The Johnstone Centre
Report Nº 187
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
OF EUROPEAN CULTURAL
HERITAGE POTENTIAL
ALBURY CULTURAL PRECINCT
STAGE 1
by
Dirk HR Spennemann
Albury 2003
© Dirk H.R. Spennemann 2003
All rights reserved. The contents of this book are copyright in all countries subscribing to the
Berne Convention. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information
storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the author, except where permitted by law.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1958–)
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential Albury Cultural Precinct
Stage 1 / by Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Johnstone Centre Report nº 187
Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University
1v.;
LCC xxx
DDC xxxx
1. Historic Preservation—Australia—New South Wales;
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• an investigation of the historic and pictorial record accessible in Albury; and
1.0 Introduction
The brief called for “An assessment of the
likelihood of archaeological relics being discovered during excavation for the proposed
works for the development of the museumcum-library building.’
• a physical inspection of the proposed development area (see section 5.1) focussing
on the historic, non-indigenous heritage only.
3.0 Historic Background
2.0 Project carried out
The Johnstone Centre carried out the following activities.
• Undertake and field inspection.
• Check accessible public records, documents and studies regarding.
• Check historic photographic evidence of
site.
• Predictive assessment of the presence of
subsurface archaeological material in the
2000mm zone of material the client proposes to remove.
• Recommendations in relation to study
findings.
2.2. The Study Area
The study area is comprises 526 to 540
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW.
3.1. Historic Context
The property is located in section 12, which
historically also contains the key administrative buildings, such as the post office, the
court house, the town hall, the Mechanics
Institute (now demolished), the police station, the telegraph office as well as several
churches. The development area at the corner of Swift and Kiewa Street is located in
the northwestern part of the section 12.
It is unlikely that the development area
would have been used for habitation purposes during pre-European settlement times.
It is likely to have been covered with open
woodland and would have served as resource
area for food as well as wood and bark resources. Closer to the Bungambrawatha
Creek we can expect permanent or semipermanent habitation sites.
The 1839 town grid is set at an oblique angle
to the old Sydney Road. After the creation
of the grid and letting of town allotments,
the Sydney Road was forced into a zigzag
pattern. The old road alignment ran diago-
2.3. Methodology
The archaeological assessment comprises of
two parts:
— 1 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
nally through the southern part of section 12
with the town grid, the intersection of Dean
and Kiewa Streets became a turning point in
the zigzag, with the intersection of Kiewa
and Swift or Kiewa And Wilson Streets being another. Thus the development area was
located at a significant section of Kiewa
Street .
The area had been used as pastoral and agricultural land in the 1850s and 1860s. Vineyards are on record as late as the 1880s for a
property across Kiewa Street (corner Engelhardt and Kiewa Streets) .
Substantial development occurred during the
late 1870s (presumed) and the 1880s (confirmed), including cottages along the Swift
Street frontage of property 540 Kiewa
Street, the 1886 Crawford & Co stables
building, and the house and servants’ quarters of 526 Kiewa Street.
Private subdivision of the formerly northsouth oriented allotments into east-west
aligned lots allowed for the commercial development of the area.
In the 1880s boarding houses as well as
caching stables were erected in the development area. The advent of the motor car in
the first decade of the twentieth century saw
the transition of the area in light industry
with a focus on servicing the motor car and
transportation businesses. The realignment of
the highway through Albury in the 1960s
drew away traffic from Dean and Kiewa
Streets. While this improved the local business opportunities in Dean Street, it was detrimental to the garage and motor service
businesses in Kiewa Street. Over time they
were relocated to the new highway
alignment and congregated at the outskirts of
town.
The remaining vacant land allotments were
built on during the 1910s, with 532 and
538-540 Kiewa Street being erected. The
last allotment to be built on was 534-536
Kiewa Street, where a motor garage was
built in 1926.
After the 1920s only limited subsurface
changes occurred, with most of the open
spaces built over as the properties were extended from the Kiewa Street frontage to
Wood’s Lane. During that period most
buildings were gradually converted in
In the 1970s the buildings were converted
into offices and shopping arcades, with the
corner property developed into a service station
3.2. History of the development area
4.0 Subsurface Remains
Indigenous cultural material culture may well
exist on the property. However, based on
predictive modelling carried out for other
projects in the Albury area as well as a survey
of Indigenous sites in areas of one hundred
percent site visibility, the likelihood of sites
not located on creek or river terraces, or at
confluences of creeks is low.
4.2.3. Survival chances
The exact location of the 1860s and 1870s
wells is unclear. The area is quite convoluted, with only few spaces free for the position of the wells without running the risk of
contaminating the water supply through the
cesspits. Given that piped water was available from 1885 onwards, it is possible that
the 1860s and 1870s wells could have been
filled in before the buildings were extended
and thus may be located under the extant
buildings.
The land was first formally alienated in
1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon
acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12
and subdivided them privately with a focus
on Kiewa Street.
— ii —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
4.2.4. impact by buildings
5.1.1. Basis of Assessment
While it is not possible to generalise about
the impact caused by the buildings, most
buildings seem to have been ‘improved’ over
time with a successive sequence of concrete
floors, which may well have obliterated any
subsurface features that had not been already
affected by the digging of foundations.
The assessment process follows that set out
by the NSW Heritage Office in its various
guidelines.
At least some of the area, now under the car
park, is likely to have been substantially affected by the development of the Ampol fuel
station.
The limited significance that me be present if
subsurface remains are preserved in situ can
be recovered through archaeological monitoring and archaeological recovery/salvage
work if and when the need arises.
While some of the subsurface elements that
may be present, may posses moderate local
significance, they do no warrant that no
earthworks be carried out.
4.3. Results of archaeological survey
The total area proposed to be modified for
the museum and library buildings was surveyed systematically on foot. The surface
visibility of the entire area was 0% as the
area was wholly built up or covered with
bitumen and concrete pavements. As a result
no evidence of subsurface sites was encountered.
No subsurface testing was undertaken as this
would constitute excavation.
5.1. Cultural Significance of
Subsurface Remains
The assessment of the cultural significance of
any subsurface features explicitly excludes
•
Recommendation 1:
Archaeological monitoring
While the likelihood of significant archaeological remains relating to the early uses of
the building is extremely low, the presence
of 1860s or 1870s wells as well as remnants
of the foundations of the 1870s or 180s
weatherboard cottages along the Swift Street
frontage cannot be discounted.
This can be assured by the presence of an archaeologist monitoring the demolition and
removal of the building as well as the concrete floors.
5. Evaluation
•
6.0 Recommendations
a consideration of indigenous remains
(see Recommendation 3 on that issue)
a consideration of the heritage value
of the extant structures (see individual property reports on this matter)
— iii —
It is recommended that any demolition of the existing structure be accompanied by an archaeological
monitoring programme and that a monitoring strategy be developed.
Recommendation 2:
Archaeological Recovery
If substantial archaeological subsurface remains are encountered during the monitoring
of the excavation work, they need to be
documented by trained professional personnel.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Albury City should develop a contingency
plan that allows for this work to be carried
out and that factors in any delays in construction that may entail.
It is recommended that a Albury City develop a
contingency plan to allow for the archaeological investigation of substantial archaeological subsurface
remains should they be encountered during the archaeological monitoring work.
Recommendation 3:
Sampling of the cesspits
While we are informed about the general
health status of the Albury population, detailed insights are lacking.
Given the opportunity, it is advisable to
collect samples from any cesspit decommissioned in 1919 or 1920 which may be encountered during the archaeological monitoring and to carry out an analysis of the
parasite loading contained therein.
It is recommended that any excavation on the properties be accompanied by a sampling strategy to collect excreta samples from the abandoned cesspit
and that an analysis of the parasite loading be carried out.
— iv —
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................1
2.5. CONSULTATION CARRIED OUT ...................5
CONTENTS........................................................................V
2.5.1. Property Owners............................................5
2.5.1. Community Stakeholders...........................5
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................1
3. HISTORIC BACKGROUND ................................6
1.1. BRIEF...............................................................................1
3.1. HISTORIC CONTEXT..............................................6
3.1.1. Indigenous Landuse......................................6
3.1.2. Timeslice 1830s & 1840s.............................7
3.1.3. Timeslice 1850s & 1860s.............................8
3.1.4. Timeslice 1870s................................................9
3.1.5. Timeslice 1880s..............................................10
3.1.6. Timeslice 1890s..............................................11
3.1.7. Timeslice 1900s &1910s............................12
3.1.8. Timeslice 1920s & 1930s...........................12
3.1.19. After the World War II............................20
1.2. LOCATION AND OWNERSHIP.......................1
1.2.1 Location.................................................................1
1.2.2. Curtilage................................................................1
1.2.3.Ownership............................................................1
1.3. PROTECTIVE LISTINGS......................................2
1.4. RELEVANT SECTIONS OF THE
HERITAGE ACT (NSW) 1977...............................2
3.2. HISTORY OF THE
DEVELOPMENT AREA.......................................20
2. PROJECT CARRIED OUT ...................................3
2.2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.....................................3
3.2.1. History of 526 Kiewa Street....................20
3.2.2. History of 528-530 Kiewa Street...........20
3.2.3. History of 532 Kiewa Street....................21
3.2.4. History of 534-536 Kiewa Street...........21
3.2.5. History of 538-540 Kiewa Street...........22
2.3. METHODOLOGY .....................................................3
4. SUBSURFACE REMAINS ......................31
2.4. PRIOR RESEARCH....................................................4
4.1. BASIS OF ASSESSMENT ....................................31
2.5. RESEARCH CARRIED OUT FOR
THIS STUDY ..................................................................4
4.1.1. Nature of the assessment..........................31
4.1.2. Sources of evidence....................................31
4.1.3. Potential of survival.....................................31
2.5.1. Records Consulted.........................................4
2.5.1. Pictorial Sources Consulted......................4
2.5.3. Field inspEction..............................................4
2.5.4. Reporting.............................................................5
4.2. PREDICTED PRESENCE OR
ABSENCE OF SUBSURFACE
CULTURAL RESOURCES .....................................32
2.1. STUDY BRIEF.............................................................3
2.1.1. Objectives............................................................3
2.1.2. Time Frame........................................................3
4.2.1. Indigenous Heritage resources.............32
— v —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
4.2.2. European Heritage resources................32
4.2.3. Survival chances............................................33
4.2.4. impact by buildings....................................42
4.2.5. Research potential........................................44
4.3. RESULTS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SURVEY..........................................................................45
5. EVALUATION .........................................................53
5.1. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
SUBSURFACE REMAINS ......................................53
5.1.1. Basis of Assessment....................................53
5.1.2 Evaluation of Property against
the Criteria......................................................54
5.1.3 Significance of the subsurface
heritage..............................................................55
5.2. SUMMATION .............................................................57
6. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................58
RECOMMENDATION 1:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONITORING ...........58
RECOMMENDATION 2:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECOVERY ..................58
RECOMMENDATION 3: SAMPLING
OF THE CESSPITS...................................................58
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................60
MAPS .......................................................................................60
PUBLICATIONS................................................................60
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS..........................65
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS..........................66
8.ENDNOTES
.............................................................67
— vi —
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Brief
541
540
Swift Street
538–538
— 1 —
528-530
Wood's Lane
532
526
524
The combined properties face Kiewa Street
in the east with a small Swift Street frontage. Access to the western property boundaries exists at Woods Lane. The curtilage of
the properties are confined to the property
boundaries.
523 525 527
1.2.2. Curtilage
Stanley
Street
521
The properties are located at 526 to 540
Kiewa Street, Albury, County of Goulburn,
New South Wales.
522
1.2.1 Location
534–536
KIEWA STREET
529
531
1.2. Location and Ownership
530
539
An assessment of the likelihood of
archaeological relics being discovered
during excavation for the proposed
works.
The properties affected by the development
are all currently owned by the Albury City
Council.
533
•
1.2.3.Ownership
537
Albury City Council has invited the Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University to undertake an archaeological assessment of a site
proposed for a museum and library development at the corner of Swift and Kiewa
Streets. The Johnstone Centre has been asked
to provide:
Figure 1.1. Location of the affected properties in
the block
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
§139
1.3. Protective Listings
Some of the sub-properties currently carry
buildings, none of which are listed on any of
the applicable conservation instruments,
such as the Albury Local Environmental
Plan 2000.
1.4. Relevant Sections
of the Heritage Act
(NSW) 1977
The NSW Heritage Act 1977 (as amended
1998) protects the State's natural and cultural heritage and contains measures to protect archaeological resources and relics. A
relic is defined as any item over 50 years old.
The following are the relevant provisions:
i. Excavation permit required in
certain cases
1. A person must not disturb or
excavate any land knowing or having reasonable cause to suspect
that the disturbance or excavation
will or is likely to result in a relic
being discovered, exposed,
moved, damaged or destroyed unless the disturbance or excavation
is carried out in accordance with
an excavation permit.
2. A person must not disturb or
excavate any land on which the
person has discovered or exposed
a relic except in accordance with
an excavation permit.
