMm AZw^d emór`Ñï>çm {gÕ H$aVm `oV
Zmhr.
gy`m©_Ü`o Agboë`m _hmZ COm©/eŠVrMm dmè`m_Yrb CO}Mm, ^yJ^m©Vrb CO}Mm AUy_Yrb CO}Mm AmnU
AZw^d KoD$ eH$Vmo. H$maU H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>rbm gË` åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mgmR> {ZarjU qH$dm Ë`m Jmoï>rMr
à_mUVm AZw^dmdr bmJVo. EImXr ì`ŠVr AqV{Ð` eŠVrÀ`m gm_Ï`m©Zo EImÚm J«hmda OmD$Z naV Amë`mMo
gm§JV Agob Va Aem åhUÊ`mbm {dkmZmV _mÝ`Vm {Xbr OmV Zmhr. CbQ> gw{ZVm {dë`ågMr AdH$me g\$a
AmnU gdmªZr ~{KVbobr Amho. EImÚm _mÝ`da ì`ŠVrZo EImXr Jmoï> gm§{JVbr åhUyZ Vr Iar _mZy Z`o Va Vr
Amnë`m B§{Ð`m§Zm Iar dmQ>br nm{hOo.
3. d¡km{ZH$ gË`, gmd©O{ZH$ gË` AgVo : {dkmZmVrb emoYbobo gË` hr H$moUmMr _ŠVoXmar ZgVo.
`m gË`mMr à{MVr Amdí`H$ ~m¡{ÕH$ nmÌVm Agë`mg H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrg KoVm Ambr nm{hOo. CXm. `wamon_Yrb
emókmZo _m§S>bobm {gÕm§V \$ŠV `wamon_Yë`mM bmoH$m§Zm AZw^dVm `oVmo Ago Zmhr. ^maVmVrb qH$dm OJmVrb
H$moUVmhr emók Ë`mMm nS>Vmim Kody eH$Vmo. Am°pŠgOZ d hm`S´>moOZ `m§Mm g§`moJ H$moUË`mhr XoemV Ho$bm Va
nmUrM V`ma hmoUma. VgoM "n¥Ïdrbm JwéËdmH$f©U eŠVr Amho' ho Ý`wQ>ZZo emoYyZ H$mT>bo. PmS>mdê$Z nS>bobo \$i
5
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ho O{_ZrdaM H$m nS>Vo? Vo AmH$memV H$m Jobo Zmhr. `m _yb^yV {dMmamVyZ Ë`mbm JwéËdmH$f©UmMm emoY bmJbm.
n¥ÏdrÀ`m JwéËdmH$f©U eŠVrda EImÚmMr _ŠVoXmar Amho, Ago Amnë`mbm åhUVm `oV Zmhr. AWdm A_yH$
EH$m XoemH$S>oM n¥ÏdrÀ`m JwéËdmH$f©U eŠVrMo noQ>§Q> Amho, Ago åhQ>bo OmV Zmhr. H$maU Vo d¡pídH$ gË` Amho Vo
d¡km{ZH$ gË` Amho.
4. {dkmZ {ZgJm©Vrb {Z`_ _mZVo : emók Ë`m§Mo g§emoYZ H$aVmZm {ZgJ©{Z`_mZwgma Ë`mMo _hÎd
OmUVmV. Vo {ZgJm©Vrb g_ê$nVm _mZVmV. {ZgJm©Mo H$mhr {Z`_ AmhoV. Ë`mMr EH$ gyÌ~Õ ì`dñWm Amho d
Ë`mZwgmaM {ZgJm©Vrb KS>m_moS>r KS>V AgVmV. CXm. ^aVr-AmohmoQ>r, gy`©J«hU-M§ÐJ«hU, {XZMH«$, nmD$g
nS>Uo, dñVy§Mo H$mb~Õ AmJ_Z ho {d{eï> H$mbmdYrZ§Va, gyÌ~ÕnUo KS>V AgVo d `m KQ>Zm {dkmZmbm _mÝ`
H$aÊ`mdmMyZ JË`§VaM Zmhr. H$maU gy`m©Mm ^«_UH$mi amoIUo AWdm gy`©J«hU amoIUo ^aVr-AmohmoQ>rMm H$mi
~XbUo, AmH$memV nmdgmÀ`m T>Jm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr {dkmZmÀ`m H$joVrb ~m~ Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {dkmZmbm {ZgJ©
{Z`_ _mÝ` H$aUoM ^mJ nS>Vo. {ZgJm©Mo H$mhr {Z`_ AgmdoV Ago _mUgmbm ~aM H$mi dmQ>V hmoVo. na§Vw ho
{Z`_ Ym{_©H$ dm Z¡{VH$ ZgyZ ^m¡{VH$ AmhoV ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r J°{b{bAmoMm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU AmnUmg Cn`moJr
nS>bm. WmoS>Š`mV ho {díd R>am{dH$ {Z`_m§Zr ~m§Ybobo {XgyZ `oVo.
5. {dkmZ H$maU-H$m`© g§~§Y _mZVo : {dkmZm_Ü`o Ago J¥hrV Yabobo AgVo H$s {ZgJm©V qH$dm
{dídmg KS>Umè`m àË`oH$ KQ>Zobm H$mhrVar H$maU ho AgVoM. H$maUm{edm` H$moUVohr H$m`© KSy> eH$V Zmhr.
{ZgJm©V KS>Umar EImXr KQ>Zm gmYr Agmo AWdm O{Q>b Agmo Vr KS>Ê`m_mJo H$mhrVar H$maU ho AgVoM.
åhUyZ H$m`© H$maUg§~§Y nmhUo ho {dkmZm_Ü`o _hÎdmMo AgVo. H$maU H$m`©g§~§Y `m ~m~VrV ~oZ åhUVmV,
""{dídmVrb àË`oH$ KQ>Zm Ë`m nmR>r_mJrb EImÚm KQ>Zoer Aem àH$mao g§§~§{YV AgVo H$s _mJrb KQ>Zm KS>br
VaM Ë`mnwT>rb KQ>Zm KS>ob Am{U _mJrb KQ>Zm KS>br Zmhr Va nwT>rb KQ>Zmhr KS>Uma Zmhr. Voìhm {ZgJm©V
KS>Umè`m àË`oH$ KQ>Zobm H$maU AgobM Ë`mMm emoY _mZd KoV AgVmo. CXm. EImÚm JmdmV H$mdri `m
AmOmamMr gmW Ambr qH$dm _bo[a`mMr gmW Ambr Va `m gmWr_mJrb H$maUm§Mm emoY ¿`m`bm hdm. bmoH$m§Zm
nmÊ`mVyZ H$m{dirÀ`m {dfmUyMr ~mYm Pmbr H$m? AWdm S>mgmÀ`m dmT>Ë`m à_mUm_wio _bo[a`m AmOma Pmbm
H$m? `mMm emoY ¿`mdm bmJob.
WmoS>Š`mV H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mar ì`ŠVrZo gm§{JVbo åhUyZ Vo Iao _mZo Z`o. {Z[ajUmVyZ Iao H$s ImoQ>o
R>admdo. {díd {d{eï> {Z`_m§Zr ~Õ Amho. {dkmZ gmd©O{ZH$ AgVo. VgoM Vo Z_« Am{U {ZgJm©Mm AmXa amIUmao
Amho.
1.2.2 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. gy`©_Ü` {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
(A) J°{b{bAmo
(~) Ý`yQ>a
(H$) A°[añQ>m°Q>b
6
(S>) H$mona{ZH$g
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
2. JwéËdmH$f©U eŠVrMm emoY H$moUr bmdbm?
(A) Ý`yQ>Z
(~) ~«wZmo
(H$) hmd}
(S>) Q>m°bo_r
3. {ZgJm©Mo {Z`_ ho Ym{_©H$ d Z¡{VH$ ZgyZ ho ^m¡{VH$ AmhoV, hm d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$moUr {dH${gV
Ho$bm?
(A) J°{b{bAmo
(~) A°[añQ>m°Q>b (H$) Q>m°bo_r
(S>) H$mona{ZH$g
1.2.3
d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrVrb Q>ßno (nm`è`m) :
d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVr_Ü`o EH$ {d{eï> àH$maMr {eñV Agmdr bmJVo. H$maU g§emoYZmVrb {eñVrdaM
{ZîH$fm©Mr AMyH$Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMm nm`m KmbÊ`mMo H$m_ \«$mpÝgg
~oH$Z `m§Zr Ho$bo. nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`Zemó, Ordemó `m emIm§_Ü`o MmbUmao g§emoYZ d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrVrb
Q>ßß`m§_YyZM MmbVo Vo Q>ßno nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1. g_ñ`m gwÌU : {dkmZmMm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm AmnU Zo_Ho$ g§emoYZ H$emMo H$aUma AmhmoV?
H$moUË`m g_ñ`oda g§emoYZ H$amd`mMo ho {ZpíMV H$aUo åhUOoM g_ñ`m gwÌU hmo`. g_ñ`oMr _m§S>Ur Ho$ë`m_wio
g§emoYZmbm C{ÔîQ> Am{U {Xem àmá hmoVo. Amnë`m g_moa AZoH$ g_ñ`m AgVmV. Ë`m g_ñ`o_Yrb Amnë`mbm
AmdS>Umar EImXr g_ñ`m AmnU S>moù`m§g_moa R>odyZ Vr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Aemdoir _ZmV
g_ñ`obm AZwgê$Z AZoH$ e§H$m Cä`m amhVmV. Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m g§emoYZmg JVr {_iVo. VgoM g§emoYZ H$aVmZm
H$moUVr àm`mo{JH$ nÕV dmnamd`mMr ho XoIrb R>admdo bmJVo. {ZgJm©Vrb EImÚm KQ>ZoMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Ë`mda
g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_ñ`m gyÌUmMr JaO AgVo. CXm. ^yJ^©emók EH$mM doir ^yJ^m©Vrb I{ZO Vob, dm`y,
nmUr B. emoYyZ H$mTy> eH$Uma Zmhr. Vmo àW_ Ë`mVrb EH$mMrM {ZdS> H$aob d Ë`m Ñï>rZo {d{eï> joÌmV Vo
CnbãY AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho H$s Zmhr ho nm{hb d Amnë`m à`moJmMr {Xem {ZpíMV H$aob. Xwgao CXm.
