‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫)ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ(‬
‫ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﯼ ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ‬
‫‪١٣٨١‬‬
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‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ ‪٦ ...................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪٩ ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ‪١١ ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ‪١٢ ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪١٢ .............................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ – ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ‪١٢ ..........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ‪١٣ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ‪١٣ .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ـ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ‪١٤ ............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ‪١٥ ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‪١٥ ................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﮐﺲ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ‪١٥ ....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﮔﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ‪١٦ .........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪١٧ ..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ‪١٧ .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪١٩ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪١٩ ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ‪٢٠ ..................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ‪٢١ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
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‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ‪٢٢ .........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ؟ ‪٢٣ .......................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ‪٢٤ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ‪٢٤ .............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٢٥ .................................................................................................................................. OECD‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ‪٢٥ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )‪٢٦ ............................................................................................................... (E. C.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪٢٧ ......................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪٢٩ .............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪٣١ .....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ‪٣٢ ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ‪٣٣ .........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ‪٣٣ .................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ‪٣٣ ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﺓ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ‪٣٣ .......................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪٣٣ ...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪٣٣ ......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪٣٣ ...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ‪٣٣ .................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ‪٣٣ ...............................................................................................................‬‬
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‫‪ -١٠‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ‪٣٤ .................................................................................................. ...‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ‪٣٤ .................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪٣٤ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٣‬ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺪﯼ ‪٣٤ .....................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٤‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ‪٣٤ ...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٥‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ‪٣٤ .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٦‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ ‪٣٤ ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٧‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ‪٣٤ ...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٨‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ‪٣٥ ..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -١٩‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‪٣٥ ...................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٢٠‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﯽ‪٣٥ .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﯽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ‪٣٦ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ‪٣٦ ..................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ‪ -‬ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ‪٣٦ .........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ‪٣٧ .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪٣٧ .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪٣٨ ....................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‪٣٩ .........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ ‪٤٠ ..........................................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻫﺎﯼ ﻻﺯﻡﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﯽ‪٤١ .............................................‬‬
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‫‪ .١‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪٤١ ..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ‪٤٨ ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪٤٨ ............................................................... ١٩٩٢‬‬
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‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻄﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭽﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﯽ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻐﺮﺿﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﻩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺽ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﻌﺠﺐﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﯼ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﺭﻭﻳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ –ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺻﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ -‬ﻭﺯﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﻫﻮﻳﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ »ﺣﻖ« ﺭﺍ ﻓﻮﻧﮑﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻨﯽ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﻫﻮﻳﺘﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﻳﺪ »ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﮐﻨﺪ« ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ »ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻧﻬﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﮑﺮ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮑﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪«.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﻧﻬﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﮑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﻳﺪ‪ ...» :‬ﻣﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺠﻮﻳﺰ ﮐﻨﺪ« ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺸﺘﻢ »… ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ «.‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ »ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ « ...‬ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﯽﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ )ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ( –ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‪ .‬ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﯼ ﻫﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ –ﮐﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺣﺮﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﮑﺒﺨﺘﯽﺍﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ -‬ﺟﺰﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ؟‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻋﻠﯽﺍﻻﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﺻﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻨﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﮏ‬
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‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺟﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺠﻮﺯﺩﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﯽﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍِﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻢ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ؟ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﮑﺼﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ »ﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ« ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﮕﻮﻧﯽ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻓﻠﺞﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﻔﻘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻨﯽ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﮑﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» .‬ﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺻﻠﺢ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﺑﻮﯼ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺳﺮﮐﺶ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺍﻧﺪﻳﺶ ﺁﺩﻣﯽ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﯽ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ ﮐﻢ ﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺑﯽ ﺭﻣﻖ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺿﺪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﭘﺪﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﺼﻴﺎﻧﯽ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺭﺍﮐﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻤﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﯼ ﮐﺴﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﯼ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﮑﻞ ﮔﺸﺘﻦ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻭﺣﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺮﺕ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ‪» ...‬ﺍﺑﺘﺬﺍﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯽ« ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﺻﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﻫﺐ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻔﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﺸﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻞ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮐﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺁﺭﺯﻭﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﺮﺏﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺑﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﺘﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ‪) «.‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ )‪ ،(١٩٦٠‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻳﮑﺼﺪﻭﭘﻨﺠﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﮕﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﮑﺪﺳﺘﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ‪،٣٢ ،٢٨ ،٢٥ ،٢٣ ،٢٢‬‬