Figure 1.2. Location of the Study Area
(Source: http://www.arta.com.au/nswmaps/albury3.html with amendments by the author)
— 2 —
2. PROJECT CARRIED OUT
2.1. Study Brief
2.1.1. Objectives
The aim of this study is to provide an assessment of archaeological potential of the
properties 526 to 540 Kiewa Street, Albury,
and to assess the impact the proposed museum and library development may have on
these subsurface remains.
2.1.2. Time Frame
The data gathering and physical assessment
for the study was carried out between 28
June and 30 July 2003.
• Check historic photographic evidence of
site.
• Compile a historic analysis for each of the
affected properties.
• Predictive assessment of the presence of
subsurface archaeological material.
• Predictive assessment of the presence of
near-surface archaeological material in the
200-300mm zone of material the client
proposes to remove.
• Recommendations in relation to study
findings.
• Consultation with client.
2.3. Methodology
2.2. Project Description
The assessment process used for the study
followd the guidelines set out by the NSW
1
Heritage Office.
In completing the tasks outlined in the brief
(section 1.1), the Johnstone Centre carried
out the following activities.
• Undertake and field inspection.
• Check accessible public records, documents and studies regarding Albury Railway Station.
— 3 —
The archaeological assessment comprises of
two parts:
• an investigation of the historic and pictorial record accessible in Albury; and
• a physical inspection of the proposed development area (see section 5.1) focusing
on the historic, non-indigenous heritage only.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
• Valuer General of NSW, Valuation District of Albury, Valuation Lists.
2.4. Prior Research
The study area is included in the Urban Con2
servation Area. However, none of the
properties under discussion (526, 528-530,
532, 534-536, 538-540 Kiewa Street) are
listed by the National Trust List as part of
the 1976 Urban Conservation Study as a
3
class 1 property. The 1990 Albury Central
Area Heritage Study also omits to mention
4
or list any of these properties. The 1993
Albury Main Street Study, focusing on the
conservation area with the Central Heritage
Area encompasses most properties of section
12, but specifically excludes the properties
5
under discussion here.
In the study area, class 1 properties included
the Court House (nº 5), the Post Office (nº
3), St. Matthew's (nº 30), St. Matthew's
Rectory (nº 31), the Salvation Army Hall at
533 Kiewa Street (nº38) and The Observatory next door (at 531 Kiewa Street, nº
6
39). The latter two items were demolished
in November 1978 and August 1979 respectively. One of the properties, 526 Kiewa
Street, was included as contributory struc7
tures class 2.
• Municipality of Albury, Rate Books and
Sanitary Registers
• Cadastral Maps
• Maps and plans held by the Albury City
Library
• Local history-related clippings files maintained by the Albury City Library.
• Register of the National Estate (on-line)
• NSW State Heritage Register (on-line)
• NSW State Heritage Inventory (on-line)
• Register of the National Trust (NSW)
2.5.1. Pictorial Sources Consulted
The following pictorial databases and collections were consulted:
• National Library of Australia (on-line
database)
• State Library of New South Wales (online database)
• State Library of Victoria (on-line database)
• Australian War Memorial (on-line database)
2.5. Research carried
out for this study
• Albury Regional Museum (photographs)
• Albury City Library (aerial photos and individual images)
2.5.1. Records Consulted
The individual historical records and sources
drawn upon for this study have been set out
in the bibliography.
In addition, consulted were
• Property files maintained by Albury City
Council
• Albury and District Historical Society
In addition, pictorial resources held in private hand were consulted where possible.
2.5.3. Field inspection
• Sewage Connection Files held by Albury
City Council
• Sewage plans held by Albury City Council
— 4 —
The total area proposed to be modified for
the Museum Buildings was to be surveyed
systematically on foot and all features noted.
No subsurface testing or cleaning of exposed
soil profiles was to be undertaken as this
would constitute excavation.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
The survey was carried out by Associate Professor Dirk H.R. Spennemann, MA Frankfurt
PhD ANU, an archaeologist and cultural
heritage manager with 20 years work experience, ten of which in Australia.
Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº
189. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone
Centre, Charles Sturt University.
•
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003d) Nº 532
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical
Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of
Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº
190. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone
Centre, Charles Sturt University.
•
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003e) Nº 534-36
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical
Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of
Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº
191. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone
Centre, Charles Sturt University.
•
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003f) Nº 538-540
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical
Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of
Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº
192. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone
Centre, Charles Sturt University.
2.5.3.1. Access
The entire study/project area was accessible
at the time of inspection.
2.5.3.2. Visibility
The surface visibility of the entire area was
0% as the area was wholly built up or covered with bitumen and concrete pavements.
2.5.3.3. Survey coverage
The entire study/project area was systematically surveyed on foot. Area covered by survey was 100%.
The effective surface visibility was 0%.
2.5.4. Reporting
This document, in particular the historic
background (chapter 3), should be read in
conjunction with the historic overview:
•
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003a) The
Southeastern Corner of Kiewa and Swift
Streets, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis. Johnstone Centre Report nº 182. Albury,
N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre, Charles
Sturt University.
and in conjunction with the following property reports:
•
•
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003b) Nº 526
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical
Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of
Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº
188. Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone
Centre, Charles Sturt University.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003c) Nº 528-530
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical
Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of
— 5 —
2.5. Consultation carried out
2.5.1. Property Owners
Attempts were made at locating previous
owners and lessees of the property in order
to obtain images of the building and information on its history and use. This proved to
be more difficult than anticipated, mainly
because of the commercial nature of the
premises. Some of the properties had been
converted into shopping arcades in the 1980s
with a series of tenants.
2.5.1. Community Stakeholders
Discussions were also held with the historical society as well as individuals associated
with the property’s former use.
3. HISTORIC BACKGROUND
3.1. Historic Context
In this section we will set out the historic
context of Albury in general and the study
area, the northwestern corner of section 12
in particular. The information as presented
here has been extracted from The Southeastern
Corner of Kiewa and Swift Streets, Albury, NSW.
8
An Historical Analysis by the author. For
more detail that study should be consulted.
3.1.1. Indigenous Landuse
The early European observers describe the
9
area of Albury as open woodland. We have
to imagine a productive region, dominated
by the floodplain of the Millewa (Murray)
River to the south and woodlands to the
north. The areas along the drainage lines of
the various major creeks, such as Bungambrawatha Creek west of the current town
centre and Nine-Mile Creek to the east
would have exhibited more open vege10
tation. The practice by the indigenous
communities to annually burn off the land
retarded the growth of dense shrub and kept
the land open, but also provided sufficient
fresh growth of native grasses to attract kan11
garoos, wallabies and other wildlife. The
area now covered by south Albury was a series of sand hills; and a series of billabongs.
While most of the latter are filled in,
— 6 —
Brown’s Lagoon and Neill’s Lagoon still give
evidence.
Indigenous settlement was scattered
throughout the area with a few concentrations. Wiradjuri “usually chose a cleared
space for their camps, in the neighbourhood
of water, as fish and birds were their princi12
pal articles of food.” There is archaeologi13
cal evidence for Indigenous habitation as
14
well as burials throughout the Albury area,
and settlement models based on site observations have shown that creeks, especially the
confluences of creeks are prime locations for
15
open camp sites and the like.
The area east of the mouth of Bungambrawatha Creek is reported as a meeting place,
16
or camping place on cleared ground. A
similar situation existed at Mungabareena,
where a meeting place existed near the ford.
Mungabareena is described as a “camp gen17
erally occupied” as late as the 1860s.
There appears to have been a substantial
permanent Indigenous population, and it was
deemed necessary to give one of the elders,
dubbed ‘King Bungambrawatha’ a brass
breastplate as a mark of recognition by the
18
white authority in the area. In addition to
the normal habitation places, there were a
number of special places in the Albury area.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
The most important was a burial ground located in a ‘sand hill,’ a sand dune on the
Murray Floodplain.
European observations made during the
1840s and 1850s document the rapid decline
of the Indigenous Australian population
brought about by introduced diseases, environmental resource destruction and outright
murder.
The relationship between Wiradjuri and
white settlers seems to have been solely dependent on the attitude of individuals. Some
of the later had employed Wiradjuri on the
19
land they had alienated from them. The
early settlers adopted much of the Wiradjuri
bushcraft to secure their own survival.
The general shortage of European women in
the region resulted in extended relationships
between Wiradjuri and Europeans, with off20
By the 1850s such relationships
spring.
were frowned upon by the white community, often with tragic consequences to
21
the Indigenous women.
Even though relations were at first amicable,
this soon changed. The Faithfull massacre of
April 1838 when eight whites were killed by
Indigenous people near Benalla, and the
Dora Dora massacre of 1838, when Wiradjuri were slaughtered by settlers, are events
that stand out.
In response to real or perceived threat by
Wiradjuri, the New South Wales government agreed in 1838 to establish a police
22
camp at Bungambrawatha.
Depopulation of the district proceeded
rapidly. The 1860s saw the establishment of
reserves and missions, which served as centralised ‘collection points’ for the Indigenous
peoples, regardless of their tribal affiliations,
thus mixing people who, under traditional
circumstances, would not be permitted to
mix at close quarters. By 1882 only a single
23
Indigenous person remained in Albury. He
24
too is included in the 1891 census.
— 7 —
3.1.2. Timeslice 1830s & 1840s
First European visitation to the area occurred in 1824 when a group of Aboriginal people helped Hamilton Hume and William
Hovell traverse the area. Both carved their
names into major trees in the Norieul Park
25
area.
Even though the Europeans had crossed
though the countryside, the area saw at first
little disruption. The N.S.W. government in
Sydney was reluctant to overextend its resources and thus actively discouraged any
settlement south of Goulburn.
Serious European land use of the area started
in 1835 when Charles H. Ebden took up the
area as part of his grazing Mungabareena Run
(‘Mungabarina’, operated by William Wyse),
thus commencing the alienation and later
appropriation of indigenous lands in the area.
The first station was set up somewhere in
the area of the Albury waterworks.
Albury, located a crossing place across the
Murray River was included in the weekly
mail route between Melbourne and Sydney
26
from 1839 onwards. The formal inclusion
of Albury occurred concomitantly with the
gazetting of Albury as a town and followed
the establishment of a police outpost in
1838.
The river was being forded when the water
levels permitted. By the end of 1848 Edward
Crisp, proprietor of the Hume Inn, established a punt service departing from the end
27
of Hovell Street.
Albury had been built on the northern shore
of the Murray River. The initial European
settlement occurred on the flood plain, with
John Brown's hut being near the confluence
of Bungambrawatha Creek with the Murray.
This location is hardly surprising given the
Aboriginal use of the same location as a
28
camp area.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
In April 1839 the town of Albury was gazet29
ted based the regulatory north-south oriented town grid with ten acre blocks and
streets of 1 1/2 chains (99 feet) width. The
lay-out had been proposed and surveyed by
Thomas S. Townsend in January 1839 ignoring the actual topography of the area. The
initial town comprised of five sections,
bounded by Hume Street in the north and
Nurigong Street in the south, Wodonga
Place in the west and Kiewa Street in the
30
east (figure 3.1). Development was initially
slow. The population rose slow, to only 65
31
in 1845. Small scale farms grew grain and
vegetables in what is today downtown
Albury. Initial ploughing and establishment
of fields happened on the alluvial flat, as
32
they were more fertile and easier to clear.
As a result of the repeated flooding, the
commercial centre of Albury moved to
higher ground, essentially north of Hume,
and soon after, north of Smollett Street. By
the late 1840s the town grid was extended
to the north and east. The town grid had
been set at an oblique angle to the established road, which had been developed based
on the topography of the surrounding hills
and the location of the crossing place.
In 1848, when Townsend’s new plan of the
enlarged Albury was produced, the placement of reserves for the administrative
centre that far from the established centre of
population was unusual. The southern part
of section 12 (bounded by Dean, Kiewa and
Olive Streets) was in ‘the middle of nowhere.’ Yet it was placed strategically: located on higher ground to it was largely immune from flooding by the Murray. Its location substantially east of the commercial
centre at Townsend Street was necessitated
by the need to avoid any flooding by
Bungambrawatha Creek.
— 8 —
3.1.3. Timeslice 1850s & 1860s
The Crown Colony of Victoria was established on 1 July 1851 with the. Murray River
designated as the boundary to New South
33
Wales.
The gold rush of the 1850's in the Ovens and
Indigo Gold fields (with towns such as Mitta
Mitta or Beechworth) created a demand for
a wide range of produce and concurrently
the agricultural exploitation of the Albury
area increased manifold.
In the early 1850s Albury did not have the
reputation as a progressive area. Albury became a municipality on June 25th, 1859, and
34
thus in charge of its own town planning.
The town was administered by a cooperation
headed by an elected mayor and elected aldermen, commonly prominent businessmen
35
and lawyers. Even though in charge of its
own planning, Albury was tied in its development by the pre-existing town grid as well
as the placement of the reserves for its public
spaces.
In 1848, when Townsend’s new plan of the
enlarged Albury was produced, the southern
part of section 12 had been set aside for the
administrative buildings locating there the
post office, the court house and other facilities (see below). This in turn created a pull
that saw the centre of town gradually sift
eastwards. By the mid 1850s a cluster of
shops and dwellings had developed in
(southern) Kiewa Street, in response to the
new alignment of town.
