gÌ - 1 : KQ>H$ - 1
^maVr` g§{dYmZ
AZwH«$_{UH$m
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o
1.1 àmñVm{dH$
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ
1.2.1
^maVr` g§{dYmZmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r
A) ^maV H$m¡{Ýgb H$m`Xm 1909
~) ^maV gaH$ma {df`H$ H$m`Xm 1919
H$) ^maV gaH$ma {df`H$ H$m`Xm 1935
1.2.2
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr - KQ>Zm g{_Vr
1.2.3
gaZm_m, amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQço
1.3 gmam§e
1.4 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
1.5 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$.
1.0 C{ÔîQ>o :
`m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm B
^maVr` g§{dYmZmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r g_OyZ KoUo.
B
^maVr` g§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr H$er Pmbr ho {VMo ñdê$n, gaZm_m d d¡{eï>ço `m§Mr _m{hVr KoUo.
1.2 àmñVm{dH$ :
AmnU CÀM {ejUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV amÁ`emó hm d¡H$ënrH$ {df` {ZdS>bm Amho. _mZd hm
g_mO{à` d amOH$s` àmUr Amho. amOH$s` à{H«$`m _mZdmÀ`m gd© ì`dhmam§Zm ñne© H$ê$Z OmVo. `m dfu
1
~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....1
AmnU XmoÝhr gÌm_Ü`o ^maVr` g§{dYmZ d amOH$s` à{H«$`m `m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV. gwadmVrbm
AmnU ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` bT>m d Ë`mVrb _hÎdmMo H$m`Xo, g§{dYmZ {Z{_©Vr d {VMr d¡{eï>ço `m§Mr _m{hVr
Kody`m.
1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :
1.2.1 ^maVr` g§{dYmZmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r :
^maVmV `wamo{n`Z AmH«$_Uo `oÊ`mnydu AZoH$ AmH«$_Uo Ambr, Vr ^maVr` g_mO OrdZmer EH$ê$n Pmbr.
gmoimì`m eVH$mV S>M² \o«$ÝM, nmoVw©JrO, {~«Q>re ì`mnmè`m§Mm S>moim `m g_¥ÜX ^y_rda nS>bm Am{U ì`mnmamÀ`m
{Z{_ËVmZo Ë`m§Zr ^maVmV hmVnm` ngaÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. 17 ì`m eVH$mV {~«Q>re ì`mnmè`m§Zm amUrH$Sy>Z
`m XoemV ì`mnma H$aÊ`mMm nadmZm {_imbm. gwê$dmVrbm _wKb gm_«mÁ` ~iH$Q> Agë`m_wio B©ñQ> B§{S>`m
H§$nZrbm Amnbm H$m`©^mJ ì`mnmamnwaVmM _`m©{XV R>odmdm bmJbm. Am¡a§JOo~À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va _wKb gm_«mÁ`mbm
AmohmoQ>r bmJbr. B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo amOH$s` joÌmV hñVjon H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. 1757 Mo ßbmgrMo `wÜX
B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo qOH$bo Am{U ~§Jmbda H§$nZrZo Amnbm A{YH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$bm. {Q>ny gwbVmZÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va
X{jUoV nm` amodbo. 1803 _Ü`o ^mogë`m§Mm nam^d Ho$bm. 1818 _Ü`o bm°S>© hoñQ>tJÀ`m H$mimV _amR>çm§Mr
gËVm CÜdñV Pmbr. aU{OVqghmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va n§Om~ H$m~rO Ho$bm. bm°S>© S>bhm¡gr ^maVmMm JìhZ©a OZab
Pmbm. Ë`mÀ`m A{YnË`mImbr AZoH$ g§ñWmZo Imbgm H$arV 1857 _Ü`o ^maVmÀ`m AÜ`m©nojm OmñV ^mJmda
{~«Q>rem§Zr Amnbr gËVm àñWm{nV Ho$br.
1857 _Ü`o H§$nZrÀ`m {damoYmV _moR>m CR>md Pmbm. `m KQ>Zo_wio {~«Q>re emgZmÀ`m Ago {ZXe©Zmg
Ambo H$s EdT>çm _moR>çm àXoemda B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m hmVr gËVm R>odÊ`mV AW© Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r
^maVr` bmoH$m§Mo ghH$m`© ¿`mdo bmJob. ^maVmÀ`m emgZ ì`dñWoV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {~«Q>re
gaH$maZo 1858 Mm ^maV emgZ A{Y{Z`_ nmg Ho$bm. `m A{Y{Z`_mZwgma B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMo emgZ
g_má Pmbo Am{U ^maVmMo emgZ {~«Q>re gaH$maÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmImbr Ambo. pìhŠQ>mo[a`m amUrbm ^maVmMr
g_«mkr Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m hmVr gËVm H|$ÐrV Pmbr. amUrMm JìhZ©a OZab `mbm
ìhm°B©gam°` åhUy bmJbo. H§$nZrMo g§MmbH$ _§S>i ~aImñV Pmbo. ^maV g{Md `m Zì`m nXmMm CX`
Pmbm. ^maV g{Md hm {~«Q>re _§Ìr_§S>imMm gXñ` AgyZ ^maVr` àemgZm~m~V Vmo {~«Q>ZÀ`m g§gXobm
O~m~Xma hmoVm. ìhm°B©gam°` Ë`mbm _XV H$aV hmoVo.
1833 À`m H$m`Úm_wio gËVoMo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbo hmoVo. {~«Q>re emgZmÀ`m Ago bjmV Ambo hmoVo H$s,
OZVoMm gh^mJ Agë`m{edm` AmnUmg amÁ` H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. ^maVr` OZVoZohr gËVoÀ`m {dH|«$XrH$aUmMr
_mJUr Ho$br hmoVr. JìhZ©a OZabZo ^maV_§Í`mbm {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr _mJUr H$idbr hmoVr. `m ÑîQ>rZo
1861 À`m H$m¡pÝgb H$m`Xm _§Oya Pmbm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma ^maVr` ì`dñWoV g§gXoMo ~rOmamonZ
Pmbo.
2
B
1861 À`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVyXr :
A) H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>img§~§Yr VaVyXr …
`m H$m`ÚmZo H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr hmodyZ {VMo g^mgX {ZpíMV Ho$bo. H|$Ðr` H$m`©H$mar
_§S>imMo ghm Am{U JìhZ©a OZabZo Zo_boobo A{V[aŠV OmñVrV OmñV 12 g^mgX {Z`wŠV Ho$bo. H$m`Xo
H$aÊ`mMm ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma {_imbm. na§Vw {~«Q>re emgZm{dê$ÜX H$m`Xo H$aVm `oUma ZmhrV. JìhZ©a
OZabZm dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Vm `oVrb d Ë`m§Zm H$m`ÚmBVHo$M _hËd amhrb. Ë`mMà_mUo n«m§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>i
ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {_imbm. àm§Vm§Zr {~«Q>re emgZmÀ`m {damoYr H$m`Xo H$ê$ Z`oV.
~) H|$Ðr` H$m`©H$mar g{_Vr …
`m H$m`ÚmZo JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m H$m`©H$m[aUrMr gXñ` dmT>dyZ nmM Ho$br. ImVo {d^mJUr JìhZ©a
OZabÀ`m g§_VrZo hmody bmJbr. H$ma^mamdaVr JìhZ©a OZabMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV `m H$m`ÚmZo
^maVr` gËVoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU hmodyZ ^maVr`m§Zm H$m`Xo_§S>imV àdoe {_imbm. ImVo {d^mJUr dQ>hþHy$_ `m
JmoîQ>tZm MmbZm {_imbr. JìhZ©a OZabMo A{YH$ma dmT>bo.
_mÌ g§ñWm{ZH$ ^m§S>dbXma bmoH$m§Mr dUu H$m`Xo_§S>imV bmJbr. emgZm_m\©$V Ë`mMr {Z`wŠVr
Agë`mZo Vo à^mdrnUo H$m_ H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVo. `mM H$mimV OZVoMo à{V{ZYr H$m`Xo_§S>imV AgmdoV
Aer _mJUr dmT>V Jobr. amOmam_ _mohZ am°`, ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr, ñdm_r am_H¥$îU na_h§g `m§À`m
H$m`m©VyZ amîQ—>OmJ¥Vr gwê$ Pmbr. BQ>br, O_©Zr XoemV amîQ—>dmXr MiditZr Omoa Yabm. Ë`mMm àämmd
^maVr` OZVoda Pmbm d AmnUmg gd© A{YH$ma {_imbo nm{hOoV Aer _mJUr dmTy> bmJbr. 1885 bm
H$m±J«ogMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. H$m±J«og_m\©$V AO© {dZ§Vr, AmdoXZ nÌ {~«Q>rem§Zm Omdy bmJbr. åhUyZ {~«Q>rem§Zr
1892 _Ü`oM H$m¡pÝgb H$m`Xm nmg Pmbm.
B
1892 Mm H$m¡pÝgb H$m`Xm :
H$m`Xo_§S>img§~§Yr VaVyXr :
H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m g§»`oV dmT> H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$_rV H$_r 10 d OmñVrV OmñV 16
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$m`Xo_§S>img A§XmOnÌH$mda MMm© H$aVm `oUma Zmhr. _mÌ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmda gd©gm_mÝ`
_V ì`ŠV H$aVm `oB©b. JìhZ©a OZabbm àíZ {dMmaVm `oVrb nU Ë`m§Zr CËVa {XboM nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ
amhUma Zmhr.
àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMr gXñ` g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambr. Aem àH$maMm H$m`Xm H$ê$Z A{YH$ma
dmT>{dÊ`mMm {~«Q>re emgZmZo à`ËZ Ho$bm Agbm Var _XZ_mohZ _mb{d`m `m§À`m _Vo ""`m H$m`ÚmZo
^maVr`m§Zm emgZ ì`dñWoV H$moUVohr dmñV{dH$ A{YH$ma {_imbo ZmhrV.'' gr. dm`². qMVm_Ur `m§À`m
_Vo, H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb gXñ`m§Zm \$mago A{YH$ma {_imbo ZmhrV. ^maVr`m§Mo g_mYmZ Pmbo Zmhr. _mÌ
3
H$m±J«ogÀ`m ñdmV§Í` g§J«m_mMm hm n{hbm {dO` hmoVm. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {dH$mgmV `m H$m`ÚmMo _hËd
AZÝ` gmYmaU Amho.
B
1909 Mm H$m`Xm :
amîQ—>r`VoÀ`m ^mdZo~amo~a ^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U Pmbm. 1892 Vo 1909 hm H$mi
H$m±J«ogÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {deof _hËdmMm hmoVm. H$m±J«og_Ü`o Ohmb d _dmi Ago XmoZ JQ> nS>bo. gwê$dmVrg
_dmi JQ>mMm àämmd H$m±J«ogda hmoVm. Z§Va H$mhr KQ>Zm Aem KS>ë`m H$s, AZoH$m§Mm _dmi JQ>mdarb
{dídmg CS>mbm. {Q>iH$m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr g§nyU© ñdamÁ`mMr _mJUr H$aV Am§XmobZmbm Z{dZ diU
{_imbo. `mM H$mimV H$m±J«ogbm eh XoÊ`mgmR>r 1906 _Ü`o _wñbr_ brJMr ñWmnZm Pmbr Am{U ñdV§Ì
_wñbr_ _VXma g§KmMr _mJUr nwT>o Ambr.
WmoS>Š`mV 1892 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVr`m§Mo g_mYmZ Pmbo Zmhr. 1905 nmgyZ Ag§Vmof A{YH$M
^S>Hy$ bmJbm. `mM H$mimV 1909 _Ü`o {~«Q>Z_Ü`o emgZmV n[adV©Z Pmbo. Var gwÜXm EH$m ~mOybm
Ohmb ZoË`m§Zm XS>nÊ`mMm à`ËZ emgZmZo Ho$bm. Va XwgarH$S>o _dmim§Zm Amnë`m ~mOybm di{dÊ`mgmR>r
{~«Q>rem§Zr 1909 À`m gw_mamg KQ>ZmË_H$ gwYmaÊmmMm nwT>rb hám {Xbm.
KQ>ZmË_H$ gwYmaUm XoÊ`mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ {ìhŠQ>mo[a`m amUrZo 1 Zmoìh|~a 1908 _Ü`o Omhra Ho$bo
H$s, ""qhXyñWmZbm KQ>ZmË_H$ gwYmaÊmm XoÊ`mV `oVrb.'' Ë`mZwgma _mob} q_Q>mo `m§À`mer MMm© Pmbr d
Ë`mZwgma ^maV_§Ìr bm°S>© _mob}À`m AmXoemZwgma JìhZ©a OZab bm°S>© q_Q>moZo ga Ag§S>obÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr
Mma g^mgXm§Mr g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$br. `m g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$boë`m H$m`Úmbm {~«Q>re nmëm©_|Q>Zo 21 _o
1909 amoOr _§Oyar {Xbr `mbmM "1909 Mm B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb A°ŠQ>' qH$dm "_mob} q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`Xm'
Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mÀ`m VaVwXr nwT>rb à_mUo,
A) ^maV_§Í`mÀ`m _§S>imV qhXr g^mgXm§Mr {Z`wŠVr
^maV_§Ìr _mob} `m§Zr 1907 _Ü`o nmb©_|Q>_Ü`o Kmo{fV Ho$bo H$s, B§{S>`m H$m¡pÝgb_Ü`o qhXr
g^mgXm§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$amdr. Ë`mZwgma ~§JmbMo Ho$. Or. Jwám Va h¡Ðm~mXMo gæ`X hþgoZ {~bJ«m_r `mMr
{Z`wŠVr Ho$br. bm°S>© H$P©Z Z§Va q_Q>mo qhXyñWmZMo JìhZ©a OZab Pmbo, Va Om°Z _mob} B§½b§S>À`m
_§Ìr_§S>imV ^maV_§Ìr Pmbo.
1. JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV qhXr g^mgXm§Mr {Z`wŠVr :
bm°S>© q_Q>moÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio {~«Q>re nmb©_|Q>Zo 1 _mM© 1909 amoOr {dYo`H$ _§Oya H$ê$Z JìhZ©a
OZabÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV qhXr g^mgXm§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mg g§_Vr {Xbr. Ë`mZwgma ~§JmbMo
A°S>ìhmoHo$Q> OZab bm°S>© Eg². nr. {gÝhm `m§Mr {Z`wŠVr Ho$br.
4
2. H$m`Xo_§S>img§~§Yr VaVyXr :
H|$Ðr` d àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMr g^mgX g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambr.
A) H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imMm {dñVma :
H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§S>imMr g^mgX g§»`m 16 dê$Z 68 H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
aMZm …- JìhZ©a OZabMm 1 + H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMo g^mgX 7 + H$m`Xo_§S>imMo g^mgX 60 Ago
EHy$U 68 à{V{ZYr H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§S>imV hmoVo.
Ë`mMà_mUo `mV gaH$mar d {~Ja gaH$mar Ago XmoZ àH$maMo g^mgX hmoVo. gaH$mar g^mgXm§_Ü`o
JìhZ©a OZab d H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMo 7 Va gaH$mar A{YH$mar 28 Ago EHy$U 36 g^mgX hmoVo.
{~ZgaH$mar g^mgXm_Ü`o JìhZ©a OZabMoo {Z`wŠV 5 g^mgX Am{U {ZdSy>Z Ambobo {~ZgaH$mar 27
g^mgX hmoVo. Ago EHy$U 32 g^mgX hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV gaH$mar 36 d {~ZgaH$mar 32 Ago EHy$U 68
g^mgX hmoVo.
~) àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imÀmm {dñVma :
~§Jmb, _Ðmg d _§§w~B© H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g^mgX g§»`m 20 À`m EodOr 50 Va n§Om~, ~«åhXoe d
Amgm_À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g^mgX g§»`m 30 H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imV {~ZgaH$mar g^mgXm§Mo ~hþ_V H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 28 {~ZgaH$mar + 18
gaH$mar = 46. _mÌ ho ~hþ_V {XImdy hmoVo. H$maU 28 _Yrb 7 gaH$ma {Z`wŠV åhUOo 18+7= 25
~hþ_V.
H$) {ZdS>UyH$sMo VËd :
`m H$m`ÚmZo {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$`obm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr. ehamVrb d IoS>çmVrb H$aXmVo, ZJa
nm{bH$m d {Oëhm ~moS>m©V Amnbo à{V{ZYr àË`jnUo {ZdSy>Z XoV. ho à{V{ZYr àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imgmR>r
à{V{ZYr {ZdS>V AgV.
Va H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§iS>mVrb {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMo gXñ` ho _VXma AgV. åhUOoM
AmOÀ`mà_mUo bmoH$ àË`j _VXmZ H$ê$Z àm§{VH$ d _Ü`dVu H$m`Xo_§S>imgmR>r à{V{ZYr {ZdS>V ZgV.
Va Amnë`m ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm_Yrb à{V{ZYr_m\©$V åhUOo AàË`jnUo à[V{ZYr {ZdS>V. na§Vw
dJu` d Img _VXmag§KmVrb {ZdS>UyH$ àË`j nÜXVrZo hmoV AgV.
`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r _Vm{YH$ma hm CËnÞ H$a dm gÝ_mZZr` nX `mda AmYm[aV hmoVm.
S>) à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> OmVr` VËdmda :
OmVr` VËdmZwgma _wgb_mZm§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXma g§K ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m§Zm Xwhoar _VXmZmMm
5
A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Ambm. _wgbm_mZm§gmR>r H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imV ghm g^mgX KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mM à_mUo
{díd{dÚmb`, dm{UÁ` _§S>i, ñWm{ZH$ g§ñWm `m§Zmhr Amnbo gXñ` {Zdm©{MV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
{_imbm. Ë`mgmR>r amIrd _VXmag§K {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo.
B©) {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m A{YH$mam§V dmT> :
`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm àíZ, CnàíZ {dMmaÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {_imbm. AW©
g§H$ënmda MMm© H$aUo, gaH$mabm gwMZm, CngwMZm XoUo, gmd©O{ZH$ àíZmg§~§Yr àñVmd _m§S>Uo Ago
A{YH$ma g^mgXm§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo. `m g§X^m©V A§{V_ {ZU©` KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma gaH$mabm {_imbm.
Ë`m_wio A{YH$mamV dmT> H$ê$Zhr \$magm Cn`moJ Pmbm Zmhr.
B
1909 À`m H$m`ÚmVrb Xmof :
{~«Q>re gaH$maZo H$m±J«ogÀ`m _mJUrZwgma 1909 Mm gwYmaUm H$m`Xm nmg Ho$bm Var Ë`mMo Xmof
nwT>rbà_mUo,
1. gwYmaUm XoÊ`m_mJMr gaH$maMr ñdmWu ^y{_H$m :
`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m g§~§Yr bm°S>© q_Q>mo åhUVmV, ""^maVmV {~«Q>ZÀ`m YVuda g§gXoMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMr
_mPr BÀN>m ZgyZ gaH$mabm gëbm XoÊ`mgmR>r gëbmJma _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMm _mPm CÔoe Amho.''
Hw$nb±S>À`m _Vo, ""hr {d{Y_§S>io g§gXogmaIr ZgyZ Ho$di amOXa~mamgmaIr hmoVr.'' _dmi ZoË`m§Zm
{~ZgaH$mar à{V{ZYr_m\©$V AmnU emgZmda {Z`§ÌU R>ody d O~m~Xma nÜXVr bmJy hmoB©b, Ago dmQ>V hmoVo.
nU `m Amem \$mob R>aë`m.
2. nmÌVog§~§Yr :
H|$Ðr` d àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sg C^o amhÊ`mè`m à{V{ZYr§Mr nmÌVm R>a{dÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma gaH$mabm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm gaH$ma AnmÌ R>ady eH$V hmoVr.
3. à{V{ZYr gm_mÝ` OZVoMo ZìhVo :
àm§{V` d H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imV ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm _YyZ à{V{ZYr {ZdS>bo OmV hmoVo. gm_mÝ`
OZVobm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm. ñÌr`m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ZìhVm.
4. bmoH$emhrMm XoImdm :
[~ZgaH$mar à{V{ZYtZm A{YH$ma {Xbo Agbo Var Ë`mMr {Z`wŠVr gaH$ma H$aV Agë`m_wio Vo
gaH$maer EH${ZîR>> AgV. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imV gaH$mar gämmgX d gaH$maZo {Z`wŠV Ho$bobo {~ZgaH$mar
g^mgX ho gaH$maer EH${ZîR> Agë`mZo ~hþ_VmMm JQ> V`ma Pmbm. Ë`m_wio gaH$maÀ`m ~mOyZo R>amd _§Oya
hmoV hmoVo.
6
5. ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K amîQ—>{hVmbm _maH$ :
`m H$m`ÚmZo _wñbr_ g_mOmgmR>r OmVrÀ`m AmYmamda ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K V`ma Ho$bm. _wñbr_
à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> \$ŠV _wgb_mZM H$aVrb. `mVyZ {¼íMZ, {eI g_mOmV ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmMr _mJUr
Omoa Yê$ bmJbr. _. Jm§Yr åhUVmV, ""ñdV§Ì {Zdm©MZ nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm ZgVm Va Amåhr Am_Mo
_VämoX Xya H$ê$ eH$bmo AgVmo.''
