gÌ - 1 gm{hË`-{d{dYm (nX²` Ed§ JX²`)
BH$mB© - 1 (H )
1. nwîn H$s A{^bmfm
- _mIZbmb MVwdX} r
AZwH«$_
10.
CX²Xoí`
àñVmdZm
{df` {ddaU
3.1
_mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m n[aM`
3.2
"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3
"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
gmam§e
ñdmÜ`m`
joÌr` H$m`©
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
Xoeào_ VWm Xoe^{º$ H$s ^mdZm go ào[aV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV hmo OmE§Jo &
♦
_mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {bE _a {_Q>Zodmbo dram| H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
_mV¥^y{_ H$s godm Ho$ g_j ^m¡{VH$ gwI gmahrZ _hgyg H$aZo bJ|Jo Ÿ&
1
2.
àñVmdZm
~rgdt gXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| AZoH$ _hmnwê$fm| Zo amï´>r` n[aÑí` na AnZo ~hþAm`m_r ì`{º$Ëd Am¡a H$mbO`r
H¥${VËd H$s N>mn N>moS>r h¡ Ÿ& Eogo _hmnwê$fm| _| _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr Or H$m Zm_ ~S>o AmXanyd©H$ {b`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& do gwYr
qMVH$, gwH${d Am¡a àIa nÌH$ma hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ goZmn{V`m| _| go EH$ Wo Ÿ& do gƒo AWm] _|
g§nyU© _mZd Wo Ÿ& CÝh| "EH$ ^maVr` AmË_m' Ho$ ê$n _| ^r OmZm OmVm h¡, Omo gd©Wm C{MV h¡ Ÿ& MVwd}Xr Or H$s
aMZmAm| H$s àd¥{Îm`m± àm`: ñnï> Am¡a {ZpíMV h¢ Ÿ& amï´>r`Vm CZHo$ H$mì` H$m H$boda h¡, Vmo ^{º$ Am¡a ahñ`mË_H$ ào_
CZH$s aMZmAm| H$s AmË_m Ÿ& N>m`mdmXr H$mì`Ymam _| {bIZo Ho$ ~mX ^r CZH$s AnZr {d{eï> nhMmZ ahr h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.2
H${d _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m n[aM`
_mIZbmb MVwd}Xr H$m OÝ_ 4 Aà¡b, 1989 B©. H$mo _Ü` àXoe Ho$ hmoe§Jm~mX {Obo Ho$ ~mdB© Jm§d _|
hþAm Ÿ& àmW{_H$ {ejm g_m{á Ho$ ~mX do Ka na hr g§ñH¥$V H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo bJo Ÿ& {nVm Z§Xbmb Jm§d H$s nmR>embm
_| {ejH$ Wo Ÿ& N>moQ>r C_« _| hr CZH$m PwH$md H${dVm nmR> H$s Amoa hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo 1906 _| haXm {Obo Ho$
_gZJmd _| AÜ`mnH$ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aZm Ama§^ {H$`m Ÿ& 1908 _| "amï´>r` Am§XmobZ Am¡a ~{hîH$ma' {df` na {bIo
CZHo$ {Z~§Y H$mo àW_ nwañH$ma àmá hþAm Am¡a 1912 _| "e{º$ nyOm' boI {bIZo na CZna amOÐmoh H$m Amamon
bJm Ÿ& JUoe e§H$a {dÚmWu go à^m{dV hmoH$a _mIZbmb Or nÌH$ma ~Z JE Am¡a 26 {Xg§~a, 1913 H$mo
AÜ`mnH$s go Ë`mJnÌ Xo {X`m Ÿ& A§V VH$ Bgr joÌ _| ahZo dmbo _mIZbmb Or A{Ib ^maVr` nÌH$ma n[afX Ho$
AÜ`j ^r aho Ÿ&
{VbH$ VWm _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ gånH©$ _| AmZo Ho$ ~mX do ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ _| Hw$X nS>o Ÿ& do H$B© ~ma Obo
JE Ÿ& {~bmgnwa _| ^S>H$mD$ ^mfU XoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝh| Oob OmZm n‹S>m Ÿ& Bgr Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo {~bmgnwa Oob _| "nwîn H$s
A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$s aMZm H$s Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZm go OZ_mZg H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$s bS>mB© Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m Ÿ&
EH$ H${d, boIH$ Am¡a nÌH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Ho$ g{H«$` H$m`©H$Vm© Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$aZo
dmbo _mIZbmb Or Zo Xoe ñdV§Ì JUamÁ` ~Zm, Vmo {dYmZg^m H$m gXñ` ~ZZm ^r AñdrH$ma {H$`m Ÿ& Jm§YrOr Ho$
{gX²Ym§Vmo§ _| CZH$s AgrZ lX²Ym Wr Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo Xoe Ho$ à{V Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s ^mdZm go AmoVàmoV
AZoH$ H${dVmE± {bIt Ÿ& do eara go `moX²Ym, öX` go ào_r, AmË_m go ^º$ Am¡a {dMmam| go H«$m§{VH$mar Wo Ÿ& Ë`mJ Am¡a
~{bXmZ CZHo$ OrdZ Am¡a gm{hË` H$m _w»` A§J Wm Ÿ&
_mIZbmb Or _ybV: ào_ Ho$ H${d h¢ Ÿ& na§Vw CZH$m `h ào_ _w»` ê$n go Mma ê$nm| _| àH$Q> hþAm h¡ amï´>ào_, ì`{º$JV ào_, àH¥${V ào_ Am¡a AmÜ`mpË_H$ ào_ Am{X Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| ào_ Ho$ BZ Mma ê$nm| _| go
amï´>ào_ H$m ñda hr gdm©{YH$ àH$Q> hþAm h¡ Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo Zd`wdH$m| _| AmË_~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm H$mo ^am h¡ Ÿ& Bg{bE Xoe
Ho$ {bE gybr na MT>Zo dmbo `wdH$m| Ho$ do nwOmar aho h¢ Ÿ& 1963 B©. _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo CZH$mo "nX²_^yfU' Cnm{Y go
2
gå_m{ZV {H$`m Ÿ& _mIZbmb Or H$m "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' JrV amï´>r` JmZ Ho$ ê$n _| XyaXe©Z na àgm[aV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
30 OZdar, 1968 B©. H$mo _mIZbmb Or H$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`m Ÿ&
H¥${VËd - H$mì`-g§J«h - {h_{H$ar{Q>Zr, doUw go Jy±Oo Yam, _aU Ádma, {~Owar, H$mOb Am±O ahr, _mVm, g_n©U,
`wJMaU Am{X Ÿ&
{Z~§Y - gm{hË` XodVm, A_ra BamXo : Jar~ BamXo, g_` Ho$ nm§d, qMVH$ H$s bmMmar, a§Jm| H$s ~mobr Am{X Ÿ&
ZmQ>H$ - H¥$îUmOw©Z `wX²Y
H$hm{Z`m± - H$bm H$m AZwdmX, dZdmgr Ÿ&
3.2
"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
H${d _mIZbmb Or ñdmYrZVm goZmZr VWm nÌH$ma Wo Ÿ& AV: Xoe H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U
H$s ^mdZm `wdH$m| Ho$ _Z _| ^aZm CZH$m CX²Xoí` Wm Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ do "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm _| nwÊ` _|
Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$m ^md ^aVo h¢ Ÿ& {~bmgnwa Ho$ Oob _| Bg aMZm H$m g¥OZ hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H${dVm Zo `wdH$m| Ho$ _Z
_| amï´>ào_ Am¡a AmË_~{bXmZ H$s ^mdZm OJmZo H$m _hÎdnyU© H$m`© {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
3.3
"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
_mV¥^y{_ Ho$ à{V AJmY lX²Ym aIZodmbm nwîn AnZr BÀN>m ì`º$ H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$, XodH$Ý`m Ho$
Am^yfUm| _| {namoE OmZo H$s _oar BÀN>m Zht Ÿ& {H$gr ào_dra Ho$ X²dmam AnZr {à`V_m Ho$ {bE Agr_ ào_ Ho$ àVrH$
Ho$ ê$n _| Xr OmZodmar ào_r-_mbm (nwîn _mbm) H$m {hñgm ~ZZo H$s ^r _oar BÀN>m Zht h¡ Ÿ&
^JdmZ go àmW©Zm H$aVo hþE nwîn H$hVm h¡ {H$ ho h[a ! {H$gr _hmamOm `m g_«mQ> H$s _¥Ë`y Ho$ ~mX CgHo$ ed
na S>mbo OmZo H$s ^r _oar BÀN>m Zht h¡ Ÿ& BVZm hr Zht ^JdmZ Ho$ {ga na emo^m`_mZ hmoZo dmbo _wHw$Q> _| ñWmZ àmá
H$a AnZo ^m½` na BR>bmZo H$s ^r _oar (nwîn H$s) BÀN>m Zht h¡ Ÿ&
Ë`mJ Am¡a g_n©U H$s ^mdZm go ^am hþAm nwîn dZ_mbr H$mo gå~moYH$a BVZr hr BÀN>m àH$Q> H$aVm h¡ {H$,
ho dZ _mbr ! _wPo VmoS>H$a Cg nW _| \|$H$ Xmo {H$, {Og amñVo go _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {bE g_n©U H$aZodmbo AZoH$ dra Om
aho h¢ Ÿ& _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {bE _a {_Q>Zo dmbo dram| Ho$ n¡am|Vbo am¢XH$a {_Q²>Q>r ~Z OmZo _| hr nwîn H$mo ñdJ© àm{á H$m AmZ§X
àmá hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AnZo OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm _hgyg hmoVr h¡ Ÿ&
3
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ Ÿ&
1.
"EH$ ^maVr` AmË_m' Ho$ ê$n _| ................ H$mo nhMmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) {Zambm
2.
(2) _hmXodr d_m©
(3) _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' ................. H$s H${dVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (2) Yy{_b
3.
(2) ào_rH$m
(2) gwa~mbm H$mo
(3) _mbr Ho$
(2) Xodm| Ho$
(4) dram| Ho$
(3) dram| Ho$
(4) gwa~mbmAm| Ho$
(3) g_«mQ>m| H$mo
(4) Xodm| H$mo
"_wPo VmoS> boZm' nwîn ............ H$hVm h¡ Ÿ&
(2) ào{_`m| H$mo
_mV¥^y{_ na ere MT>mZo dmbo dram| Ho$ n¡am|Vbo am¢XZo H$s BÀN>m ...... ì`º$ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) nwîn
5.
(4) g_«mQm| H$mo
........ {ga na MT>H$a nwîn ^m½` na BR>bmZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ&
(1) dZ_mbr H$mo
8.
(4) amZr
(3) _mV¥^y{_
(2) Jar~m| Ho$
(1) g_m«Q>m| Ho$
7.
(3) Xo{d`m|
............. ed na S>mbo OmZo H$s nwîn A{^bmfm Zht H$aVm Ÿ&
(1) g_«mQ>m| Ho$
6.
(4) ZmJmOw©Z
ào_r-_mbm _| q~YH$a ............. bbMmZo H$s nwîn H$s BÀN>m Zht Ÿ&
(1) ß`mar H$mo
5.
(3) {Zambm
nwîn ......... Ho$ JhZm| _| J±yWZm Zht MmhVm Ÿ&
(1) gwa~mbm
4.
(4) ZmJmOw©Z
(2) dZ_mbr
(3) h[a
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
A{^bmfm
=
BÀN>m
gwa~mbm
=
Xod H$Ý`m
Jy±WZm
=
{namoZm
bbMmZm
=
_moh CËnÞ H$aZm
ere MT>mZm
=
Ý`moN>mda hmoZm, g_n©U H$aZm Ÿ&
4
(4) g_«mQ>
6.
Mmh
=
BÀN>m
JhZm
=
Am^yfU
q~YZm
=
\±$gZm, CbPZm
BR>bmZm
=
BVamZm, Jd© _hgyg H$aZm
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 3
(2) 1$
(3) 1$
(4) 1$
(5) 1$
(6) 1$
(7) 1$
(8) 1$
7.
gmam§e
1.
H${d _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {bE AmË_ ~{bXmZ H$aZo dmbo dram| Ho$ ^º$ aho h¢ Ÿ& H${d Ho$ AZwgma
AnZr _mV¥^y{_ Ho$ {bE _a-{_Q>Zo dmbo dram| H$m ñWmZ gdm}ƒ h¡ Ÿ&
2.
Bg H${dVm _| {M{ÌV nwîn ^r Eogo dram| Ho$ MaUm|Vbo am¡X§H$a {_Q²>Q>r ~Z OmZo _| hr OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm
g_PVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
nwîn Z XodH$Ý`m Ho$ Am^yfU _| ñWmZ nmZm MmhVm h¡, Z ào_r-_mbm H$m {hñgm ~ZZm MmhVm h¡ Z g_«mQ>m|
Ho$ ed na S>mbo OmZo H$s CgH$s h¡ Am¡a Z hr B©ída Ho$ _wHw$Q> _| ñWmZ nmH$a ^m½` na BR>bmZo H$s Ÿ& ~pëH$
dh MmhMm h¡ {H$, AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE ere MT>mZo dmbo dram| Ho$ n¡am| _| Cgo ñWmZ {_bo Ÿ&
4.
AnZo ì`{º$JV gwI Ho$ ~Xbo Ë`mJ, g_n©U Am¡a Xoeào_ H$m g§Xoe Bg H${dVm _| {X`m J`m h¡>Ÿ&
5.
IyX H$m OrdZ Xygam| Ho$ H$m_ _| AmE, `hr _Zwî` Y_© h¡ Ÿ&
5
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
g§X^© Ho$ àíZ
""_wPo VmoS> boZm dZ _mbr ! - Cg nW _| Vw_ XoZm \|$H$ Ÿ&
_mV¥^y{_ na ere MT>mZo, {Og nW Omd| dra AZoH$ Ÿ&&''
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
"nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© ~VmVo hþE g§Xoe ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
_amR>r Ho$ {d. Xm. gmdaH$a, Hw$gw_mJ«O VWm AÝ` Xoe^{º$na H$mì` {bIZo dmbo H${d`m| H$s H${dVm H$m
AÜ``Z VWm g§J«h H$s{OE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
{h_{H$ar{Q>Zr - _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr
6
BH$mB© - 1 (I)
2. ^maV H$s {dYdm
- gy`H© $m§V {ÌnmR>r "{Zambm'
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
{Zambm H$m n[aM`
3.2
"^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3
"^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
_hmH${d {Zambm Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd Am¡a H¥${VËd go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
^maVr` {dYdm Zmar H$s H$ê$U Xem go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
H${d {Zambm Ho$ _mZdVmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
^maVr` {dYdm Zmar H$s AÝ`mÝ` {ddeVmAm| VWm AmnXmAm| go n[a{MV hmo OmE±Jo Ÿ&
♦
CgH$s __mªVH$ nrS>m go ì`{WV hmoH$a g_mO H$s AÝ` {dYdmAm| H$s ghm`Vm H$aZo H$s àoaUm àmá H$a
gH|$Jo Ÿ&
7
2.