The external communication of Albury comprised of land based traffic along the Sydney
to Melbourne Road and, beginning in the
early 1850s, of a smattering of river boat
traffic. In addition, the telegraph arrived
during this period. By end of November
1856 the connection with Melbourne was
upgraded by extending the Melbourne–Beechworth coach service to
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Albury.36 Until then it had been a horse mail
system only.
A new ferry was established in 1859 at the
end of Wodonga Place, near the current
37
bridge and close to the Turk’s Head Hotel.
In 1861 the first timber bridge across the
38
Murray was opened.
From the river the road zigzagged through
town, because Townsend’s 1839 regulation
north-south town. Initially, the road had
traversed the area in a more or less straight
line (figure 3.1). The expanding town grid
forced this into a zig-zag, along the main
commercial areas. The most common route
ran from the river east into Hume Street,
from there north along Townsend Street,
east along Dean Street, north along Kiewa
Street and the east again either along Swift
or, later, Wilson Streets. The study area
which initially had been traversed by the
Sydney Road (figure 3.2) was thus situated
along the main route of through traffic.
The rules of land ownership and acquisition
changed with the introduction of the Crown
Lands Alienation Act 1861. This act meant
that small parcels, between 40 and 320 acres,
39
of Crown Land could be alienated, which
increased the number of small land holders.
The economic development of Albury also
saw the introduction of viticulture in 1851
by the German emigrants Schubach, Rau and
Frauenfelder. By 1856 twenty-five acres
were under vines.
The 1850s and in particular the 60s were a
growth period for social development, commensurate with the increase in population: a
40
national school opened in 1850,. the first
stipendiary magistrate was appointed in
41
1853, the first hospital was erected in
42
1860/61, a court house and new telegraph
offices in Dean Street in 1860, a Mechanics
Institute in 1861. Also churches of various
denominations were erected, among them
St.Matthews in Kiewa Street in 1857/59,
— 9 —
just south of the area under assessment. In
addition much commercial development occurred such as the Globe Hotel at the corner
of Dean and Kiewa Streets. The area under
assessment was just to the north of the development , but was located on the zigzagging main route through Albury.
The mid 1860s saw a regional depression,
which caused a number of businesses to shut
down or reduce services. Property prices
plummeted, not only in the region but in
43
central Albury as well. By the end of the
decade business was booming again
3.1.4. Timeslice 1870s
A trip from Albury to Sydney took four days
44
in 1850. The fast Cobb & Co. coach service connecting to the railhead at Goulburn
45
cut travelling time to 51 hours in 1870. As
the railhead neared Albury the travel times
decreased. By the end of the decade the railhead had reached Gerogery. Making a landbased Melbourne-Sydney traffic feasible. The
gap from Wodonga to Gerogery was bridged
by Crawford & Co coaches, transporting 420
46
passengers in October 188o alone.
Until the arrival of the railway most of the
heavy goods traffic to and from the Border
region was carried on paddle steamers plying
the Murray. If the water levels permitted the
voyage from Adelaide to Albury could be
made in three weeks. Seasonally variable water levels of the Murray, however, made
navigation beyond Wahgunyah/Rutherglen
unpredictable and thus unreliable. In
November 1873 the railway reached Wodonga from Melbourne. As a result most of
the heavy goods traffic on the upper sections
of the Murray shifted its focus to Melbourne
and away from the river.
Albury was connected with Wodonga by a
47
regular daily coach line from January 1874.
In 1876 Crawford & Co. started an ‘omnibus,’ running every half hour from 2:30am,
connecting Albury and Wodonga.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
The urban development of Albury can be exemplified by the census statistics available.
The population of Albury rose from 65 in
1845 to 981 in 1861 and 1906 by 1871.
The major urban development was the location of the railway corridor, which was
pegged out in 1874 and 1875. Clearly Albury
was a border community and a future rail
connection between the colonies of New
South Wales and Victoria could be foreseen.
Given the availability of land allotments in
the region, the only available corridor was to
the east of the exiting centre close to the
base of Eastern Hill. Once the railway had
arrived and a station was built, this location
would create another pull toward to the
east, gradually causing businesses to relocate
there, just as the placement of the administrative centre in section 12 had done at the
beginning of the 1860s.
The construction of the Catholic Church at
the corner of Olive and Smollett Street, in
1870-1872 and the extension of St Matthews in 1872-1874 were major communal
developments of the decade. In the study
area major new buildings were the new post
office at the corner of Dean and Kiewa
48
Streets in 1879, the Oddfellows Hall at
49
522 Kiewa Street in1874, the Albion Hotel in Swift Street in 1874 (destroyed by fire
50
in 1879),
During the 1870s the property market
boomed. James T Fallon managed to acquire
lots 8, 9 and 10 of section 12 which allowed
him to subdivide them privately. This
changed the original, town-plan structured
north-south alignment of the lots, with focus
on Swift Street, to an east-west alignment
with a focus on Kiewa Street. The new subdivision comprised of slices of allotments 9
and 10, with a part of allotment 8. Fallon
broke up allotment 8 into a number small
land parcels included into the new subdivisions, a sliver of land along the eastern margin that was eventually added to allotment 7,
and a 14'7" wide right of way carved out of
the centre of the allotment. This lane way
provided rear access to the properties, an essential component in times when horsedrawn carriages were the sole means of
wheeled transport and when horses needed
to be stabled in people’s back yards. By providing the rear access Fallon allowed owners
to develop their new Kiewa Street frontage
to the full width of the property.
The price differential for the lots indicates
the decline in property values to further one
went from Dean Street. While in 1875 the
southwestern corner block of Dean and
Kiewa Streets sold for £1800, the highest
prices Fallon could attract for one of his
subdivision lots was £200. This was paid in
1872 by the Manchester Unity of Oddfellows for 522 Kiewa Street, the property
adjacent to the St Matthews parsonage. The
neighbouring subdivision lots went for £140
each (524 and 526 Kiewa Street), while the
combined block of lots 4 and 5 brought
£191 or £95/6 per lot. Although only three
house numbers further north than the lot
bought for the Oddfellows Hall, it brought
only half the return. Clearly, any property
away from Dean Street was deemed a commercial backwater.
3.1.5. Timeslice 1880s
The 1880s saw an agricultural expansion and
intensification in the areas north and northeast of Albury, which produced great economic gains for the town. Indeed, the 1880s
were the boom years of Albury's development. In 1885 Albury was gazetted as a
51
town.
By 1881 the Great Southern Line from Sydney had reached Albury, thus connecting the
border with its capital city. The impact of
the railway on travel times cannot be underestimated. While a trip from Albury to Syd52
ney took four days in 1850, it could now
53
be made in in 16 hours by rail.
— 10 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
In 1880 the first roads in Albury were being
blue metalled, starting at the customs house
in southern Townsend Street and following
from there the Sydney road via Dean Street
54
and Kiewa Street to Wilson Street. Thereafter the metalling was gradually extended to
other streets. Tar paving of roads did not
commence until the late 1887s, and then at
first confined to the footpaths.
As a direct result of the Victorian trains
going straight through to Albury, the traffic
volume of local omnibus service between
Wodonga and Albury effectively collapsed.
Whereas before the service comprised of
eight or nine omnibuses and between four
and five coaches, using 40 horses, now only a
couple of wagonettes and a couple of omni55
buses were sufficient. The coach company
Crawford & Co was forced to develop other
routes to utilise its rolling stock. This led to
the development of feeder lines for the railways and coach lines into the regional areas
up and own the Murray.
While urban growth so far had been to the
east as well as in the southern part, the
1880s were the decade when urban settlement expanded north. Wealthy land owners
could afford to built houses a speculative
rental properties. The demand for residential
blocks outstripped supply, and production
land was also converted into allotments. A
good example is Crisp’s Paddock, the land
north of Guinea Street between David and
Kiewa Streets, was subdivided in May 1881
into housing allotments—which swiftly
56
sold.
In addition, the final harnessing of Bungambrawatha Creek opened up large tracts of
centrally located land to subdivision and development.
By February 1883 the Albury Gas Company
commenced operations, located in Kiewa
57
Street, south of Smollett Street. Mains
were laid along the main streets. This meant
a reliable gas supply first for lighting in the
homes and, gradually, also for heating and
cooking. Another major development was
the construction of a water reservoir on
eastern hill, which was fed from the Murray
58
by waterworks at Mungabareena. The
59
scheme was extended in 1890. From 1885
water was piped through mains in the major
streets. This ensured a reliable water supply
even in the summer months when house
tanks ran dry and water carts could not keep
60
up with the demand.
In the late 1880s the central area continued
to grow, attracting key institutions.
The development of public buildings along
the Dean Street side of section 12 continued
with the erection of a new telegraph office
at the corner of Olive and Kiewa Streets in
61
1885, a new Mechanics Institute in 1883,
and a fire station next to the Mechanics In62
stitute in 1889, The Kiewa Street section
saw the erection of the Albury Club in
63
1884, a Temperance Hall in 1885 (con64
verted into the Federal Theatre in 1890),
and the Salvation Army citadel in 1889.65
Two idealized images from 1881 (figure 3.5)
and 1888 (figure 3.6) give an impression of
the study area, but should not be regarded as
gospel.
3.1.6. Timeslice 1890s
On the environmental front the early 1890s
marked the spread of the rabbits in the region. Rabbits did not arrive in the Albury
Area until 1884. By the early 1890’s the rab66
bits had become a plague and graziers
needed to consider taking drastic action. Investment in—expensive—rabbit-proof wire
mesh fencing became common.
Economically Albury was not immune from
the depression of 1893–1897. The construction of the new Municipal Chambers, which
had been planned for the mid 1890s, had to
be put abeyance until the economy im-
— 11 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
proved. Businesses suffered and development
stalled.
The end of the decade saw the advent of
telephones. By 1899 26 telephones were
67
connected.
During that decade no development occurred in the study area.
3.1.7. Timeslice 1900s &1910s
The first decade of the new century was
dominated by the advent of the motor car,
and the second decade by the advent or aviation, both of which were seen as ‘fads’ at
first, and both were to have profound effects
on travel and on Albury’s connection with
the rest of Australia.
The first Albury citizen to own a car was the
motor cycle dealer Frederick Charles Black68
lock, who in 1905 acquired a Minerva. The
number of cars grew slowly at first, but by
1911 there were about 30 motor cars in
69
Albury. Parallel to the increase of the cars
came an increase in the number of garages
and mechanics who could maintain cars.
A major step in the urban development was
the development of a sewerage system for
central Albury. The first homes were con70
nected in June 1919. Not only did this improve public health, but it also, potentially,
freed up back yards. In many cases, however,
existing outhouses were connected.
Another major component of the urban development of the 1910s was the installation
of electric lights. By 1913 loans were raised
by the council, but the outbreak of World
War I temporarily delayed the laying of the
lines. By 1916 this was completed, and gas
71
lighting in the streets terminated.
With the depression over, many properties in
Dean Street were redeveloped and the character of the city centre altered to become
much more urbanite.
In 1905 a section of Dean Street, between
Olive and Kiewa Streets, was tarred, which
brought about welcome relief from the need
to water the roads in order to bind the dust,
even though the road was no longer suitable
72
for horses.
The southern part of section 12 remained the
administrative hub of Albury. This was further demonstrated in 1914 when the Hume
Shire Council occupied offices on the first
73
floor of 522 Kiewa Street. The council
remained in the building, which soon after
became known as ‘Hume Chambers,’ until
1927 when it erected new premises on its
present site at the corner of Kiewa and
Englehardt Streets, just north of the Salva74
tion Army Barracks.
Even though coaches and horse-drawn carts
were still dominant modes of transport,
motor cars became increasingly common.
The eastern side of section 12, located on the
city centre, but on the road leading to Sydney, became the focus of the motor industry.
3.1.8. Timeslice 1920s & 1930s
Urban expansion continued north as well as
northwest, with the lower sections of the
hills becoming prime real estate. Some development occurred in form of estates where
developers subdivided an entire section and
built residences.
The motor car exerted its dominance during
that period. Horse-drawn coach lines went
out business or were converted in to motor
coach operations. In the study area we find
the establishment of Murray Valley Coaches,
a company founded in Albury, which in
1934 commenced operation of motor coach
lines parallel to the Murray covering areas
not connected by rail.
— 12 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.1. Interpretation of Townsend’s 1839 map. The development area is shown shaded.
— 13 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
PUNT
Figure 3.2. Map of Albury with the Sydney Road alignment in the 1850s.
Section 12 is shown in darker shading
— 14 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.3. St. Matthew's, Albury. Photograph of the church and the then recently completed parsonage
75
(photo about 1870).
Figure 3.4. The Globe Hotel (left) and Fallon’s premises (right) in Kiewa Street in the early 1870s.76 Note
the wine barrels in front of Fallon’s Store, as well as the use of large windows.
— 15 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.5. The Commercial Bank, at the southwestern corner of Kiewa & Dean Street.77
Figure 3.6. The intersection of Kiewa And Dean Street before the extension of the post office78
— 16 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.7. The Murray Valley Coach terminal at the northeastern corner of Kiewa and Swift Streets photo79
graphed in 1953.
