gÌ - 2 : KQ>H$ - 3
~) X~md JQ>
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2 {dîm` {ddoMZ
3.2.1 X~md JQ>
3.2.2 H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm
3.2.3 eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm
3.2.4 {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm
3.3 nm[a^mpîmH$ ímãX; ímãXmW© B.
3.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao
3.5 gma§mím
3.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
3.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
hçm KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm B
X~md JQ>mMr nmíd©^y_r, X~md JQ>mMr ^y{_H$m d X~md JQ>mMr H$m`©o ñnîQ> H$aVm `oB©b.
B
H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ñnîQ> H$ê$Z {VMo n[aUm_ gm§JVm `oVrb.
B
eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm {deX H$ê$Z g§KQ>ZoMo n[aUm_ Zm|X{dVm `oVrb.
B
{dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm ñnîQ> H$ê$Z {VMo n[aUm_m§Mr {__m§gm H$aVm `oB©b.
3.2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
"^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU' `m Aä`mgH«$_mV AmnU {Vgam KQ>H$ "~' _Ü`o ^aVmÀ`m
172
amH$maUmda X~md Q>mH$Umè`m H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar g§Q>KZm d {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm `m g§KQ>Zm§Mr _m{hVr
KoUma AmhmoV. gÚm ^maVmÀ`m amOH$maUmda X~md JQ>m§Mm _moR>m à^md Amho. g_mOm_Ü`o {d{dY àH$maMo
{hVg§~§Yr JQ>, g_yh AgVmV. Ooìhm {d{eîQ> {hVg§~Ym§Mo bmoH$ EH${ÌV `odyZ {d{eîQ> {H«$`m-à{H«$`m
H$arV AgVmV Am{U Amnbo {hVg§~Y§ gwa{jV R>odVmV, Voìhm Ë`mg {hVg§~§Yr JQ> qH$dm g_yh JQ> Ago
g§~moYÊ`mV `oVo. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm, {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm `m X~md JQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
amOH$s` à{H«$`oda Q>mH$bobm à^md, Ë`mMo n[aUm_, Ë`mVrb àíZ BË`mXr ~m~tMm Amnë`mbm Aä`mg
H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
3.2.2 {df`-{ddoMZ$ :
3.2.1-X~md JQ> …
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV X~md JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm {deof _hÎd àmá Pmbobo Amho. AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`emñÌm_Ü`o
X~md JQ>m§Mm Aä`mg Amdí`H$ d _hËËdmMm _mZbm OmV Amho. àË`oH$ XoemÀ`m amOH$s` d emgH$s`
ì`dñWoda X~md JQ>m§Mm à^md H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV nS>V Agbobm {XgVmo. g_mOm_Ü`o doJdoJiçm
àH$maMo {hVg§~§Yr JQ>, g_yh AgVmV. Ooìhm {d{eîQ> {hg§~§YmMo bmoH$ EH${ÌV `oD$Z {d{eîQ> {H«$`mà{H«$`m H$arV AgVmV Am{U Amnbo {hg§~§Y gwa{jV R>odVmV. Voìhm Ë`mg {hg§~§Yr JQ> qH$dm g_yh JQ>
Ago g§~moYÊ`mV `oVo.
Ho$di bmoH$ EH$ÌrV `oD$Z JQ> {Z_m©U hmoV ZmhrV. aoëdo ñQ>oeZ, ~g ñQ>oeZ, ~mOma Aem gmd©O{ZH$
{R>H$mUr `oUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm JQ> qH$dm g_yh åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. {d{eîQ> {hg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r EH${ÌV
`oD$Z Omo {H«$`m-à{H«$`m§Mm AmH¥$Vr~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmo Ë`mg {hVg§~§Yr JQ> qH$dm g_yh Ago åhUVmV.
gm_mÝ`V… bmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g§~§Ym_YyZ Am{U JaOoZwgma {hg§~§Yr JQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ^maVm_Ü`o
Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm, OmVrg§ñWm, ì`dgm` BË`m§Xrda AmYmarV Agbobo {hg~§Yr JQ> AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
CXm. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm, {dÚm[W© g§KQ>Zm, Y_©Jwê§$Mr g§KQ>Zm, ì`mnmar g§KQ>Zm, ì`mdgm{`H$
g§KQ>Zm, dm§{eH$ g§KQ>Zm, ZmJar g§KQ>Zm BË`mXr ñdê$nmMo {hVg§~§Yr JQ> {XgyZ `oVmV. {hVg§~§Yr
JQ>m_Yrb g^mgX ho H$m`_ñdê$nr AgVmV. VgoM Aem JQ>m§Mr g^mgX g§»`m hr _moR>çm à_mUmV
AgVo. Amnbo {hVg§§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r ho JQ> Amnbo H$m`© gmVË`mZo H$arV AgVmV. Amnë`m {d{eîQ>
_mJÊ`m§gmR>r {hVg§~§Yr JQ>mH$Sy>Z emgZmda à^md nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm Va Ë`m {hVg§§~§Yr JQ>mMo
ê$nm§Va X~md JQ>m_Ü`o hmoV AgVo.
B
X~md JQ>mMr ì`m»`m :
Imbrbà_mUo doJdoJiçm {dMmad§VmZr X~md JQ>mMr ì`m»`m gm§{JVbr Amho.
1. {PJba …- ""{PJba `m§À`m _Vo, Oo {hVg§~§Yr JQ> Amnë`m gXñ`m§Zm Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdê$nmMr
173
gaH$mar nXo {_idyZ Z XoVm Ho$di Amnbo {hVg§§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r emgZmdaVr à^md nmS>VmV Voìhm
Ë`m§Zm X~md JQ> Ago åhUVmV.''
2. Ho$ (Key) … À`m _Vo, "" emgZg§ñWoÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUmda Am{U {ZU©`mda X~md Q>mH$Umè`m
ImOJr ñdê$nmÀ`m g§KQ>Zm åhUOo X~md JQ> hmo`.''
3. {bPagZ … `m§À`m _Vo, "" X~md JQ> åhUOo Aem nj{da{hV g§KQ>Zm H$s, Á`m_Ü`o bmoH$
EH${ÌV `oD$Z Amnbo A{ñVËd Am{U AmXe© `m§Mo g§ajU H$ê$Z Amnbr C{ÔîQ>o d VËdo gmÜ` H$aVmV.''
darbà_mUo X~md JQ>mÀ`m ì`m»`odê$Z Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, X~md JQ>mbm à^md JQ> Agohr
g§~moYbo OmVo. Amnë`m {hVg§~§YmMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZ g§ñWoda à^md nmS>Umam JQ> åhUOoM
X~md JQ> hmo`. X~md JQ>m_Ü`o g_mZ {hVg§~§Y AgUmao bmoH$ EH${ÌV `oD$Z Amnë`m g_ñ`m d AS>MUr
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV. àË`oH$ X~md JQ> hm {hVg§~§Yr JQ> AgVmo. Omo {hVg§~§Yr Amnbo
{hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r VgoM Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$adyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r emgZmda X~md AmUVmV Ë`mg
X~md JQ> Ago åhUVmV. CXm. eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm, CËnmXH$ dJm©Mr g§KQ>Zm, _Oya g§KQ>Zm BË`mXr àH$maMo
{hVg§~§Yr JQ> Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmda doimodoir X~md AmUVmV, Ë`mM~amo~a
à^md nmS>VmV Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n X~md JQ>mMo AgVo.
A{bH$S>À`m H$mim_Ü`o {hVg§§~§Yr JQ> {d{Y_§S>imda à^md nmS>VmZm {XgVmV. {d{Y_§S>imMo
H$m_H$mO Mmby AgVmZm {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm Amnbo àíZ, _mJÊ`m g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV Am{U Ë`m
gXñ`m_m\©$VM {d{Y_§S>imdaVr Amnbm à^md nmS>VmV. ho H$aV AgVmZm bm°~rMr (àMma H$j) à{H«$`m
gwê$ hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm bm°~r (àMma H$j) Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. {hVg§~§Yr JQ>, X~md JQ> d bm°~r
`m§À`mVrb gwú_nÕVrZo nm{hë`mg \$aH$ bjmV `oVmo. gm_mÝ`V… g_mOmVrb g_mZ {hVg§~§Y AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVr EH$ÌrV `odyZ Amnbo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV R>odVmV. Á`mdoir ho {hgg§~§Yr JQ> Amnë`m {hVg§~§YmMo
g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmda XS>nU AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n X~md JQ>mMo hmoVo
Am{U Á`mdoir hoM X~md JQ> H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb gXñ`m§À`mda à^md nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Ë`mdoiog
Ë`m§Zm bm°~r Ago g§~moYÊ`mV `oVo.
B
X~md JQ>mMo ñdê$n :
{d{dY X~mJQ>m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n Ago ñnîQ> hmooVo H$s, amîQ´>r` nmVirda H$m`©
H$aUmao X~md JQ> ho àm§Vr` d ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda H$m`© H$aUmè`m emIm, CnemIm§da {Z`§ÌU R>odVmV.
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aem {d{dY KQ>H$m§da X~mdJQ> AmYm[aV AmhoV. ho {hVg§~§Yr JQ>
Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmdaVr à^md nmS>VmV. amOH$s` {ZdS>UwH$m§À`mdoir {hVg§~§Yr
JQ> amOH$s` njm§Zm ghH$m`© d nmR>t~m XoV AgVmV. H$mhr {hVg§~§Yr JQ> H$mhrdoim amOH$s` njm§Zm
174
Am{W©H$ ghH$m`© H$aV AgVmV. AWm©V Amnbo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _§Oya H$ê$Z
KoÊ`mgmR>r ho X~mdJQ> amOH$s` njm§Zm nmR>t~m XoV AgVmV.
B
X~md JQ>mMr H$m`} / ^y{_H$m :
emgZmdaVr à^md nmS>Ê`mgmR>r X~md JQ>m§Zm {d{dY H$m`} AWdm ^y{_H$m nma nmS>mdr bmJVo.
