,
I
lr
COURSES OF SI'I-IDIES
'
tH
U.,tttst Year
:
l-Contralt
-
papa:,r
(,
""
It
First Sctncster
.,
(Getrera.l,l'ri'nciplc o'[ CQrirrat:!-'Scclioris'
I
#*u,19:; ::t'
l;
bilt
J'ii
"1[$
n':'i'; l"ji"
^
"
I 87 2
,
..]j.u,"-:::,;::;,-"
rroljawn
ac.,.es in"'""'"
a variegr of
to crusr< makes
ui::'
with the increasins
contract
contracts' Man's
li'l' #
::::;::jn:::ll;'
'u":J:;;;;;n.
lj
no'
if the law did
'.Wea|th, in acommercial
"wet
be irnpossible
*o,'o
observation:
' modern society
celebrated
-i^rrr
pound to make his
"prcimissou" society'
a
prompted Roscoe
arso
This
is
rndia
person.
ro this sense
promises,,.
of
up largery
age, is made
makins
.
contract rrraliing
l'.':'!:l.\..i.l]1',i,liil.lr,li:l.-,i,i.'.;tiorti;vlltt':1:tv.,c!liliSiji)l.l.i1C...]lil..ii
bargain lor the
best
strike
ie€waY to
consl(lefable
g l ate
tte d to re u
pe
r
""o : "-'',':.:^:f
m
of
rhe conrours
the shme
necessarilv be
cannot
tncia
;lJ: il :}:,1,*:
..i.
e*-
;H:" :"::":
::j:::::::::::j:
f
:,,"]:* ::
society' whatever
contrac*ttt::1'::::,^
j:
|ll il \."i.ti i'':,7
|)i:t$rj|l;;,
an indep.renorrn,
lndian
uno developing
in that
as are obtained
e
n'indi a ihe s
re'!
a'iu
basi:
re ra an c
t"tllt*
::::::,"j.**ations,i
:"r'.i ff
;::5::::i'.
i*
;
parameters of
generalprinciplesarestatutis"ointt,..formoithelndianConii.act.Ac|1972'
operational
and
with the conceptuat
student
a
designed to acquaint
Trris course is
relations
principles of contractual
the
Analysis of
tlrese various ;;;";;t
contracts'
of
o{ the the raw
lorms a
important aspect
an
is
enforcement
of
of contract
the methods
s'ecific enforoement
enforced and
t
tliat qan ou ,o".,,,raty
conrracts
ai
ki.ds
of this
sigrrilicant segment
study'
of one-hour
^ of
^{ ah
about 84 units
comprise
wit
with this perspective
prepared
sy*abus
The torowing
duratton'
SYllabus
--/
CrrSes.(a) c
(b)
a
rr ir
r
v,.
t@L
,-''/
9:l!:I;,.t'll:,|i :il, i
'Jt".li'1il=:*
ill'u.o^"i
"'
r'"'r'
(r
(I
8e
i' l-Q' r'
"€
e03-30-I A'
DY
114) (Agreement
*
" Av';r
o
r
(c)
il't..t"fi iatl J;:,,ff-'ili"'"'ii''.''
(d)
\,i;;..r".%i"rb'lli,."'i;Yiiffi 'llil',,'l'ii""'(o'o
:i
1t$. 3 ?t!'ffi I :[ x'" ::x:"
s{l,T;11,,:l:iffi
(e)
Contrrct)'
\
i).
\
V
:.: --1,r*:'J:.:-.":':"-::^'-l"
l -"j
- ---r-;'
r-'-r'li'"t
3.
Proposa|andacceptance-therrvariouSforms,essentialelements,commUn|cation
iendersfor proposal- floating offersin'riiattons
and
proposal
and revocattondumPrng of gooc!s'
i.J
Consideration-ttsneed,meaning,kinds,essentiale|ements-nudumpactuln
of consideration-
1A
l.+
its exceptions- adequacy
privity of contract and of consideration-
present,pastandadequateconsideration.un|aw{u|considerationanditse{fects.
of
evaluation of the doctrine
considerationon
lndia
of
views of Law commission
consideration.
t:
\'f,
'
Capacity to contract- meaning-
and mental
city arising out of status
incapa'
deJect-
a mtnoraccessorlel s supplied to
'minor'of
definition
minor's agreements'
in cases
a minor'affirmation- restitution
beneficial and detrimgf;tal to
1.5.
:l
agreements
behalf of a minor-minor- agreements made on
a
by
fraud
agreementsof minor,s
minor,sagreementsandestoppel-evaIuationoftheIawreIatingtor.nirror's
of rncanacity to'contract'
agreements- other illusirations
{actors vitiating free consent'
Free consent- lts need and definition'
rllus:r'attc;ns
I
duress and coercion- various
elementsessential
Coercion- definitionduress- effect of coercion
of coercion- doctrtne of economic
parties cari ri exrst'i
elements- between which
essentiar
derinitionundue Infrr.rence-
1.6.
1
:,/' -
.6.1
1.6.2.
Whoistoproveit?'|lIustrationsofundueinfluence.independentadvice.
-i
pardahanadhinwomen-ujnconscionablebargains.ef{ectofundueinf|uence.
of faci- the'' effects
- misrep.resentation of law ancj
definition
Misrepresentation
1.6.3.
and rllustratron.
j-
1.6.4.
