BH$mB© 4 (A)
naXm - `enmb
AZwH«$_
4.1
CX²Xío ` &
4.2
àñVmdZm &
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ &
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z H$o${bE àíZ &
4.5
eãXmW©, {Q>ßn{U`m± Am{X &
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z H$o$àíZm| H$o$ CÎma &
4.7
gmam§e &
4.8
ñdmÜ`m` &
4.9
joÌr` H$m`© &
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z H$o$ {bE &
4.1
CX²Xoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn *
H$hmZrH$ma `enmb Or Ho$ ì`{ŠVËd go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
*
"naXm' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
*
{ZY©ZVm H$o$~mdOyX Eo{Vhm{gH$ Jm¡ad H$s ImoIbr na§nam H$mo naXo H$o$nrN>o {N>nmZo dmbo Mm¡Yar n[adma
H$s XwX©em go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
*
~~aAbr Im± Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {Z_©_ gmhÿH$mam§o go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
*
^maVr` Am_ n[admam| H$s {ZY©ZVm Am¡a Aghm`Vm go n[a{MV hmo gH|$Jo Ÿ&
4.2
àñVmdZm :
`enmb Or H$mo ñdmYrZVm goZmZr Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Amn `wdmdñWm _| hr Agh`moJ
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Am§XmobZ _| g{H«$` ê$n go gpå_{bV hþE Wo Ÿ& AmnZo ^JVqgh, amOJwê$ VWm M§ÐeoIa AmOmX Ho$ gmW
H«$m§{VH$mar Am§XmobZ _o§ {hñgm {b`m Wm & M§ÐeoIa AmOmX Ho$ ~mX H«$m§{VH$mar Xb Ho$ ZoVÎ¥ d H$s {Oå_oXmar
^r AmnZo g§^mbr h¡ & amOÐmoh Ho$ AnamY _| AmnZo H$mamdmg H$s gOm ^r ^moJr h¡ &
ñdmV§Í` àm{á Ho$ ~mX bIZD$ _| ~go `enmb Or ñdV§Ì ê$n go gm{hË` g¥OZ H$aZo bJo Ÿ& AmnH$mo
qhXr Ho$ OmZo _mZo H$Wm boIH$ H$o ê$n _| nhMmZm OmVm h¡ Ÿ& AmnZo CnÝ`mg, H$hmZr, {Z~§Y Ho$ Abmdm qMVZ
Ho$ joÌ _| ^r AnZr à{V^m {XIm`r h¡ Ÿ& ào_M§X Or Ho$ ~mX àJ{Verb Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$mo {dH${gV H$aZodmbo
aMZmH$mam| _| `enmb Or gdm}n[a h¢ Ÿ& `enmb Ho$ CnÝ`mgm| Am¡a H$hm{Z`m| _| nmR>H$m| Ho$ g_j gOrd {MÌ
CnpñWV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& AmnH$m boIZ gmoX²Xoí` h¡ Ÿ& Cg_| g_mO H$m g§Kf© `WmW© ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡
Ÿ& AmnH$s ^mfm AË`§V gab, gw~moY Am¡a ñnï> h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| ì`§½` H$m ^r Jham nwQ> h¡ Ÿ& `enmb Or H$mo AnZo
ì`pŠVJV AZw^dm| Ho$ X²dmam {d{^Þ àXoem| Ho$ ar{V-[admO, Amhma-ì`dhma, gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr[VH$ qMVZ
H$s AÀN>r OmZH$mar h¡ Ÿ& Bg OmZH$mar H$s gyMZm h_| AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m± XoVr h¢ Ÿ& AmnZo _mZd _Z H$s JwpËW`m|
H$mo g_Pm h¡ Am¡a CZH$m C{MV {díbofU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& H$Ï` Am¡a e¡br H$s Ñ{ï> go AmnH$s H$hm{Z`m± _m¡{bH$
h¢ Ÿ& `enmb H$s H$hm{Z`m± g_ñ`m_ybH$ h¢ Am¡a àm`: amoQ>r VWm goŠg go g§~§{YV h¡§ Ÿ& AmnHo$ _hÎdnyU©
H$hmZrg§ J « h h¢ - "A{^eßV', "dmo Xw { Z`m', "kmZXmZ', "qnOao H$s CS> m Z', "VH© $ H$m Vy \ $mZ',
"Y_©`wX²Y',"CÎmam{YH$mar', "{MÌ H$m erf©H$' VWm "\w$bm| H$m Hw$aVm' Ÿ&
"naXm' H$hmZr `enmb Or Ho$ "VH©$ H$m Vy\$mZ' H$hmZr g§J«h go br JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr _§o EH$ Eogo
Jar~ _w{ñb_ n[adma H$m {MÌU h¡, Omo {ZY©Z hmoVo hþE ^r AnZo nwamZo nm[adm[aH$ Jm¡ad H$mo ~MmE aIZo H$s
H$mo{ee H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| M[aÌ Zm`H$ H$s XrZ Xem H$m {MÌU ~hþV hr _m{_©H$ ê$n go àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ&
Bg H$hmZr Ho$ X²dmam boIH$ Zo `h {XImZo H$s Moï>m H$s h¡ {H$ YZm^md ì`pŠV H$s epŠV Ed§ _`m©XmAm| H$mo
H¡$go {_Q²Q>r _| {_bm XoVm h¡ Ÿ&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
4.3.1
"naXm' H$hmZr `enmb Or Ho$ "VH©$ H$s Vy\$mZ' H$hmZr g§J«h go br JB© h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr g§J«h
H$m àH$meZ 1943 B©. hþAm Wm Ÿ& AWm©V Bg H$hmZr H$s n¥ð>^y{_ h¡ ñdmYrZVmnyd© H$m ^maVr` g_mOŸ& Bg
g§J«h _§o 17 H$hm{Z`m± g§Jh« rV h¢ Ÿ& BZ H$hm{Z`m± H$m _yb ñda boIH$ H$m àJ{Verb qMVZ VWm g_mO n[adV©Z
H$m AmJ«h h¡ Ÿ& `enmb Or H$s YmaUm h¡ {H$ H$mb ~mh²` YmaUmAm| VWm ê${T>`m| H$mo g_`-g_` na N>moS>
XoZo go g_mO Am¡a gmphË` _| n[adV©Z Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m {dMma h¡ {H$ "Omo {dMma AnZr n[apñW{V`m|
go {~Nw>S> JE h¢ AWm©V {OZ {dMmam| Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo OÝ_ XoZodmbr n[apñW{V`m± ~Xb JB© h¢, do {dMma
eara go {~NwS> JE OrdZm| H$s ^m°§{V h¢o Ÿ& CZH$s ñ_¥{V Mmho {OVZr gwIX hmo, A{^_mZ H$m H$maU hmo, do
g_mO Ho$ {bE CnmoX` Zht hmo gH$Vt Ÿ& Eogr n[apñW[V _| VH©$ hr _Zwî` H$m nW-àXe©H$ h¡ Ÿ& gm{hË` H$s
nmaån[aH$ YmaUmAm| H$mo ~XbZo H$s BÀN>m CZHo$ _Z _| h¡ Ÿ& n[adV©Z H«$m§{V hr h¢ Am¡a Bg H«$m§{V Ho$ nhbo
42
"VH©$ H$m Vy\$mZ' Adí` hr Am`oJm Ÿ& Bg g§J«h H$s H$hm{Z`m± g_ñ`m àYmZ h¢ Ÿ& `§o g_ñ`mE± dmñVd _|
nmaån[aH$ YmaUmAm| VWm OO©a ê${T>`m| Ho$ H$maU n¡Xm hþB© h¢ Ÿ& AV: g_mO _| Ano{jV n[adV©Z bmZo Ho$ {bE
BZ g_ñ`mAm| na VH$© H$aZm boIH$ A{Zdm`© g_PV| h¢ Ÿ& Bg g§J«h H$s "naXm' H$hmZr VËH$mbrZ Am{W©H$
{df_Vm H$m {MÌU H$aZodmbr _m{_©H$ H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& Bg_| boIH$ Zo {ZåZ _Ü` dJu` OrdZ H$s Am{W©H$
H${R>ZmB`m| H$m {MÌU H$a Bg dJ© Ho$ à{V AnZr ghmZw^y{V àH$Q> H$s h¡ Ÿ&
4.3.2
naXm H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw :
_Zwî` _Z H$s ImoIbr H$ënZmAm| H$m nXm©\$me H$aZodmbr `h H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ& Bg H$hmZr H$m Zm`H$
