TEXTUAL SUPPORT FOR A 6400 BC
C BLACK SEA FLOOD
MICHAEL A.
A CAHILL
Dnieper
School of Biomedical Sciences
Sciences, Charles Sturt University
University, Locked Bag 588
588, Wagg
ga Wagga,
Wagga NSW
NSW, 2678
2678, Australia
Australia.
[email protected].
@
Volga Ural
Don
Bug
D i
Dniester
Dan be
Danube
ABSTRACT
The hypothesis that a catastrophic flood inundated the Black Sea basin
approximately 6,400
6 400 BC has been controversial,
controversial but remains consistent with
all
ll observations.
b
i
A
Apparent
spatio-temporal
i
l coincidence
i id
off the
h Proto-IndoP
I d
European
p
((PIE)) language
g g and Neolithic technology
gy near the 6,400
,
BC
Bosporus region suggest that Neolithic PIE-speakers could have been among
peoples
l affected
ff t d by
b a putative
t ti flood.
fl d Flood
Fl d accounts
t include
i l d The
Th Book
B k off
Enoch ((Enoch),
), Genesis,, Gilgamesh,
g
, Indo-Iranian,, Greek and Celtic
mythology and the Plato Atlantis accounts.
mythology,
accounts Considering comparative Indo
IndoEuropean mythology and linguistics,
linguistics I argue that various flood accounts of
hi i l antiquity
historical
i i may represent extant but
b corruptedd vestigial
i i l Neolithic
li hi
written records, supporting both Renfrew
Renfrew’ss ‘Anatolian
Anatolian origin
origin’ of PIE and the
6 400 BC Black Sea flood hypothesis.
6,400
hypothesis The closest linguistic relationships of
th PIE language
the
l
are with
ith Uralic
U li and
d Semitic
S iti language
l
groups, suggesting
ti
that it was the fusion of these two ethnic ggroups
p that formed the three-tiered
structure of PIE society as reconstructed by comparative Indo-European
mythology,
th l
where
h
priestly
i tl (F1) and
d Uralic
U li warrior
i (F2) functions
f ti
would
ld
have dominated an agricultural/fertility
g
y ((F3)) Semitic function. Supportingly,
pp
gy
obscure names and places in Semitic flood accounts provide semantic sense
when translated using Indo-European
Indo European phonetic roots.
roots There are also textual
references
f
to the
h Black
Bl k Sea
S in
i both
b h the
h Gilgamesh
Gl
h and
d Enoch
E h flood
fl d accounts.
Thee ve
veracity
c y oof Plato’s
o s Atlantiss account
ccou iss sstrengthened
e g e ed by geog
geographic
p c
reference to the Black Sea and by a hitherto unrecognised reference by an
E ti priest
Egyptian
i t to
t the
th Cygnus
C
L
Loop
supernova in
i the
th Myth
M th off Phaeton.
Ph t
Th
The
Enoch and Plato descriptions
p
are compatible
p
on several counts,, pputatively
y
identifying Atlantis as an astronomical observatory complex on the pre
pre6 400 BC Bosporus sill at the site of modern Istanbul.
6,400
Istanbul All these otherwise
unlikely concordances strongly suggest that these sources represent ancient
records transmitted from the flood era. If historical veracity can be attributed
to those sources,
sources then we must seriously consider that the proposed common
elements
l
off the
h Indo-European
I d E
and
d Semitic
S i i traditions
di i
represent ancient
i
and
d
corrupted
p
historical accounts of an early
y high
g civilisation. This work
challenges conventional thought regarding both human cultural development
and
d the
th factual
f t l reliability
li bilit off ancient
i t accounts.
t
1 INTRODUCTION
1.
A putative 6400 BC date for the flooding of the Black Sea is plausible but remains
highly controversial (Ryan,
(Ryan 2007).
2007) In view of the implications for our
understanding
d t di off ancient
i t history
hi t
it would
ld be
b advantageous
d t
t acquire
to
i confirmation
fi
ti
by independent means. Flood accounts are a feature of several cultures, including
The Book off Enoch ((Enoch)) ((Laurence,, 1833/2000),
), and Plato’s Atlantis account
from Egypt (Plato,
(Plato Critias,
Critias Timaeus).
