‫ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﯽ ﺑﺎ‬
Linux
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‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
Linux ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
Linux ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ‬
rpm ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
File System ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ‬
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Redhat ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬
( CD ‫)ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
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‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ، BIOS‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺕ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ CD‬ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ CD‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻮﺕ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ CD‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺭﮊﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
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‫ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
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‫ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺼﺐ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ‪ enter‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ‪linux text‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺩ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻝ ‪linux rescue‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻟﻮﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻧﺼﺐ ‪linux dd‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ ‪linux noprobe‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ CD‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫‪linux askmethod‬‬
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‫ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺼﺐ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ‪ 640*480‬ﺍﺯ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪linux‬‬
‫‪ lowres‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ linux expert‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﻲ ﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
(1)‫ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
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‫ﺗﺴﺖ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﻲ ﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
(2)‫ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
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‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺧﻮﺵ ﺁﻣﺪ ﮔﻮﻳﻲ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
redhat-config-keyboard
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﺮﺩ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
redhat-config-mouse
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
.‫ﻣﻮﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ "ﻛﻼﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ"‬
‫)‪ (Installation Classes‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
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(2) ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ )‪(3‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺼﺐ ‪ custom‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻢ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫)‪(Partitioning‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﺎﻙ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ‪ : Disk Druid‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ‪Disk‬‬
‫‪ Druid‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ fdisk‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ‪) fdisk‬ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺎ( ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ‪ fdisk‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻓﺎﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﺩﻳﺴﮏ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻙ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬‫)‪(Remove all linux partitions on this system‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻙ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬‫)‪(Keep all partitions and use existing free space‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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(2) ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ‬
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‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ‬
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‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ‪fdisk, disk druid‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪fdisk‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪disk druid‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪RAID‬ﻭ ‪ LVM‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ )‪ (/‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ‪ swap‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ‪ swap‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ 128‬ﻣﮕﺎﺑﺎﻳﺖ ‪ RAM‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ‬
‫‪ 256‬ﻣﮕﺎﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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(1)‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ)‪(2‬‬
‫• ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ GRUB‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ‪LILO‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻗﺒﻼ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺭﺩﻫﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﺖ ﺑﻮﺕ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﻫﻴﺰ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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(1) ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ‬
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‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﻧﻞ ﺑﺪﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎﻙ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
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‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ)‪(1‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺕ ﺭﻛﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ )‪ : (Master Boot Record‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻟﻴﻠﻮ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺑﻮﺕ )‪ : (First Sector of Boot Partition‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺕ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻫﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﺏ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﻠﻮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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(2)‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
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(1)‫ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
Ifconfig
redhat-config-network
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
.‫ﮐﺎﺭﺕ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬
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‫ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺁﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )‪ (Static‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪ DHCP‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺕ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪ DHCP‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ‪ IP‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﻪ )ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ(‪.‬‬
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‫ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ)‪(3‬‬
‫ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ‪ : IP‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Netmask‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ‪ IP‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻭ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ)‪(4‬‬
‫‪ : Network‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ‪ IP‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ 10.0.0.12‬ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻛﻼﺱ ‪A‬‬
‫)‪ (255.0.0.0‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ‪ 10.0.0.0‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Broadcast‬ﻳﻚ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ IP‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺮﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
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(1) ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
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‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ )‪: (Time Zone‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ‪ UTC Offset‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻳﻨﻮﻳﭻ )‪ (GMT‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ timeconfig‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ‪redhat-config-time‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
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root ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
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‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
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(1)‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ )‪ (shadow‬ﻭ ‪MD5‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ‪ Shadow‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ MD5‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻣﺰﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻜﺲ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ authconfig‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
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(1)‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
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(2)‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ)‪(3‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ‪ :‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ Select Individual packages‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻚ ﺗﻚ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺗﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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(4)‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
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(5)‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
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‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ)‪(1‬‬
‫‪ Administration Tools‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻫﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Authoring and Publishing‬ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﭼﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬
‫‪ DNS Name Server‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ Development Tools‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ Editors‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪ Engineering and Scientific‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
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‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ)‪(2‬‬
‫‪ FTP Server‬ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫‪ GNOME Desktop Environment‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﮔﻨﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ GNOME Software Development‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﮔﻨﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ Games and Entertainment‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻡ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫‪ Graphical Internet‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪ Graphics‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪X‬‬