Fraud - definition - essential
silence amounts to fraud?
1.6.5.
LegalitY o{ objects
11
ll
1.,
I
{.
A'r
\
\i
of faci -'therr
error - mistake of law and
{undamental
kindsMistake - definitron
does it not Vi:|aie Iree
vit!atc tr,oe conseni and when
rnistake
.
a
cJoes
wlren
effects
consent?
9
I
veri - when doe's
elements'suggestion falsi-suppresio
truth - impodance of inlention'
Active- concealment of
I
unla''vf trl ccnsiderations'
Void agreements . iarvful and
and their effects'
illegal and unlawful agreements
and obiects - voidll;cidable'
il.
X
:
i^-
UGC Modet Curricutirn
-
F
-t
m
)
and obiects
Urrlatt'f ul c(rilsiclerations
Forbitjderr i-ry iatv
any iaw
Deleating ilrc provisron ol
a.
Frauduletit
Itrlurtotrs lo
l-)r-'rr'Sc)ll
rJf l)rt)perty
lmmoral
Agairrst Pr-rtrlic PolicY
Void
:iir'
Agreements:
Agreements without consideration
6-\.
marrlage
Agreements in restraint of
Agreementsinrestraintoftrade-itsexceptions.Saleofgoodwili,s'ection11
restrictions,underthepartnershipAct,tradecombinations,exc|usivedea|ing
ol service'
employees under agreements
on
restraints
agreements,
its exceptions'
restraint o{ legal proceedingsin
Agreernerrts
3.4.
1.7
U
ttcenain ilgreerllerlts
r z?A
exception'
Wagerrrlg aqreernerlt rts
'1
its various modes'
Discharge ol a contract arlc]
Q
1R1
Byperiortrrance-Conditiollso{r,a|idtendero{perlorrnance.Ho!v?BywhomrWherei
When?|nwnatrnanner?PerJcrrlanceolreciproca|promises-timeasessenceoi
contract
1.8.2.
and present breach'
By breach - anticiparory breach
1.8,3.Impossibiliryo|periorma|]ce-speciticgroundsoflrustration.app|icationto|eases.
theor.esoffrustration.eftectoffrustration.|rustrationandrestitution.
1.8.4.
By period ol
limitatror
l.B.5.Byzigreerrletit'resctsstt.ttrartdaiteration:n"l:ef{ect-rernissioea
and satis{action'
extensiott ol trme- accord
ce- extu
"
performance
" ',';,;nrr( ros,rT'lblinq tt
lt}'()ttitl;t-utlttItltuIs()|t.:0|ti.trtttelutiorlsr0sernbIingtlrose.0reatedbycol'
1c.,,.
1.10
t^\
relalions:
Remedres in contrac"uai
n0
.,.
ttraci
,.r,.,i. ,,.
'\
@
.l
.
10.1
.
.iO.2.
f
of damages
Di.lrrrirgeS-kincjs-remoteness of rJarnages- ascertainment
Why?
Inlurrctton- when q'ranted and whorr refused,..1
1
.10.3.
-- ---i;
Ref und and restitution
ir,
1.10.4.
2.
ryr
Specific pedormance- When? Why?
ti
t
ry*ts#g
Government as a Contracting PartY
:l
il
ot
lo contract- procedural requirements'kinds
constitutional provisions - government power
of such contracts- settlernents of
government contracts- their uSual clauses- performance
-
6i
2
disputes and remedies'
,rU.
't
3.
Standard Form
u{@
Contracts
i
.ni
\.t
s!
ts
j
I
Nature,advantages-uni|atera|charactor,principiesofprotectionagainstthepossibi|ityoi
two
exemption clauses - clash between
exploitation- judicial approach to such contractsIndia's vielvs
standard form contracts- Law Commissron of
Y
.1
I
.
4.
5.
-2
Multi-national Agreement
obligations
Strategies and constraints to enforce contractual
rf{ffi
-. - I
uniteS-
q1
Judicial methods- redressal forunr' remeoles
5.2.
Nyaya Panchayat and other such non
Other methods like arbitration, Lok Adalat'
formal methods
5.3.
disputes
Systemic constraints in settling contractual
5.J. r.
delay'
Court fees, service of summons, injunctions'
,
I
-1'.:l
.5r+, t.
't
a
.:
t
i
n
b.
Specif ic relief
6.1
.
c
_
{t::
Units 10
Specific Per{ormance of contract
lJ. l.l.
Contract that can be specifically errforced
6.1 .2.
can be oredered
Persons against whom specific enforcement
6.2.
Rescission and cancellation
6.3.
Injunctton
o.J. t.
Temporary
.a *-]_* *-aqi
6
UGC Model Cwrlculum
3'
6.3.2.
PerPetual
6.4.
Declaratorli orderS
6.5.