àñVmdZm
{Zambm Or AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ N>m`mdmXr `wJ Ho$ à_wI AmYmañV§^ aho, na§Vw `wJ Ho$ AZwê$n do
àJ{Verb, Xme©{ZH$ Am¡a qMVZerb H${d ^r aho h¢ Ÿ& N>m`mdmXr H${d`m| _| do g~go A{YH$ {dÐmohr, gdm©{YH$
CXmÎm Am¡a OZ-OrdZ Ho$ à{V {deof ê$n go gOJ H${d _mZo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| "_hmàmU {Zambm' H$hm OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam Ho$ H$maU _mZdVmdmX CZH$s H${dVm H$m _w»` {df` ahm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s "{dYdm' H${dVm _|
àJ{Verb {dMmaYmam H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
H${d {Zambm H$m n[aM`
{Zambm H$m OÝ_ 21 \$adar, 1896 B©. H$mo ~§Jmb Ho$ _{hfmXb amÁ` _| hþAm Ÿ& {Zambm n§. am_ghm`
{ÌnmR>r Ho$ àW_ nwÌ Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm Or{dH$monmO©Z Ho$ {bE ~§Jmb AmE Wo & CZH$m n[adma H$mÝ`Hw$ãO ~«m÷U n[adma
Wm Ÿ& ~MnZ _| hr CZH$s _m± H$m XohdgmZ hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& Bg{bE {nVm Zo CZH$m nmbZ-nmofU {H$`m Ÿ& BZH$s àma§{^H$
{ejm ~§Jmbr _| hþB© Am¡a dhm± go hr _¡Q´>rH$ VH$ H$s {ejm àmá H$s Ÿ& H${dVm go ~MnZ go hr CZH$m AZwamJ Wm Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo àma§{^H$ aMZmE± ~§Jmbr _| hr H$s h¢ Ÿ& 14 df© H$s AdñWm _| {Zambm Or H$m _ZmohamXodr Ho$ gmW {ddmh
hþAm Ÿ& nËZr H$s àoaUm go do qhXr H$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hþE Ÿ& à{V^membr hmoZo Ho$ H$maU erK« hr do qhXr Am¡a g§ñH¥$V Ho$
A{YH$mar {dX²dmZ hmo JE Ÿ& ^maVr` Xe©Z go {Zambm Or {deof à^m{dV Wo Ÿ& H${d hmoZo Ho$ gmW-gmW do EH$ Hw$eb
Jm`H$ Ed§ g§JrVk ^r Wo Ÿ& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| emór` g§JrV H$m CËH¥$ï> ê$n XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ gm{hpË`H$
OrdZ H$s gmYZm "g_Ýd`' Zm_H$ nÌ Ho$ g§nmXZ H$mb go àma§^ hþB© Ÿ& "{Zambm' g~ àH$ma Ho$ ~§YZm| go _wº$ EH$
ñdÀN>§X àH¥${V Ho$ H$bmH$ma Wo Ÿ& 15 Zd§~a, 1961 H$mo {Zambm H$m ñdJ©dmg hmo J`m Ÿ&
H¥${VËd
{Zambm Or ~hþ_wIr à{V^m Ho$ gm{hË`H$ma WoŸ & CÝhm|Zo gm{hË` H$s g^r {dYmAm| H$mo AnZr à{V^m go
OJ_Jm`mŸ& {Zambm H$s aMZmE± {ZåZ àH$ma h¢ H$mì`
- VwbgrXmg (à~§Y), AZm{_H$m, n[a_b, Jr{VH$m, Anam, AM©Zm, AmamYZm, JrV Jw±O, ~obm,
Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm, ZE nÎmo, A{U_m, {dZ_ I§S>, H${dlr, gm§Ü` H$mH$br Am¡a gamoOñ_¥{V Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg
- AbH$m, Anam, M_obr, MmoQ>r H$s nH$S>, {Zê$n_m, à^mdVr, CÀN¥>Ib, H$mbo H$maZm_o
Am{X Ÿ&
H$hmZr g§J«h - {bbr, gwHw$b H$s ~r~r, Xodr, gIr, Aßgam, AbH$m Am{X Ÿ&
ZmQ>H$
- g_mO, eHw§$Vbm, Cfm, amO`moJ Am{X Ÿ&
aoIm{MÌ
- Hw$„r^mQ>, {~„ogwa ~H$[ahm, MVwar M_ma Am{X Ÿ&
O{d{Z`m±
- ^r_, àh²bmX, amUm àVmn, Y«wd, eHw§$Vbm Am{X Ÿ&
8
{Z~§Y
- à~§YnX²_, à~§Y à{V_m, à~§Y n[aM`, adtÐ H$mZZ Hw$gw_, Mm~wH$ Am{X Ÿ&
AZwdmX
- _hm^maV, Xodr Mm¡YwamZr, AmZ§X_R>, aOZr, XwJ}eZ§{XZr, H¥$îUH$m§V H$m {db, nm[ad«mOH$
ñdm_r am_H¥$îU, lram_H¥$îU dMZm_¥V, amYmamZr, {ddoH$mZ§X Ho$ ^mfU Ÿ&
AmbmoMZm
- n§V Am¡a n„d, à~§Y à{V_m Am{X Ÿ&
3.2
"^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
H${d "{Zambm' H$s H${dVm "{dYdm' gm_m{OH$ AË`mMma H$s H$hmZr h¡ Am¡a Bg_| ^maV H$s {dYdm Zmar
H$m H$ê$U {MÌ A§{H$V {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& {Zambm Or H$s gm_m{OH$ ghmZw^y{V H$s `h H${dVm CZH$s `WmW© Ñ{ï> H$m
à_mU h¡ Ÿ& `hm± {Zambm H$m n[adoe EH$ `WmW©dmXr H${d H$m h¡ Ÿ& _hmXodr d_m© Zo Bg H${dVm Ho$ ~mao _| {bIm h¡ ""gm_m{OH$ AmYma na `h Bï>Xod Ho$ _§{Xa H$s nyOm-gm Vn nyV d¡Yì` H$m Omo {MÌ h¡ dh AnZr {Xì` Abm¡{H$H$Vm
_| AHo$bm h¡ Ÿ&''~rgdr eVmãXr Ho$ nydm©Y© _| ^maVr` {dYdm Zmar H$s pñW{V {H$VZr Aghm` Am¡a XX©^ar Wr Bgo `h
H${dVm dmUr XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.3
"^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
H${d {Zambm ^maVr` {dYdm-ór H$s `WmW© pñW{V H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$, dh Bï>Xod Ho$ _§{Xa
H$s nyOm Ho$ g_mZ n{dÌ VWm dhm± ObZo dmbo Z§XmXrn H$s bm¡ Ho$ g_mZ em§V Am¡a AnZo Amn _| brZ bJVr h¡ Ÿ&
Š`m|{H$ A~ Cgo g§gma H$s {H$gr MrO Ho$ à{V _moh aIZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Am¡a Z hr g~Ho$ gmW h±g-IobH$a ~mV|
H$aZo H$m Ÿ& Cgo XoIH$a Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$, _mZmo dh H«y$a H$mb Ho$ Vm§S>d Z¥Ë` H$s ñ_aU aoIm hmo, H$mb Ho$ Vm§S>d-Z¥Ë`
_| CgH$m g~Hw$N> Vhg-Zhg hmo J`m h¡ Ÿ& A~ dh Aghm` Am¡a AmË_hrZ hþB© h¡ Ÿ& {Og àH$ma d¥j Ho$ Qy>Q> OmZo na
Cg na \¡$br bVm Aghm` hmo OmVr h¡ Cgr àH$ma n{V Ho$ A^md _| ^maVr` {dYdm ^r {Zê$nm` Am¡a ~oghmam hmo
OmVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s X{bV Am¡a An_mZrV pñW{V n¡Xm hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
YaVr ha F¥$Vw _| AbJ l¥§Jma H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& N>: F¥$VwE± H«$_mZwgma AmVr h¢ Am¡a dZ-CndZ H$mo {dH${gV H$a
XoVr h¢ VWm \y$b {IbZo bJVo h¢, na {dYdm Ho$ OrdZ na BZ F¥$VwAm| H$m Hw$N> ^r à^md Zht nS>Vm Am¡a F¥$VwE±
MwnMmn AmH$a Mbr OmVr h¢ Ÿ& H${d H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ A~ {dYdm Ho$ OrdZ _| ñdÀN>§X OrdZ H$s A_a H$ënZm hr
Ho$db ~mH$s h¡ Ÿ& `h g§gma Vmo A~ CgHo$ {bE ì`Wm H$s Eogr H$hmZr h¡ {Ogo dh àm`: ^wb JB© h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V {dYdm
H$m OrdZ hr ì`Wm h¡ Am¡a dh Bg doXZm H$mo ghVo-ghVo à^mdhrZ hmo MwH$s h¡ VWm Bg {dah ì`Wm H$mo ^r dh
ñdßZdV ghZ H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& `h ì`Wm^am XmånË` OrdZ H$m H$ënZm_` ñdßZ hr A~ CgH$m AmYma h¡ Ÿ&
{dYdm Zo gwhmJ Ho$ Xn©U _| AnZo n{V H$mo Ho$db EH$ hr ~ma XoIm Wm Ÿ& CgH$m dh n{V Cg nam{lV A~bm
H$m EH$_mÌ ghmam VWm CgHo$ OrdZ H$m {à` bú` Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ {bE Y«wd Vmao Ho$ g_mZ Wm Ÿ& H${d H$m
H$hZm h¡ {H$ n{V Ho$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX Cg ór Ho$ OrdZ _| AZ§V_mJ© go H$ê$U H$mo Ymam ~hVr h¡ Ÿ&
9
^maVr` {dYdm H$m H$ê$UmnyU© {MÌU H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ Cg {dYdm H$s Am±Io H$ê$Um ag go
hf©{d^moa hþB© h¢ Ÿ& AWm©V CgH$s Am±Imo _| H$ê$Um Am¡a XrZVm nyU©V: PbH$Vr h¡ (H$ê$Um ag H$m nyUm©Z§X XoZo _| Am±Im|
Ho$ ^md n[anyU© h¢) Ÿ& CgH$s `h H$mê${UH$ Xem XoIH$a _Zê$nr ^±dao H$s nm±I| ^rJ CR>Vr Wr Ÿ& AWm©V {H$gr ^r
XoIZodmbo ({dYdm H$mo) H$m _Z amo CR>Vm Wm Ÿ& Cg {dYdm Ho$ H$mo_b ñda _| Omo Jw§Oma Jw§Om[aV hmoVr Wr dh A~ Zht
ahr Am¡a A~ Vmo Ho$db hmhmH$ma hr à{VÜd{ZV hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& dh {dYdm _mZmo H$ê$Um go ^ar hþB© g[aVm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr
H$ê$Umê$nr g[aVm Ho$ _{bZ VQ> na EH$ bKw Qy>Q>r hþB© Pm|nS>r H$m _m¡Z ~T>m ahm h¡ Ÿ& dh ñd`§ {N>Þ-{^Þ hþB© h¡ VWm
A{dab ~hZo dmbo Am±gwAm| go CgH$m Am§Mb ^rJ J`m h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _Z _| AVrd Xw:I h¡ VWm Xw:I Ho$ H$maU AYa
gwI JE h¢ Am¡a {MVdZ ÌñV hþB© h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V Xw:I Ho$ H$maU CgH$m g§nyU© eara hr {ZñVoO hþAm h¡ VWm _Z doXZm go
AñdñW hþAm h¡ Ÿ& Eogr XX©^ar Aghm` AdñWm _| dh {dYdm AnZo Amn H$mo Xw{Z`m H$s ZOam| go ~MmZo H$m à`mg
H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& AWmh doXZmE± Cgo ê$bmVr h¢, bo{H$Z dh Añnï> ñdam| _| hr {dbmn H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Bg H$ê$UmnyU©
ì`Wm H$mo Yra AmH$me Am¡a {ZíMb dm`w hr gwZVm h¡ Ÿ& ZXr H$s bhao ^r CgH$s ì`Wm H$mo R>ha-R>ha H$a gwZVr
h¢ Ÿ&
H${dVm Ho$ A§V _| H${d nmR>H$m| go àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, {Og {doYdm Ho$ Xw:I H$m H$moB© {H$Zmam hr Zht h¡, Cgo
YraO XoZodmbm VWm CgHo$ Xw:I H$m ^ma hbH$m H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo (Xw:I H$mo) AnZo H§$Yo na boZo dmbm Š`m H$moB© Bg
Xoe _| h¡ ? CgHo$ gmW X¡d `m ^m½` Zo AVrd Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa AË`mMma hr {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H${d ^maVr` g_mO H$mo
gå~moYH$a àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, Š`m H$^r {H$gr Ho$ AlwOb nmoN>Zo H$m H$m_ {H$`m h¡ `m g~H$mo nrS>m XoZo H$m hr H$m_
H$aVo hmo Ÿ? AWm©V H$moB© ór {dYdm hmo OmVr h¡ Vmo ^maVr` g_mO Cgo nrS>m_wº$ H$aZo Ho$ ~Xbo An_mZrV Am¡a ~o~g
~ZZo Ho$ {bE hr Š`m| _O~ya H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ V¥U nÌm| na nT>r hþB© Amog H$s ~y±X PS> OmZo Ho$ ~mX {_Å>r
_| {_b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma AìhobZm Am¡a ~o~gr H$m Xw:I ^maVr` {dYdm H$mo OrdZna gbmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s Bg
Aghm` AdñWm _| ghm`Vm H$aZo dmbm H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& CgHo$ AlwAm| H$mo nm|N>Zodmbm H$moB© Zht hmoVm Ÿ& {dYdm Ho$
à{V hmoZodmbm ^maVr` g_mO H$m `h ~Vm©d Xoe H$m ga PwH$mVm h¡ Ÿ&
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
"^maV H$s {dYdm' ............... H$s H${dVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) ZraO
2.
(3) ~ƒZ
(4) _hmXodr d_m©
(3) hmbmdmXr
(4) AH${dVmdmXr
{Zambm _ybV: ......... H$[d h¢ Ÿ&
(1$) N>m`mdmXr
3.
(2) {Zambm
(2) à`moJdmXr
^maVr` {dYdm H${d H$mo H«y$a H$mb-Vm§S>d H$s ....... gr bJVr h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) ñ_¥{V-aoIm
(2) XrK-{eIm
(3) nyOm
10
(4) H$ënZm
4.
H${d Zo {dYdm H$mo ............... H$s ^ybr hþB© H$Wm H$hm h¡ Ÿ&
(1) ñ_¥{V
5.
(2) ì`Wm
(2) ñdßZ
(2) Jw§Oma
(2) AñV
(3) XwI
(4) AË`mMma
(3) {ZíMb
(4) H$R>mao
{dYdm Ho$ gmW ................. Zo Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa AË`mMma {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
(2) _mZd
(3) n{V
(4) Kadmobm|
Qy>Q>o Vê$ H$s N>Q>r bVm-gr XmoZ ................. H$mo H$hm h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) {dYdm
5.
