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Vikram UniversitY
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i
LL. B. Seconil Year : Third Semester
Courses
of
Studies
l-Transfer of Property Act and Easement Act'
Property Act'
The Paper consists of the Transfer of
Paper
_:qlF__
1882 and Indian Easement
Act,
1882'
4i|-
fu
pRopERTy LAW tNcLItDtNc TBAN*FER oF pRopERTy Acr AND
EASEMENT ACT
Objectives of the course
The course on property conventionally deals with the Transfer of Property Act 1882. More than a
century has elapsed since the passing of the Act and far-reaching changes have occurred in the
field in property laws owing to altered socialconditions. While archaic feudal rules enacted by the
colonialadministration like the rule against perpetuities find a place in the Act, the post-independence
development relating to control and use of agricultural land do not find a place. The obsolescence
of the Transfer of Property Act, can be best illustrated by citing the provisions relating to leases on
immovable propertids. The provisions relating to leases under the Act are not applicable to
agricultural leases; and even with respect to urban immovable property, the provisions are not
applicable to the most dominant type, namely, housing under the rent control legislation. Thus the
existing syllabus does not touch upon agrarian property relations, which affect the vast majority of
people or aspects relating to intellectual property which are important in the context of development.
The proposed syllabus attempts at overcoming these deficiencies and imbalances.
The following syllabus prepared with this perspective will comprise about 84 units of one-hour
duration.
Syllabus
-':
t
.1"
l
1.
Jurisprudential Controls of Property
unilr{-
1.1.
C.oncept and meaning of property - new property - governmental largesse.
1.2.
Kinds of property
-
movable and immovable property
- tangible
and
intangiubleproperty - intellectual property - copyright - patents and designs
trademarks
1.3.
The concept of common propertv resources-
1.4.
Possessionand ownership as man - property relationship - finder of lpst goods.
-
w
e
2.
UGCModetcuoi")tu^
Resources usePatterns and concepts in India: who owns land?
Soverign or the
Subject?
c
ufibrv
2.1.
Pre-colonial position.
2.1.1.
Hindu theory
2.1.2.
Muslim theory
2.1.3.
Tribalapproaches
2.2.
Position under colonial administration
2.2.1.
Introduction of permanent setilement
2.2.2.
Ryotwari
setilement
D
(
2-2.3. Evaluation of eminent domain
under compoany administration.
2.3.
Effects ol colonial revenue administration.
2.3.1.
Intermediaries
2.3.2.
Tenancies
2.3.3.
"Land going to the market',
2.3.4.
Inequatitiesintandholding
2.4.
2.4.1.
D
Requisitioning and acquisitioning of immovable property.
.
Land Acquisition: inquiry- notice and hearing - should ecological moves
be
examined?
2.4|1.1. Concept of public purpose
3.
2.4.2.
Requisitioning: powers, right, exemption and release
2.4.3.
Inadequacies
Forms of Control Urban
property
r'
3.1.
Right to Housing and Shelter.
3,1.1.
Slum Clearance or slum improvement?
3.1.2.
Housing Policy
t'raft-5
t.!
,/
!
I
fC.-
4.
Control .
3.2.
,Rent
3.2.1.
Protection against eviction and fixation of fair rent
3.3.
Urban development authority
3.3.1.
Master plan
3.3.2.
Zonal development plan
3.3.3.
Declaration of development areas.
3.3.4.
Powers of the authoritv
Post-constitutional Developments with Respect to Agricultural Land
4.1
d?tUe#a
. "Land to the tiller"
4.2. Land ceiling legislation
4.3. State enactments prohibiting alienation of land by tribals to non-tribals
Law Relating to Transfer of Property
5.1.
General principles of transfer of property
5.2.
Specific transfers
5.2.1.
Sales
5.2.2.
Mortgages
5.2.2.1. Under the provision of the Transfer of property Act,
-rm+ts*ts
1Bg2
5.2.2.2. To a land mortgage bank, land development bank, powers and functions
5.3.
Charges
5.4.
Leases
5.5.
Exchange
5.6.
Gifts
5.7.
Actionable claims
eo
6.
UGC Model Curriculum
6.1
7.
8.
9.
udtie.
Trusts
.
Trust distinguished from agency, bailment and a wakf.
6.3.
Charitable trusts. Resulting and constructive trusts.
Law Relating to Certain Intangible properties
7.1.
Goodwill
7.2.
Trademarks
7.3.
Patents and designs
7.4.
Copyright
7.5.
Video piracy
7.6.