Discretion and powers of court
Select bibliograPhY
Beatsen (ed.),
/nson's Law of Contract (27th ed' 1998)
P.S.AtiYa, lntroduction
Avtar Singh , Law
of
to the Law of Contract
1992 reprint (Claredon Law Series)
Contract (2000) Eastern' Luct<now
with Butterworths
Furmston, Law of contract(19921E'LBS
G.C.Cheshire, and H.s.Filoot and M.PM. Krishnan Nair, Law of Contracts, (1998)
G.H. Treitel
, Law of Contract,
Sweet & Maxwell (1997 Reprint)
Retief Act(1999)'
the lndian contract and the specific
R.K.Abichandani,(ed.), Poltock and Mutla on
Tripathi
Banerjee. S.C, Law
ot
Specific Relief(1998)' Universal
Anson, Law of Contract (1998), Universal
D.utt ort Cotilract (2000)' Universal
Anand and Aiyer, Law
of
Specific Retief ].1999)' Universal
a--7--
[:
6
ir
I
t/t.
t't
, Paper 2--Cotttr'; i-ll (li:,i ttrt.(lttrttrtti.! ..1, t..ri,tit: tti' (i,i,,i i,'/r9"..jt
-.r
('1t11!1s111.t)
..-i,.r.-? ,i,.. tltll t;t"r r ''iltr ' , t .'
. ll, ir.r1,.r'.,,rr.,i,,{s {}i',lll(liirrr Ct,nrr:rct Act, iSi.l r:'r.'(. tiou l?4 lo ljS) Sllc ot Goods r\cr, l9j0 arrd Intliari i, .tl't'
. aership Act, l9.l:.
{
'ARTNERSHIP
i coNTRACrs)
Objectives
of tne course
with the general principles
This course is to be taught after the students have been made familiar
the basic essentials of a
of contract in which the emphases is on understanding and appreciating
valid contract and
,62
t/-''
on the existence of contractual relationship in various instances. obviously' a
kinds of contracts with emphasis
course on special contracts should initiate the studentsto different
justification for
on the intricacies therein. This course also should provide an insight into the
special statutory provisions for certain kinds of contracts.
The paper comprises of about 84 urrits of one hour duration.
Syllabus
.uaifrpA
@+ilffi
&
Case.- -
(;r) I. D. (-orirn. ci. l\l;rhnrasl_rtra Vs.
Nagf rrr Stecl &
u ic,r.r, ?L .on iiiioo
-ii
i),1,,!1,, :. ) l. .,1'lil i ll,l l,r.
l
.s
_
1
(b) n,,,,i,,,,, i.l",l,fi:'fi:lii'(unrar
(ArR res5 sc 1628)
(Esseirr i:rls ol. Irarrrrcr.sti'ipj. -'
(c) l_oonk;rriir. Scthia \s. Iv:rn E. John (AIR
1977 SC
-t.rg) ( iie;:istr.at ion of fir"rs)]
*l*,
|
.
,
1.8.
(d) Songr,.rrer,p,lt* Flour Miits Vs. FCI
(AIR
(funpticrt r\ uthority oi"pu.tn"rr).- ---- 1992SC
_ 1S Il
Docurnents/agreementsoflndemnity
1.9. . Nature of incieninity
clauses.
1'10.Indemnityincasesof|nternationa|transactions
1'11'lndemnitybygovernmentsduringinterstatetransactions.
6..r
.*
t:
v
I
I
I
T
&
l
UGC Modet Curricuium
t
T
..\
2.
I
un{F'f
t
{)G-r
Guarantee
The concePt'
t.
l.
indemnit!'
2.3.
{rom
as distinguished
Deiinitio,., o{ guarantee:
contract'
a valid guarantee
Basic essentials tor
L.,.|
^A
TheplaceofconsiderationancJthecritgria|orascertainingtheexistenceof
guarantee contracts'
consideration in
Positionolminorandvalidityolguaranteewhenminor'istheprincipa|debtor,creditor
2.5
or suretY'
'z.o
Corrtinuing guaranlee'
2.6.1.'
liabilitY
Nature ot suretY's
of such liability
Duration and termrnation
guarantee'
of existence of continuing
situations
Itlustrative
guarantees'
of continuing
Creation and identification
guarantee transactions
as instances ol
guarantees
bank
Leil.ers of credit and
2.6.2.
2.7.
2.7.1
2.8.
Rights of suretY:
oo
2.9.1.
2.9.2.
2.10
:t
11
Bailment
3.1.1.
in day
bailment contracls
ldentitication of
of such contracts
Manner of creation
3.2,
of barlment contracts
Commercial utitrty
3.3
Detinition of bailment
3.4.
Kinds of bailees
a
J.
t,**
liabilitY'
Extent o{ suretY's
liabilitv'
Discharge o{ suretv's
.1)
J.
in th6 eYe of law
Position of suretY
to protect the surety'
interpretations
juclicial
Various
liabilities and rights'
shaftng
of
manner
Co'suretY and
''l
r.
w@
today life'
e
, *'':'r.!
't
*.r
: 'Ftr:
:
.. t
.l*-:-
v
{)rtttrls of Batlor (irld Bttiltle tt-lwarcjs each ()tlier
J.O.
Rights of bailor and bailee
J./.
Finder of goods as a bailee.
^14
J./.1.
Liability towar:ds the true owner.
3.7.2.
Obligation to keeo the goods safe
6-6
Right to dispose off the goods.
J. /.J.
.,o4.
.,
I
rt
-j
4.1
.
