Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 6 (2014) pp. 318-326
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Original Research Article
Seasonal and Floristic Biodiversity of Weeds growing in Chunkatta and
Bhilai area of Chhattisgarh, India
A.K.Shrivastava*, A.Tikariha, and S.Patra
*PG Department of Botany, Govt. DT College, Utai, Durg, C.G. India
PG Department of Botany, Govt. NPG College of Science, Raipur, C.G. India
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Weeds,
Seasonal
and Floristic
Biodiversity
Chhattisgarh is commonly known as Bowl of rice where rice is grown as monocrop
in the entire state whether soil is bhata, matasi, kanhar or black soil. Along with
rice, weeds are also growing in the crop field, thus they are considered as
undesirable plants growing with main crop. Present study is based on the study of
biodiversity of weeds in dry land period. It found that weeds belongs to 21 families,
42 genus and 46 species. Rainy season was showing maximum diversity where as
in summer minimum biodiversity was seen. Poaceae was considered as maximum
diversified with 6 members and families like e.g. Capparidaceae, Papaveraceae etc.
were monogeneric.
Introduction
Biogeographically, Chhattisgarh state falls
in
Deccan
bio-region
comprising
representative fauna of central India. Apart
from the species diversity, the state is also
endowed with rich genetic diversity. The
variation in the genetic composition of
individuals within or among floristic and
faunal species is large. Chhattisgarh comes
under the hot Torrid Zone and probably
that s why the state observes tropical type
of climate.
Irrigation Average rainfall in the state is
around 1400 mm and the entire state falls
under Rice-agro-climatic zone. 80%
population of the state is rural and the
318
main livelihood of the villagers is
agriculture and agriculture based small
industries. Large variation in the yearly
rainfall directly affects the main crop i.e.
Paddy. Obviously, irrigation is the prime
need of the state for its overall
development and therefore the state
government has given top priority to
development of irrigation potential.
Chhattisgarh is known as the "rice bowl".
Chhattisgarh used to produce over seventy
percent of the total paddy production in
the state. Apart from paddy, cereals like
maize, Kodo-kutki and other small millets,
pulses like Tur and Kulthi and oilseeds
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
like groundnut, soya bean, Niger and
sunflower are also grown. Chhattisgarh
produced nearly half of all food grains.
Slightly less than half of the geographical
area of Chhattisgarh is covered by forest
cover is an extremely valuable asset of the
state. The Sal forest provide livelihood to
large numbers of tribal population.
Herbarium preparation and identification.
Weed was collected in different crop fields
of Chhattisgarh region. The collected
plants are identified by using The Flora
of Marathwada (Naik, 1998), Flora of
Bombay presidency (Cooke, 1958); Flora
of Maharashtra (Almeida, 1996).
Tabulation and family wise categorization:
The herbarium was prepared, labeled and
stored in the herbarium of the department.
In India particular in Chunkatta and Bhilai
region of the Chhattisgarh state, diversity
of unwanted plant in crop fields
is very common, dominant and easily
available. But proper utilization of such
weeds plant particular welfare of human
beings
is
least
reported.
Ethnomedicinal uses of these weed plants
and used different reference books
literature
(Retnam et.al.,2006;
Dhiman,2006; Dyamock et.al,2005; Prajap
ati et.al,2003; Jain,1991; Khare,2004 ;
Dhole et. al. 2009) .
Weeds are the plants, which grow where
they are not wanted. It is difficult to define
such plant, for what is paste in one part of
country may be desirable in another.
Further, they vary in their amounts of their
harmfulness. Thus weeds can be defined in
many ways but it is only the conception,
which should be clear for understanding
them. The weeds thus suggest that they
are undesirable, ugly unwanted plants
often prolific and persistent, noxious and
harmful in potentialities." Such plants are
injurious for crop plants, interfere with
Agril operations, increase labour, add to
the cost of cultivation, impair the quality
of farm produced and finally reduce the
crop yields. Such plants are known as
weeds. In short, "A plant whose
potentiality for farm are greater than its
potentiality for goodness.
Fig.1 Chhattisgarh Map
Materials and Methods
Site selection. Bhilai is situated in the
21 13 N and 81 26 E. Bhilai is the city in
the Durg district of Chhattisgarh, India.
The city located in 25 KM west of the
capital Raipur on the main Howrah
Mumbai rail line and National highway 6.
Bhilai is famous for BHILAI STEEL
PLANT (BSP), which is the largest of
steel plant of India and known for being
the only manufacture of rails in the
country used by Indian railways.