X~md JQ>m§À`m H$m`m©_wioM emgZmH$S>yZ {d{dY ñdê$nmMr H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`} nma nmS>br OmVmV.
emgZmbm Am[W©H$, gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©Mr OmUrd Am{U Om~m~Xmar g_OmdyZ XoÊ`mMr _hËËdnyU©
Aer ^y{_H$m X~md JQ> nma nmS>VmV. X~md JQ> ho XoemÀ`m àemgZmV gmVË`, H$m`©j_Vm Am{U ñW¡`©
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.
1. _mJÊ`m§Mo A{dîH$aU :
{hVg§~§Yr JQ> Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Mo A{dîH$aU H$aVmV. {hVg§~§Yr JQ>mMo ApñVËd Ooìhm YmoŠ`mV
`oVo Voìhm {hVg§~§Yr JQ> doJdoJiçm _mÜ`_m§Mm Am{U nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z emgZmMo bj doYyZ KoVmV.
Aemdoir OodT>çm OmñV à_mUmV _mJÊ`m§Mo A{dîH$aU hmoB©b VodT>çm OmñV à_mUmV {hVg§~§Yr JQ>m§À`m
_mJÊ`m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo ^mJ nS>Vo.
2. {d{eîQ> _mJÊ`m§Mm, YmoaUm§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aUo :
X~md JQ> {d{eîQ> _mJÊ`m§Mm, YmoaUm§Mm nmR>nwamdm H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr àH$Q> Ho$bobo YmoaU
à^mdr R>aVo. g_mZ {hVg§~§Y AgUmè`m JQ>m§Mm à^md emgZmda nS>Vmo. ì`ŠVrJV à^md emgZmda nS>V
Zmhr. na§Vy g_mZ {hVg§~§Y AgUmè`m {hVg§~§Yr JQ>m§Mm {deof à^md emgZmda nS>V AgVmo.
3. emgZmda à^md nmS>Uo :
{hVg§~§Yr JQ> amOH$s` ZoË`m§À`m Ûmao {deoîmV… à{V{ZYr _§Ìr `m§À`mÛmao emgZmda à^md nmS>VmV.
OZVobm Amnbo àíZ, _mJÊ`m g_OmdyZ XoVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm OZVoMm nmR>t~m {_iVmo.
4. àMma _mo{h_ gwê$ R>odUo :
g^m g§_obZo, {d{dY nÌHo$, d¥ËVnÌr` boI, ^mfUo `mÛmao {hVg§~§Yr JQ> Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _m§Sy>Z
bmoH$_VmMm nmR>t~m {_idVmV. X~md JQ> EH$ àH$mao emgZmda _mo{h_ Mmby R>odyZ à^md nmS>VmV.
5. bm°~r à{H«$`m :
{hVg§~§Yr JQ> H$m`Xo _§S>imVrb à{V{ZYtZm Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Mo _hËËd nQ>dyZ XoVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m
_m\©$V H$m`Xo _§S>imV Amdí`H$ d AZwHw$b Ago H$m`Xo H$ê$Z KoVmV. S>m°. \$m`Za `m§À`m_Vo bm°~rMr hr
à{H«$`m AË`§V _hËËd nyU© Amho.
175
6. amOH$s` númm§Zm nmR>t~m, ghH$m`© :
{hVg§~§Yr JQ> amOH$s` njm§Zm ghH$m`©, nmR>t~m XoVmV. AWm©V {ZdS>yU Amë`mZ§Va gËVmê$T>
AgVmZm {hVg§~§Yr JQ>m§À`m _mJÊ`m _§Oya Ho$ë`m OmVmV. H$mhr doim {damoYr amOH$s` njm§H$Sy>Zhr ho X~md
JQ> Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _§Oya H$ê$Z KoVmV. X~md JQ> gËVmñnY}V CVaV ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm gËVm àmárV ag
ZgVmo. Amnë`m {hVg§~§YmMo Omo g§ajU H$aVmo Ë`m amOH$s` njmbm {hVg§~§Yr JQ> nmR>t~m XoVmV.
7. àMma _mÜ`_m§Mm Am{U V§Ìm§Mm dmna H$aUo :
amOH$s` nj Á`mà_mUo {d{dY _mÜ`_m§Mm, V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z {ZdS>UwH$m bT>{dVmV Ë`mà_mUo X~md
JQ> Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _§Oya H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r g§n, _moM}, {ZXe©Zo, KoamAmo BË`mXr _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z
bmoH$_V OmJ¥V H$aVmV. bmoH$à{V{ZYtZm, gËVmê$T> à{V{ZYtZm Am{U OZVobm Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Mo _hËËd
Am{U Amdí`H$Vm nQ>dyZ XoVmV.
8. gaH$ma d OZVm `m§À`mVrb Xwdm :
OZVoÀ`m VH«$mar, g_ñ`m, AS>rAS>MUr gaH$ma n`ªV nmoM{dÊ`mMo H$m`© X~md JQ> H$[aV AgVmV.
AemàH$mao gaH$ma d `m§À`mVrb Xwdm gmYÊ`mMo H$m`© X~md JQ> H$arV AgVmV.
B
X~md JQ>mMo _mJ© / V§Ìo d H$m`©nÕVr :
{hVg§~§Yr JQ> Amnbo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m _mJÊ`m _§Oya H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rb
V§Ìm§Mm d _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$arV AgVmV.
1. XwaXe©Z, g^m, g§_obZo, d¥ËVnÌo, {^ËVrnÌHo$, Z^modmUr BË`mXr _mÜ`_m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z bmoH$_V
AZwHw$b H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r {hVg§~§Yr JQ> n«Mma H$aVmV.
2. X~md JQ> bm°~r à{H«$`oMm dmna H$ê$Z H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb à{V{ZYtZm Amnë`m _mJÊ`m, g_ñ`m
g_OmdyZ XoVmV. à{V{ZYr X~md JQ>m§À`m _mJÊ`m, g_ñ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imV _m§Sy>Z Ë`mÀ`mda
MMm© KS>dyZ AmUVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m _mJÊ`m _§Oya H$ê$Z KoVmV.
3. H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb {d{dY g{_Ë`m§Mo ghH$m`© KodyZ X~md JQ> Amnbo {hVg§§~§Y OmonmgVmV.
4. H$mhr doim {hVg§~§Y JQ> emgZmVrb d[aîR> A{YH$mè`m§Zm àbmo^Zo XmIdyZ Amnë`m _mJÊ`m
_§Oya H$ê$Z KoVmV.
5. _moM}, g§n, ~§X, {ZfoY Aem _mJmªMm dmna H$ê$Z X~md JQ> gaH$maMo bj Amnë`m
_mJÊ`mH$S>o doYZy KoVmV.
6. àMma _mÜ`_m§Mm Adb§~ Ho$ë`m_wio X~md JQ>mMm à^md A{YH$ dmT>bm OmD$Z emgZ X~md
JQ>m§À`m _mJÊ`m§Zm _§Owar XoVo.
176
7. gËVmê$T> nj Am{U {damoYr nj `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {hVg§~§Yr JQ> Amnbo {hVg§§~§Y gwa{jV R>odVmV.
8. Ooìhm gËVmê$T> nj X~md JQ>mMo H$m`© H$arV ZmhrV Voìhm X~md JQ> {damoYr njmV\}$ Amnë`m
_mJÊ`m _§Oya H$ê$Z KoVmV. Aem {d{dY _mJmªMm, V§Ìm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z X~md JQ> Amnbo
{hVg§~§Y OmonmgV AgVmV.
B
ñd`§…AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$-XmoZ dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
1. X~md JQ> åhUOo H$m`?
2. H$moÊmË`mhr XmoZ X~md JQ>mMr Zmdo gm§Jm?
B
{dÚmWr© g§KQ>Zm :
àmñVm{dH$ :
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Midir åhQ>ë`mda Amnë`m g_moa _hm{dÚmb`mVrb d {dÚmnrR>m_Yrb {dÚmWu C^o
amhVmV. H$maU emioVrb {dÚmWu Midir H$ê eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m nmbH$M gmoS>{dÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmV. _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {dÚmWu hm Amnë`m A{YH$mam~m~V OmJ¥V AgVmo. Ë`mbm MyH$-~amo~a,
gmo`-J¡agmo` `mMo ^mZ AgVo. Ë`m_wioM _hm{dÚmb`mVrb {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Midir `m Cƒ {ejU,
ZmoH$è`m qH$dm AmajU `m§À`m g§X^m©V AmT>iVmV. ^maVm_Ü`o B.g. 1850 gmbr {dÚmb`rZ {ejU gwê$
Pmbo Am{U `mZ§Va 1857 gmbr _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZ Pmbr. na§Vw nwdu B.g. 1821 _Ü`o _hmamîQ´>
{_eZ `m§Zr g§ñH¥$V H$m°boO ñWmnZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mMoM ê$nm§Va nyT>o S>oŠH$Z H$m°boO_Ü`o Pmbo. B.g. 194647 gmbr _hm{dÚmb`rZ {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 2.4 bmI BVH$s Pmbr.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {dÚmÏ`mªMr Am§XmobZo {~«{Q>e gËVo{dê$Õ hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`bT>çmV {dÚmÏ`mªMm
gh^mJ _mobmMm hmoVm. `m H$mimV {dÚmÏ`mªZr ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirV _moR>çm g§»`oZo gh^mJ KoVbm.
{~«Q>re gaH$maÀ`m amOÐmohm g§~§Yrhr AhdmbmV B.g. 1907-17 `m Xhm dfm©À`m H$miI§S>mV ~§Jmb _Ü`o
H«$m§VrÀ`m JwÝhmV AQ>H$ Pmboë`m EHy$U 186 ì`ŠVr n¡H$s 68 {dÚmWu hmoVo Am{U 16 OU emim,
H$m°boOmVrb {ejH$ hmoVo. B§J«Or {ejUmVyZ bmoH$emhr, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, A{YH$ma BË`mXr ~m~VÀ`m
nmpíM_mË` {dMmam_wio _hm{dÚm`rZ `wdH$ à^m{dV Pmbo Amho.