T>J\w$Q>r/ËgwZm_r `m Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr_Yrb H$maUm§Mm emoY KoVmZm Aer AmnÎmr `mnydu Ambr hmoVr H$m? {VMr
^`mZH$Vm Pmbobr _mZdr d gm§nÎmrH$ hmZr BË`mXr Jmoï>rg§X^m©V _ZmV e§H$m `oVrb d emók g§emoYZmMr {Xem
{ZpíMV H$aVrb.
2. {ZarjU : d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVr_Ü`o {ZarjU hr _hÎdmMr nm`ar Amho. Iao Va emómMr gwadmV
{ZarjUmZo hmoVo. {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mo {ZarjU Ho$ë`m{edm` Ë`mg§~§Yr AZw_mZ H$mT>Uo eŠ` ZgVo. {ZarjU hm
g§emoYZmMm AmYma Amho.
{ZarjU hm eãX observation `m B§J«Or eãXmbm {Xbobm _amR>r à{VeãX Amho. `m eãXmMm AW© "_ZmnwT>o
H$mhrVar R>odUo' Agm Amho.
{ZarjUmMr ì`m»`m :
(A) nm°brZ `§J : "nÕVera nmhUo Am{U nÕera nmhÊ`m~amo~aM nm{hboë`m KQ>Zm§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUo
åhUOo {ZarjU hmo`.'
7
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(~) Am°Šg\$S>© eãXH$moe : "{ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mo H$m`©H$maU g§~Y§ d Ë`m§Mo nañna g§~Y§ OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r
KQ>Zm KS>VmZm Ho$bobo H$mQ>oH$moa AdbmoH$Z d Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Zm|Xr åhUOo {ZarjU hmo`.'
{ZarjU H$aUo åhUOo dadaMo nmhUo Zìho. EImÚm KQ>ZoH$S>o nÕVeranUo _ZmV {d{eï> hoVy R>odyZ nhmdo
bmJVo. Zoh_rÀ`m OrdZmV Amnbo S>moio ~aoM H$mhr nhmVmV Ë`mbm {Zar`U åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. {ZarjUmV
{ZdS> AgVo. H$mhr Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm AeŠ` H$moQ>rVrb AgVmV. AdH$memVrb KQ>Zm BVŠ`m Xya AgVmV H$s
Ë`m§Zm àm`mo{JH$ H$joV AmUVm `oUo AeŠ` Amho. Aemdoir {ZarjUmda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJVo. n¥ÏdrÀ`m
nmoQ>mVrb KS>m_moS>rMm doYhr {ZarjUmZoM K`mdm bmJVmo. {ZarjU H$aVmZm _ZmV nyd©J«h AgVm H$m_m Z`o.
CXm. emókmÀ`m _ZmV M§Ðmda OmUo eŠ`M Zmhr Agm nyd©J«h AgVm Va _mZdmZo M§Ð^y_rda nmD$bM Q>mH$bo
ZgVo d VoWrb n[apñWVrMo {ZarjU Pmbo ZgVo. WmoS>Š`mV kmZ§o{Ð`m_m\©$V EImÚm Jmoï>rMo kmZ H$ê$Z KoUo
åhUOo {ZarjU hmo`.
3. à`moJ : EImÚm KQ>Zo_mJrb H$maU H$m`© g§~§Y VnmgÊ`mgmR>r à`moJmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Iao Va
à`moJ hm XoIrb {ZarjUmMm EH$ {d{eï> àH$ma hmo`. à`moJmMr Aer ì`m»`m H$aVm `oB©b. {Z`§{ÌV dmVmdaUmV
Ho$bo OmUmao nyd©{Z`mo{OV {ZarjU åhUOo à`moJ hmo`. à`moJ H$aVmZm à`moJH$Vm© EImÚm KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:À`m gmo`rZwgma _m§S>Ur H$aVmo. à`moJmda Ë`mMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. à`moJmdoir Ë`mbm Ogo hdo Vgo
~Xb Vmo H$ê$ eH$Vmo d Ë`mÛmao _m{hVr {_i{dVmo hr _m{hVr A{YH$ {dídgZr` AgVo.
{ZgJm©V KS>Umè`m EImÚm KQ>Zog§X^m©V AmnU à`moJemioV à`moJ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. gy`©J«hU Am{U M§ÐJ«hU
H$go bmJVo `m g§X^m©V AmnU à`moJemio_Ü`o n«`moJ H$aVmo d n¥ÏdrMr N>m`m M§Ðmda H$er nS>Vo ho ñnï> H$aVm `oVo.
`m à`moJmdê$Z {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm d à`moJemioVrb KQ>Zm `m_Yrb g_mZVm Xe©{dVm `oVo. VgoM dZñnVrbm
nmÊ`mMr d gy`©àH$memMr JaO AgVo, ÁdbZmgmR>r àmUdm`yMr d ÁdmbmJ«hr nXmWm©Mr JaO AgVo. ho à`moJmZo
nmhmVm `oVo. à`moJmÀ`mdohr XoIrb {ZarjU ho gwê$M AgVo. {ZarjUmVyZ {_imboë`m Zì`m kmZm_wio nwÝhm à`moJ
H$aÊ`mMr ^yH$ g§emoYH$m§Zm bmJVo. à`moJm_Ü`o Or H$mhr {ZarjUo {_iVmV Ë`m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio
{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo gmo`rMo hmoVo.
4. n[aUm_m§Mo {díbofU Am{U {gÕm§V : n[aUm_m§Mo {díbofU Am{U {gÕm§V hr d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg
nÕVr_Yrb Mm¡Wr nm`ar Amho. Aä`wnJ_mbmM {gÕm§V H$ënZm Ago åhUVmV. g§emoYZm_Ü`o Or _m{hVr {_imbobr
AgVo Ë`m _m{hVrMo g§emoYZ dJuH$aU H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>boë`m g_ñ`oMr CH$b H$aÊ`mÀ`m
Ñï>rZo H$mhr A§XmO ~m§YVm `oVmV. Ë`m A§XmOmdê$Z {ZîH$fm©À`m X¥ï>rZo dmQ>Mmb H$aVm `oVo. nU ho {ZîH$f©
àmW{_H$ AdñWoV AgVmV Vmo Ho$di A§XmO AgVmo. `m A§XmOmbmM Aä`wnJ_ qH$dm {gÕm§V H$ënZm Ago
åhUVmV.
Aä`wnJ_mMr ì`m»`m :
(A) \$mCbaÀ`m _Vo : ""Aä`wnJ_ åhUOo emór`Ñï>çm KQ>ZoMo Ho$bobo VmËnwaVo ñnï>rH$aU hmo`.''
8
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
(~) H$m°\$sÀ`m _Vo : ""Aä`wnJ_ åhUOo ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r Ho$bobm à`ËZ.''
Aä`wnJ_ åhUOo Ho$di H$ënZoVrb A§XmO Zìho Va Aä`wnJ_mbm dñVypñWVrMm AmYma AgVmo. g§emoYH$mZo
{_i{dboë`m _m{hVrdê$Z Or H$mhr dñVypñWVr AmT>iVo {VÀ`m AmYmao ~m§Ybobm A§XmO AgVmo. g§emoYH$mMr
à{V^m, VH$m©Zw_mZ {ZarjUeŠVr, {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr j_Vm, XyaÑï>r àm_m{UH$Vm `m ì`{ŠV_Ëd JwU d¡{eï>çm§da
Aä`wnJ_mMr {dídgZr`Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. Aä`wnJ_m{edm` g§emoYZmbm JVrM `oV Zmhr åhUyZ Aä`wnJ_ ho
`mo½`M AgmdoV.
`m g§X^m©V EH$ CXmhaU KoD$. g_Om, EH$ _mUyg JS>~S>rV Hw$byn bmdyZ H$m_mgmR>r ~mhoa Jobm. naVë`mda
nhmVmo Va Xma bmdbo Amho. nU Hw$byn CKS>o Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV Agm {dMma `oVmo H$s Amnë`m _mKmar KamV
Mmoar Pmbr AgUma. Ë`m_wio Vmo hiydma Xma CKSy>Z AmV `oVmo. gd© Ka^a nmhmVmo. H$nmQ> CKS>yZ amoI n¡go, Xm{JZo
`mo½` {R>H$mUr AmhoV H$m `mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVmo. g_Om, Oa amoI n¡go, Xm{JZo KamV ZmhrV Ago AmT>ië`mg Vmo
Mmoar Pmë`mMm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vmo. H$maU AmYr _m§S>boë`m Aä`wnJ_mbm nmofH$ nwamdm {_iVmo Am{U KamVrb gd©
dñVy {OWë`m {VWo AmhoV ho AmT>ië`mZ§Va AmnU JS>~S>rV Hw$byn bmdm`bmM {dgabmo, Agm Vmo {ZîH$f©
H$mT>Vmo. `mMm AW© `mo½` nwamdm Agë`m{edm` Aä`wnJ_ _m§S>Vm `oV Zmhr.
1.2.3 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMm nm`m H$moUr KmVbm?
(A) \«$mpÝgg ~oH$Z (~) \«$mpÝgg {X{~«Q>mo (H$) am°~Q>© H$m°H$
(S>) am°~Q>© nobo
2. d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVr_Yrb _hÎdmMr nm`ar H$moUVr?