h¡ Mm¡Yar nra~»e Ÿ& CZHo$ XmXmOr Mw§Jr Ho$ _hH$_o _| XmamoJm Wo Ÿ& V~ CÝh| Cg dŠV Ho$ AZwgma AÀN>rImgr Am_XZr hmo OmVr Wr Ÿ& CZH$m AnZm N>moQ>mgm na nŠH$m _H$mZ Wm Ÿ& do ~hþV hr E|R> go ahm H$aVo
Wo Ÿ& Bgr dOh go bmoJ CÝh| Mm¡Yar ^r H$hZo bJo Wo, Am¡a dh N>moQ>mgm _H$mZ A~ hdobr H$hbm`m OmVm
Wm Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar AnZo {nVm - Mm¡Yar Bbmhr~»e - Ho$ Mma ~oQ>m| _| go g~go N>mQo >o Wo Ÿ& CÝh| AnZo ~S>o ImZXmZ
go {damgV _§o Hw$b H$s _`m©Xm, hdobr H$s R>gH$ Am¡a ~S>-o ~S>o Ama_mZ {_bo Wo Ÿ& na§Vw A~ CZHo$ {bE dh nwamZr
E|R> aIZm ~hþV hr _w{íH$b hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& Mm¡Yar nra~»e H$s _hmdma Am_XZr Wr {g\©$ 12 én`oŸ& Bg àH$ma
AnZo XmXm go boH$a Xmo nwíVm| _| n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m Ho$ gmW-gmW nra~»e Ho$ n[adma _| {ddeVm Am¡a
Jar~r ^r {XZ-~-{XZ ~T>Vr JB© Wr Ÿ& na§Vw Hw$b H$s _`m©Xm _| H$moB© ^r n[adV©Z Zht Am`m Wm Am¡a Mm¡Yar
nra~»e H$s nT>mB© ^r àmB_ar go AmJo Z ~T> gH$s Wr Ÿ&
emXr Ho$ ~mX hdobr _| ahZm _wpíH$b g_PH$a Mm¡Yar nra~»e {gVdm H$s H$ÀMr ~ñVr _| {H$am`o H$m
_H$mZ boH$a ahVo Wo & ~ñVr _| Mm¡Yar nra~»e AHo$bo n‹T>-{bIo g\o$X nmoe Wo & ImZXmZ H$s BÁOV H$m
àVrH$ hmoZdo mbm naXm Cg H$ÀMo Ka H$s S>çmoT>r na ^r bQ>H$Vm Wm Ÿ& Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ Vmo 12 én`o _| {H$gr
Vah J¥hñWr MbVr ahr ahr Ÿ& bo{H$Z g_ñ`m IS>r hmo OmVr Vmo Ka Ho$ ~V©Z, Ooda Am¡a Hw$N> gm_mZ ~oM~oM H$a J¥hñWr MbmZr nS>Vr Wr Ÿ& OÀMm-~ÀMm H$s VH$br\$ _| CÝh| _O~ya hmoH$a ~~aAbr Im± Zm_ Ho$
EH$ n§Om~r ImZ go Xmo AmZm én`o _hrZo na Mma én`o H$Om© boZm n‹S>m Ÿ& 1 én`m 1 _hrZo Ho$ {H$íV Ho$ ê$n
_| {ZpíMV hmo J`m Wm Ÿ& qH$Vw IMm© BVZm ~‹T> J`m Wm {H$, Mm¡Yar Ho$ {bE `h 1 én`m XoZm ^r A~ ~g
H$s ~mV Z ahr Wr Ÿ& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo H$B© ~ma go AnZm _w±h Nw>nm {b`m Wm Ÿ& A§V _| ImZ ~hþV hr Jwñgm
hmo J`m Ÿ&
dh Mm¡Yar Ho$ X²dma na AmH$a IS>m hþAm Ÿ& CgZo Mm¡Yar H$mo nwH$mam, CÝh| ~hþV-gr Jm{b`m±§ Xr Ÿ& Bg_o§
Mm¡Yar Ho$ BX©-{JX© ahZodmbo bmoJ ^r BH$R²>R>m hmo JE Ÿ& Mm¡Yar nra~»e ImZ Ho$ gm_Zo hmW Omo‹S>H$a {JS>{JS>mZo
bJo Ÿ& CgZo AnZo nmg {~bHw$b n¡gm Zm hmoZo H$s ~mV ImZ go ~ma-~ma H$hr, na Ago {dídmg Z hþAm
Am¡a Jwñg| _§o ImZ H$s S>çmoT>r H$m naXm ItM {b`m Ÿ& `h ~mV Mm¡Yar Ho$ {Xb Ho$ Jhar MmoQ> bJmZo dmbr
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Wr Ÿ& do dht na ~ohmoe hmoH$a {Ja nS>o Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar Ho$ Ka H$s Am¡aVm| Ho$ nmg AnZm nyam VZ ‹T>H$Zo Ho$ {bE ^r H$nS>o Z W| Ÿ& naXm AMmZH$ {JaZo
go do {gHw$‹S> JB© Ÿ& BH$R>²R>m ^r‹S> Zo K¥Um Am¡a bÁOm go AnZm _w±h \o$a {b`m Ÿ& ImZ H$m Jwñgm Vmo hdm hmo
J`m Ÿ& naXm dht na nQ>H$H$a ""bmhm¡b {~bm'' H$hH$a Imbr hmW dh dmng bm¡Q>m Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar nra~»e H$m hmoe dmng bm¡Q>m Vmo ^r CÝhm|Zo {Jao hþE naXo H$mo {\$a go CR>mH$a bJmZm Z Mmhm
Ÿ& em`X A~ CgH$s Amdí`H$Vm hr Z ahr Wr Ÿ& naXo _| Omo {N>nmZm Wm, dh A~ g~Ho$ gm_Zo Am MwH$m
Wm Ÿ&
4.4.3
"naXm' H$hmZr Ho$ à_wI nmÌ :
"naXm' H$hmZr _| Hw$b AmR> nmÌ h¢ - Mm¡Yar nra~»e, CZH$s dmëXm (_m±), nËZr, VrZ bS>{H$`m±, Xmo
bS>H$o Am¡a ~~a AbrIm± Ÿ& BZ_| go Mm¡Yar nra~»e VWm ~~a AbrIm± hr à_wI nmÌ h¢ Ÿ& H$hmZr g_ñ`màYmZ
hmoZo Ho$ H$maU M[aÌm| H$m gyú_ {MÌU H$aZm boIH$ H$m CX²Xío ` Zhr§ h¡ Ÿ& {\$a ^r nmÌm| _| BVZr gOrdVm h¡ {H$
Mm¡Yar nra~»e VWm ~~a AbrIm± nmR>H$m| Ho$ g_j gmjmV CnpñWV hmo OmVo h¢o &
Mm¡Yar nra~»e : Mm¡Yar nra~»e à_wI g{H«$` nmÌ Ho$ ê$n _| h_mao g_j CnpñWV hmoVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝht
Ho$ M[aÌ-{MÌU X²dmam H$hmZrH$ma Zo g_ñ`m na àH$me S>mbm h¡ Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar nra~»e Mm¡Yar Bbmhr~»e Ho$ Mm¡Wo bS>Ho$ h¢ Ÿ& do àmB_ar go AmJo Z ~T> gHo$ Wo Ÿ& AV:
EH$ Vob H$s {_b _| 12 é. _m{gH$ Am` na _§§wer{Jar H$m H$m_ H$aVo Wo Ÿ& CZHo$ n[adma _| N>moQ>o-~S>o {_bH$a
ImZodmbo AmR> ì`pŠV Wo Ÿ& BVZr H$_ Am_XZr _| nyao n[adma H$m JwOmam H$aZm AmgmZ ~mV Vmo Zht Wr &
{\$a ^r {H$gr Vah do AnZo n[adma H$mo MbmVo Wo Ÿ& AMmZH$ H$moB© g_ñ`m IS>r hmo OmVr Am¡a IMm© ~T>
OmVm Vmo Mm¡Yar Ka Ho$ ~V©Z, H$nS>o VWm Ooda {Jadr aIH$a H$m_ MbmVo Wo Ÿ& Mm¡Yar nra~»e Jar~ h¢,
bo{H$Z _ohZVr Am¡a BÁOVXma h¢ Ÿ& {gVdm H$s H$ÀMr ~ñVr _| do AHo$bo nT>o-{bIo g\o$X nmoe Wo Am¡a XadmOo
na naXm ^r bJm ahVm Wm Ÿ& Bgr{bE _whëbo _| CZH$s BÁOV Wr Ÿ&
Mm¡Yar nra~»e EH$ Eogo {ZåZ _Ü`dJ© Ho$ ì`pŠV h¢ {OZHo$ `hm± {nN>br Xmo nwíVm| go Zm¡H$ar noem hmoVm
Am`m h¡ VWm _m_ybr n‹T>mB© H$m ^r {gb{gbm ahm h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ XmXm Mw§Jr Ho$ _hH$ _| XmamoJm Wo Am¡a {nVm
Bbmhr~»e S>mH$ImZo _| ~m~y Ÿ& CZHo$ XmXmOr H$s Am_XZr AÀN>r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝhmo§Zo EH$ nŠH$m _H$mZ
~Zdm`m Wm, Omo hdobr Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm Ÿ& n[aUm_V: nm[adm[aH$ _`m©Xm Am¡a BÁOV ^r n§anam go
{_br Wr Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ do Cg na§nam Ho$ ì`pŠV Ho$ ê$n _| h_mao gm_Zo AmVo h¢, Omo N>moQ>m-_moQ> m ì`dgm`
H$aZ| _o§ {PPH$Vo h¢, bo{H$Z Cgr N>moQ>o go ì`dgm` _| Zm¡H$ar H$aZo _| AnZr BÁOV g_PVo h¢ Ÿ& Vob H$s {_b
_| _w§{e{Jar H$aZm BgrH$m n[aUm_ Wm Ÿ&
44
nra~»e PyR>r _mZ-_`m©Xm H$mo g§^mbZo _| Or-VmoS> H$mo{ee H$aVo Wo Ÿ& H$ÀMr ~ñVr _| ahZo na ^r
Ka H$s Am¡aVm| H$mo ~mha H$m H$moB© H$m_ H$aZo Zht XoVo Wo Ÿ& `hm± VH$ {H$ H$_oQ>r Ho$ Zb go nmZr ^aZo H$m
H$m_ ^r nra~»e gw~h-em_ ñd`§ hr H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