B
1909 À`m gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmMo JwU :
1. H|$Ðr` d àm§{V` H$m`Xo_§S>imV g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m dmT>br.
2. OZVoMo à{V{ZYr KodyZ O~m~Xma emgZmMm à`moJ gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
3. bmoH$emhr {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$`m gaH$maZo _mÝ` Ho$br.
4. g^mgXm§Zm H$m`Xo_§S>imV MMm© H$aÊ`mMm, _V _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma àmá Pmbm.
5. ^maV_§Ìr d JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m _§S>imV qhXr bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ dmT>bm.
6. [~«Q>re emgZmda Aënà_mUmV {Z`§ÌU Ambo.
7. bmoH$OmJ¥VrMo ì`mgnrR> : 1910 Vo 1918 `m AmR> dfm©À`m H$mbmdYrV nmM ImOJr
R>amdmMo {dYo`H$mV ê$nm§Va Pmbo. bmoH$n«{V{ZYtZr 168 R>amd `m H$mimV _m§S>bo. n¡H$s 24 _mÝ` Pmbo.
76 R>amd _wimVM \o$Q>mibo Jobo Am{U 68 R>amd _mJo KoÊ`mV Ambo. Ago Agbo Var gaH$mada Q>rH$m
H$ê$Z bmoH$OmJ¥VrgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>imMm ì`mgnrR> åhUyZ dmna Pmbm Am{U ^maVr` à{V{ZYtZm bmoH$emhrMo
à{ejU {_iV hmoVo ho _hËdmMo Amho.
B
1919 Mm _m±Q>o½`w-Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm : (Mont-Ford Reforms Act – Government
of India Act 1919) :
1919 Mm H$m`Xm hm ^maVmÀ`m ¿mQ>ZmË_H$ B{VhmgmVrb EH$ _hËdnyU© Q>ßnm g_Obm OmVmo. 1910
_Ü`o bm°S>© q_Q>moÀ`m EodOr bm°S>© hm{S>©½O ^maVmMo ìhm°B©gam°` Pmbo. Vo CXma_VdmXr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zr
~§JmbMr \$miUr aÔ Ho$br d ^maVmMo ghH$m`© {_idbo. 17 _o 1914 bm bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Mr
_§S>mboÀ`m Vwê§$JmVyZ gwQ>H$m Pmbr Am{U amOH$maUmbm doJioM diU {_imbo. 1916 À`m H$m±J«og bIZm¡
A{YdoeZmV H$m±J«og Am{U _wñbr_ brJ `m§À`mV H$ama hmodyZ XmoÝhr {~«Q>rem§À`m {damoYmV C^o am{hbo.
^maVmZo n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmV {~«Q>rem§Zm _XV Ho$br. {dS´>mo {dëgZ `m§Zr 14 H$b_o Omhra Ho$br. Ë`mZwgma
`wÜX g§nVmM AmnUmg ñdmV§Í` {_iob Ago ^maVr`m§Zm dmQ>bo. `m gd© nmíd©^y_rda Am°JñQ> 1917 À`m
"_m±Q>o½`y {S>ŠboaoeZ' _Ü`o qhXtZm {~«Q>re amÁ`H$ma^mamV gh^mJ d ñd`§emgZ XoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo nmdbo
CMbbr OmVrb Ago ^maV_§Ìr ES>{dZ _m±Q>o½`y `m§Zr AmídmgZ {Xbo hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma {S>ŠboaoeZda AmYm[aV
7
{~«Q>re g§gXoZo "JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>' 23 {S>g|~a 1919 amoOr g§_V Ho$bm. `m H$m`ÚmMm _gwXm
^maV_§Ìr _m±Q>o½`y d ìhm°B©gam°` Moåg\$S>© `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm. åhUyZ `m H$m`Úmg "_m±Q>o½`y-Moåg\$S>©'
qH$dm "_m±Q>-\$S>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm' Ago åhUVmV. `m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXr Imbrbà_mUo,
1) H$m`©H$mar _§§S>i (H|$Ðr`) :
H$|ÐmV O~m~Xma amÁ`nÜXVr XoÊ`mV Ambr.
1. JìhZ©a OZab hm H|$ÐmMm H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMm gdm©oƒ à_wI hmoVm.
2. amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m ImË`m§Mr H|$Ðr` d àm§Vr` Aer {dämmJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
3. H|$Ðr` ImË`mMm d H$mhr àm§Vr` ImË`m§Mmhr A{YH$ma H|$Ðr` H$m`©H$mar _§S>imbm XoÊ`mV
Ambm.
4. H|$Ðr` H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV JìhZ©a OZab d Ë`mMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.
H$m`©H$mar _§S>imVrb 8 n¡H$s 3 qhXr _§Ìr R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
5. àm§Vr` gaH$madarb amIrd ImË`m§da JìhZ©a OZabMo nyU© {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mV Ambo.
6. H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Am{W©H$ {dYo`H$m§V AZwXmZ H$nmV Ho$ë`mg Vr Zm_§Oya H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~§Yr
AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZabbm hmoVm.
2) H$m`Xo_§S>i :
1. {ÛXb amÁ` nÜXVr : àm§VrH$ H$m`©H$mar _§S>imV ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr. JìhZ©a OZab àm§Vr`
gaH$maMm H$m`©H$mar à_wI d Ë`mMo H$m`©H$mar _§S>i {ÛñVar` gaH$ma {Z`wŠV _§Ìr d bmoH$ à{V{ZYtMo
_§Ìr Aer aMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2. amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r H|$Ðr` d àm§Vr` ImVr Aer {d^mJUr Ho$br.
A) amIrd ImVr : nmobrg, J¥h, Ý`m`, em§VVm-gwì`dñWm, d¥ÎmnÌo, AW©, _hgwb, CÚmoJ, d¥VnÌ
BË`mXr ImVr amIrd ImVr hmoVr. `m ImË`mMm H$ma^ma JìhZ©aÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>im_m\©$V Mmbdbm OmV
hmoVm.
~) gmonrd ImVr : `m ImË`mda gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU H$_r hmoVo. ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm, gmd©O{ZH$
Amamo½`, ~m§YH$m_, dOZo, _Ú d A§_br nXmW©, dmMZmb` Aer VwbZmË_H$ ÑîQ>çm Xwæ`_ ImVr
bmoH$à{V{ZYtH$S>o gmondbr hmoVr. gmonrd ImË`m§À`m _§Í`mMr Zo_UyH$ JìhZ©a H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m_YyZ
H$aV Ago. ho _§Ìr H$m`Xo_§S>imbm O~m~Xma AgV. Ë`mÀ`m {dê$ÜX A{dídmgmMm R>amd _§Oya Pmë`mg
Ë`m§Zm amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJo. KQ>ZmË_H$ emgZ H$mob_S>ë`mg JìhZ©a gmonrd ImË`mMm H$ma^ma Amnë`m
Vmã`mV KoV Ago `mbmM {ÛXb amÁ`nÜXVr Ago åhUVmV.
8
H$) gËVm {d^mOZ :
H|$Ð d àm§V `m§À`m {df`mMr {d^mJUr Pmbr.
1. H|$ÐgyMr : g§ajU, XiUdiU, ì`mnma, naamîQ—> YmoaU BË`mXr {df`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.
2. amÁ`gyMr : ñWm[ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm, {ejU, Amamo½`, _hgyb, eoVr, gmd©O{ZH$ ~m§YH$m_
BË`mXtMm {df`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm.
{~hma, Amo[agm, g§`wŠV àm§V, n§Om~, CËVa npíM_ àm§V, _Ü` àm§V, _w§~B©, _Ðmg, Amgm_ ~_m©
Ago 10 àm§V hmoVo.
B
H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i :
H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i d[aîR> H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h H$aÊ`mV Ambo. amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR> J¥h Am{U {d{Y_§S>i
ho H${ZîR> J¥h {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
1. amÁ`g^m - Council of States : `m H|$Ðr` d[aîR> J¥hmV EHy$U g^mgX g§»`m 60 hmoVr.
(26 gaH$ma {Z`wŠV + 34 {Zdm©{MV + 20 gd© gm_mÝ` _VXma g§KmVyZ + 10 _wñbr_ + 3 `wamo{n`Z
+ 1 erI = EHy$U 60) `m J¥hmMr _wXV nmM df©o H$aÊ`mV Ambr. _wXVnyd© amÁ`g^m ~aImñV
H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZabbm hmoVm.
2. {d{Yg^m - Legislative Assembly : H|$Ðr` H${ZîR> H$m`Xo_§S>imV EHy$U 144 g^mgX
hmoVo. (41 gaH$ma {Z`wŠV + 103 bmoH${Z`wŠV) `m H$m`Xo_§S>imMr _wXV 3 df} H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
3. g§gXr` H$m_H$mO : H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb gXñ` g^mJ¥hmV àíZ, CnàíZ {dMmê$ eH$V hmoVo.
Ë`mMà_mUo ñÏmJZ àñVmd _m§Sy> eH$V hmoVo. A§XmOnÌH$mVrb 25% ~m~tda _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo.
75% ~m~tda _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVo. AemàH$mao JìhZ©a OZabMo Am{W©H$ ì`dhmam§da nyU© {Z`§ÌU
hmoVo.
B
àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>io :
1) H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g^mgX g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mV `odyZ 70% gämmgX {ZdS>UyH$sZo KoÊ`mMr VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2) OmVdma dJ©dma _VXmag§K {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
3) H$m`Xo_§S>imV ^mfU ñdmV§Í` XoÊ`mV Ambo.
4) H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb g^mgXm§Zr {dYo`H$ _§Oya Ho$bo Var JìhZ©a Vo ZmH$mê$Z AÜ`mXoe H$mT>Ê`mMm
A{YH$ma Ë`mbm hmoVm.
9
3) BVa VaVyXr :
1) àW_M H|$Ðr` bmoH$godm Am`moJmMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2) ^maV_§Í`mMo doVZ {~«Q>ZÀ`m {VOmoarVyZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
3) àm§VmV {~«Q>re gaH$maMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ JìhZ©a H$m`© H$aV Ago. Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ ^maV_§Ìr
d JìhZ©a OZab 5 dfm©gmR>r H$aV AgV. Vmo àm§VmMm à_wI Ago.
B
gwYmaUm H$m`Xm n[ajU :
_m°§Q>o½`y {S>ŠboaoeZ AmídmgZmà_mUo `m H$m`ÚmÝd`o Or O~m~Xma amÁ`nÜXVr {Xbobr hmoVr, Ë`mV
ñd`§emgZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AZoH$ ÌwQ>r hmoË`m.
1) `m H$m`ÚmZo JìhZ©a OZabbm A_`m©X A{YH$ma {_imbo. Ë`mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$m`ÚmV
ê$nm§Va hmoV ZìhVo. Vmo njnmVr YmoaU ñdrH$mê$ bmJbm.
2) AW© {dYo`H$ nyU©nUo JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m _Vmda Adb§~yZ hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` A§XmO
nÌH$mVrb 70% ^mJmda MMm© H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m`Xo_§S>imbm ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMo
ñdê$n dmX-{ddmX J¥h Ago hmoVo.
3) H$m`©H$mar _§S>i H$m`Xo_§S>imbm O~m~Xma ZìhVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imZo A{dídmg Xe©{dbm Var
Ë`mbm amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJV ZìhVm.
4) H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb {Z`wŠV g^mgX gaH$maMr ~mOy KoV. {Zdm©{MV gXñ`m_Ü`o {Za{Zamù`m
{hVg§~§YmMo à{V{ZYr Agë`m_wio Ë`mMo _V¡Š` hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Odinmg ZìhVr.
5) OmVr` _VXmag§K V`ma H$ê$Z qhXy _wgb_mZ Ûof^mdZm dmT>rg bmdbr. Ë`mM~amo~a {eIm§Zmhr
_VXmag§K {Xbo. OmV-O_mVdmXr àd¥ËVr dmT>rg bmJbr.
6) _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma lr_§V d g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zm àmá Pmbm. gm_mÝ`m§Mo à{V{ZYr ZìhVo.
7) amÁ`H$ma^mamV g_Ýd` ZìhVm. {ÛXb nÜXVrà_mUo àm§VmV _§Ìr_§S>i ~Z{dUo~m~V JìhZ©a
OZab ñdV… {ZU©` KoV hmoVm.
8) _§Í`m§Zm ImË`mda n¡go IM© H$aVmZm JìhZ©a OZabMr nadmJZr ¿`mdr bmJo. H$ë`mUH$mar
`moOZoV JìhZ©a OZab n¡go ZmH$maV qH$dm H$_r XoV hmoVo.
9) OmVr` dJu` VËdm§da àm§{VH$ {d{Y_§S>im§Mr {ZdS> hmoV Ago, Ë`m_wio g^mgX AZoH$ JQ>m§V
{d^mJbm OmV hmoVm. gd© _§Ìr JìhZ©aÀ`m _Ouda Adb§~yZ AgV.
Ago Agbo Var bmoH$emhrMr O~m~Xma nÜXVrMr gwê$dmV `m H$m`ÚmZo hmodyZ bmoH$emhrMo à{ejU
OZVobm àmá Pmbo. Ë`mMo H$mhr _ybJm_r \$m`Xo Pmbo.
10
1) 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmZo O~m~Xma emgZnÜXVrMm lrJUoem Pmbm. àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sMo VËd
àW_M bmJy Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§V {dMma OmJ¥Vr dmTy> bmJbr.
2) {Zdm©{MV gXñ`m§Mo à_mU dmT>bo.
3) ñÌr`m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoUo hr JmoîQ> àm§{VH$ H$m`©H$mar _§S>imda gmondbr.
4) AZoH$ àíZm§da H$m`Xo_§S>imV MMm© KSy> bmJbr. {dYo`H$ gh_VrMm A{YH$ma H$m`Xo_§S>imbm
{_imbm. {dÜmo`H$ _§Oya, Zm_§OyarMm A{YH$ma JìhZ©abm Agbm Var H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m {ZU©`mH$S>o
Ë`mg Xwb©j H$aVm `oV ZìhVo.
5) A§XmOnÌH$mda _`m©{XV à_mUm_Ü`o _VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm d {dñV¥V MMm© H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
H$m`Xo_§S>imbm {_imbm.
6) H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i {ÛJ¥hr Pmbo.
7) àm§VmV {ÛXb amÁ`nÜXVr {Z_m©U Pmbr.
8) JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m A{YH$mamda _`m©Xm Amë`m. àmo. Hw$nb°§S> `m§À`m _Vo, ""hr {ÛXb emgZ
àUmbr {VÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`mMm hoVy g\$b H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© R>abr.''
B
^maV gaH$maMm 1935 Mm H$m`Xm :
1920 bm Jm§YrOtÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr AghH$ma Midi gwê$ Pmbr. 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmZo O~m~Xma
emgZ nÜXVr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`mMr {H$Vr àJVr Pmbr Amho, `mMm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1927 _Ü`o gm`_Z H${_eZ Zo_Ê`mV Ambr. Ë`mbm bmoH$m§Zr {damoY Ho$bm. 1929 _Ü`o
bmhmoa A{YdoeZmV g§nyU© ñdmV§Í`mMm R>amd H$m±J«ogZo nmg Ho$bm. 1930-32 `m H$mimV B§½b§S>_Ü`o 3
Jmob_oO n[afX Am`mo{OV Ho$ë`m. `mMm CÔoe AmJm_r H$mimVrb amÁ`KQ>Zm H$er Agmdr Agm hmoVm.
`m n[afXoÀ`m {ZU©`mÀ`m AmYmao gm`_Z H${_eZ Ahdmb, Zohê$ [anmoQ>©, ~°. OrZm§Mr 14 VËdo `m§À`m
AmYmao 1933 _Ü`o ídoVn{ÌH$m H$mT>br. `m ídoVn{ÌHo$da {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r d amÁ`KQ>ZoMr ê$naofm
R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r bm°S>© {bZ{bWJmoÀ`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Ambr. `m g{_VrÀ`m AhdmbmÀ`m
AmYmao 1934 _Ü`o ^maV_§Ìr ga g°å`wAb hmoa `m§Zr 24 Owb¡ 1934 amoOr nmb©_|Q>_Ü`o {dYo`H$ _m§S>bo
d Ë`mg _§Oyar {_imbr. 2 Am°JñQ> 1935 amoOr amÁ`mZo Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. `m H$m`ÚmV 321 H$b_o
Am{U 19 n[a{eîQ>o hmoVr. 3 Owb¡ 1935 _Ü`o Vr bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hmM 1935 Mm H$m`Xm hmo`.
B
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço :
1) H|$ÐmV {ÛXb amÁ`nÜXVr gwê$ Ho$br.
2) qhXr OZVobm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmbo.
11
3) KQ>H$ - KQ>H$ amÁ` d H|$Ð Am{U KQ>H$ amÁ` `m§À`mVrb dmX {_Q>{dÊ`mg Ý`m`mb`mMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
4) _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma 10% bmoH$m§Zm àmá Pmbm.
5) amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r ImË`mMr {d^mJUr VrZ JQ>mV H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
6) ^maV_§Í`mbm gëbm XoÊ`mgmR>r gëbmJmamMr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
7) àm§Vm§Zm ñdm`VVm XodyZ bmoH$à{V{ZYtÀ`m hmVr ImVr gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr.
8) {~«Q>re B§{S>`mMo àm§V Am{U g§ñWmZo `m§Mo {_iyZ g§KamÁ` ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
B
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmVrb VaVyXr :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma amÁ`H$ma^mamgmR>r AZoH$ gwYmaUm H$ê$Z gwì`dpñWV `§ÌUm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `m VaVyXrMr XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$aVm `oVo.
A) {~«Q>Z_Yrb ì`dñWm - (qhX g§KamÁ`mMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y) :
{~«Q>Z_Ü`o ^maVr` amÁ`H$ma^mamda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì `§ÌUm àñWm{nV Ho$br.
1) {~«Q>ZMm amOm : 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo qhXyñWmZmV g§KamÁ` ñWmnZ hmoUma hmoVo. JìhZ©a
OZab hm amOmMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$m_ H$aUma hmoVm.
2) {~«Q>re g§gX : 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo g§Kr` d àm§Vr` gËVm ñWmnZ Pmë`m_wio {~«Q>ZÀ`m
g§gXoda _`m©Xm `oUma hmoË`m. JìhZ©a OZab d JìhZ©aÀ`m hþHy$_mMr àV 14 {Xdgm§V {~«Q>ZÀ`m g§gXoÀ`m
_mÝ`Vobm nmR>{dÊ`mMr AQ> hmoVr. AàË`j {~«Q>ZÀ`m g§gXoMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo.
3) ^maV_§Ìr : ^maV_§Ìr hm {~«Q>ZÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imVrb d[aîR> _§Ìr AgyZ Vmo g§gXoMm gXñ`
hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m _XVrbm 15 bmoH$m§Mo ^maV _§Ìr_§S>i hmoVo. EHy$UM ^maVr` amÁ`H$ma^mamda Ë`m§Mo nyU©
{Z`§ÌU hmoVo.
4) gëbmJma _§S>i : 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maV_§Í`mbm gëbm XoÊ`mgmR>r 3 Vo 6 ì`ŠVrMo
gëbmJma _§S>i {Z`wŠV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoV.o Ë`mMr _wXV 5 dfmªMr hmoVr.
~) 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWm :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo emgZì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr. g§KemgZmMm à`moJ ñdrH$mê$Z
ImË`m§Mr {d^mJUr H|$ÐemgZ d n«m§Vr` emgZ Aer H$aÊ`mV Ambr. g§KemgZmV g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr gm_rb
ìhmdo Aer gŠVr Zgë`m_yio Vo gm_rb Pmbo ZmhrV. Ë`mMà_mUo ~«÷Xoe, ^maVr` emgZmnmgyZ doJio
H$aÊ`mV Ambo. qgY d Amo[agm ho Zdo àm§V V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U {~«Q>re ^maVmVrb àm§VmMo
g§KamÁ` V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
12
1) {df` {d^mJUr :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m ImË`m§Mr VrZ JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
1) _Ü`dVu gaH$maMr gyMr : g§ajU, naamîQ—> YmoaU, MbZ, OH$mV, nmoîQ>-Vma Aem 59
{df`m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
2) àm§VgyMr : em§VVm, gwì`dñWm, O_rZ, _hgwb, {ejU, gwajm Xb, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm
Aem 54 {df`m§Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
3) g§`wŠV A{YH$mam§Mr gyMr : nmQ>~§Ymao, drO nwadR>m, _Oya, {ddmh-KQ>ñ\$moQ> Aem 26
{df`m§Mm `mV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
2) _Ü`dVu H$m`©H$mar _§S>i :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo H|$Ð gaH$ma d àm§V gaH$ma g_mZ XOm©Mo ~Zbo. JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m Vmã`mV
naamîQ—>r` ì`dhma ImVo hmoVo. `m {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V JìhZ©a OZab hm H$m`Xo_§S>imbm O~m~Xma ZgyZ Vmo
^maV_§Í`mbm O~m~Xma hmoVm. J¥h, AW©, H$m`Xm, dmhVyH$, ì`mnma, gm_mÝ` àemgZ Aer _§Í`m§Mr
{d^mJUr AmR> {d^mJmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Xwgè`m _hm`wÜXmn`ªV Ë`mMr g§»`m 13 Pmbr.
darb {df` gmoSy>Z BVa {df`m§Mm g_mdoe gmonrd ImË`mV H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mMm gd© H$ma^ma
JìhZ©a OZab Am{U _§Í`m§À`mH$S>o gmon{dbm hmoVm. Á`m§Zm {d{Y_§S>imV ~hþ_VmMm nmR>t~m hmoVm Aem
ì`ŠVtZm _§Ìr åhUyZ {Z`wŠV Ho$bo OmB©. Omon`ªV JìhZ©a OZabMr _Ou Amho Vmon`ªV Vmo _§ÌrnXmda Ago.
