City of Fort Collins
2005/2006 CLIMATE PROTECTION
STATUS REPORT
Prepared by
The City of Fort Collins
Energy Management Team
P.O. Box 580
Fort Collins, CO 80522-0580
2008
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………....i
I.
Status of Climate Change Science…………………………………………1
II.
Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2005 and 2006 ........………..3
III. City of Fort Collins Municipal GHG Emissions...........................………..5
IV. Status of Climate Protection Efforts............................................................8
General.......................................................................................................10
Climate Wise..................................................................................10
Energy........................................................................................................10
1996 City Energy Code..................................................................10
Fort Collins Electric Energy Supply Policy...................................11
Fort Collins Electricity Distribution System Improvements .........12
Reduce City Building Energy Use 15% per s.f..............................12
Evaluate City Energy Manager and Financing Alternatives..........12
Sustainable Design Guidelines for New City Buildings................12
Wind Power for City Facilities ......................................................13
Replace Incandescent Traffic Signals with LED’s ........................13
Lighting Upgrades in City Buildings (‘93-’04) .............................13
City Government Chillers ..............................................................13
Transportation ............................................................................................14
VMT Goal......................................................................................14
Mason Corridor Project .................................................................15
Alternative Fueled City Fleet Vehicles…………………………..15
ULEV/ZEV Vehicles for City Fleets .............................................15
Solid Waste ................................................................................................15
Fort Collins Waste Reduction Goals..............................................15
Business Recycling ........................................................................15
Residential Recycling ....................................................................16
Methane Flaring and Heat Recovery .............................................16
City Employee Recycling Program ...............................................16
Purchasing/City Administration.................................................................17
SIRE Electronic Document Archive..............................................17
Climate Change Education and Outreach ..................................................17
V.
Future Actions..........................................................................................18
APPENDIX A – Data Sources
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AFV
BTU
CACP
CO2
CO2e
CCP
CH4
CIP
CMAQ
CNG
CSU
DOE
DSM
EEP
EIS
EMT
EPA
ESCO
EVSAG
F
GGE
GHG
HVAC
IAC
ICLEI
ICMA
IPCC
kWh
LAP
LED
LEED
LUTRAQ
MMBTU
MSW
NCCC
NRD
NSR
OEMC
P2
PRPA
PSD
REC
RFP
RMCO
TDM
ULEV
VMT
ZEV
alternative fueled vehicle
British Thermal Unit
Clean Air Climate Protection software developed by ICLEI and STAPPA/ALAPCO
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide equivalent (methane is converted to CO2e)
Cities for Climate Protection
methane
capitol improvement projects
Congestion Mitigation & Air Quality
compressed natural gas
Colorado State University
Department of Energy
demand side management (energy conservation)
Electric Efficiency Program
environmental impact statement
(City of Fort Collins) Energy Management Team
Environmental Protection Agency
energy services company
(City of Fort Collins) Economic Vitality and Sustainability Action Group
degrees Fahrenheit
gallon of gas equivalent
greenhouse gases
heating ventilation air conditioning system
Industrial Assessment Center
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives
International City/County Management Association
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
kilowatt hour
Fort Collins Local Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
light emitting diode
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (U.S. Green Building Council program)
Land Use, Transportation, and Air Quality
Million British Thermal Units
Municipal Solid Waste
Northern Colorado Clean Cities
City of Fort Collins Natural Resources department
New Source Review (part of the City’s Development Review process)
(Governor’s) Office of Energy Management and Conservation
Pollution Prevention
Platte River Power Authority
Poudre School District
renewable energy certificate
request for proposal
Rocky Mountain Climate Organization
Transportation Demand Management
ultra low emission vehicles
vehicle miles traveled
zero emission vehicles
ZILCH
Zero Interest Loans for Conservation Help
Executive Summary
Background
In 1997, Fort Collins joined over 300 cities (now over 700) in the international Cities for Climate
Protection Campaign. In doing so, the City made a commitment to conduct a greenhouse gas
inventory for the baseline year of 1990, set a greenhouse gas reduction target, and develop a plan
for meeting the target. A Staff Technical Team and a Citizen Advisory Committee spent over 18
months developing a climate protection plan for the city.