Am_XZr H$s H$_r Am¡a ~‹TVo IM© H$o H$maU nra~»e H$s {ddeVmE±, {XZ-~-{XZ ~‹T>Vr hr OmVr h¡§
& VZImh ~T>H$a 18 é _m{gH$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r {Jadr aIr hþB© MrOo ^r dmng bmZo _| Ag_W© hmo OmVo
h¢ Ÿ& A§V _| CZH$s Am{W©H$ pñW[V BVZr Iam~ hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ XadmOo na Q>mJ§ Zo H$m Q>mQ> IarXZo Ho$ {bE
^r n¡go Zhr§ hmoVo h¡§ Ÿ& na§Vw Ka H$s _`m©Xm ~MmE aIZo Ho$ Zm_ na dh nwíV¡Zr MrO Xar H$mo Q>m§J XoVo h¡§ Ÿ&
àm`: EH$ dŠV ê$Im gwIm ImH$a, H$^r \$mH$m H$aHo$ Mm¡Yar gmh~ H$m n[adma AnZr qOXJr Ho$ {XZ nyao H$aVm
h¡ Ÿ& Eogr pñW[V _| VZ T>H± $Zo H$mo H$nS>o IarXZo H$s JwO± mBe H$m gdmb hr Zht Wm Ÿ&
~ƒm-OÀMm Ho$ H$maU ~T>Vo IM© Ho$ {bE nra~»e H$mo _O~ya hmoH$a ~~a AbrIm± go Mma én`o CYma
boZo nS>o Ÿ& bo{H$Z EH$ én`m _hmdma {H$íV ^aZm ^r Ag§^d hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo nra~»e _w±h {N>nmH$a ImZ
go ~MVo ahVo h¢ Ÿ& ImZ AnZo H$O©o H$mo dgyb Z H$a gH$Zo na nra~»e H$mo, CZH$s Am¡aVm| H$mo VWm nwaIm|
H$mo ~ohþXr Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡ Ÿ& nra~»e Ho$ IyZ _| Ja_r AmVr h¡ na§Vw dñVwpñW[V CÝho§ {Z:gËd H$a XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
do ImZ Ho$ hmW-nm§d nS>Vo h¢, CgHo$ {bE XwAm _m±JVo h¢, BVZm hr Zht Vmo AnZr Imb CVmaH$a ~oMZo Ho$
{bE H$hVo h¡| ŸŸ& bo{H$Z n¡go Z {_bZo go AmJ ~~wbm hþAm ImZ S>çmoT>r na bQ>Ho$ Xar Ho$ naXo H$mo PQ>H$ boVm
h¡ Am¡a nra~»e ~ohmoe hmoH$a {Ja nS>Vo h¢ Ÿ& nra~»e Zo qOXJr^a {Og VWmH${WV BÁOV H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE
Or-VmoS> H$mo{ee H$s Wr, dh g~Ho$ g_j amñVo na Am OmVr h¡Ÿ & Am°§JZ Ho$ ~rM _| Wa-Wa H$m±nVr hþB©
CgH$s AY©Z½Z bS>{H$`m§o Am¡a Am¡aVm| H$mo XoIH$a ^rS> K¥Um Am¡a e_© go Am±I§o \o$a boVr h¡ Ÿ& CZH$m _`m©XmnyU©
öX` Am¡a gå_mZ XmoZm| AmKmV ghZ Zht H$a nmVm Am¡a O~ do _yÀN>m© go OmJVo h¢ Vmo naXo H$mo [\$a go bQ>H$m
XoZo H$m gm_Ï`© CZ_| eof Zht ahVm Ÿ&
g§jon _| AnZr Ag{b`V NwnmH$a naånamJV _mZ-gå_mZ VWm PyR>r à{Vð>m H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE
Or-VmoS> H$mo{ee H$aZo dmbo nra~»e _wgr~Vm| _o§ ñd`§ \±$gVo Mbo OmVo h¢, Am¡a A§V _| H$hr§ Ho$ Zht
ah OmVo Ÿ&
~~aAbrIm± : n§Om~r ImZ ~~a AbrIm± {gVdm H$s H$ÀMr ~ñVr _| gmhÿH$mar H$m ì`dgm` H$aVm
Wm Ÿ& bmoJm| H$s ahZo H$s OJh ^a XoIH$a dh én`m CYma XoVm Wm Ÿ& ~rH$mZoar _moMr, dH©$emn Ho$ _OXya Am¡a
H$^r-H$^r a_OmZr Ymo~r ~~a {_`m± go H$O© boVo ahVo h¢Ÿ&
n¡gm| H$s boZ-XoZ H$aZo dmbo AÝ` gmhÿH$mam§o H$s Vah ImZ ^r H$R>mao Am¡a {ZX©`r h¡ Ÿ& H$B© X\$m Mm¡Yar
nra~»e Zo ImZ H$mo gyX H$s {H$íV Z {_bZo na AnZo hmW Ho$ S>S§ >o go F$Ur H$m XadmOm nrQ>Vo XoIm Wm Ÿ& ImZ
Cg g_` CÝh| e¡VmZ bJmVm Wm & ImZ H$s XheV BVZr Wr {H$ nra~»e H$^r {H$íV Z Xo gH$Zo H$s hmbV
_| AnZo Ka Ho$ XadmOo na \$OrhV hmo OmZo H$s ~mV H$m »`mb ^r H$aVo Vmo, CZHo$ amoE± IS>o hmo OmVo Ÿ&
45
~~a AbrIm± Ho$ öX` F$Ur Ho$ à{V H$moB© B§gm{Z`V H$s ^mdZm Zht h¡ Ÿ& nra~»e AmR> _| go gmV
{H$íV g_` na Xo XoVm h¡ Ÿ& AmR>dr {H$íV XoZo _| Xoa hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a XoZm Ag§^d hr hmo OmVm h¡ Vmo ImZ
CÝh| Y_H$mVm h¡ {H$, "" Mma amoO _| é{n`m ZB© XoJm, Vmo A_ Vw_mam .... H$s_m H$a XoJm Ÿ& ''
ImZ ha F$Ur H$mo PyR>m Am¡a Mmoa g_PVm h¡ VWm pñÌ`m| H$mo ^r Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡ ! nra~»e Ho$ Ka
{H$íV dgybZo Am`m ImZ S>çmoT>r na bQ>Ho$ naXo H$mo T>ob-T>ob H$a Jm{b`m± XoVm h¡ Ÿ& nra~»e H$s ~r~r Ho$
H$hZo na ^r {H$ "Mm¡Yar n¡go bmZo ~mha JE h§¡' dh {dídmg Z H$a Jbr XoVm h¡ {H$ - "" ZB©, ~XOmV
Mmoa ~rVa _| {Mnm h¡ Ÿ&'' Mm¡Yar Ho$ AmZo na ImZ {\$a dmng AmVm h¡ Am¡a EH$-go EH$ gS>Vr hþB© Jm{b`m±
XoZm Ama§^ H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& F$Ur H$mo ~oBÁOV H$a VWm S>am-Y_H$mH$a n¡go dgyb H$aZm CgH$m A§[V_ CX²Xoí` hmoVm
h¡ Ÿ&
nra~»e ~o~g Am¡a bmMma hmoH$a ImZ Ho$ {bE IwXm go XþAm± _m±JVoo h¢ VWm AnZr Imb VH$ CVadmZo
Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo OmVo h¡|, Vmo ^r {ZX©`r ImZ CZH$s ~mVm| na {dídmg Z H$a {ZX©`Vm go S>çmoT>r H$m naXm
PQ>H$ boVm h¡ Ÿ& ImZ H$m CX²Xío ` Wm {H$ Ka H$s {ñÌ`m| Ho$ Ooda VWm Ka Ho$ ~V©Z bo OmH$a n¡go dgyb H$ao§
Ÿ& bo{H$Z O~ gm_Zo H$m naXm Qy>Q> OmVm h¡ Vmo CgH$r Ñ{ï> AY©Z½Z bS>{H$`m| Am¡a pñÌ`m| na nS> OmVr h¡
Am¡a CgH$s H$R>moaVm ^r {nKb OmVr h¡ Ÿ& dh ½bm{Z go PyH$Vm h¡, naXm Am±JZ _| dmng \|$H$Vm h¡ Am¡a Jwñgo
^ar {Zamem go "bmhm¡b {~bm' H$hVo hþE Ag\$b hmo bm¡Q> OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
4.3.4
"naXm' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí` :
"naXm' H$hmZr H$s g_rjm H$aVo hþE gwaoeM§Ð {Vdmar (`enmb Am¡a qhXr H$Wm gm{hË`) Zo H$hm h¡
- " naXm' H$hmZr _| Mm¡Yar nra~»e H$s Jar~r H$m, Am¡a Cg Jar~r na én`m H$O© XoZo dmbo nR>mZ ImZ
~hmXwa H$s öX`hrZVm, CgH$s A_mZdr`Vm H$m {h§ñÌ {MÌU h_mao __©ñWb na AmKmV H$aVm h¡ Ÿ& AmJo ~T>H$a
h_ H$h gH$Vo h¢ {H$ "naXm' H$hmZr H$m _w»` CX²Xío ` h¡, n[apñW[V`m| _| OH$S>o EH$ {ZY©Z H$s naånamJV _mZgå_mZ VWm PyR>r à{Vð>m H$mo OO©a naXo Ho$ nrN>o {N>nmZo H$s N>Q>nQ>mhQ> H$m {MÌU H$aZm Ÿ& Mm¡Yar nra~»e
{ZY©Z hmoH$a ^r AnZr _`m©Xm H$s ajm H$aZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& BgHo$ {bE dh XadmOo na naXm S>mbH$a AnZr Jar~r~o~gr na naXm S>mbZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& CZH$s pñW[V BVZr O[Q>b h¡ {H$ IM© {XZ-~-{XZ ~T>Vm OmVm h¡ Am¡a
Am_XZr CVZr hmo Zht nmVr Ÿ& AV Ed OO©a VZ-_Z- go AZoH$ emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ H$ï> ghVo ghVo
