gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 2
_yb^yV A{YH$ma, _yb^yV H$V©ì`o,
amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo
AZwH«$_{UH$m
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o
2.1 àmñVm{dH$
2.2.1 _yb^yV A{YH$ma
2.2.2 _yb^yV H$V©ì`o
2.2.3 amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo.
2.3 nm[a^m[fH$ eãX
2.4 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ, CËVao
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
2.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$.
2.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg B
_yb^yV A{YH$ma {H$Vr d H$moUVo AmhoV Vo OmUyZ KoVm `oB©b.
B
_yb^yV H$V©ì`o åhUOo H$m`? d Vr H$moUVr ho OmUyZ KoVm `oB©b.
B
amÁ`mZo H$moUVr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo A_bmV AmUmdr ho Aä`mgVm `oB©b.
2.1 àmñVm{dH$ :
"^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm' `m Aä`mgH«$_mVrb _yb^yV A{YH$ma, _yb^yV H$V©ì`o Am{U amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo `m§Mm Aä`mg `m KQ>H$mV Ho$bm OmUma Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo EH$ _hËËdmMo d¡{eîQ>ço Ago
H$s, `m amÁ`KQ>ZoV ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm (Fundamental Rights) g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
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^maVmV ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimnmgyZM _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr _mJUr Ho$br OmV hmoVr. {~«Q>re amÁ`H$Ë`m©Zr `oWrb
OZVoMo ZmJar hŠH$ Zoh_rM nm`Xir VwS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`m§À`m MidirVrb
^maVr` OZVoMr EH$ à_wI _mJUr `m ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ _yb^yV hŠH$mH$S>o nm{hbo nm{hOo.
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV AZoH$ Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV OZVoÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.
ì`ŠVr{dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`m_yio ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m {dH$mgmMr g§Yr
CnbãY hmoVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. na§Vy hŠH$m~amo~aM
H$V©ì`ohr `oVmV. ""hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì`o `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mMm XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV'' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ì`ŠVrZo
Amnë`m hŠH$m§{df`r AmJ«hr amhVmZm H$V©ì`nmbZmMo ^mZhr R>odUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$maU H$V©ì`m§Zm
hŠH$m§nmmgyZ doJio H$aVm `oV Zmhr. AmnU Ooìhm ñdmd§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$mMm AmJ«h YaVmo Voìhm g_mOmVrb AÝ`
ì`ŠVtÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mbm Amnë`mH$Sy>Z ~mYm nmohMUma Zmhr `mMr XjVm KoUo ho Amnbo H$V©ì`o R>aVo.
2.2.1 _yb^yV A{YH$ma
(Fundamental Rights)
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m ^mJmV H$b_ 12 Vo 35 n`ªV _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr
Amho.
àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm {VMm amOH$r`, gm_m{OH$, Am[W©H$, e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg gmYVm Ambm
nm{hOo Aer n[apñWVr amÁ`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$br nm{hOo. Ë`mM~amo~a amÁ`mÀ`m EH$m{YH$ma àd¥ËVrnmgyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m
hŠH$m§Mo d ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$aUo hm CÔoe _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m nmR>r_mJo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$m`XçmMo nmR>~i
àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. åhUOo ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§da A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg ì`ŠVrbm Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o
Ë`mg§~§Yr XmX _mJVm `oVo. ZmJarH$m§À`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ý`m`_§S>imda
gmon{dbr Amho. Ë`m_wio KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m§er {dg§JV Agbobo qH$dm Ë`m hŠH$m§À`m {damoYr Agbobo
H$m`Xo aÔ~mVb R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`_§S>imbm àmá Pmbm Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo ho A{YH$ma A_`m©X ZmhrV.
KQ>ZoVrb àË`oH$ _yb^yV hŠH$m§da H$mhr ~§YZo KmbÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. ^maVmVrb Cƒ Ý`m`mb`o VgoM
gdm©oÀM Ý`m`mb`o `m§Zr Ë`m§À`mg_moa Amboë`m _yb^yV A{YH$mam~m~VMm H$mhr IQ>ë`m§Mm {ZH$mb XoVmZm hr
JmoîQ> dma§dma ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho. H$m`Xm, em§VVm, gwì`dñWm, gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ` `m§À`m g§dY©ZmgmR>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m
A{YH$mamda H$mhr _`m©Xm KmbUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m ^mJmV åhUOo _yb^yV hŠH${dîm`H$ àH$aUmV amÁ`mMm g§X^© AZoH$ doim
Ambm AgyZ "amÁ` (State) hm eãX ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo Cn`moJmV AmUbm Amho. "amÁ`' `m g§koV H|$ÐemgZ d
KQ>H$amÁ`o `m§Mr H$m`©H$mar _§S>io d H$m`Xo_§S>io, ^maV gaH$ma d KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m emgZg§ñWm `m§Mo gd© à_yI
KQ>H$ qH$dm {d^mJ… J«m_n§Mm`Vr, ZJanm{bH$m, _hmZJanm{bH$m, {Oëhmn[afXm `mgma»`m ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ`
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g§ñWm, H$m`ÚmÛmao AmpñVËdmV Amboë`m Am{U H$m`XçmÛmao {_imboë`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mè`m
gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm d `§ÌUm, emgZmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m g§KQ>Zm BË`mXtMm A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ghm àH$maMo _yb^yV hŠH$ {Xbo AmhoV. Iao Va amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV
hŠH$m§À`m _yi `mXrV gmV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm, na§Vy Ë`mn¡H$s _mb_ËVoMm hŠH$ (Right to Property)
IynM dmXJ«ñV R>abm, Ë`mg§~§Yr Ý`m`mb`rZ nmVirdahr CbQ>gwbQ> _VàXe©Z Pmbo, Ë`m_wio B.g. 1978.À`m
44 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo "_mb_ËVoMm hŠH$' _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m `mXrVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. da CëboI
Ho$ë`mà_mUo amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m {d^mJmV 12 Vo 35 `m H$b_mV _yb^yV A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
1) g_VoMm A{YH$ma
(Right to Equality)
2) ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma
H$b_ 14 Vo 18.
(Right to Freedom)
3) emofUm{dê$ÕMm A{YH$ma
H$b_ 19 Vo 22.
(Right to Against Exploitation)
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma
H$b_ 23 Vo 24.
(Right to Freedom of Religion)
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma
H$b_ 25 Vo 28
(Cultural and Educational Right)
H$b_ 29 Vo 30
6) _mb_ËVoMm (g§nËVrMm) A{YH$ma (Right to Property) H$b_ 31…1978
gmbr hm A{YH$ma _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m `mXrVyZ H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
7) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMm A{YH$ma (Right to Constitutional Remedies) H$b_ 32 Vo 35
1) g_VoMm A{YH$ma (H$b_ 14 Vo 18) :
bmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWoV g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mambm {deof _hËËd XoÊ`mV `oVo. H$maU XoemÀ`m gm_m{OH$
d amOH$r` OrdZmV g_Vm àñWm{nV Pmë`mIoarO Iè`m AWm©Zo bmoH$emhr `eñdr hmody eH$V Zmhr.
^maVmgma»`m I§S>àm` XoemV OoWo g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm§V namH$moQ>rMr {df_Vm AmT>iyZ `oVo, VoWo Va
g_VoMr IynM Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. åhUyZM Amnë`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr g_VoÀ`m hŠH$mbm (Right to Equality)
AJ«H$_ {Xbm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo g_VoÀ`m hŠH$mÛmao gd© ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü`o g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. AWm©V, Amnë`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm g§nyU© g_Vm A{^àoV ZìhVr, ho XoIrb `oWo ñnîQ> Ho$bo nm{hOo.
"H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_Vm', H$m`ÚmMo g_mZ g§ajU Am{U "gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr' EdT>çm _`m©{XV AWm©ZoM KQ>ZoZo
g_VoMm hŠH$ {Xbobm Amho. g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mamV nwT>rb JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
A) H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_Vm Am{U H$m`ÚmMo g_mZ g§ajU (H$b_ 14)
H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_Vm hm H$m`ÚmMo amÁ` (Rule of Law) `m g§H$ënZoMm _hËËdmMm ^mJ g_Obm OmVmo.
H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_Vm `mMm AW© Agm Ho$bm OmVmo H$s, H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr H$m`Úmnojm loîR> Zmhr. åhUyZ amÁ`mMo
H$m`Xo gd© ì`ŠVtZm gmaIoM qH$dm g_mZVoZo bmJy hmoVrb, H$m`ÚmnwT>o gd© ZmJ[aH$ g_mZ Agë`mZo H$m`ÚmMr
A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm amÁ` ì`ŠVr ì`ŠVr _Ü`o H$moUË`mhr
àH$maMm ^oX^md H$aUma Zmhr. Amnë`m KQ>ZoZo
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gd© bmoH$m§Zm H$m`ÚmMo g_mZ g§ajU XoÊ`mMrhr h_r {Xbr Amho. Iao Va "H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_Vm' `m VËdmVM
"gdmªZm H$m`ÚmMo g_mZ g§ajU' hr ~m~ hr A§V©^yV Amho. KQ>ZoZo `m hŠH$m~m~V ZmJ[aH$ d naH$s` Agm
^oX^md Ho$bobm Zmhr.
amÁ` KQ>ZoZo gd© ì`ŠVtZm H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_mZ boIbo Agbo Var Ë`mMm AW© amÁ` H$m`Xo H$aVmZm
ì`ŠVrì`ŠVr _Ü`o _wirM ^oX^md H$aUma Zmhr, Agm hmoV Zmhr. H$mhr ~m~VrV C{MV ^oX^md H$aÊ`mMm
A[YH$ma KQ>ZoZo amÁ`mbm {Xbm Amho. g_mO[hVmÀ`m ì`mnH$ ÑîQ>rZo Aem àH$maMm ^oX^md H$aUo H$mhr doim
Amdí`H$ AgVo, VgoM {d{eîR> n[apñWVrV amÁ`mVrb H$mhr dJm©H$arVm doJiçm àH$maMo H$m`Xo H$amdo
bmJVmV. Aem H$m`Úm_wio "H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_Vm' `m VËdmbm ~mYm nmohMV Zmhr.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$m`Úm_wio g_Vm `m VËdmda Aerhr Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo H$s, Oar KQ>ZoZo gd© ì`ŠVrZm
H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_mZ boIbo Agbo Var àË`jmV gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m J[a~r_wio Ý`m`mnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo
bmJVo. H$m`ÚmMo gdmªZm g_mZ g§ajU {_iV Agbo Var Jar~ bmoH$ n¡emÀ`m A^mdr Ý`m`mb`mn`ªV nmohMyhr
eH$V ZmhrV; åhUOo H$m`ÚmMo g§ajU \$ŠV lr_§V bmoH$m§ZmM {_iy eH$Vo.
~) ^oX^mdmMm A^md (H$b_ 15)
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü`o Y_©, d§e, OmV, qbJ, OÝ_ñWmZ `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr AmYmamda
^oX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr ho `m H$b_mV ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.
H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mbm darb JmoîQ>tÀ`m AmYmao H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr, emim, _§{Xao, {gZo_mJ¥ho
Aem {R>H$mUr ^oX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. {dhrar, Vbmd, ZXçm§Mo KmQ>, añVo, gmd©O{ZH$ {dlm§VrMr {R>H$mUo
Aem amÁ`mZo CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xboë`m {R>H$mUr gdmªMm g_mZ A{YH$ma Agob. Aer ½dmhr Amnë`m KQ>ZoZo
{Xbobr Amho. na§Vy KQ>ZoZo ho Xo{Ib ñnîQ> Ho$bob Amho H$s {ñÌ`m d bhmZ _wbo `m§À`mgmR>r qH$dm _mJmgboë`m
dJm©gmR>r Img VaVyXr amÁ` CnbãY H$ê$Z Xody eH$Vo qH$dm g_mO{hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr
g¥Õm ^oX^md Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
CXm. … j`r AWdm _hmamo½`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr _ÁOmd Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo Aem doir Ë`m§Mm
hŠH$^§J hmoV Zmhr.
H$) g§YrMr g_Vm (H$b_ 16)
^maVr` KQ>ZoZo gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§YrMr g_Vm {Xbobr Amho. `m H$b_mV OmV, Y_©, d§e, qbJ d dJ©
`m dê$Z ZmoH$ar XoVmZm ^oX^md Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr qH$dm `mdê$Z AnmÌ R>adrbo OmUma Zmhr. na§Vy H$mhr {d{eîQ>
OmVrO_mVrÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r ZmoH$è`m XoVmZm Img gdbVr AWdm H$mhr ~m~VrV Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m
e¡j{UH$ AQ>rhr g¡b H$ê$ eH$Vo. Ago Ho$ë`mZo g_mZ g§Yr `m A{YH$mambm ~mYm `oUma Zmhr Agohr Z_yX Ho$bo
Amho.
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~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....4
S>) Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aÊmo (nmiÊ`mg ~§Xr) (H$b_ 17)
g_VoÀ`m A{YH$mamg§X^m©V Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aUo `mbm {deof _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. 17 ì`m
H$b_mZwgma Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Añn¥í`Vm nmiUo hm H$m`ÚmZo {ejobm nmÌ hmoUmam JwÝhm
_mZÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
Ë`mM~amo~a 1955 À`m Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU H$m`XçmZwgma `m A{YH$mambm AmUIr AmYma {_imbm
Amho. Ë`mZygma H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm Añn¥í` åhUyZ emim, XdmImZm, hm°Q>ob AmXr {R>H$mUr àdoe ZmH$maVm
`oUma Zmhr AWdm gmd©OZrH$ CnmgZmJ¥hmV nyOm, nmW©Zm H$aÊ`mg _ZmB© H$aVm `oUma Zmhr.
B) nXì`m XoÊ`mg ~§Xr (H$b_ 18)
ñdmV§Í`mnydu amd~hmXya, amdgmho~, {XdmU, ga BË`mXr nXì`m d "{H$Vm~' {Xbo OmV AgV. Ë`mVyZ
H¥$Ìr_ Aer gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr, åhUyZM g_VoÀ`m g§X^m©V ñdmV§Í`moËVa H$mimV
Ë`m gd© nXì`m ZîQ> H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo, åhUyZ amÁ`KQ>ZoV Vgm CëboI H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho d nXì`m XoÊ`mg
~§Xr KmVbr.
amÁ`KQ>ZoZo nXì`m XoÊ`mg amÁ`mda ~§Xr KmVbr Agbr Var ^maV gaH$mZo B.g.1954 nmgyZ ^maVaËZ,
nÙ{d^yfU, nX²_^yfU, nX²_lr `m gmaIo gÝ_mZ àXmZ H$aÊ`mMr àWm gwê$ Ho$br. ho gÝ_mZ XoÊ`mghr H$mhr
bmoH$m§Mm {damoY hmoVm. H$maU Ago gÝ_mZ XoÊ`m_wio KQ>ZoÀ`m 18 ì`m H$b_mMm ^§J hmoVmo. Ago Ë`m§Mo åhUUo
hmoVo `m Amjonmbm gaH$maH$S>yZ Ago CËVa XoÊ`mV Ambo H$s, `m nXì`m ZgyZ nXHo$ (Medals) AmhoV Am{U
hr nXHo$ {_imboë`m ì`ŠVrZo Ë`m§Mm Amnë`m ZmdmnyT>o nXì`mgmaIm Cn`moJ H$ê$ Z`o. _mÌ H$mhrOZm§Zm AOyZhr
gaH$mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU nwaogo VH©$ewÕ dmQ>V Zmhr.
`m nXì`m§Mm A`mo½` dmna hmody bmJbm, A`mo½` ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m {Xë`m Omdy bmJë`m, Ë`m_wio 1978
_Ü`o OZVmnjmÀ`m amOdQ>rV `m nXì`m XoÊ`mMo Wm§~{dbo hmoVo. na§Vy 1980 _Ü`o H$m°J«og nwÝhm gËVoda
Amë`mda Ë`m§Zr nyÝhm nXì`m XoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Z§Vahr `m gÝ_mZm§Zm ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 18 AÝd`o
gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mV AmìhmZ {Xbo Jobo hmoVo. Ë`m nmíd©^y_rda 1993 nmgyZ Oyb¡ 1997 n`ªV ho gÝ_mZ
H$moUmghr àXmZ Ho$bo Jobo ZìhVo.
VWm{n, ho gÝ_mZ KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 18(1) _Ü`o Z_yX Ho$boë`m "nXì`m' qH$dm "{H$Vm~' (Titles) R>ê$
eH$V Zmhr; Ë`m_yio Ago gÝ_mZ àXmZ Ho$ë`mZo g_mZVoÀ`m VËdmg ~mYm `oV Zmhr, Agm {ZU©` `m àH$aUr
gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbm Amho. Ë`m_yio `m dmXda AmVm nS>Xm nS>bm Amho, Ago åhUÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr.
2) ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma (Right to Freedom) H$b_ 19 Vo 22 : bmoH$emhrMr {ZH$mon dmT>
hr ì`ŠVtZm {_imboë`m A{YH$ma Am{U ñdmV§Í`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. ì`ŠVr_ËdmMm {dH$mg ìhmdm `mgmR>r
Imbrb ghm ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
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1) ^mfU Am{U {dMma H$aÊ`moM ñdmV§Í`
2) em§VVmnyd©H$ {Z…eñÌ g^m KoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`
3) g§ñWm Am{U g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`
4) g§Mma ñdmV§Í`
5) ^maVmV H$moR>ohr dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`
6) ì`dgm`, CÚmoJY§Xm `m§Mo ñdmV§Í`
darb àH$maÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMr h_r KQ>ZoZo KoVbr Agbr Var ho ñdmV§Í` A{Z~ªY ZmhrV. Ë`mda H$mhr
"dmOdr ~§YZo' KmVbr AmhoV. 1951 À`m Xwê$ñVrdê$Z H$b_ 19(1) Vo H$b_ 19(6) n`©ÝV hr ~§YZo ñnîQ>
H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. "ñdmV§Í`Mm Xwê$n`moJ' Q>mimdm hmM `m nmR>r_mJrb àm_m{UH$ CÔoe Amho. "ñdmV§Í`
åhUOo ñd¡amMma Zìho' ñdmV§Í`mbm gm_m{OH$ Ame` àmËn Pmbm Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoV àma§^r gmV àH$maÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMm g_mdoe hmoVm. na§Vy 1978 À`m 44 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo
19(1) `m H$b_mVrb "\$' ho CnH$b_ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo. 19(1)(\$) `m H$b_mV "g§nËVr {_i{dÊ`mMo,
YmaU H$aÊ`mMo d {VMr {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`' `m ñdmV§Í`mMm CëboI hmoVm. na§Vy 44 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo
"_mb_ËVoMm hŠH$' _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m `mXrVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$ë`mZo ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m_Yrb _mb_ËVm qH$dm
g§nËVrg§~§YrMr VaVyXhr KQ>ZoVyZ dJiÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
^maVr` KQ>ZoZo {Xboë`m darb ghm àH$maÀ`m ñdmV§Í`m_wio `oWrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mo ñdmV§Í` A~m{YV amhÊ`mg
_XV Pmbr Amho. åhUyZM ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo KQ>ZoVrb hm hŠH$ A{Ve` _hËËdmMm g_Obm OmVmo.
da CëboI Ho$ë`mà_mUo ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$mV g_m{dîQ> Agboë`m àË`oH$ ñdmV§Í`mda dmOdr {Z~ªY KmbÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma KQ>ZoZo amÁ`mbm {Xbo AmhoV. A_`m©X ñdmV§Í`mZo g_mO ì`dñWobmM YmoH$m nmohMÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
AgVo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ {hVmÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mda H$mhr ~§YZo KmbUo AmdíH$M AgVo "E.Ho$.
JmonmbZ {dê$Õ _Ðmg amÁ`' `m IQ>ë`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Ý`m.~r.Ho$._wIOu `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""~§YZ{dahrV
Ago A_`m©X qH$dm A{Z~ªY ñdmV§Í` H$Yrhr Agy eH$V Zmhr, H$maU Aem ñdmV§Í`m_wio AamOH$ Am{U
Jmo§YimM {Z_m©U hmoB©b.''
Amnë`m amÁ`KQ>ZoMo EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç ho nU gm§JVm `oB©b H$s, amÁ`mZo ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m hŠH$m§da H$moUË`m
_`m©Xm KmbÊ`mV `mMohr {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.
1) ^mfU Am{U {dMma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` : (Freedom of Speech and Expression)
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ^mfU ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. ì`ŠVr{dH$mgmgmR>r _Z _moH$io H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
nañna {dMmam§Mr XodmUKodmU Amdí`H$ AgVo na§Vy H$b_ 19(2) Zygma H$mhr dmOdr ~§YZo KmbÊ`mV Ambr
AmhoV. Ë`mZwgma gmd©O{ZH$ g§ajUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo KmVH$, amîQ´>mMr d ì`ŠVrMr ~XZm_r hmoB©b Ago, g§ñH¥$Vr,
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{Z{V_ËVo {dê$Õ, Ý`m`mb`mMm An_mZ H$aUmao AWdm XoemÀ`m Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Ymda {dnarV n[aUm_ H$aUmao
^mfU H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. `mM H$maUmgmR>r gaH$ma _wÐUmda, d¥ËVnÌmda ~§Xr Kmby eH$Vo. Aer ~§YZo `mo½`
H$s A`mo½` ho R>a{dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`mbm {Xbo AmhoV.
2) em§VVmnyd©H$ {Ze…ñÌ g^m KoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Right to Assemble Peaceably and
Without Arms) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 19 ì`m H$b_mÀ`m Xwgè`m CnH$b_mV (~) ñdmV§Í`mMm hm A{YH$ma
{Xbobm Amho. Amnbo {dMma OZVon`©ÝV nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ {hV Am{U g§ajUmMm ^§J Z H$aVm g^m
KoÊ`mMo, Ë`mgmR>r EImXr g§ñWm AJa g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` àË`oH$mbm _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
{hg§H$ H$m`© H$aÊ`mè`m, gmd©O{ZH$ em§VVm ^§J H$aÊ`mè`m, XheVrMo qH$dm [^VrMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mè`m, emgZmÀ`m A{YH$mamda AmH«$_U H$aÊ`mè`m g^m§da AJa g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zmda AJa hŠH$mda
AmH«$_U hmoB©b Ago ^mfU H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. amÁ`mÀ`m {hVmÀ`m, ì`ŠVrÀ`m AJa g_mOmÀ`m {hVmÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo hr ~§YZo Amdí`H$ R>aVmV.
3) g§ñWm Am{U g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (To Form Association or Unions)
^maVr` KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. amOH$s` nj, gm§ñH¥${VH$
_§S>io, ì`mnmar g§KQ>Zm, H$m_Jma g§¿mQ>Zm, ^mJrXmar g§ñWm, H§$nÝ`m BË`mXtMm g_mdoe g§ñWm qH$dm g§K
`m__Ü`o Ho$bm OmVmo. ì`ŠVr{dH$mg d g_mO{dH$mg `m ÑîQ>rZo g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í`
ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoUo g§`wŠVrH$ R>aVo.
Ago Agbo Var `m A{YH$mamMm ZmJarH$m§H$Sy>Z J¡admna hmody Z`o åhUyZ amÁ` Ë`mda _`m©Xm Kmby eH$Vo.
gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`ñWm Am{U {Z{V_ËVm `m ÑîQ>rZo `m A{YH$mamda _`m©Xm KmbUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. AWm©V
A`mo½` d AdmOdr ~§YZo KmVbr Jobr Va Ý`mb` Vr ~§YZo Ad¡Y R>ady eH$Vo. CXm. ìhr.Or.amd {dê$Õ _Ðmg
amÁ` `m IQ>ë`mg Ý`m`mb`mZo gaH$mMm hÿHy$_ Ad¡Y R>adyZ g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
gwa{jV R>odbm. Aem n[añWrV amÁ`mZo `mo½` Amdí`H$ AemM _`m©Xm `m ñdmV§Í`mda Kmbì`mV Aer Anojm
AgVo. Mmoar, H$mim~mOma `m§gmR>rM Oa H$moUr g§ñWm, g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$arb Va amÁ` Ë`mda nyU©nUo ~§YZ Kmby
eH$Vo.
4) ^maVmVrb àXoemV gd©Ì _wŠVnUo g§Mma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` (Right to Move Freely
Throughout the Territory of India) g§Mma ñdmV§Í`m§J©V ZmJ[aH$mbm ^maVmV H$moR>ohr _Zmà_mUo g§Mma
H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$hr XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. àdmgmZo Am{U BpÀN>V ñWir g§Mmam_wio ì`ŠVr_ËdmV {ZpíMV ^a
nS>Vo. Ago Agbo Var hm A{YH$ma A_`m©X ñdê$nmV {Xbobm Zmhr. bmoH$hrV Am{U _mJmgboë`m d
dÝ`OmVrO_mVtÀ`m {hVmMm {dMma H$ê$Z gaH$ma `m A{YH$mamda H$mhr _`m©Xm Kmby eH$Vo. g§gJ©OÝ` amoJmZo
{nS>rV Agboë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§Mma ñdmV§Í`mda ~§YZ KmbUo gmd©O{ZH$ ñdmñÏ`mÀ`m d Amamo½`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo
`mo½` R>aVo. VgoM dÝ`OmVtÀ`m àXoemV OmdyZ Ë`m§Mr \$gdUyH$, {nidUyH$ H$aÊmmè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§Mma
ñdmV§Í`mda ~§YZ KmbUo C{MV R>aVo. Ë`mM~amo~a amÁ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Or H$mhr gwa{jV {R>H$mUo AmhoV AWdm
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Or g¡{ZH$r {R>H$mUo AmhoV Aem {R>H$mUr OmVm `oV Zmhr, nadmZJr{edm` Aem {R>H$mUr OmVm `oUma Zmhr.
5) ^maVmV H$moR>ohr dmñVì` H$aÊ`moM ñdmV§Í` (Right to Reside and Settle in Any Part
of the Territory of India) ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 19 ì`m H$b_mZo ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm ^maVmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr
àXoemV Amnë`m BÀN>oZwgma dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMo [H§$dm ñWm{`H$ hmoÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbobo Amho. CXm. _hmamîQ´>mV
OÝ_bobr ì`ŠVr ^maVmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr àXoemV ZmoH$ar{Z{_ËV qH$dm ì`dgm`m{Z{_ËV H$mhr H$mi qH$dm
H$m`_ñdê$nr dmñVì` H$ê$ eH$Vo. JmonmbZ IQë`mV gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Agm {ZU©` {Xbm H$s ^maVr`
ZmJ[aH$mbm ^maVmÀ`m àXoemV H$moR>ohr g§Mma qH$dm dmñVì` H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgyZ `m A{YH$mam_yio
^maVmMr EH$mË_Vm {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
6) ì`dgm` CÚmoJY§Xm `m§Mo ñdmV§Í` (Right to Practice any Profession or to Corry
any Occupation, Trade or Business) ì`dgm` ñdmV§Í`mV§J©V ZmJ[aH$ Amnë`m BÀN>oà_mUo ì`dgm`
AWdm ZmoH$ar ñdrH$mê$ eH$Vmo. ì`dgm`mMo ñdmV§Í` XoV AgVmZm CnOr{dHo$gmR>rMo ho gmYZ hmM hoVy
S>moiçmg_moa Agmdm, Ago {XgVo. na§Vy Agm ì`dgm` H$arV AgVmZm AWdm H$b_ 19(6) Zygma gaH$mar
AQ>r bmXÿ eH$Vo. CXm. eñÌmMm H$maImZm AWdm ñ\$moQ>H$ nXmWmªMo H$maImZo B. Ë`mM~amo~a OZVoÀ`m {hVmÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo gaH$ma ñdV… EImXm CÚmoJ Mmbdy eH$Vo AÏmdm Vmã`mV Kody eH$Vo. CXm. ~§X nS>boë`m H$mnS> {JaÊ`m
Vmã`mV KoUo, ~±H$mMo amîQ´>r`rH$aU B. ì`ŠVrbm ì`dgm`mMo ñdmV§Í` Agbo Var gm_m{OH$ {Z{V{Z`_ Am{U
gaH$maMo {Z`_gwÕm nmiÊ`mV Ambo nm{hOoV, åhUyZ hmV^Å>r, OwJmamgmaIo ì`dgm` H$aVm `oV ZmhrV.
ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm {dMma Am{U Ë`mda bmXbobr ~§YZo `m§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$b_ 20 Vo 22 _Ü`o
ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mÀ`m AJa ì`ŠVr_ËdmÀ`m hŠH$mÀ`m g§ajUmMrhr ì`gñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Ë`m VaVyXr
àT>rb à_mUo H$b_ 20(1) Zwgma JwÝhm {gÕ Pmë`m{edm` H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm Xmofr R>adrbo R>adrbo Omdy eH$V
Zmhr. VgoM JwÝhm {gÕ Pmë`mZ§VaM H$m`XçmV R>a{dboë`m _`m©Xonojm A{YH$ {ejm {Xbr OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 20(3) Zwgma EH$m JwÝhçmgmR>r EH$mnojm A{YH$ doim {ejm {Xbr OmUma Zmhr.
H$b_ 22(3) Zwgma H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm ñdV…{dê$Õ AWdm BVam§{dê$Õ gmj XoÊ`mMr AWdm ImoQ>r
gmj XoÊ`mMr gŠVr Ho$br OmUma Zmhr.
gm_m{OH$ ñdmñÏ`mgmR>r \$m¡OXmar H$m`XçmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. `m H$m`XçmZo g_mOH§$Q>H$m§Zm {ejm
{Xbr OmVo. na§Vy H$mhr doim gaH$maH$Sy>Z amOH$s` [H§$dm ImgJr hoVygmR>r Xwê$n`moJr hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 21 _Ü`o Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, H$moUmhr ì`ŠVrMo Or{dV qH$dm ì`pŠVJV ñdmV§Í`
H$m`XçmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m nÕVrIoarO BVa _mJmªZr {hamdyZ KoVbo OmJUma Zmhr. Ë`mMàm_Uo H$b_ 22 _Ü`o
Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho H$s, EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm AQ>H$ Ho$br Agë`mg {Vbm AQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo
eŠ`{VVŠ`m bdH$a H$i{dbr nm{hOoV. VgoM AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m ng§VrÀ`m d{H$bmMm gëbm
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KoÊ`mMm Am{U Amnbm ~Mmd H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZmH$mabm Omdy Z`o. AQ>H$ Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVrbm Mmo{dg VmgmÀ`m
AmV _°{OñQ>´>oQ>g_moa C^o H$aÊ`mV `mdo Am{U _°{OñQ´>oQ>À`m nadmZJr{edm` {Vbm A[YH$H$mi AQ>Ho$V R>ody Z`o.
AWm©V `m hŠH$mbm XmoZ AndmX AmhoV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo 1) AQ>H$ Pmbobr ì`ŠVr naH$s` eÌy Agë`mg,
2) AQ>H$ Pmboë`m ì`ŠVrbm à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVm H$m`ÚmImbr nH$S>bo Agë`mg.
`m XmoÝhr n[apñWVrV ì`ŠVrbm darb hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU {_iUma Zmhr. à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVoMm H$m`ÚmImbr
H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm VrZ _{hÝ`m§nojm OmñV H$mi {dZmMm¡H$er AQ>Ho$V R>odVm `oUma Zmhr. _mÌ gëbmJma
_§S>imZo {e\$mag Ho$ë`mg g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mnojm OmñV H$mihr AQ>Ho$V R>odVm `oB©b.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVoÀ`m darb VaVyXrda ~arM Q>rH$m Pmbobr Amho. `m
VaVwXt_wio ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mda A{Z~ªY {Z`§ÌUo nS>br AgyZ EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm H$moUVohr H$maU Z XmI{dVm
AQ>Ho$V R>odÊ`mMm A{Z~ªY A{YH$ma gaH$mabm àmá Pmbm Amho. Ago Qr>H$mH$mam§Mo åhUUo Amho. gaH$mabm
Aem àH$maMm A{YH$ma XoD$Z amÁ`KQ>oZoZo ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ {hamdyZ KoÊ`mg EH$ àH$mao g§_VrM {Xbr
Amho, Agm hr Amjon Q>rH$mH$mam§H$Sy>Z KoVbm OmVmo.