Timaeus) Hierarchical linguistic cluster analysis
supports Renfrew
Renfrew’ss ‘Anatolian
Anatolian origin
origin’ of PIE,
PIE suggesting a date of c.
c 6,700
6 700 BC for
th PIE-speaking
the
PIE
ki society
i t prior
i to
t the
th separation
ti off the
th Anatolian
A t li Hittite
Hittit lineage
li
((Atkinson et al., 2005; Grayy and Atkinson, 2003).
) This timing
g would be consistent
with involvement
w
vo ve e oof thee pu
putative
ve Black
c Se
Sea flood
ood in an eearly
y Anatolian
o
PIE
severance event,
event followed by a later staging of a major Indo-European radiation
from the steppe north of the Black Sea (Piazza and Cavalli-Sforza,
Cavalli Sforza 2006).
2006) If both
the
h Enoch
E h and
d Atlantis
A l i accounts describe
d
ib these
h
events we might
i h expect otherwise
h
i
improbable
p
congruencies
g
between them, such as PIE traces or jjoint g
geographical
g p
reference to the Black Sea. I examined these accounts to look for such
congruencies
congruencies.
22. TEXTUAL EVIDENCE FROM ENOCH
2.1 Enoch describes the Black Sea
Geographical reference to a Black Sea location is provided by Enoch 76:6-7,
76:6 7
which
hi h describes
d
ib seven great rivers
i
fl i into
flowing
i
two great seas, a combination
bi i
which seems to unambiguously
g
y relate to the Black and Caspian
p Seas ((Figg 1).
) Even
the Caspian lowland desert is apparently mentioned, while the Black Sea would be
referred to as the Erythræan Sea.
Sea Four of these rivers originated in the ‘cavity
cavity of
the north’ according to Enoch,
E h which should probably be translated as ‘emptiness
off the
h north/steppe’,
h/
’ further
f h strengthening
h i
the
h identification
id ifi i
off the
h Black
Bl k and
d
Caspian
p Seas.
2 2 Enoch
2.2
E h describes
d
ib an observatory
b
complex
l
One of the subject matters in Enoch seemingly concerns the operation of a
Stonehenge like astronomical observatory in the section entitled The Book of
Stonehenge-like
L i i Such
Luminaries.
S h astronomical
t
i l sciences
i
were probably
b bl characteristic
h
t i ti off Neolithic
N lithi
peoples.
2 3 A Bosporus
2.3
B
l ti for
location
f the
th observatory
b
t
In high summer the day was sixteen hours long at the putative observatory (Enoch
71:17-20) which places the location between perhaps 45 degrees north latitude
71:17-20),
(e g the Bosporus),
(e.g.
Bosporus) and 49 degrees (e.g.
(e g the Danube delta) (Laurence,
(Laurence 1833/2000).
1833/2000)
E h 75 describes
Enoch
d
ib gates for
f the
h twelve
l directions
di i
f the
for
h wind.
i d Verse
V
9 refers
f to
the northern-most ggates as ‘north,, which is called the sea’,, consistent with an
observatory location at the Bosporus (Fig 2).
2.4 Possible PIE influences
f
on Enoch
Several words and contexts throughout Enoch would be consistent with a PIE
i fl
influence
on its
it origins.
i i
F instance,
For
i t
th PIE language
the
l
h d two
had
t
systems
t
off
describing the cardinal directions. One of these was based upon the observer
facing
g the sunrise,, with east being
g ‘the front’,, south being
g ‘right’,
g , etc. ((Malloryy
and Adams,
Adams 1997,
1997 p.
p 159).
159) To describe the wind directions referred to above,
above
Enoch 75:2 uses this PIE directional terminology to describe the twelve gates of
th winds,
the
i d and
d is
i thus
th consistent
i t t with
ith a considerable
id bl antiquity
ti it for
f the
th text.
t t “Three
“Th
of them are open in the front of heaven [i.e. east, where the sun rises], three in the
west,, three on the right
g side of heaven [[i.e. south],
], and three on the left [[i.e.
north] ” Using this system of directions the weather pattern described by Enoch
north].