‫‪ KDE‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ‪kde‬‬
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(3)‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ‬KDE Software Development
kde ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬Kernel Development
‫ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻦ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ‬.‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬Mail Server
dhcp ‫ ﺳﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬Network Servers
‫ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ‬news ‫ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬News Server
‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺘﺮﻱ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬Office/Productivity
openoffice, koffice
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‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ)‪(4‬‬
‫‪ SQL Database Server‬ﺳﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ Server Configuration Tools‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ Sound and Video‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ System Tools‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫‪ Text-based Internet‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ Web Server‬ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻭﺏ‬
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‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ)‪(5‬‬
‫‪ Windows File Server‬ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﮑﻞ ‪samba‬‬
‫‪ X Software Development‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪ X Window System‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫‪ Printing Support‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
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‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﭙﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻱ‪ Next‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﻛﭙﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻮ ‪،CD-ROM‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ‪ 40-20‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺑﻮﺕ )‪(Boot Disk‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﺖ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺕ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪Next‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ‪ No‬ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ Next‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ mkbootdisk‬ﺩﻳﺴﮏ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.4.8-20‬‬
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‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﻛﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻛﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻴﭻ ﭼﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ Next‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﻧﮕﻬﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭ ‪ 14‬ﻳﺎ‪ 15‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ‪800‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ‪ 600‬ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ‪ 16‬ﺑﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻴﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 17‬ﺍﻳﻨﭻ‪ 1024 ،‬ﺩﺭ‪ 768‬ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺭﺩﻫﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﮕﻮﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﮔﻤﻪ ‪ Exit‬ﻛﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﻛﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﻠﻮ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻴﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ Enter‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪:HTTP‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪ :FTP‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ‪FTP‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪ :NFS‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﮐﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﮎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻭﺏ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺳﺨﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﭙﻲ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﺪ‬
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(1) ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ‬
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(2) ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺎﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﺴﮏ‬
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‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬
‫ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬IP ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ‬
n
n
ftp, http ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
nfs, smb ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
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(1) FTP ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ‬
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(2) FTP ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ‬
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NFS ‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
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‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
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‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺕﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ) ﻟﻮﺩﺭﻫﺎﻱ( ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
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‫ﻟﻮﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻮﺕ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ‪ Lilo‬ﻭ ‪ GRUB‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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‫ﺑﻮﺕ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
LILO .1
GRUB .2
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LILO
LINUX
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LILO
.‫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬/etc/lilo.conf ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬grub ‫ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬lilo ‫ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬:‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
.‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
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lilo.conf
.‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬man lilo.conf ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
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GRUB
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GRUB
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/etc/grub.conf ‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬
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GRUB‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ‬
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‫‪GRUB‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪/boot/grub/grub.conf‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺩﺭ ‪ Grub‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ‪ MBR‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﮑﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﻥ ‪ 512‬ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻮﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ ‪ 512‬ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻟﻮﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎﹰ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑﻮﺕ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
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‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﮏ ﺷﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪Linux 2.4.10 (imen1.aictc.com) (ttyp1‬‬
‫‪imen1 login:‬‬
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‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
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‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ)‪(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
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‫ﺷﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻞ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻞ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺷﻞ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫‪User commands‬‬
‫‪Shell‬‬
‫‪File Systems‬‬
‫‪Kernel‬‬
‫ﺷﻞ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫‪Device Drivers‬‬
‫‪Hardware‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﮐﺮﻧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ‬
:‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬
$ cat /etc/shells
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/etc/shells
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ‬shell ‫ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬/etc/shells
.‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻳﺪ‬
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‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ‪shell‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﮑﺲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ‪ 0‬ﻭ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ 2‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﮐﻨﺴﻮﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ )ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ‪shell‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ‪redirection‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫‪cmd > file‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ file‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‬
‫‪cmd 0<file‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ‪ file‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫‪cmd 1>file‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ file‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‬
‫‪cmd 2>file‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ file‬ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‬
‫‪cmd >>file‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ‪ file‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪cmd <<TAG‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ‪ TAG‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫‪cmd1 | cmd2‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ cmd1‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪ cmd2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
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‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ‪/‬ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ‬
‫& ‪#bash 0</dev/tty8 1>/dev/tty8 2>/dev/tty8‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﮏ ‪ bash‬ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ‪ 8‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ‪ alt+F8‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ shell‬ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ‪ 8‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫‪ps –ax|grep tty8‬‬
‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ‪ 8‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
Linux 2.4.10 (penguinvm.princeton.edu) (ttyp1)
penguinvm login: ali
Password:
Last login: Tue Jan 4 10:13:13 from
linuxtcp.princeton.edu
[ali@penguinvm neale]$