à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVogmaIr KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyX H$moUË`mhr bmoH$emhr XoemV Zmhr. hr JmoîQ> `m g§X^m©V
bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo. {~«Q>re amOdQ>rVrb Á`m à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVoMo "H$m`XmhrZ H$m`Xm' Ago dU©Z
H$ê$Z Ë`m{dê$Õ H$m±J«ogZo bT>m {Xbm. Ë`mM à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVoÀ`m H$m`ÚmMm A§V^m©d amÁ`KQ>ZoZo
XoímmÀ`m H$m`ÚmV H$amdm, hr YŠH$mXm`H$ JmoîQ> hmoVr. gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo XoIrb à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVm
H$m`Úmda AZoH$Xm naIS> Q>rH$m H$ê$Z hm H$m`Xm åhUOo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mda Pmbobo J§^ra AmH«$_U hmo`, Aem
Ame`mMo _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo hmooVo. KQ>ZoVrb `m VaVyXrMo Ago g_W©Z H$aÊ`mV Amho hmoVo H$s, XoemÀ`m
gwa{jVVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo hm H$m`Xm Amdí`H$ R>aVmo. na§Vy ~è`mMdoim amÁ`H$Ë`m©Zr Amnë`m amOH$s` ñdmWm©gmR>r
åhUOo {damoYH$m§Zm XS>nÊ`mgmR>r `m H$m`ÚmMm Xwê$n`moJ Ho$bm Agë`mMo nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb à{V~§YmË_H$ ñWmZ~ÕVoMr VaVyX AmnmoAmn bmJy hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>imZo
H$m`Xm H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. EImXçm ì`ŠVrbm AÝ`m`mZo Vwê§$JmV S>m§~yZ R>odbo OmD$ Z`o, `mMr nwaoer
H$miOr KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ho$bm Amho. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm VrZ _{hÝ`m§nojm OmñV H$mi AQ>Ho$V
R>odm`Mo Agob Va Vr àH$aUo Mm¡H$ergmR>r gëbmJma _§S>imH$So (Advisory Board) gmon{dÊ`mMr VaVyX
KQ>ZoV Ho$bobr Amho. Var XoIrb Aem H$m`Úm§Mm AmYma KodyZ amOH$s` {damoYH$m§Zm dmJ{dbo OmÊ`mMo àH$ma
gaH$maH$Sy>Z `mnydu AZoH$Xm KS>bo AmhoV.
^maVr` g§gXoZo 1950 gmbr Vob§JU_Yrb Am§XmobZ Am{U VoWrb ApñWa n[apñWVr {dMmamV KodyZ
à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVoMm H$m`Xm Ho$bm Amho. hm H$m`Xm VmËnyaË`m ñdê$nmMm hmoVm. nU gaH$maZo doimodoir `m
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H$m`ÚmMr _wXV dmT>dyZ KoVbr. Á`mdoir XoemVrb amOH$s` n[apñWVr gm_mÝ` ñdê$nmMr hmoVr Ë`mdoir XoIrb
gaH$mabm `m H$m`ÚmMo ApñVËd Amdí`H$ dmQ>bo. Ë`m_wio gaH$maÀ`m hoVy{df`r e§H$m KoVbr OmD$ bmJbr.
AIoarg B.g. 1969 _Ü`o XoemVrb {d{eîQ> amOH$s` n[apñWVr_wio hm H$m`Xm aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. VWm{n
1971 _Ü`o g§gXoZo VemM ñdê$nmMm VaVyXr AgUmam A§VJ©V gwa{jVVm H$m`Xm ({_gm Maintenance of
Internal Secruity Act) hm Zdm H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$bm. na§Vy B.g. 1975 Vo 1977 `m H$mbmdYrV hOmamo
bmoH$m§Zm `m H$m`Úm§VJ©V AQ>H$ Ho$br. `m Xþê$n`moJm_yio 1978 _Ü`o hm H$m`Xm aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 1980
Vo 1985 ""amgwH$m'' (amîQ´>r` gwajm H$m`Xm) Am{U 1985 Vo 1995 n`©ÝV "Q>mS>m' `mgmaIo H$m`Xo H$ê$Z
hmOmamo bmoH$m§Zm Vwê§$JmV S>m§~bo. 24 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2001 amoOr "nmoQ>mo' Mm AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mV Ambm.
"XheVdmXmMm' {~_moS> H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H|$Ð gaH$maZo "nmoQ>mo' Mo "nmoQ>m'V ({àìh|eZ Am°\$ Q>oa°[aP_ A°ŠQ>)
ê$nm§Va Ho$bo. 26 _mM© 2002 amoOr g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr J¥hm§À`m g§`wŠV ~¡R>H$sV `m H$m`Xçmda ~hþ_VmMr _mohmoa
C_Q>br hm H$m`Xm XoemÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r, XheXdmXmbm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobm Amho. `mMr OmUrd R>odyZ
H|$Ð gaH$maZo Ë`mMo nmbZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. "nmoQ>m' gma»`m H$m`XçmMm dmna H$mQ>oH$moa d {ZnjnmVrnUo hmoUo JaOoMo
Amho.
EH§$XarV à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVoMm H$m`Xm Am{U "{_gm,' "amgwH$m,' "Q>mS>m,' "nmoQ>mo,' "nmoQ>m,' `m_wio
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§À`m ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm nS>bobr Amho. amîQ´>r` gwa{jVVm, EH$mË_Vm `m ÑîQ>rZo ho H$m`Xo
Amdí`H$ dmQ>V Agbo Var Vo ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mbm Am{U bmoH$emhr nÕVrbm _maH$ AmhoV. Ago Oar Agbo
Var à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVoÀ`m H$m`XçmMr d¡Ymd¡YVm R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`_§Simbm {Xbobm Amho.
^maVr` Ý`m`b`m§Zr ñdV§Ì d {Z{^©S> d¥ËVrZo ZmJarH$m§À`m ñdmV§Í`mMo OmñVrV•OmñV ajU H$aÊ`mMo H$m_
doimodoir CËV_ àH$mao Ho$bo Amho.
3) emofUm{dê$ÕMm A{YH$ma (Right against Exploitations) … ({nidUwH$s {dê$ÕMm hŠH$)
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 23 d 24 _Ü`o {nidUwH$s{dê$ÕMm hŠH$ qH$dm emofUm{dê$ÕÀ`m hŠH$mMr
VaVyX Amho.
KQ>ZoVrb Vo{dgmì`m H$mb_mÝd`o _mUgm§Mm H«$`{dH«$` VgoM doR>{~JmargmaIo gŠVrZo H$m_ H$ê$Z KoUo
`mda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr Agbr Var KQ>ZoZo Ë`mg H$mhr AndmXhr gm§{JVbo Amho. CXm. amÁ`mbm gmd©O{ZH$
{hVmgmR>r H$mhr H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§da gŠVr H$aVm `oVo. VWm{n, Aer gŠVr H$aVmZm amÁ`mbm
ì`pŠVì`ŠVr_Ü`o Y_©, d§e, OmV d dJ© `m qH$dm `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m AmYmamda ^oX^md H$aVm `oUma
Zmhr. ho XoIrb KQ>ZoZo ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.
KQ>ZoVrb Mmo{dgmì`m H$b_mZwgma Mm¡Xm dfm©Imbrb _wbm§Zm H$maImZo, ImUr [H§$dm AÝ` OmoI_rÀ`m
{R>H$mUr H$m_mda R>odÊ`mg _ZmB© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ~mbH$m_Jmam§gma»`m A{ZîQ> àWoda à{V~§Y KmbÊ`mÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo KQ>ZoVrb ho H$b_ A{Ve` _hËËdmMo Amho.
{nidUyH$s {dê$ÕÀ`m hŠH$mMm _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m `mXrV g_mdoe H$ê$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo g_mOmVrb
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{nië`m OmUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm {Xbmgm XoÊ`mMm d Ë`m§Mo {nidUwH$snmgyZ ajU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.
AWm©V AOyZhr H$mhr H$mhr {R>H$mUr doR>{~JmargmaIr àWm ApñVËdmV Agë`mMo qH$dm ~mbH$m_Jmam§Zm
H$m_mda R>odÊ`mMo àH$ma KS>V Agë`mMo nmhmd`mg {_iVo, nU Vmo KQ>ZoMm Zìho Va A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mè`m
`§ÌUoMm Xmof Amho.
26 d 24 `m H$b_mV ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {nidUyH$s{dê$ÕMm hŠH$ {Xbobm Amho. AWm©V hm A{YH$ma KQ>ZoV
XoD$Z emofUmMm àíZ ghOmghOr gwQ>Umam Zmhr. H$maU emofUmMm àíZ Am[W©H$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ H$maUm§er
g§~§YrV Amho. XodXmgr, _wair, ^mdrU Aem Ym{_©H$ ê$T>r pñÌ`m§Zm emofUmbm H$maUr^yV AmhoV, _mUgmMr
IaoXr, {dH«$s Wm§~br Agbr Var earam§Mm H«$`{dH«$` Wm§~bobm Zmhr. Xm[aÐçm_wio Am{U O~aXñVrZo pñÌ`m§Zm
doí`mì`dgm`mV Omdo bmJVo. bhmZ _wbm§Zm YmoŠ`mÀ`m Am{U dmB©Q> _mJm©À`m {R>H$mUr H$m_mbm bmdbo OmVo.
_mXH$ Ðì`m§Mr d nXmWmªMr Zo•AmU H$aUo, MmoaQ>çm _mbmÀ`m Am`mVrgmR>r Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aUo Aem JmoîQ>r
gwê$ AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a doR>{~Jma nÕVr ~§X Ho$br Agbr Var AOyZhr _Owam§Mo, nXX{bV d _mJmgboë`m
bmoH$m§Mo Am[W©H$ emofU Wm§~bobo Zmhr. Va Ho$di KQ>ZoV VaVyX H$ê$Z hm àíZ gwQ>Umam Zmhr, Va Aem
àH$maÀ`m Am[W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ emofUm{dê$Õ OZVoZo AmdmO CR>{dbm nm{hOo.
A{ZîR> àWm, na§nam `m§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$bm nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r g_mO à~moYZ, Midi Amdí`H$ Amho.
gaH$maZo Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$m`Xo Ho$bo nm{hOoV. ^maVmV g_VoMo, g_mOdmXmMo H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`
{Z_m©U H$am`Mo Agob Va àW_ Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emofU nyU©nUo Wm§~bo nm{hOo.
4) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma (Right to Freedom of Religion ) : ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo
H$b_ 25 Vo 28 Zwgma XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMr h_r {Xbobr Amho. ^maV ho Y_m©VrV amÁ`
Agë`mMo Amnë`m KQ>ZoZo Kmo{fV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wio `oWo gd© Y_mªZm g_mZ ñWmZ àmá Pmbo Amho. ^maVmV
H$m`Xm, ñdmV§Í`ZrVr, Y_©, ê$T>r,na§nam `m§Mo Ago d¡{eîQ>çnyU© {_bZ Pmbo Amho H$s `m gd© JmoîQ>r _mZdr
OrdZmMm d g_mOOrdZmMm EH$ _hËËdmMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Pmë`m AmhoV. ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm
A{YH$ma Ho$di ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Z XoVm gd© ì`ŠVtZm {Xbobm Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb 25 ì`m H$b_mZwgma gd© ì`ŠVtZm Amnë`m gXgX²{ddoH$ ~wÕrZwgma dmJÊ`mMo Am{U
Amnë`m Y_m©Mo nmbZ d àMma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` {Xbo Amho. _mÌ Ë`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`dñWm, {ZVr_ËVm
Am{U Amamo½` `m§Zm ~mYm `oUma Zmhr, Aem arVrZoM `m hŠH$mMm dmna H$aVm `oB©b. `m IoarO amOH$s`,
Am[W©H$ d Eo{hH$ ~m~VrV gd© Y_m©da {Z`§ÌU KmbÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gaH$mabm XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. qhXÿ
Y_m©Vrb Om{V^oX ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Amdí`H$ Vr g_mOgwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r qhXÿ Y_m©da ~§YZo KmbVm
`oVrb. Y_© hm lÕoMm ^mJ _mZbm OmVmo. Voìhm Aem lÕoMm Á`mÀ`mer g§~§Y Zmhr Aem JmoîQ>rda gaH$ma
{Z`§ÌU Kmby eH$Vo. CXm. qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb ~hÿ^m`m©nÕVr, XodXmgràWm, Za~ir Aem A{ZîR> àWm ZîQ>
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma H$m`Xoera ~§YZo Kmby eH$Vo.
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25 ì`m H$mb_mZwgma àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m Y_m©Mo AmMaU, nmbZ d àMma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` àmá
Pmbo Amho. ^maVmV qhXÿ, O¡Z, {eI, ~m¡Õ, nmaer, _wñbr_ Ago {d{dY Y_m©Mo bmoH$ amhVmV. Ë`m§Zm 25 ì`m
H$b_mZwgma Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$ àmá hmoVmo. na§Vy gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`dñWmZrVr Am{U Amamo½` `mgmR>r
gaH$ma Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm Kmby eH$Vo.
amÁ`KZoÀ`m 26 ì`m H$b_mZo àË`oH$ Ym{_©H$ g§àXm`mg, gmd©O{ZH$ gwì`ññWm, {ZVr_ËVm Am{U Amamo½`
`m§Zm ~mYm `oUma Zmhr Aem arVrZo Ym{_©H$ d Y_m©Xm` g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m Mmb{dÊ`mMm, Y_©{df`H$
~m~VrV H$ma^ma nmhÊ`mMm, ñWmda d O§J_ _mb_ËVm {_i{dÊ`mMm Am{U Ë`mg§~§YrMm H$ma^ma nmhÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma {Xbobm Amho.
KQ>ZoÀ`m 27 ì`m H$b_mV Ago ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, Á`m H$amMo CËnÞ EImÚm Y_m©À`m [H§$dm
Ym{_©H$ n§WmÀ`m àgmamgmR>r qH$dm ajUmgmR>r IM© H$aÊ`mV `oUma Agob Va Ago XoÊ`m~m~V H$moUË`mhr
ì`ŠVrda gŠVr Ho$br OmUma Zmhr. {d{eîQ> Y_m©À`m qH$dm n§WmÀ`m àMmamgmR>r H$a ~g{dVm `oUma Zmhr, na§Vy
gd© Y_mªZm gmaIrM Am[W©H$ _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$a ~gdrVm `oVrb. VgoM Ym{_©H$ Q´>ñQ Mm§Jbo MmbmdoV
åhUyZ {Z_m©Êm H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m gaH$mar `§ÌUoMm IM© {ZKmdm åhUyZ H$mhr aŠH$_ Aem Q´>ñQ>H$Sy>Z emgZmbm
dgyb H$aVm `oB©b.
KQ>ZoÀ`m 28 ì`m H$b_mV Ago ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho H$s, g§nyU©nUo gaH$mar AZwXmZ àmá hmoUmè`m {ejU
g§ñWmVyZ Ym{_©H$ {ejU {Xbo OmUma Zmhr nU EImXçm Q´>ñQ>À`m A{YH$mamImbr ñWmnZ Pmboë`m d
amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m {ejU g§ñWogmR>r, Oa VoWo Ym{_©H$ {ejU XoÊ`mMr AQ> Agob Va hm {Z`_
bmJy hmoUma Zmhr. VgoM gaH$ma_mÝ` qH$dm gaH$mar AZwXmZmVyZ Mmb{dÊ`mV `oV Agboë`m {ejUg§ñWmVyZ
Ym{_©H$ {ejU {Xbo OmV Agob Va Vo {ejU KoÊ`m~m~V {dÚmÏ`mªda gŠVr H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. ^maV ho
Y_m©VrV amÁ` Agbo Var Ë`mMm H$moUË`mhr Y_m©bm {damoY Zmhr. ^maVr` KQ>ZoV Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma
XoÊ`mV Ambm Agbm Varhr ^maVmZo Y_m©VrV amÁ`mMr H$ënZm pñdH$mabobr Amho. gd©Y_©g_^md `m d¥ËVrZo
amhÿZ Y_©{Zanoj amÁ`mMr H$ënZm gmH$ma H$aÊ`mMo Ü`o` KQ>ZoZo pñdH$mabobo Amho. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$mhr à_mUmV
Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í` XoD$Z Am{U Amdí`H$VoZwgma Ë`m ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm R>odyZ amÁ` gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$arV Amho. g_mZVm, ñdmV§Í`, ~§YyVm `m VËdm§Mm A§JrH$ma H$ê$Z amÁ`mZo Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`moM C{ÔîQ> _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wioM amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Ym[_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mda _`m©Xm KmbÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV.
Aem _`m©Xm§_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mda A_`m©X ~§YZo nS>Uma ZmhrV. `m{df`r amÁ`mH$S>yZ XjVm
KoVbr OmVo.
5) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma (Cultural and Eductional Rights) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZÀo `m
29 d 30 `m H$b_mV gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ A{YH$ma ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV.
`m XoemVrb Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mo hŠH$ gwa{jV amhmdoV `mgmR>r Amnë`m KQ>ZoZo gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$
hŠH$m§Mr VaVyX Ho$bobr Amho.