Software
Easements
8.1.
Nature, characteristics and extinction
8.2.
Creation of easements
8.3.
Riparian rights
8.4.
Lrcenses
Recordation of Property Rights
.
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tf,,tiffi
'ulit<4-
9.1.
Law relating to registration of documents affecting property relations - Exemptions
of leases and morlgages in favour of land development bank from registration.
9.2.
Recordation of rights in agricultural land with special reference to respective states.
9.3.
Investigation of title to property.
9:4.
Law relating to stamp duties.
9.4.1
Of the liability of Instruments to duty.
9.4.2
Duties by whom payable.
9.4.3.
Effect of not duly stamping instruments: Examinbation and impounding of
instruments; inadmissibility on evidence; impounding of instruments.
?
,
Definition and classification
6.2.
,
Casrs*
Slr'iiti Dc''i1AIR lirSl
(ai Raic;h l(-arri F''-Y Vs' Sfitt'
si s)
il'iii;'G ;tt *a'"''te con tinilen'L I ntcrr' SC 503)
Part
(AIR 1953
(b) Hem Rai Vs'. Ritstamji
fri)
\_:-/
Partt'ormance)'
(c) Ilnited Bank
Scnarirm
of indir \,'. M/s Lekhram
Mortgage)'
co. (AIR 1965 sciigiilEqultut't*
(AIR 1965 SC 225) Right
(d) Murarilal Vs' Devkaran
of RedeinPtion)'
All 462)
Triveni Bai (AIR t9?3
I
.&,
C
(e) Garrgaram Vs'
in coliisiiion of easement)'
LAi'v
**
Bibliagraphy
l,4uil;i,
'f'ratrsfer
of ilt'operty Act. ilggg) Ur-riversal. Delhi.
Suboarao, Transfer
ctf
Propefty Ar), (1994), C. Strbbiah ChettV, lrlacjras
Lr.Sir,rii.ranrayya. T'he equaiities
anrllhe
r_av4 (1gg7) Eastern
Boclt Co., Lucknow.
F.C.Setr, The General Principles rif Hindu Jurisprudence {1984 repi,int) Ailahabad La.w Agei'rcy
B.ll.Baclen-Powell, Land systenis of Britlsh tndia. vol.l to 3. (1892), oxford.
V.P.Saraihy,'fransfer of Froperty
(1
gg5), Eastern, Lucknow.
r r.rnsre*l ll "0"'-'i, ^il-_;' l; l,lLlll ?Jili'
:\ ;'::il!:^1i!^:ll;'t:$l'lJ^,
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Pcper .''-.Company Luit
Tirc
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consisls ol'llir: (-or:tPrrrri,.; r\r'!
l.)116.
85'
U
GC Moclel
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-FCI G 15 COMPANY LAW
Objectives of the course
Industrialisation plays a very vttal role in the economic development
of India. In the post
lndependence era, industrial regulation is employed as a principal means
in the strategy for attaining
constitutional values. Companies are no doubt powerful instruments
for development. Besides
bringing returns and financial benefits to the capital and labour ilrey help
amelioration of the living
conditicns of masses. In a developing society like India, vast varieties
of consumer goods are
manufactured or produced and different kinds of public utility services
are generated both for
general welfare and consumption purposes. Obviously, it is
beyond the capacity of one or a few
entrepreneurs to engage into such activities. Because the probiem of raising large
capital needcd
for such enterprises, there is a looming danger of market risks. Hence, taking
recourse to the
device of incorporation is the only efficacious way to surmount all such hurdles.
This course is comprises of abcut
g4 units of one-hour duration.
Syllabus
1.
lJleaning of Corporation
.
1.2.
1
2.
.1
-##,
Creation and extinction of corporations.
Forms of Corporate and Non-Corporate Organisations
2.1.
3.
Theories of corporate personality
qnil-q
?_r
Corporations, partnerships and other associations of persons, state corporations,
rJovernment companies, small scale, co-operative, corporate
and joint sectors.
Law relating to companies - public and private - companies Act, 1956
3.1.
Need of company for development formation of a company registration and
tncorporation.
3.2.
Uilt6*-y
Memorandum of association - various clauses - alteration therein -doctrine of ultra
vires.
J,}t0iffi
3.3.
Articles of association - binding force - alteration - its relation with memorandurn of
association - doctrine of constructive notice and indoor management - exceptions.
uttii}'l$
3.3.1.
Prospectus - issue - contents
-
liability for misstatements - statement in lieu of
prospectus.