In 1999, Fort Collins City Council adopted the Fort Collins Local Action Plan to Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (LAP). The City’s greenhouse gas reduction target was established
as “30 percent reduction below predicted 2010 levels, by 2010.” The City Council also called
for formation of an Energy Management Team to facilitate implementation of the LAP, and
preparation of a biennial report to evaluate the City’s progress on greenhouse gas reduction
efforts and to recommend future climate protection actions.
The first biennial report was completed in April 2001. It showed that Fort Collins’ residents,
businesses and the City government together avoided an estimated 190,000 tons of carbon
dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in the year 2000 alone. The second biennial report covered the years
2001 and 2002 and estimated that nearly 237,000 tons of CO2e were avoided in Fort Collins in
2001, based on all measures that could be quantified in that year. Quantifiable climate protection
activities reduced citywide emissions by 10% in the year 2001. The third biennial report covered
the years 2003 and 2004 and estimated that 241,000 tons of CO2e were avoided in Fort Collins in
2004, based on all measures that could be quantified in that year. Quantifiable climate protection
activities reduced citywide emissions by 9% in the year 2004.
This report is the fourth biennial “Climate Protection Status Report” that the Energy
Management Team has prepared for the City Manager. It quantifies greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions levels for 2005 and 2006 and the benefit of greenhouse gas mitigation activities by
businesses, citizens, and municipal government in 2005 and 2006.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Level
Greenhouse gas emissions across the city rose from 1.36 million tons of CO2e in 1990 to 2.55
million tons in 2006, an 87% increase. During the same time, population increased by 48%.
Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Fort Collins Per Capita Emissions
(Tons CO2e)
(x 1000 Tons CO2e)
20.00
3000
2540
2500
1921
2000
1500
2010 2089
2236
2551
18.00
2322
16.00
15.56
18.30
16.79 17.82
16.27 16.19 16.40
19.89 19.70
14.00
1623
12.00
1366
10.00
8.00
1000
6.00
4.00
500
2.00
0
0.00
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
i
The Status
It is estimated that over 244,000 tons of CO2e were avoided in Fort Collins in 2006, based on all
measures that could be quantified in that year. The majority of reductions (40%) came from
businesses and organizations through participation in Climate Wise, recycling, purchasing wind
power, energy conservation, and trip reduction. Individual citizens were responsible for 36% of
the reductions by recycling, purchasing Green Power, and participating in Fort Collins Utility
rebate programs. The City government achieved 13% of the citywide reductions through actions
such as efficiencies in the electricity distribution system, methane flaring at the wastewater
treatment plant and the purchase of wind energy.
Fort Collins GHG Reduction Summary
Citywide
Tons CO2e avoided in 2006
213,000
Municipal
31,000
Total
244,000
2006 Fort Collins Greenshouse Gas Reductions
2006 Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas Reductions
Vegetation
11%
City Gov.
13%
Vegetation
11%
Energy
38%
Transport
0.4%
Business
40%
Waste
Reduction
51%
Citizen
36%
Quantifiable climate protection activities are estimated to have reduced citywide emissions by
8.7% in the year 2006. This is comparable to the reductions achieved in 2004.
Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Reductions
4,000
1000 Tons CO2e
3,500
30%
reduction
goal
8.7%
reduction
3,000
2,500
Target
2,000
Reductions
Emissions
1,500
1,000
Baseline
Actual
500
0
1990
ii
2000
2001
2004
2006
2010
The tables below summarize greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction efforts of residents and businesses
(citywide) and of the City government (municipal). Recycling activities continue to account for
the largest share of measurable GHG reductions. This is partly because benefits are estimated
not only from emissions avoided by not land-filling materials, but also from avoided upstream
emissions associated with manufacturing new products.