(A) à`moJ
(~) {ZarjU
(H$) g_ñ`mgyÌU
(S>) {gÕm§V
3. Aä`wnJ_mbm H$m` åhUVmV?
(A) gmÜ`
(~) {gÕr
(S>) {gÕm§V H$ënZm
1.2.4
(H$) {gÕVm
{dkmZ Am{U A§YlÕm (bmoH$^«_) :
{dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ _mZdr H$ë`mUmgmR>r YS>nS>V Amho. nU A§YlÕoMm à^md `oWrb g_mOOrdZmda
Agë`mZo Amnë`mbm hdr VodT>r d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>r g_mO_ZmV {Z_m©U H$aVm `oV Zmhr. `m A§YlÕm§À`m l¥§Ibm_Ü`o
g_mO AS>Hy$Z nS>bm Amho. {dkmZmMm àgma H$ê$Z `m A§YlÕm AWdm bmoH$^«_ Zï> Ho$bo nm{hOoV. Amnë`mbm
g_mOmVrb A§YlÕm§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mAmYr A§YlÕm åhUOo H$m` ho nhmdo bmJob.
A§YlÕoÀ`m ì`m»`m :
B ì`ŠVr AWdm g_mO `m§Mr Á`m_wio {Xem^yb AWdm \$gdUyH$ hmoVo. AZ¡{VH$ ~m~tZm _mÝ`Vm {_iVo.
emofUmbm à{Vð>m {_iVo, Aem KQ>Zm§Zm A§YlÕm g_Omdo.
9
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
B
~w{Õbm S>mdbyZ ^mdZoMr Ho$bobr Jw§VdUyH$ åhUOo A§YlÕm hmo`.
EImÚm g_wXm`mVrb bmoH$m§Zr ñdrH$maboë`m ~m¡{ÕH$ nmVirer {dg§JV Agboë`m Am{U H$moUVmhr
T>mog nwamdm d nmR>~i Zgboë`m lÕm Am{U dV©Z àH$ma åhUOo A§YlÕm hmo`.
B
A§YlÕobm gdmªMmM {damoY AgVmo. lÕm d A§YlÕm `m ~m~r H$mbgmnoj d g_mOgmnoj AgVmV.
àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ g_mOm_Ü`o A§YlÕm nhmd`mg {_iVmV. AJXr Am{X_ AdñWoV amhUmè`m _mZdmZo
{dOoMm H$S>H$S>mQ>, W¡_mZ KmbUmam dmam, ~o{MamI H$aUmao dUdo, Ywdm±Yma H$mogiUmam nmD$g, VinVm gy`©,
F$VyMH«$mVrb ~Xb `m gd© KQ>Zm§_mJMm H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y AmH$bZ Z Pmë`m_wio `m gd© KQ>Zm§Zm n§M_hm^wVm§À`m
OmJr ~g{dbo. Ë`m§Mr ^rVr ~miJbr, AmXa Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mr nyOm ~m§Ybr. EImÚm amoJmÀ`m gmWrZo _mUgo
AMmZH$ _aV hmoVr. JmdoÀ`m Jmdo COmS> hmoV hmoVr ho gmao H$iÊ`mn{bH$S>Mo Pmë`m_wio `mVyZM A§YlÕm
OÝ_mg Amë`m. _Zwî` ~m¡{ÕH$ nmVirda EImÚm KQ>Zo_mJrb H$maUm§Mm emoY KoV ZìhmV. Ë`m_wio A§YlÕm
dmT>V am{hë`m.
AmO g_mOm_Ü`o {H$VrVar A§YlÕm AmhoV. CXm. ^wVmZo PnmQ>Uo, gmn Mmdë`mZ§Va _m§{ÌH$m§H$Sy>Z {df
CVa{dUo, Zdg ~mobUo, \o$S>Uo, S>moù`mV H$mnyg, Or^ KmbyZ JXi H$mT>Uo, ^mZm_Vr H$aUo, Xwgè`m§À`m XmamV
qb~y dm qMÜ`mÀ`m ~mhþë`m Q>mH$Uo, H$mdù`mMo {edUo, nmb A§Jmda nS>Uo, {Q>Q>drMo AmoaS>Uo, qnJù`mMm
AmdmO, H$mdim AmoaS>Uo, A_mdñ`obm Zmai \$mS>Uo, {~ã~m KmbUo, nmoQ> XwIV Agob Va MmoiUo, OmñV
{VIQ> Imëë`mZo eŠVr dmT>Vo, Bg~-Zm`Q>m ho AmOma XodmÀ`m AdH¥$noZo hmoVmV, _§ÌV§Ì, J§S>o-Xmoao, VmB©V ~m§Yë`mZo
amoJ ~ao hmoVmV. ~ir {Xë`mZo _mJMr nrS>m Q>iVo. CMH$s bmJUo, S>moim \$S>\$S>ë`mg Aew^ KS>Uma, {dYdoMo
Xe©Z Aew^, nm`JwU Mm§Jbm AWdm dmB©Q> g_OUo, {dYodoMo nydu Ho$endZ Ho$bo OmV Ago.
gmn hm eoVH$è`mMm {_Ì Amho. H$maU {nH$mMm eÌy åhUOo C§Xra hmo`. EH$ Ym_U gmn EH$ dfm©V _moR>çm
à_mUmV C§XamMr CËnÎmr amoIy eH$Vo. nU Amnë`mH$S>o gmnmbm bm§~M bm§~ Ho$g AgVmV, ZmJmÀ`m S>moŠ`mda
ZmJ_Ur AgVmo, gmn nw§Jrda S>mobVmo. Iao Va gmnmbm H$mZ ZgVmV CbQ> hbUmè`m nw§JrMm doY KoÊ`mgmR>r gmn
n{dÌm KoV AgVmo. Owù`m gmnmVrb gmn _maë`mg _mJo am{hbobm gmn ~Xbm KoVmo, gmn Sy>H$ YaVmo. gmnmbm XyY
AmdS>Vo. nU gmn _m§gmhmar àmUr Amho. Ym_UrÀ`m eonQ>rV {dfmar H$mQ>o AgVmV, Ym_U JmB© åherÀ`m nm`mZm
{diIm KmbyZ XyY {nVo, nwOoZo gmn àgÞ hmoVmo `m gn©{df`H$ A§YlÕm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gmn `m àmÊ`m{df`r
MwH$sMm g§Xoe g_mOmbm Jobm Amho.
{ñÌ`m d A§YlÕm `mMmhr g§~§Y OmoS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ g_mOmVrb A§YlÕmiy bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bm Amho. _wbrMm
OÝ_ hr Jmoï> CËgmhdY©H$ _mZbr OmV Zmhr. _wbJm hm d§emMm {Xdm, _wbmZo Vm|S>mV nmUr KmVbo H$s ñdJm©V àdoe
{_iVmo, _wb Z hmoUmè`m {ñÌ`m§Zm dm§PmoQ>r åhUyZ {hUdUo. Aem {ñÌ`m _mZ{gH$Ñï>çm Xw~©b hmoVmV. Ë`m§Mo
~wdm§H$Sy>Z emofU hmoD$ eH$Vo. IaoVa _wb hmoÊ`mgmR>r S>m°ŠQ>ar CnMma Ho$bo nm{hOoV. {ddmhÀ`mdoir _wbrMr
OÝ_n{ÌH$m nmhmVmV. Ë`mV _§Ji Agob Va b¾mV AS>Wim `oVmo. n[aUm_r Aem _wbr A{ddmhrV amhVmV. nU
10
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
_§Ji _wbrÀ`m Zdè`mMo ^{dî` H$go ~Xbob? nU `m ImoQ>çm g_OyVr_wio _wbrMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. órZo eodQ>r
Oodmdo. Oo Agob VodT>oM Imdo hohr MwH$sMo Amho. `m_wio órMr Cnmg_ma hmoVo.
M§ÐJ«hU d gy`©J«hU `m~Ôb g_mOmV Iyn A§YlÕm AmhoV. M§Ð d gy`© `m§À`m_Ü`o n¥Ïdr Ambr H$s
n¥ÏdrÀ`m gmdbr_wio M§X«mMm H$mhr ^mJ {XgV Zmhr. Voìhm M§ÐJ«hU hmoVo d gy`© Am{U n¥Ïdr `m§À`m_Ü`o M§Ð
Ambm H$s M§Ðm_wio n¥Ïdrdarb H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm gy`m©Mm H$mhr ^mJ {Xgy eH$V Zmhr. J«hUm{edm` BVadoir M§Ð
, gy`© AmH$memV AgVmVM. amÌr gy`© {XgV Zmhr Va Am_mdñ`oÀ`m amÌr M§Ðhr {XgV Zmhr. _J J«hU
H$mimV AmB©À`m nmoQ>mVrb J^m©da Xwîn[aUm_ hmoD$Z ~mbH$mV {dH¥$Vr H$em `oVrb? Oo J«hU nmiV ZmhrV
Ë`m§À`m _wbm§_Ü`o Xmof AmT>iV Zmhr. J«hU H$mimV nmUr, AÞnXmW© Xy{fV hmoVmV, hm g_O MwH$sMm Amho.
J«hUmZ§Va Oo VmOo nmUr ^aVmo Vo gwÕm EImÚm {R>H$mUr gmR>{dboë`m gmR>çmVrbM nmUr AgVo. ho gmaoM
{dg§JV Amho.
H$mhr dfm©nyduM M§Ðnya, Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømV {d{harg nmUr bmJmdo åhUyZ Za~ir ñdV:daÀ`m g§e`mMo
{ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mB©bm CH$iË`m VobmÀ`m H$T>B©V hmV KmbyZ ZmUo da H$mT>md`mg bmdUo `m gd© Jmoï>r
A{ddoH$s AmhoV. g_mOm_Ü`o AmOXoIrb Aem A§YlÕm_YyZ hmoUmam AÝ`m` ^`mdh Amho. åhUyZ AmnU
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU {dH$grV Ho$bm nm{hOo.