hþE ^r epŠV ^a dh AnZr BÁOV Xygam| H$s {ZJmh _| ~ZmE aIZm MmhVo h¢ Ÿ& Cg naXo H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE
Mm¡Yar nra~»e AnZr Imb VH$ CVadmZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo OmVo h¡§ Ÿ& EH$ Amoa KZKmoa YZm^md Am¡a Xygar Amoa
WmoWr _`m©Xm H$s ajm `h pñW[V {H$VZr {df_ Ed§ {Z_©_ h¡ Ÿ& Bg {df_ {ñW{V H$m _m{_©H$ Ed§ `WmW© dU©Z
H$aVo hþE boIH$ Zo nmR>H$ Ho$ gå_wI g_mO Ho$ EH$ Z½Z `WmW© H$mo àñVwV {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& {Og jU dh naXm
Qy>Q> OmVm h¡, nra~»e H$s ghr h¡{g`V bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo Am OmVr h¡, CgH$s AY©Z½Z ~o{Q>`m±, nËZr Am¡a _mVm
46
na ~mha IS>r ^S>r H$s {ZJmho n‹S> OmVr h¢; dh jU {H$gr e_©Xma AmX_r Ho$ {bE _m¡V H$s KS>r go ^r
^`mZH$ hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& Ka H$s _`m©Xm Ho$ à{V AZmdí`H$ OmJê$H$Vm ì`pŠV Ho$ OrdZ _| {H$VZo _hmZ g§H$Q> H$m
H$maU ~Z gH$Vr h¡, `h {XImZm hr Bg H$hmZr H$m _w»` CX²Xío ` h¡ Ÿ& Bg _w»` CX²Xío ` Ho$ gmW hr ~~a
AbrIm± O¡go n¡gm| H$s boZ-XoZ H$m ì`dgm` H$aZo dmbo bmoJm| H$s öX`hrZVm Am¡a H$R>mao Vm H$m {MÌU H$aZm
^r boIH$ H$m CX²Xío ` ahm h¡ Ÿ& H$^r S>S§ >o H$m ^` {XImH$a Vmo, H$^r nyao g_mO Ho$ g_j Jm{b`m± XoH$a ~oBÁOV
H$aHo$ Bg {H$ñ_ Ho$ bmoJ AnZo n¡go dgyb H$aVo hr h¡§ Ÿ& ~~a AbrIm± ^r 8 _| go 7 {H$íV dgyb H$aZo Ho$
~mX ^r nra~»e Ho$ bmI AZwZ`-{dZ` H$aZo na ^r CZH$s EH$ Zht gwZVm Am¡a Ka _| Ooda-~V©Z àmßV
hmoZo H$s H$m§jm go S>çmoT>r na bQ>H$m naXm PQ>H$ boVm h¡ Ÿ& naXo Ho$ A§Xa H$s Z½ZVm H$s PbH$ hr ImZ H$s
H$R>moaVm H$mo ^r {nKbm XoVr h¡ Ÿ&
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
~hþ{dH$ënr àíZ 1)
.... MwJ§ r Ho$ _hH$_o _| XmamoJm Wo Ÿ&
H$) nra~»e Ho$ XmXm I) nra~»e J) Mm¡Yar Bbmhr~»e K) \$ObHw$a~mZ
2)
.... aobdo _| H$m_ H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
H$) \$ObHw$a~mZ
3)
I) ^dZ
J) amOàgmX
I) H$ånmD$ÊS>a J) _wX[a©g
K) ~¡R>H$
K) _we
§ r{Jar
nra~»e .... _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
H$) Vob H$s {_b I) ñHy$b
7)
K) nra~»e
Bbmhr~»e H$m Vrgam ~oQ>m.... H$s Zm¡H$ar àmßV H$a XohmV J`m Ÿ&
H$) ŠbmH©$
6)
I) \$ObHw$a~mZ J) XmXm
Mm¡Yar ImZXmZ AnZo _H$mZ H$mo .... nwH$maVm Wm Ÿ&
H$) hdobr
5)
K) ~~a AbrIm±
.... S>mH$ImZo _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo Wo Ÿ&
H$) Bbmhr~»e
4)
I) Bbmhr~»e J) nra~»e
J) S>mH$ImZo
K) AñnVmb
Mm¡Yar nra~»e {gVdm H$s.... _| ahVo Wo Ÿ&
H$) H$ÀMr ~ñVr
I) hdobr
J) PmonS>r
47
K) XbXb
8)
n§Ðh ~ag _| nra~»e Ho$ Ka _| ... ~ÀMo hþE Ÿ&
H$) nm±M
9)
I) VrZ
I) n¡gm
J) Jar~r
K) {ejm
{gVdm H$s H$ÀMr ~ñVr _| .... H$m gmhÿH$mar H$m ì`dgm` Wm Ÿ&
H$) ~~aAbrIm±
11)
K) Mma
_whëbo _| nra~»e H$s BÁOV H$m AmYma Wm .... Ÿ&
H$) naXm
10)
J) gmV
I) nra~»e
J) a_OmZr Ymo~r K) XmXm Mm¡Yar
nra~»e Zo .... go n¡go CYma {bE WoŸ&
H$) ~~a AbrIm± I) {_b _m{bH$ J) a_OmZr Ymo~r K) {H$gr AÝ`
12)
S>çmoT>r go naXm hQ>Vo hr ... O_rZ na {Ja n‹S>o Ÿ&
H$) nra~»e
13)
I) ~~a AbrIm±
J) nra~»e
J) nra~»e Zo
I) göX`r
J) namonH$mar
K) ñdÀN>X§
I) göX`r
J) namonH$mar
K) ñdN>X§
nra~»e H$mo {_b _| .... VZImh {_bVr Wr &
H$)
19)
K) kmZ`k
~~a AbrIm± ... ñd^md H$m ì`pŠV h¡ Ÿ&
H$) {ZX©`r
18)
J) A{^eßV
"naXm' H$hmZr _|............na ì`§½` {H$`mm h¡Ÿ&
H$) PyR>r à{VîR>m
17)
K) bS>{H$`m|
"naXm' H$hmZr...........H$hmZr g§Jh« go br JB© h¡Ÿ&
H$) VH©$ H$m Vy\$mZ I) Y_©_Õ
w
16)
K) Am¡aVm|
naXm Am±JZ _| dm{ng \|$H$ {Zame _| "bmhm¡b {~bm' ........ Zo H$hm &
H$) ~~a AbrIm± I) Om{hb ^rS
15)
K) AÝ` bmoJ
naXm {JaVo hr .... Zo K¥Um Am¡a e_© go Am±Io§ \o$a br Ÿ&
H$) Om{hb ^r‹S>
14)
I) ~~a AbrIm± J) XmXm Mm¡Yar
12
é.
I)
15
é.
J)
20
é.
nra~»e Zo .... én`m| H$m H$O© {b`m Wm &
H$) Mma
I) nm°M
§
J) AmR>
48
K) gmV
K)
40
é.
4.5
eãXmW© - {Q>ßn{U`m± Am{X :
M§Jw r = H$a, Q>Š¡ g
_hH$_m = {d^mJ
Vmbr_ = {ejm
AmohXm = nX, ñWmZ (hþX>² Xm)
OZmZm = pñÌ`m| H$m H$_am
_wX[a©g = AÜ`mnH$, {ejH$
dmëXm = _mVm
dm{bX = {nVm
OÀMm = àgyVm ñÌr
n¡~§X = H$nS>m \$Q>Zo na dhm± Xÿgam OmoS>Zm ({R>Ji)
Vmd = epŠV
{H$íV = ^mJ, hám
amoE± IS>o hmo OmZm = ~hþV S>aZm AOdmBZ = ndmZr (Amodm)
Y{Z`m = _gmbo _| à`wŠV hmoZo dmbm N>moQ>m ham nm¡Ym (H$moW§~ra)
_mHy$b = C{MV
dOh = H$maU
Om{hb = A{e{jV
bmhm¡b {~bm = K¥Umgy{MV H$aZm, YrŠH$maZm
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1)
2)
H$
4) H$
7) H$
10) H$
13) H$
16) H$
4.7
H$
5) J
8) H$
11) H$
14) H$
17) H$
3)
H$$
6) H$
9) H$
12) H$
15) H$
18) H$
19)
H$
gmam§e :
"naXm' `enmb Or H$s EH$ _m{_©H$ H$hmZr h¡ & {Og_| naånamJV _mZ-gå_mZ VWm PyR>r à{Vð>m H$m
~moP bmXo, ImZXmZ H$m {MÌU h¡ & Mm¡Yar nra~»e {g\©$ 12 é. _m{gH$ doVZ _| Ka MbmZm _w{íH$b g_PH$a
{gVdm H$s H$ÀMr ~ñVr _| 2 é. {H$amE na ahVm h¡ & bo{H$Z n[adma H$s BÁOV H$mo ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ Zm_ na
S>çmoT>r na naXm bJmVm h¡ & ^yI Am¡a \$Q>ho mbr H$mo ghH$a ^r naXo H$mo hQ>Zo Zht XoVm & `hm± VH$ {H$ ~~a AbrIm±
Ho$ H$O© _| \±$gZo Ho$ ~mX ^r naXo Ho$ nrN>o Ka H$s BÁOV H$mo ~ZmE aIZm MmhVm h¡ & qH$Vw ~~a AbrIm±
Ho$ Jwñgo _| naXm qIMZo go naXo Ho$ nrN>o H$s Z½ZVm Am¡a ~o~gr g_mO Ho$ g_j Iwb OmVr h¡ Am¡a nra~»e
Bgo gh Zht nmVm, AV: ~ohmoe hmo OmVm h¡ & ~~a AbrIm± O¡gm {ZX©`r gmhÿH$ma ^r Bg Ñí` H$mo XoIH$a
ngrO OmVm h¡ &
49
~r.E./~r.H$m°_.^mJ-1 … A{Zdm`© qhXr/4
4.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
4.8.1
bKwÎmar àíZ :
1)
"naXm' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí` ñnï> H$r{OE &
2)
~~a AbrIm± Ho$ M[aÌ na àH$me S>m{bE &
3)
nra~»e H$mo H$Om© Š`m§o boZm nS>Vm h¡ ?
