Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 7 (2014) pp. 31-39
http://www.ijcmas.com
Original Research Article
Seasonal variations and diversity of marine diatoms of Pudukkotai and
Thanjavur districts south east coast of India
T.Gopalakrishnan1*, S.Jeyachandran2 and N.Ramakrishnan1
1
Department of Botany, Governments Arts College for men, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu, India
2
PG & Research Department of Botany & Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College,
Poondi, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Biodiversity,
Marine
Diatoms,
PhysicoChemical
parameters,
India.
The present study Seasonal variations and diversity of marine diatoms of
Jegathapattinam (Lat. 09º 95 N: Long. 79º 18 E) Kattumavadi ( Lat. 10º 13 N ;
Long.79º 22 E ), Sethubhavachathiram (Lat. 10º 24 N : 79 º 28 E ) and Manora
(Lat. 10º 26 N; Long.79 º 30 E) of Pudukkotai and Thanjavur District, South east
Coast of India was carried out for a period of one year (from June 2010 to May
2011). For this study, four stations were chosen from the both districts.The study
focuses attention on the survey, systematics of marine diatom diversity and the
influence of physico-chemical factors on their seasonal distribution. During the
study period, a total of 78 species belonging to 42 genera of marine diatoms were
recorded from the four stations. The most common genera were Actinocyclus,
Amphora, Bacteriastrum, Biddulphia, Chaetoceros, Coscinodiscus, Cyclotella,
Diploneis, Gyrosigma, Licmophora, Mastogloia, Melosira, Navicula, Nitzschia,
Pleurosigma and Tropidoneis were present in all the stations. Higher values of
diatom population density were found during summer at both stations. The seasonal
distribution and abundance are discussed in relation to physico- chemical
parmeters.
Introduction
although some move via flagellation.
Diatoms
belonging
to
the
class
Bacillariophyceae. Size of individual diatom
ranges from ~ 2 to 2 mm, but some chains
can be several millimeters in length.
Diatoms are ubiquitous in both marine and
freshwater and sediments. Diatoms have
proven potential for diversity and abundance
in marine ecosystem (Stoemer and Smot,
1990). It shows a high diversity and is
Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are
the most common types of phytoplankton.
They
are
eukaryotic,
autotrophic
microorganisms with a cosmopolitan
distribution. Most diatoms are unicellular,
although they can exist as colonies in the
shape of filaments or ribbons (e.g.
Fragilaria), fans (e.g. Meridion), zigzags
(e.g. Tabellaria), or stellate colonies (e.g.
Asterionella). Most diatoms are non-motile,
31
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
responsible
blooms.
for
typical
phytoplankton
Hustedt , 1927; Subrahmanyan, 1946;
Hendey,1964; Desikachary 1986,1988).
Diatoms are an important indicator of
environmental changes where individual
species respond directly or indirectly and
sensitively to changes in chemical, physical
parameters such as nutrients silicate,
phosphorous, nitrogen, pH, light and
temperature (Stevenson and Pan, 1999).
1. Station I. Jegathapattinam
(Lat. 09º 95 N: Long. 79º 18 E)
2. Station II. Kattumavadi
( Lat. 10º 13 N ; Long.79º 22 E )
3. Station III. Sethubhavachathiram
(Lat. 10º 24 N : 79 º 28 E )
4. Station IV. Manora
(Lat. 10º 26 N; Long.79 º 30 E)
The fact that each diatom species has a
specific optimum and tolerance for some
environmental parameters including pH,
salinity, temperature, nutrients and light
availability, makes them particularly useful
indicators for biodiversity (Lim
et al.,
2001). Hence the present work was
undertaken to study the seasonal variation
and diversity of planktonic diatoms and
hydrographical
parameters
in
Jegathapattinam,
Kattumavadi,
Sethubhavachathiram and Manora of
Pudukkotai and Thanjavur Districts,.
Southeast Coast of India.
Results and Discussion
Environmental Parameters and their
Influence
Monthly variations in physico-chemical
parameters viz, rainfall, air and surface
water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved
oxygen,
reactive silicate, inorganic
phosphate, organic phosphate, nitrate, and
nitrite were recorded for period of one year
from June 2010 to May 2011.The Physicochemical parameters of the present study
areas are subjected to wide spatial temporal
variations.