A§YlÕm Xya H$aUmar emókm§Mr H$m_{Jar :
{~«Q>re emók {Jb~Q>© `mZo bmohMw~§ H$ Odi ~miJë`mZo ào_^§JmMo Xw:I ghZ H$amdo bmJVo d bmohMw~§ H$mda
bgyZ Kmgbm AgVm Ë`mMo M§w~H$Ëd Zï> hmoVo `m gd© g_OyVr ^«m_H$ AmhoV, ho à`moJemioV gà_mU {gÕ Ho$bo.
Va A°[añQ>m°Q>bZo Amnë`m J«§WmV _m§S>bobo {Z`_ H$go MwH$sMo AmhoV ho J°{b{bAmoZo à`moJmZo {gÕ Ho$bo d Xw{~©UrÀ`m
ghmæ`mZo M§Ðmda nd©V d Xè`m AmhoV ho XmIdyZ {Xbo. Ë`mMo ho H¥$Ë` Y_© ~mø-nmnr R>adyZ Ë`mbm Vwé§JmV Q>mH$bo.
H$mona{ZH$gZo Amnbm gy`©_Ü` {gÕm§V _¥Ë`yZ§Va à{gÕ Ho$bm. ~wZmo ZmdmÀ`m BQ>m{b`Z emókmZo
H$mona{ZH$gÀ`m {gÕm§V ~amo~a Amho, ho gm§JyZ {dídmV AZoH$ J«h, Vmao AmhoV d Vo J{V_mZ AmhoV, Ago gm§{JVbo
åhUyZ Ë`mdoiÀ`m Y_©JwéZr Ë`mbm {Od§V Omibo.
nydu ßboJ, nQ>H$s, H$m°bam, Xodr amoJ Xodm§À`m AdH¥$no_wio hmoVmV, Ago _mZbo OmB© d Xodm§Zm em§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r
H$m|~S>çm-~H$è`m ~ir {Xë`m OmB©. bwB© nmíMa `m emñÌkmZo amoJ ho O§VynmgyZ hmoVmV ho emoYë`mZo bmoH$ H$moUË`mhr
amoJmMr bmJU Pmë`mg Ë`mMr bg Q>moMyZ KoVmV. Am¡fY KoVmV. amoJm{df`rMm bmoH$^«_ {dkmZmZo Zï> Pmbm.
J°{b{bAmo, H$mona{ZH$g ~«Zw mo ìhog{° bAg hmd}, {Jb~Q>,© Ý`yQ>Z øm emñÌkm§Zr A§YlÕo{déÕ ~§S> nwH$mê$Z AmYw{ZH$
`wJmMm nm`m aMbm. OJmVrb AZoH$ g_mOmV AÚmnhr bmoH$^«_ AmhoV. na§Vw OgOer {dkmZmMr àJVr d
àgma hmoV Jobm Amho VgVgo bmoH$^«_ Zï> Pmbo AmhoV d nwT>o hmoVrb. {dkmZ åhUOo kmZmMm àH$me hmo`. Vmo Ogm
ngaob Vem A§YlÕm Zï> hmoVrb.
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1.2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. Xw{~©UrMm emoY H$moUr bmdbm?
(A) A°[añQ>m°Q>b (~) J°{b{bAmo
(H$) Q>m°bo_r
(S>) \«$mpÝgg ~oH$Z
2. {dídmV AZoH$ J«h AgyZ Vo J{V_mZ AmhoV, Ago H$moUr gm§{JVbo?
(A) ~«wZmo
(~) ~oH$Z
(H$) ~«moHo$Z
(S>) agob
3. O§VynmgyZ amoJ hmoVmV, hm emoY H$moUr bmdbm?
(A) bwB©nmíMa
(~) H$mona{ZH$g (H$) nmñH$b
(S>) _m`H$b \°$aoS>o
1.2.5
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg :
g_mOm_Ü`o d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU {Z_m©U Pmë`m{edm` g_mOmMr àJVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. g_mOm_Ü`o d¡km{ZH$
ÑpîQ>H$moU Agmdm bmJVmo hr ~m~ dmQ>Vo VodT>r gmonr Zmhr. H$maU _ZmÀ`m Am§VaJmä`mVyZ dñVy{Zð> Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ
{ZgJm©Vrb KQ>ZmH$So nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r ì`{ŠV_Ëdm_Ü`o {ddoH${Zð> d¡km{ZH$ A{^d¥Îmr {dH${gV
Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. emñÌmMo kmZ {_i{dUo Am{U emñÌr` X¥{îQ>H$moU ñdrH$ma H$aUo `m XmoZ Jmoï>r AbJ AmhoV.
H$maU emñÌmMo kmZ KoUmao gd©M bmoH$ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo `m XmoZ Jmoï>r AbJ AmhoV. H$maU
emómMo kmZ KoUmao gd©M bmoH$ d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmao AgVmVM Ago Zmhr; nU Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmgmR>r ñdV:Odi ñdV§Ì {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm hdr. Vgo g§ñH$ma Pmbobo Agbo nm{hOoV.
Ho$di ~wÕr_Îmm Ë`mgmR>r nwaoer Zmhr. emór` Ñ{ï>H$moU ñdrH$maUo ho _yë` Amho Am{U Vmo ì`{ŠVÀ`m àd¥ÎmrMm
^mJ Amho, Omo Ñ{ï>H$moU gwg§KQ>rV gyÌ~Õ dñVy{Zð> AZw^dmZo {ZpíMV AgVmo Ë`mg d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU åhUVmV.
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmV ~w{ÕÀ`m VamOyda AZw^dmMo {M{H$ËgmË_H$ _mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU hm ì`{ŠVÀ`m
OrdZmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMm ^mJ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV ~Xb hmoVmV. g_mOmMm n¡gm, doi, l_eŠVr
`m§Mm Anì`` Q>iVmo. Amnë`mH$S>o e¡j{UH$ YmoaUmnmgyZ Vo g§{dYmZmVrb H$V©ì`mn`ªV d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMo
_hÎd gm§{JVbo Amho.
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU AJXr ghO {Z_m©U Pmbobm Zmhr Ë`mgmR>r AZoH$ _hmZemñÌkm§Zr ñdV: hmbAnoï>m,
Vwé§Jdmg ^moJbm Amho. `wamon_Ü`o Mm¡Xmì`m-n§Yamì`m eVH$m_Ü`o ~m¡{ÕH$ OmJ¥Vr gwê$ Pmbr. ~w{Õbm nQ>ob Vo
gË` _mZÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U Pmbr. eãXàm_mÊ`dmXr `wJmnojm ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmXr `wJmbm _hÎd àmá Pmbo.
A°[añQ>mQ° >bZo _m§S>bb
o o gd©M {dMma Iao H$s ImoQ>o `mMr àË`j àm`mo{JH$ AZw^Vy r J°{b{bAmoZo KoVbr d A°[añQ>mQ° >bMo
JVrMo {Z`_ Mw{H$Mo AmhoV ho OJmbm gm§{JVbo. A°[añQ>m°Q>bÀ`m {dMmam{déÕ J°{b{bAmoZo {dMma _m§S>bm Amho.
VgoM M§X«mda Xè`m d nd©V AmhoV ho XmI{dVmo Amho ho Y_©_mVªS>Zm éMbo Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr J°{b{bAmobm Ìmg Úm`bm
gwédmV Ho$br. Ë`mMm N>i H$am`bm gwadmV Ho$br. Ë`mbm ZOa H¡$XoV Q>mH$bo. Amnbo emoY ImoQ>o AmhoV, Aer
H$~ybr KoÊ`mMm namH«$_ Ë`mdoiÀ`m n§{S>Vm§Zr Ho$bm. VargwÕm J°{b{bAmo S>J_Jbm Zmhr. J«h-Vmao JVr_mZ
12
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AmhoV ho IJmo{b` gË` gm§JUmè`m ~«wZmobm {Od§V Omibo. H$mon{ZH$gZo gm§{JVbobm gw`©_Ü` {gÕm§V g_OyZ
¿`m`bm bmoH$ V`ma ZìhVo. Vmo {gÕm§V Á`m nwñVH$mV _m§S>bm hmoVm Ë`m nwñVH$mbm àñVmdZm Úm`bm H$moUr V`ma
ZìhVo. eodQ>r Á`mZo Vr àñVmdZm {b{hbr Ë`mZo Ë`mV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, H$mona{ZH$gMo {dMma H$mën{ZH$
AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMr nm`dmQ> emoYUmè`m emókm§À`m Z{e~r `mVZmM Amë`m. Ë`m `mVZmda
ñdma hmoD$Z d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU g_mOmV ê$O{dbm Jobm Amho.
gVamì`m eVH$mV Ý`yQ>ZÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV {dkmZmH$S>o ~KÊ`mMr g_mOmMr Ñï>r ~Xbbr. {dkmZ g_mOmÀ`m
{hVmMo Amho. emók Amnë`m ^y{_V AgUo ho amOo bmoH$m§Zm ^yfUmdh dmQy> bmJbo. Ë`m_wio B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg `m
Xoem_Ü`o g§emoYZ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. {dkmZmÀ`m ZdZdrZ emIm§_Ü`o g§emoYZ gwê$ Pmbo. Ë`m_Ü`o agm`Zemó,
nXmW©{dkmZ d Ordemóm_Ü`o _yb^yV Aer H«$m§Vr Pmbr. OJ^a Xodr, H$m°bam, ßboJ `mgma»`m AmOmam_wio
bjmdYr bmoH$m§Zm Amnbo àmU J_dmdo bmJbo. ßboJMr gmW Jmdm_Ü`o Ambr H$s JmdmMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Xwada
eoVrdmS>rda _miamZmda dñVr H$ê$Z amhV JmdoÀ`m Jmdo g§H$Q>mV gmnS>V. emókm§Zr ho amoJ H$m hmoVmV `mda
g§emoYZ Ho$bo. \$ŠV emók g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Wm§~bo ZmhrV Va Ë`m§Zr Xodr, H$m°bam, nmo{bAmo, ídmZX§e, KQ>gn©
BË`m{X AmOmamdarb bgtMm emoY bmdbm. AboŠPm§S>a âboq_J `m§Zr no{Z{gbrZ `m OrdZajH$ Am¡fYmMm
emoY bmdbm. gmëH$ `m§Zr nmo{bAmoMr bg emoYyZ H$mT>br. ~oh[a¨J `m§Zr KQ>gn© d YZwdm©VmMr bg emoYbr.
doJdoJù`m d¡Ú{H$` CnH$aUm_Ü`o g§emoYZ gwê$ Pmbo. öX`mMr H$m`©j_Vm _moOÊ`mgmR>r BboŠQ´>moH$S>uAmoJ«m_
CnH$aU {Z_m©U Ho$bo. ßb°ñQ>rH$ gO©ar_wio gm¢X`© {Q>H${dÊ`mV emókm§Zm `e Ambo.
