BH$mB© - 4 (H$)
4. na_oga (aoIm{MÌ) - am_d¥j ~oZrnwar
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddoMZ
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
aoIm{MÌ {dYm go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
am_d¥j ~oZrnwar Ho$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
am_d¥j ~oZrnwar Ho$ aoIm{MÌ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE± OmZ OmE±Jo Ÿ&
♦
"na_oga' erf©H$ aoIm{MÌ go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo Ÿ&
♦
na_oga H$s ñd^mdJV {deofVmE± g_P nmE±Jo Ÿ&
100
2.
àñVmdZm
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| A§J«oOr gm{hË` Ho$ g§nH©$-à^md go qhXr JX²` H$s AZoH$ {dYmAm| H$m CX²^d hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
aoIm{MÌ CZ_| go EH$ h¡ Ÿ& aoIm{MÌ Ho$ {bE A§J«oOr Ho$ ñHo$M (Sketch) eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ñHo$M eãX
{MÌH$bm H$m eãX h¡ Ÿ& "ñHo$M' CZ {MÌm§oZ H$mo H$hVo h¢, {OZ_| Ho$db aoImAm| H$s ghm`Vm go {H$gr dñVw `m ì`{ŠV
H$m ^mdnyU© {MÌ A§{H$V {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| a§Jm| Am¡a AmH$f©H$ n¥ð>^y{_ `m dmVmdaU H$m à`moJ Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
gmYmaU gr g§{jßV, gab, aoImAm| Ho$ X²dmam g§nyU© ^md_` {MÌ A§{H$V {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gabVm, g§{jáVm ñHo$M
H$s à_wI {deoVmE± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ& `hr H$m`© O~ aoImAm| Ho$ X²dmam Z H$a eãXm| X²dmam {H$`m OmVm h¡, V~ Cgo gm{hpË`H$
^mfm _| eãX{MÌ `m aoIm{MÌ H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| eãX aoImAm| H$m H$m_ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ& _hmXodr, am_d¥j ~oZrnwar, {Zambm,
lram_ e_m©, Xod|Ð gË`mWu, aYwdra ghm`, gË`dVr _{bH$ Am{X Zo qhXr _| loð> aoIm{MÌm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
am_d¥j ~oZrnwar H$m n[aM`
à{gÜX aoIm{MÌH$ma am_d¥j ~oZrnwar H$m OÝ_ {Obm _wOâ\$anwa Ho$ ~oZrnwa Jm±d _| g² 1902 B©. _| hþAm
Wm Ÿ& Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ {bE _¡{Q´>H$ H$s narjm nmg H$aZo Ho$ nyd© hr BÝhm§oZo ñHy$b N>moS> {X`m Wm Ÿ&
ñdmYrZVm Am§XmobZ _| g{H«$` {hñgm boZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$mo H$B© ~ma Oob `mÌmE± H$aZr nS>r Wr Ÿ& "{~hma qhXr gm{hË`
gå_obZ' Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ gXñ` aho MwHo$ ~oZrnwar Zo H$B© n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g\$bVmnyd©H$ g§nmXZ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& g² 1968 B©.
_| BZH$m ñdJ©dmg hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
"_mQ>r H$s _yaVo' BZH$s A_a H¥${V h¡ Ÿ& ~oZrnwar Or Zo Bg_| _| gd©gm_mÝ` XohmVr bmoJm| Ho$ gw§Xa {MÌ A§{H$V
{H$E h¢ Ÿ& gm_mÝ` ì`{ŠV Ho$ ^rVa ^ar Agm_mÝ`Vm H$mo ~oZrnwar Or Zo ghO ê$n _| CX²Km{Q>V {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& BZHo$ nmÌ
A±Mb H$s gmar {deofVmE± - J§Y boH$a AdVrU© hþE h¢ Ÿ& BZHo$ nmÌ nmR>H$ Ho$ {Xbm|-{X_mJ na A{_Q> N>mn N>moS>Vo
h¢ Ÿ& BZH$s e¡br ^mdwH$Vm àYmZ Am¡a ^mfm à^mdr h¡ Ÿ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± h¢ - "_mQ>r H$s _yaVo', "n{VVm| Ho$ Xog _|',
"bmbVmam', "{MÎmm Ho$ \y$b', "H¡$Xr H$s nËZr', "Johÿ± Am¡a Jwbm~', "A§~nmbr', "grVm H$s _m±', "g§K{_Ìm', "A_a
Á`mo{V', "VWmJV', "qghb {dO`', "eHw§$Vbm', "am_amÁ`', "ZoÌXmZ', "Jmd Ho$ XodVm', "Z`m g_mO' Am{X Ÿ&
3.2
"na_oga' H$m n[aM`
"na_oga', "KmQ>r H$s _yaVo' g§J«h _| g§H${bV aoIm{MÌ h¢ Ÿ& Bg_| "na_oga' Zm_H$ _m_ybr XohmVr ì`{º$ H$m
gOrd eãX {MÌ boIH$ Zo gËH$ma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& gmao JwU Xmofm| Ho$ gmW na_oga H$m ì`{º$Ëd nmR>V Ho$ _Z na A{_Q> N>mn
N>moS>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| dmñV{dH$Vm, ^md Am¡a g§doXZm OmJ¥V H$aZo H$s j_Vm, EH$b`Vm, VQ>ñWVm, M[aÌ
H$s àYmZVm, boIH$ H$s g§doXZmË_H$ Ñ{ï> Am{X {deofVmE± hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&
101
3.3
"na_oga' H$m Ame`
boIH$ AnZo XâVa _| H$m_ H$a aho Wo, Cgr g_` CÝh| {_bZo Jm§d go lram_ Am`m Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Cgo
Hw$ebjo_ nyNm> V~ CgZo ~Vm`m {H$ na_oga ~hþV ~r_ma h¡ Ÿ& dh ~MZo H$s g§^mdZm ~hþV H$_ h¡ Ÿ&
na_oga boIH$ H$s ~am~ar H$m Wm Ÿ& na§Vw boIH$ Ho$ gmW CgHo$ BVZo AmË_r` g§~§Y Zht Wo {H$ CgH$s
~r_mar H$s I~a {_bVo hr boIH$ Cggo {_bZo ~oZrnwa OmE Ÿ&
na_oga {\$Oyb IMu Am¡a Amdmam JXu H$aZodmbm Wm Ÿ& CgZo H$O© na H$O© boH$a Ka-n[adma H$mo Xw:I Am¡a
g§H$Q> H$s ImB© _| ‹T>Ho$b {X`m Wm Ÿ& AnZr {\$Oyb IMu Am¡a AmdmamJXu Ho$ {bE CgZo O_rZ Om`XmX Am¡a ~r~r Ho$
JhZo VH$ ~oM S>mbo Wo Ÿ& CgZo n[adma H$s B‚mV _| ~Å>m bJm`m Wm Ÿ& dh \$Q>ohmb _mam-_mam {\$aVm Wm Ÿ& CZH$s
AmXVm|-ì`dhmam| go jwãY boIH$ H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ ""H$å~»V _ao, Eogo AmX_r H$m _aZm hr R>rH$ h¡ Ÿ&'' AnZo Bg
àH$ma Ho$ VH©$ go boIH$ g§Vmof H$a AnZo H$m_ _| OwQ> OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
em_ Ho$ g_` H$m_ H$s ^rS> H$_ hmoZo na boIH$ H$mo {\$a go na_oga H$m Ü`mZ Am`m Am¡a amV Ho$ hr ñQ>r_a
go do Ka Ho$ {bE admZm hmo JE Ÿ&
boIH$ na_oga go {_bZo CgHo$ Ka JE Ÿ& dh Ka ~hþV hr N>moQ>m Wm Ÿ& EH$ hr H$_ao _| Mm¡H$m Ka, ^§S>maKa,
Am¡a e`ZKa ~Zm`m J`m Wm Ÿ& Cg Ka _| na_oga, CgH$s _m±, {nVmOr, nËZr, ^mB© Am¡a ~mb ~ƒo g^r ahVo h¢ Ÿ& Cg
H$_ao Ho$ EH$ H$moZo _| na_oga Kmg na nS>m h¡ Ÿ& Cgo ^rfU A{Vgma Zo nH$S>m h¡ Ÿ& Cgo 104 {S>J«r ~wIma h¡Ÿ& Cgo XñVna-XñV hmo aho h§¢ Ÿ& Ka H$m gmam dmVmdaU J§XJr Am¡a ~X~y go ^am hþAm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s _m± godm _| bJr h¡ Am¡a ~yT>m ~mn
hm`-Vmo~m _Mm ahm h¡ Ÿ& nËZr EH$ H$moZo _| {g_Q>r {gHw$S>r, gh_r, {ggH$Vr hþB© ~¡R>r h¡ Ÿ&
Jar~r go ~ohmb ^yIo na_oga Zo EH$ g‚mZ Ho$ IoV go eH$aH§$X ImE Wo Ÿ& H$ƒo eH$aH§$X ImE Wo Ÿ& H$ƒo
eH$aH§$X hO_ Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Cgo XñV Am¡a ~wIma H$s ~r_mar hþB© h¡ Ÿ& dh AY©-MoVZ nS>m h¡ Ÿ& ~S>r _wpíH$b go
CgH$s Am±I IwbVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Xem XoIH$a d¡YOr Zo boIH$ go Yrao go H$hm ""bjU AÀN>o Zht h¡ amV {Z^ OmE
Vmo H$moB© Amem H$s OmE Ÿ&'' dh amV Zht {Z^r Ÿ& na_oga MbVm ~Zm - Kadmbmo§ H$mo ê$bmH$a, Jm±ddmbm| H$mo A\$gmog
_| S>mbH$a Ÿ!