The
Physico
chemical
parameters of the present study areas are
subjected to wide spatial temporal
variations.
Materials and Methods
The planktonic diatoms were collected from
the surface water of the study areas by
towing plankton net (mouth diameter 0.35
m) made of bolting silk cloth (No.35 mesh
size 48 m) for 20 minutes. Water samples
were collected from the surface during the
monthly intervals for a period of one year
(from June 2010 to May 2011) at four
stations in Jegathapattinam, Kattumavadi,
Sethubhavachathiram and
Manora, of
Pudukkotai and Thanjavur Districts. Water
samples were preserved in 4 % neutralized
formalin and used for nutrient analysis. For
qualitative analysis of diatoms, the settling
method described by Sukhanova (1978).
Cleaning of diatom sample by Nitric acid
Method (Hendey,1964). Identification of
diatoms by Standard Manuals (Boyer, 1926;
Rainfall is the most important cyclic
phenomenon in tropical countries as it
brings about important changes in the
physical and chemical characteristics of the
coastal and estuarine systems. In the
present study, the total annual rainfall
recorded from the study areas (I, II, III and
IV) varied from 0.0 mm to 350.0 mm.
Maximum (300.0 mm) rainfall was
recorded during November 2010. Rainfall
was totally absent during the months of
March and May 2011. Similar observation
was reported by Kaliyaperumal, 1992;
Mathevan 1994.
32
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
Temperature is another important factor in
the coastal and estuarine environments,
which influences the physico- chemical
characters. In general, air
and water
temperatures were recorded during the
summer months. During the study period
varied from 25 to 38ºC. The minimum
(25ºC) was recorded during the months of
August and December 2010 at station.IV
and also in the month of January 2011 at
station I. The surface water temperature
varied from 22 to 37ºC. The minimum
surface temperature was recorded during
December 2010 at station II and maximum
was recorded during (summer) April 2011 at
station III. In general all the four station
showed similar monthly changes. Similar
observations were reported by Ramalingam
Manikannan et al., (2011) from Vedaranyam
Swamp of the Point Calimere, South-east
coast of India, Sushanth and Rajashekhar
(2012) from the coastal ecosystem.
influence of rainfall and influx of the fresh
water into the study areas.
The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of
water may influence many biological and
chemical characteristics of marine waters
(30 Saad, 1978). In general hydrogen ion
concentrations fluctuated in all the stations
during the study period and the temperature
as suggested by several authors (Zingde et
al 1985; Tiwari and vijayalakshmi 1993; 28
Soundarapandian et al., 2009; Sushanth and
Rajashekhar, 2012; Medudhula et al.,
2012). Similar trend in pH was reported by
Seenivasan (1998) from the Vellar estuarine
system, Palanichamy and Rajendran (2000)
from Palk Bay, Prabu et al., (2008) from
Pichavaram mangroves, Damotharan et al.,
(2010) from Point Calimere coastal water.
Ramalingam Manikannan et al., 2011 from
Great Vedaranyam Swamp of the Point
Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, South-east
coast of India.
Salinity is one of the key factor that
determines the distributions of diatoms. In
the present study, salinity range varied from
20 to 36ppt. All the stations showed similar
monthly pattern in salinity distribution
registering low value (20 ppt) during
December 2010 (monsoon) at stations IV,
and high value (38ppt) during the month of
Sep 2010(summer) at station.IV. This could
be due to the continues evaporation of water
from the all study area especially during the
summer seasons as observed by Palpandi(
2011) from Vellar estuary, South east coast
of India. Similar trend in the salinity values
were also observed from various parts in
southeast coast of India (Seenivasan, 1998;
Palanichamy
and
Rajendran,
2000;
Sulochana and Muniyandi, 2005; Prabu et
al., 2008; Soundarapandian et al., 2009;
Damotharan et al., 2010). In all the above
studies the salinity was found fluctuating
widely which was mainly due to the
Dissolved oxygen showed a wide range of
variations throughout the study period at all
stations. In general, the maximum values
recorded during the monsoon month and
minimum during the summer month. This is
attributed to the variations in freshwater
inflow and tidal ingress (Eswari and Ramani
Bai 2002). This was accompalished by
lowering of salinity and air and surface
water temperature values. This is in
conformity with the earlier works that high
concentrations of dissolved oxygen in low
saline water coupled with low temperature
during monsoon. It was noted that in all the
stations, the standing crop of diatoms were
more during summer months (when
dissolved oxygen concentrations was low
due to cessation of freshwater flow) as
reported by Jeyachandran (1989) in
Pitchavram mangroves.
