TDU Talk ISSUE 9 ▪ NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 AWARD-WINNING TEACHERS TALK TEACHING Crossing Boundaries—Teaching Geography Prof Robyn Longhurst, Geography, Tourism and Environmental Planning My Teaching Philosophy Dr Anne Zahra, WMS Tourism & Hospitality Management Conception, Communication, Consolidation Dr Kirstine Moffat, Humanities Variety is the Spice of Life: The Student Learning Approach to Teaching Excellence Dr Marcia Johnson, Director, Student Learning Formative Assessment in Lectures—An Example Dr Rob Torrens, Engineering ‘Class Snapshot’: Marketing students take a closer look at themselves Dr Mary Fitzpatrick, WMS Marketing Evaluating Your Teaching Dr Marcus Wilson, Engineering Teaching Philosophy Sandy Morrison, Tikanga Kia ora koutou “ It is always a special pleasure to celebrate our teachers and to provide a forum for dissemination of teaching ideas and strategies. In this edition of the magazine we celebrate the winners of the Faculty Teaching Excellence Awards. This was the first year in which an award was offered across all faculties and it was exciting to see the high quality portfolios that were produced and the enthusiasm for and commitment to teaching that they demonstrated. We congratulate all the award winners and thank them for being willing to share their perspectives and approaches in TDU Talk. ISSUE 9: NOVEMBER/ DECEMBER 2010 Teaching Development Unit Wāhanga Whakapakari Ako Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 New Zealand Phone: +64 7 838 4839 Fax: +64 7 838 4573 [email protected] www.waikato.ac.nz/tdu Each of the articles in this edition has a different emphasis, but all of them display a deep concern to engage students and offer them learning experiences and opportunities that can give them new ways of engaging and looking at the world. All of them are written from the perspective that it is the students‘ learning that needs to be at the foreground of our teaching. Robyn Longhurst‘s metaphor of ―crossing boundaries‖ aptly summarises the emancipatory and transformative potential of higher education. She reminds us that as teachers we can create learning opportunities that invite students to look differently at their world. Anne Zahra‘s honest account of her own teaching journey demonstrates a teaching approach which is shaped by a philosophy of caring for students. Like Robyn, Kirstine Moffat aspires to take her students on a journey which will ―provoke thinking‖ and her students‘ comment exemplifies her wish to engage with the whole person. I am sure we would all be gratified to hear a student say that our paper ―mattered, not just in an academic sense, but in an expansion of understanding about being human.‖ The Student Learning Team has developed a range of approaches and maximises the complementary skills of their staff members to enable them to respond to the diversity of the students who use their service. The team now offers a good balance of virtual and face-to –face support as well as group and individual learning opportunities, and an innovative ―thesis writing circles‖ initiative for postgraduate students. Equally important, a strong web presence enables the support to be visible to a greater number of students. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK •2• Rob Torrens and Mary Fitzpatrick show that direct engagement with students‘ learning processes is achievable in the large first year lecture context. Rob uses ongoing formative assessment in the lecture theatre to gauge students‘ grasp of the learning and can then make his teaching responsive to their feedback. Additionally, this process of asking his students to inform him of their learning from the previous lecture normalises participation in the large lecture setting, and improves students‘ confidence and communication abilities. Mary‘s article provides a fascinating insight into ways of synergising teaching and research in the classroom. In her first year paper, students are learning about research methods and are simultaneously co-inquirers in a research investigation in which they themselves are the focus of the study. Like Rob, Marcus Wilson recognises how important it is for the teacher to monitor the progress of the students‘ learning and to show students that one is responsive to their feedback. Underpinning Marcus‘s description of the intentional and deliberate strategies that he adopts to ascertain student understanding is a belief in the teaching and learning process as a partnership between teacher and students and the material being studied. Sandy Morrison strongly emphasises the need to consider all the history and learning that students bring into the educational situation, based on their whakapapa, wairua and whakawhanaungatanga connections, and recognising the Māori processes and preferences that motivate them to learn. She advocates working with Māori students with the heart as well as the mind, and using a strengths-based approach. These pedagogical practices work well with non-Māori also, says Sandy. It is exciting to see an increasing number of academics who are thoughtful about their pedagogy and regularly reflect on their practice. I hope that their contributions here will inspire other academics and give them ideas for their own practice. The Staff at TDU would like to wish you all well over the festive season and the holiday break. We would like to say thank you to the many staff who have supported our events and contributed so willingly to our work. Best wishes ...and the team at TDU Make a space at your place for teaching Some of the best learning happens through conversation and most of the working life of academics is focused around the department. So why not make the occasional space for conversation about teaching in your department? •3• NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK Crossing boundaries: teaching geography Prof Robyn Longhurst, Geography, Tourism and Environmental Planning My hope emerges from those places of struggle where I witness individuals positively transforming their lives and the world around them. Educating is always a vocation rooted in hopefulness. As teachers we believe that learning is possible, that nothing can keep an open mind from seeking after knowledge and finding a way to know (hooks 2003 p.xiv). bell hooks (1952-) (nee Gloria Watkins) came from a poor working class family in Kentucky and worked her way up the academic ladder to become Distinguished Professor of English at City College in New York. Her first major book on education, Teaching to Transgress, was published in 1994. hooks inspires me on two counts: first, because she is concerned with power relations and the interlacing dynamics of ‗race‘, gender, culture and class; and second, because as an educator she believes that it is necessary to engage with the whole person and their well-being. This, argues hooks, enables people to open their minds, to engage in rigorous study, to think critically and to cross boundaries. In this there is hope. I want to excite a level of interest in students that makes them think and care about the world in ways they haven‟t before considered. ‗Crossing boundaries‘ encapsulates my pedagogy. Boundaries are inherently spatial. They ―are threshold spaces that demarcate one thing from another. Boundaries are a means of relational ordering: they give a space or a thing an identity defined in relation to its Other‖ (Hetherington 1997 p. 64). Boundaries can be disciplinary, conceptual, theoretical, emotional, bodily, and material. Interestingly, they are spaces of uncertainty. There is often potential danger in crossing boundaries, for example, in crossing the road, cross-dressing, or in crossing someone‘s path, but there is also potential for learning and for exploring new ideas. I aim to cross boundaries between teaching/learning, classrooms/ communities, theories/practice, individuals/groups, experience/reflexivity and I encourage students to do the same. Crossing boundaries provides a space for previously unconceptualised questions to emerge whether these are about social justice, the culture of a particular place, or one group‘s privilege over another. Together we can then work with these new ideas to (re)construct meanings, gain deeper understanding, and create opportunities for action. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK •4• Recognising the value in crossing boundaries means recognising that life is ambiguous, contradictory, and full of paradoxes. Parker Palmer (1998) argues that ―the principle of the paradox‖ can guide not only the complexities and potentials of selfhood but also our thinking about classroom dynamics. The emphasis I put on crossing boundaries reflects ideas and practices found in ―transformative learning theory‖ (Mezirow 2000). I aim to facilitate an iterative process of ―learning, action and reflection‖, which ideally, provokes a shift in students‘ consciousness (Cranton 2002) as they become critically aware of their own, and others‘ assumptions. My aim is to facilitate learning through involvement, action, reflection, probing and crossing boundaries. I want to excite a level of interest in students that makes them think and care about the world in ways they haven‘t before considered. Feminist scholars such as bell hooks advocate that identities are fluid and ongoing. As a geography teacher I find this a fascinating idea and useful for explaining to students that learning is a lifelong experience. It also reminds me that I am constantly becoming a geography teacher through a desire to understand how people and places continually make each other, that is, how people create places and how places impact upon people. For me it is questions rather than answers that matter the most because I want to remain open to the different ideas and possibilities about how people make sense of who they are and the places in which they live. •5• NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK References Cranton, J. (2002) ‗Teaching for Transformation‘. In J. Ross-Gordon (ed.) New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education: No. 93. Contemporary Viewpoints on Teaching Adults Effectively, San Francisco: Jossey Bass, pp. 63-71. Hetherington, K. (1997) The Badlands of Modernity: Heterotopia and Social Ordering, London, Routledge. hooks, bell (1994) Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom, London, Routledge. hooks, bell (2003) Teaching Community. A Pedagogy of Hope, New York, Routledge. Mezirow, J. (2000) Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives and a Theory in Progress, San Francisco, Jossey Bass. Palmer, P. J. (1998) The Courage to Teach: Exploring the Inner Landscape of a Teacher’s Life, San Francisco, Jossey Bass. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK •6• My Teaching Philosophy Dr Anne Zahra, WMS Tourism & Hospitality Management For this TDU Talk, I would like to share with you my teaching philosophy. My teaching has been shaped through coming to terms with who I am. I am very grateful for what I have learnt from the TDU staff, the Postgraduate Certificate of Tertiary Teaching (PGCert(TertTchg)) and TDU invited speakers and seminars over the years and the support of many people on this journey. A strong instinct in me is to give and take care of people or what Pratt (1998) calls the nurturing approach to teaching. I have always found this in teaching but it has taken me a long time to discover how I can apply this strong instinct to research. I need to take care of people and give to people directly. A few years back, teaching was losing its fulfilment for me as it became a smaller, and what I perceived and what I thought the university environment perceived, to be a less important part of my work. The love and passion for teaching started to wear off as I saw my career being more research focused. During this period I looked back with fond and joyous memories to my early days in the academic world, to when I was a tutor. At that time looking forward, all I could see was teaching becoming a smaller part of my work and being transformed into supervision and research, which I did not perceive to be connected to teaching. Thus the joy was going out of teaching and to an extent my working life at university. I was very lucky that I had the opportunity to start supervising PhD and Masters students immediately after being awarded my doctorate. I gradually saw how postgraduate supervision could meet my nurturing and social needs. My research informs my teaching (Zahra & Ryan, 2005; Zahra & Walter, 2007) and my teaching illuminates my research. •7• Prior to enrolling in the Postgraduate Certificate of Tertiary Teaching (PGCert(TertTchg)) in 2006, I compartmentalised my teaching and research roles. I suppose I was trying to find my feet as a researcher and had external forces driven by the Performance Based Research Fund (PBRF) process to deliver set research outputs. Deep down I was reacting to the publish or perish culture and my heart was not engaged. Deep personal reflection on my teaching practice, led me to actively seek ways to bring my teaching and research together as a way of resolving the polarisation and tensions that were leading to personal discord. I realised I needed to breach the teaching research divide (Marsh & Hattie, 2002) that was being created from both my internal mindset and external forces. I now try to align teaching and research wherever possible. My research informs my teaching (Zahra & Ryan, 2005; Zahra & Walter, 2007) and my teaching illuminates my research. More and more my research outputs are evolving from my teaching practice (Zahra, 2008, 2009, 2010), and publications from student research projects (McArthur & Zahra, 2009; Song & Zahra, 2009; Zahra & McFarlane, 2009). I have learnt a lot about the scholarship of teaching and see my students as potential co-enquirers and coresearchers. The alignment of teaching and research (Trowler & Wareham, 2007) is very important to me and is becoming an increasingly important part of my teaching philosophy. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK Now the process is more important to me. Now I am shaped by the process of learning. My idealistic views are grounded in relevance. I am an idealist; at the same time I am very pragmatic and utilitarian. My teaching philosophy has evolved (Radloff, 2002). In the beginning I took a very practical, utilitarian approach to my teaching: What is in it for the students? How will they connect? How can I entertain them? I was not aware of the learning process: how students learn. This awareness came through my participation in the Teaching Development Unit (TDU) seminars. I am also now aware of the theory and research on how to engage students (Beard, 2009; Hawkins & Weiss, 2005). Looking back I overassessed; and being utilitarian I was focused on outputs. Now the process is more important to me. Now I am shaped by the process of learning. My idealistic views are grounded in relevance. I want to see my work as being relevant to people and society (Ramsden, 1987). I want to facilitate my students to question and think critically. I do believe we all have a mission to make the world a better place and my students are part of this. References Beard, C. (2009). Transforming the student learning experience: A pedagogic model for everyday practice. In J. Buswell & N. Becket (Eds.), Enhancing Student-centred Learning in Business and Management, Hospitality, Leisure, Sport, Tourism (pp. 1-13). Newbury Berks, UK: Threshold Press Ltd. Hawkins, D. E., & Weiss, B. L. (2005). Experiential Education in Graduate Tourism Studies Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 4(3), 129. Marsh, H. W., & Hattie, J. (2002). The Relation Between Research Productivity and Teaching Effectiveness: Complementary, Antagonistic, or Independent Constructs? The Journal of Higher Education, 73(5), 603-641. McArthur, M., & Zahra, A. (2009). How does the Hamilton 400 V8 Event impact on the hospitality sector? Paper presented at the International Hospitality Conference, Tauranga, New Zealand. 15-17 November. Pratt, D. (Ed.). (1998). Five perspectives on teaching in adult and higher education. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. Radloff, A. (2002). Learning to teach: Changes in technical college teachers' beliefs about learning and teaching over a two year teacher education program. In N. Hativa & P. Goodyear (Eds.), Teacher Thinking, Beliefs and Knowledge in Higher Education (pp. 265-288). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK •8• Ramsden, P. (1987). Improving teaching and learning in higher education: The case for a relational perspective Studies in Higher Education, 12(3), 275-286. Song, X., & Zahra, A. (2009). International Hospitality Conference. Paper presented at the International Hospitality Conference, Tauranga, New Zealand. 15-17 November Trowler, P., & Wareham, T. (2007). Re-conceptualising the ‗teachingresearch nexus‘: www.portal-live.solent.ac.uk. Zahra, A. (2008). Empirical evidence of learning journals as a form of assessment, 18th International Research Conference of the Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education. Gold Coast, Australia. February 10-13. Zahra, A. (2009). Language and cultural considerations when implementing innovative approaches to assessments: Reflective learning journals and the perception of non-English speaking students. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education, 21(3), 5459. Zahra, A. (2010). Learning journals as a form of assessment in a hospitality context, CHME 19th Annual Research Conference. Surry, UK. May 5-6. Zahra, A., & McFarlane, M. (2009). An investigation into the causes of employee turnover and morale within a hotel. Paper presented at the International Hospitality Conference, Tauranga, New Zealand. November 15-17. Zahra, A., & Ryan, C. (2005). National tourism organisations -politics, functions and form: A New Zealand case study. Anatolia, 16(1), 526. Zahra, A., & Walter, N. (2007). The Waikato Region: Major tourism issues and opportunities to facilitate tourism development. Hamilton: University of Waikato. •9• NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK Conception, Communication, Consolidation Dr Kirstine Moffat, Humanities What is to be discovered between the covers of books, in particular imaginative fiction, drama, and poetry, has excited and stimulated my mind for as long as I can remember. Reading, for me, has always been at once a very private activity but also an activity associated with the joy of communication. Three principles are central to my philosophy of what the teaching experience is about: conceptualisation, communication, consolidation. I am excited, stimulated, provoked by what writers have to say, and I want to share this intellectual excitement with my students. Conceptualising how material that I know and love can be integrated into a paper and made to come alive for students is the foundation on which successful teaching rests. Conceptualising how material that I know and love can be integrated into a paper and made to come alive for students is the foundation on which successful teaching rests. Ideally a paper should take the class on a journey. For example, one of my third year papers focuses on the genre of Tragedy. We examine a range of texts across a broad historical and contextual sweep, typically beginning with Shakespeare and ending with a contemporary film, such as Babel. The texts are carefully chosen not only for historical coverage but also to introduce students to different theories about tragedy, moving from the Aristotelian idea of the tragic hero in King Lear, to the overwrought romantic tragedy of Wuthering Heights, to the socially determined tragedy of Madame Bovary, to the mass horror of the experiences captured by World War I poets, to the existential angst of ‗The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock‘, to the post-modern relativism of Hamletmachine and Babel. Having just finished teaching this paper, I can attest to the way in which these ideas provoked students. Heated discussions in class raged about the contained, aesthetically polished tragedy in literary texts compared to the raw, purposeless tragedy in everyday life. Students, some of whom entered the paper with definite preferences for ‗happy endings‘, spoke of their growing consciousness of reading and thinking about tragedy as not just a literary but a social act, raising consciousness about suffering. One student comment particularly touched me, that what we studied in this paper ‗mattered, not just in an academic sense, but in an expansion of understanding about being human‘. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK • 10 • As my experience of this paper demonstrates, my reading, research and preparation comes alive when it is charged with the dynamic interaction of teaching as communication. One of the things I most enjoy about the teaching of literature is the natural fusion between my subject and creative and dynamic ways of presenting material. Students are individuals, with different ways of learning and I believe that it is vital to engage students in a variety of ways. Students are individuals, with different ways of learning and I believe that it is vital to engage students in a variety of ways. Two techniques that I have used this year to good effect in my first year paper Page to Screen are puppet shows and skits. Some of the students were struggling a bit with reading Oscar Wilde‘s Lady Windermere’s Fan and, in particular, appreciating Wilde‘s wit and humour. I decided to ‗act‘ out the opening of the play using sock puppets, and students were immediately engaged. The text went on to be one that many students wrote about in their essays. I also decided to create a very innovative