XiUdiUmÀ`m joÌmV H«$m§Vr Pmbr. Q>o{b\$moZ, ao{S>Amo, XyaXe©Z, pìh{S>Amo, {d_mZgodm, g§JUH$, B§Q>aZoQ>
`m_Ü`o gmao OJM JVr_mZ Pmbo Amho. Xoem-XoemVrb A§Vao H$_r Pmbr AmhoV. _Zwî`mZo \$ŠV Amnbm àdmg
OmJ{VH$ ñVamdaM _`m©{XV R>odbm Zmhr Va Ë`mZo M§Ðmda nmD$b R>odbo Amho. Vmo AdH$memMr g\$a H$ê$ bmJbm
Amho.
D$O©oÀ`m joÌmV _mZdmZo OmUrdnyd©H$ g§emoYZ H$ê$Z O{_ZrÀ`m nmoQ>mVrb D$O}Mm emoY KoVbm Amho. gm¡a
D$O}da MmbUmar AZoH$ gmYZo _mZdmZo {Z_m©U Ho$br AmhoV. AUweŠVrMm {dYm`H$ dmna H$ê$Z {VMr ^`mZH$Vm
g§n{dÊ`mMm {ZYm©a Ho$bm Amho. gmao OJM em§VVoZo gwIr d {díd~§YwËdmÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb H$ê$ bmJbo Amho.
AmO ^yH§$n, _hmnya `m Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>mZr _Zwî` h¡amU hmoV Amho. Ë`m g§H$Q>mda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo AmnÎmr
ì`dñWmnZmVrb AmYw{ZH$ V§Ìo emoYbr AmhoV. Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmrMm doY KoUmar gmYZo Ë`mZo ~Z{dbr AmhoV.
Ë`mAmYmao gmdYmZVoMm n{dÌm _mZdmZo KoVbm Amho. Ë`m_wio hOmam|Mo àmU dmMdy eH$Vmo. gdmªZm nwaob EdT>o
AÞYmÝ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Ho$bo Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`m_wio AmOMm g_mO àJVrMr AZoH$ {eIao H$m~rO H$aV
Amho. Var XoIrb AOyZ nyd©J«hmMm nJS>m Amho. Vmo g_mO {dH$mgmbm YmoŠ`mMm AgVmo. åhUyZ _yë` {ejUm_YyZ
d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU éO{dÊ`mMr JaO Amho. A§YlÕm {Z_y©Z g{_VrgmaIr g§ñWm g_mOm_Ü`o d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moU
dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV Amho.
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1.2.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. no{Z{gbrZ `m OrdajH$ Am¡fYmMm emoY H$moUr bmdbm?
(A) Amoh_
(~) Ooåg d°Q>
(H$) AboŠPm§S>a âboq_J (S>) _m`H$b \°$aoS>o
2. A°[añQ>m°Q>bMo J{V{df`H$ {Z`_ MwH$sMo AmhoV, ho H$moUr gm§{JVbo?
(A) ~«wZmo
(~) H$mona{ZH$g (H$) Q>m°bo_r
(S>) J°{b{bAmo
1.2.6
{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm B{Vhmg :
{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm B{Vhmg hm _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m B{VhmgmBVH$m OwZm Amho. g¥ï>r_Ü`o hOmamo KQ>Zm
KS>VmV. Ë`mMo _mZd {ZarjU H$arV Ambm Amho. Ë`mVyZ Ë`mbm g¥ï>r{dkmZmMo kmZ Pmbo. Ë`m_Ü`o hË`mao V`ma
H$aUo, A{¾ {Z_m©U H$aUo d MmH$mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo hr _mZdmÀ`m {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmM gwadmV hmoVr. `mZ§Va _mZd
g_mO ZXr Imoè`m_Ü`o pñWamdbm d VoWoM Ë`mZo H$bm d emóo {dH${gV Ho$br Jobr. Aem g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü`o B{Opße`Z
g§ñH¥$Vr, _ogmnmoQ>o{Z`_, J«rH$, amo_Z d MrZr d qhXy g§ñH¥$Ë`m à_wI hmoË`m.
àmMrZ H$mimVrb {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ :
B{Opße`Z g§ñH¥$Vr : B{Opße`Z g§ñH¥$Vr hr n«mMrZ g§ñH¥$Vrn¡H$s EH$ _hÎdmMr g§ñH¥$Vr _mZbr OmVo.
gmYmaUV: B. g. nyd© 5000 dfm©nydu B{Oá_Ü`o ZmB©b ZXrÀ`m H$mR>r hr g§ñH¥$Vr CX`mg Ambr hmoVr. Ë`m
H$mimV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobr ^ì` {na°{_S>g² Am{U pñn¨Šg B{OáÀ`m àJV g§ñH¥$VrMr à{VHo$M hmo`.
ñWmnË`H$bm, {eënH$bm `mgma»`m H$boÀ`m joÌmVrb àJVr J{UV ^y{_VrÀ`m kmZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
{na°{_S>g²_Yrb __rO (_¥VXoh) Ë`m bmoH$m§À`m d¡ÚH$emómVb àJVrMr gmj XoVmV. hOmamo dfm©Mm H$mbmdYr
bmoQ>bm Agbm Var Ë`mVrb H$mhr _¥VXoh gwpñWVrV AmhoV. AmH$memVrb J«h-Vmao `m§Mo {Z[ajU H$ê$Z H$mbJUZm
V`ma Ho$br hmoVr.
_ogmnmoQ>o{Z`_ g§ñH¥$Vr : _ogmnmoQ>o{Z`_ g§ñH¥¥$Vr hr B{OáÀ`m g§ñH$Vr BV{H$M àmMrZ g_Obr OmVo.
_ogmnmoQ>o{Z`_ åhUOo XwAm~Mm àXoe. `m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mimV J{UV, agm`Zemó, dZñnVremó, ñWmnË`emó,
{eënH$bm BË`m{X joÌmV ~arM àJVr Pmbr hmoVr. J{UVm_Yrb àmW{_H$ {H«$`m, dJ©_yi, KZ_yi BË`mqXMr
_m{hVr VoWrb bmoH$m§Zm hmoVr. J«h-Vmè`m§Mo {Z[ajU H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m Zm|Xr Ë`m§Zr Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m§Zm
H$mbJUZoMr _m{hVr hmoVr.
J«rH$ g§ñH¥$Vr : àmMrZ H$mimVrb J«rH$ g§ñH¥$Vrbm (B. g. ny. 600 Vo B. g. ny. 500) OJmÀ`m
B{VhmgmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. J«rH$ g§ñH¥$VrVyZ ~m¡{ÕH$ `wJmMr gwadmV Pmbr. OJmMr dmQ>Mmb {dkmZnyd©
AdñWoVyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z {dkmZmÀ`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb gwê$ Pmbr.
S>o_m°H«$Q>g² hm n{hbm J«rH$ emók `mZo na_mUy dmXmMm {gÕm§V gm§{JVbm. gd© g¥ï>r na_mUyMr Amho Ago
Ë`mZo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. BånoS>m°H$b `mZo n¥Ïdr, Amn, VoO, dm`y hr {dídmMr _yb^yV Ðì`o AmhoV, hm {gÕm§V
14
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_m§S>bm. hm {ZîUmV d¡Ú hmoVm. A°[añQ>m°Q>b dñVy{Zð> Ñ{ï>Zo {dMma H$aUmam VÎddoÎmmm åhUyZ à{gÕ Pmbm. kmZ
à{H«$`oV ~wÕr d AZw^d `m§Zm `mo½` ñWmZ XoD$Z A°[añQ>m°Q>bZo g§doXZm d g§H$ënZm `m§Mm g_Ýd` gmYUo H$go
Amdí`H$ Amho ho gm§{JVbo. `mVyZM {dMmamMo emñÌ qH$dm VH©$emñÌ CX`mbm Ambo. Woëg hm à{gÕ J{UVk,
VÎdk Am{U emók åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. A{H©${_S>rO hm àmMrZ J«rH$ J{UVr d g§emoYH$ åhUyZ à{gÕ
Amho. ^y{_Vr `m§{ÌH$s d A{^`m§{ÌH$s `m {d{dY joÌmV Ë`mZo _hÎdmMo emoY bmdbo. Xwgam emñÌk {hamo `mZo
~mîneŠVrda MmbUmao `§Ì {Z_m©U Ho$bo hmoVo. d¡ÚH$emómV {hßnmo{H«$Q>g² hm _hmZ emñÌk hmoD$Z Jobm. àË`oH$
amoJmbm emór` H$maU AgVo Ago Ë`mMo _V hmoVo.
amo_Z g§ñH¥$Vr : J«rH$ g§ñH¥$VrZ§Va amo_Z g§ñH$VrMm H$mbI§S> gwê$ hmoVmo. amo_Z g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb pßbZr `m
n§{S>VmZo XmoZ hOma J«§Wm§Mo g§X^© XoD$Z "g¥{ï>{dkmZ ZmdmMm J«§W {bhrbm. Ë`mH$mir CnbãY AgUmè`m gd©emómMm
d H$bm§Mm Vmo kmZH$moeM hmoVm. `mM g§ñH¥$VrV Q>m°bo_r ZmdmMm _moR>m emók hmoD$Z Jobm. IJmobemó d ^yJmob
`mda Ë`mZo boIZ Ho$bo. Ë`mZo n¥ÏdrMm n[aKhr _moObm hmoVm. d¡ÚH$emóm_Ü`o JmboZ hm emók hmoD$Z Jobm.