33
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
Table.I List of isolated of Diatoms
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Name of the Diatoms
Actinocyclus ehrenbergii var.ralfsii (W.Smith)
Achnanthes hauckiana Grun.
Amphora coffeaeformis (Ag.)Kutz
A. marina (W.Sm.)V.H
A. proteus Grag
A. ovalis (Kutz) (Kutz)
Bacteriastrum furcatum Shadbolt
Bellerochea malleus (Brightwell) Van Heurck
Biddulphia mobiliensis Bailey
B. retiformis Mann
Caloneis permagna (Bailey) Cleve
Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grun
Cocconeis costata Greg
Coscinodiscus centralis Her
C. kutzingii A.Schmidt
C. normanii Gregory in Greville
C. rothii Ehr Grun
S.No
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
C. radiatus Her
Cyclotella striata (Kutz) Grun
C. stylorum Btoo
Diplomenora cocconeiforma A & S Plaze
Diploneis bombus (Ehr.) Her
D. crabro Her
D. interrupta (Kutz) Cleve
D. subovalis Cleve
D. weissflogii (A.Schmidt) Cleve
Frustulia rhomboids (Ehr). Var. saxonica DeToni
Grammatophora marina (Lyngb.) Kutz
Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) Peragallo
Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kutz.) Rabh
G.balticum (Ehr).Cleve
G. distortum var. parkeri (M.B.Harrison) Cleve
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
G. scalproides (Rabh.) Cleve.
Lauderia annulata Cleve
Licmophora abbreviate Agardh
Mastogloia apiculata W.Smith
M. smithii Thwaites ex.W.Sm
Melosira nummuloides Agardh
M. sulcata (Ehr) Kutz. = (Paralia sulcata (.Ehr.)
Cleve)
Navicula arabica Grun
N. clementis var. linearis Brander ex Hustedt
74
75
76
77
78
40
41
34
Name of the Diatoms
Navicula granulate (Bailey)
N. lyra Ehr.
N. monilifera Cleve
N. rhynchocephala Kützing
N.rostellata Kützing
N. salinarum Grunow
Navicula sp
Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg)W-Smith
N.flexa Schumann
N.granulate Grun
N. insignis Greg
N. obtuse var scalpelliformis (Grun)
N. punctate (Wm.Smith) Grun
N. punctate var.coarctata (Grun) Hust
Nitzschia spp
Pinnularia viridis (Nitzsch) Ehrenberg
Pinnulariosigma reana Desikachary,
etal(= Navicula reana (Castr) De Toni)
Planktoniella sol (wallich) Schutt
Pleurosigma aestuarii (De breb.)W.Smith
P. normanii Ralfs in Pritchard
Rhabdonema mirificoom w.smith
Rhopalodia gibberula Kutz
Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell
Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve
Surirella minuta Brébisson in Kützing
Synedra formosa Hantzsch
S. fulgens (Greville) W.Smith
Thalassionema nitzschioides Grunow
Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow
Thalassiothrix longissima Cleve
Thalassiosira decipiens (Grunow)
Thalassiosira lineata Jouse (=
coscinodiscus lineatus van Heurck)
Triceratium dubium Brightwell
Triceratium favus Ehrenberg
Trachyneis aspera (Ehr) Cleve
Tropidoneis Lepidoptera (Gregory) Cleve
Tropidoneis vitrea (W.Smith) Cleve
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
Table.II Diatom population Density (cell numbers/ ml) during 2010-2011
Stations
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
I
5652
5952
5831
5968
4240
3632
4096
5760
6010
10448
13600
II
5888
6032
6011
6192
4368
2367
3984
4320
5090
10896
13680
III
4560
4816
4713
5408
3856
3104
4320
5440
6100
11088
13552
IV
5664
5904
5814
6048
3536
3328
4656
5040
5900
11248
14560
Table.III Distribution of Diatoms in genera during June 2010 to May 2011
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Name of the Diatoms
I
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
7
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
45
Actinocyclus
Achnanthes
Amphora
Amphiprora
Asterionellopsis
Bacteriastrum
Bellerochea
Biddulphia
Caloneis
Chaetoceros
Cocconeis
Coscinodiscus
Cyclotella
Diplomenora
Diploneis
Fragilaria
Frustulia
Grammatophoa
Guinardia
Gyrosigma
Lauderia
Licmophora
Mastogloia
Melosira
Navicula
Nitzschia
Pinnularia
Pinnulariosiga