75:4 11 is also consistent with a Bosporus location (Fig 2).
75:4-11
2)
IIn Enoch
E h 77:1
77 1 Methu
M thuselah
l h is
i informed
i f
d that
th t the
th names off the
th sun are Aryares
A
and
d
Thomas.
h
Bothh can be
b semantically
s
i ll interpreted
i
d using
i PIE roots. The
h conventional
i l PIE
meaning
g for Aryan
y is thought
g to have defined an ethnic g
group:
p *h4erós~ *h4erios
‘member
member of one
one’ss ownn (ethnic) group, peer, freeman; (Indo
(Indo-Iranian)
Iranian) Aryan
Aryan’ (Mallory
and Adams,
Adams 1997,
1997 p.
p 213).
213) However a meaning of ‘member
member of one
one’ss own (sun(sun
worshipping
hi i ethnic)
th i ) grroup’’ would
ld fit equally.
ll If Aryares
A
was the
th glaring
l i sun, then
th
Thomas could have been
b
the darker sun of dawn/sunset or of eclipse, since PIE
*tómhxes- meant ‘dark’ ((Mallory
y and Adams,, 1997,, p
p. 147).
)
Mount Armon (Laureence,
ence 1833/2000),
1833/2000) was named after an oath to defect from the
rule of heaven that two
o hundred Watchers swore among themselves ‘at
at Ardis on top
off Mount
M
t Armon’
A
’ (En
(Enoch
h 7:6-7)
7 6 7) after
ft having
h i descended
d
d d from
f
h
heaven
(E h 63).
(Enoch
63)
The eri/ery- phoneme of
o Erythræan Sea could be related to PIE *h4erós, and -thræan
could be related to Latin
L
terra and the Indo-European
p
-tan ‘land’ suffix ((i.e.,,
Erythræan ‘Aryan
Aryan land
d/country’)). Armon could be ‘Aryan
d/country
Aryan mountain
mountain’ based upon the
PIE root *men-/*mun
*men /*munn-/*monn /*mon ‘mountain’
mountain (Mallory and Adams,
Adams 1997,
1997 p.
p 270).
270)
Si il l the
Similarly
th location
l ti off Ardis
A di on top
t off mountt Armon,
A
which
hi h was named
d after
ft the
th
oath of defection from
m heavenly rule sworn by the Watchers in Enoch 7:7, may have
been related to western
n PIE *dis- ‘apart,
p , asunder’ ((Mallory
y and Adams,, 1997,, p
p. 25);
);
i e Ardis ‘Aryan
i.e.
Aryan sepaaration
aration’. These and other textually
textually-based
based arguments provide a
strong case that the orrigin of the flood account of Enoch was both influenced by
A
Aryan
PIE speakers
k
and
d originally
i i ll concerned
d the
th Black
Bl k Sea,
S
which
hi h has
h been
b
connected with world oceans
o
since Neolithic times (Ryan et al., 2003; Ryan, 2007).
3. TEXTUAL EVID
DENCE FROM PLATO
3 1 The myth of Pha
3.1
aëthon and the Cygnus Loop Supernova
Plato’s Critias and Tim
maeus describe the visit of the historical Greek figure
g
of Solon
to the Egyptian Templee of Neith at Sais around 590 BC (de Camp,
Camp 1970; Pellegrino,
Pellegrino
1991) An Egyptian priest told Solon that the Greeks were ‘like
1991).
like children
children’ in mind
b
because
th had
they
h d ‘no
‘ old
ld opinion
i i handed
h d d down
d
among [them]
[th ] by
b ancient
i t tradition,
t diti
nor any
y science which
h is hoaryy with age’
g ((Plato, Critias).
) The p
priest then referred to
tthee myth
yt o
of Phaëthon
aët on,, revealing
evea g tthat
at itt actua
actuallyy referred
e e ed to “aa dec
declination
at o o
of tthee
bodies moving in the heavens around the earth,
earth and a great conflagration of things
upon the earth
earth” (Plato, Critias).
Critias) The story specifically concerns the constellation of
C
Cygnus.
