gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 3
H§o$Ð gaH$ma
AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.1 àmñVm{dH$
3.2.1
^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr
3.2.2
g§gX
3.2.3
n§VàYmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i
3.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX
3.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao
3.5 gmam§e
3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
3.7 g§X^© nwñVHo$
3.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :
B
^maVmVrc (amîQ´>nVr, g§gX, n§VàYmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i) `m§Mr H$m`}, ^y{_H$m `m§Mr _m{hVr
KoUo.
B
g§gX (cmoH$g^m, amÁ`g^m) `mVrc gXñ`, Ë`m§Mr nmÌVm Am{U H$m`} OmUyZ KoUo.
B
n§VàYmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mr nmÌVm, Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.
3.1 àmñVmdZm :
^maVmZo B§½c§S>à_mUo g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVr_wio
^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWoV KQ>ZmË_H$ d dmñVddmXr Ago XmoZ gÎmmà_wI V`ma Pmcoco AmhoV. amîQ´>nVrMo
ñWmZ KQ>ZmË_H$ ñdê$nmMo Amho Va n§VàYmZ hm dmñVddmXr gËVmà_wI åhUyZ H$m_ nmhVmo. ^maVmZo
B§½c§S>à_mUo g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVr pñdH$macr Agcr Var B§½c§S>Mr g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVr OerÀ`m Ver
ñdrH$macocr Zmhr. ^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ aMZoZwgma `mo½` Ë`m
79
~XcmZwgma `mV ~Xc H$ê$Z Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cocm Amho. ^maVmZo g§gXr` cmoH$emhr pñdH$maÊ`mMo à_wI
H$maU åhUOo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i d Ý`m`_§S>i `m§À`mV Amdí`H$ Vo ghH$m`©, gm¡Úmhm©`mMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U
ìhmdo. `m_wio amÁ`m-amÁ`m§_Ü`o {Z_m©U hmoUmar g§Kf©OÝ` n[apñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ hmoD$ eHo$c.
Ý`m`_§S>i d H$m`©H$mar _§S>i `m§Mr H$m_o nañnam§À`m ghH$m`m©daM Adc§~yZ AgVmV. g§gXr` emgZ
nÜXVrZwgma ^maVmVrc emgZ ì`dñWoMm H$ma^ma Mmcy Amho. àñVwV àH$aUmV AmnU amîQ´>nVr, g§gX
n§VàYmZ d Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.2.1 ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr :
^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoMm KQ>ZmË_H$ à_wI åhUyZ H$m_ nmhVmo. ^maV ho
JUamÁ` Agë`m_wio {Zdm©MrV Zm__mÌ. à_wImMr ì`dñWm KQ>ZoV H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. amîQ´>nVr
KQ>ZmË_H$ à_wI åhUyZ H$m_ nmhVmo Va n§VàYmZ d Ë`m§Mo _§Ìr_§S>i dmñVddmXr gËVmà_wI åhUyZ H$m_
nmhVmo. ^maVmMm amÁ`H$ma^ma amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ZmdmZo MmcVmo, na§Vw àË`jmV gËVm _mÌ n§VàYmZmH$So> AgVo.
amîQ´>nVr ho nX AmnU B§½c§S>À`m ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z ñdrH$macoco Amho. B§½c§S>À`m amOm qH$dm amUrH$So> ho nX
AgVo. B§½c§S>Mm amOm qH$dm amUrà_mUo ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrMo nX Agco Var Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr _hËdmMo \$aH$
AmhoV. CXm. amOm qH$dm amUr ho nX AZwdm§{eH$ Amho. nU ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrMo nX {Zdm©{MV Amho. nmM
dfmªÀ`m H$mcmdYrZ§Va Ë`m§Zm nXmdê$Z Xya ìhmdo cmJVo.
KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 52 Vo 62 _Ü`o amîQ´>nVrÀ`m nXmg§~§Yr VaVyX Amho. "^maVmcm EH$ amîQ´>nVr Agoc'
Ago H$c_ 52 _Ü`o ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco Amho. amîQ´>nVr hm ^maVmMm àW_ ZmJ[aH$ AgVmo. {VÝhr
XcmMm Vmo gagoZmnVr AgVmo. ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mMr gd© H$m`©H$mar gËVm Ë`mÀ`m hmVr EH$dQ>cocr AgVo.
amîQ´>nVrnojm KQ>ZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm gd©loîR> Ago H$moUrhr Zmhr. gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌm_Ü`o
amîQ´>nVrcm _mZmMo ñWmZ AgVo.
B
amîQ´>nVr nXmgmR>r nmÌVm :
^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 58 _Ü`o amîQ´>nVr nXmgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mè`m C_oXdmam§gmR>r Imcrc
nmÌVm ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.
1. Vr ì`ŠVr ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdr.
2. Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo d` 35 df} nyU© Agmdo.
3. cmoH$g^oMm gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z `oÊ`mg Vr ì`ŠVr nmÌ Agmdr.
4. amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r, {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmar ì`ŠVr H|$Ð qH$dm KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m ZmooH$arV
Zgmdr. Agë`mg amOrZm_m XoD$Z {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dVm `oVo.
5. amîQ´>nVr nXmMr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmar ì`ŠVr g§gXoMm qH$dm {dYr_§S>imMm gXñ` Zgmdm.
80
Agë`mg amíQ´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va gXñ`ËdmMm amOrZm_m {Xcm nm{hco. (H$c_ 59)
B
doVZ :
^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrcm g§gXoZo doimodoir R>a{dë`mZwgma doVZ {Xco OmVo. `m{edm` BVa ^ËVo d
gwIgmo`tZr g‚m Ago amîQ´>nVr ^dZ amîQ´>nVrgmR>r AgVo. {Zd¥ËVrZ§Va Ë`m§Zm {Zd¥ËVrdoVZhr {Xco OmVo.
B
H$m`©H$mc :
amîQ´>nVrMm H$m`©H$mc Ë`mZo nX YmaU Ho$ë`mnmgyZ (H$c_ 56) nmM dfmªMm AgVmo. Á`m {Xder
Vmo amîQ´>nVr nXmMr gwÌo hmVr KoVmo Ë`m {XdgmnmgyZ nmM df} _moOÊ`mV `oVmV. nmM df} g§në`mZ§Vahr
ZdrZ amîQ´>nVr {ZdSy>Z `oB©n`ªV VmoM H$ma^ma nmhVmo. amîQ´>nVr nXmda AgUmar ì`ŠVr {H$Vrhr doim
{ZdS>UyH$ cT>dy eH$Vo. _wXVrnydu Vmo Amncm amOrZm_m XoD$ eH$Vmo. Amncm amOrZm_m Vmo CnamîQ´>nVrH$So>
nmR>{dVmo. amîQ´>nVrcm nXÀ`wV Ho$ë`m_wio qH$dm Ë`m§À`m amOrZmå`m_wio qH$dm _¥Ë`wZo amîQ´>nVrMo nX [aH$m_o
Pmë`mg CnamîQ´>nVr h§Jm_r amîQ´>nVr åhUyZ H$m_H$mO nmhVmo.
B
{ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr :
^maVmVrc amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ A{Ve` Jw§VmJw§VrMr d {H$MH$Q> Amho. amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS> àË`j
OZVoÛmao hmoV Zmhr Va Ë`m§Mr {ZdS>UyH$ OZVoÀ`m {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtÀ`m _m\©$V AàË`jnUo hmoVo.
amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ AàË`j, Jwá _VXmZ d EH$cg§H«$_Ur` nÜXVrZo hmoVo. amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sH$arVm
EH$ {Zdm©MZ _§S>i (Electoral College) AgVo. `m {Zdm©MZ _§S>imV,
1. ^maVr` g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrc åhUOo cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^oVrc {Zdm©{MV gXñ`.
2. KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc {dYmZg^m§Vrc {Zdm©{MV gXñ` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
amîQ´>nVr hm g§KamÁ`mMm à_wI Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm nwT>rc XmoZ VËdm§Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm
OmVmo.
1. amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV eŠ`Vmo gd© amÁ`m§Zm amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV g_mZ _Vo {_imdrV.
2. gd© amÁ`m§Mo _hËd g§KamÁ`mer g_Vwë` Agmdo.
darc VËdm§Mr {__m§gm Ho$ë`mg g§KamÁ`mVrc gd© amÁ`m§Zm g_mZ coIÊ`mV `mdo, ho g§§KamÁ`mMo
Amdí`H$ VËd Agë`mZo g§KamÁ`mMm à_wI {ZdS>VmZm àË`oH$ amÁ`mcm g_mZ _hËd Agmdo. Xwgè`m
VËdmà_mUo KQ>H$amÁ` d g§KamÁ` `m§À`mV g_mZVm amIUo BîQ> R>aoc. H$maU g§KamÁ` gd© amÁ`m§Mo {_iyZ
~Zcoco AgVo, hr XmoÝhr VËdo amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV cmJy Ho$ë`m_wio amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ ~arM
Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~Zcr Amho. Ë`m_wio àË`oH$ _VXmamcm EH$M _V àmá Z hmoVm doJdoJi`m g§»`oV _V àmá
hmoVo.