Figure 3.8 View of Kiewa Street looking south in the early 1960. Fallon’s wine cellars to the left.80
— 17 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.9 Map of Albury with the highway alignment in the 1960s. Section 12 is shown in darker shading
— 18 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.10 Oblique aerial photograph of Central Albury in the early 1950s. The Englehardt and Stanley
Street subdivisions of the 1880s are in the foreground
— 19 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
3.1.19. After the World War II
The break in the railway gauge, coupled with
the placement of military bases and training
camps along the Murray, made Albury a major transport distribution centre during
World War II. The major breakthrough of
the 1960s was the standardization of the
railway gauge, which allowed trains to go
from Sydney to Melbourne. While travel
times improved, the main gain was the fact
that all freight no longer needed to be transshipped in Albury. A loss of staff at the railways occurred, as well as a reduction in
Albury’s importance as a freight distribution
centre.
The late 1940s saw the development of
Australia’s first travel lodge at the northeastern corner of Swift and Kiewa Streets.
Erected for Murray Valley Coaches, the
building served a bus terminal and garage,
and provided overnight accommodation for
long-distance travellers (figure 3.7). The realignment of the highway through Albury in
the 1960ps drew away traffic from Dean and
Kiewa Streets. While this improved the local
business opportunities in Dean Street, it was
detrimental to the garage and motor service
businesses in Kiewa Street. Over time they
were relocated to the new highway
alignment and congregated at the outskirts of
town.
In the 1970s Albury-Wodonga was declared
a National Growth centre, which for short
time boosted the local development. Residential areas grow on the outskirts of
Albury. In the centre of Albury many commercial premises were changed from single
occupancies to small shopping malls and arcades.
3.2. History of the development area
The following brief section has been extracted from the historical analysis for the
individual properties. For more detail, these
81
reports should be read in conjunction.
3.2.1. History of 526 Kiewa
Street
The land was first formally alienated in
1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon
acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12
and subdivided them privately with a focus
on Kiewa Street.
By about 1881 the first building was erected.
It comprised of a two-storey building with a
hipped roof and a double-storey verandah
facing Kiewa Street. A second building, most
likely a servant’s quarters, was erected at the
northern boundary. In the 1910s to 1930s
the property served as a boarding house.
In 1938 the boarding house was converted
into a motor garage and accessories outlet.
In 1949 the servant’s quarters was demolished and a block of flats erected on the
southern boundary of the property. Various
extensions were erected in the yard. By 1989
the building was converted into a series of
shops and offices and the remaining open
space roofed over.
3.2.2. History of 528-530
Kiewa Street
The land was first formally alienated in
1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon
acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12
and subdivide them privately with a focus on
Kiewa Street. The property 528–530 Kiewa
Street was created in 1872 as part of this
subdivision. It seems that until 1886 the
property was vacant land.
— 20 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
The first major development of the property
occurred in 1886 when John Hiram Crawford of Beechworth decided to consolidate
its stabling business in one central location
and for this purpose acquired the land 528530 Kiewa Street.
The building erected for Crawford & Co was
a double brick stables with a curved roof
supported by 12" by 12" posts. The building
was 60" (18.3m) wide and approximately
100" (30.5m) long. It served as the hub for
Crawford’s regional coach operations, providing stabling for 30 horses and the associated omnibuses, coaches and wagonettes.
The advent of the motor car signalled the
end of the coach lines. Even though cars
were not frequent until after World War I,
business became slower and slower. By 1919
Crawford & Co folded, selling off its remaining routes to smaller companies and individuals interested in taking up the mail
runs.
After the demise of Crawford and Co the
building seems, at one stage, to have served
as an auction mart operated by a Mr. True.
In 1922 it was converted into a tyre service
and motor garage. With different owners and
lessees the property retained the use as a garage and motor car show rooms until 1975.
During that time the building saw repeated
changes to its internal lay out as well as substantial modifications to the front façade. In
1977 it was converted into an arcade with
ten shops.
3.2.3. History of 532 Kiewa
Street
The land was first formally alienated in
1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon
acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12
and subdivided them privately with a focus
on Kiewa Street. Property 532 Kiewa Street
was part of the residual allotment not split
up into lots. It was sold in 1899 to Cleaver
Woods and subdivided then.
The first major development of the property
occurred in 1912 when Wood’s erected a a
128' long and 40' wide (39 m x 12m) double
brick building. It was Albury’s first building
erected as a motor garage, at the time advertised as being capable of accommodating 40
cars.
The two proprietors, Azor Robbins and Alex
Porter, designed, built, tested and flew a
Bleriot-type monoplane, and have to be recognised as belonging to Australia’s aviation
pioneers.
Between 1936 and 1946 the building served
as bus terminal and depot for Murray Valley
Coaches, and Albury-based bus company that
rose to significance in regional transport,
providing bus services from Adelaide to Sydney.
From 1946 to 1950 the building housed the
Albury Banner, a weekly newspaper of large
regional reach and importance.
Between 1914 and 1936, as well as after
1950 the structure served as a motor garage
and was associated with a range of motor
and car supplies related business. In 1974 the
building was converted to provide a shop
and office space for a range of tenants.
3.2.4. History of 534-536
Kiewa Street
The land was first formally alienated in
1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon
acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12
and subdivided them privately with a focus
on Kiewa Street.
In the absence of detailed records the information on this period of the property is sketchy. The first building on the property seems
to have bee erected in 1926 when a purposebuilt motor garage and showroom was built
for Bill West and his company West’s
Motors.
— 21 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
In 1968 Ampol Australia purchased the
properties 534-536 Kiewa Street and 538540 Kiewa Street and amalgamated the titles. The extant buildings were removed to
make way for a petrol station development.
The station was run as a company-owned
station until 1989 with various lessees.
After acquisition by the Albury City Council
in 1989 the station buildings were demolished and the area redeveloped into a car
park.
3.2.5. History of 538-540
Kiewa Street
The land was first formally alienated in
1851. During the late 1860s James T Fallon
acquired allotments 8, 9 and 10 of section 12
and subdivided them privately with a focus
on Kiewa Street.
In the absence of detailed records the information on this period of the property is extremely sketchy. Prior to the sub division the
focus of the property would have been on
Swift Street. This would have made 538-540
Kiewa Street part of the frontage of allotments 8, 9, and 10. It is possible that minor
buildings or tents may have been erected on
the land. An 1881 town view image shows
two small cottages facing Swift Street. If the
image is to be believed, both of them had
small verandahs.
In 1933 the property was leased by AT Jones
who ran a plumbing and small engineering
shop, selling small mechanical equipment. By
1935 or 1936 a new building facing Kiewa
Street was erected, but which also extended
along Swift Street.
When AT Jones vacated the premises in
1946, the lease was taken up by West's
Motors which also leased from the same
owners the adjacent property 534-336
Kiewa Street. Soon after Bill West died in
the early 1960s the company went insolvent.
Sometime in the mid 1960s the property
served as a temporary post office, when the
Albury GPO was refurbished and ex82
tended.
In 1968 Ampol Australia purchased the
properties 534-536 Kiewa Street and 538540 Kiewa Street and amalgamated the titles. The extant buildings were removed to
make way for a petrol station development.
The station was run as a company-owned
station until 1989 with various lessees.
After acquisition by the Albury City Council
in 1989 the station buildings were demolished and the area redeveloped into a car
park.
In the mid 1910s a double fronted shop
building was erected facing Kiewa Street
with two separate rooflines running eastwest. The corner shop was occupied by the
boot maker Williams, while the southern
shop was used by S.Cossor conducting business as a plumber, gasfitter, and general mechanic.
The sewerage pan for 1919 shows this brick
building buildings as well as a weatherboard
building with a narrow verandah facing
Swift Street (predating 1881?) and an outhouse, in the middle of the allotment.
— 22 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Table 3.2. Summary of the Land Use in the Study Area
Period
Land Use
<1830
Indigenous land use, open wood lands, occasionally flooding Murray floodplain to
the south
1835
Begin of land alienation, with the establishment of the Mungabareena Run
1839
Albury Township gazetted
1840s
Study area is uncleared bush land
1851
Land alienation of section 12
1850-60s Study area used as cleared pastoral and agricultural land (vineyards across the road)
1872
Subdivision of allotments 8, 9, and 10 and sale of prime new lots (near Dean
Street)
<1880
Erection of weather board cottages with verandahs on 540 Kiewa Street along
Swift Street frontage
~1881
Erection of two-storey building with double-storey verandah at 526 Kiewa Street
1886
John Hiram Crawford of Beechworth erects major stables building at 528-530
Kiewa Street
1910s
526 Kiewa Street is operated as a boarding house
1910s
Cleaver Woods erects a double fronted shop building at 538-540 Kiewa Street. A
boot maker Williams and the plumber and gas fitter S Cossor are tenants
1912
Cleaver Woods erects Albury’s first purpose-built motor garage at 532 Kiewa
Street for Azor Robbins and Alexander Porter
1913
Azor Robbins and Alexander Porter designed, built, tested and flew a Bleriot-type
monoplane, and have to be recognised as belonging to Australia’s aviation pioneers
1919
Crawford and Co terminates operations. The advent of the motor car signalled the
end of the coach lines
1922
%28-6530 Kiewa Street converted into a converted into a tyre service and motor
garage,
1926
Purpose-built motor garage and showroom erected for Bill West and his company
West’s Motors at 534-536 Kiewa Street.
1933
538-540 Kiewa Street leased by At Jones who operated a plumbing and small engineering shop, selling small mechanical equipment.
1935/36 New custom-built premises erected at 538-540 Kiewa Street
1936
Murray Valley Coaches used 532 Kiewa Street as depot, providing bus services
from Adelaide to Sydney
— 23 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Table 3.2 (ct’d). Summary of the Land Use in the Study Area
Period
Land Use
1938
The boarding house at 526 Kiewa Street was converted into a motor garage
1940
A block of flats is erected in the rear of 526 Kiewa Street
1946
Murray Valley Coaches vacates 532 Kiewa Street and moves to new promises on
the northeastern corner of Kiewa and Swift Streets.
1946
The Albury Banner, a weekly newspaper of large regional reach and importance,
moves into 532 Kiewa Street
1946
AT Jones vacated 538-540 Kiewa Street and moves across the road. The property
is leased by West’s Motors expanding the business
1950
West’s Motors leases 532 Kiewa Street, further expanding the business
1964/5
West’s Motors goes into receivership after founder dies
1960s
538-540 Kiewa Street serves as temporary post office
1968
Ampol Australia purchased the properties 534-536 Kiewa Street and 538-540
Kiewa Street and amalgamated the titles. A petrol station was erected
1974
532 Kiewa Street converted into shops
1977
528-530 Kiewa Street converted into an arcade with 10 shops
1989
526 Kiewa Street converted into offices and shops
1989
534-540 Kiewa Street acquired by Albury City Council and converted into a car
park
2002
Planning for the development of an integrated museum and library
2003
Heritage assessment
— 24 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.11 Section of the panoramic view of Albury as shown in the Illustrated Sydney News of 22 January 1881.
Figure 3.12 Section of the panoramic view of Albury as shown in the Border Post of 7 December 1888.
— 25 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.13. Speculative reconstruction of the appearance of 526 Kiewa Street with verandah.
— 26 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.14. Reconstruction of the appearance of the front façade of the Crawford Stables
Figure 3.15. Perspective reconstruction of the appearance of the Crawford Stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street
— 27 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.16. Reconstruction of the front façade of 532 Kiewa Street in 1913, showing its asymmetrical nature.
Figure 3.17. The Façade of West's Motors, photographed in 1964. 538-540 Kiewa Street is at left, 53483
536 Kiewa Street at right
— 28 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.18 Western Façade of 526 Kiewa Street in July 2003
Figure 3.19 Western Façade of 528-530 Kiewa Street in July 2003
— 29 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 3.20 Western Façade of 532 Kiewa Street in July 2003
Figure 3.21 Properties 534 to 540 Kiewa Street as seen from northwest
— 30 —
4. SUBSURFACE REMAINS
concrete. At no location is bare soil exposed.
Any earthmoving on the site dates so far
back, that no oral history can be collected,
which could inform the decision-making
process.
4.1. Basis of Assessment
4.1.1. Nature of the assessment
The assessment set out in this section will
outline the nature and extent of any subsurface archaeological remains that may exist on
the property and that may be encountered if
the existing structure and ground sealant
(concrete and bitumen) is to be removed in
the process of future construction.
4.1.2. Sources of evidence
4.1.2.1. Documentary evidence
The observations made in this section are
based on the documentary evidence regarding the present structure and its predecessors,
as set out in section 3.2. The data quality is
mixed. A caveat to the following observations is the fact that no firm documentary
evidence for the appearance of structures, if
any, prior to the sewerage plan of 1919 can
be found.
4.1.2.2. Physical evidence
The surfaces within the structure and on the
property are all covered with bitumen or
4.1.3. Potential of survival
The potential of survival of subsurface archaeological material
4.1.3.1.Indigenous sites
While not the focus of this study, the potential presence of Indigenous cultural heritage
material shall be touched upon.
Given the relative acidity of the soil and the
passage of time, any Indigenous remains are
confined to inorganic materials, such as
84
quartz and silcrete flakes or charcoal.