A supernova would
w ld be
b the
h naturall phenomenon
h
b fitting
best
fi i this
hi description,
d
i i
and to noticeably
y affect the earth it would have to have been relatively
y nearby.
y
Consider the probabillity that there was a supernova in Cygnus that would have been
1) close enough to be noticeably but not catastrophically uncomfortable (say within
2 000 light years),
2,000
years) and
d 2) recent enough to have potentially been recorded in the
archives
hi
off the
h temple
le staff
ff off Egyptian
E
i Sais
S i (say
(
occurring
i between
b
1 000 BC –
1,000
8,000 BC).
) The Milky
y Way
yg
galaxy
y is modelled as a central spherical
p
core with a flat
radial disc surrounded by a diffuse halo of stars (Bahcall and Soneira, 1980). About
0 3% (-0.6%)
0.3%
(-0 6%) of the esstimated 1011 stars in the galaxy are thought to lie within 2,000
2 000
light years of the Earth
h The expected rate of supernova occurrence is about 0.05
h.
0 05 p.a.
pa
f the
for
h whole
h l Milky
Milk Way
W (Cappellaro
(C
ll
et al.,
l 1999).
1999) It
I follows
f ll
that
h we expect about
b
1
((or p
perhaps
p 2)) superno
p ovae to have occurred within 2,000
,
light
g y
years of the earth in
our 7,000 year window
w. The constellation of Cygnus lies across the Milky Way in the
night sky.
sky A simplifyiing assumption which adequately serves our purposes is that
abo t 7% (-14%)
about
( 14%) of staars should
sho ld be in Cygnus,
C gn s leading to a probability
probabilit of around
aro nd 7%
( 14%) that
(-14%)
h a close
l
reecent supernova would
ld occur in
i Cygnus.
C
Th Cygnus
The
C
L
Loop
remnant supernova
p
is the remains of a star that exploded
p
probably
p
y 5-10,000
,
years
y
ago. It appears quite laarge in our sky because of its proximity (Blair, 2001), and is
1 760 light years distannt (Blair et al.,
1,760
al 2005).
2005) Plato likely knew of this star-shard
star shard (p<7(p<7
14%) from
f
th priest
the
i t off Sais,
S i proportionately
ti t l bolstering
b lt i
th credibility
the
dibilit off the
th
accompanying
i ‘Atlanti
‘A l iis account’.
’
Other
Great Sea
with
desert
Erythræan
h
S
Sea
Steppe
St
Caspian lowland desert
Caspian lowland desert
Figure 1: Seven great rivers and two great seas from Enoch 76:6-7.
76:6 7 Into the ‘Erythræan
Erythræan
Sea’ flow one river from the west (Danube), two from the north (Dniester, Bug), and two
f
from
the
h ‘cavity
‘
i off the
h north’
h’ (D
(Dnieper,
i
D
Don).
) T
Two more (V
(Volga,
l
U
Ural)
l) flflow ffrom the
h ‘cavity
‘
i
of the north’ (i.e. emptiness/steppe) ‘into a great [Caspian] sea, where it is said there is a
desert’ (i.e., the Caspian lowland desert). Modern distributions of steppe and Caspian
lowland
o a d dese
desert landscapes
a dscapes a
are
e indicated.
d ca ed The
eg
graphic
ap c is
s reproduced
ep oduced from
o Figure
gu e 8
8.4 o
of
Paradise Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the kind permission of Interactive Press.
North 'the sea'
W1. W1
Dew, rain, frost, cold, snow & chill
N2
N2. N3. Rain, dew, life, Mist, frost, ,
,
snow, rain, dew, health
& blight
& blight
N1. N1.
Dew, rain, blight & destruction
& destruction
E3. E3
Cold & drought
E2. 'Equity'
Rain fruitfulness
Rain, fruitfulness, health, & dew
W2. Rain
Rain, health & blessing
E1. Destruction, E1
D t ti
drought, heat, & perdition
W3.