Ë`mZo J«§WmV hmS>o, ñZm`y d aŠVdm{hÝ`m `mg§~§Yr gImob _m{hVr {Xbr hmoVr. VgoM amo_Z g§ñH$VrÀ`m H$mimV
~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m B_maVr, nyb, añVo `m§À`m V§ÌkmZmVrb àJVrMr gmj XoVmV.
{MZr g§ñH¥$Vr : hmo-h±J-hmo d `m§JËgr {H$`m§J `m ZÚm§À`m Imoè`mV hr g§ñH¥$Vr {dH${gV Pmbr. {MZr
g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mimV {dkmZmgh gd©M joÌmV C„oIZr` àJVr Pmbr hmoVr. ~§XyH$sMr Xmê$, hmoH$m`§Ì, N>nmB©Mr
H$bm, H$mJX V`ma H$aÊ`mMo V§Ì BË`mXr AZoH$ _hÎdmMo emoY øm àmMrZ {MZr g§ñH¥$VrZo OJmbm {Xbobr XoUJr
g_Obr OmVo. VgoM d¡ÚH$emó, H$mbJUZo~m~V kmZ Ë`m§Zm AdJV hmoV.o MrZÀ`m CÎmaoH$S>rb gahÔrda ~m§Ybobr
àM§S> q^V hr OJmVrb gmV Amü`m©n¡H$s EH$ Amü`© _mZbo OmVo.
^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr : ^maVmV gáqgYyÀ`m Imoè`mV àmMrZH$mir EH$ àJV g§ñH¥$Vr Zm§XV hmoVr. nU B.g.
1922 gmbmn`ªV `mMr H$moUmbmM H$ënZm ZìhVr. B. g. 1922 Vo 1928 À`m Xaå`mZ qgYy ZXrÀ`m Imoè`mV
CËIZZ Ho$bo OmdyZ EH$ àmMrZ g§ñH¥$Vr àH$memV Ambr. Ë`m_wio ^maVmÀ`m B{Vhmgmbm EH$ ZdrZ {Xem
{_imbr. AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {dkmZmÀ`m joÌmV ^maVr`m§Zr AmKmS>r KoVbr hmoVr. àmMrZ ^maVr` qgYy
g§ñH¥$Vr ho Ë`mMo CXmhaU åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©b. `m g§ñH¥$VrMm H$mi {¼ñVnyd© 4000 Vo 2200 Agmdm Ago
ñWybnUo _mZÊ`mV `oVo. qgYy g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mimVrb d¡km{ZH$ àJVr{df`r {ZpíMV nwamdo CnbãY Zgbo Var
_moh|OmoXS>mo, hS>ßnm `oWrb ZJaaMZm, J¥haMZm, gmd©O{ZH$ ñZmZJ¥ho, YmÝ`mMr n«M§S> H$moR>mao BË`m{X Jmoï>r d¡km{ZH$
àJVrMr gmj XoVmV. ^maVr`m§Zr J{UV, ^y{_Vr, IJmobemó, Á`mo{Vfemó, d¡ÚH$emó, nXmW©{dkmZ `mgma»`m
{dkmZmÀ`m gd©M emIm§V _mobmMr ^a KmVbr hmoVr. J{UVmVrb eyÝ`mMm emoYhr ^maVr`m§Zr OJmbm {Xbobr
XoUJr hmoVr. àmMrZ ^maVmVrb Am`©^Å> n{hbm, Am`©^Å> Xwgam damh{_hra, ~«÷Jwá ^mñH$amMm`© BË`mXr emókm§Zr
Á`mo{VemñÌ d J{UV `m§_Ü`o _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ Ho$bo hmoVo. gwl¥V MaH$ ~m½^Q> `m§Zr d¡ÚH$emñÌ g_¥Õ ~Z{dbo
hmoVo. H$UmX ZmJmOw©Z BË`mqXZr nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`Zemó `mVhr ^maVr` nmR>r_mJo ZìhVo, ho XmIdyZ {Xbo hmoVo.
darb gd© emókm§Zr ^maVr` {dkmZ Zmdmê$nmbm AmUÊ`mV _moR>m hmV^ma bmdbm hmoVm.
15
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
_Ü``wJmVrb {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ (A§Yma`wJ) :
àmMrZ H$mimV {dkmZmÀ`m joÌmV ^ard àJVr Pmbr Agbr Var nwT>o _mÌ {dkmZmbm CVaVr H$im bmJbr.
B. g. 476 _Ü`o amo_Z gm_«mÁ`mMm AñV Pmbm Am{U Ë`m~amo~a _Ü``wJmbm gwadmV Pmbr. _Ü``wJmMm H$mbI§S>
hm gw_mao EH$ hOma dfmªMm _mZbm OmVmo. A§Yma`wJ qH$dm V_mo`wJ `m ZmdmZohr g§~moYbo OmVo. n[aUm_r _Ü``wJmV
_moR>çm à_mUmda {nN>ohmQ> Pmbr. {dkmZmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r g_mOmV Á`m d¡km{ZH$ _Zmod¥ÎmrMr YmaUm hmoUo Amdí`H$
AgVo. Vr _Zmod¥ÎmrM `m H$mimV bmon nmdbr. Ë`m H$mimV {dkmZ AS>JirV OmD$Z nS>bo.
`m H$mbI§S>mV \$ŠV Aa~ n§{S>VmZr J«rH$ d amo_Z g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb H$bm d {dkmZ `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Agm
Zmhr Va qhXy, BamUr d {MZr {dkmZhr Aä`mgbo. Ë`m§À`m CnmgZoMo H$m_ n§Yamì`m eVH$mn`ªV Mmby hmoVo.
gmoimì`m eVH$mÀ`m gw_mamg `wamo{n`Z g_mOmV OmJ¥Vr gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va `wamo{n`Z emókm§Zm {dkmZmÀ`m
Aä`mgmgmR>r àW_ Aa~ {dkmZmH$S>o dimdo bmJbo.
AmYw{ZH$ `wJmVrb {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ :
B. g. 16 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ {dkmZ `wJmbm àma§^ Pmbm Ago _mZVmV. gmoimì`m eVH$mV
d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z {dkmZmÀ`m àJVrbm MmbZm XoÊ`mMo H$m`© B§J«O H$m`Xon§{S>V \«$mpÝgg ~oH$Z
(1561-1626) `mZo Ho$bo. d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm nm`m KmbÊ`mMo lo` ~oH$ZbmM {Xbo OmVo. Ë`mZo Ago åhQ>bo
Amho H$s, ""Xwgam H$moUrVar gm§JVmo åhUyZ _mUgmZo EImÚm Jmoï>rda {dídmg R>ody Z`o. ñdV:À`m {ZarjUmZo ImÌr
H$ê$Z KoD$ZM H$moUVrhr Jmoï> Iar _mZmdr.'' \«|$M VÎdk XoH$mV© (1596-1650) `mZohr d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmMm
nwañH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm.
gmoimdo eVH$ :
H$mon{ZH$g hm nmob§S>_Yrb IJmobemñÌk `mZo IJmobemók H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo. `m
AJmoXaÀ`m H$mimV Q>m°bo_rMm n¥ÏdrH|$Ðr {gÕm§V AZoH$ eVHo$ àM{bV hmoVm Am{U Ë`mg _mÝ`Vmhr àmá Pmbr
hmoVr. nU H$mona{ZH$gZo gy`©H|$Ð {gÕm§V _m§Sy>Z Ago gm§{JVbo H$s, gy`© n¥Ïdr^modVr {\$aV Zmhr Va n¥Ïdr gy`m©^modVr
{\$aVo; VgoM BVa J«hXoIrb gy`m©^modVr {\$aVmV.
`mohmZ Ho$nba `mZo Vmè`m§À`m JVr Am{U pñWVr~Ôb {Z`_ V`ma Ho$bo. J{UVmÀ`m {Z`_m§Ûmao H$mona{ZH$gÀ`m
à{VnmXZmg AmYma {Xbm. Ë`mZo H$mona{ZH$gÀ`m {gÕm§VmVrb MyH$ Xwê$ñV H$ê$Z J«h gy`m©^modVr dVw©imH$ma
H$joV Zìho Va b§~dVw©imH$ma H$joV {\$aVmV Ago XmIdyZ {Xbo. J«h qH$dm Vmao Amnë`m JVrMr {Xem qH$dm H$jm
gmoS>V ZmhrV. Ë`m§Mm doJ pñWa AgVmo.