81
~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....6
B
_Vm§Mr qH$_V R>a{dUmar gwÌo :
KQ>H$amÁ`mVrc {dYmZg^oVrc àË`oH$ gXñ`mcm {H$Vr _Vo Agmdr `mMm ñnîQ> C„oI ^maVr`
g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$c_ 55 _Ü`o Ho$cm Amho.
gwÌ-1 :- n{hë`m VËdmà_mUo gd© KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zm eŠ`Vmo g_mZ _Vo AgmdrV Ago gm§JÊ`mV
Amco Amho. nU àË`oH$ amÁ`mÀ`m {dYmZg^oÀ`m Am_Xmam§Mr g§»`m H$_r-OmñV Agë`m_wio EH$m
{ZpíMV à_mUmV _Vo àmá hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. `mgmR>r VmoS>Jm åhUyZ Imcrc gwÌ gm§JÊ`mV Amcocr
AmhoV.
amÁ`mVrc {Zdm©{MV {dYmZg^m
gXñ`mÀ`m _VmMr qH$_V
Ë`m amÁ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m
x
Ë`m amÁ`mÀ`m {dYmZg^oÀ`m
{Zdm©{MV gXñ`§mMr g§»`m
=
1
1000
darc gwÌm_wio amÁ`mMr cmoH$g§»`m A{YH$ Agmo AWdm {dYmZg^m gXñ` g§»`oZo {H$Vrhr AgmoV,
àË`oH$ gXñ`mÀ`m _VmMo _wë` g_à_mUmV `oVo.
gwÌ-2 :- Xwgao VËd A§_cmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoÀ`m gXñ`m§À`m àË`oH$ {Zdm©{MV gXñ`mMr
_VmMr qH$_V nwT>rc gwÌmà_mUo R>a{dVmV.
g§gXoÀ`m {Zdm©{MV
gXñ`mcm àmá hmoUmar _Vo
B
=
gd© amÁ`mVrc {dYmZg^m gXñ`m§Zm
{_iUmar EHy$U _Vo
cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m `m§Vrc
{Zdm©{MV gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m
_VXmZ d _V_moOUr :
darc gwÌmZwgma {dYmZg^m gXñ`m§Mo d g§gX gXñ`m§À`m _VmMo _wë` {ZíMrV Ho$ë`mZ§Va
amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sg àma§^ hmoVmo. amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ "EH$c g§H«$_Ur`' d Jwá _VXmZ nÜXVrZo
hmoVo. `m nÜXVr_wio _Vo dm`m OmV ZmhrV. àË`oH$ _VXmamcm {^ÝZ g§»`oV _Vo Úmd`mMr Agcr Var
àË`jmV Ë`mcm EH$M _Vn{ÌH$m XoÊ`mV `oVo. _VXmZ H$aVmZmhr Vmo EH$M _V XoVmo. _V_moOUrdoir EH$
_V Z _moOVm _VXmamcm {OVH$s _Vo àmá Pmcr AmhoV VrVH$s _Vo àmá hmoVmV.
amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sH$arVm EH$c g§H«$_Ur` nÜXVr pñdH$macocr Amho. amîQ´>nVr nXmH$arVm C^o
Agcoë`m C_oXdmamÀ`m ZmdmnwT>o ng§VrH«$_ Úmd`mMm AgVmo. gd©àW_ amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r C^o
am{hcoë`m C_oXdmamÀ`m ZmdmnwT>rc àW_ H«$_m§H$mMr _Vo _moOcr OmVmV. `m_Ü`o ~hþ_V àmá Pmë`mg Vr
ì`ŠVr amîQ´>nVr åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$cr OmVo. ~hþ_V àmá Z Pmë`mg gdm©V H$_r àW_ H«$_m§H$mMr _Vo
{_iUmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Vn{ÌHo$Vrc {ÛVr` H«$_m§H$mMr _Vo _moOcr OmVmV d BVam§À`m àW_ ng§VrÀ`m
82
_VmV {_i{dÊ`mV `oVmV. XmoÝhr _Vo {_iyZ ~hþ_V àmá Pmë`mg g§~§YrV ì`ŠVrcm amîQ´>nVr åhUyZ
Kmo{fV Ho$co OmVo. `mVyZ hr ~hþ_V Z {_imë`mg {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mMr _Vo _moOyZ _wiÀ`m _VmV {_i{dcr
OmVmV. hr à{H«$`m ~hþ_V {_ion`ªV gwê$ amhVo. hr nÜXV ~arM Jw§VmJw§VrMr dmQ>V Agcr Var ì`dhmamV
\$ŠV _V_moOUrÀ`m doir J{UVr` Jw§VmJw§V Amho.
{dO`mgmR>r Imcrc H$moQ>m nÜXV dmnacr OmVo. `m nÕVrbm hoa nÕV Agohr åhUVmV.
amîQ´>nVrbm {dO`mgmR>r
EHy$U Pmcoco _VXmZ
=
Amdí`H$ _Vo
+1
amîQ´>nVr {ZdS>md`mMr g§»`m+1
Aem[aVrZo ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVr nXmgmR>r {ZdS>UyH$ KoVcr OmVo. amîQ´>nVr hmoUmar ì`ŠVr XoemMo
à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. AemàH$mao OZVoÀ`m à{V{ZYrÛmao AàË`j[aË`m amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo.
AmÎmmn`ªV Pmcoco amîQ´>nVr d Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H$mc
H«$_
Zm§d
H$m`©H$mc
n{hco amîQ´>nVr
S>m°. ~m~y amO|ÐàgmX
1952-1957
Xwgao amîQ´>nVr
S>m°. ~m~y amO|ÐàgmX
1957-1962
{Vgao amîQ´>nVr
S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ
1962-1967
Mm¡Wo amîQ´>nVr
S>m°. PmH$sa hþgoZ
1967-1969
nmMdo amîQ´>nVr
ìhr. ìhr. {Jar
1969-1974
ghmdo amîQ´>nVr
\$H«w${X²XZ Acr _h§_X
1974-1977
gmVdo amîQ´>nVr
Zrc_ g§§Ord aoS²>S>r
1977-1982
AmR>do amîQ´>nVr
½`mZr P¡cqgJ
1982-1987
Zddo amîQ´>nVr
Ama. ì`§H$Q>am_U
1987-1992
Xhmdo amîQ´>nVr
S>m°. e§H$a X`mc e_m©
1992-1997
AH$amdo amîQ´>nVr
Ho$. Ama. Zmam`UZ
1997-2002
~mamdo amîQ´>nVr
S>m°. E.nr.Oo. AãXwc H$cm_
2002-2007
Voamdo amîQ´>nVr
lr_Vr à{V^mVmB© nmQ>rc
2007-2012
Mm¡Xmdo amîQ´>nVr
àUd _wIOu
2012-nmgyZ
83
B
amîQ´>nVrdarc _hmA{^`moJ :
amîQ´>nVr Amncm H$m`©H$mc g§nÊ`mnydu ñdoÀN>oZo amOrZm_m CnamîQ´>nVrH$So> XoD$ eH$Vmo. AmOn`ªV
ñdoÀN>oZo H$moUË`mhr amîQ´>nVrZo amOrZm_m {Xë`mMo CXmhaU Zmhr. amîQ´>nVrZo KQ>Zm {damoYr dV©Z Ho$co Va
Ë`mcm nXmdê$Z Xya Ho$co OmVo. amîQ´>nVrcm nXmdê$Z Xya H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 61 _Ü`o Z_yX
Ho$cocr Amho. `mg "_hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cm' Ago åhUVmV. ^«îQ>mMma, amîQ´>{damoYr H¥$Ë`o, B. J§^ra
Amamonmdê$Z ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrcm _hm{^`moJmÛmao H$mTy>Z Q>mH$co OmVo. amîQ´>nVrcm nXmdê$Z H$_r
H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMo AmamonnÌ g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m J¥hmZo gmXa Ho$co nm{hOo. AmamonnÌmcm g^mJ¥hmÀ`m
EHy$U g^mgX g§»`oÀ`m 2/3 gXñ`m§Zr _§Oyar Úm`cm hdr. Z§Va hr Amamonn{ÌH$m Xwgè`m J¥hmH$So>
nmR>{dcr OmVo. `m {R>H$mUr amîQ´>nVrcm Amncr ~mOy _m§S>Vm `oVo. Mm¡H$er Pmë`mZ§Va 2/3 _Vm§Zr
AmamonnÌ _mÝ` Pmë`mg amîQ´>nVrda Amamon {gÜX Pmcm, Ago Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV `oVo. amîQ´>nVrcm Amncm
nXË`mJ H$amdm cmJVmo. AmOn`ªVÀ`m B{VhmgmV _hm{^`moJmÀ`m IQ>ë`mÛmao amîQ´>nVrcm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`mMo
CXmhaU ^maVmÀ`m ~m~VrV KS>coco Zmhr.
_¥Ë`y, amOrZm_m qH$dm _hm{^`moJmÀ`m IQ>ë`mÛmao amîQ´>nVrMo nX [aŠV Pmë`mg aaîQ´>nVrMo H$m_
CnamîQ´>nVr nmhVmo. cJoM Zì`mZo amîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ KoVcr OmVo. nU CnamîQ´>nVr hm amîQ´>nVr ~ZV
Zmhr. amîQ´>nVr d CnamîQ´>nVr hr XmoÝhr nXo EH$mM doir [aŠV Pmë`mg amîQ´>nVrMo H$m_H$mO gdm}ƒ
Ý`m`mc`mMm gaÝ`m`m{Ye nmhVmo. Vmo h§Jm_r amîQ´>nVr AgVmo.
B
amîQ´>nVrMo A{YH$ma d H$m`}
(Powers & Functions of the President)
:-
^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrcm BVa Xoem§À`m amÁ`à_wImà_mUo KQ>ZoZo AË`§V ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma {Xco AmhoV.
amîQ´>nVr hm Zm__mÌ emgZà_wI Amho. amîQ´>nVrcm nwT>rc A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV.
1) H$m`©H$mar qH$dm A§_c~OmdUr {df`H$ A{YH$ma
Powers):-
(Executive or Administrative
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo amîQ´>nVrcm nwT>rà_mUo H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma {Xcoco AmhoV.
1. amîQ´>nVr n§VàYmZm§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmo. VgoM n§VàYmZmÀ`m gëë`mZo Vmo _§Ìr_§S>imVrc BVa
_§Í`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aVmo.
2. g§gXoZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo _hËdnyU© H$m_ amîQ´>nVrcm H$amdo cmJVo.
gaH$maMo gd© dQ>hþHw$_ amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ZmdmZo {ZKVmV.
3. amîQ´>nVr àemgZmVrc d[aîR> d _hËdnyU© Aem A{YH$mè`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m H$aVmo. `m_Ü`o
^maVmMm _hmcoImn[ajH$, ^maVmMm _hmÝ`m`dmXr, H|$Ðr` cmoH$godm Am`moJmMm AÜ`j d
g^mgX, amÁ`nmc, Zm`~ amÁ`nmc, naamîQ´>mV nmR>dm`Mo amOXyV d à{V{ZYr, _w»` {ZdS>UyH$
84
Am`wŠV, [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mm Jìh©Za, AZwgw{MV OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am`wŠV H|$Ðem{gV
àXoemgmR>r Mr\$ H${_eZa, B. Zo_UyH$m amîQ´>nVr H$aVmo. Ë`m~amo~aM {ZdS>UyH$ _§S>i, {Z`moOZ
_§S>i, {dËV _§S>i, ^mfm Am`moJ B. {Z`wŠVr hr amîQ´>nVr H$aVmo.
4. ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr hm {VÝhr g¡{ZH$ Xcm§Mm gagoZmnVr (Commander in Chief) Amho.