D
Drought, ht
destruction, scorching & perdition pe
d o
S3. Dew rain blight &
Dew, rain, blight & destruction
S2. Grateful odour dew
Grateful odour, dew, rain, health & life
S1. Hot wind
Hot wind
Figure 2: The weather associated with winds from the direction of each of the twelve
‘gates’
g
of the p
putative observatory
y from Enoch 75. E = east, S = south, N = north, W =
west. The inset shows the modern Bosporus: compare with Enoch 75:9 “north, which is
called the sea
sea” corresponding to the central gate N2. The cross marks the approximate
presumed position of the observatory complex at the lowest point of the pre-flood
Bosporus saddle watershed,
watershed now occupied by the Bosporus Strait at Istanbul
Istanbul. The
graphic is reproduced from Figure 8.2 of Paradise Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the
ki d permission
kind
i i off IInteractive
t
ti P
Press.
5 'stadia'
' t di ' = 260 m
Road with towers, bridges & gates
N
Stone wall with ‘bronze’ plating
(1 ‘stadia’ = 1 khet = 52.4 m)
Ti wallll
Tin
12 wind
i d gates
S
Summer
solstice
l ti
Oi h l
Orichalcum
wallll
East Stone:
Variegated
antimony
ti
& margarite
Gold wall
Horse track
Equinoxes
Central Stone:
alabaster
Temple of Poseidon
Sacred g
grove
Water
South Stone:
Red
Underground
g
tunnels
2.6 km channel to the
Sea of Marmara inlet
Winter solstice
Figure 3
Fi
3: Schematic
S h
i attempted
d reconstruction
i off Plato’s
Pl ’ Atlantis
A l i assuming
i iit iis also
l
Enoch’s observatory. Dimensions of the plan are those given by Plato, adapted for the
52.4 m Egyptian Khet instead of the 185 m Greek Stades for the unit of length as
proposed
p
oposed by Richter
c e ((2007).
00 ) Labels
abe s o
on the
e left
e hand
a d sside
de represent
ep ese features
ea u es o
of Atlantis
a s
described by Plato, while those on the right depict the ‘mountains’ (triangles) and ‘wind
gates’ described by Enoch.
gates
Enoch Colours of the stones are from Enoch 18:9-10.
18:9-10 “Where
Where burnt
burnt,
both by day and by night, six mountains formed of glorious stones; three towards the
east and three towards the south.
south Those which were towards the east were of a
variegated stone; one of which was of margarite, and another of antimony. Those
towards
d the
h south
h were off a red
d stone. The
Th middle
iddl one reached
h d to h
heaven … composed
d
of Alabaster, the top of which was of sapphire.” The ‘mountains’ could just as well have
been located outside of the outer water ring, in which case traces of the stones would
sstill be e
expected
pec ed to
o be de
detectable.
ec ab e See a
also
so Figure
gu e 4. The
eg
graphic
ap c is
s reproduced
ep oduced from
o
Figure 8.17 of Paradise Rediscovered (Cahill, 2012), with the kind permission of
Interactive Press.
Press
4.1
South
North
Sea level
50 ‘Stadia’ = 50 khet = 2.6 km artificial trench to navigable water
4.2
Sea of Marmara
((marine))
Bosporus
Observatory
y
New Euxine Lake
((freshwater Black Sea))
c. 50 km
Bosporus
p
Sill
>100m
New Euxine Lake
4.3
Bosporus River
(fresh)
Sakarya River
Observatory
3 2 The Atlantis acccount is compatible with Enoch
3.2
Enoch’ss observatory
The description
p
of thee settlement of Atlantis p
provided by
y Plato’s Timaeus is of a
circular complex.
complex Con
ncentric circular settlements were characteristic of earthen
earthenmound palisaded ring
g forts of the Early Neolithic (Andreou et al.,
al 2001),
2001) and
coincide
i id with
ith the
th puta
tative
ti Bosporus
B
observatory
b
t
d
described
ib d by
b Enoch.
E h A cautious
ti
attempt at reconstructiion of the complex can assume that Plato and Enoch provide
independent
p
descriptio
p ns of the same p
pre-flood location ((Figg 3).