na_oga Ho$ Mbo OmZo H$s Jm±ddmbmo§ hmobr, Xeham, {Xdmbr, N>R> H$m{V©H$ ny{U©_m Ho$ {XZ `mX AmVr h¡ Ÿ& do
na_oga H$s `mX H$a Cgm±go ^aVo h¢ Ÿ&
na_oga Amdmam Wm na§Vw CgH$s AmdmamJXu _| EH$ AmJ Wr, Omo Cgo hr ObmVr Wr Ÿ& dh AmJ Xygam| H$mo
amoeZr Am¡a J_u XoVr Wr Ÿ&
na_oga ~MnZ _| boIH$ Ho$ gmW hr nT>Vm Wm Ÿ& dh VoO Wm, na§Vw nT>m Zht Ÿ& dh OdmZ hþAm V~ CgH$s
emXr AÀN>o Ka _| hþB© Ÿ& H$mbH«$_ go Cgo ~ƒo ^r hþE Ÿ& CgH$m ~mn {~ëHw$b gmYm ñd^md H$m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU na_oga
g`mZm hmoVo hr Ka H$m _m{bH$ ~Z ~¡R>m Ÿ& Ka H$s ~mJS>moa hmW _| AmVo hr CgHo$ _Z-hmW H$s ~mJS>moa T>rbr hmo
JB© Ÿ& dh amoO no{R>`m OmVm, O~-V~ eha OmVm, ha _obo _| Oê$a hr OmVm, _m¡H$m {_bo Vmo VraW H$s Xm¡S> ^r bJm
AmVm Ÿ& CgHo$ hr bm`H$ Hw$N> XmoñV ^r {_b JE Wo Ÿ& XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW dh n¡V¥H$ gån{V ñdmhm H$aVm ahm Am¡a EH$ {XZ
{~ëHw$b AqH$MZ ~Z J`m Ÿ&
102
Jar~r CgHo$ ñd^md _| n[adV©Z Zht bm gH$s Ÿ& Jm§Om Ny>Q>m Am¡a ^m§J H$s {Mb_ ObZo bJr Ÿ& Cg g_`
^m§J H$s IoVr na H$moB© à{V~§Y Zht Wm Ÿ& AÀN>r ^m§J MwZH$a dh XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW ^m§J nrVm ahm Wm Ÿ& {XZ-amV ~mah
_hrZo CgHo$ X²dmam na XmoñVm| H$s ^rS> ahVr Wr Ÿ& JmZm-~OmZm Am¡a ^m§J nrVo ahZm CgH$m ñd^md ~Z J`m Wm Ÿ&
ImZm {_bo `m Z {_bo CgHo$ ñd^md _| H$moB© n[adV©Z Zht Am`m Ÿ& nyao Jm±d _| dh AnZo ñd^md Ho$ H$maU n[a{MV
Wm Ÿ& Jm±d ^a go D±$Mm P§S>m CgHo$ Ka Ho$ gm_Zo bhamVm Wm Ÿ& Jm±d Ho$ ~S>o-~wT>o CgH$s qZXm H$aVo, Jm{b`m± XoVo _Ja
~ƒo Am¡a ZdOdmZm| H$m Py§S> h_oem CgHo$ AmJo nrN>o Xm¡S>m {\$aVm Wm Ÿ&
hmobr Ho$ g_` JmZm ewê$ H$aZodmbo na_oga H$mo ~g§V Ho$ {XZ _mZmo ~X_pñV`m| H$s bmB©g|g hr {_b
OmVr Ÿ& noQ> H$mQ>-H$mQ>H$a dh BZ {XZm| Ho$ {bE n¡go ~MmH$a aIVm Wm Ÿ& dh S>\$ na Z`m M_S>m MT>dmH$a JmZm ewê$
H$aVm Wm Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ g_` H$m CgH$m A§XmO hr {Zambm hþAm H$aVm Wm Ÿ&
hmobr Ho$ {XZ na_oga ^moa go hr V¡`m[a`m| _| OwQ> OmVm Ÿ& ^¢g H$m XyY {H$gr Vah àmá H$aVm Am¡a MrZr Z hmo
Vmo JwS> go hr H$m_ MbmVm Ÿ& ~S>r {gb na ^m±J nrgVm-{ngdmVm, CÝh| nmZr, XyY Am¡a JwS> _| {_bmVm, IwX N>H$N>H$H$a nrVm, `mam| H$mo {nbmVm ! {\$a CÝh| boH$a Jm±d _| {ZH$bVm-Mmho Jwê$OZ hmo `m N>moQ>o ~ƒo-Omo CgHo$ gm_Zo
AmE CZna H$sMS> nS>r & H$moB© ZmamO hmo `m Jm{b`m± X|, na_oga H$mo Š`m nadm Ÿ? dh hmobr Ho$ {XZ H$s Jm{b`m| H$mo
Amerdm©X _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo gm{W`m| Ho$ gmW Y_mMm¡H$ar _MmVm g^r H$mo H$sMS>, Jmo~a nmZr go {ga go n¡a VH$
ZhbmVm Ÿ& Xmonha VH$ hmobr IobH$a Vmbm~ _| ZhmH$a Ka bm¡Q>Vm Ÿ&
^moOZ H$aHo$ na_oga H$s hmobr _§S>br V¡`ma hmo OmVr Ÿ& dh hmW _| S>\$ boH$a {ZH$b n‹S>Vm Ÿ& CgHo$ Mmam|
Amoa Pmb, H$aVmb, Pm±P {bE JmZo-~OmZodmbo Am OmVo Ÿ& CZH$m JmZm ~OmZm ewê$ hmoVo hr Xe©H$m| H$s ^rS> BH$Q²>R>m
hmo OmVr Ÿ& na_oga hr _w»` hþAm H$aVm Wm Ÿ& g^r ^m±J Ho$ Zeo _§o, A~ra Ho$ a§J _| a§Jo hwE Jm±d Ho$ YZr, Jar~, g^r
Ho$ XadmOo na JmVo-~OmVo ñdm±J ^aVo nhþ±M OmVo Wo Ÿ& A§V _| dh AnZo XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW {ed _§{Xa OmVm Am¡a dhm± go
~S>r amV ~rVo M¡V JmVo bm¡Q>Vm Ÿ& O~ VH$ na_oga Wm V~VH$ Jm±d H$s hmobr H$m a§J hr Hw$N> Am¡a Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ ~mX d¡gm
a§J Zht O_ nmVm Ÿ&
Xehao H$s Xg amVm| _| ^r na_oga H$m hr à^md N>m`m ahVm Wm Ÿ& Jm§d _| AmoPm bmoJ ^yV H$m Iob IobVo
Wo Ÿ& A~ H$ar~-H$ar~ _¥Vàm` hmoVr Om ahr Bg àWm _| na_oga Zo OmZ ^a Xr Wr Ÿ& dh AnZo XadmOo na Jm±d^a Ho$
AmoPm| H$mo ~wbmH$a ^yV H$m Iob IobVm Wm Ÿ& ^yV AmVo hr AmoPm eara {hbmZo bJVo, nhbo Yrao-Yrao {\$a Omoa-Omoa
go Ÿ& ^yV IobZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo ~|V go nrQ>m OmVm Wm Ÿ& ^yV AmVo hr Xe©H$ ^yV go AOr~-AOr~ àíZ nyN>Vo, AZoH$
MrOo _m±JVo Ÿ& Bg Ho$ Iob H$m gmam gyÌ na_oga Ho$ hmW _o§ hmoVm Wm Ÿ&
H$^r-H$^r dh IwX AnZo hr na ^yV ~wbmVm Am¡a AO~ {H$ñ_ H$s haH$Vo-hmd^md H$aVm WmŸ& dh ZB©
~mo{b`m± ~mobVm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ X²dmam {XE OmZodmbo Amerdm©X gwZH$a bmoJ bmoQ>nmoQ> hmo OmVo Wo Ÿ& àmV: na_oga Ho$ ^yV
go hr _O{bg IË_ hmoVr Wr Ÿ& Ka bm¡Q>Zodmbo h±gVo-h±gVo na_oga H$s `emoJmWm JmVo Ka OmVo Wo Ÿ&
Xrdmbr Ho$ g_` bwH$mR>r ^m±OZo H$m B§VOm_ na_oga hr H$aVm Wm Ÿ& dh ~m±g Ho$ H$monbm| Ho$ gyIo ~moH$bo
BH$Q²>R>o H$a ~m±g H$s hr M_m{M`o _| CÝh| Jy±W boVm Am¡a em_ hmoVo hr CZ_| AmJ bJmH$a AnZr _§S>br Ho$ gmW AmZ§X
CR>mVm Ÿ&
103
hmobr Ho$ g_` hmo{bH$m XhZ H$m à~§Y ^r na_oga hr H$aVm Wm Ÿ& dh Jm§d ^a Ho$ nwAmb, gaH§$S>o, B§Q>br
Am{X BH$Q²>R>m H$a EH$ ~S>m Q>rbm ~ZmVm Wm Ÿ& Omo bmoJ grYo Zht XoVo CZH$s MrO| Mmoar ^r H$am boH$m Am¡a Cgr na
S>mb XoVm Wm Ÿ& àmV: dh IwX hr Cg_| AmJ bJmVm Wm Ÿ&
H$m{V©H$ ny{U©_m Ho$ g_` na_oga AnZr _§S>br Ho$ gmW J§Jm ñZmZ OmVm Wm Ÿ& dh aob `mÌm H$m {Q>H$Q>
H$mQ>Zm emZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ _mZVm Wm Ÿ& dh {Q>H$Q> MoH$a go Am±I{_Mm¡Zr H$aVm hþAm `mÌm H$aVm Wm Ÿ& {Q>H$Q> MoH$a go
~MZo Ho$ {bE dh JmS>r H$s J{V Yr_r hmoVo hr JmS>r go CVa OmVm Wm Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r dh Vma Ho$ Koao \$m±X\y$X H$a ñQ>oeZ
go ~mha {ZH$b OmVm Wm Ÿ& CgHo$ »`mb go åboÀN> H$mo n¡go Xo XoZo Ho$ ~mX J§Jm ñZmZ H$m H$moB© _hÎd Zht ahVm Ÿ&
nhboOmKmQ> go boH$a gmoZnwa Ho$ _obo VH$ na_oga AZoH$ àH$ma H$s haH$Vo-Iob H$aVm Wm Ÿ& dh H$^r gmYw
~ZH$a bmoJm| H$s _ZmoH$m_Zm H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE ^^yV ~m±Q>Vm Vmo H$^r AmoPm ~ZH$a Hw$b H$m_{Z`m| H$s JmoX ^aZo H$m
Amerdm©X XoVm Vmo H$^r {ga na {Ìnw§S> M§XZ {H$E J§Jm {H$Zmao ñZmZm{W©`m| H$mo gw\$b nT>m H$aVm Wm Ÿ& BZ V_mem| go