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^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 29 ì`m H$b_mZwgma ^maVmÀ`m àXoemV qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV dmñVì`
H$aUmè`m ZmJ[aH$m§À`m H$moUË`mhr {d^mJmbm ñdV…Mr ñdV§Ì ^mfm, {bnr qH$dm g§ñH¥$Vr Agë`mg Vr
A~m{YV amIÊ`mV Ë`mg hŠH$ amhrb. VgoM H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mbm gaH$maZo Mmb{dboë`m [H§$dm gaH$mar
_XVrda Mmb{dÊ`mV `oUmè`m {ejUg§§ñWm_YyZ Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm `m qH$dm `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr H$maUmdê$Z
àdoe ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr. "_Ðmg amÁ` {dê$Õ M§nmH$_ XmoamB©amOZ' `m IQ>ë`mMm {ZH$mb XoVmZm gdm©oƒ
Ý`m`mb`mZo Ago åhQ>bo hmoV H$s Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm `m qH$dm `mn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m H$maUgmR>r EImXçm
ZmJ[aH$mbm {ejU g§ñWoV àdoe KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ ZmH$maUo ho _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo Cëb§KZ R>aVo.
KQ>ZÀo `m 30 ì`m H$b_mV Aer VaVyX Amho H$s, Ym{_©H$ qH$dm ^m{fH$ Aem gd© àH$maÀ`m Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm
ñdV…À`m ng§VrÀ`m {ejU g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m Mmb{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ Agob. {ejU g§ñWmZm _XV
H$aVmZm EImXr {ejU g§ñWm {d{eîQ> Ym{_©H$ qH$dm ^m{fH$ Aëng§»`mH$m§Zr Mmb{dbr Amho, `m H$maUmdê$Z
amÁ` ^oX^md H$aUma Zmhr.
^maVmV {d{dY àH$maMo Aëng§»` JQ> Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV amhmdoV Am{U Ë`m§Zm Amnbo
doJionU {Q>H${dVm `mdo `mgmR>r KQ>ZoZo Ë`m§Zm gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$ {Xbo AmhoV. _hËËdmMr JmoîQ>
åhUOo, BVa hŠH$m§à_mUo `m hŠH$m§da KQ>ZoZo H$moUVohr ñnîQ> {Z~ªY KmVbobo ZmhrV.
6) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cn`m§Mm A{YH$ma (Right to Constitutional Remedies) … ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZÀo `m
32 ì`m H$b_mZwgma KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMm hŠH$ {Xbobm Amho. KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xboë`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm
Oa KQ>ZmË_H$ g§ajU Zgob Va hŠH$ {ZaW©H$ R>aVrb, ho CKS>M Amho. Amnë`m KQ>ZoÀ`m 32 ì`m H$b_mZwgma
AemàH$maMo KQ>ZmË_H$ g§ajU XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb `m H$b_mMo _hËËd {deX H$aVmZm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m
~¡R>H$sV Ago AX²Jma H$mT>bo hmoVo H$s, ""Á`m H$b_mdmMyZ KQ>Zm {ZaW©H$ R>abr AgVr Ago `m KQ>ZoVrb
_hËËdmMo gdm©V _hËËdmMo H$b_ H$moUVo? Ago Oa H$moUr _bm {dMmabo Va àñVwV H$b_m{edm` Xþgè`m
H$moUË`mhr H$b_mMm {ZX}e _bm H$aVm `oUma Zmhr.''
S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ho H$b_ åhUO KQ>ZoMm AmË_mM Amho. KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoÀ`m
hŠH$mZwgma ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§da A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrbm Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o XmX _mJVm `oVo.
Ë`mda ì`ŠVrÀ`m hŠH$m§À`m ajUmgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mbm nwT>rb ghm àH$maMo AmXoe H$mT>Vm `oVmV.
1) ~§Xr àË`jrH$aU (Habeas Corpus) … H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm ~oH$m`XoeraarË`m AQ>H$ H$ê$Z
R>odbo Agob Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm qH$dm {VÀ`m {_Ìmbm, ZmVbJmbm Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o ~§Xr àË`jrH$aUmMm AO©
H$aVm `oVmo. hm AO© gaH$ma {dê$Õ VgoM EImXçm ì`ŠVr{dê$Õhr H$aVm `oVmo. Ý`m`mb` `m AOm©Mm {dMma
H$ê$Z gaH$mabm qH$dm g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrbm, AQ>Ho$Vrb ì`ŠVrg Amnë`mg_moa hOa H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe XoVo. `m
AmXoemMo nmbZ Z H$aUo hm Ý`m`mb`mMm Ad_mZ g_Obm OmVmo. Ý`m`mb` AQ>Ho$Vrb ì`ŠVrbm H$moUË`m
H$maUmgmR>r AQ>H$ Ho$br Amho, `mMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVo Am{U hr AQ>H$ ~oH$m`Xoera Agob Va AQ>Ho$Vrb
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ì`ŠVrMr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mg gm§Jy eH$Vo. AQ>H$ Pmboë`m ì`ŠVrbm 24 Vmgm§À`m AmV H$moQ>m©g_moa hOa H$ê$Z
Ë`mÀ`m AQ>Ho$Mo H$maU Xçmdo bmJVo.
~§Xr àË`jrH$aU hm ImOJr ì`ŠVr VgoM gaH$ma `m§À`m AÝ`m`r d Oyb_r H¥$Vr{dê$ÕMm _hËËdnyU©
Agm gwajmË_H$ Cnm` Amho. Oa gaH$maZo EImXçm ì`ŠVrg ~oH$m`Xoera AQ>H$ Ho$br Agob Va ~§Xr
àË`jrH$aUmÀ`m AmXoemÛmao Ý`m`mb` Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mg gaH$mabm ^mJ nmS>Vo. VgoM EImXçm
ImOJr ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrg ~oH$m`XoeraarË`m ~§{XdmgmV R>odbo Agob Varhr Ý`m`mb` ~§{XdmgmVrb
ì`ŠVrMr gwQ>H$m H$ê$ eH$Vo.
2) na_mXoe (Mandamus) … na_mXoe hm Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm hþHy$_ qH$dm AmXoe AgVmo. EImXr
ì`ŠVr, Amnbo gmd©O{ZH$ H$m`Xoera H$V©ì` nma nmS>V Zgob Am{U Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMo nmbZ H$aV Zgob,
Ë`m_wio EImXçm ì`ŠVrda AÝ`m` hmoV Agob qH$dm _yb^yV hŠH$mda AmH«$_U hmoV AgoV Va Vr ì`ŠVr
Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o AO© H$aVo. Aem doir Ý`m`mb` Vmo AO© ñdrH$mê$Z Ë`m ì`ŠVrdarb AÝ`m` Vm~S>Vmo~ Zmhrgm
H$amdm Agm AmXoe Ë`m AÝ`m` H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm qH$dm A{YH$mè`mbm XoVo. `mbmM na_mXoe qH$dm _hmXoe
Ago åhUVmV. _mÌ na_mXoe Xçmd`mMm qH$dm Zmhr ho Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m BÀN>oda Adb§~yZ AgVo. AÝ`m`mMo
n[a_mO©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r na_moXem{edm` BVa _mJ©hr CnbãY AmhoV, Ago Ý`m`mb`mbm dmQ>bo Va Ý`m`mb`
Aem AmXoembm ZH$ma Xody eH$Vo. Amnë`m XoemV gaH$mbmXoIrb Agm AmXoe XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`mbm
àmá Pmbm Amho. _mÌ amîQ´>nVr qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo amÁ`nmb `m§Zm Ý`m`mb` na_mXoe XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
3) à{VfoY (~§Xr hþHy$_) (Prohibition) Oa H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`mV Ë`m Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$majoÌmÀ`m
~mhoa Agboë`m àH$aUmMm {dMma Mmby Agob Va H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`mZo Ë`m àH$aUmg§~§YrMo H$m_H$mO Wm§~dmdo
Agm AmXoe gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb` qH$dm Cƒ Ý`m`mb` XoV AgVo. Aem AmXoembm à{VfoY (Prohibition) Ago
åhQ>bo OmVo. åhUOo H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m A{YH$majoÌmÀ`m _`m©XoVM H$m_H$mO Mmb{dÊ`mg ^mJ
nmS>Uo hm à{VfoYmMm CÔoe AgVmo. H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb` Oa à{VfoY AmXoemMr Cnojm H$arV Agob Va
Ý`m`mb`mMr ~oAX~r (Ad_mZ) Pmë`mMm JwÝhm _mZbm OmVmo. gm_mÝ`V… H${ZîR> Ý`m`mb`m§Zr Amnë`m
A{YH$ma joÌmnwaVoM H$m`© H$amdo hm à{VfoYmMm CÔoe AgVmo.
na_mXoe (Mandamus) Am{U à{VfoY (Prohibition) `mVrb _hËËdmMm \$aH$ Agm H$s, na_mXoemÛmao
EH$mXr {d{eîQ> H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo OmVo Va, à{VfoYmÛmao {d{eîQ> H¥$Vr Wm§~{dÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo OmVo.
`m XmoÝhrVrb AmUIr EH$ \$aH$ Agm gm§JVm `oB©b H$s, na_mXoe ì`ŠVr, g§ñWm, gaH$ma `m§À`mgmR>r XoÊ`mV
`oVmo, Va à{VfoY \$ŠV Ý`m`mb`mgmR>rM AgVmo.
4) A{YH$man¥ÀN>m (Quo-warranto) : `mMm AW© gmd©O{ZH$ nXmda Agboë`m EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm
Ë`m nXmda amhÊ`mMm H$m`Xoera A{YH$ma Amho H$s Zmhr `mMr ehm{Zem Ý`m`mb` H$ê$ eH$Vo Am{U Ë`m
ì`ŠVrbm Ë`m nXmda amhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr Ago {XgyZ Ambo Va Ý`m`mb` {Vbm Vo nX gmoS>Ê`mMm AmXoe
XoVo. _mÌ A{YH$man¥ÀN>oMm AmXoe XoÊ`mgmR>r g§~§YrV ì`ŠVr Á`m nXmda H$m_ H$arV AgVo; Vo gmd©O{ZH$
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nX Agmdo bmJVo Am{U Vo nX KQ>ZoZo qH$dm H$m`ÚmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobo _hÎdnyU© nX AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.
gmd©O{ZH$ nX H$moUË`mhr AnmÌ ì`ŠVrZo ~iH$mdy Z`o `m CÔoemZo A{YH$man¥ÀN>oMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV
Ambr Amho. Aemdoir AO©Xma ì`ŠVrMm Ë`m nXmer {hVg§~§Y Agbm nm{hOo Am{U Vo nX H$m`_ ñdê$nr
AgyZ Vo àmßV H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrbm H$moUmÀ`mhr BÀN>oZo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vm `oV Zmhr Aer pñWVr Agbr nm{hOo.
Agm AO© _§Oya H$ê$Z Vr ì`ŠVr Ë`m nXmbm AnmÌ Amho Ago {XgyZ Ambo Va Ý`m`mb` A{YH$ma n¥ÀN>m H$aVo.
ImOJr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm `m§À`m~m~VrV A{YH$man¥ÀN>Mo m AO© H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Ý`m`m{Ye, {d{Y_§S>imMm
g^mnVr, _§Ìr, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmVrb A{YH$mar BË`mXtÀ`m ~m~VrV A{YH$ma n¥ÀN>oMm AO© H$aVm `oVmo.
AWm©V, Ý`m`mb` Aem AOm©À`m ~m~VrV nyU© Mm¡H$er H$ê$ZM AmXoe H$mTy> eH$Vo.
5) CËàojU (Certiorari) : CËàojU hm darð> Ý`m`mb`mZo H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mbm {Xbobm AmXoe AgVmo.
Ooìhm EImXm IQ>bm H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌm~mhoaMm AgVmZm Vmo Mmb{dbm OmVmo Voìhm d[að>
Ý`m`mb` H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mbm AmXoe H$mTy>Z Ë`m IQ>ë`mMr gd© H$mJXnÌo, nwamdo d[að> Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o nmR>dyZ
ÚmdrV Aer Amkm H$aVo, `mbmM "CËàojU' Ago åhUVmV.
à{VfoY d CËàojU `m XmohmoV ~aoM gmå` {XgyZ `oVo. ho XmoÝhr AmXoe d[að> Ý`m`mb`m§Zr H${Zð>
Ý`m`mb`m§Zm {Xbobo AgVmV. Am{U Ë`m§Mm CÔoe H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m A{YH$majoÌm~hoaÀ`m Agboë`m
{df`mg§~§Yr H$m_H$mO Mmb{dÊ`mnmgyZ amoIUo hm AgVmo. na§Vy XþJm©Xmg ~gy `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo à{VfoY hm
àmW{_H$ AdñWoV {Xbobm AmXoe AgVmo, Va CËàojU hm Z§VaÀ`m AdñWoV {Xbobm AmXoe AgVmo. hm \$aH$
A{YH$ ñnï> H$aVmZm Agohr åhUVm `oB©b H$s à{VfoY hm àmW{_H$ AdñWoV H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mbm H$moUVrhr
H¥$Vr H$ê$ Z`o Agm AmXoe XoUmam boI Amho, Va CËàojU hm H${Zð> Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z IQ>ë`mMr H$mJXnÌo H$mTy>Z
KodyZ d[að> Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`m~m~V Am{U {ZU©` KoÊ`m~m~V AmXoe XoUmam Z§VaMm boI Amho.
6) ì`mXoe (Injunction) : ì`mXoe åhUOo A_wH$ (ho) H$am qH$dm A_wH$ (ho) H$ê$ ZH$m Agm
Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm AmXoe qH$dm hþHy$_ hmo`. EImÚm ì`ŠVrda qH$dm g§ñWoda Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z qH$dm
g§ñWoH$Sy>Z hm{ZH$maH$ Aer H¥$Vr hmoV Agob Va Aem doir Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o Vr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm AO© H$ê$Z
Vr H¥$Vr H$ê$ Z XoÊ`m{df`r AmXoe H$mT>Ê`mMr {dZ§Vr H$ê$ eH$Vo. H$mhr doim ì`ŠVr qH$dm g§ñWm
`m§À`mH$Sy>Z EImXo H$m`© H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Ê`m{df`r Ý`m`mb` AmXoe XoD$ eH$Vo. H$maU Vo H$m`© Z Ho$ë`m_wio
g_mOmbm hmZr nmohMVo. ì`mXoemMo nmbZ Z Ho$ë`mg Vmo Ý`m`mb`mMm Ad_mZ g_OyZ Ë`m ì`ŠVrda Ý`m`mb`
H$madmB© H$ê$Z {Vbm {ejm XoD$ eH$Vo.
darbà_mUo ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoÀ`m hŠH$m§Mm _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m `mXrV
g_mdoe H$ê$Z ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm nyU©V: g§ajU {Xbo Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§da H$`©H$mar
_§S>i qH$dm H$m`Xo_§S>i `m§À`mH$Sy>Z A{VH«$_U hmoUma Zmhr `mMr I~aXmar Amnë`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr KoVbr Amho.
åhUyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ""~Îmrgmdo H$b_ ^maVr` KQ>ZoMm AmË_m Amho'' Ago åhQ>bo Amho. `m H$m`ÚmZo
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^maVmÀ`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mbm "_yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo g§ajH$' ~Z{dbo Amho. Am{U gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Amnbr
hr O~m~Xmar H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV Q>miy eH$V Zmhr.
B
_mb_ÎmoÀ`m A{YH$mamMr pñWVr :
nmR>r_mJo C„oI Ho$ë`mà_mUo ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoV _yb^yV A{YH$mam§_Ü`o _mb_ÎmoÀ`m hŠH$mMmhr
g_mdoe Ho$bm hmoVm. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 31 ì`m H$b_mZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _mb_ÎmoÀ`m hŠH$m§Mr h_r {Xbr hmoVr. `m
H$b_mV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm H$m`ÚmZo àmßV Pmboë`m A{YH$mamIoarO AÝ` _mJm©Zr
{VÀ`m _mb_ÎmonmgyZ d§{N>V H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. VgoM amÁ`mbm H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMr _mb_Îmm gmd©O{ZH$
H$m_mì`{V[aŠV AÝ` H$maUmgmR>r H$mTy>Z KoVm `oUma Zmhr. `m{edm` EImÚmMr _mb_Îmm H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mMm
H$m`Xm H$aVmZm Ë`m H$m`ÚmV g§~§{YV _mbH$mbm ZwH$gmZ^anmB© qH$dm _mo~Xbm XoÊ`mMrhr VaVyX Agbr
nm{hOo.'' KQ>ZoÀ`m `m 31 ì`m H$b_mà_mUo 19 ì`m H$b_mVhr (ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$) ì`ŠVrbm _mb_Îmm
{_i{dÊ`mMo, Vr YmaU H$aÊ`mMo d {VMr {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mg§§~Yr VaVyX hmoVr.