) Enoch ((18:10,, 24:12) reports ‘mountains’
mountains’ which were “brilliant
brilliant and splendid to behold; and beautiful
was their surface
surface” (En
noch 24:2) Six of the mountains were crowned with eternal
fi
fires;
th on each
three
h sid
id
d off a central
de
t l white
hit mountain
t i (Fig
(Fi 3).
3) These
Th
seven ‘mountains’
‘
t i ’
perhaps
p
p resembled p
prim
mitive stepped
pp py
pyramids or ziggurats
gg
((‘strengthened
g
by
y being
g
placed one upon the other
o
other’)
) with (ceremonial?) eternal fires at the summit, which
could provide seven po
oints to define the six solar gates of Enoch
Enoch’ss observatory.
observatory
Following Richter (2
2007) that the (52.4
(52 4 m) Egyptian khet represents the (260 m)
G k stades
Greek
d
d
describ
ib
b d in
bed
i Atlantis
A l i (see
(
Fi
Figs
3 4) the
3-4),
h Atlanteans
Al
reportedly
dl
constructed a man maade channel of c. 2.6 km from the outer wall to the sea. The
distance of the pre
pre-floo
floo
od inlet from the Sea of Marmara to the Bosporus saddle low
point could indeed hav
ve been c.
c 2.6
2 6 km (Fig 4).
4)
(marine)
Aegean
g
Sea
(marine)
Figure 4: Schematic postulated plan of the pre 6
6,400
400 BC observatory of The Book of
Enoch, incorporating details from Plato. (4.1) Proposed location of the Atlantis complex
f
from
Figure
Fi
3.
3 The
Th ground
d plan
l ffrom Figure
Fi
3 is
i shown
h
schematically
h
ti ll above
b
ground.
d Th
The
large 6.6 km diameter outer perimeter wall extending to the sea is also indicated, as is
the position of sea level to the north and south of the observatory. The man-made
passages
p
g through
g bedrock described by
y Plato to allow water passage
p
g between the
trench rings potentially breached the height of the Bosporus Sill. (4.2) Schematic
depiction of the proposed geography of the complex from a
a. (4
(4.3)
3) The reconstructed
6,400 BC pre-flood Bosporus with the region corresponding to 4.2 diagonally boxed. The
proposed approximate location of the observatory is enlarged in the upper left inset as
indicated. Images reproduced from Figures 8.3 (4.2-3) and 8.10 (4.1) of Paradise
R di
Rediscovered
d (Cahill,
(C hill 2012)
2012), with
ith the
th kind
ki d permission
i i off IInteractive
t
ti P
Press. Th
Thanks
k tto
William F. Haxby (Columbia University, with kind permission) for graphics for 4.3.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Michael Strauss (Project Spokesperson at the Sloane Digital Sky Survey and Th
k t Mi h l St
(P j t S k
t th Sl
Di it l Sk S
d
Professor of Astrophysics at Princeton University), William Blair (Professor of Astrophysics at Johns Hopkins University), Barbara Jane Margaret Hassall (Course Leader in ‘Astronomy )
(
by Distance Learning’ from The University of Central Lancashire), and Bernd Pfeiffer (German Astronomical Society) for answering correspondence that assisted in astronomical calculations. The author bears all responsibility for the interpretation of p
y
p
their advice and for any errors. Thanks also to William F. Haxby (Columbia University) for supplying graphics used to compose Figure 4.3, and to William Ryan for providing access
supplying graphics used to compose Figure 4.3, and to William Ryan for providing access to research results. This work was supported by a Centre for Inland Health Research Fellowship (A102‐904) and by the Grant‐writing Assistance Scheme (A105‐900‐639‐
Fellowship (A102‐904) and by the Grant‐writing Assistance Scheme (A105‐900‐639‐
40003) from Charles Sturt University, both to the author.
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4 CONCLUSIONS
4.
S
These considerations make
m
the Neolithic p
presence of a Stone Age
g observatory
y at the
pre-flood
pre
flood Bosporus teenable. Concordant with a postulated Bosporus location for
Enoch’ss observatory soouth of ‘the
Enoch
the sea
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harbour to Plato
Plato’ss
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Atlantis,
adjacent After the flood,
flood the site of Atlantis
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bl k d by
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bl shoal
h l off mud
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E
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i
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‘
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