Ë`m_wio amîQ´>nVrcm hdmB©Xc, Ama_ma Am{U Zm{dH$ XcmMo goZmnVr Am{U BVa à_wI
A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. amîQ´>r` g§ajU g{_VrMm Vmo AÜ`j AgVmo,
amîQ´>à_wI `m ZmË`mZo Vmo `wÜX Omhra H$aVmo, naamîQ´>mer Vh, H$ama, g§Yr Am{U _¡Ìr H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma Amho.
5. amîQ´>nVrcm amOZ¡{VH$ H$m_o H$amdr cmJVmV. `m_Ü`o naamîQ´>mVrc d{H$cm§Mr A{YH$manÌo
pñdH$maUo, naamîQ´>r` nmhþÊ`m§Mo ñdmJV H$aUo, Am§VaamîQ´>r` g^m-g§_ocZmcm hOa amhÿZ Vmo
Amnë`m XoemMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmo, naamîQ´>mer amOZ¡{VH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y
àñWm{nV H$amdo cmJVmV.
6. H|$Ðem{gV àXoemVrc Mr\$ H${_eZaMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V Ë`m àXoemMm emgZ,
H$ma^ma amîQ´>nVrcm H$amdm cmJVmo.
7. XoemVrc gd© àH$maÀ`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ CËgdmÀ`m àg§Jr amîQ´>nVrcm _hËdnyU© d _mZmMo
ñWmZ XoÊ`mV `oVo.
darc gd© A{YH$ma Oar amîQ´>nVrcm XoÊ`mV Amco Agco Var ho gd© A{YH$ma n§VàYmZmÀ`m
gëë`mZwgma dmnaco OmVmV.
2) H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma
(Legislative Powers) :
H$c_ 79 Zwgma "amîQ´>nVr, cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m' `m§Mr {_iyZ g§gX V`ma hmoVo. åhUOoM
^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr g§gXoMo EH$ A§J Amho. na§Vw Vmo g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ` ZgVmo.
amîQ´>nVrcm nwT>rcà_mUo H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV.
1. ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrZo g§gXoMr dfm©VyZ H$_rVH$_r XmoZ A{YdeZo ~mocmdUo JaOoMo Amho.
g§~§YrV A{YdoeZo VhHy$~ H$aUo, Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg cmoH$g^m ~aImñV H$aUo, ho
A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm AmhoV.
2. cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m `m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U Pmë`mg amîQ´>nVrcm `m XmoZ J¥hmMo g§`wŠV
A{YdoeZ ~mocm{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. na§Vw Ago g§`wŠV A{YdoeZ YZ{dYo`H$m~m~V ~mocdy
eH$V Zmhr.
3. amîQ´>nVr g§gXoÀ`m EH$m qH$dm XmoÝhr J¥hm§À`m g§`wŠV ~¡R>H$s_Ü`o A{^^mfU XoVmo. Ago
85
A{^^mfU àË`oH$ dfm©À`m hmoUmè`m n{hë`m A{YdoeZmÀ`m Ama§^r H$aVmo.
4. g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§V Vk ì`ŠVtMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm Amho.
amîQ´>nVr gm{hË`, H$cm, {dkmZ, g§ñH¥$Vr, {ejU Aem joÌmVrc 12 Vk ì`ŠVtMr Zo_UyH$
H$aVmo. VgoM cmoH$g^oV A±½cmo B§{S>`Z O_mVrcm nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd {_imco Zgoc Va amîQ´>nVr
Ë`m§À`mVrc XmoZ à{V{ZYr cmoH$g^oda Zo_Vmo.
5. g§gXoV g§_V Ho$coë`m àË`oH$ {dYo`H$mcm amîQ´>nVrMr g§_Vr ¿`mdr cmJVo. g§gXoZo _mÝ`
Ho$coë`m {dYo`H$mda amîQ´>nVrMr g§_VrXe©H$ ghr Pmë`mZ§VaM Ë`m {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV
ê$nm§Va hmoVo. {dYo`H$ ZmH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm Amho. na§Vw ZmH$macoco {dYo`H$
g§gXoH$So> nmR>{dco OmVo. Voìhm g§gXoV amîQ´>nVrZo gwM{dcoë`m gwMZm§da {dMma{d{Z`_ hmoD$
eH$Vmo. nU amîQ´>nVrÀ`m gyMZm ñdrH$maë`mM nm{hOoV Ago ~§YZ g§gXoda ZgVo. g§gXoZo ho
{dYo`H$ Xwgè`mdoir g§_V H$ê$Z amîQ´>nVrH$So> nmR>{dë`mg amîQ´>nVr§Zm Ë`mcm _§Oyar ÚmdrM
cmJVo. {dYo`H$ ZmH$maÊ`mMm _`m©{XV A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm {Xcocm Amho. amÁ`nmcmH$Sy>Z
KQ>H$amÁ`mMr H$mhr {dYo`Ho$ amîQ´>nVrÀ`m _§OyargmR>r `oVmV, Ë`m {dYo`H$m§Zm amîQ´>nVr g§_Vr
XoD$ eH$Vmo qH$dm ZmH$mê$ eH$Vmo. AW©{dYo`H$ ZmH$maÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm {Xcocm
Zmhr. H$maU AW©{dYo`H$ Ë`mÀ`m _mÝ`VoZoM _m§S>co OmVo.
6. ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 123 Zwgma amîQ´>nVrcm dQ>hþHy$_ qH$dm AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma
Amho. g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ Mmcy ZgVmZm J§^ra n[apñWVr_wio {deof H$m`ÚmMr Amdí`H$Vm
Agoc Voìhm amîQ´>nVr dQ>hþHy$_ H$mTy> eH$Vmo. _mÌ Aem dQ>hþHy$_m§Zm g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ Mmcy
hmoVmM ghm AmR>dS>çm§À`m AmV _§Oyar Úmdr cmJVo. g§gXoZo _§Oya Ho$coë`m dQ>hþHy$_m§Mo ê$nm§Va
H$m`ÚmV hmoVo. dQ>hþHy$_ aÔ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm Amho.
7. KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m gr_m ~XcUmao, Ë`mMo Zm§d-aMZm ~Xc{dUmao {dYo`H$, AW©{dYo`H$ Am{U
g§{MV {ZYrVyZ IM© H$aÊ`m~m~VMo {dYo`H$, B. {dYo`Ho$ amîQ´>nVrÀ`m nyd©g§_Vr{edm` g§gXoV
_m§S>cr OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
8. _hmcoImn[ajH$, cmoH$godm Am`moJ, {dV Am`moJ B. `§ÌUoH$So> Amcoco Ahdmc amîQ´>nVr
g§gXonwT>o MM}gmR>r R>odVmo.
9. KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mo Am§VaOmVr` ì`mnma, Am`mV, {Z`m©V {df`H$ {dYo`H$m§Zm amîQ´>nVrMr nyd© g§_Vr
¿`mdr cmJVo.
3) Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma
(Judicial Powers) :
^maVr` g§{dYmZmZwgma ^maVmMr Ý`m`emIm BVa XmoZ emIm§nmgyZ WmoS>rer doJir R>odcr Amho.
Varhr ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrcm H$mhr Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma {Xco AmhoV.
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1. Ý`m`mc`mZo EImÚm JwÝhoJmamcm XohX§S>mMr qH$dm J§^ra ñdê$nmMr {ejm {Xcr Agoc Va Aer
ì`ŠVr amîQ´>nVrH$So> j_m`mMZoMm AO© H$ê$ eH$Vo. Aem {dZ§Vr, AOm©dê$Z Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr
{ejm _m\$ qH$dm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm Amho.
2. H|$ÐgaH$ma VgoM amÁ`gaH$maÀ`m amÁ`H$ma^mam g§X^m©V H$mhr dmX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Ë`mg§~§Yr
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mMm g„m {dMmaÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm Amho.
3. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mVrc A{YH$mar dJ© Am{U g§~§YrV cmJUmè`m ZmoH$adJm©Mr {Z`wŠVr, doVZ,
^ËVo, {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ, gwQ²>Q>çm `mg§~§Yr {Z`_ H$aVmZm gaÝ`m`mYre amîQ´>nVr§Mr _mÝ`Vm KoVmo.
4) Am{U~mUr{df`H$ A{YH$ma
(Emergency Powers) :
^maVr` g§{dYmZmZwgma 18 ì`m ^mJmV H$c_ 352 Vo 360 _Ü`o amîQ´>nVrMo Am{U~mUr {df`H$
A{YH$ma gm§{JVco AmhoV. Á`mdoir XoemV Zoh_rÀ`m emgZnÕVrZwgma amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aUo AeŠ` hmoVo,
Aem AgmYmaU n[apñWVrV amîQ´>nVrcm Am{U~mUr Omhra H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. `mdoir amîQ´>nVrÀ`m
A{YH$mamV dmT> hmoVo. ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo nwT>rc VrZ àH$maÀ`m Am{U~mUr cmJy H$aVm `oVrc, Ago gm§{JVco
Amho.
1. `wÜX qH$dm ~mhç: AmH«$_U VgoM A§VJ©V Aem§VVo_wio amÁ`mÀ`m gwa{jVVocm YmoH$m {Z_m©U
Pmë`mg.
2. EImÚm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV amOH$s` ApñWaVm qH$dm KQ>ZmË_H$ noMàg§J {Z_m©U Pmë`mg amîQ´>nVr
Am{U~mUr Kmo{fV H$aVmo.
3. g§nyU© XoemV qH$dm XoemÀ`m H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$ amÁ`mV Am{W©H$ ApñWaVm {Z_m©U Pmë`mg.
1) `wÜX qH$dm ~mhç: AmH«$_U VgoM A§VJ©V Aem§VVo_wio amÁ`mÀ`m gwa{jVVocm YmoH$m
{Z_m©U Pmë`mg :
^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 352 ì`m H$c_mZwgma amîQ´>nVrcm Am{U~mUr KmofrV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {_imcm
Amho. `wÜX qH$dm ~mhç: AmH«$_U VgoM A§VJ©V Aem§VVo_wio amÁ`mÀ`m gwa{jVVocm YmoH$m {Z_m©U
Pmë`mg d amîQ´>nVrcm Ë`mMr ImÌr nQ>ë`mg Vmo AmUr~mUr cmJy H$aVmo. `m AmUr~mUrMm A§_c EH$
_{hZm amhVmo. na§Vw EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV `m KmofUocm g§gXoMr _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo. g§gX R>adoc VodT>çm
H$mcmdYrn`ªV `m KmofUoMm A§_c amhVmo. Aer KmofUm H$aVodoir cmoH$g^m {dgOuV Pmcocr Agoc qH$dm
Am{U~mUr KmofrV Pmë`mZ§Va EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m H$mcmdYrV cmoH$g^m {dgOuV Pmcocr Agoc Am{U Ë`m
KmofUocm amÁ`g^oZo _§Oyar {Xcocr Agoc Va ZdrZ cmoH$g^oMr n{hcr ~¡R>H$ gwê$ Pmcoë`m {XdgmnmgyZ
Vrg {Xdgm§À`m AmV Ë`m KmofUocm cmoH$g^oMr _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo.
Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mimV amîQ´>nVr d H|$ÐgaH$macm Imcrc A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV.
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1. amÁ``mXrV g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m gd© {df`m§da H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§gXocm
àmá hmoVmo.
2. H|$ÐgaH$ma H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$ amÁ`mcm Ë`mZo Amnë`m H$m`©H$mar gËVoMm dmna H$emàH$mao
H$amdm `m{df`r AmXoe XoD$ eH$Vo.
3. Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mcI§S>m_Ü`o amîQ´>nVr ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _wc^yV hŠH$m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr g§nyU©
XoemV AJa XoemÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV VhHy$~ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Aem H$mcmdYrV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _wc^yV
hŠH$mÀ`m {damoYmV Ý`m`mc`mV XmX _mJVm `oV Zmhr.
4. Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mimV H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$ma `m§À`mVrc Am{W©H$ g§~§Ym§À`m VaVwXrV
~Xc H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm àmá hmoVmo.
H$c_ 352 Zwgma S>m°.amYmH¥$îUZ `m§Zr 1962 gmcr ^maV-MrZ `wÜXmÀ`m doir, 1971 ~m§½cmXoemÀ`m
`wÜXmÀ`m doir, 1975 gmcr amîQ´>nVr \$H«w$ÔrZ Acr _h§_X `m§Zr A§VJ©V Aem§VVoÀ`m H$maUmImcr XoemV
Am{U~mUr Omhra Ho$cr hmoVr. 1976 gmcr 42 dr KQ>ZmXwê$ñVr hmoD$Z XoemVrc {d{eîQ> àXoem§H$arVm
Am{U~mUr Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
2) EImÚm KQ>H$amÁ`mV amOH$s` ApñWaVm qH$dm KQ>ZmË_H$ noMàg§J {Z_m©U Pmë`mg :
EImÚm KQ>H$amÁ`mV ^maVr` g§{dYmZmà_mUo amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aUo AeŠ` Pmë`mg qH$dm Ver gyMZm
amÁ`nmcmZo amîQ´>nVrg Ho$ë`mg ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr Ë`m KQ>H$amÁ`mda H$c_ 356 Zwgma Am{U~mUr Omhra
H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Vr gwMZm g§gXoH$Sy>Z g§_V H$ê$Z ¿`mdr cmJVo. amîQ´>nVrZo KQ>H$ amÁ`mV Am{U~mUr Omhra
Ho$ë`mZ§Va nwT>rcà_mUo H$m_H$mO MmcVo.
1. amîQ´>nVr KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m H$ma^mamMr gd© gwÌo ñdV:H$So> KoD$Z amÁ`nmcm_m\©$V VoWrc
amÁ`H$ma^ma MmcdVmo.
2. KQ>H$ amÁ` {dYr_§S>imMo H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVr g§gXocm XoVmo.
3. Am{U~mUrÀ`m KmofUoMm hoVy g\$c H$aÊ`mgmR>r amîQ´>nVr Amdí`H$ Ë`m VaVwXr H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
amîQ´>nVrZo KQ>H$ amÁ`mV Am{U~mUr Om{ha Ho$ë`mZ§Va XmoZ _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV g§gXoMr _mÝ`Vm ¿`mdr
cmJVo. Aem KmofUoÀ`m doir cmoH$g^m {dgOuV Pmcr Agoc Va Zì`m cmoH$g^oÀ`m n{hë`m ~¡R>H$snmgyZ
30 {Xdgm§À`m AmV Ë`m KmofUoMr _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo. 1984 À`m 48 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo ghm
_{hÝ`mEodOr EH$ df} _wXV dmT> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. 1951 Vo 2010 `m H$mimV 356 À`m
H$c_mImcr {d{dY KQ>H$ amÁ`m§V OdiOdi 140 doim Am{U~mUr Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. `m
H$c_ 356 Mm dmñV{dH$ amOH$maUmV ~è`mMdoim J¡admna hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. åhUyZ `m H$c_mMm
88
dmna H$aVmZm amîQ´>nVrZo {ddoH$~wÕrMm dmna H$amdm, Ago Eg.Ama.~moå_B© IQ>cmÀ`m {ZH$mcmV gdm}ƒ
Ý`m`mc`mZo Anojm ì`ŠV Ho$cr Amho.
3) g§nyU© XoemV qH$dm H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$ amÁ`mV Am{W©H$ ApñWaVm {Z_m©U Pmë`mg :
^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m 360 ì`m H$c_mZwgma XoemÀ`m EImÚm ^mJmMo qH$dm g§nyU© XoemMo Am{W©H$
ñW¡`© {~KS>ë`mg amîQ´>nVr Am{W©H$ Am{U~mUrMr KmofUm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m Am{U~mUrMr _wXV XmoZ _{hZo
AgVo. _mÌ g§gXocm Vr dmT>{dVm `oVo. Am{U~mUr Kmo{fV Pmë`mnmgyZ XmoZ _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV `m KmofUocm
g§gXoMr _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo. Aemdoir amîQ´>nVrcm nwT>rc A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV.
1. amîQ´>nVr d H|$ÐgaH$ma ho KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zm Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV Amdí`H$ Vo AmXoe d gyMZm XoD$
eH$Vo.
2. KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m {dYr_§S>imZr g§_V Ho$cocr gd© Am{W©H$ {dYo`H$ Amnë`m g§_VrgmR>r
_mJ{dÊ`mMr Amkm amîQ´>nVr XoD$ eH$Vmo.
3. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`mYrem§nmgyZ Vo MVwW© loUrÀ`m H${ZîR> ZmoH$adJm©n`ªVÀ`m gd©
ZmoH$am§Mo nJma d ^ËVo `mV H$nmV H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe amîQ´>nVr XoD$ eH$Vmo.
4. Mmcy Am{W©H$ dfm©Vrc _hgyc CËnÝZmÀ`m dmQ>Urg§~§Yr amîQ´>nVrcm gwYmaUm d VaVwXr
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmo.
^maVm_Ü`o AmOn`ªV Am{W©H$ AmUr~mUr Kmo{fV Pmcocr Zmhr.
B
^maVmMm CnamîQ´>nVr :
^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrÀ`m J¡ahOoarV Ë`mMo H$m_ nmhÊ`mgmR>r ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 63 Zwgma
CnamîQ´>nVr nXmMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho. ^maVmMm CnamîQ´>nVr hm amÁ`g^oMm nX{gÜX g^mnVr AgVmo.
amîQ´>nVrÀ`m J¡ahOoarV åhUOoM amîQ´>nVrMm _¥Ë`y Pmcm qH$dm Ë`mZo amOrZm_m {Xcm qH$dm Ë`mcm nXmdê$Z
Xÿa Ho$co `m H$maUm§_wio nX [aŠV Pmco AgVm CnamîQ´>nVr Vo nX gm§^miVmo. Ë`m H$mcmdYrV amîQ´>nVr
nXmMo gd© A{YH$ma àmá hmoVmV. amîQ´>nVrcm {Xco OmUmao doVZ ^Îmo, gdcVr CnamîQ´>nVrcm H$c_ 65
Zwgma {_iVmV Aemdoir Ë`mcm amÁ`g^oMo AÜ`jnX pñdH$maVm `oV Zmhr.
B
nmÌVm :
CnamîQ´>nVr nXmMr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 66 Zwgma nwT>rc nmÌVm Amho.
1. Vr ì`ŠVr ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agcr nm{hOo.
2. {VÀ`m d`mMr 35 df} nyU© Pmcr Agcr nm{hOoV.
3. amÁ`g^oda {ZdSy>Z `oÊ`mg Vr ì`ŠVr nmÌ Agcr nm{hOo.
89
4. Aer ì`ŠVr H|$Ð gaH$ma AWdm amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImcr AgUmè`m g§ñWoV àmárMo nX
YmaU H$aUmar Zgmdr. Vgo Agë`mg {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dÊ`mnydu Ë`m nXmMm {VZo amOrZm_m {Xcm
nm{hOo.
5. g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr J¥hmMm qH$dm KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m H$moUË`mhr J¥hmÀ`m gXñ`mcm
CnamîQ´>nVr nXmMr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dVm `oB©c. na§Vy {ZdSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va CnamîQ´>nVrcm {dYr_§S>imÀ`m
gXñ`ËdmMm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.
CnamîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm {Zdm©MZ _§S>imÀ`m {H$_mZ 20 gXñ`m§Zr gyMH$
Am{U 20 gXñ`m§Zr AZw_moXZ åhUyZ g§_Vr Úmdr cmJVo. g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr J«hmMo {Zdm©MrV gXñ`
Cnamï´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV _VXmZ H$aVmV.
CnamîQ´>nVrMr {ZdS>UyH$ à_mUera à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m nÜXVrZwgma EH$c g§H«$_Ur` Jwá nÜXVrZo hmoVo.
{Zdm©MZ _§S>imMo gXñ` C_oXdmamÀ`m ZmdmnwT>o ng§VrH«$_m§H$ XoVmV. {ZdSy>Z `oÊ`mg Amdí`H$ _Vo
{_iUmam C_oXdma CnamîQ´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z `oVmo.
B
CnamîQ´>nVrMm H$m`©H$mc :
^maVmÀ`m CnamîQ´>nVrMm H$m`©H$mc Ë`mZo A{YH$ma nX J«hU Ho$ë`mnmgyZ 5 dfmªMm AgVmo.
_wXVrnydu Vmo ñd_OuZo Amncm amOrZm_m XoD$ eH$Vmo. ^«îQ>mMma, cmMcwMnV, B. H$maUmdê$Z CnamîQ´>nVrcm
H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV `oVo. _mÌ `mgmR>r amÁ`g^m d cmoH$g^m `m§À`mV ~hþ_VmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Aer
gyMZm 14 {Xdg AJmoXa {Xcr nm{hOo. CnamîQ´>nVr ñd_OuZo Amncm amOrZm_m amîQ´>nVrH$So> XoD$ eH$Vmo.
B
doVZ d ^ËVo :
^maVmÀ`m CnamîQ´>nVrcm åhUOoM amÁ`g^oÀ`m g^mnVrcm Xa_hm ê$n`o 1 cmI 25 hOma BVHo$
doVZ {_iVo. `m{edm` Ë`mcm ^ËVo d BVa gwIgmoB© ({Zdmg, àdmg, B.) {_iVmV.
