Aä`mgn{ÌH$m "B'
{ÛVr` gÌ
KQ>H$ 1 : 1. gIyZmZm
2. AmoiI
- H¥$îUmV ImoV
- {dO` V|Sw>cH$a
KQ>H$ 2 : 1. n¡cVrar
- JmoXmdar néioH$a
KQ>H$ 3 : H${dVm : Hw$gw_mJ«O Zmam`U gwd}
-
n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV
H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV
H$Um
Mma eãX
H$mc© _mŠg©
S>m|Jar eoV
KQ>H$ 4 : lw{VH$m coIZ
d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>r Om{hamV coIZ
ewÕcoIZ.
{ÛVr` gÌ
KQ>H$ 1.1
gIyZmZm
H¥$îUmV ImoV
1.1 C{ÔîQ>o
darc KQ>H$mMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`m_wio Amnë`mcm;
1.
ì`pŠV{MÌ coIZmMo {deof cjmV `oVrc.
2.
`m ì`pŠV{MÌUmVrc àg§JmMo __© g_Ooc.
3.
J«m_rU ^mJmVrc ì`ŠVtMm _yH$ OZmdam§er AgUmam {Oìhmim ñnîQ> hmoB©c.
4.
H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m coIZe¡crMr d¡{eîQ>ço g_OVrc.
1.2 àmñVm{dH$
1990 Z§VaÀ`m {nT>rVrc X_Xma H$mX§~arH$ma åhUyZ H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Mo Zmd KoVco OmVo. J«m_rU
gm{hË`mV CëcoIZr` coIZ H$aUmè`m {nT>rVrc coIH$ åhUyZhr Vo n[a{MV AmhoV. Vo Á`m {R>H$mUr
amhVmV Ë`m nÝhmim n[agamVrc KS>Umè`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm§H$S>o AË`§V g§doXZercnUo ~KyZ Vr KQ>Zm,
àg§J Amnë`m gm{hË`mV _m§S>VmV. _amR>r J«m_rU gm{hË`mV AmZ§X `mXd, {edmOr gmd§V, aU{OV
XogmB©, am. a§. ~moamS>o, ^mñH$a M§XZ{ed, amOZ Jdg, gXmZ§X Xoe_wI, _hmXod _moao `m§Zr Or
ì`pŠV{MÌUo {c{hcr AmhoV, Ë`mM Ym½`mer g_m§Va gyÌ R>odyZ H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr Zo_Ho$nUmZo coIZ
Ho$co Amho.
H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV J«m_rU ^mJmVrc d`ñH$a ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV{MÌU aoImQ>co
Amho. nyduMr {nT>r Am{U AmOMr {nT>r `mV gd©M nmVirda H$go A§Va nS>V Mmcco Amho, `mMo
dmñVd {MÌU `m_Ü`o `oVo. ho {MÌU H$aV AgVmZm _yH$ OZmdam§daVr AgUmè`m ào_mnmgyZ "gIyZmZm'
`m ì`ŠVrcm H$go _wH$mdo cmJVo `mMo öX`ñneu dU©Z Amco Amho. ho ì`pŠV{MÌU "Mm¡\o$a g_mMma'
Xrnmdcr (2007) À`m A§H$mV àH$m{eV Pmco Amho.
96
1.3 coIH$ n[aM`
■
H¥$îUmV ImoV
_amR>r dmL²>_`mVrc J«m_rU coIH$ åhUyZ n[a{MV. JmdR>mU, am¢Xmim, PS>qP~S> `m VrZ
H$mX§~è`m à{gÕ AgyZ AZw^d d A§VZm©X `m {Z`VH$m{cH$mVyZ ì`pŠV{MÌo àH$m{eV. Ë`m§À`m coIZmg
^¡ê$ aVZ X_mUr nwañH$mamgh AZoH$ nwañH$ma àmßV Pmco. H$moëhmnya n[agamVrc H$io H${ZîR>
_hm{dÚmc`mV {ejH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar. H$moëhmnwar ~mocr^mfoVyZ J«m_rU OrdZmMm doY Ë`m§À`m
H$Wm-H$mX§~arVyZ {XgVmo. "JmdR>mU' d "am¢Xmim' `m Ë`m§À`m H$m§X~è`m {deof cmoH${à` R>aë`m AgyZ
am¢XmimMm H$ÝZS> AZwdmX M§ÐH$m§V nmoH$io `m§Zr Ho$cm Amho. A{cH$S>oM PS>qP~S> hr Ë`m§Mr H$mX§~ar
à{gÕ Pmcr Amho.
1.4 {df` {ddoMZ
J«m_rU ^mJmVrc Xþc©{jV ì`pŠVaoIm§Mo {MÌU BWo ì`ŠV Pmco Amho. Amnë`m {ZË` OJÊ`mVrc
Pmcoco ~Xc `m_wio _wŠ`m OZmdam§er AgUmam g§~§Y XoIrc AmOMr {nT>r VmoS>V Amho. Aer _m§S>Ur
"gIyZmZm' ho ì`pŠV{MÌU dmMë`mZ§Va cjmV `oV.o
1.4.1 Ame`
H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "gIyZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV gIyZmZmMo {MÌU Amco Amho. {ZdoXH$
ZmoH$ar{Z{_Îm naJmdr amhVmo. Jmdr Amë`mZ§Va gm`§H$miÀ`m doir Vmo Amnë`m AmB©cm gm§JyZ {\$am`cm
OmVmo. OmV AgVmZm amZmVyZ `oUmar _mUg§ Ë`mcm "H$dm Amcmg' åhUyZ {dMmarV hmoVr. Vmo àË`oH$mcm
gm§JV-gm§JV _gwQ>rÀ`m Q>oH$S>mda Amcm. `m {R>H$mUmhÿZ gJù`m JmdMm {edma nmhVm `oV hmoVm.
_mimdaZ§ `oUmar dmQ> _gwQ>rÀ`m Q>oH$S>mImcZ§ WoQ> JmdmV `oV hmoVr. {VWoM {ZdoXH$ dmam ImV gJim
{edma S>moù`mV KmcV hmoVm. `mdoir Hw$UmMr Var eoaS>§ `oV Agë`mMr Ë`mcm {Xgcr. Ë`m§À`m
nmR>r_mJo H$moU Amho `mH$S>o {ZdoXH$mMo cj OmVo. Vmo "gIyZmZm' hmoVm.
"gIyZmZm' Zoh_r eoaS>m§À`m nwT>§ AgUmam AmO ~amM _mJ§ hmoVm. {ZdoXH$ EH$gmaIm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>§
~KVM C^m hmoVm. Vmo Iyn WH$cocm Agë`mZo X_mZ§ nmdc§ Q>mH$V hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m nm`mV YZJar
nm`VmU Agm`M§ AmVm Vo ZìhV§; Va gmY§ pñcna hmoV§. nyU© {Xdg^a Vmo eoaS>m§À`m _mJZ§ {\$aV
Ago. S>moŠ`mdaMr Q>monr _icocr, gXamhr VgmM Am{U ^mH$arM§ \$S>H§$ Ë`mÀ`m {Iem_Ü`o H$m|~coc§
hmoV§. H$m`_nUo c§JwQ>çmda AgUmam hm "gIwZmZm' dmië`m {egdrÀ`m cmH$S>mJV {XgV hmoVm.
{ZdoXH$ Ë`mÀ`mer ~mocVmo Voìhm gIwZmZm Ë`mcm nyU©nUo nmaIVmo Am{U AmoiI nQ>ë`mdaM,
97
""H$dm Amcmg a§?'' åhUyZ {dMmaVmo. {ZdoXH$ Ë`mcm åhUVmo, ""gIyZmZm, Vy \$maM WH$cm Amhog.
Am{U EdT>rM eoaS>§ H$er H$m`?'' `mda gIyZmZm {VW§M ~gyZ Amncr H$hmUr gm§Jm`cm gwédmV
H$aVmo. AmVm AmhoV hr eoaS>§hr nmoa§ {dH$m`cm CR>cr AmhoV Ago gm§JyZ CR>Vmo Am{U nwÝhm KamH$S>§
Mmcm`cm cmJVmo.
`mZ§Va {ZdoXH$mMo chmZnU OmJ¥V hmoVo Am{U Amnë`m KamV AgUmè`m eoirMr AmR>dU hmoVo.
Vmo gIyZmZm~amo~a S>m|JamV eoir KoD$Z OmV hmoVm. Vr ninwQ>r Am{U Hw$UmÀ`mhr amZmV OmV Agë`mZo
{ZdoXH$mZo {VÀ`m nm`mV Xmoar ~m§Ycr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir gIwZmZm Ë`mcm åhUmcm hmoVm. Vwcm Oa Ag§
nm` ~m§YyZ KmVc§ Am{U g_moa OodUmM§ VmQ> ^ê$Z R>odc§ Va Ë`mMm H$m` Cn`moJ hmoB©c. `mZ§Va Ë`mZ§
eoirMm ~m§Ycocm nm` gmoS>m`cm gm§{JVc§ hmoV§. `oWo gIyZmZmMr ^yVX`mdmXr ÑîQ>r {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`mdoir
gIyZmZm Iyn Mni hmoVm. eoaS>m§À`m ~amo~arZo niV hmoVm. _mÌ, AmVm Vmo Iyn WH$cm hmoVm.
"gIwZmZm' AmVm JmdmVM _hmXodmÀ`m XodimOdiÀ`m qMM§Imcr amhV hmoVm. {VW§ Ë`mÀ`m
gmo~Vrcm eoaS>§hr hmoVrM. {VW§ ~maŠ`m IwQ>çm amoD$Z Ë`mdaVr eoù`m§Zm ~m§Ycoco hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Á`m
{dQ>m cmJë`m hmoË`m, Ë`m Ë`mZ§ ñdV: KmVë`m hmoË`m. ñdV: q^Vr aMyZ CÌmñZ§ OmD$Z D$gmMm
dmicocm nmcm AmUyZ Ë`mda KmVcocm hmoVm. àË`oH$ dfu nmdgmù`mÀ`m AmYr Vmo N>ßna eoH$aV
hmoVm. `m N>ßnamV Ë`mZ§ H$moH$amgmR>r {Mì`mMr H$m_Q>§ H$mTy>Z Ë`mMr ImQ> V`ma Ho$cr hmoVr. Ë`mÀ`mdaVr
qnOamÀ`m JmÚm. H$moH$a§ eoù`m§Zm ß`m`MrV Am{U nwÝhm Ë`m ImQ>m§daVr OmD$Z ~gm`MrV. ho gd©
H$aÊ`mnmR>r_mJo gIwZmZmMm hmM CÔoe hmoVm H$s, H$moH$am§Zm _yVmV, c|S>çmV ~gm`cm cmJy Z`o. `m
N>ßnam_Ü`oM gIwZmZm PmonV Ago. AmVmnwaVo ho R>rH$ Amho na§Vw nmdgmù`mV H$m` hmoB©c? Agm àíZ
{ZdoXH$mcm nS>Vmo. åhUyZ Vmo gIwZmZmcm {dMmaVmo. gIwZmZm Ë`mda åhUVmo, ""nmdgmù`m§n`ªV øm§Zm
nmoam§Zr R>odc§ Va! H$maU N>ßna H$mTy>Z chmZ _wcJm {VW§ ~§Jcm ~m§YUma Amho. `mgmR>r Vmo XaamoO EH$m
eoircm {JèhmB©H$ ~KV AgVmo. `m eoaS>m§À`m OrdmdaM hr nmoa§ _moR>r Pmcr AmhoV. Am{U AmVm
Ë`m§ZmM {dH$m`cm CR>cr AmhoV.'' Aer I§V Vmo ì`ŠV H$aVmo.
gIyZmZmZ§ EH$m eoaS>rnmgyZ I§S>r^a eoaS>§ Ho$cocr hmoVr. `m eoaS>m§À`m OrdmdaVr Ë`mZ§ XmoZ
_wctMrhr c½Z§ cmdyZ {Xcocr. gJim àn§M nmUr H$ê$Z dfm©VyZ EImXm ImXrMm H$nS>m, c§JwQ>m,
S>moŠ`mdaMr Q>monr Am{U XmoZ-VrZ dfm©VZ§ EH$ YZJar nm`VmZ Ë`mcm cmJm`M§. `mda gIyZmZmMr
OJÊ`mMr JaO ^mJV Ago. gIyZmZm {Xdg^a eoaS>m§À`m _mJyZM {\$aV Ago. Jmdm^modVrMr Hw$aU§,
JS>mImcMr O§Jc§ Am{U gmè`m JmdmMm _mi Ë`mZ§ VwS>dcm hmoVm. Vmo hmVm_Ü`o N>ßnr KoV Ago Am{U
Ë`mZo eoaS>m§Zm {^Vr XmIdV. S>m|JamVyZ {\$aVmZm CÝhmÀ`m Pim Ë`mcm gmogmì`m cmJV. `mVM Vmo
Hw$R>ë`mVar dJirVë`m Pè`mM§ nmUr nrV Ago. XJS>mZ§ KmgyZ Am§Kmoi H$ar. {VWoM H$nS>o YwdyZ
dmidV Kmcr. EImÚm PwSw>nmImcr ~gyZ ^mH$ar ImV Ago. D$ZmMm MQ>H$m H$_r Pmcm H$s, nwÝhm
Vmo eoaS>m§À`m _mJyZ {\$aV hmoVm. {ZdoXH$ a{ddmaÀ`m gwÅ>r{Xder Ë`mÀ`mg§Jo ~è`mMdoim OmV Ago.
98
EH$m a{ddmaMr AmR>dU gm§JVmZm {ZdoXH$ åhUVmo, _mÂ`m eoirZ§ _mÂ`m nm`mM§ gm§Y§ niyZniyZ {T>c§ Ho$c§ hmoV§. Ë`mdoir gIyZmZm Am{U Vmo XmoKo Oodm`cm ~gVmV. {ZdoXH$mÀ`m KamVrc åh¡g
ZwH$VrM ì`mcr hmoVr Ë`m_wio Ë`mZ§ ^mH$arda cmoÊ`mMm Jmoim AmUcm hmoVm. gIwZmZmcm Vmo XoVmZm
Ë`mZ§ KoU§ ZmH$mac§ Am{U Ë`mM§ H$maUhr gm§{JVc§. åhga§ hr nm§Xrcm BaS> H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mM§ XÿY
Am{U H$m`M ImD$ Z`o. AmVm Va Jmo~a J°g Pmcoco AmhoV. gIyZmZm H$YrM åh¡erÀ`m XÿYmMm gmYm
Mhmhr KoV ZìhVm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, eoaS>mM§ XÿY ho gJù`m XÿYmV Mm§Jc§ Amho. gma§ Jmd Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z
Am¡fYmgmR>r åhUyZ eoaS>mM§ XÿY ZoV Ago. Vmo gm§Jo, Jm§YrOr XoIrc eoaS>mM§ XÿYM ImV. H$maU eoaS>§
hr amZmVcm eocH$m PmS>nmcm ImVmV. amZmVcr gJir PmS>§ hr Am¡fYr AmhoV nU Vo _mUgmcm R>mD$H$
Zmhr. Ag§ Ë`mM§ gmY§ VÎdkmZ Amho. gIyZmZmcm ho gJi§ H$g§ H$m` _mhrV hmoV§ Vo {ZdoXH$mcmhr
_mhrV ZìhV§. Am{U `mM H$maUm_wio {ZdoXH$ gIwZmZmÀ`m OmñV Odi OmV hmoVm.
chmZnUmVrc AmR>dUrV a_yZ OmVmZm {ZdoXH$ gm§JVmo, chmZnUr Vmo Hw$UmÀ`mhr KamV OmV
ZìhVm. na§Vw gIyZmZmÀ`m N>ßnamV _mÌ {ZË`{Z`_mZo OmV Ago. EH$doi emiocm Om`cm Vmo MwH$dr
nU gIwZmZmÀ`m Kar _mÌ {ZpíMV OmB©. gIyZmZmM§ N>ßna {ZdoXH$mÀ`m KamOdiM Agë`mZo Vmo gmV
dmOm`À`m AJmoXaM OodyZ daÀ`m AmirVyZ `oV Ago. Vmo Xmamdê$Z Jocm H$s, {ZdoXH$mcm M¡Z nS>m`Mr
Zmhr. _J Vmo AmB©cm OodU dmT>Ê`mgmR>r KmB© H$ar Am{U MwcrMr n{hcr ^mH$ar H$er~er ImD$Z
gIwZmZmH$S>o OmV Ago. gIwZmZm {ZdoXH$mcm _hm^maV, am_m`U `m_Yrc XaamoO EH$ JmoîQ> gm§JV
Ago. JmoîQ> gm§JVmZm gJir nmÌo Vmo N>ßnamV C^r H$aV Ago. Vmo Hw$R>ë`mhr emioV Jocm Zmhr Varhr
Ë`mcm ho gd© H$go H$m` _mhrV Amho Agm àíZ {ZdoXH$mcm nS>o. nU àíZ {dMmaÊ`mM§ YmS>g Ë`mZ§
H$Yr Ho$c§ Zmhr. {ZdoXH$mMr AmB©hr Ë`mcm åhUVo, ""gIw XmOr~mM§ Am{U VwP§ H$g§ H$m` O_V§?''
ho gJi§ Ia§ hmoV§. H$maU Vmo Hw$Um~amo~a \$magm ~mocV Zgo. OodU H$ê$Z N>ßnamV Jocm H$s, Xþgè`m
{XderM ~mhoa nS>o, Ë`m_wio JmdmVcr Q>dmiImoa nmoa§ Ë`mcm {^Ìm _mUyg åhUyZ ~mocdV§. `mMm
{ZdoXH$mcm amJ `oV Ago.
EH$Xm _wÔm_hÿZ {ZdoXH$ `m _wcm§Zm KoD$Z gIwZmZmH$S>o Jocm d JmoîQ> gm§JÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$cr.
Ë`mdoir Vmo {MS>cm Am{U åhUmcm `m nmoamñZr JmoîQ> gm§JÊ`mnojm _r JmoR>çmVë`m OZmdam§Zm J§moîQ>
gm§JrZ na§Vw `m§Zm gm§JUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m _wcm§Zm amJ `oVmo. Vmo {dMmaVmo, Voìhm gIwZmZm gd©
_wcm§À`m H$m` ImoS>çm AmhoV Vo gm§JVmo. `m_wio {ZdoXH$ AdmH²$ hmoVmo. gIwZmZmcm ho gd© H$g§ H$m`
_mhrV Agm àíZ {ZdoXH$mcm nS>Vmo. gIyZmZmZ§ {ZdoXH$mcm EH$Q>çmcmM JmoîQ>r gm§{JVë`m hmoË`m. `mM§
H$maUhr Ë`mcm H$imc§ ZìhV§. Ë`mÀ`m KamVrc _wc§ Amë`mZ§Va Vmo H$YrM {ZdoXH$mOdi IwcV
ZìhVm. H$Xm{MV Vmo eoaS>m§À`mOdiM OmñV IwcV Agmdm Agohr {ZdoXH$mcm dmQ>Vo. åhUyZM Ë`mZ§
gJi§ Am`wî` eoaS>m§À`m ghdmgmV Kmc{dc§ Amho.
AmVm gIwZmZmcm AZoH$ àíZm§Zr J«mgc§ hmoV§. Ë`mVrc _hÎdmMm àíZ åhUOo hr eoaS>§
99
Amnë`mOdi AmVm amhUma ZmhrV. gJù`m§Zm Vmo H§$Q>micm hmoVm; na§Vw eoaS>m§À`m ~m~VrV _mÌ Vmo
H§$Q>micm ZìhVm. `mdoir {ZdoXH$mcm gJù`m JmoîQ>r, KQ>Zm AmR>dm`cm gwê$dmV hmoVo. Zoh_r
{XdgmCOoS>r OodUmam gIwZmZm AOyZ Oodcm ZìhVm. {ZdoXH$mZo {dMmaë`mda Vmo åhUVmo, AmVm nmoamM§
{Xg, B©c Vdm VwH$S>m _moS>m`Mm ÝhmB© Amcm Va VgM _waJim`M§. `m_wio {ZdoXH$mcm JwX_aë`mJV
hmoV§. N>ßnamV ^`mU em§VVm hmoVr. EH$ H$aSy> gIwZmZmÀ`m _m§S>rdaVr `oD$Z ~gc§ hmoV§. EdT>r
EH$ê$nVm gIwZmZm d eoaS>m_Ü`o hmoVr. Ë`mZo {ZdoXH$mcm {dMmac§, Vy H§$À`m Jmdmcm hmBg? Ë`mZ§
JmdmM§ Zmd gm§{JVc§. Ë`mdoir Vmo gm§JVmo. Hw$R>§hr AgyXo na§Vw AmB©-~mnmcm {dgê$ ZH$mog. AmVm
gIyZmZmM§ OodU Amc§ hmoV§. Wmoaë`m nmoa½`mMr _wcJr OodU KoD$Z Amcr hmoVr. {ZdoXH$ Kar OmUma
hmoVm. na§Vw ~gÊ`mgmR>r Vmo Ë`mcm {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. Ë`mdoir Amcocr ZmV gm§JVo. Am~m, AmÊUmZ§
gm§{JVc§ Amho, CÚm gJir eoaS>§ H$moVmocrÀ`m ~mOmamcm Ý`m`Mr AmhoV. gIyZmZm {MS>oc Ag§
{ZdoXH$mcm dmQ>Vo. na§Vw Vmo H$mhrM ~mocV Zmhr. Amnë`m _m§S>rdaÀ`m H$moH$amcm Vm|S>mV MVH$moa ^mH$ar
XoVmo Am{U Cacoc§ OodU gJi§ ~H$m-~H$m ImVmo, Ë`m_wio {ZdoXH$mcm H$goVarM hmoVo. VgmM Vmo VmQ>mV
nmUr AmoVVmo. Á`mdoir {ZdoXH$ {dMmaVmo, "H$mHy$ Hw$R>§ Amho?' Ë`mdoir "Vr ZhmZ½`mH$S>.§ _r.....' Ag§
åhUVmZm Ë`mcm hþ§XH$m XmQy>Z `oVmo. Ë`m_Ü`o {ZdoXH$mcm Oo g_Om`Mo Vo g_OVo. hm N>ßnamVcm JmoîQ>
gm§JUmam gIyZmZm Ë`mZ§ AmO Amnë`m Am`wî`mMrM JmoîQ> gm§{JVcr Amho Ago {ZdoXH$mcm dmQ>Vo. CÚm
hr gJir eoaS>§ {dH$ë`mdaVr gIyZmZm KamH$S>§ OmB©c. Voìhm nwZ: nwÝhm _cm JmoîQ>r H$moU gm§Joc? Agm
àíZ {ZdoXH$mg_moa nS>Vmo. gd© eoaS>§ ~mOmamV {dH$Ê`mÀ`m H$ënZoZ§ gIyZmZm AñdñW hmoVmo. _wŠ`m
OZmdam§V d gIwZmZmV EH$ AVyQ> ZmV§ {Z_m©U Pmcoc§ `oWo dmMH$mÀ`m àË``mcm `oVo.
1.4.2 àg§J{MÌU
"gIwZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmMr gwê$dmV {ZdoXH$ Amnë`m Jmdr `oVmo `m àg§JmZo hmoVo. doi
gm`§H$miMr Amho. {ZdoXH$ Amnë`m AmB©cm gm§JyZ _gwQ>rÀ`m Q>oH$S>mdaVr {\$am`cm OmVmo. {VWo
Q>oH$S>mdê$Z eoaS>§ KoD$Z "gIwZmZm' hr ì`ŠVr `oV AgVo. `m XmoKm§Vrc ^oQ>rMm àg§J J«m_rU ^mJmVrc
d¥Õ d VéU `m XmoZ {nT>rVrc Xe©Z KS>{dVmo. Xþgè`m àg§JmV {ZdoXH$ chmZnUrÀ`m AmR>dUrV OmVmo.
Ë`mdoir Vmo gIwZmZm~amo~a eoir KoD$Z OmVmZmMm àg§J {M{ÌV Pmcm Amho. eoirÀ`m ÌmgmnmgyZ _wŠVr
{_imdr åhUyZ {ZdoXH$ {VMo nm` ~m§YVmo. Ë`mcm gIwZmZm gm§JVmo. VwPo hmVnm` ~m§YyZ nwT>çmV OodUmMo
VmQ> ^ê$Z R>odco Va Imerc H$m`? `mVyZ _wŠ`m OZmdam§darc ào_mMm àg§J dmMH$m§g_moa `oVmo.
{Vgè`m àg§JmV gIyZmZm JmdmVrc _hmXodmÀ`m _§{XamOdirc qMMoImcr N>ßna ~m§YyZ amhVmo`, Ë`mMr
~m`H$mo chmZ _wcm§H$S>o amhVr. gIwZmZmZ§ EH$m eoirnmgyZ I§S>r^a eoù`m Ho$ë`mMo {MÌU `oVo. `mVyZ
Ë`mZo XmoZ _wctMr c½Zhr Ho$cocr AmhoV. `m àg§Jm~amo~aM gIwZmZm~amo~a eoaS>§ Mmamd`mg Jococm
{ZdoXH$ OodVmZm Ë`mcm cmoUr XoV AgVmo, nU gIwZmZm Vo ZmH$maVmo. OZmdamM§ XÿY d Xþ½YOÝ` nXmW©
100
ImV Zmhr. Va Vmo eoirMo XÿY ImVmo. H$maU eoirMo XÿY ho Am¡fYr AgVo. Ago Ë`mMo gmYo VÎdkmZ
Amho. N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm àg§JmVyZ Vmo OrdZmMo \$ma _moR>o VÎdkmZ gm§JVmo. hm gIwZmZm "gmYr ahmUrCÀM {dMmagaUr' `m CŠVrà_mUo dmMH$m§g_moa `oVmo.
1.4.3 ì`pŠV{MÌU
H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "gIwZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV gIwZmZm hr _w»` ì`pŠVaoIm Amho.
Ë`mÀ`m^modVr ñdV: {ZdoXH$ gIwZmZm~ÔcÀ`m AmR>dUr gm§JV Amho. `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmcm "eãX{MÌ'
Agohr åhUVm `oB©c. H$maU eãXmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gIwZmZmMo {MÌ `m{R>H$mUr aoImQ>co Amho.
gIwZmZm~amo~aM {ZdoXH$mMohr {MÌU `oVo. gIwZmZmMr ZmV, JëcrVrc _wco `m§Mm àg§JnaËdo CëcoI
`oVmo. `m ì`pŠV{MÌUm~amo~aM nÝhmim n[agamVrc _gwQ>rMm Q>oH$S>, S>m|Ja, H$moVmocr Am{U ~m§YmarÀ`m
n[agamMo dU©Z Amcoco Amho.
1.4.4 ^mfme¡cr
`m ì`pŠV{MÌUmVrc ^mfm AmoKdVr Am{U AË`§V agmi Amho. J«m_rU ~moctMm nwaonya dmna
H$ê$Z _moOŠ`m Am{U {ZdS>H$ eãXm_Ü`o dmŠ`m§Mr aMZm Ho$cocr Amho. J«m_rU ~mocr^mfm dmnê$Z
g_n©H$ {ZdoXZ V§ÌmMm Adc§~ `m{R>H$mUr Ho$cocm {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ~moctMm T>§J `m ^mfoVyZ
OmUdVmo. åhUr, Amoì`m, CImUo, hr J«m_rU ^mJmVrc eãXm§Mr ImU Amho. CXm. "gIwXmOrM§ {Z
Hw$ZmM§ JmdmV O_§Zm, {Z Vwcm Ë`oÀ`m{~Jma H$a_Zm.' dmŠ`mMr aMZm H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr VrZ Vo nmM
eãXm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z dmŠ` ~Z{dco Amho. CXm. ZmV Jocr. _r {dMmac§, "H$mHy$ Hw$R>§ Amho?', "_cm
gJi§ AmR>dc§' B. `m dmŠ`mVyZ gcJVm Agcocr AmnUmg {XgyZ `oVo. J«m_rU ^mfm Ago åhUVmZm
JmdmH$S>Mr ^mfmhr ì`ŠV Pmcr Amho. J«m_rU ~mocrVrc eãX dmnaë`m_wio Zo_H$m _{VVmW© ì`ŠV
hmoVmo. CXm. ZJmam, _oQ>çmda, nm`Hw$Q> B.
`m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV J«m_rU ~mocr, g§dmXmMo {MÌU _m{_©H$nUo Amcoco Amho Vo nwT>rcà_mUo,
" "_r Q>Ho $mdaZ§ dmQ>da CVacmo. åhUmcmo,
"gIwZmZm!'
gIwZmZmZ§ _cm nmaIcm, {dMmac§,
"H$dm Amcmg a§? Am{U gm§O H$ê$Z Hw$R>§ {ZKmcmg?'
"Amcmo _Kmer' _r åhUmcmo Am{U Ë`mcm {dMmac§,
101
"gIyZmZm'nmaM R>H$cmg Am{U EdT>rM eoaS>?§ I§S>r^amVrc.'
Vmo AmVm {VW§M _oQ>çmda ~gcm hmoVm. åhUmcm,
"ìh`, Va {H$ÀMr! Vr~r AmVm nmoa§ B©H$m`Mr åh§Ë`mV!'
Vmo CR>cm. A§Yma nS>m` cmJcmVm.
Amåhr JmdmH$S>§ {ZKmcmo. eoaS>§ gIwZmZmJV Wm§~V-Wm§~V {ZKmcr hmoVr.''
1.4.5 A{^ì`ŠVr
"gIwZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmVyZ AmnUmcm J«m_rU ^mJmVrc ì`pŠVaoIoMm n[aM` hmoVmo. AmO
EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV "gIwZmZm' gmaIr nmÌo Amnë`m_YyZ Zm_eof hmoV
AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo {MÌU åhUmdo VodT>o Pmcoco Zmhr. Varhr J«m_rU ^mJmV amhÿZ _yH$ OZmdam§er g§dmX
gmYUmar Am{U Ë`m§À`m OrdmdaVr Amncm g§nyU© CXa{Zdm©h H$aUmar _mUgo AOyZhr gIyZmZmÀ`m
ê$nmZo {XgVmV. Ë`mMo ~mocHo$ {MÌU BWo Amco Amho. {d^ŠV Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr_wio AmB© EH$m _wcmH$S>o Va
~mn EH$m _wcmH$S>o Aem n[apñWVrcm Amncr OwZr {nT>r H$er gm_moao OmV Amho Ë`mMo {dXmaH$ {MÌU
BWo ñnîQ>nUo hmoVmZm {XgVo. _yH$ OZmdam§daVr ào_ Am{U _m`m H$aUmar _mUgo _mUgmnojm Ë`mÀ`mOdiM
àH$Q> hmoVmV. `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmVrc "gIwZmZm' hm eoaS>rcm ñdV:À`m KmgmVcm Kmg XoVmo Am{U
_mUwgH$s H$m` AgVo `mMo Zo_Ho$ Xe©Z KS>{dVmo.
1.4.6 dmMZ CVmam
{Xdg^a Vmo eoaS>m§À`m _mJyZ {\$am`Mm. Jmdm^modVrMr Hw$aU§, JS>mImcMr O§Jc§. JmdmM§ _mi
Ë`mZ§ VwS>dcoc§. hmVmVë`m N>ßnrZ§ eoaS>m§Zm ^rVr XmIdV CÝhmÀ`m MQ>Š`mV Hw$R>ë`mVar dJimVë`m
Pè`mH$S>§cm ~gyZ XmoÝhr hmVmÀ`m Am|OirZ§ A§Jmda nmUr ¿`md§. XJS>mZ§ KmgyZ A§Kmoi H$amdr.
A§JmdaM§ Hw$S>V§. c§JwQ>m YwD$Z dmidyZ ~gmd§. {VW§M Pè`mOdiÀ`m PwS>nmImcr ~gyZ ^mH$ar
MKimdr. D$Z Imcr Amc§ H$s naV qhS>md§. Omù`m-PwS>nmVZ§ nmIam§Mr KaQ>r-A§S>r ~KV {\$amd§.
Ag§ Ë`mM§ Mmco.
_r a{ddmaMm ~è`mMXm Ë`mÀ`mg§J§ OmV Ago.
EH$m a{ddmar AgmM _r Jocmo hmoVmo.
_mÂ`m eoirZ§ _mÂ`m nm`mM§ gm§Y§ {T>c§ Ho$c§ hmoV§ niyZ niyZ. gIyZmZmcm _r åhUmcmo,
102
"niyZ-niyZ ^yH$ c` cmJcr. AmVm ^mH$ar ImD$`m.'
Amåhr XmoK§ ^mH$ar gmoSy>Z ~gcmo.
Am_Mr åh¡g ZwH$VrM ì`mcr Agë`m_wi§ KamV XþY-Xþ^Vo ^anoQ>. Ë`m_wi§ _mÂ`m ^mH$arda
cmoÊ`mMm Jmoim Am{U MQ>Ur AmB©Z§ {Xcocr. _r Ë`mVc§ cmoUr gIwZmZmcm XoD$ cmJcmo. Va Ë`mZ§ _cm
ZH$mo åhUyZ gm§{JVc§ Am{U Ë`mM§ H$maUhr gm§{JVc§.
Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, åhga§ nm§Xrcm BaS> H$aVmV. Ë`mM§ XÿY {Z H$m`M ImD$Zo.
_cm ^mH$ar Imdrer dmQ>cr Zmhr. nU AmVm JmdmV Jmo~aJ°g, g§S>mg PmcrV. Ë`m_wi§ `m
JmoîQ>rMm, åhgam§Mm dm§XmM Pmcm. nU XÿY ImVmZm gIyZmZmÀ`m ~mocÊ`mMr {H$ig Amcr hmoVr Vr
AmVm Zmhr. Vo EH$ ~a§.
Vmo H$YrM åh¡erM§ XÿY gmY§ MhmVZhr ¿`m`Mm Zmhr. eoaS>mM§ XÿY gJù`m XÿYmV Mm§Jc§ Ë`mÀ`m
_Vo Am{U Jmdhr Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z Am¡fYmgmR>r åhUyZ eoaS>mM§ XÿY ZoV Ago. XÿY _mJm` Amcoë`m
_mUgmcmM Vmo Hw$R>ë`mVar eoaS>rMm nm` Yam` cmdm`Mm Am{U XÿY H$mTy>Z Úm`Mm. Ë`mdoir h_Img
Ë`m _mUgmcm gm§Jm`Mm;
""Zo-Om. EdT>§ _moR>§ Jm§Yr~m~m. Ë`m§Zr Xoe ñdmoV̧ Ho$cm Ë`o XþIrc eoaS>rM§ XÿY {nV hþV§ Am{U
eoaS>rMr OmV amZmVcm gocH$m PmS>nmcm ImVr. amZmVcr gmar PmS>§ AdeXrM§ hm`V§. AmnZmñZr R>md§
ÝhmB© EdT>§M.''
gIwZmZmcm `m JmoîQ>r H$moUmH$Sy>Z H$imë`m Vo _mhrV Zmhr. nU Ë`mcm _mhrV hmoË`m. Ë`mÀ`m
`m JmoîQ>r_wi§M _r Ë`mÀ`mOdi OmñV Jocmo.
1.5 eãXmW©
ZJmam
: EH$ _moR>o M_©dmÚ, ^anya Oodë`mZ§VaMo _moR>o nmoQ>.
dmicr {egdr
: {egdrÀ`m cmH$S>mMo PmS>.
_oQ>çmda
: nm` Xþ_Sy>Z ~gUo.
nm`Hw$Q>
: OZmdam§À`m nm` qH$dm Jù`mg ~m§Ycocr Xmoar, cmoT>Um.
I§S>r^a
: drg hr g§»`m.
103
1.6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZmoÎmao
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
àíZ : H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "gIwZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmMo {deof gm§Jm.
CÎma : àmñVm{dH$ : H¥$îUmV ImoV ho Zì`m {nT>rVrc H$mX§~arH$ma åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV.
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m JmdR>mU, am¢Xmim, PS>qP~S> `m H$mX§~è`mVyZ J«m_rU n[agamMo Añgc {MÌU Ho$coco
Amho. nÝhmim n[agamVrc ~moctMm à^md Ë`m§À`m coIZmda OmUdVmo. gIwZmZm `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV
Ë`m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJmVrc ì`ŠVtMo _wH$ OZmdam§er AgUmè`m ZmË`mMo {MÌU Ho$co Amho.
{ddoMZ : "gIwZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUm_Ü`o {ZdoXH$mZo Amnë`m chmZnUrÀ`m AmR>dUtZm
COmim H$ê$Z {Xcm Amho. chmZnUr AmnUhr Amncr eoir KoD$Z OmVmZmMo dU©Z Amho. gIwZmZmMo
ì`pŠV{MÌU åhUOo Vmo Hw$R>ë`mhr emioV Jocm Zmhr VarnU Ë`mcm Jm§Yr~m~m~ÔcMr _m{hVr Amho.
JëcrVë`m BVa _wcm§Zm Vmo JmoîQ>r gm§JV Zmhr, H$maU Ë`mcm àË`oH$mÀ`m ImoS>çm _mhrV AmhoV. Ë`mZo
EH$m eoirnmgyZ I§S>r^a eoù`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr OmonmgZm Vmo Mm§Jë`màH$mao H$aVmo. `m eoù`m§À`m
OrdmdaVr Ë`mZo XmoZ _wctMr c½Zo Ho$cr AmhoV. AmVm Ë`m§Mr _wco `m eoaS>m§Zm {dHy$Z ~§Jcm ~m§YUma
AmhoV Ë`m_wio Vmo AñdñW Amho. eoaS>m§À`m~amo~a amhV Agë`m_wio _mUgmnojm Vmo eoaS>mOdi OmñV
àH$Q> hmoVmo. gd© eoaS>m§Zm {dH$Ê`mÀ`m _wcmÀ`m KmQ>m_wio em§V amhUo Vmo ng§V H$aVmo. H$maU AmVm `m
d`mV Ë`mMo _wcm§Odi H$m` MmcV Zmhr. gd© eoaS>§ {dH$cr OmVrc Am{U gIwZmZm Amnë`m Kar
OmB©c Voìhm AmnUmcm JmoîQ> H$moU gm§Joc Agm àíZ {ZdoXH$mcm nS>Vmo.
g_mamon : "gIyZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr J«m_rU ^mJmVrc d`ñH$a ì`pŠVMo
{MÌU AË`§V _m{_©H$nUo Ho$coco Amho. `mcm "eãX{MÌ' Agohr åhUVm `oVo. Amnë`m ~mcnUrÀ`m
AmR>dUrV "gIwZmZm' Ë`mMm ñd^md, dmJUo, ~mocUo B. {MÌUmVyZ J«m_rU ^mJmVrc ì`pŠVMo
öX`ñneu {MÌU ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho.
■
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. EH$m eoirÀ`m gIyZmZmZo {H$Vr eoù`m Ho$ë`m hmoË`m?
(A) Xhm
(~) nÞmg
(H$) I§S>r^a
(S) e§^a.
2. H$moUË`m àmÊ`mMo XÿY gJù`m XþYmV Mm§Jc§ Ag§ gIwZmZmM§ _V hmoV§?
(A) eoirMo
(~) JmB©Mo
(H$) åh¡erMo
(S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.
104
3. gmoÝ`mgmaI§ N>ßna {dñH$Qy>Z gIyZmZm§Mm chmZ _wcJm {VW§ H$m` ~m§YUma Amho?
(A) Ka
(~) ~§Jcm
(H$) JmoR>m
(S>) hm°Q>oc.
4. eoaS>§ {dH$ë`mda gIwZmZm H$moR>o OmUma hmoVm?
(A) JmdmH$S>§
(~) amZmV
(H$) KamH$S>§
(S>) _ù`mV.
CÎmao : (1) I§S>r^a, (2) eoirMo, (3) ~§Jcm, (4) KamH$S>§.