BQ>brVrb CƒHw$imV J°{b{bAmoMm OÝ_ Pmbm. nXmW©{dkmZ d IJmobemók `mVrb Ë`m§À`m emoYm_wio
Zì`m {dkmZmMm àma§^ Pmbm. Ë`mZo `wpŠbS> d Am{H©${_S>rOÀ`m {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. J°{b{bAmoZo Xw{~©UrMm
emoY bmdyZ H$mona{ZH$gÀ`m {gÕm§VmMr gË`Vm nQ>dyZ {Xbr. VgoM Xw{~©UrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ë`mZo gy`© Am{U Jwég{hV
16
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BVa J«hm§Mr {Z[ajUo H$ê$Z _hÎdmÀ`m Zm§oXr R>odë`m; nU Ë`mÀ`m Zì`m emoYm_wio Ë`mbm Y_©g§ñWoMr ZmamOr
AmoT>dyZ ¿`mdr bmJbr d N>ihr gmogmdm bmJbm. J°{b{bAmoZo J{VemómMm nm`m KmbÊ`mMohr H$m`© Ho$bo.
gVamdo eVH$ :
Am`P°H$ Ý`yQ>ZZo IJmobemómV H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr. Vr Ë`mZo _m§S>boë`m JwéËdmH$f©UmÀ`m H«$m§{VH$maH$
{gÕm§Vm_wio {dídmVrb _hÎdnyU© ahg`m§Mm CbJS>m hmoUo gwb^ Pmbo. JwéËdmH$f©Um_wio {dídmVrb Vmao, CnJ«h
nañnam§H$S>o AmH${f©bo OmVmV, Ago Ë`mZo àH$memMo n¥ÏWH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§Yrhr Amnbm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm hmoVm.
{dkmZmÀ`m {d{dY emImVrb Ë`mMo `moJXmZ BVHo$ _m¡{bH$ Amho H$s {dkmZmbm Iè`m AWm©©Zo àH$me_mZ H$aÊ`mMo
H$m`© Ý`yQ>ZZo Ho$bo. åhUyZ {dkmZmÀ`m B{VhmgmV gVamdo eVH$ ho Ý`yQ>Z eVH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. Ý`wQ>Z{edm`
`m eVH$mV Yy_Ho$VyMm emoY bmdUmam h°bo hm _hmZ emóm hmoD$Z Jobm. `mM eVH$mV Q>°[aMobr `m emñÌkmZo
"dm`w^ma_mnH$ `§Ì' V`ma Ho$bo. nmñH$b, J°arH$, dm°B©b hdoÀ`m Xm~mda g§emoYZ H$ê$Z Ë`mMo {Z`_ gm§{JVbo.
gVamì`m eVH$mnmgyZ `m emókm§Zr bmdboë`m emoYm§Mm bmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoD$ bmJbm d
Iè`m AWm©Zo {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `wJ gwê$ Pmbo.
AR>amdo eVH$ :
gVamì`m eVH$mV {dkmZmMm Omo {dñVmanyd©H$ nm`m aMbm Jobm Ë`mdaM AR>amì`m EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV
{dkmZmMr ^ì` B_maV C^r am{hbr. nXmW©{dkmZ emóm_Ü`o ~|Pm{_Z Wm°ångZ `mZo CîUVm hr eŠVr Amho, Ago
{gÕ Ho$bo Va Ooåg d°Q> `m emókmZo ~mîneŠVrda MmbUmao dm\o$Mo B§{OZ V`ma Ho$bo d Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMm nm`m
aMbm. {ZgJm©Vrb {dÚwVeŠVrMm emoY bmJbm. ìhm°ëQ>Zo n{hbm {dÚwV nQ> V`ma Ho$bm. _m`Ho$b \°$aoS>oZo n{hbr
{dÚyV _moQ>ma V`ma Ho$br. hoÝar H°$ìhoS>reZo hm`S´>moOZ dm`yMm emoY bmdbm.
EH$mo{Ugmdo eVH$ :
AR>amì`m eVH$mn`ªV bmJboë`m emoYm§À`m AmYmamda EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV _mZdmZo Amü`©H$maH$ àJVr
Ho$br hmoVr. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV XiUdiUmÀ`m d g§XoedhZmÀ`m joÌmV _moR>r H«$m§Vr KSy>Z Ambr. EH$mo{Ugmì`m
eVH$mVM Mmëg© S>m{d©Z `m emókmZo gOrdm§Mm CËH«$m§VrdmX gm§{JVbm. `mM H$mimV {g½_§S> \«$mB©S> `m _Zmo{díbofH$
d _mZgemókmZo _mZdmÀ`m _ZmVrb JwT> CH$bÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ES>dS>© OoÞaZo XodrMr bg emoYyZ H$mT>br.
am°ÝQ>oOoZZo "j' {H$aUmMm emoY bmdbm d d¡ÚH$ emómV _hmZ H«$m§Vr Pmbr. S>m°. {gångZ `mZo ^yb XoÊ`mgmR>r
Cn`wŠV Aem Šbmoamo \$m°_©Mm emoY bmdbm Va H$m°H$ `m emókmZo H$m°bam d j` `m§Mo O§Vy emoYyZ H$mT>bo.
{dgmdo eVH$ :
{dgmì`m eVH$mV {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m Xmohm|À`m àJVrZo \$maM _moR>r _Ob _mabr. g§emoYH$m§Zr {Za{Zamù`m
joÌmV CÎmw§J H$m_{Jar nma nmS>br. àË`oH$ {dkmZemIoV _mobmMr ^a KmVbr d _mZdmÀ`m gwImMr gd© gmYZo
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `e {_i{dbo. VgoM A{V_hÎdH$m§jonmoQ>r Vmo {ZgJm©da _mV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV Amho. `mM
eVH$mV O_©Z emók _°Šg ßb±H$ `mZo 1900 _Ü`o eŠVrnww§OdmX ñnï> Ho$bm Va _hmZ emók Aë~Q>© AmBZñQ>mB©ZZo
17
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H$mb Am{U pñWVr `m gmnoj g§H$ënZm AmhoV hm "gmnojVmdmXmMm' à{gÕ {gÕm§V gm§{JVbm. `mM eVH$mV
AUweŠVrMo àË`§Va _mZdmbm {hamo{e_m d ZmJmgmH$s `m {R>H$mUr A_o[aHo$Z ~m°å~ Q>mHy$Z g§hmaH$ H¥$Vr Ho$ë`m_wio
Ambo (1945). `mM eVH$mV {d_mZmMm emoY amB©Q> ~§Yy§Zr bmdbm Va 1967 gmbr ~Zm©S> {¼íMZ `m§Zr àW_
_mZdmÀ`m earamV öX`amonZ H$ê$Z d¡ÚH$emómV H«$m§Vr Ho$br. 1969 gmbr A_o[aHo$À`m Zrb Am_©ñQ´>m±JZo
M§Ðmda n{hbo nmD$b Q>mH$bo. 1953 gmbr S>m°. gmëH$ `m§Zr nmo{bAmoMr bg emoYyZ H$mT>br d OJmVrb bmImo
~mbH$m§Zm nmo{bAmonmgyZ _wŠV Ho$bo. VgoM _mZdr {OZmo_Mm ZH$mem V`ma H$aÊ`mV emókm§Zm `e Ambo. Á`m
JwUgyÌmda AmZwd§{eH$ JwUY_© R>a{dUmao JwUKQ>H$ (Genes) AgVmV Ë`m§À`m OmJm AmVm {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m Joë`m.
emókm§Zm _mZdmMo a§Jê$n ~XbUo, H°$Ýgagma»`m ì`mYrda _mV H$aUo ^{dî`mV eŠ` hmoUma Amho. _mUgmbm
d¥ÕËd Q>miVm `oB©b. Q>o{bpìhOZMm emoY, aS>maMm emoY, bogg© {H$aUm§Mm emoY, H$m°åß`wQ>aMm emoY hr {dgmì`m
eVH$mVrb _hmZ AmíM`©oM hmoV.
EH${dgmdo eVH$ :
EH${dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrbm "Z°Zmo' V§ÌkmZmMr AmoiI OJmbm Pmbr Amho. `m V§ÌkmZmZo gyú_
CnH$aUo {dH$grV H$aVm `oVmV. `m V§ÌkmZmMmm Cn`moJ d¡Ú{H$` joÌmV H°$Ýgagma»`m ^`§H$a amoJmda Am¡fY
emoYÊ`mgmR>r hmoB©b, Aer emókm§Zm ImÌr dmQ>Vo. VgoM AmO ñQ>o_gob (_yinoer) da g§emoYZ gwê$ Amho.
_yinoetMm gmR>m ZdOmV ~mbH$mnmgyZ AbJ Ho$boë`m ZmioV AgVmo. `m _yinoetMo g§dY©Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo amonZ
H$aVm `oVo. Ë`mVyZ é½Umbm Zdg§OrdZr XoVm `oVo. `m~m~VMo Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdaMo g§emoYZ gm§JbrÀ`m S>m°.
_oKZmW Omoer `m§Mo Amho. Ë`m§Zr ZyH$VrM Amnë`m Kar ñQ>o_bog ~±H$ gwê$ Ho$br Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a H$moëhmnyaÀ`m
S>m°. g{Ve nËH$s `m§Mohr g§emoYZ Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdaMo _mZbo OmVo.
VgoM {díd{Z{_©Vr hr _hmñ\$moQ>mVyZ Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. _hmñ\$moQ>mdoirMr n[apñWVr H$m` hmoVr? ho
OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r emókm§Zr "_hmñ\$mooQ> à`moJmMr AmIUr Ho$br Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {O{Zìhm `oWo O{_ZrÀ`mImbr
27 {H$. _r. ~moJXm V`ma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m ~moJÚm_Ü`o emñÌkm§Zr {déÕ {XeoZo `oUmè`m XmoZ àmoQ>m°ÝgMr YS>H$
KS>dyZ AmUbr. Ë`mVyZ bmImo H$U {Z_m©U Pmbo. Ë`mMm Aä`mg Mmby Amho. `m àH$ënmda OJmVrb 1500
emók H$m_ H$aV AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o ^maVmVrb Q>mQ>m _yb^yV g§emoYZ g§ñWm, ^m^m AUy g§emoYZ H|$Ðm§Mm gh^mJ
_hÎdmMm R>abm Amho. Aem n«H$mao ^{dî`mV g§emoYZmMr {Xem H$m` Agob `mMm A§XmO ~m§YVm `oUma Zmhr.