$rit$*2.
3.4.
Promoters - position - duties and liabilities
€.nits 2
3.4.1.
Shares - generat principles of allotment statutory restrictions - share certificate its
objects and effects - transfer of shares - restrictions on transfer - orocedure for
transfer - refusal of transfer- role of public finance institutions - relationship between
transferor and transferee - issue of shares at premium and discount - depository
receipts - dematerialised shares(DEMAT)
3.4.2.
Shareholder - who can be and who cannot be a shareholder
unilsU^
- modes of becoming
a shareholder - calls on shares - forfeiture ancj surrencler of shares - lien on shares.
qjlil.s2.
3.4.3.
Share capital - kinds - alteration and reduction of share capital - further issue of
capital - conversion of loans and cjebentures into capital - duties of courts to protect
the interests of creditclrs and share holders
3.5.
roits
2
Directoi's - position - appointment - qualifications - vacation of office - removal resignation - powers and duties of directors - meeting, registers, loans - remuneration
of directors - role of nominee directors - compensation for loss of office - managing
directors - compensation for loss of office - managing directors and other managerial
personnel
utr+t6, 15,
3.5.1.
Meetings - kinds - procedure - voting
rtnit$=e
3.5.2.
Dividends - payment - capitalisation - profit
units.*A
3.6.
3.7.
Audit and accounts
.urlits
1
Bprrowing powers - powers - effect of unauthorised borrowing - charges and
mortgages - loans to other companies - investments - contracts by companies
tuttits--3_,
3.8.
Debentures - meaning - fixed and floating charge - kinds of debentures - shareholder and deberrture holder - remedies of debenture holders
units 2
t8
@
UGC Model Curriculunr
3.9.
Protection of minority rights
3.1 0.
Protection of oppression and mismanagemenr - who can apply? - powers of the
company , court and of the central governrnent
uJl!ls'-s*'r
3.1 1.
Investigation - powers
3.12,
Private conrpanies - nature and advantages - government companies - holding
and subsidiary companies
rnitS-6
s.13.
Regulation and amalgamation
3.14.
winding up - types - by court -reasons - grounds - who can apply - procedure
ur*t6ji-
.1$its r-'
k..
I
units
''>
-*
2
-
powers of liquidator - powers of court - consequences of winding up order - voluntary
winding up by members and creditors - winding up subject to supervision of courts
- liability of past members - payment of liabilities - preferential payment,
unclaimed
dividends - winding up of unregistered company
4.
Law and Multinational
4.1.
4'2.
4
5.
3.
ufrfiS-fl
Companies
ffi,iit"Z'
lnternational norms for control
National law FEMA (F'oreign Exchange Management Act 1g9g) controls jcint
,.,entures - irrvestment in India - repatriatiorr of project.
Collaboratiun aqreements fcr technology trarrsfer
Corporate Liability
5.1.
5.2.
uriits,..2
Legal liabriliiV of companies - civil and crinrinai
Femedies against them civ;1, criminal and torluor,rs - Specific Relief Hct, lvrits, liability
under specia! statutes.
Cases(a) Gava Susar
(Ai;c
-
Mills Ltd. Vs. Na.ndkishore Bajcria
of lrquiCatcr).
(b) Itariurn Chemicais Ltd. Vs. Company Lalv Board.
(AfR i957 SC 295) (In.iestigation).
l9-ci3 SC 441) (Powers
A'vtar Singh. indian Company Law
itggg), Eastern, Luckncw.
l-.C.B. Gc'rrer, Principles of Modern Cempany l-aw'(1997) Svreei and Max'r.,eii, Lonrjon
Pa-lr:rei'. Paimer's Cornparty Law i1987), Sievaris, London.
H.R. Perrnington, Comparry Law (1990), Butteruyorrhs.
A. Fiarnaiya, Guide
i.a the Cornpanies
AcL ilgg8), Wadha.
S.M. Shah, Leclures on Company Lan, (1998), Tripathi, Bombay
1
. 2
I
' 4
Lectures ofl Culfr,;rr:n\' Lar''-S. i\'i' Slirlr (Ni't
Compairy I'irv;-t;r. hvtaisitrgh (EBC)'
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Hlsnry'
Paper 3-lndian Legal and Cilnstitutional
History from
The paper Consists qf the. Indian- Legal
r 1600;i506 ;td Indian
| ]F.?