Ago Oar Agbo Var, amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb hm hŠH$ àW_nmgyZM dmXJ«ñV ~Zbm hmoVm. g_mOmVrb d[að>
dJm©À`m {hVg§~§YmMo ajU H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo amÁ`KQ>ZoV `m hŠH$mMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Agë`mMr
Am{U amÁ`mÀ`m nwamoJm_r YmoaUmg hm hŠH$ AS>ga R>aV Agë`mMr Q>rH$m AZoH$m§Zr Ho$br; Ë`m_wio `m hŠH$mV
doimodoir H$mhr _hÎdmMo ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambo. B.g. 1951 À`m n{hë`m KQ>Zm XþéñVrZwgma Aer ì`dñWm
H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr H$s, amÁ`mZo Ho$bobo O_rZ gwYmaUm{df`H$ H$m`Xo KQ>ZoVrb _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm ^§J H$aUmao
AmhoV, `m H$maUmgmR>r aÔ R>a{dVm `oUma ZmhrV. B.g. 1955 À`m MdÏ`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma amÁ`mZo
gmd©O{ZH$ H$m_mgmR>r _mb_Îmm Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMm H$m`Xm Ho$bm Va Ë`m H$m`ÚmZo R>a{dbobr ZwH$gmZ^anmB©Mr
aŠH$_ nwaoer Zmhr, `m H$maUmdê$Z Ë`m H$m`Úmg Ý`m`mb`mV AmìhmZ XoVm `oUma Zmhr.
B.g. 1964 _Ü`o g§gXoZo gVamdr KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$ê$Z KQ>ZoÀ`m Zdì`m n[a{eð>mV 44 Zì`m H$m`Úm§Mm
g_mdoe Ho$bm Am{U Ë`m`moJo amÁ`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$_mb O_rZ YmaUm{df`r H$m`Úm§Zm g§ajU {_idyZ {Xbo.
B.g. 1971 À`m 25 ì`m KQ>Zm XþéñVrZo _mb_ÎmoÀ`m hŠH$m§V AmUIr ~Xb Ho$bo Jobo.
AemàH$mao _mb_ÎmoÀ`m hŠH$mdê$Z CR>bobo dmX§J Wm§~{dÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoZo `m hŠH$mV doimodoir ~Xb
Ho$bo. nU Varhr dmX MmbyM am{hbo. Ë`mVyZ H$mhrdoim g§gX d Ý`m`mb`o `m§À`mVhr g§Kf© C^m am{hbm.
nwamoJm_r d n[adV©ZdmXr {dMmam§À`m bmoH$m§Zr `m hŠH$mbm Agbobm Amnbm {damoY MmbyM R>odbm. `m
nmíd©^y_rda g§gXoZo B.g. 1978 À`m 44 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo "_mb_ÎmoMm hŠH$' _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m `mXrVyZ
H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bm. Ë`mEodOr H$b_ 300(A) KQ>ZoV Zì`mZo g_m{dð> H$aÊ`mV Ambo. H$m`ÚmZo àmßV Pmboë`m
A{YH$mamIoarO AÝ` _mJm©Zo H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMr _mb_Îmm {hamdyZ KoVbr OmUma Zmhr.'' Aer VaVyX Ë`m_Ü`o
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m ~XbmMm n[aUm_ WmoS>Š`Vm Agm gm§JVm `oB©b H$s, "_mb_ÎmoMm hŠH$ hm AmVm _yb^yV
hŠH$ am{hbm ZgyZ Vmo Ho$di KQ>ZmË_H$ qH$dm H$m`Xoera hŠH$ ~Zbm Amho.
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B
_yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo narjU :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo _hÎd dmXmVrV Agbo Var Ë`mda ~arM Q>rH$mhr Pmbr. _yb^yV
hŠH$m§À`m `mXrV Iè`m AWm©Zo _yb^yV åhUVm `oVrb Aem hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr.
1) dmñV{dH$ nmhVm gd©gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$m_ {_i{dÊ`mMm hŠH$, {ejUmMm hŠH$, H$m_mMo
`mo½` doVZ {_i{dÊ`mMm hŠH$, Cn{O{dHo$Mm hŠH$, ~oH$mar, d¥ÕmnH$mi, AmOmarnU, An§JËd Aem
n[apñWVrV _XV {_i{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ Aem àH$maMo _hÎdmMo d Amdí`H$ hŠH$ Amnë`m KQ>ZoV g_m{dð>
ZmhrV.
{Q>H$mH$mam§Mm hm Amjon _mÝ` H$ê$Zhr Ago åhUmdo bmJVo H$s, Ë`m§Zr dmñVd n[apñWVrMo ^mZ Z
~miJVm Q>rH$m Ho$br Amho. darb hŠH$m§Mo _hÎd H$moUmbmM ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr. nU Amnë`m XoemÀ`m
n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm ho hŠH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {_idyZ XoUo emgZmÀ`m AdmŠ`m~mhoaMr JmoîQ> R>abr AgVr;
`m dmñVdVoMo KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ^mZ ~miJbo ho `mo½`M Amho.
2) ^maVr` KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m§da Aerhr {Q>H$m Ho$br OmVo H$s, ho hŠH$ Ho$di {XImdy ñdê$nmMo
AgyZ KQ>Zobm emo^m AmUÊ`mgmR>rM Ë`m§Mm KQ>ZoV A§V^m©d H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$
ho KQ>Zobm gwemo{^V H$aUmao Ab§H$ma R>abo AmhoV, Ago H$mhtZm dmQ>V Agbo Var Vmo Ab§H$ma ZH$br Amho;
H$maU `m hŠH$m§Zm BVHo$ AndmX gm§{JVbo AmhoV d Ë`mda BVH$s ~§YZo KmVbr AmhoV H$s Ë`mVyZ bmoH$m§Zm
{H$VnV hŠH$ àmßV hmoVmV, ho g_OUo H$R>rU OmVo. KQ>ZoZo {Xboë`m hŠH$m^modVr KQ>ZoZoM AZoH$ AQ>tMr Hw§$nUo
KmbyZ R>odbr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m ~m~VrV ho hŠH$ aÔ qH$dm {ZaW©H$ R>a{dÊ`mMo A{YH$ma
gaH$mabm àmßV Pmbo AmhoV.
3) _yb^yV A{YH$mamda EdT>r ~§YZo d _`m©Xm KmVboë`m AmhoV H$s Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo ñdê$nM ~XbyZ Jobobo
Amho. à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVoMm H$m`Xm, A§VJ©V gwa{jVVm H$m`Xm, `mgma»`m KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyXr _yb^yV
hŠH$m§Mm g§H$moM H$aVmZm {XgVmV. gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm, amï´>r` {hVg§~§Y, gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU gmd©O{ZH$
gwì`dñWm `m Ñï>rH$moUmVyZ _yb^yV A{YH$mamda amÁ`mZo ~§YZo KmVbr AmhoV. Aem KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVyXtMm
gaH$maZo doimodoir J¡admna Ho$bobm Amho. {damoYr nj, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm `m§Zm XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r gÎmmê$T>
njmZo à{V~§YH$ ñWmZ~ÕVoÀ`m H$m`ÚmMm J¡admna Ho$bobm Amho.
4) Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mimV _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g§H$moM H$aÊ`mMm emgZmbm {Xbobm A{YH$ma XoIrb
nyU©V: g_W©Zr` Zmhr. Ago _V H$mhr bmoH$m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. amï´>{hVmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aVm,
KQ>ZoVrb `m VaVyXr `mo½`M dmQ>VmV. na§Vw `m VaVwXr_wio emgZmbm qH$dm amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm BVHo$ A_`m©X A{YH$ma
àmßV hmVoVm H$s Ë`m_wio XoemVrb bmoH$emhr gwÕm YmoŠ`mV `ody eH$Vo. B.g. 1975 Vo 1977 `m Am{U~mUrÀ`m
H$mimV gaH$maZo Amnë`m A{YH$mam§Mm Xþén`moJ H$ê$Z bmoH$m§À`m ñdmV§Í`mMm {H$Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV g§H$moM
Ho$bm hmoVm, `mMm AZw^d gdmªZr KoVbm Amho. åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr gaH$maÀ`m hmVr, Aem àH$maMo A_`m©X
A{YH$ma gmon{dbo Joë`mg Vo bmoH$emhrbm Am{U ì`ŠVrñdmV§Í`mg _maH$ R>ê$ eH$Vo.
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5) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ^maVr` OZVobm _yb^yV hŠH$ {Xbobo Agbo Var àË`jmV `m hŠH$m§Mm Cn`moJ
\$ŠV _yR>^a lr_§V dJm©Vrb bmoH$m§ZmM KoUo eŠ` hmoVo. Aerhr {Q>H$m Ho$br OmVo. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s _yb^yV
hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo hr A{Ve` I{M©H$ ~m~ Amho. _yb^yV hŠH$mda A{VH«$_U Pmbo Va Ý`m`mb`mV XmX
_mJVm `oVo. ho Oar Iao Agbo Var Ý`m`mb`mV OmdyZ XmX _mJUo hr gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m AmdmŠ`m~mhoaMr JmooîQ>
Amho. Vr Jw§VmJw§VrMr Šbrï> d I{M©H$ ~m~ Amho. Ý`m` _mJÊ`mgmR>r XoemÀ`m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mn`ªV Ymd
KoÊ`mMr M¡Z ~è`mn¡H$s Am{W©H$ pñWVr Agboë`m _mUgm§Zm XoIrb nadS>V Zmhr; _J JmoaJar~m§Mr Jmoï> Va
XÿaM am{hbr. Aem pñWVrV \$ŠV lr_§V bmoH$M `m ì`dñWoMm \$m`Xm KoD$ eH$VmV. gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Zm
Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m _XVrZo Amnë`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm g§ajH$ H$dM {_i{dUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Aem
bmoH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo _yb^yV hŠH$ Agbo H$m`, Am{U Zgbo H$m`, gmaIoM AmhoV.
1976 gmbr 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo Va H$igM JmR>bm Ago åhUVm `oB©b. 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo
Ho$edmZ§X ^maVr IQ>ë`mVrb gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZU©` aÔ R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm Am{U g§gXobm KQ>Zm XþéñVr
H$aÊ`mMm g§nyU© Am{U A_`m©X A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm.
"KQ>ZoÀ`m {eënH$mam§Zr _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo _hÎd AmoiIyZ Ë`m AmYmao g§J_adar {eën C^mabo hmoVo.
na§Vw 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo Ë`m g§J_adar {eënmMo ê$nm§Va Vm§~S>çm {dQ>m§À`m {eënmV Ho$bobo Amho.' Ago
à{gÕ H$m`Xon§S>rV ZmZm nmbIrdmbm `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
B
_yb^yV A{YH$mamMr d¡{eï>ço :
_yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mo ñdê$n Am{U Ë`mdarb Q>rHo$Mm nam_e© KoVë`mZ§Va _yb^yV A{YH$mam§Mr d¡{eï>ço
H$m` AmhoV, ho nmhUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Vr d¡{eï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo 1) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo àH$aU OJmVrb BVa KQ>Zm§À`m _mZmZo ì`mnH$ Amho. _yb^yV
hŠH$m§À`m ñdê$nm~amo~a KQ>ZoZo _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m Ano{jV _`m©Xmhr ñnï> Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
2) _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mo 2 ^mJ nmS>Vm `oVmV. gH$mamË_H$ hŠH$ Am{U ZH$mamË_H$ hŠH$, ñdmV§Í`mMm
A{YH$ma, Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma, gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YH$ma BË`mXr gH$mamË_H$ A{YH$ma AmhoV. Va
^maVmVrb H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm Y_©, d§e, OmV, ^mfm, qbJ `m H$maUmñVd H$m`Úmg_moarb g_mZVoMr
dmJUyH$ ZmH$maVm `oUma Zmhr. amÁ`mÀ`m AZwXmZmVyZ MmbUmè`m {ejUg§ñWmV H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm Y_©,
d§e, ^mfm, OmV `m H$maUmdê$Z àdoe ZmH$mabm OmUma Zmhr. VgoM Aem g§ñWmVyZ H$moUVohr Ym{_©H$ {ejU
{Xbo OmUma Zmhr. BË`mXr A{YH$ma ZH$mamË_H$ ñdê$nmMo AmhoV.
3) _yb^yV hŠH$ A{Z~ªY ZmhrV. ì`ŠVrda Am{U amÁ`mdahr H$mhr ~§YZo KmbÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV Am{U
~§YZm§À`m nmbZmdaM `m hŠH$m§Mo `e AWdm An`e Adb§~yZ Amho. amÁ`H$V} Am{U ì`ŠVrZo hr ~§YZo
nmiÊ`mdaM ho `e Adb§~yZ Amho.
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4) hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r gaH$mada KQ>ZoZo A§Hw$e {Z_m©U H$ê$Z R>odbm Amho. Ý`m`mb`m§Zm `m
~m~VrV hŠH$hr ~hmb Ho$bo AmhoV. KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOoMm hŠH$ hm hŠH$m§Mm ""AmË_m'' åhQ>bm OmVmo, Vmo
`mM H$maUmZo.
5) _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m ~m~VrV ZmJ[aH$ Am{U ì`ŠVr Agm ^oX H$aÊ`Vm Ambm AgyZ ZmJ[aH$ Am{U
na{H$`m§Zm, ì`ŠVtZm H$mhr ~m~VrV g_mZ hŠH$ {Xbo AmhoV. CXm. Y_©, g_mZVm, {ejU B. na§Vw H$mhr
~m~VrV ZmJ[aH$ Am{U naH$s` Agm ^oX H$ê$Z naH$s`m§Zm H$mhr hŠH$m§nmgyZ d§{MV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. CXm.
dmñVì`, g§nÎmr d KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZm B.
6) AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV _yb^yV A{YH$mamda _`m©Xm KmVbr OmVo. ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 359 ì`m
H$b_mV Ver VaVyX Ho$br Amho. amï´>nVrZr AmUr~mUr Kmo{fV Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm _yb^yV
A{YH$mam~m~V Ý`m`mb`m§H$S>o XmX _mJVm `oV Zmhr.
7) hŠH$m§À`m `mXrV ZgUmao hŠH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Cn^moJVm `oUma ZmhrV. `m~m~VrV Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m
nyZ{d©bmoH$Zmbm A{YH$ _hÎd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr. qH$~hþZm Ë`mdahr _`m©Xm KmbÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
8) _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUr~m~VMo hŠH$ \$ŠV amÁ` Am{U ì`ŠVr `mdaM Zmhr Va gm_m{OH$
g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm `m§dahr ~§YZo Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr AmhoV. Añn¥í`Vm nmiUo hm g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$
{R>H$mUo Am{U ì`ŠVrgmR>rgwÕm JwÝhm R>a{dÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio hŠH$m§À`m ~m~VrV Hw$R>ohr {ZîH$miOrnUm
{Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Zmhr.
9) _yb^yV A{YH$ma KQ>ZoV g_m{dï> H$aV AgVmZm KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr CXma_VdmXr ^y{_H$m ñdrH$mabr. hr
^y{_H$m gd© Ñï>rZo åhUOo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, CXma_VdmXr, g_mOdmXr ñdê$nmMr hmoVr Ago åhUVm `oVo.
2.2.2 _yb^yV H$V©ì`o
(Fundamental Duties) :
A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì` `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. H$V©ì`mMr OmoS> {Xë`mIoarO ñdmV§Í`
Am{U A{YH$ma emo^yZ {XgV ZmhrV. åhUyZ bmoH$emhrV `m XmoÝhr ~m~r nañnam§Zm nyaH$ AmhoV. H$V©ì`m{edm`
A{YH$ma AnyU© dmQ>VmV. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Amnë`m hŠH$m§Mr Oer OmUrd AgVo Ver OmUrd _wb^yV H$V©ì`m§À`m
~m~VrVhr AgUo Amdí`H$ _mZbo OmVo. H$maU Ooìhm EImXm _yb^yV A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm {Xbm OmVmo, Voìhm
Ë`m~amo~aM H$V©ì`nmbZmMr O~m~Xmarhr {VÀ`mda AàË`jnUo AgVo. CXm. g§nÎmr {_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
Amho. åhUyZ EH$m ì`ŠVrZo Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr g§nÎmr {hamdyZ KoVm H$m_m Z`o. AmnU Ooìhm Amnë`m ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m
hŠH$mMm AmJ«h YaVmo Voìhm g_mOmVrb AÝ` ì`ŠVtÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mbm Amnë`mH$Sy>Z ~mYm nmohMUma Zmhr `mMr
XjVm KoUo Amnbo H$V©ì` R>aVo. bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV Va àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mZo Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd R>odUo
AË`§V Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$maU H$V©ì`nam`U Am{U O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$m§daM bmoH$emhrMo `e Adb§~yZ AgVo.