4.8.2
XrKm}Îmar àíZ :
1)
"naXm' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw g§jno _o§ {b{IE &
2)
nra~»e H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$r{OE &
4.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
AnZo Amgnmg Ho$ n[admam| _| go {H$gr n[adma H$mo nra~»e H$s Vah ImZXmZ H$s BÁOV Ho$ Zm_
na H$O© _| \±$gVo XoIm hmo Vmo CgH$s OmZH$mar àmßV H$a H$hmZr {bIZo H$m à`mg H$amo &
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE :
1)
`enmb Or H$s H$hm{Z`m| H$s Eo{Vhm{gH$ n¥ð>^{y _ H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm &
2)
`enmb Or H$s AÝ` H$hm{Z`m| VWm CnÝ`mgm| H$mo n‹T>H$a CZHo$ {dMmam| VWm AZw^dm| go n[a{MV
hmo gH$Vo h¢ &
3)
`enmb Or Ho$ H¥${VÎd na {bIo JE g_rjmË_H$ J«W§ m§o H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm &
4)
B§Q>aZoQ> na `enmb Or Ho$ ~mao _| {bIo boIm| H$mo n‹T>Zm &
50
BH$mB© -
4
(Am)
na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm - _mohZ amHo$e
AZwH«$_
4.1
CX²Xío ` &
4.2
n«ñVmdZm &
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ &
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE n«íZ &
4.5
eãXmW©, {Q>ßn{U`m± Am{X &
4.6
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ n«íZm| Ho$ CÎma &
4.7
gmam§e &
4.8
ñdmÜ`m` &
4.9
joÌr` H$m`© &
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE &
4.1
CX²Xoí` :
Bg BH$mB© Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn -
*
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
*
H$hmZrH$ma _mohZ amHo$e Ho$ ì`pŠVËd go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
*
gaH$mar A\$gam| H$s KygImoar Am¡a ~oB©_mZr go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
*
boIH$ Ho$ "~oh_mB© hOma ~aH$V h¡' CX²Xío ` H$s gmW©H$Vm go n[a{MV hm|Jo Ÿ&
4.2
àñVmdZm :
ZB© H$hmZr Am§XmobZ Ho$ nwamoYm _mZo OmZodmbo _mohZ amHo$e Or H$m OÝ_ OZdar, 1925 H$mo n§Om~
amÁ` Ho$ A_¥Vga eha _§o hþAm Wm Ÿ& amHo$e Or Zo boIZ H$s àoaUm AnZo {nVmOr go àmá H$s WrŸ& CZHo$
{nVm dH$sb Wo Am¡a ~hþV-gr gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWmAm| go gå~{YV Wo Ÿ& n[aUm_V: _mohZ Or H$mo ~MnZ go hr
gm{hpË`H$ _mhm¡b H$m bm^ {_bm Ÿ& CÝhm|Zo ~MnZ go hr ~hþV go boIH$m| H$mo nT>m Wm & Am¡a gmobh df© H$s
AdñWm _| nhbr aMZm X²dmam ñd`§ A{^ì`º$ ^r hþE Wo Ÿ&
_mohZ amHo$e ZB© H$hmZr Am§XmobZ Ho$ geŠV hñVmja Ho$ ê$n _| C^a AmE Ÿ& AmnZo n§Om~ {díd{dX²`mb`
go qhXr Am¡a A§JOo« r _| E_. E. {H$`m Ÿ& Or{dH$monmO©Z Ho$ {bE AÜ`mnZ H$m H$m`© {H$`m Ÿ& amHo$e Or ~hþ_I
w r
à{V^m H$o YZr aho Wo Ÿ& H$hmZr, CnÝ`mg, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§H$s, Üd{Z ZmQ>H$, S>m`ar, `mÌm-d¥Îmm§V, {Z~§Y-g§Jh« ,
51
AZwdmX Am¡a g§nmXZ g^r joÌm| _| CZH$s H$b_ AnZm H$V©~ {XIm MwH$s h¡ Ÿ& CZHo$ H¥${VËd H$m g§{jßV n[aM`
*
CnÝ`mg - A§Yao o ~§X H$_ao, A§Vamb, Z AmZodmbm H$b
H$hmZr g§Jh« - ŠdmQ>©a VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, ZE ~mXb, nhMmZ VWm AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±, B§gmZ Ho$
I§S>ha, OmZda Am¡a OmZda, EH$ Am¡a qOXJr, \$m¡bmX H$m AmH$me, EH$ Xw{Z`m Am¡a {_bo Owbo Mohao Ÿ&
*
*
ZmQ>H$ - Amfm‹T> H$m EH$ {XZ, bham§o Ho$ amOh§g, AmYo-AYyao
*
S>m`ar - _mohZ amHo$e H$s S>m`ar
*
`mÌm -d¥Îmm§V - AmIrar MQ²>Q>mZ VH$
*
{Z~§Y g§J«h - n[adoe
*
AZwdmX - _¥ÀN> H${Q>H$, emHw$§ Vb_²
*
g§nmXZ - gm[aH$m, ZB© H$hmZr Ÿ&
amHo$e Or H$r AZoH$ H$hm{Z`m| na {\$ë_| ~Zr h¢Ÿ & H$hmZr Ho$ A{V[aŠV CÝh| ZmQ>H$ Ho$ joÌ _|
An[a{_V g\$bVm {_br Ÿ& qhXr àXoe H$m em`X hr H$moB© Eogm BbmH$m hmo Ohm± CZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| H$m _§MZ Z
hwAm hmo Ÿ& ImgH$a "AmfmT> H$m EH$ {XZ'& do ZB© H$hmZr Am§XmobZ Ho$ àdV©H$ VWm nwamoYm _mZo OmVo h¡§ Ÿ&
gZ² 1950 B©. go ZB© H${dVm Ho$ g_mZ H$hmZr joÌ _| ^r Agm_m{OH$ ^mdZmAm|, AZmñWm, H$m_ Hw$§ R>m, g§Ìmg,
jUdmX, KwQ>Z, {Zamem VWm OrdZ H$mo A{^ì`pŠV {_bZo bJr Ÿ& Eogr H$hm{Z`m| H$mo ZB© H$hmZr H$s g§km go
g§~mo{YV {H$`m OmZo bJm Ÿ& ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| Ho$ _Z _| gwZhao gnZo Wo Ÿ& bo{H$Z _moh^§J H$s pñW[V
n¡Xm hþB©, ñdßZ Yrao-Yrao {~IaZo bJo Ÿ& OrdZ Ho$ àË`oH$ joÌ _| ÐþV J{V go _yë`hrZVm H$s à{H«$`m Zo `wdmnrT>r H$mo ~a~g h‹S>~S>m {X`m Ÿ& OrdZ H$s bú`eyÝ`Vm, {Za§Va OrdZ _yë`m| Ho$ {dKQ>Z, ^«ï>mMma, Mm[a{ÌH$
g§H$Q>, MVw{X©H$ ì`mßV AamOH$Vm, gË` H$mo AY©gË` Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZo H$s Xw:gmhgnyU© H$s JB© Moï>mAm|
VWm ^mB©-^VrOmdmX H$mo àl` XoZo Ho$ gw{Z`mo{OV à`mgm| Zo OZg_yh Ho$ _moh^§J H$s à{H«$`m _| Am¡a VoOr bm
Xr Ÿ&
4.3
{df` {ddoMZ :
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr ñdmYrZVm Ho$ ~mX ^r gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| _| nZno ^«ï>mMma Am¡a H$V©ì`{d_wIVm na AmYm[aV h¡ Ÿ& h_mao gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| H$m `WmW© {MÌU H$aZo dmbr `h H$hmZr N>R>o XeH$ Ho$
gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| H$s pñW[V H$mo AmYma ~ZmH$a {bIr h¡, Omo AmO ^r àmg§{JH$ h¡ Ÿ& ~m~y bmoJ Mm` nrVo
h¡,§ Jnen H$aVo h¢, em`ar gwZVo-gwZmVo h¢ Am¡a `h g~ H$m`© H$aVo h¢, Cg g_` O~ CZH$m H$V©ì` h¡ OZVm
H$r godm H$aZm Ÿ& AnZo H$V©ì` Ho$ à{V AZXoIr H$aZodmbm A\$ga ^r Cgr W¡br Ho$ MQ²>Q>m|-~Q²>Q>m| _| h¡,
52
Omo Xmo-Mma \$mBbm| na ñdmjar H$aHo$ n{ÌH$m n‹T>Zo _| g_` J±dmVm h¡ Ÿ&
ñdmYrZVm Ho$ VwaV§ ~mX Am_ OZVm Ho$ g_j AZoH$ `mVZmE± Wr, Omo gaH$ma H$_ H$aoJr Eogm CÝh| {dídmg
Wm Ÿ& ~Q>dmao Ho$ H$maU AZoH$ n[adma {dñWm{nV hþE Wo Ÿ& Eogm hr EH$ OmQ> n[adma Ý`m` nmZo Ho$ {bE Xmo ~ag
go H${_íZa Ho$ H$m`m©b` _| MŠH$a bJm ahm Wm Ÿ& ^yI go ~ohmb hmoH$a g~ ~r_ma Wo Ÿ& {\$a ^r Ag§dXo Zerb
A\$ga ngrO Zht aho Wo Ÿ& boIH$ Zo Bgr gË` H$mo H$hmZr _| dmUr Xr h¡ Ÿ&
4.3.1
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw :
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr _| boIH$ Zo ñdmYrZVm àmpßV Ho$ ~mX ^r Am_ OZVm H$mo ÌñV H$aZodmbo
gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| H$m `WmW© {MÌU {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& `h EH$ Eogo ì`pŠV H$s H$hmZr h¡, Omo ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ
H$s ÌmgXr go {Zdm©{gV hmoH$a ^maV Am`m h¡ Ÿ& {OgHo$ Kadmbm| H$mo nm{H$ñVmZr ~Q>dmao Ho$ g_` Q>mJ§ m| go
nH$S>H$a Mra {X`m J`m Wm , {OgHo$ ~ƒo {H$emoamdñWm go Vno{XH$ Ho$ _arO ah§,o {OgH$s ~o{Q>`m| H$m nm{H$ñVm{Z`m|
Zo haU {H$`m Wm Ÿ& gaH$ma Zo Cgo gmV ~ag VH$ amh XoIZo Ho$ ~mX 100 _abo O_rZ Xr Wr, dh ^r EH$
JS²>T>m Wm Ÿ& AV: CgZo Eg JS²>T>o Ho$ ~Xbo 50 _abo AÀN>r O_rZ H$s _m±J H$s Wr Ÿ& dh Xmo ~ag go amh
XoI ahm WmŸ & H${_íZa H$s AXmbV H$s MŠH$a H$mQ> ahm Wm Ÿ& dh Bg H$Xa ~a~mX hþAm Wm {H$, CgHo$
eara na H$nS>o VH$ Zhr§ aho Wo Ÿ& CgH$s ^mdO VWm CgHo$ ~r_ma ~oQ>o Am¡a `wdm ~oQ>r H$s {Oå_oXmar ^r dh
{Z^m ahm Wm Ÿ& bS>H$s ã`mhZo `mo½` ~Z JB© Wr Ÿ& na§Vw AXmbV H$s Bg P§PQ> Zo Cgo Am¡a Hw$N> gmoMZo Ho$
H$m{~b hr Z aIm Wm Ÿ& dh AnZm Zm_ VH$ ^yb J`m WmŸ& Cgo {g\©$ AnZr \$mB©b H$m Z§~a `mX Wm-~mah
gm¡ N>ã~rg ~Q>m gmV Ÿ&
dh Xmo ~ag go XoI ahm Wm {H$ ~m~y Jßno hm±H$Zo _| VWm Mm` nrZo _| hr g_` J±dmVo h¢ Ÿ& Omo [aídV
XoVm h¡ CgHo$ hr H$m_ H$m {ZnQ>mam hmoVm h¡ Ÿ& AV: AmO dh V` H$aHo$ Am`m Wm {H$ AnZm H$m_ nyam {H$E
~J¡ao dhm± go Zht hQ>oJm Ÿ& AnZo gmW AnZr ~odm ^m¡OB© VWm CgHo$ bS>Ho$ Am¡a bS>H$s H$mo ^r gmW bo Am`m
Wm &$ H§$nmD§$S> _| noS> Ho$ ZrMo ~¡R>H$a dh Omoa-Omoa g ~mobVm hþAm KwQ>Zo na hmW _ma ahm Wm Am¡a gaH$ma
VWm ~m~wAm| H$mo H$mog ahm Wm Ÿ& CgH$s AmdmO BVZr D§$Mr Wr {H$ CgHo$ Amgnmg ^rS> BH$Q²>R>m hmoZo bJr
Ÿ& Mnamgr Cgo Mwn H$aZo Ho$ {bE Y_H$mVm h¡, nrQ>Vm ^r h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh Mwn Zhr§ hmoVm Ÿ& ~mX _| ~m~y bmoJ
AmVo h¢ Ÿ& CÝh| dh [aídVImoa B§gmZr Hw$Îmm H$hVm h¡ Am¡a IwX H$mo na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm Ÿ& Cgo Mwn Z hmoVo XoI
nmJb H$hH$a ~m~y A§Xa Mbo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& {\$a ~mha H$m emoa gwZH$a H${_íZa gmh~ ^r dhm± nh°M
§þ OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
Cgo AnZo H$_ao _| bo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& AmYo K§Q>o VH$ \$mB©b| VoOr go {hbVr h¢ Am¡a g^r Q>o~b nma H$a H${_íZa
VH$ nhþ±MVr h¢ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Xmo gmbm| go ê$H$m hþAm Cg ì`pŠV H$m H$m_ AmYo K§Q>o VH$ \$mBbo§ VoOr go {hbVr
h¢ Am¡a g^r Q>o~b nma H$a H${_íZa VH$ nhþ±MVr h¡§ Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Xmo gmbm| go ê$H$m hþAm Cg ì`pŠV H$m H$m_
AmYo K§Q>o _| nyam hmo OmVm h¡, Am¡a dh {H$gr ~mXemh Ho$ g_mZ dhm± go gS>H$ na Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
53
OmVo-OmVo dh dhm± bmoJm| H$mo ^r `h {hXm`V XoVm OmVm h¡ {H$, "" ~oh`m ~Zmo ! ~oh`mB© hOma ~aH$V
h¡! '' CgHo$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ WmoS>r Xoa ~mX dhm± H$m _mV__`r dmVmdaU Am¡a ^r Jham hmo OmVm h¡, Q>mB©n-am`Q>a
H$s AmdmO {\$a go ewê$ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ ~ÀMo H$m A§J«oOr eãXm| Ho$ aQ>Zm Omar ahVm h¡ Ÿ& AWm©V Ho$db
Cg ~yT>o OmQ> Ho$ H$maU gaH$mar H$m`m©b` H$m ~Xbm dmVmdaU {\$a go _yb ê$n YmaU H$aVm h¡ Ÿ&
4.3.2
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr Ho$ à_wI nmÌ :
Bg H$hmZr _| gaH$mar H$m`m©b` H$m {MÌU h¡ Ÿ& AV: ~hþV go nmÌ Cg_| AmE h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z CZ g~
_| EH$ hr nmÌ _hÎdnyU© h¡, dh ~y‹T>m OmQ> &$ dh H$hmZr H$m _w»` nmÌ h¡ Am¡a g§nyU© H$WmdñVw CgHo$ hr
BX©{JX© Ky_Vr h¡ Ÿ&
~yT>m OmQ> :
~yT>m OmQ> "na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$m à_wI nmÌ h¡ Ÿ& ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ Ho$ g_` dh nm{H$ñVmZ
go V~mh hmoH$a ^maV Am`m Wm Ÿ& dh eaUmWu Wm Ÿ& nm{H$ñVmZ _| CgHo$ ^mB© H$mo Q>m±Jm| go nH$‹S>dmH$a Mra
{X`m J`m Wm Ÿ& Cg na ^mB© H$r {dYdm nËZr, CgH$s EH$ OdmZ ~oQ>r Am¡a EH$ ~oQ>o Ho$ nmbZ nmofU H$m
^ma Wm Ÿ& do g~ {nN>bo gmV gmbm| go ^yIm| _a aho Wo Ÿ& gaH$ma Zo CÝh| gm¡ _abo H$m EH$ ßbm°Q> {X`m Wm,
bo{H$Z dh IoVr H$aZo bm`H$ Z Wm Ÿ& ~yT>o OmQ> Zo Xmo gmb nhbo AOu Xr Wr {H$ gm¡ H$o ~Xbo nMmg _abo
H$m ßbm°Q> ^bo hr {X`m Om`, bo{H$Z dh IoVr H$aZo bm`H$ hmo Ÿ& dh AnZr Cgr AOu H$m \¡$gbm H$admZo
H${_íZa Ho$ nmg Am`m Wm Ÿ&
~yT>o OmQ> H$s AOu A^r VH$ \$mBb _| ~§X nS>r Wr Ÿ& dh EH$ H$_ao go Xygao H$_ao Am¡a EH$ _oO
go Xygar _oO VH$ Ky_ ahr Wr, na CgH$m \¡$gbm Zht hmo ahm Wm Ÿ& dh AnZo n[adma Ho$ gmW ^yI_ar go
naoemZ Wm Am¡a gaH$ma ì`W© _| dŠV bo ahr Wr Ÿ& XâVa Ho$ H$_©Mmar "VH$ar~Z-VH$ar~Z' Am¡a "em`X-em`X'
H$aHo$ CgH$s ~mV H$mo Q>mb aho Wo Ÿ& Xmo gmb go MŠH$a bJmVo-bJmVo ~y‹T>m OmQ> V§J Am MwH$m Wm Ÿ& Bgr{bE
ZmamO hmoH$a A~ dh H${_íZa Ho$ gm_Zo ~oh`mB© na CVa Am`m Wm Ÿ&
AXmbVm| Ho$ MŠH$a bJmVo bJmVo ~yT>m OmQ> AnZm g~Hw$N> ^yb J`m h¡ Ÿ& Cgo Ho$db AnZr \$mB©b
H$m Z§~a `mX ah J`m h¡ - "~mah gm¡ N>ã~rg ~Q>m gmV Ÿ&' dh VZ Am¡a _Z go BVZm Qy>Q> J`m h¡ {H$ _aZmgÞ
pñW[V _§o nhþM
± J`m h¡ Ÿ& O~ ^r dh H$m`m©b` _| AmVm h¡, XoIVm h¡ {H$ Mnamgr Am¡a ~m~wAm| H$mo n¡go XoH$a
bmoJ AnZm H$m_ H$adm aho h¢ Am¡a ~yT>o OmQ> H$mo EH$ hr CÎma {_bVm h¡ {H$, Vwåhmam H$m_ VH$ar~Z nyam
hmo hr OmEJm Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ Odm~ gwZVo-gwZVo CgHo$ H$mZ nH$ OmVo h¢ Ÿ&
~yT>m OmQ> AmO g§H$ën H$aHo$ hr XâVa _| Am`m h¡ {H$, "" `m Vmo \¡$gbm hmo hr OmEJm `m `ht na
_a {_Q>|Jo Ÿ& '' d¥X²Y OmQ> Zo XoI {b`m {H$ `hm± XâVam| _| Hw$Îmo ~¡R>o h¢ - [aídVImoa Hw$Îmo, A\$gam| Ho$ gm_Zo
Xw_ {hbmZodmbo Hw$Îmo, Jar~ Am¡a _mgy_ OZVm na ^m¢H$Zodmboo Hw$Îmo Ÿ& dh d¥X²Y OmQ> Omoa-Omoa go ~S>~S>mVm
54
ahVm h¡ Am¡a Mnamgr go CgH$s Jmbr-Jbm¡O hmo OmVr h¡ Ÿ& Mnamgr Cgo R>moH$a _maVm h¡ Am¡a bmoJ ~rM~Mmd H$aZo Am OmVo h¢ Ÿ& d¥X²Y H$mo Mwn ahH$a B§VOma H$aZo Ho$ {bE g_PmVo h¢ Ÿ& na dh Zht _mZVm Ÿ&
Mnamgr nw{bg ~wbmZo H$s Y_H$s XoVm h¡, Vom ~y‹T>m OmQ> AnZo AmnH$mo ~obmO ~mXemh H$hVm h¡ Am¡a