.,' i"i
- :'-5
*{+
-: :: ,;*i
#
Constitutional Historv'
l-
Objectives of the course
Study of law relating to a particular country is not complete without understanding the history and
development of the laws and legal institutions. India is a country rich in history and traditions. A
student of law should be exposed to the ancient sociarorder and religious philosophy as wellas to
the systems of dispute settlement mechanisms existing in those days. The medieval period had
influence in the development of legal system. The advent of the British was an event, which also
had its influence. The growth of juciicial and legislative institutions after this event has to be taught
in order to give an insight arid awareness of how the present system had emerged from the
ancient and medieval times.
This paper with the above mentioned perspectives will comprises of about 84 units of one hour
duration.
Legal History of lndia
1.
Judicial Systems in Ancient India
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
'1.5.
r*lRs-{t-
Judicial system in ancient India: Hindu period
Ancient Hindu social order and religions philosophy
Administration of justice
Judicial system in medieval India: Musiim period
The Mughal period: judicial system
Administration of Justice in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
{nit*/
2.1.
Elnergence of the East India Company: development of authority under charters
2.2.
Trading body to a territorial power: subsequent charters.
2.3.
Administration of justice in Madras from 1639 to 1726.
2.4.
Administration of justice in Bombay 1668 -1726
2.5.
Administration of justice in Calcutta 1619 - 1726
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
4.
Adalat
Provisions of the charter
Working of judicial system
Charter of 1753
Defects of judicial systems
System
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5,
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
5.
ri?furx-
Grant of Diwani
Execution of Diwanifunctions
Judicial plan ot 1772
Defects of the plan
New plan ol1774
Reorganization of adalats in 1780
Reforms ol 1781
The first civil code
Reforms in the administrations of criminaljustice.
The Regulating Act 1773
5.1.
5.2.
Charter of 1774 and the Supreme Court of Calcutta
Some land mark cases
a.
lssue of Raj Nandkumar (1775): wh'ether a judicial murder?
b.
The Patna case (1777-79)
c. The Cossijurah
case (1779-80)
5.3.
Act of settlement 1781
5.3.1.
Major defects
5.4.
5.5.
Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
Law and administration in the Supreme Court
69
l
131
Law
6.
Judicial Reforms
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.8.
6.9.
Judicial reforms of Cornwallis
6.9.1.
7.
.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7 .4.
7.5.
7.6.
,.r.
7.8.
_
'
8.
'
'
'
Problems of judicial reforms 1793-1833
lmpact of reforms by Cornwallis 1'993
Reforms of Sir John Shore (1793)
Reforms of Lord Wellesley (1798)
Reforms of Lord Cornwallis (1805)
Reforms of Lord Minto (1807)
Lord Hastings' administration of justice (1813)
Judicial reforms of Lord Bentick (1828)
Defects of the sYstems
Establishment of the High Courts
7
-
ur(tFF
The lndian High Courts Act 1861
Charter of Calcutta High Court
Allahbad High Court
The lndian High Courts Act 191 1
The Government of lndia Act 1915 : other High courts
Government of lndia Act 1935 : more high courts created
Jurisdiction of high courts
Posts constitutional developments
The Federal Court of India
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
gnits--
Foundation of the Federal Court
Jurisdiction
AuthoritY of law
ExPansion of Jurisdiction
r-unitg-5":-
.J33^
UGC Model Curriculum
8.5.
8.6.
9.
Abolition of the Federal Court
An assessment
a
urrrFF
Privy Council
9.1.
9.2.
Jurisdiction
Appeals from lndia
9.3.
A unique institution
10. The Supreme Court of India
10.1
.
ffifts-$'.
Origin
10.2.
Constitution
10.3.
Jurisdiction and powers
' 10.4.
10.5.
Doctrine of precedents and the Supreme Court
Recent changes
11.
Development of legislative authorities in India from 1g61-1935
unit${
12.
Growth of Crimlnal Law
$nits<
13.
Growth of personal Law of Hindus and Muslims
nFits-
14.
Charters Act 1833
r1nitsa
15.
Influence of English Law in
16.
Prerogative writs in
17.
Racial
18.
Growth of justice, equity and good
India
lndia
uftits_e*
units_2
discrimination
mitae_
conscience
units=a *
-;
_-L
I
5
{€
Law
Select Bibliography
Courtney llbert, Government of lndk (1962)
Courtney llbert, The Mechanics of Law Making (1914)
M.P.Jain, Constitutional Law of lndia (1987) Tripathi, Bombay
M.P.Jain, Outlines of Legal History (1998), Tripathi
M. Rama Jois, Legal and constitutional History of lndia (1984) (Two volumes)
A.B.Keith, Constitutional History of lndia 1600-1936 (1936)
Rankin.G.C. Background to Indian Law (1946)
V.D.Kulshreshtha's, Landmarks in Indian Legal History (1992), Eastern Lucknow.