_w§~B©À`m J«±Q> _o{S>H$b H$m°boO d Ho$.B©.E_. hm°pñnQ>bÀ`m E_.~r.~r.Eg. À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr ImXrMo
H$nS>o n[aYmZ H$ê$Z ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m MidirV ^mJ KoVbm. ñdmV§Í` àmár Z§Vahr gaH$ma {dê$Õ amOH$s`
Midir gwê$M am{hë`m. Amgm__Yrb 1980 Mr Midi d `yy.Eb.E\$.E. (`wZm`Q>oS> {b~aoeZ Am°\$
Amgm_) `m Midir _Ü`o àm_w»`mZo {dÚmWu d `wdH$m§MmM g_mdoe hmoVm. `wdH$m§_Ü`o `m d`mV Omof d
177
~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....12
CËgmh Amog§Sy>Z dmhV AgVmo. Aemdoir Ë`m§À`m `m CËgmhmbm `mo½` {Xem {_imë`mg Ë`m§Mm {dO`
AgVmo. nU A{bH$S>rb H$mimV {dÚmWu dJm©bm A{dMmar, ~oO~m~Xma, qhgm d Ominmoi H$aUmam Am{U
~o{eñV åhQ>bo OmVo. nU `mMo _w»` H$maU Ë`m§Zm `mo½` {Xem XoUmao gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëd ZgUo
hoM Amho. _hmË_m Jm§Yr, O`àH$me Zmam`U hçm§À`mgmaIm ì`pŠV_ËdmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr VËH$mbrZ
{dKmWr© d `wdH$m§da g§ñH$ma KS>{dÊ`mV Ambo Ë`m§Zm Z¡{VH$ d gH$mamËH$ {Xem {Xbr Ë`m_wio ho {dÚmWu
g§ñH$maj_ KS>bo `mMm AmO àm_w»`mZo A^md OmUdVmo. Ë`mM ~amo~a Hw$Qy>§~mVyZ Oo g§ñH$ma Ë`m§À`mda hmoUo
JaOoMo Amho Ë`m§Mm A^md {XgyZ `oVmo. Ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o AamOH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. AmOMo
{dÚmWu ho ämaH$Q>V Mmbbo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm `mo½` {Xem {_iUo Iyn JaOoMo Amho. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm gd©àW_
Hw$Qy>§~m_Ü`o d Z§Va emim, _hm{dÚmb`o `m_YyZ g§ñH$mamMo YS>o {_iUo JaOoMo Amho d eodQ>r Ë`m§Zm `mo½`
{Xem XoUmao gm_m{OH$ d amOH$r` ZoV¥Ëd AgUo _hËdmMo Amho.
{dÚmWr© d `wdH$m§Mr Am§XmobZo hr {d{dY H$maUm§gmR>r Pmbobr AmT>iVmV. _w»`V… Ë`m§Zm `oUmè`m
g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r hr Am§XmobZo hmoVmV. `mAmYmao Q>m°g `m boIH$mZo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m MiditÀ`m hoVyMo
nmM àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV. 1. amOH$s`, 2. Am{W©H$ 3. Z¡{VH$ 4. e¡j{UH$ d 5. _Om/J§_V. `m{edm`
gm_m{OH$ H$maUmñVd Am{U AmajU {df`H$ hr Midir Pmboë`m {XgyZ `oVmV.
`m gd© JmoîQ>rMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z lr. ~m~m Am_Q>o øm§Zr M§Ðnya {OëhçmVrb gmo_ZmW `oWo `wdH$m§gmR>r
"l_ g§ñH$ma' {e~rao Mmb{dbr AmhoV. AmOhr gmo_ZmW d AmZ§XdZ `oWo ho H$m`© gwê$ Amho. AmOMr hr
n[apñWVr nmhVm `m H$m`m©Mo _yë` doirM OmUyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. _hmamîQ´> ~amo~aM nan«m§VmVyZ hr Xadfu
hOmamo `wdH$ `m {e~ramV CnpñWV amhÿZ gH$mamË_H$ àoaUm KoD$Z naV OmVmV. ""`h hmW h¡ nwZ{Z_m©U Ho$
{b`o, Zm _maZo H|$ {bE, Zm _m±JZo Ho$ {b`o'' ho ~m~m Am_Q>§oMo ~«rX dmŠ` `wdH$m§Zm ào[aV d à^m{dV
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVo.
B
{dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm :
{dKmÏ`mªÀ`m {d{dY g§KQ>Zm ^maVmV d _hmamîQ´>mV H$m`©aV AmhoV. ~hþVm§e A§XmobZm_Ü`o `m {dÚmWu
g§KQ>Zm§Mm hmV AgVmo. ñdV§ÌVmnyd© d ñdmV§Í`moËVa H$mimV X{bVm§Mo, Añn¥í`m§Mo àíZ _hËËdmMo hmoVo.
VmËH$mbrZ `wdH$m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z Vo àíZ gmoS>{dbo. Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mo
amOH$s`rH$aU Pmbo Am{U Ë`mVyZ [anpãbH$Z njmMr ñWmnZ Pmbr. Ë`mnydu "eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZ'
hmoVo. [anpãbH$Z njmÀ`m àoaUoZo X{bV {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. à_wI {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm§_Ü`o
"Z°eZb ñQw>S>§Q>g² `w{Z`Z Am°\$ B§{S>`m' (N.S.U.I.), A{Ib ^maVr` {dÚmWu n[afX `m§Mm CëboI H$aVm
`oB©b. Ë`mM~amo~a `wdH$m§À`m g§KQ>ZoV amîQ´>godm Xb, N>mÌ^maVr, g_mOdmXr `wdH$ g^m, B§{Xam `wdH$
H$m±J«og, ^maVr` OZVm `wdm _moMm© `m§Mr Zmdo àm_w»`mZo g_moa `oVmV. H$moUË`mVar amOH$s` njmMr {dMma
àUmbr Am{U àoaUm {hM `m {d{dY g§KQ>Zm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço AgVmV Am{U hoM amOH$s` nj Ë`m§À`m nmR>rer
AgVmV. CXm. _hmamîQ´>mV {dÚmWu goZm hr {edgoZoÀ`m àoaUoZo {Z_m©U Pmbr. VgoM amOH$s` nj `m
178
{dÚmWu qH$dm `wdH$m§À`m Im§Xçmda ~§XyH$ R>odyZ Amnbo H$m`© {gÕ H$aV AgVo. `m `wdH$, {dÚmWu
g§KQ>ZmM `m amOH$s` njm§Mo ~i AgVo.
B
{dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm§Mr C{ÔîQ>ço :
1. Cƒ {ejU KoUmè`m {dKmÏ`mª_Ü`o AmnmngmVrb EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Vo dmT>rg bmdUo.
2. O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmdUo.
3. {dÚmÏ`mªMm gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ VgoM Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUo.
4. g^odVmbÀ`m n[apñWVr g§X^m©V OmJê$H$Vm d OmUrd {Z_m©U H$aUo.
5. {ejU Am{U {dÚmWu `m§À`mVbo ZmVo ÑT> H$aUo.
6. {dÚmnrR> VgoM emgZmer g§nH©$ R>odyZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m {hVmMo àíZ _m§S>Uo Am{U {hVg§dY©ZmMo
à`ËZ H$aUo.
7. amÁ`m{df`r Am{U g_mOmÀ`m à{V godm^md dmT>rg bmdUo.
8. XoemVë`m AÝ` g§KQ>Zm§er g§nH©$ R>odUo.
9. {dÚmÏ`mªZm _XV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mVbm AmË_{dídmg dmT>rg bmdUo.
10. XoemnwT>rb Am{U g_mOmVrb Ádb§V g_ñ`m§da ì`m»`mZo, MMm©, dmX{ddmX R>odyZ d Ë`mV
{dÚmÏ`mªMm gh^mJ R>odyZ Ë`mda Ë`m§Zm {dMma H$am`bm bmdUo.
11. {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü`o g_mO{hVmMr ^mdZm Am{U bmoH$emhr _yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aUo.
12. AÝ`m`, ^«îQ>mMma, MwH$sMr YmoaUo d{ebo~mOr BË`mXr {dê$Õ g§K{Q>V[aË`m AmdmO CR>{dUo.
13. {dÚmÏ`mªV ZoV¥Ëd {dH$mg KS>{dUo.
14. {dÚmWu Midi Xoímì`mnr H$aUo.
Aem VèhoZo {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm{h{Ë`H$ VgoM amOH$s` joÌmVbo H$m`© {dÚmWu
g§KQ>Zm H$aVmV. em[aarH$ {dH$mgm~amo~aM g_mOH$m`m©V ^mJ KoD$Zhr Ë`m§Zm g§Yr XoÊ`mV `oVmV.
B
N>mÌ ^maVr Midi :
18 {S>go§~a 1983 amoOr OiJm§d (_hmamîQ´>) `oWo "N>mÌ^maVr' `m g§ñWoMr [aVga ñWmnZm Pmbr.
^maVmVrb gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm {deofH$ê$Z J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Jar~ _wbm§Zm EH${ÌV H$ê$Z H$¥Vrerb H$aÊ`mgmR>r
`m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX, Y_©{Zanoj g_mO aMZm,
{dkmZm{^_wI ÑpîQ>H$moZ Am{U amîQ´>dmX `m VËdm§da {ZîR>m R>odyZ hr g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV Amho. H$moUË`mhr
179
amOH$s` njmer hr g§KQ>Zm gb½Z Zmhr. _mÌ àM{bV amOH$maUmMm Aä`mg `oWo Ho$bm OmVmo. OmVr, Y_©
{dahrV hr g§KQ>Zm AgyZ hr g§KQ>Zm _mZdVm Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma H$aVo. g§KQ>ZoVrb gd© gXñ`m§Zr Amnmnbo
H$V©ì` nma nmS>boM nm{hOo Ago g§ñWoMo ~§YZ Amho. Vo H$ê$Z Cabobm doi g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r XoÊ`mV
`oVmo. amîQ´>godm Xb `m g§KQ>Zobm _mV¥g§KQ>Zm _mZyZ hr g§¿mQ>Zm H$m`© H$aVo Am{U amîQ´> godm Xb
n[admamgmR>r H$m`©H$V©o {Z_m©U H$ê$Z gd© gm_mÝ`mn`ªV nmohmoMÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm nwañH$ma, Ë`mMm gw`mo½` dmna Am{U gd© g_mO gwIr ìhmdm `mgmR>r Oo a§Obobo
Am{U nrS>rV AmhoV Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg Am{U Ë`mgmR>r bmoH$emhr g_mOdmXmÀ`m H$m`©nÕVrda {dídmg ho
Ë`m§Mo _w»` VËd Amho. Ë`mM ~amo~a Añn¥í`Vobm {damoY, {d{dY Y_m©_Yrb d OmVr_Yrb d¡_Zñ` H$_r
H$aUo, gdm©gmR>r g_mZ H$m`Xm Am{U Y_©{dYr {H§$dm H$_©H$m§S>mnojm ì`pŠVÀ`m _Z…em§Vr Am{U AÜ`mpË_H$
{dH$mgmgmR>r `mo½` Vo AmMaU ho hr Ë`m§Mo VËd Amho. {ZajaVm Am{U AY§lÕm d Y_© ^moionUm H$_r
H$aUo Am{U {dkmZm{^_wI ÑpîQ>H$moZ {Z_m©U H$aÊmo hr Ë`m§Mr C{ÔîQ>o AmhoV. darb C{ÔîQ>m§À`m AmYmao `m
g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`© gyê$ AgyZ bhmZ _moR>çm Midir hr Mmb{dÊ`mV `oVmV.