H$nS>o CVmaH$a Z§Jm hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& gmW hr Mnamgr "Hw$Îmm gmbm' H$hVm h¡ Ÿ& Mnamgr Cgo KgrQ>Vo
hþE ~mha bo Om ahm Wm {H$ ~m~y bmoJ Mnamgr H$mo hQ>mVo h¢ Ÿ& bo{H$Z OmQ> g~H$mo gå~mo[YV H$a H$hVm h¡
- "" EH$ Zht Vw_ g~ Ho$ g~ Hw$Îmo hmo'' .... ""Am¡a _¢ ^r Hw$Îmm h±ÿ Ÿ& \$H©$ {g\©$ BVZm h¡ {H$ Vw_ g~
gaH$ma Ho$ Hw$Îmo hmo Ÿ& h_ bmoJmo§ H$r h{S²>S>`m± MwgVo hmo Am¡a gaH$ma H$s Va\$ go hmo Ÿ& _¢ na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm
h±ÿ Ÿ& CgH$s Xr hþB© hdm H$mo ImH$a OrVm h°§y Ÿ& Am¡a CgH$s Va\$ go ^m¢H$Vm h°ÿ§ Ÿ& CgH$m Ka BÝgm\$ H$m Ka
h¡ Ÿ& _¢ CgHo$ Ka H$s aIdmbr H$aVm h±ÿ Ÿ& Vw_ g~ CgH$s BÝgm\$ H$s Xm¡bV Ho$ bwQ>oao hmo Ÿ& Vw_ na ^m¢H$Zm
_oam \$O© h¡ Ÿ& ... _oao A§Xa _oao _m{bH$ H$m Zya h¡, _oao dmh Jwê$ H$m VoO h¡ Ÿ& _wPo Ohm± ~§X H$a XmoJo, _¢ dhm±
^m¢Hy§$Jm Am¡a ^m¢H$-^m¢H$ H$a g~Ho$ H$mZ \$mS> Xy±Jm Ÿ& ''
~yT>m OmQ> AnZr AOu _§Oya H$amE ~J¡a hQ>Zo H$mo V¡`ma Z Wm Ÿ& dh àU H$a boVm h¡ {H$ {H$gr H$s
{_ÝZV Zht H$aoJm Am¡a {H$gr H$mo n¡gm ^r Zht M‹T>m`oJm Ÿ& dh AnZo Amn H$mo ^maV O¡go bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Xoe
H$m ~obmO ~mXemh _mZVm h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ - _¢ dmhJwé$ H$s nyOm H$aVm h±ÿ Am¡a Omo dmhJwê$ H$s nyOm H$aVm
h¡, dh Am¡a {H$gr H$s nyOm Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& na_mË_m Ho$ hþŠ_ go AmO _¢ H${_íZa Ho$ H$_ao _| OmD±$Jm
Ÿ& Z§Jr nrR> na CZHo$ S>§S>o ImD±$Jm Ÿ& CZHo$ ~yQ>m| H$s R>moH$a ImH$a àmU Xo Xy±Jm Ÿ& bo{H$Z AnZr AOu H$m \$¡gbm
H$admH$a hr X_ bo byJ± m Ÿ& Eogm H$hH$a ~yT>m OmQ> Z§Jm hmoZo o Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s VoO AmdmO
H${_íZa Ho$ H$mZm| nhþ±MVr h¡ Ÿ& do IwX CR>H$a CgHo$ nmg AmVo h¡§ Am¡a Cgo AnZo H$_ao _| bo OmVo h¢ Ÿ& A§Xa
K§{Q>`m± ~OVr h¢ Ÿ& \$mBbo§ {hbZo bJVr h¢ Ÿ& ŠbH©$ ~wbmE OmVo h¢ Am¡a WmoS>r hr Xoa _| Cg ~yT>o OmQ> H$s AOu
_§Oay hmo OmVr h¡ &
AnZm H$m_ nyam hmoZo na dh ~mha IS>o bmoJm| H$mo g_PmVm h¡ {H$ h`mXma ahZo Am¡a Im_moe ahZo go
H$m_ Zht MboJm Ÿ& gaH$ma go H$m_ H$aZm h¡ Vmo ~oh`m ~Zmo Ÿ& Cgr g_` ~yT>m OmQ> h±gH$a H$hVm h¡, ""~oh`mB©
hOma ~aH$V h¡ Ÿ&''
~yT>o OmQ> H$mo ^«ï>Mma go Z\$aV Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì _| {dídmg h¡ Ÿ& dh H$hVm h¡ {H$ Jm§YrOr Zo h_§o AmOmXr
Bg{bE {XbmB© {H$ bmoJm| H$mo Ý`m` Am¡a gwI {_bo Ÿ& bo{H$Z gaH$mar H$m`m©b` ^«ï> Am¡a AÝ`m`r hþE h¢, AV:
na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm ~ZH$a BÝgm\$ H$s Xm¡bV H$s aIdmbr Ho$ {bE dh Omoa-Omoa go ^m¢H$Vm h¡ Ÿ& dh g_mO
H$mo g§Xoe hr XoVm h¡ {H$ AÝ`m` ghmo _V, ~pëH$ CgHoo$ {Ibm\$ AmdmO ~wb§X H$amo Ÿ& bmoH$V§Ì {H$ ajm Ho$
{bE `h ew^g§Ho$V h¡ Ÿ&
4.3.3
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí` :
55
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr _| H$hmZrH$ma _mohZ amHo$e Or Zo gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| _o§ ì`mßV Aì`dñWm,
{ZpîH«$`Vm, ^«ï>mMma Am¡a AÝ`m` H$m nXm©\$me {H$`m h¡ Ÿ& ~yT>m OmQ> Xmo dfm] go H$m`m©b` _| MŠH$a H$mQ> ahm
Wm, bo{H$Z CgH$m H$m_ H$hm± VH$ nyam hþAm h¡, BgH$s OmZH$mar VH$ dh àmá Zht H$a gH$Vm Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Cg
H$m`m©b` _| ^«ï>mMma Am¡a H$m_Mmoar H$m ~mob~mbm h¡ Ÿ& Z H$moB© ~m~y AnZm H$V©ì` g_PH$a g_` go H$m_
H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Z A\$ga Ÿ& A\$ga g_` na Z AmZo Ho$ H$maU ~m~y bmoJ `m Vmo Mm` nrVo h¢ `m Amng _§o
em`ar gwZmVo h¡§ Ÿ& A\$ga Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r ~m~wAmo§ H$m Jßno hm±Ho$Z H$m H$m`©H«$_ Omar hr ahVm h¡, A§Va
Ho$db BVZm hr hmoVm h¡, {H$ nhbo dhm± OmXm emoa hmoVm Wm, A~ Yrao-Yrao ~mV| H$s OmVr h¢ Ÿ&
H${_íZa Ho$ Am OmZo na ~m~y bmoJ WmoSm>-~hþV H$m_ V^r H$aVo h¢, O~ BgHo$ {bE [aídV {_b OmVr
h¡ Ÿ& \$mBb EH$ _oO go Xygar _oO na V^r nh±Mþ Vr h¡, O~ nm±M én`o H$m Z`m ZmoQ> ~m~y Ho$ hmW _| W_m {X`m
OmVm h¡ Ÿ& OZVm _| Omo bmoJ {aídV XoZo H$s h¡{g`V Zht aIVo `m Omo {gX²Ym§Vde [aídV Zht XoZm MmhVo, CZH$mo
Xmo-Xmo dfm] VH$ "em`X Am¡a VH$ar~Z' eãX gwZH$a ~ma-~ma Xm¡S>m`m OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
~m~wAm| H$s BZ H$aVyVm| go A\$ga bmoH$ n[a{MV Zht h¢, Eogr ~mV Zht h¡ Ÿ& bo{H$Z `o bmoJ AnZo
H$_©Mm[a`m| go Hw$N> Zht H$h gH$Vo, Š`m|{H$ BZH$m ~Vm©d ^r Hw$N> Bgr àH$ma H$m h¡ Ÿ& H$hmZr Ho$ H${_íZa
gmh~ nhbo Vmo R>rH$ g_` na H$m`m©b` _| Zht AmVo Am¡a O~ K§Q>m Xmo K§Q>m Xoa H$aHo$ AmVo ^r h¢ V~ _oO
na aIo hþE H$mJOm| na EH$ gmW XñVIV H$aHo$ nmB©n gwbJH$a A§Jo«Or H$s _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m arS>g© S>mB©OoñQ> H$m
VmOm A§H$ n‹T>Zo bJVo h¡§ Ÿ&
gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| H$s {ZpîH«$`Vm H$m {MÌU H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW H$hmZrH$ma Zo `h ^r g§Xe
o {X`m
h¡ {H$, Eogr pñW{V _| OZVm H$mo Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ& H$hmZrH$ma g_PmVo h¢ {H$ gaH$mar H$m`m©b` Ho$ ~m~y
Am¡a A\$ga O~ AnZm H$V©ì` nyam Zht H$aVo, V~ OZVm Ý`m` nmZo Ho$ {bE Q>oT>o _mJ© H$m Adb§~ H$ao§ Ÿ&
Eogr Xem _| ~yT>o OmQ> H$s Vah bmoJm| H$mo ~oh`m ~ZH$a Ý`m` H$s _m±J H$aZr Mm{hE Ÿ& Z {H$gr H$r {_ÝZV
H$aZr Mm{hE Am¡a Z {H$gr H$mo [aídV XoZr Mm{hE &$ O~ gaH$mar H$_©Mmar Jar~ OZVm na Hw$Îmm| H$s Vah
^m¢H$Vo h¢ Am¡a CÝh| S>a {XImVo h¢, V~ S>aZo H$o ~Xbo ñd`§ H$mo na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm g_PH$a CZ na ^r ^m¢H$Zm
Mm{hE Ÿ& O~ BÝgmZ H$mo BÝgm\$ Z {_bo Vmo Cgo na_mË_m na ^amogm aIH$a hH$ Ho$ {bE bS>Zm Mm{hE Ÿ&
Bg àH$ma `{X Jm§YrOr X²dmam {XbmB© J`r AmOmXr H$mo H$b§{H$V hmoZo go ~MmZm h¡, gaH$ma H$mo Ý`m`r
Am¡a g{H«$` ~ZmZm h¡, Vmo Xoe Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo ^r g{H«$`, gVH©$ Am¡a ÑT>{ZíM`r ghr amñVo na MbZo Ho$
{bE _O~ya H$a gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ&