Citywide GHG Reduction Measures
2006 Measures
Tons CO2
reduced
in 2006
Citywide Quantifiable Measures
Tons CO2
reduced
in 2006
GENERAL
Climate Wise for businesses
General Total
ENERGY
1997 City Energy Code
Demand Side Mgmt Programs
Wind Renewable Energy
62,000
62,000
9,900
20,000
19,000
Rate-Based Renewable Energy
Energy Total
TRANSPORTATION
VAN GO in Fort Collins
Transportation Total
SOLID WASTE
Business Recycling
Residential Recycling
12,000
60,900
300
300
79,000
Solid Waste Total
39,500
118,500
CO2 Sequestration by trees
Vegetation Total
26,200
26,200
VEGETATION
WATER CONSERVATION
Citywide Water conservation
1
Water Total
11
0
CITYWIDE TOTAL
212,700
Each line shows full benefit of program. Double-counted benefits (i.e. overlapping benefits between Climate
Wise partners, Business Recycling, Wind Program, TDM Programs) removed from “Citywide Total.”
iii
Municipal Government GHG Reduction Activities
Municipal Quantifiable Measures
ENERGY
FC Electricity Distribution
City Wind Energy
Replace Traffic Signals with LEDs
Lighting Upgrades – City Buildings: 90-01
Chillers
Energy Total
TRANSPORTATION
Alternative Fuels - City Fleet vehicles
Hybrid Vehicles - City Fleet vehicles
Transportation Total
SOLID WASTE
Methane Flaring and Heat Recovery
City gov recycling
Solid Waste Total
PURCHASING/ADMINISTRATION
Tons CO2
reduced in
2006
24,300
1,100
1,400
100
100
27,000
700
10
700
4,200
600
4,900
SIRE Electronic Document Archive
18
Purchasing Total
18
Water Total
0.2277
0.2277
MUNICIPAL TOTAL
30,900
WATER
Waterless Urinals
iv
I. Status of Climate Change Science……the need for climate
protection continues
February 2006
Greenland Glacier Melt Rate Doubled; Sea Level Expected to Rise Faster
At the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
February 16-20 in St. Louis, scientists reported satellite observations showing Greenland’s
glaciers melting at twice the rate expected. The authors of the study, which appears in the
February 17 issue of Science, reported that the faster melting is the result of a warming trend that
makes previous predictions of how quickly ocean levels will rise obsolete. (source:
http://www.eesi.org/publications/Newsletters/CCNews/2.17.06%20CCNews.htm)
March 2006
Time Magazine Features Global Warming
The feature article starts, “No one can say exactly what it looks
like when a planet takes ill, but it probably looks a lot like Earth.
Never mind what you've heard about global warming as a slowmotion emergency that would take decades to play out. Suddenly
and unexpectedly, the crisis is upon us.
From heat waves to storms to floods to fires to massive glacial
melts, the global climate seems to be crashing around us.” (See
http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/03/26/coverstory/index.html for
the full story)
July 2006
Climate Change Threat to Pacific Ocean Mangroves
Coping Strategies for Coastal Zone Managers Outlined in New UNEP-Backed Report
Studies released in July 2006 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), indicate
that some islands in the region could see over half of the mangroves steadily lost by the end of
the century, with the worst hit being American Samoa, Fiji, Tuvalu, and the Federated States of
Micronesia.
September 2006
California Passes “Global Warming Solutions Act” (AB 32)
California adopted landmark legislation to create the nation's first economy-wide cap on global
warming emissions. The nation's most populous state is the world's 12th-largest emitter of
greenhouse gases and could suffer dire consequences if global temperatures increase only a few
degrees. California's Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) aims to cut emissions to 1990
1
levels, or around 25 percent, by 2020 with an enforceable cap and mandatory reporting for top
polluters.