{_bo n¡go XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW Jm±Oo, {_R>mB© _| CS>mVm Wm Ÿ& dh XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW h±gVm-h±gmVm hþAm _obo go bm¡Q>Vm Wm Ÿ&
O~ CgH$s hmbV ~hþV ~war hmo JB© V~ boIH$ Zo na_oga H$mo ~wbmH$a g_Pm`m ! Cgo _mVm-{nVm, ~mb~ƒm|§ Am¡a Ka H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$s Amoa Ü`mZ XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm g_Pm Xr Ÿ& Cgo g_Pm {X`m {H$ IoVr-~mar _| _Z
Zht bJVm, Vmo H$mB© Xygam XoImo-eha _| H$moB© N>moQ>m ^moOZmb` hr Imob Xmo, Im-nr Ho$ Hw$N> n¡go ~M hr OmE±Jo Ÿ&
boIH$ Ho$ g_PmZo na na_oga Zo EH$ ^moOZmb` Imobm Ÿ& ^moOZmb` ImobZo Ho$ {bE CgZo nËZr Ho$ JhZo
~oM {XE Wo Ÿ&
CgH$m ^moOZmb` AÀN>m Mbm qH$Vw hmW _| n¡go AmVo hr {\$a ^m±J H$s OJh Jm±Oo Zo bo br Am¡a Yrao-Yrao
CgH$s ì`gZmYrZVm ~T>Vr JB© VWm ImZodmbm| Ho$ nmg ~H$m`m ~T>Vm J`m Ÿ& na_oga H$s Am{W©H$ Xem {~JS>Vr
JB© Ÿ& ^moOZmb` ~§X hþAm Am¡a nËZr Ho$ JhZo ^r Mbo JE Ÿ& ImZodmbm| go Omoa-O~X©ñVr go n¡go dgyb H$aZm na_oga
H$mo AnZr emZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ bJVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmXVm| Am¡a ì`dhmam| Ho$ H$maU CgH$s Am{W©H$ Xem X`Zr` ~Z
JB© Ÿ& Ka-n[adma MbmZm CgHo$ {bE Ag§^d ~Z J`m Ÿ& dh Xmo dŠV H$s amoQ>r ^r n[admadmbm| H$mo {IbmZo _| Ag_W©
ahm Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| dh H$O© _| Sy>~ J`m VWm A{Vgma H$s KmVH$ ~r_mar go _¥Ë`w H$m {eH$ma ~Z J`m Ÿ&
na_oga Jm±d Ho$ g^r Ë`m¡hma Am¡a CËgdm| _| CËgmh go gpå_{bV hmoVm Wm Ÿ& _mZmo dh CËgdm|-Ë`m¡hmam| H$s
OmZ Wm Ÿ& CgZo AnZr CËgd{à`Vm Ho$ H$maU hr gmar nwíV¡Zr g§ån{V \y±$H$ Xr Wr Ÿ& CgH$s AmXVm| Zo hr Cgo Sy>~mo {X`m
Wm Ÿ&
104
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
............ ~oZrnwar Or H$s A_a H¥${V h¡ Ÿ&
(1) JmoXmZ
2.
(2) H$H©$amoJ
(3) grVbm_mVm
(4) VnoXrH$
(2) ^m§J
(3) {gJmaoQ>
(4) Mm`
(2) {H«$Ho$Q>
(3) ^yV
(4) V_mem
(2) ^moOZmb`
(3) Xodmb`
(4) ñHy$b
(3) ì`mnmar
(4) ^ŠV
na_oga ............... ~ZH$a ^^yV ~m±Q>Vm Wm Ÿ&
(1) gmYw
5.
(4) Z_H$sZ
boIH$ Ho$ g_PmZo na na_oga Zo ............. Imobm Wm Ÿ&
(1) _{Xamb`
7.
(3) {_R>mB©
AmoPm bmoJ ................. H$m Iob IobVo Wo Ÿ&
(1) Imo-Imo
6.
(2) eH$aH§$X
hmobr Ho$ g_` na_oga .............. nrVm Wm Ÿ&
(1) eam~
5.
(4) Anam
na_oga H$mo ......... H$s ~r_mar Zo nH$S>m Wm Ÿ&
(1) A{Vgma
4.
(3) `m_m
na_oga .............. ImZo go ~r_ma hþAm Wm Ÿ&
(1) {Obo~r
3.
(2) _mQ>r H$s _yaVo
(2) ZoVm
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX-eãXmW©
jwãY
:
H«$mo{YV
bmoQ>-nmoQ> hmoZm
:
~hþV h±gZm
Cgm±go
:
Amho
g`mZm
:
~S>m, àm¡T>
~mJS>moa
:
gyÌ, H$mamo~ma
VraW
:
VrW©ñWmZ
n¡V¥H$ g§n{V
:
nwíV¡Zr g§n{V
AqH$MZ
:
Jar~, YZm^md
Py§S>
:
g_yh
bmB©gg|
:
AZw_{V
105
6.
noQ> H$mQ>Zm
:
^yIm ahZm
^moa
:
àmV:H$mb
Am±I {_Mm¡Zr IobZm
:
bn§S>md IobZm
eH$aH§$X
:
aVmio
_O{bg
:
g^m
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 2
(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 2
(5) 3
(6) 2
(7) 1
7.
gmam§e
1.
"na_oga' am_d¥j ~oZrnwar Or H$m ~hþM{M©V aoIm{MÌ h¡ Ÿ& Ambmoƒ aoIm{MÌ ~oZrnwar Or Ho$ "_mQ>r H$s _yaVo'
g§J«h go {b`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
na_oga boIH$ H$s ~am~ar H$m Wm Ÿ& dh {\$Oyb IMu Am¡a AmdmamJXu H$aZodmbm Wm Ÿ& CgZo H$O© na H$O©
boH$a nwíV¡Zr O_rZ-Om`XmX ~oM Xr Wr Ÿ&
dh hmobr, Xeham, Xrdmbr, J§Jm _obo _| XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW gpå_{bV hmoVm Wm Ÿ& dh ^m±J nrVm Wm Ÿ& g^r
CËgd-Ë`m¡hmam| _| Omoe Ho$ gmW gpå_{bV hmoZodmbo na_oga Ho$ gmW h_oem XmoñVm| H$m Py§S> hþAm H$aVm
Wm Ÿ& XmoñVm| Ho$ gmW ^m±J nrZm, AmdmamJXu H$aZm CgH$s AmXV ~Z JB© Wr Ÿ&
CgH$s AmXVm| Am¡a ñd^md Ho$ H$maU Yrao-Yrao CgH$s Am{W©H$ Xem {~JS>Vr JB© Ÿ&
CgZo boIH$ Ho$ H$hZo na ^moOZmb` Imobm bo{H$Z Cg_| ^r KmQ>m hr hþAm Ÿ& ^moOZ H$aZodmbo J«mhH$m| go
Omoa-O~X©ñVr go n¡go dgyb H$aZm Cgo AÀN>m Zht bJVm Wm Am¡a Eogm H$aZm Cgo AnZr emZ Ho$ {Ibm\$
bJVm Wm Ÿ& n[aUm_ñdê$n CgH$m n¡gm Am¡a ì`dgm` Sy>~ J`m Ÿ& Ka H$s {~JS>Vr Am{W©H$ Xem Ho$ H$maU
Cgo Am¡a CgHo$ Kadmbm| H$mo ^yIm ahZm nS>Zo bJm Ÿ&
noQ> H$s AmJ ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE na_oga Zo H$ƒo eH$aH§$X Iy~ ImE Am¡a dh A{Vgma H$s ~r_mar H$m {eH$ma
~Z J`m Ÿ& CgH$s ~r_mar ~T>Vr JB© Am¡a dh _¥Ë`w H$s MnoQ> _| Am J`m Ÿ&
na_oga H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX boIH$ CgH$s `mX H$aVo hþE CgH$m n[aM` àñVwV aoIm{MÌ Ho$ X²dmam XoVo h¢ Ÿ&
Ambmoƒ aoIm{MÌ Ho$ X²dmam ~oZrnwar Or Zo na_oga O¡go gmYmaU XohmVr ì`{ŠV H$m g§doXZerb {MÌ àñVwV
{H$`m h¡ Ÿ& na_oga nmR>H$ Ho$ _Z-_pñVîH$ _| h_oem Ho$ {bE ~g OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
106
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
1.
na_oga H$m M[aÌ {MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
2.
na_oga X²dmam _Zm`r OmZodmbr hmobr H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&
3.
na_oga Ho$ J§Jm ñZmZ `mÌm H$s OmZH$mar Xr{OE Ÿ&
4.
na_oga H$m ^moOZmb` Š`m| ~§X hþAm ? {ddoMZ H$s{OE Ÿ&
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
AmnHo$ Jm±d Ho$ {H$gr H$bmH$ma go {_bH$a CgH$m gmjmËH$ma àmá H$a$ H$s{OE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ
1.
am_d¥j ~oZrnwar - _mQ>r H$s _yaVo Ÿ&
2.
_hmXodr d_m© - _oam n[adma Ÿ&
3.
_hmXodr d_m© - AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ Ÿ&
107
BH$mB© - 4 (I)
brS>a brbm (ì`§½`) - h[ae§H$a e_m©
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaU
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
h[ae§H$a e_m© Ho$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
amOZr{VH$ ZoVmJUm| H$s _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$a|Jo Ÿ&
♦
ZoVmJUm| H$s {XImdo H$s _Zmod¥{ËV H$mo g_P nmE±Jo Ÿ&
♦
ZoVmJUm| H$s H$WZr - H$aZr Ho$ A§Va H$mo OmZ nmE±Jo Ÿ&
108
2.