1.7 g_mamon
"gIwZmZm' hm H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Mm ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ coI Amho. `mcm "eãX{MÌ' Agohr
åhUVm `oVo. J«m_rU ^mJmVrc _mUyg ~XcVmZmMo {MÌU hmoV AgVmZm ehamVrc KamgmaIr Amncrhr
Kao Agm`cm hdrV. `mgmR>r OwZo Ka nmSy>Z ZdrZ ~§Jcm ~m§YÊ`mMo gIwZmZmMm _wcJm R>adVmo. `m_Ü`o
XmoZ {nT>çm§Vrc A§Va coIH$ ghOnUo dmMH$mg_moa AmUVmo. gIwZmZmÀ`m CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ
AgUmè`m eoù`m§Zm {dH$Ê`mMo V§Ì _wcJm Adc§~Vmo. `m eoù`m gIwZmZmÀ`m A§JmIm§Úmda chmZ
_wcm§gma»`m Ioië`m AmhoV. AmnUmnmgyZ Ë`m§Mr hmoUmar VmQ>mVyQ> gIyZmZmcm ghZ hmoV Zmhr. _yH$
OZmdam§Zm _mUgmBVH$mM cim cmdUmam "gIwZmZm' hm Amnë`m J«m_rU nma§n[aH$ g_mOOrdZmMo
àm{V{Z{YH$ ê$n Amho. "gIyZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUm_YyZ H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr nÝhmim n[agamVrc
ì`pŠVMo {Od§V, ~mocHo$ Am{U Zo_Ho$ {MÌU Ho$coco Amho. ho ì`pŠV{MÌU _hmamîQ´>mVrc H$moUË`mhr
IoS>çmV AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_ioc BVHo$ Ord§VnUo Vo gmH$maco Amho.
1.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ.
1. EH$ Añgc J«m_rU ì`pŠVaoIm åhUyZ gIwZmZmMo ì`pŠV{MÌU H$am.
2. J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmV _yH$ OZmdam§er AgUmao ZmVo "gIwZmZm' `m ì`pŠV{MÌUmV H$go
ì`ŠV Pmco Amho Vo gmoXmhaU {chm.
■
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. gIwZmZmda H$moUË`m amîQ´>r` ZoË`mMm à^md hmoVm?
(A) _. Jm§Yr
(~) n§{S>V Zohê$ (H$) cmo. {Q>iH$ (S>) cmcm cOnVam`.
105
1.9 dmMZ
1. ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a
: AmoP§ (g§nm. Jmo. _m. ndma)
2. AmZ§X `mXd
: _mVrImcMr _mVr (H$Wmg§J«h).
1.10 CnH«$_
❍
Vw_À`m JmdmVrc nmird àmÊ`m~amo~a {Oìhmù`mMo ZmVo AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV{MÌU
Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.
❒❒❒
106
KQ>H$ 1.2
AmoiI
{dO` V|Sw>cH$a
1.1 C{ÔîQ>o
darc EH$m§{H$Ho$Mo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmg;
1.
EH$m§{H$H$m `m dmL²>_` àH$mamMr AmoiI hmoB©c.
2.
_w§~B©gma»`m _hmZJamVrc _mUgmMo OrdZ H$go Amho Vo H$ioc.
3.
aoëdo_Yrc cmoH$m§Mr ñd^md d¡{eîQ>ço g_OVrc.
4.
{dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§À`m coIZe¡crMm n[aM` hmoB©c.
1.2 àmñVm{dH$
_amR>r ZmQ>ç na§naoV à`moJerc ZmQ>H$H$ma åhUyZ {dO` V|Sw>cH$a ho n[a{MV AmhoV. _mZdr
ZmË`mVrc Jw§VmJw§VrMo {MÌU Ë`m§Zr ZmQ>çg§{hVoV {c{hco Amho. _mZdmÀ`m ApñVËdm~Ôc doJdoJiçm
_Vm§Mm {dMma Ë`m§Zr ZmQ>H$m_YyZ ñnîQ>nUo _m§S>cm Amho. _amR>r ZmQ>H$mcm EH$m cm¡{H$H$ na§naoV ZoD$Z
~gdUmao ZmQ>H$H$ma åhUyZhr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nm{hco OmVo. Ë`m§Mr ZmQ>Ho$ {d{dY ^mfoV ^mfm§V[aV hmoD$Z
a§J_§MmdaVr AdVacr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m nQ>H$Wmda {MÌnQ>hr {ZKmco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Vo ^maVmVrc loîR>
ZmQ>H$H$ma åhUyZ Va AmoiIco OmVmVM, nU Ë`mhr~amo~a Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$sVuMo nQ>H$WmH$ma åhUyZhr
Ë`m§Zm _mÝ`Vm {_imcr Amho.
1.3 coIH$ n[aM`
■
{dO` V|Sw>cH$a
{dO` Ym|S>mon§V V|Sw>cH$a `m§Mm _w§~B© `oWo 1928 _Ü`o OÝ_. 15 ì`m dfu J«§W{dH«o$Ë`mH$S>o
ZmoH$ar. X¡{ZH$ "Zd^maV', "_amR>m' d "cmoH$gÎmm'_YyZ Cng§nmXH åhUyZ H$m`©. 1955 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mo
"J¥hñW' ho n{hco ZmQ>H$ Amco. 1958 _Ü`o "lrH$m§V' Am{U "_mUyg ZmdmM§ ~oQ>' hr XmoZ ZmQ>H$§ Amcr.
Ë`mZ§Va "H$mdù`m§Mr emim', "{M_UrM§ Ka hmoV§ _oUmM§', "^ë`mH$mH$m' hr ZmQ>çH¥$Vr à{gÕ Pmë`m.
107
"em§VVm H$moQ>© Mmcy Amho' (1963) ho Ë`m§Mo JmOcoco ZmQ>H$. Ë`m§Zr nwT>o "{JYmS>'o (1971), "gImam_
~mBªS>a' (1972), "Kmeram_ H$moVdmc' (1973), "nm{hOo OmVrMo', "{_ÌmMr JmoîQ>', "H$_cm'
(1982), "H$Ý`mXmZ' Aer EHy$U 27 ZmQ>H§$, 25 EH$m§{H$H$m d 16 ~mcZmQ>ç§ {c{hcr. Ë`m§Zr 19
qhXr d _amR>r {MÌnQ>m§À`m nQ>H$Wmhr {c{hë`m. Ë`m§Mr EHy$U nmM cKwH$Wm g§J«h d VrZ c{cV
{Z~§Yg§J«h à{gÕ AmhoV. "H$mX§~ar : EH$' hr H$mX§~ar à{gÕ. Ë`m§Zm {d{dY gÝ_mZmZo Jm¡a{dco Amho.
1.4 {df` {ddoMZ
{dO` V|Sw>cH$a ho Amnë`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU© e¡cr_wio doJio ZmQ>H$H$ma R>aco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr
{dMmaeŠVrM ZmQ>çmË_ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ame`mMm doJim nQ> Ë`m§Zr `mVyZ _m§S>cm Amho. Amnë`m
coIZmVyZ d¡Mm[aH$VoMm EH$ Ü`mg ì`ŠV H$aÊ`m~amo~a _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m ^mdm{dîH$mamMo _m{_©H$ {MÌU
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ZmQ>H$mVyZ d EH$m§{H$Ho$VyZ Ho$coco AmnUmg {XgyZ `oVo.
1.4.1 Ame`
"AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$V {dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§Zr 1952 gmcmVrc _w§~B©Vrc Hw$ë`m©À`m aoëdo
ñQ>oeZdarc nmdgmù`mVrc EH$m g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m àg§JmMo dU©Z Ho$co Amho. BWo M|~ya _mZIwX© cmB©ZÀ`m
JmS>çm§Mm ßc°Q>\$m°_© Amho. AJXr Q>moH$m§À`m ~mH$mda XmoZ ì`ŠVr {Z_yQ> ~gë`m AmhoV. {VWo ñVãYVm
Amho. Ë`mVrc EH$ ñÌr Amho Va Xþgam nwéf. XmoKohr VéU AmhoV. `m XmoKm§V ZmVo OmoS>Uo Vgo YmS>gmMo
R>aoc. `m XmoKm§À`m g§dmXmAJmoXaMo ho dU©Z Amho. `mVrc ñÌr hr {Xdg^amÀ`m H$m_mZo WH$cocr Amho.
AmoR> {\$ŠH$Q> Am{U EH§$Xa _wÐm AmoT>cocr Amho. H$m`m H$mid§S>cocr Amho. AMmZH$ B§{OZMr H$H©$e
{eÅ>r dmOVo. XMHy$Z B§{OZH$S>o nmhVmZm {VMr ZOa ~mOyÀ`m nwéfmda {IiVo. Vmo VéU {VÀ`mH$S>o
EH$gmaIm nmhV hmoVm. {Vcm ho g_Oon`ªV Vmo VéU {Vcm {dMmaVmo-nwT>cr JmS>r {H$Vrcm Amho?
Vr-Hw$R>§ Om`M§ Amho Vwåhm§cm? Vmo- ~moar~§Xacm Ag§ Jm|YiyZ gm§JVmo. Vr ßc°Q>\$m°_© MwH$ë`mMo gm§JVo.
Varhr Vmo Amoemië`mgmaIm {VWoM Wm§~Vmo. `mda Vr VéUr {MS>Vo, Ë`mcm {Zc©ÁO! Agohr åhUVo.
[aH$må`m Mm¡H$em Am{U ~oea_nUo _mÂ`mH$S>o nmhVm, Ago åhUVo. ~amo~a EH$ Vmg Vmo {VÀ`m_mJo
KwQ>_iV Amho. {H$VrVar JmS>çm ~moar~§Xacm Joë`m; na§Vw hm BW§M Vi R>moHy$Z Amho. _mÌ Vmo VéU
{VÀ`mH$S>o J¡ahoVyZo nmhV Zgë`mMo gm§JVmo. Amncr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoD$Z WmoS>o ~mocÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo.
na§Vw Ë`mÀ`m `m JmoîQ>rcm Vr CÎma XoV Zmhr. AmnU EH$ gä` J¥hñW AmhmoV. Amnë`m XmoKm§À`m
g§dmXmV An[a{MV Agë`mMm gmaIm CëcoI `oVmo. ho gJi§ J¡ag_OwVrVyZ KS>V Agë`mM§ Ë`mM _V
~ZV§. `mda Vwåhr gä` Agë`mMm Amd H$emcm AmUVm Ago Vr VéUr åhUVo. `mcm cmJcrM Vmo
CÎma XoVmo. _r H$moUVmhr Agä`nUm Vw_À`mer Ho$cocm Zmhr. CcQ> Vw_À`m_wio _r ~moar~§XanmgyZ BWda
Amcocmo Amho. `m ~mocÊ`mcm Vr VéUr \$magm à{VgmX XoV Zmhr. Ë`mcm Ë`mÀ`m dmQ>oZo OmÊ`mMm
108
gëcm XoVo. nU Vmo OmÊ`mMo H$mhr Zmd KoV Zmhr. {VÀ`mer ~mocÊ`mMm AÅ>mhmg H$ê$Z ~gVmo. "Zo_Ho$
H$m` ~mocm`Mo Amho, H$m` hmo gä`!' `m dmŠ`mZo Vmo VéU AmnU Agä`nUo dmJcmo Zmhr Var _mPr
MoîQ>m H$aVm åhUyZ AñdñW hmoVmo.
Amncm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoVmZm _mP§ Zmd _YwH$a ì`§H$Q>oe nmR>mao Amho. _cm ^mD$ nmR>mao Agohr
åhUVmV. VgoM Vmo B§nr[a`c ~±Ho$V H$maHy$Z Amho. {JaJmd_Ü`o amhVmo. `mcm IaoVa XmXm nmR>mao qH$dm
{JaJmdMo XmXm nmR>mao Ago åhQ>co Va OmñV ~ao hmoB©c. na§Vw {VMo ho ~mocUo Ë`mcm ng§V nS>V Zmhr,
Vr VéUr Om`cm {ZKVo Voìhm AmnUhr Vw_À`m nmR>monmR> `oUma Ago gm§JVmo. cmoH$ Vwåhm§cm _maVrc.
Vmo _ma ImÊ`mgmR>rhr V`ma hmoVmo. na§Vw AmnUmcm WmoS>§ ~mocm`M§ Amho Ago gm§JVmo. Vr VéUr Ë`mcm
~mocÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVo. Ë`mÀ`m ~mocÊ`mV JyT>Vm Am{U H$mì`mË_H$Vm hmoVr. ñdßZm_Ü`o Jw§J hmoD$Z
Vmo ~mocVmo. {Vcm cmoH$c_YyZ CVaë`mMo gm§JVmo. ~moar~§Xacm AZoH$OU `o-Om H$aVmV. {deofV:
pñÌ`m§À`mH$S>o _mP§ H$Yr cj Joc§ Zmhr. nU AmO Vw_À`mH$S>o cj Joc§. Vw_À`m MmcÊ`mV EH$ S>m¡c
hmoVm. hm BVa _wctÀ`mnojm doJim Agm hmoVm. Vw_M§ MmcU§ _cm AmoiIrM dmQ>c§ Ago Vmo AmdOy©Z
gm§JVmo. cmoH$c_YyZ Vr CVaë`mZ§Va hm {VÀ`m nmR>monmR> `oVmo. `mZ§ {VH$sQ>hr H$mT>coc§ Zmhr. Oar
MoH$aZ§ nH$S>c§ Va X§S> ^aÊ`mMo Vmo àm_m{UH$nUo H$~yc H$aVmo. {Iem_Ü`o ^mS>çmnwaVo n¡go AmhoV.
{_Ìm§H$Sy>Z n¡go CgZo KoVë`mMohr gm§JVmo. nwÝhm {VMo dU©Z H$aVmZm nwñVH$ dmMV ~gë`mMo gm§JyZ
AmnU _§Ì_w½Y hmoD$Z Vw_À`mH$S>o nmhÿ cmJcmo. Vr _Ü`oM åhUVo, _mÂ`m ñdJu` gm¢X`m©_wio? Vmo
åhUVmo, Zìho AmoiIr_wio. _mÌ Ë`m VéUrcm Hw$R>ë`m AmoiIr~Ôc Vmo ~mocVmo Amho ho AOyZhr
g_Ococ§ Zmhr.
_mQw>§Jm ñQ>oeZ Joë`mZ§Va nmdgmMr OmoaXma ga Amcr. Vr VéUr ~gcoë`m {R>H$mUr nmdgmM§
nmUr `oD$ cmJc§. Ë`m nmÊ`mMo Vwfma VéUrÀ`m A§Jmda, Mohè`mda CSy> cmJco. Ë`m_wio Vwåhr \w$ccmV
Ago Vmo gm§JVmo. Vwåhr H$dr AmhmV H$m? `m àíZmcm Vmo åhUVmo, "H$mì` Vw_À`m _wÐoda hmoV§' ho gJi§
nmhÊ`mV AmnU Jw§J hmoVmo. EH$m ñÌrH$S>o Ago nmhUo `mcm gä`nUm åhUVmV H$m? `mda Vmo `m_Ü`o
Hw$R>cm Agä`nUm Amho Ago åhUVmo. AmnU H$m` Vwåhm§cm {^OdrV ZìhVmo Ago gm§JyZ _mÂ`m {Z_rcm
gXu hmoB©c, Ago åhUVmo. `mcm Vr H$moU {Z_r? Ago åhUVo. Vw_M§ ho Zmd Amho. Vr ho Zmd _mP§
Zmhr Ago gm§JVo. Varhr Vmo {Z_©cM Zmd Agm`cm hd§ Agm AÅ>mhmg YaVmo. nwÝhm {VÀ`m dU©ZmV
Vmo Jw§VyZ OmVmo. S>mì`m JmcmdaMm Vri, H$nmimdaMr ImoH$, ZmH$nwS>rOdiMr ~marH$ Mm_Iri gJi§
Ë`mcm {Xgc§. Á`m Mohè`m§Mm Vmo Iyn {Xdg emoY KoV hmoVm Vmo {Xgë`mZo Ë`mcm AmZ§X Pmcm.
_YwH$a nmR>mao {VÀ`mV BVH$m Jw§VyZ Jocm H$s, Ë`mcm ñdV:Mo Xoh^mZ am{hco Zmhr. AmnU
EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ Xÿa OmUma hr H$ënZmM Ë`mcm ghZ hmoV ZìhVr. ZwH$VrM nQ>cocr hr OwZr AmoiI
{dñ_¥VrÀ`m ImB©V Am{U AkmZmÀ`m A§YmamV H$mhr jUm§Zr cmoQ>cr OmUma `m H$ënZoZo Ë`mcm OmirV
hmoVr. _J Vmo ^mZmda `oD$Z {VMr _m\$s _mJVmo. {VÀ`mer AmoiI {Q>H${dÊ`mMm {ZXmZ à`ËZ Ho$cm
109
nm{hOo Ag§ Ë`mcm dmQ>V§. `mcm Vr VéUr gm§JVo, _r Va H$Yr Vwåhm§cm ñdßZmVgwÕm ~{KVë`mM§
AmR>dV Zmhr. AmOMr hr Amncr n{hcrM ^oQ> Amho. `mda AmnU {Vcm Ìmg {Xë`mMo Vmo H$~yc
H$aVmo. Amncr hr _ZpñWVr Ho$di Vwåhm§cmM H$iy eHo$c Ago Ë`mcm dmQ>Vo. Oa Zmhr g_Ocr Va
_mP§ XþX£d! hr I§Vhr Ë`mÀ`m _Zmcm dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio Vr VéUrhr AñdñW hmoVo. {Vcm H$mhrM g_OV
Zmhr. `mZ§Va Vr Om`cm CR>Vo. {VÀ`m JmS>rMr `oÊ`mMr AmVm doi Pmcocr Amho. {VÀ`m _ZmV Agm
{dMma `oVmo H$s, hm VéU Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVyZ Oo {dMmaUma Amho Vo {dMmaÊ`mÀ`m AJmoXa Vr Om`cm CR>Vo.
H$maU Ë`mM§ g_mYmZ hmoB©c Ag§ CÎma {VÀ`mH$S>o Zmhr. Vr à`ËZ H$ê$Z gm§JVo. _cmhr Vo CÎma A{à`
Amho. Ë`m_wio BWyZ nwT>o Amncm ghdmg g§ncmM nm{hOo Am{U Vmohr H$m`_Mm. Amncr hr AIoaMr
^oQ> Amho. H¥$nm H$ê$Z _cm H$Yrhr ^oQy> ZH$m. VgoM _mÂ`mer ~mocÊ`mMm à`ËZgwÕm H$ê$ ZH$m. AmnU
AmoiI XoUma Zmhr. Vw_À`mer H«y$anUo dmJoZ, `mV Vw_Mm An_mZ hmoB©c Ag§ Vr gm§JVo. `mMo H$maU
_cm H$ioc H$m? Ë`mÀ`m `m àíZmcm Vr gm§{JVc§ Var Vo g_OUma Zmhr Am{U Vo Hw$Umcmhr nQ>Uma
Zmhr Ago YraJ§^ranUo gm§JVo.
Vr VéUr cJ~JrZo Om`cm {ZKVo. Vmo {VÀ`mH$S>o EH$ {_{ZQ>mgmR>r doi _mJyZ KoVmo. JmS>r
gwQ>m`cm H$mhr doi AdH$me Amho. `odT>çmV _cm H$maU gm§Jm. AmnU Vo àm_m{UH$nUo nQ>dyZ KoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$arZ Ago gm§JVmo. Vwåhr gwImV ahmd§ AerM _mPr BÀN>m Amho. `mcm Vr CÎma XoVo. Vw_À`mer
ImoQ>§ ~mocU IamoIa OS> OmV` Am{U Ia§ ~mocU AdKS> dmQ>V§`. _mÌ `m JmoîQ>r_wio _r Xþ:Ir amhUma
hr I§Vhr {VÀ`m _Zmcm cmJVo. JmS>rMm {g½Zc nS>cm Amho. Vr Om`cm {ZKVo, Ë`mdoir Vmo VéU
^aë`m Jù`mZo åhUVmo, AIoa Vwåhr H$maU Z gm§JVmM@@@ Ë`mcm aSy> `oVo. Ë`mdoir Vr VéUr KmB©Zo
gm§JVo, _r EH$m _Ü`_ Hw$Qw>§~mVcr EH$_od {_idVr _wcJr Amho. gdm©V _moR>r \$ŠV {_idVr. _mÂ`m
n[apñWVr_wio `m Hw$Qw>§~mer Zer~ H$m`_M OmoS>c§ Joc§`. _cm ñdV:cm doJi§ Ag§ ApñVËdM Zmhr
Am{U AgyZhr MmcUma Zmhr. ho H$maU Amho. Vmo hmo åhUVmo. na§Vw _r åhUVo _cm _mhrV hmoV§ Vo
Hw$UmcmM nQ>Uma Zmhr. JmS>r OmD$ cmJVo. Vmo _moR>çmZo åhUVmo, Vw_M§ Zmd Zmhr gm§{JVc§? _cm
{Z_©c-{Z_m `m ZmdmZoM hmH$ _mam. hr hmH$ AmVm H$moU EoH$Uma. `mcm VrM CÎma XoVo. _r Zoh_r
EoHo$Z Am{U Vw_Mr AmR>dU H$arZ. IaoVa Ë`m§Mr AmoiI OwZr Amho, hrM `m EH$m§{H$Ho$Vrc A{Ve`
ZmQ>çmË_H$ JmoîQ> Amho.
1.4.2 àg§J{MÌU
{dO` V|Sw>cH$am§Zr "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$V _w§~B© `m _hmZJarVrc aoëdo ñQ>oeZdaMo VéU-VéUr
`m§À`mVrc g§dmXmMo àg§J{MÌU AË`§V öX`ñneu Ho$coco Amho. nmdgmù`mVrc g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m
doio_Ü`o KS>cocm hm àg§J Amho. _YwH$a nmR>mao hm VéU Ë`m VéUrH$S>o àma§^r EH$gmaIm nmhV
AgVmo. nwÝhm Z nm{hë`mgmaIo H$ê$Z Ë`m VéUrer g§dmX gmYVmo. {VÀ`m~amo~a Amnë`m _ZmVrc
110
^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo ~moar~§XanmgyZ Hw$ë`m©n`ªV Amcocm Amho. `m Xaå`mZMo Ë`mZo {VH$sQ>XoIrc
H$mT>coco Zmhr. Ë`m VéUmMm Am{U VéUrMm g§dmX ì`ŠV hmoVmZm Imcrc àg§J {M{ÌV Pmcocm Amho
Vmo Agm...
Vmo : ~moar~§XaH$S>o _cm Oê$a Om`M§ hmoV§. Vgm _r OmUmahr Amho. Ë`mAmYr _cm \$ŠV Vw_Mr
AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mr hmoVr. (qH${MV Wm§~yZ) _cm Vw_À`mer ~mocm`M§ hmoV§.
Vr : H$emgmR>r? H$m` Oê$a?
Vmo : Hw$Umg R>mD$H$!
Vr : Hw$Umg R>mD$H$ åhUOo?
Vmo : àË`oH$ JmoîQ>rMm Iwcmgm _mUgmnmer AgVmoM Ag§ Zmhr. nU Oê$a dmQ>cr BVH§$ Ia§.
\$ma Oê$a dmQ>cr.
`m VéUmMm hoVy Ë`m VéUrer gcJr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Vmo àma§^r g§dmX gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmo.
{dO` V|S>w cH$am§Zr `m EH$m§{H$Ho$Vrc àg§J{MÌUmV aoëdo ßc°Q>\$m°_d© arc g§dmXmnmgyZMr àg§J{Z{_©Vr
aoëdo ßc°Q>\$m°_©n`ªVM `oD$Z g§nVo. VéU-VéUr `m§À`m g§dmXmMo àg§J{MÌU H$aVmZm EH$m§{H$H$m `m
àH$mamMo gd©Vmonar ^mZ V|Sw>cH$am§Zr amIco Amho. `m XmoZ nmÌm§Zm emo^Vrc AerM dmŠ`mMr aMZm
H$ê$Z Zo_Ho$nUmZo `m_Ü`o VéUrMo dU©Z H$aVmZm nmdgmMo Vwfma, {VMo dmMZ, {VMo MmcUo BË`mXr
Z_wZoXma àg§J{MÌU C^o Ho$coco AmhoV. àË`j aoëdo ßc°Q>\$m°_©darc àg§J Amnë`mg_moa hr EH$m§{H$H$m
dmMVmZm C^r amhVo. hoM `m EH$m§{H$Ho$Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUmdo cmJoc.
1.4.3 nmÌ{MÌU
{dO` V|Sw>cH$am§À`m "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$_Ü`o _w»`Ëdo XmoZM ì`pŠVaoIm {M{ÌV Pmcoë`m
AmhoV. EH$ Vê$U Amho. Á`mMo Zmd _YwH$a nmR>mao Amho. Vmo {JaJm§d_Ü`o amhVmo. Vmo B§nr[a`c ~±Ho$V
H$maHy$Z `m nXmdaVr H$m_ H$aVmo. gÜ`m Vmo ^mS>çmÀ`m KamV amhVmo. `m EH$m§{H$Ho$Vrc VéUr M|~yacm
amhVo. ~moar~§Xacm Vr ZmoH$arcm Amho. _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mVrc Vr EH$_od {_idVr _wcJr Amho.
n[apñWVr_wio Amcoë`m OrdZmcm Vr ñdrH$maVo. `mV {VMr H$gcrhr Hw$aHy$a Zmhr. n[apñWVrMr {Vcm
OmUrd Amho. Ë`m_wio _ZmV H$mhr Amco Var Vr `m~m~V YmS>g H$ê$ BpÀN>V Zmhr. `m{edm`
EH$m§{H$Ho$V àma§^r aoëdo ßc°Q>\$m°_©darc g§dmX hmoUmao EH$-XmoZ nmÌo Amcr AmhoV. na§Vw _w»`
nmÌ{MÌU åhUyZ `m_Ü`o VéU, VéUr `m§Mo {MÌU Amco Amho.
111
1.4.4 A{^ì`ŠVr
H$gXma Am{U e¡crnyU© ZmQ>ç{Z{_©Vr, EH$m§{H$H$m coIZ H$aUmao coIH$ åhUyZ {dO` V|Sw>cH$am§H$S>o
nm{hco OmVo. "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$_Ü`o Ë`m§Zr _hmZJar` dmVmdaUmVrc _mUgmMo {MÌU Ho$co Amho.
AË`§V JXu AgUmè`m {R>H$mUr EH$_oH$m§H$S>o Hw$Umcm nhm`cmhr doi `m _w§~B© ZJarV {_iV Zmhr.
àË`oH$ ì`ŠVr Amnë`m H$m_mV JH©$ AgVo. Varhr `mVyZ EImÚm ì`ŠVrMr ZOa EImÚm ì`ŠVrda nS>Vo
Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ EH$_oH$m§À`m AmoiIrV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. `m {R>H$mUr _YwH$a nmR>mao hm VéU
~moar~§XanmgyZ EH$m VéUrMm nmR>cmJ H$ê$Z Hw$ë`m©À`m ßc°Q>\$m°_©n`ªV `oVmo. àma§^r AdKS>ë`mgmaIo
g§dmX H$aVmZm Z§Va _mÌ ñnîQ>nUo Amncr _Vo gm§JVmo. Amnë`m gd© ^mdZm Vmo `m VéUrOdi ì`ŠV
H$aVmo. `m EH$m§{H$Ho$V {M{ÌV Ho$cocr VéUr hr _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mVrc EH$_od {_idVr _wcJr Amho.
VéUrÀ`m _ZmV hmoH$ma AgyZhr Vr ZH$mamMr ^mfm ~mocVo. {Vcm Amnë`m n[apñWVrMr, H$V©ì`mMr
OmUrd Agë`mMo {VÀ`m ~mocÊ`mVyZ ^md àH$Q> hmoVmV. Vo nwT>rc g§dmXmVyZ OmUdVo.
""Vr : Vw_À`m _ZmVyZ `mnwT>o _cm H$m` {dMmam`M§ Amho?
(Vmo ñVãY) Vo Vwåhr {dMmam`À`m AmV _cm BWyZ Xÿa Joc§ nm{hOo; Zmhrg§ Pmc§ nm{hOo.
Vmo : H$m? Vo Vwåhm§cm AmdS>Ê`mgmaI§ Zmhr? (Vr ~mocV Zmhr)
H$s Vw_À`mer Ë`mda CÎma Zmhr.
Vr : Vw_M§ g_mYmZ hmoB©c Ag§ CÎma Zmhr.
Vmo : _J Ë`mV Vwåhm§cm H$gcm _ZñVmn hmoB©c?
Vr : (à`ËZnyd©H$) jU^a Ag§ g_Om, H$s Vo CÎma _cmhr A{à` Amho. (AmdoJmZo) Vw_À`m
BÀN>oà_mUo Amncm ghdmg `mnwT>o AmUIr WmoS>mgwÕm dmTy> eH$Uma Zmhr. g_Oc§? _r
Vmo dmTy> XoUma Zmhr. Vmo g§ncmM nm{hOo. H$m`_Mm g§ncm nm{hOo. hrM (AS>IiV)
Vw_Mr _mPr AIoaMr ^oQ>. H¥$nm H$ê$Z (AmVm gmaIr AS>IiV) nwÝhm _cm H$Yrhr ^oQy>
ZH$m. (nwÝhm AmdoJmZo) _mÂ`mer ~mocÊ`mMm à`ËZgwÕm H$ê$ ZH$m. _r AmoiIgwÕm XoUma
Zmhr. _r H«y$anUmZ§ Vw_À`mer dmJoZ. Vwåhm§cm YwS>H$mdrZ. Vw_Mm An_mZ hmoB©c _mÂ`m
hmVyZ. (Km`mi gya) H$ic§? _cm {dgê$Z Om.''
AmO OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mVrc AZoH$ _wcr n[apñWVr_wio dm__mJm©cm
cmJV Agë`mMo AmnUmg {XgVo. V|Sw>cH$am§Zr Amnë`m ZmQ>H$mVyZ, EH$m§{H$Ho$VyZ ñÌr nmÌmH$S>o dñVyê$n
åhUyZ dU©Z Ho$coco Zmhr. Va ñÌrhr _mUyg Amho. {Vcmhr ^md-^mdZm AmhoV. {VMo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd
Amho `mMo Vo {MÌU H$aVmV. `m EH$m§{H$Ho$_YyZ ñÌrËd OnUmar hr Vê$Ur Amnë`m ì`pŠVËdmMm Am{U
112
Z¡{VH$VoMm nm`m ^ŠH$_ Agë`mMo {VÀ`m ñd^mdmVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo. hohr V|Sw>cH$am§À`m EH$m§{H$Ho$Mo
d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.
1.4.5 ^mfm{deof
{dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§Zr "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$VyZ ehar ^mJmVrc {deofV: _hmZJar` ^mfm
ì`ŠV Ho$cocr Amho. `m EH$m§{H$Ho$VyZ AmnUmcm ghO, gwc^ Am{U gai g§dmXe¡cr àH$Q> Pmë`mMo
OmUdVo. _hmZJar` OrdZmVrc dmñVdXeu {MÌU H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr An[a{MV ì`pŠVer Vr VéUr g§dmX
H$aVmZm {H$Vr AmV©nUo Amncr ^mfm dmnaVo `mMm CÎm_ Z_wZm åhUyZhr `m EH$m§{H$Ho$H$S>o nhmdo cmJoc.
_mUgm§Mm VgoM _mUgm§Vrc ZmVog§~§YmMm doJdoJù`m ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ {dMma Ë`m§Zr BWo _m§S>cm Amho.
VgoM Ë`mÀ`m ^mfoVyZ _mUgmÀ`m _ZmVrc H$ëcmoimMr ñnîQ> AmoiI Am{U g_O `m EH$m§{H$Ho$VyZ
ì`ŠV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `mMmM CÎm_ Z_wZm åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m Imcrc CVmè`mVyZ ^mfm{deof àH$Q>
hmoVmV Vo nhm....
Vmo : Amncr hr eodQ>Mr JmR>^oQ> hmo` Zm? JmS>r gwQ>m`cm AÚmn qH${MV AdH$me Amho.
VodT>çmV _cm (AS>IiyZ) _cm H$maU gm§Jm. _r Vo nQ>dyZ KoÊ`mMm àm_m{UH$ à`ËZ
H$arZ.
Vr : nU Vo nQ>UmaM Zmhr Vwåhm§cm. AmOda Hw$UmcmM Vo H$Yr nQ>c§ Zmhr.
Vmo : nU _cm Vo gm§Jm. _cm Vo nQ>oc. {\$ê$Z _r Vwåhm§cm H$Yrhr Ìmg XoUma Zmhr. Vy(ñdV:cm gwYmê$Z KoV) Vwåhr gwImV amhmd§ AerM _mPr BÀN>m Amho- (qH${MËH$mc
ñVãYVm) (H$mVa AmdmOmV) H$m hgcmV Aem? Vwåhr gwIr hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr?
Vr : (à`mgmZo, ZmB©cmOmZo) Vw_À`mer ImoQ>§ ~mocU§ IamoIa OS> OmV` _cm Am{U Ia§
~mocU§ AdKS> dmQ>V§`. (Wm§~yZ) Zmhr. _r \$ma Xþ:Ir amhUma Amho.
Vmo : H$m?
Vr : H$mhrVar A{Ve` _mocmM§ J_dmd§ _mUgmZo- åhUOo H$g§ dmQ>V§ Ë`mcm?
Vmo : Xþ:I dmQ>V§, Anma Xþ:I dmQ>V§- _cm dmQ>oc Vo. nU-nU Vwåhr H$m` J_mdc§ Amho?
Vw_MrgwÕm AerM Hw$Umer VmQ>mVyQ> Pmcr Amho?
Vr : (JS>~S>rZo) Mcm-AmYr JmS>rV ~gy Xo _cm. {g½Zc nS>cm. (H$moiemÀ`m E§{OZMrm{eÅ>r)
Vr : AÀN>m.
Vmo : (^aë`m Jù`mZo) AÀN>m AIoa Vwåhr H$maU Z gm§JVmM- (JXJXVmo)
113
Vr : (KmB©Z§) Ah§- cmdyZ Zmhr ¿`m`M§. gm§JVo EoH$m H$maU (WmoS>r Wm§~Vo) EH$m _Ü`_
pñWVrVë`m _moR>çm Hw$Qw>§~m§Vcr _r EHw$cVr EH$ {_idVr _wcJr Amho. gdm©V _moR>r. _rM
\$ŠV {_idVr. n[apñWVr_wio `m Hw$Qw>§~mer _mP§ Zer~ H$m`_M§ OIS>c§ Joc§ Amho. _cm
doJi§ ApñVËd Zmhr. AgyZ MmcUma Zmhr. AgVm H$m_m Z`o. H$ic§ H$maU?
1.4.6 dmMZ CVmam
Vr : (AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoV) h§. _J nwT>o H$m` Pmc§?
Vmo : (qH${MV Wm§~yZ Z§Va) nwT>§ _mQw>§Jm Joc§ Am{U ~mhoa nmdgmMr OmoamMr ga Amcr. Vwåhr
~gcm hmoVmV {VWë`m OdiÀ`m CKS>çm {IS>H$sÀ`m H$S>oda nmdgmM§ nmUr àW_
hiyhiy Am{U Z§Va OmoamZo {R>~Hy$ cmJc§; Am{U Vw_À`m A§Jmda, Mohè`mda nmÊ`mMo
Vwfma CSy> cmJco. Vwåhr. Vwåhr Ë`m Vwfmam§Zr H$mhrem \w$cVmV- Vw_À`m _wÐodaMm WH$dm
qH${MËH$mc nma nimcm; Am{U Vwfma MwH${dÊ`mgmR>r qH${MV _J diyZ Vwåhr COì`m
hmVmMm n§Om Mohè`mnwT>o AmS>dm, YacmV. Vwfmam§Zm OUy Vwåhr åhUV hmoVmV, "ZH$m ao
~m~m§Zmo _cm {^Ody-'
Vr : H$dr AmhmV H$s!
Vmo : _r? H$dr? Zmhr. ~{KVc§ VoM gm§JVmo Amho. H$mì` Vw_À`m _wÐoda hmoV§. Hw$Ur Var _mÂ`m
OdiM JwUJwUc§. ""Zm _mamo {nMH$mar-''
Vr : Añg§! Vo Vwåhr ZìhVm Zm?
Vmo : ZìhVmo. Vw_À`mH$S>o Ho$di nmhÊ`mVM _r ñdV:cm {dgacmo hmoVmo. OwZr AmoiI nQ>dyZ
KoÊ`mV n§MàmU Jw§Vco hmoVo. gJi§ ^mZ hanc§ hmoV§. (qH${MV Wm§~Vmo). _J- _J Hw$R>oVar
AñnîQ> dmQ>c§, Vr {IS>H$s ~§X H$ê$Z KoVcr nm{hOo. hr OmUrd dmTy> cmJcr. _r
ñdV:cm åhUV hmoVmo, nwT>o hmo, Vr {IS>H$s ~§X H$a. Vo VwP§M H$V©ì` Amho.
Vr : _J H$m ~§X H$ê$Z {Xcr ZmhrV {IS>H$s?
Vmo : (qH${MV Wm§~yZ) Vwåhm§cm Ë`m VemM pñWVrV Iyn nmhmd§ Ag§hr _cm dmQ>c§ hmoV§.
_ZmVcr Hw$R>cr Var OwZr H$dmS>§ àXrK© H$mimZ§Va Zì`mZo CKS>V hmoVr. Zdm àH$me AmV
{eaV hmoVm- (ídmgmoÀN²>dmg OmoaOmoamZo hmoVmo Amho.) {VVŠ`mV Vw_À`mOdiÀ`m qgYr
J¥hñWmZo Vr {IS>H$s KmB©KmB©Zo cmdyZ KoVcr Am{U- Am{U _mPm {dga Pmcm (ñVãY
hmoVmo).
Vr : (gwagwar `oD$Z) _cm {^OVmZm nmhm`M§ hmoV§ Vwåhm§cm! hm Hw$R>cm gä`nUm hmo?
114
Vmo : ømV Hw$R>cm Agä`nUm Pmcm?
Vr : Agä`nUm Zmhr Va H$m`? EH$m ñÌrH$S>o Aem ÑîQ>rZo nmhU§Vmo : _r Va {^OdrV ZìhVmo Zm Vwåhm§cm? Vwåhr {^OV hmoVmV Am{U _r ~o^mZ hmoD$Z nmhV
hmoVmo, nmhUmam C^m S>~m H$m` Agä` hmoVm Ag§ åhUmc?
Vr : nU. Vw_Mr-_mPr Va AmoiI hmoVr! OwZr AmoiI! Zmhr H$m§?
1.5 eãXmW©
eoIr
: H$sVu.
nme
: \$mg, \$mgm.
gwnr[a`a : CÀM, loîR>, daMm, Mm§Jcm.
Q´>°_
: cmoH$c aoëdo.
VO©Zr
: A§JR>çmOdiMo hmVmMo ~moQ>.
1.6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZmoÎmao
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
àíZ : "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$V {dO` V|Sw>cH$am§Zr Vmo Am{U Vr Mo àg§J{MÌU
H$go Ho$co Amho?
CÎma : àmñVm{dH$ : {dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§À`m "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$_YyZ Vmo Am{U Vr AWm©V²
VéU-VéUr `m XmoKm§Mo g§dmX {MÌU Amcoco Amho. _w§~B©Vrc aoëdo ßc°Q>\$m°_©darc ho g§dmX Amnë`m
S>moù`mg_moa àË`j dmñVdXeu {MÌ C^o H$aVmV. nmdgmù`mÀ`m {XdgmVrc g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m `m
àg§J{MÌUmZo EH$m§{H$Ho$Mr _m§S>Ur ñnîQ>nUo Pmcocr {XgVo.