Eric Stakes, The Engl;ish Utilitarians and lndia 1992), Oxford, Delhi.
,
,
,
History-M' P' Jain'
Outlines of lrrdian Le gal
History-D' V' D'
Irrdian Legal and Co'rstitutional
Kulshreshtha'
+i qfaqm-{r' fi' tr t
'o,.f,to fatur 91 iiiurfa+ <faqlt-i'
or'.o"io fals
i'
fc'no
t
- Pcper 4-Criminolos)' and Penology'
-
The Paper consists of Crirninology and Penology'
151'
Law
' EOI*.ffi,
CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
Objectives of the course
psychiatry in
The course is designed to acquaint students with advances made by sociology and
was confined
understanding human behaviour, particularly, deviant behaviour. In the past criminality
purpose behind criminality
to acts of violence or unlawful acts of commission or omission. Thus the
of crime has
in the past was to do acts of revenge or to commit it for personal gain. The concept
changed considerably in recent years. Unscrupulous members of society to indulge in anti-social
include
behaviour with impunity have devised sophisticated methods. The perpetrators of crime
to
persons in high places, public officials, public and private enterprise against whom it is difficult
procure conviction under the traditional criminal law process due to abuse of power or power of the
purse. Criminalgangs have come on the scene and indulge in offences such as smuggling, illegal
phenomenon
trafficking in drugs and bootlegging. Communaland cast warfare has been a recurring
in recent times and the enormity of suffering of innocent persons has necessitated re-examination
its prevention
of our pre-conceived notions regarding the causes of crime and the methcds used for
of crime'
and control. In view of the magnitude of the problem the existing machinery for control
namely the police and the courts have come under Severe criticism.
in order
Emphasis will be laid on understanding the weak and strong points of the existing system
to determine whether it can meet the challenge and carry new burdens' Much has been said
against capital punishment and imprisonment as methocls of preventing and control of crime'
Nevertheless these continue o be the backbone of the systern in India. Several alternatives such
regard'
as conditional release, parole and commutation of sentences have been suggested in this
The course shall dwell on these themes with a view to develop among students a greater
understanding of social costs of crime and the effective ways of lessening them'
Rehabilitation process is undoubtedly an important component of criminal justice system The
advances made in this respect in developed countries will be discussed to create awareness
among the students of the problems in the context of Indian conditions.
The following syllabus prepared with this perspective will comprise about 84 units of one hour
duration.
{58*
UGC Model Curriculum
Syllabus
1.
Dimensions of Crime in
uniisr'fiI\
1.'1.
1.2.
1.3.
Crimes of the powerful
1.3.1.
Organised crime - smuggling, traffic in narcotics.
1.3.2.
White collar crime - corruption in public life
1,3'3'
Socio-economic crime: adulteration of foods and drugs; fraudulent traoe practices.
1.3.4.
Crimes in the professions - medical, legal, engineering.
1.3.5.
Criminality by agencies of the state.
. 1.4.
2.
India
Nature and extent of crime in
General approaches to crime control.
Perpetrators of ordinary crime
1.4.1.
The situational criminal.
1.4.2.
The chronic offender.
1.4.3.
Criminality of women
1.4.4.
Young offenders
1.4.5.
Criminal gangs.
Causes of Criminal
2.1.
2'2.
India
Behaviour
gnifs-il ?
Nature of the problem : some unscientific theories
The constitutional School of Criminology - Lomborso and others (heredity and mental
retardation as causes of crime)
2.3.
2.4'
Sociologicaltheories Anomies
Modern sociologicaltheories - Sutherland's differential association theory: Reckless's
social vulnerable theory.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
Economic theories and their relevance.
Environment - home and community influences, urban and ruralcrimes.
The ghetto, broken homes, the effect of motion pictures, T.V. and video, press,
narcotics and alcohol.
t
-lEF-
2.8.
riots - their causes and
caste and community tensions : caste wars and communal
demora|isingeffects;atrocitieSagainstscheduledcadres.
2.g'Emotiona|disturbanceandotherpsycho|ogica|factors.
2.10.
3.
Multiple causation approach to crime'
ur*ttr#)-
Police and the criminal iustice
3.1.
The Police sYstem
g.2,Structura|organisationofpo|iceatthecentreandtheStates.