Pledge: comparison with batlment
4.2.
Commercial utility of pledge transactions
4.3.
Definition of pledge under the Indian contract Act
4.4.
for the same
Other statutory regulatiotts(Sfate & Centre)regarding pledge, reasons
4.5.
Rights of tlre Pawner ancl Pawnee.
4.5.1.
Pownee's right of sale as compared to that of an ordinary Failee
4.6.
Pledge by certain specified persons mentioned in the Indian Contract Act'
-g{+it€#
Agency
5.
..Yt
loits<
Pledge
J.
in the
ldentification of different krrrds of agency lransaclions in day to daY life
l
commercial
worlcJ
'J.2.
Kinds of agents ;trtd agenctes.
5.2.1.
Distinction between agent and servant.
5:3.
Esserttials of a agency transaction
5.4.
Various methods of creation of agency
5.5.
Delegation
5.6.
Duties and rights of agent
5.:
SOope and extent of agent's authority.
.
5.8.
'
tort of the
Liability of the principal for acts of the agent includirrg-misconduct hnd
agent
:ii.
.t
1i.
.'t,*,9
a
2*
UGC Model Curriculum
is
Lrability oi t;rc agent tr:wards the principal.
5.1 0.
Personai liability towards the parties
Methods of termination of agency contract
.5.1'1.
5.1 1 .'t
6.
.
Liability of tlre principal and agent before and after such termination.
t dE42
Sale of Goods
6.1.
Concept of sale as a
6.2.
lllustrative instances of sale of goods and the nature of such contracts.
6.3.
Essentials of contract of sale
6.4.
Essentiat conditions in every contract
6.5.,
6.6.
lmplied terms
contract
:
,ut"
contract of sale
The rule of caveat emptor and the exceptions thereto under the Sale of Goods Act.
6.7.
6,8.
6.9.
Transfer of tiile and passing of risk
6.10.
Delivery of goods: various rules regarding delivery of goods
6.1
1
.
6.1.2.
T.
in
if
Changing concept of caveat emptor
Effect and meaning of implied warranties in a s-ale
Unpaid selter and his rights
Remedies for breach of contract
Partnership
7.1
7
.
'2.
Nature of partnership. detinition
Distinct aclvantages and disadvantages vis-i-vis partnership and private limitec
compnay
Mutual relationship between partners
Authority of partners
Admission of partners,
Outgoing of partners.
r-4.
lgElrf,?f,lsgnsalF.?:::'GlEGEerEa1|FnrrrFri,'ir
---
i'
.lI
t'
t_
{
I
Hegistration of Pa rlrt,r r::ttifr
!
I
{
Dissblution of Partnershio,)
7.8.
8.
\t.\,
\
-t '--J
+t#P-
Negotiable Instruments
B.r
The concept
o.z
Various kincjs
6s
Essential requirements to make un
8.4.
Competent parties for making and negotiation
8.5.
Acceptance of the instrument
8.6.
Dishonour by non acceptance and remedies available to the holder
8.7,
Holder and hotder in due course: meaning, essential conditions rights and privileges
inrtrrrent negotiable.
of holder in course and indorsee from the holder in due course.
8.8.
Negotiation of ihe insirument
8.9,
Presentment cf the instrument.
8.1 0.
Cheques: rulel; regarding payment of cheque
8.1 0.1
.
8.10.2.
Liability of the collecting banker and paying banker.
Dishonour ol cneque and its effect.
{q,
/-r'a
8.10.3.
Discharge from liabilitl,,
8.11.
Kinds of bills
8.12.
Evidence
I
8.1 2.1
.
Special rules of evidence regarding negotiable instruments
Select bibliography.
R.K.Abhichandani (ed.), Polloek and Mulla on Contracts and Specific Retief Acts (1999) Tripathi,
Bombay
Avtai Singh, Contract Acf (2000), Eastern, Lucknow.
<*+:r-:--i-
r-'
,
.
4
r1
tt
'
nttrlrt/ (l'rttri tilrrnt
tlt;t
30-
Orient
Krishnan Nair, Lar'r' of Conltacl'(1999)
AvtarSingh,Prini'-it.t|esoir/.}t.Lawofsaie,lfGoclcJsandHirePurchase(1998),Eastern,Lucknow
House
lndia(1999), orient Law
in
Partnership
of
Law
ljupta , The
J.P.Verma (eci.), Sirigh and
-;
New Delhi
Sa/e
A. G. Guest (ed'), Beniamins
of Goods(1992)'
Sweet & N4axwell'
A||ahabad
Act(1995), Bharath,
lnstruments
Negotiabte
The
Bhashyam and Adrga,
/r,
M'SParthasarathy(ed.),J.S'Khergamva|a,TheNegotiabtelnstrumentsAct
Law
Beatson (ed.), Ansons'
of
:rri
London
Contract' (1998)' Oxford'
Saharay,h.k.,lndianPartnershipandSateofGoodsAct(2000)'Universal
Ramnainga,TheSatesofGoodsAct(1998)'Universal
x!