B
A{Ib ^maVr` {dÚmWr© n[afX :
`m {dÚmWr© g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm B. g. 1949 gmbr {Xëbr `oWo Pmbr. {dÚmÏ`mªMo kmZ, erb Am{U
Mm[aÍ` KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H${Q>~Õ Agbobr Am{U Xoeì`mnr Aer hr {dÚmÏ`mªMr d `wdH$m§Mr à^mdr g§KQ>Zm
_mZbr OmVo. _hmamîQ´>mV {dÚmnrR>, _hm{dÚmb`o d {dÚmb`m§À`m nmVirda hr g§KQ>Zm H$m_ H$aVo. {VMo
g§KQ>Z H|$Ð, n«m§V, {d^mJ, {Oëhm, VmbwH$m d ñWm{ZH$ nmVirda H$aÊ`mV `oVo. {ejU KoV AgVmZmM
g§ñWoMo {dÚmWu, H$m`©H$V©o PmonS>nÅ>rV d X{bV dñVrV OmD$Z gd}jU H$aVmV d ZdrZ-ZdrZ CnH«$_
am~{dVmV. `m g§KQ>ZoZo _hmamîQ´>mV AZoH$ {R>H$mÊmr g§ñH$madJ©, àkmemoY, nwñVH$ noT>çm, aŠVJQ> gyMr
`mgmaIo AZoH$ CnH«$_ hmVr KoVbo AmhoV. B.g. 1987 gmbr Ë`m§Zr A§Yoar Vo ~mo[adbr Aer g_Vm \o$ar
H$mT>br d Ë`mVyZM {d{dY CnH«$_m§Zm gwê$dmV Ho$br. AgoM dJ© H$moëhmnya, gmVmam, gmobmnya, nyU©,
Ah_XZJa, R>mUo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, Zm§XoS>, OiJm§d, bmVya Am{U A§_iZoa `oWo Mmby AmhoV. B.g. 1978 gmbr
A§_iZoa `oWo àkmemoY H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. Vo H|$Ð ZddrVrb JwUdËVmàmá {dÚmÏ`mªZm àdoe XodyZ
{ejU XoVo. `m {edm` ~m¡{ÕH$, gm{h{Ë`H$ H$m`}, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©o, emararH$ {dH$mgmR>r Ioi AÝ`
gw{dYm d amOH$s` H$m`©o nma nmS>Ê`mV `oVmV. g§b½Z g§KQ>ZmÀ`m Ûmao H$m`© H$aÊ`mV `oVo. Aem VèhoZo
{dÚmWu d Vê$Um§gmR>r Am{U Ë`m§À`m Ûmam g_mOmgmR>r gH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmMo H$m`© `m g§ñWoV\}$ H$aÊ`mV
`oVo.
B
Z°eZb ñQw>S>§Q>g² Am°\$ B§{S>`m
(N.S.U.I.)
:
Z°eZb ñQw>S>§Q>g² Am°\$ B§{S>`m hr EH$ A{Ib ^maVr` ñVamdarb {dÚmWu Am{U `wdH$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm
AgyZ Vr bmoH$emhr, g_mOdmX d Y_©{ZnojVm `m VËdm§Zm ~m§Ybobr Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YrOrÀ`m
{dMmam~amo~aM n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ gma»`m ZoË`m§À`mhr {dMmam§Mm `m§À`mda nJS>m Amho. eham~amo~aM
180
J«m_rU ^mJmVhr `m§À`m emIm AgyZ {Oëhm, amÁ` Am{U amîQ´>r` ñVamda `m g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV AmhoV.
gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ VgoM amOH$s` g_ñ`m§da Aä`mg, n[ag§dmX, MMm©gÌ, ì`m»`mZo
BË`mXrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gXñ`m§Mo d g_mOmMo à~moYZ H$aUo ho H$m`© Vr H$aVo. `m gdmª~amo~a AYyZ-_YyZ
H$m`©emimhr KoÊ`mV `oVmV. aŠVXmZ {e~rao KoUo, A§YlÕm {Z_©wbZ, J«m_rU Am{U PmonS>nÅ>r {d^mJmV
Amamo½` {df`H$ Am{U ñdÀN>Vm {df`H$ H$m`© H$aÊmo hr d Aem àH$maMr BVahr AZoH$ H$m`© `m g§ñWoV\}$
H$aÊ`mV `oVmV. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m àíZmda {dÚmnrR> Am{U emgZmer g§nH©$ gmYUo, Midir Mmb{dUo d
~mobUr H$aUo ho H$m`©hr JaO dmQ>ë`mg H$aÊ`mV `oVo.
`m g§KQ>Zo~amo~aMo g_mOdmXr g§KQ>Zm, {dÚmWr© goZm, N>mÌ `wdm g§Kf© dm{hZr, Am°b B§{S>`m ñQy>S>§Q>g²
`w{Z`Z `mgma»`m {dÚmWu Am{U `wdH$ g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. `m gd© g§KQ>Zm H$moÊmË`m Var amOH$s` njmÀ`m
Ü`o` YmoaUmer g§b½Z d Ë`m§À`m ZoË`m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z KoUmè`m AmhoV. `m njm_Ü`o H$m±J«og nj, ^maVr` OZVm
nj, g_mOdmXr nj, {edgoZm d _hmamîQ´> Zd {Z_m©U goZm `m gdmªMmM CëboI H$amdm bmJob.
g§KQ>Zm§À`m {d{dY _mJÊ`m Am{U MiditZm àË`j AWdm AàË`j ñdê$nmV nmR>t~m XoÊ`mMo _hËdnyU©
H$m`© ho nj H$aVmV. {d{dY amOH$s` njm§_Ü`o AmO Oo ZoVo AmnUmg nhmd`mg {_iVmV Vo ZoVo AemM
g§b½Z g§KQ>Zm§À`m Vmb_rVyZM nwT>o Ambobo {XgVmV.
B
{dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m MidirMo ñdê$n :
B.g. 1960 Z§VaMm H$mi hm {dÚmWr© MiditÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hËËdmMm Amho. H$maU `m H$mimV
JwOamV, {~hma, _hmamîQ´> `m amÁ`m§_Ü`o H$mhr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdV…M ZoV¥Ëd H$ê$Z g§Kf©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Midir Mmb{dë`mMo {XgVo. na§Vy `m MiditMo ñdê$n ho Ë`m§À`mg_moarb VËH$mbrZ g_ñ`m
Am{U ñWm{ZH$ àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mnwaVoM _`m©{XV am{hbobo {XgyZ `oVo. CXm. {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m n[ajm§_Ü`o
{dMmaÊ`mV Ambobo n«íZ, n[ajm§Mo {ZH$mb Am{U {_imbobo JwU, H$m°nr H$aVmZm nH$S>Ê`mV Ambobo
{dÚmWr© d Ë`m§À`mdarb H$madmB©, BVHo$M Zìho Va AJXr AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV _w§~B© ehamV AH$amdrÀ`m
A°S>{_eZ dê$Z Pmbobm Kmoi ho àíZ `oVmV. Aem nÕVrZo `m MidirMo ñdê$n `m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`m
nwaVoM _`m©{XV a{hbo Amho.
B
{dÚmWu Am§XmobZo :
`m MidirMo H$m`© hr \$ŠV Zmdmer g§~§{YV AgVo. AWm©V `m Am§XmobZmMo ñdê$n hr _`m©XrV
ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. `m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo AH$mobm `oWrb n§Om~amd H¥$fr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Zm_H$aUm ~ÔbMo
Am§XmobZ ho {dÚmÏ`mªZr ~amM H$mi d Vrd«VoZo Mmb{dbo Am{U Ë`mV A_amdVr `oWo Pmboë`m Jmoir~mamV
nmM {dÚmWu _¥Ë`y_wIr nS>boV. Ë`m§Mr ñ_maHo$hr ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mM~amo~a Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWrb _amR>dmS>m
{dÚmnrR>mbm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo Zmd Úmdo `mgmR>rhr Am§XmobZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AWm©V `m_Ü`o
{dÚmWu d `wdH$m§~amo~aM X{bV g§KQ>Zm§Mo H$m`©H$V©ohr gh^mJr Pmbo hmoVo. emgZ {ZU©`mg {db§~ bmJë`mZo
181
`m MidirZo qhgH$ ê$n KoVbo d eodQ>r _mJUr _mÝ` Pmbr. N>mÌ ^maVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr Am§XmobZ
H$ê$Z OiJmd `oWo CËVa _hmamîQ´> {dÚmnrR> Am{U ñdm_r am_mZ§X VrW© {dÚmnrR>, Zm§XoS> `m§Mr ñWmnZm
Pmbr.