_§Ìr Amnë`m H$ma^mam~m~V {d{Y_§S>imbm O~m~Xma Ago. {d{Y_§S>imMo gXñ` _§Í`mda A{dídmgmMm
R>amd _m§Sy> eH$V hmoVo. _§Oya Pmë`mg _§Í`mg amOrZm_m Úmdm bmJo. JìhZ©a OZabbm ñd{ddoH$ A{YH$ma
{Xbm hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`mda _§Ìr_§S>imMm gëbm ~§YZH$maH$ ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio JìhZ©a OZab gd©loîR> hmoVm.
3) H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i {ÛJ¥hr H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
1) amÁ`g^m - (Council of State) : amÁ`g^m ho H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§§S>imMo {ÛVr` qH$dm d[aîR>
g^mJ¥h AgyZ Vo KQ>H$amÁ`mMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aV hmoVo. `m J¥hmMr EHy$U g^mgX g§»`m 260 AgyZ
{~«Q>re B§{S>`mVyZ 150, JìhZ©a OZabH$Sy>Z 6, g§ñWm{ZH$m§H$Sy>Z 104 {ZdS>bo OmV hmoVo.
ho g^mJ¥h ñWm`r g^mJ¥h AgyZ Ë`mMm H$m`©H$mb 9 dfmªMm hmoVm. Xa 3 dfmªZr `m J¥hmVrb
1/3 gXñ` {Zd¥ËV hmoV d Ë`m OmJr VodT>oM ZdrZ {ZdS>bo OmV hmoVo. `m gXñ`m§VyZ AÜ`j d
CnmÜ`jmMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmB©.
2) H${ZîR> J¥h - gm§{KH$ g^m :
Federal Assembly :
13
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo H|$Ðr`
{d{Y_§S>imÀ`m àW_ qH$dm H${ZîR> J¥hmbm gm§{KH$ g^m Ago Zm§d XoÊ`mV Ambo. ho J¥h g§¿mamÁ`mMo
à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmao J¥h hmoVo. Ë`mMr gXñ` g§»`m 375 AgyZ 250 gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àË`j OZVoH$Sy>Z
Z hmoVm àm§VmVrb {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m H${ZîR> J¥hmVrb g^mgXm§H$Sy>Z hmoV hmoVr. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr
Agë`m_wio ho g^mJ¥h n«Ë`j bmoH$à{V{ZYrMo g^mJ¥h ZìhVo.
B
H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§S>imMo A{YH$ma :
1) H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma : g§KgyMr d _Ü`dVu gyMrVrb {df`m§~m~V H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm
H$m`Xo_§S>img A{YH$ma hmoVm. AmUr~mUrÀ`m àg§Jr àm§Vr` gyMrVrb {df`m§~m~V H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm
A{YH$ma H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo _§S>img hmoVm.
2) H$m`©H$mar {df`H$ A{YH$ma : H$o§Ðr` (_§Ìr) H$m`©H$mar _§S>i H$m`Xo_§S>img O~m~Xma
Agob. H$m`Xo _§S>img _§Ìr_§S>imda A{dídmgmMm R>amd _m§Sy>Z Vo ~aImñV H$aVm `oV Ago. _§Í`m§Zm àíZ
{dMmaÊ`mMm d _hËdmÀ`m àíZm§da MMm© H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm hmoVm.
3) Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma : AW© {dYo`H$ àW_ H${ZîR> J¥hmVM _m§S>bo OmVo. hm AndmX dJiVm
XmoÝhr J¥hm§Zm g_mZ A{YH$ma hmoVo. 80% A§XmOnÌH$mda JìhZ©a OZabMo {Z`§ÌU hmoVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imZo
_§Oya Ho$bobo {dYo`H$ _§Oya qH$dm Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZabbm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo
_§S>imda dM©ñd JìhZ©a OZabMo hmoVo.
4) g§K Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm :
1 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1937 amoOr ^maVmV \o$S>ab H$moQ>m©Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H$moQ>m©V EH$ à_wI
d BVa Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mMr {Z`wŠVr, ~S>V\$s© {~«Q>ZÀ`m amOmH$Sy>Z hmoV hmoVr.
Ý`m`mb`mMo H$m_ H$m`ÚmMm AW© bmdUo, H|$Ð d àm§V `m§À`mVrb A{YH$ma joÌmg§~§YrMm dmX {_Q>dUo,
ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mg§§~§Yr g§ajU H$aUo, JìhZ©a OZabbm H$m`Xo{df`H$ gëbm XoUo Ago hmoVo.
5) bmoH$godm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ZmoH$a^aVrgmR>r ^maVr` bmoH$godm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
6) aoëdo d [aPìh© ~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo aoëdoMr ì`dñWm nmhÊ`mgmR>r EH$ _Ü`dVu aoëdo _§S>i ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
MbZ ì`dñWoda Am{U ~±Ho$da {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r gaH$mar ~±H$ åhUyZ [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMr
ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
7) àm§VrH$ àemgZ ì`dñWm :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo àm§Vm§Zm ñdm`VVm XoÊ`mV Ambr. [~«Q>re d H|$Ð gaH$maZo Ë`mV hñVúmon H$ê$
Z`o Aer Anojm hmoVr.
14
B
àm§VrH$ JìhZ©a d Ë`mMo A{YH$ma :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo àm§VrH$ ñdm`VVm Agbr Var àm§Vm§~m~V {ZUm©`H$ d A§{V_ gËVm JìhZ©aMrM
AgUma hmoVr. {~«Q>re nmb©_|Q>Zo Ë`mbm nydunmgyZM Img A{YH$ma {Xbo hmoVo. Vmo _§Ìr_§S>imMm AÜ`j
hmoVm. _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m gëë`mZwgma Ë`mZo H$ma^ma H$amdm Aer Anojm hmoVr. na§Vw hm àíZ Ë`mÀ`mda
~§YZH$maH$ ZìhVm. àm§VmVrb em§VVm, gwì`dñWm, Aëng§»`m§H$mMo hŠH$ BË`mXr~m~V {ZU©` Ë`mZo
EH$Q>çmZoM ¿`md`mMo hmoVo. AmUr~mUrÀ`m n[apñWVrV Vmo H$ma^ma ñdV…H$S>o KoV hmoVm. H$m`Xo_§S>imMo
A{YdoeZ ~mobmdUo, VhHy$~ H$aUo, ~aImñV H$aUo, {~bmdarb MMm© Wm§~{dUo, dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Uo, {~b
_§Oya H$aUo, d JìhZ©a OZabÀ`m ghrgmR>r nmR>{dUo.
B
àm§Vr` H$m`©H$mar gËVm :
àm§VmVrb {ÛXb amÁ`nÜXVr aÔ H$ê$Z gd© H$ma^ma _§Í`mÀ`m hmVmV gmon{dbm hmoVm. JìhZ©aZo
_§Í`m§À`m gëë`mZwgma H$ma^ma H$amdm. gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdSUyH$sV Á`mbm ~hþ_V {_imbo Amho, Ë`mbm
_w»`_§Ìr H$aV AgV. Ë`mÀ`m gëë`mZo JìhZ©a _§Ìr_§S>i ~ZdV Ago. _§Í`m§Zm ~S>V\©$ H$aÊ`mMm Ë`mbm
A{YH$ma Agë`m_wio Vo _§Í`m§Zm Ho$ìhmhr ~S>V\©$ H$aV Ago. Ë`m_wio àm§Vr` ñdm`VVm Zm__mÌ hmoVr.
H$moUVmhr {ZU©` JìhZ©aÀ`m g§_VrZo ¿`mdm bmJV hmoVm.
B
àm§Vr` H$m`Xo_§S>io :
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo 11 n¡H$s Amgm_, ~§Jmb, _w§~B©, {~hma, g§`wŠV àm§V, _Ðmg `m àm§VmV {ÛJ¥hr
H$m`Xo_§S>i hmoVo. Caboë`m àm§VmV EH$M H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
A) d[aîR g^mJ¥h
(Legislative Council)
{dYmZ n[afX :
d[aîR> H$m`Xo_§S>imbm {ÛVr` H$m`Xo_§S>i qH$dm {dYmZ n[afX Ago åhQ>bo OmV hmoVo. ho ghm àm§VmV
bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ho H$m`_ñdê$nr g^mJ¥h AgyZ 1/3 g^mgX 3 dfmªZr {Zd¥ËV hmoV hmoVo. Ë`mMm
H$m`©H$mb 9 dfmªMm hmoVm. `m g^mgXm§Mr {ZdS> hr à{V{Z{YËd d EH$b g§H«$_U nÜXVrZwgma Am{U
gm§àXm{`H$ VËdmÀ`m AmYmamda _VXmag§KmËmyZ Ho$br OmV hmoVr.
~) H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h
(Legislative Assembly)
[dYmZg^m :
`m J¥hmbm àW_ J¥h, {dYmZg^m Ago åhUVmV. 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo 6 àm§VmV {ÛJ¥hr {d{Y_§S>io
hmoVr. Ë`mV 11 àm§VmV {dYmZg^m hmoË`m. àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imVrb gd© gXñ` ho àË`j {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m
_mJm©Zo {ZdSy>Z Ambobo AgmdoV Aer VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr. àË`jmV _mÌ {dYmZg^oV H$mhr gaH$ma {Z`wŠV
g^mgX hmoVo. OmVr` VËdmZwgma à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. EHy$U 17 àH$maMo _VXma g§K {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
àm§Vm{df`r H$m`Xo H$aUo, dm{f©H$ A§XmO nÌH$ d amÁ`H$ma^ma `mda MMm© H$aUo. _mÌ {ZU©`
15
H$moUVmhr KoVm `oV ZìhVm. JìhZ©a OZab d JìhZ©a Am{U H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo _§S>iMo àm§Vr` H$m`Xo_§S>imda
nyU© {Z`§ÌU hmoVo.
B
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmMo _yë`_mnZ :
1) 1935 Mm H$m`Xm _wimVM gXmoof hmoVm. ^maVr`m§Zm O~m~Xma emgZnÜXVrMm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mg H$mhr à_mUmV Cn`moJr nS>bm. na§Vw O~m~Xma emgZ nÜXVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Zmhr.
àm§VmÀ`m ñdm`VVoda ~arM ~§YZo Ambr. 1935 À`m H$m`Úm{df`r n§. Zohê$ åhUVmV,
""AZoH$ {Z`§ÌUo Agbobo nU B§{OZ Zgbobo `§Ì.'' Va n§. _XZ_mohZ _mb{d`m åhUVmV,
""1935 M H$m`ÚmZo JìhZ©a OZabMr Am_À`mda KQ>ZmË_H$ hþHy$_emhr bmXbr Jobr Amho.''
2) `m H$m`ÚmZo g§KamÁ` ñWmnZ hmoUma hmoVo, na§Vw `mV g§ñWm{ZH$ gm_rb Z Pmë`m_wio g§KamÁ`
ñWmnZ PmboM Zmhr. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zm WmoS>o\$ma A{YH$ma {_imbo hmoVo Vo Ë`m§Zm Kmbdmd`mMo
ZìhVo.
3) `m H$m`Úm{df`r ga fU_wI_² MoÅ>r`ma åhUVmV, ""1935 Mm H$m`Xm dgmhVrMo amÁ` ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZaW©H$ hmoVm. {~«Q>ZMm amOm, ^maV_§Ìr, JìhZ©a OZab, JìhZ©a hoM A{YH$mamMm
dmna H$aV hmoVo. {d{Y_§S>i Xw~©b hmoVo. _§Ìr_§S>imMo CËVaXm{`Ëd Iè`m AWm©Zo JìhZ©a
OZabH$S>oM hmoVo.''
4) 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVr`m§Zm ñd`§{ZU©`mMr H$moUVrhr g§Yr {_imbr Zmhr. 1919 À`m
H$m`ÚmZwgma An`er R>abobr {ÛXb emgZ nÜXVr nwÝhm H|$Ðr` emgZm_Ü`o gwê$ Pmbr.
5) 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo nwÝhm EH$Xm OmVr` à{V{ZYrËdmMm nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m g§X^m©V
\$OHy$b hŠH$ åhUVmV, ""1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo _wgb_mZmMo amÁ` àñWm{nV hmoUma ZìhVo.
Va {~«Q>re emgZg§ñWoMm nm`m _O~yV hmoUma hmoVm.'' JìhZ©a OZab d JìhZ©a ho A{Z`§{ÌV
emgH$ Pmbo.
6) àm§VrH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YH$ma ~è`mM à_mUmV _`m©{XV hmoVo. {dYmZ n{afXoMr aMZm gXmof
hmoVr. Ë`mV CƒnXñW B§J«Or ZmoH$aXma hmoVo. bmoH$emhr EodOr Ë`m§Zr ZmoH$aemhr A{YH$
_O~yV Ho$br.
7) JìhZ©a OZabH$S>o _hËdmMr ImVr hmoVr. JìhZ©a OZab H$m`Xo_§S>imbm O~m~Xma ZìhVm.
Ë`mÀmm _Z_mZr H$ma^ma gwê$ Pmbm.
1935 À`m H$m`Úmda Aer Q>rH$m Pmbr Var Ë`m_Ü`o H$mhr Mm§Jbo JwU hmoVo.
1) 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m VwbZoV 1935 Mm H$m`Xm {ZpíMV gwYmaUoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo nwT>Mo nmD$b
hmoVo. Ë`m H$m`ÚmZo àm§{VH$ gaH$maZm Oar nyU© ñdm`VVm {_imbr Zmhr. Var ~hþVm§er
16
ñdm`VVm {_imbr. ho Iao Amho.
2) àm§Vm_Yrb gmonrd Am{U amIrd ImVr ~§X H$ê$Z Xwhoar emgZ ì`dñWm ~§X Ho$br.
3) g§Kr` emgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm.
4) H|$Ð d KQ>H$ amÁ` `m§À`mV A{YH$mamMr gwñnîQ> {d^mJUr Pmbr.
5) bmoH$m§Zm nydunojm OmñV _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {_imbm. àm§Vr` d H|$ÐmÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imMr
g§»`m dmT>br.
6) H|$Ð d KQ>H$ `m§À`mVrb dmX {_Q>{dÊ`mg g§Kr` Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
7) B§{S>`m H$m¡pÝgbMo {dgO©Z Ho$bo.
8) {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMr gwê$dmV H|$ÐmVyZ Am{U àm§VmVyZ Pmbr. g§gXr` emgZmMm nm`m KmVbm
Jobm.
`m H$m`ÚmZwgma 1937 _Ü`o amÁ`ì`dñÏmogmR>r àm§VmV {ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`m. CËVa àXoe, {~hma,
Amo[agm, _Ü` àXoe, _w§~B©, _Ðmg `m ghm àm§VmV amîQ—>r` g^oMr gaH$ma gËVoda Ambr. dm`ì` gahÔ
àm§V d Amgm_ `m ^mJmV amîQ—>g^oZo BVa njm§Mo gmø KodyZ g§{_l gaH$ma ñWmnZ Ho$bo. bmoH$m§Zm
bmoH$emhrMo à{ejU {_imdo, OZ{hVmgmR>r {dYm`H$ H$m`m©Mr g§Yr {_imdr, àmW{_H$ {ejU, eoVr,
Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ, X{bVmoÜXma `m joÌmV Aer VaVyX Ho$br hmoVr. Aem àH$maMr H$m_o Ho$br Var CËVaàXoe,
{~hma _Ü`o JìhZ©a d _§Ìr_§S>i `m§À`mV g§Kf© Pmbo. _wñbr_ brJ d amîQ—>r` g^m `m§V g§Kf© hmoVm.
1939 bm Xwgao _hm`wÜX gwê$ Pmbo. ^maV gaH$maMm {dMma Z KoVm ^maV `wÜXmV gm_rb Pmë`mMr KmofUm
JìhZ©a OZabZo Ho$br. gaH$maÀ`m `m d¥ËVrMm {damoY åhUyZ amîQ—>r` g^oÀ`m gd© _§Í`m§Zr amOrZm_o {Xbo.
1.2.2 ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr - KQ>Zm g{_Vr :
B
^maVr` KQ>Zm {Z{_©VrMm nyd© B{Vhmg :
^maVmV bmoH${Z`wŠV KQ>Zm g{_VrMr H$ënZm gd©àW_ _mZd|Ðam°` `m§Zr 1927 _Ü`o gm`_Z
H${_eZ g_moa _m§S>br. ^maV _§Ìr ~_©Z hoS> `m§À`m AhdmbmZwgma ^maVr` ZoË`m§Zr Zohê$ [anmoQ>©À`m
ñdê$nmV 1928 bm KQ>ZoÀ`m {e\$magr {Xë`m AmhoV. 1930-31 À`m Jmob_oO n[afXo_Ü`o KQ>Zm
{Z{_©Vr~m~V MMm© Pmbr. 1934 _Ü`o H$m±J«ogÀ`m H$m`©H$marUrZo hr _mJUr CMbyZ Yabr. `m _mJUrMm
R>amd 1936 À`m \¡$Onya A{YdoeZmV n§S>rV Zohê§$À`m nwT>mH$mamZo H$m±J«ogZo nmg Ho$bm. Xwgè`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`mdoir
^maVr`m§Mo ghH$m`© {_imdo `m hoVyZo bm°S>© {bZ{bWJmoZo 8 Am°JñQ> 1940 _Ü`o KmofUm Ho$br. ^maVr`m§Zm
ñdV…Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. 1942 Mr MboOmd MidirÀ`m doir 30 _mM© 1942
amoOr {H«$ßg `moOZm Omhra Ho$br. qhXr OZVo~amo~a dmQ>mKmQ>r Pmë`m, nU Ë`mV g\$bVm àmá Pmbr Zmhr.
17
~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....2
B
{Ì_§Ìr `moOZm 1946
(Cabinet Mission)
10 Owb¡ 1945 amoOr _Oya njmMo ZoVo _o. Šbo_§Q> A°Q>br `m§Zr amÁ`H$ma^mamMr gwÌo hmVr KoVbr.
Ë`mMà_mUo ga no{WH$ bm°aoÝg `m CXma_VdmXr ZoË`mMr ^maV_§Ìr åhUyZ {Z`wŠVr Pmbr. _Oya njmMr qhXr
amOH$s` AmH$m§jm§Zm n{hë`m nmgyZ ghmZw^yVr hmoVr. `mMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ _o. A°Q>br `m§Zr {hXyñWmZÀ`m
ñdmV§Í`m~m~V EH$ KmofUm Ho$br, ""qhXyñWmZbm eŠ` {VVŠ`m bdH$a ñdm§VÍ` {Xbo OmB©b, Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zr
eŠ` VodT>o ghH$m`© H$amdo, AÝ`Wm Amåhr ~hþg§»`m§H$m§Zm ñdmV§Í` XoUma.'' Ë`mgmR>r {eï>_§S>i ^maVmV
nmR>dV Amho. _wñbr_ brJZo `m JmoîQ>rbm {damoY Ho$bm. H$m±J«ogMr g§{_l à{V{H«$`m hmoVr. `mZwgma 24
_mM© 1946 amoOr ^maVmV VrZ _§Ìr Ambo. Ë`mV ga no{WH$ bm°aoÝg ho Zì`m _Oya _§S>imVrb à_wI nwT>mar
hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr ^maV_§Ìr E.ìhr. AboŠPm§S>a d ga ñQ>°\$S>© Am{U {H«$ßg ^maVmV Ambo.
Ë`m§Zr H$m±J«og d _wwñbr_ brJÀ`m ZoË`m§er MMm© H$ê$Z 16 _o 1946 amoOr 24 H$b_r `moOZm Omhra
Ho$br. `mbmM {Ì_§Ìr `moOZm Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mVrb à_wI VaVwXr nwT>rbà_mUo,
1) ^maVmV g§KamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV `mdo. g§KamÁ`mH$S>o naamîQ—> ì`dhma, XiUdiU, g§ajU
Aer VrZ _hËdmMr ImVr AgmdrV. àm§V d g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo EH$ H$m`Xo_§S>i Agmdo. Ë`mVyZ
H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr {ZdS> ìhmdr.
2) eofm{YH$ma àm§Vm§Zm AgmdoV.
3) àm§VrH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> ìhmdr. àm§VmÀ`m à{V{ZYrZr
àm§VmMr KQ>Zm V`ma H$amdr.
4) KQ>Zm V`ma hmoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV h§Jm_r gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$amdo.
{Ì_§Ìr `moOZoZwgma àË`oH$ JQ>mbm Amnbr _mJUr nyU© Pmë`mMo g_mYmZ {_iUma hmoVo. AI§S>
qhXyñWmZ am{hë`mZo H$m±J«ogMo Va _wñbr_ ~hþg§»`m§H$ Agboë`m àm§VmMo JQ>amÁ` ~Z{dë`mZo _wñbr_ brJMo
g_mYmZ hmoUma hmoVo. XmoKm§Zrhr hr `moOZm ñdrH$mabr hmoVr. `m `moOZoVrb H$mhr ÌwQ>r nwT>rbà_mUo,
1) H|$ÐmH$S>o VrZ ImVr amhUma Agë`m_wio H|$ÐemgZ Xw~io hmoUma hmoVo. g§KamÁ`mV \w$Q>ra d¥ËVr
dmT>rg bmJUma hmoVr. VgoM eof A{YH$ma àm§Vm§Zm {Xbo hmoVo.