Voìhm ZmJ[aH$m§Zm hŠH$m~amo~aM Ë`m§À`m H$V©ì`m§Mrhr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoV _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mmhr
(Fundamental Duties) g_mdoe H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
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Amnë`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr amÁ` KQ>ZoV ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm ZìhVm. na§Vw ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü`o
H$V©ì`mMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm KQ>ZoV A§V^m©d H$aUo `mo½` R>aob, Agm {dMma
gaH$maZo Ho$bm. ~oMmirgmì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrnydu Zo_Ê`mV Amboë`m ñdU©qgJ g{_VrZohr _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm
KQ>ZoV A§V^m©d H$amdm Aer {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr. ñdU©qgJ g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maetMm {dMma H$ê$Z 42 dr
KQ>Zm XþéñVr 1976 Zwgma ^maVr` KQ>ZoV ^mJ "4-A' H$b_ "51H$' Mm Zì`mZo g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r Ano{jV Agboë`m Xhm _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm àW_M KQ>ZoV g_mdoe Ho$bm Jobm.
1) amÁ`KQ>ZoZo nmbZ H$aUo, amÁ` KQ>ZoVrb AmXe© d g§ñWm, amï´>ÜdO d amï´>JrV `m§Mm AmXa H$aUo,
_mZ amIUo.
2) Amnë`m amîQ´>r` ñdmV§Í`bT>çmbm Á`m_wio ñ\y$Vu {_imbr Ë`m CXmËV AmXemªMr OmonmgZm H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo.
3) ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd, EH$Vm Am{U AI§S>Vm `m§Mm gÝ_mZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.
4) AmdmhZ Ho$bo OmB©b Voìhm amîQ´>mMo g§ajU H$aUo Am{U amîQ´>r` godm ~OmdUo.
5) Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$ d àmXo{eH$ qH$dm dJu` ^oX Z _mZVm gd© ^maVr` OZVoV EoŠ`mMr, ~§Yy^mdmMr
^mdZm dmT>rbm bmdUo, VgoM pñÌ`m§À`m à{VîR>obm ~mYm AmUUmè`m àWm gmoSy>Z XoUo.
6) Amnë`m g§{_l g§ñH¥$VrMm dmagm _m¡ë`dmZ _mZyZ Vmo OVZ H$aUo.
7) O§Jbo, gamodao, ZÚm d dÝ` Ordg¥îQ>r `m Z¡g{J©H$ g§nËVrMo ajU H$ê$Z Ë`mV gwYmaUm H$aUo d
gOrd àmÊ`m§~m~V X`m~wÕr ~miJUo.
8) emñÌr` ÑîQ>rH$moU, _mZdVmdmX, emoYH$~wÕr Am{U gwYmaUmdmX `m§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo.
9) gmd©O{ZH$ g§nËVrMo ajU H$aUo Am{U qhgmMmamMm {ZJ«hnyd©H$ Ë`mJ H$aUo.
10) amîQ´> `emÀ`m d àJVrÀ`m {eIamH$S>o gVV dmQ>Mmb H$arb Aem àH$mao gd© ì`ŠVrJV d
gm_w{hH$ H$m`©joÌmV namH$mîR>oMo `e {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
darb _yb^yV H$V©ì`mMr A§_b~OmdUr 3 OmZodmar 1977 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbr.
B
_yb^yV H$V©ì`mdarb {Q>H$m.
1) ^maVr` KQ>ZoV _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm ZìhVr. Aer Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo.
{Q>H$mH$mam§À`m _Vo ZmJ[aH$m§À`m dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mMo emgZ doimodoir H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo.
ñdmV§Í`àmárnmgyZ Vo AmVmn`ªV ^maVr` OZVoZo {d{dY H$m`Úm§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo Amho. ZmJ[aH$m§Zr {d{dY H$V©ì`o
~OmdyZ amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmbm d H$m`©nÕVrbm ghH$m`© Ho$bo Amho.
2) amÁ` KQ>ZoV _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Agbm Var Ë`m§Zm H$gbohr H$m`Xoera
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~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....5
nmR>~i _mÌ {_idyZ {Xbobo Zmhr. Aer Q>rH$m _yb^yV H$V©ì`mda Ho$br OmVo.
3) ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 51(H$) `m H$b_mV Or _yb^yV H$V©ì`o {Xbr AmhoV. Vr ÌmoQ>H$ d AñnîQ>
ñdê$nmMr AmhoV. H$maU _moK_ eãXmV _yb^yV H$V©ì`o {Xë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm Ame`, hoVy ñnîQ> hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
_yb^yV H$V©ì`mMr H$m`©dmhr H$aUo H$R>rU hmoUma Amho. _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Zm ñdV§ÌnUo Ý`m`mb`rZ g§ajUmMr
h_r XoÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr.
4) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mr `mXr AnyU© Amho. CXm. {ZdS>UyH$sV àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zo _VXmZ
H$aUo, àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm g¡{ZH$s {ejU XoUo Aer AmUIr H$mhr H$V©ì`o KQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ> H$aVm Ambr
AgVr. na§Vy _moOH$sM H$V©ì`o KQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ> Ho$br AmhoV.
amÁ` KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§À`m g_mdoem_wio H$mhr ~m~VrV amÁ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñnîQ> hmoÊ`mg hr
_XV Pmbr Amho. hr EH$ O_oMr ~mOy _mZVm `oB©b. CXm. ZmJ[aH$m§Zr Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMo ajU H$aÊ`gmR>r
à`ËZerb Agmdo, Ago _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§V Z_yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. XoemÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMo ajU H$aÊom
hr Oa ZmJ[aH$m§Mr KQ>ZmË_H$ O~m~Xmar Agob Va amÁ`XoIrb `m O~m~XmarVyZ Amnbr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoD$
eH$V Zmhr. ZmJ[aH$m§Zr Á`m C[ÔîQ>§mgmR>r Amnbr H$V©ì`o nma nmS>mdrV Aer Anojm ~miJbr OmVo Vr C{ÔîQ>o
gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mZohr à`ËZerb amhrbo nm{hOo. _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Mo _hËd AmUIr EH$m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ
ñnîQ> H$aVm `oB©b _yb^yV H$V©ì`m§Zm H$m`XçmMo nmR>~i Zmhr, ho Iao Agbo Var Ë`m§Mm amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_mdoe
Pmbm Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm EH$m àH$maMo {deof nm{dÍ` àmá Pmbo Amho. Ë`m_wio O~m~Xma ZmJ[aH$ _yb^yV
H$V©ì`m§Mm `mo½` Vmo AmXa amIÊ`mH$S>o bj XoB©b.
2.2.3 amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
(Directive Principles of State Policy)
amÁ`mMo ñdê$n Ho$di AmajH$ qH$dm g§ajH$ Ago Z amhVm Ë`mbm H$ë`mUH$mar ñdê$n àmá ìhmdo, åhUyZ
KQ>ZoÀ`m MdÏ`m ^mJmV H$b_ 36 Vo 51 _Ü`o amÁ`mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
_yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm Z S>mdbVm amÁ`mZo H$amd`mÀ`m H$m_mMm g_mdoe KQ>ZoV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho, H$aU ^maVmV
bmoH$emhr _O~yV Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ H$aVm `mdr, VgoM _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmZwgma ^{dî`H$mimV amÁ`m§Zm Amnbo
YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r gmono Omdo hmM Ë`m_mJMm CÔoe Agmdm Ago {XgVo. amÁ`mVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mr gm_m{OH$amOH$s`-Am[W©H$ àJVr ìhmdr. gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr àmá ìhmdr, g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aVm `mdr
Aer Anojm KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$br hmoVr. `m Anojm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m§Zr H$m` H$m` H$amdo `mMo
_mJ©Xe©Z ìhmdo åhUyZ KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m àH$aUmV hr {Z{V{ZX©oeH$VËdo qH$dm _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV
Ambr AmhoV.
hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV ñn°{Ze Am{U Am`bªS> À`m YVuda g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr
AmhoV. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§À`m {Z{_©Vr_wio ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zog AmJio doJio _hËd àmá Pmbo Amho. S>m°.
~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo _hËd ñnîQ> H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""_mÂ`m ÑîQ>rZo
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_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm A{Ve` _hËd Amho, H$maU Am{W©H$ bmoH$emhr ho Am_Mo C{ÔîQ>o Amho. hr JmoîQ> Ë`m_Ü`o
ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. amOH$s` bmoH$emhr àñWmnZogmR>r Amnë`m KQ>ZoV _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mr VaVyX Ho$br
Agbr Var Amnë`m ÑîQ>rZo amOH$s` bmoH$emhrBVH$sM Am{W©H$ bmoH$emhrXoIrb _hËdmMr Amho.'' hr JmoîQ>
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm amÁ`KQ>ZoV g_mdoe H$ê$Z AYmoao{IV Ho$br Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo hr amÁ`mbm YmaoUmË_H$ ~m~VrV _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmar VËdo AmhoV. KQ>ZoÀ`m
36 ì`m H$b_mV Ago ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, `m ^mJmV "amÁ`' `m eãXmMm dmna {Vgè`m ^mJmVrb
amÁ` `m eãXmÀ`m AWm©à_mUoM H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Mm¡Ï`m ^mJmVhr "amÁ`' hr g§km ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo dmnabr
AgyZ {VÀ`mV H|$ÐmMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i d H$m`Xo_§S>i, KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mr H$m`©H$mar _§S>io d H$m`Xo_§S>io ^maV
gaH$ma d KQ>H$ amÁ`m§À`m emgZg§ñWm `m§Mo gd© à_wI KQ>H$, gd© àH$maÀ`m ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm,
H$m`ÚmÛmao AmpñVËdmV Amboë`m Am{U H$m`ÚmÛmao {_imboë`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mè`m gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm
d `§ÌUm `mgma»`m gd© gmd©O{ZH$ gËVmñWmZm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo darb
gdmªZmM YmoaUmË_H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ H$aVmV.
B
^maVmVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr {Z{_©Vr :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmV JìhZ©a Am{U JìhZ©a OZabgmR>r H$mhr (Instrument of Instructions)
gyMZmnÌHo$ amÁ`H$ma^mamMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm _mJ©Xe©H$ ìhmdrV åhUyZ XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. ""^maVmV
H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMm _mJ© Iwbm ìhmdm'' `mgmR>r hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV Am{U
Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmVrb gyMZmnÌmgmaIo Amho. Ago ñdV… S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo hmoVo.
EdT>oM Zìho Va _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo åhUOo amÁ`H$ma^mamMr (Rule of Conduct) AmMmag§{hVm hmo`
ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§VaÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV ^mdr H$mimÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Aer AmMmag§{hVm Amdí`H$ AgVo,
åhUyZ hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
B _mJ©Xe©H$
VËdm§Mo ñdê$n Am{U _hËËd :
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm{df`r Amnbr ^y{_H$m ñnîQ> S>m°. E_.ìhr.nm`br Ago åhUVmV. ""^maVr`m§À`m AmXem©Mm
Am{U AmH$m§jmMm hm EH$ ^mJ Agob Am{U Ooìhm `m VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdÊmr hmoD$ bmJob Voìhm ^maV ho EH$
H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` ~Zob'' na§Vy `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo ñdê$n d ì`már nmhVm Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo eŠ`
Amho H$m, `mMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Vo ^maVmgma»`m I§S>àm` XoemV WmoS>ogo AeŠ`M Amho. åhUyZ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
åhUOo Agm YZmXoe (Cheque) Amho, H$s Omo dQ>bm Om`Mm qH$dm Zmhr ho ~±§Ho$À`m EonVrda Adb§~yZ Amho.
Ago. Ho$.Q>r. ehm åhUVmV. `mMo H$maU Ago H$s, _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm KQ>ZoV ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
amÁ`H$ma^mamMo _mJ©Xe©Z hr VËdo H$ê$ eH$Vrb `m VËdm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` AmpñVËdmV AmUZo
gmono OmB©b.
hr _mJ©Xe©H$V VËdo bmoH$emhrbm A{^àoV Agboë`m VËdm§er {ZJS>rV AmhoV. `m VËdmMo nmbZ {H$Vr
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d H$go Pmbo `mdê$Z bmoH$emhrÀ`m àJVrMo _moO_mn H$aVm `oUo eŠ` hmoB©b. Xm[aÐç, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$
{df_Vm, ~oamoOJmar H$_r H$ê$Z gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr {_idyZ XoÊ`mMohr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo EH$ _hËdnyU© gmYZ
Amho. Ë`m_wio _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr àm_m{UH$nUo H$aUo ho àË`oH$ amÁ`moM H$V©ì` R>aVo. amÁ`
KQ>ZoÀ`m àñVmdZoVrb C{ÔîQ>m§er hr VËdo nyaH$ AmhoV. `m VËdm§Zm "AmkmnÌ' qH$dm "{e\$magnÌ' Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo. bmoH$_VmÀ`m aoQ>çmZo, à^mdmZo hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo àË`jmV H$m`©dmhrV `oD$ eH$VmV.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo A§_bmV AmUmd`mMr qH$dm Zmhr ho nyU©nUo amÁ`mÀ`m BÀN>oda Adb§~yZ Amho. H$maU
amÁ`mZo _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$br Zmhr Va amÁ`m{dê$Õ Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm `oUma Zmhr.
M§nH$Z Xmoam`amOZ {dê$Õ _Ðmg amÁ` `m IQ>ë`mMm {ZU©` XoVmZm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
"_yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm nyaH$ (Subsidiary) AgoM _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo H$m`© Agmdo' åhUOoM H$m`Xm H$aVmZm
{dYm`H$ _mJ©Xe©Z EdT>oM `m VËdmMo H$m`© Agob.
Ý`m`mb`m§ZrM _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm~m~VMr ^y{_H$m AYyZ _YyZ ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho. _yb^yV A{YH$mamV Á`m
gdbVr Am{U Anojm ì`ŠV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr H$m`©dmhr H$amdr. Ë`mdoir
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm Xþæ`_ ñWmZ AgVo qH$dm ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVmV Ago g_OyZ amÁ`m§Zr Ë`mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo Va
bmoH$_VmMm X~md AmUyZ Vr VËdo A§_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mda gŠVr Ho$br Omdy eH$Vo.
Ago Oar Agbo Var Ý`m`mb`o _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmVrb ^y{_Ho$H$S>o Xþb©j H$arV ZgyZ CbQ> Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ
H$ê$Z KoV AgVmV. na§Vy ho hr Ioa Amho, H$s Ë`m§Mr H$m`©dmhr Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m H$joV `oV Zmhr. amÁ`m§Zr
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo Zmhr Va Ë`m§À`m{dê$Õ XmX _mJVm `oV Zmhr. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmMo ñdê$n _mJ©Xe©H$
Agë`m_wio amÁ`mda Vr ~§YZH$maH$ ZmhrV.
^maVmgma»`m g_mOdmXr àOmgËVmH$mMo A§Vr_ C{ÔîQ> H$moUVo Agmdo, `mda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMo H$m_
amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zr Ho$bo Amho. amÁ`mZo H$moUË`m {XeoZo dmQ>Mmb H$amdr ho gm§JÊ`mMo H$m`©
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo H$aVmV. emgZg§ñWoÀ`m H$m`©H$mar_§S>i d H$m`Xo_§S>i `m {d^mJmZr Amnbr YmoaUo AmIVmZm
H$moUVo Ü`o` S>moiçmg_moa R>odmdo, ho XoIrb hr VËdo ñnîQ> H$aVmV. amÁ`mZo àemgZ Mmb{dVmZm Am{U H$m`Xo
H$aVmZm `m VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdÊmr H$aUo ho Ë`m§Mo H$V©ì` R>aVo. S>m°. E_.ìhr.nm`br `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo
""amîQ´>mÀ`m gmd©^m¡_ gËVoMo à{V{ZYr `m ZmË`mZo ^maVmMo amÁ`H$V©o Amnë`m O~m~Xmè`m nma nmS>V AgVmZm
hr VËdo Ë`m§À`mgmR>r AmMmag§{hVm R>adyZ XoVmV'' WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m
gaZmå`mV Or C{ÔîQ>ço XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV, Vr C{ÔîQ>o JmR>Ê`mMm _mJ© XmI{dÊ`mMo H$m`© _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
H$aVmV.
B
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo dJuH$aU :
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr gwê$dmV H$arV AgVmZm _yb^yV hŠH$mà_mUo amÁ`mMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ
_yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m àH$aUmV amÁ`mMm Omo AW© Ano{jV Amho, VmoM _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§À`m ~m~VrVhr Ano{jV
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Amho. ho H$b_ 36 _Ü`oM ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr ì`már ~arM _moR>r Amho, hr VËdo amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$,
gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am§VaamîQ´>r` `m gma»`m {d{dY ~m~ter {ZJS>rV AmhoV. H$b_ 37 Vo 51 _Ü`o _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo dJuH$aU T>mo~inUo nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm `oB©b.