October 2006
British “Stern” Report Warns Global Warming Could Cripple World Economy
The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released in
October by economist Lord Nicholas Stern.The report concludes that one percent of global gross
domestic product (GDP) per year is required to be invested in order to avoid the worst effects of
climate change, and that failure to do so could risk global GDP being up to twenty percent lower
than it otherwise might be. (See
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_10_06_exec_sum.pd for the Executive Summary)
January 2007
2006Warmest Year on Record for U.S.
The 2006 average annual temperature for the contiguous U.S. was the warmest on record and
nearly identical to the record set in 1998, according to scientists at the NOAA National Climatic
Data Center in Asheville, N.C. Seven months in 2006 were much warmer than average,
including December, which ended as the fourth warmest December since records began in 1895.
(2006 was the Earth's sixth warmest year on record, averaging 0.4°C above the 1961 to 1990
average, according to the World Meteorological Organization.)
2
II. Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2005 and 2006
Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2,551
1000 Tons CO2e
In 2006, Fort Collins
generated approximately
2,551,000 tons of carbon
dioxide equivalent (CO2e1).
By comparison, 1,366,000
tons of CO2e were generated
in 1990, the baseline year
against which Fort Collins’
climate protection efforts are
measured.2 Data sources are
discussed in Appendix A.
Table 1 below shows the
CO2e emissions by source
category, over time.
Waste
Electricity
Natural Gas
Transport
1,366
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Figure 1. Fort Collins GHG Emissions, 1990 - 2006
Table 1. Fort Collins GHG Emissions (Tons CO2e)
Electricity
Natural Gas
Transport
Waste
TOTAL
Population
Per Capita
1,990
566,000
344,000
423,000
32,000
1,366,000
87,758
15.56
1995
2000
693,000 882,000
375,000 431,000
530,000 560,000
25,000
48,000
1,623,000 1,921,000
99,726 118,652
16.27
16.19
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
919,000 951,000 1,098,000 1,137,000 1,217,000 1,226,000
452,000 482,000 460,000 474,000 469,000 466,000
581,000 603,000 625,000 646,000 751,000 760,000
57,000
53,000
53,000
65,000 102,000
99,000
2,010,000 2,089,000 2,236,000 2,322,000 2,540,000 2,551,000
122,521 124,428 125,461 126,903 127,686 129,511
16.40
16.79
17.82
18.30
19.89
19.70
Figures 2 and 3 on the next page compare 1990 and 2006 greenhouse gas emissions, by source.
The electricity sector contribution grew from 42% in 1990 to 48% in 2006, while the natural gas
percentage dropped from 25 % to 18% of citywide GHG emissions for the same period. The
relative increase in electricity generation’s contribution to emissions may be partially attributed
to a decreasing relative contribution of hydroelectricity to electricity generation mix, leading to
higher average emissions per kWh generated. Other factors contributing to the growth include
the increase of air conditioning in homes (fewer than 20%in 1990 to more than 60% by 2006)
and the increased plug load of newer buildings. The transportation sector decreased slightly in
relative contribution of total GHG emissions from 1990 to 2006.
1
CO2e = Carbon dioxide equivalent. Since methane is 21 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide,
the relative global warming potential of CO2 = 1 and of methane = 21. When methane and carbon dioxide emissions
are summed, they are referred to as CO2e, indicating methane has been converted to CO2 equivalent.
2
In May 2003, the Fort Collins greenhouse gas (GHG) emission analyses for 1990, 1995, 1997, and 2000 were
updated to reflect new EPA emission factors for municipal solid waste (MSW) incorporated in the CCP software in
Fall 2002. Revised MSW emission factors reduce the MSW GHG emissions to practically zero because they take
account of carbon sequestered in landfills. See Appendix A for more detail.