2) Aëng§»`m§H$ _wñbr_ g_mOmÀ`m g§ajUmMm {dMma Ho$bm hmoVm. {eIm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm Zmhr.
3) H${_eZMr JQ>amÁ`mMr ^y{_H$m ñnîQ> ZìhVr. n§Om~_Yrb {eIm§Zr d Amgm__Yrb qhXy§Zr
_wgb_mZ ~hþg§»`m§H$ Agboë`m JQ>mV gm_rb hmoÊ`mg {damoY Ho$bm.
`m `moOZoMo \$m`Xo :
1) Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m ~m~VrV ~hþ_VmZo {ZU©` ¿`mdm ho bmoH$emhrMo VËd _mÝ` Ho$bo.
18
2) nm{H$ñVmZMr `moOZm \o$Q>mibr d AI§S> qhXyñWmZMr `moOZm gyMdbr.
3) KQ>Zm g{_VrMo gd© g^mgX qhXr amhUma hmoVo d Ë`m§Zm KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àmá
hmoUma hmoVm.
4) H$m±J«og d _wñbr_ brJ gd© njr` gaH$ma ~Z{dUma hmoVo. KQ>Zm g{_VrMo H$m_H$mO nyU©
Pmë`m{edm` {~«Q>re gËVm§Va H$aUma ZìhVo.
WmoS>Š`mV, _wñbr_ brJMr \$miUrMr _mJUr Va H$m±J«ogMm \$miUrbm {damoY `m nañna{damoYr
JQ>mMo g_mYmZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m `moOZoZo Ho$bm. _wñbr_ brJZo H$mhr AQ>tda hr `moOZm ñdrH$mabr.
H$m±J«gZo `m `moOZoVrb JQ> `moOZm d h§Jm_r gaH$maMr VaVyX \o$Q>mibr. JQ> `moOZoV {eI g_mOmMo
ZwH$gmZ hmoUma Agë`mZo n§Om~_Yrb AH$mbrXbZo hr `moOZm \o$Q>miyZ bmdbr.
B
h§Jm_r gaH$ma :
{Ì_§Ìr `moOZoZwgma XoemV KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`m. H$m±J«ogbm àM§S> ~hþ_V {_imbo.
_wñbr_ brJbm Ho$di 73 OmJm {_imë`m. {eI g_mOmZo ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$bm. H$m±J«og d _wñbr_ brJZo
EH$Ì h§Jm_r gaH$ma ~Zdmdo Aer gyMZm JìhZ©a OZab ìhodob `m§Zr Ho$br. 24 Am°JñQ> 1946 amoOr
_wñbr_ brJ {edm` H$m±J«ogZo gaH$ma ~Z{dbo. Zohê§$Zr _§Ìr_§S>imMr `mXr Omhra Ho$br. Ë`mV ñdV… Zohê$,
gaXma nQ>ob, S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX, {_. Ag\$ Abr, gr. JmonmbMmar, OJOrdZam_, gaXma ~bXodqgJ, ga
e\$V Ah_X, gæ`X Abr Ohra, Ho$. EM². ^m^m, S>m°. Om°Z _WmB©, S>m°. eaXM§Ð ~mog Ago ~mam _§Ìr
KoÊ`mV Ambo. 15 Am°½mñQ> 1946 amoOr _wñbr_ brJ _§Ìr_§S>imV gm_rb Pmbr. H$m±J«ogÀ`m 5 gXñ`m§Zr
amOrZm_o {Xbo. nmM _wñbr_ brJMo gXñ` _§Ìr_§S>imV KoÊ`mV Ambo. ~°. OrZm AW© ImË`mMo _§Ìr Pmbo.
Ë`m§Zr AS>dUyH$sMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. Ë`mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mg H$m±J«ogZo \$miUrg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
B
_mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z `moOZm :
{~«Q>re g§gXoZo 30 \o$~«wdmar 1947 amoOr KmofUm Ho$br. qhXyñWmZMr gËVm Amåhr bdH$aM gmoS>Uma,
bm°S>© ìhodob `m§À`m OmJr bm°S>© _mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z Ambo. Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z \$miUrMr
`moOZm V`ma Ho$br. Vr H$m±J«og d _wñbr_ brJÀ`m Jir CVadbr. `mbmM bm°S>© _mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z `moOZm
åhUVmV. Vr 3 OyZ 1947 amoOr Omhra Ho$br. Ë`mVrb VaVyXr nwT>rbà_mUo,
1) ~§Jmb, qgY, n§Om~ d ~bw{MñVmZ _Yrb _wñbr_m§Zm doJio amÁ` hdo Agë`mg {~«Q>re
_mÝ`Vm XoVrb. `m àm§Vm§Zr ^maVmV gm_rb ìhm`Mo H$s nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü`o gm_rb ìhm`Mo Vo
Ë`m§Zr R>admdo. Ë`mMà_mUo Amgm_ àm§VmVrb {gëhoa {Oëô`mVrb _wñbr_m§Zr ~hþg§»` Agë`mZo
Ë`m§Zr Hw$R>o Om`Mo Ë`mg§~§Yr gmd©_V KoÊ`mV `oB©b.
2) \$miUr d gr_màíZ ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ `m§Zr EH$Ì ~gyZ gmoS>dmdm.
19
3) 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 nyduM gËVm§VamMo H$m`© nyU© hmoB©b. _wñbr_ brJ d H$m±J«og `m XmoÝhr
njm§Zr \$miUrg VËdV… _mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
B
^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m H$m`Xm … 18 Owb¡ 1947
(Indian Independence Act) :
{~«Q>re g§gXoZo \$miUrg _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. Ë`mMo ñdV§Ì ^maVr` H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va Pmbo.
1) `mVyZ ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ XmoZ ñdV§Ì amÁ`o CX`mg Ambr.
2) XmoÝhr Xoem§Mr ñdV§Ì H$m`Xo_§S>io amhVrb. Ë`m§Zm H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMm nyU© A{YH$ma amhrb.
3) ZdrZ KQ>Zm V`ma hmoB©n`ªV XmoÝhr XoemMm H$ma^ma 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma hmoB©b.
AemàH$mao 1947 À`m ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m H$m`ÚmZo {~«Q>re gËVm g§nyîQ>mV `odyZ ^maV-nmH$
XoemMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. 13 Am°JñQ> 1947 ^maVr` KQ>Zm g{_Vrbm bm°S>© _mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z `m§Zr gËVm
hñVm§V[aV Ho$br. 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 bm ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm. bm°S>© _mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z `m§Zr ñdV§Ì ^maVmMo
n{hbo JìhZ©a OZab åhUyZ enW KoVbr. Ë`mM{Xder n§. Zohê$À`m AÜ`jVoImbr _§Ìr_§S>imMm
enW{dYr Pmbm. n{hbo n§VàYmZ åhUyZ Zohê§$Mr {Z`wŠVr Pmbr.
B
g§{dYmZ g{_Vr :
^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V KQ>Zm g{_VrMm {dMma 1920 Z§Va gwê$ Pmbm hmoVm. Jmob_oO n[afXoV `m
g§H$ënZoda A{YH$ MMm© Pmbr. 29 Owb¡ 1934 À`m H$m±J«og njmÀ`m OmhraZmå`mV KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m
_mJUrg àW_M Am¡nMm[aH$ ñWmZ {_imbo. 1942 À`m {H«$ßg `moOZoV KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m `§ÌUoV CëboI
hmoVm Am{U H°${~ZoQ> {_eZ `moOZoV KQ>Zm g{_Vrda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm. 1946 À`m H°${~ZoQ> {_eZ `moOZoV
^maVmgmR>r ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r KQ>Zm g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
B
KQ>Zm g{_VrMr {Z{_©Vr
(Formation of Constituent Assembly) :
H°${~ZoQ> {_eZ `moOZoà_mUo KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$m Oyb¡ 1946 _Ü`o Pmë`m. _yi `moOZoà_mUo
389 g^mgX AàË`j nÜXVrZo {ZdS>Ê`mV `md`mMo hmoVo. n¡H$s 93 g^mgX g§ñWm{ZH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr
¿`md`mMo hmoVo. nU Ë`m§Zr {ZU©` Z KoVë`m_wio eodQ>n`ªV Vo {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambo ZmhrV. {~«Q>re àm§Vm§Zm
XoÊ`mV Amboë`m 296 OmJm§n¡H$s 211 OmJm H$m±J«ogZo qOH$ë`m. KQ>Zm g{_VrV H$m±J«ogbm ~hþ_V {_imbo.
Ë`mM~amo~a _wgb_mZm§gmR>r amIyZ R>odÊ`mV Amboë`m 78 OmJm§n¡H$s 73 OmJm _wñbr_ {bJ njmZo
{O§H$ë`m. H$m±J«ogbm \$ŠV VrZM OmJm {_imë`m. WmoS>Š`mV _wgb_mZ g_mO hm _wñbr_ brJ njmÀ`m
nmR>rer Amho Ago {MÌ OJmbm {Xgbo.
WmoS>Š`mV 1946 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sZo Or KQ>Zm g{_Vr V`ma Pmbr hmoVr, Ë`mV AI§S> ^maVmMo
à{V{ZYr hmoVo. `m KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m g^m d H$m`m©da ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Ê`mMo YmoaU ~°. OrZm `m§À`m _wñbr_
brJ njmZo Adb§{~bo hmoVo. nwT>o _mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z `moOZoZwgma AI§S> ^maVmMo {d^mOZ ^maV Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ
20
`m XmoZ amÁ`mV Pmbo. nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m 69 OmJm H$_r Pmë`m. Ë`mV 50
_wgb_mZ, 2 erI d 17 AÝ` Y_u` hmoVo. Caboë`m g^mgXm§À`m KQ>Zm g{_VrZo amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.
B
KQ>Zm n[afX ñdê$n :
KQ>Zm n[afXoÀ`m {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m g^mgXm§Mr ~¡R>H$ 9 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr {Xëbr `oWo gwê$ Pmbr.
`m A{YdoeZmV 207 à{V{ZYr hOa hmoVo. S>m°. g{ƒVmZ§X {gÝhm ho `m A{YdoeZmMo VmËnwaVo AÜ`j hmoVo.
à_wI gXñ` n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$, S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX, gaXma nQ>ob, _m¡bmZm AmPmX, Jmonmi ñdm_r
Aæ`§Jma, AãXwbJ\$ma ImZ, Ho$. E_². _wÝer, nwê$fmoËV_ Xmg Q>§S>Z, Q>r. Q>r. H¥$îUå_mMmar, AbmXr
H¥$îUmñdm_r Aæ`a, Ho$. Q>r. ehm, AmMm`© H¥$nmbmZr, S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a, S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ, S>m°.
g{ƒVmZ§X {gÝhm, S>m°. em_ àgmX Hw$bH$Uu, S>m°. O`H$a BË`mXr. 11 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr S>m°. amO|Ð
àgmX `mMr `m g{_VrMo H$m`_Mo AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS> Pmbr. amÁ`KQ>Zm g{_VrMo CnmÜ`j åhUyZ S>m°.
EM².gr. _wIOu, KQ>Zm g{_VrMo gëbmJma åhUyZ ~r. EZ². amd hmoVo.
B
n{hbo A{YdoeZ … 9 {S>g|~a 1946 Vo 23 {S>g|~a 1946 `m A{YdoeZmVrb _hËdnyU© KS>m_moS>r nwT>rbà_mUo,
1) S>m°. O`H$am§Mm ñWJZ àñVmd : g§KamÁ`mMo g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg g§ñWm{ZH$, _wñbr_
brJ `m§Zr gh^mJr ìhmdo Agm R>amd _m§Sy>Z nwT>rb {VWrn`ªV g§{dYmZmVrb MMm© ñWJrV H$amdr Agm
ñWJZ àñVmd _m§S>bm. `m àñVmdmda gdmªZr {dMma _m§S>bo. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ~hþg§»`m§H$m§Zr Aëng§»`m§H$m§H$S>o
ì`mnH$ ^y{_Ho$VyZ H$go nhmdo hm _wÔm à^mdrnUo _m§S>bm. gd© g^mJ¥h Ë`m§À`m ^mfUmZo à^m{dV Pmbo.
2) n§S>rV Zohê§$Mm C{ÔîQ>m§Mm R>amd : 13 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr n§S>rV Zohê§$Zr Ü`o` d C{ÔîQ>m§
g§~§Yr R>amd _m§S>bm. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Cñ\w$V© ^mfU {Xbo. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Ý`m` XoÊ`mgmR>r
H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo ho Ë`m§À`m ^mfUmMo gyÌ hmoVo.
B
Xwgao A{YdoeZ :
20 OmZodmar 1947 Vo 25 OmZodmar 1947 n`ªV Mmbbo. Zohê§$Mm R>amd Xwê$ñË`m§gh _§Oya H$aÊ`mV
Ambm. _wñbr_ brJMm ~{hîH$ma J¥hrV Yê$Z _wñbr_m§À`m ^mdZm XwImdUma ZmhrV, Agm R>amd _m§S>bm
Zmhr.
`m A{YdoeZmV Mma Cng{_Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. CXm. _wb^yV A{YH$ma Cng{_Vr, Aëng§»`m§H$
Cng{_Vr, CËVanyd© Am{Xdmgr gr_m àXoe Cng{_Vr BË`mXr.
`m{edm` g§KgaH$ma A{YH$ma g{_Vr, g§K g§{dYmZ g{_Vr Am{U àm§Vr` g§{dYmZ g{_Vr Aem
21
VrZ Cng{_Ë`m XoIrb g§{dYmZ g{_VrZo {Z`wŠV Ho$ë`m. n{hë`m XmoZ g{_VrMo Zohê$ AÜ`j hmoVo Va
Xwgè`m g{_VrMo gaXma nQ>b
o AÜ`j hmoVo.
B
{Vgao A{YdoeZ :
22 E[àb Vo 2 _o 1947 `m H$mbmdYrV Pmbo. _mD§$Q> ~°Q>Z `moOZo_wio XoemMr \$miUr hmoUma ho
{ZpíMV Pmbo. 28 E{àb 1947 amoOr n§S>rV Zohê§$Zr gKgaH$ma A{YH$ma g{_VrMm Ahdmb g^mJ¥hmbm
gmXa Ho$bm. Xwgao {Xder gaXma nQ>obm§Zr Aëng§»`m§H$ hŠH$ {df`H$ g{_Vrbm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm.
Aem àH$mao amÁ` d emgZ ì`dñWoÀ`m EHo$H$ ^mJmda MMm© Pmbr.
B
Mm¡Wo A{YdoeZ :
14 Oyb¡bm gwê$ hmodyZ 31 Owb¡ 1947 amoOr g§nbo. ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mÀ`m àm§Vm_Yrb (KQ>H$amÁ`)
emgZ ì`dñWoÀ`m aMZog§~§Yr `m A{YdoeZmV {dMma{d{Z_` Pmbm. 22 Owb¡ 1947 amoOr g§{dYmZ g^oZo
^maVmMm amîQ—>ÜdO _mÝ` Ho$bm. H|$Ð d amÁ` g§~§Ymg§~§Yr VÁkm§Mr g{_Vr {Z`wŠV Ho$br.
AemàH$mao ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV Mma A{YdoeZo Pmbr. ^maVmÀ`m \$miUrMr Ë`mbm {H$Zma hmoVr.
amÁ` d emgZì`dñWm aMZo~m~V {dMma{d{Z_` Pmbm.
B
ñdmV§Í`H$mimVrb KQ>Zm g{_VrMo H$m`© :
`m
H$moUVohr
g§{dYmZ
Xwê$ñË`m
B
H$mimV _hËdnyU© ~Xb åhUOo {~«Q>re emgZ gËVm g§nwîQ>mV Amë`m_wio KQ>Zm g{_Vrda AmVm
~§YZ ZìhVo. ^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m H$m`ÚmZo g§nyU© XoemgmR>r H$m`Xo _§Oya H$aÊ`mMr gËVm
g^obm àmá Pmbr. åhUOo ñdV§Ì ^maVmgmR>r H$m`Xm H$aUo ApñVËdmV Agboë`m H$m`ÚmV
H$aUo Am{U amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma H$aUo, hr H$m_o g§{dYmZ g^obm H$amdr bmJbr.
nmMdo A{YdoeZ :
14 Am°JñQ> 1947 amoOr nmMdo A{YdoeZ gwê$ Pmbo. S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mr _gwXm
g{_VrMo AÜ`j åhUyZ {ZdS> Pmbr. `m g{_VrMo gXñ` åhUyZ Ho$. E_². _wÝer, Jmonmi ñdm_r Aæ`§Jma,
AmëbmXr H¥$îUm ñdm_r Aæ`a, S>m°. ~r. EZ². amd, _h§_X gmXwëbm, ìhr. Q>r. H¥$îU_Mmar, lr. EZ².
_mYd, lr. OwJb {Ho$emoa IÞm, lr. Ho$db H¥$îUm BË`mXr hmoVo. _gwXm g{_VrZo AmVmn`ªV Pmboë`m
g{_Ë`m, Cng{_Ë`m, Ahdmb Am{U gXñ`m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$boë`m _Vm§Mm AmT>mdm KodyZ ^maVr` g§{dYmZmMm
_gwXm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ hmVr KoVbo.
B
ghmdo A{YdoeZ :
\$ŠV EH$ {Xdg Mmbbo. `m A{YdoeZmV KQ>ZoVrb H$b_m§da H$em arVrZo MMm© ìhmdr d Vr H$b_o
H$er _§Oya ìhmdrV `mg§~§Yr à{H«$`m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a g{_VrZo _gwXm V`ma
22
H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ nyU© Ho$bo. Vmo OZVogmR>r AmR> _{hZo Aä`mgmgmR>r Iwbm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. bmoH$m§Zr {d{dY
àH$maMr _Vo ì`ŠV Ho$br.
B
gmVdo A{YdoeZ :
4 Zmoìh|~a 1948 Vo 13 {S>g|~a 1948 n`ªV Mmbbo. g§{dYmZ _gwÚmda MMm© hmodyZ àW_ dmMZ
Pmbo. 15 {Xdgm§À`m gwÅ>rZ§Va 27 {S>g|~a Vo 8 OmZodmar 1949 n`ªV ho A{YdoeZ gwê$ hmoVo. _gwXm
g{_VrMo AÜ`j S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr gd© e§H$m§Mr `mo½` CËVao {Xbr. `mZ§Va Mma A{YdoeZo
Pmbr. `mVyZ ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zobm A§{V_ ñdê$n XoÊ`mV Ambo. 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr ^maVmMo
g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Amnbo H$m`© g§{dYmZ g^oZo nyU© Ho$bo.
B
g§{dYmZ g{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©Mm AmT>mdm :
KQ>Zm g{_VrMo H$m`© 9 {S>g|~a 1946 amoOr gwê$ Pmbo. Vo 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 bm nyU© Pmbo. 2
df© 11 _{hZo 18 {Xdg H$m_H$mO Mmbbo. EHy$U 11 A{YdoeZo Pmbr. àË`j 165 {Xdg H$m_ Mmbbo.
KQ>Zm _gwÚmV 315 H$b_o d 8 n[a{eîQ>o AmhoV. `m daVr EHy$U »mM© 63 bmI 93 hOma 729 ê$n`o
Ambm. 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr S>m°. amO|Ð àgmX `m§Zr KQ>Zm g{_VrMo AÜ`j åhUyZ ghr Ho$br. 26
OmZodmar 1950 bm g§{dYmZmMm A§_b ñmwê$ H$amdm Ago R>abo.
25 OmZodmar 1950 bm JìhZ©a OZabMo nX g§nwîQ>mV Ambo. g§{dYmZo g^oMo AÜ`j S>m°. amO|Ð
àgmX `m§Zr ^maVmMo n{hbo amîQ—>nVr åhUyZ enW KoVbr. g§{dYmZmZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m gd© emgH$s` g§ñWm
d `§ÌUm 26 OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZ H$m`©aV Pmë`m.
1.2.3 ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr CÔoen{ÌH$m (gaH$maZm_m) :
B
àmñVm{dH$
H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm qH$dm g§{dYmZ V`ma H$aVmZm gwê$dmVrbm EH$ àñVmdZm OmoS>Ê`mMr àWm gd©Ì
Amho. `m àWobm AZwgê$ZM ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zobm EH$ CÔoen{ÌH$m qH$dm àñVmdZm qH$dm gaZm_m OmoS>bm
Amho.
^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m CÔoen{ÌHo$_Üo` ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr ê$naofm Xe©{dbr
Amho. ^maVr` amOH$s` ZoË`m§Zr AZoH$ {Xdg ~miJbobr Amem `m CÔoen{ÌHo$V ñnîQ> Pmbr Amho.
ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m OnyZ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Am{U gm_m{OH$ CÞVr H$moUVr? Ü`o` Am{U H$moUVo _mJ©
ñdrH$mabo nm{hOoV? `mMr _m{hVr CÔoen{ÌHo$V Amho. WmoS>Š`mV Amnë`m KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm `m XoemV H$moUË`m
àH$maMr g_mO ì`dñWm d amÁ` ì`dñWm àñWm{nV hmoUo Ano{jV Amho ho KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mdê$Z ñnîQ>
hmoVo.
