Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 1 (2015) pp. 925-937
http://www.ijcmas.com
Original Research Article
Occurrence of Organophosphorous Pesticide Residues in some Fish Species
Collected from Local Market in Tripoli, Libya
S.Enbaia1, N.Elsaweth1, Y.Abujnah2, I.Greiby2, A.Hakam2, A.Alzanad1,
A.Benzitoun3, A.A.Omar4 and, H.A.Amra4*
1
Azzaytuna University, Tripoli, Libya
2
Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
3
Libyan National Center for Standardization and Metrology, Tripoli, Libya
4
Food Contaminants and Toxicology Dept., National Research Center,
Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Organophosphorus ,
Pesticide
residues,
Libyan fish,
and
Marine fish
The study was conducted to assess the level of contamination of marine fish persistent
chemicals such as many Organophosphorus pesticide residues, where most countries suffer
from the problems of pollution of marine fish persistent chemicals which have negative
effects on human and animal health as cause of cancer, kidney failure, liver and fetal
abnormalities as a result of accumulation in adipose tissue. However, the persistence of
high levels of these pollutants with seafood is unknown accurately enough. And the aim of
this study is to estimate Organophosphorus pesticide residues in Libyan fish where they
were pulling samples of fish during the month (September, October, and November, 2013)
from the local market to market the fish Port of Tripoli Sea, which is the main source of
samples fresh. Samples were representative of the types of fatty fish include Round
their thynnus),
abuse Madeiran
especiallySardinella
in
Sardinella (Sardinella aurita), Europeanincluding
Pilchard (Thunnus
(Sardinella maderensis), Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus), Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber
scombrus), Herring (Clupea harengus), and half of fatty fish include Roving Grey Mullet
(Liza carinata), Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus),Thicklip Grey Mullet (Chelon
labrosus), Boxlip Mullet (Cdeachilus labeo), Albacore (Thunnus alalunya), Bluefin Tuna
(Thunnus thynnus), Yellow Fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) and Bogue (Boops boops).
Dimethoate, Disulfaton, Famphur, Methyl parathion, O,O,O-Triethyl phosphoro thioate,
Parathion and Phorate were detected in fish tissues and fat samples at level below the
maximum residue limits (MRL). The results showed that there was no concentrations
higher than the maximum residue limits, according to FAO and WHO, global in all tissues
of the fish, which were estimated by Organophosphorus pesticides as for estimating vehicle
Organophosphorus fats in fish has been found that some types of sardines and Grey Mullet
contain high concentrations of Dimethoate (4.7611±0.02 , 1.1741±0.05) respectively, and
some types of Tuna contain a high concentration of Famphur (1.0627±0.03), these
concentrations are higher than the maximum residue limits, according to FAO and WHO
where concentrations were calculated in mg / kg (µg/g , ppm) BW of fish.
Introduction
In recent times, the extent of the use of
pesticides, and their mode of application
agriculture have been of much concern to
environmental scientists. Alongside their
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
uses are also the residual effect of these
pesticides and particularly their replicating
effect on human health (Hurst et al., 1991).
knowledge about their applications and
ecosystem and they contaminate soil,
surface and underground water resources
(Khodadadi et al., 2010; Srivastava et al.,
2010). Relevant poisoning in many
countries, especially in developing countries
is considered the second causes of
mortalities
after
infectious
diseases
(Farshad, 2000). Pesticides cause untoward
effects on man in two ways. Firstly, they
have direct effects on the health of persons
who use them; and secondly, their remnants
accumulate in foodstuffs which also produce
side effects on man (Yazgan and Tanik,
2010). The side effects include short term
ones like abdominal cramps, vertigo,
headaches,
diplopia,
nausea,
ocular
disturbances and dermatopathies. Long term
adverse effects include increased likelihood
of respiratory failures, depression, nervous
defects, prostate cancer, leukemia and
infertility. These problems are considered
the major health problems in the world
(Yazgan and Tanik, 2010; Ghasemi and
Karam, 2009). The various investigations
conducted on farmers in terms of their
health status demonstrated that pesticides
may increase from the likelihood of
Parkinson disease (Hoek and Dawson, 2007;
Bradman et al., 2011). Environmental
pollution by pesticides has been identified as
one of the major environmental impacts
from agriculture (Skinner et al., 1997).