}l.
o
jr l
IA
.)-
?q
. LJI
ii'
,,ffi4
..1
T,RT
AND
co*sLJMER PRoTECTtoN LAws
Obiectives of the course
industrial units
used against manufacturers and
with rapid industrialization, tort aclion came to be
forproductsinjurioustohumanbeings'Presenlly'theemphasisisonextendingtheprinciplesnot
that are continuously
tO failure to cornply wifh standards
only to a<;ts, which are harmful, but also
is now assuming a new
and technology' Product liability
changing due to advancenrent in science
dimer-ision In developed economtcs'
'rt
added
good*and services, the law of torts has an
the rnoder. era of consumer concern of
lt operates in disputes
ilre emerging raw of consumer protection.
signif icance with this forage into
areas relating to
and seruices rendered and in those
rerating to the quarity of goods suppried
rying scattered in myriad
raw rerating to consumer protection,
damage suffered by consumers. The
the human rights
judicialdecisions in India' so connected with
prouirion, of various legislation ancl
indispensable part of
a core subject to be taught as an
now
has
environment,
and
rife
for a hearilry
r,.'
a sociallY relevant curriculum'
TheBCIproposedacombinationof|aws<'lftortsandconsumerprotecrionasasing|epaper.The
syllabus is prepareci with this perspectlve'
.lollor,vrng
,:'
units of one hour
perspective wrll comprise o{ about 84
this
prepared,with
syllabtjs
l-rre,foilor,vrng
duralloll.
Syllabus
..:1:.
Cases-(a)
(.ttiiidft
of Delhi
l962 SC
of \ajasthan.,Vs' Vidya^nati.(AIIL
!-ri 1l'icariotrs Lirrbility of the Statc)' .;Jil
m",t f tti'",.t,, !}'il.S;:i::
_;,it
& \'icariusliablitY)'
Pathak
Giria Prasad Sharma Vqticio.Uma-shanker
io n)'
secut
ro
P
s
u
i" ?'si' l\'r"l
i" l'ri r'g iT
(b) State
t
r.:
)o
(d)
(e)
2.1.
tH*lsl
Soltagrvanti
.\''s''
Ioquitur)'.
lpsa
s-C'iz'or (Res
N1,,,ti"il''al Corl''oratilT
;f il
ii
Manjulabeu Parnrar Vs'
t-lC
case
- uncodified character-
@.
(CPJ 1992 NC 101)'
peoPle
by law"Juty which is o"r'ed to
duty
imposed
of
violation
actA wrongtui
arrcl irriuria sine damnum'
generally (rn rern) - danlnum sine injuria
$.
rt
t3
I,JGC Model Curriculum
3:'
1
11
.
bre3'clr ol contract
{rortr crime and
clistinguished
Tort
1 i2.
1
The concept of unliquidated
.13.
1
.14.
'
damages'
people
of duties ow ed to
character
: exparrtling
<'ll law o{ tor-ts
Charrgirrg scope
modern society
complexities of
gjenerally due to
by payment
redressal of wronE ls
conduct'
standards of human
Objects- prescribing
conduct b'y iniunction'
proscribing unlawlul
of compensation'
);ffi
in Torts
PrinciPles of LiabilitY
3.
4.
3.1.
Fault:
3.1.1'
Wrongful intent
3'1.2'
Negligence
g.2-
LiabilitY without {ault
3.3.
3.4,
3'5.
Violation of ethicalcQdes
Fl"!f
Statutory liabilitY:
in torts
Place of motive
sffi
JPstification in Tort
4'1' Volenti non fit iniuria
4.2' NecessitY' Private and Public
' 4.3. Plaintiff's detault '
4.4. Act of God
4.5 lnevitable accident
4.6 Private detense
Statutory authoritY
4'7 '
4'B' Judicial and quasi-iudicialacts
.
authority
4.9' Parental and quasi-parental
F:-
"..
tl
F
*t:;
.a
.',
r+*!;,*s1.j.i
-.r *, 6a$*f.F,itqqit\,g$
,<l!rrd'tq''1.lG€-*-l_-
-
.i::-*.+'
Fa' *tgg:rigl#rFn8!D@t'a'E@r-'
14
5.
Extinguishment of liability in certain silttattorts
unitg:Z
Actio personalis moritur cum persona - exceptions
5.1.
5.2.
Waiver and acquiescerlce
Release
Accord arrd satisfaction
5.4.
Limitation
-gr*its=f
I
.i
Standing
6.
6.1.
action group
Who may sue - aggrieved individual - class action social
6.2,
6.3.
groups
Statutes granting standing to certain palsorrs or
Who maY not be sueci
?
7.
Doctrineofsovereignimmunityanditsrelevanceinlrrdia
8.
Vicarious LiabilitY
8.1
.
tn*iffi
tndts='-
Basis, scope and justification
8.1 .1
.
ExPress auttrorization
8.1 .1
.
Ratification
8.1.2.
Abetment
8.2.
g.2.1.
SPeciat RelatiorrslliPs:
of employment - who is master?
Master and servant - arising out of and in the course
-thecontroltest-rvhoisservant?-borrowedservant-independentcontractorand
servant, distinguished
8.2.2.
PrinciPal and agent
o
8.2.3.
9.
ry6-
!
Corporation and principal officer
Torts against persons and personal relatlons
9.1.