‫‪ ٣٣‬ﻭ ‪ ٣٩‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺼﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻣﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٥٧٠‬ﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ٥٨٧‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ »ﺗﺤﺮﮎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﯽ« ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻠﯽﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ »ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﯼ« ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﯼ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺬﮐﺮ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻫﺘﮏ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٦٩٧‬ﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ٧٠٠‬ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺻﺤﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬
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‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦٩٤‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺘﮏ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻼﮎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٦٩٠‬ﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ٦٩٦‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺧﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﮑﯽ ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏ ﻣﻨﺠﺰ ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‪/‬ﺣﻖ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺭﮊﻳﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﮐﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﻧﮕﺮﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻣﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎ )‪ ،(١٦٤١‬ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻻﻳﺤﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺎ )‪ ،(١٧٧٦‬ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ )‪ ،(١٨٦٦‬ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ )‪ (١٧٨٩‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻳﺎ ]ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ –ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ‪١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ )ﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﺳﺮﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻤﺶ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﻛﺲ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ (.‬ﻭ ﺍﺻﻞ ‪ ٨‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ )ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﻲﺍﺵ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ (.‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲﺗﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ )‪ ١٠‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺫﻛﺮﻱ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺻﺮﻳﺤﹰﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻬﺬﺍ ﺣﻖ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ »ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ« ﮐﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻩ »ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ« ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺍﻭﺕ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٧٩٥‬ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪» :‬ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﯼ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﺳﺖ«‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫‪»١‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ« ﻳﺎ »]ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ« ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ‪ privacy‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ »ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﻖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﯼ«‪» ،‬ﺣﻖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ«‪» ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ« ﻭ »ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ« ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺁﺧﺮﯼ ﺍﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ‪ privacy‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﺎﮐﻴﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ »ﺧﻠﻮﺗﮕﺎﻩ« ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﮊﻩ »ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ« ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺳﻌﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺰﻳﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﮐﺘﺐ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺴﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻧﻬﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺪﺍﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻭﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺒﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪Glorious Multimedia Encyclopedia‬‬
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‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ )ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ (.‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﯼ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺗﻀﻴﻴﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ١٢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ )‪ (BGB‬ﻭﯼ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻖ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻨﺮﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٥٠-٢٢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ )ﻗﻬﺮﯼ( ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٨٢٣‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪» :‬ﻫﺮﮐﺲ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻬﻮﹰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺣﻖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .«.‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ »ﻫﺮ ﺣﻖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ« ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺁﮐﺎﺩﻣﻴﮏ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﻦﻻ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﮐﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ١٠‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ )ﻳﻌﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻓﺎﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻣﻴﻞ ﻟﻄﻤﻪ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ( ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻣﺼﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ‪ ٢٣ ،٢٢‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪ ١٣٥٨‬ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﻤِﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺣﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﮑﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ‬
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‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٤‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻛِﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻨﺮﭘﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺒﺮﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻭﻱ ﻋﻜﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻜﺲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻴﺘﺮ ﺧﺒﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻛِﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺪﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻨﺎﻑ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫»ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻀﻮﻟﻲ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻴﺎﻕ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ]ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺣﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪. «.‬‬
‫‪Information Technology Law, Ian J. Lloyd, p. ٣, ١٩٩٣.‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮐﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ »ﺣﻖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ« ﻳﺎ »ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ«‬
‫) ‪ ( right to be let alone‬ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .٥‬ﺣﻖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﺟﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ )ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ )ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ(‪ .‬ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﺍﻱ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻡ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺁﻟﻦ ﻭﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ )‪ (١٩٦٧‬ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺁﻥ(‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﺨﻔﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺧﻠﻮﺗﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺳﻌﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻠﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ »ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﯽ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ »ﺗﻨﻬﺎ« ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﯽ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ »ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ« ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕﺩﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎﻳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ »ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ« ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ]ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ«‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻬﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻻ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺭﻛﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﻀﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻀﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﻮﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺪﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻈﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺧﺠﻞ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Ibid. and Computer Law, edited by Chris Reed, second edition, p. ٢٧٥‬‬