Parent compounds as well as metabolites of
pesticides have been identified in air (Rudel,
1997), water (Boonyatumanond et al., 1997)
and soil (Redondo et al., 1997). The list of
pesticide related compounds which have
been identified in the environment and
proved to be carcinogenic is growing as new
methods of detection have been developed
and sensitivities and specificities of assays
have been improved.
Pesticide residue as used in this research
work is the residual amount of active
components of a particular pesticide or
group of pesticides found in a commodity
(that is food or water) after the pesticide has
accomplished the primary purpose of its
application; or the residual amount of a
pesticide found in a product which has been
in the area of the pesticide application.
Though pesticides are often misunderstood
to refer only to insecticides, the term
pesticide also applies to herbicides,
fungicides, acaricides and other substances
used to control pest.
Under the US law, a pesticide may also refer
to any substance or mixture of substances
intended for use as a plant regulator,
defoliant or desiccant (Hurst et al., 1991).
The increasing population necessitates more
agricultural products and food stuffs that
consequently need more pesticide usage to
destroy any pests (Khazaei et al., 2010;
Arjmandi et al., 2010). The pesticide
compounds include Organophosphorus,
Organochlorine, Carbamate and Pyrethroid
derivatives, (Samadi et al., 2009). They have
some side effects on living organisms such
as organophosphorus inhibits cholinesterase
activity and wit makes central nervous
system (CNS) functional disturbances.
Organochlorine accumulates in living
organism bodies and also in food chain.
Carbamate on man derivatives causes
genetic mutations and CNS functional
disturbances (Samadi et al., 2009).
Pesticides are used widely to improve
agricultural production and also to prevent
arthropod-borne diseases. But they are used
improperly due to the lake appropriate
Pesticides differ in their mode of action,
uptake by the body, metabolism and
elimination from the body and ecological
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
toxicity potential. Because of these
differences, some from the pesticides show
acute short term effects, while others tend to
accumulate in the body and with time
demonstrate sublethal adverse health effects.
Many of these compounds also persist in the
environment and bioaccumulate in the
animal and human tissues (El-Sebae, 1986).
The degradation and transformation of the
nonpersistent chemicals in the environment
are dependent on their physicochemical
properties, the environment in which they
reside and the threshold levels of these
chemicals in the environment. Degradation
and transformation processes do not always
result in decreased activity or dilution of the
parent compound, for the degraded or
transformed products are at times more
toxic, resulting in biomagnification of the
toxicity of the parent compound.
animals including humans through the food
chain, Akueshi et al. (2003). Behavioral
avoidance of contaminants may be an
additional cause of reduced fish populations,
Akueshi et al. (2003).
Materials and Methods
Materials
All solvents were Pesticide Residue grade
and were purchased from Sigma, USA.
Dimethoate, Disulfaton, Famphur, Methyl
parathion,
O,O,O-Triethyl
phosphoro
thioate, Parathion and Phophorate were
purchased from Sigma, USA. All other
chemicals used were analytical grade and
obtained from either Sigma-Aldrich or
Merck.
Fish samples
The presence of organophosphorus in
sediment samples suggests that for these
environmentally persistent compounds have
been resident in the water bodies for a long
time and may have contaminated the aquatic
flora and fauna. The most striking effect of
some of the pesticides in water is their
ability to concentrate in the fatty tissue of
successively higher components of the
aquatic food chain.
Forty five samples of fish representing
species of Round Sardinella (Sardinella
aurita), Euro Peqn Pilchard (Thunnus
thynnus), Madeiran Sardinella (Sardinella
maderensis), Chub Mackerel (Scomber
japonicus), Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber
scombrus), Herring (Clupea harengus),
Roving Grey Mullet (Liza carinata),
Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus),
Thicklip Grey Mullet (Chelon labrosus),
Boxlip Mullet (Cdeachilus labeo), Albacore
(Thunnus alalunya), Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus
thynnus), Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus
albacares) and Bogue (Boops boops) were
collected from Tripoli market in Libya
during 2013.
The frequent presence of pesticides and their
high toxicity along with considerable
bioaccumulation in freshwater fishes make
them toxicants that should be given due
consideration in aquatic toxicology. Fish
accumulate xenobiotic chemicals, especially
those with poor water solubility because of
the very intimate contact with the medium
that carries the chemicals in solution or
suspension and also because fish have to
extract oxygen from the medium by passing
enormous volumes of water over the gills.