B
CnamîQ´>nVrMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo CnamîQ´>nVrcm CnamîQ´>nVr åhUyZ H$moUVohr A{YH$ma {Xcoco ZmhrV. na§Vw Vmo
amÁ`g^oMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j Agë`m_wio Ë`mcm H$mhr A{YH$ma àmá Pmcoco AmhoV. amÁ`g^oÀ`m
H$m_H$mOmda {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ {d{dY R>amd g§_V H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMo H$m`© Vmo H$aVmo. amÁ`g^oV EImÚm
{dYo`H$mda g_g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg Vmo {ZUm©`H$ _V XoVmo. amÁ`g^oVrc gd© {dYo`Ho$ Ë`mÀ`m ghrZo g§_V
hmoVmV.
amîQ´>nVrÀ`m J¡ahOoarV Ooìhm CnamîQ´>nVr H$m_ nmhVmo Voìhm Ë`mcm amîQ´>nVrMo gd© A{YH$ma àmá
hmoVmV. na§Vw ghm _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV ZdrZ amîQ´>nVr {ZdSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va åhUOo ZdrZ amîQ´>nVrZo nX YmaU
90
Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vmo nwÝhm CnamîQ´>nVr åhUyZ H$m_H$mO nmhVmo. CnamîQ´>nVr Ooìhm amîQ´>nVr åhUyZ H$m_H$mO nmhVmo
Voìhm Ë`mcm amÁ`g^oMm AÜ`j åhUyZ H$m_ nmhVm `oV Zmhr.
^maVmMo CnamîQ´>nVr
B
Zm§d
H$m`©H$mc
1.
S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ
1952-1962
2.
S>m°. PmH$sa hþgoZ
1962-1967
3.
damh{Jar ì`§H$Q>{Jar
1962-1969
4.
Jmonmcñdê$n nmR>H$
1969-1974
5.
~r.S>r. OËVr
1974-1979
6.
E_. {hXm`Vw„m
1979-1984
7.
Ama. ì`§H$Q>am_U
1984-1987
8.
S>m°. e§H$a X`mc e_m©
1987-1992
9.
Ho$.Ama. Zmam`UZ
1992-1997
10.
H¥$îUH$m§V
1997-2002
11.
^¡adqgh eoImdV
2002-2007
12.
h_rX AÝgmar
2007-2012
13.
h_rX AÝgmar
2012-
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ - 1
EH$ qH$dm XmoZ dmŠ`mV CËVao {chm.
1) amîQ´>nVr nXmgmR>rMr nmÌVm gm§Jm.
2) amîQ´>nVrdarc _hmA{^`moJmMm IQ>cm H$moR>o MmcVmo?
3) JwÝhoJmamcm X`m XmI{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$moUmcm Amho?
4) Am{U~mUrMr n[apñWVr åhUOo H$m`?
3.2.2. ^maVr` g§gX
(Indian Parliament)
:
^maVr` g§gXocmM H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i qH$dm H|$Ðr` {dYr_§S>i åhUVmV. ^maVr` KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr
91
g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Amho. g§gX hr amîQ´>nVr, cmoH$g^m Am{U amÁ`g^m {_iyZ ~ZVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m nmMì`m ^mJmV àH$aU XmoZ_Ü`o H$c_ 79 Vo 122 _Ü`o ^maVr` g§gXoMr VaVyX
Ho$cocr Amho. ^maVmZo {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm AgyZ amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR> d {ÛVr`
g^mJ¥h AgyZ cmoH$g^m ho H${ZîR> d àW_ g^mJ¥h Amho. amÁ`g^m KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo Va cmoH$g^m OZVoZo
{ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m à{V{ZYtMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. amîQ´>nVr hm g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ` ZgVmo.
_mÌ Ë`mcm H$m`Xo{df`H$ ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma AmhoV. Ë`mÀ`m g§_Vr{fdm` g§gXoZo g§_V Ho$coco {dYo`H$mMo
H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr.
cmoH$g^m
B
(House of the People)
cmoH$g^oMr aMZm :
cmoH$g^m ho H${ZîR> åhUOoM àW_ g^mJ¥h AgyZ `m_Ü`o OZVoZo {ZdSy>Z {Xcoë`m à{V{ZYt_wio `m
g^mJ¥hmcm _hËd àmá hmoVo. ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 81 Zwgma cmoH$g^oMr gXñ` g§»`m {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. cmoH$g^oV 552 gXñ` AgVrc `m_Yrc 530 gXñ` KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc _VXma
g§KmVyZ àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao Am{U ~mH$sMo 20 gXñ` H|$Ðem{gV àXoemVyZ {ZdS>co OmVmV. A±½cmoB§{S>`Z
O_mVrMo cmoH$g^oV nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd {_imco Zgë`mg Ë`m§Mo XmoZ gXñ` {Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
amîQ´>nVrcm XoÊ`mV Amcocm Amho.
cmoH$g^oVrc gXñ`§mMr {ZdS> Jwá d àm¡T> _VXmZ nÜXVrZo OZVoH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. 18 df} d` nyU©
AgUmè`m àË`oH$ ^maVr` ñÌr-nwê$fm§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm Amho. 1951 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma 5
cmI Vo 7 cmI cmoH$g§»`ogmR>r EH$ `mà_mUo cmoH$g^oMo _VXmag§K nmS>co OmVmV. Xa Xhm dfm©Zr
{eaJUVr hmoB©c qH$dm OZJUZoZ§Va _VXmag§KmMr nwZ©aMZm H$aÊ`mV `oB©c hm A{YH$ma g§gXocm Amho.
1976 À`m 42 ì`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo 1971 Mr cmoH$g§»`m cjmV KoD$Z B.g. 2000 n`ªV d 2001
gmcr hr _wXV 2026 n`ªV JmoR>dyZ _VXma g§K d à{V{ZYrËd {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. àË`oH$
_VXma g§KmVyZ {H$Vrhr C_oXdma {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dV Agco Var EH$M à{V{ZYr {ZdS>cm OmVmo. gdm©V
A{YH$ _Vo {_i{dUmam C_oXdma à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z `oVmo. cmoH$g^oV d amÁ`g^oV àË`oH$ KQ>H$
amÁ`mH$Sy>Z à{V{ZYr nmR>{dco OmVmV.
B
cmoH$g^m gXñ`mMr nmÌVm :
H$c_ 84 Zwgma cmoH$g^m {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmè`m C_XodmamgmR>rMr nmÌVm nwT>rcà_mUo :1. Vr ì`ŠVr ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agcr nm{hOo.
2. {VMo d` 25 df} nyU© Agco nm{hOo.
92
3. g§gXoZo doimodoir R>adyZ {Xcoë`m AQ>r {VZo nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.
4. amIrd _VXmag§KmVyZ {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmar ì`ŠVr AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVrMr gXñ` Agcr
nm{hOo.
5. {VMo Zm§d g§gXr` _VXma g§KmÀ`m `mXrV _VXma åhUyZ Zm|X{dcoco Agco nm{hOo.
6. gaH$mar ZmoH$a, naH$s`, doS>r, {XdmiImoa, ^«îQ>mMmar Aer ì`ŠVr {ZdS>UyH$sg nmÌ R>aUma.Zmhr.
B
cmoH$g^oMm H$m`©H$mc :
cmoH$g^oMm H$m`©H$mc nmM dfmªMm AgVmo. 1976 À`m 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo 6 df} H$aÊ`mV
Amcm hmoVm. 1978 gmcr nwÝhm 44 dr KQ>ZmXwê$ñVr hmoD$Z cmoH$g^oMr _XwV nyduà_mUo nmM df} H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. _wXVrnydu cmoH$g^m ~aImñV H$aVm `oVo. n§VàYmZmÀ`m gëë`mZwgma ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr _wXV nyU©
hmoUoAmYr cmoH$g^m ~aImñV H$ê$ eH$Vmo. 1971, 1991, 1997 d 1999 gmcr cmoH$g^m _wXV
g§nÊ`mnydu ~aImñV H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr.
gcJ gmR> {Xdg EImXm gXñ` cmoH$g^oV nadmZJr {edm` J¡ahOa am{hë`mg Ë`mMo g^mgXñ`
aX²X hmoVo. cmoH$g^oÀ`m gXñ`mcm Amnë`m nXmMm ñd_OuZo amOrZm_m XoVm `oVmo. Vgm AO© g^mnVrH$So>
Úmdm cmJVmo. g^mnVrMr ImÌr nQ>ë`mg gXñ`ËdmMm amOrZm_m pñdH$macm OmVmo. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrcm
EH$mMdoir g§gX d KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m {dYr_§S>imMo gXñ`Ëd ñdrH$maVm `oV Zmhr. \$ŠV EH$mM g^mJ¥hmMo
gXñ`Ëd ñdrH$maVm `oVo.
B
cmoH$g^oMo nXm{YH$mar (g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr) :
^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m H$c_ 93 Vo 97 _Ü`o cmoH$g^oÀ`m g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr `m§Mr VaVyX
Ho$cr Amho. cmoH$g^oMo gXñ` Amnë`m n{hë`m A{YdoeZmV EH$mMr g^mnVr Am{U EH$mMr Cng^mnVr
åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aVmV. g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr `m XmoKm§À`m J¡ahOoarV g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO nmhÊ`mgmR>r
ghm OUm§Mo "g^mnVr _§S>i' AgVo. Ë`mVrc àË`oH$OmU H«$_mH«$_mZo g^oMo H$m_H$mO nmhVmo. g^mnVrMm
H$m`©H$mc cmoH$g^oÀ`m H$m`©H$mcmEdT>mM åhUOo nmM dfmªMm AgVmo. ñd_OuZo Amnë`m nXmMm Vmo
amOrZm_m XoD$ eH$Vmo. cmoH$g^oZo g^mnVrda A{dídmgmMm R>amd g§_V Ho$ë`mg Ë`mcm nXmdê$Z Xya ìhmdo
cmJVo. _mÌ Ë`m AJmoXa 14 {Xdg Ë`mcm coIr gyMZm Úmdr cmJVo. cmoH$g^m {dgOuV Pmë`mZ§Va ZdrZ
cmoH$g^oMm nXm{YH$mar nX YmaU H$aon`ªV Vmo nXmda amhVmo.