26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr KQ>Zm n[afXoZo hr CÔoen{ÌH$m _§Oya Ho$br Vr Imbrbà_mUo Amho.
23
“WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into
a SOVEREIGN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens.
JUSTICE : Social, Economic and Political
LIBERTY : of thought, expression, belief, faith and workship
EQUALITY : of status and of opportunity and promote among them all
FRATERNITY : assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of
the Nation.
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASEEMBLY, this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do
HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”
B
42 KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo Ho$bobo ~Xb :
1946 _Ü`o 42 ì`m KQ>ZmXwê$ñVrZo gaZmå`mV ~Xb Ho$bm Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo,
gaZmå`mVrb _yi eãX`moOZm ""gmd©^m¡_, bmoH$emhr, àOmgËVmH$ Aer hmoVr, Ë`mEodOr ""gmd©^m¡_,
g_mOdmXr, Y_m©VrV, bmoH$emhr, àOmgËVmH$'' Agm ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. åhUOo g_mOdmXr d
Y_m©VrV `m XmoZ eãXm§Mr (Socialist, Secular) ^a Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambr Amho. `mZwgma nwT>rbà_mUo gaZm_m
Amho.
""Amåhr ^maVmMo bmoH$,
^maVmMo gmd©^m¡_, g_mOdmXr, Y_©{Zanoj, bmoH$emhr JUamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo Am{U ^maVmÀ`m
gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Ý`m`
… gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`
ñdmV§Í` … {dMma, A{^ì`ŠVr, {dídmg, lÜXm Am{U CnmgZm `m§Mo
g_Vm
… XOm© d g§Yr ~m~V
~§YwVm
… ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m Am{U amîQ—>mMr EH$Vm Am{U EH$mË_Vm amIUmar
`mMr emídVr XoÊ`mMo Am_À`m `m KQ>Zm g{_VrV AmO 26 Zmoìh|~a, 1949 amoOr {dMmanyd©H$
R>a{dV AmhmoV Am{U KQ>Zm _mÝ` H$arV AmhmoV d Ë`m§g§~Y§ r H$m`Xm H$ê$Z {VMm Amåhr ñdrH$ma H$arV
AmhmoV.''
24
B
gaZmå`mMo {díbofU :
1) ^maVr` g§{dYmZmMo CJ_ñWmZ :
Amåhr ^maVr` OZVm, `m gaZmå`mVrb n{hë`mM dmŠ`mV _hËdmMm AW© ^abm Amho. Ë`mMm AW©
hr KQ>Zm ^maVr` OZVoZo {Z_m©U Ho$br AgyZ {VMm ñdrH$ma H$aV Amho. `m dmŠ`mVyZ ^maVr` OZVoMo
gmd©^m¡_Ëd ì`ŠV hmoV Amho. Ago Agbo Var H$mhr _wb^yV àíZ {Z_m©U hmoV Amho.
A) ^maVmV KQ>Zm {Z{_©VrMm A§{V_ gmd©^m¡_ A{YH$ma OZVoH$S>o hmoVm H$m?
~) KQ>Zm g{_VrMo g^mgX OZVoMo Iao à{V{ZYr hmoVo H$m`?
H$) KQ>ZoMr ñdrH¥$Vr OZVoÀ`m g§_Vrda AmYm[aV hmoVr H$m`?
dñVwV… nmhVm hr KQ>Zm, KQ>Zm g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$br. KQ>Zm g{_Vr_Ü`o gd© ^maVr`m§Zm g_mdoe
Pmbm ÝmìhVm. VgoM KQ>Zm n[afXoMo gXñ` ^maVr` OZVoZo {ZdSy>Z {Xbo ZìhVo. Vo H°${~ZoQ> {_eZ A§VJ©V
AàË`j _VXmZmÀ`m nÜXVrZoM KQ>Zm g{_VrMo gXñ` ~Zbo hmoVo. àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamÀ`m AmYmamda
{ZdS>UyH$m KodyZ KQ>Zm g{_Vr V`ma H$amdr Aer VH©$ewÜX gyMZm EH$m gXñ`mZo KQ>Zm g{_VrV Ho$br
hmoVr. na§Vw hr gyMZm dñVypñWVrbm Yê$Z ZìhVr. H$maU Ago Ho$bo AgVo Va n¡gm d doi Am{U eŠVrMm
Anì`` Pmbm AgVm. àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamÀ`m AmYmamda Z{dZ {ZdS>UyH$m KodyZ Z{dZ KQ>Zm g{_Vr V`ma
H$aUo hr JmoîQ> Xoe{hVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo YmoŠ`mMr hmoVr. VgoM KQ>Zm V`ma Pmë`mda gmd©_V KodyZ KQ>Zobm
bmoH$ AZwHy$b AmhoV qH$dm à{VHy$b AmhoV. hr JmoîQ> H$m`Xo{eaÑîQ²`m `mo½` {XgV Agbr Var
ì`mdhm[aH$ÑîQ²`m A`mo½` hmoVr. H$maU bJoMM 1951-52 bm gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m hmoUma hmoË`m Am{U
bmoH$m§Zm KQ>Zm _mÝ` ZgVr Va bmoH$m§Zr {ZdS>UyH$sda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$bm AgVm qH$dm KQ>ZoÀ`m {damoYmV
Amnë`m C_oXdmam§Zm C^o H$ê$Z ~hþ_VmZo {ZdSy>Z {Xbo AgVo. na§Vw Ago H$mhr ¿mS>bo Zmhr. CbQ> KQ>Zm
n[afXoV AgUmao gXñ` d H$m±J«ogbmM bmoH$m§Zr _VXmZ Ho$bo. `mMm AW© OZVobm KQ>Zm _mÝ` hmoVr AgmM
AW© hmoVmo.
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ""Amåhr ^maVr` OZVm hr KQ>Zm Am_À`mgmR>r V`ma H$ê$Z Vr _mÝ` Am{U ñdrH¥$V
H$aV AmhmoV,'' Ago eãXà`moJ H$ê$Z KQ>ZoMo lo` ^maVr` OZVobm {Xbo Amho. ^maVr` OZVoMo ñdmV§Í`
gmd©^m¡_Ëd d emgZmda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm, ~XbÊ`mMm A{YH$ma OZVoÀ`m hmVmV gwnyX© Ho$bm Amho.
2) amÁ`ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n :
gaZmå`mVyZ amÁ`g§ñWm d {VMo ñdê$n H$emàH$maMo amhrb `m JmoîQ>r ñnîQ> Ho$br AmhoV.
""gmd©^m¡_, g_mOdmXr, Y_m©VrV, àOmgËVmH$, JUamÁ` Agë`mMm CëboI Ho$bm Amho.'' gaZmå`mVrb
darb eãXm§Mm AW© g_OmdyZ KoVë`mg KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm A{^àoV Agbobo ^maVr` amÁ`mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ>
hmoB©b.
25
A) gmd©^m¡_ : ^maVmMr Zdr amÁ`KQ>Zm V`ma Pmë`mnmgyZ ^maV ho EH$ gmd©^m¡_ amÁ` ~Zbo
Agë`mMo gaZmå`mV ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho. gmd©^m¡_ eãXmMm AW© nyU© ñdV§Ì. ^maV BV…na H$moUË`mhr
amÁ`mÀ`m àË`j AJa AàË`j {Z`§ÌÊmmImbr amhUma Zmhr. A§VJ©V ~{hJ©V ^maVmda AmVm H$moUmMohr
{Z`§ÌU amhUma Zmhr. A§VJ©V d naXoer YmoaU AmIÊ`mg d A§_b~OmUr H$aÊ`mg ^maV AmVm nyU©
ñdV§Ì Amho.
AWm©V, ^maV gmd©^m¡_ Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo Amnbo amîQ—>Hw$bmMo gXñ`Ëd H$m`_ R>odbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio
Amnë`m gmd©^m¡_Ëdmg ~mYm nmohMVo Ago H$mhrOUm§Mo _V hmoVo. na§Vw ^maV amîQ—>Hw$bmMm gXñ` Agbm
Var Ë`mMr ~mYm ^maVmÀ`m gmd©^m¡_Ëdmg nmohMV Zmhr. Ago n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$bo hmoVo.
H$maU `m g§KQ>ZoMo gXñ`Ëd Amnë`m _OuZwgma AmnU Ho$ìhmhr gmoSy> eH$Vmo. Ë`mg ^maV ñdV§Ì Amho,
Ë`mÀ`mda Hw$UmMohr ~§YZ Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV ^maVmZo amîQ—>Hw$bmà_mUoM AmUIrhr H$mhr g§KQ>Zm§Mo gXñ`Ëd
g_mZ {hVg§~§Y gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdoÀN>oZo d g_mZVoÀ`m ZmË`mZo ñdrH$mabo Var Ë`mÀ`m gmd©^m¡_Ëdmg
~mYm nmohMV Zmhr.
~) g_mOdmXr : 42 ì`m ¿mQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo g_mOdmXr hm eãX gaZmå`mV KmVbm Jobm.
g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg ^maV ~m§Yrb Amho. Agmhr Ë`mMm AW© KoVbm OmVmo. gm_mÝ`
_mUgmbm XoemÀ`m CËnÞmVrb `mo½` Am{U Ý`m` dmQ>m {_imdm, Ë`mMr n«JVr, CÞVr, {dH$mg, bmoH$emhr
g_mOdmXr _mJm©Zo ìhmdm `m JmoîQ>r Ë`mV A§V^y©V AmhoV. Joë`m 63 dfmªV AZoH$ _mJm©Zo Jar~ d lr_§V
`m§À`mVrb Xar H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mgmR>r g§nËVrMo H|$ÐrH$aU Q>miÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.
Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. g§nËVrMo Ý`m` d `mo½` {dVaU H$aÊ`mda ^a {Xbm.
g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZogmR>r AZoH$ nmD$bo CMbbr Jobr, Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
_mÌ 1990 Z§Va OmJ{VH$sH$aU, _wŠV AW©ì`dñWm, CXmarH$aU `m {XeoZo ^maVmMr dmQ>Mmb gwê$
Pmbr. nmíMmË` Xoe Am{U OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$À`m à^mdmVyZ ~hþamîQ—>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zm ^maVmMr Xmao Iwbr H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr ^m§S>dbemhrbm nwaH$ {dMmagaUr Amho. ^m§S>dbemhr _wio Jar~-lr_§V Xar
dmT>V OmVo. Am{W©H$ {df_Vm gwê$ hmoVo. ~oH$mar, Xm[aÐ` dmT>V OmVo. gm_mÝ` _mUyg hV~b hmoVmo.
^m§S>dbXma dJ© {Xdg|{Xdg g§nÞ ~ZV OmVmo. Aem ñdê$nmMo {MÌ ^maVmV C^o am{hbo. n[aUm_V…
gaZmå`mVrb g_mOdmXr _yë`m§Zm haVmim \$mgUmao Amho. Ago XwX}dmZo åhUmdo bmJob.
H$) Y_©{Zanoj : Y_©{Zanoj `m eãXmZo ^maV ho Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` Amho ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. 42 ì`m
KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo hm eãX g_m{dîQ> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Y_©{Zanoj amÁ`mV emgZì`dñWm H$moUË`mhr
Y_m©da AmYm[aV amhUma Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr. gd© Y_mªMm g_mZ AmXa
Ho$bm OmB©b. gd© Y{_©`m§Zm amÁ`mH$Sy>Z g_mZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmB©b. Y_© àË`oH$mMr d¡`pŠVH$ ~m~ amhrb.
àË`oH$mbm BÀN>oZwgma Y_© ñdrH$maVm `oB©b. Ë`m Y_m©Zwgma nyOm, àmW©Zm H$aÊ`mMm Am{U BVa Y_mªZm ~mYm
`oUma Zmhr, Aem nÜXVrZo Amnë`m Y_m©Mm àMma d àgma H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma àË`oH$mbm amhrb. Ym{_©H$
26
~m~VrV amÁ`mH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm hñVúmon Ho$bm OmUma Zmhr.
KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mV "Y_©{Zanoj' amÁ` `m eãXmMm CëboI H$aÊ`m_mJo XoemVrb Y_© {Zanoj àd¥ËVr
~iH$Q> H$aUo Am{U Ym{_©H$ Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm {Xbmgm XoUo hm hoVw Amho.
S>) àOmgËVmH$ (Democratic) : àOmgËVmH$ `mMm AW© bmoH$m§À`m hmVmV gËVm AgUmam Agm
hmoVmo. àOmgËVmH$ amÁ`mV A§{V_ gËVm bmoH$m§À`mH$S>o AgVo. ^maVmV EH$ ì`ŠVr qH$dm _§S>i gmd©^m¡_
Zmhr. Va OZVm gmd©^m¡_ Amho. ^maVmVrb H$moUËmmhr ñdH$V©¥ËdmZwgma gd©loîR> gËVmYmar ~Zy eH$Vmo. na§Vw
{VMr hr gËVm A§{V_ Zmhr. XoemMm H$ma^ma OZBÀN>oZwgma MmbVmo. àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamZwgma OZVm
emgZH$V©o {ZdS>Vo. KQ>Zo_Ü`o Xwê$ñVr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma, hŠH$ `m {ZdSy>Z {Xboë`m à{V{ZYtZm Amho.
B) JUamÁ` : àOmgËVmH$ d JUamÁ` ho XmoÝhr eãX g_mZ AWm©Zo dmnaVmV. na§Vw Vo g_mZ
ZmhrV. Ë`mV gwú_ ^oX Amho. bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoV "amÁ`à_wI' bmoH${Z`wŠV qH$dm d§ena§naoZwgma AgVmo.
CXm. {~«Q>Z ho àOmgËVmH$ Agbo Var JUamÁ` Zmhr. H$maU {~«Q>ZMm gmd©^m¡_ amOm d§ena§naoZwgma Amnbo
nXYmaU H$aVmo. JUamÁ`mVrb gdm}ƒ emgZà_wI hm bmoH${Z`wŠV AgVmo. ^maVmZo JUamÁ` nÜXVrMm
ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. ^maVmMm gdm}ƒ emgH$ amîQ—>nVr hm OZVoH$Sy>Z AàË`jnUo {ZdSbm OmVmo. JUamÁ`
{OWo AgVo {VWo àOmgËVmH$ AgVoM `mMr ImÌr XoVm `oV Zmhr. CXm. MrZ _Ü`o JUamÁ` Amho nU
bmoH$emhr amÁ` Zmhr. na§Vw ^maVmV àOmgËVmH$hr Amho d JUamÁ`hr Amho.
3) amÁ`ì`dñWoMr C{Ôï>ço :
ì`ŠVrà_mUo amÁ`mbm gwÜXm H$mhr Ü`o` AgVmV. Ë`m Ü`o`m§Mr nwV©Vm emgZmZo Ho$br nm{hOo.
Ë`m{edm` g_mOmbm d n`m©`mZo amÁ`mbm ñW¡`© bm^V Zmhr. g§{dYmZmV Mma _hËdmMo C{ÕîQ>o gm§{JVbr
AmhoV.
A) Ý`m` :
amOH$s` VËdkmZm_Ü`o Ý`m`mMr H$ënZm Zoh_rM nm`m^yV _mZbr Amho. g_mOmMo gdmª{JU H$ë`mU
Am{U ì`ŠVrJV dV©Z `mMm g_Ýd` åhUOo Ý`m` Aer Ý`m`mMr H$ënZm H$aVm `oB©b. WmoS>Š`mV
H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrMo H$ë`mU Z gmYVm g_mOmMo gdmª{JU H$ë`mU gmYUo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r ì`pŠVJV
dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo åhUOo Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo hmo`. OmñVrV OmñV bmoH§$mMo OmñVrV OmñV H$ë`mU
Agm ì`mdhm[aH$ AW© hmoVm.
gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` : gm_m{OH$ {dîm_VoMo {Z_w©bZ H$aUo åhUOo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo
hmo`. CXm. dU©ì`dñWm gmm_m{OH$ {df_Voda AmYm[aV Amho. Añn¥í`Vm hm _mUygH$sbm bmJbobm H$b§H$
Amho. hr {df_Vm ZîQ> Ho$br nm{hOo. `mgmR>r ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo H$b_ 15 _Ü`o gm_m{OH$ g_VoMm A{YH$ma
{Xbm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ OmJr OmVr, Y_©, d§e BË`mXr H$maUmdê$Z ^oXm^oX H$aÊ`mg ~§Xr Amho. H$b_
17 Zwgma Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> Ho$br Amho. Añn¥í`VoMo nmbZ H$aUo hm H$m`ÚmZwgma JwÝhm R>abm Amho.
27
Am{W©H$ Ý`m` : Am{W©H$ {dîm_Vm Xya H$aUo åhUOo Am{W©H$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo hmo`. g_mOmV
àW_ AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `m _wb^yV JaOm§Mr nyVu gdmªÀ`m gmaIonUmZo Pmbr nm{hOo. Am{W©H$ g_Vm
åhUOo XoemVrb CËnmXZmMr g_à_mUm§V {d^mJUr hmo`. VmpËdH$ nmVirda gdmªZm g_mZ doVZ, XoemÀ`m
g§nËVrMo gmaIo dmQ>n H$aUo Agm hmoVmo. `mgmR>r g§nËVrMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo, Am{W©H$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 39, 40 `m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm_Ü`o Am{W©H$ g_VoMo YmoaU
gy{MV Ho$bo Amho.
amOH$s` Ý`m` : XoemÀ`m amOH$s` à{H«$`oV gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _wŠVnUo gh^mJr hmoVm `oUo hm
amOH$s` Ý`m`mMm AW© Amho. gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma hm amOH$s` g_VoMm _w»` AmYma Amho. _V XoÊmo,
{ZdS>UyH$sV C^o amhUo, àemgH$ åhUyZ H$ma^ma nmhUo ho amOH$s` hŠH$ gdmªZm CnbãY AgUo åhUOo
amOH$s` Ý`m` hmo`. ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo 326 H$b_mZwgma gdmªZm àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma ~hmb Ho$bm Amho. Á`mMr
d`mMr 18 df} nyU© AmhoV, Aem gdmªZm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma àmá Amho.
~) ñdmV§Í` :
bmoH$emhr ì`dñWm geŠV Am{U _O~yV hmoÊ`mgmR>r àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm ñdmV§Í`mMm A{YH$ma
Agbm nm{hOo. ~§YZmnmgyZ _wŠVVm hm ñdmV§Í`mMm AW© Agbm Var ì`dhmamV Vmo Vgm AW© KoV ZmhrV.
H$maU H$moUË`mhr ~§YZmMm A^md Agbobo OrdZ AZmMmamV ê$nm§V[aV hmoB©b. åhUyZ h°am°ëS> bmñH$s `m§Zr
ñdmV§Í`mMr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m _hËdmMr Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ""ì`ŠVrÀ`m nyU© ì`pŠV_Ëd {dH$mgmgmR>r
Amdí`H$ Aer n[apñWVr åhUOo ñdmV§Í` hmo`.'' AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$emhr nÜXVrV AZoH$ Xoem§Zr KQ>ZoV
{H$_mZ ~§YZm§Mm CëboI Ho$bm Amho. ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo 19 ì`m H$b_m_Ü`o {dMma, A{^ì`ŠVr, nyOm,
g§KQ>Zm, ì`dgm`, _mb_ËVm BË`mXr ~m~V ñdmV§Í` {Xbo AgyZ Ë`mda H$moUVr ~§YZo AgVrb ho hr ñnîQ>
Ho$bo Amho.
H$) g_Vm :
g_Vm åhUOo gmaIonUm Zìho. _mZd{Z{_©V ^oX^md ZîQ> H$aUo Am{U gdmªZm ì`{ŠV_ËdmMm {dH$mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r g_mZ g§Yr XoUo hmM g_VoMm AW© KoVbm OmVmo. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo _mZd{Z{_©V {df_Vm
ZîQ> H$aÊ`mda ^a {Xbm Amho. Ë`mgmR>r gdmªZm {dH$mgmgmR>r EH$ g_mZ g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo hm EH$
AW© g_VoMm KoVbm OmVmo. Ë`mZwgma ^maVmV emgH$s` godm _Ü`o gdmªZm g_mZ g§Yr amhVrb Aer H$b_
16 _Ü`o VaVyX Ho$br Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo ñn¥í`- Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo Ho$bo. H$m`Úmg_moa
g_mZVm `m VËdmZwgma ^maVmV gd© ì`ŠVr§gmR>r EH$M H$m`Xm Ho$bm. H$m`Úmg_moa gd© g_mZ AmhoV ho
gyÌ ñdrH$mabo. ì`pŠV_ËdmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mg àË`oH$mbm g_mZ g§Yr {Xbr Amho.
S>) ~§YwVm :
^maVmV nydunmgyZ OmVr`dmX, àm§VdmX, ^mfmdmX, Y_©dmX `m§Mo àm~ë` Amho. Ë`m_wio amîQ—>~m§YUr
28
d EoŠ`mbm ~mYm {Z_m©U hmoV hmoVr. amîQ—>r` EoŠ` Am{U EH$mË_Vm H$m`_ R>odÊ`mgmR>r ho ^oXm^oX ZîQ>
H$ê$Z gd© ZmJ[aH$m§_Ü`o ~§YwËdmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `mMr OmUrd KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm hmoVr.