Assault, battery, maYhent
s)'2
False imPrisonment
-r"+-.-..--r.;*-!
rri$F
o
tg
,:\i'
UGC Moclal Cut ncttlut
tr
relatirtg to privileg6s
De{ittttlttir'ltr' libel, slartrcler inolucling law
9.3.
9.4.N4arrlaIteIatiorrs'ciornesticre|ations'parentaIre|ations,masterarrdseruantre|atibns
10.
11.
9.5.
Malicrous Prosecution
9.6.
g.7.
Shortened expectation of life
Nervous shock
JrrT+F
Wrongs affecting ProPerty
10.1.
Trespass to lanri, trespass ab initio' dispossession
10.2.
conversion
Movable property- trespass to goods' detinue'
10.3.
falsehood' misstatements' passing off
Torts against business interests - injurious
urdt#
Negligence
11
.
.1 .'1
.1
11
t,,
\\
Basic corrcepts
Theories of negligence
11.1.2.'Starrdardsofcare..dutvtotakecare,care|essness,inadvertence
1 1 .1
.3.
Doctrine of contributory negligence
11.1.4. Res ipsa loquitor and its importance
11.2.
.3
11
11
.4.
Lialrility due to negligence
:
in contemporary law
different professionals
Liability.of comtnon carriers for negligence
h,ouses
of rnanuf acturers and business
Product Iiabilrty due to rregIigerlce : tiabiIity
for the'lr Producls
12.
umiF2.
Nuisance
12.1.
r
12.2
13.
Detrnition. esscntials and types
of highwaYs, Pgllution'of air, water
Acts wlrich constitute nuisance- obstructions
light and air
noise, anrj intertr:rence
"vith
xrdlg
Absolute/Strict liabilitY
13.1. The rule in Rylands v' Fletcher
19.2. Liability for harm caused by inherently
dangerous industries
Ot*'*
*-].*"r--.*,*8f,
rfJ$ilii.t {sdrc$
1,#.'ui+ts"luirlLixffii*iw
"
llt
:rlwQni!
"
frr
,6
"
i- .']
-
Legal remedies
14.1
14
.
1.1.
1
$
wiW
lv
14.
il
Legal remedies:
Award ol damages- simple' specral' punrtive
ib..
14.i
2.
Remoteness ol clamage- foreseeabilrtv and directness
14.1
.3.
Injunction
14.1.4. Specific restitution of property
14.2.Extra.|ega|remedies-self.he|p're,.entryonland,re-caption
-q-
'.y
of goods, distress
damage feasant and abatment of nuisance'
l5.Consumermovements:historicalperspectives
.
15.2.
15.1
vft+tfla
a
Common law protection: conlract and torts
drugs .and cosmetics
cOnSUmerism in .lndia: food adulteration'
'
essential
Commodities
l5.2.LCriminalsanction:Saleofnoxiousancjadulteratedsubstances'falseweightsand
measures. Use of unsafe carriers
16.
Consumer, the concePt
16.1
r't)
General PersPectives
l6.2.Statutoryandgovernmentservices'tobeinc|udedornot?
16.2.
Act 1986 (CPA)
Definition and scope: the consumer Protection
16.3.1. Who is not a consumer?
17.
t@
Unfair Trade Practices
17.1. Misleading and false advertising
ll.Z. Unsafe and hazardous products
17.3. DisParagingcomPetitors
iIl
lif
,lJ
r;l
lT.4,Businessethicsandbusinessseif.regulatton
17.5.
iil
kt
lrl
Falsification of trade marks'
Y--$'::-.i'--'---':
rt
/
17.
,
t
)GC Moctet
Ctt
rr
Gu l uti'
vatt*12
3p-
18.
Consumer of goods
in goods
1ti.l tr'4eaning of clefects
quality' quantity and potency
18.2. Standards ot purity'
goods'
engineering and electrical
drugs'
and
food
lB.2.L Statutes:
ri;"
'
19.
o{ courts
18.2'2' Common law: decision
1B'3'
Price control
18.3.1'
Administrative fixation
18.3.2'
ComPetitive market
18.4.
of goods
Supply and distribution
!;'
tffi
commodities
Supply of essential
'
19.2'
19'1
QualitY control
hire purchase law
Sale of goods and
lg.3.Prescribingstandardsolquality.B|sandAgmark,Essentia|commodities|aw'
@
2A. Consumer SafetY
2o,l.Starting,distributionandhandlingofunsafearidhazarQousproducts.
20.2.
21.
poisonous subsiances
pesticides and other
Insecticides and
@
Service
21.1'
DeficiencY - meaning
21.2.
Professionalserutces
21.2.1' Medical
b-_
Ser"uices
negligence
21.2'2' How to determine
21-2.3' Violation of statute
'21.2.4.
rights
violation of human
Denial of medical service'
2'1.2'5'Lawyeringservices:duty-towards'courtandduty-to-clientdilemma'
and misconduct'
corrfidentiality' negligence
break ol
;il
1r.
18"
,t,
'I
i'
,!
'',i
i{,
ii,
,i
r!
t.
?F
I
lfrl
.i
21.3.
21 .3. .
1
21
3.2.
il''
Public Utilities
'l
ri
:i
SuPPIY of electricttY
f
i
.
Teleconlnrunication and postal services
tir.
t,
,ri
.l
21.3.3.