{dÚmnrR>mVrb J¡a H$ma^ma VgoM narjmVrb JwU§H$Z, E.Q>r.Ho$.Q>r. À`m _mJÊ`m, _hm{dÚmb`m§Zr
AmH$mabobr H°${nQ>oeZ \$s Ë`m§À`m {damoYmV {d{dY {dÚmnrR>m§À`m H$m`©joÌmV Am§XmobZo Pmbr. _amR>dmS>m
{dÚmnrR>mZo ~r.ES> À`m H°${nQ>oeZ \$s À`m g§X^m©V N>mÌ^maVrMo g§ñWmnH$ gëbmJma S>m°. Zm. `. S>mio `m§Zr
g{_Vr {Z`wŠV Ho$br Am{U {VÀ`m AhdmbmZ§VaM _amR>dmS>m d H$moH$UmVrb {dÚmÏ`mªZm XoU½`m naV
{_imë`m. Z§Va _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo H°${nQ>oeZ \$s {damoYr H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bm Ë`mM~amo~a amÌemioV
{eH$Umè`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ë`m emim§Mo AZwXmZ H$nmV Ho$ë`m_wio g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m Voìhm _§Ìmb`mda
_moMm© Zobm d _§Ìmb`mMr Xmao CKS>m`bm bmdbr. _w§~B©À`m B{VhmgmV _§Ìmb`mda amÌr OmUmam Vmo n{hbmM
_moMm© hmoVm. eodQ>r emgZmZo {ZU©` _mJo KoD$Z Ë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mo\$V nmR>çnwñVHo$ XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo.
Aer gH$mamË_H$ Am§XmobZo N>mÌ^maVr gma»`m g§ñÏmmÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo Pmbobr AmT>iVmV.
{dKmWu Am{U `wdH$m§À`m Am§XmobZmV gm_mÝ`V… EH$-XmoZ dfm©À`m A§VamZo hmoUmè`m M.A.R.D.
(_hmamîQ´> Agmo{eEeZ Am°\$ ao{gS>§oQ> S>m°ŠQ>g©) `m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am§XmobZmMm CëboI H$amdm bmJob.
E_.~r.~r.Eg. Mr nXdr KoVë`mZ§Va ao{gS>oÝQ> S>m°ŠQ>g© åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmao ho `wdH$ EH$m AWu à{ejU
KoUmao AgyZ Ë`m§Zm {dÚmdoVZ XoÊ`mV `oVo. BVa amÁ`mnojm _hmamîQ´>mV ho doVZ \$maM H$_r Agë`mZo Vo g§n
H$ê$Z Am§XmobZ H$aVmV. `m_wio BpñnVim_Yrb Amamo½`godm R>ßn hmoVo. gm_mÝ` OZVobm `mMm \$Q>H$m
~gVmo. Ë`m_wio gaH$mabmhr H$mhr à_mUmV _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$amì`m bmJVmV.
B
ñd`§… AÜ``Z àíZ - 2
nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$-XmoZ dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
1. EZ². Eg². `y.Am`. hr {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm H$moUË`m njmer g§~§YrV Amho.
2. ^maVmVrb XmoZ {dÚmWu g§KQ>ZoMr Zm§do {bhm?
3.2.2 H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm :
^maVmVrb n{hbr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm 1926 gmbr Zmam`U _oKmOr bmoI§S>o `m§Zr C^mabr d bdH$aM
Aem AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm C^maë`m Joë`m. 1920 gmbr "Am`Q>H$' Mr (All India Trade Union CongressAITUC) ñWmnZm Pmbr. 1947 gmbr "B§Q>H$' Mr (Indian National Trade Union CongressINTUC) ñWmnZm Pmbr. qhX _OXya g^m, ^maVr` _OXya g^m Aem H$m_Jma g§Km§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Am{U amOH$s` nj `m§Mm OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. Am`Q>H$ H$å`w{ZñQ> njmer {ZJ{S>V Amho,
182
Va B§Q>H$ H$m°J«og njmer g§b½Z Amho. ^maVmVrb H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§À`m _mJÊ`m ~è`mM doim Am{W©H$
ñdê$nmÀ`m åhUOoM doVZ dmT> qH$dm ~moZgMr Q>ŠHo$dmar `mgmR>rM hmoË`m. _mÌ H$mhr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Zr
Ë`mhþZhr ì`mnH$ àíZm§da H$m_Jmam§Mo g§¿mQ>Z Ho$bo. lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo, AemoH$ _ohVm, Om°O© \$Zmª{S>g Am{U
S>m°. XËVm gm_§V hr ^maVr` H$m_Jma Midir_Yrb H$m§hr _hËËdmMr Zmdo AmhoV.
`m gX§^m©Vrb _hËËdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo 1982 gmbr _w§~B©V doJdoJiçm {JaÊ`m§_Ü`o Pmbobm g§n d
Ë`mZ§Va CVaVrg bmJbobr H$m_Jma Midi, Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oZo Joë`m XmoZ XeH$mV hr
Midi A{YH$M CVaVrg bmJbr. AmO H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Jm|YimV nS>boë`m {XgVmV. H$maU BVHo$ {Xdg
Ë`m§Zm nmR>t~m XoUmè`m amOH$s` njm§Zr CXmarH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUm§Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho.
^maVr` CÚmoJjoÌmV H$m_ H$aÊmmè`m H$m_Jmam§Mo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m H$m_Jma
g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmë`m ñdmV§Ìnyd© H$mimV H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr g§»`m \$maM H$_r hmoVr. ñdmV§Í`moËVa
H$mimV ^maVmVrb H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Jobr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb àJVr_wio H$m_Jm§am§À`m
g§»`oV dmT> Pmbr. Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Mo àíZ, AS>rSAS>MUr gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr Pmbr. 1875 gmbr _w§~B© `oWo ~m°å~o {_b hm°ÝS>g Agmo{eEeZ ZmdmMr n{hbr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm
ñWmnZ Pmbr. Ë`mZ§Va Imbrb g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©Êm Pmë`m.
1. A{Ib ^maVr` H$m_Jma g§K g^m : B.g. 1922 _Ü`o ñWmnZ Pmboë`m `m H$m_Jma
g§KQ>Zoda gÜ`m gmå`dmXr njmMo à^wËd Amho.
2. ^maVr` amîQ´>r` H$m_Jma g§K g^m (B§Q>H$) : B.g. 1922 _Ü`o ñWmnZ Pmboë`m `m H$m_Jma
g§KQ>Zoda gÜ`m H$m°J«og njm§Mm à^md Amho.
3. {hÝXw _OXwa g^m (EM².E_².Eg².) : B.g.1948 gmbr H$m°J«og _YyZ ~mhoa nS>boë`m g_mOdmXr
ZoË`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr {hÝXw _OXwa g^m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
4. g§`wŠV H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm (`wQ>H$) : 1949 gmbr {hÝXw _OXya g^m `mVyZ ~mhoa nS>boë`m
ZoË`m§Zr `wQ>H$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
5. ^maVr` _OXya g§K (~r.E_.Eg.) : 1955 gmbr OZg§K njmMr {dMma gaUr _mZÊmmè`m
ZoË`m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ^maVr` _OXya g§K hr H$m_Jma g§¿mQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmbr.
darb gd© H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _w§~B© `oWo {Z_m©U Pmë`m. amOH$s` njm§Mm `m H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§da à^md
hmoVm. _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mV gw_mao Mma hOma H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|XUr Pmbobr {XgVo. H$m_Jma dJm©Mo {hV
g§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmboë`m AmhoV. doVZ, ^ËVo, gwIgmo`r, gdbVr
Ago H$m_Jmam§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMo H$m`© H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§H$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo.
183
B
ñd`§… AÜ``Z àíZ - 3
nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$ - XmoZ dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
1. ^maVmVrb n{hbr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm H$moUr ñWmnZ Ho$br?
2. ^maVmVrb à_wI Mma g§KQ>Zm§Mr Zm§do gm§Jm?
3.2.3 eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm :
B
eoVH$ar MidirMo ñdê$n :
^maV Xoe hm eoVràYmZ Xoe Amho. ^maV Xoem_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aU _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbobo Agbo
Var XoemVrb 73% bmoH$ eoVr d eoVrnwaH$ ì`dgm`mV J§wVbobo AmhoV. åhUOoM eoVH$ar dJ© hr g§»`oZo
XoemVrb gdm©V _moR>m gm_m{OH$ dJ© Amho.
{~«Q>re amOdQ>r_Ü`o eoVr ì`dgm` Am{U eoVH$ar dJ© `m§Mr \$ma _moR>r Cnojm amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Ho$br.
B§J«O bmoH$m§Zr O_rZXmar nÕV A§_bmV AmUbr hmoVr. Ë`m O{_ZXma bmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z eoVH$ar dJm©Mo emofU
hmoV hmoVo. Ë`m H$mim_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§Zm eoVr {dH$mgmgmR>r H$O©nwadR>m H$aUmar g§ñWmË_H$ `§ÌUm ZìhVr.
Ë`m_wio eoVH$è`m§Zm gmdH$mam§H$Sy>Z H$O© ¿`mdo bmJV hmoVo. gmdH$ma bmoH$ _Z_mZr H$ê$Z A{YH$ ì`mOmMr
AmH$maUr H$ê$Z eoVH$è`m§Zm ZmhH$ Ìmg XoV hmoVo. H$Om©Mr naV\o$S> Pmbr Zmhr. Va VmaU R>odÊ`mV
Ambobr O_rZ Vmã`mV KoV AgV.
Ë`m H$mimV ObqgMZmÀ`m gmo`r AË`§V H$_r à_mUmV hmoË`m. nyU©V… eoVr nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mda
Adb§~yZ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio gVV XwîH$mi nS>V qH$dm nya n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVr. eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m
hmVr Ë`m§À`m H$îQ>mÀ`m _mZmZo {nH$ hmVr bmJV Zgo. _mÌ B§J«O gaH$ma Aem n[apñWVr_Ü`o XoIrb
gŠVrZo eoVgmam dgwb H$aV Ago. Ë`mH$mimV eoVH$è`m§Zm gdbVr {Xë`m OmV ZìhË`m. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar
hm O_rZXma, gmdH$ma, gaH$mar ZmoH$aemhr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z AS>MUrV `oV hmoVm. Vmo hbmIrMo OrdZ OJV
hmoVm. eoVH$è`m§Mo hmoUmao emofU, Ë`m§Mr hmbmIrMr n[apñWVr `mH$S>o XoemVrb H$m§hr g§ñWm, VgoM
g_mOgwYmaH$, amOH$s` ZooVo `m§Zr gaH$maMo bj doYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. _mÌ eoVH$è`m§Mr n[apñWVr
gwYmamdr åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§À`m Iè`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ {~«Q>re gaH$maZo H$Yr Ho$bm Zmhr.