B
Am{W©H$ qH$dm H$ë`mUH$mhr ñdê$nmMr VËdo …
1) ñÌr-nwê$f gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm CnOr{dHo$Mr nwaoer gmYZo CnbãY hmoÊ`mMm hŠH$ {_idyZ XoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ amÁ`mH$S>yZ Ho$bm OmB©b.
2) Á`m_wio gdmªMo H$ë`mU hmoB©b Aem nÕVrZo g_mOmÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ gmYZm§Mr _mbH$s Am{U {Z`§ÌUo
`m§Mo dmQ>n H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.
3) g_mOmÀ`m {hVmg ~mYH$ R>aob Am{U g§nËVr d CËnmXZmMr gmYZo `m§Mo H§o$ÐrH$aU hmoB©b Aem
àH$marM Am[W©H$ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U hmoUma Zmhr. Aer XjVm KoÊ`mV `oB©b.
4) ñÌr d nwê$f `m§Zm g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r g_mZ doVZ {_idyZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.
5) ñÌr-nwê$f H$m_Jmam§Mo Amamo½` Am{U eŠVr VgoM _wbm§Mo H$modio d` `mMm Xþê$n`moJ Ho$bm OmUma
Zmhr. `mMr H$miOr KoVbr OmB©b.
6) gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ CËnmXZ gaH$maÀ`m hmVr KoUo.
7) Am[W©H$ JaOonmoQ>r ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo d` d eŠVr `m§g Z nobUmè`m ì`dgm`mV {eaUo ^mJ nS>Uma
Zmhr, Agm à`ËZ amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmB©b.
8) eoVr CÚmoJY§Xo d BVa gd© joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm nwaogo H$m_, doVZ, amhUr_mZmMm `mo½` XOm© Am[U
{dlm§Vr VgoM gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥$VrH$ g§Yr `m§Mr h_r XoUmar H$m_mMr n[apñWVr CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMr XjVm amÁ`mH$S>yZ KoVbr OmB©b.
9) amÁ` Amnbr Am[W©H$ j_Vm Am{U {dH$mg `m§À`m _`m©XoV H$m_ {_i{dÊ`mMm hŠH$, {ejUmMm
hŠH$ Am{U ~oH$mar, åhmVmanU, AmOmanU, An§JËd `mgma»`m AdñWoVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r gmd©O{ZH$
_XV {_i{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ ho {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r n[aUm_H$maH$ Cnm``moOZm H$arb.
10) H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ý`m` d _mUwgH$sMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr Am{U àgwVrgmhmæ` {_idyZ
XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm amÁ`mH$S>yZ H$aÊ`mV `oB©b.
11) CÚmoJY§ÚmÀ`m ì`dñWmnZmV H$m_Jmam§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo amÁ`mH$Sy>Z Amdí`H$
Vr nmdbo CMbbr OmVrb.
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B
gm_m{OH$ ñdê$nmMr VËdo :
gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm hr H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mV `mo½` AerM AgUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho. Vr gm_m{OH$
VËdo nwT>rb à_mUo1) Mm¡Xm dfm©Imbrb _wbm_wbtÀ`m _mo\$V {ejUmMr ì`dñWm KQ>Zm A§_bmV Amë`mnmgyZ 10
dfm©À`m AmV H$aUo.
2) Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ _mXH$ no`m§da ~§Xr KmbUo.
3) _mJmgboë`m Am{U Xþ~©b KQ>H$m§Zm {deofV… Añn¥em§Zm e¡j{UH$, Am[W©H$ gdbVr XoÊ`mV `odyZ,
Ë`m§Mo H$moUË`mhr àH$mao emofU hmoUma Zmhr `mMr I~aXmar KUo.
4) amîQ´>r` Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>çm _hËdmÀ`m ñ_maH$m§Mo g§ajU H$aUo.
5) gm_m{OH$ ñdmñW gwYmê$Z ZmJ[aH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo, VgoM ghmæ`mgmR>r
VaVyX H$aUo.
6) H$m_Jmam§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r `mo½` {dlm§VrMr `mo½` ì`dñWm {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m joÌmVrb gdbVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo.
7) H$m_Jmam§À`m AmhmamV nm¡pîQ>H$VoMo à_mU dmT>dyZ Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
8) n`m©daUmVrb g_Vmob amIÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m§Zr O§Jbm§Mo ajU Am{U n§eyMo ajU H$amdo hr VaVyX 42
dr KQ>ZmXþê$ñVrnmgyZ (1 OmZodmar 1977 nmgyZ) A§_bmV Ambr `m VaVyXrbm AZwgê$Z amÁ`§mZr
AZoH$ H$m`Xo Ho$bo AgyZ Z¡g{J©H$ g_Vmob R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ amÁ`o H$arV AmhoV.
B
amOH$s` qH$dm àemgH$s` gwYmaUmg§~§YrMr VËdo :
amOH$s` VËdmV amÁ`mVrb amOH$s` ì`dñWo~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. _hmË_m Jm§YtZm Á`m
àH$maMr amOH$s` ì`dñWm hdr hmoVr Vem àH$maMr ì`dñWm amÁ`mV Agmdr Ago nwT>rb VËdmdê$Z dmQ>Vo,
åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Jm§YrdmXr VËdohr åhQ>bo OmVo.
1) amÁ`mV J«m_n§Mm`VtMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z ñd`§emgZmMr H$ënZm AmpñVËdmV AmUZo. Aer ì`dñWm
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` A{YH$ma àXËV H$aUo.
2) XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r EH$ g_mZ H$m`Xm AmpñVËdmV AmUZo.
3) Ý`m`mb`m§Zm ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV `oD$Z, gËVoMo {d^mOZ AmpñVËdmV AmUZo.
4) amÁ`mZo eoVr d newnmbZmgmR>r AË`mYw{ZH$ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo.
5) Jmo hË`m Wm§~{dUo.
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6) amÁ` bmoH$m§Zm _mo\$V H$mX`o{df`H$ gmhmæ` {_idyZ XoB©b, H$s OoUoH$ê$Z H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mbm
Am{W©H$ qH$dm AÝ` àH$maÀ`m Xw~©bVo_wio Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m g§YrnmgyZ d§{MV amhmdo bmJUma
Zmhr.
B
Am§VaamîQ´>r` g§~§Ym{df`mMr VËdo-
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 51 ì`m H$b_mV hr Am§VaamîQ´>r` VËdo g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Ambobr AmhoV.
Xoem§VJ©V em§VVm Am{U gwì`ñWogh Am§VaamîQ´>r` em§VVm Am{U gwì`ñWoMmhr {dMma `m VËdmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm
Amho. Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV BVa amîQ´>m§er g§~§Y {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmZo H$moUË`m VËdmMm,
{gÕm§VmMm Adb§~ H$amdm `m g§X^m©V KQ>ZmH$Ë`mªZr _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$bo Amho. ^maV Am§VaamîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV
nwT>rb VËdm§Mm Adb§~ H$arb.
1) amÁ`mZo OmJ{VH$ em§VVm d gwa{jVVm amhrb `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$amdoV. OmJ{VH$ nmVirda OoWo
em§VVogmR>r à`ËZ Mmby AmhoV, Ë`m à`ËZmg ^maVmZo nmqR>~m Úmdm d Ë`mg àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
2) OmJ{VH$ amOH$maUmV {d{dY Xoem§XoemVrb g§§~§Y ho Ý`m` d gÝ_mZ{Z` VËdmda AmYm[aV AgmdoV
`mgmR>r ^maVmZo à`ËZ H$amdoV.
3) Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$ama d Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$m`Xm `mMo nmbZ gd©M Xoem§Zr H$aÊ`mMr àd¥ËVr {dH$grV
hmoB©b. `mgmR>r ^maVmZo à`ËZ H$amdoV.
4) amîQ´>m§Zr nañnam§_Yrb _V^oX gm_§Oñ`mZo, MM}Ûmao, bdmXm_m\©$V {ZH$mbmV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r à`ËZerb
Agmdo.
B KQ>ZoVrb
KQ>H$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo :
KQ>ZoVrb MdÏ`m ^mJm{edm` KQ>ZoV BVa H$b_mVhr H$mhr _mJ©Xe©H$ Aem gyMZm amÁ`m§Zm XoÊ`mV
Amb`m AmhoV. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmà_mUo hçm H$b_m§gmR>r Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm `oUma Zmhr. Ë`m _mJ©Xe©H$
gyMZm nwT>rb à_mUo1) KQ>ZoÀ`m H$b_ 350(A) _Ü`o amÁ`mVrb Aëng§»` JQ>mÀ`m àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr VaVyX Ë`m§À`m
_mV¥^mfoVyZ H$aUo, `mgmR>r nyaoem gdbVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo, `m g§X^m©V amîQ´>nVr amÁ`m§Zm `mo½`
Vo AmXoe Xody eH$Vrb.
2) KQ>Zm H$b_ 651 _Ü`o qhXr ^mfoMm {dMma H$aUo, {dMma àH$Q>rH$aUmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ qhXrMm
Cn`moJ H$aUo Am{U Ë`mÛmao ^maVmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMm {dH$mg H$aUo.
3) KQ>Zm H$b_ 335 _Ü`o g§KmÀ`m qH$dm amÁ`mÀ`m ZmoH$è`m d OmJmg§~§Yr Zo_UyH$m H$aVmZm
amÁ`H$mam^mamMr H$m`©j_Vm amIÊ`mMr XjVm KodyZ AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVrMo hŠH$ {dMmamV
KoVbo OmVrb, Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
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B
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmdarb Q>rH$m :
1) d¡Ym{ZH$ eŠVrMm A^md : ^maVr` KQ>Zm _mJXe©H$ VËdm§Zm Oar _hËd XoV Agbr, Var `m
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm Ý`m`mb`rZ AmYma Zmhr. Voìhm `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo ñdê$n, ew^oÀN>m, Z¡{VH$ AmXoe Aem
àH$maMo Amho. àm. Ho$. Q>r. ehm `m§Zr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s ""amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$
VËdo åhUOo MoH$ g_mZ AmhoV. Omo dQ>{dUo qH$dm Z dQ>{dZo ~±Ho$À`m BÀN>oda gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho Va
Ho$. gr. pìhAaÀ`m _Vo " Ho$di CÔoe Am{U AmH$m§jmMo Vo KmofUmnÌ Amho.'
2) _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo, H$mën{ZH$ AmXe© : Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo åhUOo H$mën{ZH$
AmXe© Amho. Á`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. EZ. Ama. amKdmMmar `m§À`m _Vo ""_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm
CÔoe OZVog _yI© ~Z{dUo Amho. H$mJXmda AmH$f©H$ dmQ>Umao d H$YrM H$m`m©Ýd`rV hmoUma ZmhrV Ago
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo ñdê$n Amho.
3) H$mb_`m©Xm Zmhr : _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVrhr H$mb_`m©Xm AmIyZ
{Xbr Zmhr. n[aUm_r KQ>ZoÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr Z§Vahr AZoH$ df© CbQy>Zhr AÚmn AZoH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr
A§_b~OmdUr hmody eH$br Zmhr.
4) _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo AW©hrZ ñdê$nmMr : H$mhr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Va gmoS>mM nU
H$mhr VËdm§À`mM {damoYmV emgZ {Z`_ d H¥$Vr H$aV AgVmZm emgZmbm amoIÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmV
Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo AW©hrZ Pmbr AmhoV. CXm. Xmê$~§Xr, emgZM Xmê$À`m CËnmXZmg d
{dH$Ê`mg nadmZJr XoVo. CXmarH$aÊ`mÀ`m ZmdmImbr Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ g§nÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. Ago
AgVmZm _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm ~¿`mMr ^y{_H$m ¿`mdr bmJV Amho.
5) H$mhr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo hr _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m ~amo~arMr : _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmVrb H$mhr JmoîQ>r
BVŠ`m _hËdmÀ`m AmhoV H$s Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe Iao Va _yb^yV hŠH$m_Ü`o ìhm`bm hdm hmoVm. CXm. H$m_,
~oH$mar, {ejU BË`mXr.
B
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Ho$bobo à`ËZ :
nmobrg amÁ`mMo ê$nm§Va H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mV H$aUo, KQ>ZoZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m amOH$s` bmoH$emhrg
gm_m{OH$ d Am[W©H$ bmoH$emhrMm AmYma XoUo, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, àË`j ì`dhmamV AmUZo `m ÑîQ>rZo _mJ©Xe©H$
VËdm§Zr Mm§Jbr H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho, AgoM åhUVm `oB©b.
1) O{_ZXmarMr g_mßVr d O_rZ gwYmaUm H$m`Xo : O_rZXmarZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m d emofU
à{H«$`og MmbZm XoUmè`m d O_rZXmarMo g_W©Z H$aÊmmè`m AZoH$ àWm hmoË`m. 1951 _Ü`o ^maVr` g§gXoZo
O_rZXmar g_má H$aUmam H$m`Xm Ho$bm. O_rZ gwYmaUm H$m`Xo KQ>ZoÀ`m Zdì`m gy{MV g_m{dîQ> Ho$bo. Omo
àË`jmV eoVrV H$m_ H$aVmo, Ë`mMmM eoVrda A{YH$ma Agbm nm{hOo Agm {dMma Ë`m nmR>r_mJo hmoVm.
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2) J«m_moÚmoJ, Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm : J«m_moÚmoJ d Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ `m§Mm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`gwMrVrb
{df` AgyZ gwÕm H|$ÐgaH$maZo AZoH$ _hm_§S>io ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Aem CÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ
Ho$bm. CXm. AIrb ^maVr` ImXr J«m_moÚmoJ _§S>i, bÚwCÚmoJ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i, A{Ib ^maVr` hmV_mJ
_hm_§S>i B.
3) H$mhr CÚmoJY§XçmMo amîQ´>r`H$aU : g§nËVrMo H|$ÐrH$aU Wm§~{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gaH$maH$SyZ H$mhr
Y§XçmMo amîQ´>r`H$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho AWdm H$mhr CÚmoJ ñdV…À`m Vmã`mV KoVbo AmhoV. CXm. {^bmB©,
qhXyñWmZ _erZ Qy>ëg B.
4) H$_Hw$dV dJm©gmR>r {deof à`ËZ - g_mOmVrb H$_Hw$dV KQ>H$m§gmR>r àm_w»`mZo AZwgy{MV
OmVr, O_mVrgmR>r KQ>ZoV AZoH$ VaVyXr Ho$ë`m. gaH$mar godoV Ë`m§À`mgmR>r amIrd OmJm§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV
Ambr g§gX d {dYmZg^m VgoM n§Mm`V amO g§ñWm_Ü`o Ë`m§À`m à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r amIrd OmJm H$aÊ`mV
Amë`m.
5) _mo\$V {ejUmMr gmo` : ~hþVoH$ gd© amÁ`m§Zr _mo\$V àmW{_H$ {ejUmMr gmo` Ho$br Amho.
AbrH$S>oM H|$Ð gaH$maZo gd© {ejm A{^`mZmÛmao EH$ ^ŠH$_ nmD$b CMbbo Amho. _hmamîQ´>mV 12 dr n`©ÝVMo
{ejU _wbtgmR>r _mo\$V H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. VgoM Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm _mJmgboë`m§Zm (E.B.C.) \$s _m\$sÀ`m
gdbVr, AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVrÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm {eî`d¥ËVr `moOZm bmJy Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
6) gm_m{OH$ gwajm : `wdH$ d ~mbH$ `m§Mo emofU hmoD$ Z`o `mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV AmboV.
`wdH$ H|$Ð ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ~mbH$m_Jma {damoYr H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. H$mhr amÁ`m§Zr d¥ÕmdñWm
{Zd¥ËVr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br Amho. H$m_Jmam§Zm {d_m `moOZm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambr. amoOJma h_r `moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambr Ë`mMà_mUo ñd`§amoOJma gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmZo AZoH$ `moOZm gwê$ Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
7) g§nËVrÀ`m A{YH$mamV n[adV©Z : _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmMm _mJm©Vrb gdm©V _moR>m AS>Wim åhUyZ
g§nËVrÀ`m A{YH$mamH$S>o nm{hbo OmV hmoVo. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r Ho$bobo H$m`Xo g§nËVrÀ`m
_yb^yV A{YH$mam§er {dg§JV AmhoV, åhUyZ Ý`m`mb`mZo Ë`m§Zm Ad¡Y Kmo{fV Ho$bo hmoVo. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm _mJ©
gwH$a ìhmdm `mgmR>r 1979 _Ü`o 44 dr KQ>ZmXwê$ñVr H$aÊ`mV `odyZ g§nËVrMm A{YH$ma _yb^yV A{YH$mam§À`m
`mXrVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. g§nËVrMm A[YH$ma AmVm Ho$di d¡Ym{ZH$ A{YH$ma Amho _yb^yV Zmhr.