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‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﻼﺯﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ )ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ( ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ )ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻲ( ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺼﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺷﻤﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﮐﻤﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻴﻔﯽ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ »‪) «subject figure‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺍ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ – ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻚ »ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺍ« ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﯼ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﺪ ﻭﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ »ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ« ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺳﻮﮊﻩ( ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ »ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ« ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪ ﺩﻣﻮﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫»ﺳﻮﮊﻩ« ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ »ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ« ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺻﺤﻴﺢﺗﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺠﺪﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ »ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝﻫﺎ« ﻛﻪ ﺫﺍﺗﹰﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ )ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﮊﻩﻫﺎ(‬
‫ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪﺍﯼ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ »ﺳﻮﮊﻩ«ﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ »ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ« ﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺲ ﻭ ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺟﻤﻌﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺍﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ٦.‬ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺁﻣﺮﻩ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪Black’s Law Dictionary‬‬
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‫ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺷﮑﻞﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﮔﻔﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ )=ﺧﻮﺩ( ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻜﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺨﺶ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ )ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ( ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ )ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ( ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻫﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻱ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﻤﻲ ]ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ[ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ )ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ( ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻄﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﺮﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲﺍﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ـ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ـ ﻣﺤﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭ ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﻭﯼ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﺎﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻧﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲﻭﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ٌﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ٌﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ُﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻭ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺰﻭﺍ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ُﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲﺍﺵ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑٌﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﯽ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻻﺯﻣﻪﺍﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ُﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ٌﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺒﻴﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﻊﺗﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٩‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﮕﻲ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲﺍﺵ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﮐﻨﺠﮑﺎﻭﯼﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺷﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ٢‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﻴﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻫﺔ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬
‫ﮐﻠﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ـ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ـ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺁﻥ ‪-‬ﮐﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﯽﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﯼ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻖ ﻭﯼ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ‬
‫»ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ« ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﯼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ »ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ« ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﻌﮑﻮﺱ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻌﯽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﺭﺍﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺖ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺟﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻻﺯﻣﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏﺳﺮﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﮐﻨﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺰﻳﺴﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻘﺎﻗﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ –ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ‪ -‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ« ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ »ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ« ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺰﻳﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻳﻖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻻﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻡﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﯽ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺳﻨﺠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺑﯽﻧﺎﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ »ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ« ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺪﻋﯽ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ‪ ١٩٧٨‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﻮﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﮊﻳﻢ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﮐﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﯼ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ‬
‫ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﯼ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ‬
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‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺤﻮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ »ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ« ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﮐﺲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ »ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ« ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ »ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ« ﻳﺎ »ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺑﺎﺯ« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺨﻔﯽ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﯽﭘﺬﻳﺮﻳﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪.٧‬‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮐﻨﺠﮑﺎﻭﯼ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ؟‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ »ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺎﺭ« ﻫﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺸﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﻴﺎﻕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫)ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ »ﺑﺎﺯ« ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺭﮊﻳﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺗﺄﮐﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻭﻝ »ﻭﺍﺳﻄﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ« ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ »ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕﮔﺮﺍﻳﯽ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﮑﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ« ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﮐﺲ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﮑﺮ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻫﻢ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮑﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫‪٧‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﯽ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻭ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪/‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬
‫ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻴﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﯽ ﻗﻠﻤﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻳﮏ ]ﺳﻮﮊﻩ[ »ﺗﺎﺯﻩ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﮔﺮﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﺪﻓﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺪﻳﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﯼ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮑﺎﺭﯼ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﯼ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻫﻮﺷﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻃﺮﺡ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻨﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﮔﺎﺭﯼ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫»ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ« ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﮐﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﮔﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﹰﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ »ﻣﺮﺩﻡ« ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ »ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻫﺎ« ﻣﺴﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫»ﻣﺮﺩﻡ« »ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ«ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﺴﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﺟﺰ ﺁﻥﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ »ﻣﺮﺩﻡ« ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺁﻣﻮﺯﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺻﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﮏ »ﭼﻬﺮﻩ« ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺧﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﯽ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﯼ ﭼﻴﺰﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ـ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺹﺷﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻠﮑﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ« ﻳﺎ »ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ« ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ »ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ« ﺑﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻣﺤﺮﻭﻡ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎ ﻳﮏ »ﭼﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ« ﺑﺴﺎﺯﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ »ﻣﺮﺩﻡ« ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻗﺪﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻜﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻢ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻔﻨﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺷﺪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﻱ‪-‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻼﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺘﻘﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺎﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ »]‬
‫ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ« ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺪ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺷﺘﺎﺏﺯﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺣﺎﻻ ﺑﻪﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺅﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺰﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴ ِ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﭙﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻼﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ‪-‬ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ‪-‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪-‬ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ ِﻉ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻕ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻲﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ‬
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‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ »ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ« ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝﭼﻪ«ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝﭼﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ؛ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫»ﺗﻮﺑﻪ« ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝﭼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺭﺟﻌﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﺮﺯ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﻭﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻋﺘﺎﺏﺁﻟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﻚ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺭﺅﻳﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝﭼﻪﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﮔﻨﺎﻩﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩﺍﺵ ﻧﺎﺩﻡ ﻭ ﭘﺸﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ »ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﺳﺘﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﺮﯼ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻻﻋﻼﺝ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪» :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺗﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) «.‬ﺩﻋﻮﯼ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﭘﻠﻴﺘﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺒﺮﺋﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﺪ؟ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻟﻮ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﺳﺘﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫»ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻫﻢ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﮕﻮﺵ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻠﻬﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭ ﭘﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭﺁﻣﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﺮﻑ )ﻣﻌﺮِﻑ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﮔﻤﻨﺎﻣ ِ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺿﺪ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺼﺪﯼ ﻭ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﮐﺴﯽ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺳﺖ؟ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻭ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺷﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ‪ .٢‬ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ‪ .٣‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻟﻤﺲ )ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ( ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﮐﺮﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﯼ ﺳﺆﻭﺍﻻﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﺆﻭﺍﻝ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬
‫ﻼ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻴﺎﻝ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺗﺎﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺮﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﺎﻥ )ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ( ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﻳﺪﺋﻮﻳﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭﻳﻨﮓ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﮑﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻼﻓﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻑ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺴﯽ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺠﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻁ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ؟ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﭼﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺫﻳﺼﻼﺡ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺠﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ‪ .٣‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ‪ .٢‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ )ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻊ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻘﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﭼﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻚ ﺷﺪ ِﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰ ِﺀ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘ ِ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻼﻳﻖ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ »ﺑﺎﺍﺭﺯﺵ«ﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﭘﺮﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﻳﺎﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﻲ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪ AIDS‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺪﺭﺕﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻌﻄﻒ‪ .‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ »ﮔﺮﻭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻭ ﺁﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﹰﺎ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﻴﮏ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺋﺪﻱﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ »ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺷﻤﻦ ﻧﻴﻔﺘﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺷﻤﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪«.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٦٧٠٠٠‬ﭘﺴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺸﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ‪ ١٨‬ﺳﺎﻟﮕﻲ ﻟﺒﻴﻚ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺩﺭﺱﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻃﺒﻌﻲ »ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ« ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺩﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻭﻟﺰﻧﻴﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻩﮔﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫»ﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﭘﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻘﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺿﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺮﻧﺦ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﺎﻃﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺳﺮﻧﺦ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻧﺦﻫﺎ ﻳﻚﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﻭﺋﻴﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕ ﺟﻠﻮﻩﮔﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ‪ .....‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ...‬ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ«‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺗﺎﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻏﻮﻏﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮊﺭﻓﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻢﺗﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻣﻨﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺘﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺟﺪﯼ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺩﯼ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﻴﺘﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﻴﺮ ﺷﺪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻠﯽ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺘﯽ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺍﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﯼ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻠﺶ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﺎﻩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﮐﺸﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻨﺪ )ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ‪ ٨ ،‬ﻣﯽ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪.(٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ »ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ«‪» ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﻭ »ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏ ﺭﻭﺷﻦﺗﺮﯼ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ »ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﻭ »ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ« ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺩﻗﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﺰﻭﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ« ﻭ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻼﻳﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫‪٢١‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﺸﺎﻥ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻔﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫»ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ« ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻗﺎﯼ ﻟﻴﻨﺪﺍﭖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٨‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫»ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪«.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻱ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﯽ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﺯ »ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ« ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪» :‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﻳﺶ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻟﻨﺪ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ »ﺣﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ« ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭﺳﺖ( ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ »ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ« ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻱ »ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ« ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺫﻱﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ِﻛﺒِﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٣‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺯﻭﺩ ﺑﻲﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﯽ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ ٥‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺋﻖ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﻩﻳﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺴﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺳﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫»ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ« ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻪﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ »ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ« ﻳﺎ‬
‫»ﺣﺴﺎﺱ« ﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺧﻴﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ATM‬ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ »ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ« ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﺯ »ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ« ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺫﺍﺗﹰﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻓﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ »ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘﻤﻲ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ »ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ«‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻻ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ »ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ« ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺷﺎﻩﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ »ﺷﻔﺎﻑ« ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ »ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ« ﻭ ﻃﺮﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ؟‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻫﻪ‪» ،‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﻞ« ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺋﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪،١٩٧٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﻳﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻓﺰﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﯽ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﻮﺭﻭﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩﯼ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭﻭﻛﺮﺍﺳﻲ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ »ﺩﺍﺩﻩ«ﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ »ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ ٩٠‬ﻣﻴﻼﺩﯼ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻫﻠﻨﺪﯼ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻮﻳﹰﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ )ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ( ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﮏ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‬
‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﯼ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﯽ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻫﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ‪ OECD ،‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎﯼ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﯽ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦٨‬ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٣‬ﻭ ‪ ١٩٧٤‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٦‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻞ ‪ ١٩٨٠‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ ٢٨‬ﮊﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪ ١٩٨١‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ ١٩٨٥‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻀﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨١‬ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ )ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ( ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺳﻂﻫﺎ؛ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﯽ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻓﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪OECD‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻢﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦١‬ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﭘﻴﺶﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬
‫»ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ« ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٦٣‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٧‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ‪ OECD‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺍﺻﻞ »ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ« ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍﻳﻲ ﺭﺳﻤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪١٩٨٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ« ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ ‪ ١٩٩٠‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻱﻧﻔﻊ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ‪ OECD‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺳﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﺻﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾ؛ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‪ -‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ »ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻲﻃﺮﻓﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ«‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﻴﺪﻥ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ »ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ« ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ »ﻋﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.«.‬‬
‫‪٢٥‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ )‪(E. C.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪) ١٩٩٠‬ﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻴﻪ ‪ ١٦‬ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ (١٩٩٢‬ﺩﺭﻙ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٧٦‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻗﻄﻊﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ »ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﻭ »ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺽ« ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٩٧٧‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٧٩‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﺪ )ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ٥ ، C١٤٠‬ﮊﻭﺋﻦ ‪ ،١٩٧٩‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪.(٣٤‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮊﻭﻻﻱ ‪ ١٩٨١‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻣﻀﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٢‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ١٢‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٨٢‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ‪ EEC‬ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ »ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ« ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺮﻑﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻊﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ ٩‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ١٩٨٢‬ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻔﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪٥ ، C٨٧‬‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻞ ‪ ،١٩٨٢‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪.(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﻻﻱ ‪ ،١٩٩٠‬ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺶ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻗﻄﻊﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺴﻂ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ( ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩ( ﻳﻚ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻩ( ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺩﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎﻝ )‪.(ISDN‬‬