4.1.3.2. European Cultural Heritage
Overall, the potential for survival of European-contact era subsurface remains is reasonably good given the limited amount of
excavations that seems to have been carried
out in the past in the wake of construction.
The main sewers lines were run in Wood’s
Lane to the west of the property, while all
utility easements are on the street or the
footpath of Kiewa Street.
— 31 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
zone as distinguishable as that at St Matthew’s could have survived.
4.2. Predicted presence
or absence of subsurface cultural
resources
4.2.2.2. 1870s to 1880s
4.2.1. Indigenous Heritage resources
Indigenous cultural material culture may well
exist on the property. However, based on
predictive modelling carried out for other
85
projects in the Albury area as well as a survey of Indigenous sites in areas of one hun86
dred percent site visibility, the likelihood
of sites not located on creek or river terraces,
or at confluences of creeks is low.
The location of the property in relation to
permanent water courses (in this case the old
meandering alignment of Bungambrawatha
Creek to the west of the site) suggests that
no sites are present on the property. This
does not preclude the presence of isolated
artifacts.
4.2.2. European Heritage resources
4.2.2.1. Pastoral Heritage
Items and sites associated with pastoral heritage may well exist in the area, which had
been used as pastoral and agricultural land in
the 1850s and 1860s. Vineyards are on record as late as the 1880s for a property
across Kiewa Street (corner Englehardt and
Kiewa Streets) (figure 3.11). Limited excavations in St Matthew’s in 1993 cut through
areas that had been under roof and floor
since 1859 which revealed parallel lines below the old A-horizon, possibly indication
the bottoms of plough furrows (running
87
north-south).
Substantial development occurred during the
late 1870s (presumed) and the 1880s (confirmed). Subsurface features of heritage resources dating to the 1870s and 1880s comprise of the foundations of and outbuildings
relating to the cottages along the Swift
Street frontage of property 540 Kiewa
Street, any subsurface features associated
with the 1886 Crawford & Co stables
building, as well as part of the foundations
of the servants’ quarters of 526 Kiewa
Street. In addition a number of outhouses
must have existed. For 526 Kiewa Street we
may also presume the presence of a small
stables building.
4.2.2.3. 1890s to 1920s
The remaining vacant land allotments were
built on during the 1910s, with 532 and
538-540 Kiewa Street being erected. The
last allotment to be built on was 534-536
Kiewa Street, where a motor garage was
built in 1926.
The laying of water pipes in the 1890s and of
the sewer lines by 1919 meant that wells,
cesspits and outhouses became obsolete. Any
subsurface features associated with these
buildings relate to structural matters or to
motor service pits.
4.2.2.4. Post 1920s
After the 1920s only limited subsurface
changes occurred, with most of the open
spaces built over as the properties were extended from the Kiewa Street frontage to
Wood’s Lane.
Given the passage of time between the
1850s and the commencement of construction in the 1880s, it is unlikely that a plough
— 32 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
4.2.3. Survival chances
Figures 4.1 to 4.9 show the location of the
various sewer lines over time in relation to
the buildings.
stables erected, the property was on a reliable supply of town water, and no well was
necessary.
While we know that many of Albury’s
houses in the 1870s had roof-fed rainwater
tanks which were replenished by water carts
88
as needed, we can assume that many properties would have had their own well. A
horse stables most certainly would have required a reliable water supply. From 1885
water was piped through mains in the major
streets. The scheme was extended in 1890,
by which time the storage capacity had been
89
increased to 4.52 megalitres.
?
The exact location of the 1860s and 1870s
wells is unclear, but we can assume that
would not only have been somewhere in the
back yard, but also away from the cesspits.
This interrelationship not only applied to the
property under discussion, but also to the
neighbouring properties.
Figure 4.2 shows the 1919 building envelopes for the properties 524 to 540 Kiewa
Street and the tentative location of the cesspits (circles). This is based on an interpretation of the 1919 sewerage connections,
which seem to have gone to existing outhouses.
As can be seen, the area is quite convoluted,
with only few spaces free for the position of
the wells without running the risk of contaminating the water supply through the
cesspits. However, given that piped water
was available from 1885 onwards, it is possible that the 1860s and 1870s wells could
have been filled in before the buildings were
extended and thus be located under the extant buildings. In the case of property 528530 Kiewa Street, it is unknown whether
buildings existed on the allotment in the
1870s. Thus the need for a well is unclear.
Certainly when Crawford & Co had the
?
Figure 4.1. Potential location of cesspits (●) and
wells (?) on the properties at the corner of Swift and
Kiewa Streets.
— 33 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 4.2. Tentative location of the cesspits, based on an interpretation of outhouse location on the sewerage
map of 1919
— 34 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 4.3. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as shown on the sewerage map of
1919
— 35 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Buildings
Sewerage Lines
Figure 4.4. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1931
— 36 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Sewerage Lines, &c
Buildings
Figure 4.5. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1938
— 37 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Buildings
Sewerage Lines
rectangles are car service pits
Figure 4.6. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1956
— 38 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Buildings
Sewerage Lines
?
Figure 4.7. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1956
— 39 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Buildings
Sewerage Lines
?
Figure 4.8. Plot of the buildings and their subsurface features (sewage lines) as they were in about 1980
— 40 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
?
Figure 4.9. Plot of all subsurface features (sewage lines) superimposed
— 41 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
What is recorded are various concrete floors
as well as part of a brick pavement. This sequence has been illustrated in figure 4.12.
After the 1960 redevelopment the entire
floor seems to have been covered with concrete. It is unclear whether the concrete was
merely laid over the existing surfaces, or
whether the old surfaces were removed.
4.2.4. impact by buildings
4.2.4.1. Impact by buildings on subsurface features at 526 Kiewa Street
The presence or absence of artefactual remains other than Indigenous depends on the
amount of excavation work carried out in
the course of digging sewer lines and removing existing floors. Overall, however,
the likelihood that material culture items,
with the exception of construction refuse,
could be encountered is deemed very low.
It is noteworthy that the brick pavement
ends at the posts supporting the roof, which
gives an indication of the depth of the horse
boxes. It can be assumed that the floor of
the horse boxes would have been compacted soil, and that the brick pavement
was confined to areas where cart and wagon
traffic occurred. The flooring of the two offices would in all probability have been
wooden floorboards on joists. Figure 4.13
shows the reconstructed internal layout of
the Crawford Stables as they might have appeared in 1886.
4.2.4.2. Impact by buildings on subsurface features at 528-530 Kiewa Street
Figures 4.11 shows the ground floor plan of
the various development stages of 528-530
Kiewa Street, with the combined subsurface
intrusions shown in black. In addition to the
walls, this was limited to the foundations
for the 8' by 8' posts. These are shown as
hatched areas as their exact size is unknown.
Most of the later interior modifications
were limited to wooden partitions for office
enclosures, which would have left so substantive impact on the subsurface area. The
major exception to this are the 1960 modifications and the construction of a mezzanine level, which necessitated the erection
of additional posts and their foundations.
Another, but more limited exception was
the 3' by 9' car service pit that was dug into
the northeastern section.
4.2.4.3. Impact by buildings on subsurface features at 532 Kiewa Street
Figures 4.15–4.17 provide plots of the floor
plans of 532 Kiewa Street over time. These
are combined into 4.18 plotting all potential
subsurface intrusions.
There seems to have been at least two concrete floors poured, one in the 1930s and
another in 1974. We do not know whether
the 1930s concrete floor was poured on the
existing soil base. If it did, it could have preserved any artefactual material that may become embedded in the soil since the building was erected in 1912. Part of that floor
was subsequently dug up to provide for the
level channel needed to allow high busses to
drive all the way to the eastern end of the
building. In addition a car service pit was
dug into the southeastern corner (figure
54.17). When the second floor was poured
the internal floor level was levelled out and
the channel filled in. Part of this, as well as
the car service pit, had already been filled in
Reputedly the first floor covering was a
cobble stone pavement. None of the extant
building plans makes any reference to that.
There is reference. however to a brick
pavement in the rear section of the building.
It is possible that irregularly worn bricks,
with their rounded edges may resemble a
cobble stone pavement to the uninitiated
eye.
— 42 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
when Preston Motors left the site.94 It appears that the cellar was used a area where
spare parts that were in very low demand
95
were relegated to.
as part of the 1946 redevelopment for the
Albury Banner office.
It would appear that this second floor is
level with the street level of Kiewa Street
and possibly even slightly raised at the
Wood’s Lane end. If the old floor was removed to provide level floor, then we can
assume that any old surface material would
have been lost. If, however, the new concrete floor was imply laid on top of the old
slab, then the underlying soil, as well as the
infills of the channel and the car service pit
would survive.
4.2.4.5. Impact by buildings on subsurface features at 538-540 Kiewa Street
Since we are uninformed about the level of
earthworks carried out as part of the digging
of foundations for the various buildings. We
can assume that such ground disturbances,
with the exception of the abovementioned
sewer lines, would have been limited. Unless unreported cellars existed in the 1910s
building at the corner of Swift and Kiewa
Streets, there a good chance that at least
some of the foundations of the 1880s cottages may still survive. The main limitation,
however, is the extent of the development
in preparation for the Ampol fuel station, as
well any earthworks carried out as part of
its decommissioning (see below).
The floors of the 1912 and 1920s internal
offices had wooden floors, laid on joists.
Any material culture that had fallen between the floor boards would have been recovered during the 1920s and 1930s refurbishment or buried under the first concrete
slab.
4.2.4.4. Impact by buildings on subsurface features at 534-536 Kiewa Street
4.2.4.6. Impact by buildings on subsurface features at 534-536 and 538-540 Kiewa Street
(Ampol Station development)
The West’s motor building had at least two
major subsurface features, a cellar and at
least one drive-over car pit of about 20 feet
90
length.
The establishment of the Ampol fuel station
in 1968 saw the demolition of all existing
buildings of 534-540 Kiewa Street, the laying of sewer lines and the laying of fuel lines
as well as of three fuel tanks. It is unclear
what level of earthworks occurred in preparation for the development of service aprons. We can assume, however, that some of
the upper layers of soil, approximately 2030cm, would have been removed to ensure
that the bitumen on the forecourt would
withstand the weight of the fuel delivery
tankers and any another trucks that may
have entered to refuel. This may well have
obliterated many of not most of the foundations of the early buildings. The 1880s structures were single storey buildings which
would not have had substantial foundations
of they were erected of brick. We know
The West's Motors building had a large cellar under the show room section, with a single access in the southeastern corner of the
91
cellars. It seems that the cellar did not extend under the driveway leading to the garage section in the rear. Given that the original design of the building included both an
entrance and exit drive way, it can be assumed that the cellar did not extend under
the northern (exit) driveway, but was confined to the showroom area (figure 4.19).
According to other testimony the cellar extended only below the office and waiting
room area, but not below the actual show
room, with approximate dimensions of 14
92
by 20 feet (figure 4.20). The cellar was
93
used a store room for business records.
Colin Gabriel remembers emptying the cellar
— 43 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
from the 1919 sewer plan, however, that at
least one of them was weatherboard, for
which the foundations (most likely stumps)
would have been even less substantial. It is
most probable that the other building was
also of weather board construction
neighbouring properties. This could provide
a unique insight into the nature of habitation in central Albury during the 1870s expansion period.
The cesspits would have been decommissioned in 1919 or 1920, depending on the
exact date the house sewers were connected. As the pits were frequently emptied,
the life cycle of an early twentieth century
cess pit is short and hence any material culture encountered in the pits would be
chronologically close to 1919. Samples of
human excreta could be analysed for parasite infestation, which might be of archaeological, and in particular medico-historical
interest. The success would depend on the
preservation conditions.
A major question is the exact location and
fate of the fuel tanks of the Ampol Station.
The station once had three fuel tanks, one
with a capacity of 13.200 litres (for diesel)
and two with a capacity of 17,200 litres (for
96
Regular and Super). Based on vague personal recollections by the widow of one of
the lessees, at least two of the tanks were
located in the northeastern corner of the
97
property, along the Swift Street frontage.
The third fuel tank may have been in the
northwestern corner. Ampol Australia no
longer has any files on the matter.
4.2.5.1. Research potential of 526 Kiewa Street
After decommissioning the tanks had to be
either cleaned and sand filled or removed.
The property files held by Albury City are
ambiguous. Sand filling was recom.98
mended It would appear that the tanks
were eventually taken out. This is supported
99
by recollections of previous lessees, The
paper trail, however, is somewhat ambiguous. On of 1 October 1991 an Albury company requested permission to remove the
100
tanks. Only a marginal note indicates that
the tanks were indeed removed and the site
101
was compacted. Whether the fuel lines
were also removed on that occasion and the
ground levelled and recompacted remains
unclear.
The history of surface development of the
property is insufficiently known. Thus it is
possible that the foundations of the 1880s
servant’s building along the northern boundary of the property may still be extant.
Figure 5.4 shows the superimposed building
lines and highlights the area of the 1880s
servant’s building as an area of interest,
which should be monitored during any excavations of building demolition.