{ddoMZ : _w§~B©Vrc Hw$ë`m©À`m aoëdo ñQ>oeZdarc M|~ya-_mZIwX© `m ßc°Q>\$m°_©darc EH$m ~mH$mda
EH$ VéU Am{U EH$ VéUr ~gcocr AmhoV. Vo XmoKo EH$_oH$m§er n[a{MV ZmhrV. Varhr Ë`m VéUmcm
n[a{MV Agë`mMm ^mg hmoD$Z Vmo {VÀ`mer àma§^r ~mocÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Vr VéUr Ë`mÀ`m EHy$UM
dmJÊ`m, ~mocÊ`mH$S>o _dmcr Agë`mÀ`m ChmnmohmVyZ nmhVo. Voìhm Vmo AmnU {JaJmdmV amhV
Agë`mMo gm§JyZ B§nr[a`c ~±Ho$V H$maHy$Z åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV Agë`mMo gm§JVmo. {VMm nmR>cmJ Vmo
M|~yanmgyZ H$aV-H$aV Hw$ë`m©n`ªV Amcocm AgVmo. Ë`mdoir `m XmoKm§Mo g§dmX hmoVmV. Vw_À`m
115
Hw$R>ë`mem ì`pŠV_ËdmZo _cm BWn`ªV IoMyZ AmUco ho Vmo {d{dY àg§JmÛmao gm§JVmo. Vr Amncr
AmoiI \$ŠV BWoM Pmcr Am{U g§ncrhr Aer ^mfm ~mocë`mda Vmo H$maU {dMmaVmo Am{U Vr gm§JVo.
hr VéUr EH$m _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mVrc {_idVr EHw$cVr EH$ _wcJr AgVo. Amnë`m Ordmda gmao
Hw$Qw>§~ Adc§~yZ Amho. _mPm H$moUVmhr {ZU©` _mÂ`m KaÀ`m§Zm gmoSy>Z hmoUma Zmhr Ago àm_m{UH$nUo
gm§JVo. Varhr Ë`m VéUmcm eodQ>r Vr åhUVo, Vwåhr H$Yr hmH$ _macrV Va _r Vr EoHo$Z Am{U Vw_Mr
AmR>dU H$mT>oZ, Ago öX`ñneu àg§J{MÌU BWo Amco Amho. Iao Va `m XmohmoMr OwZr AmoiI AgVo.
nU n[apñWVrZo XmoKo Xÿa Jococo AgVmV.
g_mamon : _w§~B©Vrc 1952 gmcmVrc EH$m nmdgmù`mVrc g§Ü`mH$miMo aoëdo ßc°Q>\$m°_©darc
BWo {MÌU Amco Amho. VéU Am{U VéUr `m§À`m g§dmXmVyZ AZmoiIr eãX n[aM`mMo hmoV OmVmV.
nU g§ñH¥$Vrer Zmi Owicr Agë`mZo XmoKohr gä`nUmZo dmJVmV. VgoM EH$_oH$m§À`m AS>MUr Am{U
n[apñWVr g_OmdyZ KoVmZm XmoKm§Mmhr g_§OgnUm BWo {XgyZ `oVmo.
1.7 g_mamon
{dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m doJù`m ZmQ>çaMZoÀ`m e¡cr_wio AmoiIco OmVo. g_mOmVrc
{d{dY A§JmMm Amnë`m H$cmH¥$Vr_YyZ emoY KoD$Z ZmQ>H$mÀ`m g§{hVoV Ë`mMm à`moJ H$aUmao à`moJerc
ZmQ>H$H$ma Agm Ë`m§Mm cm¡{H$H$ Amho. Ë`m_wio 1955 Z§VaMo Vo ^maVmVrc _hÎdmMo ZmQ>H$H$ma R>aVmV.
AmOÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§Mo ZmQ>H$ d EH$m§{H$H$m Aä`mgVmZm _mZdr ZmË`mVrc dmñVdmMm gImoc
Am{dîH$ma Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a g§doXZercnUo _m§S>Ur, ZmQ>H$mVrc à`moJercVm Aer
ñnîQ>nUo _m§S>Ur H$aUmao à`moJerc ZmQ>H$H$ma åhUyZ AmOhr Ë`m§Mo Zmd nwT>o `oVo. V|Sw>cH$am§Zr _amR>r
a§J_§Mmcm ZdH$mì` Am{U ZdH$Wm `m§À`m n[adV©ZmÀ`m H$mimV dmñVddmXr ZmQ>H$ Am{U EH$m§{H$H$m
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z Zdr e¡cr àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcr Amho.
1.8 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$_YyZ ì`ŠV Pmcocr VéUrMr ^mdpñWVr ñnîQ> H$am.
2. "AmoiI' `m EH$m§{H$Ho$Vrc VéUVéUtMr _ZmodñWm {chm.
1.9 dmMZ
1. {ZdS>H$ _amR>r EH$m§{H$H$m : g§nmXH$ gwYm Omoer Am{U aËZmH$a _VH$ar.
❒❒❒
116
KQ>H$ 2
n¡cVrar
JmoXmdar néioH$a
2.1 C{ÔîQ>o
"n¡cVrar' `m AmË_H$WZna coImMo AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm;
1.
Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMo àíZ, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n[apñWVr Am{U Ë`m§Mo
^mdOrdZ Aä`mgVm `oB©c.
2.
ZmJa Am{U Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrc gd©M nmVù`m§darc A§VamMr OmUrd hmoB©c.
3.
^m¡{VH$dmXmÀ`m nmR>r_mJo YmdVmZm _mUyg Amnë`mM EH$m g_yhmcm {dgaV Mmccm
Amho, `m dmñVdmMo ^mZ `oB©c.
4.
Am{Xdmgr, Cno{jV g_mOmgmR>r YS>nS>Umè`m g_mOerc H$m`©H$VuMo OrdZ g_OyZ KoVm
`oB©c.
2.2 àmñVm{dH$
AmË_M[aÌ hm dmL²>_`àH$ma H$_mcrMm AmË_{ZîR> Amho. "_cm H$mhrVar gm§Jm`M§ Amho',
"_mP§ OrdZ Ag§ Amho', "_r Oo OJcmo Vo BVam§nj
o m doJi§ Amho', "_mÂ`m AZw^dmMm BVam§Zm \$m`Xm
hmoB©c' Aem _Zmod¥ÎmrZo AmË_M[aÌmMo coIZ hmoVo. S>m°. AmZ§X `mXd `m§Zr "AmË_M[aÌ _r_m§gm' `m
J«§WmV AmË_M[aÌna coIZm{df`r g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. àm. am. J. OmYd AmË_M[aÌmMr
ì`m»`m H$aVmZm {c{hVmV, "Amnë`m OrdZ{df`H$ AZw^dm§Mo d VXZwf§JmZo Amnë`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo
ñdV: coIH$mZo coIZê$nmZo KS>{dcoco Xe©Z åhUOo AmË_M[aÌ hmo`.' (g§X^© : _amR>r {dídH$moe
I§S> 2) _amR>r_Ü`o nwéfm§Mr AmË_M[aÌo A{YH$ Agcr Var pñÌ`m§Zrhr 1901 Vo 2012 n`ªV 170
hÿZ A{YH$ AmË_M[aÌo {c{hcr AmhoV. pñÌ`m§Zr {c{hcoë`m BVa gm{hË`àH$mam§nojm, pñÌ`m§Mr
AmË_M[aÌo ho _amR>r gm{hË`mVrc XmcZ A{YH$ g_¥Õ Amho. Am{Xdmgr cmoH$m§_Ü`o H$m_ H$aVmZm
Amcoco AZw^d JmoXmdar néioH$am§Zr Amnë`m "Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo' `m AmË_M[aÌmVyZ _m§S>co
AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo ho AmË_M[aÌ 1970 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmco Amho. `m AmË_M[aÌmVrc n¡cVrar `m ^mJmMm
AmnUmg Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.
117
2.3 coIH$ n[aM`
■
JmoXmdar néioH$a
H$m°. í`m_amd néioH$a `m§À`mer {ddmh. Am{Xdmgr dmacr cmoH$m§darc AÝ`m`m{déÕ cT>m.
Ë`mgmR>r H$îQ>, Vwé§Jdmg, hÔnmar. "Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo' (1970) ho AmË_M[aÌ à{gÕ. Ë`mg
1974 _Ü`o gm{hË` AH$mX_rMm nwañH$ma {_imcm.
2.4 {df` {ddoMZ
"Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo' ho JmoXmdar néioH$am§Mo AmË_M[aÌ Amho, Ago Agco Var ñdV:{df`r
Ë`m A{YH$ Z gm§JVm Á`m Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrc dmacr cmoH$m§À`m{df`r Ë`m§Zr H$m_ Ho$co Ë`mMmM
d¥Îmm§V A{YH$ `oVmo, `m coIZm_YyZ Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMo Xþ:I, Xm[aÐ`, Xmñ`, AkmZ {H$Vr Amho `mMm
àË`` `oVmo. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§gmR>r H$m_ H$aVmZm `oUmao {dXmaH$ AZw^d dmñVd~ÕVoZo
dmMH$m§g_moa `oVmV. Hw$R>cmhr AmS>nS>Xm Z R>odVm ho AZw^d co{IHo$Zo H$WZ Ho$co AmhoV.
2.4.1 Ame`
Am{Xdmgr cmoH$mda hmoUmam AÝ`m` nmhÿZ d EoHy$Z co{IH$m R>mUo {OëømVrc nmcKa-S>hmUyC§~aJmd VmcwŠ`mVyZ S>m|JaH$nmarV amhUmè`m dmacr cmoH$m§Zm OmJ¥V H$aÊ`mgmR>r n§Yam {Xdgm§Mm Xm¡am
H$aVmV. VoWrc O_rZXma-gmdH$mam§À`m AÝ`m`m{déÕ Am{Xdmgm§À`mV à~moYZ H$ê$Z g§K{Q>V H$aVmV.
Am{Xdmgr_Ü`o hmoUmao g§KQ>Z d OmJ¥Vr O_rZXma-gmdH$mam§Zm ghZ hmoUo eŠ` ZìhVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr
Am{XdmgtZm A{YH$ Ìmg XoUo, ~mBªZm d Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm hþgH$mdyZ cmdUo, hÔnma H$aUo, AQ>H$
H$aUo, gaH$mar A{YH$mar, nmocrg `m§Zm hmVmer Yê$Z ImoQ>çm Ho$grg KmcUo Ago CÚmoJ gwê$ Ho$co.
Amncr Midi _moSy> Z`o, Am{XdmgtZm Ý`m` {_imdm åhUyZ JmoXmVmB© Am{Xdmgr dmS>çm-dñË`m§da
^oQ>r XoVmV. hm gmam àdmg Ë`m§Zr nm`rM Ho$cm. Ë`mgmR>r JmoXmVmBªZm Ë`m§Mo nVr H$m°. néioH$a nmqR>~m
XoD$Z ghH$m`© H$aVmV.
S>hmUy VmcwŠ`mVrc MmamoQ>r JmdmVrc nmQ>rc gwédmVrg H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>uÀ`m {dMmamZo à^m{dV
hmoD$Z H$m_ H$ê$ cmJVmV. emgZmZo Ë`m§Zm AQ>H$ H$aVmM Vo Km~aVmV. nmQ>cmMr ~m`H$mo Va JmoXmVmBªZm
"AmYr _mÂ`m Zdè`mcm KoD$Z `o' Ago åhUyZ ^m§S>UM H$mT>Vo. JmoXmVmB© hm gd© àH$ma nmhÿZ Xþgè`m
dñVrda OmVo. nmQ>rchr nmQ>rcH$s OmB©c åhUyZ _m\$s _mJyZ Vwé§JmVyZ gwQy>Z `oVmo. MidirV Aerhr
_mUgo ^oQ>VmV. Varhr co{IH$m Am{XdmgtZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z ~¡R>H$ KoVo. EH$m dñVrVyZ Xþgè`m Jmdr
OmVmZm S>m|Ja-Xè`m cmJVmV. H$emMrhr V_m Z ~miVm co{IH$m n[agamVrc Am{XdmgtZm EH$Ì H$ê$Z
118
nmo{cgm§Zm Z gmnS>Vm XþJ©_ {R>H$mUr amÌrMr ~¡R>H$ KoVo. Ad§XmUr JmdÀ`m dñVrda Zdí`m Am{XdmgrÀ`m
PmonS>rV JmoXmVmB© dñVr H$aVmV. VoWo §Am{Xdmgr ñÌrÀ`m Xþ:ImMr à{MVr `oVo. Ad§T>mUrMr ~¡R>H$
g§ndyZ nwT>À`m ~¡R>H$sgmR>r JmoXmVmB© S>moJa-H$nmarVyZ OmVmZm {VÀ`m CKS>çm A§Jmcm _ÀN>a MmdVmV,
n[aUm_r _moR>_moR>çm Jm§Yrc `oVmV; aŠV {ZKVo, H$nS>o \$mQy>Z A§Jmda AmoaIS>o CR>VmV. `m_wio g§nyU©
A§JmMr AmJAmJ hmoVo. Varhr JmoXmVmB© _mJ©H«$_U H$aVmV. dmQ>oV H$m°. nR>mamÀ`m AmB©Mr ^oQ> hmoVo.
Amncm _wcJm cmc ~mdQ>çmMm _|~a Agë`mMm A{^_mZ ì`ŠV H$aVmM JmoXmVmBªZm Pmcoë`m ÌmgmMo
H$mhrM dmQ>V Zmhr. Aem àm_m{UH$ Am{Xdmgt_wio MiditZm ~iH$Q>r àmßV Pmë`mMo co{IH$m Z_yX
H$aVo. ~mnJmdr co{IHo$À`m `O_mZm§Mo ^mD$ d ^mdO` co{IHo$cm ghH$m`© H$arV ZmhrV. Ë`m ^oH$S>
nmhþÊ`m§Mr co{IHo$cm àM§S> MrS> `oVo. Am{XdmgtÀ`m "Ka {edUo' `m JmoîQ>rMo co{IHo$cm Iyn H$m¡VwH$
dmQ>Vo. Va Ë`m§Mm Z¥Ë` d g§JrV àH$ma nmhÿZ Ë`m§Zm Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥$VrMr AmoiI nQ>Vo. {ZamJg
OrdmZmZ§X Am{XdmgtZrM cwQ>mdm Aer ^mdZm JmoXmVmB© ì`ŠV H$aVmV.
Am{Xdmgr cmoH$ Am{U JmoXmVmBªMo ZmVo BVHo$ KÅ> hmoVo H$s, Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV JwßVnUo {\$aVmZm
"_cm H$moU nH$S>Uma?' Agm AmË_{dídmg JmoXmVmB© ì`ŠV H$aVmV. H$maU gJio Am{Xdmgr ~m§Yd
co{IHo$Mr Iyn H$miOr KoVmV. S>m|JaH$nmarVyZ MmcVmZm _mÌ JmoXmVmBªMr X_N>mH$ hmoB©. A§H$cmg Jmdr
nmoMë`mda amÌrÀ`mdoir co{IH$m WH$Vo. X[aÐr Am{XdmgtÀ`m PmonS>rV nQ>UrMr ^mH$ar, VwarÀ`m
XmÊ`m§Mo H$mcdU AmZ§XmZo ImVo. EdT>çm cmoH$mV EImXm {\$Vya nmo{cgm§Zm ~mV_r XoB©c Am{U
A§H$cmgOdi EdT>r JX© PmS>rhr ZìhVr, åhUyZ amÌrMr ~¡R>H$ EH$ dmOVm g§ndyZ JmoXmVmB© nhmQ>oMo
Mma dmOVm nwT>À`m àdmgmg {ZKVo. nhmQ>oMr W§S>r, JdVmdarc Xd `m_wio MmcVmZm IynM Ìmg hmoB©.
dmQ>oVrc à_wI Am{XdmgtZm ^oQ>V co{IH$m gH$mir gmVcm {^cmS>cm nmhMVo. hm àdmghr A§Jmda
ehmam AmUUmam Amho. `oWohr EH$ _wH$mX_ JmoXmVmBªMr Mm¡H$er H$aVmo. na§Vw àg§JmdYmZ amIyZ
JmoXmVmB© Ë`mcm _moR>çmZo, XaS>mdyZ ~mocyZ ñdV:Mr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoD$Z nwT>À`m àdmgmg {ZKVo.
eodQ>À`m EH$-XmoZ {XdgmV AmnU nmo{cgm§À`m VmdS>rV gmnSy> Z`o åhUyZ JmoXmVmB© dofm§Va H$ê$Z
~moacmB©H$S>o AmJoHy$M H$aVo. `mhr OrdKoÊ`m àg§JmVyZ JmoXmVmB© {\$a§Jrcm nmohmoMVo. VoWohr Am{XdmgtMo
à_wI H$m`©H$V} ^oQ>VmM dmQ>oVrc AZoH$ g§H$Q>o JmoXmVmB© EH$m jUmV {dgaVo. hr Midi _moS>rV
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _m_coXma Ë`m ^mJmMm Xm¡am H$aVmV. na§Vw gd© Am{Xdmgr Ë`mda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$VmV.
~mUJ§Jm nma H$aÊ`mMm JmoXmVmBªdarc àg§J Va A§Jmda H$mQ>m AmUUmam Amho. J§JoÀ`m dmhË`m
àdmhmVyZ H$_aoÀ`m dan`ªVÀ`m nmÊ`mVyZ XmoZ Am{XdmgtÀ`m gmo~VrZo JmoXmVmB© {H$Zmam JmR>Vo. nwT>o
cdmN>m JmdmVyZ dmnr ñQ>oeZmda gwIê$n nmohmoMVo. n§Yam {Xdgm§Mm nm`r Xm¡am nyU© H$ê$Z JmoXmVmB©
Imacm _w§~B©V nmohMVmV. `m H$mimVrc emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ ÌmgmZo JmoXmVmB© ì`mHy$i hmoVmV. XmoZ
{Xdg {d_ZñH$ AdñWoV OmVmV. Am{XdmgtÀ`m OrdZmV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r JmoXmVmBªZr
Ho$coco ho à`ËZ _mUwgH$scm OmJ{dUmao AmhoV. hr Midi `eñdr Pmë`mZo AmnU "n¡cVrar' Joë`mMo
co{IHo$cm g_mYmZ dmQ>Vo.
119
2.4.2 àg§J{MÌU
"n¡cVrar' `m àH$aUmVrc H$mhr àg§J dmMH$m§Zm Jw§VdyZ R>odVmV Va H$mhr A§Jmda ehmao
AmUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Ooìhm JmoXmVmB© S>hmUy VmcwŠ`mVrc MmamoQ>r JmdÀ`m nmQ>cmÀ`m Kar OmVo.
Ë`mdoir MidirV gm_rc Pmcoë`m nmQ>cmcm nmo{cgm§Zr AQ>H$ Ho$ë`mZo ho gd© JmoXmVmBª_wio Pmco Ago
g_OyZ nmQ>crZ IdiVo. åhUVo- ""_mPm Zdam OocmV Q>mH$cmg-Om, AmYr _mÂ`m Zdè`mcm KoD$Z
`o!'' nmQ>crZrMm hm AdVma ~KyZ co{IH$m IQ²>Q>y hmoVo VoWyZ H$mT>Vm nm` KoVo. Va H$m°. nR>mamÀ`m
AmB©À`m ~mUoXma Am{U ñdm{^_mZr CÎmamZo JmoXmVmBªZm `m MidirMm A{^_mZ dmQ>Vmo. Amncm _wcJm
VwéJ§ mV AgyZhr Vr d¥Õm JmoXmVmB©Zm åhUVo,- ""_cm Zmhr Ymg. cmc ~mdQ>çmZ§ ~og Ho$cm. _mPm
_wcJm _|~a Amho. _r cmc ~mdQ>çmcm XrZ Q>mH$cm.'' JmoXmVmBªMm Am§dT>mUr Jmd gmoSy>Z Xþgè`m Jmdr
OmVmZmMm àg§J, dofm§Va H$ê$Z ~moacmB©cm {ZKÊ`mMm àg§J, ~mUJ§Jm ZXr nma H$aÊ`mMm àg§J ho gmao
àg§J{MÌU dmMH$mÀ`m A§Jmda ehmao AmUUmao AmhoV.
2.4.3 ^mfm{deof
Am{Xdmgr MidirÀ`m dmñVdmMo {MÌ aoImQ>Umao ho àH$aU gmÜ`m-gmoß`m ^mfoV dmMH$m§g_moa
`oVo. `m coIZmMr ^mfm AH$maU Jw§VmJw§VrMr dm à{V_m~hÿc hmoV Zmhr. ì`pŠV{MÌU H$aVmZm
ì`pŠVÀ`m emar[aH$ dU©Zmnojm _ZmodñWoMo d Ë`mÀ`m ^md{ZH$ Am§XmocZmMo, Ë`m§À`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Mo
{MÌU H$aÊ`mda co{IH$m ^a XoVo. Va àg§J{MÌU H$aVmZm AJXr ghOnUmZo Am{Xdmgr ~mocrVrc
EImXm eãX dm dmŠ` `oV.o Vohr {ZdoXZmMr JaO åhUyZ. CXm. ""Amåhr Vwcm {OdmncrH$S>o gm§^miy.
Vy EH$Xm `oD$Z Om åhUOo cmoH$m§Mr qh_V dmT>c
o .'' ""_cm Zmhr Ymg. cmc ~mdQ>çmZ§ ~og Ho$cm.
_mPm _wcJm _|~a Amho. _r cmc ~mdQ>çmcm XrZ Q>mH$cm.'' qH$dm nyU© dmacr-Am{Xdmgr ^mfm Amcr
Va Ë`m eãXmÀ`m, dmŠ`mÀ`m nwT>o VoWMo co{IH$m à_mU _amR>rV AW© XoV.o CXm. ""V_o em _mao Aqh`m
Amì`m?'' (""Vwåhr `oWo H$emgmR>r AmcmV?'') nU Aer ^mfm EH$XmM Amcr Amho. g§nUy © {ZdoXZ
à_mU _amR>rV nU gmÜ`m-gmoß`m ^mfoV Amco Amho. ho coIZmMo doJio d¡{eîQ>ç åhUmdo cmJco.
2.4.4 dmMZ CVmam
dmMZ CVmam H«$. 1 : ""cmc ~mdQ>çmZ§ ~og Ho$cm''
g§Ü`mH$miÀ`m gw_mamg Xþgè`m ~mOycm Amåhr S>m|Ja CVacmo d Ad§XmUr JmdmV Jocmo. EH$
chmZ _wcJm nmIê$ ^wa©H$Z CS>Vo Vgm JmdmV ~¡R>H$sMr ~mV_r Úm`cm Jocm. ZdemÀ`m Kar nmiUm
hmoVm. amÌr Pmonco. gH$mir cdH$a CR>co Vmo cmoH$ MoîQ>m H$ê$ cmJco, ""~mB©, amÌr nmoa Pmc§ Var Vwcm
120
OmJ Amcr Zmhr!'' Am{XdmgtZr amÌ JmoîQ>r H$ê$Z OmJyZ H$mT>cr hmoVr. ~mi-~mi§VrU nmhmÊ`mg _r
AmV Joco. Vmo EH$m hmVarda EH$ chmZgo nmVi \$S>Ho$ KmcyZ _yc R>odco hmoVo. OmË`mÀ`m EH$m Virda
H$T>V nmÊ`mZo A§J YwdyZ Ë`mMr AmB© eoH$moQ>rOdi nS>cr hmoVr. ImÊ`m{nÊ`mMr Mm¡H$er Ho$cr Voìhm
g_Oco H$s, OmS>çm ({_imë`mg Mm§Jë`m) Vm§XimMm ^mV, noO, H$m|~S>r Agcr Va EImXm {Xdg
H$m|~S>r d VmS>rÀ`m {Xdgm§V VmS>r hoM ~mi§{VUrcm Im`cm XoV. `m ~m`H$m VrZ {Xdgm§Zr eoVmV qH$dm
BVa H$m_mda OmV. Ë`m [aH$må`m, ^H$mg {XgUmè`m H$m_Q>çmÀ`m Hw$S>mÀ`m ImocrV, EdT>çmem nmVi
nQ>Hw$è`mImcr nS>cocr Vr amîQ´>mMr Xm¡cV nmhÿZ _mPo _Z JXJXÿZ Amco. _ZmVë`m _ZmV ehar
nm§T>anoem ~mi-~mi§{VUter VwcZm Ho$ë`m{edm` amhmdoZm.
amÌr OodUmg ~amM Cera Pmcm. dmaë`m§Mr g_O Amho H$s, ~m`H$m nwéfm§nojm KmUoaS>çm,
Ë`m§Zr nmhþÊ`m§Mm ñd`§nmH$ H$am`Mm Zmhr. nmhþÊ`m§Mm _mZ amIm`Mm åhUOo nwéfm§Zr OodU H$am`Mo.
~m`H$m§Zr Vm§Xÿi H$mSy>Z, _gmcm Hw$Qy>Z Úm`Mm. Ad§T>mUrMr ~¡R>H$ AmQ>monyZ Xþgè`m {Xder nwT>À`m
_wŠH$m_mgmR>r {ZKmco. AmS>ì`m{VS>ì`m diUm§Zr _wŠH$m_mn`ªV OmÊ`mg ~amM doi cmJcm. dmQ> Aer
hmoVr H$s ^am^a MmcUoM AeŠ` hmoVo. Amåhr ~m§~yÀ`m d BVa PmS>m§À`m O§JcmVyZ _mJ© H$mT>rV hmoVmo.
CKS>çm A§Jmda hmVmnm`m§da d Vm|S>mda _ÀN>a MmdV. _moR>_moR>çm Jm§Yr `oV. aŠV {ZKo. ZogyÀ`m
nmVimZo g§nyU© A§J PmHy$Z KoVco Var H$nS>o ~m§~yÀ`m dm BVa PmS>m§À`m H$mQ>çm§V AS>H$V. nwT>o nmD$c
Q>mH$Uo H$R>rU hmoB©. _r AJXr _oQ>mHw$Q>rcm Amco. nmD$c Q>mH$Ê`mMr _wîH$sc hmoD$ cmJcr. Aem doir
dmacr H$mhr _Zmoa§OH$ {df` H$mTy>Z ~mocV d _cm _XV H$arV. gmao Am§J ImOdrV, A§Jmda Amcoë`m
Jm§Yr MmoirV, aŠV nwerV Amåhr EH$XmMr Vr dmQ> g§ndcr. A§JmMr _mÌ AmJAmJ hmoD$ cmJcr hmoVr.
H$m°. nR>mam ZmdmMm nmQ>uMm EH$ g^mgX Vwé§JmV hmoVm, Ë`mÀ`m AmB©cm _r EH$m eoVmV ^oQ>co.
Vr åhUmcr, ""_cm Zmhr Ymg, cmc ~mdS>çmZ§ ~og Ho$cm. _mPm _wcJm _|~a Amho. _r cmc
~mdQ>çmcm XrZ Q>mH$cm.'' _wcJm H$Yr `oUma, _cm Ho$ìhm ^oQ>Uma dJ¡ao H$mhr Z ~mocVm Ë`m _wcm~Ôc
A{^_mZmZo ""cmc ~mdQ>çmMm _|~a Amho'' ho Ë`m d`modÕ
¥ åhmVmarÀ`m Vm|S>Mo eãX EoH$y Z _mÂ`m
A§V`m©_r H$i Amcr. Ìmg, WH$dm, Mmdcoco _ÀN>a, \$mQ>coco H$nS>o, A§JmMr AmJ, gmao gmao _r
{dgê$Z Joco. H$m°. néioH$am§À`m AmR>dUrZo S>moù`m§À`m H$S>m Amocmdë`m. dmQ>co. AmnU ho Oo gJio
nmhmVmo, EoH$Vmo AmhmoV ho Ë`m§Zm gm§Jm`cm AmnU _w§~B©cm naV OmUma H$s nH$S>ë`m OmUma? _r ~amM
doi `m JmoîQ>rMm d Am_À`m AZw^dg§nÞ OrdZmMm {dMma H$arV hmoVo.
nwT>À`m ~mnJmdMm _wŠH$m_ Mm§Jcm Pmcm Zmhr. _mÂ`m `O_mZm§Mo ^mD$ d ^mdO`m Km~acocr
hmoVr. Hw$R>o Vr nR>mamMr åhmVmar Am{U Hw$R>o ho ^oH$S> VéU cmoH$! Vo _mPr JmdmVyZ OmÊ`mMrM dmQ>
nmhmV hmoVo. _cm àW_ \$ma MrS> Amcr. _r ~mocco. Ë`mMm Ë`m§À`mda H$mhr n[aUm_ Pmcm Zmhr.
_mPr \$ma {Zamem Pmcr. _Z {dfÊU Pmco. Aem EImÚm àg§Jr dmQ>o, H$emcm AmnU `m ^mZJS>rV
nS>cmo! _w§~B©V Amam_mV d gwImV amhÿZ H$m_ H$aVm Amco AgVo. nU nwÝhm {dMma `oB©, EdT>çm _moR>çm
121
g_mOmV H$m§hr ^oH$S>, H$mhr ñdmWu {ZKUmaM. dmacr g_mOmMm Ë`mJ, Ü`o`{ZîR>m nwÝhm _cm Vmù`mda
AmUyZ _mÂ`m O~m~XmarMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoB©.
~mnJmdr ~mocVmZm "Ka {edUo' hm eãXà`moJ _r EoH$cm. _cm H$nS>o {edm`Mo _mhrV hmoVo.
Ka {edm`Mo _mhrV ZìhVo. nU IamoIarM nigmMr nmZo, nmZmcm nmZ MmoB©Zo OmoSy>Z KamÀ`m N>ßnamda
KmcVmV. Vr nmZo N>ßnamda OmD$Z MmoB©Zo {edVmV hoM Iao. Ë`m_wio gmao nmUr Imcr O{_Zrda nS>Vo.
KamV JiV Zmhr. H$m¡cm§À`m A^mdr D$ZnmdgmnmgyZ Am{Xdmgr Amncm Aem VèhoZo ~Mmd H$aVmV.
~mnJmdr Ë`m amÌr ZmM hmoVm. Vmaß`mMo ñda EoHy$ `oD$ cmJco. WmoS>r ~mhoa `oD$Z ZmM nmhmV
C^r am{hco. dmaë`m§Mm ZmM hm ñdV: H$aÊ`mMm Amho, ~KÊ`mMm Zmhr. Vmo H$aVmZm EH$ àH$maMm H¡$\$
MT>Vmo. dmacr Mma-Mma nmM-nmM Vmg Vmaß`mÀ`m d H$mR>rÀ`m Kw§JamÀ`m Vmcmda ZmMV AgVmV.
VéU _wcr d _wco M§ÐH$moargmaIr EH$m_mJo EH$ Ago AY©dVw©imV C^o amhÿZ d ~o^mZ hmoD$Z ZmMVmV.
{ZamJg OrdZmZ§X cwQ>mdm Va Ë`m§ZrM! ~mnJmdr H$mhr cmoH$m§Zm ^oQy>Z Vm~S>Vmo~ Amåhr nwT>À`m
_wŠH$m_mcm {ZKmcmo.
dmMZ CVmam H«$. 2 : ""PmS>,§ XJS>Ym|S>ho r Vwåhm§cm gm_rc!''
Á`m XjVoZo Am{XdmgtZr _cm gm§^mico Ë`mMr _cm H$ënZm ZìhVr. ~aoM {Xdg cT>m
Mmc{dÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr V`mar hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr V`ma Ho$cocr g§KQ>Zm d Q>mH$cocr nmdco ~amo~a H$s MyH$
`m~Ôc Ë`m§Zm {ZU©` hdm hmoVm. _r Joë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm ~ao dmQ>c.o ""AmVm Hw$R>§ Amho Vw_Mr ~mB©? {Vcm
gaH$maZ§ Vwé§JmV Q>mH$cr!'' Ago O_rZ_mcH$ ~hH$V. ~mB© `oWo Amcr, AmnU {Vcm ^oQ>cmo, AZ {Vcm
gm§^micr, `mMm Ë`m§Zm A{^_mZ dmQy> cmJcm. gmdH$ma ImoQ>o ~mocVmV, hm {dídmg {ÛJwUrV Pmcm.
O_rZ_mcH$m§Zr {H$Vr {hUdco Var, ""~mB© Amho, Amåhm§cm ^oQ>cr'' Ago A{dMmamZo Vo ~mocco ZmhrV.
gmdH$mam§er, ""H$m` gm§Jm`M§ Vo gm§J. EH$ {Xdg Vwcm Ia§ H$ioc'' Aer Ë`m§Mr dV©UHy $ hmoVr. H$mhr
_mJmgcoë`m Am{XdmgtZm Yra YadV Zgo. ""~mB©cm hmHy$Z cmdcr'' åhUyZ O_rZ_mcH$ {hUdy cmJco
H$s Vo gm§JV, ""~mB© _w~§ B©V Amho Am{U O§JcmV nU Amho. EH$ {Xdg OocmV AgVo, EH$ {Xdg
O§JcmV AgVo.'' ho EoH$y Z, ""H$m` ~oQ>o _yI© AmhoV!'' Ago {e\$magnÌ R>mHo $y Z O_rZXma _moH$io hmoV.
Am{XdmgtÀ`m ~mocÊ`mV VÏ`m§e hmoVm ho g_Oë`mda, ""_moR>o dñVmX! nÎmm cmJy {Xcm Zmhr'' hm eoam
_marV. `m Ë`m§À`m d¥ÎmrÀ`m _wimer `m Jar~ cmoH$m§~ÔcMm _ZmnmgyZMm {VañH$ma hmoVm.
_r XS>nemhrMr ndm© Z aH$Vm gw_mao n§Yam Jmdm§V {\$aco. H$moUË`m JmdmVyZ H$moUË`m JmdmV Joco,
ho AmO _cm ZŠH$s ñ_aV Zmhr. `m _mÂ`m n§Yam {Xdgm§Vrc gw_mao e§^a _¡c àdmgmMm Am{XdmgtMm
_Zmda \$ma AZwHy$c n[aUm_ Pmcm. Ë`m§Mr qh_V d H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>udarc {ZîR>m dmT>cr. gmam g_mO
{d{eîQ> ^mdZoZo ^mamdyZ Jocm. {ZîR>oMr OmXÿ AmJirM Amho, `mMm nwÝhm AZw^d Amcm.
122
_r Ë`m ^mJmV {\$aV Agë`mMr ~mV_r dmè`mgmaIr ngacr. _wc,o ~m`H$m, ""~mB© Amcr Amho,
Ia§ H$m?'' åhUyZ Mm¡H$er H$ê$ cmJcr. O_rZXmam§À`m Amdmam§V, eoVm§V, Jmdm§V H$m_ H$aVmZm Or
_m{hVr {_io Vr IS>mZ²IS>m _mÂ`mH$S>o nmoMdrV. Jwao MmaUmar nmoao gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§À`m hmcMmctMr
~mV_r XoV. ^am^a BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o YmdV OmD$Z YmoŠ`mMm Bemam H$arV qH$dm _mJ© _moH$im Agë`mMr
gyMZm XoV. Am{Xdmgr dmQ>oV ^oQ>co Va AmoiI XmIdrV ZgV§. H$mhr amÌr ^oQy>Z ~mocyZ OmV. gmao _cm
^oQy> eH$co ZmhrV, Var AmË`§{VH$ hmcAnoîQ>m ^moJrV AgVmZm `m _mÂ`m Xm¡è`m_wio Ë`m§Zm _Z:em§Vr
cm^cr.
O_rZXma-gmdH$mam§À`m nwT>o, cmc ~mdS>m åhUOo H$m` Vo AmnUmcm g_OV Zmhr, Ë`m JmdMoM
AmnU ZmhrV, Agm Amd AmUyZ Am{Xdmgr ^oXaë`mgmaIo H$arV. gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§Zr {H$Vrhr
XaS>mdco, {eì`m {Xë`m Var ^mdZmhrZ, {Z{d©H$ma Moham R>odyZ, AS>mUrnUmMo ~o_mcyZ AdgmZ AmUrV.
Iar ~mV_r H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gmdH$ma-O_rZXma _mahmU H$arV, Ë`mMm H$Yrhr \$magm Cn`moJ Pmcm Zmhr.
ZJahdocrÀ`m _wŠVVm-cT>çmÀ`mdoir _r C§~aJmd VmcwŠ`mV CYdm Jmdr hmoVo. _mÂ`m OmJonmgyZ
gw_mao nÞmg `mS>m©À`m A§Vamda R>mUo {OëømÀ`m nmocrg-gwn[aQ>|S>oQ>Mm Ë`mÀ`m cdmOå`m{Zer _wŠH$m_
hmoVm. _mÂ`m {ZdmgñWmZm^modVr Xhm-Xhm \w$Q>m§À`m A§Vamda, geñÌ nmocrgm§Mm AhmoamÌ nhmam hmoVm.
gH$mir gwn[aQ>|S>oQ> _cm ^oQ>Ê`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo `oD$Z KamMr Q>ohiUr H$ê$Z OmV. `m ~§Xmo~ñVmVyZ
EH$drg _mUgm§Zr ZJahdocrV àdoe Ho$ë`mMo _r Ë`m§Zm gm§{JVco, Voìhm Vo åhUmco hmoV,o ""BWcr
PmS>§-\w$c§-\$i§, Jwa§T>moa§, XJS>Ym|S>o, nmoa§-gmar Vw_À`m n[aM`mMr. Vw_À`mer ~mocUmar. gmao cmoH$
Vw_À`m~amo~a. BW§ Am_À`mgma»`m§Mm H$m` nmS>md cmJUma. S>moH$s \$moS>cr Var XmX cmJUma Zmhr!''
Ë`m§Mo åhUUo Iao hmoVo. VmoM AZw^d `m n§Yam {Xdgm§À`m nX`mÌoV _cm Amcm. _r, EImÚm
g_wÐmV dmdaUmè`m _memgmaIr, n§Yam {Xdg {~ZYmoH$ Ë`m àXoemV g§Mma H$ê$Z, nmocrg-nhmè`mÀ`m
d gmdH$mar hñVH$m§À`m ~§Xmo~ñVmVyZ Am{XdmgtMo öX` qOHy$Z d Xm¡am `eñdr H$ê$Z gwIê$n _w§~B©g
naVco.
2.5 eãXmW©
ImdQ>r
: ImD$, ImÚ, AÝZ.
hmVar
: qeXrÀ`m nmZmMr MQ>B©.
Ymg H$aUo : H$miOr H$aUo.
Vmanm
: dmacr cmoH$m§Mo g§JrVmMo EH$ dmÚ.
123
2.6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZmoÎmao
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
àíZ : Am{Xdmgr cmoH$m§gmR>r H$m_ H$aVmZm co{IHo$cm H$moUH$moUË`m AS>MUtZm
Vm|S> Úmdo cmJVo Vo "n¡cVrar' `m àH$aUmYmao g{dñVa {chm.
CÎma : àmñVm{dH$ : R>mUo {OëømVrc Am{XdmgtZm O_rZXma-gmdH$ma doR>{~Jma åhUyZ am~dyZ
KoV AgV. H$moUr {damoY Ho$cm Va Ë`mcm OZmdam§à_mUo _maco OmB©. Xm[aÐç, AkmZ `m_wio Am{Xdmgr
{^Ìo hmoD$Z dfm©Zwdf} Jwcm_mMo OrdZ OJV hmoVo. `m Xmñ`mVyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r JmoXmdar néioH$am§Zr
Am{Xdmgr OZOmJ¥VrMr _mo{h_ hmVr KoVcr. ho O_rZXma-gmdH$mam§Zm H$iVmM co{IHo$cm hÔnma
H$aÊ`mMm Vo M§J ~m§YVmV. Am{XdmgtZm X_XmQ>r H$aVmV. ~mB©{df`r Am{U cmc ~mdQ>çm{df`r
Hw$pËgVnUo ~mocVmV. `m MidirV H$m_ H$aVmZm co{IHo$cm àg§Jr AZoH$doim hÔnmar Am{U Vwé§Jdmg
^moJmdm cmJcm Amho. co{IH$m hr Midi dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r JwßVnUo Am{Xdmgr
^mJmMm Xm¡am H$aVo. Ë`mMo dmñVd {MÌU ""n¡cVrar'' `m àH$aUmV Amco Amho.