àñVmdZm
"ì`§½`' eãX H$s CËn{V {d + A§J go _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ& `h eãX A§J«oOr go "g¡Q>m`a' Ho$ AW© _| à`wŠV hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| _mZd M[aÌ H$s Xw~©bVmAm| H$s AmjonmË_H$ AmbmoMZm H$s OmVr h¢ Ÿ& AV: BgH$m CX²Xoí` gwYma _mZm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ àma§^ go ì`§½`mË_H$ gm{hË` H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm ahm h¡ Ÿ&
ì`§½` ì`§OZ eãX e{ŠV go g§~§{YV eãX _mZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H$mì` _| à`wŠV hmoZodmbo dmMH$ VWm bjH$
eãXmo§ Ho$ A{V[aŠV Vrgam eãX Omo ÜdÝ`mMm`m] X²dmam àW_ Xmo H$s Anojm H$hr A{YH$ _hÎdnyU© h¡ Ÿ& ì`§OH$ eãX
AnZm H$m`© ì`§OZ-e{ŠV Ho$ X²dmam H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ X²dmam ì`ŠV AW© H$mo ì`§½`mW© H$hVo h¢ Ÿ&
H$B© EH$ {dX²dmZ ì`§½` H$mo e¡br _mZVo h¢ Vmo H$B© {dYm Ho$ ê$n_| ì`§½` H$m {ddoMZ H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
h[ae§H$a e_m© H$m n[aM`
AmJam {Zdmgr h[ae§H$a e_m© H$m OÝ_ gZ² 1892 B©. _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& AmnHo$ {nVmOr ZmWwam_ e_m© Ho$
à{gX²Y H${d Wo Ÿ& Amn g§nmXH$ ^r Wo Ÿ&
h[ae§H$a e_m© B{Vhmg boIH$, H$moe {Z_m©Vm, hmñ`-ì`§½`H$ma Am¡a nÌH$ma Wo Ÿ& Amn "Am`©{_Ì' n{ÌH$m
Ho$ g§nmXH$ Wo Ÿ& Amn Am`© g_mOr h¢o Ÿ& AmnZo qhXr Am¡a CXy© _| H$mì` boIZ {H$`m h¡§ Ÿ& A_¥Vbmb ZmJa, ~ZmagrXmg
MVwd}Xr, ~m~y Jwbm~am`, am_{dbmg e_m©, am§Jo` amKd Am{X Cƒ H$mo{Q> Ho$ {dX²dmZ, gm{hpË`H$m| go {_ÌVm Am¡a
AnZËd Ho$ g§§~§Y aIZodmbo e_m© Or H$mo CZH$s gm{hË` godm Ho$ {bE ^maV gaH$ma Zo "nX²_lr' go gå_mZrV {H$`m
Wm Ÿ& AmnHo$ {ejm Am¡a gm{hË` godm Ho$ Jm¡ad Ho$ {bE AmJam {díd{dÚmb` Zo AmnH$mo "S>r.brQ>.' Cnm{Y go
{d^y{fV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& AmnH$s aMZm "KmgnmV' H$mo "Xod nwañH$ma' go Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m Wm Ÿ& gZ² 1968 B©. _| h[ae§H$a
e_m© H$s _¥Ë`w hþB© Ÿ& h[ae§H$a e_m© H$s à_wI aMZmE± h§¢ - ag aËZmH$a, KmgnmV, H¥$îU g§Xoe, {M{S>`mKa, am_
amÁ`, _h{f© _{hZm, Am{XH$mb H$m qhXr JX²` gm{hË`, Am{XH$mbrZ qhXr gm{hË` emoY Am{X Ÿ&
3.2
"brS>a brbm' H$m n[aM`
"brS>a brbm' h[ae§H$a e_m© H$s hmñ`-ì`§½` aMZm h¡ Ÿ& àñVwV aMZm _| e_m© Or Zo ZoVmJUm| H$s n[aM`
{X`m h¡ Ÿ& {díd Ho$ g^r Xoem| Am¡a g^r H$mbm| _| brS>a nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh EH$ Img {H$ñ_ H$m g_PXma O§Vw hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s brbmAm| H$m {MÌU e_m© Or Zo ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& bmoJm| Ho$ n¡gm| na Eoe H$aZodmbm brS>a gmXm
{XIZo H$m {XImdm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ AZoH$ àH$ma hmoVo h¢ Ÿ&
109
3.3
"brS>a brbm' H$m Ame`
brS>a-brbm h[ae§H$a e_m© H$s hmñ`-ì`§½`mË_H$ aMZm h¡ Ÿ& àñVwV aMZm lrbmb ewŠb Am¡a ào_ OZ_oO`
X²dmam g§nm{XV "{hÝXr hmñ` - ì`§½` g§H$bZ' go g§J«{hV H$s JB© h¡ Ÿ& AmbmoÀM g§H$bZ H$m àH$meZ "ZoeZb ~wH$
Q´>ñQ> B§{S>`m' go gZ² 1997 B©. _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& AmbmoÀM g§J«h _| ^maVoÝXw `wJ go boH$a AX²`VZ `wJ Ho$ gwaoe H$m§V VH$
H$s à_wI aMZmH$mam| H$s aMZmAm| H$m g§H$bZ {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
"brS>a-brbm' aMZm _| boIH$ Zo brS>a H$s Zr{V-ì`dhma Am¡a _mZ{gH$Vm H$m n[aM` {X`m h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s
brbmAm| Am¡a J{V{d{Y`m| H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE ŸboIH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ brS>a EH$ Img {H$ñ_ H$m g_PXma O§Vw hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& dh ha Xoe Am¡a OZg_yh _| nm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo g_yh na gdma hmoZm Am¡a g^m gmogm`Q>r Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| _|
gpå_{bV hmoZm AÀN>m bJVm h¡ Ÿ& dh gwI ^moJr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh J{_©`m| Ho$ {XZm| _| erVb nhmS>r na OmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh
{XIZo _| gmXm-gm {XImB© XoVm h¡ na§Vw d¡gm Zht hmoVm Ÿ& Cgo H$b XyY Am¡a AÀN>m ImZm ng§X hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh IwX²Xma
hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo {Ibm\$ Hw$N> ^r gwZZm ng§X Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh AnZr nmoOreZ h_oem ~ZmE aIVm h¡ Ÿ& ñVw{V{à`
brS>a AnZr VH$ara Am¡a Vmar\$ AI~mam| _| N>nr XoIZo _| CËgwH$ ahVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo {H$gr Ho$ nrN>o OmZm AÀN>m Zht
bJVm A{nVw dh Am¡am| H$mo AnZo nrN>o KgrQ>Vm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
brS>a AnZr H$m¡_ H$m ^{dî` ~ZmZo H$m {XImdm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m¡_ Ho$ XX© go Km`b hmoZo H$m T>m|J H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m¡_ Ho$ {bE ~oM¡Z ~ZZo H$m {XImdm H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ^rS> BH$Q²>R>m H$a MrIVm-qMKmS>Vm h¡ Ÿ& Q>o~wb na hmW
_maVm h¡ Am¡a O_rZ na nm±d \$Q>H$maVm h¡ Ÿ& Am±I| gwI© H$a boVm Am¡a Xm±V nrgZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ& _w±h ~ZmVm Am¡a hmW
Kw_mVm h¡ Ÿ& BYa H$mo PwH$Vm h¡ Am¡a CYa H$mo Py_Vm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Eogr hmbV XoIH$a bmoJ Cgo nmZr `m XyY XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dh
XyY-nmZr H$s MwñH$s bo-bo H$a nrVm ahVm h¡ _Ja MrIZm-{M„mZm ~§X Zht H$aVm Ÿ&
brS>a T>m|Jr hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {JaJrQ> H$s Vah a§J ~XbVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s naoemZr Iy±Imar _| V~Xrb hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& O~
Cgo ~S>o ~mS>o _| ~§X ahZm nS>Vm h¡ V~ nhbo dh JaOVm-Jwam©Vm h¡ _Ja Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX CgH$s hmbV nmbVy ~H$ar H$s
Vah hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
^moJ-dmgZm ny{V© _| {dídmg aIZodmbm brS>a n¡Xb MbZm ng§X Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh aob Ho$ JwXJwXo JX²Xo Am¡a
_moQ>mam| Ho$ _wbm`_ V{H$`m| H$m bm^ CR>mZm MmhVm h¡ Ÿ& Cgo hdmB© `mÌm H$aZm AÀN>m bJVm h¡ Ÿ& K{Q>`m gdm[a`m| na
gdma hmoZm Cgo AnZr emZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
brS>a gS>r-Jbr hdo{b`m| _| ahZm ng§X Zht H$aVm Ÿ& Cgo \$ñQ>©-Šbmg H$moR>r Ho$ {~Zm M¡Z Zht {_bVm
Am¡a Z hr ZtX AmVr h¡ Ÿ&
N>moQ>o bmoJm| go Xya ahZodmbm brS>a ~S>o AmX{_`m| go KS>r gm_Zo aIH$a WmoS>r Xoa, JwâVJy H$aZo _| Á`mXm haO
Zht g_PVm Ÿ&
144 Z§~a H$s bmb P§S>r XoIZo na CgH$s pñW{V OQ>m_m§gr `m amI gy§KZodmbr {~„r H$s Vah hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
H$^r dh P§S>r nH$S>Zo Ho$ {bE Xm¡S>Vm h¡, H$^r nrN>o {IgH$ OmVm h¡ Am¡a CN>bVm h¡, H$^r Hy§$XVm h¡ Am¡a H$^r Xya
go Jwam©Vm ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
110
brS>a npãbH$ Ho$ n¡go na ß`ma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& OZVm Ho$ n¡gm| H$m {hgm~ XoZm CgH$mo B§gëQ> bJVm h¡ Ÿ& npãbH$
Ho$ n¡go hS>n H$aZo _| Cgo e_© AZw^d Zht hmoVr Ÿ& brS>a Xmohar qOXJr OrVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Kaobw Am¡a ~haoby Xmo Vah H$s
qOXJr hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Omo bmoJ Bg gXñ` H$mo Zht OmZVo do AŠga YmoH$m Im OmVo h¢ Am¡a Vabr\$ CR>mVo h¢ Ÿ&
brS>a Ho$ {_bZo-OwbZo Ho$ H$B© VarHo$ h¢ {H$gr go dh {Ib-{IbmH$a hmW {_bmVm Vmo {H$gr Ho$ gmW AmYr
h±gr-h±gVm h¡ Ÿ& {H$gr Ho$ AmJo CXmgrZVm {XImVm h¡ Vmo {H$gr Ho$ g_j _w±h \w$bmH$a Am¡a ^m¢h MT>mH$a AnZo