revision class, writing a short play ‗The Story of Page and Screen‘ to remind students of the key issues of fidelity and transformation that had resonated throughout the paper, and to take them on a ‗tour‘ of the texts we have studied in preparation for the exam. Creating a house of books and dressing up in a flamboyant wig met with much student approval, one student telling me after the exam that when encountering a mental block towards the end of the three hours the memory of my skit inspired fresh ideas to flow. Consolidation is likewise an essential ingredient of teaching. In part, this involves being accessible to students beyond the confines of the lecture theatre or tutorial room. Students have individual questions and needs and meeting with students one to one can be of great assistance in unlocking a problem or helping a student to find his or her voice. Similarly, reading student drafts and providing detailed feedback about assessments is crucial in assisting students to grow and develop. Finally, consolidation involves reflecting on the teaching experience in order to improve and refine. The first time I taught Tragedy some of the male students complained that there were ‗too many girly texts about doomed love‘, so this year I replaced Tess of the D’Urbervilles with more war poetry and some T.S. Eliot, making the paper more balanced. Teaching is thus in many ways a cyclical process, starting with inner conception, leading to the public dynamic of communication, reinforced by thorough consolidation, resulting in reflection, refinement and renewal. • 11 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK Variety is the Spice of Life: The Student Learning Approach to Teaching Excellence Dr E. Marcia Johnson, Director, Student Learning Introduction and background Student Learning acts as a University-wide facility for the development of students‘ academic and mathematical skills. To achieve our goals and to teach in effective, current, and student-centered ways, we have adopted a collaborative team approach. The members of the team (Katherine GilliverBrown, Christina Gera, Andrea Haines, Janet Harris, and Patricia Strang) bring individual strengths to their practice, which enhance the effectiveness of their work. Bringing together complementary knowledge, skills, and experiences from wide ranging backgrounds creates synergies that enable us to meet the needs of a diverse and changing student population. Design for learning Our overall goal is to raise students‘ awareness that meta-cognitive learning processes and strategies are transferable across tasks and subject areas. Such realization is essential for achieving our key objective, which is to help students become reflective independent learners. Bringing together complementary knowledge, skills, and experiences from wide ranging backgrounds creates synergies that enable us to meet the needs of a diverse and changing student population. To meet students‘ needs the team has designed and implemented a multifaceted, interactive, and student-centered approach to learning development. Our blended approach includes both face-to-face interaction and virtual learning spaces. In addition, we actively seek opportunities to collaborate with lecturers to embed appropriate and effective learning development opportunities within Faculties. Our design for learning is therefore sensitive to the holistic learning needs of students and the institution. Facilitating learning A key concept for student learning development is that (for the most part) students self-select and visit the team voluntarily. This raises three key issues: students and staff need to be aware of the existence of Student Learning; gaining access to Student Learning resources and facilities must be straightforward; and the learning resources and services we provide need to be current and wide-ranging. Raising awareness of Student Learning has included development of the ―Stairs to Success‖ graphic, which was implemented in 2009. It is now visible on the Waikato website, for example on all Faculty and the Library web pages. With just one click, students can gain access to Student Learning‘s web-based resources. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK • 12 • At the top level of the website, students can book individual appointments with tutors, enroll in workshops, download text-based materials, or gain access to a variety of online software tools for language development. Students can also use interactive mathematics exercises or link to one of twelve interactive online workshops and supporting resources within the Moodle environment. The online workshop material is available on an ―anytime anyplace‖ basis. It provides students with opportunities for self-study on topics; such as, time management, effective reading, and writing strategies. We also provide an online ―Ask a tutor‖ service so that students can ask specific questions about assignments or other learning tasks, or submit work for tutor feedback. Both the workshops and the more personal interaction with a tutor are useful not only for on-campus students but also for students studying at a distance. In addition, nineteen one-hour generic skills and ten Maths skills face-toface workshops are offered throughout ‗A‘ and ‗B‘ semesters. During semester breaks two-hour workshops are offered to meet the writing needs of international students. The instructional approach in all of the workshops is interactive and task-based so that students learn by completing and discussing authentic pedagogically linked activities. Requested workshops are also offered on specialised topics and for particular cohorts of students and staff. Our goal is to provide students with choices so that they can become self-confident, independent, and successful young scholars. • 13 • For higher degree students, the Thesis Writing Circles initiative is aimed at developing interdisciplinary research conversations and writing sessions. Students share writing, discuss general research issues, strategies, and skills to enhance the research and writing processes and they also develop interpersonal networks. Meetings are held weekly and include a mix of input sessions facilitated by academic researchers across the university, practical workshops on different research and writing themes, and quiet times during which students write. The tutors also work individually with students in 50-minute personal consultations (appointments required) during which students articulate any concerns affecting their ability to achieve their goals. We work collaboratively according to the student‘s learning priorities and at a pace directed by the student as they examine their work, discuss possible improvements, and develop ways to better structure their ideas. The more tightly focused 15-minute drop-in sessions (no appointment needed) provide opportunities for students to address specific areas of concern. Overall, the Student Learning team facilitates learning in a variety of student-centred ways to promote learners‘ reflection on, and development of, academic literacy and mathematics skills. Our goal is to provide students with choices so that they can become self-confident, independent, and successful young scholars. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK Formative Assessment in Lectures—an Example Dr Rob Torrens, Engineering When I was contacted to contribute to this issue of TDU Talk, I wasn‘t really sure which aspect of my teaching to discuss – so I let my students decide. My students have no idea that they‘ve done this for me – they do know that for each of my courses they‘ve completed a Course Appraisal. You know, those questionnaire things where students colour in the dots and then you get emailed a summary. I have to admit I don‘t find the numerical summaries particularly useful – it gives you an overall idea of what students think of your performance, but no specifics. I‘ve now got into the habit of routinely requesting the original survey forms so that I can read the ―Three things to keep‖ and ―Three things to change‖ sections. Reading these sections gives me a much clearer picture of which of my practices students think work well, and which ones could do with some work. From this feedback (examples below) the single most appreciated aspect of my teaching practice is my use of formative assessment (through the use of review questions) – so that‘s what I‘m going to talk about. ―[Keep] the revision questions at the beginning of each lecture‖ ―The informal revision exercises at the beginning of each lesson were very helpful.‖ (student feedback from ENGG180 and ENMP102 teacher appraisals, 2007-2009) “...thoughtful and timely feedback informed by pedagogical content knowledge is critical for developing among students at all levels a more advanced understanding of key concepts and skills in a discipline.” Committee on Recognizing, Evaluating, Rewarding, and Developing Excellence in Teaching of Undergraduate Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology The formative assessment is handled in an informal manner. At the start of each lecture (except the very first lecture) I‘ll write two or three questions on the board regarding the content of the previous lecture; students are then given 5 minutes to formulate their answers. During that time students will discuss the questions with each other; it is not a hushed test-like silence (nor do I want a test-like silence). After the time has elapsed I‘ll then ask a particular student at random to give their answer to one of the questions, and so on. These review questions: remind the students of what we‘d covered previously, which is useful as we are often building on that previous lecture; reinforce important aspects of the previous lecture, as the questions I ask are focused around the learning outcomes of that previous lecture; allow me to gauge student understanding of the previous material and NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK potentially correct any misunderstandings immediately, rather than having to wait for a test to be sat and then discovering I didn‘t explain something as well as I thought. Also after covering my set questions I will ask if they‘ve any further questions about the previous lecture – allowing them an additional opportunity to explore the topic; • 14 • lead to a high level of engagement as anyone can be asked to give their answer; increase student confidence in verbal communication of concepts and ideas because they are a routine part of the lecture. I do have to be careful how I deal with these verbal answers from students. I ensure that positive reinforcement is provided when students get the answer right, that I acknowledge if part of their answer is correct and that I don‘t belittle or degrade students if they get the answer wrong. Some of you may argue that I‘m ‗wasting‘ too much time in lectures by doing this, that I can‘t cover as much content - yes, this is something that I have to be aware of; but content alone, without understanding, is of limited value. This formative assessment gives me a much greater handle on whether students understand the material – in situations where they could give the right answer, but for the wrong reason, I can question them further to actually elucidate what their thinking is. The Committee on Recognizing, Evaluating, Rewarding, and Developing Excellence in Teaching of Undergraduate Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology (a committee of the U.S. National Research Council) has said1: ―A powerful tool for increasing student learning is ongoing, informal assessment (formative assessment). Emerging research on learning shows that thoughtful and timely feedback informed by pedagogical content knowledge is critical for developing among students at all levels a more advanced understanding of key concepts and skills in a discipline.‖ ―Formative assessment has benefits for both students and faculty.‖ I would encourage you all (regardless of discipline) to consider how you could incorporate formative assessment into your teaching. The way I achieve it works for me and my students, but is just one example. References: 1 Committee on Recognizing, Evaluating, Rewarding, and Developing Excellence in Teaching of Undergraduate Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology. Evaluating and Improving Undergraduate Teaching in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics. National Academies Press, 2001. • 15 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK ‘Class Snapshot’: Marketing students take a closer look at themselves Dr Mary Fitzpatrick, WMS Marketing ‗Research‘ can be a challenging topic for lecturers to teach, and – usually indicated by eye-rolling and/or glazing - a dry subject for students to learn. Teaching ‗research‘ can be especially challenging in the context of a large introductory class, when many of these first-time students are likely to be feeling unconfident, depersonalized, and isolated from their teachers and fellow students (Bath, 2008). In this article I describe briefly a teaching/ learning activity that I‘ve developed to teach research as an inquiry-based activity in an introductory marketing course of 300+ students from diverse backgrounds. Within the discipline of marketing, marketing research is regarded as a foundation topic in marketing education and a critical component of marketing practice. So the big challenge at this first year level is to teach research in a way that engages students and thus ‗sets up‘ marketing research as an interesting subject upon which colleagues can build in later courses. Based on the literature, I realised that in order to be engaging from the students‘ perspective, the teaching/learning activity had to be meaningful, current, believable, coherent, and connected. According to the educationalists, there‘d be a greater chance of the deep learning and understanding I want for my students, if they were learning actively; that is, directly involved and learning as researchers (e.g., Healey, 2005). It is nothing new to call for the use of real data in courses in order to connect theory with practice and actively engage the students in the learning experience. The seeds of this particular teaching/learning activity were sown by Prof Bevan Grant, during a talk he gave at a TDU workshop, when he spoke about using students as survey subjects. Several years on, the seeds have developed into our ―Class Snapshot: First Year Marketing Students‖, in which the students step into the marketing research process as research participants to generate data that is the ultimate in meaningfulness, immediacy, and authenticity simply because it all about them. Ten days before I begin teaching the Marketing Research topic, the students are invited to complete an online questionnaire comprising 53 questions. The data generated by the students are analysed using Microsoft Excel. Then, in the Marketing Research lectures, I use the data produced by the students to illustrate each of the seven steps in the marketing research process as outlined in the textbook. At that point when I present their data to them in class, the students effectively become the ‗clients‘ to whom the research report is made. For each of the seven steps, I present key points, concepts, procedures, etc. that relate to a specific stage of the marketing research process, then follow immediately with Class Snapshot slides that illustrate how that step applies to their research data. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK • 16 • For example, in Step 3 of the marketing research process, Choose the Method for Collecting Primary Data, we talk about the different methods for collecting data (e.g., telephone surveys, face-to-face interviews, mail questionnaires, online questionnaires, personal observation, mechanical observation, etc.) and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. I follow these ‗content‘ slides with Class Snapshot slides that identify their research method as a structured, online questionnaire, with advantages for them as participants of anonymity and convenience, which at the same enabled us as the researchers to design a relatively lengthy questionnaire (53 questions) and achieve a reasonably high response rate. At Step 6: Analyse the Data, Monica van Oostrom, one of our computer support staff, comes in to demonstrate how the student data is analysed using Excel and then shows how their research data can be best displayed using various graphical representations e.g., bar graphs compared to line graphs or pie charts. For me as teacher, by the end of the Class Snapshot activity I understand our student-consumers better because I know some of their important lifestyle characteristics and values. This is valuable information for ensuring other teaching activities and examples used throughout the course are also engaging. For the students, this application exercise makes marketing research personal on all sorts of levels - they have experienced filling in the questionnaire, they have shared the experience as a community of inquiry taking part in the survey, they learn as both participants and clients about themselves as a consumer population, and they see their own data transformed into meaningful and useful marketing information. It is nothing new to call for the use of real data in courses in order to connect theory with practice and actively engage the students in the learning experience. The key difference of this inquiry-based learning activity is that it involves first year marketing students as participant/ producers of the research data and as client/end-users of the marketing research information presented to them in the classroom. • 17 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK References Bath, D. (2008). ―Do red apples differ from green apples?‖: Using research-based learning to facilitate learning and engagement in a large first year course. Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Rim First Year in Higher Education Conference, Hobart, Australia. Healey, M. (2005). Linking research and teaching: Exploring disciplinary spaces and the role of inquiry-based learning. In R. Barnett (Ed.). Reshaping the university: New relationships between research, scholarship and teaching (pp. 67-78). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press The TLU's annual Forum: Quantitative Analysis of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education in Business, Economics and Commerce Disciplines 11 February 2011. http://www.tlu.fbe.unimelb.edu.au/teaching_staff/ forum/index.html INTED2011 (5th International Technology, Education and Development 7th-9th March 2011 Valencia (SPAIN) http://www.inted2011.org International Postgraduate Supervision Conference: 'Promoting a culture of postgraduate scholarship' 18-21 April 2011, Stellenbosch, South Africa www.postgraduate2011.co.za „Problem Based Learning (PBL) Today & Tomorrow‟ May 26 & 27, 2011, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland www.facilitate.ie Internationalisation of Pedagogy and Curriculum in Higher Education: Exploring New Frontiers University of Warwick, UK, 16-17 June 2011 http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/events/detail/2011/ academyevents/16_17_June NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK • 18 • Evaluating your teaching Dr Marcus Wilson, Engineering I hope we would all agree that we should be giving our students the best possible learning opportunities we can within the constraints we have. Many of us put considerable effort into preparing our teaching material: lectures, assignments, laboratories, exams – and, particularly for large classes, marking and giving feedback. But how do we know when we are teaching well? In what areas do we need to improve? In what areas might we be putting more effort than required? A first response is teaching appraisal forms. What do these tell us? If you‘ve been teaching here for more than a couple of years, you‘ve probably worked out that they can be just a popularity poll. Set easy assignments, avoid 8 am lecture slots, and tell a few good jokes and you‘ll get a great score. Right? If you use appraisals in this way, you may as well not bother – they‘ll tell you very little. Evaluating your teaching should start before the semester begins. Take time to think about what it is you want to know about your teaching. In what ways can you best find this out? Getting the students to ‗score‘ you is not necessarily the best way forward – popularity does not necessarily correlate with effective teaching. Teaching Development Unit (TDU) staff or your Faculty Teaching Advocate can help you work out what methods you might use. Make a plan to do it. Some methods are easy. First, customize those appraisal forms. Ask the questions that you want to find the answer to. Use the item-bank, or write your own. Give the students time (not one or two minutes) to fill out these forms properly. Encourage them to write free responses. When you get the forms back, read the responses and identify the main themes in them. Decide how you wish to respond. Using this method, I‘ve assessed this year whether changes to my teaching of two physics and engineering papers were successful. I did this by asking a direct question on the appraisals about the changes. The result, for one, was a resounding ‗yes‘; for the other, the results were polarized – some liked it, some objected. This provides useful feedback to me and will influence how I approach the teaching next year. • 19 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK There are many other methods. One I‘ve found enlightening this year is to use a focus group. Bring together a few students from the paper (this can be easier said than done) and ask them a few, well-chosen questions about