(4) H$Wm
{dYdm .............. ñda _| amoVr h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) X¡d
10.
(3) Hw$Q>r
(2) nrQ>Zo
(1$) Añ\w$Q>
9.
(4) YZ
{dYdm Ho$ AYa ............. Ho$ H$maU ê$Io-gwIo hþE Wo Ÿ&
(1$) ^ma
8.
(3) n{V
{Zambm Zo H$ê$Um H$s g[aVm ............ H$mo H$hm h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) {dYdm
7.
(4) gwhmJ
{dYdm Ho$ {bE Y«wdVmam ............ Wm Ÿ&
(1$) Xn©U
6.
(3) ñdßZ
(2) nyOm
(3) F¥$Vw
(4) g[aVm
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX eãXmW©
Bï>Xod
=
AmamÜ` Xod, Hw$bXodVm
Xrn-{eIm
=
XrnH$ H$s bm¡
H«w$a-H$mb-Vm§S>d
=
g_` H$m {dZmeH$mar Z¥Ë`
fS²>F¥$Vw
=
dg§V, J«rî_, nmdg, eaX², ho_§V Am¡a {e{ea Am{X N>: F¥$VwE± Ÿ&
Hw$gw{_V
=
nwpînV
H$mZZ
=
dZ, O§Jb
Zrad-nX-g§gma
=
AmdmO {H$E {~Zm Yrao-Yrao MbZm
ñdÀN>X§
=
_wº$
ì`Wm
=
XwI
Xn©U
=
AmBZm, erem
11
{~på~V
=
A§{H$V, {M{ÌV
OrdZ-YZ
=
OrdZ H$s gån{V AWm©V n{V
bú`
=
CX²Xoí`, Ü`o`
AZ§V
=
Agr_, Ag§I, A{dZmer
nwb{H$V
=
àgÞ, hf©`wº$
_Z-_YwH$a
=
_Z ê$nr ^«_a
_¥Xw
=
H$mo_b
Jw§Oma
=
^m¡am| H$s Jw§O
hmhmH$ma
=
Hw$ham_, Xw:I Ho$ H$maU öX` go {ZH$br à{VÜd{Z
g[aVm
=
Z{X
nw{bZ
=
{H$Zmam
Hw$Q>r
=
Pm|nS>r
Añ\w$Q>
=
Aì`º$
g_ra
=
dm`w
N>moa
=
{H$Zmam
X¡d
=
^m½`, {dYmVm
{dH$b
=
XwIr, ì`{WV
n„d
=
nÎm|
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 2
(2) 1$
(3) 1$
(4) 2
(5) 3
(6) 1$
(7) 3
(8) 1$
(9) 1$
(10) 1$
12
7.
gmam§e
1.
{Zambm Or Zo ^maVr` n[admam| _| hmoZodmbr {dYdm H$s X`Zr` Am¡a X{bV pñW{V H$m `WmW© {MÌU
"^maVr` {dYdm' H${dVm _| {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
noS> Ho$ Qy>Q>H$a {JaZo na Cgna \¡$br hþB© bVm ^r AmYma {dhrZ hmoH$a {~Ia OmVr h¡, Cgr àH$ma n{V Ho$
Mbo OmZo na ór ^r Aghm` ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
àH¥${V H$s ha F¥$Vw _| AbJ T>§J go gOZo-g§daZo dmbr ór {dYdm ~Z OmVr h¡, Vmo CgHo$ {bE BZH$m H$moB©
_Vb~ hr Zht hmoVm Ÿ&
{dYdm H$m OrdZ Ho$db ì`Wm go ^ar hþB© H$Wm Ho$ ê$n _| ~mH$s ah OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
n{V Ho$ ê$n _| hmoZo dmbo OrdZ-YZ Ho$ Mbo OmZo go ~o~g {dYdm ór H$m g§nyU© gm¢X`© hr {dVwï> hmo OmVm
h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ gwIo hþE AYa Am¡a _ñV {MVdZ Cgo ~XgyaV ~Zm XoVo h¢ Ÿ& dh Añ\w$Q> ñda _| amoVr ahVr h¡ Ÿ& CgH$m
g§nyU© OrdZ EH$ A§Yoar H$moR>ar ~Z OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
CgHo$ gmW ^m½` H$m Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa AË`mMma Cgo OrdZ^a ê$bmVm h¡ Ÿ&
H${d àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, Š`m CgHo$ Am§gwAm| H$mo {H$gr Zo nmoN>m h¡ Ÿ? Cgo Eogr Xem _| Am¡a VH${b\$ XoZo Ho$
H$maU hr ^maVr` g_mO H$m ga PwH$ OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
g§X^© Ho$ àíZ
""`h XwI {OgH$m Zht Hw$N> N>moa h¡,
X¡d, AË`mMma H¡$gm Kmoa Am¡a H$R>moa h¡ Ÿ&
Š`m H$^r nmoN>o {H$gr Ho$ AlwOb Ÿ?
`m {H$`m H$aVo aho g~H$mo {d\$b ?''
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
"^maV H$s {dYdm' H${dVm _| {M{ÌV Zmar H$s XwX©em H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
{dYdm na {bIr qhXr VWm _amR>r H$s AÝ` H${dVmAm| H$mo nT> {b{OE VWm {H$gr {dYdm go {_bH$a CgHo$
Xw:I H$mo {M{ÌV H$aZo H$m à`mg H$s{OE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
AZm{_H$m - {Zambm
13
BH$mB© - 1 (J)
3. _¢ Zra ^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr
- _hmXodr d_m©
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
_hmXodr d_m© H$m n[aM`
3.2
"_¢ Zra ^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3
"_¢ Zra ^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
_hmXodr d_m© Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
Ë`mJ H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
"Xygam| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo ha^am H$aVo-H$aVo {_Q> OmZo _| hr OrdZ H$s gmW©H$Vm hmoVr h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
H$d{`Ìr Zo AnZo {bE MwZo ~mXb Ho$ Cn_mZ H$s gmW©H$Vm g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
14
2.
àñVmdZm
qhXr gm{hË` H$s H$d{`{Ì`m| _o§ _hmXodr d_m© H$m ñWmZ gd©joð> h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| ~më`H$mb go hr H$mì` _| ê${M
Wr Ÿ& N>m`mdmX VWm ahñ`dmX H$s H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| CÝh| nhMmZm OmVm h¡ CZHo$ g_mZ H$ê$Um, doXZm, nrS>m Ho$ BVZo
_m{_©H$ JrV qhXr _| Am¡a {H$gr Zo Zht {bI| h¢ Ÿ& H$ê$Um Am¡a doXZm CZHo$ JrVm| H$s à_wI àd¥{Îm ahr Ÿ& CZH$m g_ñV
H$mì` doXZm_` h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s doXZm _| XwI Am¡a H$ê$Um H$m KZr^yV ê$n hþAm h¡ Ÿ& `h XwI ^m¡{VH$ Z hmoH$a AmÜ`pË_H$
h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ H$mì` H$s {dah doXZm H$mo XoIH$a AmbmoMH$m| Zo CÝh| "AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s _ram Ÿ&' H$hm h¡ Ÿ& H$d{`Ìr Zo
ñd`§ H$hm h¡ - ""nr‹S>m _oao _mZg go ^rJo nQ>-gr {bnQ>r h¡ Ÿ&'' CZH$s "_¢ Zra ^ar XwI H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm BÝht
{dMmam| H$mo A{^ì`{º$ XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
H$d{`Ìr _hmXodr d_m© H$m n[aM`
_hmXodr d_m© H$m OÝ_ 26 _mM©, 1907 H$mo CÎma àXoe Ho$ \$ê©$Im~mX {Obo _| hþAm Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm lr JmoqdX
àgmX d_m© àmÜ`mnH$ Wo Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ ho_amZr Xodr Wm Ÿ& 200 dfm] ~mX n[adma _| ~oQ>r n¡Xm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU
_hmXodr Zm_ aIm Ÿ& _hmXodr Or H$s {ejm B§Xm¡a _| {_eZ ñHy$b _| àma§^ hþB©, gmW hr g§ñH¥$V, A§J«oOr, g§JrV VWm
{MÌH$bm H$s {ejm AÜ`mnH$m| X²dmam Ka na hr Xr OmVr ahr & {ddmhmonam§V 1919 _| H«$mñWdoQ> H$m°boO, Bbmhm~mX
_| àdoe {b`m Ÿ& gmV df© H$s AdñWm go hr H${dVm {bIZo bJr Wr Ÿ& 1932 _| Bbmhm~mX {díd{dX²`mb` go
g§ñH¥$V _| E_.E. nmg {H$`m & V~ VH$ Xmo H$mì` g§J«h àH$m{eV hmo MwHo$ Wo Am¡a à{gX²Y H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| Zm_ hþAm
Wm Ÿ& _hmXodr Or H$s n{Vñdê$n Zmam`U d_m© go H$moB© AZ~Z Zht Wr, bo{H$Z CÝh| d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ go {da{º$
Wr Ÿ& CZH$m OrdZ Vmo EH$ g§Ý`m{gZr H$m OrdZ Wm Ÿ& OrdZ^a ídoV dó nhZm Am¡a H$^r erem Zht XoIm Ÿ&
_hmXodr H$m H$m`©joÌ boIZ, g§nmXZ Am¡a AÜ`mnZ ahm CÝhm|Zo Bbmhm~mX _| à`mJ _{hbm {dX²`mnrR> Ho$
{dH$mg _| _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& Bgr g§ñWm H$s àYmZmMm`© Am¡a Hw$bn{V ^r aht Ÿ& _hmXodr ~m¡X²Y Y_© go ~hþV
à^m{dV Wr Ÿ& _hmË_m Jm§Yr Ho$ à^md go CÝhm|Zo OZgodm H$m d«V {b`m Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| ^r {hñgm {b`m Ÿ&
_hmXodr Or H$mo àemgZrH$, AY©àemgZZrH$ Am¡a ì`{º$JV g^r àH$ma Ho$ nwañH$ma {_bo Ÿ& BZ_| nX²_^yfU,
gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$s gXñ`Vm, nX²_{d^yfU, goŠgo[a`m Am¡a kmZnrR> (`m_m) Am{X nwañH$mam| H$m {deof _hÎd
h¡ Ÿ&
H¥${VËd : H${dVm, g§ñ_aU, aoIm{MÌ, AmbmoMZm Am{X {d{dY {dYmAm| _| _hmXodr Zo boIZr MbmB© h¡ Ÿ& na§Vw
CZH$m H${d ê$n hr A{YH$ C^aH$a Am`m h¡ Ÿ&
1.
H$mì` g§J«h - Zrhma, apí_, ZraOm, gm§Ü`JrV, Xrn{eIm, gánUm©, àW_ Am`m_, A{¾aoIm Am{X Ÿ&
_hmXodr d_m© Ho$ AÝ` AZoH$ H$mì` g§H$bZ ^r àH$m{eV h¢, {OZ_| Cn`w©ŠV aMZmAm| _| go MwZo hþE JrV
g§H${bV h¢, O¡go - AmpË_H$m, n[aH«$_m, g§{YZr, `m_m, JrVnd©, XrnJrV, ñ_m[aH$m, Zrbm§~am Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H${d
_hmXodr Ÿ&
15
2.
g§ñ_aU - nW> Ho$ gmWr, _oam n[adma, jUXm Am{X Ÿ&
3.
aoIm{MÌ - ñ_¥{V H$s aoImE±, AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ Am{X Ÿ&
4.
AmbmoMZm - AmYw{ZH$ H${d H$s ^y{_H$m, qhXr H$m {ddoMZmË_H$ JX²`, gm{hË`H$ma H$s AmñWm VWm AÝ`
{Z~§Y, l¥§Ibm H$s H${S>`m± Am{X Ÿ&
5.
AZwdmX - gánUm© (_hmZ H${d`m| H$s MwZr hþB© aMZmAm| H$m nX²`mZwdmX )
6.