{ddoMZ : co{IHo$cm hÔnma H$ê$Z d AZoH$ H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm AQ>H$ Ho$ë`mZ§Va O_rZXma-gmdH$ma
d Ë`m§Mo hñVH$ Am{XdmgtZm Ìmg XoD$ cmJco. ÌñV Pmcoco Am{Xdmgr ~mBªZm gm§JVmV. Aem
n[apñWVrV co{IH$m Xm¡am Am`mo{OV H$aVo. Am{XdmgtÀ`m `m ^oQ>rV co{IHo$cm AZoH$ AS>MUtZm gm_moao
Omdo cmJVo. MmamoQ>r JmdMm nmQ>rc nH$S>ë`mZo Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo co{IHo$cm Om~ {dMmaVo. nmQ>crUrÀ`m
AmH«$_H$ ~mocÊ`mZo co{IH$m {ZéÎma hmoVo Am{U VoWyZ H$mT>Vm nm` KoVo. S>m|Ja-H$nmarVyZ MmcVmZm
co{IHo$cm \$ma Ìmg hmoV Ago. A§dXmUr `oWrc ZdemÀ`m KaMo Xm[aÐç Am{U ~mi§{VUrMo Xþ:I nmhÿZ
co{IH$m A§V_w©I hmoVo. A§dT>mUrZ§VaÀ`m Xþgè`m _wŠH$m_r OmVmZm dmQ>oVrc AmS>ì`m-{VS>ì`m diUm§Zr,
~m§~yÀ`m d BVa PmS>m§À`m O§JcmVyZ dmQ>Mmc H$aVmZm co{IHo$À`m CKS>çm A§Jmda, hmVmnm`mda,
Vm|S>mda _ÀN>a MmdVmV, A§Jmda nwai CR>VmV, aŠV `oVo, PmS>m-PwS>nm§À`m H$mQ>çm§_wio A§JmdaMr
H$nS>o \$mQ>V. n[aUm_r A§JmMr AmJAmJ hmoB©. co{IH$m AJXr aS>Hw§$S>rcm d _oQ>mHw$Q>rcm `oB©.
~mnJmdÀ`m _wŠH$m_r co{IHo$À`m `O_mZm§Mo ^mD$ d ^mdO` co{IHo$cm _XV Z H$aVm ZmamOr ì`ŠV
H$aVmV. Ë`m ^oH$S> cmoH$m§Mr co{IHo$cm MrS> `oVo. Ë`m§À`m `m Aem dmJÊ`mZo co{IH$m {Zame hmoVo.
Am{XdmgtÀ`m g§ajUm_wio co{IH$m gwIê$n àdmg H$ê$ eH$Vo.
co{IH$m C§~aJmd VmcwŠ`mVrc A§H$cmg Jmdr nmohmoMVo. co{IHo$cm nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r emgZ gd©
ñVamda à`ËZ H$aVo. A§H$cmgcm \$ma _moR>o O§Jc Zgë`mZo co{IH$m d Am{Xdmgr H$m`©H$V} \$ma Xj
amhVmV. amÌrÀ`m doir Am{XdmgtZr V`ma Ho$coco OodU AmZ§XmZo ImD$Z EH$ dmOon`ªV ~¡R>H$ KoVo.
nhmQ>o VrZ dmOVm nwT>À`m _wŠH$m_mg {ZKVo. W§S>rMo {Xdg, nhmQ>o nS>Umao JdVmdarc Xd, XJS>Ym|S>çm§Mm d AS>MUrMm añVm, emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ WH$dm `m_wio `m àdmgmV co{IHo$cm \$ma `mVZm
124
hmoVmV. gH$mir {^cmS>cm nmoMë`mda nH$S>co OmÊ`mMr {^Vr A{YH$M hmoVr. co{IH$m _mKmarUrÀ`m
dofmV dofm§Va H$ê$Z ~moacmB©g àdmgmg {ZKVo. dmQ>oV EH$ _wH$mX_ Mm¡H$er H$aVmo. àg§JmdYmZ amIV
co{IH$m Ë`mcm H$aS>çm AmdmOmV gwZmdVo. AmnU nH$S>co OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm cjmV `oVmM Ë`m
_wŠH$m_r Mhm Z {nVmM co{IH$m {\$a§Jr (ZJahdocr) H$S>o à`mU H$aVmV. AS>MUrÀ`m dmQ>oVyZ MmcUo,
niUo `m_wio co{IHo$Mo A§J R>UHy$ cmJVo. nm` R>gR>gy cmJVmV. Varhr co{IH$m nwT>À`m àdmgmg
{ZKVo. co{IHo$cm nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r Am{U Midi {MaS>Ê`mgmR>r _m_coXma Xm¡am H$aVmV. na§Vw EH$hr
Am{Xdmgr {\$Îmya hmoV Zmhr. _m_coXmam§À`m Xm¡è`mda nyU© ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$VmV. ~mUJ§Jm ZXr nma H$ê$Z
co{IHo$cm gyaV {OëømV Omd`mMo hmoVo; na§Vw ZXrnmÌmV IimiVm nmÊ`mMm àdmh hmoVm. H$_aoBVŠ`m
nmÊ`mVyZ Am{XdmgtÀ`m _XVrZo Ordmda CXma hmoD$Z co{IH$m ncrH$S>o nmohmoMVo. hm OrdKoUm àg§J.
Varhr co{IH$m YmS>gmZo Ë`mg gm_moar gmVo. n§Yam {Xdgm§Mm Xm¡am nyU© H$ê$Z dmnr ñQ>oeZmdê$Z co{IH$m
_w§~B©g gwIê$n nmohmoMVo. na§Vw `m Xm¡è`mV co{IHo$cm IynM _mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ Ìmg hmoVmo. {OdmdaMo
AZoH$ àg§J, AZoH$ g§H$Q>o, nmo{cgm§Mm ggo{_am, O_rZXma-gmdH$ma d Ë`m§À`m hñVH$m§Mm AÝ`m`,
_wH$mX_m§Mr nmiV `m gdmªZm Jw§Jmam XoV co{IH$m Am{Xdmgt_Ü`o amhVo, g§KQ>Z H$aVo, OmJ¥Vr H$aVo,
Midi nwT>o Mmcy R>do Zy "n¡cVrar' _w~§ B©g gwIê$n nmohMVo.
g_mamon : AemàH$mao Am{XdmgtÀ`m cT>çmV PmoHy$Z XoD$Z H$m_ H$aUmè`m JmoXmdar néioH$a
AZoH$ g§H$Q>mda _mV H$arV Am{XdmgtgmR>r Mmccocm cT>m `eñdr H$aVmV. XþJ©_, S>m|Ja-H$nmarV
amhUmè`m, AkmZ-Xm[aÐçmMm emn ^moJUmè`m dmaë`m§Zm EH${ÌV H$ê$Z _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mgmR>r cT>m
C^mê$Z, hŠH$ àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m co{IHo$À`m `m H$m_{JarV _mZdVm {XgVo. _mUgmcm _mUyg åhUyZ
OJÊ`mMr Midi co{IH$m `eñdr H$aVo. Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo VoìhmM Ë`mcm _mUgmgmaIo
OJVm-dmJVm `oVo ho d¡pídH$ gË` `m Am{XdmgtÀ`m `eñdr cT>çmVyZ dmMH$m§g_moa `oVo.
■
dñVw{ZîR> àíZ
❒
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. JmoXmdar néioH$am§Zr R>mUo {OëømVrc Am{XdmgtgmR>r {H$Vr {Xdgm§Mm Xm¡am Ho$cm?
(A) drg
(~) n§Mdrg
(H$) n§Yam
(S>) Xhm.
2. H$moUË`m JmdMm nmQ>rc nmo{cgm§À`m ^rVrZo Am{Xdmgr Midi gmoS>Vmo?
(A) MmamoQ>r
(~) ~moacmB©
(H$) {^cmS>
(S) A§H$cmg.
3. "cmc ~mdQ>çmMm _|~a Amho' Ago A{^_mZmZo co{IHo$cm H$moUmMr AmB© gm§JVo?
(A) H$m°. draH$a (~) H$m°. aU{Xdo (H$) H$m°. Xod
(S>) H$m°. nR>mam.
125
4. Ad§XmUr Jmdr co{IH$m H$moUmÀ`m PmonS>rV _wŠH$m_ H$aVo?
(A) Zdí`mÀ`m
(~) naemÀ`m
(H$) VwH$S>çmÀ`m (S>) am_mÀ`m.
5. Am{Xdmgr KamÀ`m H$m¡cmda nigmMr nmZo KmcVmV Ë`mcm H$moUVm eãXà`moJ dmnacocm
Amho?
(A) Ka ~m§YUo
(~) Ka {edUo
(H$) Ka eoH$maUo (S>) Ka {ZdS>Uo.
CÎmao : (1) n§Yam, (2) MmamoQ>r, (3) H$m°. nR>mam, (4) Zdí`mÀ`m, (5) Ka {edUo.
2.7 gmam§e
"Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo' ho JmoXmdar néioH$am§Mo AmË_M[aÌ 1970 gmcr à{gÕ Pmco. `m
AmË_M[aÌmV co{IHo$Zo ñdV:nojm Am{Xdmgr Midi Am{U Am{Xdmgtda hmoUmao AÝ`m`-AmË`mMma,
Ë`m§Mr Xþ:Io, Xm[aÐ`, AkmZ `m{df`r g{dñVa {c{hco Amho. H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>uÀ`m EH${ZîR> H$m`©H$Ë`m©
åhUyZ JmoXmdarVmBªZr C^r h`mV H$mT>cr. R>mUo {OëømVrc Am{Xdmgtda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mcm Ë`m§Zr
dmMm \$moS>cr. gw{e{jV ZmJa g_mOmÀ`m gd© gwI-gmo`tMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Anma _ohZV, emar[aH$ d
_mZ{gH$ Ìmg ghZ H$ê$Z JmoXmVmBªZr Am{Xdmgr cmoH$m§Zm _mUyg åhUyZ OJÊ`mMm hŠH$ àmßV H$ê$Z
{Xcm. O_rZXma-gmdH$mam§Mr dfm©ZwdfmªMr "doR>{~Jma' nÕV _moSy>Z H$mT>cr. JmoXmVmBªMo ho AmË_M[aÌ
AgyZhr ñdV:nojm H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>uZo Am{XdmgtgmR>r Mmc{dcocr Midi, Am{XdmgtMo OrdZ, _mUyg
åhUyZ OJVmZm O_rZXma-gmdH$ma `m§Zr Ho$coco Am{XdmgtMo emofU, Ë`m{déÕ Am{XdmgtMr OmUrdOmJ¥Vr, g§KQ>Z Am{U ~§S> `m gdmªMo `oWo VnercmZo {MÌU `oVo. Am{XdmgtMm hm cT>m `eñdr
Pmë`mZoM AmnU "n¡cVrar' nmoMë`mMo g_mYmZ co{IH$m ì`ŠV H$aVo.
2.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. Am{Xdmgr MidirVrc dmacr g_mOmMo YmS>g "n¡cVrar' À`m AmYmao g{dñVa {chm.
2. "n¡cVrar' `m àH$aUmVrc JmoXmVmB© néioH$am§À`m g_mOgodoMo {deof Vw_À`m eãXmV
{chm.
3. JmoXmdar néioH$a ~mUJ§Jm ZXr H$er nma H$aVmV?
126
■
dñVw{ZîR> àíZ
❒
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. ""AmYr _mÂ`m Zdè`mcm KoD$Z `o'' Ago co{IHo$cm H$moU åhUVo?
(A) H$m°. nR>mamMr AmB©
(H$) co{IHo$Mr ^mdO`
(~) H$mVH$arZ
(S>) nmQ>crZ.
2. {\$a§JrhÿZ cdmN>m JmdmV OmÊ`mgmR>r co{IHo$Zo H$moUVr ZXr nma Ho$cr?
(A) ~mUJ§Jm
(H$) n§MJ§Jm
(~) d¡ZJ§Jm
(S>) JmoXmdar.
3. co{IHo$Mm H$moUË`m JmdMm _wŠH$m_ Mm§Jcm Pmcm Zmhr?
(A) ~mnJmd
(H$) {\$a§Jr
(~) Ad§XmUr
(S>) dmnr.
4. "cmc ~mdQ>m' hm eãX H$moUË`m amOH$s` njmgmR>r dmnacm Amho?
(A) H$m±J«og
(H$) H$å`w{ZñQ>
(~) {edgoZm
(S>) ^mOn.
5. dofm§Va H$ê$Z co{IH$m H$moUË`m Jmdmg à`mUmg {ZKVo?
(A) {^cmS>
(H$) A§H$cmg
(~) ~moacmB©
(S>) Ad§XmUr.
2.9 dmMZ
❍
JmoXmdar néioH$a : Ooìhm _mUyg OmJm hmoVmo (AmË_M[aÌ).
2.10 CnH«$_
❍
_hmamîQ´>mVrc JS>{Mamocr, _oiKmQ> gma»`m Am{Xdmgr ^mJmg ^oQ> Úm.
❒❒❒
127
KQ>H$ 3
H${dVm
* Hw$gw_mJ«O : (A) n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV, (~) H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV, (H$) H$Um
* Zmam`U gwd} : (A) Mma eãX, (~) H$mc© _mŠg©, (H$) S>m|Jar eoV
3.1 C{ÔîQ>o
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, ~r. E. ^mJ 1 Amdí`H$ _amR>r `m {df`mÀ`m {ÛVr` gÌmVrc Aä`mgH«$_mV
H${dVm `m dmL²>_` àH$mamVrc Hw$gw_mJ«O Am{U Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H$mhr H${dVm§Mm AmnU Aä`mg
H$aUma AmhmoV, `m_wio Vwåhm§g;
1.
AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoVrc 1920 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r H${dVoMo ñdê$n g_OyZ `oB©c.
2.
Ho$edgwVm§À`m H${dVoer AgUmao ZmVo gm§JUmar Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr gm_m{OH$ d ào_ H${dVm
g_OyZ KoVm `oB©c.
3.
1960 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r H${dVoVrc X{cV H${dVoÀ`m àdmhmMr gwédmV cjmV `oB©c.
4.
Zmam`U gwd} `m _mŠg©dmXr H$drMm n[aM` d Ë`m§Mr H$mì`{df`H$ H${dVm g_OyZ KoVm
`oB©c.
3.2 àmñVm{dH$
AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoMr gwédmV EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V (B. g. 1885 nmgyZ)
Ho$edgwVm§À`m H${dVonmgyZ Pmcr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoMo OZH$ Ago åhUVmV.
Ho$edgwVm§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoV _Zwî`mcm _Ü`dVu ñWmZ XoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m d¡`pŠVH$ ^md^mdZm§Mm
Am{dîH$ma H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. Ho$edgwVm§Zr gm_m{OH$, ào_{df`H$, {ZgJ©,
Añn¥í`Vm `m {df`mda H${dVm {chÿZ _amR>r H${dVoV Zdm Ame` ì`ŠV Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r
H${dVoV Zdr CËH«$m§Vr Ho$cr Ago åhQ>co Joco. Ë`mZ§Va 1920 n`ªV JmoqdXmJ«O, ~mcH$dr `m§Mr ào_
d {ZgJ© H${dVm Am{U Ë`mZ§Va a{d{H$aU _§S>imMr H${dVm {Z_m©U Pmcr. amOH$dr ^m. am. Vm§~o, H$dr
"~r' `m§Mrhr H${dVm `mM H$mimV Zm_m§{H$V R>acr.
1930 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r H${dVoV Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H${dVoMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`mdoir Zm_m§{H$V
_m{gH$mVyZ Vr à{gÕ Pmë`mZo {VMm àgma Pmcm. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoda _w»` g§ñH$ma Hw$UmMm Pmcm Agoc
128
Va Vmo Ho$edgwVm§Mm hmo`. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr gm_m{OH$ H${dVm Ho$edgwVm§À`m H${dVoer ZmVo gm§JVo Agohr
`mdoir åhQ>co Joco. Varhr H$mcmZwê$n Ame`ÑîQ>çm Ë`m§Mr H${dVm g_mOdmXr {dMmagaUr Am{U
gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm `mMm {dMma H$arV doJir R>acr. 1933 _Ü`o Ë`m§Mm "OrdZ-char' hm n{hcm
H$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ Pmcm, Ë`mZ§Va 1942 gmcr Ë`m§Mm "{demIm' hm Xþgam H$mì`g§J«h à{gÕ Pmcm
Am{U Hw$gw_mJ«O Iè`m AWm©Zo a{gH$m§À`mnwT>o Amco. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo AZoH$ n¡cy `mVyZ àH$Q>
Pmco. B§J«Or gÎmo{déÕMo OZ_V, Xoeào_mMr à~i BÀN>m d C_u Am{U ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_ `m H$mimV hr
H${dVm AZoH$m§Zm àoaUm`wŠV R>acr. gm_m{OH$ Om{UdoMr H${dVm åhUyZ {VÀ`mH$S>o nm{hco Joco. nwT>o
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mo AmR> H${dVm g§J«h à{gÕ Pmco, Voìhm a{gH$m§Zr _wŠV_ZmZo Vo ñdrH$maco. `m KQ>H$mV
Ë`m§À`m VrZ H${dVm§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMmmAmho.
1960 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r H${dVoV {dÐmohmMr VrZ ê$no àH$Q> Pmcr. Ë`m_Ü`o g§VßV {nT>rMm
{XemhrZ {dÐmoh, _mŠg©dmÚm§Mm {damoY {dH$mgm{YpîR>V Zdg_mOaMZoMm H¥${Verc {dÐmoh Am{U X{cV
`wdH$m§Mm ì`WmJ^© Ádc§V {dÐmoh `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m {dÐmohmMr gwédmV Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m
H${dVonmgyZ Pmcr. _amR>r gmañdVm§À`m amÁ`mV JwÝhm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr H${dVm _moR>çm OmoemZo "Eogm
Jm _r ~«÷' (1962) `m H${dVmg§J«hmÀ`m ê$nmZo nwT>o Amcr. ñdV:Mm OrdZmZw^d ñdV:À`m ^mfoV
_m§S>cm OmD$ cmJcm. nwT>o "_mPo {dÚmnrR>' (1967) `m H${dVm g§J«hmVyZ AmË_{dídmgmZo l_OrdtÀ`m
ì`Wm§Zm Ë`m§Zr dmMm \$moS>cr. AÝ`m`m{déÕMr MrS> hr H${dVm ì`ŠV H$ê$ cmJcr. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m
d ì`Wm ì`ŠV H$arV H$mhr ì`pŠV{MÌo Ë`m§Zr H${dVoVyZ g_moa AmUcr. nwT>o "Om{haZm_m' (1975)
`m H${dVm g§J«hmVyZ Va gm_m{OH$ Om{Udm ì`ŠV H$arV gm_mÝ`m§À`m~Ôc ghmZw^yVr ì`ŠV H$aUmar
H${dVm Ë`m§Zr {c{hcr Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H${dVocm gw`©Hw$cmVrc H${dVm Ago åhQ>co Amho. `mÑîQ>rZo
Ë`m§À`m VrZ H${dVm§Mm Aä`mg `m KQ>H$mV H$amd`mMm Amho.
3.3 H$dr n[aM`
■
Hw$gw_mJ«O (1912-1999)
{dîUy dm_Z {eadmS>H$a åhUOo Hw$gw_mJ«O. _amR>rVrc kmZnrR> nm[aVmo{fH$m§Mo Vo {dOoVo.
27 \o$~«wdmar 1912 amoOr {eadS>o, {O. Zm{eH$ `oWo OÝ_. 10 _mM©, 1999 amoOr {ZYZ. 1934 _Ü`o
"YZwYm©ar' `m {Z`VH$m{cH$mV g§nmXH$ åhUyZ ZmoH$ar. H${dVm, ZmQ>H$, H$mX§~ar, H$Wm, cKw{Z~§Y `m
gm{hË`àH$mamV Ë`m§Mo ~hþ_moc `moJXmZ. "OrdZchar' (1933) hm Ë`m§Mm n{hcm H${dVmg§J«h. Ë`mZ§Va
Ë`m§Mo "OmB©Mm Hw$§ O' (1936), "{demIm' (1942), "g_rYm' (1947), "{H$Zmam' (1952), "_amR>r
_mVr' (1960), "ñdJV' (1962), "{h_aofm' (1964), "dmXidoc' (1969), "_wŠVm`Z'
(1984), "nmWo`' Ago H${dVm g§Jh« à{gÕ Pmco.
129
{d. dm. {eadmS>H$am§Mr ZmQ>H$o hr à{gÕ AmhoV. "Xþgam noedm', "Am_M§ Zmd ~m~wamd', "``m{V
Am{U Xod`mZr', "drO åhUmcr YaVrcm', "ZQ>g_«mQ>' hr Ë`m§Mr ñdV§Ì ZmQ>H$§ . "XÿaMo {Xdo', "d¡O`§Vr',
"amO_wH$w Q>', "Am°Wëo cmo' d "~oH$o Q>' hr Ë`m§Mr ê$nm§V[aV ZmQ>H$§ . `m~amo~a "d¡îUd', "OmÝhdr',
"H$ënZoÀ`m Vramda' `m H$mX§~è`mhr à{gÕ. "\w$cdmcr', "H$mhr d¥Õ H$mhr VéU', "ào_ Am{U _m§Oa',
"{ZdS>H$ ~mam H$Wm' ho H$Wmg§Jh« à{gÕ. "Amho Am{U Zmhr' hm cKw{Z~§Yg§Jh« hr à{gÕ.
■
Zmam`U gwd} (1926-2011)
_w§~B©À`m EH$m {JaUrÀ`m \$mQ>H$mda J§Jmam_ Hw$emOr gwd} `mg gmnS>coco _yc åhUOo Zmam`U
gwd}. 15 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1926 hr Ë`m§Mr Zm|Xdcocr OÝ_VmarI. dS>rc J§Jmam_ Va AmB© H$mer~mB©. XmoKohr
H$m_Jma Ë`m_wio Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mo ~mcnU H$m_Jma dñVrV Joco. emco` {ejU Mm¡Wrn`ªV Pmco. nwT>o
H$m_Jma Midirer Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y Amcm. emhra A_aeoI, JìhmUH$a Am{U AÊUm ^mD$ gmR>o `m§Mm
OdiyZ AZw^d Amcm. AÊUm ^mD§$gmaIo coIZ H$amdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Ë`mVyZ {dnwc H$mì`coIZ
Ho$co.
"Eogm Jm _r ~«÷' (1962), "_mPo {dÚmnrR>' (1966), "Om{haZm_m' (1975), "gZX'
(1982) `m H${dVmg§Jh« m~amo~aM "Zì`m _mUgmMo AmJ_Z' (1995), "Jdgcoë`m H${dVm' (1995)
ho H${dVm g§H$cZ à{gÕ. "_mUyg, H$cmd§V Am{U g_mO' (1982) hm coIg§Jh« à{gÕ. "S>mJ§ o :
^maVr` amOH$maUmVrc dmXi' (1986), "X{cV H$mì`Xe©Z' (1992), "H${dVm l_mMr' (1993),
"JmUr MidirMr' (1993), Am{U "H${dVm _w~§ B©À`m' (1993) ho g§nm{XV J«W§ à{gÕ. na^Ur
`oWrc A{Ic ^maVr` _amR>r gm{hË` g§_ocZmMo AÜ`j.
3.4 {df` {ddoMZ
Hw$gw_mJ«O ho Ogo _mZdVmdmXr H$dr AmhoV VgoM ào_ H${dVm {c{hUmao H$dr AmhoV. H${dVoVyZ
gm_m{OH$ {dMma _m§Sy>Z g_mOmMo CX²~moYZ d OZOmJaU H$amdo hoM Ë`m§Mo Ü`o` hmoVo. Va Ë`m§Mr ào_
H${dVm MmH$moar~mhoarc ào_^mdZm Am{dîH¥$V H$arV hiydma ào_ ^mdZm§Mo {MÌU H$aVo. `m KQ>H$mV
Ë`m§À`m "{demIm' `m H${dVm g§Jh« mVrc "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV' Am{U "H$moc~§ gmMo Jd©JrV' `m H${dVm§Mm
Va nwT>rc "H$Um' `m H${dVm§Mm Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVr gm¢X`© `mÑîQ>rZo Aä`mg AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV.
Zmam`U gwd} ho _amR>r H${dVoV H«$m§{V`wJmMr-gw`©`wJmMr gwédmV H$aUmao H$dr. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm
AmË_{ZdoXZr, ñdV:Mo M[aÌ Am{U Mm[aÍ` ì`ŠV H$aUmar Am{U H$îQ>H$ar-l{_H$m§À`m {dídmVrc
AZw^d Ë`m§À`mM OrdZmVrc à{V_m§_YyZ ì`ŠV H$aUmar Amho. `m KQ>H$mV Ë`m§À`m "Mma eãX', "H$mc©
_mŠg©' Am{U "S>m|Jar eoV' `m H${dVm§Mm Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVr gm¢X`© `m ÑîQ>rZo Aä`mg AmnU
H$aUma AmhmoV.
130
3.4.1 Ame`
❒
1
Hw$gw_mJ«O
❒
n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV
"CÎmwJ§ H$ënH$Vm' ho Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H$mì` à{V^oMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV' hr H${dVm
åhUOo Ë`m§À`m {demc H$ënH$VoMm {dcmg Am{U {dhma Amho. BVa ào_ H${dVm§à_mUo hr Ë`m§Mr
JmOcocr ào_H${dVm Amho. `m H${dVoV "n¥Ïdr Am{U gy`©' `m XmoKm§Mr àr{VH$Wm aoImQ>cr Amho. n¥Ïdr
hr Zm{`H$m Am{U gy`© Zm`H$ `m XmoKm§_Yrc AZmoIr àr{V^mdZm BWo ì`ŠV hmoVmZm {XgVo. H$drZo
Z¡g{J©H$, ^m¡Jmo{cH$ gË`mMm à^mdr dmna H$ê$Z gy`© Am{U n¥Ïdr `m§À`m ào_^mdZoVyZ gË` gm§{JVco
Amho.
H${dVoV n¥Ïdr gy`m©da ào_ H$arV Amho. `m XmoKm§À`mV {H$Ë`oH$ _¡cmMo A§Va Amho. na§Vw gy`m©À`m
àIa VoOmMm, Ë`mÀ`m {Xì` ào_mMm n¥Ïdrcm Omo gmjmËH$ma hmoVmo Vmo Vr {dgê$ eH$V Zmhr. _J M§Ð,
Vmao-_§Ji, ewH«$ ho n¥Ïdrer {H$Vrhr CXmÎm ào_ H$ê$ cmJco Var Ë`m§À`mH§$S>o Vr Tw>§Hy$Zhr nhmV Zmhr.
`m jwÐm§À`m, Xþ~©cm§À`m e¥§JmamH$S>o Vr Xþc©j H$aVo d gy`m©MrM AmamYZm H$aVo, H$maU gy`m©À`m am¡Ð
ê$nmV {Vcm EH$ê$n ìhm`Mo Amho. gy`© `m {à`H$amÀ`m AmoR>mVrc cmc AmJ {Vcm ß`m`Mr Amho.
gy`m©À`m {_R>rZo H$imgwÕm Vrd« ìhmì`mV Aer eara {_cZmMr AmoT> {OVH$s ñdm^m{dH$ {VVH$sM Iar
Amho. åhUyZ n¥Ïdr gy`m©cm åhUVo, VwPr Wmoadr A_`m©X Amho ho _cm kmV Amho. _r _mÌ EH$ YycrH$U
Amho, åhUyZ,
"Ac§H$maÊ`mcm n[a nm` VwP,o
YwirMoM Amho _cm ^yfU&'
Aer g_n©UerVcm ì`ŠV H$aVo Amho. gy`m©À`m àIa VoOmMm, Ë`mÀ`m {Xì` ào_mMm n¥Ïdrcm
Omo gmjmËH$ma Pmcm Vmo Vr {dgê$ eH$V Zmhr ho `m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Pmco Amho.
2
H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV
`m H${dVoVyZ Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr EH$m Ü`o`dmXr, gmhgr Am{U AmemdmXr AgUmè`m H$moc§~gmMo
ì`pŠVM[aÌ aoImQ>co Amho. Vgo ho EH$m _¥Ë`y§O`dramMo Jd©JrVM Amho. H$moc§~g hr EH$ Icmer ì`ŠVr
Agcr Var `m H${dVoV Vr _mUgmMr AWH$ àd¥Îmr, emoYH$Vm hr _mUgmMr gX¡d OmJ¥V AgUmar JmoîQ>
`mMm àË`` AmUyZ XoUmar EH$ ~m~ Amho. hm X`mdXu H$moc§~g Amnë`m ghH$mè`m~amo~a gmV g_wÐ
Amocm§S>VmZm Idicoë`m gmJamcm åhUVmo,
131
""ho g_wÐm VwÂ`m cmQ>mÀ§ `m hOma {Oìhm hì`m {VVŠ`m JOy© Xo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m à{VÜdZrZo
AmH$memVrc Vmao S>i_iy Xo. {damQ> dmXi `oD$Z nmÊ`mMo (cmQ>m§Mo) nd©V hocH$mdy Xo, Am{U Ë`m_wio
gmè`m {Xem T>iy Xo. _Ú àmeZ H$ê$Z AmH$memVco X¡Ë` CÝ_Îm hmoD$ Xo Am{U AmH$memVcm gy`© nmVir
XSy> Xo. YaUrcm Xþ^§J H$aÊ`mgmR>r n{cVm nmOiy Xo. gyS>mMo g_mYmZ {_iÊ`mgmR>r ñdJm©VyZ à_Îm
g¡VmZmcm Imcr `oD$ Xo. doVmim§Mm _oim O_dyZ `m X`m©da Vm§S>dmMo W¡_mZ Kmcy Xo.''
ho gmJam, Vy nX^«îQ> Amhog. VwPo ^rfU ZV©Z AgoM Mmcy Xo, Am{U _mÏ`mda AmH$me H$mogiy
Xo, CëH$m§Mm AI§S> dfm©d hmoD$ Xo. _J Amåhm Zm{dH$m§Zm Ë`mMr ^rVr H$gcr? ghH$mè`m§Zmo, {^Vm
H$emcm? Icmem§Mm OÝ_ AI§S> g§J«m_mgmR>rM AgVmo. ZjÌm§à_mUo Agr_ Aem {Zù`m AmH$memV
Ë`m§Zr g§Mma H$amdm. Xmhr {Xem hoM Ë`m§Mo Ka AgVo. AmnU gmJamV Zm¡H$m gmoS>cr, Vr naVÊ`mgmR>r
H$m`? naVUo hm Amncm ~mUm H$gm Agoc? nam^yVnUo OJÊ`mnojm gmJamÀ`m Vimer OmD$Z g_mYr
KoUo ~ao. `m OJVmV {H$S>m _w§JrMo OrUo Ag§»` cmoH$ OJVmV. AZoH$ OrdmUy JdVmÀ`m nmË`mgmaIo
OJVmV Am{U _aVmV. na§Vw Amåhr Zm{dH$ gmVr I§S>mVë`m AmH$memImcr {\$aVmo Am{U ZdZdrZ
{j{VOo {Z_m©U H$aVmo. YZ qH$dm Xmam (nËZr) qH$dm KamÀ`m q^Vr Am_Mm _mJ© AS>dy eH$Uma ZmhrV.
_mZdVoMo {ZemU _hmgmJamV {_adrV Amåhr àË`oH$ I§S> I§S> qOHy$. Zm{dH$m§Zmo, Mcm Amncr ew^«
{eS>o Jdm©Zo C^mam Am{U `m doS>çm gmJamcm gm§Jm H$s,
""AZ§V A_wMr Ü`o`mgŠVr AZ§V AZ² Amem
{H$Zmam Vwcm nm_amcm&'
Am_Mr Ü`o`mgŠVr Am{U Amem CX§S> Amho; AZ§V Amho. Vwcm nm_amcm _mÌ {H$Zmè`mMo ~§YZ
Amho.
gmJamcm nm_a åhUUmam, Ë`mcm AmìhmZ XoUmam H$moc§~g hr _mZdVoMr gOrd _yVu Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr
BWo H${Wcr Amho. Jd©JrV JmV gmè`m g¥îQ>rcm qOHy$ nmhUmam, ~ohmoe Yw§XrZo gmVgmJa Amocm§S>Umam
H$moc§~g BWo {XgVmo.
3
H$Um
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr "H$Um' hr H${dVm EH$ H$WmH$mì` qH$dm ZmQ>çJrV `m ñdê$nmVrc H${dVm Amho.
H${dVoVrc _r g§gmamer Pw§OV Amho, nU nmR>rMm H$Um VmR> R>odUo, _Z Ord§V AgUo Am{U _ZJQ>
H$V¥©ËdmgmR>r \w$a\w$aV AgUo ho Ë`mMo JwU AmhoV. ZXrH$mR>r nya Amcm H$s, Ë`mda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
_mUyg {OÔrZo nwT>o OmVmo. BWo JmoXmdarcm nya Amë`mZ§Va H$moUr EH$ H$drH$S>o Amcm Amho. ho öX`ñneu
H$Wm{MÌ aoImQ>VmZm Hw$gw_mJ«O åhUVmV, ""{Xdg H$mogiË`m nmdgmMo hmoV.o Aemdoir Xmamer EH$OU
132
Amcm d AmoiIc§V H$m ga _cm? Ago åhUmcm. Ë`mMo H$nS>o {^Oco hmoVo, {MIcmZo _mIco hmoVo.
Ho$gmVyZ nmUr {R>~H$V hmoVo. Vmo jU^a ~gcm d hgV daVr nmhÿZ åhUmcm, _mhoadmerU nmoargmaIr
J§Jm_mB© nmhþUr åhUyZ Amcr Am{U OmVmZm gJù`m MrOdñVy KoD$Z Jocr; nU `mVyZ ~m`H$mo _mÌ
dmMcr. AmVm q^V IMcr, Myc {dPcr, hmoVo ZìhVo Vo Joco. KamV H$mhrhr Caco Zmhr. S>moù`mV nmUr
_mÌ {eëcH$ am{hco Amho. nwT>o Vmo Ë`m§Zm gm§JVmo. H$ma^maUrcm ~amo~a KoD$Z nwÝhm Ka C^maVmo Amho.
{MIcJmi H$mT>Vmo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r H$îQ> Va Ho$coM nm{hOoV. ho gd© ga EoH$V hmoVo. Ë`mMr {OÔ _ZmV
dmImUV hmoVo; nU Vmo Om`cm {ZKmcm Voìhm gam§Mm hmV Ë`mcm _XV H$amdr åhUyZ {IemH$S>o Jocm.
Ë`mjUr Vmo MQ>H$Z CR>cm d hgV-hgV åhUmcm, ga, _cm n¡go ZH$moV, _r Vw_À`mH$S>o Amcmo hmoVmo
Vmo g§H$Q>mer Pw§O XoVmZm EH$Q>onUm dmQ>cm åhUyZ. Vwåhr nmR>rda hmV R>odyZ Amerdm©X Úmc åhUyZ.
""n¡go ZH$mo ga, Oam EH$Q>no Um dmQ>cm_moSy>Z nS>cm g§gma Var _moS>cm Zmhr H$Um,
nmR>rdaVr hmV R>odyZ ZwgVo cT> åhUm.''
ga `m nwamZo g§gma _moSy>Z nS>cm; nU nmR>rMm H$Um _moS>cocm Zmhr. _ZmV C^mar H$m`_ Amho.
nmR>rda hmV R>odyZ Vwåhr ZwgVo "cT>' åhQ>cmV Var _mÂ`m A§JmV Xhm hÎmrMo ~i `oB©c. EH$ öX`ñneu
àg§J H$miOmcm {^S>Umè`m ^mfoV H$drZo _m§S>cm Amho.
❒
Zmam`U gwd}
1
❒
Mma eãX
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr "Mma eãX' hr H${dVm Ë`m§À`m EHy$U H${dVoMr àñVmdZmM Amho. Ë`m§À`m
H${dVoMr àoaUm, àH¥$Vr, ~cñWmZo {deX H$aUmar hr H${dVm Amho. `mVyZ Ë`m§Mr H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$m
ñnîQ> hmoVo. gwd} åhUVmV, amoOrMm, amoQ>rMm gdmc amoOMmM Amho. H$Yr \$mQ>H$mÀ`m ~mhoa Amho, H$Yr
\$mQ>H$mAmV Amho.
""H$m_Jma Amho _r VinVr Vcdma Amho,
gmañdVm§Zmo! WmoS>mgm JwÝhm H$aUma Amho!''
_r H$m_Jma Amho, H«$m§VrMr VinVr Vcdma Amho. _mÂ`m VcdmarMo ~moc, _mÂ`m H${dVoVyZ
EoH$m. gmañdVm§Zmo, AmOn`ªVÀ`m »`mVZm_, coIH$m§Zmo! _mPo ~moc Vwåhmcm AmdS>Vrc dm ZmdS>Vrc;
nU _mÂ`m Xþ{Z`oMo gya EoH$dÊ`mMm _r JwÝhm H$aUma Amho.
`m OJmV _r AZoH$ AZw^d gm{hcoco, AZw^dcoco AmhoV. _mÂ`m eãXmV _mÂ`m H$m_Jma
OJmÀ`m J§YdoUm cncoë`m AmhoV. Ho$ìhm _r MwH$cmo, _wH$cmo Amho. R>oMm ImVm-ImVm Zdo {eH$cmohr
133
Amho. Agm _r Ogm OJV Amcmo Amho, VgmM H${dVoVrc eãXmVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo Amho. Amåhmcm amoQ>r
ß`mar Amho, ho Iao Amho; nU ^mH$argmR>r cT>mB© H$aVmZm, Amåhmg ncrH$S>Mo hr H$mhr åhUOo
_mUwgH$s, à{VîR>m hdr Amho. `mgmR>rM _r AmO amO_wÐm KS>{dV Amho. åhUyZM eãXm§À`m hmVr \w$co
R>odrV Va IS>Johr _r XoV Amho.
Voìhm AmVm _r EH$Q>mM Amcmo Zmhr; _cm `wJmMrhr gmW Amho. AmVm Vwåhr gmdY ahm,
Vw\$mZmMr hrM gwédmV Amho. H$maU _r H$m_Jma VinVr Vcdma Amho. åhUyZ gmañdVm§Zmo WmoS>mgm JwÝhm
_mÂ`m hmVyZ KS>Uma Amho. hr H${dVm åhUOo Ë`m§À`m OJÊ`mMm gÀMm A{YH$ma ì`ŠV H$aUmar Amho.
2
H$mc© _mH$g©
Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoVrc OJ H$m_Jmam§Mo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMo X¡dV H$mc© _mŠg© `m{df`r
H$dr AmñWm ì`ŠV H$aVmo. _yimV gwd} `m§Zm _mŠg©dmX {à` Amho. _mŠg© d co{ZZ hr Ë`m§Mr X¡dVoM
AmhoV. `m XmoZ _hm_mZdmVrc _mUyg emoYÊ`mMm BWo à`ËZ Amho. hr Ë`m§Mr H${dVm EH$ ZmQ>çmË_H$
H$WmH$mì` AgyZ `mVyZ H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$mM ñnîQ> Pmcr Amho. H$mc© _mŠg© `m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm
n[aM` `m H${dVoVyZ hmoVmo. H${dVoVë`m "_r' cm _mŠg© VrZ àg§JmV ^oQ>Vmo.
H$dr åhUVmo, _mÂ`m n{hë`m g§nmVM _cm _mŠg© ^oQ>cm. _r {_adUwH$sV _Ü`^mJr C^m hmoVmo.
_mÂ`m Im§Úmda ~°Za hmoVm. Voìhm OmZH$s AŠH$m _mÂ`mOdi Amcr Am{U am§JS>çm d {Oìhmù`mÀ`m
^mfoV _cm åhUmcr, `mcm AmoiIcog H$m? hm Amncm _mŠg©~m~m. hm O_©ZrV OÝ_cm. `mZo nmoV§^a
J«§W {c{hco Am{U AIoa B§½c§S>À`m _mVrV {_giyZ Jocm. g§Ý`memcm H$m`? gd© ^y_r gmaIrM.