93
AmVmn`ªV Pmcoco cmoH$g^oMo g^mnVr d Ë`m§Mm H$m`©H$mc :A.H«$.
cmoH$g^m
1.
n{hcr cmoH$g^m
H$m`©H$mc
Or.ìhr. _mdi§H$a
1952-1956
E_.E. Aæ`§Jma
1956-1957
2.
Xwgar cmoH$g^m
E_.E. Aæ`§Jma
1957-1962
3.
{Vgar cmoH$g^m
hþHy$_qgJ
1962-1967
4.
Mm¡Wr cmoH$g^m
Zrc_ g§Ord aoS²>S>r
1967-1969
Or.Eg. {Y„m±
1969-1971
Or.Eg. {Y„m±
1971-1975
~iram_ ^JV
1975-1977
5.
6.
B
g^mnVr
nmMdr cmoH$g^m
ghmdr cmoH$g^m
Zrc_ g§Ord aoS²>S>r
_mM© 1977-Owc¡ 1977
Ho$.Eg.hoJSo>
1977-1980
7.
gmVdr cmoH$g^m
~cam_ OmIa
1980-1985
8.
AmR>dr cmoH$g^m
~cam_ OmIa
1985-1989
9.
Zddr cmoH$g^m
adr ao
1989-1991
10.
Xhmdr cmoH$g^m
{edamO nmQ>rc
1991-1996
11.
AH$amdr cmoH$g^m
nyUm} Am`Q>moH$ g§J_m
1996-1998
12.
~mamdr cmoH$g^m
Or.E_.gr.~mc`moJr
1998-1999
13.
Voamdr cmoH$g^m
Or.E_.gr.~mc`moJr
1999-2002
_Zmoha Omoer
2002-2004
2004-2009
14.
Mm¡Xmdr cmoH$g^m
gmo_ZmW M°Q>Ou
15.
n§Yamdr cmoH$g^m
_ram Hw$_ma
2009-
g^mnVrMo A{YH$ma :
cmoH$g^oMo g^mnVr nX ho AË`§V _hËdmMo d O~m~XmarMo Amho. Ë`mcm Amnë`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna
94
H$aVmZm KQ>ZoMm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJVmo. KQ>ZoZo Ë`mcm nwT>rc _hËdmMo A{YH$ma {Xcoco AmhoV.
1. g^mnVr g^mJ¥hmVrc ZoË`m§er MMm©, {dMma-{d{Z`_ H$ê$Z {Za{Zamiçm {df`m§gmR>r MM}Mr
doi d H$m`©H«$_ {ZpíMV H$aVmo. amîQ´>nVrZo Ho$coë`m A{^^mfUmda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r
doi R>a{dVmo. g^mJ¥hmV M{M©ë`m OmUmè`m {df`m§À`m H$m_H$mOmMr ê$naofm R>a{dVmo.
2. g^mJ¥hmV em§VVm, {eñV R>odÊ`mMo _hËdnyU© H$m`© g^mnVrcm H$amdo cmJVo. `mgmR>r Ë`mcm
g^mJ¥hmVrc gd© gXñ`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo cmJVo.
3. g^mnVrÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr gXñ`m§cm g^mJ¥hmV ^mfU H$aVm `oV Zmhr qH$dm _V
_m§S>Vm `oV Zmhr.
4. cmoH$g^ocm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo d Ë`m§À`m H$m_mda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m`© g^mnVrcm H$amdo
cmJVo. g^mJ¥hmMr à{VîR>m, XOm©, _`m©Xm H$m`_ R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mMr AgVo.
g^mJ¥hmVrc Jm|Yi, Agä` dV©Z, Ag§gXr` ^mfm `mda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ g^mnVrcm
H$amdo cmJVo.
5. g^mnVrMo AmXoe d g^mJ¥hmMo {Z`_, g§Ho$V Z nmiUmè`m g^mgXmMo gXñ`Ëd H$mhr H$mi
aX²X H$aUo qH$dm Ë`mcm g^mJ¥hm~mhoa KmcdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g^mnVrcm Amho. VgoM
g^mJ¥hmMo Ad_mZ H$aUmè`m, Ag§gXr` ^mfm dmnaUmè`m gXñ`mcm {ejm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
g^mnVrcm Amho.
6. g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§Mo A{YH$ma, gdcVr, gÝ_mZ gwa{jV R>odÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar g^mnVrda
AgVo.
7. EImÚm {df`mdarc àíZ pñdH$maUo qH$dm Z pñdH$maUo, H$m_ñWJZ àñVmd, _mÝ` AWdm
A_mÝ` H$aUo, `mg§X^m©V {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g^mnVrcm Amho.
8. {dYo`H$ MM}g R>odUo, Ë`mda MMm© KS>dyZ AmUUo, Z§Va _Vmg Q>mH$Uo, gXñ`m§À`m _Vm§Mm
{ZU©` Om{ha H$aUo, Ago A{YH$ma g^mnVrcm AgVmV.
9. EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g_g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg {ZUm©`H$ _V XoUo
10. AW©{dYo`H$m~amo~a BVa {dYo`Ho$ hr g^mnVrÀ`m nadmZJrZo g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>cr OmVmV.
11. amÁ`g^m d cmoH$g^m `m§À`m g§`wŠV ~¡R>H$sMo AÜ`jñWmZ g^mnVr ñdrH$maVmoo.
12. g^mJ¥hmVrc Jm|Yim_who g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO MmcdUo AeŠ` Pmë`mg VgoM g^mJ¥hmMo
H$m_H$mO Mmcy H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ JUg§»`m Zgë`mg Vmo g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO VhHw$~
H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
95
13. g^mnVr àda g{_VrÀ`m AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. g^mnVr hm {Z`_ g{_Vr, gm_mÝ` CÔoe
g{_Vr d H$m`©dmhr g{_VrMm nX{gÕ AÜ`j AgVmo.
14. EImXo {dYo`H$ YZ{dYo`H$ Amho H$s Zmhr `mMm {ZU©` XoUo.
B
JUg§»`m :
cmoH$g^oMo H$m_H$mO Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r EHy$U g^mgXm§À`m EH$ Xem§e gXñ` g^mJ¥hmV hOa Agmdo
cmJVmV. åhUOo cmoH$g^oV 55 gXñ` AgVrc VaM H$m_H$mO gwê$ hmoVo.
g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ ~mocm{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm Amho. dfm©VyZ cmoH$g^oMr XmoZ A{YdoeZo
^a{dcr OmVmV. na§Vw XmoÝhr A{YdoeZmÀ`m _Ycm H$mi ghm _{hÝ`m§nojm OmñV AgVm H$m_m Z`o, Aer
AQ> Amho. amîQ´>nVrcm dmQ>ë`mg Vmo OmXm A{YdoeZ ~mocmdy eH$Vmo.
B
cmoH$g^oMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
1) H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
^maVr` KQ>ZoZwgma H|$ÐgwMr d gm_m{`H$ `mXrVrc {df`m§da H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$g^ocm
Amho. KQ>H$ amÁ`mZo {dZ§Vr Ho$ë`mg qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV Am{U~mUr cmJy Pmë`mg amÁ` `mXrVrc
{df`mg§~§Yr H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$g^ocm àmá hmoVmo. Amdí`H$Vm Agë`mg ZdrZ H$m`Xo V`ma
Ho$co OmVmV, OwÝ`m H$m`ÚmV Xwê$ñË`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV d AZmdí`H$ H$m`Xo aÔ Ho$co OmVmV. H$m`Xm V`ma
H$aÊ`mg§~§YrMo {dYo`H$ gwê$dmVrcm eŠ`Vmo cmoH$g^oVM _m§S>co OmVo d cmoH$g^oV g§_V Ho$coco {dYo`H$
g§_VrgmR>r amÁ`g^oV nmR>{dco OmVo. amÁ`g^oZo _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZ§Va Vo {dYo`H$ A§{V_ _mÝ`VogmR>r
amîQ´>nVrH$So> OmVo. åhUOo cmoH$g^oÀ`m H$m`Xm V`ma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$mam§da amÁ`g^m d amîQ´>nVr `m§Mo
{Z`§ÌU Amho. H$mhr {dYo`H$ àW_ amÁ`g^oV _§Oya hmoD$Z Z§Va cmoH$g^oV _§OyargmR>r `oVmV. Ooìhm EImÚm
{dYo`H$m~m~V cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m _V^oX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg `m§Mo g§`wŠV A{YdoeZ ~mocm{dco OmVo d
g§Kfm©Mm _wÔm ~hþ_VmZo gmoS>{dcm OmVmo. cmoH$g^oMr gXñ`g§»`m A{YH$ Agë`mZo cmoH$g^mM {dO`r
hmoVo.
2) Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma :
gmd©O{ZH$ Am`ì``mda cmoH$à{V{ZYtMo {Z`§ÌU Agmdo, `m VËdmZwgma cmoH$g^m ho OZVoMo
à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h Amho. AW©{dYo`H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV Vo amÁ`g^onojm A{YH$ à^mdr Amho.
AW©{dYo`Ho$ àW_ cmoH$g^oV _m§S>cr OmVmV. EImXo {dYo`H$ YZ{dYo`H$ Amho qH$dm Zmhr `mMm {ZU©`
cmoH$g^oMm g^mnVr KoVmo. cmoH$g^oV g§_V Pmcoco YZ{dYo`H$ g§_VrgmR>r amÁ`g^oV nmR>{dco OmVo.
amÁ`g^oZo ho YZ{dYo`H$ MM}g R>odyZ Xwê$ñË`m gwMdyZ 14 {Xdgm§À`m AmV cmoH$g^oV naV nmR>dmdo
cmJVo. Ago Z Ho$ë`mg Vo {dYo`H$ amÁ`g^oV _§Oya Pmbo, Ago J¥hrV Yaco OmVo. amÁ`g^oZo gwM{dcoë`m
Xwê$ñË`m cmoH$g^oZo _mZë`mM nm{hOoV, Ago ~§YZ cmoH$g^oda Zmhr. AY©{dYo`H$m~m~VrV XmoÝhr J¥hmV
96
_V^oX Pmë`mg g§`wŠV A{YdoeZ ~mocm{dÊ`mMr VaVyX Zmhr. AW©{dYo`H$ d A§XmOnÌH$ _§Oya H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma cmoH$g^ocm Amho.
3) H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma :
g§gXr` emgZnÕVrV _§Ìr_§S>i gm_wXm{`H$[aË`m cmoH$g^ocm O~m~Xma AgVo. Ë`m_wio _§Ìr_§S>imcm
Amncr H$m_o O~m~XmarZo H$amdr cmJVmV. cmoH$g^oMo H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo :
1. _§Ìr_§S>imda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo ho cmoH$g^oMo àW_ H$V©ì` Amho.