8) g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r doVZ : àemgZmV {dH§o$ÐrH$aUmbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo
ñd`§emgZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r OZà{V{ZYrda A{YH$m{YH$ O~m~Xmar Q>mH$Ê`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo Jobo. 73 ì`m
KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo J«m_rU ñWm{ZH$ ñdOam§Á` g§ñWmZm d 74 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo ZmJar ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWmZm
A{YH$ A{YH$ma XodyZ ~iH$Q> Ho$bo. _hmamîQ´>mV Va ñWm{ZH$ emgZmV ñÌr`m§Zm 50% AmajU {Xbo Amho.
9) Am§aamîQ´>r` amOH$maU : naamîQ´>r` YmoaUmV em§VVobm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. OJmV em§VVm
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rhr ^maVmZo à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV. CXm. 1971 _Yrb EH$V\$s© `wÕ {dam_mMr KmofUm H$ê$Z
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^maVmZo n§Merb VËdmMo nmbZ Ho$bo Amho. erV`wÕmg {damoY Ho$bm, MM}Zo àíZ gmoS>{dbo OmdoV d g§`yŠVamîQ´>
eŠVrembr ìhmdo `mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo Jobo.
B
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo An`e / emgZmda hmoUmar Q>rH$m :
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§À`m `emMr bm§~r _moR>r Agbr Var "gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`' XoUmar n[apñWVr AÚmn {Z_m©U
Pmbobr Zmhr, hr dmñV{dH$Vm Amho. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§gmR>r H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo, nU Ë`m§Mr A§_b~Omd`mr
H$aVmZm _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§gmR>r H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. nU Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm_mJrb
àoaUm, ^mdZm bjmV Z KoVë`mZo AnojrV Ago `e àmá Pmbo Zmhr. njr` amOH$maUm_wio AZoH$ Mm§Jë`m
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr dmgbmV bmJV Amho. `m~m~VrV gaH$mada hmoUmar Q>rH$m nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) amoOJma {Z_m©U Ho$bo Jobo nU ~oH$mam§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoÊ`mEodOr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>br.
àm_w»`mZo {ejrV ~oH$mam§À`m g§»`oV bjUr` dmT> Pmbr.
2) H$_mb O_rZ H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo, nU Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr à^mdrnUo Ho$br Zmhr.
n[aUm_r Nw>nr O_rZXmar H$m`_ amhrbr "H$gob Ë`mMr O_rZ' hm {dMma pñdH$mabm nU AÚmnhr
Vmo dmñVdmV Ambm Zmhr.
3) AZoH$ joÌmV AË`§V {ZamemOZH$ pñWVr Amho. {Xdg|{Xdg ~mbH$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m dmT>Vo Amho.
{deofV… ~m§YH$m_ ì`dgm`, {dQ> ^Å>r, hm°Q>ob Ym~o `m {R>H$mUr {H§$dm \o$ardmbo `m ì`dgm`mV
bhmZ _wbm§Mr g§»`m bjUr` Amho. {ñÌ`m§darb AË`mMma dmT>V AmhoV. eoV_Oya d H$m_Jmam§À`m
amhUr_mZmV \$magr gwYmaUm Pmbr Zmhr. åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` hr g§H$ënZm \$ma Xya Amho.
4) bmoH$emhrgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ago H$m`Xo _Vm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo ZmhrV. "g_mZ ZmJar
H$m`Xm' H$aÊ`mV Ambm Zmhr. _mÌ g_mZ ZmJar H$m`Xm {Z_m©U hmoB©b Agm {ZU©` Ý`m`mb`mZo
emh~mZmo IQ>b`mV {Xbm Voìhm Ë`m {ZU©`mg aÔ H$aUmam H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
5) Xmê$~§XrÀ`m H$m`ÚmMrhr _moR>r J_Vrera AdñWm Amho. ZmJarH$m§À`m Z¡{VH$ {dH$mgmEodOr
~wS>Umam _hgyb S>moiçmg_moa RodyZ `m H$m`XçmV AZoH$ amÁ`mVyZ {eWrbVm Ambobr {XgVo.
6) gmúmaVoV dmT> Pmbr nU emgH$s` AmH$S>o ~è`mMdoiobm \$gdo d {Xem^yb H$aUmao AgVmV.
PmonS>nÅ>r Am{U J«m_rU dmS>çm dñË`m§V ahmUmè`m§À`mV {ZajaVoMo à_mU AOyZhr Iyn Amho.
7) Am[W©H$ {df_Vm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AJXr g§nËVrMm A{YH$ma _yb^yV
A{YH$mamÀ`m ^mJmVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm. _mÌ Jar~ d lr_§V `m§À`m_Yrb Xar H$_r
hmoÊ`mEodOr dmT>bobr {XgyZ `oVo. ^maVmVrb Xm[aÐçaofoImbr OJUmè`m§Mr g§»`m emgH$s`
nmhUrZygma 29% À`m Amgnmg Amho.
Aem àH$maMr AZoH$ CXmhaUo XoVm `oVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo nmbZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`m§Zm AÚmnhr ~aoM
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H$m`© H$amdo bmJUma Amho. 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrdoir ñdU©qgJ g{_VrZohr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§H$S>o Jm§^r`m©Zo nmhrbo
Zmhr.
B
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo _hËd :
1) g_mOH«$m§VrMo gmYZ : 1947 _Ü`o ^maVmZo amOH$s` H«$m§Vr `eñdr Ho$br, _mÌ hr H«$m§Vr `eñdr
H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ H«$m§VrMr JaO hmoVr. hr H«$m§Vr `eñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r KQ>ZoV _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr
VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m AWm©Zo ^maVmV g§nyU© H«$m§Vr `eñdr H$aÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUOo _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo Amho.
2) OZeŠVr hm _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm AmYma : _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm Ý`m`mb`mV AmìhmZ XoVm `oV Zgbo
Var `m VËdm§À`m nmR>r_mJo OZeŠVr Amho. bmoH$emhrV H$moUVohr gaH$ma OZ_VmMr àVmaUm H$ê$Z eH$V Zmhr.
Oa OZ_VmMr àVmaUm Ho$br Va gaH$mabm bmoH$m§À`m amJmg gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo H$moUVohr
gaH$ma KQ>ZoÀ`m MdÏ`m ^mJmH$S>o Xwb©j H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
3) gaH$maMo _yë`_mnZ : emgZmÀ`m `emn`emMo _yë`_mnZ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§À`m AmYmao H$aVm `oVo.
Oo emgZ _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmZygma H$m_ H$aob Ë`mbm OZVm nmqR>~m XoB©b, ~±H$mÀ`m amîQ´>r`H$aUmZ§Va d
VZIo~XtZVa OZVoZo lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§YrZm nm{R>§~m {Xbm Va emh~mZmo IQ>ë`mVrb {ZU©`mÀ`m {damoYmV H$m`Xm
H$ê$Z "g_mZ ZmJar H$m`Xm' `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmer àVmaUm Ho$ë`m_wio amOrd Jm§Yrg namd^mg gm_moao Omdo
bmJbo.
4) Ý`m`mb`mMo `moJXmZ : _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm Ý`m`mb`mV AmìhmZ XoVm `oV Zmhr Agm Oar `yŠVrdmX
Ho$bm OmV Agbm, Var Ý`m`mb`mZr ñdV…hÿZ AZoH$ {ZU©` _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm {dMmamV KodyZ {Xbo AmhoV.
gm_mZ` ì`ŠVrbm Ý`m` {_imdm åhUyZ Ý`m`mb`mZo gmÜ`m Q>obrJ«m_ qH$dm nmoñQ>H$mS© `m§Zm {dZ§Vr AO© _mZyZ
{ZU©` {Xbm Amho. "Ý`m`mb`rZ H¥$VrerbVm' A§VJ©V OZ{hV `m{MHo$da {Xbobo gd© {ZU©` _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr
A§_b~OmdUr H$aUmao AmhoV. Ý`m`mb` emgZmMo A§J Amho Am{U hoM Ü`mZmV KodyZ Ý`m`mb`mZo _mJ©Xe©H$
VËdm§Mm gÝ_mZ Ho$bm Amho.
_yb^yV hŠH$ d _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo `mVrb VwbZm / \$aH$
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo
_yb^yV hŠH$
1) _yb^yV hŠH$ åhUOo amOH$s` bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U 1) _mJ© X e© H $ VËdm§ À `m gmhçmZo Am{W© H $
bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U hmody eH$Vo.
H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© Amho.
2) _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrMr gŠVr AgyZ 2) _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§da A§_b~OmdUrMr gŠVr
Zmhr, VgoM Ý`m`mb`rZ ga§jU Zmhr.
Ë`m§Zm Ý`m`mb`rZ g§ajU Amho.
3) _yb^yV hŠH$mV KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMm hŠH$ 3) _mJ© X e© H $ VËdm§ À `m ~m~VrV KQ> Z mË_H$
Cnm``moOZm§Mm hŠH$ Zmhr.
Amho.
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4) _yb^yV hŠH$ ho ì`ŠVrMo hŠH$ AmhoV.
4) _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo åhUOo EH$àH$mao amÁ`mMo hŠH$
hmoV.
5) _yb^yV hŠH$m§À`m gmhçmZo ZmJ[aH$m§Mm {dH$mg 5) _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo amÁ`mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r {Z_m©U
KS>dyZ AmUVm `oVmo. åhUyZ ZmJ[aH$m§Mo H$ë`mU
H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` ho
hŠH$mMo joÌ Amho.
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo Ü`o` Amho.
6) Am{U~mUrÀ`m H$mimV hŠH$ ñW{JV Ho$bo 6) _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo ñW{JV R>odÊ`mV àíZM {Z_m©U
OmVmV.
hmoV Zmhr.
7) _yb^yV hŠH$ _`m©{XV AmhoV.
7) VËdm§Zm Aer _`m©Xm Zmhr.
8) emgZmZo H$m` H$ê$ Z`o ho _yb^yV hŠH$ gm§JVmV. 8) emgZmZo H$m` H$amdo ho hr VËdo gm§JVmV.
2.3 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW© :
1) ~§Xr àË`jrH$aU : H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mg ~oH$m`XoeranUo AQ>H$ H$aVm `oV Zmhr. AQ>H$ Ho$ë`mg
ZmJ[aH$mbm 24 VmgmÀ`m AmV Ý`m`mb`mg_moa gXoh hOa H$amdo bmJVo, Ë`mÀ`m AmQ>Ho$Mr H$maUo Úmdr
bmJVmV. ~oH$m`Xoera AQ>H$ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ~§XràË`jrH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g§ajU
{Xbo Amho.
2) na_mXoe : ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`mg AmXoe XoÊ`mMm àmá Pmbobm
A{YH$ma.
3) A{YH$man¥ÀN>m : gmd©O{ZH$nX qH$dm A{YH$ma dmnamÊ`mMr nmÌVm ZgVmZm EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo
Ago nX J«hZ Ho$bo Agob Va Á`m ì`ŠVrda AÝ`m` Pmbm Amho. Vr ì`ŠVr Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o AO© H$aVo Ý`m`mb`
g§~§YrV ì`ŠVrg {dMmaUm H$aVo, g§~§YrV ì`ŠVrZo g_mYmZH$maH$ CËVa Z {Xë`mg nX YmaU Ho$boë`m
ì`ŠVrg Vo nX gmoS>Ê`mMr Amkm Ý`m`mb` XoVo.
4) à{VfoY : Ý`m`mb`rZ à{H«$`oV EImXm {ZU©` {Xë`mg Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o AO© H$ê$Z _ZmB© AmXoe
àmá H$aVm `oVmo. `m A{YH$mamg na_mXoe Ago åhUVmV.
5) CËàofU : ZmJarH$m§Zm d[aîR> Ý`m`mb`mV IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r `m VaVyXrZygma AO© H$aVm
`oVmo. `mbm CËàofU åhUVmV.
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ :
1) ^maVr` amÁ` KQ>ZoMo H$moÊmË`m {d^mJmV _yb^yV A{YH$ma ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
2) _yb^yV A{YH$mamÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r H$moUË`m H$b_mV VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
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3) amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$moÊmË`m {d^mJmV _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z CËVao :
1) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Vgè`m {d^mJmV _yb^yV A{YH$ma ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
2) _yb^yV A{YH$mamÀ`m g§ajUgmR>r 32 ì`m H$b_mV VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
3) amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡Ï`m {d^mJmV _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
2.5 gmam§e :
`m KQ>H$m§V AmnU ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {Xboë`m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. _yb^yV hŠH$ ho
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo _hËdnyU© Ago d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. `m _yb^yV hŠH$m§Zm Ý`m`mb`rZ g§ajU {_imbo Amho.
EImXçm ì`ŠVrÀ`m _yb^yV A{YH$mamda Xygè`m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z, g§ñWoH$Sy>Z, gaH$maH$Sy>Z A{VH«$_U Pmë`mg
ì`ŠVrbm Ë`m {dê$Õ Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJÊ`mMr VaVyX amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$br Amho. KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMm
hŠH$ hm Ë`mÑîQ>rZo A{Ve` _mZbm OmVmo. ""S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$amZr KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoÀ`m hŠH$mg
KQ>ZoMm AmË_m'' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
hŠH$ Am{U H$V©ì`o `m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy hmoV. Ago åhQ>bo OmVo, qH$~hÿZm hŠH$m§À`m nmR>monmR>
H$V©ì`ohr `oV AgVmV. AmnU Amnë`m hŠH$m§gmR>r Á`mà_mUo ^m§S>Vmo Ë`mMà_mUo AmnUmg Amnë`m H$V©ì`mMohr
^mZ Agbo nm{hOo. g_mO, amÁ`, amÁ`KQ>Zm `m§À`màVr Amnbr H$mhr H$V©ì`o AgVmV. Ë`mMo Amnë`mH$Sy>Z
nmbZ ìhmdo Aer Anojm AgVo. AmnU Amnbo hŠH$ ~OmdV AgVmZm Amnë`mH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m§À`m hŠH$mda
A{VH«$_U Va hmoV Zmhr Zm, `mMo ^mZ Agmdo bmJVo.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Amåhr amOH$s` bmoH$memhrMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm. amOH$s` bmoH$emhr ~amo~aM gm_m{OH$
Am[W©H$ bmoH$emhrMr hr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Vr Amdí`H$Vm ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z VËdm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm
^mgVo. _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo hr amÁ`mZo H$m` H$amd`mg hdo Vo gm§JVmV gaH$mabm O~m~XmarMr Om{Ud H$ê$Z XoVmV.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm AgVm Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s amÁ`m§Zr ~è`mM à_mUmV
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z Am[W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Mmb{dbm Amho.
_mJ©Xím©H$ VËdm§Zm _yb^yV hŠH$m à_mUo Ý`m`mb`rZ g§ajU Zgë`mZo emgZmZo _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm Adb§~
Ho$bm Zmhr Va Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm `oV Zgbr Var OZ_VmÀ`m aoQ>çmZo bmoH$ emgZmg _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm
Adb§~ H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmSy> eH$VmV. ho bjmV `oVo.
2.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m` :
1) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV A{YH$mamMo ñdê$n d d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.
2) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV A{YH$ma ñnîQ> H$am.
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3) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma gm§JyZ, Ë`mÀ`m _`m©Xm ñnîQ> H$am.
4) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _yb^yV H$V©ì`o gm§JyZ, _hËd ñnîQ> H$am.
5) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo ñnîQ> H$am.
6) amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo Q>rH$mË_H$ narjU H$am.
B
Q>rnm {bhm.
1) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma
2) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMm A{YH$ma
3) _yb^yV H$V©ì`o
4) _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mo _hËd
5) emofUm {dê$ÕMm A{YH$ma
2.7 dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© :
1) ^moio ^mñH$a bú_U - "^maVr` g§{dYmZ' qn§nimnwao A°ÝS> H§$. nãbreg©, ZmJnya
2) ^moio ^mñH$a bú_U - "^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWm' qn§nimnwao A°ÝS> H§$. nãbreg©, ZmJnya
3) l¥§Jmanwao AaqdX - "^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU' lr _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya
4) àm.~r.dm`.Hw$bH$Uu - "^maVr` emgZ d amOH$maU,' {dÚm àH$maeZ, ZmJnya
5) Ho$. gmJa, ìhr.~r.nmQ>rb - "^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm,' Ho$.gmJa nãbrHo$eÝg, nyUo
6) ~moamiH$a, Omoer, MmonS>o - "^maVr` amOH$s` ì`dñWm' qnnimnyao A°ÝS> H§$. nãbreg©, ZmJnya
7) àm.~r.~r.nmQ>rb/àm.gm¡.C{_©bm MìhmU - ""^maVr` emgZ'' \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
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