g§nmXZ - {h_mb` ({h_mb` go g§~§{YV ZE nwamZo H${d`m| H$s MwZr hþB© aMZmAm| H$m g§H$bZ Ÿ&)
3.2
"_¢ Zra ^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
AmYw{ZH qhXr H${dVm H$s _yY©Ý` H$d{`Ìr lr_Vr _hmXodr d_m© Ho$ H$mì` _| EH$ _m{_©H$ g§doXZm h¡ Ÿ&
gab-gwYao àVrH$m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AnZo ^mdm| H$mo {Og T>§J go _hmXodr Or A{^ì`º$ H$aVr h¡, dh AÝ`Ì Xwb©^
h¢ Ÿ& dmñVd _| CZH$m g§nyU© H$mì` EH$ {Ma§VZ Am¡a Agr_ {à` Ho$ à{V {Zdo{XV h¡ {Og_| OrdZ H$s Yyn-N>m±h Am¡a
J§^ra qMVZ H$s B§ÐYZwfr H$mo_bVm h¡ Ÿ& "AmpË_H$m' _| g§J¥hrV H${dVmAm| Ho$ ~mao _o§ ñd`§ _hmXodr Or Zo `h ñdrH$ma
{H$`m h¡ {H$ Bg_| _oar Eogr aMZmE± g§J¥hrV h¢ Omo _oar OrdZ-Ñ{ï>, Xe©Z, gm¢X`©~moY Am¡a H$mì`-Ñ{ï> H$m n[aM` Xo
gH|$Jr Ÿ& _hmXodr Or H$s "_¢ Zra ^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' Bgr H$mì` g§H$bZ _| g§H${bV H${dVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: ñnï> ho {H$
Bg_| ~mXb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go CÝhm|Zo AnZr OrdZ-Ñ{ï> H$mo A{^ì`º$ {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
3.3
"_¢ Zra ^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
"_¢ Zra ^ar XwI H$s ~Xbr' _hmXodr Or Ho$ OrdZ {df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$mo ñnï> H$aZo dmbr AË`§V bmoH${à`
H${dVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg H${dVm _| ~mXb H$m _mZdrH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$m OrdZ AënH$mbrZ hmoVm h¡, bo{H$Z do
AnZr gr{_V Am`w _| g¥{ï> H$mo ha^am H$a XoVo h¢ Ÿ& d¡go hr h_mam OrdZ ^r OZH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE g_{n©V hmoZm
Mm{hE Ÿ&
_hmXodr Or H$hVr h¡ {H$ _¢ Vmo XwI ê$nr Ob go ^ar hþB© ~Xbr hÿ± Ÿ& _oao ñn§XZ AWm©V J{V _| h_oem pñWa
ahZo dmbm n[adV©Z ~gm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V ~mXb hdm Ho$ gmW g^r OJh nhþ±MVo h¢ Am¡a {MañWm`r {dH$mg H$aVo h¢ Ÿ&
ñn§XZ`wº$ ~mXb Amng _| Q>H$amVo h¢ Am¡a JS>JS>mhQ> H$s Üd{Z H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& H$d{`Ìr Zo Bgo CZH$m H«§$XZ H$hm
h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z ~mXbm| Ho$ Bgr H«§$XZ Ho$ H$maU Omoam| H$s ~mare hmoVr h¡ Am¡a ß`mgm {díd hf©{d^moa hmoH$a h±gZo bJVm h¡
Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$s JS>JS>mhQ> go M_H$Zo dmbr {~Obr, _mZm| _oao Z`Zm| _| ObVo hþE XrnH$ hr h¢ Ÿ& O¡go hr {~Obr M_H$Vr
h¡ ~mXbm| go ObYmamE± àdm{hV hmoZo Ho$ {bE _MbVr ahVr h¢ Ÿ&
~mXbm| H$m AmJ_Z IweZw_m Am¡a g§JrV^am hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| H$mo gmW boH$a ~hZo dmbr hdm _| ñdßZdV
gwJ§Y hmoVr h¡; {_Q²>Q>r H$s {^Zr-{^Zr Iwe~y g~H$mo AmH${f©V H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& ~mXbm| _| gyaO H$s {H$aZ| \¡$b OmVr h¢, Vmo
_mZmo Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ AmH$me _| {H$gr Zo AZoH$ a§Jm| H$m dó \¡$bm {X`m h¡ Ÿ& J«rî_ _| Agh²` Cî_m, H$mo PobVm hþAm
16
ì`{º$ AMmZH$ ~mXb H$s N>m`m nm boVm h¡ Vmo _mZmo Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ _b` nd©V go AmZo dmbr M§XZ go gwJ§{YV _§X
hdm H$m R>§S>H$^am gwI CgZo nm {b`m hmo Ÿ&
H$d{`Ìr Zo YaVr na \¡$bo {j{VO H$mo YaVr H$s ^¥Hw${Q> H$hm h¡ Am¡a Cg ^¥Hw${Q> na YwE± Ho$ a§J _| \¡$bo ~mXbm|
H$mo XoIH$a dh H$hVr h¡ {H$, _mZmo do KZr qMVm H$m ^md ~Z ~¡R>o h¢ Ÿ&
YaVr na \¡$br {_Q²>Q>r na ~Xbr O~ ObH$U ~ZH$a ~agVr h¡ Vmo {_Q²>Q>r go V¥Um| VWm noS>m| Ho$ ~rOm| go
Zdm§Hw$a \y$Q> {ZH$bVo h¢ Ÿ& ZdOrdZ H$m {Z_m©U hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& ~Xbr H$hVr h¡ {H$ _oao AmJ_Z go nW _| H$moB© J§XJr Zht
\¡$bVr Am¡a Z hr _¢ OmVo dº$ AnZo nX {Mh²Z N>moS> OmVr hÿ²± Ÿ& AWm©V {Og àH$ma ~mXb hdm Ho$ gmW CS>H$a AmVo
h¢, gñVo _| H$moB© Hy$S>m-H$Mam Zht \¡$bmVo Am¡a ~ag-~ag H$a nyU©V: {_Q> OmVo h¢, H$moB© AñVrËd Zht N>moS>Vo Ÿ& Cgr
àH$ma H$d{`Ìr H$mo ^r AnZo AmZo go {H$gr H$mo VH$br\$ Z hmo BgH$m Ü`mZ aIZo Ho$ gmW-gmW g_{ï> Ho$ gwI Ho$
{bE {H$E hþE H$m`© Ho$ {bE H$moB© AnZm Zm_ Z bo, BgH$m Ü`mZ aIZm h¡ Ÿ& H$d{`Ìr ~mXb Ho$ _mÜ`_ go BVZr hr
BÀN>m ì`º$ H$aVr h¡ {H$, gwI Ho$ amo_m§M Ho$ g_mZ {díd _| _oar gwInyU© ñ_¥{V eof aho Ÿ&
~Xbr {dñV¥V AmH$me Ho$ {H$gr ^r H$moZo na AnZm hH$ OVmZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ& {díd _| dh AnZm BVZmhr
n[aM` Am¡a B{Vhmg N>moS> OmZm MmhVr h¡ {H$ CgH$m H$b {Z_m©U hþAm Wm Am¡a AmO dh ~agH$a {_Q> JB© Ÿ& AWm©V
_hmXodr Or AnZm OrdZ Bg Vah OrZm MmhVr ^r {H$ {dídH$ë`mU Ho$ {bE dh Anma H$ï> CR>mE± Ÿ& bo{H$Z CZHo$
{H$E hþE H$m`© H$m H$ht B{Vhmg Z ~Z OmE Ÿ& AZmgº$ OrdZ hr CZHo$ {bE ào_ Wm Am¡a Bgr T>§J H$m OrdZ OrZo H$m
CÝhm|Zo à`mg {H$`m Ÿ& Bgr H$maU _hmXodr H$ê$Um H$s g~go ~S>r H$d{`Ìr _mZr OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
"_¢ Zra^ar XwI H$s ~Xbr' .............. H$s H${dVm h¡ Ÿ?
(1$) _hmXodr d_m©
2.
(2) AmhV
(3) M§Mb
(4) AZwamJr
(2) XwI
(3) g§JrV
(4) AmZ§X
~Xbr H$s N>m`m _| .................. ~`ma H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) CS>Vr
5.
(4) Yy{_b
~Xbr H$m nJ-nJ ................. ^am hmoVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) {damJ
4.
(3) gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hZ
~Xbr AnZo H«§$XZ _| ................ {díd H$mo h±gmVr h¡ Ÿ&
(1) gwIr
3.
(2) {Zambm
(2) AñdñW
(3) gwJY§ r
(4) _b`
aOH$U na ~agZo go ~Xbr ............. Ho$ ê$n _| ZdOrdZ YmaU H$aVr h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) A§H$w a
(2) Ob-H$U
(3) H$br
17
(4) XrnH$
6.
~Xbr OmVo dº$ .............. Zht N>moS>Zm MmhVr Ÿ&
(1$) Ob-H$U
7.
(2) nX-{Mh²Z
(4) ñdßZ
{dñV¥V ............. Ho$ {H$gr H$moZo na ~Xbr AnZm hH$ OVmZm Zht MmhVr Ÿ&
(1$) YaVr
5.
(3) qMVm
(2) B{Vhmg
(3) Z^
(4) {j{VO
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX eãXmW©
ñn§XZ
=
J{V
{Ma {Zñn§X
=
{MañWm`r, h_oem pñWa ahZodmbm
HǤ$XZ
=
amoZm, {dbmn
AmhV
=
Km`b, O»_r
{ZP©aUr
=
PaZm, ZXr
namJ
=
namJ-H$U, gwJ§Y
XwHy$b
=
dó, H$nS>m
^¥Hw${Q>
=
^m¡ho
_b`-~`ma
=
X{jU-pñWV M§XZ dZm| go `wº$ _b` nd©V go ~hZo dmbr hdm, Omo gwJ§Y
Am¡a erVbVm XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
Yy{_b
=
Yw§Ybm, YyE± Ho$ a§J H$m
gw{Y
=
ñ_¥{V, `mX, I~a
AmJ_
=
AmZm, AmJ_Z
{ghaZ
=
erV `m ^` go H$m±nZm, gwI-Xw:I go amo_m§{MV hmoZm Ÿ&
C_S>Zm
=
Ðd nXmW© H$m ~hþVm`V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU D$na CR>Zm, CR>H$a \¡$bZm `m N>mZm,
C_§J `m Amdoe _| AmZm/{Z_m©U hmoZm Ÿ&
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 1$
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
(5) 1$
(6) 2
(7) 3
18
7.
gmam§e
1.
"_¢ Zra^ar XwI H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm _| _hmXodr Zo ñd`§ H$mo XwI ê$nr Ob go ^ar ~Xbr H$hm h¡ Ÿ&
2.
~Xbr `m ~mXb {Og àH$ma AnZo A§Xa H$m Ob ~agmH$a ß`mgr YaVr H$mo ham^am H$a XoVo h¢, Cgr àH$ma
H$d{`Ìr g§nyU© {díd-g_mO H$mo gwIr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$m`© H$aZm MmhVr Wr Ÿ&
3.
~mXb {Og àH$ma AmVo dº$ amñVo H$mo _{bZ Zht H$aVo VWm ~agH$a g_má hmo OmVo h¢, nX-{Mh²Z nrN>o
Zht N>moS>Vo Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma H$d{`Ìr H$s ^r BÀN>m Wr {H$ CZH$m OrdZ N>b{dhrZ n{dÌ aho VWm g_mO Ho$
{bE {H$E hþE H$m`© Ho$ H$maU CZH$m B{Vhmg _| H$ht Zm_ Z {bIm OmE Ÿ&
4.
AZmgŠV OrdZ OrZo dmbr _hmXodr Or H$s OrdZ-Ñ{ï> H$mo hr `h H${dVm dmUr XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
g§X^© Ho$ àíZ
""{dñV¥V Z^ H$m H$moB© H$moZm, _oam Z H$^r AnZm hmoZm,
n[aM` BVZm B{Vhmg ghr C_S>r H$b Wr {_Q> AmO Mbr !''
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
"_¢ Zra^ar Xw:I H$s ~Xbr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW© ñnï> {H${OE Ÿ&
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
g§V JmS>Jo _hmamO, _hmË_m Jm§Yr VWm H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb Or Ho$ ~mao _| {bIo gm{hË` H$mo n{T>E Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
AmpË_H$m - _hmXodr d_m©
19
BH$mB© - 1 (K)
4. Pm§gr H$s amZr
- gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ H$m n[aM`
3.2
Pm§gr H$s amZr H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3
Pm§gr H$s amZr H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd go àoaUm bo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
amZr bú_r~mB© Ho$ em¡`© go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
ñdmV§Í`-g§J«m_ Ho$ {bE bS>Zo dmbo dram| VWm dram§JZmAm| Ho$ Xoeào_ go n[a{MV hm|oJo Ÿ&
♦
A§J«oOm| X²dmam ^maVr`m| na {H$E JE AË`mMmam| go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
Xoeào_ VWm draVm H$s ^mdZm go ^a OmE§Jo Ÿ&
20
2.
àñVmdZm
~MnZ go hr qhXr H$mì` Ho$ à{V {deof ào_ aIZodmbr gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ amï´>{nVm _hmË_m Jm§Yr H$s
àoaUm go ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| gH«$s` hmo JB© Ÿ& Bg Am§XmobZ _| OmZ ^aZo Ho$ {bE VWm `wdH$m| H$mo Bg_| AmH${f©V H$aZo
Ho$ {bE do amï´>-ào_ na hr H${dVmE± {bIZo bJr Ÿ& gw^Ðm Or Ho$ H$mì` Ho$ nrN>o CZH$m CËH$Q> Xoe-ào_, Anyd© gmhg
Ed§ AmË_moËgJ© H$s à~b BÀN>m h¡ Ÿ& Bgr H$maU BZH$s H${dVmAm| _| gƒr dram§JZm H$m AmoO Ed§ em¡`© ì`º$ hþAm
h¡ Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVmAm| _| BVZr e{º$ h¡ {H$ Cgo nT>H$a H$amoS>m| ^maVr` `wdH$-`wd{V`m± ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| Hw$X
nS>r Ÿ& CZH$s "Pm§gr H$s amZr' H${dVm BgH$m gdm}Îm_ CXmhaU h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ H$m n[aM`
gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ H$m OÝ_ ZmJn§M_r Ho$ {XZ Bbmhm~mX Ho$ {ZH$Q> {Zhmbnya Zm_H$ Jm§d _| 16 AJñV
1904 H$mo am_ZmWqgh Ho$ O_tXma n[adma _| hþAm Wm Ÿ& CÝh| Mma ~hZo Am¡a Xmo ^mB© Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm R>mHw$a
am_ZmWqgh {ejm ào_r Wo Am¡a CÝht H$s XoIaoI _| CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm ^r hþB© Ÿ& gZ 1919 _| I§S>dm Ho$ R>mHw$a
bú_U qgh Mm¡hmZ Ho$ gmW {ddmh Ho$ ~mX do O~bnwa Am JB© Wt Ÿ& Bbmhm~mX Ho$ H«$mñWdoQ> ñHy$b _| nT>mB© H$aVo dº$
AmnH$s {_ÌVm _hmXodr d_m© go hþB© Wr Ÿ& dh ~MnZ go hr ~hþV M§Mb Am¡a {dÐmohr ñd^md H$s Wr Ÿ& ñdmYrZVm H$s
bS>mB© _| AnZo n{V H$m gmW XoVo hþE do H$B© ~ma Oob JB© Wt Ÿ& n{V H$so gm{hË` Ho$ à{V Jhar {Zð>m Wr, AV: gw^Ðm
Or H$s H$mì``mÌm H$mo àmoËgmhZ hr {_bm Ÿ& _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr Or Ho$ gånH©$ _| AmZo Ho$ ~mX AmnH$s H$mì`Ymam _|
amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm {ZIa Am`r Ÿ& gm{hË`godm Am¡a Xoegodm `hr AmnHo$ OrdZ H$m CX²Xoí` ~Z J`m Ÿ& Amn Ho$db
H$b_J«mhr hr Zht Vmo H$admbJ«mhr ^r Wr Ÿ& AmnH$m OrdZ AË`§V grYm, gab VWm gmXJrnyU© ahm Ÿ& Amn
_Ü`àXoe {dYmZg^m H$s gXñ`m ^r ahr Ÿ& Xw^m©½`de 12 \$adar 1948 B©. H$mo _moQ>ma XwK©Q>Zm _| AmnH$s _¥Ë`w hmo
JB© Ÿ&
H¥${VËd - "Pm§gr H$s amZr' Am¡a "dram| H$m H¡$gm hmo dg§V' BZ Xmo H${dVmAm| Ho$ H$maU qhXr gm{hË` OJV _| dra ag
H$s H$d{`Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| »`m{V àmá H$aZo dmbr gw^Ðm Or Zo nX²` Ho$ gmW-gmW JX²` _| ^r AnZr boIZr MbmB©
