biology chemistry Stage D50 % PM suspensions 13 ≈ 10.5 µm 12 ≈ 6.7 µm 11 ≈ 4 µm PM 2.5-10 10 ≈ 2.5 µm Each filter was analysed for: Gravimetry Ions (NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, NH4+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Ca2+) Carbon (EC, OC, WSOC) 9 ≈ 1.65 µm 8 ≈ 1 µm PM 1-2.5 7 ≈ 0.65 µm 6 ≈ 0.4 µm 5 ≈ 0.25 µm ●●● ●● ● ●●● ●● ●●● ● PM 0.17-1 ● ●● ● ● ● ●●●●●● 4 ≈ 0.17 µm 3 ≈ 0.1 µm 2 ≈ 0.06 µm PM 0.03-0.17 1 ≈ 0.03 µm Step A: Chemical analysis Dekati 13-stage low pressure impactor supernatants : GM-CSF cytokine assay 24 hrs exposure of cells to each PM size range suspensions. Step B TEM cells : PI nucleus staining Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: PM collection (22 to 98 hrs) PM recovering Sonication of filters in 600µL culture medium Cell exposure at isomass or isovolume Biological endpoints
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