B§J«O amOdQ>rÀ`m H$mimV eoVH$è`m§_Yrb Ag§VmofmVyZ XoemV doJdoJiçm {R>H$m§Ur {h§gH$ CÐoH$ Pmbo.
ImOJr gmdH$ma, O_rZXma `m§À`mda hëbo Pmbo. _mÌ Vo VmËnwaVo Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo.
eoVH$è`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r g§K{Q>V Midi Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbr Zmhr. _mÌ B.g. 1920 Z§Va H$m§hr à_mUmV
eoVH$ar g§KQ>rV ~Zy bmJbm. 1920 Vo 1930 `m XeH$mV Xoem_Ü`o "{H$gmZ g^m' ñWmnZ Pmë`m.
g§K{Q>V eoVH$ar MidirMm Vmo àma§^ _mZVm `oB©b. `m {H$gmZ g^m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd
ñdmV§Í` Midir_Yrb ZoË`m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. ^maVmV B.g. 1920 gmbr Or AghH$ma Midi Pmbr
Ë`m_Ü`o {H$gmZ g^m§Mm _hÎdmMm gh^mJ hmoVm.
184
{H$gmZ g^m ^maVmVrb gd© ^mJm§_Ü`o ñWmnZ Pmë`m hmoË`m. _mÌ {~hma, Am§Y« Am{U Ho$ai `m
àXoemV Ë`m A{YH$ à_mUmV g{H«$` hmoË`m. {H$gmZ g§^m§À`m Midirbm Xoímì`mnr ñdê$n XoÊ`mgmR>r
B.g. 1936 gmbr "A{Ib ^maVr` {H$gmZ g^m' `m g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m_Ü`o
H$m±J«og_Yrb g_mOdmXr {dMma§mÀ`m ZoË`m§Mm nwT>mH$ma hmoVm. A{»mb ^maVr` {H$gmZ g^m Am{U {VÀ`m
doJdoJiçm àXoemVrb emIm `m§Mm 1942 À`m "Mbo Omd' Am§XmobZmV _hËdmMm gh^mJ hmoVm.
ñdmV§§Í` àmárZ§Va gaH$mabm eoVr {dH$mg Am{U eoVH$è`m§Mo àíZ `mH$S>o bj XoUo ^mJM nS>bo hmoVo.
g§»`oZo gdm©V _moR>m AgUmam eoVH$ar dJ© hm Xoem_Ü`o Agë`mZo bmoH$emhr XoemV Aem _moR>çm dJm©À`m
g_ñ`m§H$S>o Xwb©j H$aUo H$moUË`mhr gaH$mabm nadS>Umao ZgVo. {edm` ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmZo bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar
H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVbo. Ë`m_Ü`o _hËdmMo ñWmZ eoVr {dH$mgmbm hmoVo. ^maVmVrb doJdoJiçm amÁ`m§Zr eoVr
gwYmaUogmR>r Ë`mM~amo~a eoVH$è`m§Mr n[apñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoVbo. `m_Ü`o
àm_w»`mZo VwH$S>o ~§Xr Am{U EH$ÌrH$aU H$m`Xm. O_rZXmar ZîQ> H$aUmao H$m`Xo, eoVH$è`m§Zm H$O© nwadR>m
H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ `§ÌUm, eoVrgmR>r nmUr nwadR>m H$aÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm, IVo, AdOmao, H$sQ>H$ZmeHo$
`mda g~{gS>r, {H$_mZ h_r ^mdmZo eoV_mbmMr IoaXr, AÞÜmmÝ`o, \$io `m§À`m gmR>dUwH$sgmR>r JwXm_o,
eoVH$m_bmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$sgmR>r ~mOma g{_Ë`m, eoVH$è`m§Zm H$_r ì`mO XamZo {dËVnwadR>m BË`mXr AZoH$
CnH«$_m§Mm g_mdoe Amho.
B
ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMr eoVH$ar Midi :
^maV Xoembm ñdmV§Í` àmá Pmë`mZ§Va eoVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U eoVH$è`m§Mo {hVOmonmgÊ`mgmR>r
emgZmZo {d{dY CnH«$_ hmVr KodyZ Vo A_bmV AmUbo. Var eoVH$è`m§À`m doJdoJiçm g_ñ`m H$m`_
hmoË`m. Xoe^amVrb eoVH$ar dJm©À`m g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n AmUr ì`mnH$Vm BVH$s _moR>r Amho H$s, eoVH$è`m§ZrM
EH${ÌV `odyZ AWdm g§KQ>rV hmoD$Z `m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$ë`m{edm` Ë`mVyZ _mJ© {ZKUo
H$R>rU Amho. A{Vd¥îQ>r_wio eoV{nH$m§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ, gVV nS>Umao XwîH$mi, eoV_mbmbm {_iÊmmè`m
^mdmMr A{Z{íMVVm, nmÊ`mMm Anwam nwadR>m, drOoMm g_ñ`m, IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ `m§Mr H$_VaVm,
Zmed§V eoV_mb {Q>H${dÊ`mMr g_ñ`m, eoVH$è`m§Mo H$O©~mOmarnUm, H$maImZo, YaUo, ImUr BË`mXr_wio
{Z_m©U hmoUmao àíZ eoVH$è`m§À`m g_moa AmhoV. `mgd© àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r eoVH$è`m§À`m
g§KQ>Zm§Mo à`ËZ Mmbw AgVmV.
ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va AJXr gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV eoVH$è`m§Mo àíZ ho _w»`V… amOH$s` njm§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ _m§S>bo Jobo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb {H$gmZ g^m§Mm à^md Amoagbobm hmooVm. Ë`m {Z{îH«$` ~Zë`m
hmoË`m. Zì`m g§KQ>Zm CX`mbm Amë`m ZìhË`m. Aemdoir Ë`m H$mim_Ü`o eoVH$è`m§Mo n«íZ CnpñWV
H$aÊ`moM H$m`© {damoYr njm§Zr Ho$bo.
^maVmVrb doJdoJiçm amÁ`m§V gZ 1970 À`m XeH$mV eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm CX`mbm Amë`m Am{U
Ë`m§Mr Midihr XoemVrb EH$ à_wI amOH$s` eŠVr ~Zbr. `m Zì`m eoVH$ar MidirMr gwê$dmV
185
Vm{_iZmSy> Am{U n§Om~ `m amÁ`m§_Ü`o Pmbr d nwT>o Vr Midi H$Zm©Q>H$, _hmamîQ´>, JwOamV, h[a`mUm,
CËVa àXoe BË`mXr amÁ`mV ngabr. doJdoJiçm àXoemV CX`mbm Amboë`m eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm_Ü`o n§Om~
Am{U CËVa àXoemV H$m`©aV Agboë`m ^aVr` {H$gmZ `w{Z`Z Am{U _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm
VgoM A{bH$S>oM ñWmnZ Pmbobr ñdm{^_mZr eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV.
B
^maVr` {H$gmZ `w{Z`Z :
B.g. 1980 À`m XeH$mV eoVH$ar Midir `mVrb ^maV {H$gmZ `w{Z`_ hr EH$ _hËdmMr g§KQ>Zm
hmoVr. eoVH$è`m§Mo {hV OnÊ`mgmR>r hr g§KQ>Zm 1986 gmbr {Z_m©U Pmbr. _h|ÐqgJ {Q>H¡$V ho `m g§KQ>ZoMo
g§ñWmnH$ hmoVo. 1960 À`m CËVamYm©Vrb h[aVH«$m§VrMm \$m`Xm h[a`mUm, n§Om~ d CËVaàXoe `oWrb
eoVH$è`m§Zm Pmbm. gmIa, D$g d Jhÿ hr VoìhmnmgyZ ZJXr {nHo$ R>abr. 1980 À`m _Ü`mV CXm[aH$aUmÀ`m
YmoaU_wio YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm.
gmIa, Jhÿ `m§Zm A{YH$ Xa, YmÝ`m§À`m Am§VaamÁ` dmhVyH$sdarb {Z`§ÌUo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, `mo½` XamV
{dOnwadR>m, eoVH$è`m§Zm H$O©_m\$s d eoVH$è`m§Zm amÁ`mH$Sy>Z noÝeZ Aem AZoH$ _mJÊ`m ^maVr` {H$gmZ
`w{Z`ZZo _m§S>ë`m. _moMm©, {ZXe©Zo d Oob^amo Am§XmobZo `mÛmao {H$gmZ `w{Z`ZZo emgZmda X~md AmUbm.
na§Vw Ë`m§Zr ñdV…bm amOH$s` njmnmgyZM Xya R>odbo. n§Om~, h[a`mUm, CËVan«Xoe dJ¡ao amÁ`m§_Ü`o
eoVH$è`m§Mr hr Midi g{H«$` hmoVr.
1988 gmbr CËVa àXoemVrb _raV `m Jmdr 20,000 eoVH$ar O_bo d Ë`m§Zr drOoMo Xa
dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m {ZU©`m{dê$Õ {ZXe©Zo Ho$br. ho Am§XmobH$ ^maVr` {H$gmZ `w{Z`ZMo hmoV.o ho Am§XmobZ
Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm _hËdmMo Amho.