h¡ Ÿ&
H$mì` g§J«h - _wHw$b Am¡a {MYmam Ÿ&
H$hmZr g§J«h - {~Iao _moVr, CÝ_m{XZr Am¡a grYo gmXo {MÌ Ÿ&
BZHo$ gm{hË` H$s ^mfm grYr-gmYr, gab Am¡a AmS>§~ahrZ IS>r ~mobr h¡ Ÿ& gabVm Am¡a gagVm AmnHo$
H$mì` H$s _w»` {deofVmE± ahr h¢ Ÿ&
21
3.2
"Pm§gr H$s amZr' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
amï´>{nVm _. Jm§Yr H$s àoaUm go gw^Ðm Or ^maVr` ñdmYrZVm Ho$ Am§XmobZ _| g{H«$` hþB© Wr Ÿ& n[aUm_
ñdê$n dh amï´>ào_ na ^r H${dVmE± {bIZo bJr Ÿ& H$[dVmAm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maVr`m| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$s bT>mB© Ho$ {bE
OmJ«V H$aZm VWm CZHo$ _Z _| draVm Ho$ ^md ^aZm CZH$m _hV² CX²Xoí` Wm Ÿ& _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr Ho$ g§nH©$ _| AmZo
go amï´>r`Vm H$s ^mdZm CZHo$ H$mì` _| Am¡a A{YH$ {ZIa AmB© Ÿ& "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm Zo CÝh| EH$ hr {XZ _|
Xoeì`mnr »`m{V Xr Wr Ÿ& Bgr H${dVm Ho$ à^md go H$amoS>m| ^maVr` `wdH$-`wd{V`m| Zo ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| ^mJ {b`m
Wm Ÿ&
3.3
"Pm§gr H$s amZr' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
H$d{`Ìr gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ Zo AnZr H${dVm "Pm±gr H$s amZr' _| gZ 1857 _| A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ bS>o
JE `wX²Y H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE {bIm h¡ {H$, A§J«oOm| Ho$ AÝ`m`-AË`mMma Ho$ H$maU qghmgZ S>m§dmS>mob hmo CR>o Wo,
n[aUm_V: amOd§em| _| AñdñWVm Am¡a ZmamOr H$m dmVmdaU \¡$b J`m Wm Ÿ& AWm©V ^maVr` amOg§ñWmZm| Ho$ hH$
A§J«oOm| X²dmam {N>Zo OmZo go CZH$s ^¥H$Q>r VZ JB© Wr Ÿ& ZmamO hþE amOmAm| Zo gm_w{hH$ ê$n go A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ O§J
N>oS>Zo H$m {ZU©` {b`m Wm Ÿ& Cgo XoIH$a Eogm bJ ahm Wm {H$, ~yT>o ^maV _| ^r {\$a go ZB© OdmZr AmB© h¡ Ÿ& A§J«oOm|
H$s XmgVm _| ahZo Ho$ H$maU A~ g^r ^maVdmgr AnZr Jw_r hþB© AmOmXr H$s H$s_V g_P MwHo$ Wo Ÿ& Bgr{bE
{\$a§{J`m| (A§J«oOm|) H$mo h_oem Ho$ {bE Bg Xoe go ^JmZo H$m {ZU©` g^r ^maVr`m| Zo {b`m Wm Ÿ& gZ AR>mah gm¡
gÎmmdZ _| hþE ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ _| em¡`© {XImZo dmbr VWm M_H$Zo dmbr Vbdmao nwamZr Wt Ÿ& AWm©V H$d{`Ìr H$hVr
h¡ {H$ `h KQ>Zm ~hþV nhbo KQ> MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& Bg B{Vhmg H$mo ~w§XobI§S> Ho$ ha~mobm bmoJm| Ho$ X²dmam h_Zo H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n
_| gwZm h¡ Ÿ& Bg `wX²Y _| Pm±gr H$s amZr bú_r~mB© A§J«oOm| Ho$ {Ibm\$ draVm Ho$ gmW Iy~ bS>r Wr Ÿ&
bú_r~mB© AnZo {nVm H$s AHo$br g§VmZ Wr Ÿ& H$mZnwa$ Ho$ ZmZm gmh~ noedm H$s _mZm hþB© ~hZ "N>~rbr'
^r dh Wr Ÿ& dh ZmZm Ho$ gmW nT>Vr Wr, ZmZm Ho$ gmW Iobr Wr Ÿ& `wX²Ymä`mg _| dh BVZm g_ag hmoVr Wr {H$ ~aN>r,
T>mb, H¥$nmU, H$Q>mar Am{X CgH$s gho{b`m± ~Z JB© Wt Ÿ& N>Ìn{V {edmOr _hmamO H$s draVm H$s AZoH$ JmWmE± Cgo
_wImoX²JV Wr Ÿ&
ñd`§ draVm H$m AdVma hmoZo dmbr amZr bú_r~mB© Zm_ go ^bo hr bú_r Wr, bo{H$Z amjgm| H$m {dZme
H$aZo dmbr XwJm© hr bJVr Wr Ÿ& CgHo$ X²dmam {H$E OmZo dmbo Vbdma Ho$ dma XoIH$a _amR>o hf©{d^moa hmo OmVo Wo Ÿ&
ZH$br `wX²Y H$aZm, ì`yh H$s aMZm Am¡a Iy~ {eH$ma IobZm, eÌy g¡Ý` H$mo Mmam| Amoa go KoaZm, XwJ© VmoS>Zm Am{X
CgHo$ {à` Iob Wo Ÿ& _hmamï´> H$s Hw$bXodVm hmoZo dmbr _mVm ^dmZr CgH$s ^r Hw$bXodVm Wr, Š`m|{H$ bú_r~mB© ^r
_hmamï´> H$s hr gwH$Ý`m Wr Ÿ&
draVm go n[anyU© bú_r~mB© H$s d¡^dg§nÞ Pm±gr g§ñWmZ Ho$ amOm J§JmYa amd Ho$ gmW gJmB© hþB© Ÿ& {ddmh
^r hþAm Am¡a amZr ~ZH$a dh Pm±gr _| Am`r Ÿ& amO_hb _| ehZmB© H$s _§Jb Üd{Z _| bú_r~mB© H$mo ~YmB`m± {_br
Am¡a Bg KQ>Zm go Pm±gr _| Iw{e`m± N>m J`t Ÿ& _hmZ `moX²Ym hmoZo dmbo ~§wXobm| H$s {~ê$Xmdbr Ho$ g_mZ hr dh Pm±gr
22
_| Am`r Wr Ÿ& amZr bú_r~mB© H$m ã`mhH$a Pm±gr _| AmZm Eogm bJ ahm Wm {H$, _mZmo gw^Ðm Zo AOw©Z H$mo nm`m hmo VWm
{ed `m e§H$a Or Zo nmd©Vr `m ^dmZr H$mo nm {b`m hmo Ÿ&
bú_r~mB© Ho$ AmJ_Z go Pm±gr _| gm¡^m½` H$m CX` hþAm Am¡a àgÞ _hbm| _| COmbm \¡$b J`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z
`h COmbm Pm±gr Ho$ _hbm| _| Á`mXm {XZm| VH$ Zht ah nm`m, H$mb-J{V Zo MwnHo$-MwnHo$ H$mbr KQ>mAm| H$mo BH$Q²>R>m
H$aHo$ Cgo T>±H$ {b`m Ÿ& Cgo (H$mb-J{V H$mo) Vra MbmZo dmbr amZr Ho$ hmWm| _| My{S>`m± AÀN>r Zht bJr Ÿ& AWm©V
amOm J§JmYa amd H$s Ag_` _¥Ë`w hþB© Am¡a amZr {dYdm hmo JB© Ÿ& amZr Ho$ gmW `h XX©^am Iob IobVo dº$ {dYmVm
H$mo ^r X`m Zht Am`r Ÿ& amOm J§JmYa amd {Z:g§VmZ hr _ao Am¡a amZr emoH$-gmJa _| Sy>~ JB© Ÿ&
Pm±gr Ho$ amOm H$s _¥Ë`w hþB©, _mZmo Pm±gr H$m Xrn hr ~wP MwH$m Ÿ& V~ A§J«oO-ìhmBgam` S>bhm¡gr _Z-hr _Z
AmZ§X go CN>b J`m Ÿ& Pm±gr H$m amÁ` hS>nZo H$m `h AÀN>m Adga h¡, Eogm gmoMm Am¡a Vwa§V AnZr \$m¡O ^oOH$a
Pm±gr Ho$ {H$bo na AnZm AWm©V A§JO
o« m| H$m P§S>m \$ham`m Ÿ& bmdm[ag (~odmag) Pm±gr amÁ` H$m dm[ag ~ZH$a {~«Q>re
amÁ` Am`m Ÿ& amZr Bg KQ>Zm go ~hþV XwIr hþB© Wr Am¡a Alw^ao Am±Im| go {damZr hþB© Pm±gr H$mo XoI ahr Wr Ÿ&
A§J«oO O~ nhbr ~ma ^maV AmE Wo Vmo, `hm± Ho$ emgH$m| H$s X`m MmhVo Wo Ÿ& bo{H$Z A~ do e{º$embr hmo
J`o Wo, \$m±gm nbQ> J`m Wm Am¡a S>bhm¡gr Zo g§nyU© ^maV _o§ n¡a ngmaZm Ama§^ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& {H$gr H$m AZwZ`-{dZ`
Z gwZZo dmbo {dH$Q> emgH$m| H$s Vah _m`mdr ê$n YmaU H$a dh ^maVr`m| na AË`mMma H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& `hm± Va {H$
amOmAm| Am¡a Zdm~mo§ H$mo ^r CgZo AnZo n¡am| go Rw>H$am`m Wm Ÿ& amZr H$m amÁ` {N>ZZo go dh Xmgr ~Z J`r Wr Ÿ& bo{H$Z
AnZo em¡`© go `h Xmgr {\$a go _hmamZr ~Zr Wr Ÿ&
Xoe H$s amOYmZr {Xëbr A§J«oOm| Zo N>rZ br Ÿ& ~mV hr ~mV _| bIZD$ ^r bo {b`m Ÿ& noedo H$mo {~Ry>a _| hr
H¡$X {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ZmJnwa H$m ^r KmV hþAm Ÿ& CX`nwa, V§Omoa, gmVmam Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s Š`m {~gmV ^r {H$ O~ qgY,
n§Om~ VWm ~«÷Xoe O¡go e{º$embr emgH$m| na dO«nmV {H$`m J`m Ÿ& ~§Jmb Am¡a _Ðmg H$s ^r dhr XX©^ar H$hmZr
Wr Ÿ&
A§J«oOm| Ho$ BZ AÝ`m`-AË`mMmam| H$mo XoIH$a am{Z`m± AnZo _hbm| _| amo CR>r Am¡a ~oJ_ Ho$ XwI H$mo nmamdma
Z ahm Ÿ& A§J«oOm| Zo CZH$s nyar g§ån{V AnZo H$ãOo _| H$s Wr Ÿ& CZHo$ H$nS>m| Am¡a JhZm| H$mo H$bH$Îmo Ho$ ~mOma _| ~oMm
Om ahm Wm Ÿ& A§J«oOm| Ho$ AI~ma BZ MrOm| Ho$ {Zbm_ Iwbo ê$n go N>mnVo Wo {H$, "ZmJnwa Ho$ Ooda bobmo', "bIZD$
Ho$ bmo Zm¡bI hma' Bg Vah _mZmo naXo _o ahZo dmbr BZ amO_hbm| H$s {ó`m| H$s B‚mV naXoer bmoJm| Ho$ hmW {~H$mZo
H$m H$m_ Omar Wm Ÿ&
A§J«oOm| X²dmam hþE emofU go Pmon{S>`m| _| {df_Vm go ^ar doXZm Wr, Vmo _hbm| _| ahZo dmbo bmoJ An_mZ
Ho$ H$maU AmhV hþE Wo Ÿ& dra g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ _Z _| AnZo nwaIm| H$m A{^_mZ Wm Ÿ& ZmZmgmh~ Am¡a Yw§Xyn§V n¡edm `wX²Y
H$s V¡`mar Ho$ {bE gm_mZ OwQ>mZo H$m H$m_ H$a aho Wo Ÿ& CZH$s ~hZ N>~rbr Zo aUM§S>r H$m ê$n YmaU H$aHo$ A§J«oOm|
H$mo X²§dX²d H$m Iwbm Amh²dmZ H$a {X`m Wm Ÿ& `ht go ^maVr` ñdmYrZVm-g§J«m_ Ama§^ hþAm Ÿ& Cg `wX²Y H$m CX²Xoí`
hr ^maVr`m| Ho$ A§Xa gmoB© hþB© ñdV§ÌVm H$s Á`mo{V H$mo O_mZm Wm Ÿ&
23
amO_hbm| _o§ ahZo dmbo bmoJm| Zo AmJ Obm Xr Am¡a PmonS>r _| ahZo dmbo Am_ bmoJm| Zo CZ ÁdmbmAm| H$mo
^S>H$mZo H$m H$m_ {H$`m Ÿ& AWm©V Cg ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| H«$m§{V Ho$ emobo _hbm| go boH$a Pmon{S>`m| VH$ \¡$b JE Wo Ÿ&
`h ñdV§ÌVm H$s {MZJmar g^r ^maVr`m| Ho$ A§VaV_ go AmB© Wr Ÿ& Bg H«$m§{V go Pm±gr MoVr, {Xëbr MoVr Am¡a
ÁdmbmE± bIZD$ Va \¡$b JB© Ÿ& _oaR>, H$mZnwa, nQ>Zm _| ^r CËgmh Ho$ gmW bmoJ Bg g§J«m_ _| Hw$X nS>o Wo Ÿ& O~bnwa
Am¡a H$moëhmnwa _| ^r `h AmJ \¡$bmZo H$m H$m_ hmo ahm Wm Ÿ&
g§nyU© ^maVdf© _| \¡$bo ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ H$s JmWm N>moS>H$a h_ Pm±gr Ho$ _¡XmZ _| Mb| Ÿ& Ohm± amZr
bú_r~mB© _X© ~ZH$a _Xm©Zm| Ho$ ~rM IS>r hþB© Wr Ÿ& boâQ>Z§Q> dm°H$a dhm± Am nhþ±Mm Am¡a bS>Zo Ho$ {bE OdmZm| H$s
Amoa AmJo ~‹T>m Ÿ& amZr Zo CgH$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE AnZr Vbdma ItM br Am¡a CZ Xmo Ag_mÝ` ì`{º$`m| _|
X²§dX²d`wX²Y ewê$ hþAm Ÿ& bo{H$Z amZr Ho$ g_j dm°H$a Q>rH$ Z gH$m Am¡a O»_r hmoH$a _¡XmZ go ^mJm Ÿ& Cgo amZr H$m
em¡`© XoIH$a AMaO hþAm Ÿ&
gm¡ _rb bJmVma KwS>gdmar H$aHo$ AmJo ~T>Vo hþE amZr H$mbnr Am`r Ÿ& CgH$m KmoS>m WH$H$a O_rZ na {Ja
J`m Am¡a Cgr jU CgH$s _¥Ë`w hþB© Ÿ& `_wZm Ho$ VQ> na A§J«oOm| Zo amZr go {\$a hma Im`r Ÿ& amZr {dO`r hmoH$a AmJo ~T>r
Am¡a ½dm{b`a na A{YH$ma O_m {b`m Ÿ& ½dm{b`a _| ahZo dmbo A§J«oOm| Ho$ {_Ì qg{Y`m Zo amZr go S>aH$a AnZr
amOYmZr N>moS> Xr Wr Ÿ&
amZr H$mo {dO` {_br ^r, bo{H$Z A§J«oOm| H$s goZm Zo Cgo {\$a go Koa {b`m Wm Ÿ& A~ A§J«oOm| H$s goZm H$m
ZoV¥Ëd OZab pñ_W H$a ahm Wm, {OgZo BgHo$ nhbo amZr go hma Im`r Wr, dh amZr go nam{OV hþAm Wm Ÿ& H$mZm Am¡a
_§Xam amZr H$s Xmo {dídmgy g{I`m± amZr Ho$ gmW Wt Ÿ& Bg `wX²Y _| CZ XmoZm| Zo ^mar _ma-H$mQ> MbmB© Wr Ÿ& bo{H$Z
A§J«oOm| H$s goZm H$s ghm`Vm Ho$ {bE øy amoO AmH$a gm{_b hþAm Wm Ÿ& amZr H$m Xw^m©½` Wm {H$ dh A~ nyar Vha
A§J«oOm| H$s goZm X²dmam Koa br JB© Wr Ÿ&
eÌwgoZm X²dmam nyU©V: {Kar OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r _Xm©Zr amZr _ma-H$mQ> H$aVo hþE eÌ{goZm H$mo ^oXH$a AmJo
{ZH$b JB© Ÿ& qH$Vw gm_Zo Zmbm Am`m, `h g§H$Q> amZr H$s Ñ{ï> go Cg {df` pñW{V _| _hm^`§H$a Wm Ÿ& KmoS>m Z`m Wm,
AV: AS> J`m {H$ BVZo _| eÌwgoZm dhm± Am nhþ±Mr Ÿ& amZr AHo$br Wr Am¡a Anma eÌwgoZm gm_Zo Wr Ÿ& AHo$br amZr
na g^r Amoa go dma-na dma hmoVo aho Am¡a dra amZr {g§hrZr H$s Vah bS>Vo-bS>Vo draJ{V H$mo àmá hþB© Ÿ&
amZr H$s _¥Ë`w hmo JB© Wr, AV: A~ {MVm hr CgH$s {Xì` gdmar Wr Ÿ& {MVm H$s A{¾ H$m VoO Am¡a amZr Ho$
A§Xa hmoZo dmbm draVm Am¡a H«$m§{V H$m VoO, EH$ Xygao go {_b J`m Ÿ& VoO H$s gƒr A{YH$mar amZr hr Wr Ÿ& BVZr
Agr_ draVm H$s A{YH$mar ~Zr amZr H$s Am`w Ho$db VoB©g df© H$s Wr Ÿ& CgH$m em¡`© XoIH$a bJVm Wm {H$ dh _ZwO
Zht Vmo AdVmar Wr Ÿ& dh h_ g~ ^maVdm{g`m| H$mo Or{dV H$aZo AWm©V Xoe Ho$ {bE bS>Zo H$s àoaUm XoZo Am`r hþB©
ñdV§ÌVm ê$nr Zmar Wr Ÿ& dh h_| gƒm _mJ© {XImH$a Mbr J`r Ÿ& Omo grI h_| {gImZm MmhVr Wr dh {gIm
J`r Ÿ&
ew^Ðm Or H$hVr h¡ {H$, ho amZr ! Vw_ OmAmo Ÿ& {dO` àm{á Ho$ AYyao gnZo Ho$ {bE qM{VV _V hmo Ÿ& Vwåhmao
Bg gnZo H$mo H¥$Vk ^maVdmgr Oê$a `mX aI|Jo Ÿ& ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE {H$`m hþAm Vwåhmam `h ~{bXmZ ^maVr`m| Ho$ _Z
_| A{dZmer ñdmYrZVm H$s àm{á H$m gnZm OJmZo H$m H$m_ {ZpíMV ê$n go H$aoJm Ÿ& ho amZr, Vwåhmao Bg ~{bXmZ Ho$
24
{bE Mmho B{Vhmg Mwn aho `m Bg gƒmB© H$mo H$moB© \$m±gr na bQ>H$mE AWm©V Vwåhmar draVm na hr àíZ{Mh²Z bJmE;
VWm Vwåh| AHo$br KoaH$a {dO` àmá H$aZo dmbo A§J«oO _X_ñV hmoH$a Vmo\$m| Ho$ Jmobm| go Mmho Pm±gr H$mo ÜdñV H$ao Ÿ&
Bggo H$moB© \$H©$ Zht nS>Vm Š`m| {H$ Vwåhmam ñ_maH$ Vw_ IwX hr hmoJr Vwåhmam H$m`© hr BVZm _hmZ h¡ {H$ Cgo MmhZo go
^r H$moB© {_Q>m Zht gH$Vm Ÿ&
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
"Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm ............... H$s h¡ Ÿ&
(1) _hmXodr d_m©
2.