‫ﻭ( ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ( ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ‪) DG-III‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ( ﻭ ‪) DG-XIII‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﺍ ِ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻳﻚ »ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ« ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ ١٠٠ a‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ ‪ EEC‬ﺟﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ ١٩٨١‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ١٢‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﻀﻮ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ؛ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ١٠٠ A‬ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ‪ ٦‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ )ﺳﻨﺘﻲ(‬
‫ﻼ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺛﺒﺖ(‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺧﺬ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ »ﺣﺴﺎﺱ«‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ »ﻫﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺧﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ« ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٩٥/٤٦/EC‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪EEC‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫)‪O.J. L٢٨١ (٢٣ Nov. ١٩٩٥‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٩٧/٦٦/EC‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٢٠٠٢/٥٨/EC‬ﭘﺎﺭﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﺍﻣﺮﻳﮑﺎﯼ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ(‪ .‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ؟ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺁﻳﺎ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬
‫ﺏ ( ﺁﻳﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ؟‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ »ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ« ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺧﻔﻴﻒﺗﺮ »ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ« ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ »ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ« ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻟﻲ )ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ(‪ -‬ﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ)‪ (self-regulation‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ (٨‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ (٩‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ »ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ« ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺷﺶ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ )ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ( ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪ (١‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ (٢‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ‪OECD‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺭﺍﻩﺣﻠﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﹸﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ »ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ« ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺁﻣﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ؟‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺻﺮﻑﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻓﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻴﺎﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥﺧﻂ ‪(on-‬‬
‫)‪ line‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺻﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻪ ﺩﻫﺔ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ )ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺁﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻠﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺭﻛﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻟﻄﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯼ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﯼ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﯽ ﺟﻠﻮﯼ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﻣﺪﻝ ‪ ٣٦٠‬ﺁﯼ ﺑﯽ ﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﺔ ‪ ١٩٦٠‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴﺮ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﻮﻳﺴﯽ ﻧﺴﻞ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ‪ ٤GL‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻬﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﯼ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻦﺧﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﯼ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻳﭙﻴﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻻ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺤﯽ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﻧﻮﺭﯼ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩﺍﯼ ﻏﻨﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﯽ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﮑﻼﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﯽ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﯽ ﻣﻬﻴﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﯼ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺛﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻳﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ‪-‬ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ]ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﮕﺮﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳﺘﺨﻮﺵ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺩﻩﺍﯼ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻓﺮﺿﯽ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ ِﻪ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﻘﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
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‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ َﻋﺮَﺿﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻪ ﻋﻤﻘﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﯽ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﮑﻨﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺣﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﺗﻀﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﮔﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ]‬
‫ﺣﻖ[ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؛ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻠﻮﺕﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻓﮑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫)ﺩﺍﺩﻩ( ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻜﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺒﺘﻼﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭼﺎﻟﺸﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻠﻮﺕ ﻓﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪-‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﯽ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ »ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ« ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻨﯽ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﯽ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻲ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ )ﻛﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﹰﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﺳﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺪﺕﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﺍ )ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ »ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ« ﻭ »ﺭﺿﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ« ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﺳﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ٤ ١٢٨/٣٧٣‬ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ ،١٩٩١‬ﺹ ‪ .(٧‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﻤﺎﺭﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﻛﺰﺍﻣﺒﻮﺭﮒ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﻳﺶ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ( ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺾ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺾﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﻨﻨﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﯽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
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‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﻮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﻫﺮ‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻇﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ ﻭ ‪. ...‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﺡ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺫﻱﺣﻖ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﺡ‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ‬
‫‪ .١٠‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺭﺍﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ‬
‫‪ .١١‬ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ .١٢‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ .١٣‬ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﺪﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ .١٤‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﯽ‬
‫‪ .١٥‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ .١٦‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ .١٧‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬
‫‪ .١٨‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫‪ .١٩‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