:t,
Housing
,i
'l*
21.3.4. Banking
-,
22,
'h'
.!!
amiis#-
Commercial services
lt.
f,
--.
f:
il'
:N.
,a
22.1.
'22.2.
'
. 22.g.
2g.
|,
i
Hiring
:i
l!..
Financing
I
ii
,i
Agency services
uffi
rights
Enforcement of consuiner
fr
:iir
f,
ii
it'
:t'
:
23.1'ConsumerforaunderCPA:lurisdiction,powersandfunctions
,
ii'
r"
23.1.1. Executron of orders
iE
L
l'
4
23.1.2'
Judicial revrew
23.2.
PIL
23.3.
Class
23.4.
2? 5
Remedies:
t
t't.
*
1l
fr
action
{:
*
ii
H-.
il
:i
I
il,
Administrative remedies
ll:
l:
ri
I
i).
.r.
K
Select bibliograPhY
I
of Torts(20od) universal, Delhi'
salmond and Heusto n -.on the Law
d
ii
li
!l
ti
Kamal' Calcutta'
D.D.Basir, The Law of Toris (1982)'
|i
II
ii
iii
Eastern' Lucknow
O.M.Gandhi, Law of Tori (1987)'
ii
ili
tl
i'.S.Achuthan Pillai, The taw
of
Tott(1994) Eastern' Luclinow
Torts (1997)' Universal' Dolhi'
Ratanlal & Dhirailal, The Law of
.
.
li;
i..'
Iti
h)
!rt
n'.
li'
J!l
iit
,tl
fii
't:l
iFl
iil
tu
fr
t
,
{-
5F:'
ts.
sP
tJ G
C Model Cu r riculuttt
Winfield anci JolowrT 6si Iatrt(1999), Sweet anci Maxweli, Londorr,
Saraf. D.N.,
Lar^,,
of Consun'ter Preotectictn rn lnclia (1995), Tripaff,i, Aornbuy
Avtar Sirrgl't,'Tlte !-an, t:f Corrsurner lrrotection: Principles and Practice (2000), Eastern Book Co.,
Lucknow
J.N.Barowalia, Cornmentary on Consurner Protection Act 1986 (2000), Universal, Delhi,
P.K.Majundar, The Law of Consumer Protection tn tndia (1998), Orient Publishing Co. New Delhi.
R.M. Vats, Consumer and the Law (1994), Universal, Delhi
"1
-t
I
i
I
l*'I
.-Paper
4-Lu*
o-f
crir:c.t. ,
,.: 'l.r li,,ii;s;r 1r-,,.,,
Cotle, Ig60.
LAvv L)r- t,r r""'
atA
:---/
I
tG( ;
fuir.lol Curnattltrirt
c-,-rn:isr.s
_]."t^n"::r
" E8;f#7
Otsjectives of the oo('rl litl
A proper understanding bf crrmes'
cirirrtl*r.i vi:rv ri plicily since lrrclelrendence.
is
and poriticar reasorrs for therr existt:nce
rnethods of co.trorirrg trrcr,;rrrir tirc socio'econornic
to use their
of India,s development, if students are
now extreme|y importanl ln iltr.: |trrger Context
here attempts to
just and humane society". The curricurum outrinecl
knowredge arrd skirs to brrirci a
l.lre lrrcji'' society
hers
bring in these new Persoectives'
84 Units of one hour duration'
The following syllabus will comprise of about
\
E
Syllabus LCases- ,F
(a)
Morargi Vs. Stare of Gujrat (AIR- '1980
-,ji Uriivj.
(b) fulwaqtra-iVs. State of punjab (AIR 1982 SC 126)
(Culpable homicide not anodntirig to murdiri. ---'
(c) Paras Ram Vs. State of punjab (l9gl-2_SCC 508)
(Act of 4 person of unsoundrnind).
(d) Rex Vs. Govinda (ILR-l-tsOM 342) (Cutpable
homicide).
(e) K.M. Nanavati Vs. State of Mal^arastra (AIR
1962
-- --:
SC 605) (Grave and suddcn provocation).
,e
2.
un*s#
I-og_e_lgra
SC 660). (Right of private defence
,Muslim and
;
1.3.
1.4.
punish crime'
State's resporrsibility to detect' control and
1.5.
1.6.
values'
IPC : a ref lectron of differenf social and moral
APP|icabilitY of
1.6.1.
Territorial
1.6.2.
Personal
1.7.
Salient features of the I'P'C
Distinction between crime and other wrongs'
l'P'C'
Elements of criminal liabi{itY
2.1.
o
2.2.
tribal taw.
.udlg
person
Author of crime - natural and legal
Men rea - evil intention
}l
i,
@
,21
g
2
3.
.3.
llrportance of rlrf
rli
rc'a
2 1.
Recent trends to frx liabiiity without mens rea in certain socio-economic offences'
2.5.
Act in turtherartce ol guiity tntent
2.6.
Omission
2.7.
lnjury to another
uni+-tg
GrouP liabilitY
3.1:
I
t
peace'
Stringent provision in case of combination of persons attempting to disturb
I
\')
'\*".4
F
'!:r
3.2.
3.3.
3.3.1.
Abetment:
li.3.2.