g§jno _| H$hmZr H$m nhbm CX²Xío ` AmO Ho$ gaH$mar H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s bmnadmhr Am¡a H$m_Mmoar VWm
[aídVImoar go n[a{MV H$aVm h¡ Vmo Xygam Cggoo {ZnQ>Zo H$m T>§J ~VmVm h¡ Ÿ& Ohm± VH$ BgHo$ CX²Xoí` H$m àíZ
h¡, H$hmZrH$ma nyU© g\$b aho h¢ Ÿ& `h h_mao Xoe H$m Xw^m©½` h¡ {H$ gaH$mar H$_©Mmar Vmo ^«ï> Am¡a H$m_Mmoa
56
h¢ hr, CZHo$ A\$ga ^r g~ ~mVmo§ _| CZgo ~T>o-MT>o h¢ Ÿ& Bg `WmW© {MÌU go H$hmZrH$ma `h _hÎdnyU© g§Ho$V
XoVo h¡§ {H$, gaH$ma {Z`_ Mmho {OVZo gwX§ a ~ZmE, bo{H$Z O~ VH$ CgH$m nmbZ H$aZo dmbo H$_©Mmar B©Zm_Xma
Zht hm|Jo V~ VH$ gaH$ma H$s H$moB© `moOZm Z T>J§ go Am¡a Z g_` na nyar hmoJr Am¡a Z OZVm H$mo Ý`m` {_boJm
Ÿ&
4.4
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE àíZ :
~hþ{dH$ënr àíZ
1)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' .... H$s H$hmZr h¡ Ÿ&
H$) _mohZ amHo$e I) O¡ZÐ| J) `enmb K) _mohZXmg
2)
A§J«oOr àmB_a H$mo .... H$m bS>H$m aQ> ahm Wm Ÿ&
H$) AOudZrg I) ~m~y J) A\$ga K) ~yT>o OmQ>
3)
gaH$mar H$m`m©b` Ho$ ~m~y Zo.... go nm±M én`o {aídV br Ÿ&
H$) gwa{OVqgh dëX Jwa_rVqgh I) ~yT>o OmQ> J) {H$gmZ K) Mnamgr
4)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' _| {M{ÌV gaH$mar H$m`m©b` Ho$ à_wI .... h¢ Ÿ&
H$) H${_íZa I) ~m~y J) AOrO gmh~ K) àYmZ_§Ìr
5)
~yT>o OmQ> Zo .... gmb nhbo AOu Xo Xr Wr Ÿ&
H$) Xmo I) VrZ J) Mma K) gmV
6)
~yT‹ >o OmQ> H$mo gaH$ma Zo ... O_rZ Xr Wr Ÿ&
H$) gm¡ _abo I) nMmg _abo J) nm§M gm¡ _abo K) EH$ EH$S>
7)
~yT>o OmQ> Ho$ ^mB© H$mo ..... _| Q>m§Jm| go nH$S>H$a Mram J`m Wm Ÿ&
H$) nm{H$ñVmZ I) ^maV J) ~m§Jbm Xoe K) _hmamï´>
8)
~yT>o OmQ> Ho$ ^mB© H$m bS>H$m .... H$m _arO Wm Ÿ&
H$) Vno{X>H$ I) ES²>g J) no{Me K) aŠVMmn
9)
................ Jmbr gwZH$a Mnamgr Amn-go ~mha hmo J`m Wm &
J) H$_rZm I) Hw$Îmm gmbm J) ~oe_© K) Myhm
57
10)
~yT>m OmQ> AnZo Amn H$mo ............. H$hVm h¡ &
H$) Hw$Îmm gmbm I) Myhm J) na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm K) na_mË_m
11)
~m~wAm| X²dmam Zm_ nyN>Zo na ~yT>o OmQ> Zo Š`m CÎma {X`m ?
H$) Hw$Îmm I) ~oe_© J) ~mah gm¡ N>ã~rg ~Q>m gmV K) Voah gm¡ N>ã~rg ~Q>m gmV
12)
~yT>m OmQ> H${_íZa Ho$ H$_ao _| H¡$go OmZm MmhVm Wm ?
H$) Z§Jm hmoH$a I) amoV-o amoVo J) Jm{b`m± XoV-o XoVo K) Xm¡S>Vo hþE
13)
H${_íZa Zo .... g_` _| AOu _§Oay H$s Ÿ&
H$) EH$ K§Q>o _o§ I) AmYo K§Q>o _| J) Xmo K§Q>o _| K) nm§M K§Q>o _|
14)
AOu _§Oay hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ~yT>m OmQ> .... H$s Vah gS>H$ na MbZo bJm Ÿ&
H$) H$m¡do I) Hw$Îmo J) ~mXemh K) h`mXma
15)
~yT>o OmQ> Zo bmoJmo§ Ho$ g§Xoe {X`m
H$) Mwn ahmo I) _w±h bQ>H$mE IS>o ahmo J) Omoa go amoAmo K) ~oh`mB© hOma ~aH$Vm h¡
16)
~yT>o OmQ> H$m n[adma ..... go {Zdm©{gV hmoH$a ^maV Am`m Wm Ÿ&
H$) nm{H$ñVmZ I) ~m§JbmXoe J) {~«Q>Zo K) b§H$m
17)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr _| gaH$mar H$m`m©b` H$s .... H$s g_ñ`m na àH$me S>mbm h¡ Ÿ&
H$) [aídVImoar I) _ma-{nQ> J) Mnamgr K) ~m~wAm|
18)
H${_íZa nmBn gwbJmH$a .... VmOm A§H$ nT>Zo bJo Ÿ&
H$) ~m{ëS´>O I) a¡Q>pŠbH$ J) arS>g© S>mBOoñQ> K) JOb
4.5
eãXmW© - {Q>ßn{U`m± Am{X :
JwO§ b = Omb
hb{\$`m = enWnydH© $
bhOm = VarH$m
XrdmZ = JOb g§Jh«
_waV~ = H«$_~X²Y
dH$\$m = AdH$me, A§Va
dëX = ~oQ>m, Am¡a nwÌ
~oVmO ~mXemh = {~Zm _wH$w Q> H$m ~mXehm
V¡e = Amdoe
\$a_mZ = AmXoe
58
bâO = eãX
B©OmX = {Z_m©U
VhH$sH$mV = Om°M
§ nS>Vmb
Obrb = An_mZrV
~oh`m = {Zb©ÁO, bÁOm{dhrZ, ~oe_©
4.6
Vno{XH$ = amO`j_m (Q>r.~r)
ñd`§ AÜ``Z Ho$ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma :
1)
H$
2)
H$
3)
H$
4)
H$
5)
H$
6)
H$
7)
H$
8)
H$
9)
I
10)
J
11)
J
12)
H$
13)
I
14)
J
15)
K
16)
H$
17)
H$
18)
J
4.7
gmam§e :
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' Cg ì`pŠV H$s H$hmZr h¡ {H$, Omo ^maV-nmH$ {d^mOZ H$s ÌmgXr go {Zdm©{gV
~ZH$a ^maV Am`m Wm Ÿ& AV: ^mdO Am¡a CgH$s ~oQ>r VWm ~oQ>o H$s {Oå_oXmar dh ì`pŠV CR>m MyH$m Wm Ÿ&
^maV gaH$ma Zo gmV gmb Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ ~mX Cgo 100 _abo O_rZ Xr Wr Ÿ& bo{H$Z dh EH$ JS²>T‹ >m Wm Ÿ&
Bg{bE CgHo$ ~Xbo 50 _abo IoVr H$aZo bm`H$ O_rZ nmZo Ho$ {bE Cg ì`pŠV Zo H${_íZa Ho$ H$m`m©b`
_| Xmo df© nhbo AOu Xo aIr Wr Ÿ& [aídVImoa Am¡a H$m_Mmoa ~m~y CgH$m H$m_ hr Zht H$a aho Wo Ÿ& H$maUde
dh AnZo nyao n[adma g{hV H$m`m©b` _| Am`m Wm Am¡a D±$Mr AmdmO _o| gaH$ma Ho$ {Ibm\$ ~mob ahm Wm Ÿ&
Mnamgr Am¡a ~m~wAm| Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ ~mX ^r dh Mwn Zht hmoVm Ÿ& ~pëH$ CÝh| Hw$Îmm H$h XoVm h¡ Ÿ& CgH$s AmdmO
gwZH$a A§V _| H${_íZa ñd`§ ~mha Am OmVo h¢, CgH$m H$m_ nyN>V| h¢, AnZo H$_ao _§o bo AmVo h¢ Am¡a {g\©$
AmYo K§Q>o _| CgH$m H$m_ nyam hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
H$m_ nyam hmoZo Ho$ ~mX dh ~mXemh H$s Vah ~mha AmVm h¡ Am¡a OmVo dŠV bmoJm| go H$hVm h¡ {H$,
"" ~oh`m ~Zmo, ~oh`mB© hOma ~aH$V h¡ Ÿ& '' bo{H$Z CgHo$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX dhm± H$m _mV_r dmVmdaU Am¡a
Jham hmo OmVm h¡ Ÿ&
4.8
ñdmÜ`m` :
A) bKwÎmar àíZ :
1)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr _| {M{ÌV gaH$mar H$m`m©b` H$m {MÌU H$s{OE Ÿ&
2)
~yT>m OmQ> Xmo dfm] go gaH$mar H$m`m©b` _| MŠH$a Š`m| bJm ahm Wm ?$
59
3)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$m CX²Xoí` ñnï> H$s{OE Ÿ&
4)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$m ì`§½` g_PmBE Ÿ&
Am) XrKm}Îmar n«íZ :
1)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$s H$WmdñVw g_PmBE Ÿ&
2)
"na_mË_m H$m Hw$Îmm' H$hmZr H$o ~yT>o OmQ> H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deoVmE± ~VmBE Ÿ&
4.9
joÌr` H$m`© :
AnZo Amgnmg Ho$ gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m| _| OmH$a `h XoI bmo {H$ dhm± Am_ bmoJm| H$m H$m_ {Z`_ go
hmoVm h¡ `m Zhr§ Ÿ& ^«ï>mMma, H$m_Mmoar Ho$ ~mao _| ^r bmoJm| go nyN>H$a nVm bJmBE Ÿ&
4.10
A{V[aŠV AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE :
A)
_mohZ amHo$e H$s AÝ` H$hm{Z`m| VWm ZmQ>>H$m| H$m AÜ``Z H$ao| Ÿ&
BBB
60