Fish kill or injury due to pesticides
contamination is considered the primary
cause of reducing fish populations and other
Instrument conditions
The GC oven temperature was initiated at
140°C for 2 min, raised to 200°C at 4 min,
kept at 200°C for 5 min, raised to 230°C for
5 min, raised to 260°C at 2 min, and then
kept at 260°C for 6 min. The temperatures
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
of the injector and detector were 250°C and
320°C, respectively. The injection volume
was 1 pl. The flow rates of carrier gas (Nz)
and makeup gas (N2) were kept at 1.9 and
30 ml min, respectively.
Sample
collection
processing)
(sampling
most important measurement of the
proportion of mind using the device Sukshilt
with solvent Petroleum ether, and then
extracted the largest possible size of the
samples not less than 12 15 ml of each
sample with a rush out into account repeat 3
times to sample, according to the
internationally accredited AOAC Methods,
which rely on the extraction of the fat first
sample in the detection and estimation of
Organophosphorus pesticide residues in fish.
and
The process of sampling is considered an
important step and sensitive in research
methodology, where take all scientific
procedures and laboratory followed in
sampling and taking into account all the
circumstances that could affect or interfere
in the readings obtained in the final results
of the search, and this is a summary of the
steps to withdraw the sample collection and
processing: sampling was in the month
(September, October, November, 2013 m)
from the local market for the marketing of
fish and sea port of Tripoli, which is the
main source of fresh samples. Samples were
representative of all types of fish mental
include sardines - Alkuala - Ranja, and fish
half mental and include mullet - tuna Alboukh, according to the guide issued by
the Research Center of Marine Biology
(manual bony fish water Libyan, for the year
2009). The weight of the sample of each
type of fish, ranging from 4 to 8 Kg. Each
sample was cleaned (cleaning and removing
the viscera) and washed by deionized water
(distilled water). Samples are placed in
folders ice (Ice Box) and transported to the
laboratory. Process conducted chop and
homogenized samples are placed in
aluminum dishes. Samples stored at a
temperature of not less than (-20°C). Sample
was divided into two parts and the
estimation of organophosphorus pesticides
where done by 1. Extraction of fat and
organophosphorus
pesticides.
2.
Determination
of
Organophosphorus
pesticides in tissue sarcomas directly. Initial
tests of the samples was conducted by the
Determination of pesticide residues
Pesticide
residues
were
determined
according
to
AOAC
(1995).
Chromatographic analysis was performed
with a Hewlett-Packard 5890 system with Ni
63 electron capture detector (ECD), fitted
with HP- 1 capillary column (cross linked
methyl silicon gum, 30m length x 0.25mm
diameter x 0.25 µm film thickness). The
oven temperature was programmed from
160°C to 220 °C with rate of 5°C/min, and
continued for total of 30 min. Injection and
detector temperatures were 220 and 300°C,
respectively. Recoveries of pesticides by
this method were determined by fortification
of the samples with definite concentrations
of pesticides standards, and the recoveries
ranged between 90 to 94%. The limit of
detection (in µg/g) was 0.02 for DDT
derivatives and 0.01 for the other pesticides
under investigation.
Gas chromatographic method for
phosphorus pesticides residues in fish
Principle
Organophosphorus pesticides are extracted
from prepared fish test portion with
petroleum ether, cleaned up on Florisil
column, and determined by GC against
reference standards.
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
Series II gas chromatograph (HewlettPackard, Wilmington, DE) equipped with a
split-splitless injector installed with a Siltek
splitless liner with wool and (Part No.
22406-213; Restek, Bellefonte, PA),
HP7673 autosampler, a 30 m × 0.32 mm id,
0.5 µm film thickness, DB-5ms column
(J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA) with
nitrogen phosphorus detector and a 30m×
0.32 mm id, 0.25 µm film thickness, DB1701P column (J&W)with a flame
photometric detector with phosphorus filter.
The inlets of both columns were connected
with a Siltek Y press-tight connector (Part
No. 20486; Restek), and a 2 m × 0.53 mm
id, Siltek guard column (Part No. 10028;
Restek) was installed in a single injection
port.