B
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm d à_wI Am§XmobZo :
B.g. 1978 gmbr H$m§XçmMo ^md H$mogië`mZo ZmamO Pmboë`m eoVH$è`m§Zr eaX OmoerÀ`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr nwUo-MmH$U-Zm{eH$ _hm_mJ© AS>dyZ Am§XmobZ KoVbo. H$m§ÚmMo CËnmXZ Iyn, qH$_Vr Kagë`m
Ë`m_wio emgZmZo à{VpŠd§Q>b AmYma qH$_V XodyZ H$m§Xm IaoXr H$amdm `m _mJUrgmR>r ho Am§XmobZ hmoVo `m
eoVH$ar Am§XmobZm§Mr dmV _hmamîQ´>^a ngabr. Ë`mZ§VaM `mM n«íZmda 1980 gmbr Zm{eH$ `oWo eaX
OmoetÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr eoVH$è`m§Zr AË`§V _moR>o Am§XmobZ C^mabo. `m Am§XmobZmda nmobrgm§Zr Jmoir~ma
Ho$bm. Ë`m_Ü`o AZoH$ eoVH$ar _mabo Jobo. V§~mIy Am§XmobZmZ§Va eaX OmoerZr D$g CËnmXH$m§Mm àíZ hmVr
KoVbm. D$g CËnmXZmda _hmamîQ´>mV ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZXmar C^mabobr Amho. `m H$maImZXmarZo
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m {dH$mgmV Amnbo `moJXmZ {Xbo. na§Vy `m H$maImÝ`m§Zr D$g CËnmXH$m§Zm {H$\$m`Vera ^md Z
{Xë`mZo eoVH$ar H$O©~mOmar Pmbm. Aer VH«$ma eaX OmoetZr Ho$br. Ë`mVyZ CËnmXZ IMm©da AmYm[aV
^md {_imdm hr _mJUr D$g CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`m§Zr Ho$br. Zm{eH$ {OëhçmV 1980 _Ü`o D$gmbm àVr
Q>Zmg 300 ê$n`o {_imdo `m _mJUrgmR>r eoVH$è`m§Zr Am§XmobZ C^mabo. aob amoH$mo, añVm ~§X, gmIa
186
H$maImÝ`mda _moM}, ghH$mar ZoË`m§Zm Koamd, nwT>mè`m§Zm Jmd~§Xr `m V§ÌmMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ho
Am§XmobZ _moSy>Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r emgZmZo nmobrg ~imMm dmna Ho$bm. Am§XmobH$ eoVH$è`m§da bmR>rMmO©,
Jmoir~ma, AQ>H$gÌ `mMmhr dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
B
dmQ>Mmb d Am§XmobZmMr V§Ìo :
eaX OmoetÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr eoVH$ar MidirZo eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm `m ZmdmZo g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br.
àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n CËñ\y$V© hmoVo. S>mì`m g§KQ>Zoà_mUo H$m`©H$maUr Ho$S>a~og
H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr \$ir, d¡MmarH$ à{ejU {e{~ao, àH$meZo `mMm dmna eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Oar n{hë`m§Xm Ho$bm
Zgbm Var Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Ë`mMo _hËËd ZoV¥Ëdmbm H$imdo, n[aUm_r darb ~m~tMm g_mdoe H$ê$Z
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo g§KQ>ZmË_H$ ~m§YUrH$S>o Jm§^r`m©Zo bj {Xbo. "eoVH$ar g§KQ>H$,' "½`mZ~m' hr _wInÌo
àH$m{eV Ho$br. Jmdm|Jmdr eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m emIm H$mTy>Z JmdmÀ`m àdoeÛmamda g§KQ>ZoMo \$bH$
bmdÊ`mMo {Z`_ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. g§KQ>ZoMr H$m`©H$maUr g{_Vr V`ma H$aÊ`mV `odyZ H$m`©H$Ë`mªMo d¡Mm[aH$
Aä`mg {e~rao KoÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_Ü`o g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am§XmobZmMr {Xem d YmoaU Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV `ody
bmJbo. bmImo eoVH$è`m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m àíZm§da à^mdr Am§XmobZ H$aÊ`mV eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm
`eñdr R>abr. 1978 Vo 1985 `m H$mbI§S>mV eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm AË`§V eŠVrembr g§KQ>Zm hmoVr. H$m§Xm,
V§~mIy, D$g, XwY, ^mV `m H¥$fr _mbmÀ`m CËnmXZmda IMm©da AmYm[aV {H$_Vr {_imì`m `m _mJUrgmR>r
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo _moR>r Am§XmobZo Ho$br. "nmZ\w$b Am§XmobZ,' "amOrddñÌmda ~{hîH$ma' Aem A{^Zd
Am§XmobZmMm dmnahr eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Ho$bm. _. Jm§Yr§OrÀ`m gË`mJ«hr Am§XmobZmZ§VaMo gdm©V _moR>o OZ
Am§XmobZ eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Ho$bo. åhUyZ eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo eaX Omoer `m§Zm "S>oZr`_ Jm§Yr' Ago
g§~moYÊ`mV `oD$ bmJbo.
B
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMr amOH$s` ^y{_H$m :
àma§^r eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{bá hmoVr. g§KQ>ZoMo Am§XmobZ ho g§nyU©V…
njr` amOH$maUmÀ`m ì`{V[aŠV Mmbbo nm{hOo, Agm AmJ«h eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmMm hmoVm. H$maU
Oa eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm amOH$maUmV CVabr Va g§KQ>ZoMo H$m`©H$V©o {d{dY njr` amOH$maUmV {d^mOrV hmodyZ
g§KQ>Zm Xw^§JyZ OmB©b, g§KQ>ZoMr eŠVr IMr© hmoB©b Aer ^y{_H$m Ë`m_mJrb hmoVr. åhUyZ g§KQ>ZoZo Amnbr
^y{_H$m d {dMma {Z…nj d Ho$di Am[W©H$_mJUr nwaVr _`m©{XV R>odmdr Ago à{VnmXZ eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo
hmoVo. na§Vy ZV§aÀ`m H$mimV eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Am{W©H$ _mJÊ`m emgZmH$Sy>ZM nyU© hmoUma Agë`mZo
emgZmda X~md R>odÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$snwaVo amOH$s` njm§Zm nmqR>~m XoÊ`mMo YmoaU eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Rod> bo.
1984 _Yrb bmoH$g^m Am{U 1985 _Yrb {dYmZgämoÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$s_Ü`o eaX ndmam§À`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbrb nwamoJm_r bmoH$emhr AmKmS>rbm eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo nmqR~m {Xbm. `m {ZdS>UwH$s_Ü`o eoVH$ar
g§KQ>ZoMm à^md Agboë`m Zm{eH$ {OëhçmV eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo nm{R>§~m {Xbobo gd© nw.bmo.Am.Mo C_oXadma
{dO`r Pmbo. 1980 Z§VaÀ`m gd© gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m§_Ü`o gd©M amOH$s` njm§Zm Amnë`m OmhraZmå`mV
187
eoVr_mbmbm amñV ^md XoÊ`mMo dMZ AJ«H$_mZo Úmdo bmJbo. `mdê$Z
H$ënZm `oB©b. eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m {d{dY Omhra g^m§_Ü`o H$m±J«og njmÀ`m
Zm`a, bmoH$XbmMo ZoVo Mm¡Yar, MaUqgJ, eaX ndma, {dídZmW àVmnqgJ,
XËVm gm_§V, ~mimgmho~ R>mH$ao AmXr amOH$s` njm§Mo ZoVo gh^mJr Pmbo
B
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m à^mdmMr
VËH$mbrZ Amamo½`_§Ìr gw{ebm
ñdm_r A½Zrdof, H$m_Jma ZoVo
hmoVo.
ñdV§Ì ^maV nj :
EH§$XarV Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§Zm amOH$maUmÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AmUÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s` S>mdnoMmMm dmna
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Ho$bm. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo eaX Omoer `m§Zr ñdV§Ì ^maV njmMr
ñWmnZm Ho$br. Iwbo Am{W©H$ YmoaUmMo g_W©Z `m njmZo Ho$bo. MH«$dVu amOJmonmbmMmatÀ`m ñdV§Ì njmer
d¡Mm[aH$ ZmVo `m njmZo _mZbo. na§Vy `m njmMm \$magm à^md nS>bm Zmhr. ñdV… eaX OmoetMm nam^d
{ZdS>UwH$s_Ü`o Pmbm. {edgoZm Am{U ^m.O.nm. `m§Zm OmVO_mVdmXr nj åhUyZ g§~moYÊmmè`m eaX OmoetZm
^mOnmÀ`m ghçmZo amÁ`g^oV àdoe {_i{dVm Ambm.
amOH$s` nj Am{U amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëdmer g§JZ_V H$aÊ`m~amo~aM eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo amîQ´>r` nmVirda
X~mdJQ> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY amÁ`mVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zoer ghH$m`© H$ê$Z eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm§Mr EH$
"Am§VaamÁ` g_Ýd` g{_Vr' ñWmnZ Ho$br. n§Mm~, JwOamV, h[a`mUm, Am§Y«, H$Zm©Q>H$, [~hma, _Ü`àXoe
`m amÁ`mVrb eoVH$ar MidirMo nañna ghH$m`© d g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z H$m`©H«$_m§_Ü`o gwgyÌrH$aUo `mdo
hm g_Ýd` g{_VrMm hoVy hmoVm.
B
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoVrb \y$Q> :
eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm YmoaUmË_H$ ^y{_Ho$dê$Z Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV dmX {Z_m©U Pmbo. eaX Omoer `m§Zr S>§Ho$b
àñVmd Am{U J°Q> H$ama `m§Zm nmqR>~m XodyZ Iwë`m Am[W©H$ YmaoUmMo ñdmJV Ho$bo. `m YmoaUm_wio emgZmÀ`m
{Z`m©V ~§Xr, hñVjon `m YmoaUm§Zm nm`~§Xr ~gyZ eoVH$è`m§Zm Amnbm _mb Iwë`m ñnY}V {dH$Vm `oB©b.