VwÂ`mgmaIr Ë`mcmhr Mma H$ÀMr~ÀMr hmoVr. EH$m H$m_Jma ñÌrcm _mŠg©~Ôc dmQ>Umam {Oìhmim BWo
ì`ŠV hmoVmo.
Xþgè`m àg§JmV "_r'cm _mŠg© EH$m g^oV ^oQ>cm. Vmo ~mocV hmoVm, ""`m _§XrMo H$maU H$m`?
Xm[aÐ`mMo JmoÌ H$m`?'' Vmo nwT>o Amcm Am{U Ë`mZo gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao {Xcr. BWo _mŠg© `m ì`ŠVrMo
{dMmad§V åhUyZ AgUmao ì`pŠV_Îd àH$Q> hmoVo.
_mŠg© {Vgè`m§Xm "_r'cm ^oQ>Vmo Voìhm Vmo EH$m JoQ>g^oV. ñdV: _mŠg© `m "_r'Mo åhUOo H$drMo
^mfU EoH$V hmoVm, ""H$m_JmaM B{Vhmg KS>{dUmao AmhoV. VoM _mZdr M[aÌmMo Jm¡are§H$a JmR>Umao
AmhoV.'' Voìhm _mŠg© AmZ§XrV Pmcm Am{U Ë`mZo H${dcm em~mgH$s {Xcr. Ë`mdoir hm _mŠg© H${dcm,
""Aao, H${dVm-{~{dVm {c{hVmog H$s H$m`? N>mZ, N>mZ. _cmhr JQ>o AmdS>m`Mm'' Ago åhUmcm. `m
{VÝhr àg§JmVyZ _mŠg©À`m {daŠV d¥ÎmrMo, Ë`mÀ`m ~wÕr_ÎmoMo Am{U H$cmgŠV _ZmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo.
_mŠg©À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo {deof `m H${dVoVyZ {XgyZ `oVmV.
134
3
S>m|Jar eoV
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr hr H${dVm åhUOo à{gÕ JrV. 1956 gmcr Vo {c{hco. emhra A_aeoI
`m§Zr Vo Amnë`m H$cmnWH$mVyZ JmD$Z cmoH${à` Ho$co. EH$m l{_H$ ñÌrZo Amnë`m OJÊ`mVco Xþ:I,
AdhocZm Am{U Xm[aÐç Amnë`m _wImVyZ gm§{JVco Amho.
`m JrVmVrc ñÌr åhUVo, ho _mP§ S>m|Jar eoV _r ~oZy {H$Vr. `m eoVmV Amåhr {H$Ë`oH$ df} am~V
Amho, åhUOo _aVM Amho. JdVmMo ^mao KoD$Z MT>mdo cmJVo. AmS>mMo nmUr e|Xmdo cmJVo. KamV VmÝh§
~mi aS>V§ Voìhm Vo aS>U§ E¡Hy$Z nmÝhm \$wQ>V Amho. O_rZ Zm§Jê$Z Ooìhm nrH$ gmoÝ`mgmaIo \w$cV `oVo;
nU Vmo _ocm gmdH$ma ho nrH$ KoD$Z OmVmo. _J Amåhmcm Cnmer amhÿZM _amdo cmJVo. Aem n[apñWVrV
_hmJmB©Zo h¡Xmog KmVcm Amho. gmdH$mar \$mg Jim AmdiV Amho. Hw$UmM§ XoD$ Am{U Hw$UmM§ R>ody Aer
AdñWm AZoH$ df} Amho.
`m g§gmamcm C~XmanUm `oB©Zm. aŠV JmiyZhr A§J^a dñÌ {_ioZm. H$îQ> H$ê$Zhr Ë`mMo \$i
nXamV nS>oZm. Voìhm Q>rM^a nmoQ>mcm Am{U hmV^a Xohmcm Onmd§ {H$Vr hm àíZ Amho.
nwT>o Vr {ZYm©amZo åhUVo, H$nmimcm Hw§$Hy$ H$m`_ ahm`Mo Agoc Va, g§gmamMm doc \w$cm`Mm
Agoc Va `m _m` YaUrcm Zdo ê$n AmUm`cmM hdo. ho Owc_mMo nme VmoSy>Z hm amdUr \$mg PwJmê$Z
XoD$Z EH$sÀ`m ~imMo {ZemUM hmVr KoD$. VaM ho g§H$Q> {ZKyZ OmB©c. OrdZmVrc YJYJrV dmñVd
{M{ÌV H$arV {ZYm©a ì`ŠV H$aUmar ñÌr BWo {XgVo.
3.4.2 àg§J{MÌU
❀
H$wgw_mJ«Om§À`m H${dVoVrc A{^ì`ŠVr
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "{demIm' `m H${dVmg§J«hmcm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. _amR>r H$mì`joÌmV `m
H$mì` g§J«hmZo EH$ doJio dmao {Z_m©U Ho$co. 1932 Vo 1942 `m H$mcI§S>mV {c{hë`m Jocoë`m H${dVm
`m g§J«hmV AmhoV. `m {Z{_ÎmmZo EH$m à{V^mg§nÞ H${dMm CX` Pmcm. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`
{df`mer {ZJS>rV AgUmè`m H${dVm Oem JmOë`m Vem ào_mÀ`m Am{U AÝ` {df`mdarc H${dVmhr
JmOë`m. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoZo _mZdr g_mZVoMm {dMma _ZmV ~miJcm. _Zwî`mda cmXë`m OmUmè`m
nmaV§Í`m{df`r Am{U Xm[aÐçm{df`r MrS> Vo Vrd«nUo ì`ŠV H$aVmV. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ Ag§VmofmMm
Ádmcm_wIr Ë`m§À`m H${dVm§VyZ ZwgVm Yw_gV Zmhr, Vmo A½ZrgmaIm dfm©d H$arV gwQ>Vmo Ago åhQ>co
Joco. {df_Vm, {nidUyH$, Jm§OUyH$, AÝ`m` Am{U gm_m{OH$ ^«îQ>mMma `m{df`rMr ~hþOZ g_mOmMr
MrS> Hw$gw_mJ«O AË`§V CËH¥$îQ> ñdê$nmV Amnë`m H${dVmVyZ ì`ŠV H$aVmV. ho Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m
H${dVoVrc gwédmVrMo ê$n `m àH$maMo Amho.
135
AmYw{ZH$ _amR>rVrc ào_H${dVoà_mUoM Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mrhr ào_H${dVm Amem-{Zamem§À`m {MÌm§nojm
d l¥§Jma{MÌm§nojm MmH$moar~mhoarc ào_^mdZm Am{dîH¥$V H$aUmar Amho. Ë`m§À`m amOH$s` Am{U
gm_m{OH$ H${dVm§V Or CËH$Q>Vm {XgVo, Vr CËH$Q>Vm ào_H${dVoVhr nmhmd`mg {_iVo. `m CËH$Q>Vo_wio
{Vcm EH$ àH$maMr gImocVm àmßV hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr ào_H${dVm CWi dm EH$m§Jr Zmhr. {VÀ`mV ñdßZa§OZ
AWdm ê$j dmñVdVoMo {hS>rg àXe©Z Zmhr. Va hiydma ào_^mdZm§Mo EH$ doJioM {díd Ë`m§À`m
H${dVoVyZ OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio AmOn`ªVÀ`m ào_H${dVoVyZ doJir ào_H${dVm Ë`m§Zr gmXa Ho$cr Amho.
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "{demIm' `m H${dVmg§Jh« mVrc JmOcoë`m ào_ H${dVm§nH¡ $sM "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV'
`m H${dVoMm Aä`mg AmnU BWo H$arV AmhmoV. _mUyg hm ñdßZ{à` àmUr Amho; na§Vw `m ncrH$S>o
gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Ë`mÀ`m H$V©ì`mcmhr ñWmZ Amho hm g§Xoe Hw$gw_mJ«O XoV AgVmZm Iao ào_
{dahm_Ü`o Amho hohr `m H${dVoVyZ Vo gm§JVmV. n¥Ïdr Am{U gy`© `m XmoKm§Mo ào_ {H$Vr CXmÎm Amho `mrM
OmUrd BWo hmoVo. n¥ÏdrMr àr{V^mdZm BVŠ`m CËH$Q>VoZo {M{ÌV Pmcr Amho H$s {VMo AmnmoAmn
^pŠV^mdZoV ê$nm§Va Pmcoco Amho. H$_mcrMo ê$ngm¢X`© gmYcocr hr H${dVm Amho.
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr H$WmH$mì`gÑe Aer hr ào_H${dVm Amho. gy`m©da CXmÎm ^mdZoZo ào_ H$aUmar
n¥Ïdr {XImD$ ào_^mdZm YwS>H$mdyZ cmdVo Am{U Á`mÀ`mer `m OÝ_r _rcZ eŠ` Zmhr `mMr ImÌr
AgyZhr àIa Aem gy`m©daM Amncm Ord OS>dyZ ~gVo. åhUyZ Vr åhUVo,
""ZH$mo jwÐ e¥J§ ma Vmo Xþ~i
© m§Mm,
VwPr XÿaVm Ë`mhþ{Z gmhdo&''
AmOÝ_ {dahmV amhUmar hr n¥Ïdr ào_mMr gmW©H$Vm ì`ŠV H$aVo. hr n¥Ïdr Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m
H${d_ZmMrM EH$ PcH$ Amho. n¥ÏdrMr ^ì` Am{U d«VñW d¥Îmr BWo {XgVo. gy`m©H$S>o nmhVmZm n¥ÏdrMr
eara _rcZmMr CËH$Q> Amg BVH$s {XgVo H$s, "VwÂ`m cmc AmoR>m§Vrc AmJ ß`mdr, {_{R>Zo VwÂ`m Vrd«
ìhmì`m H$im&' Ago dU©Z H$dr H$aVmo. `m H${dVoVrc ào`gr ^ì`, {Xì`mda ào_ H$aUmar Amho Ago
{XgVo.
n¥Ïdr Am{U gw`© `m§Mo ZmVo _wcJr d ~mn AgVmZm hr ào_H$Wm H$er Aem àH$maMm Amjon
`m H${dVoda KoVcm OmVmo. nU Ë`mV VÏ` Zmhr. H${dMr H${dVm H$pënV AgVo Am{U _mZdr
OrdZmVrc ZmVr H$dr OJV ZgVmV åhUyZ hm Amjon BWo cmJy hmoV Zmhr. Acm¡{H$H$ Aem ào_mMo
{MÌU H$aUmar hr ào_H${dVm Amho.
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m AZoH$ ào_ H${dVmVyZ I§V, {Zamem hm ^mdhr ì`ŠV hmooVmo. AZw^dmÀ`m
{d{dYVoVyZ gwIX ào_mZw^yVrMo Xe©Z KS>{dUmè`m Ë`m§À`m H$mhr H${dVm Oem AmhoV VemM àH$mao
gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrc {OÔ Am{U àIa AmemdmX Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ OmUdVmo.
136
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "{demIm' `m JmOcoë`m H${dVmg§J«hmV Á`m AZoH$ ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$ H${dVm
Amë`m AmhoV Ë`m_Ü`o "H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV' `m H${dVoMm CëcoI H$amdm cmJoc. EH$ VoOñdr Ame`
Am{U AmoOñdr A{^ì`ŠVr `m H${dVoV {XgVo. ^maVmÀ`m emoYmgmR>r H$moc§~gmZo Amncr Zm¡H$m
_hmgmJamV cmoQ>cr; nU ~amM à`ËZ H$ê$Z Ë`mcm emoY cmJcm Zmhr, Voìhm Icmer hVme hmoVmV.
Ë`m àg§Jr H$moc§~g Ë`m§À`m _ZmV AmË_{dídmg d Zdr _hÎdmH$m§jm {Z_m©U H$aVmo. `m àg§JmMo
ñ\y${V©Xm`H$ Am{U VoOñdr {MÌU Hw$gw_mJ«O `m H${dVoV aoImQ>VmV.
gwédmVrcm H${dVoV C\$miUmè`m gmJamMo Am{U Ë`mcm AmìhmZ XoUmè`m H$moc§~gmÀ`m d¥ÎmrMo
{MÌU `oVo. Ë`m_Ü`o àM§S> H$ënZm{dcmg {XgVmo. Idicoë`m gmJamcm H$moc§~g, "VwÂ`m hOma {O^m
JO©Zm H$ê$ XoV Am{U Ë`m§À`m ÜdZrZo AmH$memVco Vmao S>i_iy Xo' Ago åhUVmo Voìhm `mVrc Omoe
Am{U Amdoe àË``H$mar eãXmV `oVmo. EImÚm `moÕ`mÀ`m eãXmV hm H$moc§~g gmJamcm, "VwPo ^rfU
ZV©Z AgoM Mmcy Xo, AmH$me H$mogico Am{U S>moŠ`mda CëH$m§Mm dfm©d Pmcm Var Amåhmcm Ë`mMr
ndm© Zmhr' Ago Pw§Oma d¥ÎmrZo gwZmdVmo Voìhm Ë`mMr {dO`rd¥Îmr {XgVo. Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm Va
_mJo naVUo hm Amncm ~mUm Zmhr Ë`mnojm Ocg_mYr KoUo hoM AmnUmg emo^Umao Amho. AZoH$
JdVmMr nmVr d {OdmUy OJVmV d _aVmV nU Amåhr Zm{dH$ gmJar g\$a H$ê$Z ZdZdrZ {j{VOo
{Z_m©U H$aVmo _J {^Vm H$emcm. _mUgmMo AmË_gm_Ï`© ì`ŠV H$arV Vmo gmJamcmM AmìhmZ XoVmo
Am{U åhUVmo,
""AZ§V Am_wMr Ü`o`mgŠVr AZ§V AZ² Amem
{H$Zmam Vwcm nm_amcm!''
H$dr _mUgmMo A_`m©XnU Am{U Ë`mMo H$V¥©Ëd H$moc§~gmÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z ì`ŠV H$aVmo. H$moc§~gmMm
Ëdof, d¥Îmr, Amdoe, {ZYm©a Am{U ZoV¥Ëd BWo ì`ŠV hmoVmo. `m H${dVoVrc dU©Zm~m~V H$dr ~m. ^.
~moaH$a åhUVmV, ""Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr g_wÐmÀ`m Vm§S>dmMo Ho$coco dU©Z H$moc~§ gmÀ`m à^mdr ì`pŠV_Îdmcm
g_OyZ {Xgoc Am{U _hmgmJamÀ`m jmo^mÀ`m {damQ>ËdmMm ñne© KS>drc Aem CÎmw§J à{V_m§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo AdVaco Amho.'' _mZdr gm_Ï`© Am{U namH«$_ `mdarc Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mm {dídmg Am{U Ë`m§Mm
O~aXñV AmemdmX `m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Pmcm Amho.
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mm _mUgmÀ`m gm_Ï`m©da OodT>m {dídmg Amho VodT>oM Ë`mÀ`mda CËH$Q> Ago ào_
Amho. Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVrc H$moc§~g AWm§J Aem g_wÐmcm AmìhmZ XoVmo Am{U Amnco H$V¥©Ëd {gÕ
H$aVmo VemM àH$mao Ë`m§Mr "H$Um' hr H${dVm gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo _mUygnU XmI{dUmar Amho. EH$m
~mOycm H$drMm H$moc~§ g gmJamer PwO§ Vmo, Va Xþgè`m ~mOycm "H$Um' H${dVoVrc "_r' g§gmagmJamer
Pw§O XoVmo. _moSy>Z nS>cocm g§gma C^maVmZm nmR>rMm H$Um VmR> R>odUo ho gwÕm gm_mÝ` _mUgmMo EH$
H$V¥©ËdM Amho.
137
"H$Um' hr H${dVm EH$ g_¥Õ Ago H$WmH$mì` AgyZ `mVrc g§dmX _Zmcm ^mdVmV. ZXrÀ`m
nwamMm VS>mIm ~gë`m_wio KamVrc gd©H$mhr dmhÿZ OmVo. àg§Jr gmao OrdZ _aU ~ZyZ g_moa `oVo Voìhm
`m nwamda _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {OÔ OmJ¥V AgUo {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo Amho. `m H${dVoVrc EH$m "_r' Mr
H$hmUr `m H${dVoV `oVo. hm "_r' åhUOo EH$ {dÚmWu H${dcm ^oQ>md`mg `oVmo. H$maU Ë`mMo KaXma
nwamV dmhÿZ Jococo AgVo. X¡dmZo Ë`mÀ`mda AmKmV Ho$cocm AgVmo, nU Ë`m_wio Vmo {dPV Zmhr.
Á`mà_mUo _emc Imcr Ho$cr Var {VMr Á`moV da C\$miyZ `oVo Ë`mà_mUo `m àg§JmV `m VéUmMr {OÔ
d ñdm{^_mZ da C\$miyZ `oVmo.
nmD$g nS>V AgVmZm hm VéU KamV Amcm Am{U H${dcm åhUmcm, ""ga _cm AmoiIcV
H$m?'' Voìhm Ë`mMo H$nS>o {MIcmZo _mIco hmoVo. S>moŠ`mVyZ nmUr {R>nH$V hmoVo. jU^a ~gë`mZ§Va
Vmo hgcm d åhUmcm,
""J§Jm_mB© nmhþUr Amcr, Jocr KaQ>çmV amhÿZ;
_mhoadmerU nmoargmaIr Mma q^VrV ZmMcr;
_moH$ù`m hmVr OmB©c H$er-~m`H$mo _mÌ dmMcr-''
ho gm§JyZ Vmo Myc {dPyZ Jocr, hmoVo ZìhVo Vo Joco. AmVm \$ŠV AlyM Caco AmhoV Ago åhUVmo.
Ë`mZ§Va H$dr Ë`mcm _XV H$ê$ nmhVmo Voìhm Vmo n¡go ZH$moV, EH$Q>onUm dmQ>cm åhUyZ _r Amcmo. g§gma
Oar _moSy>Z nS>cm Agcm Var nmR>rMm H$Um _moS>cm Zmhr. Vwåhr `mM nmR>rda hmV R>odyZ ZwgVo cT>
åhUm Ago {OÔrZo ~mocVmo. Aer hr VoOmMr Am{U ñdm{^_mZmMr AmaVr `m ñdê$nmVrc H${dVm Amho.
H${dVoÀ`m eodQ>r ZmQ>çnyU© H$cmQ>Ur XoD$Z H$drZo H${dVocm EH$m C§Mmda ZoD$Z R>odco Amho. gm_mÝ`
_mUgmVrc _mUygnU, Ë`mMm gmo{eH$nUm Am{U Pw§Omad¥Îmr `m H${dVoV {XgVo. H$WmZH$, ì`pŠV{MÌU,
àg§JdU©Z, dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr Am{U g§dmX `m_wio hr H${dVm n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmcr Amho.
EH§$XarV Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr H${dVm åhUOo VcdmarMm IS>IS>mQ> Am{U {dOoMm cIcImQ> hmo`.
"{demIm' `m H${dVmg§J«hmVrc Ë`m§Mr H${dVm H$er Amho, `m~m~V {d. g. Im§S>oH$a åhUVmV,
""gm_m{OH$ OrdZmVrc Aly, Ag§Vmof, MrS>, Ûof `m JmoîQ>r Ë`m§À`m H${dVoV AmT>iVmV, nU `m§Mo
{MÌU H$ê$Z Vo Wm§~V ZmhrV Va Ë`mVyZ XþX©å` AmemdmXmÀ`m {R>U½`mM CS>V AmhoV'' Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m
H$mì` A{^ì`ŠVrMr d¡{eîQ>ço nm{hcr Va Vr åhUOo ^ì`moËH$Q> H$ënZm{dcmg, à{VH$mË_H$Vm,
g§Kf©ZmQ>ç, Ñí`àg§J gmH$ma H$aUmar dU©Ze¡cr, Cn_m CËàojm§Mo gm¢X`©, cmdÊ` gw§Xa eãXH$cm, aMZm
gm¡îR>d, àË`H$mar {deofUo, Ame`mMr c` gm§^miUmar N>§XaMZm B.Mm C„oI hmoVmo. Hw$g_mJ«Om§À`m
darc VrZ H${dVmVrc H$mì`gm¢X`© Am{U Ë`m§À`m EHy$U H${dVoVrc gmYmaUV: d¡{eîQ>ço `m ñdê$nmMr
AmhoV.
138
❀
Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoVrc A{^ì`ŠVr
1960 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r H${dVoV Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm ñdV:Mo doJionU Am{U ApñVËd
XmIdyZ XoUmar R>acr Amho. Ë`mnydu Á`mà_mUo _T>}H$am§Mr H${dVm OrdZmVrc ^H$mg ê$n, `§Ìm_wio
OrdZmcm Amcocr AdH$im, {dkmZ`wJmVrc _Zwî`mMo jwÐ ApñVËd Am{U EH$mH$snUm XmIdyZ XoV
hmoVr. Ë`mnojm Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm l{_H$m§À`m ñdV: Xþ{Z`oMo, ApñVËdmMo Xe©Z KS>{dUmar EH$
Añgc H${dVm R>acr. Amnco IS>Va OrdZ doXZoÀ`m ñdê$nmV ì`ŠV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr loîR> Aer H${dVm
{Z_m©U Ho$cr. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm åhUOo Ë`m§Mo AmË_{ZdoXZM Amho. ñdV:Mo AZw^d {díd ì`ŠV H$aUmar
Vr H${dVm Amho.
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm H$îQ>H$ar, l{_H$m§À`m {dídmVrc AZw^d, Ë`m§À`m OrdZmVrc à{V^m
ì`ŠV H$aVo. Vr cT>mD$ d¥ÎmrZo, H$UIa _ZmZo, g_mOH«$m§VrMr CnmgZm H$aVo Am{U AZw^dmer B_mZ
amIyZ Zì`m OJmMr ñdßZo _w§~B©H$a H$m_Jmam§À`m ^mfoVM ì`ŠV H$aVo. Ë`mdoir H$UIa AmemdmX Am{U
VoOmi AmoOmoJwU hr Ë`m§À`m e¡crMr d¡[eîQ>ço {XgVmV.
gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm _amR>r H${dVoV gw`©`wJmMr gwédmV H$aUmar H${dVm Amho Ago åhQ>co Joco.
`mMo H$maU ñdAZw^d Ord§V Am{U Vrd« ^mfoV Ë`m§Zr H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$cm. Ho$edgwV Am{U
_T>}H$am§À`mZ§Va _amR>r H${dVocm Ë`m§Zr diU {Xco. H$m_Jma, X{cV, PmonS>nÅ>rV amhUmao `m§À`m
OrdZmVrc ~aodmB©Q> AZw^d ì`ŠV H$arV Ë`m§Mr H${dVm Ord§V d agaerV ~Zcr.
"Eogm Jm _r ~«÷' `m gwd} `m§À`m n{hë`m H${dVm g§J«hmÀ`m àñVmdZoV Hw$gw_mJ«O åhUVmV,
""Zmam`U gwd} ho H$m_Jma OrdZmer Ho$di g_ag Pmco ZìhVo Va Vo OrdZ àË`j AZw^dUmao H$dr
AmhoV. g^modVmcÀ`m n[agamV H$mhr lÕm OmJË`m R>odyZ Vo OJV AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
H$mì`mMm emoY KoVcm Amho. Ë`m§Mr H${dVm ~arMer cT>mD$ d¥ÎmrMr, g_mOH«$m§VrMr CnmgZm H$aUmar
d Zì`m AmZ§XdZ^wdZmMo ñdßZ nmhUmar Amho. àm_m{UH$nUm d CËH$Q>Vm hr gËH$mì`mMr AmYma VËdo
hmoV Vr gwd} `m§À`mOdi AmhoV.'' `mdê$Z gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoMo gm_Ï`© cjmV `oB©c.
Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm BWo Ë`m§Mr H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$m ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m
XmoZ H${dVm d EH$ à{gÕ JrV `m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm Amho. gwd} `m§À`m EHy$U H${dVoMr àñVmdZm åhUOoM
"Mma eãX' hr H${dVm. H$îQ>H$è`m§À`m OrdZmVrc PiPirV ê$n Vr àH$Q> H$aVo. H$m_Jmam§À`m
^{dî`mVrc ñdßZm§Mo Xe©Z Vr KS>{dVo. `m H${dVoVrc Zm`H$ åhUOo H$m_Jma ñdV:Mo ApñVËd Am{U
gm_Ï`© ì`ŠV H$aVmo. àñWm{nV H$mì` na§naocm Amnë`m H${dVoMo _hÎd gm§JÊ`mMm hm YmS>gr à`ËZM
Amho. `mVyZ gwd} `m§Mr H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$mM ñnîQ> hmoVo.
gwd} gm§JVmV, amoOramoQ>rMm gdmc amoOMmM Agcm Var AmnU H$m_Jma VinVr Vcdma AmhmoV
139
Am{U `m VcdmarMo ~moc _mÂ`m H${dVoVyZ EoH$m. gmañdVm§Zmo _mPo eãX Vwåhmcm AmdS>Vrc d
ZmdS>Vrc nU _mÂ`m Xþ{Z`oMo gya _r àH$Q> H$aUma Amho. H$Yr amoIR>moH$ Va H$Yr CnamoYr eãXmV H$dr
ñdV:Mo OJUo d ^y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$aVmo. H$m_Jmam§Mo OJ ho doJioM Amho. Vo AZw^dmMo, àË`j nm{hcoco
Am{U Ogo OJVm Amco Ë`mM eãXmV ì`ŠV hmoUmao Amho. `m H$m_Jma OrdZmV amoOr-amoQ>rMm _m_cm
_hÎdmMm AgVmo. OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m JmoîQ>r BWo ì`ŠV hmoVmV.
EH§$XarV AZw^dmMo {díd H$drZo àIa eãXmV `m H${dVoVyZ _m§S>co Amho. H$dr eãXmcm _hÎd
XoVmo. eãXmÀ`m hmVr \w$co d I‹S>Jo R>odÊ`mMr ^mfm H$aVmo. Am{U "gmdY Agm, Vw\$mZmMr hrM gwadmV
Amho' Ago R>UH$mdyZ gm§JVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va _mUgmgmaIo OJÊ`mgmR>r Amnco OJ "amO_wÐm KS>{dV
Amho' Agohr ñnîQ> H$aVmo. `m H${dVoVyZ gwd} `m§Mr g§Kf©ercVm, AmemdmX d gm§¡X`©ào_ `m JmoîQ>r ñnîQ>
hmoUmè`m AmhoV.
{XJ§~a nmÜ`o `m H${dVo{df`r åhUVmV, ""gwd} `m§À`m g_J« H${dVoÀ`m AmH$cZmcm Cn`wŠV
R>aUmar Aer hr H${dVm Amho. gwd} "H$m_Jma Amho _r VinVr Vcdma Amho' `m H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ Amnco
doJionU gwM{dV AmhoV. Va "H$m_Jma OJmMr J§YdoUm, Ogm OJVmo Vgm eãXm§V' `m eãXà`moJmVyZ
gwd} ~mø OJmMo åhUOoM Amnë`m AZw^dmÀ`m g§X^©{dídmMo doJionU ì`ŠV H$aVmV.''
`m H${dVoV gwd} `m§Zr ho OJ H$m_Jmam§Mo, H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo Am{U OJÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$amì`m
cmJUmè`m _mUgm§Mo Amho ho gm§{JVco Amho.
Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m "H$mc© _mŠg©' `m H${dVoVyZhr H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$mM ñnîQ> hmoVo.
H$m_Jmam§Mo X¡dV H$mc© _mŠg© `m§À`m{df`r gwd} `m§Zm AmñWm Amho. `m _hm_mZdmVrc _mUyg emoYÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$drZo `m H${dVoVyZ Ho$cm Amho. hr H${dVm åhUOo EH$ ZmQ>çmË_H$ H$WmH$mì` AAmho.
`m H${dVoVrc "_r'Mo AmamÜ`X¡dVM H$mc© _mŠg© Amho. Vmo "_r'cm VrZ àg§JmVyZ ^oQ>Vmo Voìhm
Ë`mMm n[aM` Va hmoVmoM nU Ë`mMo _moR>onU Am{U gm_mÝ` _mUgmer AgUmao Ë`mMo ZmVo ì`ŠV hmoVo.
"gd©gwd}' `m J«§WmV gwYra ~oS>oH$a `m§Zr `m H${dVocm Zdm H«$m§{VH$maH$ Ame` AgUmar H${dVm
Amho Ago åhQ>co Amho. VgoM Ame`m_Ü`o Zìho Va g~§Y _m§S>Ur_Ü`o Am{U H$ënZm_Ü`o Vr H«$m§Vr
KS>dyZ AmUVo, Agohr Vo åhUVmV.
H$mc© _mŠg©Mo ì`pŠV_Îd H${dcm _mo{hV H$aVo Voìhm Ë`mMo AZoH$ {deof g_moa `oVmV. `mnwT>o
g_mO OrdZmV H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo {MÌM àm_w»`mZo {XgUma Amho. H$m_Jma dJ© hmM nwT>o H${dVoMm {df`
R>aUma Amho ho ^m{H$V `m H${dVoVrc "_r' ì`ŠV H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`mMr H${dVo{df`rMr ^y{_H$m ñnîQ>
hmoVo. H$mc© _mŠg© hmM `mgmR>r àoaH$ R>aUma Amho. Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m {df`rMr AmñWm `m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV
Pmcr Amho.
140
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr "S>m|Jar eoV' hr H${dVm EH$m l{_H$ ñÌrMo _ZmoJV Agë`mZo Vr Jo` H${dVm
åhUyZhr cmoH${à` R>acr Amho. eoVmV am~yZ H$îQ> H$ê$Z Xþ:I, Xm[aÐ` H$mhr g§nV Zmhr Voìhm Zdm
AmemdmX KoD$Z nwT>o OmUmar ñÌr `m H${dVoV {XgVo.
aŠV JmiyZ, H$îQ> H$ê$Z \$i nXamV nS>V Zmhr. Amcoco nrH$ gmdH$mamÀ`m KemV OmVo `mdoir
Cnmer amhdo cmJVo. _aU `mVZm gmogmì`m cmJVmV. _hmJmB©Mm h¡Xmog Am{U gmdH$mar \$mg Jù`mV
nS>Vmo, Voìhm AgøVoÀ`m doXZm ghZ H$amì`m cmJVmV. Ë`mdoir {Q>M^a nmoQ>mcm d hmV^a Xohmcm
Onmd§ {H$Vr hm àíZ nS>Vmo. ho {VMo OJUo _Z AñdñW H$aUmao R>aVo.
nU hr H$m_Jma ñÌr Zd{dMmamZo ào[aV Pmcr Amho. n[apñWVrM {Vcm Y¡`m©Zo gm_Zm H$am`cm
{eH${dVo. hm Owc_mMm nme Am{U amdUr \$mg VmoS>m`Mm Agoc Va EH$sMo {ZemU hmVr ¿`m`cm hdo
Ago {Vcm dmQ>Vo. H$m_Jma OrdZmVrc dmñVdVm {M{ÌV hmoVmZm ñÌrMo _mZ{gH$ Y¡`© AmíM`©MH$sV
H$am`cm cmdUmao Amho.
ñÌrÀ`m H$îQ>_` doXZm `m JrVmV Amë`m AmhoV. cmoH$JrVmÀ`m YaVrdarc hr H${dVm emhra
A_aeoI Am{U AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§À`m H$cmnWH$mVyZ KamoKa nmohMcr ho `m H${dVoMo `e Amho.
nX²X{cV Am{U H$m_Jma dJm©À`m OrdZmVrc YJYJrV dmñVd `m JrVmVyZ à^mdrnUo ì`ŠV hmoVo.
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm H$m_Jmam§À`m OJVmVrc Amho Ago AmdOy©Z ~mocco OmVo. H$m_Jma
OJmMr ^md{MÌo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ a§J{dcr AmhoV. Ë`mdoir ñdAZw^d à_mU^yV _mZcm Amho.
OJmV X¡Ý` Amho, Xþ:I Amho, gwg§ñH¥$V nm§T>anoem§À`m ÑîQ>rZo Vo `mVZm_` Amho, nU Aghmæ` Zmhr.
`m _aJicoë`m dmñVdmVhr Ë`m§Mr H${dVm AmemdmXr Amho. `mVM gwd} `m§Mo _Z gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrMr
~m§{YcH$s ñdrH$maUmao Amho. EH§$XarV emofUJ«ñV _mUyg hm gwd}À`m H${dVoMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ Amho Ago
Hw$gw_mJ«O gm§JVmV.
3.4.3 ^mfm{deof
AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoVrc Zm_m§{H$V H$dr Hw$gw_mJ«O Am{U Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m {ZdS>H$
H${dVm§Mm Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrÑîQ>çm Aä`mg H$aVmZm H$mhr ^mfm {deof g_OyZ KoVm `oVrc.
^mfme¡crMm Img dmna hm H${dVocm `e {_iÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>aVmo. `mÑîQ>rZo XmoÝhr H$qdÀ`m
^mfme¡crMm {dMma H$ê$.
❀
Hw$gw_mJ«O
"{demIm' hm Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mm 1942 gmcr àH$m{eV Pmcocm Xþgam H${dVmg§Jh« AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Zr
_hÎdnyU© R>acm. g§ñH¥$V_Yrc ZmX_` eãXaMZm Ë`m§Zr H${dVoVyZ Ho$cr. Amncr H${dVm Xþ~m}Y hmoD$
141
Z`o `mMr XIc Ë`m§Zr KoVcr. VgoM àmgm{XH$VoÀ`m A{VaoH$mZo Vr ~mc~moY hmoD$ Z`o `mMrhr XIc
KoVcr. {df`mZwê$n VgoM ì`ŠVr-àg§JmZwgma ~XcV OmUmar ^mfm ho Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMo Img d¡{eîQ>ç
Amho.
Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m ào_ Am{U gm_m{OH$ H${dVoV CËH$Q>Vm, CXmÎmVm, Ë`mJ, {ZîR>m, g_n©U, H$V¥©Ëd,
gm_Ï`©, gmhg, g§Kf© B. d¡{eîQ>ço {XgVmV. "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV' `m ào_ H${dVoV namH«$_, gmhg,
Ü`o`dmX {XgVmo, gy`© hm {à`H$a Aem àH$mao H$V¥©ËddmZ d gmher Amho Va n¥Ïdr hr {à`gr CËH$Q>Vm
Am{U EH${ZîR>Vm ì`ŠV H$aUmar Amho. _ZmVrc Ame` ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo
d¡{eîQ>çnyU© _m§S>Ur hohr `m H${dVoMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. H$ënZm{dcmg Am{U à{VH$mË_H$Vm hr ^mfm
d¡{eîQ>ço BWo {XgVmV. "H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV' `m H${dVoV gmJamcm {Xcoco AmìhmZ Am{U ghH$mè`m§Zm
Ho$coco AmdmhZ `mVyZ H$moc§~gmMr gmhgr d¥Îmr Am{U AmemdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU {XgVmo. H${dVm dmMVmZm
ZmQ>çmË_H$ aMZm Agcocr OmUdVo. _mZdmMr A_`m©X Ü`o`mgŠVr Am{U Ë`mMr ~ohmoer Pw§O hr
d¡{eîQ>çohr BWo {XgVmV. "H$Um' `m H${dVoV Va ZmQ>çmË_H$Vm, gmo{eH$Vm Am{U Pw§Omad¥Îmr hr d¡{eîQ>ço
H$dr ì`ŠV H$aVmo. J«m_rU ~mocrVrc eãXm§Mm dmna Am{U CnamoY hr ^mfmd¡{eîQ>çohr BWo {XgVmV.
gmYo, gmono nU _mohH$ eãXm§Mm dmna Hw$gw_mJ«O Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ H$aVmV.
❀
Zmam`U gwd}
Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm H$m_Jma {dídmMo {MÌU H$arV Agë`mZo ñdV:À`m OJÊ`mVco
dmñVd ~mocr ^mfoVyZM Vo gm§JVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H${dVocm ~mocr ^mfoMm T>§J Amho. Ver Ë`m§Mr
H${dVm g§dmX_`r Amho. X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamVrc ^mfm H$dr `moOVmo åhUOo, "amoOr amoQ>rMm gdmc amoOMmM
Amho' ho ~mocÊ`mÀ`m ^mfogmaIo dmQ>Umao Ë`m§Mo ^mfm d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`.
gwd} `m§Zr ñdV:cm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnacocr ^mfm AmKmVnyU© Agë`mZo {Vcm EH$ àH$maMr
c` Amho. gmÜ`m eãXm§Mr c`~Õ aMZm Ë`m§Zr dmnaë`mZo ^mfm n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m "Mma
eãX' `m H${dVoV gmYo eãXM n[aUm_H$maH$ dmQ>VmV. "gmañdVm§Zmo! WmoS>mgm JwÝhm H$aUma Amho' `m
AmoirV EH$m ~mOycm Z_«Vm {XgVo Va Xþgè`m ~mOycm CnamoY hr OmUdVmo. "H$mc© _mŠg©' `m H${dVoV
~mocr ^mfoVrc AZoH$ a§J d eãXà`moJ OmUdVmV. BWo ^oXH$ dmñVd Am{U àJV {dMma à^mdr
^mfoVZy H$dr ì`ŠV H$aVmo. g§Kf©erc d¥Îmr Va {XgVoM nU ñdV:Mo "_r'nU H$m`_ R>do Zy "Amåhr'
er EH$ê$n hmoÊ`mMr H$drMr d¥Îmr OmUdVo. H$drMr AmemdmXr d¥Îmr Am{U _mUgmdarc lÕm,
H$îQ>H$è`m§À`m gm_Ï`m©darc lÕm Am{U ñÌrMm g§Kfm©darc {dídmg hr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ
OmUdVmV.
H$mhr {ZgJ© à{V_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z gwd} _mZdr OrdZmVrc KQ>Zm, àg§J `m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmV.
^mfoMo EH$ Img d¡{eîQ>ç åhUyZ `m à{V_m§À`mH$S>o nmhVm `oB©c.
142
{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, `m {R>H$mUr Hw$gw_mJ«O Am{U Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m AmnUmg Aä`mgmcm
AgUmè`m H${dVm nmhÿ `m.
❒
Hw$gw_mJ«O
❒
1. n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV
`wJm_mJwZr Mmccr ao `wJo hr
H$amdr {H$Vr ^mñH$am d§MZm
{H$Vr H$mi H$joV Ymdy VwÂ`m _r
{H$VrXm H$ê$ àr{VMr `mMZm
{ZameoV g§Ý`ñV hmoD$Z ~¡go
F$ftÀ`m Hw$ir CÎmaocm Y«wd
{ngmQ>mnar Ho$g qnOmê$Zr hm
H$ar Yy_Ho$Vy H$Yr AmO©d!
ZìhmirVco Zm C_mio, Cgmgo
Z Vr AmJ A§JmV AmVm Cao
{dPyZr AmVm `m¡dZmÀ`m _emcr
Car am{hco H$mOir H$monao!
nar ^ì` Vo VoO nmhÿZ nwOyZ
KoD$ Jù`mer H$go H$mOdo
ZH$mo jwÐ e¥§Jma Vmo Xþ~©im§Mm
VwPr XÿaVm Ë`mhþZr gmhdo!
nar A§Var àr{VMr Á`moV OmJo
A{dlm§V amhrc AZ² OmJVr
Z OmUo Z ZoUo Hw$R>o Mmcco _r
H$io Vy nwT>o Am{U _r _mJwVr!
Vir OmJUmam {ZImam C\$miyZ
`oVmo H$Yr AmR>dmZo da
ehmê$Z `oVo H$Yr A§J, VwÂ`mñ_¥VrZo Cco AZ² gco AÝVa!
{X_mImV Vmao ZQ>moZr WQ>moZr
{ear Q>m{H$Vr {Xì` CËH$m-\w$co
na§Vw VwÂ`m _y{V©dmMyZ Xodm,
_cm dmQ>Vo {díd A§Ymaco!
J_o H$s VwÂ`m ê$Ð ê$nmV Omdo
{_imoZr Jim KmcwZr`m Jim
VwÂ`m cmc AmoR>m§Vcr AmJ ß`mdr
{_R>rZo VwÂ`m Vrd« ìhmì`m H$im!