Apparatus
(a) Dispersing unit.-Ultra-Turrax® T-25
basic with a stainless dispersion tool S25N10G
(IKA®
Labortechnik,
Staufen,
Germany).
(b) Suction filter system Kiriyama funnel
(Cat. No. SU-60; Nippon Rikagaku Kikai
Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) fitted with a filter
paper (Cat. No. 5A-60; Nippon Rikagaku
Kikai) was connected with a vacuum SPC
joint (Cat. No. 3047-19; Sibata Scientific
Technology Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) to a 250 mL
graduated cylinder (Cat. No. 2355-250A;
Sibata) as described previously (10).
(c) Rotary vacuum evaporator Rotavapor
with vacuum controller V-800 (Büchi
Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland).
The GC conditions were as follows: oven
temperature program, initial 60°C (1 min
hold), to 200°C at 10°C/min, and then to
280°C at 5°C/min (7min hold) carrier gas,
He; carrier gas pressure program, initial 130
kPa (1min hold), to 204 kPa at 2 kPa/min;
injection temperature, 240°C; temperature of
both detectors, 300°C; injection volume, 2
_L; splitless injection
(d) GPC system Automated GPC cleanup
system (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan)
equipped with a CLNpak EV-2000 column
(300 × 20 mm id) and a CLNpak EV-G
guard column (100 × 20mmid;
ShowaDenko, Tokyo, Japan). The UV
detector was set at 254 nm. The mobile
phase was acetone
Reagents
cyclohexane (2 + 8) at a flow rate of 5
mL/min.
(a) Solvents and chemicals Acetonitrile,
sodium chloride, ethyl acetate, anhydrous
sodium sulfate, acetone, cyclohexane, and
petroleum ether (Wako Pure Chemical
Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan) were
pesticide-analysis grade. Phosphoric acid,
dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and
potassium dihydrogen phosphate were
analytical grade from Wako. Water was
obtained by using a Puric-Z system (Organo
Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Phosphate buffer
(1M) was prepared by dissolving 105 g
dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and 61 g
potassium dihydrogen phosphate in water
and diluting to 1 L.
(e) Minicolumn suction system (Figure 1).
Glass reservoir (available on special order
from Asahi Techniglass Co. Ltd., Nagoya,
Japan), stopcock valve (Waters), syringe
needle (Cat. No. 875-18; Nippon Rikagaku
Kikai), and vacuum joint (Cat. No. 0721515; NipponRikagaku Kikai). These 4 units
were supported by a metallic rack, and 4
vacuum joints were connected with Teflon
tubing to a metallic manifold (Cat. No.
SKB-04; Nippon Rikagaku Kikai) that was
connected to an aspirator.
(f)
Dual-column
GC
system HP5890
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
(b)
Analytical
standards. Pesticide
standards were purchased from Wako and
Hayashi Pure Chemical Industries Ltd.
(Osaka, Japan). Individual stock standard
solutions (1000 mg/L) were prepared in
acetone. Quinalphos standard solution was
stored at 20°C, and the others were stored
at 4°C. Working standard solutions of each
pesticide at 1 5 mg/L, depending on the
sensitivity of the detector in the recovery
tests, were prepared in acetone by dilution of
the stock standard solutions. Calibration
standard solutions were freshly prepared by
diluting the working standard solutions by a
factor of 5 10 with acetone.
residue was dissolved in acetone
cyclohexane (2 + 8), the volume was
adjusted to 5mL, and the mixture was
centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm. The
supernatant was ready for cleanup.
Cleanup and GC Analysis
A 2 mL aliquot of the extract, equivalent to
10 g sample, was loaded into the automated
GPC cleanup system. The first 65 mL of
GPC eluate was discarded, and the next 20
mL was collected in a 32 mL collection tube
as pesticide fraction 1; an additional 40 mL
was collected in 2 more collection tubes as
pesticide fraction 2 (Figure 2). As shown in
Figure 1, the pesticide fractions were
purified by the 2-step minicolumn cleanup
without concentration. First, pesticide
fraction 2 was loaded on a silica-gel
minicolumn, and the eluate was collected in
a 100 mL round-bottom flask by using the
minicolumn suction system. After a Florisil
minicolumn was inserted on the silica-gel
minicolumn, pesticide fraction 1 was loaded
on the tandem minicolumn, which was then
eluted with 15 mL acetone petroleum ether
(3 + 7). The combined eluate was
concentrated to near dryness by using a
rotary vacuum evaporator. The residue was
dissolved in acetone containing triphenyl
phosphate at 0.2 mg/L as a retention index
standard to a volume of 5 mL. The test
solution (1 mL) corresponded to 2 g
sample.A2 µL aliquot of the test solution
was injected into the dual-column gas
chromatograph equipped with nitrogen
phosphorus and FPD.