4.2.5. Research potential
4.2.5.1. Wells and Cesspits
Figure 4.10. Superimposed building lines of 526
Kiewa Street and area of interest shaded
If wells existed, they would have been filled
in before the 1920s and thus would provide
a high potential for archaeological material
culture in their fill. We can assume that the
fill would comprise both of household refuse and construction debris obtained from
4.2.5.3. Research potential of 528-530 Kiewa
Street
If the floors have been built up rather than
removed, then it quite possible that material
— 44 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
culture predating the 1920s may be present
in the area of the former horse boxes, where
it could have been trodden into the ground,
as well as in the area of the former manager’s offices, where material may have
fallen between floor boards and eventually
have become covered up by the concrete
floors. Likewise the potential that material
culture items could be encountered in the
filled-in car service pit cannot be discounted. The likelihood that material culture remains exists in the area formerly covered by the brick paving is deemed very
low. If anything, it is likely that construction items, such as nails and other fasteners
are present.
present. Likewise the potential that 1960s
material culture items could be encountered
in the filled-in car service pit and the cellar
cannot be discounted.
4.2.5.6. Research potential of 538-540 Kiewa
Street
If the development of the Ampol service
station was not preceded by a removal and
recompaction of much of the upper layers of
the old surface areas, then it is possible that
parts of the foundations of the 1870s/1880s
cottages along the Swift Street frontage may
have survived. They may provide limited research potential.
Figure 4.14 sets out the relative probabilities, with darker shading representing a
higher likelihood. Overall, however, the
likelihood that material culture items, with
the exception of construction refuse, could
be encountered is deemed very low.
4.3. Results of archaeological survey
A survey of the affected properties was carried out on several occasions between 28
June and 30 July 2003.
The total area proposed to be modified for
the Museum Buildings was accessible at the
time of inspection and was surveyed systematically on foot. The surface visibility of the
entire area was 0% as the area was wholly
built up or covered with bitumen and concrete pavements.
4.2.5.4. Research potential of 532 Kiewa Street
If the floors have been built up rather than
removed, then it quite possible that material
culture predating the 1920s may be present.
If anything, it is likely that construction
items, such as nails and other fasteners are
present. Likewise the potential that 1940s
material culture items could be encountered
in the filled-in car service pit cannot be discounted.
As a result no evidence of subsurface sites
was encountered.
No subsurface testing was undertaken as
this would constitute excavation.
Overall, however, the likelihood that material culture items, with the exception of
construction refuse, could be encountered is
deemed very low.
4.2.5.5. Research potential of 534-536 Kiewa
Street
If the floors have been built up rather than
removed, then it quite possible that material
culture predating the 1920s may be present.
If anything, it is likely that construction
items, such as nails and other fasteners are
— 45 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 4.11. Combined subsurface features of Crawford’s stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street (north is at left)
— 46 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
1950s
1886?
1920s
1950s
1938
Figure 4.12. Sequence of floor coverings 1886 to 1950s of Crawford’s stables at 528-530 Kiewa Street
(north is at left)
— 47 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 4.13. Reconstruction of the 1886 internal partitions and floor coverings of Crawford’s stables at 528530 Kiewa Street (north is at left)
— 48 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 5.14. Potential for the presence of subsurface material culture of Crawford’s stables at 528-530
Kiewa Street (north is at left). The darker the shading the greater the likelihood
— 49 —
Roofed over area
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Figure 4.15. Reconstructed floor plan of 532 Kiewa
Street as it may appeared in 1912. The existence of
the weatherboard shed at the northeasterm side is uncertain.
Figure 4.16 Floor plan of 532 Kiewa Street as it
appeared in the 1920s
— 50 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Sunken Track (2.4 m wide)
Service Pit
Roofed over area
Ramp
Figure 4.17 Floor plan of 532 Kiewa Street as it
appeared in 1936 (the service pit was added at a
later stage)
Figure 4.18 Potential subsurface remains and intrusions at 532 Kiewa Street (north is at left)
— 51 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Cellar below
Showroom
Cellar below
Offices only
Figure 4.19 Sketch plan of West's Motors Cellar at
534-536 Kiewa Street based on the recollection of
Colin Gabriel
Figure 4.20 Sketch plan of West's Motors Cellar at
534-536 Kiewa Street based on the recollection of
Clive Macintosh
— 52 —
5. EVALUATION
5.1.2. Assessment Criteria
5.1. Cultural Significance of Subsurface Remains
The assessment criteria used are those promulgated by the New South Wales Heritage
103
Office:
A separate question is whether any subsurface features are culturally significant, should
they be encountered in the project area. The
following discussion explicitly excludes
•
a consideration of indigenous remains
(see Recommendation 3 on that issue)
•
a consideration of the heritage value
of the extant structures (see individual property reports on this matter)
The Heritage Act (NSW) 1977 defines State
heritage significance, in relation to a place,
building, work, relic, moveable object or
precinct, to mean significance to the State in
relation to the historical, scientific cultural,
social, archaeological, architectural, natural
or aesthetic value of the item (section
4A[1]).
5.1.1. Basis of Assessment
“To be assessed for listing on the
State Heritage Register an item
will, in the opinion of the Heritage Council, meet one or more of
the following criteria:
5.1.1. Assessment Process
*
an item is important in the
course, or pattern, of NSW’s
cultural or natural history;
*
an item has strong or special
association with the life or
works of a person, or group
of persons, of importance in
NSW’s cultural or natural history;
*
an item is important in demonstrating aesthetic character-
The assessment process follows that set out
by the NSW Heritage Office in its various
102
guidelines. It comprised of historical data
collection, an investigation of extant fabric
and an assessment of the heritage value of
the property according a series of criteria
— 53 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
istics and/or a high degree of
creative or technical achievement in NSW ;
*
achievement in NSW (the local area)
an item has strong or special
association with a particular
community or cultural group
in NSW for social, cultural or
spiritual reasons;
*
an item has potential to yield
information that will contribute to an understanding of
NSW’s cultural or natural history;
*
an item possesses uncommon,
rare or endangered aspects of
NSW’s cultural or natural history;
*
an item is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of NSW’s
cultural or natural places;
or
- cultural or natural environments.” (Heritage NSW,
Listing Heritage Items)
Each property must be assessed against a
number of criteria of state (local) significance as promulgated by the New South
Wales Heritage Office:
B
An item has strong or special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in NSW's (local area's) cultural or
natural history
C
An item is important in demonstrating
aesthetic characteristics and/or a high
degree of creative or technical
E
An item has potential to yield information that will contribute to an
understanding of NSW's (local area's)
cultural or natural history
F
An item possesses uncommon, rare or
endangered aspects of NSW's (local
area's) cultural or natural history
G
An item is important in demonstrating
the principal characteristics of a class
of NSW's (local area's) - cultural or
natural places; or - cultural or natural
environments
An item is important in the course, or pattern, of NSW's cultural or natural history
(State significance); OR An item is important in the course, or pattern, of the local
area's cultural or natural history (local significance).
5.1.2 Evaluation of Property
against the Criteria
An item is important in the course, or
pattern, of NSW's (local area's) cultural or natural history
An item has strong or special association with a particular community or
cultural group in NSW (the local area)
for social, cultural or spiritual reasons
5.1.2.1. Criterion A
-
A
D
If foundations of the 1870s/1880s cottages along
the Swift Street frontage of 540 Kiewa Street survive, then they can exemplify construction methods
of weatherboard buildings dating to that period.
Even if foundations would be well preserved, they
most probably only comprise of stumps and are
deemd of moderate local significance only.
5.1.2.2. Criterion B
An item has strong or special association
with the life or works of a person, or group
of persons, of importance in NSW's cultural
or natural history (State significance); OR
An item has strong or special association
with the life or works of a person, or group
of persons, of importance in the cultural or
natural history of the local area (local significance).
— 54 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
parasite loading of those individuals contributing
excreta to the cesspits.
This criterion is not directly applicable to the potential subsurface remains under assessment.
5.1.2.5. Criterion F
5.1.2.3. Criterion C
An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of
creative or technical achievement in NSW
(State significance); OR An item is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics
and/or a high degree of creative or technical
achievement in the local area (local significance).
This criterion is not directly applicable to the potential subsurface remains under assessment.
5.1.2.4. Criterion D
An item has strong or special association
with a particular community or cultural
group in NSW for social, cultural or spiritual
reasons (State significance); OR An item has
strong or special association with a particular
community or cultural group in the area for
social, cultural or spiritual reasons (local significance).
This criterion is not directly applicable to the potential subsurface remains under assessment.
5.1.2.5. Criterion E
An item has potential to yield information
that will contribute to an understanding of
NSW's cultural or natural history (State significance); OR An item has potential to yield
information that will contribute to an understanding of the area's cultural or natural history (local significance).
The potential subsurface remains under assessment
are not likely to provide information that will contribute in a significant way to an understanding of
the area's cultural or natural history. An exception
to this would be the cess pits which were closed off
in the 1920s and which could contribute biomedical samples that allow for an analysis of the
An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of NSW's cultural or natural
history (State significance); OR An item possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects
of the area's cultural or natural history (local
significance).
This criterion is not directly applicable to the potential subsurface remains under assessment.
5.1.2.7. Criterion G
An item is important in demonstrating the
principal characteristics of a class of NSW's cultural or natural places; or - cultural or
natural environments (State significance);
OR An item is important in demonstrating
the principal characteristics of a class of the
area's - cultural or natural places; or - cultural or natural environments (local significance).
The potential subsurface remains under assessment
are not likely to provide information that will contribute in a significant way to demonstrating the
principal characteristics of a class of structures or
sites of the area.
5.1.3 Significance of the subsurface heritage
5.1.3.1. General
If well are present, the potential for insight
into 1860s and 1870s Albury is high. The
material culture and faunal remains retrieved
from such a well most certainly significant at
the local level (in the absence of other material culture and excavations this is a forgone conclusion), and possible also on a state
level in view of Albury’s position at the
southern periphery of the colony and a major
border town to Victoria.
— 55 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Given the short life cycle of early twentieth
urban cesspit infills, the potential material
culture contained in the decommissioned
cesspit is likely to be no state-level significance and only of low local significance. Of
scientific interest may be the collection of
bulk samples for human excreta for parasite
analysis to assess the overall parasite loading
of those individuals contributing excreta to
the cesspits.
5.1.3.2. Property 526 Kiewa Street
Any material culture derived from the current building either refers to the period of its
construction in the 1880s or to its use as a
boarding house (1910s-1938) and as a motor
garage (1938-1977). If material culture is
present within the walled confines of the
building, it is not likely to comprise of significant items which could illuminate or exemplify any of the elements of the structure
deemed to have heritage significance. The
anticipated subsurface material is not
deemed significant to warrant extensive archaeological investigations.
5.1.3.3. Property 528-530 Kiewa Street
Any material culture derived from the current building either refers to the period of its
construction in the 1880s or to its use as
coaching stables (1886-1919) and as a motor
garage (1922–1975). Given the nature of the
floors inside the building it is not expected
that much material culture is present, in particular in view of the successive replacement
of concrete floors.
If material culture is present within the
walled confines of the building, it is not
likely to comprise of significant items which
could illuminate or exemplify any of the
elements of the structure deemed to have
heritage significance.
5.1.3.4. Property 532 Kiewa Street
Any material culture derived from the current building either refers to the period of its
construction in the 1910s or to its use as a
bus depot and motor garage (1920s-1946). If
material culture is present within the walled
confines of the building, it is not likely to
comprise of significant items which could
illuminate or exemplify any of the elements
of the structure deemed to have heritage significance.
5.1.3.5. Property 534-536 Kiewa Street
The location of the property 534-536 Kiewa
Street in relation to the land allotments before
the subdivision and in relation to the structures shown on the 1881 and 1888 town
sketches, suggests that no early sites are likely
to be extant.
In view of this, the significance of the anticipated subsurface heritage is low.
5.1.3.6. Property 538-540 Kiewa Street
The location of the property 534-536 Kiewa
Street in relation to the land allotments before
the subdivision and in relation to the structures shown on the 1881 and 1888 town
sketches, suggests that weatherboard cottages may have existed on the property. In
the absence of excavations of domestic
structures relating to the 1870s and 1880s in
Albury, such data are of potential significance for the understanding of life in Albury
during that period.
In view of this, the significance of the anticipated subsurface heritage is moderate to
high at the local level.
However, the subsequent earthmoving and
soil removal in the wake of the fuel station
development and later clean-up may have
removed any substantial traces.
— 56 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
5.2. Summation
While some of the subsurface elements that
may be present, may posses moderate local
significance, they do no warrant that no
earthworks be carried out.
The limited significance that me be present if
subsurface remains are preserved in situ can
be recovered through archaeological monitoring and archaeological recovery/salvage
work if and when the need arises.
— 57 —
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are made
based on the historic observations outlined
in section 3, the assessment of the potential
of subsurface features set out in section 4
and the evaluation set out in section 5.
Recommendation 2:
Archaeological Recovery
If substantial archaeological subsurface remains are encountered during the monitoring
of the excavation work, they need to be
documented by trained professional personnel.
Recommendation 1:
Archaeological
monitoring
While the likelihood of significant archaeological remains relating to the early uses of
the building is extremely low, the presence
of 1860s or 1870s wells as well as remnants
of the foundations of the 1870s or 180s
weatherboard cottages along the Swift Street
frontage cannot be discounted.