_Zmo^md àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& g^r Ho$ gmW CgH$m EH$ O¡gm ì`dhma Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dh gmYmaU bmoJm| go Xya ahZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Bg{bE boIH$ Zo Cgo "brS>a|Ð' Zm_ go nwH$mam h¡ Ÿ&
brS>a H$s nmoeH$ ~S>r {d{MÌ hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& n[apñW{V H$mo XoI Cgo a§J ~XbZm Iy~ AmVm h¡ Ÿ& dh ñWmZ, g_`
Am¡a H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ AZwgma nmoeH$ ~XbH$a AnZm amo~ O_mZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
brS>a EH$-Xmo Zht g¡H$S>m|-ghóm| Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& amOZr{V, Y_©, gåàXm`, {~amXar Am{X AZoH$mZoH$
joÌm| _| AbJ-AbJ Vah Ho$ brS>a hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZHo$ g~ àH$mam| H$mo {JZZo Ho$ {bE EH$ ~S>r nmoWr Mm{hE Eogm boIH$
H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& _m¡H$m {_bZo, Am¡a _O{bg O_Zo na CZHo$ g§~§Y _| M¡Ì H¥$îU à{VnXm H$s g^m _| {dñV¥V ì`m»`mZ XoZo
H$s ~mV boIH$ H$aVo h¢ Am¡a H$hVo h¢ g~ bmoJ Cg {XZ hdmB© {H$bo Ho$ b§~o Mm¡S>o _¡XmZ _| am{Ì Ho$ R>rH$ nm¡Zo VrZ ~Oo
nYmao Ÿ&
h[ae§H$a e_m© Or Zo àñVwV ì`§½` aMZm _| brS>a H$s brbmAm| H$m n[aM` ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| {X`m h¡ Ÿ&
brS>a H$m n[aM` XoVo g_` CÝhmo§Zo àma§^ _| hr H$hm h¡ {H$ dh EH$ Img {H$ñ_ H$m O§Vw hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmXVm| Am¡a
gmoM H$m dU©Z ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| {X`m h¡ Ÿ& brS>a AWm©V ZoVm h_mao gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$,
e¡{jH$ OrdZ _| _m¡OyX hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {~Zm OrdZ H$m H$moB© ^r joÌ nyU© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dh gmYmaU OZVm H$mo hrZ Am¡a
YZdmZ VWm ~S>o bmoJm| H$mo loð> _mZH$a AnZr AÝ`m`r AË`mMmar _mZ{gH$Vm H$m n[aM` XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ ApñVËd_hÎd H$mo {gÜX H$aVo g_` boIH$ Zo ì`§½`mË_H$ ê$n go CgHo$ {bE brS>a|Ð eãX H$m à`moJ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
"brS>abrbm' brS>a H$m ghr n[aM` XoZodmbr g\$b aMZm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo AmO Ho$ ZoVmJUm| H$s Vñdra nmR>H$
Ho$ gm_Zo CnpñWV hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZ
1.
brS>abrbm ............. H$s aMZm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) eaX Omoer
2.
(3) h[ae§H$a e_m©
(4) lrbmb ewŠb
.......... {díd{dX²`mb` Zo h[ae§H$a e_m©Or H$mo S>r.brQ>. Cnm{Y go Ab§H¥$V {H$`m Wm Ÿ&
(1) {Xëbr
3.
(2) h[ae§H$a nagmB©
(2) AmJam
(3) n§Om~
(4) {edmOr
^maV gaH$ma Zo h[ae§H$a e_m© Ho$ gå_mZ hoVw ........ nwañH$ma àXmZ {H$`m Wm Ÿ&
(1) ^maVaËZ
(2) IobaËZ
(3) nX²_{d^yfU
111
(4) nX²_lr
4.
brS>a Img {H$ñ_ H$m g_PXma ................. hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) O§Vw
5.
(2) n§N>r
(4) nm¡Ym
brS>a AnZr VH$ara Am¡a Vmar\$ AI~mam| _| N>nr XoIZo _| ........... ahVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) CËgwH$
5.
(3) _ÀN>a
(2) AZËgwH$
(3) ~oVm~
(4) ZmamO
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
nmoOreZ
:
pñW{V, `mo½`Vm
MtKmS>Zm
:
hmÎmrMo AmoaS>Uo (qIH$miUo)
{Ja{JQ>
:
a§J ~XbZodmbm O§Vw, gaS>m
Iy±Imar
:
S>amdZm, ^`§H$a
Jwam©Zm
:
H«$moY `m A{^_mZ _| H$H©$e ñda _| ~mobZm Ÿ&
V~{Xb
:
n[ad{V©V
VH$ara
:
dŠV¥Ëd, ^mfU, Xbrb
Xm±V nrgZm
:
(H«$moY _|) Xm±V na Xm±V aIH$a {hbmZm Ÿ&
emZ
:
à{VîR>m, VS>H$-^S>H$
JwâVJy
:
~mVMrV
_wh± CbmZm
:
AmH¥${V go Ag§Vmof `m AàgÞVm àH$Q> H$aZm
_O{bg
:
g^m, g_mO, _h{\$b
{_ëbV
:
OZg_yh
~mbN>S>
:
OQ>m_m§gr
N>ma
:
^ñ_, amI (amgm`{ZH$ nXmWm©Mr)
{_`mX
:
{H$gr H$m`© Ho$ {bE {Z`_-g_`
_wH$a©a
:
V¡ZmV
{JOm
:
ImÚnXmW©
brS>a
:
ZoVm, _w{I`m
ì`§½`
:
{df` H$mo grYo Z H$hH$a Ky_m {\$amH$a H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| MmoQ> H$aZo H$s
j_Vm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg MmoQ> go O»_ Z hmoH$a _rR>m XX© hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
112
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 2
(2) 2
(4) 1
(5) 1
(3) 4
7.
gmam§e
1.
"brS>a brbm' h[ae§H$a e_m© H$s ì`§½`mË_H$ aMZm h¡ Ÿ& àñVwV aMZm _| boIH$ Zo brS>a H$m n[aM` {X`m
h¡ Ÿ&
boIH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ brS>a EH$ Img {H$ñ_ H$m g_PXma O§Vw hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m ApñVËd {díd Ho$ g^r
ñWmZm| Am¡a OZ g_yhm| _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZr ñdV§Ì nhMmZ ~ZmE aIZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Cgo \$bmhma Am¡a AÀN>m ^moOZ ng§X hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {XIZo _| gmXm hmoVm h¡ na§Vw d¡gm Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
ñVw{V{à` brS>a AnZo {Ibm\$ Hw$N> ^r gwZZm ng§X Zht H$aVm Ÿ& dh AnZr à{gX²Yr Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ ahVm
h¡ Ÿ&
dh {H$gr Ho$ nrN>o Zht ^mJVm A{nVw Am¡am| H$mo AnZo nrN>o ^mJZo Ho$ {bE {dde H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh AnZr H$m¡_ H$s CÝZ{V H$aZo H$m T>mob nrQ>Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$m¡_ Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE ~oM¡Z ~ZZo H$m T>m|J H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ&
AnZr ~mV _ZdmZo Ho$ {bE dh {M„mZo-{MIZo H$m ZmQ>H$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
eara ^moJ _| ê${M aIZodmbm brS>a n¡Xb OmZm emZ Ho$ {Ibm\$ _mZVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh hdmB© `mÌm _| ê${M aIVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s H$WZr H$aZr _| A§Va hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
dh Ka Am¡a ~mha AbJ-AbJ àH$ma H$m ì`dhma H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& brS>a Ho$ hOmam| àH$ma h¢ Ÿ&
boIH$ Zo brS>a H$s brbrAm| H$m ì`§½`mË_H$ e¡br _| n[aM` {X`m h¡ Ÿ& dV©_mZ n[adoe, Ho$ H$maU brS>a
H$mo _hÎd àmßV hþAm h¡ Ÿ& AmO OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ brS>a _m¡OyX h¢ Ÿ&
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
1.
"brS>a brbm' nmR> Ho$ AmYma na brS>a H$m n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&
2.
"brS>a brbm' nmR> H$m Ame` AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IE Ÿ&
3.
brS>a {deofVmE± {b{IE Ÿ&
113
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
AnZo joÌ Ho$ {dYm`H$ H$m gmjmËH$ma br{OE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ
1.
nagmB© aMZmdbr &
2.
qhXr hmñ`-ì`§½` g§H$bZ - g§nmXH$ - lrbmb ewŠb, ào_ OZ_oO` Ÿ&
3.
nwT>mar nm{hOo (_amR>r ZmQ>H$) - nw. b. Xoenm§S>o Ÿ&
114
BH$mB© - 4 (J)
n[adma _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ Ho$ H|$Ð _| (gmjmËH$ma)
_mbVr Omoer
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaZ
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
gmjmËH$ma {dYm go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
_mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm{hË` go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
_mbVr Omoer H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s {deofVmE± g_P nmE|Jo Ÿ&
♦
_mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm{hË` H$s {d{dYVm go AdJV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
_mbVr Omoer H$s {dMmaYmam g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
115
2.