1.2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1. B{Opße`Z g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg H$moUË`m ZXrH$mR>r Pmbm?
(A) J§Jm
(~) `_yZm
(H$) ZmB©b
(S>) {_grgrnr
2. H$moUË`m {J«H$emókmZo na_mUydmXmMm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm?
(A) S>o_m°H«$Q>g²
(~) BånoS>m°H$b (H$) {hßnmo{H«$Q>g
(S>) Am{H©${_S>rO
18
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
3. H$moUË`m {J«H$emókmZo ~mßneŠVrda MmbUmao `§Ì {Z_m©U Ho$bo?
(A) S>o_m°H«$Q>g²
(~) {hamo
(H$) {hßnmo{H«$Q>g
(S>) BånoS>m°H$b
4. H$moUË`m {J«H$emókmZo àË`oH$ amoJmbm emór` H$maU AgVo Ago gm§{JVbo?
(A) {hßnmo{H«$Q>g² (~) Bß_oS>m°H$b (H$) {hamo
(S>) Am{H©${_S>rO
5. J{UVmVrb eyÝ`mMm emoY H$moUË`m g§ñH¥$VrMr OJmbm XoUJr Amho?
(A) MrZr
(~) ^maVr`
(H$) {J«H$
(S>) amo_Z
1.3
6. Vmè`m§À`m JVr Am{U pñWVr~ÔbMo {Z`_ H$moUr gm§{JVbo?
(A) Q>m°bo_r
(~) H$mona{ZH$g (H$) `mohmZ Ho$nba
(S>) A°[añQ>m°Q>b
7. n{hbr {dÚwV _moQ>ma H$moUr V`ma Ho$br?
(A) _m`Ho$b \°$aoS>o (~) Ooåg d°Q>
(S>) ~|Pm{_Z Wm°ångZ
(H$) H°$ìh|S>re
8. XodrMr bg H$moUr emoYyZ H$mT>br?
(A) ES>dS>© OoÞa (~) S>m°. {gångZ (H$) am°ÝQ>OoZ
(S>) S>m{d©Z
9. "j' {H$aUm§Mm emoY H$moUr bmdbm?
(A) S>m{d©Z
(~) S>m°. {gångZ (H$) OoÞa
(S>) am°ÝQ>OoZ
10. gmnojVmdmXmMm {gÕm§V H$moUr _m§S>bm?
(A) Aë~Q>© AmBZñQ>mB©Z (~) ãb±H$ (H$) H$m°H$
(S>) S>m{d©Z
11. {d_mZmMm emoY H$moUr bmdbm?
(A) OoÞa
(~) amB©Q> ~§Yy
(S>) S>m{d©Z
(H$) S>m°. gmëH$
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d AW© :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
AdH¥$nm
gy`©{gÕm§V
gm§{Ð^dZ
nydJ© h«
{na°{_S>g²
__rO
Q>o{bpìhOZ
H$m°åß`wQ>a
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
ZmamOr
{dídmÀ`m _Ü` gy`© AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m ^modVr gd© J«h {\$aVmV
dm\$ d T>JmVrb H$Um§Mo nmÊ`mÀ`m W|~mV énm§Va hmoUo
EImÚm KQ>Zo~m~V Aä`mgm{edm` nydu {Z_m©U Pmbobm g_O/J¡ag_O
A{V^ì` WS>Jr (B{Oá)
{na°{_S>g²_Yrb _¥VXoh
XyaXe©Z
g§JUH$
19
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
9. pñn¨Šg
:
_mZdmMm Moham d {g§hmMo eara Agbobr XJS>r {eëno
1.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z n«íZm§Mr CËVao :
1.2.1
1. ~
2. ~
3. H$
1.2.2
1. S>
2. A
3. A
1.2.3
1. A
2. ~
3. S>
1.2.4
1. ~
2. A
3. A
1.2.5
1. H$
2. S>
1.2.6
1. H$
5. ~
9. S>
2. A
6. H$
10. A
3. ~
7. A
11. ~
4. A
8. A
1.5 gmam§e :
àmW{_H$ AdñWoV, amZQ>r AdñWoV JwhoV OJUmè`m _mZdmbm OJÊ`mgmR>r gVV {ZgJm©er g§Kf© H$amdm
bmJbm. Ë`m_YyZ CËgwH$Vm d {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr YS>nS> `m _YyZM d¡km{ZH$ emoY d Ë`m
emoYm§Mm _mZdr H$ë`mU H$aÊ`mgmR>r V§ÌkmZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z _mZdmZo Amnbr àJV gmÜ` Ho$br. Ë`mgmR>r
g_mOmV d¡km{ZH$ X¥{ï>H$moU {Z_m©U H$amdm bmJbm. A\$mQ> ~wÕr d {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m JwUm§_wio {ZgJm©Vrb
KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg _wb^yV gyÌm§À`m gmømZo _m§S>bm Jobm.
1. d¡km{ZH$ gË` dñVw{Zð> AgVo.
2. d¡km{ZH$ gË` AZw^dm{Yð>rV AgVo.
3. d¡km{ZH$ gË` gmd©O{ZH$ AgVo.
4. {dkmZ {ZgJm©Vrb {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ H$aVo.
5. {dkmZ ho {ZgJm©Vrb H$maU-H$m`©g§~§Y _mZVo.
20
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`m _yb^yV g§H$ënZm§À`m Aä`mgmZo g§emoYZ H$aVmZm H$bm, g§ñH¥$Vr d {dkmZmÀ`m {d{dY emIm§Mr {Z{_©Vr
H$ê$Z d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mgmMr nÕV {ZpíMV Ho$br. `m nÕVrVrb Q>ßno - 1. g_ñ`m gyÌU, 2. {ZarjU, 3. à`moJ,
4. {gÕm§V _m§S>Ur _m{hVrMo {díbofU hr nÕV dmnaë`mZo AZoH$ df} g_mOmV ê$T> Agboë`m Imobda ê$Oboë`m
OwÝ`m A§YlÕm Zï> hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr. emór` emoYm§Mm _mZdr H$ë`mUmgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoD$ bmJë`mZo Y_©Jwé d
A§YlÕmiy g_mOmMm g§emoYH$ d Ë`m§Zr bmdboë`m emoYm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moU ~XbyZ d¡km{ZH$ àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U
Pmbr. AbrH$S>o Va d¡ÚH$emñÌ, OrdemñÌ, ^m¡{VH$emñÌ B. _Ü`o AZoH$ emoY bmJyZ XiUdiU, eoVr,
CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, Amamo½`, {ejU, amhUr_mZ `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr àJVr doJmZo KSy>Z `oV Amho. _mZdmMo OrdZ {dkmZ
V§ÌkmZm_wio A{YH$ gwIr g_¥Õ ~Zbo Amho.
n«mMrZ B{Opße`Z g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV, IJmob emó, ñWmnË`, H$bm, Amamo½`, {dkmZ BË`m{X emóm§Mm
{dH$mg d gImob Aä`mg Pmbm hmoVm. _ogmnmoQ>o{Z`_ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV J{UVemó d H$mbJUZoMm
Aä`mg Pmbm hmoVm. J«rH$ g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ Iè`m AWm©Zo {dkmZmÀ`m Aä`mgmbm àma§^ Pmbm. A°[añQ>m°Q>b,
Am{H©${_S>rO, {hamo `m§Mo H$m`© _mobmMo hmoVo. {MZr g§ñH¥$VrZo hmoH$m`§Ì, ~§XyH$sMr Xmê$, N>nmB© H$boMm emoY bmdbm.
^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrZo ZaaMZm, J¥haMZm, gmd©O{ZH$ ñZmZJ¥ho, YmÝ`mMr H$moR>mao B. {Z_m©U Ho$br. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb
{dkmZ V§ÌkmZ {dH$mgm_wio _mZdr OrdZ gwIr Pmbo Amho.
1.6 gamdmgmR>r n«íZ :
{XKm}Îmar àíZ gmoS>dm.
1. d¡km{ZH$ {dMma nÕVrVrb _wb^yV g§H$ënZm gm§Jm.
2. d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMo Q>ßno gm§Jm.
3. A§YlÕm åhUOo H$m`? {dkmZ Ë`m H$em Zm{hem H$aVo Vo ñnï> H$am.
4. d¡km{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moU d g_mO àJVrMr MMm© H$am.
5. {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZmMm B{Vhmg ñnï> H$am.
bKyÎmar àíZ.
1. {dkmZmMr ì`m»`m d Ë`mMm AW© gm§Jm.
2. V§ÌkmZmMr ì`m»`m d Ë`mMm AW© gm§Jm.
3. à`moJ d {ZarjU
4. {dkmZ d bmoH$^«_
5. d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>H$moU
6. B{Opße`Z g§ñH¥$Vr
7. J«rH$ g§ñH¥$Vr
8. qhXy (^maVr`) g§ñH¥$Vr.
21
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE
1.6 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1. S>m°. O`qgJamd ndma
2. _amR>r eãXH$mof
3. S>m°. AemoH$ O¡Z
4. Ho$. gmJa npãbHo$eZ, nwUo
5. àm. Eb. ~r. hamobrH$a
6. S>m°. gm¡. à{V^m {R>ngo
7. S>m°. O`§V ZmairH$a
: {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Am{U àJVr,
\$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya
: {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ ~Xb
goR> àH$meZ, _w§~B©
: {dkmZ A{^`m§{ÌH$s KQ>H$ (EH$moU{Vgmdr Amd¥Îmr)
: d¡km{ZH$ nÕVr
: {dkmZ d A{^`m§{ÌH$s
: {dkmZ Am{U d¡km{ZH$
qqq
22
eEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeE

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