Ë`mM ÑîQ>rZo KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr gd© ñÌr-nwê$fm§Zm g_mZ A{YH$ma {Xbo. EoŠ`mÀ`m _mJm©V AgUmar ñn¥í`mñn¥í`Vm
hr AS>MU Xya Ho$br. Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, g_VoÀ`m nm`mda ~§YwËdmMr emídVr XoUo ho YmoaU S>moù`m§g_moa
R>odyZ KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr KQ>Zm V`ma Ho$br. amîQ—>mÀ`m EoŠ`m~amo~a ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m OnUo, {Q>H$dUo VodT>oM
_hËdmMo Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mVyZ H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> hmoVmV.
1) XoemV H|$ÐmË_H$ g§KemgZ _O~yV H$aUo.
2) g§KamÁ`mMr EH$mË_Vm d gmd©^m¡_Ëd {Q>H$dUo.
3) amÁ`mV Y_©{Zanoj eŠVr _O~yV H$aUo.
4) gd©gmYmaU H$m`Úmnojm KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m`Xm loîR> R>a{dUo. `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr KQ>ZmXwê$ñVr
~m~V n[aÑT>Vm {Q>H$dUo.
5) emgZ nÜXVrV g§gXr` nÜXV ^ŠH$_ H$aUo.
6) {ZdS>UyH$m Ý`m` d _moH$ù`m dmVmdaUmV nma nmS>Uo.
7) OZVoÀ`m ZmJar Am{U amOH$s` hŠH$m§Mo ga§jU H$aUo.
8) OZVoMo A§{V_ gmd©^m¡_Ëd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r àOmgËVmH$ amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aUo.
9) ZmJ[aH$ d
R>odUo.
KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m` nm{bHo$Mo ñdmV§Í` gwa{jV
10) XoemV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, bmoH$emhr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdmMr A§_b~OmdUr
H$aUo.
B
gaZmå`mMo _yë`_mnZ :
gaZmå`mÀ`m CÔoen{ÌHo$da H$mhr à_mUm§V Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo.
n{hbr Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo Vr Aer H$s, ^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m CÔoen{ÌHo$bm H$m`Xoera _hËd Zmhr.
H$maU Ë`mVrb gd© VËdo amÁ`mda nyU©nUo ~§YZH$maH$ ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr~m~V
Ý`m`mb`mV OmVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo hr CÔoen{ÌH$m g§{dYmZmÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm {Xbobr Agë`m_wio Vr
g§{dYmZmÀ`m ~mhoa Amho. åhUyZ Ë`mbm H$m`Xoera _hËd Zmhr.
na§Vw `m g§~§Yr CËVa gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbo Amho. Ho$edmZ§X ^maVr IQ>ë`mMm {ZH$mb XoVmZm
29
åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g§{dYmZmÀ`m _wb^yV d¡{eîQ>çmMm ~moY KoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo VgoM g§{dYmZmV {demoYZmMr
ì`már bjmV KoÊ`mgmR>r CÔoen{ÌH$m AË`§V _hËdmMr Amho. Ë`mÑîQ>rZo {Vbm g§{dYmZmMm ^mJ g_Obm
Omdm. Ë`mMà_mUo JmonmbZ {dê$ÜX _Ðmg amÁ` `m IQ>ë`mV Ý`m`_yVu _hmOZ `m§Zr ^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m
CÔoe n{ÌH$mMm AmYma KoVbm Amho.
AemàH$mao Ý`m`mb`mZo gaZmå`mMo _hËd AYmoao{IV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mbm Z¡{VH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ
_hËd Amho. ^maVmV g_mOdmXr, Y_m©VrV, H$ë`mUH$mar Am{U bmoH$m{^_wI Ago amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar amÁ`H$Ë`mªda Amho. gaZmå`mVrb C{ÕîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZH$Ë`mªMr
Amho. H$m`Xoera ÑîQ>rZo g§{dYmZmÀ`m CÔoen{ÌHo$da _`m©Xm nS>V Agë`m Var g§{dYmZmVrb EImÚm
H$b_mMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVmZm CÔoen{ÌHo$Mm AmYma KoVbm OmVmo. åhUOo amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m EImÚm H$b_mVrb
g§{X½YVm Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U dmXJ«ñV H$b_mMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r KQ>ZoMm gaZm_m Ý`m`m{Yem§Zm
_mJ©Xe©H$ R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
42 ì`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrda Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo. Y_©{ZanojVm `m eãXmMr Amdí`H$Vm nwÝhm Zì`mZo
KmbÊ`mMr JaO ZìhVr. H$maU _wb^yV A{YH$mam§V Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A§V^m©d Ho$bm Amho. AàË`jnUo
amÁ`gwÜXm Y_©{Zanoj VËdmMm Adb§~ H$aV Amho. Ë`m_wio `m Z{dZ eãXmMr Amdí`H$Vm ZìhVr. VgoM
Ý`m`mÀ`m g§H$ënZoV Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mMr ~mOy ñnîQ> Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ g_mZVm, CËnmXZmV g_mZ
dmQ>m `m JmoîQ>r Ë`mVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVmV. nwÝhm g_mOdmXr hm eãX KmbyZ ^mdr {nT>çm§da ~§YZo KmVbr AmhoV.
`mV WmoS>o VÏ` Agbo Var Vr H$mimMr Vr JaO hmoVr.
gaZmå`mÀ`m VËdm§Mm {dMma H$aVm H$mhr ~m~VrV AmnUmg An`e Ambo Amho Ago IoXmZo åhUmdo
bmJVo. gaZmå`mMr C{ÕîQ>o dmñVdmV AmUÊ`mg AmnU An`er R>abmo Amho. {deofV… Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`,
g_Vm, ~§YwVm `m VËdm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr {H$VnV à_mUmV Pmbr? `mMm {dMma hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
^maVmV ñdmV§Í` {_iyZ 62 df} Pmbr Var g_Vm àñWm{nV Pmbr Zmhr. Am[W©H$, gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm,
Xm[aÐ`, ~oH$mar, AkmZ, Y_mªYVm, OmVr`Vm, Añn¥í`Vm `m_wio g_mO nmoIabm Amho. Amåhr ^maVr`
bmoH$ `m ^mdZoMm {dga nSy>Z àm§{V`Vm, àXoedmX, ì`ŠVrJV ñnYm©, ñdmW© dmT>bm Amho. amîQ—>r`
EH$mË_VoMm àíZ AmOhr nydugmaImM VgmM Amho. Y_©, ^mfm, OmV `m§Mm dmna amOH$maUmV hmoV Amho.
amOH$maUmbm Z¡{VH$VoMo A{YîR>mZ Zgë`m_wio gd©Y_©g_^md, g_mOdmX, H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` `m JmoîQ>tZm
_yV© ñdê$n àmá Pmbo Zmhr. Voìhm g§{dYmZmMo nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z H$aÊ`mEodOr àM{bV ^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m
gaZmå`mV ñdrH$mabobr VËdo A§_bmV H$m AmUbr OmV Zmhr? `m {df`r emoY KoUo JaOoMo Amho.
B
gaZmå`mMo _hËd :
KQ>Zm H$m`Xoera ^mJ Amho H$s Zmhr `m g§Kfm©V nS>Ê`mnojm Ë`mMr Cn`wŠVVm ^maVr` amOH$s`
OrdZmV {H$Vr Amho? `mbm _hËd Amho. H$maU gaZm_m ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo VËdkmZ d {dMmagaUr `mda
30
àH$me Q>mH$Vmo. emgZH$Ë`mªZm YmoaUo AmIV AgVmZm gaZm_m hm {XnñV§^mgmaIm Amho. Zohê$§Zr 22
OmZodmar 1947 bm ¿mQ>Zm g{_VrV C{ÕîQ>m§{df`r VËdo d R>amd _m§S>bo. Ë`mbm gaZmå`mV ñWmZ XoÊ`mV
Ambo. Ýmì`m ^maVr` g_mOmMr OS>UKS>U H$er H$amdr `mMm {XemXe©H$ åhUOo gaZm_m hmo`. ^maVr`
emgZH$Ë`mªZm amÁ`H$ma^ma H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m H$m`mªMr OmUrd Oer H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo, Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr
ñdrH$mabobr YmoaUo C{MV AmhoV H$m ZmhrV ho OZVobm gaZmå`mdê$Z bjmV `oVo.
amÁ`KQ>Zm {H$Vrhr ñnîQ> Agbr Var {VMm Amím`, CÔoe, H$b_m§Mr ñnîQ>Vm Ë`mMm J{^©V AW©
g_OmdyZ ¿`md`mMm Agob Va gaZm_m Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. KQ>ZoMm AW© bmdVmZm JmonmbZ {dê$ÜX _Ðmg `m
IQ>ë`mMm {ZH$mb XoVmZm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo gaZmå`mMm AmYma KoVbm hmoVm. gaZmå`mMo _hËd ñnîQ>
H$aVmZm Ho$. E_². _wÝer {VMm CëboI ^maVr` KQ>ZoMr amOH$s` OÝ_Hw§$S>br Agm H$aVmV.
à»`mV {dMmad§V AÝñQ© ~mH©$a `m§Zr Amnë`m "Principles Of Social and Political Theory'
`m nwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZoV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMm gaZm_m {b{hbm Amho. Ë`mV Vo åhUVmV, ""OJmV ^maVr`
gaZmå`mBVH$s gw§Xa Xwgar H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> Agy eH$V Zmhr.AmVmn`ªV \$ŠV nmpíM_mË` {dMmad§Vm§Zm
dmQ>V hmoVo H$s, Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm hr Amnbr {_amgXmar Amho, Agm ^«_ hmoVm, Vmo ^maVr`m§Zr ImoSy>Z
H$mT>bm åhUyZ ^maVr` OZVoMm _bm A{^_mZ Amho.'' `mÀ`mnojm _moR>o àeñVrnÌH$ AmUIr H$moUmMo hdo
Amho.
¿mQ>Zm g{_VrMo EH$ gXñ` n§S>rV R>mHy$aXmg ^mJ©d `m§Zr gaZmå`mMo H$m¡VyH$ nwT>rb eãXmV Ho$bo
Amho, ""gaZm_m hm KQ>ZoVrb gdmªV _m¡ë`dmZ ^mJ Amho. KQ>ZoMm Vmo AmË_m Amho. ¿mQ>Zm g_OÊ`mMr
Vr Jwê${H$ëbr Amho. KQ>ZoMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`mMo Vo _hËdmMo gmYZ Amho. Amnë`m KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV
~g{dÊ`mV Ambobo Vo _m¡ë`dmZ aËZ Amho. EH$ CËH¥$îQ> eãX H$mì` Amho. `m gaZmå`mÀ`m g§X^m©V
KQ>ZoVrb gd© VaVyXtMr VnmgUr H$ê$Z KQ>Zm hr Mm§Jbr H$s dmB©Q> ho R>admdo bmJob. amîQ—>mMr KQ>ZmË_H$
{ZVr_ËVm gaZmå`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo.''
WmoS>Š`mV, gaZm_m åhUOo Ho$di ñdßZa§OZ Zìho Ë`mV ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m VËdm§Zm Am{U _yë`m§Zm
ì`mdhm[aH$ AW© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar KQ>ZmH$ma, emgH$, à{V{ZYr, OZVm `m gdmªda nS>Vo.
1.2.3 ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
B
àmñVm{dH$ :
H$moUË`mhr XoemMr amÁ`KQ>Zm hr VoWrb amOH$s` OrdZmMm _wbmYma AgVo. KQ>Zm {da{hV amÁ`
åhUOo AamOH$ hmo`. bmoH$m§À`m gwapúmV amOH$s` Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZm{df`rÀ`m Amem Am{U
AmH$m§jm§Mo EH${ÌV à{Vq~~ Á`m {Z`_m_Ü`o {XgVo, Ë`m {Z`_m§Mm g_wƒ` åhUOo amÁ`KQ>Zm hmo`.
H$moUË`mhr XoemMr amÁ`KQ>Zm Ë`m XoemMr Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, ^m¡Jmo{bH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, gm_m{OH$
31
OrdZm{df`rÀ`m n[apñWVrda AmYm[aV AgVo. Ë`m_wio àË`oH$ amÁ`KQ>ZoMr AmnUmg {^Þ-{^Þ d¡{eîQ>ço
{XgyZ `oVmV.
XoemÀ`m emgZmMr _wb^yV Mm¡H$Q> {ZpíMV H$aUmar, emgZmMo A{YH$ma Am{U OZVoMo hŠH$ ñnîQ>
H$aUmar, gwÌ~ÜX {Z`_mdbr åhUOo KQ>Zm hmo`. emgZmMo {d{dY {d^mJ, {d{Y_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i,
Ý`m`_§S>i `m§Mo nañna g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aUmar amîQ—>r`, àmXo{eH$ Am{U ñWm{ZH$ emgH$s` KQ>H$m§Mo ñdê$n
ì`ŠV H$aUmar KQ>Zm hr _wb^yV Mm¡H$Q> AgVo, nm`m^yV AmH¥${V~§Y AgVmo. A_o[aHo$Zo {b{IV
amÁ`KQ>ZoMm nm`m KmbyZ OJmnwT>o bmoH$emhr nÜXVrMm AmXe© R>odbm. naH$s` KQ>Zm§Mm AWdm Ë`mVrb
_hËdmÀ`m VaVwXtMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmZm ^maVr` B{Vhmg, na§nam, g_mO ì`dñWm, Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr
BË`mXr JmoîQ>tMm gdmª{JU {dMma H$ê$Z, H$moUVo `mo½` d A`mo½` `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambo
d Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>r ^maVr` ì`dñWobm bmJy hmoVrb Ë`m ñdrH$maë`m.
1) {b{IV d {dñV¥V amÁ`KQ>Zm
(Written And Biggest Constitution)
^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm OJmVrb gdm©V {b{IV d _moR>r amÁ`KQ>Zm Amho. `m amÁ`KQ>ZoV 395 H$b_o
AmhoV. KQ>Zobm 12 n[a{eîQ>o OmoS>Ê`mV Ambr AmhoV. (gÜ`m 14 AmhoV.) 395 H$b_o AgyZ Vr 22
{d^mJm§V {d^mJyZ XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. (gÜ`m 444 H$b_o AmhoV.)
BVa Xoem§À`m g§{dYmZmMr VwbZm H$aVm ^maVr` g§{dYmZ {H$Vr {dñV¥V Amho `mMr H$ënZm `oVo.
A_o[aHo$À`m _yi amÁ`KQ>ZoV \$ŠV 7 H$b_o AmhoV. Am°ñQ—>o{b`mÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV 128 H$b_o AmhoV. H°$ZS>m
147, X{jU Am{\«$H$m 153, MrZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV 106 H$b_o AmhoV. ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo{df`r ga
Am`ìha OoqZJZo Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm {dñV¥V d pŠbîQ> Amho.'' " "The indian
Constitution is length-detailed and rigid.'' `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoVmZm EM². nr. e_m© åhUVmV,
""^maVr` _moR>m ^y^mJ, OQ>rb d Jw§VmJw§VrMr n[apñWVr, ^maVr` OZVoMr amOZ¡{VH$ g_O H$_r búmmV
KoVm g§{dYmZ H$Ë`mªZr àË`oH$ JmoîQ> ñnîQ>nUo gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$obm Am{U H$moUVmhr YmoH$m nËH$aÊ`mMo
Q>mibo. Ë`m_wioM ^maVmMo g§{dYmZ gImob [dñV¥V hmoV Jobo.'' ^maVr` g§{dYmZ {dñV¥V hmoÊ`mMr
H$maUoA) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü`o H|$Ð d KQ>H$ gaH$maÀ`m emgZì`dñWoMm {dñV¥V Vnerb {Xbm Amho.
Am°ñQ—>o{b`m d A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV \$ŠV g§KmË_H$ emgZ ì`ìmñWoMm Vnerb {Xbm Amho.
~) Am`bªS> Xoe gmoS>bm Va H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m g§{dYmZmV amÁ`mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mm CëboI
Zmhr. ^maVmÀ`m KQ>ZoV _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Mr g{dñVa MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
H$) g§{dYmZmV _hmboIm n[ajH$, bmoH$godm Am`moJ, {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ, Am[W©H$ Am`moJ, ^mfm
Am`moJ, BË`mXtMm g{dñVa {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
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S>) g§KamÁ` emgZ ì`dñWoMr Vnerbdma MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. H|$Ð - KQ>H$ gËVm dmQ>n,
H|$Ð d ¿mQ>H$ amÁ` `m§À`mVrb nañna g§~§Y {dñV¥VnUo ñnîQ> Ho$bo AmhoV.
B) ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {Xbobo _wb^yV hŠH$ d Ë`mdarb _`m©Xm, ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mr H$V©ì`o
`m§Mm ñdV§Ì CëboI Ho$bm Amho.
\$) amîQ—>nVtÀ`m g§H$Q>H$mbrZ A{YH$mam§Mo {dñV¥V dU©Z amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ho$bo Amho.
J) emgZg§ñWoÀ`m _wb^yV VËdm~amo~aM AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àemgZ {df`H$ Vnerbhr XoÊ`mV Ambm
Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Ë`m§Zr H$moUVrhr JmoîQ> ê$T>r qH$dm na§nam `m AmYmamda gmoS>Ê`mMr BÀN>m
ZìhVr. àË`oH$mbm g§{dYmZmMm AW© g_mOmdm `mM CÔoemZo KQ>Zm g{dñVa {b{hbr. KQ>Zm g{dñVa
hmoÊ`mMr _r_m§gm H$aVmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, ""^maV ^y_r _wbV… AàOmVm§{Ì` Amho. Varhr Amåhr
àOmV§Ì emgZ ñdrH$mamdo, Aem n[apñWVrV àemgZmMr ê$naofm R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$m`Xo_§S>img Z
XoVm amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ë`mMm {dñV¥V {dMma H$amdm, H$s OoUoH$ê$Z ì`ŠVr ñdmV§Í`mMm g§H$moM hmoUma Zmhr. Aer
JmoîQ> H$aUo hoM ehmUnUmMo H¥$Ë` hmo`.''
2) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm A§eV… n[aÑT> d A§eV… n[adV©Zr`
(Combination Of Rigid and
Flexible Constitution) :
gqdYmZ Xwê$ñVrÀ`m nÜXVrZwgma g§{dYmZmMo n[adV©Zr` Am{U n[aÑT> Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV, Ago
bm°S>© ~«mh©g `m§Zo gm§{JVbo Amho. Á`m g§{dYmZmbV gmÜ`m d gmoß`m nÜXVrZo KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr hmoVo Ë`mg
n[adV©Zr` g§{dYmZ Ago åhUVmV. CXm. B§½b§S>. Á`m g§{dYmZmV KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr H$aVmZm H$R>rU _mJmªMm
Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`mg n[aÑT> g§{dYmZ Ago åhUVmV. CXm. A_o[aH$m.
H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm nyU© {dMmam§Vr ~Zdbr Jobr Agbr Var amîQ—>mMm ^{dî`H$mbrZ XyaÀ`m Q>ßß`m§V
amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ OrdZmV H$moUË`m g_ñ`m Cä`m amhUma AmhoV, `mMr OmUrd H$moUË`mhr
KQ>Zm H$Ë`mªZm ZgVo. _J Vo {H$Vrhr {dÛmZ AgmoV. H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm e§^a Q>ŠHo$ emídV Agy eH$V Zmhr.
ho ^maVr` KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr gwknUo AmoiIbo Agë`m_wio KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr à{H«$`oV n[adV©Zr` d n[aÑT>Vm `m
CËH¥$îR> g_Ýd` gmYbm Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 368 ì`m H$b_mZwgma VrZ nÜXVrZo KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr
hmoVo.
A) gmYo ~hþ_V : XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m CnpñWVrV Am{U _VXmZ H$aUmè`m g^mgXm§À`m ~hþ_VmZo
{dYo`H$ _§Oya hmoVo. CXm. KQ>H$amÁ`m§Mo Zmd ~XbUo, H|$Ðem{fV àXoem§Zm KQ>H$amÁ`mMm XOm© XoUo, H|$Ð d
amÁ` gaH$maMr A{YH¥$V ^mfm qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrb {dYmZ n[afX gwê$ H$aUo qH$dm ~§X H$aUo Aem
KQ>Zm Xwê$ñË`m gmÜ`m nÜXVrZo hmoVmV.
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~r.E. ^mJ-1/amÁ`emó ....3
~) {deof ~hþ_V : g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm_Ü`o 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo g§{dYmZmVrb H$mhr {d{eîQ
H$b_mV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUbm OmVmo. CXm. _wb^yV hŠH$, amÁ`mMr {ZVrXe©H$ VËdo.