àñVmdZm
_mbVr Omoer qhXr H$s gmR>moÎma H$WmH$ma h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H$hm{Z`m| nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Img Vm¡a na Zmar OrdZ
VWm Zmar g_ñ`mAm| go g§~§{YV h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo Ka-Am±JZ VWm nmg-nS>mog Ho$ OZ-OrdZ go H$Wm-~rO CR>mH$a
AnZo gm{hË` H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$mì`-boIZ go `mÌm ewê$ H$aZodmbr _mbVr Omoer A§VV: EH$ H$WmH$ma Ho$ ê$n
_| hr COmJa hþB© h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ gm{hË` na eaV² ~m~y H$m à^md h¡ Omo CZHo$ {à` boIH$ h¢ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
_mbVr Omoer H$m n[aM`
g_H$mbrZ H$hmZrH$mam| _| AnZr AbJ nhMmZ ñWm{nV H$aZodmbr _mbVr Omoer H$m OÝ_ _hmamï´> Ho$
Am¡a§Jm~mX _| 4 OyZ, 1934 B©. _| hþAm h¡ Ÿ& AmnHo$ {nVm H¥$îUamd XrKo Ý`m`mYre Am¡a _mVm gabmXodr gwerb
J¥{hUr Wr Ÿ& gmo_ZmW Omoer Ho$ gmW {ddmh hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Amn XrKo go Omoer ~Z JB© h¡ Ÿ&
AmJam {díd{dÚmb` go E_². E. H$s Cnm{Y àmßV H$aZodmbr _mbVr Or H$s àmapå^H$ {ejm B§Xm¡a _| hþB©
h¡ Ÿ&
_hm{dÚmb`rZ OrdZ go hr gm{hË` boIZ _| ê${M aIZodmbr _mbVr Omoer Ho$ boIZ H$s gwê$AmmV JrVm|
go hþB© Wr ~mX _| AmnH$m ê$PmZ JX²` H$s Amoa hmo J`m Ÿ& ewê$ _| AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ {bE {bIm Am¡a ~mX _| ~S>m| Ho$ {bE
{bIZm ewê$ {H$`m Ÿ&
CZH$s AZoH$ aMZmAm| H$m {d{^Þ ^maVr` Ed§ {dXoer ^mfmAm| _| AZwdmX {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& H$B©
H$hmqZ`m| H$m a§J_§MZ, ao{S>Amo d XyaXe©Z na ZmQ²>` ê$nm§Va ^r àñVwV {H$`m Om MwH$m h¡ Ÿ& "O`m ~ÀMZ' Zo CZH$s
H$hm{Z`m| na Ymamdm{hH$ "gmV \o$ao' H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& JwbOma X²dmam {Z{_©V XyaXe©Z Ymamdm{hH$ "{H$aXma' VWm
"^mdZm' _| _mbVr Omoer H$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| H$m g_mdoe {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
_mbVr Omoer H$s gm{hË` godm H$mo Jm¡admpÝdV H$aZo Ho$ {bE qhXr Am¡a _amR>r H$s {d{^Þ gm{hpË`H$ g§ñWm
X²dmam gå_m{ZV Ed§ nwañH¥$V {H$`m MwH$m h¡ Ÿ&
g_H$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ n[adoe Am¡a _Ü`dJu` OrdZ H$mo H|$Ð _| Q>IH$a AnZo gm{hË` H$m {Z_m©U H$aZodmbr
_mbVr Omoer H$s à_wI gm{hË` H¥${V`m± H$hmZr g§J«h :"_Ü`§Va', "~mob ar H$R>nVw br', "EH$ Ka gnZm| H$m', "_moar a§J Xo MwZ[a`m', "_mbVr Omoer H$s H$hm{Z`m±',
"{n`m nra Z OmZr', "Am{Iar eV©' Am{X Ÿ&
116
CnÝ`mg :"F$UmZw~§Y', "Mm±X A_mdg H$m', "nQ>mjon', "Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ J^© _|', "em{nV e¡ed', "nmfmU `wJ',
"g_n©U H$m gwI', "{dídmg JmWm', "{dñ\$moQ>', "emo^m`mÌm', "amJ {damJ', "ghMm[aUr' Am{X Ÿ&
~mbgm{hË` :"XmXr H$s KS>r', "OrZo H$s amh', "narjm Am¡a nwañH$ma' Am{X Ÿ&
3.2
"n[adma _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ Ho$ H|$Ð _o§' H$m n[aM`
"n[adma _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ Ho$ H|$Ð _o§' erf©H$ gmjmËH$ma gwZrVm IÌr X²dmam {b`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& BgHo$ X²dmam
_mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm[hpË`H$ ì`{ŠVËd Am¡a ì`{ŠVJV OrdZ H$mo g_PZo _| ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
gmjmËH$ma (B§Q>aì`y) AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s JX²` H$s ZdrZV_ {dYmAm| _| go EH$ h¡ Ÿ& nÌH$m[aVm, gm{hpË`H$
Ed§ J¡a gm{hpË`H$ H$s Amdí`H$VmE± Bg {dYm Ho$ {dH$mg _| _hÎdnyU© ahr h¡ Ÿ&
gm{hË`, amOZr{V, Iob, H«$sS>m, CÚmoJ, IoVr, H$bm, grZo_m Am{X joÌm| _| AnZr nhMmZ ñWm{nV
H$aZodmbm| Ho$ à{V OZVm Ho$ _Z _| {Okmgm hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE gmjmËH$ma {bE OmVo h¢ Ÿ& gmjmËH$maH$Vm©
`{X nyar V¡`mar, bJZ, _ZZ Ho$ gmW gmjmËH$ma boVm h¡ Am¡a gmjmËH$ma XoZodmbm AÀN>o _yS> _| {~Zm {H$gr bmJbnoQ>
ñnï>Vm go CÎma XoVm h¡ Vmo nmR>H$ Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr Ed§ _hÎdnyU© OmZH$mar CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
gmjmËH$ma Ho$ X²dmam gmjmËH$ma XoZodmbo ì`{ŠV Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd {Z_m©U _| ghm`H$ àg§Jm|, KQ>ZmAm|, {dMmam|
H$s OmZH$mar àmßV hmoVr h¡ VWm CgH$s YmaUmAm|, CgHo$ OrdZgË` H$mo VWm g_H$mbrZ `wJ H$mo gË` H$s amoeZr _|
àH$m{eV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
gwZrVm IÌr X²dmam {bE JE àñVwV gmjmËH$ma Ho$ X²dmam _mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm{hË`, {dMmaYmam, OrdZ
g§~§Yr Ñ{ï>H$moU, gm{hË` {df` H$s àoaUm Am{X H$s OmZH$mar CnbãY hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm{hË` _|
nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$s hmoZodmbr _hÎmm ñnï> hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3
"n[adma _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ Ho$ H|$Ð _o§' H$m Ame`
aMZmH$ma H$s aMZm à{H«$`m, OrdZr, {dMmaYmam, OrdZ{Zð>m H$mo OmZZo H$m à^mdr gmYZ gmjmËH$ma _mZm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& aMZmH$ma ñd`§ AnZo gm{hË` Am¡a OrdZ H$mo àH$m{eV H$aVm h¡, n[aUm_V: àmßV OmZH$mar àm_m{UH$
_mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
_mbVr Omoer H$m ""n[adma _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ Ho$ H|$Ð _|'' erf©H$ gmjmËH$ma gwZrVm IÌr X²dmam {b`m
J`m h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m àH$meZ "Ajam' _B©-OyZ 2012 Ho$ A§H$ _| hþAm Wm Ÿ&
117
gwZrVm IÌr X²dmam CR>mE JE g^r àíZm| Ho$ CÎma _mbVr Omoer Or Zo ñnï>-gab ^mfm _| {XE h¢ Ÿ& _mbVr
Omoer Or H$s gm{hË` `mÌm Ho$ g§~§Y _| OmZZo Ho$ {bE IÌr Or Zo CZgo CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$ OrdZ Ho$ àma§^ Ho$ ~mao _|
nyN>m V~ Omoer Or Zo Odm~ _| H$hm {H$ CZHo$ boIZ H$s àmapå^H$ {V{W {ZpíMV ~VmZm g§^d Zht h¡ _Ja CÝhm|Zo
~MnZ _| {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& àmaå^ _| H${dVm {bIZm ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ & _hmË_m Jm§Yr Or H$s hË`m Ho$ g_`
CZHo$ X²dmam {bIo JE JrVm| H$mo H$m\$s gamhm J`m Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ ~MnZ Ho$ g_` H$m JrV boIZ H$m {gb{gbm
H$m°boO Ho$ {XZm| _| ^r Omar ahm BVZm hr Zht H$m°boO OrdZ _| Vmo JrVm| H$m PaZm hr \y$Q> nS>m Wr _Ja emXr Ho$ ~mX
JrV ê$R> JE Am¡a ao{S>`m| ZmQ>H$, ì`§½`, ~mb gm{hË` H$m boIZ Omar ahm Ÿ& gZ² 1971B©. _| Y_©`wJ _| N>nr H$hmZr
Zo A{Ib ^maVr` ñVa na Omoer Or H$mo nhMmZ {Xbm`r Ÿ&
AmnH$mo {H$g aMZmH$ma Zo A{YH$ à^m{dV {H$`m h¡ Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoVr hþB© _mbVr Or Zo _amR>r {d.g.