3.3.
3.4.
Mode of recruitment and training'
police acts' criminal Procedure code and
Powers and duties of police under the
other laws.
3.5.
3.6.
g].
imperatives'
Arrest, search and seizure and constitutional
Methods of police investigation
Third degree methods
3.8. CorruPtion in Police
3.9. Relationshipbetweenpoliceand'prosecution'
3.10. Liability of police for custodialviolence'
3.11. Police Public relations
g.12. Select aspects of National Police Commission
4.
report'
Punishment of Offenders
4.1.
Some discarded modes of punishment
4'1.1.Corpora|punishment:whippingandflogging:muti|ationandbranding
4.1.2.
TransPortation
4.1.3.
Publicexecution
4.2.
law
Punishments under the lndian criminal
4.2.1.
CaPitalPunishment
4.2.2.
lmPrisonment
ueiffi
UGC Model Curricutum
4.2.3.
Fine
4.2.4.
Cancellation or withdrawal of licences
4.3.
The prison system:
4.3.1.
Administrative organisation of prisons.
4.3.2.
Mode of recruitment and training
4.3.3.
.The Jail Manual.
4.3.4.
Powers of prison officials.
4.3.5.
Prisoners classification - male, female :juvenile and adult: undertrialand convicted
prisoners
4.3.6.
Constitutional imperatives and prison reforms
4.3.7.
Prison management: prisoners right and security compulsions.
4.3.8.
Open prisons
4.3.9.
Prison labour
4.3.10. Violation of prison code and its consequences.
4.4.
5.
,
Appraisal of imprisonment as a mode of punishment.
Treatment of Correction of Offenders
u*iHs
5.1.
The need for reformation and rehabiritation of offenders undergoing
punishmenV
imprisonment.
5.2.
classification of offenders through modern diagnostic techniques.
5.3.
The role of psychiatrists, psychoanalysts and social workers
in the prison.
5.4.
Vocational and religious education, and apprenticeship programmes
for the
otfenders.
5.5.
Group counselling and re-socialisation programmes.
5.6.
Prisoners organisations for self-government.
5.7.
Participation of inmates in community services.
5.8.
An appraisal of reformative techniques.
_r&ts
s.9.
Efficacy of imprisonment as a measure to combat criminality and the search for
substitutes
unffit
Re-socialisation processes
6.
-
6.1.
Parole:
6.1.1.
Nature of parole.
6.1.2.
Authority for granting parole.
6.1.3.
Superuision of parolees.
6.1.4.
Parole and conditional release.
6.2.
Release of the offender:
6.2.1.
Problems of the released offender.
6.2.2.
Attitudes of the community towards released offender.
6.2.3.
Prisoner aid societies and other voluntary orqanisations.
6.2.4.
Governmental action.
6.2.5.
(. ases
--
(a)
(b)
An appraisal.
Sunil Ba!ra Vs. I)clhi Administration (AlR
i9;1
l87l) (Iron
prison).
' (c) Altolncv
Select Bibliography
(rl
)
Gcutvlrl trl' lntji;r Vs. l-uctinta l)cvi t \. ii.i
l9tt6 SLr ;167) (Sentcne.
"i rjrull.'io,,g,ngl.
Ilaya Singh Vs. Inttii, (AIR
199 I SC J jis).
(Corrtnrrrtation ol' dc.rlir .crrrc,,cc). -
Katherine S Wrlliams. Iexl Book on Criminology (1997), Blackstone, Lorruurl
Loveland, The Frontiers of Criminality (1995), Sweet & Maxwell.
Martin Wasik, Emmins on Sentencing(1998), Blackstone, London.
Hall, J. Law, Socral Science and Criminal Theory (1982).
Manheim, H. Comparative Criminology: A Text Book (1965).
Ross, H. (Lawrence Ed.) Law and Deviance (1981).
Sutherland, E. and Cressy, Principles of Criminology (1978)
Criminolog-v & penology_N. V. pranjpe
(CLA)
Criminology & penology.-Gcsrr.ami
felnj
(a{ qqlifs*
r:ii. qz. n-. i
i i:o]T*]
'i
;aTzr
ryrr{r;r q{. ar. clrq+
I
I
x
,
:J
I
4 -:T{rErvrr€?-eTao ({.
ar. *r..1
1-T1i?rerirt-a16lt (;r) n- t!
:
,
d
I
SC
Fetters in
Dharamvir Vs. Utrar pardesh Statc (AIR
tgig SC
1595 (Parote).