the paper and your teaching. This may need ethics approval, and you yourself shouldn‘t be at the focus group – but use TDU or use a colleague. This year I‘ve asked questions about assignments to identify whether the students have met learning outcomes that I felt I hadn‘t assessed well. The largest problem I faced was trying to get students to participate – though I found that allowing them to respond via email helped attract willing students. Ask colleagues to watch you teach – and give you feedback. This is scary – I had my first formal observation this year, but it provides really good material. TDU staff can also do this for you. Be prepared to discuss your experiences, with other teachers and with students. I often put up teaching issues on my blog. This can be difficult sometimes, obviously I need to maintain student anonymity – but it has been very useful. In my context (physics), I‘ve discussed whether students should be expected to know the values of fundamental constants e.g. the speed of light, and the merits of giving students exemplars of assignments from a previous year group. Usually, it‘s other lecturers (at Waikato and elsewhere) that contribute to the discussion, but I know students read the posts too. Talk to the students themselves about your teaching. That‘s something I‘ve started to do seriously this year. Conversations can reveal how a student really thinks about a subject. If students know you genuinely want to improve how you teach, they are more likely to talk openly. The more open you are with them, the more open they will be with you. Finally, and importantly, you need to respond to all this feedback. There is little point in knowing that something isn‘t working if you have no intention of doing anything about it. If students know that you do make changes as a result of feedback, they will be open with you about it, and that will lead to a virtuous circle of improvement. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK • 20 • Teaching Philosophy Sandy Morrison, Tikanga In 1995, my first grandchild was born. My grandfather, who was alive at the time, was 86. The world of learning of my grandfather had been confined to farming and working the land. Achieving scholastically would probably not have been a reality for him. Looking down at my grandchild, I was suspended in the continuum of history and destiny and could not help but wonder at the world of learning he would enter. The new millennium would be technologically advanced, overloaded with information that was quick and easy to access. Moreover, I wondered about my role in ensuring that I kept faith and integrity with the teachings and legacy of my grandfather, especially culturally, and instilling sound values and teachings in the life of my grandchild. This was a defining moment and I realised then that every generation has their role to play in their peoples‘ and nation‘s development. My teaching style would align itself to ensuring and facilitating that transfer with integrity and it was my responsibility to be both the role model and the practitioner. ...I realised then that every generation has their role to play in their peoples‟ and nation‟s development. It will come as no surprise therefore that my teaching is grounded within kaupapa Māori. Nepe (1991) says that Kaupapa Māori is esoteric and tuturu Māori. It is knowledge that validates a Māori world view and is not only Māori owned but also Māori controlled. Translating this into the classroom requires attentiveness to Māori processes as well as students‘ learning outcomes and for the content to be sourced from a Māori worldview. It involves thinking, responding mindful that Māori learners would have their own way and style of learning and awareness of whakapapa, wairua and whanaungatanga connections. All these concepts need to be considered while still maintaining the integrity of academia. My teaching focuses on learning with the heart as well as with the mind, a process that I believe assists particularly Māori students. I give time to emotion and working through emotion. I employ a strengths-based approach which seeks to promote students‘ critical engagement with historical discourses, social and cultural meanings, and power relations (Kana‘iaupuni, 2004). Every student brings a range of experiences, ancestral knowledge, memory and insights into the teaching space and these are honoured, and provide a platform for building knowledge and reflecting on knowledge and making knowledge relevant. Working from a kaupapa Māori base does not exclude those who are not Māori as I find that it works for everyone, no matter what ethnicity. • 21 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK The Polynesian word ―ako‖ and its dual meaning, to learn and to teach, has resonance with me because teachers and learners co-construct knowledge together. I try to embody also this concept but need to keep tuakana and teina relationships in mind while doing so. Further, relationships in an indigenous pedagogical view are not just between learners and teachers, but are also with the land, all living beings and inanimate presences (Ritchie, 2009). Therefore, my teaching space allows for all to belong, to make claim to where they position their tūrangawaewae, to be safe as a group and to be compassionate towards others within the group. In class I affirm and am guided by the following whakataukī e.g. He aha te mea nui o te ao- it is people. I value people, their opinions and the fact that they are on a learning journey. Mā tōu rourou, mā tāku, ka ora te iwi. I encourage sharing from all our kits of knowledge. Tēnā koutou katoa. ...my teaching space allows for all to belong, to make claim to where they position their tūrangawaewae, to be safe as a group and to be compassionate towards others within the group. References Kana`iaupuni, S.M. (2004). Ka`aka-lai Ku—Kanaka: A Call for Strengthsbased Approaches from a Native Hawaiian Perspective. Educational Researcher, 33(9), 26-32. Nepe, T. M. (1991). Te Toi Huarewa Tipuna: Kaupapa Maori, an Educational Intervention System. Department of Education. The University of Auckland, Auckland. Ritchie, J. (2009). Cultural transmission with a focus on the retention of indigenous knowledges in contexts with a history of colonisation. Commissioned paper prepared for Ministry of Education and Te Taumata o Ngāti Whakaue. NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK • 22 • 2011 eLearning Workshops Moodle workshops These 'how to' workshops provide staff with the technical skill and knowledge to use Moodle tools. Moodle One: Getting started with resources : (February 1st, June 9th, & November 2nd) Moodle Two: Paper Settings & Communication : (February 8th, June 16th & November 9th) Moodle Three: Assessment tools in Moodle : (February 15th, June 23rd & November 16th) Moodle Four: Groups and Groupings : (February 22th, June 30th & November 23rd) Moodle Digest One (April 19th & August 24th) Moodle Digest Two (April 20th & August 25th) eLearning workshops These workshops offer practical strategies to assist you with implementing eLearning in your teaching. A beginner's guide to eLearning (Thursday February 10th) Expanding your eLearning horizons (Thursday February 17th) Discussion boards - the basics (Tuesday March 