Im§S>oH$a, _mbVr Xm§S>oH$a, Jmo. Zr. Xm§S>oH$a H$m gå_mZ Ho$ gmW {OH«$ H$aVo hþE ào_M§X, AíH$, {edmZr, A_¥Vm
àrV_, _Þy ^§S>mar H$m C„oI {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ñnï> {H$`m h¡ {H$ CÝh| g~go Á`mXm à^m{dV "eaV²' gm{hË` Zo {H$`m
h¡ Ÿ& CZH$mo AmemnyU© Xodr Am¡a e§H$a ^r AÀN>o bJVo h¡§ Ÿ&
O~ _mbVr Or go nyN> J`m {H$ AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ H|$Ð _| _yb ê$n go n[adma `m g_mO hmoZo Ho$ nrN>o H$s
gmoM Š`m h¡ Ÿ? BgHo$ CÎma _| _mbVr Or Zo H$hm h¡ ""_¢ EH$ Kaoby _{hbm hÿ± Ÿ& Ka Am§JZ go nao _oar H$moB© Xw{Z`m Zht
h¡ Ÿ& n[adma _oao OrdZ H$m ^r Am¡a boIZ H$m ^r H|$Ð ahm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo Amgnmg hr _wPo BVZo gmao H$Wm~rO {_b OmVo
h¢ {H$ ~mha Pm±H$Zo H$s Oê$aV hr Zht n‹S>Vr Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE _¢ AmbmoMZm H$s {eH$ma ^r hmoVr ahr hÿ± Ÿ& gm{hË` Ho$
_R>mYre Bgr H$maU _wPo hm{e`| na aIVo aho h¢ Ÿ& Bggo _wPo H$moB© \$H©$ Zht nS>Vm Ÿ&''
O~ CZgo nyN>m J`m {H$ nmR>H$m| go AmnH$m nÌ ì`dhma hmoVm hmoJm, CZgo AmnH$mo àoaUm {_bVr hmoJr Ÿ&
BgHo$ CÎma _| Omoer Or Zo H$hm {H$ CZH$mo nmR>H$m| Ho$ nÌ AmVo Wo Ÿ& A~ \$moZ AmVo h¢ Ÿ& nmR>H$ nÌm|-\$moZ Ho$ X²dmam
H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZr am` ~VmVo h¢ Ÿ& do H$hVo h¢ {H$ H$hmZr CZHo$ Amgnmg hr K{Q>V hmo ahr h¡ Eogm bJVm
h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht nmR>H$ ~o~mH$s go H$hmZr _| d{O©V IQ>H$Zodmbr ~mV, Añdm^m{dH$ bJZodmbo àg§J Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm
XoVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$mo hO_ Z hmoZodmbo àg§J Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& {Oggo CZH$m ào_ Am¡a {dídmg àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Omoer
Or H$mo {bIZo H$s àoaUm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
ór {d_e© Ho$ ~mao _| CZH$s am` OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB© V~ Chm|Zo H$hm {H$ "ór {d_e© eãX H$m\$s àMma
Ho$ H$maU {Kg J`m h¡ Ÿ& d H$hVr h¢ "B©_mZXmar go H$hÿ± Vmo BgH$m ghr AW© _wPo nVm Zht h¡ Ÿ& AmO hr _oam EH$ B§Q>aì`y
N>nm h¡ - _mbVr Omoer - Zmar {d_e© H$s g_W© aMZmH$ma ! Vmo BgH$m AW© `h hþAm {H$ _¡§ Omo ^r {bI ahr hÿ± Zmar
{d_e© hr h¡ Ÿ&''
AmË_H$Wm boIZ Ho$ ~mao _| CZgo ObmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s JB© V~ CÝhm|Zo ñnï> eãXm| _| H$hm {H$ CZHo$ OrdZ
_| gZgZrIoO Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m OrdZ grYm, gmXm gnmQ> h¡ Ÿ& Eogm OrdZ H$m¡Z nT>Zm MmhoJm Ÿ& Bg{bE CZH$m
AmË_H$Wm, boIH$ H$m H$moB© BamXm Zht h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ _Zwî` qOXJr _| AHo$bm Zht hmoVm Ÿ& dh AZoH$ bmoJm|
Ho$ g§nH©$ _| hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AmË_H$Wm Ho$ X²dmam AmË_H$WmH$ma AnZo OrdZ H$mo nmR>H$ Ho$ gm_Zo aIVm h¡, Eogm H$aVo g_`
118
dh CgHo$ g§nH©$ _| AmE hþE bmoJm| H$mo ^r ~onXm© H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ H$maU ~onXm© Z hmoZodmbo bmoJ ^r ~onXm© hmo OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& Bggo CZH$s {ZOVm H$m hZZ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s {ZOVm H$m hZZ Z hmo, CZH$mo AZmd¥V hmoZm Z nS>o Bg{bE _¡§
AmË_H$Wm boIZ Ho$ nj _| Zht hÿ²± Ÿ& _mbVr Or `h ^r H$hVr h¡ {H$ B©ída Zo h_o H$b_ H$s BVZr ~S>r e{ŠV Xr
h¡ Ÿ& Bg e{ŠV H$m Bg H$b_ H$m Cn`moJ h_ AnZo amJ-Ûof ^wZmZo _| Š`m| H$a| Ÿ?
CZgo CnÝ`mg boIZ Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>m J`m Vmo CÝhm|Zo AnZo CnÝ`mgm| Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmH$a ñnï> {H$`m {H$ CÝh|
CnÝ`mg boIZ {H$ VwbZm H$hmZr {bIZm Á`mXm gab bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
aMZmH$ma Ho$ OrdZ _| n[adma H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$ g§~§Y _| CÝhm|Zo n[adma H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo _hÎdnyU© _mZm h¡ Ÿ& do
_mZVr h¢ {H$ n[adma Ho$ àmoËgmhZ, gh`moJ, g§doXZerbVm aMZmH$ma Ho$ {bE _hÎdnyU© hmoVr h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo
ñdJu` n{V Am¡a n[adma Ho$ à{V H¥$VkVm àH$Q> H$s h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo CZHo$ àmapå^H$ {XZm| _| gmW XoZodmbo, _Zmo~b ~ZmE
aIZodmbo n{V Ho$ à{V H¥$VkVm àH$Q> H$s h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZo XmånË` OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| H$hm h¡ {H$ "h_ XmoZm| _| B©Jmo H$s
Q>H$amhQ> H$^r Zht hþB© Ÿ& h_mao H$m`©joÌ AbJ Vo Ÿ& g_mZm§Va MbVo hþE ^r h_mao ~rM EH$mË_Vm ~Zr ahVr Ÿ&''
CÝhm|Zo aMZmH$ma na hmoZodmbo n[adoe Ho$ à^md H$m C„oI H$aVo hþE ñdrH$ma {H$`m {H$ ""AnZo n[adoe go
H$Q>H$a H$moB© ^r boIH$ {bI Zht gH$Vm Ÿ&'' CÝhm|Zo ào_M§X H$s {deofVm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| H$hm {H$ ào_M§X O_rZ go OwS>o
aMZmH$ma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CZH$mo H$hm{Z`m| _| `WmW© _oê$X§S> Ho$ g_mZ CnpñWV hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
AmO H$s Zmar H$s Xem Am¡a {Xem Ho$ _| nyN>o JE gdmb H$m CÎma XoVr hþB© Omoer Or ñnï> H$aVr h¡ {H$ AmO
H$s Zmar H$m OrdZ ~Xb J`m h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ {dMmam| H$m {j{VO {dñV¥V hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s _hÎdmH$m§jmAm| H$mo n§I {_b
JE h¢ Ÿ& dh OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| AmJo ~T> ahr h¡ Ÿ& Am{W©H$ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ H$maU Cg_| EH$ D$Om©, Z`m AmË_{dídmg
^a J`m h¡ Ÿ& _mbVr Omoer dV©_mZ pñW{V go n[a{MV H$amVr hþB© g_PmVr h¡ {H$ ""EH$ H$Qw> gË` h_| ñdrH$ma H$aZm
nS>oJm {H$ h_mam nwê$f gÎmmË_H$ g_mO Zmar H$s Bg àJ{V H$mo, AmOmXr H$mo ghO ^md go Zht bo nm ahm h¡ Ÿ& AnZo
hrZVm~moY H$mo N>wnmZo Ho$ {bE dh H$B© ~ma AmH«$_H$ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AnZr emar[aH$ e{ŠV H$m àXe©Z H$a Zmar Ho$ amñVo
na ~mYm ~ZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
Zmar e{ŠV H$m n[aM` XoVr hþB© Omoer Or H$hVr h¡ A~ Zmar Ho$ nmg ZEo {df`, ZE {~å~, ZE eãX, ZB©
e¡br h¡ Ÿ&
_{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V gwYma Ho$ {bE ~ZmE JE H$mZyZm|, `moOZmAm| H$mo _wñV¡Xr go bmJy Zht {H$`m OmVm
Bg{bE AnZm AmH«$moe àH$Q> H$aVr hþB© Omoer Or BgHo$ {bE _mZ{gH$Vm H$mo {Oå_oXma _mZVr hþB© Bg_| ~Xbmd
Amdí`H$ _mZVr h¢ Ÿ& do _mZVr h¢ {H$ g{X`mo§ go _Z _| OS> O_mZo ~¡R>r hþB© ê${T>`m| H$mo VmoS>Zm AmgmZ Zht h¡ na
H$mo{ee Vmo H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ Ÿ&
Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| _| hmo H$hr {JamdQ> na Omoer Or qMVm àH$Q> H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& n¡gm| Ho$ ~T>Vo _hÎd na ^r CÝhm|Zo
AnZr qMVm ì`ŠV H$s h¡ Ÿ& AmO n¡gm ^JdmZ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî` H$mo Bgr H$gm¡Q>r na naIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& n¡gm nmZo Ho$
{bE gmao {Z`_, AmXe©, Zr{V-AZr{V H$s gmoM H$mo VmH$ na aIm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Zmar ^r n¡go H$s MH$mMm¢Y go à^m{dV
119
hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& dh n¡gm| Ho$ {bE AnZm AmË_gå_mZ, AnZr Apñ_Vm g~ Hw$N> Xm§d na bJm ahr h¡ Ÿ& dh gw{dYm g§nÞ
qOXJr OrZm MmhVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Bg _mZ{gH$Vm Am¡a nwê$f H$s ^moJXmar àd¥{Îm Ho$ H$maU n[adma Qy>Q> aho h¢ Ÿ& ~T>Vr
Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE n{V-nËZr XmoZm| H$_mZo Ho$ {bE ~mha {ZH$b aho h¢ n[aUm_V: Ka na ahZodmbo ~ƒm|
na AÀN>o g§ñH$ma Zht hmoVo Ÿ& do _Z_mZr H$aVo h¢, JbV AmXV| nmb boVo h¢, JbV g§J{V _| nS> OmVo h¡§ Ÿ& Omoer Or
Bg pñW{V go Xw:Ir h¡ Ÿ& do n[adma Ho$ _hÎd H$mo OmZVr h¢ Ÿ& CZH$m _mZZm ho {H$ ^mB©Mmam, nañna gh`moJ, gm_§Oñ`
H$s ^mdZm, g§doXZerbVm H$s {ejm n[adma go g§^d h¡ Ÿ& AV: do n[adma H$mo OrdZ Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ H|$Ð _o§ _mZVr
h¢ Ÿ&
^mdr `moOZmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| nyN>Zona CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ "Bg C_« _| A~ `moOZmE± Š`m ~ZmD±$Jr, Omo {XZ JwOa
OmVm h¡, CgHo$ {bE B©ída H$mo YÝ`dmX XoVr hÿ± Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo AnZr H$Wm H$WZ H$s àoaUm _amR>r H$Wm H$WZ {dYm§ _mZr h¡ Ÿ& do AnZr ñ_aUe{ŠV Ho$ {bE B©ída
H$s H¥$nm _mZVr h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| AnZr ñ_aUe{ŠV na ^amogm Am¡a Jd© ^r h¡ Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo ñnï> {H$`m {H$ aMZmH$ma gå_mZ `m nwañH$ma Ho$ {bE Zht {bIVm na§Vw gå_mZ `m nwañH$ma go boIH$
H$m H$X B§M ^a hr ghr ~T>Vm Oê$a h¡ Am¡a Cgo AÀN>m {bIZo H$s àoaUm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ&
Š`m AmnHo$ aMZmH$_© H$m ghr _yë`m§H$Z {H$`m J`m h¡ ? Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoVr hþB© _mbVr Omoer Or Zo
CZH$m _yë`m§H$Z, ghr _yë`m§H$Z H$aZo Z H$aZo na H$moB© {Q>ßnUr Z H$a H$hm {H$ "H$moB© ^r nmR>H$ g_rjm nT>H$a nwñVH$
Zht IarXVm, dh AnZm boIH$ IwX MwZVm h¡ Am¡a {\$a Ty>±T>-Ty>±T>H$a Cgo nT>Vm h¡ Ÿ& boIH$ H$mo Bggo Á`mXm Am¡a Š`m
Mm{hE Ÿ&
àñVwV gmjmËH$ma go _mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE±, {dMmaYmamE±, VWm nm[adm[aH$ OrdZ Ho$ à{V
AmñWm Am¡a {dídmg àH$Q> hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Ambmoƒ gmjmËH$ma ñnï>, gab Am¡a `WmW© OrdZ H$mo àñVwV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bggo
nmR>H$ H$s {OkmgmAm| H$s ny{V© hmoVr h¡§ Ÿ&
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
_mbVr Omoer H$m OÝ_ _hmamï´> Ho$ ............... _| hþAm Wm Ÿ&
(1) nwUo
2.