Mere act of abctrttent purrishable
Common intention
c
i
:.
p
,8.
i:
t.
I
Instigation, aiding and conspiracy
l
I
it'
I.
i.
ti
.
3.4.1.
Unlawful assetnblY:
3.5.
Criminal consPiracY
3.6.
Rioting as a sPecific offence
3.4.
I.
?.
.
f;
i.
Basis of liabiliiY
l.t..
I
*
4.
Stages of a crimeunits 6
(rf
\.1,
ll
4.1.
4.2.
Guilty intention - mere intention not punishable
4.2.1.
Preparation not punishable
ii
4.2.2.
peculiarkind suCh as
Fxception in respect of certain of{ences of grave nature orof
;
\,D
.-*
:
PreParation
:1,
ri
possessionofcounte.rfeitcoins.fa|seweightSandmeasures'
4 3.
AttemPt:
4.3.1.
Attempt when punishable - specific provisions of IPC
4.3.2.
equivocality and social
Tests for determining what constitutes attempt proximity,
danger
4.3.3
lmPossible attemPt
u:.
!
':
i
'I
il'
7./
UGC Model Curricurunt
M
[:;rl:tors lrcgativing guilty intctrtion
5.
&
i). i.
Nlerrtal incapacity
a:.1
llirrcrity,
l. 1.4.
insanity- itnparrntent of cognitive faculties, enrotional inrbalance
c. i..-'.
Medical and iegal insanitY
r-2
irrtoxrcation - involuntarY
53
Private defence-.justification and linrits
c.J. t.
Wherr private defence extends to causing of death to protect body and property
5.3.2.
Necessity
3.J.J-
Mistake of fact
Types of punishment
6.
.'n-
7.
units"=l0
6.1.
6.1 .'l .
Social relevance of capital punishment
6.1.2.
Alternatives to capital punishment
6.2.
lmprisonment - for life, with hard labour, simple imprisonment
6.3.
Forfeiture of ProPertY
6.4.
Firre
6.5.
Discretion in awarding punishment:
6.5.1.
Minimum punishment in respect of certain offences
Death:
Specific offences against human body
7.1.
Causing death of human beings
7.1.1.
CulPablehomicide
- 7.1.2.
?.2.
pnit$4',
,{rf,fi6=10
Murder
Distinction between culpable homicide and murder
--+*-r*a'***/
{4d.;+
--.
*--
m.- / .rws!, F-.+".iit;;*i*Jf
#
:
requirement tn respect of murder
| .2. t.
Specific mental elernent
7.3,
amounting to murder
Situation justifying treating murder as culpable homicide not
7.3.1.
Grave and sudden Provocation
7.3.2.
Exceeding right to private
7.3.3.
Public seryant exceeding legitimate'use of force
7.3.4.
Death in sudden fight
7.3.5.
surgical oPeration
Death caused by consent of the deqeased- quthanasia and
7.3.6.
Death caused of person other than the person intended
LJ-r.
Miscarriage with or without consent
7
.4.
''
'
defense
,
Rash and negligent act causing death
7.5.
Hurt- grievous and simPle
7.6.
Assault and criminal force
7.7.
from lawful guardianship
Wrongful restraint and wrongfulconfinement- kidnapping
and from outside India.
7.8.
8.
Abduction
ilffiro
Offences against women
of
woman
8.1.
Insulting the modestY
8.2.
modesty
Assault or criminal force with intent to%utrage the
8.3.
Causing miscarriage without woman's consent:
of woman
B.3.l.Causingdeathbycausingmiscarriagewithoutwoman.Sconsent
her to illicit
or abducting woman to compel her to marry or force
8.4.
Kidnapping
intercourse
8.5.
Buying a minor for purposes of prostitution
8.6.
Rape:
8.6.1.
Custodial raPe
'L
.a
.d--
I
'H
9Lt
r-l
!e
5(l
IJGC M oCtsl Cu rricu ! uir t
i j.
tl ,i
ir :.
N4arital rape
Pr:evcr-rlion ol lmrnoral traflic
' ,r,r i\'t'l'.,it,tsjrAttr.j Of his rt.ri: iives
i:)re!,L'ntron
'L,
i\J
Sati
Prohibition of indecent repiesentation of women
8.9
9.
oi
Offences against Property
9.1
l-hef
9.2.
Cheating
9.3.
Extortion
9.4.
Robbery and dacoity
aq
Mischief
9.6.
criminal misrepresentation and criminal breach of trust
.;gnits#-
t
10.
New kinds of crimes such as terrorism, pollution and adulteration
u{?it#
11.
Law Refornrs
$n$te*
Bibliography
K.D.
Garr, crtminal Law.: cases and tvlaterials (199g), Butterworths, India
Ratanlan-Dhirajlal's lndian Fenal Code (1994 reprint) "t'
K.D.Gaur,
A Text Book on the tndian penal code (1999), universal, Dethi.
P.S.Achuthan Fillai, Criminal Law (19g5) Eastern, Lucknow
Hidayathullaw,M., et.al., Ratanlaland Dhirajlats The lndian penalCode(igg4 reprin$,
Co., Nagpur.
B.M.Gandhi, lndia,n Penal Code (1996), Eastern, Nagpur