Vwdm gm§S>coco Hw$R>o A§VamimV
doMy{Z`m {Xì` VoO:H$U
_cm _mohdm`m ~Ko hm gwYm§ey
VnmMma ñdrH$mê$Zr XméU.
A_`m©X {_Ìm, VwPr Wmoadr AZ²
_cm kmV _r EH$ YycrH$U
Ac§H$maÊ`mcm nar nm` VwPo
YwirMoM Amho _cm ^yfU!
{ngmam à^oMm C^mê$Z Xmar
nhmQ>o C^m ewH«$ hm ào_i
H$ar `mMZm àr{VMr cmOwZr cmchmoD${Z`m cmOam _§Ji.
❀❀❀
143
2. H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV
ZjÌmn[a Agr_ Zrcm_Yo g§Mamdo
{Xem§Mo Amåhm§cm Ym_ !
hOma {Oìhm VwÂ`m JOw© Xo à{VÜdZrZo Ë`m
g_wÐm, S>i_iw Xo Vmao !
{damQ> dmXi hocH$mdw Xo nd©V nmÊ`mMo
T>iw Xo {XemH$moZ gmao !
H$m` gmJar Vmé cmoQ>co naVm`m _mJo
Ago H$m hm Anwcm ~mUm
Ë`mhþZ KoD$ Oir g_mYr gwIo, H$emgmR>r
Onmdo nam^yV àmUm !....
Vm_«gwam àmey{Z _mVw Xo X¡Ë` Z^m_Yco
XSy> Úm nmVmir g{dVm
Am{U V`m§Mr hr A{YamUr Xþ^§J YaUrcm
H$am`m nmOiw Xo n{cVm !
H$moQ>çdYr OJVmV {OdmUy OJVr AZ² _aVr
Oer Vr JdVmMr nmVr,
Zm{dH$ Amåhr na§Vw {\$aVmo gmV Z^m§Imcr
{Z{_©Vmo Zd {j{VOo nwT>Vr !
H$s ñdJm©VyZ H$mogicocm, gyS>-g_mYmZ
{_im`m à_Îm g¡VmZ
O_dw{Z _oim doVmim§Mm `m X`m©daVr
H$ar ho Vm§S>d W¡_mZ !
_mJ© Am_wMm amoYy eH$Vr Zm YZ, Zm Xmam
KamMr dm {dV^a H$mam
_mZdVoMo {ZemU {_ady _hmgmJamV
qOHw$Zr I§S> I§S> gmam !
nXÀ`wVm, Vd ^rfU ZV©Z AgoM Mmcy Xo
\w$Qy> Xo Z^ _mÏ`mdaVr
Am{U VwQy> Xo AI§S> CëH$m dfm©dV A½Zr
Zm{dH$m Zm Hw$R>cr ^rVr !
Mcm C^mam ew^« {eS>o Vr Jdm©Zo daVr
H$Wm `m Iwù`m gmJamcm
""AZ§V A_wMr Ü`o`mgŠVr AZ§V AZ² Amem
{H$Zmam Vwcm nm_amcm !''
ghH$mè`m§Zmo, H$m hr I§Vr OÝ_ Icmem§Mm
Pw§OÊ`m AI§S> g§J«m_
❀❀❀
3. H$Um
"AmoiIc§V H$m ga _cm'- nmdgmV Amcm H$moUr
H$nS>o hmoVo H$X©_coco Ho$gmdaVr nmUr.
jU^a ~gcm Z§Va hgcm ~moccm daVr nmhÿZ;
"J§Jm_mB© nmhþUr Amcr, Jocr KaQ>çmV amhÿZ
_mhoadmerU nmoargmaIr Mma q^VrV-ZmMcr
_moH$ù`m hmVr OmB©c H$er-~m`H$mo _mÌ dmMcrq^V IMcr Myc {dPcr hmoVo ZìhVo Joco
àgmX åhUyZ nmnÊ`m§_Ü`o nmUr WmoS>o R>odco-
H$ma^maUrcm KoD$Z g§Jo ga, AmVm cT>Vmo Amho
nS>H$s q^V ~m§YVmo Amho. {MIcJmi H$mT>Vmo
Amho'
{IemH$S>o hmV OmVmM hgV hgV CR>cm,
n¡go ZH$mo ga, Oam EH$Q>onUm dmQ>cm_moSy>Z nS>cm g§gma Var _moS>cm Zmhr H$Um
nmR>rdaVr hmV R>odyZ ZwgVo cT> åhUm.'
144
❀❀❀
❒
Zmam`U gwd}
❒
1. Mma eãX
amoQ>r ß`mar Iar AmUIr H$mhr hdo Amho
`mMgmR>r _mPo OJ amO_wÐm KS>drV Amho
BWyZM eãXm§À`m hmVr \w$co R>odrV Amho
BWyZM eãXm§À`m hmVr IS²>Jo _r XoV Amho.
amoOrMm amoQ>rMm gdmc amoOMmM Amho
H$Yr \$mQ>H$m ~mhoa H$Yr \$mQ>H$m AmV Amho
H$m_Jma Amho _r VinVr Vcdma Amho
gmañdVm§Zmo ! WmoS>mgm JwÝhm H$aUma Amho.
WmoS>o gm{hcoco, nm{hcoco, Omo{Icoco Amho
_mÂ`m OJmMr EH$ J§§YdoUm{h Ë`mV Amho
Ho$ìhm MwH$cmo, _wH$cmo, Zdo {eH$cmohr Amho
Ogm OJV Amho _r VgmM eãXm§V Amho.
EH$Q>mM Amcmo Zmhr `wJmMrhr gmW Amho
gmdY Agm Vw\$mZmMr hrM gwédmV Amho
H$m_Jma Amho _r VinVr Vcdma Amho
gmañdVm§Zmo! WmoS>mgm JwÝhm KS>Uma Amho.
❀❀❀
2. H$mc© _mŠg©
_mÂ`m n{hë`m g§nmVM
_mŠg© _cm Agm ^oQ>cm
{_adUwH$sÀ`m _Ü`^mJr
_mÂ`m Im§Úmda Ë`mMm ~°Za hmoVm.
OmZH$s AŠH$m åhUmcr, "d{iIc§g ømcmømo Am_Mm _mŠg©~m~m
O_©ZrV Oc_cm, nmoVm^a J«§W {cdco
Am{U B§½c§S>À`m _mVrcm {_imcm.
g§Ý`memcm H$m` ~m~m
gJirH$S>Mr ^y_r gmaIrM
VwÂ`mgmaIr Ë`mcmhr Mma H$ÀMr~ÀMr hmoVr.'
_mÂ`m n{hë`m g§nmVM
_mŠg© _cm Agm ^oQ>cm
nwT>o : EH$m g^oV _r ~mocV hmoVmo,
- Va `m _§XrMo H$maU H$m`?
Xm[aÐçmMo JmoÌ H$m`?
nwÝhm _mŠg© nwT>o Amcm;
_r gm§JVmo åhUmcm,
Am{U KS>mKS>m ~mocVM Jocm.
nadm EH$m JoQ>g^oV ^mfU EoH$V C^m hmoVm.
_r åhUmcmo"AmVm B{VhmgmMo Zm`H$ AmnUM AmhmoV,
`mnwT>À`m gd©M M[aÌm§Mohr.'
Voìhm _moR>çmZo Q>mir Ë`mZoM dmO{dcr
IiIiyZ hgV, nwT>o `oV;
Im§Úmda hmV R>odrV åhUmcm,
"Aao H${dVm-{~{dVm {c{hVmog H$s H$m`?
N>mZ, N>mZ,
_cmgwÕm JQ>o AmdS>m`Mm !'
❀❀❀
145
3. S>m|Jar eoV
åhmJmB©Z§ ~mB© KmVcm h¡Xmog
Jim Amdir ~mB© gmdH$mar \$mg
Hw$ZmM§ XoD$ AmZ² Hw$ZmM§ R>ody
AerM dgm©da dg© OmVrc {H$Vr
S>m|Jar eoV _mP§ J _r ~oZy {H$Vr
Amc§ darg am~y _r _amd§ {H$Vr
H$dimMo ^mao ~mB© J KoD$Z MT>md§ {H$Vr
AmS>mM§ nmZr ~mB© J nmZr dS>md§ {H$Vr
KamV VmÝhm _mPm J VmÝhm aS>§c {H$Vr
VmÝømM§ aS>§ EoHy$Z nmÝhm `oB©c {H$Vr
`m g§gmam ~mB© gm§Or `oB©Zm
aŠV JmiyZ A§Jm YSy>V {_i§Zm
H$îQ>mM§ \$i ~mB© nXamV nS>§Zm
Q>rM^a nmoQ>mcm, hmV^a Xohmcm, Onmd§ {H$Vr
Aj` èhm`m Hw§$Hy$ H$nmim
g§gmadocrÀ`m \w$cdm`m \w$cm
ê$n Zd§ AmUy _m` YaVrcm
VmoSy> Owcw_mMo H$mM, ho amdUr \$mg
EH$sM§ {ZemU hmVr.
Amc§ Amc§ darg O_rZ Zm§Jê$Z
C^§ nrH$ ZmMo gmoÝ`mZ§ \w$cyZ
na EH$ _ocm, gmdH$ma R>mocm
{hgHy$Z KoVmo ~mB© gmoÝ`mMm Jmoim
Ag§ Cnmer amhÿZ J, Amåhr _amd§ {H$Vr
❀❀❀
3.5 eãXmW©
❀
n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV
^mñH$a : gy`©, d§MZm : \$gdUyH$, `mMZm : _mJUo, Zìhmir : ZdcmB©,
A{dlm§V : Z WH$Umam, _mJwVr : _mJ`m, {\$ê$Z, CëH$m : VwQ>cocm Vmam, gwYm§ey : M§Ð,
Yw_Ho$Vy : e|S>m Agcoco ZjÌ, gy`m©nmgyZ Xÿa A§Vamda cm§~Q> Agcoco, Xþ~©c : AeŠV,
A_`m©X : A{Ve`, ~ogw_ma, ^yfU : Ac§H$ma.
❀
H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV
{Oìhm : Or^; g{dVm : gy`©; n{cVm : {hcmc, {XdQ>r, à_Îm : Yw§X,
doVmi : ^wVm§Mm amOm, X`m© : g_wÐ, Vm§S>d : W`W`mQ>, Z¥Ë`, nXÀ`wVm : ñWmZmnmgyZ Xÿa,
Icmer : OhmOmdarc _Oya, ZmdmS>r, Vmê$ : Zm¡H$m, OhmO, Zm{dH$ : ZmdmS>r,
{j{VO : AmH$me, am|Yy : {damoY, AS>Wim, KZ : _oK, T>J, Xmam : ~m`H$mo, nËZr,
I§S> : n¥Ïdrdarc àXoemMm _moR>m ^mJ, nm_a : jwÐ. H$moc§~g : nmoVw©JrO Icmer. n§Yamì`m
eVH$mV ^maVmÀ`m emoYmgmR>r {ZKmcm nU dmQ> MwHy$Z Ë`mcm A_o[aHo$Mm emoY cmJcm.
146
❀
H$Um
H$X©_coco : {MIcmV, JmimV _mIcoco, _mhoadmerU : c½Z hmoD$Z gmgar Jococr nU
H$mhr H$mi AmB©d{S>cm§À`m Kar Amcocr ñÌr, J§Jm_mB© : JmoXmdar ZXr, EH$Q>onUm : gmo~V
Zgcocm, H$ma^maUr : Zdè`mZo ~m`H$moMm Ho$cocm CëcoI, H$Um : _mZonmgyZ _mH$S>hmS>mn`ªVMm
nmR>rMm Xm§S>m; BWo ñdm{^_mZ.
❀
Mma eãX
gdmc : àíZ, amoQ>r : ^mH$ar, gm{hcoco : ghZ Ho$coco, gmañdV : dmL²>_`rZ H$V¥©Ëd
AgUmao AmOn`ªVMo »`mVràmßV coIH$, amO_wÐm : amOmMo {eŠH$m_moV©~ Agcocr _wÐm,
Vw\$mZ : dmXi, IS²>J : Vcdma.
❀
H$mc© _mŠg©
~°Za : \$cH$, H$ÀMr~ÀMr : AJXr chmZ _wco~mio, _§Xr : ñdñVmB©, JmoÌ : Hw$i,
JQ>o : O_©Z OJà{gÕ gm{hpË`H$ (B.g. 1759-1832) ñdÀN>§XVmdmXmMm nwañH$Vm©, H$dr
åhUyZ à{gÕ, H$mc© _mŠg© : O_©ZrV B.g. 1818 _Ü`o OÝ_cocm Am{U gmå`dmXr
{dMmagaUrMm OZH$. OJ^amVrc H$m_Jmam§Zm EH$sMm g§Xoe XoUmam VÎdk.
❀
S>m|Jar eoV
~oZy : ^m§JcUo, noaUo, H$dimMo : JdVmMo, h¡Xmog : Jm|Yi, gm§Or : C~XmanUm,
Q>dQ>drVnUm, YSy>V : H$nS>m, Aj` : A{dZmer, {ZemU : {MÝh, P|S>m, S>m|Jar
eoV : chmZ-chmZ Q>oH$S>çmdarc YmÝ` {nH$mD$ O_rZ.
3.6 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZmoÎmao
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
àíZ 1 : Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV' Am{U "H$moc~§ gmMo Jd©JrV' `m
H${dVm§Vrc H$mì`gm¢X`© {deX H$am?
CÎma : àmñVm{dH$ : AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoMo OZH$ H$dr Ho$edgwV `m§Mr H${dVm 1885
nmgyZ {c{hcr Jocr. Ë`mZ§Va ~mcH$dr, JmoqdXmJ«O Am{U a{d{H$aU _§S>imVrc H${dVm 1930 n`ªV
_amR>rV _hÎdnyU© R>acr. Ho$edgwVm§À`m gm_m{OH$ H${dVoMm dmagm Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr ñdV§Ì aMZmË_H$
147
_m§S>Ur H$ê$Z nwT>o Mmc{dcm. 1933 gmcr "OrdZchar' hm Ë`m§Mm n{hcm H${dVmg§J«h à{gÕ Pmcm.
Ë`mZ§Va 1942 gmcr "{demIm' hm H${dVmg§J«h à{gÕ Pmcm. Vmo _amR>r H${dVoÀ`m B{VhmgmV _¡cmMm
XJS> R>acm. `mVrc Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr _mZdVmdmXr H${dVm gdmªMo cj doYyZ KoUmar hmoVr. Ë`mdoiÀ`m
gm_m{OH$ Ag§VmofmMm Ádmcm_wIr Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ A½ZragmMm dfm©d H$arV C\$miyZ Amcm.
g_mOmVrc MrS>, Ûof, Aly `m ^mdZm H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Pmë`m. amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`mMr AmoT> d AmemdmX
hmhr ì`ŠV Pmcm. `m ÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço nmhVmZm Imcrc H${dVm§Mo H$mì`gm¢X`© nmhVm
`oB©c.
{ddoMZ : Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "{demIm' `m H${dVmg§Jh« mVrc JmOcoë`m H${dVm§nH¡ $s "n¥ÏdrMo
ào_JrV' hr CXmÎm Am{U CËH$Q> ào_^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aUmar H${dVm Amho. _mZdr _ZmVrc ào_ n¥Ïdr
Am{U gy`© `m§À`m à{V_oVyZ XmIdyZ {Xco Amho. H${dZo Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U ^m¡Jmo{cH$ gË`mMm {dMma H$arV
n¥Ïdr d gy`© `m§À`mVrc AmJir-doJir ào_^mdZm a§J{dcr Amho. n¥Ïdr gy`m©da ào_ H$aVo, Ë`mdoir
Ë`mVrc ^ì`Vm H$_mcrMr CËgwH$Vm dmT>{dUmar Amho. XmoKm§À`mVrc A§Va {H$Ë`oH$ _¡cmMo Agco Var
gy`m©Mo àIa VoO Am{U Ë`mMo {Xì` ào_ `mMm n¥Ïdrcm Pmcocm gmjmËH$ma Vr H$Yr {dgê$ eH$V Zmhr.
Ë`mdoiMo AZoH$ J«hVmè`m§Mo Amnë`mdarc ào_ Vr YwS>H$mdyZ cmdVo. gy`m©Mr AmamYZm Vr H$aV ahmVo.
Ë`mdoir Ë`mÀ`m AmoR>mVrc AmJ {Vcm ß`m`Mr Amho Aer H$dr {VMr BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$aVmo. n¥ÏdrÀ`m
ào_mMr gmW©H$Vm `m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo, Voìhm Acm¡{H$H$ ào_mMm n[aM` `m H${dVoVyZ hmoVmo.
"H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV' `m H${dVoVyZ Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr H$moc§~gmÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm doY KoVcm Amho.
BWo _mZdr AmË_{dídmg Am{U _hÎdmH$m§jm ì`ŠV Pmcocr {XgVo. H$moc§~gmcm ^maVmMm emoY cmJV
Zmhr Voìhm Vmo hVme Z hmoVm Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm {dídmg XoVmo. H${dVoÀ`m gwédmVrcm H$moc§~g
gmJamcm AmìhmZ XoVmo. gmJamZo {H$Vrhr g§H$Q>o {Z_m©U Ho$cr Var Amåhr _mJo hQ>Uma Zmhr. {VWo
AmH$me H$mogico Am{U S>moŠ`mda CëH$m§Mm dfm©d Pmcm Var Amåhmcm ndm© Zmhr Ago Vmo åhUVmo.
BWo Ë`mMr Pw§Pmad¥Îmr {XgVo.
Amnë`m ghH$mè`m§Zm H$moc§~g gm§JVmo, naV {\$aUo AmnUmg emo^Umao Zmhr, Ë`mnojm Ocg_mYr
KoUo hoM `mo½` Amho Ago Vmo åhUVmo. Voìhm JdVmMr nmVr Am{U {OdmUy `m§Mo OJUo Am{U _aUo `mMo
CXmhaU Vmo XoVmo. EH§$XarV Amncr Ü`o`mgŠVr AZ§V Amho Am{U Amncm AmemdmX XþX©å` Agcm
nm{hOo Ago Vmo R>m_nUo gm§JVmo. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zr _mUgmÀ`m H$V¥©ËdmMo dU©Z `m H${dVoVyZ Ho$co Amho.
g_mamon : Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr ào_ Am{U gm_m{OH$ H${dVm _mZdr OrdZmVrc O~aXñV AmemdmX
ì`ŠV H$aVo. _mUyg hm àmUr CXmÎm ào_mda Am{U AmË_{dídmgmda OJVmo ho Hw$gw_mJ«O `m XmoÝhr
H${dVoVyZ XmIdyZ XoVmV. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zm EoZ C_oXrÀ`m H$mimV `m H${dVm§Zr H$s{V©À`m {eIamda Zoco.
`mÑîQ>rZo `m H${dVm dmMZr` R>aë`m AmhoV.
148
àíZ 2 : H$îQ>H$ar, H$m_Jma dJm©Vrc OrdZmZw^d Zmam`U gwd} Amnë`m
H$mì`{df`H$ H${dVoVyZ H$em àH$mao {M{ÌV H$aVmV?
CÎma : àmñVm{dH$ : 1960 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r H${dVoV AZoH$ A§JmZr ~Xc Pmco. `mH$mimV
H$m_Jma Om{Udm à^mdrnUo AZoH$m§À`m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoD$ cmJë`m. l_ H$aUmam l{_H$ H$m_Jma
hm H${dVoMm H|$Ðq~Xÿ R>acm. Voìhm Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoVyZ H$m_Jmam§À`m ^mdZm `oD$ cmJë`m.
BWo ñdV:Mo OJUo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoD$ cmJco. Voìhm gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm gw`©`wJmMr gwédmV
H$aUmar H${dVm Amho, Ago åhQ>co Joc.o Ë`m§À`m H${dVo~m~V Hw$gw_mJ«O åhUVmV, ""Zmam`U gwd}
H$m_Jma OrdZmer ZwgVo EH$ê$n Pmcoco ZìhVo Va àË`j Vo OrdZ AZw^dUmao H$dr AmhoV.'' gwd}
`m§Zr Amnë`m g§nyU© H${dVoÀ`m gwédmVrcm Amncr H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$m Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV
Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va dma§dma nwÝhm Vr ì`ŠV Pmcr. Ë`mn¡H$sM BWo "Mma eãX' d "H$mc© _mŠg©' `m
H${dVmVrc Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m d H$mì` gm¢X`© ñnîQ> H$aVm `oB©c.
{ddoMZ : Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m EHy$U H${dVoV Amncr H$mì`{df`H$ ^y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$aUmar
"Mma eãX' hr H${dVm Amho. dmñV{dH$ H$îQ>H$è`m§À`m OrdZmVrc dmñVd BWo ì`ŠV Pmco Amho. gwd}
åhUVmV, "amoOr-amoQ>rMm gdmc amoOMmM Amho. H$Yr \$mQ>H$m~mhoa Va H$Yr \$mQ>H$m Amho.' AmnU
H$m_Jma AmhmoV Am{U VinVr Vcdma AmhmoV. ho gmao ~moc _mÂ`m H${dVoVyZ EoH$m. H$dr nwT>o åhUVmo,
"gmañdVm§Zmo åhUOo àñWm{nV H$dr Am{U coIH$m§Zm ho _mPo eãX H$Xm{MV Vwåhmcm AmdS>Uma ZmhrV,
nU _mÂ`m Xþ{Z`oMo gya _r àH$Q> H$aUma Amho' BWo H$drZo CnamoY ì`ŠV Ho$cm Amho, Varhr Ë`mMo OJUo
Vmo _m§S>Vmo ho cjmV ¿`m`cm hdo.
H${dVoVcm "_r' Amnco AZw^d àIa eãXmV ì`ŠV H$aVmo. _mPo eãX \w$cohr AmhoV. Vo
VcdmarMo YmaXma eñÌhr AmhoV. Voìhm gmdY ahm AmVm Vw\$mZmMr hrM gwédmV Amho. EdT>oM Zmhr
Va _mUgmgmaIo OJÊ`mgmR>r Amnco OJ amO_wÐm KS>{dV Amho. amoIR>moH$ eãXmV Amnco OJUo d
AmemdmX Vmo ì`ŠV H$aVmo.
{XJ§~a nmÜ`o åhUVmV, ""gwd} `m§Mr hr H${dVm Ë`m§À`m gJ_« H${dVoÀ`m Ame` ì`ŠV H$aUmar,
Amnco doJionU gwM{dUmar H${dVm Amho. OJÊ`mgmR>r g§Kf© H$amdmM cmJVmo. ho OJUo H$m_Jmam§À`m
dmQ>çmcm na§naoZo Amco Amho. ho Zmam`U gwd} `m§Zr Amnë`m H${dVoVyZ _m§S>co Amho.
"H$mc© _mŠg©' hr gwd} `m§Mr Xþgar H${dVm EH$m _hm_mZdmMm doY KoVo. hr ZmQ>çmË_H$ H${dVm
Amho. H$m_Jmam§Mo X¡dV AgUmam H$mc© _mŠg© H${dVoVë`m "_r'cm AZoH$Xm ^oQ>Vmo, Voìhm H$dr Ë`mMo
_moR>onU gm§JVmo. hm _mŠg© Ë`mcm n{hë`m§Xm H$m_Jmam§À`m g§nmV ^oQ>Vmo. H${dcm Ë`mMm n[aM` hmoVmo
åhUOo _mŠg©dmXr {dMmamMm Ë`mcm n[aM` hmoVmo. OmZH$s AŠH$m Ë`mMm am§JS>çm eãXmV n[aM` H$ê$Z
XoVo, Ë`mdoir _mŠg© {df`rÀ`m {VÀ`m ^mdZm H${dcm H$iVmV. nwT>o hm _mŠg© Ë`mcm g^oV ^oQ>Vmo,
149
Voìhm H${dÀ`m àíZm§Zm Vmo CÎma XoVmo, Ë`mdoir {dMmad§V åhUyZ AgUmao Ë`mMo ì`pŠV_Îd H${dcm
g_OyZ `oVo. hm _mŠg© H${dcm åhUOo "_r'cm {Vgè`m§Xm JoQ> g^oV ^oQ>Vmo. Voìhm Vmo H${dMo ^mfU EoH$V
hmoVm, Ë`mdoir H$dr gm§JV hmoVm, "H$m_JmaM B{Vhmg KS>{dUmao AmhoV, VoM _mZdr earamMo Jm¡are§H$a
JmR>Umao AmhoV,' ho EoHy$U _mŠg© BVH$m AmZ§XrV Pmcm H$s, Ë`mZo H${dcm em~mgH$s {Xcr. Vmo nwT>o
åhUmcm H$s, "H${dVm-{~{dVm {c{hVmog H$s H$m`? _cmhr JQ>o AmdS>m`Mm' BWo _mŠg©Mr a{gH$Vm
{XgVo. H${dVo{df`rMm {dMma `mhr H${dVoVyZ H$mhr A§er ì`ŠV hmoVmo. ZmQ>ç_` àg§J Am{U g§dmXmVyZ
H$m_Jma hoM H${dVoMm {df` hmoUma ho H$dr ñnîQ> H$aVmo.
g_mamon : `m H${dVm§VyZ gwd} `m§À`m H$m_Jma{df`H$ ^mdZm ì`ŠV hmoVmV. _amR>r H${dVoMm
Aä`mg H$aVmZm gmR>moÎmar H${dVoVrc Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoMo gm_Ï`© `m_wio cjmV `oVo. gwd}
AZmW Agë`mZo J§Jmam_ gwd} `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm gm§^mico. Ë`m§Zr Xþ:I, hmcAnoîR>m ghZ Ho$ë`m Am{U Ë`mM
H${dVoVyZ _m§S>ë`m. Añgc OrdZmZw^d ì`ŠV H$aUmar Ë`m§Mr H${dVm IamoIaM gm_Ï`©emcr Amho.
■
dñVw{ZîR> àíZ
❒
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mm "{demIm' hm H${dVmg§Jh« Ho$ìhm àH$m{eV Pmcm?
(A) 1940
(~) 1942
(H$) 1933
(S>) 1950.
2. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV' `m H${dVoMm Zm`H$ H$moU Amho?
(A) M§Ð
(~) Yw«d
(H$) gy`©
(S) AmH$me.
3. "H$moc~§ gmMo Jd©JrV' hr H${dVm H$moUË`m àH$mamVrc Amho?
(A) ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$
(H$) {ZgJ©H${dVm
(~) ào_ H${dVm
(S>) H$mì`{df`H$.
4. Zmam`U gwd} `m§Zr "H$mc© _mŠg©' `m H${dVoVyZ H$m` emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho?
(A) _mUyg
(~) àmUr
(H$) ào_
(S>) {ZgJ©.
5. Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H$moUË`m H${dVoVyZ l{_H$ ñÌrMo dU©Z Amco Amho?
(A) Mma eãX
(H$) H$mc© _mŠg©
(~) S>m|Jar eoV
(S>) _mPo {dÚmnrR>.
CÎmao : (1) 1942, (2) gy`©, (3) ì`pŠV{MÌUmË_H$, (4) _mUyg, (5) S>m|Jar eoV.
150
3.7 g_mamon
AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoMm Aä`mg H$aVm a{d{H$aU _§S>imZ§Va Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr H${dVm gm_m{OH$
dmñVd {M{ÌV H$aVo. Vr Ame` d A{^ì`ŠVrÑîQ>çm g_¥Õ {XgVo. `m KQ>H$mV Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m
"{demIm' H${dVm g§Jh« mVrc "n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV' Am{U "H$moc~§ gmMo Jd©JrV' `m H${dVm `oVmV. Voìhm
Ë`m gmhgr d namH«$_mMo {MÌU H$aVmZm {XgVmV. Va "H$Um' hr Ë`m§Mr ñdV§Ì H${dVm dmñVdmcm
gm_moao OmUmè`m, g§gmamer Pw§OUmè`m _mUgmMr H${dVm Amho. _mUgmMo H$V¥©Ëd Ë`mÀ`m _ZJQ>mV
AgVo. \$ŠV Ë`mZo cT>V amhUo Am{U Ü`o`dmXr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho, ho Hw$gw_mJ«O gm§JVmV. BWo
H$mì`mË_H$Vm, à{VH$mË_H$Vm, à^mdr ^mfm, ñdV§Ì aMZm nÕVr, H$ënZm{dcmg, à^mdr ì`pŠV{MÌU,
àg§JdU©Z `m AmYmao Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mr H${dVm à^mdr R>acocr {XgVo. ZdVéUm§Zm àoaUm XoUmam hm {dMma
Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ à^mdr R>acocm {XgVmo. åhUyZ {d. g. Im§S>oH$a Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Zm gm{hË` {j{VOmdarc
VoOñdr Vmam åhUVmV. BWo Aä`mgcoë`m Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m VrZhr H${dVm§Mo gm_Ï`© cjmV `oB©c.
1960 Z§VaÀ`m _amR>r ZdH${dVoV _mŠg©dmXr {dMma H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Pmcm. `m_Ü`o H$m_Jmam§Mm
OrdZmZw^d Zmam`U gwd} `m§À`m H${dVoVZy Amcm. gwd} `m§Zr ñdAZw^d Amnë`m "Mma eãX' d "H$mc©
_mŠg©' H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$cm. `m XoemV H$m_JmamM gd©loîR> Agë`mMo H${dÀ`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.
Va _mUyg åhUyZ AgUmao H$m_Jmam§Mo OJUo dmMH$m~amo~a Amco. Ë`mM~amo~a l_à{VîR>ocm OrdZmV
_hÎd AgVo. gwd}Mr H$m_Jma ñÌr Xþ:I, AdhocZm ì`ŠV H$arV Owcy_, AË`mMma {déÕ cT>Ê`mMr
^mfm H$aVo. S>m|Jar eoVmVrc Ord§V dmñVd hr H${dVm ì`ŠV H$aVo Voìhm, _amR>r H${dVocm Zdo diU
XmI{dUmar gwd}Mr H${dVm Amho ho {gÕ hmoVo. EHy$UM gwd} `m§Mr H${dVm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Ame`mZwê$n Amho
Ago åhUmdo cmJoc.
3.8 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
■
XrKm}Îmar àíZ
1. n¥ÏdrMo ào_JrV `m H${dVoVrc n¥ÏdrMr ^mdZm Vw_À`m eãXmV {chm.
2. H$moc§~gmMo Jd©JrV `m H${dVoVrc ñdm{^_mZ ì`ŠV H$am.
3. H$Um H${dVoVrc {dÚmÏ`m©Mo eãX{MÌ aoImQ>m.
4. Mma eãX `m H${dVoVrc H$drZo H$moUVm Bemam {Xcm Amho? Vmo {chm.
5. S>m|Jar eoV `m H${dVoVrc J«m_rU ñÌrMo Xþ:I {chm.
151
■
dñVw{ZîR> àíZ
❒
`mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m.
1. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m H${dVoVrc H$moc§~g gmJamcm H$m` XoVmo?
(A) à{VgmX
(~) AmìhmZ
(H$) eaUmJVr
(S>) ZH$ma.
2. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "H$Um' `m H${dVoVrc J§Jm_mB© åhUOo H$moU?
(A) JmoXmdar
(~) H¥$îUm
(H$) dmaUm
(S>) M§Ð^mJm.
3. Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mm n{hcm H${dVmg§J«h H$moUVm Amho?
(A) _mPo {dÚmnrR>
(H$) Om{haZm_m
(~) Eogm Jm _r ~«÷
(S>) gZX.
4. gwd} `m§Mr "Mma eãX' hr H${dVm H$moUË`m àH$mamVrc Amho?
(A) {ZgJ©{df`H$ (~) ào_{df`H$ (H$) H$mì`{df`H$ (S>) gm_m{OH$ {df`H$.
5. H$mc© _mŠg© H$drcm Xþgè`m àg§JmV H$moR>o ^oQ>Vmo?
(A) {_adUwH$sV (~) g^oV
(H$) JoQ>g_moa
(S>) ~mOmamV.
3.9 dmMZ
1. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§Mm "{demIm' hm H${dVmg§J«h d Ë`mMr àñVmdZm AmdOy©Z dmMm.
2. Hw$gw_mJ«O gm{hË` Xe©Z : Cfm _m. Xoe_wI.
3. Zmam`U gwd} `m§Mm "Eogm Jm _r ~«÷' hm H${dVmg§Jh« .
4. gd© gwd} (g_rjm) g§nm. dg§V {eadmS>H$a.
3.10 CnH«$_
1. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "{demIm' H${dVmg§J«hmMo gm_wXm{`H$ dmMZ H$am. VgoM Zm{eH$ `oWrc
JmoXmdar ZXrg d Ë`m§Zr Cä`m Ho$coë`m dmMZmc`mg ^oQ> Úm.
2. Vw_À`m n[agamVrc H$îQ>H$è`m§Mo OrdZ{MÌU Vw_À`m H${dVoVyZ eãX~Õ H$am.
❒❒❒
152
KQ>H$ 4.1
lw{VH$mcoIZ
S>m°. Zrcm Omoer
AmYw{ZH$ `wJ ho _m{hVrMo `wJ AgyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJ Odi Amco Am{U _m{hVrMm
àM§S> I{OZmM cmoH$m§Zm CncãY Pmcm Amho. "{Vim {Vim Xma CKS>' Ago åhUÊ`mMm \$ŠV AdH$me.
Amnc§ Hw$Vyhc, CËgwH$Vm OmJ¥V Am{U Vrd« Agoc Va hm I{OZm Amnë`mg_moa CKS> hmoD$Z "Koer
{H$Vr Xmo H$amZo' Aer pñWVr Amncr hmoVo. `m gd© Mmcy KS>m_moS>t{df`r AÚ`mdV _m{hVr AgUo
hr H$mimMr JaO Amho.
AmO AZoH$ àgma_mÜ`_o Amnë`mg_moa AmhoV. Z^modmUr ho AgoM EH$ AË`§V _hÎdnyU©
_mÜ`_. AmO AJXr àJV V§ÌkmZ Agcocr _mÜ`_o Oar Amnë`mg_moa Agcr Var "Z^modmUr'Mo
_hÎd H$_r Pmcoco Zmhr. XoemÀ`m H$mZmH$monè`mV nmohmoMcoë`m `m _mÜ`_mÛmao cmoH$a§OZ Am{U
cmoH${ejUmMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ hmoV Amho. Z^modmUrdarc ^mfUo, MMm© d _wcmIVr, ê$nH$, lw{VH$m,
Z^moZmQ>ç `m§Mm AmOhr EH$ ñdV:Mm Agm lmoV¥dJ© Amho. Z^modmUrda gmXa hmoUmè`m {d{dY
H$m`©H«$_m§_Yrc "lw{VH$m' `m H$m`©H«$_m~Ôc gdmªJrU _m{hVr AmnU àñVwV {R>H$mUr H$ê$Z KoUma
AmhmoV.
lw{VH$m : ì`m»`m d ñdê$n{deof
"lw{VH$m' åhUOo Z^moZmQ>çmMo cKwê$n hmo`. "lw{VH$m' `m lmì` H$m`©H$« _mMr hr AË`§V gwQ>gQw >rV
Aer ì`m»`m Amho. AWm©V `m ì`m»`oVyZ "lw{VHo$'Mo gd© {deof ñnîQ> hmoV ZmhrV. åhUyZM lw{VHo$Mo
ñdê$n nmhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. lw{VH$m hm Z^modmUrdarc AË`§V _hÎdmMm H$m`©H«$_ Amho. gmYmaUnUo
àË`oH$ gßVmhmV gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ B. nmVirda KS>Umè`m _hÎdnyU© KS>m_moS>r lw{VHo$À`m
H|$ÐñWmZr AgVmV. EImÚm {d{eîQ> KQ>ZoMr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nmVirda Mhm KoV, dV©_mZnÌ dmMV-dmMV
H$mhr MMm© hmoVo. KamVrc ì`ŠVr Amnmnë`m narZo Ë`m KQ>Zo~Ôc ghOnUmZo _V ì`ŠV H$aVmV.
{OVŠ`m ghOVoZo hr MMm© hmoV AgVo {VVŠ`m ghOVoZo lw{VHo$Mo coIZ Ho$co OmVo. hr MMm© AWdm
g§dmX hm _`m©{XV 2-3 ì`ŠVt_Ü`o hmoV AgVmo. H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nmVirdarc hm g§dmX Agë`m_wio
ñdm^m{dH$M hgV-IoiV _m{hVr XoUo AgoM Ë`mMo ñdê$n AgVo. Aem lw{VH$m§Mo coIZ H$aVmZm
_m{hVr g§H${cV H$aUo Am{U {VMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo `mcm {deof _hÎd AgVo. `mV EH$ ñÌr Am{U XmoZ
nwéf, XmoZ pñÌ`m Am{U EH$ nwéf qH$dm EH$ ñÌr-EH$ nwéf-EH$ _yc Aer nmÌaMZm H$ê$Z
Ë`m§À`mVrc g§dmXmcm {ZdoXZ d g§JrVmMr gmW XoD$Z Vo a§OH$ Ho$co OmVo.
153
lw{VHo$gmR>r gd©gm_mÝ` g§Ho$V cjmV R>odyZ H$moUVmhr {df` Mmcy eH$Vmo. eŠ`Vmo g_mOmÀ`m
àíZm§er {ZJS>rV Agm {Oìhmù`mMm {df` hdm. CXm. dmT>Vr _hmJmB©, H$Ý`m J^© dmMdm, n§T>arMr
dmar B. EImÚm àg§Jmcm, KQ>ZocmM eãX~Õ H$ê$Z lw{VHo$Mo ê$n XoUo eŠ` hmoVo.
lw{VH$mcoIZ : V§Ì Am{U _§Ì
Z^modmUr lw{VH$m hr gd© Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r AgVo. Hw$Qw>§~mV Am~mcd¥Õm§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. `mMo ^mZ
lw{VH$mcoIH$mZo gmVË`mZo ~miJUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio gdmªZm AmH${f©V H$aoc Agm {df` Am{U
Ë`mMr `mo½` _m§S>Ur Ë`mM~amo~a {dcjU g§`_ ho H$m¡eë` lw{VH$mcoIH$mH$S>o hdo.
lw{VHo$cm {ZpíMV Aer H$mc_`m©Xm AgVo. `mg§X^m©V nw. c. Xoenm§S>o åhUVmV, ""Ho$di ÜdZr
EdT>§M ao{S>Amo-lw{VHo$M§ gmYZ. a§J, ê$n, ag, J§Y `mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr BVa gmYZ§ Z dmnaVm Amë`m
H$maUmZ§ lw{VH$m {H$Vrhr n[aUm_H$maH$ g§dmXm§Zr AJa gmD§$S> B\o$ŠQ>g²Zr ZQ>dcocr Agcr Var Vrg
Vo n§MoMmirg {_{ZQ>m§hÿZ A{YH$ doi Vr {Q>H$md Yê$ eH$V Zmhr.'' EH$Va AmH$medmUr ho _mÜ`_
EH$mM H$m`©H«$_mcm A{YH$ H$mcmdYr XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. `m AWm©Zo H$mc_`m©Xm nS>VoM. na§Vw Xþgao
_hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo AmH$medmUrMm lmoVm OmñV H$mi AmH$medmUrg_moa ~gy eH$V Zmhr.
lw{VHo$À`m `em_Ü`o lmoË`m§Mm gh^mJ _hÎdnyU© AgyZ lmoË`mZo lw{VH$m EoH$mdr Ago dmQ>V
Agoc Va lmoË`mMo AdYmZ {Q>Hy$Z am{hc Ago lw{VHo$Mo coIZ Agmdo. _Ü`_dJu` lmoË`m§À`m g_ñ`m,
Anojm cjmV KoD$Z lw{VH$m {c{hë`mg Amnë`m {Oìhmù`mMo H$m`©H«$_ EoH$m`cm lmoVo CËgwH$ AgVmV.
lmoË`m§Mm d`moJQ>, ~m¡pÕH$ d _mZ{gH$ Hw$dV, JaO B. ~m~r {dMmamV KoD$Z ho coIZ ìhmdo.
lw{VHo$Mr ^mfm {Od§V, CËñ\y$V© d AZm¡nMm[aH$ Agmdr. gd©gmYmaUnUo Z^modmUrda ~mocr
^mfoMmM dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. X¡Z§{XZ dmnamVrc ^mfm, N>moQ>r Am{U gwQ>gwQ>rV dmŠ`o, lmoË`m§À`m _ZmV
nQ>H$Z ê$OUmar dmŠ`o hdrV. nw. c§. À`m _Vo, ""ao{S>Amo-lw{VHo$À`m g§dmXmV eãXm§Mm dmna h_Img
n[aUm_mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZoM H$amdm cmJVmo. _moOHo$ g§dmX, _moOHo$ eãX Am{U _moOH$s nm̧ hr ao{S>Amolw{VHo$Mr _w»` cjUo AmhoV.''
lmoË`m§Mo cj doYyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r EImXr åhU, à{gÕ H$mì`n§ŠVr qH$dm EImÚm gw§Xa gw^m{fVmMm
Cn`moJ H$aVm `oVmo. Ë`m_wio lw{VHo$À`m àma§^mnmgyZM lmoË`m§Mo cj doYyZ KoUo eŠ` hmoVo. lw{VHo$Mm
àma§^, _Ü`^mJ Am{U eodQ> ho gd©M lmoË`m§Zm {IidyZ R>odUmao hdo. lw{VH$mcoIH$mMm ÑpîQ>H$moU Am{U
Ë`mMr OmU `m JmoîQ>r coIZmV _hÎdnyU© AmhoV.
lw{VHo$Mo dmMZ
lw{VH$m hr lmì` _mÜ`_mMr XoUJr Amho. lw{VHo$Mo dmMZ ho à^mdr Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ hdo.