(4) ZmJnwa
(2) B§Xm¡a
(3) nwUo
(4) Am¡a§Jm~mX
"n[adma _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ Ho$ H|$Ð _| ............. {dYm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) gmjmËH$ma
4.
(3) Am¡a§Jm~mX
_mbVr Omoer H$s àmapå^H$ {ejm ............. _| hþB© h¡ Ÿ&
(1) ½dmëhoa
3.
(2) gmVmam
(2) H$hmZr
(3) {Z~§Y
(4) aoIm{MÌ
_mbVr Omoer Or H$m gmjmËH$ma .............. Zo {b`m h¡ Ÿ&
(1) eaX Omoer
(2) gwZrVm IÌr
(3) XodH$sZ§XZ IÌr (4) gmo_ZmW Omoer
120
5.
..... Or H$s hË`m Ho$ g_` _mbVr Omoer X²dmam {bIo JE JrVm| H$mo gamhm J`m Wm Ÿ&
(1) B§{Xam Jm§Yr
6.
(2) amOrd Jm§Yr
(3) _hmË_m Jm§Yr
_mbVr Omoer H$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ H|$Ð _| ............ h¡ Ÿ&
(1) n[adma Am¡a g_mO (2) Xoe Am¡a g_mO
7.
6.
(3) g_mO Am¡a amZ{Z{V (4) amOZr{V Am¡a Y_©
AmO ............ ^JdmZ hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ&
(1) gm{hË`
5.
(4) Xoe^º$
(2) n¡gm
(3) gå_mZ
(4) MwZmd
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
O`m ~ÀMZ
:
qhXr {\$ë_ A{^ZoÌr Am¡a {\$ë_ {Z_m©Vr
JwbOma
:
qhXr-CXy© H${d, Ymamdm{hH$ Ed§ {\$ë_ {Z_m©Vm, {X½Xe©H$
Y_©`wJ
:
S>m°. Y_©dra ^maVr X²dmam g§nm{XV qhXr H$s ~hþM{M©V n{ÌH$m Wr Ÿ& A~ ~§X
hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr {dH$mg _| BgH$m {deof _hÎd h¡ Ÿ&
AmemnyU© Xodr
:
kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go gå_mZrV ~§Jmbr ^mfr bo{IH$m.
e§H$a
:
AmYw{ZH$ ~§Jmbr ^mfr gm{hpË`H$ Ÿ&
eaV
:
eaVM§Ð MQ>monmÜ`m` ~§Jmbr gm{hpË`H$
D$Om©
:
e{ŠV
hrZVm ~moY
:
Jm¡UË` H$s ^mdZm, VwÀN>Vm H$s ^mdZm
Ajam
:
_Ü` àXoe amï´>^mfm àMma g{_{V, qhXr ^dZ, í`m_bm {hëg ^monmb go
àH$m{eV hmoZodmbr gm{hË` H$s Û¡_m{gH$s Ÿ&
S>m°. gwZrVm IÌr :
Ajam, Û¡_m{gH$s H$s g§nm{XH$m Ÿ&
_oê$
{díd Ho$ H|$Ð _| hmoZodmbm nd©V
:
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 3
(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 2
(5) 3
(6) 1
(7) 2
121
7.
gmam§e
1.
gmjmËH$ma AmYw{ZH$ `wJ H$s JÚ H$s ZdrZV_ {dYmAm| _| go EH$ h¡ Ÿ& BgH$m {dH$mg nÌH$m[aVm, gm{hpË`H$
Ed§ J¡a gm{hpË`H$ H$s Amdí`H$VmAm| Ho$ H$maU hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
qhXr-_amR>r gm{hË` OJV² _| AnZr AbJ nhMmZ aIZodmbr _mbVr Omoer H$m gmjmËH$ma gwZrVm IÌr
X²dmam {b`m J`m Ÿ& CgH$m àH$meZ "Ajam' n{ÌH$m Ho$ _B©-OyZ 2012 Ho$ A§H$ _| hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
àñVwV gmjmËH$ma Ho$ X²dmam gwZrVm IÌr Zo _mbVr Omoer Ho$ OrdZ Am¡a gm{hpË`H$ àoaUm Ed§ {dMmaYmam
H$mo OmZZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s h¡ Ÿ&
_amR>r ^m{fH$ gwg§ñH¥$V n[adma _| n¡Xm _mbVr OmoWr (XrKo) H$s àmapå^H$ {ejm B§Xm¡a _| g§nÞ hþB© h¡ Ÿ&
~MnZ go gm{hË` Ho$ à{V ê${M aIZodmbr _mbVr Or àma§^ _| JrV boIZ H$aVr Wr Ÿ& Jm§YrOr H$s hË`m
Ho$ g_` CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ JrV {bIo Wo Ÿ& CZH$mo H$m\$s gamhm J`m Wm Ÿ&
emXr Ho$ ~mX CZH$m JrV boIZ ~§X hþAm Am¡a do H$Wm boIZ H$aZo bJr Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m±,
CnÝ`mg Am¡a ~mbgm{hË` H$m g¥OZ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ gm{hË` H$m AZoH$ ^maVr` Am¡a {dXoer ^mfmAm| _|
AZwdmX hþE h¢ VWm ZmQ²>`H$aU Ed§ {\$ë_rH$aU ^r hþAm h¡ Ÿ&
Ambmoƒ gmjmËH$ma Ho$ X²dmam _mbVr Omoer Zo AnZr gm{hpË`H$ àoaUm, OrdZ{Zð>m ñnï> H$s h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m
_mZZm h¡ {H$ n[adma H$m _hÎd OrdZ _| A{YH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& n[adma go _Zwî` gwg§ñH$ma Am¡a _Zwî` Ho$ {bE
Amdí`H$ JwUm| H$s {ejm {_bVr h¡ Ÿ& n[adma go hr _Zwî` H$mo _Zwî` ~Zm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
n[adma {~Id OmZo go g_mO Am¡a _Zwî` {~Ia-Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ& _Zwî`, Am¡a g_mO H$m H|$Ð n[adma hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ& n[adma H$m _hÎd _mbVr Omoer Or ñdrH$ma H$aVr hþB© H$hVr h¡ {H$ _oao OrdZ Am¡a boIZ H$m H|$Ð
n[adma h¡ Ÿ& Bg n[adma ì`dñWm H$mo ~ZmE aIZo H$s H$mo{ee CZHo$ gm{hË` H$m H|$Ðr` {df` h¡ Ÿ&
^moJdmXr g§ñH¥${V, YZ Ho$ ~T>Vo à~mo^Z, ñdmWu _Zmod¥{Îm, {df_ gm_m{OH$ n[adoe, Zmar-nwê$f H$s
Amngr B©î`m© Ed§ ñdmWu _Zmod¥{Îm go n[adma H$mo ~MmE aIZm Amdí`H$ h¡ Bg na Omoer Or ~b XoVr h¢ Ÿ&
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
1.
n{R>V gmjmËH$ma Ho$ AmYma na _mbVr Omoer Ho$ n[adma g§~§Yr {dMma {b{IE Ÿ&
2.
_mbVr Omoer Ho$ gm{hË` H$s {deofVmE± {b{IE Ÿ&
3.
_mbVr Omoer Ho$ n[adm[aH$ OrdZ H$m n[aM` n{R>V gmjmËH$ma Ho$ AmYma na Xm{OE Ÿ&
4.
_mbVr Omoer H$m n[aM` Xr{OE Ÿ&
122
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
AmnHo$ Jm±d / eha _| ahZodmbo gm{hË`H$ma H$m gmjmËH$ma br{OE Ÿ&
2.
gmjmËH$ma Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ àíZgyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ
1.
S>m°. gw^mf VioH$a - _mbVr Omoer H$m H$Wm gm{hË` - AVwb àH$meZ, H$mZnwa, 1998.
2.
S>m°. aUdra am§J«m - qhXr gm{hË`H$mam| go gmjmËH$ma - {H$Vm~Ka, ZB© {Xëbr, 1991.
3.
S>m°. gaOyàgmX {_lm - eãX {epën`m| go grYr ~mVMrV, A_Z àH$meZ, H$mZnwa, 2005.
❖❖❖
123