‫‪ .٢٠‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ )ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﯼ ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺟﺮﻡﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺫﮐﺮ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺟﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﯼ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽﺍﺵ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺳﺔ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﻗﺖ ﻃﯽ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ‪....‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻭﺍﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﺓ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺮﻡﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻡﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﻣﻄﺮﻭﺣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﺬﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮ ﻳﺎ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ ﻳﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞﮐﺮﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺩﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﯽ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﺪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﺳﻮﺀﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻳﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻳﺎﺑﯽ ﻳﺎ ‪ ...‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻗﻄﻌﹰﺎ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﺠﻮﺯﻧﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﯽ ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﭼﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺨﻄﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫‪ -١٣‬ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺪﯼ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯽﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﯽ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﻤﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﻴﻔﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺃﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯽﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٤‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ﻭ ﮐﺬﺏ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٥‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻳﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﯼ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺟﻨﺴﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٦‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺟﺰ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﯽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺟﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٧‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬
‫ﻻ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺿﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬
‫‪ -١٨‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٩‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
‫ﻻ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻮﻳﺘﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٢٠‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﯽ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺘﯽ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﯼ ﺟﺰﻳﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﻳﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﮊﺓ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻓﻨﯽ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺳﻨﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﮐﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﻪ‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﺎﺫﺏ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻤﺪﯼ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯽﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﯽ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﯽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ‪ -‬ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ – (١) ٤٣‬ﻳﮏ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ،(١) ٦٤‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺨﺶ ‪ ٤‬ﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤‬ﺍﻑ )‪ (١‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٤) ٢٨‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﯽ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻭ ﻭﻗﻮﻑ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٥) ٢٨‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٢) ٢٩‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺱﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮏ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﯼ ﮐﻼﺳﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٣) ٢٩‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٣) ٢٩‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﺮﭼﺴﺐﻫﺎ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (١) ٣٣‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﺳﺘﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٥) ٣٥‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٣) ٣٨‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧﺪﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺣﻞ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﯽ ﺫﻳﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٥) ٣٨‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﺴﺐ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﻓﺖ )ﮐﺴﺐ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ( ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﮐﺴﺐ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﮐﺴﺐ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
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‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٤) ١٦‬ﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٥) ٢١‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ،(٤) ٢٩‬ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (١) ٣٩‬ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (١) ٤٠‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (١) ٣٠‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (١) ٣٠‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٢) ٤٠‬ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﺮﻭﻩ )‪ (١‬ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﺮﻭﻩ )‪ (٢‬ﺑﺎﻻ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ – ٤٤‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﮐﻴﻔﺮﯼ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﮏ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (٢) ٤٣‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﻪﺯﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﮑﺎﻳﺘﯽ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﮑﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﯼ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬
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‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤٩‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﮑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٢١-١٣‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ )ﻣﻨﻊ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻋﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٣٥-٣٣‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٣٦‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺪﺩﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻫﺎ )ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪(٣٩ – ٣٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ – ٣٤‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ )ﻏﻠﻂ(‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٧‬ﻭ ‪ ،٢٨‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ١٦‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏﺳﺎﻝ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ – ٣٥‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺳﻮﺋﺪ‬
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‫ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪. ...‬‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ :٣٦‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻩﮔﺬﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﻳﮏﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ – ٣٧‬ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺎﺭﺍﻧﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺎﺭﺍﻧﺘﯽ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ – ٣٨‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ - ٣٩‬ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﯼ ﮔﺎﺭﺍﻧﺘﯽ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺎ ‪٦‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٠‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٣‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻏﻮﺍ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺸﻒ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺼﻮﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻏﻮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺎﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﺴﺐ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﹰﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺑﯽﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﻬﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦﮐﻪ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦١‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻄﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻞ ‪٨‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦٠‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ (١) :‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﻟﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻮﻧﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )ﺩﺍﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺟﺮﻣﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ‪ ١٢‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ١‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﯼ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻴﻔﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻃﺒﻖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻑ ‪ ١٢‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ٩‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪ ٥‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﻭ )‪) (٥‬ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺻﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺁ‪ .‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﮎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ (١) – ٦١‬ﺟﺎﻳﯽ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻔﻠﺖ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﺟﺎﻳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺼﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﯽﺍﺵ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﺟﺎﻳﯽ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺮﻳﮏ ﺍﺳﮑﺎﺗﻠﻨﺪﯼ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﻭ ﻝ‪ ٩‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ١٢‬ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ٩‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﯽ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺪ ‪١٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ٩‬ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ »‪ – ١٢‬ﻫﺮ ﮐﺲ )ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﮑﻢ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻭ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ )ﺏ( ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﺬﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﮑﻢ ﻭ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺣﮑﻢ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﻡ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪«.‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﺘﺬﮐﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ١٠‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﻨﻼﻧﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻃﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤٧‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤٨‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻴﻔﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺫﮐﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤٧‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ )‪ (١٩٧٤‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤٨‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ٣٨‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٩‬ﮐﺪ ﮐﻴﻔﺮﯼ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ٣٨‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٨‬ﮐﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻴﻔﺮﯼ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﺾ ﺭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٣٢‬ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ،٣٨‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪ ٢‬ﮐﺪ ﮐﻴﻔﺮﯼ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﯽﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﯽ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ (١) :‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻖ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎ )‪ (٢‬ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻳﺎ )‪ (٣‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺾ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ )‪ (٤‬ﺣﮑﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﺄﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻘﺾ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﺨﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺾ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﻣﺤﮑﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬
‫ﻫﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ‪ ١٠‬ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦٥‬ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٦٦‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﯼ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺩﻩﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﻠﺪﺭ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﻮﻡ )ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪(٧٥‬‬
‫‪ ٢٨ ،٢٧ ،(٣) ٤‬ﻭ ‪ (٢) ٧٨‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﮑﺎﺏ ﻋﻤﺪﯼ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻴﻔﺮﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ٤‬ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ (٢) ٧٨‬ﻧﻘﺾ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﻫﺎﯼ ﻻﺯﻡﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﯽ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ :‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺩ( ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻩ( ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻭ( ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺯ( ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺹ( ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺽ( ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﻳﮏ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
‫‪٤١‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺫﻫﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻓﺎﻳﻞﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ‪-‬ﻗﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﹰﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻧﮕﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺗﺤﺖﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬‫ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫‪ .١‬ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬
‫ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬‫ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆﺍﻝﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩﺍﺵ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩﺍﺵ‬‫ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬‫ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬‫ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬‫‪-‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻮ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬‫ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬‫ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ‬‫ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬‫ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬
‫»ﻫﻴﭻ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﺪ‪«.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻗﻲ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭ ﻟﻄﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻲﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺑﻲﺭﻭﺡ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﻮﺵ ﺳﭙﺎﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﻱ »ﻭﺟﺪﺍﻥ« ﻭ »ﺍﻧﺼﺎﻑ« ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻛﺪﺍﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﯽ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ‬‫ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ‬‫ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻧﺶ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻓﺸﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﻥﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻓﺸﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﹰﺎ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻓﺸﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬‫ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬‫ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ‬‫ ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬‫ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‬‫ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﻥﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‬
‫ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻭﻥﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‬
‫ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬‫‪ .٤‬ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺩﻳﺪﻩﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺳﺖﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻢ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﻬﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪،‬‬‫ﻳﺎ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ‬
‫ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﻋﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻘﺾ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢﻛﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﺎﺳﻴﺴﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ« ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﻤﺎﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻋﺰﻝ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
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‫ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﻬﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ ﻫﺮ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬‫ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﯽﺗﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﺮﺍﺏﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲﺍﺵ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺍﻣﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺘﺒﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵﮔﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺨﻄﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﮔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻳﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺟﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻨﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
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‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌﹰﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﺎﻣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ "ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ" ﻳﺎ "ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ" ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺟﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﻨﮕﺎﺗﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﻮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﯽ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫‪ ...‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺠﻴﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺘﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﮏ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‪ ،‬ﮐﻤﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﮐﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﮐﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻫﺘﮏ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﺘﮏ ﺣﺮﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺠﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒﻫﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ -١١‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﺍﻳﯽ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﯽ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﺍﻳﻢ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﺷﻨﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺣﮑﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻤﺪﯼ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﯽﻣﺒﺎﻻﺗﯽ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﻤﺪ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﻢﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖﺗﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﻴﻒ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻧﻘﺪﯼ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ‪-‬ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻬﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﺮﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺭﻫﻨﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺟﺴﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯ( ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﻧﮕﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻩ( ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﮊﻩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﻳﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪١٩٩٢‬‬
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