2. cmoH$g^oV _§Í`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m ImË`mg§~§Yr {d{dY àíZ, CnàíZ {dMmaUo
3. cmoH$g^oV emgZmÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m YmoaUmda {Q>H$m H$aUo
4. _§Í`mÀ`m H$m_mMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m gXñ`m§V yZ g{_Ë`m
ñWmnUo.
cmoH$g^oZo Oar EImÚm _Vm{dê$Õ qH$dm g§nyU© _§Ìr_§S>im{dê$Õ A{dídmgmMm R>amd _§Oya Ho$ë`mg
g§nyU© _§Ìr_§S>imcm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.
4) KQ>ZmË_H$ A{YH$ma :
cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^ocm KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm Amho. KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_mV ~Xb H$amd`mMm
Pmë`mg cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m `m XmoÝhr J¥hm§Zr 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo Aem {dYo`H$mg _§Oyar Úmdr cmJVo.
amîQ´>nVrÀ`m g§_VrZ§Va Ë`m {dYo`H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
5) BVa A{YH$ma :
1. amîQ´>nVr, CnamîQ´>nVr, d[aîR> Ý`m`mYre, {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mar, B. Ho$coë`m KQ>Zm~mhç:
H$m_mMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§gXocm Amho.
2. ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr d CnamîQ´>nVr `m§À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^oVrc {Zdm©{MV
gXñ` _VXmZ H$aVmV.
3. KQ>H$ amÁ`mMr {Z{_©Vr, gr_m~Xc `m§gmaIr {dYo`Ho$ _§OyargmR>r cmoH$g^oV `oVmV. KQ>H$
amÁ`mV {dYmZg^oÀ`m {e\$maerdê$Z {dYmZn[afX {Z_m©U H$aUo qH$dm ApñVËdmV Agcocr
{dYmZn[afX aÔ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$g^ocm Amho.
4. g§gXoÀ`m {dlm§VrÀ`m H$mimV amîQ´>nVrZo H$mT>coë`m dQ>hþHy$_m§Zm _§Oyar XoÊ`mMo H$m_ cmoH$g^m
H$aVo.
5. amîQ´>nVrZo cmJy Ho$cocr Am{U~mUrMr _wXV dmT>dm`Mr Agoc Va Ë`mg cmoH$g^oMr _§Oyar
cmJVo.
6. OZVoÀ`m VH«$mar, àíZ `m{df`r cmoH$g^oV MMm© KSy>Z `oVo. cmoH$g^m ho OZVoÀ`m à{V{ZYtMo
97
~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....7
àË`j g^mJ¥h Agë`mZo Iè`m AWm©Zo cmoH$_VmMo à{Vq~~ VoWo C_Q>Vo.
B
amÁg^m
(Council of States)
amÁ`g^m ho g§gXoMo d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Amho. `m J¥hmcm "{ÛVr` gXZ' qH$dm "Xwgao g^mJ¥h' Agohr
åhUVmV. ho ñWm`r ñdê$nmMo Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 79 Vo 92 _Ü`o amÁ`g^oMr aMZm,
ñdê$n `m{df`r VaVyX Ho$cocr Amho. ho J¥h amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. ^maVmV H$_r-OmñV cmoH$g§»`oMr
amÁ`o AmhoV. Voìhm gd© amÁ`m§Zm g_mZ Ý`m` {_imdm, g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd {_imdo, `m hoVyZo cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m
à_mUmV amÁ`m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mV `oVo.
B
amÁ`g^oMr aMZm :
^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 80 Zwgma amÁ`g^oV 250 gXñ` AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s 238 à{V{ZYr ho KQ>H$
amÁ`m§À`m {dYmZg^m§VyZ {ZdS>VmV. ~mH$sMo ~mam gXñ` amîQ´>nVrH$Sy>Z gm{hË`, H$cm, dmŠ`, g_mOgodm,
{dkmZ, B. joÌmVrc Zm_d§V ì`ŠVrVyZ {ZdS>co OmVmV. `m Zm_d§V ì`ŠVtÀ`m kmZmMm, AZw^dmMm \$m`Xm
g§gXocm {_imdm, `m CÔoemZo `m§Mr {Z`wŠVr amîQ´>nVr H$aVmo. KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m cmoH$g§»`oÀ`m à_mUmV ho
à{V{ZYr {ZdS>co OmVmV. CËVa àXoe-31, _hmamîQ´>-19, Amo[agm-10, n§Om~-7, {_Pmoam_-1 Ago
à{V{ZYr nmR>{dVmV.
B
amÁ`g^oÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr nmÌVm :
KQ>ZoÀ`m 84 ì`m H$c_mZwgma amÁ`g^oMr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUmè`m C_oXdmamgmR>r nwT>rc nmÌVm Amho.
1. Vmo ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm.
2. Ë`mMo d` 30 df} nyU© Agmdo.
3. g§gXoZo doimodoir R>adyZ {Xcoë`m AQ>r Ë`mZo nyU© Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV.
4. Á`m KQ>H$ amÁ`m§VyZ Vmo {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dUma Amho Ë`m KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m g§gXr` _VXmag§KmV
Ë`mMo Zm§d Agco nm{hOo.
gaH$mar ZmoH$a, doS>r, doS>ga, Vwê$§JdmgmMr {ejm ^moJcocr, naH$s`, {ZdS>UyH$sV ^«îQ>mMmar
R>adcocm C_oXdma amÁ`g^oÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sg AnmÌ R>a{dcm OmVmo. EH$mMdoir amÁ`g^m d cmoH$g^m
Am{U KQ>H$ amÁ`mÀ`m {dYr_§S>imMo gXñ` amhVm `oV Zmhr. amÁ`g^oda {ZdS> Pmë`mg Ë`m à{V{ZYrcm
BVa nXo gmoS>mdr cmJVmV.
B
{ZdS>UyH$ nÜXV :
amÁ`g^oVrc 238 gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m {dYmZg^mVrc gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo.
amÁ`g^oVrc g^mgX {ZdS>rMm A{YH$ma àË`j OZVocm {Xcocm ZgyZ, àË`oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc
{dYmZg^oV {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m Am_Xmam§Zm hm A{YH$ma {Xcocm Amho. amÁ`g^oVrc gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS>UyH$ Jwá
98
_VXmZ d EH$cg§H«$_Ur` _VXmZ nÜXVrZo hmoVo. `m nÜXVr_wio KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc {d{dY amOH$s` njm§Zm
Amnë`m gXñ` g§»`oda AmYmarV amÁ`g^oV Amnco à{V{ZYr nmR>{dÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iVo.
B
H$m`©H$mc :
{ÛVr` g^mJ¥h ñWm`r R>odÊ`mMr nÜXV BVa Xoemà_mUoM ^maVmZohr pñdH$macocr Amho. amÁ`g^m
ho ñWm`r g^mJ¥h Amho. Vo H$m`_ñdê$nr g^mJ¥h Agë`m_wio Vo H$Yrhr ~aImñV Ho$co OmV Zmhr. `mMm
\$m`Xm Agm hmoVmo, cmoH$g^m {dgOuV Pmë`mZ§Va amÁ`à_wImcm _hËdmÀ`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ ~m~tda g„m
XoÊ`mMo H$m`© amÁ`g^m H$ê$ eH$Vo. amÁ`g^m H$YrM {dgOuV hmoV Zmhr. nU Ë`mVrc 1/3 gXñ` Xa
XmoZ dfmªZr {Zd¥ËV hmoVmV Am{U Ë`m OmJr VodT>oM gXñ` Zì`mZo {ZdS>co OmVmV. amÁ`g^oVrc àË`oH$
gXñ`mcm Amnë`m nXmda ghm df} amhVm `oVo. amÁ`g^oMo gXñ` EH$mM doir {Zd¥Îm hmoV Zgë`m_wio
OwZo-Zdo gXñ` EH${ÌV H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. OwÝ`m gXñ`m§Mm AZw^d Am{U Zì`m gXñ`m§Mm CËgmh
`m_wio amÁ`g^oMo H$m_H$mO CËgmhmZo, O~m~XmarZo d H$m`©j_VoZo MmcVo.
B
amÁ`g^oMo nXm{YH$mar :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 89 Zwgma ^maVmMm CnamîQ´>nVr hm amÁ`g^oMm nX{gÕ g^mnVr
AgVmo. Ë`mMm H$m`©H$mc nmM dfmªMm AgVmo. g^mnVrÀ`m J¡ahOoarV amÁ`g^oMo H$m_H$mO Cng^mnVr
nmhVmo. amÁ`g^oVrc gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z Cng^mnVrMr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo. amÁ`g^oMm g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr
`m§Zm ñd_OuZo Amnë`m nXmMm amOrZm_m XoVm `oVmo. g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr hr XmoÝhr nXo EH$mM doir
[aH$m_r Pmë`mg g^mJ¥hmVrc Á`oîR> ZoË`mMr g^mnVr åhUyZ amîQ´>nVr {ZdS> H$aVmo. amÁ`g^oÀ`m
g^mnVrcm nXmdê$Z Xya H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ`g^ocm Zmhr, _mÌ Agm A{YH$ma g§gXocm Amho.
amÁ`g^oÀ`m g^mnVrcm amÁ`g^oVrc gXñ`m§da {Z`§ÌU R>odyZ g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO ì`dñWrV
Mmcdmdo cmJVo, g^mJ¥hmVrc H$m_H$mOmMo {df` R>a{dUo, gXñ`m§Zm ^mfU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma,
g^mJ¥hmVrc MM}Mo àíZ, ñWJZ àñVmd, {dYo`H$mdarc MMm© d _VXmZ KoUo, g^mJ¥hmVrc {Z`_, nÜXVr
`m§Mo nmcZ H$aUo, g^mJ¥hmV em§VVm d {eñV amIUo, EImÚm {dYo`H$mda g_g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg
{ZUm©`H$ _V XoUo, B. H$m_o g^mnVrcm H$amdr cmJVmV.
B
JUg§»`m/H$moa_ :
g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO Mmcy H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1/10 gXñ` g^mJ¥hmV hOa Agmdo cmJVmV. amÁ`g^oVrc
250 gXñ`m§n¡H$s {H$_mZ 25 gXñ` g^mJ¥hmV hOa Agmdo cmJVmV.