1st) Online assessment (Wednesday April 6th) Discussion boards - beyond the basics (Thursday May 5th) Lecture capture and beyond (Wednesday June 1st) Using quizzes for learning (Tuesday July 5th) Blogs for learning (Wednesday August 3rd) Turnitin & Plagiarism (Thursday September 1st) Online Bookmarking (Wednesday October 5th) Online collaboration (Tuesday November 1st) New tools for a new year (Thursday Dec 1st) For more information and to register please visit the 'Coming Events' page of the Staff Development page of iWaikato or contact Teresa Gibbison (email: [email protected]). • 23 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK Teaching Development Events 2011 FEBRUARY FASS Day Fri, 4 Feb Exploring your Teaching and Learning Beliefs Mon, 7 Feb (9.00-12.00) Introduction to Course Design Tue, 8 Feb (9.00-12.00) Maximising Learning in Large Classes Wed, 9 Feb (9.0012.00) A Beginners’ Guide to eLearning Thu, 10 Feb (9.00-11.00) Principles of Assessment Mon, 14 Feb (9.00-12.00) Designing Assessment Tasks for Student Learning Mon, 14 Feb (2.00-4.00) The Marking Process Tue, 15 Feb (9.00-12.00) Starter Strategies for Teachers Tue, 15 Feb (12.30-2.30) Teaching for Diversity Wed, 16 Feb (1.00-3.00) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner Thu, 17 Feb (9.0012.00) Embedding Information Literacy Mon, 21 Feb (9.00-12.00) Facilitating Laboratory and Practical Classes Mon, 21 Feb (1.00-4.00) Tutor Day – Introduction to tutoring for tutors in FASS, Education, Law and Management Tue, 22 Feb (9.00-3.00) Tutor Day – MComm Tutors Wed, 23 Feb (9.00-3.00) Expanding your eLearning Horizons Thu, 24 Feb (9.0012.00) Research and Teaching Thu, 24 Feb (1.00-4.00) Evaluating Your Teaching Fri, 25 Feb (9.00-12.00) JUNE Teaching Development workshops 7-17 June Postgraduate Supervisors’ Conversations Tue, 28 June (12.00-2.00) Teaching Network Wed, 29 June (12.00-2.00) AUGUST Postgraduate Supervisors’ Conversations Tue, 9 Aug (12.002.00) Getting Published workshop Tue, 23 Aug Waikato Experience Induction Morning Tea Wed, 24 Aug PGCert(TertTchg) meeting Tue, 30 Aug Action Research workshop Wed, 31 Aug SEPTEMBER Teaching Network Thu, 1 Sep (12.00-2.00) Appraisal Call—Semester B (Request for questionnaires) Mon, 5 Sept Compiling a Teaching Portfolio workshop Fri, 16 Sep (10.0011.30) Postgraduate Supervisors’ Conversations Tue, 27 Sep (12.002.00) MARCH PGCert(TertTchg) meeting Wed, 9 Mar Exploring your teaching and learning beliefs (Tauranga) Tue, 15 Mar (9.00-12.00) Introduction to course design (Tauranga) Tue, 15 Mar (1.00-4.00) Becoming a Reflective Practitioner (Tauranga) Wed, 16 Mar (9.00-12.00) Principles of Assessment (Tauranga) Wed, 16 Mar (1.004.00) Introduction to tutoring for tutors in FASS, Education, Law and Management (Tauranga) Thu, 17 Mar (9.00-12.00) Evaluating Your Teaching (Tauranga) Thu, 17 Mar (1.004.00) Teaching Network Wed, 23 Mar (12.00-2.00) APRIL Postgraduate Supervisors’ Conversations Tue, 5 Apr (12.002.00) MAY Appraisal Call—Semester A (Request for questionnaires) Mon, 2 May PGCert(TertTchg) meeting Wed, 25 May NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK OCTOBER Teaching Network Wed, 19 Oct (12.00-2.00) NOVEMBER Visiting academic: Jean McNiff Dates TBC Postgraduate Supervisors’ Conversations Tue, 8 Nov (12.002.00) Teaching Network Wed, 23 Nov DECEMBER Celebrating Teaching Day Tue, 6 Dec (9.00-12.30) TDU staff are available on an ongoing basis for teaching observations, individual consultations, focus groups and support in preparing teaching portfolios. Website: www.waikato.ac.nz/tdu Email: [email protected] • 24 • 2011 Teaching Development Summer Series HAMILTON Week 1 For more information or to register for the 2011 Summer Series, please email [email protected] Exploring your Teaching and Learning Beliefs* Mon, 7 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 Introduction to Course Design* Maximising Learning in Large Group Contexts: learning from case studies of practice* A Beginner’s Guide to eLearning Tue, 8 Feb, 9.00-12.00 Wed, 9 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 TBC Thu, 10 Feb, 9.00-12.00 TBC Week 2 Principles of Assessment* Designing Assessment Tasks to Promote Learning Mon, 14 Feb, 9.00-12.00 Mon, 14 Feb, 1.00-3.00 B.G.24 B.G.24 The Marking Process Tue, 15 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 Starter Strategies for Teachers Tue, 15 Feb, 12.30-2.30 B.G.24 Teaching For Diversity Wed, 16 Feb , 1.00-3.00 B.G.24 Becoming a Reflective Practitioner* Thu, 17 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 Week 3 Embedding Literacy into Learning Mon, 21 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 Facilitating Laboratory and Practical Classes Mon, 21 Feb, 1.00-4.00 B.G.24 Tutor Day: Introduction to tutoring for tutors in FASS, Education, Law and Management MComm Tutor Day Tue, 22 Feb, 9.00-3.00 TBC Wed, 23 Feb, 9.00-3.00 TBC Expanding Your eLearning Horizons Thu, 24 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 Research and Teaching* Thu, 24 Feb, 1.00-4.00 B.G.24 Evaluating Your Teaching* Fri, 25 Feb, 9.00-12.00 B.G.24 Exploring your Teaching and Learning Beliefs* Tue, 15 Mar, 9.00-12.00 TBC Introduction to Course Design* Tue, 15 Mar, 1.00-4.00 TBC Becoming a Reflective Practitioner* Wed, 16 Mar, 9.00-12.00 TBC Principles of Assessment* Wed, 16 Mar, 1.00-4.00 TBC Introduction to tutoring for tutors in FASS, Education, Law and Management Thu, 17 Mar, 9.00-12.00 TBC Evaluating Your Teaching* Thu, 17 Mar, 1.00-4.00 TBC TAURANGA Supervisors’ Conversations—Reflections to Date On Wednesday 1 December, the Teaching Development Unit, in collaboration with the PVC (Postgraduate), will be holding the end-of-year meeting of the 'Supervisors' Conversations'. The meeting invites supervisors to provide feedback and comments on the conversations to date and the topics that could be considered for the 2011 programme. Feedback could inform a research project on the Supervisors' Conversations initiative. All those who have participated in the Supervisors' Conversations in 2009 and 2010 are welcome to attend. The event will be held from 12 noon to 2 pm in the Upstairs Lounge at the Academy on 1 December. Please register interest through iWaikato (My Work > Staff Development > Coming Events) or email [email protected] by Friday 26 November. • 25 • NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2010 • TDU TALK December Professional Development at a Glance Wed, 1 Dec (8.45-12.00) Introductory Session for New Staff Wed, 1 Dec (12.00-2.00) Supervisors‟ Conversations: Reflections to Date Wed, 1 Dec (4.30-6.00) Staff Awards Ceremony Wed, 1 Dec (2.00-4.00) Google Apps Exploratory Session Thu, 2 Dec (10.00-12.00) Google Apps Exploratory Session Fri, 3 Dec (9.00-12.30) Celebrating Teaching Day Wed, 8 Dec (2.00-4.00) Google Apps Exploratory Session Thu, 9 Dec (10.00-12.00) Google Apps Exploratory Session Wed, 15 Dec (2.00-4.00) Google Apps Exploratory Session Thu, 16 Dec (10.00-12.00) Google Apps Exploratory Session Produced by: TEACHING DEVELOPMENT UNIT | WĀHANGA WHAKAPAKARI AKO | UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO Private Bag 3105 | Hamilton | New Zealand Phone: +64 7 838 4839 | Fax: +64 7 838 4573 | [email protected] | www.waikato.ac.nz/tdu
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