Chunkatta is located on 20 km distance
from Bhilai.
319
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
Amaranthaceae(4),
Convolvulaceae(3),
Papilionaceae(3),
Euphorbiaceae(2),
Lamiaceae(2),
Acanthaceae(2),
Solanaceae(2),
Apiaceae(2),
Chenopodiaceae(2), and monogeneric
families Papaveraceae, Capparidaceae,
Asclepiadaceae,
Cyperaceae,
Verbenaceae, Malvaceae, Rhamnaceae,
Zygophyllaceae, Mimoseae etc.
Results and Discussion
In study of the weed flora of dry land
crops in the Chunkatta and Bhilai areas,
from ten sampling site a total of 42 genus
and 46 species from 21 families was
identified in the 2 fields (Chunkatta and
Bhilai area) surveyed and mean value
recorded as data. The family with the
highest number of species was Poaceae(6
sps), followed by Asteraceae(5),
Table.1 Seasonal And Floristic Biodiversity of Weeds Growing In Chunkatta And Bhilai
Area of Chhattisgarh
S.
No.
Botanical Name
Local Name
Family
Habitat
1.
Argemone maxicana
PiliKateri
Papaveraceae
Waste land
Phenology
(Flowering & Fruiting
period)
R, W, S
2.
Cleome viscosa
Hur-huria
Capparidaceae
Waste land
R, W
3.
Calotropis procera
Ak
Asclepiadaceae
Waste land
W,S
4.
Calotropis gigantia
Madar
Asclepiadaceae
Waste land
W, S
5.
Ipomea palmata
Convolvulaceae
Waste land
S
6.
Euphorbia hirta
Morning
glories
Dudhi
Euphorbiaceae
Waste land, Bund
R, W, S
7.
Cynodon dactylon
Dub ghass
Poaceae
R, W
8.
Indigofera linifolia
-
Fabaceae
Waste land, Crop
field, Bund
Waste land, Bund
9.
Achyranthus aspera
Chichita
Amaranthaceae
Waste land Bund,
R, W
10.
Ageratum conyzoides
Gandhila
Asteraceae
Waste land, Bund
R, W
11.
Leucas aspera
Gumma
Lamiaceae
R, W
12.
Mimosa pudica
Chhui-mui
Mimoseae
Waste land, Bund,
Crop field
Waste land, Bund
13.
Phyllanthus niruri
Bhuinanwla
Euphorbiaceae
R,W
14.
Lantana camara
Gotiful
Verbenaceae
Waste land, Crop
field, Bund
Waste land, Bund
R, W, S
15.
Parthenium
hysterophorus
Gajarghass
Asteraceae
Waste land, Bund
R, W, S
16.
Cassia tora
Charouta
Papilionaceae
R, W
17.
Sida acuta
Baliyari
Malvaceae
Waste land, Bund,
Crop field
Waste land, Bund
320
R, W
R, W
R, W
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
18.
Astracantha longifolia
Tal-makhana
Acanthaceae
Waste land, Bund,
Crop field
R, W, S
19.
Ocimum basilicum
Ban Tulsa
Lamiaceae
Waste land, Bund
R, W, S
20.
Barlaria alba
Kesria
Acanthaceae
Waste land
R, W, S
21.
Cuscuta reflexa
Amar bel
Convolvulaceae
R, W, S
22.
Jatropha curcas
Ratan jot
Euphorbiaceae
Waste land, Bund,
Crop field
Waste land
23.
Cyperus rotundus
Motha
Cyperaceae
R, W, S
24.
Convolvulus arvensis
Hirankhuri
Convolvulaceae
25.
Alternanthraparanychioi
des
-
Amaranthaceae
Waste land, Bund,
Crop field
Waste land, Crop
field
Waste land,
26.
Andropogan odoratus
Ginger ghass
Poaceae
R, W
27.
Allmania nodiflora
-
Amaranthaceae
Waste land, Crop
field
Waste land,
28.
Heteropogon contortus
Steekgras
Poaceae
Waste land, Crop
field
R, W
Solanum xanthocarpum
Bhatakateri
Solanaceae
Waste land, Bund
R, W, S
30.
Cleosia argentea
Silyari
Amaranthaceae
Waste land, Bund
R, W
31.
Medicago denticulata
Chanouri
Papilionaceae
Waste land, Crop
field
W
32.
Trifolium alexandrinum
Barsin
Papilionaceae
Waste land, Crop
field
R, W, S
33.