(3) Vbdma
(4) XwJm©
(2) AOwZ©
(3) gm¡^m½`
(4) amOm
(2) bopâQ>Z|Q> dmH$a
(3) ZmZm
(4) S>bhm¡Or
(2) ½dm{b`a
(3) Pm±gr
(4) {Xëbr
(2) S>bhm¡Or
(3) h²_y amoO
(4) dmH$a
(3) CX`nwa
(4) gmVmam
noedm ....... _| H¡$X hþAm Wm ?
(1$) {~Ry>a
9.
(2) ZmZm
amOm Am¡a Zdm~m| H$mo n¡am| go {H$gZo Rw>H$am`m Wm ?
(1$) bú_r~mB©
8.
(4) qghmgZ
bmdm[ag H$m dm[ag ~ZH$a {~«{Q>e amÁ` ............ _| Am`m Wm Ÿ&
(1$) ^maV
7.
(3) Pm§grdmbr amZr
Pm±gr H$m Xrn ~wPZo na ............. _Z _| hafm`m Wm ?
(1$) h²_y amoO
6.
(2) A§J«oOm|
Pm±gr _| draVm H$s .................. Ho$ gmW gJmB© hþB© Wr Ÿ&
(1$) d¡^d
5.
(4) gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ
N>~rbr ............ H$s _w±h~mobr ~hZ Wr Ÿ&
(1$) ha~mobmo§
4.
(3) gw{_ÌmZ§XZ n§V
~w§Xobo ha~mobm| Ho$ _wI go ................ H$s H$hmZr h_Zo gwZr Wr Ÿ&
(1$) ZmZm
3.
(2) gw^Ðm e_m©
(2) ZmJnwa
amZr Am¡a ~oJ_ Ho$ H$nS>o A§J«oOm| Zo H$hm± ~oMo Wo ?
(1$) H$bH$Îmo Ho$ ~mOma _|
(2) ZmJnwa _|
(3) bIZD$ _|
(4) {Xëbr _|
25
10.
amZr go `wX²Y _| O»_r hmoH$a ............... ^mJm Wm Ÿ&
(1$) S>bhm¡Or
11.
(2) bopâQ>Z|Q> dm°H$a
12.
(2) qg{Y`m
(3) Zmbm
(4) g¡Ý`
VoB©g df© H$s C_« _| Anma draVm go bS>Zo dmbr amZr H$mo gw^Ðm Or Zo ........... H$hm h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) _ZwO
(2) VoO
(3) ^dmZr
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
^¥Hw$Q>r
=
^m¢h
{\$a§Jr
=
A§J«oO ( {\$a§Jr Xoe H$m ahZodmbm)
~w§Xobm
=
j{Ì`m| H$m EH$ d§e, ~w§XobI§S> H$m {Zdmgr
nwb{H$V
=
AmZ§{XV, amo_m§{MV
gw^Q>
=
_hmZ `moX²Ym
{~amZr
=
nam`r
{MÌm
=
gw^Ðm
dO«-{ZnmV
=
{~Obr {JaZm, g§H$Q> AmZm
ñdJ© {gYmaZm
=
_¥Ë`w hmoZm
_±wh H$s ImZm
=
nam{OV hmoZm
A{dZmer
=
A_a, Aj_, emídV
6.
(4) qg{Y`m
{df`_ Anma g§H$Q> Ho$ ê$n _| bú_r~mB© Ho$ gm_Zo ......... Am`m Ÿ&
(1$) S>bhm¡Or
5.
(3) h²_y amoO
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 4
(2) 3
(3) 2
(4) 1$
(5) 4
(6) 3
(7) 2
(8) 1$
(9) 1
(10) 2
(11) 3
(12) 4
26
(4) AdVmar
7.
gmam§e
1.
gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ Or Zo "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm _| amZr bú_r~mB© H$s draVm H$m B{Vhmg ~Vm`m h¡ Ÿ&
2.
Pm±gr Ho$ amOm Am¡a amZr Ho$ n{V J§JmYa amd H$s {Z:gVmZ _¥Ë`w go Pm±gr H$mo bmdm[ag g_PH$a bm°S>©
S>bhm¡gr Zo Pm±gr na MT>mB© H$aHo$ AnZo H$ãOo _| {H$`m Ÿ&
3.
amZr `h g~ AlynyU© ZoÌm| go XoI MwH$s Wr Ÿ& Cggo `h ghm Zht J`m Am¡a Am¡a aUM§S>r ~ZH$a CgZo A§J«oOm|
na h_bm {H$`m Ÿ&
4.
bopâQ>Z|Q> dm°H$a amZr go hmaH$a ^mJ J`m Ÿ& amZr H$mbnr H$s Amoa ~T>r Ÿ& gm¡ _rb bJmVma ^mJZo go amZr H$m
KmoS>m WH$H$a _J J`m Ÿ&
5.
Xygam KmoS>m boH$a `_wZm Ho$ VQ> na A§J«oOm| H$mo amZr Zo {\$a nam{OV {H$`m Ÿ&
6.
{dO`r amZr ½dm{b`a nhþ±Mr Am¡a qg{Y`m H$mo ^JmH$a dhm± AnZm A{YH$ma ~Zm`m Ÿ& bo{H$Z A§J«oOm| H$s
goZm dhm± ^r nhþ±Mr Ÿ& H$mZm Am¡a _§Xam Ho$ gh`moJ go amZr Zo dhm± ^r K_mgmZ `wX²Y {H$`m Am¡a dhm± go
{ZH$b J`r Ÿ& bo{H$Z gm_Zo Zmbm AmZo go KmoS>m AS> J`m Ÿ& BVZo _| eÌw g¡Ý` nmg Am J`m Ÿ& AHo$br amZr
eÌw Ho$ gmW qghrZr H$s Vah bS>r Am¡a draJ{V H$mo àmá hþB© Ÿ& dh {Xì` {MVm na gdma hþB© Ÿ& VoO go VoO
{_b J`m Ÿ& amZr Mbr JB© bo{H$Z h_| ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE bS>Zo H$s àoaUm Xo JB© Ÿ&
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
gg§X^© H$m àíZ
""qghmgZ {hb CR>o, amOd§emo Zo ^¥H$Q>r VmZr Ir,
..............................................
Xya {\$a§Jr H$mo H$aZo H$s g~Zo _Z _| R>mZr Wr Ÿ&''
""amZr JB© {gYma ! {MVm A~ CgH$s {Xì` gdmar Wr,
..................................................
h_H$mo Or{dV H$aZo AmB© ~Z ñdV§ÌVm Zmar Wr Ÿ&''
XrKmo©Îmar àíZ
1.
amZr bú_r~mB© H$s draVm H$m dU©Z H$s{OE Ÿ&
2.
"bú_r~mB© H$m aUg§J«m_ ñdmYrZVm Ho$ {bE àoaUmXm`r {gX²Y hþAm' "Pm±gr H$s amZr' H${dVm Ho$ AmYma na
ñnï> H$s{OE' Ÿ&
27
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
1.
amZr Vmam~mB© Ho$ Am¡a§JOo~ Ho$ {dê$X²Y Iobo JE `wX²Y H$s OmZH$mar hm{gb H$s{OE Ÿ&
2.
H«$m§{Vqgh ZmZm nmQ>rb H$m B{Vhmg n{T>E Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
bharatdiscovery.org-ranilaxmibai.
2.
Pm§erMr amUr bú_r~mB© - à{V^m amZS>o (_amR>r)
3.
Pm§er H$s amUr bú_r~mB© - aKwdra{g§h amOnyV
28
BH$mB© - 1 (M)
5. JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gwX§ a h¡ Ÿ?
- am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a'
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
{XZH$a H${d H$m n[aM`
3.2
"JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3
"JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
{XZH$a Or Ho$ ì`{º$Ëd go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
♦
A{^ì`{º$ H$m _hÎd g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
Aì`º$ ^md ^r ì`º$ ^mdm| go hrZVa Zht hmoVo, Bgo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
Aì`º$ ^mdm| H$mo boH$a àH¥${V _| AZoH$ MrO| Mwn h¢, Bgo OmZ gH|$Jo Am¡a CZ Aì`º$ ^mdm| H$mo g_PZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$a|Jo Ÿ&
29
2.
