‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ )‪(۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻠﺖ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪۱۳۸۶/۸/۳۰ :‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪[email protected] :‬‬
‫‪.I‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ :۱‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ :۲‬ﮐﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩﻱ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۳‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ER‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ‪ SQL‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪:‬‬
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‫‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ‪ p1‬ﻳﺎ ‪ p2‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ s3‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ‪ J‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻱ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻱ ‪ p2‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﮐﻨﺠﮑﺎﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .۴‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ )ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻭﻟﻲ ﮐﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻳﮏ "ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻲ" )ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ( ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪.۵‬‬
‫‪.۶‬‬
‫‪.۷‬‬
‫‪.۸‬‬
‫‪.۹‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬
‫•‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻤﺮﻩ‬
‫•‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬
‫•‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺮﻡ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ) ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮐﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﮐﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ‪(...‬‬
‫•‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬
‫•‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ‬
‫•‬
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫• ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﻤﺮﻩ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ ‪UFI‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﺮﻩﻱ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪).‬ﻣﻬﻠﺖ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺫﺭﻣﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ‪ m:n‬ﻭ ‪ 1:n‬ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻝﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪ SQL‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ‪ UNION‬ﻭ ‪ EXCEPT‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ؟‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ R(A,B,C‬ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪I.‬‬
‫‪SELECT B, C‬‬
‫‪FROM R‬‬
‫; '‪WHERE B='b1' OR C > 'c1‬‬
‫‪II.‬‬
‫‪SELECT B, C‬‬
‫‪FROM R‬‬
‫'‪WHERE B='b1‬‬
‫‪UNION‬‬
‫‪SELECT B, C‬‬
‫‪FROM R‬‬
‫; '‪WHERE C > 'c1‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻱ )‪ STUDENT(NAME, DEPT, STATUS‬ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫‪PROJECT SNAME, STATUS‬‬
‫)‪OVER(STUDENT‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ‪: SQL‬‬
‫‪SELECT NAME‬‬
‫‪FROM STUDENT‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﻳﮑﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؟‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪R( X,‬‬
‫)‪Y, Z‬‬
‫‪100 y1 z1‬‬
‫‪150 y1 z2‬‬
‫‪200 y2 z3‬‬
‫‪400 y2 z4‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫‪SELECT NX, Y, Z‬‬
‫‪FROM (SELECT R.Y, R.Z‬‬
‫‪CASE‬‬
‫‪WHERE R.X>300‬‬
‫‪THEN R.X-100‬‬
‫‪ELSE R.X + 100‬‬
‫‪END) AS NX‬‬
‫‪FROM R) AS V‬‬
‫; )‪WHERE NX BETWEEN (250, 300‬‬
‫‪.۱۰‬‬
‫‪.۱۱‬‬
‫‪.۱۲‬‬
‫‪.۱۳‬‬
‫‪.۱۴‬‬
‫‪.II‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ ER‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )… ‪ R(A, B, C, D,‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ‪ A‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺎﭘﻞ '‪ 'NULL‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪SELECT A, AVG(B‬‬
‫; ‪FROM R‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ER‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ Manufacturing‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﮐﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺪﺍﻡﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﮐﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫… ‪ALTER TABLE‬‬
‫… ‪DROP TABLE‬‬
‫… ‪DELETE FROM‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ‪ ،S,P,J,SPJ‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.۱‬‬
‫‪.۲‬‬
‫‪.۳‬‬
‫‪.۴‬‬
‫‪.۵‬‬
‫‪.۶‬‬
‫‪.III‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.۱‬‬
‫‪.IV‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ DROP TABLE‬ﭼﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ؟)ﺣﺘﻲﺍﻻﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ(‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ER‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ Manufacturing‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﮐﻼﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺊﮔﺮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺧﻮﺏ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﺁﻳﺎ ‪) ODM‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ‪ DM‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻼﺱ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ‪ HDM‬ﻭ ‪NDM‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪.۱‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺷﺶ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