This can be assured by the presence of an archaeologist monitoring the demolition and
removal of the building as well as the concrete floors.
It is recommended that any demolition of the existing structure be accompanied by an archaeological
monitoring programme and that a monitoring strategy be developed.
Albury City should develop a contingency
plan that allows for this work to be carried
out and that factors in any delays in construction that may entail.
It is recommended that a Albury City develop a
contingency plan to allow for the archaeological investigation of substantial archaeological subsurface
remains should they be encountered during the archaeological monitoring work.
Recommendation 3:
Sampling of the
cesspits
While we are informed about the general
health status of the Albury population, detailed insights are lacking.
Given the opportunity, it is advisable to
collect samples from any cesspit decommis-
— 58 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
sioned in 1919 or 1920 which may be encountered during the archaeological monitoring and to carry out an analysis of the
parasite loading contained therein.
It is recommended that any excavation on the properties be accompanied by a sampling strategy to collect excreta samples from the abandoned cesspit
and that an analysis of the parasite loading be carried out.
— 59 —
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Third edition. 1927. Department of
Lands, Sydney.
Maps
Albury Sewage System. Map by J. Marshall,
dated 14 November 1905, endorsed by
A.L. Wade, Chief Engineer and Alg.
Peake, Assistant Engineer on 3 August
1910. Ms. on file Albury Municipal Library.
Map of the Town of Albury and suburban
lands. Parish of Albury, County of
Golbourn. Transmitted to the Surveyor General with descriptions and
letters nº 296, dated 24 May 1855.
Signed by James Partridge. (on file
Albury City Library).
Map of the Town of Albury and suburban
lands. Parish of Albury, County of
Goulburn, Land District of Albury. 19
December 1906. Department of
Lands, Sydney.
Map of the Town of Albury and suburban
lands. Parish of Albury, County of
Goulburn, Land District of Albury. 3
October 1916. Department of Lands,
Sydney.
Map of the Town of Albury and suburban
lands. Parish of Albury, County of
Goulburn, Land District of Albury.
Map of the Town of Albury and suburban
lands. Parish of Albury, County of
Goulburn, Land District of Albury.
Fourth edition. 1958. Department of
Lands, Sydney.
Plan of one hundred and sixty town allotments and other suburban allotments
in the town of Albury, 1853 (on file
Albury City Library).
Plan of the Town of Albury, Parish of
Albury, County of Goulburn, Land
District of Albury. 3rd edition, Office
Nº 82-41. Surveyor General's Office,
Sydney. 1884.
Plan of subdivision of suburban allotment nº
5, Parish of Albury, County of Goulburn. Elizabeth Costen and Charles
Englehardt Owners and Occupiers. MS
on file Albury City Library
Publications
Anon. (1913) Albury Illustrated. Present-day
views. Melbourne: Renwick-PrideNutall.
— 60 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
typescript manuscript (carbon copy
with title page missing) relating to
events around Albury, Huon and Mitchell Families, centering on Table Top
Station. Most probably written in the
mid- or late 1930s by a grandson of
James Mitchell. Australian Archives
ACT Repository Record Series A
1336/1 Item U95
Albury City (2003a) Albury City Wide Heritage Study. Volume 1: The Study.
Draft Document March 2003.
Albury City (2003b) Lavington Heritage
Study. Volume 1: The Study. Draft
Document April 2003.
Andrews, Arthur (1912) The History of Albury
1824-1895. Renwich Pride, Albury.
Andrews, Arthur (1920) The first settlement of
the Upper Murray, 1835-1845. D.S.
Ford, Sydney
Andrews, Arthur (1988) The History of Albury
1824 to 1895. (Facsimile reprint of
1912 edition with historic photographs
added). Albury: Albury and District
Historical Society Inc.
Anon. (1872a) A tour to the south. Albury.
The Australian Town and Country Journal
15-4-1872, p.461-462.
Anon. (1872b) A tour to the south. The
Vineyards of the Albury district. The
Australian Town and Country Journal 204-1872, p. 500.
Apperly, R., Irving, R. and Reynolds, P.
(1989) A pictorial guide to identifying
Australian architecture—styles and terms
from 1788 to the present. Sydney: Angus
and Robertson.
AWDC (1982) Aboriginal Archaeology of the
Albury–Wodonga region. Albury:
Albury–Wodonga Development Corporation.
AWDC (1989) Aboriginal Archaeology of the
Albury–Wodonga region. Albury:
Albury–Wodonga Development Corporation.
Barr, J. (1841) Anglican Church Architecture.
Oxford
Anon. (1876) A visit to Albury. The Australian Town and Country Journal 16 September 1876, p. 461.
Barr, J. (1846) Anglican Church Architecture
with some remarks upon ecclesiatical furniture. Oxford: J.H. Parker.
Anon. (1895) Albury [Book compiled to
promote Albury as a location for the
Federal Capital]. Sydney: John Sands.
Bayley, Wiliam A. (1954) Border City. History
of Albury, New South Wales. Albury:
Albury City Council.
Anonymous (n.d.) “Remine–scences from
Table Top (?)” Unidentified, untitled
typescript manuscript (carbon copy
with title page missing) relating to
events around Albury, Huon and Mitchell Families, centering on Table Top
Station. Most probably written in the
mid- or late 1930s by a grandson (?) of
James Mitchell. Australian Archives
ACT Repository Record Series A
1336/1 Item U95
Bayley, Wiliam A. (1976) Border City History of Albury. 2nd edition Weston &
Co., Kiama
Border Morning Mail (1938) The Official Historical and Pictorial Record of Albury and
Border Districts commemorating the 150th
anniversary of Australia. Albury: The
Border Morning Mail.
Border Post Almanac (1877) The Border Post
(Albury) Almanac for 1878. 2nd edition.
Albury: Affleck & Gray.
Anonymous (n.d.) “Reminescences from
Table Top (?)” Unidentified, untitled
— 61 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Australian Bush. Brisbane: University of
Queensland Press, pp. 196-222.
Border Post Almanac (1881) The Border Post
(Albury) Almanac for 1882. Albury: Affleck & Gray.
Border Post Almanac (1887) The Border Post
(Albury) Almanac for 1888. Albury: Affleck & Gray.
Delaney, W.S. (1953) Kiewa and Olive
Streets have played their part in
Albury’s rise to prosperity. Border Morning Mail 24 October 1953,p. 13.
Border Post Almanac (1897) The Border Post
(Albury) Almanac for 1898. Albury: Affleck & Gray.
Dunlop, A.J. (1976) Wodonga. Over River and
Plain. Melbourne: The Hawthorne
Press.
Boyes, Mrs. Frank (1977) Columns of History. Episode 330–Reader's Memories,
Harry Hawker 1914. Wodonga Express
February 16, 1977.
Finn, Rev. W.M. (1971) Glimpses of northeastern Victoria and Albury, New South
Wales. (Reprint of the 170 edition).
Jim Lowden Printing, Melbourne.
Boyes, Rosemary (1984) Heritage. Some historic buildings and places. Albury–Wodonga
1984. Armadale, Vic: H.H. Stephenson.
Flood, J. (1991) Riches of Ancient Australia.
University of Queensland Press,
St.Lucia.
Cobb, Nathan A. (1895). The handling of
threshed grain—vigorous language.
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales
6(11): 804-805.
Freeman Collett & Partners and Nicole
Fransen (1993) Albury Main Street Project. Vol. 1 Report. Sydney: Freeman
Collett & Partners
Grant, Alan (1990) Albury Central Area
Heritage Study Landscape Analysis.
Prepared for Albury City Council and
the Heritage Council of NSW.
Cobb, Nathan A. (1900). Grain elevators.
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales
11(13): 187-194.
Gunn, John (1989) Along parallel lines. A history of the railways of New South Wales.
Melbourne: Melbourne University
Press.
Collean, Jocelyn and o'Dwyer, Peter (1990)
Albury Central Area Heritage Study.
Conservation Policy and Implementation Report. Prepared for Albury City
Council and the Heritage Council of
NSW.
Cosgraves (2001) Valuation and Report on
the Hub Arcade situated at 530 Kiewa
Street, Albury, NSW 2640. May 2001.
Cosgraves Consuting Valuers, Albury
Coutts, P. (1978) Victoria Archaeological
Survey Activities Report 1977/78. Records of the Victorian Archaeological Survey
Nº 8.
Davenport, Sarah (1984) ‘We was coming to
better ourselves.’ In: Lucy Frost, No
place for a nervous Lady. Voices from the
Gunn, R.G. (1987) Mudgegonga Aboriginal
Rock Art Site (Site 8224/001). A detailed recording of the art and its context with an assessment of its archaeological significance. A report to the
Victoria Archaeological Survey.On file.
Report on file. Aboriginal Heritage
Unit, Aboriginal Affairs, Victoria.
Hannath, Lee (1983) A business man and his
career. Border Morning Mail 1 November 1983, p. 13.
Henry, V. (1924) Progress Albury Ltd. presents:
The city of tomorrow on the winding Murray
River, Australia’s noblest stream. Beautiful
— 62 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
and progressive Albury, N.S.W.
W.C.Penfold & Co. Ltd, Lithographers, Sydney. Australian Archives,
ACT Repository, Canberra, Record Series A1861/1 Item Nº 5131.
Holloway, Geoff (1997) The cultural heritage of a near urban cultural land
scape. Bachelor of Applied Science
(Honours) Thesis. Albury: Charles
Sturt University.
Holmes, Lloyd (1981) Albury's Railway Centenary 1881–1981. Albury: Albury and
District Historical Society.
Holmes, Lloyd (1991) A Railway Life. Byron
Bay: Lloyd F. Holmes.
Howitt, W. (1855) Land Labour and Gold.
Or, two years in Victoria with visits to Sydney and Van Diemen’s land. 2 vols. London: Longman, Brown, Green and
Longmans.
Hume Shire Coucnil (nd) A guide to places
of historical interest within in the
shire. [Albury: Hume Shire Council]
Jones, Howard C. (1989) A history of Thurgoona. Albury: Albury–Wodonga Development Corporation.
Jones, Howard C. (1991) Albury Heritage.
Albury: Albury City Council.
Latona, Ken (1976) City of Albury Central
Area Urban Conservation Study. A
study prepared for Albury City Council
by The National Trust of Australia
(New South Wales). Prepared for the
National Trust of Australia (New
South Wales). by Ken Latona.
November 1976.
Lawrence, G. Vere (1947) It’s been good
fun. The High-Wayfarer vol. 1 no. 1,
December 1947 p. 3.
Lewis, M. (1988) Two hundred years of concrete
in Australia. North Sydney: Concrete
Institute of Australia.
Lucas, Stapleton & Partners (1992) St. Matthew's Church Conservation Analysis &
Conservation Policy. Report prepared for
St.Matthew's Vestry Anglican Parish of
Albury. Melbourne: Clive Lucas,
Stapleton & Partners
MacDonald, J. (1980) Albury-Wodonga. The
chosen City. The first ninety years. Danolly: Parish Printing Group.
Martin, Des (1981) Tale of Twin Cities Part
1–The Fonding Years. Armadale:
Graphic Books
Meldrum, J.V. (1980) Those magnificent
men in their flying machines. Parade
April 1980, p. 47
Mitchell, John Francis Huon (1906) Aboriginal Dictionary (Woradjuri Tongue) Albury:
J. Walker.
Morrison, W. Frederic (1888) The Aldine centennial history of New South Wales, illustrated : embracing sketches and portraits
of her noted people, the rise and progress of
her varied enterprises, and illustrations of
her boundless wealth, together with maps of
latest survey. Sydney : Aldine Publishing
Co
NSW Heritage Office (1996) Archaeological
Assessments. Sydney: NSW Heritage
Office, Department of Urban Affairs
and Planning.
NSW Heritage Office (2000) Heritage Information Series. Assessing Historical
Association. Sydney: NSW Heritage
Office.
NSW Heritage Office (2001) Assessing Heritage Significance. NSW Heritage Manual
Part 2. Sydney: NSW Heritage Office
NSW Heritage Office (2001b) Heritage Information Series. Historical Research
for Heritage. Sydney: NSW Heritage
Office.
— 63 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
partment of Human Geography Publication
HG/10. Canberra: Research School of
Pacific Studies, Department of Human
Geography, The Australian National
University
O'Halloran, Charmain & Spennemann, Dirk
H.R. (2002) Wave Action Impact on
Archaeological Sites in a Freshwater
Reservoir at Lake Hume, New South
Wales. Australian Archaeology vol. 54,
pp. 6–12.
Rowland, E.C. (1948) A century of the English
church in New South Wales. Sydney;
Angus & Roberston.
Pennay, Bruce (1992) On the home front:
Albury during the Second World War.
Albury: Albury and District Historic
Society.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1993) Aboriginal
land use in the Albury Area. ms.
Pennay, Bruce (1994a) Two views of Albury in
the 1880s indicating the impact of the coming of railways on town development. The
changing face and shape of Albury. Albury:
Albury City Council.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1995) Archaeological Survey of the new C.S.U. campus, Thurgoona, N.S.W. The Johnstone Centre of Parks, Recreation and
Heritage Report nº 44. The Johnstone
Centre of Parks, Recreation and Heritage, Charles Sturt University, Albury,
NSW
Pennay, Bruce (1994b) Planing Albury. The
changing face and shape of Albury. Albury:
Albury City Council.