Planktoniella
Pleurosigma
Rhabdonema
Rhopalodia
Rhizosolenia
Skeletonema
Surirella
Synedra
Thalassionema
Thalassiothrix
Thalassiosira
Triceratium
Trachyneis
Tropidoneis
Total
35
Stations
II
III
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
2
1
4
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
15
40
IV
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
38
May
1569
6
1540
8
1590
4
1579
2
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
Fig.1 Variations in Diatom population density recorded during June 2010 to May 2011 at Station I
Fig.2 Variations in Diatom population density recorded during June 2010 to May 2011 at Station II
Fig.3 Variations in Diatom population density recorded during June 2010 to May2011 at Station III
Fig.4 Variations in Diatom population density recorded during June 2010 to May 2011 at Station IV
36
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(7) 31-39
Higher dissolved oxygen concentration
observed during monsoon season may be
due to the cumulative effect of higher
wind velocity joined with heavy rainfall
and the resultant freshwater mixing (Das
et al., 1997; Vijayakumar et al., 2000;
Prabu et al., 2008; Damotharan et al.,
2010).
and Rajashekhar, (2012); Medudhula et
al., (2012).
Nitrate concentration ranged from 2.0 to
9.86 µm L -1.The minimum value recorded
was 2.0 µm L-1 during the month of Sep
2010 at stations IV. The maximum value
recorded was 9.86µm L -1 during the
month of October 2010 at station I. The
same was recorded by Mathevan (1994)
from Cuddalore Uppanar estuary, Satpathy
(1996) from coastal waters of Kalpakkam.
Das et al., (1997); Govindasamy et al.,
2000; Medudhula et al., (2012); Sushanth
and Rajashekhar, 2012.
Nutrients concentrations showed distinct
seasonal variations. High reactive silicate
present at the bottom sediments might go
into upper surface layers when the bottom
region is agitated by wind action during
the monsoonal floods. Low values of
silicate recorded during the summer may
be due to the abundant planktonic diatoms
for their biological activity (Gouda and
Panigrahy, 1992). In addition to
planktonic diatom uptake, some related
processes like absorption and coprecipitation of soluble silicon might also
govern the distribution of dissolved
silicate in the marine environment
(Sivakumar, 1982; Gouda and Panigrahy,
1992 and Sushanth and Rajashekhar,
2012).
Diatom Population Density
Diatom population density ranged between
2367 and 16696 cells/ml.
Minimum
population density was observed during
the month of November 2010 (Late
monsoon) and maximum was recorded in
the month of May 2011 in all four stations
(Table- II & Fig.-1-4). Minimum
population was reported from station II
(2367 cells/ml). Planktonic diatoms
totalling 78 species belonging to 42 genera
were collected from all the stations in the
study area (Table- I & III).
Inorganic phosphate concentration ranged
from 1.44 to 7.8µmL-1. Minimum
concentration was observed during the
month of May 2011 at station IV and
maximum (7.8µmL -1) during the month of
October 2010 at station IV. Similar
observations have been made by
Senthilkumar et al., (2002); Ramalingam
Manikannan et al., (2011).
In station I 45 species belonging to 29
genera, at station II 15 species 10 genera,
at station III 40 species 25 genera at
station IV ,38 species belonging 27 genera
(Table- III). Similar observations were
made by many workers (Nagasathya and
Thajuddin, 2008; Ya-hui,Liang et al.,
2011; Godrijan et al., 2012; Olakunbi
Kunrunmi, 2012).
Organic phosphate concentration value
varied between 1.9 and 14.83µm L -1. The
lowest value was recorded during the
month of April and May 2011 at station II
and peak value was recorded in the month
of July 2010 at station IV. The same
results was obtained by various authors
Gowda and Panigrahy, (1992); Sushanth
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