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‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ‪ root‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺸﻮﻳﺪ )ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ‪ root‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ‪ root‬ﭘﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺴﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ‪bash‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪MAN‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪VIM‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﮐﭙﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺱ‬
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‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬
‫ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬useradd ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
.‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫_ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬
.‫( ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬root) ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬passwd ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
.‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬
.‫ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‬chsh ‫ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬shell ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
[root@penguinvm]# useradd abc
[root@penguinvm]# passwd abc
Changing password for user abc
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully
[root@penguinvm]#chsh -s /bin/tcsh
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‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺴﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ exit‬ﻳﺎ ‪ logout‬ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ (switch user) su‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻮﺽ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ su‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ‪ root‬ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ su‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ‪root‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﮐﻨﺴﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺯﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ )‪ (parallel processing‬ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻨﺴﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﮐﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﻲ ‪ alt+f1…alt+f6‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻮﺋﻴﭻ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮐﻨﺴﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﮐﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ctrl+alt+f7‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﺘﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﮏ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﮐﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ alt+ctrl+f1…f6‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ )‪ : (Options‬ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎ )‪ :(Arguments‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ )‪ :(Environment Variables‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
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(2) ‫ﺧﻂ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬
# cmd -s1 -s2 -s3 arg1 arg2
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻒ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺭﮔﻮﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
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‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ )‪(1‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﮑﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﮐﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ‪ tab‬ﺭﺍ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ )‪(2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ‪ $‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ‪ ، tab‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺎﺭﺍﮐﺘﺮ ~ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﮐﺘﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻳﮏ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ @ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ‪ /etc/hosts‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪man‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻨﻮﮐﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ‪ ، help‬ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ‪ (manual) man‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫>‪$ man <keyword‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‬
‫>‪$ man -k <keyword‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ b‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ f ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ‪ q‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‬
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‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪VIM‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺷﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﻞ ‪ vim‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﭙﺲ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺺ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪vim /etc/bashrc‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪101‬‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪vim‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻤﺎ‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪G‬‬
‫‪Ctrl + b‬‬
‫‪Ctrl + f‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪102‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻳﮏ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺧﻂ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ‪page up‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ‪page down‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
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‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺸﮕﺮ ‪vim‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫ﻳﮏ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ‪/‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪:wq‬‬
‫!‪:q‬‬
‫‪:w‬‬
‫‪u‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺍﮐﺘﺮﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺎﮎ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪103‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻣﺤﻞ ﮐﺮﺳﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺮﺳﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﮐﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ‪ find next‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮐﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ )‪ (replace‬ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ save as‬ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‬
‫)‪ (undo‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﻃﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
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vim ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
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‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ‪ Copy/Paste‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ Copy/Paste‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺷﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﭼﭗ ﻣﻮﺱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮑﺸﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ‪ copy‬ﺷﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺰﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ‪ paste‬ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬
shutdown ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
init 0 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬halt ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
init 6 ‫ ﻳﺎ‬reboot ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
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‫ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
RPM
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rpm
rpm -i packname.ver.rpm
rpm -e packname
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻼﹰ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
rpm -i packname.var.rpm –force –replacefiles
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
rpm –e packname --nodeps
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‫‪rpm‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺮ‬
‫‪rpm –U packname.newver.rpm‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪rpm -qa‬‬
‫‪rpm -ql packname‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪rpm -qc packname‬‬
‫‪rpm -qd packname‬‬
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‫‪rpm‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﮏ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﺮ‬
‫‪$ rpm -V ppp‬‬
‫‪S.5......T c /etc/ppp/chap-secrets‬‬
‫‪S.5......T c /etc/ppp/pap-secrets‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ‪) ppp‬ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ‪ dialup‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ( ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺼﺐ‪ ۲‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ S‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪۵‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ‪ MD5‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ T‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻑ ‪ c‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﻳﻠﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
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‫‪rpm‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : 5‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ‪ checksum MD5‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻱ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : S‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : L‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻟﻴﻨﮏ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ )‪ (Symbolic‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : T‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : D‬ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ )‪(Device Special File‬‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : U‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : G‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : M‬ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ‬
Filesystem
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‫‪mount/umount‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦﻫﺎﻱ ‪ mount‬ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ‪device‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ‪ mount‬ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﮑﻪ ﻳﮏ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ mount‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ umount‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ‪ mount‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪mount device mountpoint -t fstype -o options‬‬
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mount
‫ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ‬mount ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮐﻨﻴﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﻴﺸﻬﺎﻱ‬
.‫ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‬mount
/dev/hda3 on / type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/hda2 on /boot type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/hda5 on /home type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/hda8 on /Data type ext3 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
/dev/hda7 on /mnt/D type vfat (rw,gid=105,umask=002)
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df ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬
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