àñVmdZm
{XZH$a Or AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H${d`m| _| AË`§V gOJ Am¡a ì`{º$Ëd g§nÞ H$bmH$ma h¢ Ÿ& AmYw{ZH$ qhXr
gm{hË` H$s àm`: g^r e¡{b`m| Am¡a {dYmAm| _| AmnH$s aMZmE± àH$m{eV hþB© h¢ Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo qhXr H$[dVm H$mo N>m`mdmX
Ho$ Xm`ao go ~mha {ZH$mbH$a Cg_| OrdZ H$m VoO ^am Am¡a Cgo amï´> Am¡a g_mO H$s Ádb§V g_ñ`mAm| go OyPZm
{gIm`m Ÿ& CZH$s H${dVm na amï´>r`Vm H$s N>mn g~go A{YH$ h¡ Ÿ& AmnH$m H$mo_b öX` gm_§Vr emofU go ì`{WV hmo
CR>Vm h¡ Ÿ& AV: H$^r-H$^r AmnH$s H${dVm _| {ed Ho$ Vm§S>d Z¥Ë` H$m Ñí` CnpñWV hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
AmnH$r Ama§{^H$ H${dVmAm| _| gm¢X`© Am¡a `m¡dZ H$s C_§Jm| go Va§{JV _Z H$m Xe©Z hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& qH$Vw gmWgmW àJ{VdmX VWm _mZdVmdmX H$s ì`mnH$ ^mdZmAm| H$m ^r Cg_| CÝ_of hmoZo bJVm h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
H${d {XZH$a H$m n[aM`
am_Ymar qgh "{XZH$a H$m OÝ_ 30 {gV§~a, 1908 B©. _| {~hma àXoe Ho$ _w§Joa {Obo Ho$ {g_[a`m KmQ> _|
hþAm Ÿ& CZH$m n[adma EH$ gmYmaU {H$gmZ n[adma Wm Ÿ& CZH$s àma§{^H$ {ejm J«m_rU nmR>embm _| hþB© Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo
_mo\$m_m KmQ> go hmB©ñHy$b H$s VWm nQ>Zm go H$m°boO H$s nT>mB© nyar H$s Ÿ& ~r.E. hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CÝh| n[adma-nmbZ Ho$ {bE
ñHy$b AÜ`mnH$ H$s Zm¡H$ar H$aZr n‹S>r Ÿ& ~mX _| CÝhm|oZo {~hma gaH$ma H$s g~ a{OñQ´>mar ñdrH$ma H$s Ÿ& X²{dVr`
_hm`wX²Y _| gaH$ma Ho$ àMma {d^mJ _| H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do 1947 B©. _| {~hma gaH$ma Ho$ {ejm {d^mJ _|
Cn{ZXoeH$ ~Zo Ÿ& do 1990 B©. _| _wOâ\$anwa H$m°boO _| qhXr {d^mJmÜ`j ~Zo Ÿ& 1992 B©. _| amÁ`g^m Ho$ _ZmoZrV
gXñ` ~Zo Am¡a ~mX _| ^mJbnwa {díd{dX²`mb` _| CnHw$bn{V ~Zo Ÿ& do N>m`mdmXmoÎma H$mb Ho$ EH$ à_wI H${d h¢ Ÿ&
H¥${VËd H$mì` - aoUwH$m, hþ§H$ma, Û§ÛJrV, Hw$ê$joÌ, gm_YoZr, ~mny, Yyn Am¡a Yw±Am±, apí_aWr, ZrbHw$gw_, grnr
Am¡a e§I, naewam_ H$s à{Vjm, H$mo`bm Am¡a H${dËd, AmË_m H$s Am±I|, _¥{Îm{VbH$, hmao H$mo h[aam_, {Xëbr,
B{Vhmg Ho$ Am±gy, Zr_ Ho$ nÎmo, MH«$dmV, H${dÌr, Cd©er, agd§Vr Ÿ&
AmbmoMZm Am¡a {Z~§Y - {_Q²>Q>r H$s Amoa, AY© Zmarída, doUw~Z, aoVr Ho$ \y$b, H$mì` H$s ^y{_H$m, n§V,
àgmX Am¡a _¡{WbreaU, dQ>-nrnb, ewX²Y H${dVm H$s ImoO Ÿ&
gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg - g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ`m`, h_mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Vm, Y_©, Z¡{VH$Vm Am¡a {dVmZ Ÿ&
bKwH$Wm - CObr AmJm Ÿ&
`mÌm d¥Îmm§V Am¡a g§ñ_aU - Xoe-{dXoe, bmoH$ Xod : Zohê$ Ÿ&
30
gå_mZ {XZH$a Or H$s gm{hpË`H$ CnbpãY`mo§ Ho$ Cnbú` _| ^mJbnwa {díd{dX²`mb` Zo gZ 1962 B©. _| CÝh|
S>r.{bQ>. Cnm{Y go gå_m{ZV {H$`m Ÿ& gZ 1959 _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo CÝh| "nX²_^yfU' {H$Vm~ àXmZ {H$`m Ÿ& gZ
1960 _| "g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Mma AÜ`m`' na CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$m nwañH$ma Am¡a 1973 _| "Cd©er' na CÝh| ^maVr`
kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmá hþAm Ÿ&
Eogo _hmZ amï´>H${d H$m 24 Aà¡b, 1974 B©. _| AmH$pñ_H$ ê$n go _Ðmg _| {ZYZ hþAm Ÿ&
3.2
"JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gwX§ a h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
{XZH$a Or H$s "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ Ÿ?' H${dVm gZ 1939 B©. _| àH$m{eV H$mì` g§J«h "agd§Vr' _o§
g§J«hrV h¡ Ÿ& àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d Zo `h {XImZm Mmhm h¡ {H$ àH$Q> hmo aho ^mdm| go AàH$Q> ^md hrZna Zht hmoVo Ÿ&
A{^ì`{º$ go _m¡Z H$m _hÎd H$_ Zht h¡ Ÿ& àH¥${V _| CnpñWV Hw$N> A{^ì`{º$ Am¡a Hw$N> AZ{^ì`{º$ Ho$ {MÌ nmR>H$m|
Ho$ g_j aIH$a H${d CZ go hr àíZ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& JrV ì`º$ hþE ^mdm| H$m àVrH$ h¡ Am¡a AJrV CZ ^mdm| H$m Omo
eãX~X²Y hmoH$a _wI[aV Z go gH|$ Ÿ&
3.3
"JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gwX§ a h¡ ?' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
{XZH$a Or OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ JrV (A{^ì`{º$) Am¡a AJrV (AZ{^ì`{º$) _| go H$m¡Zgo ^md A{YH$
gw§Xa h¢ Ÿ? EH$ Amoa {dah Ho$ XX©^ao JrV JmVr hþB© ZXr VoO J{V go ~hVr Om ahr h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo {Xb H$m ~moP hbH$m
H$aZo Ho$ {bE VQ> H$s MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo AnZr nr‹S>m H$s H$hmZr H$b-H$b g§JrV Ho$ X²dmam gwZmVr h¡ Ÿ& ZXr H$s `h XX©^ar
H$hmZr gwZH$a {H$Zma na IS>m EH$ Jwbm~ gmoMVm h¡ {H$, `{X {dYmVm Zo _wPo ñda {X`m hmoVm Vmo _¢ ^r nVPS> Ho$ g_`
H$m XX© VWm Cg g_` XoIo hþE gnZm| H$m JrV OJ H$mo gwZmVm Ÿ& {ZP©ar `m ZXr Vmo H$bH$b g§JrV Ho$ ñda _| {dah JrV
JmVo hþE ~h ahr h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z Xygar Amoa nmQ>b `m Jwbm~ nVPS> H$m XX©^am JrV öX` _| hr {N>nmE± {H$Zmao na _yH$
IS>m h¡ Ÿ& A~ H${d nmR>H$m| go àíZ H$aVo h¢ {H$, BZ_| go ZXr Ho$ ì`ŠV ^md A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ h¢ `m Jwbm~ Ho$ _yH$
^md ?
VmoVm-_¡Zm H$m EH$ {dh§J_ Ñí` {M{ÌV H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$, EH$ VmoVm d¥j H$s Cg KZr S>mb na
àgÞ ^md go ~¡R>m h¡, {OgH$s N>m`m _| CgH$m ZrS> ~gm h¡ Ÿ& Km|gbo Ho$ ^rVa _¡Zm AnZo A§S>m| na n§I \¡$bmH$a CÝh|
C~mZo H$m H$m_ H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ& O~ ~g§V F¥$Vw H$s gwZhbr {H$aU| d¥j Ho$ H$mo_b nÌm| go N>ZH$a VmoVo Ho$ eara H$mo Ny>Vr
h¢, Vmo dh àgÞ hmoH$a JmVm h¡ Ÿ& qH$Vw ewH$s Ho$ öX` _| C_S>Zo dmbo JrV ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgHo$ nmg g_` hr Zht
h¡ Ÿ& dh AnZo AmZodmbo {eewAm| Ho$ ñZoh _| nyU©V: EH$mH$ma hmo JB© h¡ Ÿ& ewH$ H$s {à` ~mobr `m _Ywa ñda g§nyU©
dZàXoe _| Jy±O ahm h¡, bo{H$Z ewH$s H$m dmËgë` Ho$db CgHo$ \y$bo hþE n§Im| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hr AnZo H$mo ì`º$ H$a
nmVm h¡ Ÿ& A~ H${d OmZZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ VmoVo H$m ì`º$ ào{_b ñda Am¡a _¡Zm Ho$ Aì`º$ dmËgë`-ào_ _| go H$m¡Z
A{YH$ gw§Xa h¡ ?
31
Jm±d _| ahZo dmbo EH$ ào_r-`wJb H$m Ñï>m§V CnpñWV H$aVo hþE H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$, g§Ü`mH$mb _o§ O~ ào_r
^md{d^moa hmoH$a Amëhm H$s VmZ N>oS>Vm h¡, V~ Cg VmZ H$s _mXH$ am{JZr CgH$s amYm H$mo Ya go CgHo$ nmg ItM
bmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh Zr_ H$s N>m`m _| {N>nH$a Mmoar-Mmoar CgHo$ XX©^ao JrV H$mo gwZm H$aVr h¡ Ÿ& Bg JrV Ho$ ñdam| H$mo gwZH$a
AŠga CgHo$ öX` _| `o ^md CR>Vo h¢ {H$, "Bg {díd Ho$ {Z_m©Vm ~«h²_m Zo _wPo ^r Bg {dah JrV H$s H$S>r ~Zm`m hmoVm
Vmo AÀN>m hmoVm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Bgr ~hmZo Cgo ào_r Ho$ öX` _| ahZo H$m Adga {_bVm Ÿ& ào_r ^m-JmH$a AnZr ^mdZmAm|
H$mo ì`º$ H$aVm h¡, Amn ~rVr gwZmVm h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z CgH$s amYm H$mo JmH$a AnZr ^mdZmAm| H$mo ì`º$ H$aZo H$m ^r
A{YH$ma Zht h¡ Ÿ& CgHo$ _Z _| hmoZo dmbo {dah Ho$ ^md _Z _| hr ahZo go CgH$s N>mVr \y$b OmVr h¡ Ÿ& H${d `hm± OmZZm
MmhVm h¡ {H$, ào_r H$s ì`º$ nwH$ma Am¡a ào`gr H$s Aì`º$ doXZm _| H$m¡Z A{YH$ __©ñn{e©Zr h¡ Ÿ?
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
"JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' H${dVm Ho$ H${d ............. h¢ Ÿ&
(1) {XZH$a
2.
(2) {Zambm
(2) JrV
(2) OJ
(3) Jwbm~
(2) {ZP©ar
(4) ewH$
(3) amYm
(4) ewH$s
(3) nmQ>b
(4) {dYZm
amYm H$mo .............. H$m ñda ItM bmVm h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) Amëhm
5.
(4) VQ>
ImoVo _| AÊS>o goZo H$m H$m_ ............. H$a ahr h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) V{Q>Zr
5.
(3) {Xb
nVPS> Ho$ gnZm| H$m JrV gwZmZo H$s .......... H$s BÀN>m h¡ Ÿ&
(1$) Cnbm|
4.
(4) _mIZbmb
ì`º$ ^mdZmAm| H$m àVrH$ ~ZH$a ............ Am`m h¡ ?
(1$) AJrV
3.
(3) _hmXodr
(2) VmoVo
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
AJrV
=
Z Jm`m hþAm JrV, Aì`º$ ^md
V{Q>Zr
=
ZXr
Cnb
=
nËWa
{ZP©ar
=
N>moQ>m PaZm, g[aVm
nmQ>b
=
Jwbm~
32
ewH$
=
VmoVm
ImoVm
=
VmoVo H$m Ka, ~rS>
ewH$s
=
VmoVo H$s _mXm, _¡Zm
A§H$
=
JmoX, Xoh
nU©
=
nÎmm
gZH$a
=
^rJH$a
Amëhm JmZm
=
Amn ~rVr gwZmZm
{dYZm
=
~«h²_m
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 1
(2) 2
(4) 4
(5) 1$
(3) 3
7.
gmam§e
1.
2.
{XZH$a Or H$s "JrV-AJrV H$m¡Z gw§Xa h¡ ?' N>m`mdmXr `wJ H$s _mZdrH$aU H$s àd¥{Îm H$m n[aM` XoZodmbr
H$[dVm h¡ Ÿ&
CÝhm|Zo Bg ^mdñneu H${dVm _| V{Q>Zr-Jwbm~, ewH$-ewH$s VWm ào_r-ào{_H$m Ho$ CXmhaUm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go
`h ñnï> {H$`m h¡ JrV ~ZH$a àH$Q> hmoZodmbr ^mdZmE± Vmo gw§Xa hmoVr hr h¢, bo{H$Z H$B© ~ma Aì`º$-_Z _|
_mÌ C_‹S>H$a ahZo Imbr ^mdZmE± Cggo ^r H$ht A{YH$ gw§Xa Am¡a ^mdñneu hmoVr h¡§ Ÿ&
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
gg§X^© Ho$ àíZ
1.
""JmH$a JrV {dah Ho$ V{Q>Zr
..........................
_¢ ^r OJ H$mo JrV gwZmVm Ÿ&''
2.
""Xmo ào_r h¢ `hm±, EH$ O~
.........................
{dYZm `m| _Z _| JwZVr h¡ Ÿ&''
33
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
{XZH$a Or Zo JrV Ho$ gmW AJrV H$m ^r _hÎd {H$g Vah g_Pm`m h¡ ?
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
{H$gr JrV H$mo gwZVo dº$ AnZo A§Xa C_S>Zo dmbr ^mdZmAm| H$mo H$mJO na CVm[aE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ&
1.
hi.wikipedia.org/Dinkar, www.kavitakosh.org/kk/Dinkar
2.
agd§Vr-{XZH$a
3.
{XZH$a ì`{º$Ëd Am¡a aMZm Ho$ Am`m_ - g§nm. Jmonmbam` gË`H$m_.
34
BH$mB© - 1 (N>)
6. VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV
- ZmJmOwZ©
AZwH«$_
1.
CX²Xoí`
2.
àñVmdZm
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
H${d ZmJmOw©Z H$m n[aM`
3.2
"VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm H$m n[aM`
3.3
"VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
7.
gmam§e
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE
1.
CX²Xío `
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn ♦
ZmJmOw©Z Or Ho$ {dMmam| go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
ZJam| H$s `§ÌdV pñW{V go n[a{MV hmo Om`|Jo Ÿ&
♦
H$â`y© VWm ~§X go bmoJm| H$mo {H$VZr naoem{Z`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>Vm h¡, Bgo OmZ gH|$Jo Ÿ&
♦
~§X _| Vm±Jm VWm [ajmdmbm| X²dmam bmoJm| H$mo H¡$go bwQ>m OmVm h¡, Bgo OmZ nm`|Jo Ÿ&
♦
~§X H$m ~hmZm ~ZmH$a ~gm| H$mo ObmZo H$m VWm byQ>nmQ> H$m H$m_ H¡$go hmoVm h¡, Bgo g_P gH|$Jo Ÿ&
35
2.
àñVmdZm
H${dda ZmJmOwZ© Or H$m ~MnZ J«må` dmVmdaU _| ~rVm, Ohm± CÝhm|Zo X_Zr`Vm, ê${T>~X²YVm, A§Y{dídmgm|
H$mo A{V {ZH$Q>Vm go XoIm Ÿ& OdmZr _| ZJam| H$m OrdZ ^r XoIm Ÿ& XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© H$m CÝhm|Zo
AZw^d {H$`m Ÿ& ny±OrdmX H$mo BgH$s OS> g_H$a, Cg ì`dñWm H$mo ~XbZo _| _mZ{gH$ nr{R>H$m V¡`ma H$aZo _| CZH$m
Vê$U _Z OwQ> J`m Ÿ& AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX ^r O~ CZH$s AmH$m§jmE± nyar Zht hþB© Vmo CÝhm|Zo gm_m{OH$-amOZ¡{VH$ OrdZ
Ho$ à{V amof àH$Q> {H$`m Ÿ& A\$gaemhr Am¡a ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm Ho$ Jm§R>Om|S> na ì`§½` {H$`m Ÿ& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo `h ^r
XoIm Wm {H$, ^maVr` {H$gmZ Am¡a _OXya PmS>-\y±$H$, OmXy-Q>moZm, Xodr-XodVm, lmX²Y-{ddmh Am{X Ho$ M¸$a _| ~yar
Vah \±$g J`m h¡, H$O© Ho$ ê$n`m| go dh gË`Zmam`U H$s nyOm, XmZ-X{jUm, _mZr hþB© _ÞV H$mo nyam H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d
OmZVo Wo {H$ BgHo$ nrN>o emofH$ d¥{Îm`m± {N>nr h¢ Ÿ& AV: BZ g~ H$mo CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$mì` _| ì`§½` ^ao eãXm| _| Imob {X`m
h¡ Ÿ&
3.