Pennay, Bruce (2001) From Colonial to State
Border. A federation hsitroy of the social
construction of the border between New South
Wales and Victoria as a frontier, barrier
ad contact zone. Albury: Charles Sturt
University.
Pennay, Bruce (2003) Peopling Albury. Towards a Migrant History. Unpublishes
ms. Albury City Council files
Robertson, J. Edward (1913) The progress of
Albury and District. Vine –clad portal of
the Eastern States. Melbourne: Wilke,
Mitchell & Co printed for JE. Robertson
Robinson, George Augustus (1844) George
Augustus Robinson’s Journey into South
Eastern Australia-1844, with George
Henry Haydon’s Narrative of Part of the
same journey. Edited by George
Mackaness. Australian Historical
Monographs vol NS XIX. Sydney:
George Mackaness.
Robinson, M.E. (1976) The New South
Wales Wheat Frontier 1851 to 1911.
Research School of Pacific Studies, De-
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2002) Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Rail-Coach Interchange
at Albury Railway Station. Johnstone
Centre Research in Natural Resources &
Society Environmental Consulting Report
Nº 38. Wagga Wagga: Johnstone
Centre Environmental Consulting
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003a) The Southeastern Corner of Kiewa and Swift
Streets, Albury, NSW. An Historical
Analysis. Johnstone Centre Report nº 182.
Albury, N.S.W. : The Johnstone
Centre, Charles Sturt University.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003b) Nº 526
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone
Centre Report nº 188. Albury, N.S.W. :
The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt
University.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003c) Nº 528530 Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An
Historical Analysis of the Site and an
Assessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone Centre Report nº 189. Albury,
— 64 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
N.S.W. : The Johnstone Centre,
Charles Sturt University.
Swan, K., (1970) A History of Wagga Wagga.
Wagga Wagga: City of Wagga Wagga.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003d) Nº 532
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone
Centre Report nº 190. Albury, N.S.W. :
The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt
University.
Travers, Greg J. (1987) The Australian articulated bus : semi-trailer and modern articulated buses in Australia. Sydney: Transit
Australia Publishing
Turnbull, H. (1916) Old time memories.
Albury in the '60s and '70s. Albury
Banner 9 October 1916.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003e) Nº 534-36
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone
Centre Report nº 191. Albury, N.S.W. :
The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt
University.
Vagabond (1896) Albury: the Border City.
Supplement to Albury Banner and Wodonga Express, 11 September 1896. 8
pp. Albury: Albury Banner and Wodonga Express.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (2003f) Nº 538-540
Kiewa Street, Albury, NSW. An Historical Analysis of the Site and an Assessment of Heritage Values. Johnstone
Centre Report nº 192. Albury, N.S.W. :
The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt
University.
Personal Communications
Chamberlain, Cliff (2003) Local history
columnist. Albury 12 July 2003.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (in press a). Early
Aviation in Albury I: Harry Hawker’s
Flight demonstration of 1914—the
First sustained heavier-than-air flight
in Albury. Albury and District Historical
Society Bulletin nº ##.
Curtis, Gerry,—Local Historian, Albury, July
2003.
Gear, Ray.—Planner Albury City Council,
Albury, July 2003.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (in press b). Early
Aviation in Albury II: Maurice Guillaux’ aerial acrobatics of 1914. Albury
and District Historical Society Bulletin nº
##.
Livsey, Helen.—Research Officer, Albury
and District Historic Society, Albury,
July 2003.
Moss, Ron.—Proprietor of former AMPOL
service station, corner Stanley and
Kiewa Streets. Albury, 5 July 2003.
Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (in press c). Busses
Up & Down the Murray The Murray Valley Coach Company of Albury. Albury:
Letao
Strickland, E. (1862) The Australian pastor: a
record of the remarkable changes in mind
and outward estate of Henry Elliott. London: Wertheim, Macintosh & Hunt.
Webb, M. (1984) Table Top. A history of the
district 1824–1984. Temora: Table Top
History Commitee.
Newnan, Chris.—Planner, Albury City
Council, Albury, July 2003.
O'Brien, Teri.—Chief Planner, Albury City
Council, Albury, July 2003.
Strang, Bill.—Barber. Albury, 2 July 2003
Chamberlain, Cliff (2003) Local history
columnist. Albury 12 July 2003.
— 65 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
Gabriel, Colin (2003) Former employee of
Preston Motors 534–536 Kiewa
Street. Albury 2 July 2003.
Gabriel, Colin (2003) Former employee of
Preston Motors 534–536 Kiewa
Street. Albury 2 July 2003.
Jones, Warwick (2003) Owner A.T. Jones,
553 Kiewa Street and son of A.T.
Jones, lessee of 540 Kiewa Street.
Albury 1 July 2003.
Gear, Ray.—Planner Albury City Council,
Albury, July 2003.
Henry, David (2003) Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation. Albury 30
August 2003.
Kelly, John (2003) Former lessee of the Ampol Station 540 Kiewa Street. Albury
30 August 2003.
Macintosh, Clive (2003) Former employee of
West's Motors and later E.A. Machin's.
Albury 2 July 2003
Personal Communications
Bohun, Bill (2003) Former driver for Murray
Valley Coaches. Albury, 2 July 2003.
Jones, Warwick (2003) Owner A.T. Jones,
533 Kiewa Street and son of A.T.
Jones, lessee of 540 Kiewa Street.
Albury 1 and 2 July 2003.
Livsey, Helen.—Research Officer, Albury
and District Historic Society, Albury,
July 2003.
Macintosh, Clive (2003) Former employee of
West's Motors and later E.A. Machin's.
Albury 2 July 2003
McMahon, Denise (2003) Family historian
and author of works on Crawford &
Co., Brisbane July 2003 (via e-mail).
Boyd, Kevin (2003) Former owner of the
Hub Arcade. Albury, 17 July 2003.
Brewer, Bernard (2003) Former owner of
Quest Fine Arts, then at 532 Kiewa
Street. Albury 30 August 2003.
Moss, Ron.—Proprietor of former AMPOL
service station, corner Stanley and
Kiewa Streets. Albury, 5 July 2003.
Brissenden, Patricia (2003) Former coowner of 526 Kiewa Street. Albury 30
August 2003.
Newnan, Chris.—Planner, Albury City
Council, Albury, July 2003.
Chamberlain, Cliff (2003) Local history
columnist. Albury 12 July 2003.
O'Brien, Teri.—Chief Planner, Albury City
Council, Albury, July 2003.
Curtis, Gerry,—Local Historian, Albury, July
2003.
Strang, Bill.—Barber. Albury, 2 July 2003
Davonport, Kenneth (2003) Former owner
of 526 Kiewa Street. Albury, 7 July
2003.
Weihrauch, Gerald (2003) Proprietor AS Interiors. Albury, 3 July 2003.
Eames, Peter (2003) Former Employee of
Wests Motors and Albury Cars and
Tractors. 7 July 2003.
Edwards, George (2003) Former driver for
Murray Valley Coaches. Albury, 21 July
2003.
— 66 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
8.ENDNOTES
— 67 —
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.
NSW Heritage Office 2001.
.
Collean & o'Dwyer 1990.
.
Latona 1976
.
Collean & o'Dwyer 1990.
.
Freeman Collette & FRansen 1993.
.
Latona 1976, p. 22
.
Latona 1976, p. 33.
25
26
8
9
10
11
12
Spennemann 2003.
Bland 1831.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
28
Spennemann 1993
There had been some mail deliveries between Melbourne and Sydney in 1837
and 1838, with Howlong used as the
crossing (Andrwws 1912, p. 11).
Andrews 1912, p. 14.
There is abundant evidence that the early
European settlers in the area copied
Aboriginal land use and raw naterial use:
Andrews 1920, p 27
settlement patterns ■■■
Andrews 1920, p. 35.
bark canoes ■■■
13
14
27
The Hume Tree was burnt in 18@@,
while the tree with Hovell’s inscription
survives. The inscription was recut by
Hovell when he revisited Albury in
18■■.
bark huts ■■■
In late September 1878 a skeleton was
encountered at the ‘new down river
road skirting Hospital Hill” (Monument
Hill). The skeleton, which was reported
as in a good state of preservation was assumed to belong to an Indigenous person and was taken charge of by the police (Albury Banner 28 September 1878, p.
14). The disposal of the remains is unclear.—The location suggests that the
burial was located south of Monument
Hill, at the edge of the flood plain.
AWDC 1989; Spennemann 1995.
BP 23 Oct 1891, p. 3 col. 7.
Andrews 1920, p. 35; Andrews 1912
Jones 1985, p.19
Robinson 1941, p. 28.
Robinson 1941, p. 28.
BP 17 January 1857.
Jones 1991, P. 18
Report by the first Protector of Aborigines in 1882. Pennay 2003.
Census 1891 collector’s books
food items ■■■
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
gazetted 13 April 1839. NSW Government
Gazette 1839, vol. 1, p. 480 (quoted after
Andrews 1912, p. 6).
Andrews 1912, p. 6
Andrews 1912, p. 14
Andrews 1912, p. 22-23
■■ Quote act.
Andrews 1912, p. 40.
■■
Andrews 1912,p. 31.
Bayley 1954, p. ■■
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
— 69 —
Jeans 1972
Younger ones only attended school
10.00am to 5.30pm
Andrews 1912, p. 20.
Bayley 1954, p.46
Andrews 1912, p. 48.
Bayley 1954, p. 28
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
72
Bayley 1954, p. 51
Bayley 1954, p. 101.
AB 10 Nov. 1905; March 1906; ADN 7
Nov 1905
73
Formed in 1906 Hume Shire decided to
set up offices in Albury, after a brief
spell in the Jindera School of Arts
(Hume Shire Council nd).
Andrews 1912, p. 65/
Bayley 1954, p. 107
Border Post 6 May 1874, p. 2 col. 4.
74
That building was demolished in 1966
and replaced with the current structure
(Hume Shire Council nd).
Albury Banner 2 May 1874, p. 13 col. 3.
Bayley 1954, p. 103.
Bayley 1954, p. 28.
75
Holmes 1981, p. 12.
76
Photo: Parish Archives.
Photo Fielder Collection, Courtesy
Albury Regional Museum.
Bayley 1954, p. 94
77
BP 4 Jul 1883
Source: Albury Illustrated 1913.
78
Andrews 1912, p. 75.
Nayley 1954, p. 99; cf. photo in Jones
1985, p. 29.—In 1920s sold off to the Gas
Supply Company of Melbourne (Keating
1974, p. 89).
79
80
Temders called for on 6 April 1883 (BP
of the same date).
81
BP 25 Apr 1890.
82
Bayley 1954, p. 99.
83
Contenporary Postcard.Collection
Albury Regional Museum
.
Source: MacPherson Collection, Albury
Regional Museum.
.
Source: MacPherson Collection, Albury
Regional Museum.
Spennemann 2003b–f.
Pers.comm. Gerry Curtis 2003.
.
Bayley 1954, p. 107
Bayley 1954, p. 107
84
Silcrete artifacts are very rare in the
Albury region.
63
85
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
BP 25 Oct 1889
Border Post Almanac 1890, p. 43.—The hall
measured 28' by 66' (8.5 x 20m) and cost
£586. If the cost of the land is included,
the cost was £800 (BP 15 Mar 1889).
Spennemann 1995.
86
O’Halloran & Spennemann 2002
87
Spennemann, St Matthew’s Archaeology.
Unpublished.
88
BP 1 Sep 1895
89
Albury Herald 18 Apr 1899.
90
Blacklock’s BMM 24 October 1913, 16
91
AB 23 Jun 1911.
92
ADN 25 June 1919
93
Bayley 1954, p. 139.
94
— 70 —
MacPherson collection, Albury Regional
Museum.
Bayley 1954, p. 99.
BP 25 Apr 1890.
.
Pers. comm. Clive Mainctosh
.
Pers. comm. Colin Gabriel.
.
Pers. comm. Clive Mainctosh
.
Pers. comm. Clive Mainctosh.
.
Pers. comm. Colin Gabriel.
Dirk H.R. Spennemann
Archaeological Assessment of European Cultural Heritage Potential
Albury Cultural Precinct Stage 1
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
Peter Eames (pers. Comm.) remembers
that when the cellar was cleared, large
amounts of 1930s and 1940s Caddilac
parts were retrieved from the cellar,
which were publicly auctioned.
Gilbarco Australia to Chief Inspector
Dangerous Goods Branch, Department
of Industrial Relations, dated North
Ryde 2 May 1990. On file, property file
nº 3931.
Pers. Comm Elena Mamouney 2003.
Gilbarco Australia to Chief Inspector
Dangerous Goods Branch, Department
of Industrial Relations, dated North
Ryde 2 May 1990. On file, property file
nº 3931.
Pers. Comm. John Kelly, 2003.
Letter Roebleck to Albury City Council.
On file, property file nº 3931.
Margial annotation Letter Roebleck to
Albury City Council. On file, property
file nº 3931.
NSW Heritage Office 1996; 2000, 2001,
2001b.
NSW Heritage Office 2001
— 71 —