(c) Minicolumns. Silica-gel 690 mg SepPak Plus Silica and Florisil 910 mg Sep-Pak
Plus Florisil (both Waters, Milford, MA)
were preconditioned with 10 mL petroleum
ether followed by 10 mL acetone before use.
Extraction
A55 g portion of chopped sample was
extracted with 150mL acetonitrile for 2min
by using a dispersing unit. The extract was
filtered into a 250 mL graduated cylinder
containing 25 g NaCl and 25mL
1Mphosphate buffer by using a suction filter
system. The graduated cylinder fitted with a
cap was shaken, and the acetonitrile layer
was cleaned up by a salting-out step. Half of
the acetonitrile layer, equivalent to 25 g
sample, was transferred to a 500 mL roundbottom flask and evaporated to near dryness
by using a rotary vacuum evaporator. To the
residue added 50 mL ethyl acetate and 20 g
anhydrous sodium sulfate, with sonication
for 1min, and the mixture was filtered
without suction through a filter paper into a
200 mL round-bottom flask. The 500 mL
round- bottom flask was rinsed with two 20
mL portions of ethyl acetate, and the rinses
were decanted through the filter paper. The
filtrate was concentrated to near dryness by
using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The
Analysis of the Total Fat Content in Fish
The method developed by Undeland et al.
(1998) was followed. Fish meat (10 g) was
chopped and then mixed with 16 mL of
isopropyl alcohol. The mixture was ground
for 30 sec while kept in an ice hath. After
adding 32 mL of n-hexane, the mixture was
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
ground for another 30 sec and then
centrifuged at 19,600 g (11500 rpm) for 15
min at 4°C. The n-hexane layer was
collected and dried over nitrogen gas in a
28°C water bath. The fat content of the fish
sample was thus calculated on the basis of
the mass of dried residue.
Distribution concentrations (µg/g) of
pesticide residues detected in tissue fish
samples collected from Tripoli
The results in Table 1 and Figure 1 showed
the distribution concentrations (ppm) of
organophosphorus
pesticide
residues
detected in tissue fish samples collected
from Tripoli. Although some tissue fish
samples of Mackerel and Mullet had
pesticide residues such as (Famphur,
Parathion, Methyl parathion and Dimethoate
but its concentration were lower than the
maximum residue limits (µg/g) (FAO and
WHO 2013).
Concentration of compound in sample
To calculate concentration of each
compound in sample, follow the equation:
Concentration (µg/g) =
Area sample × concentration standard
Area standard × weight of sample
The tissue fish samples of Sardine, Herring,
Tuna and Bogue were free from these
organophosphorus pesticide residues.
Where, concentration standard was 10 µg
and weight of sample was 2g.
Distribution concentrations (µg/g) of
pesticide residues detected in fat fish
samples collected from Tripoli
Data handling
Data collected were subjected to one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to
assess whether pesticide residues varied
significantly between fish and organs
samples, possibilities less than 0.05 (p<0.05)
were considered statistically significant.
The result in Table 2 and Figure 2 showed
the distribution concentrations (ppm) of
pesticide residues detected in fat fish
samples collected from Tripoli. Although
some fat fish samples had pesticide residues
and its concentration were lower than the
maximum residue limits (µg/g) (FAO and
WHO 2013). such as some types of Mullet
and Tuna, but some Sardine, Mullet and
Tuna had high concentration of Dimethoate
(4.7611±0.02,
1.1741±0.05),
Famphur
(1.0627±0.03),
respectively.
These
concentrations were higher than the
maximum residue limits (mg/kg) (FAO and
WHO 2013). The fat fish samples of
Mackerel, Herring and Bogue were free
from these organophosphorus pesticide
residues.