Ziziphus numularia
JangaliBer
Rhamnaceae
Waste land,
R, W, S
34.
Datura alba
Dhatura
Solanaceae
Waste land
R, W, S
35.
Aristida adscensionis
-
Poaceae
Waste land
R, W
36.
Centella asiatica
Bramhi
Apiaceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W
37.
Chenopodium album
Bathua
Chenopodiaceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W, S
38.
Vernonia cinerea
-
Asteraceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W
39.
Amaranthus spinosus
Chaulai
Chenopodiaceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W, S
40.
Agropyron repens
Grass
Poaceae
R, W, S
41.
Tribulus terrestris
Gokharu
Zygophyllaceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
42.
Centratherum
anthelminticum
Banjira
Asteraceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W
R, W, S
R, W
R, W
R
29.
321
R, W, S
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
43.
Cymbopogon martinii
Roshaghass
Poaceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W, S
44.
Blumea lacera
Kukurmutta
Asteraceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W
45.
Sida cordifolia
-
Malvaceae
Waste land, Bund,
crop field
R, W
46.
Ipomoea aquatica
Karmata
Convolvulaceae
Waste land
R
NOTE: - R = Rainy Season, W = Winter Season, S = Summer Season
Table.2 Seasonal And Floristic Biodiversity of Weeds Genus and Species
S. No.
1.
Name of the Family
Papaveraceae
No. of Genus
1
No. of Sps.
1
2.
Capparidaceae
1
1
3.
Asclepiadaceae
1
2
4.
Convolvulaceae
3
4
5.
Euphorbiaceae
2
3
6.
Poaceae
6
6
7.
Fabaceae
1
1
8.
Amaranthaceae
4
4
9.
Asteraceae
5
5
10.
Lamiaceae
2
2
11.
Mimoseae
1
1
12.
Verbenaceae
1
1
13.
Papilionaceae
3
3
14.
Malvaceae
1
2
15.
Acanthaceae
2
2
16.
Cyperaceae
1
1
17.
Solanaceae
2
2
18.
Rhamnaceae
1
1
19.
Apiaceae
1
1
20.
Chenopodiaceae
2
2
21.
Zygophyllaceae
1
1
42
46
Total
322
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
Figure.1 A and B Biodiversity
These areas may be said to the landscape units dominated by Poaceous species.
323
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
Table.3 Common Seasonal Weed Flora in Chunkatta And Bhilai Area of Chhattisgarh
Name of Plant
1. Argemone maxicana
Rainy
Season
+
Winter
Season
+
Summer
Season
+
Family
Papaveraceae
2. Cleome viscosa
+
+
-
Capparidaceae
3. Calotropis procera
+
+
+
Asclepiadaceae
4. Calotropis gigantia
+
+
+
Asclepiadaceae
5. Ipomea palmata
+
+
+
Convolvulaceae
6. Euphorbia hirta
+
+
+
Euphorbiaceae
7. Cynodon dactylon
+
+
+
Poaceae
8. Cymbopogon martinii
+
+
-
Poaceae
9. Achyranthus aspera
+
+
-
Amaranthaceae
10. Ageratum conyzoides
+
+
-
Asteraceae
11. Leucas aspera
+
+
-
Lamiaceae
12. Mimosa pudica
+
+
-
Mimoseae
13. Phyllanthus niruri
+
+
-
Euphorbiaceae
14. Lantana camara
+
+
+
Verbenacae
15.Parthenium
hysterophorus
+
+
-
Asteraceae
16.Cassia tora
+
-
-
Papilionaceae
17. Sida acuta
+
+
-
Malvaceae
18.Astracantha longifolia
+
+
+
Acanthaceae
19. Ocimum basilicum
+
+
-
Lamiaceae
20. Barlaria alba
+
+
-
Acanthacaea
21. Cuscuta reflexa
+
+
+
Convolvulaceae
22. Jatropha curcas
+
+
+
Euphorbiaceae
23. Cyperus rotundus
+
+
-
Cyperaceae
24.Convolvulus arvensis
+
+
+
Convolvulaceae
25.Alternanthra
paranychioides
+
+
+
Amaranthaceae
26. Sida cordifolia
+
+
+
Malvaceae
27. Allmania nodiflora
+
+
-
Amaranthaceae
+
+
Poaceae
28.Heteropogon
contortus
These areas may be said to the landscape units dominated by Poaceous species
324
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(6): 318-326
These two areas had a marked influence
on the weed flora, mainly due to the
relationship of its phonological cycle with
well defined climatic periods and to soil
management practices.
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