154
lmoË`m§Mo AdYmZ {Q>Hy$Z am{hc Agm à`ËZ dmMZmVyZ ìhmdm. eãXm§Mo CÀMmaU {Od§V Am{U agaerV
hdo. lw{VH$m åhUOo EH$ àH$maMm dm{MH$ A{^Z`M hmo`. `mo½` {R>H$mUr {dam_ KoUo, ^mdZm-{dMma
ghOnUmZo àH$Q> H$aUo BWo Ano{jV Amho. ZmQ>H$s Am{U H¥${Ì_Vm dmMZmV `oD$ Z`o. {MÌ_` e¡cr
hr lw{VHo$Mr JaO Amho. dmMZmVyZ {MÌ_` à^md gmYVm Amcm nm{hOo. lw{VH$mdmMZmV AmdmOmcm,
MT>-CVmam§Zm, ídmgmoÀN>dmgmcm Iyn _hÎd Amho. `m gd© KQ>H$m§da dmMH$mMo {Z`§ÌU hdo. n[aUm_H$maH$
lw{VH$m gmXa H$aUo H$m¡eë`nyU© _mZco OmVo. `m {R>H$mUr Z_wÝ`mXmIc EH$ lw{VH$m nmhm.
* gwIr g§gma *
(aoH$m°S>© : "AdKmMr g§gma' MmdS>rda Hw$Ur Var A^§J JmV AmhoV. "AdKmMr g§gma gwImMm
H$arZ' A^§J g§nVmo.)
OrdZamd : h§! (gwñH$mam gmoS>Vmo.) AdKmMr g§gma gwImMm H$arZ-~m~m§Zmo, g§V _§S>itZm ho O_c§.
Amnë`mcm Hw$R>c§ gmYm`cm?
gd© OU : Ia§ Amho.
OrdZamd : g§gma åhUOo Xþ:ImMm g_wÐ! H$g§, nm§S>~m?
nm§S>~m :
AJXr Ia§! ZwgV§ {Xdg^a ~¡cm§À`m~amo~a am~m`M§ ~¡cmgmaI§ Am{U Mma Kmg nmoQ>mV
cmoQy>Z ^wB©cm Am§J Q>mH$m`M§. H$mhr gwI Zmhr-nmoam~mim§Mr c|T>ma§, gmñdmgwZm§Mr ^m§S>U§,
eoOmè`mnmOmè`m§À`m _mam_mè`m, ^mD$~§XH$s, H$ÁOo-H$moQ>©, d{H$cmÀ`m XmamMo C§~aR>o
{POdm`Mo Am{U AgoM EH$ {Xdg S>mi
o o {_Q>m`Mo... `mM§ Zmd g§gma! ""hm ZH$mo ZH$mo
g§gma'' åhQ>c§` Vo H$mhr ImoQ>§ Zmhr. H$m` Zmé_m_m-
Zmé_m_m : Ia§ gm§Jy JS>çm§Zmo, nadm-nadmn`ªV _cmhr Ag§M dmQ>m`M§. nU AmVm dmQ>V Zmhr Vg§.
OrdZamd : åhUOo Agm H$moU Jwê$ ^oQ>cm Vwcm?
Zmé_m_m : Jwê$ åhUm, {_Ì åhUm, dmQ>mS>çm åhUm- nU H$moUrVar ^oQ>cm Iam, Á`mÀ`m_wi§ _cm
g_OyZ MwH$c§, H$s VwH$mo~m åhUVmV Vo Ia§!
OrdZamd : H$m`? ""gwI nmhVm§ OdmnmS>&| Xþ:I nd©VmEdT>?o ''
Zmé_m_m : Zmhr Zmhr, JS>çm§Zmo- ""VwP| Amho VwOnmet& nar OmJm MwH$cmgr!'' gwI, Xþ:I, gJi§
H$mhr Amnë`m hmVmV Amho.
_hmXod :
AaoÀ`m! Zmé_m_m, Vy ~mocVmog ho? Joë`m hmoircm _r Vwcm OÌocm ~mocdm`cm Amcmo
Voìhm VyM åhUmcmg, H$s df©^a g§gmamMr hmoirM noQ>cr Amho! _J EH$X_ H$m` OmXÿMr
H$m§S>r {\$acr?
155
Zmé_m_m : gm§JVmo. EoH$m`cm gdc Amho Zm?
gd© OU : hmo hmoOrdZamd : gm§Jm. gm§JmZmé_m_m : EoH$m. nadm _r M§XZJmdcm XmoZ {Xdg amhÿZ Amcmo. R>mD$H$ Agoc Vwåhm§cm.
OrdZamd : hm§. hm§. VwPm H$moU XmoñV Amho Ë`mÀ`m Kar Jocm hmoVmgZmé_m_m : hm§! Ë`m XmoñVmM§ Zmd Amho am_amd nmQ>rc. _mP§ {Z Ë`mM§ AmOmoi Amho H$m|S>mnwamV.
chmZnUr _rhr _m_mÀ`m Kamcm Om`Mm Am{U Vmohr `m`Mm Ë`mÀ`m _m_mÀ`m Kamcm.
Iyn XmoñVr Am_Mr. nwT>§ _moR>o Pmcmo. nmoQ>m_mJ§ _rhr ^Q>H$V hmoVmo. Vmohr ^oQ>cm ZìhVm.
Am{U {eH«$mnyaÀ`m JwamÀ`m ~mOmamV AMmZH$ ^oQ>cm. \$ma df© Pmcr hmoVr ^oQy>Z, nU
~amo~a AmoiI nQ>cr. Vmo Amcm hmoVm Zdm ~¡c IaoXr H$am`cm Am{U _r Jocmo hmoVmo
{dH$m`cmOrdZamd : Vy ~¡c {dH$cmg VwPm?
Zmé_m_m : _J H$m` H$ê$? Am_À`m Z² nmoam§À`m nmoQ>mV H$mQ>o ^am`Mr nmir-~¡cmcm H$m` Kmcy?
Vo OmD$ Xo. am_amdmZ§ \$ma AmJ«h Ho$cm. _r AS>MUr gm§{JVë`m. eodQ>r ~iO~arZ§ Ë`mZ§
dmQ>IMm©Mo nmM én`o KmVco _mÂ`m {IemV, Voìhm OmU§M Amc§. _r M§XZJmdcm
nmohmoMcmo, Voìhm nhmQ> \w$Q>V hmoVr. EdT>§g§ IoS>§, nU H$g§ AmaemgmaI§ c»I hmoV§.
JmdÀ`m doernmer nmoMVmo Vmo am_amd {VW§M C^m- AJXr KÅ> {_R>r _macr Ë`mZ§ _cm
Am{U åhUmcmam_amd :
dm dm! Zmam`Uamd, Amcmg-Iyn ~a§ dmQ>c§ ~K _cm! AmU, _r KoVmo VwPt {nedr-
Zmé_m_m : N>o N>o! am_amd EoHo$Zm. Ë`mZ§ _mPr {nedr KoVcr Am{U Amåhr nwT>§ {ZKmcmo. dmQ>oV XmoZ
J¥hñW añË`mV Am{U AmOy~mOycm ~maH$mB©Z§ nmhUr H$aV Mmcco hmoVo. am_amdm§Zm Ë`m§Zr
Z_ñH$ma Ho$cm.
Yw_mi :
Z_ñH$ma am_amd-nmhþUo Amco AmhoV dmQ>V§?
am_amd :
hmo`, ho Zmam`Uamd. _mPo ~mi{_Ì AmhoV. Zmam`Uamd, ho Yw_miH$mH$m Am{U ho
qeXo_m_m. n§Mm`VrÀ`m g^mgXm§Mr EH$ ñdÀN>Vm-g{_Vr Amho. ho g^mgX amoO gH$mir
gmè`m JmdmMr nmhUr H$aVmV. Hw$R>§ KmU Agcr, Ho$aH$Mam Agcm, Va Vmo H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$Ê`mMr ì`dñWm H$am`Mr, JmdmV gmWrMm amoJ Amcm Va à{V~§YH$ BcmO H$am`Mr
O~m~Xmar Ë`m g{_VrMr156
Yw_mi :
g§Ü`mH$mir n§Mm`VrÀ`m H$MoarV KoD$Z `m nmhþÊ`m§Zm.
am_amd :
R>rH$ Amho-am_am_.
Zmé_m_m : Amåhr nwT>§ {ZKmcmo. JmdmV gmd©O{ZH$ nmÊ`mMm hm¡X hmoVm. gm§S>nmÊ`mMr JQ>ma§ hmoVr.
gJù`m Kam§Zm JmdH$è`m§Zr EH$Ì `oD$Z, AmirnmirZ§ H$m_ H$ê$Z, gw§Xa a§J {Xcm hmoVm.
Zmé_m_m : am_amd, øm Kam§Zm a§J Úm`cm Iyn IM© Amcm Agoc Zmhr H$m?
am_amd :
N>o hmo. hm AJXr JmdR>r a§J Amho. Am_À`m nÝhmù`mOdi hr EH$ a§JrV _mVr Amho.
Vr nmÊ`mV H$mcdyZ Amåhr a§J {Xcm Amho hm. AmåhrM am~cmo. Am_À`m ~m`H$mXoIrc
am~ë`m. nmoa§ am~cr. EH$_ooH$m§À`m Kam§Zm a§J {Xcm. `m. ho Am_M§ PmonS>§-
Zmé_m_m : am_amdmM§ chmZg§M PmonS>§ hmoV§. nU nwT>§ N>moQ>mgm ~JrMm hmoVm. _r AmV {eam`cm
cmJcmo, VmoM AmVyZ ^OZmMo gya H$mZmda Amco. am_amdmMr ~m`H$mo Am{U VrZ _wc§
XodmnwT>§ ^OZ åhUV hmoVr-
(JrVmB©Vco 3-4 ícmoH$)
am_amd :
hm Am_Mm amoOMm H«$_ Amho. h§-ho Vw_Mo Zmé_m_m ~a§ H$m ao. hm Wmoacm {edmOr, hm
àVmn Am{U hr grVm.
_wco :
Z_ñVo.
Zmé_m_m : {H$Vr VrZM _wc§ H$m ao Vwcm am_amd?
am_amd :
hmo, VrZM. nim ao- ~mJoV nmUr Kmcm`M§ Amho Zm-
grVm :
~m~m, _mÂ`m Jwcm~mM§ ho nhm n{hc§ \y$c!
Zmé_m_m : VwÂ`m Jwcm~mM§?
am_amd :
Amåhm àË`oH$mcm N>moQ>mgm O{_ZrMm VwH$S>m Amåhr dmQy>Z KoVcm Amho. _wcm§Zr \w$cPmS>§
cmdcr AmhoV. _r cmdcr Amho ^|S>r-Am{U Vwåhr H$m` cmdc§ Amho gm§Jm Zm
nmìhÊ`m§Zm-
cú_r :
Ahmo, _wcm§Mr hm¡g dmT>mdr åhUyZ cmdm`M§ H$mhr Var. _r Amnco Mma YZo KoD$Z
H$moqW~ra, Hw$R>§ _oWr Ag§ cmdc§`. gH$miMm doi Oam _OoV OmVmo- AYm© KQ>H$m Jßnm
_maVm _maVm H$m_ H$aV. h§-Mcm, nim ao _wcm§Zmo, Amnmnë`m H$m_mcm Om.
Zmé_m_m : am_amd, VrZM _wc§ H$m Vwcm?
157
am_amd :
hmo. VrZM. nwîH$i Pmcr H$s, H$m` H$am`Mr AmhoV ^mam^a nmoa§?
cú_r :
_r Mhm R>odVo. Vmoda nmhþÊ`m§Zm Vm|S>q~S> YwdyZ KoD$ Úm.
am_amd :
Zmé_m_m, _mP§ Ag§ _V Amho H$s, ^mam^a nmoa§ AgyZ, Ë`m§Zm AY©nmoQ>r R>odÊ`mnojm
~oVmMr g§VVr Agmdr-
Zmé_m_m : Aao nU, _wc§ hr XodmKaMr XoUJr Amho.
am_amd :
amJmdy ZH$mog, Zmé_m_m-nU XodmZ§ _wc§ {Xcr AmhoV åhUU§ ho {VVH§$g§ Ia§ Amho H$m?
Aao, S>m°ŠQ>am§Mm gëcm KoVcm Va àOoMr ~ogw_ma dmT> AmdaVm `oVo. Amnë`m XoemV
ImUmar Vm|S>§ ^a_gmR> dmT>VmV. YmÝ` {nH$dUmar O_rZ {VVH$sM Amho. Zì`m nmoam~amo~a
Zd§ eoV Zmhr Zm OÝ_mcm `oV? ZwgV§ _yc Pmc§ åhUOo g§nc§ H$m? Ë`mM§ g§JmonZ Amho,
{ejU Amho. AmnU eoVH$ar _§S>ir-Amnc§ CËnÞ dmTy>Z dmTy>Z {H$Vr dmT>Uma?
Aemdoir AmnU øm JmoîQ>rMm ZrQ> {dMma ZH$mo H$m H$am`cm?
Zmé_m_m : am_amdmMo eãX _mÂ`m H$mZr nS>V hmoVo, Ë`mdoir _mÂ`m S>moù`mnwT>§ _mPm g§gma C^m
am{hcm. _cm ZD$ _wc§ AmhoV. am_amdÀ`m KaMr gH$mi Am{U _mÂ`m KaMr gH$miHo$dT>m \$aH$! am_amdMm {Xdg àmW©ZoZ§ gwê$ hmoVmo Am{U _mÂ`m KaMr gH$mi?
Mma-nmM _wcm§Mm AmdmO : Am`o Am`o- _cm Im`cm Xo. ^yH$ cmJcr.
OmZH$s : _am _oë`m§Zmo! Im`cm H$mi ZwgVo!
Zmé_m_m : AJ§, Ag§ H$m` H$aVog?
OmZH$s : Vwåhm§cm ~mocm`cm H$m` hmoV§? KamV Vm§XimMm XmUm Amho H$m. nhmZmé_m_m : AJ§, nU nadm eoa^a Vm§Xÿi AmUco hmoVo Zm?
OmZH$s : eoa^a Vm§Xÿi? {JiUmar Vm|S>§ _moOm {H$Vr hmB©V Vr. Im Im _oë`m§Zmo, AmB©cm \$mSy>Z
Im Vw_À`m! (nmoam§À`m nmR>rV YnmQ>o KmcVo.) Im-Im-Im!
(nmoa§ C§M ñdamZ§ aS>VmV.)
Zmé_m_m : AJ§, _mê$ ZH$mog.
OmZH$s : _mê$ ZH$mo Va H$m` H$ê$? Zmhr Va _rM OmD$Z XoVo Ord!
_hmX~m : H$m` Zmé_m_m, Ahmo amoO H$m` gH$mir hr ^m§S>U§158
OmZH$s : E _hmÚmZmé_m_m : AJ§, H$m` ~mocVog ho?
_hmX~m : ^mam^a nmoa§ Pmcr åhUOo Ag§M ìhm`M§OmZH$s : E _hmÚm, _mPr nmoa§ VwÂ`m H$m S>moù`mV Amcr?
_hmX~m : CJmM Zmhr Amcr. H$mc VwÂ`m øm e§H$aZ§ _mÂ`m Jmonmimcm Ym|S>m _macm. Ë`mMr nmQ>r
\$moS>cr....
Zmé_m_m : hmo H$m ao e§H$a?
e§H$a :
_J Ë`mZ§ _cm H$m§ _mac§?
_hmX~m : Ë`mZ§ Vwcm H$m§ _mac§? Vy Ë`mcm {edr {Xcrg Zm?
OmZH$s : _J {edr {Xcr åhUOo H$m` A§Jmcm OI_ Pmcr H$m? gJirM nmoa§ {eì`m XoVmV. Om
Om. _moR>m Amcm nmoamMm H¡$dma KoUmam.
(gd© _wc§ Q>mù`m dmOdVmV. ""Am@@ H$er {Oacr-H$er {Oacr _hmXmH$mH$mMr!'')
_hmX~m : Zmé_m_m, ho ~a§ Zìho. nmoam§Zm Mm§Jcr {eH$dU Úm.
Zmé_m_m : Ahmo, g§gmamÀ`m AmoT>JñVrZ§ _rM Ooarcm Amcmo`-Hw$R>§ _r nmoam§À`mH$S>o nmhÿ?
_hmX~m : Ahmo, nU Vw_À`m nmoam§À`mH$S>o Vwåhr Zmhr nmhm`M§ Va H$moUr nmh`M§?
Zmé_m_m : _hmX~m, nU Hw$UmHw$UmH$S>o åhUyZ nmhÿ? ZD$ nmoa§ _cm. Hw$Umcm Iê$O, Hw$Umcm Zm`Q>m,
Hw$Umcm Jmoda. Hw$Ur Mmoè`m H$aV§. Hw$Ur {eì`m XoV§. _r H$m` H$ê$? VwåhrM gm§Jm.
_hmX~m : _r H$m` gm§JUma?
Zmé_m_m : Zer~ _mP§!
_hmX~m : Z{e~mcm Xmof ZH$m XoD$ Zmé_m_m- hm A{dMma Amho A{dMma!
(g§JrV.)
Zmé_m_m : _mÂ`m {dMmamV _r Jw§JV ~gcmo hmoVmo. _mÂ`m KaÀ`m n[apñWVrM§ {MÌ S>moù`mnwT>§ C^§
am{hë`m_wi§ _mÂ`m S>moù`mcm nmUr Amc§. BVŠ`mV am_amd Amcm.
am_amd :
Zmé_m_m, Vw_À`m S>moù`m§V nmUr? H$m` Pmc§ hmo? KaMr AmR>dU Amcr H$m EdT>çmV?
159
Zmé_m_m : hmo`. KaMrM AmR>dU Amcr. nU {Zamù`m H$maUmZ§. am_amd, {H$Vr gwIr g§gma Amho
VwPm! {H$Vr AmQ>monera!
am_amd :
XodmMr H¥$nm Amho. dmS>dS>cm§Mm Amerdm©X Amho. Zmé_m_m, Ia§ gwI àË`oH$ JmoîQ>
ì`dpñWV `moOyZ H$aÊ`mV Amho. Zoh_r dmgZm§À`m Amhmar OmdyZ MmcV Zmhr. Amnc§
CËnÞ H$m`, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmar {H$Vr dmT>dm`Mr ho _mUgmÀ`m hmVmV Amho. g_W©
am_Xmgm§Zr \$ma Mm§Jë`m eãXm§V dU©Z Ho$c§ Amho :
coHw$a| CX§S> Pmcr! Vm| Vo cú_r {ZKmoZ Jocr& ~mnS>r {^Ho$g cmJcr H$m§hr Im`m
{_ioZm&&
{Xdg|{Xdg IM© dmT>cm& `mdm hmoVm Vmo Iw§Q>moZ Jocm& H$Ý`m Cndar Pmë`m& Ë`mcm
COdmd`m Ðì` Zmht&&
_mJ| éU Á`m§Mo KoVc|& Ë`m§M| naVmoZ Zmht {Xëh|& Eog| Am^mi H$mogico& CX²doJmM|&&
Zmé_m_m : Ia§ Amho. nU AmhoV BVH$s _wc§, Ë`m§Zm H$m` _mê$Z Q>mHy$?
am_amd :
Ago {IÞ hmoD$ ZH$m Zmé_m_m. AmhoV Ë`m§Mr H$miOr ¿`m`cm hdrM. nU Vw_À`m
AZw^dmdê$Z Vwåhr gm§Jy eH$Vm. ~m~m§Zmo, Oam {dMma H$ê$Z Hw$Qw>§~ dmT>dm. c½ZmÀ`m
doir "gmdYmZ gmdYmZ' åhUVmV Vmo eãX dmS>d{S>cm§Zr CJmM H$mT>cm Zmhr. IM©
H$aVmZm, Hw$Qw>§~ dmT>dVmZm àË`oH$ _mUgmZ§ hm eãX, hm _§Ì cjmV R>odcm nm{hOo.
"gmdYmZ.' Va gwImMm g§gma hmoBc
© Am{U g§Vm§À`m dmUrZ§ åhUVm `oBc
© - ""AdKmMr
g§gma-'' (aoH$m°S>©).
(g§X^© : ao{S>Amodarc ^mfUo Am{U lw{VH$m, ^mJ-2, _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, n{hcr
Amd¥Îmr, 2001.
g_mamon
lw{VH$mcoIZ, lw{VH$mdmMZ `m g§X^m©V AmnU g{dñVa {ddoMZ Aä`mgco Amho. lw{VHo$À`m
g§X^m©V ¿`md`mÀ`m XjVogX§ ^m©V nw. c§. Xoenm§S>o åhUVmV, ""g§dmX Am{U {ZdoXZ øm§M§ à_mU AJXr
ì`dpñWV Agco nm{hOo. {ZdoXZ ho A°ŠgrcoQ>a gmaI§ Agmd§, ~«oH$ gmaI§ Agy Z`o. MVwa S´>m`ìha
{JAa-~XcVmZm Ogm ~XcVmo, Vg§ {ZdoXH$mZ§ ZmQ>çmM§ {JAa ~Xcc§ nm{hOo. ao{S>Amo lw{VHo$V
An[ahm`© åhUyZ {ZdoXZ `md§.'' lw{VH$m EoH$VmZm lmoË`m§Zm AmZ§X hmoVmo. KQ>H$m^amMr H$a_UyH$ hmoVo,
à~moYZ hmoVo. à{V^md§V lw{VH$m coIZ ho EH$ AmìhmZ Amho.
160
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1. gm¡¡. H$mUo nwînm
: Z^modmUr H$m`©H«$_ : V§Ì Am{U _§Ì,
B§{S>`m ~wH$ H§$nZr, nwUo 30.
2. nw. c. Xoenm§S>o
: ao{S>Amodarc ^mfUo Am{U lw{VH$m ^mJ 1, 2
_m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©.
lw{VHo$g§X^m©V gwYm Omoer Am{U aËZmH$a _VH$ar {c{hVmV,
""lw{VH$m hr àH¥${VY_m©Zo EH$m§{H$Ho$hÿZ doJir Amho, ho CKS> Amho. {Vcm Üd{Z^y_rdarc
EH$m§{H$H$m åhUVm `oB©c. Vgo nmhÿ OmVm, H$moUË`mhr ZmQ>çH$cmH¥$VrÀ`m AmñdmXmV a{gH$mÀ`m
H$ënZmeŠVrMm _moR>m gh^mJ AgVmo, na§Vw lw{VHo$V Ë`mÀ`m H$ënZmeŠVrcm gdm©{YH$ dmd AgVmo
Am{U {Vcm MoVH$, AmdmhH$ R>aoc Aer aMZm H$aÊ`mMo AmìhmZ coIH$ pñdH$marV AgVmo. a{gH$mÀ`m
{deof EH$mJ«VoMrhr Vmo Anojm R>odrV AgVmo.
Ñí`Vocm \$mQ>m hr lw{VHo$Mr _w»` _`m©Xm Va lmì`Vocm _wŠV dmd ho {VMo gm_Ï`© hmo`.
{MÌnQ>mà_mUo ñWcmMo-ZonÏ`mMo {dñV¥V d àdmhr joÌ CncãY AgUo hm cd{MH$nUm {VMo ~cñWmZ
R>aVmo. nU Ë`mMà_mUo Ho$di lmì`Voda {dg§~mdo cmJë`mZo ñWcmÀ`m VgoM nmÌàg§JmÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrV
g§{X½YVm CX²^dy Z XoÊ`mMr H$mQ>oH$moa XjVm {Vcm ¿`mdr cmJVo. g§JrV ho lw{VHo$V {deof _hÎdmMo
AgVo. nyaH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ Vo `oV Zmhr. lw{VHo$À`m à`moJmMm Vmo A§J^yV KQ>H$ AgVmo Am{U H$ënH$
{X½Xe©Z Ë`mcm A{^ZoË`mBVHo$ _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoD$ eH$Vo.
à`moJmMm ZQ>m§À`m g§X^m©V {dMma Ho$cm Va l¥{VH$m hr EH$V\$s© AmH$maV OmVo, `mCcQ>
EH$m§{H$H$m àojH$m§Mo gm_y{hH$ ^md{ZH$ à{VgmX KoV {Od§VnUo nwT>o OmV amhVo. lw{VHo$Mm doJionUm
åhUOo Vr OZg_yhmer Zìho Va EH$m doir EH$mM lmoË`mer g§dmX gmYV Agë`mZo {VMm gya (tone)
A{YH$ ì`pŠVJV, A{YH$ {ZH$Q>nUm gmYUmam Agm AgVmo.'' (g§X^© : {ZdS>H$ _amR>r EH$m§{H$H$m :
gwYm Omoer, aËZmH$a _VH$ar, gm{hË` AH$mX_r, Zdr {Xëcr, 1983)
❒❒❒
161
KQ>H$ 4.2
d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>r Om{hamVcoIZ
S>m°. a\$sH$ gyaO _wëcm
"Om{hamV' hm AmOÀ`m `wJmMm Y_© ~Zcocm Amho. Amnë`mH$S>o EH$ OwZr åhU Amho"~mocUmè`mMr H$ad§Xo {dH$cr OmVmV nU Z ~mocUmè`mÀ`m Ðmú`m§Zmhr Hw$Ur {dMmaV Zmhr.' `m
åhUrMm AW© ñnîQ> Amho, Vmo åhUOo Amnë`m _mcmÀ`m {dH«$sgmR>r Om{hamV H$amdr cmJVo. Om{hamV
åhUOo Amncr dñVy, CËnmXZ, godm qH$dm g§H$ënZm {dH$Ê`mgmR>r AWdm OZ_mZgm§n`ªV nmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r
àgma_mÜ`_m§Ûmao n¡go XoD$Z Ho$cr Jococr à{gÕr. Ho$di dñVy {dH$Uo AWdm Vr {dH$Ê`mgmR>r J«mhH$mcm
àd¥Îm H$aUo `mgmR>rM Om{hamV _mÜ`_ dmnaco OmVo Ago Zmhr. Va `mnojmhr A{YH$ ì`mnH$ {heo~
Ë`m nmR>r_mJo AgVmV. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m AmOÀ`m H$mcI§S>mV "ì`ŠVr' hr ì`ŠVr am{hcocr ZgyZ
Vr "J«mhH$' ~Zcocr Amho. Aem `m J«mhH$mÀ`m {ejUmMo, à~moYZmMo H$m_ Om{hamV H$aV AgVo.
åhUyZ AmOÀ`m H$mimV Om{hamVrcm {deof _hÎd Amco Amho. OJ^amVë`m gd© Am{W©H$ CcmT>mcrMo
Om{hamV ho EH$ à_wI H|$Ð ~Zcoco Amho. Om{hamVt_wio cmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ Am{U XOm© dmT>Vmo,
OrdZmda àJVnUmMo g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mMo Am{U EH$àH$mao OrdZm{^ê$Mr g§d{Y©V H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©hr
Om{hamV H$aV AgVo. H$iV-ZH$iVnUo g_mOmÀ`m _Vmcm Am{U _Zmcm AmH$ma XoÊ`mMo {VMo H$m`©
nmhVm "nmgîQ>mdr H$cm' ho {VMo dU©Z `mo½`M R>aVo.
Om{hamVrMr H$cm hr H$mhr AmOM AMmZH$nUo {Z_m©U Pmcr Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. OwÝ`m
H$mimnmgyZ H$mhrem am§JS>çm Am{U Amo~S>Ymo~S> ê$nmV H$m hmoB©Zm nU Om{hamV ApñVÎdmV hmoVrM.
àmMrZ H$mimV JmdmJmdmV Xd§S>r {nQ>Ê`mMr àWm hmhr Om{hamVrMmM EH$ àH$ma hmoVm Ago åhUVm
`oB©c. AmOhr ~mOmamV ^mOrnmcm {dH$Umao {dH«o$Vo, añË`mdê$Z {\$aUmao \o$ardmco AmaS>mAmoaS> H$arVdoJdoJio AmdmO H$mT>rV ñdV:H$S>o J«mhH$m§Mo cj AmH¥$îQ> H$arV AgVmV. hmhr Om{hamVrMmM EH$
àH$ma. q^Vr _OHy$am§Zr a§J{dUo, nmoñQ>g© cmdUo, {gZo_mJ¥hmV ñcmB©S>g² XmI{dUo, C§M B_maVtda
_moR>_moR>mcr hmo{S>ª½O cmdUo AWdm {ZAm°Z gmB©ÝgMm a§Jm{dîH$ma H$aUo Agm hm Om{hamVtMm àdmg
CÎmamoÎma AmYw{ZH$ hmoV Jocm. AmVm Va d¥ÎmnÌo, AmH$medmUr, XÿaXe©ZÀ`m eoH$S>mo dm{hÝ`m `m§Mo Va
gJioM Am{W©H$ J{UV `m Om{hamVtdaM Adc§~yZ Amho. d¥ÎmnÌmV ~mVå`m§nojm Om{hamVrM A{YH$
AmH$f©H$nUo S>moù`m§g_moa VaiVmV; AmH$medmUrda qH$dm XÿaXe©Zda àË`oH$ H$m`©H«$_mV Om{hamVtgmR>r
"H$_{e©Ac ~«oH$' KoVcm OmVmo. XÿaXe©ZdaÀ`m nS>ÚmMr ~hþVm§e OmJm Om{hamVrgmR>r H$Yr ì`mncr
Jocr ho Amnë`m cjmVM Amco Zmhr. `oZHo$Z àH$mao dmMH$mcm/lmoË`mcm/àojH$mcm hr àgma_mÜ`_o
Amnë`mer OISy>Z R>odVmV Am{U Ë`mcm Om{hamVr ~Km`cm ^mJ nmS>VmV. ~g ñQ>±S>, aoëdo ñQ>oeZ,
_moR>_moR>mco _m°c, ñQ>moAg©, ~JrMo, Ioim§Mr _¡XmZo, BcoŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_o, _mo~mB©c BË`mXr gd© {R>H$mUr
162
Om{hamVtZr Amncr OmJm amIyZ R>odcocr Amho. BVHo$M H$m` gmd©O{ZH$ gwc^ em¡Mmc`mVhr `m
Om{hamVr Amncm nmR>cmJ gmoS>m`cm V`ma ZmhrV. {OH$S>o nhmdo {VH$S>o Om{hamVrM Om{hamVr ~Km`cm
{_iVmhoV. åhUOoM OrdZmÀ`m gd© joÌm§V Om{hamVtZr Amncm à^md ñnîQ> Ho$cm Amho. Om{hamV
{Za{Zamù`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ àgm[aV Ho$cr OmVo. `m gd© _mÜ`_m§Zm (1) {c{IV Om{hamV _mÜ`_o,
(2) Ho$di lmì` Om{hamV _mÜ`_o, (3) Ho$di Ñí` Om{hamV _mÜ`_o Am{U (4) ÑH$lmì` Om{hamV
_mÜ`_o Aem T>mo~i_mZmZo Mma dJmªV {d^mJVm `oVo. _mÜ`_mZwgma Om{hamV coIZmÀ`m ^mfoV ~Xc
H$amdm cmJVmo. {edm` àË`oH$ _mÜ`_mMo ñdê$n {Zamio {XgVo.
d¥ÎmnÌm§nojm AmH$medmUrdarc Om{hamV hr H$_r IMm©Mr Am{U OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$m§n`ªV
nmoMUmar AgVo. d¥ÎmnÌo hmVmiUmam dJ© hm OdiOdi gmjam§Mm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio d¥ÎmnÌmVrc Om{hamV
{Zajam§n`ªV nmoMÊ`mg Iyn AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m VwcZoV AmH$medmUrdarc Am{U XÿaXe©Zdarc
H$m`©H«$_ ho gagH$Q> gd© Wam§Vrc Am{U gmja-{Zaja XmoÝhr àH$maMo cmoH$ EoH$V Am{U ~KV AgVmV.
AmH$medmUr Am{U XÿaXe©ZMm lmoV¥ Am{U àojH$ dJ© Iyn _moR>m AgVmo. Ë`mdê$Z àgm[aV hmoUmè`m
Om{hamVrÀ`m AmH$f©H$ aMZo_wio, `m Om{hamVr Iyn _moR>çm g_wXm`mn`ªV nmoMV AgVmV.
AmH$medmUr ho lmì` _mÜ`_ Amho. Om{hamVrÀ`m H$ënZocm {Xcoco eãXê$n åhUOo Om{hamVrMr
g§{hVm. AmH$medmUr Om{hamVrÀ`m g§{hVm gmXarH$aUmV {Zìdi "AmdmO' `m JmoîQ>tdaM Adc§~yZ
amhmdo cmJVo. Ë`m_wio Om{hamVrV {ZdoXZ, g§JrV, gwamdQ> d BVa VËg_ AmdmO `m§Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z
Om{hamVrMr g§{hVm {ZpíMV H$amdr cmJVo. XÿaXe©Z ho Ñí` Am{U lmì` Ago XmoÝhr _mÜ`_ Amho.
Ë`m_wio `m _mÜ`_mgmR>r H$moUVohr coIZ H$aVmZm g§{hVoÀ`m coIZm~amo~aM Ñí`o H$moUVr AgVrc
`mMmhr {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. `m{R>H$mUr eãXm§nojm Ñí`m§Mr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm A{YH$ _hÎdmMr AgVo.
eãX, ÜdZr, g§JrV, a§J, à{V_m Aem AZoH$ JmoîQ>t~amo~aM "H°$_oam' `m JmoîQ>rcm XÿaXe©ZÀ`m g§{hVoV
Iyn _hÎd AgVo. H°$_oè`mÀ`m Ñí` {Q>nÊ`mÀ`m hmcMmcrVyZ g§{hVoVrc g§H$ënZoMm AnojrV n[aUm_
H$gm gmYcm OmB©c `mda H$Q>mjmZo cj {Xco OmVo. XÿaXe©Zdarc Om{hamVr d¥ÎmnÌo Am{U AmH$medmUrÀ`m
_mZmZo IynM I{M©H$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio H$_rV H$_r doimV AmH$f©H$ arVrZo Om{hamVrMm Ame` _m§S>Uo
hr AË`§V H$m¡eë`mMr JmoîQ> R>aVo. Ë`mgmR>r àJV V§ÌkmZmMohr ghmæ` `oV ZdZdr Om{hamVrMr V§Ìo
{dH${gV hmoD$ cmJcr AmhoV.
Om{hamV H$moUË`mhr _mÜ`_mgmR>r Agmo, Vr ^mfm§V[aV Agmo dm ñdV§Ì Agmo, dU©ZmË_H$ Agmo
qH$dm g§dmXmË_H$, AmXoemË_H$ Agmo dm AmdmhZmË_H$ Agmo, `eñdr Om{hamV g§{hVm coIZmV nwT>rc
d¡{eîQ>ço Agm`cm hdrV;
1.
Amnë`m CËnmXZmH$S>o qH$dm AmnU XoV Agcoë`m godoH$S>o cmoH$m§Mo cj doYmdo hm
Om{hamVr_mJMm _w»` CÔoe AgVmo. gd© Wam§Vrc Am{U d`moJQ>m§Vrc ñÌrnwéfm§n`ªV hr
163
Om{hamV nmoMUma Agë`mZo, Om{hamVrMr ^mfm gai, gmYr, gmonr d ñnîQ> Agmdr. Vr
J«mhH$m§À`m ~wÕrcm \$ma VmU XoUmar Zgmdr.
2.
Om{hamVrMr ^mfm {dídmgmh©Vm {Z_m©U H$aUmar Agmdr. Om{hamVr_wio J«mhH$ à^m{dV
hmoVmo, Om{hamV dñVy~Ôc Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV CËgwH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U Vmo Vr dñVy IaoXr
H$aÊ`mH$S>o CÚwŠV hmoVmo, åhUyZ Om{hamVrV ImoQ>r AmídmgZo, ~T>mB©ImoanUm, A{Va§{OV
Xmdo ZgmdoV. Vr Am¡{MË` Am{U {ddoH$ ~miJUmar Agmdr. J«mhH$mMr {Xem^yc H$aUmar
Zgmdr.
3.
Om{hamV WmoS>Š`mV Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ Agmdr.
4.
CËnmXZmMo gmao JwU{deof Om{hamVrÀ`m g§{hVoV `oVrc `mH$S>o cj {Xco nm{hOo.
5.
J«mhH$mMm ñdm{^_mZ XþImdVm H$m_m Z`o `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr. J«mhH$mer OmñVrV OmñV
gm¡hmX©nyU© g§~§Y OmoS>co OmUo `mdaM Om{hamVrMo `e Adc§~yZ Amho.
6.
BVa CËnmXZm§Mr qZXmZmcñVr, {~^ËgnUm, ApíccVm `m JmoîQ>r H$Q>mjmZo Q>mimì`mV.
àñVwV {R>H$mUr "d¥ÎmnÌmgmR>r Om{hamV coIZ' hm Amnë`m Aä`mgmMm {df` Agë`mZo Ë`m
AZwf§JmZo Om{hamV coIZmMm {dñVmamZo {dMma H$ê$ `m.
AmH$medmUr Am{U XÿaXe©Z `m _mÜ`_m§Mm Iyn _moR>m à^md gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV OZ_mZgmda
nS>cocm Agcm Am{U Ë`m VwcZoV d¥ÎmnÌ ho _mÜ`_ H$mhrgo jrU Pmë`mgmaIo dmQ>V Agco Var Vo
{VVHo$go Iao Zmhr. H$_r n¡emV ghOnUo CncãY hmoUo Am{U N>nmB©V§ÌmVrc Pmcoë`m A\$cmVyZ
àJVr_wio d¥ÎmnÌo AOyZhr ñdV:Mm à^md amIyZ AmhoV. _w{ÐV gm_wJ«rMm J«mhH$mda hmoUmè`m n[aUm_mMr
BVa H$moUVohr _mÜ`_ ~amo~ar H$ê$ eH$Uma Zmhr. d¥ÎmnÌ dmMH$m§À`m ^oQ>rcm amoO `oV Agë`mZo Ë`mV
gmVË`mZo `oUmè`m Om{hamVter dmMH$mMr Ho$di AmoiIM hmoV Zmhr, Va EH$àH$maMo ZmVohr {Z_m©U
hmoVo. d¥ÎmnÌ qH$dm {Z`VH$m{cH$mVrc Om{hamV hr Ë`m g_mOmMr pñWVrJVr, OrdZ{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moU,
g_mOmMr A{^ê$Mr `mda àIa àH$me Q>mH$V AgVo. d¥ÎmnÌmV àH$m{eV hmoUmè`m {Za{Zamù`m
Om{hamVtMo AmnUmg Aä`mgmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r Imcrcà_mUo dJuH$aU H$aVm `oB©c.