Results and Discussion
There are many factors which may affect the
contamination levels of OPs in drainage
water such as the presences of most minerals
and salts, Schlauch (1989), photosensitizers,
temperature, pH, radiation, metal cations,
Meikle and Youngson (1970), as well as
micro-organisms, Haven and Rase (1990).
Dimethoate, Disulfaton, Famphur, Methyl
parathion,
O,O,O-Triethyl
phosphoro
thioate, Parathion and Phorate were detected
in fish tissue and fat samples (Tables 1 and
2) and Figures (1 and 2).
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
Table.1 The distribution concentrations (µg/g) of pesticide residues detected in tissue fish
samples collected from Tripoli (September, October, and November, 2013)
Pesticides
detected
MRL
(µg/g)
Concentrations of pesticide residues (µg/g)
Mean&SD
Dimethoate
Disulfoton
Famphur
Methyl parathion
Round
Sardinella
ND
ND
ND
ND
Sardine
European
Pilchard
ND
ND
ND
ND
Madeiran
Sardinella
ND
ND
ND
ND
Chub
Mackerel
ND
ND
0.0343±0.06
ND
Mackerel
Atlantic
Makerel
ND
ND
ND
ND
Herring
Mackerel
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.05
O,o,o-triethyl
phosphorothioate
parathion
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1
Phorate
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
Pesticides
detected
MRL
(µg/g)
Concentrations of pesticide residues (µg/g)
Mean&SD
Roving Grey
Mullet
Mullet
flathead Grey Thicklip
Mullet
Grey Mullet
Boxlip
Mullet
Albacore
Tuna
Blue Fin
Tuna
Bogue
Yellow
Fin Tuna
Dimethoate
Disulfaton
Famphur
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0242±0.09
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
0.02
0.05
Methyl parathion
O,o,o-triethyl
phosphorothioate
parathion
phorate
ND
0.0032±0.04
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
0.05
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1
0.05
0.0051±0.07
ND
ND Not Detectable, MRL the maximum residue limits
Fig.1 Survey of organophosphorus pesticides in Libyan tissue fish isolated from Tripoli
market during (2013)
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
Table.2 The distribution concentrations (µg/g) of pesticide residues detected in fat fish
samples collected from Tripoli (September, October, and November, 2013)
Pesticides
detected
MRL
(µg/g)
Concentrations of pesticide residues (µg/g)
Mean&SD
Dimethoate
Disulfaton
Famphur
Round
Sardinella
4.7611±0.02
ND
ND
Sardine
European
Pilchard
ND
ND
ND
Madeiran
Sardinella
ND
ND
ND
Chub
Mackerel
ND
ND
ND
Mackerel
Atlantic
Makerel
ND
ND
ND
Herring
Mackerel
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
0.02
0.05
Methyl parathion
O,o,o-triethyl
phosphorothioate
parathion
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
0.05
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1
Phorate
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
Pesticides detected
MRL
(µg/g)
Concentrations of pesticide residues (µg/g)
Mean&SD
Dimethoate
Disulfaton
Famphur
Methyl parathion
O,o,o-triethyl
phosphorothioate
parathion
phorate
Roving
Grey
Mullet
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Mullet
flathead
Thicklip
Grey
Grey
Mullet
Mullet
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0195±0.2
ND
0.0132
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Boxlip
Mullet
Albacore
1.1741±0.05
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.0627±0.03
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Tuna
Blue
Fin
Tuna
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Bogue
Yellow Fin
Tuna
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0185±0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.05
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.1
0.05
ND Not Detectable, MRL the maximum residue limits
Fig.2 Survey of organophosphorus pesticides in Libyan fat fish isolated from
Tripoli market during (2013)
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
Fig.3 Standard samples
934
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
Fig.4 Detected sample
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2015) 4(1) 925-937
From the above results it can be concluded
that, although the incidences of pesticides
were relatively high, mean concentrations
were below the maximum residue limits
proposed by FAO and WHO 2013. On the
other hand, the Organophosphorus
pesticides were predominant in the fish
samples, but in low concentrations, which
might be attributed to the association of
Organophosphorus pesticide residues with
the fat phase in fish.
Acknowledgment
The authors here would like to express
their profound gratitude the National body
for Scientific Research, Tripoli, Libya for
supporting the work
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