H$) {deof ~hþ_V d KQ>H$ amÁ`mMr _mÝ`Vm : g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm_Ü`o 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo
Am{U {Zåå`mnojm A{YH$ KQ>H$amÁ` {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m nmR>tã`mZo g§{dYmZmVrb H$mhr {d{eîQ> H$b_m§V
~Xb Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. amîQ—>nVtMr {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr, H|$Ð d amÁ` g§~§Y, H|$Xr` H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMo
A{YH$ma.
darbà_mUo KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr {dYo`H$ g§_V Pmë`mda amîQ—>nVtMr ñdmjar Pmbr H$s KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrMr
à{H«$`m nyU© hmoVo. AÝ` g§KamÁ` aMZm AgUmè`m amÁ`m§À`m VwbZoV ^maVr` g§{dYmZmVrb KQ>Zm
Xwê$ñVrMr à{H«$`m gmonr Amho Ago åhUmdo bmJob. CXm. A_o[aHo$À`m g§{dYmZmV gww_mao 200 dfm©_Ü`o
Ho$di 27 doim KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr hmody eH$br. ^maVmV AmVmn`ªV 118 doim KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr {dYo`H$ _§Oya
Pmbo. g§{dYmZmVrb g§KmË_H$ g§aMZoer g§~§{YV H$b_mV ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr à{H«$`m _mÌ H$R>rU
Amho. H$maU Ë`mgmR>r {Zåå`mnojm A{YH$ KQ>H$ amÁ` {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m g§_VrMr JaO Amho. åhUyZ ^maVr`
g§{dYmZ A§eV… n[adV©Zr` d A§eV… n[aÑT> Ago åhUVm `oVo. KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrMr A{^Zd nÜXVr ho
^maVr` g§{dYmZmMo EH$ d¡{eîQ²>ço Amho.
3) g§gXr` emgZ n«Umbr
(Parliamentary Government)
{~«Q>re emgZ nÜXVrdê$Z ^maVmV g§gXr` nÜXVrMo \$ŠV AZwH$aU Ho$bo Zmhr. H$maU {~«Q>re
H$mimV 1909, 1919 d 1935 À`m amOH$s` gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmZo g§gXr` nÜXVrMm nm`m AJmoXa KmVbm
Jobm hmoVm. g§gXr` nÜXVr ^maVr` ì`dñWobm A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>ê$ eH$Vo Aem {ZîH$fm©àV ^maVr`
KQ>ZmH$ma Ambo hmoVo. åhUyZ g§gXr` nÜXV ñdrH$maÊ`mMm {ZU©` Ë`m§Zr KoVbm.
g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVrMo _hËdmMo d¡{eîQ²` Ago H$s, H$m`©H$mar _§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr H$m`Xo_§S>imVyZ
hmoVo. H$m`©H$mar _§S>i H$m`Xo_§S>imbm gm_w{hH$[aË`m O~m~Xma AgVo. Amnë`m XoemVhr H$m`Xo_§S>imVyZ
_§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>imMo bmoH$g^m (H${ZîR>) `m J¥hmVyZ ~hþ_Vdmë`m njmMm
qH$dm AmKmS>rMm ZoVm n§VàYmZ hmoVmo Am{U n§VàYmZ Am{U Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i gm_w{hH$[aË`m bmoH$g^og
O~m~Xma AgVo. ^maVmMr Iar gËVm n§VàYmZ d Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©H$mar _§S>imÀ`m hmVmV AgVo. ^maVr`
KQ>ZoZo amîQ—>nVrbm EHy$U A{YH$ma {Xbo Agbo Var Vmo Zm_Ymar (KQ>ZmË_H$) à_wI AgVmo. Ë`mZo Amnë`m
A{YH$mam§Mm dmna n§VàYmZ d _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m gëë`mZo H$amd`mMm AgVmo. 42 ì`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo
_§Ìr_§S>imMm gëbm amîQ—>nVrda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV, bmoH$g^obm O~m~Xma Agboë`m _§Ìr_§S>imÀ`m hmVrM amîQ—>mÀ`m H$m`©H$mar gËVoMr gd©
gyÌo XoÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. KQ>H$amÁ`mV gwÜXm amÁ`nmb hm KQ>ZmË_H$ (Zm_Ymar) à_wI d _w»`_§Ìr hm
dmñV{dH$ à_wI åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV. _w»`_§Ìr d Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i {dYmZg^obm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m`©
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H$aVmV. åhUOoM _§Ìr_§S>i H$m`Xo_§S>imbm O~m~Xma, H$m`Xo_§S>i OZVobm O~m~Xma AgVo. åhUyZ
g§gXr` nÜXVrbm O~m~Xma emgZnÜXVr Ago n§S>rV Odmha Zohê$§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. `mdê$Z ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo
g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoV g§gXr` emgZnÜXVrMo Z{dZ AmH¥$Vr~§Y `eñdr ~Zdbm Amho. Vo EH$ AmXe© _m°S>ob
åhUyZ OJ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nmhVo.
4) g§gXoMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd :
^maVmV g§gX d g§KamÁ` nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm Amho. g§KamÁ` nÜXVr_wio amÁ`KQ>ZoMo loîR>Ëd
àñWm{nV Ho$bo Amho. amÁ`KQ>Zm g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mda gmondbr Amho. Ë`m_wio
Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma Ý`m`mb`mg ~hmb Ho$bm Amho. na§Vw gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm A{YH$ma
_`m©{XV ñdê$nmMm Amho. H$maU gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mbm g§gXoZo _§Oya Ho$bobm H$m`Xm KQ>Zm~mø Kmo{fV
H$aÊ`mV A{YH$ma Agbm Var g§gXobm gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo A{YH$ma _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mMr gËVm
gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV g§gXoMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd Am{U Ý`m`mb`mMo loîR>Ëd `mMm g_Ýd`
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
5) EH$mË_VoH$S>o PyH$bobo g§KamÁ` :
^maVmMm AmH$ma Am{U bmoH$g§»`m _moR>r Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a ^mfm, Y_©, `m gd© {d{dYVoMo OVZ
H$amd`mMo Agob Va g§KamÁ` emgZnÜXVr ñdrH$maÊ`m{edm` n`m©` ZìhVm Am{U {~«Q>re H$mimV àm§{VH$
nÜXVr hmoVr. àm§VrH$ nÜXVrVyZ g§KmË_H$ bmoH$emhrMo à{ejU ^maVr`m§Zm àmá Pmbo hmoVo.
^maVr` amÁ`ì`dñWoV g§KmË_H$ nÜXVrMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>o AmT>iyZ `oVmV. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV
Hw$R>ohr g§KamÁ` Agm eãX Zmhr, Va India amÁ`mMm g§K Aem eãX Amho. Ago AgboVar ^maVr`
amÁ`KQ>ZoV g§KmË_H$ nÜXVrMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ²`o AmT>iyZ `oVmV, Ë`mdê$Z ^maV g§KamÁ` Amho Ago åhQ>bo
OmVo.
1) {b{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm : g§KamÁ` nÜXVrV H|$Ð d KQ>H$m§Mo A{YH$ma, ZmJarH$ hŠH$ {ZpíMV
Pmbobo AgVmV. H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`_§S>i `m§Mr joÌ {ZpíMV AgVmV. {b{IV KQ>Zo_wio
KQ>H$m§Mo A{YH$ma d ñdm`VVm gwa{jV amhVo.
2) Xwhoar emgZ g§ñWm : g§KmË_H$ aMZoV Xwhoar emgZ ì`dñWm AgVo. ^maVmV H|$ÐmMr emgZ
ì`dñWm d KQ>H$ amÁ`mMr emgZì`dñWm ñdV§Ì Amho.
3) gËVm {d^mOZ : ^maVmV H|$Ð gaH$ma d KQ>a amÁ` `m§À`m A{YH$mam§Mr {d^mJUr Pmbr
Amho. KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZwgma gÜ`m H|$Ðr` `mXrV 99 {df` AmhoV. amÁ` `mXrV 61 {df` AmhoV d
gm_m{`H$ `mXrV 52 {df` AmhoV.
4) gdm}ƒ d ñdV§Ì Ý`m`mb` : ZmJar hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU Am{U H|$Ð d KQ>H$ gaH$ma `m§À`mVrb
dmX {_Q>{dÊ`mg gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. åhUyZ ^maV g§KamÁ` Amho Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
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Aem àH$maMr g§KamÁ`mMr d¡{eîQ²`o ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV {XgV Agbr Var àË`jmV EH$mË_H$
amÁ`mMr d¡{eîQ²`o OmñV AmhoV. ^maVr` KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr g§KemgZmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. KQ>H$m§Zm ñdmV§Í` d
A{YH$ma {Xbo Agbo Var H|$Ðmbm BVHo$ ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma Agë`m_wio g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$nM ~XbyZ Jobo
Amho. gËVm {d^mOZmV _hËdmMo {df` H|$Ðmbm {Xbo AmhoV Am{U eof A{YH$ma gwÜXmbm H|$Ðmbm {Xbo
AmhoV. gm_m{`H$ gyMrVrb {df`m§~m~V XmoKm§Zrhr EH$mM {df`mV H$m`Xm Ho$bm Va H|$ÐmMm H$m`Xm J«mø
Yabm OmVmo. amÁ`gyMrVrb {df`m§~m~V amÁ`g^oV 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo R>amd nmg Ho$bm H$s H|$ÐmZo amÁ`gyMrVrb
{df`m§~m~V H$m`Xm H$amdm Va H|$Ð amÁ`gyMrVrb {df`m~m~V Xwgam H$m`Xm H$ê$ eH$Vo. A{YH$mam§~m~V
H|$Ðmbm A{YH$ A{YH$ma AmhoV.
`m{edm` AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV g§KamÁ`mMo ñdê$n EH$mË_ amÁ`mV hmoV AgVo. amÁ`KQ>Zm H$b_
356 Zwgma KQ>ZmË_H$ amÁ``§ÌUm H$mogië`mg amîQ—>nVr g§~§YrV KQ>H$amÁ`mVrb gËVm H|$Ð gaH$maH$S>o
OmVo. Ë`mMà_mUo KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Zm doJir KQ>Zm Zmhr. Amnë`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$ËdmMm ñdrH$ma
Ho$bm Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m darb gd© VaVyXr§À`m AmYmao AmnU Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vmo H$s, dada nmhVm hr KQ>Zm
g§KmË_H$ ñdê$nmMr {XgV Agbr Var àË`jmV Vr EH$mË_ ñdê$nmMr Amho. {VMm T>mMm g§KamÁ`
nÜXVrMm Agbm Var AmË_m EH$mË_ nÜXVrMm Amho.
5) gmd©^m¡_ g_mOdmXr Y_m©VrV bmoH$emhr àOmgËVmH$mMr {Z{_©Vr :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mV ^maV ho gmd©^m¡_, g_mOdmXr, Y_m©VrV, bmoH$emhr, JUamÁ`
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambobo Amho. ^maV hm naH$s` gËVonmgyZ _wŠV hmodyZ Am§VaamîQ—>r`.amOH$maUmV
EH$ ñdV§Ì amîQ—> Amho. ñdV… {ZU©` KoÊ`mg ñdV§Ì Amho, hm gmd©^m¡_ `m eãXmVyZ AW© Üd{ZV hmoVmo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Amnë`m XoemgmR>r emgZg§ñWoMm àH$ma åhUyZ bmoH$emhr VËdmMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho.
emgZH$V©o {ZdS>Ê`mMm, Ë`m§À`mda {Z`§ÌU R>odÊ`mMm, Ë`m§Zm ~XbÊ`mMm nyU© A{YH$ma ^maVr` OZVobm
Amho. åhUOo `m XoemMr A§{V_ Am{U gdm}ƒ gËVm OZVoÀ`m hmVr amhrb. Ë`mM~amo~a àOmgËVH$mMr
ñWmnZm H$ê$Z `m XoemMm amÁ`à_wI hm bmoH${Z`wŠV Agob. Aer VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
1976 À`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo ^maV ho g_mOdmXr d Y_m©VrV amÁ` Agë`mMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo Amho.
g_mOmVrb gm_mÝ` OZVobm amîQ—>r` CËnÞmVrb `mo½` Am{U Ý`m` dmQ>m {_imdm åhUyZ g_mOdmXmMm
ñdrH$ma KQ>ZoZo Ho$bm Amho. KQ>ZoZo g_mOdmXmMo C{ÕîR> _mÝ` Ho$bo Agbo Var 1980 Z§Va _wŠV
AW©ì`dñWm, ^m§S>dbemhr, OmJ{VH$sH$aU `m gma»`m ~m~tMm ñdrH$ma ^maVr` àemgZmV gwê$ Pmbm
Amho. Var gwÜXm "Am_AmX_r' gm_mÝ` _mUyg H|$Ðq~Xy J¥hrV Yê$Z emgZmg YmoaUo AmImdr bmJV
AmhoV. KQ>ZoZo Üm_m©VrV hm eãX dmnê$Z emgZmMm ñdV…Mm Y_© AgUma Zmhr. emgZ H$moUË`mhr Y_m©V
hñVjon H$aUma Zmhr. àË`oH$mbm ñdV…À`m Y_m©à_mUo dmJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agob. _mÌ `m ñdmV§Í`mMm
Cn^moJ KoVmZm _mÌ gmd©O{ZH$ gwa{jVVm, em§VVm, {ZVr_ËVm `m§Zm ~mYm `ody Z`o `mMr H$miOr KoUo.
36
6) _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe :
^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m 3 è`m ^mJm_Ü`o H$b_ 13 Vo 35 _Ü`o ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mo _yb^yV hŠH$ {Xbo
AmhoV. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ZmJ[aH$m§Zm nwT>rb ghm àH$maMo _wb^yV hŠH$ {Xbobo AmhoV.
A) g_VoMm hŠH$, ~) ñdmV§Í`mMm hŠH$, H$) {nidUyH$ {damoYr hŠH$, S>) Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm
hŠH$, B) gm§ñH¥${VH$ d e¡j{UH$ hŠH$, \$) KQ>ZmË_H$ Cnm``moOZoMm hŠH$. _wi amÁ`KQ>ZoV gmV _wb^yV
hŠH$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm hmoVm. na§Vw 1978 À`m 44 ì`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo g§nËVr {_i{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma
_wb^yV hŠH$mÀ`m `mXrVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm.
2002 À`m 86 ì`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZwgma _mo\$V d gŠVrMo {ejU hm 6 Vo 14 df} d`moJQ>mVrb
~mbH$m§Mm _wb^yV hŠH$ R>abm AgyZ Vr amÁ`mMr O~m~Xmar R>abr Amho.
_wb^yV hŠH$m§Zm H$m`ÚmMo nmR>~i Amho. EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m _wb^yV hŠH$m§da emgZ qH$dm AÝ`
ì`ŠVrMo ~§YZ qH$dm Vr A{VH«$_U H$aV Amë`mg g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrbm Ë`m{dê$ÜX Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm
`oVo. Ë`m_wio H$moUVohr emgZ qH$dm ì`ŠVr ZmJ[aH$m§Mo hŠH$ {hamdyZ Kody eH$V Zmhr. ì`ŠVrÀ`m gdmª{JU
{dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U bmoH$emhr ì`dñWoÀ`m ajUmgmR>r ì`ŠVrbm H$mhr hŠH$ {_idUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hm
CÔoe g\$b hmoÊ`mgmR>r _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mm KQ>ZoV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. AmUr~mUrÀ`m H$mimV
_wb^yV hŠH$ Cn^moJVm `oV ZmhrV.
7) amÁ`mMr {ZVrXe©H$ ËmËdo :
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV _wb^yV hŠH$m§~amo~a amÁ`mÀ`m {ZVrXe©H$ VËdm§Mmhr g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. emgZ
g§ñWoZo YmoaUm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aV AgVmZm H$moUË`m VËdm§Mm Adb§~ H$amdm, `mg§~§Yr emgZmg
_mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmar VËd åhUOo {ZVrXe©H$ VËdo hmo`. amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mV Or AmídmgZo, ^maVr`
OZVobm {Xbr AmhoV. Ë`mMr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZmMr Amho. {deofV… Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$,
amOH$s` Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo, g_VoMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo, Am§VaamîQ—>r` amOH$maUmV em§VVm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo, gËVm Am{U Am{W©H$ ~m~tMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU H$aUo, ZmJ[aH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ, Amamo½`
gwYmaÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
Ago Agbo Var amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUm§Mr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo emgZmda ~§YZH$maH$ ZmhrV. emgZmZo `m
VËdmMo nmbZ Ho$bo Zmhr Var Ë`m{dê$ÜX Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm `oV Zmhr. `mMm AW© H$m`Xo{ea ÑîQ>çm
_mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm _hËd Zmhr. Aem ñdê$nmMr Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo. nU 1976 gmbr 42 ì`m KQ>Zm
Xwê$ñVrZo _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdm§Zm _wb^yV A{YH$mam§nojm OmñV _hËd {Xbo Amho. VgoM hr VËdo KQ>ZoV g_m{dîQ>
Ho$br Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m nmbZmMr Z¡{VH$ O~m~Xmar emgZmMr Amho. emgZmZo Vr ñdrH$mabr ZmhrV Va
OZVm emgZmbm ({ZdS>UyH$s_Ü`o) X§S>rV H$ê$ eH$Vo.
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8) àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma :
^maVmZo àm{V{Z{YH$ bmoH$emhr nÜXVr ñdrH$maë`m_wio àË`oH$ àm¡T> ñÌr-nwê$fm§Zm _Vm§Mm A{YH$ma
XoUo H«$_àmá Amho. {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV ^maVr`m§Zm _VmXmZmMm A{YH$ma _`m©{XV ñdê$nmV {Xbobm hmoVm.
1919 À`m H$m`ÚmZo 3% Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo 14%
bmoH$m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va 21 df} nyU© AgUmè`m àË`oH$ ^maVr` ñÌr-nwê$fm§Zm
_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xbm Amho. 1952 À`m n{hë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sV 17 H$moQ>r 60 bj ^maVr`m§Zm
_VXmZmMm A{YH$ma hmoVm. 1989 _Ü`o 61 dr KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrH$ê$Z d`mMr 18 df} nyU© AgUmè`m ñÌrnwê$fm§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ~hmb Ho$bm Amho.
KQ>Zm g{_Vrg_moa ^mfU H$aVmZm S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamg§~§Yr åhUmbo, ""`m g§{dYmZmÛmao
Amåhr _moR>r CS>r _mabr Amho Am{U Vr åhUOo àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamMr. `mnwT>o 16 H$moQ>r bmoH$m§Zm _VXmZmMm
A{YH$ma àmá hmoB©b. BVŠ`m _VXmam§gh {ZdS>UyH$m KoÊ`mMo CXmhaU OJmÀ`m nmR>rda H$moR>ohr gmnS>Uma
Zmhr.'' AmO OJmV BboŠQ—>rH$ nÜXVrZwgma _VXmZ KoUmam ^maVM EH$_od Xoe Amho. AmO OJmV
bmoH$emhr nÜXVrMm gdmªV _moR>m Xoe ^maVM Amho. àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmZm KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr
gd©gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§À`m {ZU©`eŠVrda d gwOmUnUmda Q>mH$bobm {dídmg ^maVr` bmoH$m§Zr {ZpíMVM gmW©
R>a{dbm Amho.
9) ñdV§Ì d EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWm :
^maVr` KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ^maVr` Ý`m`mb`mMr aMZm ñdrH$maVmZm H|$ÐmMo doJio d KQ>H$m§Mo doJio Aer
Xwhoar ì`dñWm ñdrH$mabr Zmhr. VmbwH$m Ý`m`mb`mZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m_m\©$V EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWoMr aMZm
ñdrH$mabr Amho. Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m gdm}ƒ ñWmZr gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Amho. {XdmUr-\$m¡ÁmXmar Xmì`m§~m~V
A§{V_ {ZH$mb XoÊ`mMo H$m_ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` H$aV AgVo. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobo {ZU©` A{^boI
{ZU©` g_Obo OmVmV. ^maVmÀ`m BVa gd© Ý`m`mb`mda Vo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmV. KQ>H$m§Mr ñdm`VVm,
ZmJ[aH$m§Mo hŠH$, Ë`mÀ`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mda Amho. Ý`m`_§S>imMo nm{dÍ`
amIÊ`mMm à`ËZ ^maVr` KQ>ZoZo Ho$bm Amho.
10) Ý`m`mb`mMo ñdmV§Í` :
^maVr` Ý`m`mb`o ñdV§Ì AmhoV. VQ>ñW, A{bá AmhoV. Ý`m`m{Yem§Zr gX²{ddoH$ ~wÜXrZwgma {ZU©`
¿`mdm, Aer VaVyX Ho$br Amho. Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZU©`mda Q>rH$m {Q>ßmÊUr H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`mMo ñdm§VÍ`
A~m{YV R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo Ho$bm Amho. Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z`wŠVr nÜXVr, AmH$f©H$ nJma,
àXrK© godm Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i `m§À`m {Z`§ÌUmnmgyZ Ë`mZm _wŠV R>odbo Amho. KQ>ZoMm AW©
bmdUo, Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$Z, Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`Vm Aer O~m~Xmar Ý`m`mb`mda Agë`mZo ho ñdmV§Í`
Amdí`H$ R>abo Amho. bmoH$emhr nÜXVrV Ý`m`mb`mMo ñdmV§Í`, A{báVm {Q>H$dUo, bmoH$emhr ajUm
H$[aVm Amdí`H$ Amho.
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11) AmUr~mUrMr VaVwX :
^maVr` KQ>ZoZo Zoh_rÀ`m em§VVm_` d gm_mÝ` n[apñWVrV g§KamÁ` nÜXVr d g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVr
`m H$m`©aV amhVrb `m ÑîQ>rZo g_J« VaVyXr Ho$ë`m AmhoV. na§Vw amîQ—>mda naH$s` AmH«$_U, `wÜX qH$dm
AV§J©V geñÌ ~§S>mir `m_wio amîQ—>mMo gmd©^m¡_ YmoŠ`mV Ambo. Va amîQ—>r` AmUr~mUr Kmo{fV H$ê$Z gd©
gËVm H|$ÐmÀ`m hmVr XoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amîQ—>nVtZm {Xbo AmhoV. `m H$mimV g§KamÁ`mMo EH$mË_ amÁ`mV
ê$nm§Va hmoVo. VgoM KQ>H$mMm H$ma^ma KQ>Zoà_mUo MmbV Zgob Va amîQ—>nVr g§~§{YV KQ>H$ amÁ`mV
AmUr~mUr nwH$mê$Z gd© H$ma^ma amîQ—>nVrÀ`m _m\©$V qH$dm amîQ—>nVrZo {Z`wŠV Ho$boë`m ì`ŠVr_m\©$V
MmbVmo. VgoM XoemMr Am{W©H$ nV Kgabr Va XoemgmR>r Am{W©H$ AmUr~mUr ¿mmo{fV H$ê$ eH$VmV.
12) EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd :
A_o[aH$m, pñdËPbªS> _Ü`o H|$ÐmMo d KQ>H$mMo Xwhoar ZmJ[aH$Ëd Amho. ^maVmV _mÌ gdmªgmR>r EH$M
ZmJ[aH$Ëd {Xbo Amho. gdmªZm ZmJarH$ hŠH$ d H$V©ì`o Am{U H$m`ÚmnwT>o g_mZ _mZbo Amho. Xwhoar
ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr g§H$ënZm ñdrH$mabr AgVr Va XwhrMr ^mdZm dmT>rg bmJbr AgVr. åhUyZ KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr
Xwhoar ZmJ[aH$ËdmMr g§H$ënZm Q>mibr. g§KamÁ` d KQ>H$ amÁ` `m§À`mgmR>r EH$M amÁ`KQ>Zm, EH$M ÜdO,
EHo$ar ZmJ[aH$Ëd ho ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr _hËdmMr d¡{eîQ²`o AmhoV.
13) ^mfm{df`H$ VaVyXr :
^maVmV AZoH$ ^mfm ~mobë`m OmVmV. ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^mfodê$Z Am§XmobZo Pmbr AmhoV.
AmOhr ^mfmdmX hm H$irMm _wÔm ~Zbm Amho. KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm ^mfo{df`H$ OmU hmoVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr
A{YH¥$V ^mfo{df`rMr VaVyX amÁ`KQ>ZoV Z_yX H$ê$Z R>odbr. Ë`mZwgma XodZmJar {bnrVrb qhXr hr
^maVmMr amîQ—>^mfm R>a{dÊ`mV Ambr. qhXr gmo~V g§nH$m©Mr ^mfm åhUyZ B§J«OrMm dmna H$aÊ`mghr
nadmJZr XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a àm§Vm§_Ü`o ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ~mobë`m OmUmè`m ^mfobm
amÁ`^mfoMm XOm© XoÊ`mV Ambm. _yi amÁ`KQ>ZoV 15 àm§V ^mfm§Zm amÁm^mfm Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
AmVm Ë`mMr g§»`m 18 Pmbr Amho.
14) _mJmgdJu`m§Zm d Aëng§»`m§H$ g_mOmbm Img gdbVr :
^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ aMZoV Aëng§»`m§H$ Am{U _mJmgdJu` JQ> {XgyZ `oVmV. _mJmgdJu` d
Aëng§»`m§H$ JQ> ~hþg§»`mH$m§À`m AË`mMmambm ~ir nSy> Z`o, Ë`m§À`m {hVg§~§Ym§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r
amÁ`KQ>ZoV {deof ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. amÁ`KQ>ZoV AZwgy{MV OmVr O_mVtÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm gaH$mar
ZmoH$è`m g§gX d BVa joÌmV AmajU XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. _wi KQ>ZoV 10 dfm©gmR>r VaVyX hmoVr. na§Vw
Vr _mÌ 10 dfmªZr dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambr. n[aUm_V… AmOhr AmajU YmoaU bmJy Amho. _mJmg g_mOYmaH$m§Zm
{Xboë`m `m gdbVr_wio gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mg H$mhr A§er _XV Pmbr Amho.
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15) KQ>ZoMr _wb^yV Mm¡H$Q> :
AbrH$S>rb H$mimV gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo H$mhr _hËdnyU© {ZU©` {Xbo AmhoV d ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo
_hËd AYmoao{IV Ho$bo Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMm Jm^m _wb^yV Mm¡H$Q> Hw$Umbmhr ~XbVm `oUma Zmhr ho
ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho. 24 E[àb 1973 _Ü`o Ho$edmZ§X IQ>ë`mV Ý`m`mb` åhUVo, ""^maVr` g§gX H$b_
368 H$b_mÝd`o ^maVr` KQ>ZoV ~Xb H$ê$ eH$Vo, nU _wb^yV Mm¡H$Q> ~Xb H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.'' AgmM
{ZU©` 1980 _Ü`o {_Z©dm {_bÀ`m IQ>ë`mV {Xbm hmoVm. ^maVr` KQ>ZoÀ`m _wb^yV Mm¡H$Q>rV nwT>rb
JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe Ho$bm hmoVm.
1) ZmJ[aH$m§Mo _wb^yV A{YH$ma,
2) KQ>ZoMo bmoH$emhr Mm¡H$Q>
3) ¿mQ>ZoMo Y_©{Zanoj ñdê$n
4) àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamÀ`m {ZH$fmda {ZdS>UyH$m
5) Ý`m`mb`mMo ñdmV§Í` d nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmMm A{YH$ma
6) g§gXr` nÜXVr d OZVoMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd
`m JmoîQ>r KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV g_m{dîQ> Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zobm _hËd AZÝ`gmYmaU
àmá Pmbo Amho.
16) {d{dY Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>Zm§Mm à^md :
^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zodma {d{dY Xoem§À`m amÁ`KQ>Zm§Mm à^md nS>bm Amho. OJmVrb amÁ`KQ>ZoV Á`m
VaVyXr Mm§Jë`m dmQ>ë`m Ë`m VaVyXr ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. {~«Q>re amÁ`KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z
g§gXr` nÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. g§K emgZmVrb gËVm {d^mOZ, eof A{YH$ma H|$Ðmbm ho H°$ZS>mÀ`m
amÁ`KQ>Zodê$Z ñdrH$mabo. gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mg {_imboë`m Ý`m`mb`rZ nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmÀmm A{YH$ma A_o[aH$Z
amÁ`KQ>Zodê$Z KoVbm Amho. amÁ`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo Am`[ae KQ>Zodê$Z ñdrH$mabr AmhoV. A_o[aH$Z
ñdmV§Í` `wÕmMm OmhraZm_m d \«$mÝgÀ`m OZVoZo {_idbobr ñdmV§Í`mMr gZX `mdê$Z _wb^yV hŠH$m§Mr
g§H$ënZm ñdrH$mabr. Amnbr KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrMr nÜXV X{jU Am[\«$Ho$À`m KQ>Zodê$Z KoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
amîQ—>nVtMo AmUr~mUr{df`H$ A{YH$ma O_©ZrÀ`m dm`_a amÁ`KQ>Zodê$Z ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
g§KamÁ`mË_H$ nÜXVrMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`¿mQ>ZoH$Sy>Z {_imbobr XoUJr Amho.
AemàH$mao OJmVrb H$mhr Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>tMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Agë`m_wio H$mhtZr Ë`mÀ`mda Q>rH$m
gwÜXm Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§Zr ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zobm AZoH$ dñÌm§Mo VwH$S>o EH$Ì H$ê$Z OmoS>bobr JmoYS>r Mr
Cn_m {Xbr Amho. na§Vw hr Q>rH$m EH$m§Jr Amho. AZoH$ Xoem§À`mH$Sy>Z Mm§Jë`m JmoîQ>r ñdrH$maVmZm
40
KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Amnë`m XoemMr n[apñWVr d JaOm `mMm {dMma Ho$bm. `oWrb n[apñWVrbm AZwê$n hmoVrb
AemM JmoîQ>r `mo½` Vmo ~Xb H$ê$Z ñdrH$maë`m AmhoV.
17) OZVoMo ñmmd©^m¡_Ëd :
"bmoH$m§Mr gmd©^m¡_gËVm' hm àOmV§Ì nÜXVrMo _hËdnyU© d¡{eîQ²` Amho. Á`m emgZ nÜXVrV gdm©oƒ
gËVm EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m qH$dm ì`ŠVr g_whmÀ`m hmVr gmondbr ZgyZ gËVm OZVoH$S>o gmon{dbr OmVo, Aem
emgZnÜXVrbm OZVoMr gmd©^m¡_ gËVm Ago åhUVmV.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo A§{V_ gËVm OZVoH$S>o gmon{dbr Amho. ^maVr` g§{dYmZ KQ>Zm g{_VrÛmao V`ma
Ho$bo. KQ>Zm g{_VrVrb g^mgX bmoH$m§Zr {ZdS>bo ZìhVo. Varhr EH$m R>amdmÛmao KQ>Zm g{_VrMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd
_mÝ` Ho$boo. KQ>Zm g{_VrZo KQ>Zm V`ma H$aÊ`mMo d _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMo lo` ^maVr` OZVobm {Xbo. KQ>ZoÀ`m
gaZmå`mV CëboI Ho$bm H$s, ""Amåhr ^maVr` OZVm ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡_ àOmgËVmH$ JUamÁ` {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMo 26/11/1949 amoOr Vr _mÝ` d ñdrH¥$V H$aV AmhmoV'' Ago eãX à`moJ `moOyZ KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr
g§{dYmZ ^maVr` OZVoZo V`ma d _mÝ` Ho$bo Ago Xe©{dbo Amho. AemàH$mao OZVoÀ`m gmd©^m¡_ gËVobm
_mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho.
18) ñdV§Ì Am`moJ :
ñdV§Ì Ý`m`mb`mMo ~amo~a AZoH$ ñdV§Ì Am`moJm§Mr ñWmnZm KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ho$br Amho. OoUoH$ê$Z
bmoH$emhrMr à{H«$`m A{YH$ emñÌewÜX hmoB©b. {ZdS>UyH$m {ZH$mon, {Z^©`, ñdV§ÌnUo hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo
_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`_§S>i `m§À`mnmgyZ ñdV§Ì {Zdm©MZ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho. H|$Ð d
KQ>H$ `m§Mo Am{W©H$ g§~§Y {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dËV Am`moJmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho. ZmoH$a ^aVr {Znj
hmoÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ðr` bmoH$godm, amÁ` bmoH$godm Am`moJm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho. `m {edm` Am{W©H$ ì`dhmg
VnmgÊ`mgmR>r {Z`§ÌH$ d _hmboIm n[ajH$ `m§Mr ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm Ho$br Amho. ^«îQ>mMmamMr Mm¡H$er
H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$nmb Am{U bmoH$Am`wŠV hr nXo A{YH$ gj_ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Mmby Amho. EHy$UM
bmoH$emhrV àemgZmMr JwUdËVm `oÊ`mgmR>r Aer ñdV§Ì Am`moJm§Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho.
19) Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` :
{~«Q>re H$mbI§S>mV Y_m©-Y_m©V VoT> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ {~«Q>rem§Zr Ho$bm. Y_m©_wio ZmJ[aH$m§À`mV
\y$Q> nS>Vo d amÁ`mg YmoH$m CËnÞ hmoVmo `mMr Om{Ud KQ>ZmH$Ë`mªZm hmoVr. amÁ` H$moUË`mhr Y_m©Mm
nwañH$ma H$aUma Zmhr. H$mhr amÁ`o Ym{_©H$ AmYmamda C^r AmhoV. CXm. [~«Q>Z {¼íMZ Y_©, nm{H$ñVmZ
_wñbr_ Y_©. ^maVmV _mÌ gdmªZm g_mZ dmJUyH$ {_iob Am{U Y_© hr d¡`{ŠVH$ ~m~ _mZbr Amho.
^maVmV àË`oH$ ZmJ[aH$mbm ñdB©ÀN>oZo H$moUVmhr Y_© ñdrH$maVm `oB©b. ñdrH$maboë`m Y_m©Mm Ë`mJ H$aVm
`oB©b. nyOm, lÜXm, Ym{_©H$ AmMaU BË`mXr g§~§Yr àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm _Zmà_mUo dmJÊ`mMr _w^m amhrb.
WmoS>Š`mV, Y_©{Zanoj amÁ` åhUOo Y_m©bm {damoY H$aUo Agm Zmhr. Va Y_© VQ>ñWVm d gd© Y{_©`m§Zm
g_mZ dmJUyH$ {_iVo Agm H$amd`mMm Amho.
41
B
gmam§e :
^maVr` KQ>Zm hr d¡{eîQ²`nyU© Amho. ^maVr` KQ>ZoV g_mOdmX, {Za§Hw$edmX d CXma_V dmXmMo
{_lU Amho. 1990 Z§Va g_mOdmXr YmoaUmnmgyZ KQ>ZmH$V} Xya OmV AgVmZm {XgV Amho. AmOhr
Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Ý`m`mMr {ZVm§V JaO Amho. amÁ`KQ>Zm ho gmÜ` ZgyZ gmYZ Amho.
H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§S>i, Ý`m`_§S>i, hr amÁ`mMr à_wI A§Jo amÁ`KQ>ZoÛmao àmá hmoVmV. `mMr
A§_b~OmdUrMr O~m~Xmar OZVoMr Amho. ^maVr` bmoH$M KQ>ZoMo Iao g§ajH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr gËàd¥ËVrZo,
godm^mdr àd¥ËVrZo àOmgËVmH$ bmoH$emhrMr C^maUr Ho$ë`mZ§VaM ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm `eñdr R>aUma Amho.
S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX `m g§X^m©V åhUVmV, ""Oa {ZdSyZ {Xbobo à{V{ZYr H$m`©j_, Mm[aÍ`dmZ Am{U àm_m{UH$
AgVrb Va AJXr gXmof amÁ`KQ>Zm gwÜXm Vo `eñdr A§_bmV AmUVrb. na§Vw Vo JwUdmZ ZgVrb Va
KQ>Zm {H$Vrhr Mm§Jbr Agbr Var bmoH$emhr `eñdr hmoUma Zmhr. amÁ`KQ>ZoMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm
H$mhr Xmof AmTiyZ Ambo Va Vo KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo Xya H$aVm `oVrb. _mÌ Ago ~Xb H$aVmZm amÁ`KQ>ZoMm
ñdmV§Í`, Ý`m`, g_Vm, ~§YyVm hm AmË_m Am{U _yb^yV VËdkmZ `m§Mm gÝ_mZ amIbm nm{hOo.''
1.3 gmam§e :
B
1909 Mm H$m`Xm
1. H|$Ðr` d àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMm {dñVma d A{YH$mam§V dmT>
2. {ZdS>UyH$sMr VËdo àñWm{nV Ho$br
3. _Vm{YH$ma ~hmb Ho$bm.
4. C_oXdmam§Mr nmÌVm {ZpíMV Ho$br.
B
1919 Mm H$m`Xm - _m±Q>o½`y-Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm
1. gËVoMo {dH|$ÐrH$aU
2. àm§VmV {ÛXb amÁ`nÜXVr (amIrd + gmonrd ImVr)
3. àemgZmV ^maVr`m§Mm gh^mJ
4. {Zdm©MZ nÜXVrMr gwê$dmV.
B
1935 Mm H$m`Xm
nmíd©^y_r - gm`_Z H${_eZ - Jmob_oO n[afX
1. àm§V d g§KamÁ` `m§Mo g§H$pënV g§KamÁ`
2. g{dñVa A{YH$ma {d^mJUr g§KgyMr, àm§VrH$ gyMr, g_dVu gyMr, H|$ÐemgZmg àmYmÝ`
42
3. àm§{VH$ ñdm`VVm - _§Ìr_§S>imMo A{YH$ma, JìhZ©aMo ñWmZ d {deof O~m~Xmè`m
4. g§K - Ý`m`mb` - gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm
5. H|$ÐmV {ÛXb nÜXVr - am»mrd Am{U gmonrd ImVr, àm§VrH$ ñdm`VVoMm à`moJ.
B
amÁ` KQ>Zm {Z{_©Vr - {H«$ßg `moOZm - {Ì_§Ìr `moOZm - H°${~ZoQ> {_eZ
`moOZoà_mUo Owb¡ 1946 _Ü`o àm§Vr` H$m`Xo_§S>imV\}$ g§{dYmZ g^oMr {Z_uVr
aMZm - 292 {~«Q>re àm§VmMo gXñ`, 93 g§ñWmZMo Mr\$ H${_eZ àm§VmMo 4 Ago EHy$U 369
Owb¡ 1946 bm {ZdS>UyH$m hmodyZ H$m±J«ogbm 202, _wñbr_ brJbm 73, ñdV§Ì 7, EH$sH$aUdmXr
_wñbr_m§Zm 3, ^maVr` {¼íMZ 2, H¥$fH$ àOm _wñbr_, eoVH$ar H$m_Jma \o$S>aoeZ, qhXy _hmg^m, A±½bmo
B{S>`Z, gmå`dmXr `m§Zm àË`oH$s EH$ OmJm {_imbr.
B
KQ>Zm n[afX H$m`© :
9 {S>g|~a 1946 KQ>Zm n[afX H$m`© àma§^, Vo 26 Zmoìh|~a 1949 amoOr nyU© Pmbo. 2 df} 11
_{hZo 18 {Xdg. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a _gwXm g{_VrMo AÜ`j, S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX KQ>Zm g{_VrMo AÜ`j, `m
H$m_mgmR>r 63 bmI 96 hOma 729 ê$n`o IM© Ambm. `mV 395 H$b_o d 9 n[a{eîQ>o AmhoV. 26
OmZodmar 1950 nmgyZ {VMm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm.
B
gaZm_m - _hËdmMo _wÔo :
Amåhr ^maVr` OZVm - OZVoZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr Am{U ñdrH$mabobr KQ>Zm - KQ>Zm g{_VrMr
AàË`j {ZdS> na§Vw 1952 À`m {ZdS>UyH$s¨Zr ì`dhm[aH$ _mÝ`Vm.
gmd©^m¡_ bmoH$emhr JUamÁ`, g_mOdmXr, àOmgËVmH$, Y_©{Zanoj
ì`ŠVrMo ñWmZ - Ý`m`, ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YyVm, amîQ—>mMr AI§S>Vm.
B
gaZm_m _hËd :
1. KQ>ZmH$mam§Mr C{ÔîQ>o ñnîQ> hmoVmV.
2. Ag§{X½Y H$m`Úm§Mm AW© bmdVmZm _mJ©Xe©Z hmoVo.
3. Ý`m`mb`mV XmX _mJVm `oV Zmhr.
4. emgZH$Ë`mªda Z¡{VH$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ ~§YZH$maH$
¨1.4 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`
A) 1. 1909 Mm _mob} q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmMo {dñV¥V {ddoMZ H$am.
43
2. 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmMo Q>rH$mË_H$ n[ajU H$am.
3. 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmVrb à_wI VaVyXr gm§Jm. `m H$m`Úm§Zm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zoda H$m` n[aUm_
Pmbm.
~) Jmioboë`m OmJm ^am.
1) _mob}-q_Q>mo H$m`Xm ................ gmbr _§Oya Pmbm.
A) 1909,
~) 1919,
H$) 1935,
S>) 1946
2) _m±Q>o½`y Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm ................... gmbr _§Oya Pmbm.
A) 1947,
~) 1919,
H$) 1935,
S>) 1946
3) ^maVr` g§{dYmZmV ................{H$Vr H$b_o AmhoV.
A) 395,
~) 250,
H$) 365,
S>) 399
4) S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a ................ g{_VrMo AÜ`j hmoVo.
A) KQ>Zm g{_Vr, ~) _gwXm g{_Vr,
H$) àm§{VH$ g{_Vr, S>) EH$sH$aU g{_Vr
5) 42 ì`m KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVrZo ............... hm eãX KQ>ZoV KmVbm.
A) bmoH$emhr,
~) JUamÁ`,
H$) àOmgËVmH$,
S>) Y_©{Zanoj
H$)
1) ^maVr` g§{dYmZ g^oMr {Z_uVr à{H«$`m gm§Jm.
2) 1909 Mm H$m`Xm {deX H$am.
3) 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmMr d¡{eîQço gm§JyZ Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$am.
4) 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m VaVyXr gm§JyZ Ë`mÀ`m JwU-Xmofm§Mr MMm© H$am.
5) amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m gaZmå`mMo _hËd {deX H$am.
6) gaZmå`mMr d¡{eîQ²`o gm§Jm.
7) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm .
S>) Q>rnm
1) KQ>Zm g{_VrMr aMZm
2) 1909 Mm H$m`Xm
44
3) 1919 Mm H$m`Xm
4) 1935 À`m H$m`Úm§Mr d¡{eîQço
5) H$°{~ZoQ> {_eZ `moOZm.
6) g§gXr` nÜXV
7) ^maVr` g§KamÁ`
8) KQ>ZoMm gaZm_m
B) ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMr à_wI d¡{eîï>ço gm§Jm.
B©) Q>rnm :
1) g§gXr` nÜXVr
2) g§KamÁ` nÜXVr
3) KQ>Zm Xwê$ñVr
4) ñdV§Ì Ý`m`_§S>i
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© nwñVHo$.
1) ^moio ^m. b. - "^maVr` g§{dYmZ', qnnimnwao, ZmJnya.
2) Hw$bH$Uu ~r. dm`. - "^maVr` emgZ Am{U amOH$maU', lr. _§Joe àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
3) nmQ>rb. ~r. ~r. - "^maVr` emgZ', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.

45