^maVr` H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Zm g~{gS>r {_iob. gÜ`m ^maVmVrb H¥$fr _mbmbm CUo g~{gS>r {_iVo. J°Q>
H$amam_wio g~{gS>r ~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m AQ>rMm ^maVr` eoVH$è`m§Zm \$m`Xm {_iyZ OmJ{VH$ ñnY}V ^maVr`
H¥$fr CËnmXZ gdm©V ñdñV Agë`mZo ^maVr` _mbmbm _mJUr amhrb, Aer ^y{_H$m eaX Omoer `m§Mr
hmoVr. na§Vw {dX^m©Vrb eoVH$ar ZoVo {dO` Omd§{Y`m `m§Zr `m ^y{_Ho$bm {damoY Ho$bm. Ë`mÀ`m _VmZwgma
J°Q> H$ama A_o[aHo$Mm \$m`Xm H$aUma AgyZ Iwbo Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio eoVH$ar ^aS>bm OmB©b. `m {ddmXmVyZ
Omd§{Y`mZr eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. Ë`mMà_mUo àma§^r "^mOn-{edgoZobm OmVr` dmXmMm ^ñ_mgya
åhUyZ {damoY H$aUmè`m eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^mOnmer `wVr H$aÊ`mrM ^y{_H$m KoVmM
H$moëhmnya {OëhçmVrb eoVH$ar ZoVo amOy eoÅ>r `m§Zr {damoY Xe©dyZ ñdm{^_mZr eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br. hr CXmhaUo dJiVm eaX OmoetÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr dmQ>Mmb H$aUmè`m `m g§KQ>Zobm Joë`m H$mhr
dfm©nmgyZ CVaVr H$im bmJbr Amho. nyduà_mUo eoVH$è`m§Mm àM§S> nmqR>~m {_iVmZm {XVg Zmhr.
188
B
d¡Mm[aH$ `moJXmZ :
AmVmn`ªVÀ`m gd© eoVH$ar Midir nojm eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo
Amnë`m _mJÊmrMm emñÌr` AmYma {Xbm. "eoVr_mbmÀ`m CËnmXZ IMm©da AmYm[aV amñV ^md {_imdm'
`m EH$_od _mJUrgmR>r eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Midi Ho$br. eoVr_mbmMo CËnmXZ H$aVm§Zm eoVH$è`m§Zm H$amì`m
bmJUmè`m IMm©Mo Vnerbdma {díbofU H$ê$Z Ë`mda AmYm[aV {H$_mZ {H$_VrMr h_r emgZmZo Úmdr hr
_mJUr eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo Ho$br. H$maU Aer qH$_V Z {_imë`mZo eoVr VmoQ>çmV OmVo. n[aUm_r eoVH$ar
X[aÐr hmoVmo. åhUyZ eoVH$è`m§Mo Xm[aÐç hQ>{dÊ`mgmR>r eoVr_mbmbm `mo½` qH$_V {_iÊ`mMr ì`dñWm
emgZmZo H$amdr Ago à{VnmXZ eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo hmoVo.
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m à{VnmXZmZwgma ^maVmMr {d^mJUr XmoZ ^mJmV Pmbr AgyZ EH$ ^mJ åhUOo
"B§{S>`m' Va Xwgè`m ^mJmMo åhUOo "^maVmMo' emofU H$ê$Z OJVmo Amho Am{U gVV OmñVrV OmñV emofU
H$arV Mmbbm Amho. Va Xwgè`m ^mJmMo _mÌ emofU hmoVM Amho. ^maVmVrb B§{S>`m åhUOo CÚmoJàYmZ
ehar ^mJ Va ^maV åhUOo J«m_rU H¥$fr àYmZ ^mJ hmo`. eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zobm eoVH$è`m§_Yrb "dJ©'
g§H$ënZm A_mÝ` Amho. Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma gYZ eoVH$ar N>moQ>m eoVH$ar hçm nm`è`m AgyZ XmoKm§Mohr emofU
hmoVM AgVo. åhUyZ gd© eoVH$ar EH$M AmhoV.
eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo ^maVr` Xm[aÐçmbm Ho$di H¥$fr CËnmXZmbm `mo½` ^md {_iV Zmhr ho EH$_od H$maU
Agë`mMo {ZXmZ Ho$bo. Amnë`m Am§XmobZmV Zoh_rM Zmdo d d¡{eîQ>çnyU© V§Ì dmnabo. _. Jm§YrÀ`m
gË`mJ«mhr _mJm©Mm dmna H$ê$Z emgZmda X~md Q>mH$Ê`mMo S>mdnoM dmnabo.
B
eoVH$ar Midi `emn`e :
_hmamîQ´>mÀ`m amOH$maUmVrb eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMr amOH$s` Midi hm _hËËdmMm àdmh Amho. E|erÀ`m
XeH$mV V`ma Pmbobr hr Midi AmVm _moR>r eŠVr åhUyZ C^r amhrbr Amho. eaX Omoer `m§À`m
ZoV¥ËdmImbr gwê$ Pmboë`m `m MidirZo "eoVr_mb amñV ^md,' "B§{S>`m {dê$Õ ^maV' `m H$m`©H«$_mVyZ
eoVH$è`m§_Ü`o doJir OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr. àma§^r amOH$maUmVyZ A{bá Agbobr hr Midi AmVm
amOH$s` njm§V ê$nm§V[aV Pmbr. `m MidirVrb `emMo Cn`emMo H$mhr _wÔo nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.
B
`emMo _wÔo :
1. eoVH$ar dJm©V OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmÊmÊ`mV `e.
2. eoVH$ar dJm©V OmUrd dmT>br.
3. eoVH$è`m§_YyZ Zdo ZoV¥Ëd C^o amhÊ`mg _XV àmá Pmbr.
4. eoVr _mbmg {H$_mZ ^md hr _mJUr amîQ´>r` ñdamda Jobr.
5. eoVH$è`m§Mo amOH$s`H$aU KSy>Z amOH$s` njmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
189
B
An`emMo _wÔo :
1. eoVH$ar MidirVyZ _moR>çm eoVH$è`m§Zm A{YH$ \$m`Xm Pmë`mg Aën^yYmaH d {OamB©V
eoVH$ar Xwb©{jV am{hbo.
2. eoVH$ar AmË_hË`m H$ê$ bmJë`mZo amOH$s` g§KQ>ZmVrb nmoH$inUm {XgyZ Ambm.
3. eoVrÀ`m _yb^yV àíZm§H$S>o g§KQ>ZoMo Xwb©j.
4. eoV_Oyam§À`m hmoUmè`m AmË_hË`mH$S>o Xwb©j.
5. OmJ{VH$sH$aU, CXmarH$aU, goP B. ~m~V ^y{_H$m KoÊ`mV An`e {XgyZ `oVo.
B
ñd`§… AÜ``Z àíZ - 4
nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gm§Jm.
1. eoVr _mbmg amñV {H$_§V `m ^y{_Ho$VyZ eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMr Midi C^r amhrbr.
2. eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMo ZoV¥Ëd lr. eaX Omoer `m§Zr Ho$bo.
3. J°Q> H$amambm eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoZo {damoY Ho$bm.
3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© B.
1. H¥$fr Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg : H¥$fr CËnmXZmda AmYm[aV H$maImZXmar, eoVr_mbmda à{H«$`m
H$ê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñdê$nmV KoUo. CXm. gmIa H$maImZo `m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoUma {dH$mg hmo`.
2. ~hþOZdmX : ~«m÷UoËVa OmVr§Mo amOH$s` g§KQ>H$ Ago V}`mMo ~«m÷UoËVa MidirV ñdê$n
hmoVo. ghH$ma MidirV `mg Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ nm{R>§~m àmá Pmbm.
3. eoS>çwëS> H$mñQ> \o$S>aoeZ : X{bV Midi, nwamoJm_r àdmh `m§Zm EH$Ì H$ê$Z C^m Ho$bobo
\o$S>aoeZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mr hr H$ënZm hmoVr.
4. {ZJ«mo : A{\«$Ho$V nydu H¥$îU d{U©`m§Zm Jwbm_ åhUyZ dmJdV. Vo {ZJ«mo åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmV.$
3.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
B
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ -1
1) emgZg§ñWoÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ YmoaUmda Am{U {ZU©`mda X~md Q>mH$Umè`m ImOJr ñdê$nmÀ`m
g§KQ>Zm åhUOo X~md JQ> hmo`.
2) (1) eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm (2) {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm.
190
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. 2
1) A{Ib ^maVr` {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm hr amï´>r` H$m±J«og njmer g§~§YrV Amho.
2) (1) {dÚmWu goZm (2) N>mÌ `wdm g§Kf© dm{hZr.
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. 3
1) ^maVmVrb n{hbr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm 1926 gmbr Zmam`U _moKmOr bmoI§S>o `m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$br.
2) 1) A{Ib ^maVr` H$m_Jma g§K g^m.
2) {hÝXþ _OXÿa g^m (EM. E_. Eg.)
3) g§`wŠV H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm (`wQ>H$)
B
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ H«$. 4
1) ~amo~a
2) ~amo~a
3) ~amo~a
3.5 gmam§e :
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV X~md JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm {deof _hÎd àmßV Pmbobo Amho. AmYw{ZH$ amÁ`emómV
X~md JQ>m§Mm Aä`mg Amdí`H$ d _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmV Amho. àË`oH$ XoemÀ`m amOH$s` d
emgH$s` ì`dñWoda X~md JQ>m§Mm à^md H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV nS>V Agbobm {XgVmo. g_mOm_Ü`o
doJdoJiçm àH$maMo {hVg§~§Y JQ>, g_yh AgVmV åhUyZ amÁ`emómÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm {d{dY
g§KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg ìhmdm `mgmR>r ^maVmVrb à_wI X~md JQ>m§Mr _m{hVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r X~md JQ>m§Mr
g§H$ënZm, {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, eoVH$ar g§KQ>Zm `m à_wI X~md JQ>m§Mr _m{hVr Aä`mgbr
Amho.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
1) X~md JQ>mMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ X~md JQ>mMo ñdê$n d ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.
2) ^maVmVrb {dÚmWu g§KQ>ZoMo ñdê$n gm§JyZ àm_wI {dÚmWu g§KQ>Zm ñnï> H$am.
3) ^maVmVrb H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.
4) eoVH$ar g§KQ>ZoMr amOH$s` ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.
191
3.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1) ^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU - àm. ^moio.
2) ^maVr` emgZ - àm. damS>H$a
3)
Indian Government and Politics - D. D. Basu.
4) ^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU àm. ~r. ~r. nmQ>rb
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192