B
amÁ`g^oMo A{YH$ma d H$m`} :
1) H$m`Xo{de`H$ A{YH$ma :
amÁ`g^ocm cmoH$g^oBVHo$M H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcoco AmhoV. AW©{dYo`H$ gmoSy>Z
99
~mH$sMr gd© {dYo`Ho$ amÁ`g^oV _m§S>Vm `oVmV. {dYo`H$mda MMm©, {dMma-{d{Z_` hmoD$Z {dYo`Ho$
~hþ_VmZo _§Oya qH$dm Zm_§Oya Ho$cr OmVmV. amÁ`g^oZo _§Oya Ho$cocr {dYo`Ho$ cmoH$g^oH$So> _§OyargmR>r qH$dm
cmoH$g^oZo _§Oya Ho$cocr {dYo`Ho$ amÁ`g^oH$So> _§OyargmR>r nmR>{dcr OmVmV. EImÚm {dYo`H$m§~m~V XmoÝhr
J¥hmV _V^oX Pmë`mg XmoÝhr J¥hm§Mr g§`wŠV ~¡R>H$ ~mocm{dcr OmVo. amîQ´>nVrÀ`m AÜ`jVoImcr hr g§`wŠV
~¡R>H$ hmoVo. Ë`m {dYo`H$m~m~V ~hþ_VmZo {ZU©` hmoVmo. Ë`m_Ü`o cmoH$g^oMr gXñ`g§»`m A{YH$
Agë`m_wio cmoH$g^oMmM à^md nS>Vmo. H|$Ð`mXr d gm_mB©H$ `mXrVrc {df`mda H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mMm
cmoH$g^oà_mUo amÁ`g^ocmhr A{YH$ma Amho. ZdrZ H$m`Xo H$aUo, OwÝ`m H$m`ÚmV Xwê$ñË`m H$aUo,
AZmdí`H$ H$m`Xo aÔ H$aUo, Aem ñdê$nmMr H$m`} amÁ`g^m H$arV AgVo.
2) AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma :
Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`g^ocm Jm¡U ñWmZ àmá Pmco Amho. AW©{df`H$ {dYo`Ho$ àW_
cmoH$g^m `m H${ZîR> J¥hmV _§mS>cr OmVmV. AW©{dYo`Ho$ àW_ cmoH$g^oV _§Oya hmoVmV d Z§Va Vr Ho$di
_§OyargmR>r amÁ`g^oH$So> nmR>dVmV. cmoH$g^oH$Sy>Z amÁ`g^oH$So> Amcoë`m AW©{dYo`H$mda gyMZm, {e\$maer
H$ê$Z 14 {Xdgm§À`m AmV cmoH$g^oH$So> naV nmR>{dUo amÁ`g^oda ~§YZH$maH$ Amho. amÁ`g^oZo 14.{Xdgm§À`m
AmV g§~§YrV {dYo`H$ naV nmR>{dco Zmhr Va amÁ`g^ocm _§Oya Amho, Ago g_OyZ cmoH$g^m Vo {dYo`H$
amîQ´>nVrÀ`m g§_VrgmR>r nmR>{dVo. amÁ`g^oZo nmR>{dcoë`m gyMZm d {e\$maer cmoH$g^oda ~§YZH$maH$
ZgVmV. AW©{dYo`H$m~m~VrV XmoÝhr J¥hm§V _V^oX Pmë`mg g§`wŠV A{YdoeZ ~mocm{dco OmV Zmhr.
3) H$m`©H$mar A{YH$ma :
^maVmV g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVr Agë`m_wio _§Ìr_§S>i cmoH$g^ocm O~m~Xma AgVo. _§Ìr_§S>imda Iao
{Z`§ÌU cmoH$g^oMo AgVo. _§Ìr_§S>im{dê$Õ A{dídmgmMm R>amd cmoH$g^oVM _m§S>cm OmVmo. nU _§Í`m§Zm
àíZ, CnàíZ {dMmê$Z Ë`m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ amÁ`g^m H$aV AgVo. EImÚm _hËdmÀ`m
àíZmg§~§Yr amÁ`g^oV "H$m_ amoH$mo' àñVmd (ñWJZ àñVmd) AmUVm `oVmo. EImXo {dYo`H$ amÁ`g^m
Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©~m~V Zmng§Vr ì`ŠV H$ê$ fH$Vo.
4) KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrMm A{YH$ma :
^maVr` KQ>ZoZo cmoH$g^oà_mUoM amÁ`g^ocm KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrMm A{YH$ma {Xcocm Amho. KQ>ZmXwê$ñVr
{dYo`H$mcm amÁ`g^oMr _§Oyar cmJVo. EImÚm KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrcm amÁ`g^oZo _§Oyar Z {Xë`mg KQ>ZmXwê$ñVr
hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
5) BVa A{YH$ma :
1. amîQ´>nVr d CnamîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ`g^oVrc gXñ`m§Zm .Amho.
2. A{YdoeZ gwê$ AgVmZm amîQ´>nVr Oo dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Vmo Ë`m§Zm cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m `m§Mr
_§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo.
100
3. amîQ´>nVr, CnamîQ´>nVr, _hmcoImnarjH$, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`mYre `m§Zr Ho$coë`m KQ>Zm~mhç:
dV©Zm~Ôc Ë`m§Zm nXÀ`wV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^ocm Amho.
4. amÁ`gwMrVrc EImXm {df` _hËdmMm Amho Agm R>amd amÁ`g^m nmg H$ê$ eH$Vo. Aem
R>amdmZwgma H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§gXocm Amho. Aem H$m`ÚmMm H$mcmdYr EH$ dfmªMm
AgVmo.
5. amîQ´>nVrZo Am{U~mUr Kmo{fV Ho$ë`mda Ë`mg cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^oMr _§Oyar cmJVo.
6. amÁ`g^m 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo R>amd _mÝ` H$ê$Z ApIc ^maVr` godm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr gyMZm
H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
B
amÁ`g^m d[aîR>J¥h Amdí`H$ H$s AZmdí`H$ :
A) amÁ`g^m AZmdí`H$ J¥h :
1. amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR> J¥h H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrÀ`m ~m~VrV {dc§~ H$aUmao d AS>Wim AmUUmao J¥h
Amho. cmoH$g^m ho OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao J¥h Agë`m_wio Vo H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrgmR>r nwaogo
Amho.
2. amÁ`g^oda {ZdS>co Jococo à{V{ZYr {dYmZg^oVrc gXñ`m§Zr {ZdS>coco AgVmV. Vo OZVoÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ {ZdS>co OmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Vo OZVoer O~m~Xma amhV ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm OZVoÀ`m,
amÁ`mÀ`m {hVmnojm nj{hV _hËdmMo dmQ>Vo.
3. amÁ`g^oda {Z`wŠV Ho$co Jococo ~mam gXñ` amîQ´>nVrH$Sy>Z àË`jnUo {Z`wŠV Ho$co OmV Agco
Var n§VàYmZmÀ`m gë`mZo `m gXñ`§mMr {Z`wŠVr hmoVo. gËVmê$T> nj Amnë`m njmVrc H$mhr
cmoH$m§Mr dUu cmdÊ`mgmR>r `m ~mam OmJm§À`m {Z`wŠVrMm \$m`Xm CMcVmV.
4. amÁ`g^ocm AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma Zm__mÌ åhUOo gwMZm, {e\$maer H$aÊ`mBVŠ`mM _`m©{XV
AmhoV. nU Ë`mhr gyMZm ñdrH$maÊ`mMo ~§YZ cmoH$g^ocm Zmhr.
5. H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrgmR>r cmoH$g^m ho J¥h nwaogo Amho. amÁ`g^o_wio nwÝhm A{YH$ IMm©Mm VmU
nS>Vmo.
~) amÁ`g^m Amdí`H$ J¥h :
1. cmoH$g^oH$So> H$m_mMm ì`mn A{YH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio gd©M {dYo`H$m§da g{dñVa MMm© d Mm¡H$er
hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ~è`mM doim KoVcoco {ZU©` KmB©-JS>~S>rV, ^mdZoÀ`m ^amV KoVco OmVmV.
amÁ`g^m Aem {dYo`H$m§da nwÝhm MMm© H$ê$Z g§~§YrV {dYo`H$ Mm§Jë`m àH$mao V`ma hmoVo.
2. cmoH$g^m ~hþ_VmÀ`m Omoamda hdo Vo H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio OZVoda AÝ`m` hmoÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aem doir gËVmê$T> njmÀ`m H$m`m©da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ amÁ`g^m H$aVo.
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3. KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo A{YH$ma VgoM ñdm`ËVVm {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U g§KamÁ`mË_H$ emgZ nÜXVr
~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR> J¥h Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
4. amOH$maUmnmgyZ H$mhr hþema d Vk cmoH$ A{cá AgVmV. Aem cmoH$m§À`m kmZmMm,
AZw^dmMm \$m`Xm ^maVr` OZVoÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ìhmdm, åhUyZ amÁ`g^oV H$mhr OmJm§Mr
VaVyX Ho$cocr Amho.
5. amÁ`g^m ho ñWm`r g^mJ¥h Agë`m_wio amÁ`mÀ`m Ü`o`YmoaUmV Am{U H$m`m©V gmVË`
{Q>H${dÊ`mMo H$m`© `m J¥hmH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo.
Aem H$maUm§_wio g§gXoVrc amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR> J¥h Amdí`H$ d Cn`wŠV Amho.
3.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
Imcrc àíZm§Mr EH$ qH$dm XmoZ dmŠ`mV CËVao {chm.
1) cmoH$g^oÀ`m g^mnVrMr {ZdS> H$er Ho$cr OmVo?
2) cmoH$g^oMm H$m`©H$mc {H$Vr dfmªMm Amho?
3) amÁ`g^m gXñ`mMr d`mo_`m©Xm {H$Vr?
4) g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr gXñ`g§»`m Amdí`H$ Amho?
3.7 g§X^© nwñVHo$ :
1) S>m°. Omoer n.c. - ^maVr` g§{dYmZ fmgZ d amOH$maU, {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1955
2) S>m°. ^moio ^mñH$a cú_U - ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mMo emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, qnnimnwao npãceg©,
2003.
3) àm.Ym§JQ>oH$a qM.J. - ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm: ñdê$n Am{U amOH$maU, _§Jof àH$meZ, ZmJnya,
2004.
4) àm. nmQ>rc ~r.~r. - ^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya, 2010
5) OmYd VwH$mam_ - ^maVr` amOH$s` ì`dñWoMm AmH¥${V~§Y, {eamnyaH$a _hoe I§S>-1, ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>Zm d KQ>ZmË_H$ à{H«$`m, X `w{ZH$ A°H°$S>_r, nwUo, 2011
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