{df` {ddaU
3.1
H${d ZmJmOw©Z n[aM`
ZmJmOw©Z qhXr Am¡a _¡{Wbr Ho$ Aà{V_ boIH$ Am¡a H${d Wo ? CZH$m Agbr Zm_ ~¡X²`ZmW {_l Wm Ÿ& na§Vw
qhXr gm{hË` _| CÝhm|Zo ZmJmOw©Z VWm _¡{Wbr _| "`mÌr' CnZm_ go aMZmE± H$s¨ Ÿ& BZH$m OÝ_ {~hma amÁ` Ho$ Xa^§Jm
à_§S>b Ho$ A§VJ©V _Yw~Zr {Obo Ho$ gVbIm Zm_H$ Jm§d _| gZ 1911 _| hþAm Ÿ& ZmJmOw©Z O~ Mma df© Ho$ Wo V^r
CZHo$ {gana go _mVm H$m N>Ì Mbm J`m Ÿ& n[aUm_V: CZH$m nmbU-nmofU CZHo$ {nVmOr Zo {H$`m Ÿ& CZHo$ {nVm lr
JmoHw$b {_l EH$ {H$gmZ Wo Am¡a IoVr Ho$ Abmdm nwamo{hVr Am{X Ho$ {gb{gbo _| Amg-nmg Ho$ BbmH$m| _| Am`mOm`m H$aVo Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ gmW-gmW ~MnZ go hr ZmJmOw©Z ^r "`mÌr' hmo JE Ÿ& Eogo ê${T>dmXr _¡{Wbr ~«m÷U n[adma _|
CZH$m ~MnZ JwOam Ÿ&
aMZmE± H$mì` - `wJYmam, gVa§Jo n§Im|dmbr, ß`mgr nWamB© Am±I|, ^ñ_m§Hw$a,IyZ Am¡a emob|, MZm Omoa Ja_,
enW, àoV H$m ~`mZ Ÿ&
CnÝ`mg - a{VZmW H$s MmMr, ~bMZ_m, ~m~m ~Q>go aZmW, Z`r nm¡Y, dê$U Ho$ ~oQ>,o XwI_moMZ, CJ«Vmam,
Hw§$^rnmH$, nmamo, Amg_mZ _| Mm±X Vmao Ÿ&
ì`§½` - A{^Z§XZ
{Z~§Y g§J«h - AÞ hrV_ {H«$`mZm_
~mb gm{hË` - H$Wm _§Oar ^mJ-1, 2, _`m©Xm nwê$fmoÎm_, {dX²`mn{V H$s H$hm{Z`m± Ÿ&
AZwdmX - _oKXyV, JrV JmoqdX, {dX²`mn{V Ho$ JrV Ÿ&
36
g§nmXH$ - XrnH$, {díd~§Yw, H$m¡_r ~mobr Ÿ&
_¡{Wbr aMZmE± - nÌhrZ Z¾ JmN> (H$mì`), hraH$ O`§Vr (CnÝ`mg)
nwañH$ma - 1969 B©. "nÌhrZ Z¾ JmN>' Ho$ {bE gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma {_bm h¡ Ÿ& CÝh| gm{hË` AH$mX_r Zo
1994 _| gm{hË` AH$mX_r \o$bmo Ho$ ê$n _| Zm_m§{H$V H$a gå_m{ZV ^r {H$`m Wm Ÿ&
3.2
"VrZ {XZ VrZ amV' H$[dVm H$m n[aM`
ZmJmOw©Z Or H$m H$mì` bmoH$MoVZm Am¡a `WmWm©Zw^d go AZwà{UV h¡ Ÿ& Am_ OZVm Ho$ OrdZ _| g_ñ`m
{Z_m©U H$aZodmbo amOZoVm VWm gaH$ma CZHo$ ì`§½` H$m bú` ~Zo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm _| h_mao
ñdmYrZ ^maV _| ~§X Ho$ H$maU OZOrdZ H¡$gm AñV-ì`ñV hmo OmVm h¡, BgH$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$Bª ~ma
amOZr{VH$ nm{Q>©`m± AnZo \$m`Xo Ho$ {bE ~§X H$s KmofUmE± H$aVr h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z BgH$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a ì`mnmar J«mhH$m| H$mo
byQ>Vo h¢, Vmo Xygar Amoa ~gm| VWm AÝ` emgH$s` dñVwAm| H$mo ObmH$a Agm_m{OH$ VËdm| X²dmam Xoe H$m ZwH$gmZ
{H$`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ& H${d Xoedm{g`m| H$mo gOJ H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ&
3.3
"VrZ {XZ VrZ amV' H${dVm H$m ^mdmW©
bJmVma VrZ {XZ Am¡a VrZ amVm| VH$ ~g-godmE± ~§X hmoZo Ho$ H$maU OZ OrdZ AñV-ì`ñV hmo J`m Wm Ÿ&
_mZmo, OZ-OZ H$s öX`-J{V hr _§X hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~g godm ~§X hmoZo go àmMm`©, {ObmYre Am¡a Eg.nr. ^r naoemZ
hmo JE Wo Ÿ& {ObmYre Am¡a Eg.nr. H$mo OZVm Ho$ amof H$m gm_Zm H$aZm Wm Vmo àmMm`© {dX²`m{W©`m| H$s Agw{dYm go
naoemZ Wo Ÿ&
h_oem VoO J{V go Xm¡S>Zo dmbr ~g| ~§X hmoZo go gS>H|$ ^r Eogr bJVr Wr {H$ _mZmo Jw_ hmo JB© hmo Ÿ& gS>H$m|
Ho$ {H$Zmao n§{º$~X²Y I‹S>o d¥j BVZo ñVãY Wo {H$, _mZmo CZHo$ öX` H$s YS>H$Zo hr ~§X hmo JB© hmo Ÿ& AWm©V VoO Xm¡S>Zo
dmbr ~gm| go S>aH$a d¥jm| H$s ^r öX`J{V h_oem VoO ahVr Wr, ~go ~§X hmoZo go dh VoO YS>H$Z ê$H$gr JB© Wr Ÿ&
~g| ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX Vm±Jm Am¡a [ajmdmbo hr bmoJm| H$m ghmam Wm Ÿ& bo{H$Z CÝhm|Zo Bg pñW{V H$m \$m`Xm
CR>mH$a bmoJm| go A{YH$ {H$am`m dgwb H$aZm Ama§^ {H$`m Wm Ÿ& n[aUm_V: CZH$s H$_mB© Xg JwUr hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& H$_mB©
~T>Zo Ho$ H$maU _X²_ñV hmoH$a do VmS>r Am¡a Xmê$ ho hOmam| Mw¸$‹S> Imbr H$a MwHo$ Wo & H$B© Zeo _| YwÎm Wo Vmo, H$B`m| H$mo
H$n‹S>m| VH$ H$m Ü`mZ Zhr§ Wm, {ddó hmoH$a nS>o Wo Ÿ&
~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo go bmoJm| H$m AmZm-OmZm _wpíH$b hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& AV: AXmbV ^r R>n hmo JB© Wr;
n[aUm_V: dH$sbm| H$mo H$moB© H$m_ Z hmoZo go do AnZr {\$g H$_ H$aHo$ AmZodmbo J«mhH$m| H$mo Xygao Ho$ nmg OmZo Zht XoVo
Wo Ÿ& bmoJ Kam| go ~mha Z {ZH$bZo go hmoQ>b ^r dramZ nS>o Wo Ÿ& ~g| gS>H$m| na Z hmoZo go CZgo {ZH$bZo dmbm YwAm± ^r
~§X Wm Ÿ& AV: YwE± H$s aâVma ^r Yr_r hmo JB© Wr Ÿ& ~§X Ho$ H$maU H$ht H$moB© hmXgm Z hmo Bg{bE gaH$mar Orn-Q´>H$m|
H$mo gwajm H${_©`m| H$mo boH$a eha _| bJmVma Xm¡S>Zm nS> ahm Wm Ÿ& n[aUm_V: CZHo$ {bE noQ´>mob H$m IMm© ~T>> ahm
37
Wm Ÿ& ~g MbmZodmbm| H$mo VrZ {XZm| Va ~¡R>o ahZo na ^r VZ»dmh XoZr Wr Ÿ& Xyar Amoa H$_mB© ^r ~§X Wr Ÿ& Bg{bE ~g
_m{bH$ AnZm H«$moY CZna CVma aho Wo, IrP ê$nr _R²>R>m Am¡a Kmob CÝh| nrbm aho Wo Ÿ&
~g Ho$ AS²S>m| na gwajm H${_©`m| H$s \$m¡O VrZ {XZm| VH$ V¡ZmV Wr Am¡a bmoJm| _| Bg ~§X Ho$ ~mao _| AZoH$
gmar A\$dmh| \¡$b MwH$s Wt Ÿ& MMm© H$aZo dmbm ha ì`{º$ AnZr-AnZr H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma Xygao H$s ~mV H$mQ>H$a
AnZr ~mV aIZo H$m à`mg H$a ahm Wm Ÿ& Bg pñW{V go emgH$ ~oM¡Z hþE Wo Am¡a A{YH$mar qMVmJ«ñV Wo Ÿ& {~hma Ho$
ny{U©`m eha _| Vmo H$â`y© bJm`m J`m Wm, {Oggo dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$s VH${b\$ Am¡a A{YH$ ~T> JB© Wr Ÿ&
~§X H$mo boH$a `wdH$m| _| amof Wm Ÿ& V¡e _| AmH$a Hw$N> `wdH$m| Zo ~g| ^r ObmB© Wr Ÿ& bmoJ BZ g~go naoemZ
hmo JE Wo Ÿ& ZmJmOw©Z Or H$hVo h¢ {H$, ~gm| H$m {MVm-^ñ_ (ObH$a amI hþB© ~g|) XoIH$a h_ ^r h¡amZ hmo JE Wo Ÿ&
4.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ
1.
"VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm .............. H$s h¡ Ÿ&
(1) ZmJmOw©Z
2.
(2) Jw_
(3) J§Xr
(4) dramZ
(2) Xg JwZr
(3) noQ´>mob H$s
(4) VmS>r _|
(2) Jwñgo _|
(3) gñVo
(4) YwÎm
(2) dH$sb
(3) ~g dmbo
(4) [ajmdmbo
VrZ {XZ, VrZ amVm| VH$ ........... Q>mCZ _| H$â`y© Omar Wr Ÿ&
(1$) Xa^§Jm
8.
(4) [ajm
_m{bH$m| H$s IrP H$m _Q²>R>m Am¡a Kmob ........... nrVo aho Ÿ&
(1$) MwŠH$S>
7.
(3) öX`-J{V
AXmbVm| R>n hmoZo go dH$sb d _w»Vma ................ Wo Ÿ&
(1$) gwñV
6.
(2) VZ»dmh
~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo na Vm±Jm d [ajmdmbm| Zo .............. H$_mB© H$s Wr Ÿ&
(1$) H$_
5.
(4) Aamo`
~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo go gS>Ho$ .............. aht Ÿ&
(1$) VoO
4.
(3) _hmXodr
àmMm`©, {ObmYre, Eg.nr. .................... ~§X hmoZo go naoemZ Wo ?
(1$) ~g g{d©g
3.
(2) {Zambm
(2) _Yw~Zr
(3) H$bH$Îmm
(4) ny{U©_m
............. H$s bme H$m {MVm-^ñ_ XoIH$a H${d h¡amZ Wo Ÿ&
(1$) OZ-OZ
(2) Vm±Jo dmbo
(3) ~g dmbo
38
(4) ~g
5.
nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©
Jw_
=
bwá
MwŠH$S>
=
{_Å>r H$m N>moQ>m ~V©Z
ZJZ
=
Z¾, {Zd©ó
R>n
=
~§X
_w»Vma
=
H$mZyZr gbmhH$ma
{dH$b
=
~oM¡Z
hHy$_V
=
hþHy$_V, emgZ
6.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma
(1) 1$
(2) 1$
(3) 2
(4) 2
(5) 3
(6) 3
(7) 4
(8) 4
7.
gmam§e
1.
VrZ {XZ Am¡a VrZ amVm| VH$ ~g godm ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr naoem{Z`m| H$m gm_Zm
H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡, BgH$m dmñVd {MÌU "VrZ {XZ,VrZ amV' H${dVm _| {H$`m J`m h¡ Ÿ&
Am_ OZVm H$s `mVm`mV H$m gmYZ hmoZodmbr ~g-g{d©g ~§X hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ZJadm{g`m| H$s öX`-J{V hr
ê$H$ OmVr h¡ Ÿ&
Eogr {df` pñW{V _| Vm±Jodmbo Am¡a [ajmdmbo Xg JwZm A{YH$ H$_mVo h¢ Am¡a CZ n¡gm| go eam~ nrH$a Zeo
_| YwÎm hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
AXmbV| R>n hmoZo go dH$sb gñVo hmo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z bmoJm| H$m H$m_ AS> OmVm h¡ Am¡a g_` ì`W© Mbm
OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
hmoQ>b VWm AÝ` ì`mdgm{`H$m| H$m ^r ZwH$gmZ hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& gaH$mar A\$gam| H$m H$m_ ~T>> OmVm h¡ Am¡a
IMm© ^r Ÿ&
Hw$N> OJh amof ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE `wdH$m| X²dmam ~gm| H$mo Obm`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$^r-H$^r H$â`y© ^r bJmZm nS>Vm h¡, {Oggo bmoJm| H$mo AZoH$ naoem{Z`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm nS>Vm h¡ Ÿ&
bmoJm| H$m OrdZ AñVì`ñV H$aZo dmbo VWm Xoe H$s gån{Îm H$m ZwH$gmZ H$aZo dmbo Bg ~§X H$mo XoIH$a
H$[d h¡amZ ah OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
39
8.
ñdmÜ`m`
gg§X^© Ho$ àíZ
1.
""Xg JwZr H$_mB© na
Vm±Jm d [ajmdmbo
................
YwÎm Wo ZJZ Wo Ÿ&''
2.
""~g-g{d©g ~§X Wr
VrZ {XZ VrZ amV
.................
g~ aho naoemZ''
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV VH$ ~g g{d©g ~§X hmoZo na H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr KQ>ZmE± KQ>Vr h¢ Ÿ? {dñVma go g_PmBE Ÿ&
9.
joÌr` H$m`©
AnZo Amg nmg hmoZo dmbo ~§X Ho$ Xm¡amZ KQ>Zodmbr KQ>ZmAm| H$mo XoIH$a "VrZ {XZ, VrZ amV' H${dVm H$s
KQ>ZmAm| go VwbZm H$s{OE Ÿ&
10.
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Ÿ&
❖❖❖
40