1. Šcm{g\$mB©S>g² Om{hamVr qH$dm N>moQ>çm Om{hamVr
AmOH$mc H$moUË`mhr X¡{ZH$mMr EH$XmoZ n¥îR>o "N>moQ>çm Om{hamVr' `m erf©H$mImcr nyU©nUo
ì`mncocr {XgVmV. "XþH$mZmV H$m_mgmR>r {eH$mD$ _wco nm{hOoV' BWnmgyZ "gwX§ a CH$S>rMo _moXH$ V`ma
H$ê$Z {_iVrc' n`ªVÀ`m gd© {df`m§À`m Om{hamVr `m {d^mJmV `oVmV. àË`oH$ d¥ÎmnÌmMm hm A{Zdm`©
164
Am{U A{YH$ dmMcm OmUmam ^mJ g_Ocm OmVmo. N>moQ>çm-_moR>çm ZmoH$è`m, Ka {dH$Uo qH$dm Ka
^mS>çmZo XoUo, Ka {dH$V hdo AgUo qH$dm Ka ^mS>çmZo hdo AgUo, da nm{hOo, dYy nm{hOo, dmhZm§Mr
IaoXr {dH«$s, Šcmgog-H$cm H$m¡eë`mMo dJ©, Jw§VdUyH$, àXe©Zo, J¥hgOmdQ> Aem Ag§»` {df`m§~m~VMr
_m{hVr `m Om{hamVtVyZ {_iV AgVo. `m Om{hamVtMo Xa eŠ`Vmo eãXg§»`oda Adc§~yZ Agë`mZo,
Om{hamV XoUmè`mcm H$_r eãXm§V Ame` _m§Sy>Z Om{hamVrda hmoUmè`m IMm©Vhr ~MV H$aVm `oVo. AmVm
Z_wÝ`mXmIc `m XmoZ N>moQ>çm Om{hamVr ~Km :
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`m Om{hamVtV g§nH$m©gmR>rMm nyU© nÎmm Z XoVm Ho$di _mo~mB©c H«$_m§H$ {Xcm Amho. OoUoH$ê$Z
eãXg§»`m H$_rVH$_r ìhmdr Am{U Om{hamVrgmR>rÀ`m IMm©V ~MV ìhmdr.
2. gaH$mar Om{hamVr
`m ñdê$nmÀ`m Om{hamVrV CËnmXZmMr AWdm dñVyMr Om{hamV H$aUo hm _Ü`dVu ^mJ ZgVmo.
Va gaH$maMr `§ÌUm Om{hamVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amnë`m H$m_H$mOm{df`r, YmoaUm§{df`r, KmofUm§À`m
{ZdoXZm{df`rMr _m{hVr gd©gm_mÝ` OZVon`ªV nmoM{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$arV AgVo. Ë`m~amo~aM {ZdS>UHw $sÀ`m
H$mimV Vr am~{dUmè`m `§ÌUm§_m\©$V d¥ÎmnÌmV _VXmZ H|$Ðo, _VXmZ H«$_m§H$ `m§À`m{df`rMr AË`mdí`H$
_m{hVr Aem JmoîQ>t~amo~aM Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZ, _wctMo {ejU, Aëng§»`m§H$ Y_u`m§À`m _wcm§À`m
{ejUm~m~VrVrc {eî`d¥Îmr `moOZm, hþ§S>m{damoYr H$m`Xm, gm_m{OH$ dZrH$aU, gm¡a D$O}Mo \$m`Xo,
eoVr{df`H$ YmoaUo, Amamo½`{df`H$ OZOmJ¥Vr Aem AZoH$ JmoîQ>tZm Om{hamVtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m§S>co
OmVo. `m Om{hamVrMo _w»` gyÌ gm_m{OH$ {dMma AWdm g§Xoe ì`ŠV H$aUo Am{U Vmo AZoH$m§n`ªV
nmoM{dUo ho AgVo.
3. J«mhH$àYmZ CËnmXZm§À`m Om{hamVr
~hþVm§e Om{hamVr `m `màH$maÀ`m AgVmV. gm¢X`©àgmYZo, Qw>WnoñQ>, XþMmH$s-MmaMmH$s JmS>çm,
Jmoù`m-{~ñH$sQ>o, cmoUMr, {_Šga, Q>rìhr, EAa H§$S>reZa, {d_m H§$nÝ`m, n`©Q>H$ `moOZm, KS>çmio,
KaHw$c `moOZm Aem hOmamo CËnmXZm§À`m Om{hamVr `mV `oVmV. `m CËnm{XV dñVy§Mr, {VÀ`m
d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr cmoH$m§Zm _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUo, cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV {VÀ`m{df`r A{^cmfm {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U
Vr dñVy {dH$V KoÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo Aem ì`mdhm[aH$ {heo~mZo `m Om{hamVr àgm[aV Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
165
doJdoJù`m H§$nÝ`m§V AmnAmncr CËnmXZo {dH$Ê`mgmR>r àM§S> ñnYm© AgVo. Ë`mdoir BVa H§$nÝ`m§À`m
dñVynojm Amncr dñVy H$er doJir, ^ŠH$_, gwa{jV, ñdñV Am{U gmo`rMr Amho, {VÀ`m IaoXrV
n¡emMr H$em VèhoZo ~MV hmoVo ho _moOŠ`m-_m{_©H$ eãXm§V Am{U AmH$f©H$nUo _m§S>co OmVo.
4. g§ñWmË_H$ ñVamdarc Om{hamVr
cmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ gh^mJmVyZ Cä`m am{hcoë`m g§ñWm, H§$nÝ`m, ghH$mar g§ñWm, gmIa
H$maImZo, {d{dY CËnmXZo H$aUmè`m Am{U ^mJYmaH$m§À`m nmR>~imda Cä`m am{hcoë`m H§$nÝ`m OZVoV
{dídmg ÑT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Zì`m J«mhH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Om{hamVr H$aVmV. Aem
Om{hamVtMm `m àH$mamV g_mdoe hmoVmo. OZ_mZgmV Amncr à{V_m Mm§Jcr amhmdr, g§ñWoMr Am{W©H$
CcmT>mc cjmV AmUyZ Úmdr `m ÑîQ>rZo _moR>çm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ`m AWdm CÚmoJg_yh Aer Om{hamV
H$arV AgVmV. H$mhr H§$nÝ`m§Mr qH$dm g§ñWm§Mr KmofdmŠ`o V`ma Ho$cocr AgVmV. Amnco d¡{eîQ>ç,
_m°S>Z© nwÊ`mMm dmagm OnUmar
S>rEgH|$Mr Ka§ !...
Vwåhr H$moUË`mhr H$mimVc§ nwU§ ¿`m.... Vo _m°S>Z©M hmoV§ (Am{U Agoc)! Ooìhm
BVaÌ cmoH$ nm`r Mmcm`Mo Voìhm nwU§ ".gm`H$ctM§ eha' hmoV.§ Ooìhm "AmoZaern
{gpñQ>_' Amcr.... Voìhm dmS>çmMr Xmao Iwcr H$ê$Z, nwUoH$a âc°Q>_Ü`o amhm`cm
Joco gwÕm! nydu ImH$s hm\$n±Q>g_Ü`o dmdaUmao, a§Jr{~a§Jr ~å`w©S>m_Ü`o H$Yr Joco
ho gm§JVm `oU§hr {VVH§$M AdKS>. {_gi Am{U A_¥VVwë`Mm Mhm Jma
hmoÊ`mAmYrM H$moëS> H$m°\$s Am{U {nÂPm... nwÊ`mV H$Yr Amco hohr nwUoar nwUoar
Idæ`mcmhr gm§JVm `oUma Zmhr. VmËn`© EH$M... AmYw{ZH$Vm Ooìhm ^maVmÀ`m
Xmamer C^r am{hcr... Voìhm n{hc§ ñdmJV nwÊ`mZo Ho$c§.
_m°S>Zn© UmMm hm "nwUao r dmagm' AmOhr Vwåhmcm nmhm`M Agoc Va S>rEgH|$À`m
H$moUË`mhr "EH$ go ~T>H$a EH$' àH$ënmcm ^oQ> Úm. AmnwcH$sMr ZmVr
OnUmar Am{U AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYm§M§ gwI XoUmar hr gw§Xa Ka§ nm{hcr H$s
Vwåhrhr åhUmc, "Ahmo, hoM Vo _cm hd§ Agcoc§ Ka!'...
gw§Xa Kam§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUma§ cmoH${à` Zmd...
S>r. Eg². Hw$cH$Uu S>oìhcng© {c.
nwUo Am°\$sg : S>rEgHo$, Oo.E_².amoS>, {edmOrZJa, nwUo-411005.
\$moZ : (020) 66047100
&& Kamcm KanU XoUmar _mUg§ &&
(gm.gH$mi/24 _mM© 2012/n¥îR> 78)
166
Ü`o` Ë`m N>moQ>çmem dmŠ`m§emV H§$nZrZo gmaê$nmZo àH$Q> Ho$coco AgVo. ho KmofdmŠ` H$m`_Mo amhVo.
Ë`mV ~Xc H$arV ZgVmV. _wÐm AWdm ~moY{MÝhmBVHo$M ho KmofdmŠ`hr H§$nZrMo/g§ñWoMo à{V{Z{YËd
H$arV AgVmV. CXm. "`moJjo__² dhmå`h_²' (Am`w{d©_m _hm_§S>i), "H$a cmo Xþ{Z`m _wÇ>r _|' ([acm`Ýg
CÚmoJg_yh), "nÌ Zìho {_Ì' (_hmamîQ´> Q>mB©åg) BË`mXr. AZoH$ H$maUm§Zr dmXJ«ñV R>acoë`m "cdmgm'
`m J¥h~m§YUr CÚmoJg_yhmMr qH$dm añVo~m§YUrVrc "Am`²Ama²~r' `m H§$nÝ`m§À`m d¥ÎmnÌm§VyZ AcrH$S>o
`oV Agcoë`m _moR>_moR>çm Om{hamVr AmnU dmMë`m AgVrc. AmVm ~m§YH$m_ joÌmV cmoH${à`
R>acoë`m EH$m g§ñWoMr (nmZ Z§. 166 darc) A{^Zd Om{hamV ~Km;
5. "amoc _m°S>c
o ' Agcoë`m ì`ŠVt_m\©$V hmoUmar Om{hamV
AcrH$S>À`m H$mimV Om{hamVrMm àH$ma IynM cmoH${à` Pmcm Amho. àM§S> cmoH${à`Vm
Agcocm IoimSy>, {MÌnQ> A{^ZoVm Aem {d{dY joÌm§Vrc ì`ŠVtMr (go{c~«oQ>rO) "ñQ>ma ìh°ë`y'
Om{hamVrgmR>r di{dcr OmVo. AZoH$ H§$nÝ`m, AJXr H$mhr amÁ`m§Mr gaH$maogwÕm Amnë`m CËnmXZm§À`m
Om{hamVr~Ôc, Amnë`m emgZmMo YmoaU cmoH${à` hmoÊ`mgmR>r Aem cmoH${à` ì`ŠVtZm (go{c~«oQ>tOZm)
"~«±S> A°å~°{gS>a' åhUyZ Zo_VmV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrgmR>r Om{hamV H$aÊ`mMm H$ama
Ho$cm OmVmo. AmO A{_Vm^ ~ÀMZ, g{MZ V|Sw>cH$a, gm{Z`m {_Pm©, _h|ÐqgJ YmoZr, A_raImZ,
emhéIImZ, gc_mZImZ, H${ncXod, gm{Z`m Zohdmc Aem AZoH$ joÌm§Vrc go{c~«oQ>tOZm AZoH$
H§$nÝ`m§Zr Amnco "~«±S> A°å~°{gS>a' åhUyZ Zo_coco Amho. A{cH$S>o A{_Vm^ ~ÀMZ JwOamW amÁ`mMm
"~«S± > A°å~{gS>a' Amho.
6. nwadUr Om{hamV
EImXm {df` qH$dm EImXr ì`ŠVr KoD$Z Ë`m{Z{_ÎmmZo d¥ÎmnÌmMr {deof nwadUr N>mnÊ`mMr
nÕVhr AmVm Iyn _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>cr Amho. cmoH$_mZgmV Amncr à{V_m C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r, Amnë`m
H$m_mMo `moJXmZ `mo½` àH$mao OZ_mZgmn`ªV nmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ `wdm ZoVo Aem Om{hamVtMm Cn`moJ
Amnë`m gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmgmR>r H$aVmV. EImÚm g§ñWoMm am¡ß`_hmoËgd/gwdU©_hmoËgd Aem _hÎdmÀ`m
àg§Jrhr Aem nwadÊ`m H$mT>ë`m OmVmV. `m{Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo qH$dm g§ñWoMo AZoH$ {hVqMVH$
Amnmnë`m Zmdm{Zer Om{hamVr XoD$Z `m nwadUr Om{hamVrV gh^mJr hmoVmV.
Om{hamVtMo Cn`w©ŠV àH$ma Am{U Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n nm{hë`mZ§Va Amnë`m cjmV Amco AgocM H$s
Om{hamVrÀ`m _gwÚmV _OHy$a Vgm WmoS>mM AgVmo, nU Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur _hÎdmMr AgVo. Om{hamV Am{U
CËnmXZmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Zwgma _gwÚmVrc eãXm§Mo chmZ_moR>o AmH$ma {ZpíMV H$amdo cmJVmV. N>m`m{MÌm§Mm
dmna Am{U _OHw$amMr _m§S>Ur `m_wio Om{hamVrMo ~møê$n AmH$f©H$ ~ZVo. nU A§Va§J g_¥Õ H$aUo
ho AIoa H$cmË_H$ _gwÚmdaM Adc§~yZ AgVo. AmH$f©H$, doYH$ _Wim Am{U ì`dhma d ^mdZm
167
`m§Mm g_Ýd` gmYyZ dmMH$mcm n`m©`mZo J«mhH$mcm {dídmgmV KoUmam d {dídmg XoUmam Vnerc
Om{hamVrMo A§Va§J g_¥Õ H$aVmo. `m JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§_wio Om{hamV A{dñ_aUr` R>aVo.
H$moUË`m CËnmXZmMr AmnUmg Om{hamV H$amd`mMr Ë`m CËnmXZmer Iao Va H$YrH$Yr Amncm
H$mS>r_mÌhr g§~§Y ZgVmo. nU Aemhr CËnmXZmer Om{hamV coIZ H$aÊ`mV Iyn _moR>r H$cm Amho.
gwà{gÕ H$dr dg§V ~mnQ> `m§Zr Om{hamV coIZmV Iyn _moR>o `e H$_mdco Amho. Vo ñdV: Om{hamV
coIZmg "gO©ZercVocm AmìhmZ' ({H«$E{Q>ìh M°cO| ) _mZVmV. Ho$di "Q>' cm "Q>' OwidyZ Am{U "a'
cm "a' OmoSy>Z Om{hamV V`ma hmoV Zmhr. Va {dd{jV J«mhH$dJ©, Ë`mMr H«$`eŠVr, J«mhH$m§À`m
gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmMr _m{hVr, ~mOmanoR>oVrc Zì`m àdmhm§Mo ^mZ `m gJù`m JmoîQ>t~amo~aM
AMyH$, AZwê$n Am{U _m{_©H$ eãXaMZm H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` ho KQ>H$ Om{hamVcoIZmg _hÎdmMo R>aVmV.
Om{hamV coIZ H$aVmZm Amcoco XmoZ AZw^d dg§V ~mnQ>m§Zr EHo$ {R>H$mUr Zm|X{dcoco AmhoV. Vo Vwåhmg
IynM _ZmoaO§ H$ dmQ>Vrc. n{hë`m AZw^dmV Vo åhUVmV- "Z§Va _mÂ`mH$S>o Amcr Vr "_hmamîQ´>
Q>mB©åg'Mr Om{hamV. "_Q>m'Mr Om{hamV "H$m°ÝQ´>Š° Q> EOÝgr' H$aV hmoVr. `m EOÝgrÀ`m Ah_X ImZZr
_cm ~mocdc§. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$mhr gw§Xa \$moQ>moJ«mâg hmoVo. nhmQ>oMo. nhmQ> \w$cVmZmMo. H$modù`m {H$aUmV
njr {dhaVmZmMo. Vo \$moQ>mo nmhÿZ _r {chÿZ {Xc§ :
""ZwH$Vr ZwH$Vr C_cUmar nhmQ>
ZwH$Vr ZwH$Vr \w$cUmar \w$c§''
Ë`mZ§Va _r H$m°nr {chÿZ {Xcr :
""n{hë`m MhmMr Ja_ dm\$
_Z^a ^ê$Z amhUmam Ë`mMm ñdmX
àgÝZ {XdgmMr, àgÝZ gwédmV
Am{U _hmamîQ´> Q>mB©åg.''
Aem Om{hamVr _cm Iyn gwMV Joë`m. Am{U EH$Xm AMmZH$ _cm "_hmamîQ´> Q>mBåg : nÌ Zìho
{_Ì' AerM Pmcr`. _hmamîQ´> Q>mBågMr Om{hamV Ver JwJcr hmoVr. nU Vr cmoH$m§Zm AmdS>cr.
"_Q>m'Zo Om{hamV EOÝgr ~Xccr. Varhr Xþgè`m Om{hamV EOÝgrZo H$m°nr {c{hÊ`mgmR>r _cmM
~mocmdc§.' Va Xþgam AgmM AZw^d gm§JVmZm ~mnQ> {c{hVmV; "_r dmaUmZJaÀ`m XþYmMr Om{hamV
Ho$cr hmoVr. Voìhm _r _Wim {Xcm hmoVm : "JmoHw$i Amc§` _w§~B©cm'. Ë`m§Zm dmaUm Vynhr _w§~B©V
AmUm`M§ hmoV§. nU Ë`m VwnmZo H$moëhmnyacm Mm§Jcr ~mOmanoR> {_idcr. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m EH$m _mUgmZo
{VW§ Om{hamV Ho$cr hmoVr. EH$ H$moëhmnwar AmS>Xm§S>, am§JS>m _mUyg AmH$S>o~mO {_ercm nri XoV
åhUVmo` : "ImB©Z Va Vwnmer'. Vr Om{hamV _cm XmIdë`mda Ë`mV \$ŠV _r EH$ eãX Q>mH$cm Am{U
Om{hamV ~Xccr, "ImB©Z Va dmaUm Vwnmer'. Ë`mVyZ _cm Ë`m _mUgmMr {_Omg Am{U dmaUmM§ _hÎd
168
R>gdm`M§ hmoV§, Vo gmÜ` Pmc§. _mPm _yi qnS> H$drMm. _J Om{hamV~mOr hr H$mam{Jar Zìho H$m?
Agm àíZ H$mhr a{gH$ _cm {dMmaVmV. Ia§ Va `m XmoKm§_Ycm _yc^yV \$aH$ cjmV ¿`m`cm hdm.
H${dVm hr A§V:ñ\y$VuZo hmoVo, Va coI, {\$Ma, Om{hamVrc dJ¡ao JmoîQ>r `m ~møñ\y$VuZo hmoVmV. à{V^m
Aì`m»`o` Amho dJ¡ao, ho gmoS>m! nU {Z_m©Uj_ H$cmd§V Agoc Va `m XmoÝhr {R>H$mUr à{V^oMm ñne©
hmoVmoM. Om{hamVrVhr {H«$E{Q>ìhrQ>rMm ^mJ AgVmoM.'
åhUOoM Om{hamVrMo coIZ H$aUmam hm à{V^mdmZ d ~hþlwV Agmdm cmJVmo. à{V^oMr XoUJr
Ë`mcm Aä`mgmZo, gamdmZo Omonmgmdr cmJVo. ZdrZ gwMcoë`m H$ënZm§Mr {Q>nUo R>odUo, KQ>Zm§Mo
{ZarjU, Ë`m CËnmXZm{df`r gVV {dMma H$aÊ`mMr gd` BË`mXr JmoîQ>tÀ`m gamdmZo d Aä`mgmZo
Amnco kmZ AÚ`mdV R>odmdo cmJVo. Aem H$gcoë`m ì`ŠVtZmM Om{hamV coIZmMr H$cm Mm§Jcr O_y
eHo$c.
H$moUË`mhr _mÜ`_mgmR>r Om{hamV coIZ H$aVmZm àW_ Amnë`mcm Om{hamVrMm H$ÀMm _gwXm
{chmdm cmJVmo. Ë`mcm "H$m°nr' {c{hUo Ago åhUVmV. "H$m°nr' {c{hÊ`mnydu coIH$mZo Imcrc JmoîQ>tMm
Iyn ~maH$mB©Zo {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo;
1.
_r H$emMr Om{hamV H$arV Amho?
2.
_cm Zo_Ho$ H$m` {chm`Mo Amho?
3.
_r Hw$UmgmR>r Om{hamV {c{hUma Amho? åhUOo _mPr Om{hamV ~KUmam qH$dm dmMUmam
dJ© H$moUVm Amho?
4.
Om{hamV H$arV Agcoco CËnmXZ {dH$V KoUmao J«mhH$ H$moU AmhoV?
5.
_r _cm hdm AgUmam g§Xoe Mm§Jë`màH$mao `m g§^mì` J«mhH$m§n`ªV H$gm nmoMdy eHo$Z?
`m àíZm§Mr g_mYmZH$maH$ CÎmao {_imcr H$s _JM Om{hamV coIZ H$amdo. Om{hamVrMo XmoZMma Z_wZo V`ma H$amdoV. Ë`mV Amnë`m _ZmVrc gd© H$ënZm CVadyZ H$mT>mì`mV. Ë`mVyZ _J AmnUmg
AmH$f©H$ dmQ>Umam Z_wZm (H$m°nr) eodQ>r {ZpíMV H$amdm.
Om{hamV coIZ H$aVmZm ho R>m_nUo cjmV R>odm H$s, Om{hamVrVyZ EH$ Zdr Am{U AZmoIr
H$ënZm Vwåhmcm _m§S>m`Mr Amho. AJXr WmoS>Š`m eãXm§V, eãXm§À`m `mo½` Aem _m§S>UrVyZ Zo_H$m
Ame` _m§S>m`Mm Amho. Jocr AZoH$ df} Amnë`m H$mZmda `oUmè`m "{\$ZmocoŠg' ({\$ZmocoŠgZ§ AmUc§
nmUr/eoV§ {nH$cr gmoÝ`mdmUr), "\o$pìhH$m°c' (`o \o$pìhH$m°c H$m _O~yV OmoS> h¡, VwQ>oJm Zht!) qH$dm
"J«mB©\$ dm°Q>a' (~mi aS>V§`... J«mB©\$ dm°Q>a Xo Ë`mcm, VwÂ`m chmZnUrhr _r Vwcm VoM {Xc§ hmoV§!)
`m Om{hamVr Ë`m§Vrc A{^Zd H$ënZm, AW©dmhr dmŠ`aMZm, c`Xma qOJëg Am{U J«mhH$mer
ghOnUo g§dmX gmYÊ`mÀ`m d¥Îmr_wio J«mhH$m§À`m _Zmda A{YamÁ` JmOdV AmhoV.
169
_Wim, Cn_Wim, g§{hVm qH$dm _gwXm Am{U KmofdmŠ` ho Om{hamVrMo _w»` KQ>H$. AmVm
`mVrc H$mhr KQ>H$ KoD$Z AWdm dJiyZ Om{hamV coIZmMo ñdmV§Í` Oê$a KoVm `oB©c. _Wù`m_Ü`o
Om{hamVrMm A{YH$m{YH$ gma EH$dQ>cocm AgVmo. _Wim dmMH$mMo cj doYyZ KoVmo Am{U Om{hamV
nyU©nUo dmMÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aVmo. _Wù`mÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r Cn_Wim qH$dm nyaH$ _Wim dmnacm
OmVmo. Om{hamVrMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo g§{hVm qH$dm _gwXm `mV Om{hamVrMm Ame` gm§{JVcm
OmVmo. CËnmXZmMr Cn`mo{JVm nQ>dyZ gm§{JVcr OmVo. J«mhH$mMo CËnmXZm{df`r AZwHy$c _V V`ma
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm OmVmo. Om{hamVrMm eodQ>Mm KQ>H$ åhUOo KmofdmŠ`. KmofdmŠ` åhUOo _Wim
Zìho. KmofdmŠ` åhUOo g§ñWoZo, ñdV:Mm Img Agm H$m`_ñdê$nr YmaU Ho$cocm ñcmoJZ, gw^m{fV
qH$dm EImXr eãXà{V_m hmo`. `m_wio BVam§À`m VwcZoV CËnmXH$ g§ñWoMr à{V_m A{YH$ H$mi ñ_aUmV
amhVo.
AWm©VM, CËnmXH$ Am{U J«mhH$ `m§Zm OmoS>Umam _hÎdmMm Xþdm åhUyZ Om{hamVrH$S>o nm{hco OmVo.
åhUyZM AmOÀ`m H$mimV Om{hamVtMo coIZ, Ë`m§Mm AmH¥$Vr~§Y R>a{dUo, a§Jg§JVr R>a{dUo `mMo EH$
emñÌ ~Zy cmJco Amho. `m joÌmV hmoV Agcoë`m àM§S> Am{W©H$ CcmT>mcr_wio, Om{hamV joÌ ho
amoOJmamMr Iyn _moR>r g§Yr Agcoco joÌ åhUyZ _mZco OmVo.
❒❒❒
170
KQ>H$ 4.3
ewÕcoIZ
_amR>r gm{hË` _hm_§S>imMo ewÕcoIZ{df`H$ {Z`_
_amR>r ^m{fH$m§Mo amÁ` åhUyZ 1960 gmcr _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm Pmë`mZ§Va, _amR>r
gm{hË` _hm_§S>imZo nwañH¥$V Ho$coë`m _amR>r coIZ{df`H$ Mm¡Xm {Z`_m§Zm _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo 1962
gmcr _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. nwT>o 1972 _Ü`o AmUIr Mma ZdrZ {Z`_m§Mr ^a KmcyZ nyduÀ`m {Z`_m§Vrc
ÌwQ>r _hm_§S>imH$Sy>Z Xÿa H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. _amR>r gm{hË` _hm_§S>i ho _hmamîQ´>mVrc gm{hË` g§ñWm§Mo
àm{V{Z{YH$ _§S>i Agë`m_wio Ë`mZo Ho$coë`m {Z`_mdcrcm _hmamîQ´> amÁ` emgZmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xcr
Am{U amÁ`H$ma^mamV d {ejUmÀ`m gd© joÌm§V {VMo nmcZ H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco.
1. AZwñdma
{Z`_ 1 : ñnîQ>moÀMm[aV AZwZm{gH$m~Ôc erf©q~Xÿ Úmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : JwcH§$X, qMM, V§Q>m, {Z~§Y, Am§~m.
VËg_ eãXmVrc AZwZm{gH$m~Ôc {dH$ënmZo na-gdU© {c{hÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. _mÌ Aem doir
AZwñdmamZ§Va `oUmè`m AjamÀ`m dJm©Vrc AZwZm{gH$M na-gdU© åhUyZ dmnamdo.
CXmhaUmW© : n§H$O = n‘>O, n§MmZZ = n#mmZZ, n§{S>V = npÊS>V, A§VJ©V = AÝVJ©V,
A§~wO = Aå~wO.
na-gdU© {c{hÊ`mMr gdcV \$ŠV VËg_ eãXm§nwaVr _`m©{XV Amho. g§ñH¥$V Zgcoco _amR>r
eãX erf©q~Xÿ (AZwñdma) XoD$ZM {chmdoV.
CXmhaUmW© : "X§Jm, Vm§~,o I§V, g§n' ho eãX "XL²>Jm, Vmå~o, IÝV, gån' Ago {chÿ Z`oV.
H$mhr eãXm§Vrc AZwñdmam§Mm CÀMma AñnîQ> AgVmo qH$dm H$YrH$Yr Vmo CÀMma hmoVhr Zmhr.
Aem eãXm§da AZwñdma XoD$ Z`o.
CXmhaUmW© : "h§gUo, Ym§dUo, Ooìhm§, H$moR>,| H$m§ht' ho eãX "hgUo, YmdUo, Ooìhm, H$moR>,o H$Yr,
H$mhr' Ago {chmdoV.
{Z`_ 2 : `², a², c², d², e², f², g², h² `m§À`mnydu `oUmè`m AZwñdmam§~Ôc Ho$di erf©q~Xÿ
Úmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : qgh, g§`_, _m§g, g§hma.
171
ho eãX "qgìh, g§æ`_, _m§ìg, g§ìhma' Ago {chÿ Z`oV.
"k' nyduMm ZmgmoÀMmahr erf©q~XÿZo XmIdmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : g§km.
{Z`_ 3 : Zm_m§À`m d gd©Zm_m§À`m AZoH$dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nm§da {d^pŠVàË`` d eãX`moJr
Aì`` cmdVmZm AZwñdma Úmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : cmoH$m§Zm, _wcm§Zr, Vwåhm§g, cmoH$m§g_moa, Kam§nwT>o.
AmXamWu ~hþdMZmÀ`m doirhr Agm AZwñdma {Xcm nm{hOo.
CXmhaUmW© : amÁ`nmcm§Mo, _w»`_§Í`m§Mm, Vwåhm§cm, AmnUm§g, {ejH$m§Zm, AÜ`jm§Mo.
{Z`_ 4 : darc {Z`_m§ì`{V[aŠV H$moUË`mhr H$maUm§gmR>r ì`wËnÎmrZo {gÕ hmoUmao d Z hmoUmao
AZwñdma XoD$ Z`oV.
`m {Z`_mZwgma "Ka|, nm§M, H$aU|, H$mit, Zm§d, H$m§, H$m§M, Om|, Kat' ho eãX "Kao, nmM, H$aUo,
H$mir, Zmd, H$m, H$mM, Omo, Kar' Ago {chmdoV.
2. èhñd-XrK©
{Z`_ 5 : _amR>rVrc VËg_ B-H$mamÝV Am{U C-H$mamÝV (åhUOoM èhñdmÝV) eãX B©-H$mamÝV
Am{U D$-H$mamÝV (åhUOoM XrKm©ÝV) {chmdoV.
CXmhaUmW© : H${d = H$dr, ~w{Õ = ~wÕr, J{V = JVr.
ñnîQ>rH$aU : _mÌ darcgmaIoM VËg_ eãX g_mgmV àW_nXr Amë`mg Vo _yi g§ñH¥$VmVë`mà_mUo
èhñdM {chmdoV.
CXmhaUmW© : H${d_Z, ~w{Õd¡^d, J{Verc.
VgoM "na§Vw, AÚm{n, VWm{n, A{V, à^¥{V, `Wm_{V, qH$Vw, H$Xm{n, `Ú{n, B{V, g§à{V,
`WmepŠV' hr VËg_ Aì``o èhñdmÝVM {chmdrV.
BVa eãXm§À`m A§Vr `oUmam BH$ma d CH$ma XrK© {chmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : nmQ>r, OmXÿ, n¡cy, {dZ§Vr.
Ago Agco Var "Am{U' d "{Z' hr _amR>rVrc XmoZ Aì``o èhñdmÝVM {chmdrV.
172
"{dÚm{W©Z,² Jw{UZ², àm{UZ², ñdm{_Z², _§{ÌZ², n{jZ², `mo{JZ², e{eZ²' `mgmaIo VËg_ eãX "BZ²'
Ad`dmÝVr AgyZ Vo _amR>rV `oVmZm AÝË` "Z²' Mm cmon hmoVmo d CnmÝË` èhñd Aja XrK© hmoVo.
CXmhaUmW© : {dÚmWu, JwUr, àmUr, ñdm_r, _§Ìr, njr, `moJr, eer.
na§Vw ho eãX g_mgmV nyd©nXr Amco AgVm Vo èhñdmÝVM R>odmdoV.
CXmhaUmW© : {dÚm{W©_§S>i, Jw{UOZ, àm{Ug§J«h, ñdm{_^ŠVr, _§{ÌJU, n{j{_Ì, `mo{JamO,
e{eH$m§V.
{Z`_ 6 : _amR>r eãXmVrc eodQ>Mo Aja XrK© Agoc Va Ë`mVrc CnmÝË` BH$ma qH$dm CH$ma
èhñd AgVmo.
CXmhaUmW© : {H$S>m, {dir, {ngy, _méVr, gwê$, hþVwVy.
VËg_ eãXmVrc eodQ>Mo Aja XrK© Agco Var Ë`mVrc CnmÝË` BH$ma qH$dm CH$ma _yi
g§ñH¥$VmVë`mà_mUo èhñd qH$dm XrK© R>odmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : ZrVr, A{VWr, àVr, Jwê$, {eey, g{_Vr.
{Z`_ 7 : _amR>r A-H$mamÝV eãXm§Vrc CnmÝË` BH$ma d CH$ma XrK© {chmdoV.
CXmhaUmW© : Jar~, dH$sc, gyZ, \y$c, ~hrU, Ira, Vyn.
VËg_ eãXmVrc eodQ>Mo Aja A-H$mamÝV Agco Var Ë`mVrc CnmÝË` BH$ma qH$dm CH$ma _yi
g§ñH¥$VmVë`mà_mUo èhñd qH$dm XrK© R>odmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : JwU, JrV, {df, eara, a{gH$, eya, eyÝ`, H$m¡VwH$.
_amR>r eãXm§Vrc OmoS>mjamnyduMo BH$ma d CH$ma gm_mÝ`V: èhñd AgVmV.
CXmhaUmW© : Hw$ñVr, _wŠH$m_, nwîH$i, {eñV, XþîH$mi, nwñVH$.
_mÌ VËg_ eãXm§Vrc OmoS>mjamnyduMo BH$ma d CH$ma èhñd d XrK© Aem XmoÝhr àH$mam§Zr
AmT>iVmV. Vo _yi g§ñH¥$Và_mUoM {chmdoV.
CXmhaUmW© : {_Ì, nwÊ`, VrúU, nyÁ`, M[aÌ, àVrjm.
_amR>r d VËg_ eãXm§Vrc BH$ma`wŠV d CH$ma`wŠV Ajam§da AZwñdma Agë`mg Vmo Ajao
gm_mÝ`V: èhñd AgVmV.
CXmhaUmW© : qMM, qc~y, Vwé§J, C§M, qcJ, q~Xÿ, AaqdX, Aé§YVr.
173
_amR>r d VËg_ eãXm§Vrc {dgJm©nyduMo BH$ma d CH$ma gm_mÝ`V: èhñd AgVmV.
CXmhaUmW© : {N>:, Ww:, Xþ:I, {Z:eó.
{Z`_ 8 : _amR>r eãXm§Vrc CnmÝË` Aja B©`wŠV qH$dm D$`wŠV Agoc Va EH$dMZr Am{U
AZoH$dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nm§À`m doir Vo èhñd {chmdo.
CXmhaUmW© : Jar~ → J[a~mcm, J[a~m§Zm; Myc
Mwcrcm, MwctZm.
_mÌ VËg_ eãXm§Vrc CnmÝË` Aja B©`wŠV qH$dm D$`wŠV Agoc Va EH$dMZr Am{U
AZoH$dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nm§À`m doirhr Vo XrK©M {chmdo.
CXmhaUmW© : narjm
narjocm, narjm§Zm; XÿV
XÿVmcm, XÿVm§Zm.
VrZ Ajar _amR>r eãXmVrc n{hco Aja XrK© Agoc Am{U CnmÝË` Aja B©`wŠV qH$dm D$`wŠV
Agoc Va Aem eãXmÀ`m C^`dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nm§V CnmÝË` B©-D$ `m§À`m OmJr "A' Agm AmXoe
hmoVmo.
CXmhaUmW© : ~oarO
~oaOocm, ~oaOm§Zm; cmHy$S>
cmH$S>mcm, cmH$S>m§Zm.
_mÌ n{hco Aja èhñd Agë`mg hm "A' AmXoe {dH$ënmZo hmoVmo.
CXmhaUmW© : narQ>
na([a)Q>mg, na([a)Q>m§Zm.
eãXmMo CnmÝË` Aja "B©' qH$dm "D$' hoM Agoc Va Aem eãXmÀ`m C^`dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nmÀ`m
doir "B©' À`m OmJr "`', Am{U "D$'À`m OmJr "d' Ago AmXoe hmoVmV.
CXmhaUmW© : H$mB©c
H$m`crcm, H$m`ctZm; XoD$i
Xodimcm, Xodim§Zm.
nwq„Jr eãXmÀ`m eodQ>r "gm' Agë`mg Ë`m OmJr C^`dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nmÀ`m doir "em' hmoVmo
("í`m' hmoV Zmhr.)
CXmhaUmW© : Kgm
Kemcm, Kem§Zm; ggm
gemcm, gem§Zm.
nwq„Jr eãXmÀ`m eodQ>r "Om' Agë`mg C^`dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nmV Vmo VgmM amhVmo (Ë`mMm
"Á`m' hmoV Zmhr).
CXmhaUmW© : XadmOm
XadmOmcm, XadmOm§Zm; _moOm
_moOmcm, _moOm§Zm.
VrZ Ajar eãXmVrc _Yco Aja "H$'Mo qH$dm "n'Mo {ÛËd Agoc Va C^`dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nmÀ`m
doir ho {ÛËd Zmhrgo hmoVo.
CXmhaUmW© : aŠH$_
aH$_ocm, aH$_m§Zm; N>ßna
174
N>namcm, N>nam§Zm.
_Yë`m "_'nyduMo AZwñdmag{hV Aja C^`dMZr gm_mÝ`ê$nmÀ`m doir AZwñdma{da{hV hmoVo.
CXmhaUmW© : qH$_V
{H$_Vrcm, {H$_VtZm; J§_V
J_Vrcm, J_VtMm.
D$-H$mamÝV {deofZm_mMo gm_mÝ`ê$n hmoV Zmhr.
CXmhaUmW© : JUy
JUyg; {XZy
{XZycm.
YmVycm "D$' Am{U "D$Z' àË`` cmdVmZm YmVyÀ`m eodQ>r "d' Agoc Va "dy' Am{U "dyZ' Aer
ê$no hmoVmV, nU YmVyÀ`m eodQ>r "d' Zgoc Va "D$' Am{U "D$Z' Aer ê$no hmoVmV.
CXmhaUmW© : Ymd
Ymdy, YmdyZ; R>od
R>ody, R>odyZ; Jm
YwD$Z; H$a
H$ê$, H$ê$Z; hg
hgy, hgyZ.
JmD$, JmD$Z; Yy
YwD$,
3. {H$aH$moi
{Z`_ 9 : nya hm J«m_dmMH$ eãX H$moUË`mhr J«m_Zm_mg cmdVmZm `mVrc "ny' XrK© {chmdm.
CXmhaUmW© : ZmJnya, Vmamnya, gmocmnya.
{Z`_ 10 : "H$moUVm, EImXm' hr ê$no {chmdrV. "H$moUMm', "EH$mXm' hr ê$no {chÿ Z`oV.
→
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`mà_mUo A-H$mamÝV {chmdoV.
175
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{Z`_ 16 : "amhUo, nmhUo, dmhUo' Aer ê$no dmnamdrV. "ahmUo, amhmUo; nhmUo, nmhmUo;
dhmUo, dmhmUo' Aer ê$no dmnê$ Z`oV. AmkmWu à`moJ H$aVmZm _mÌ "amhm, nmhm, dmhm' `m§~amo~aM
"ahm, nhm, dhm' Aer ê$nohr dmnaÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr.
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176
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177
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179
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180
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àíZ : nwT>o {Xcocm CVmam _amR>r gm{hË` _hm_§S>imÀ`m ewÕcoIZ{df`H$ {Z`_mZwgma XþéñV
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VmUVUmd BË`mXrda {dZmoX H$éU Ë`mMm S>§I H$_r Ho$cm nm{hOo.
CÎma :
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VmUVUmd BË`mXrda {dZmoX H$ê$Z Ë`mMm S>§I H$_r Ho$cm Amho.
❒❒❒
181