3
Fort Collins 1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Fort Collins
2006 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.55 Million Tons
1.366 million tons CO2e
Waste
2%
Transport
31%
Waste
4%
Transport
30%
Electricity
42%
Electricity
48%
Natural Gas
18%
Natural Gas
25%
Figure 2. 1990 GHG Emissions
Figure 3. 200 GHG Emissions
Figure 4 illustrates that 2006 per capita
emissions dropped slightly below 2005 levels.
This can be attributed to reductions in natural
gas usage and the amount of solid waste
generated. The data used to generate the 2005
and 2006 inventories is shown in Table 2
below.
Fort Collins Per Capita Emissions
(Tons CO2e)
20.00
18.00
16.00
15.56
18.30
16.79 17.82
16.27 16.19 16.40
19.89 19.70
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
F
Figure 4. Per Capita Emissions
Table 2. 2005 and 2006 Emissions Source Data
Year
2005
2006
Electricity
kWh(Purchases)
1,432,566,000
1,442,892,000
Natural Gas
Therms (wx
normalized)
76,197,750
75,610,490
Annual
Vehicle Miles
997,421,370
1,009,655,708
4
Tons Solid
Waste
237,747
224,700
Tons CO2e
2,539,653
2,551,112
III. City of Fort Collins Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The emissions inventory for the City of Fort Collins municipal activities includes buildings,
streetlights, water treatment processes, fleet fuel consumption, and waste generation.
Buildings
Information on electricity consumption from all City facilities and natural gas consumption from
all major City buildings was provided by Utilities and Operations Services.
Table 3. Building Energy Use
Electricity (kWh)
Natural Gas2
Total Square Foot
MMBTU/Sq Ft
Tons CO2
7,396,196
541,920 (ccf)
510,592
0.1577
8,806
16,049,0001
626,658 (ccf)
744,144
0.1415
12,691
17,575,3271
734,284 (ccf)
134,893 mmbtu 19,128
17,974,7551
757,128 (ccf)
138,587 mmbtu 19,908
18,111,0001
848,483 (excludes a
18,2403
2
15,610,320
884,493 (therms)
few Util bldgs)
2006
18,665,8521
18,8173
2
15,925,365
896,944 (therms)
1,202,932
1
kWh includes all metered uses except lighting, water and wastewater treatment, not just major buildings.
2
These 2006 data reflect only buildings used and exclude additional meters., from Utility Manager Report.
3
Municipal GHG Emissions for 2005 onward follow Climate Wise GHG Basline Tool reporting Criteria
Year
1990
2002
2003
2004
2005
Lighting (Streetlights and Traffic Signals)
Table 4. Lighting Energy Use (data provided by Fort Collins Utilities )
What
Streetlights
Streetlights
1990
1995
Year
kWh
5,920,661
6,598,489
Streetlights
1999
7,251,946
Streetlights
2001
7,634,000
Streetlights
2002
7,860,000
Streetlights
2003
7,985,609
Streetlights
2004
8,055,928
Streetlights
2005
8,123,199
Streetlights
2006
8,235,645
Traffic Signals
1990
1,577,714
Traffic Signals
1995
2,117,602
Traffic Signals
1999
2,406,112
Traffic Signals
2001
2,191,000
Traffic Signals
2002
206,000*
Traffic Signals
2003
866,137
Traffic Signals
2004
894,325
Traffic Signals
2005
907,818
Traffic Signals
2006
910,628
* Reflects benefit of conversion to LED traffic signals
5
Water and Wastewater Treatment
Table 5. Water Treatment Energy Use (data from Fort Collins Utilities)
What
Year
Water Treatment
1990
Water Treatment
1995
Water Treatment
1999
Water Treatment
2002
Water Treatment
2003
Water Treatment
2004
Water Treatment
2005
Water Treatment
2006
1
Adds electricity from SW pump station
Electricity (kWh)
2,414,990
3,404,585
3,538,852
4,409,239
4,139,829
4,022,216
4,019,5411
4,201,6431
Natural Gas (ccf)
82,188
85,156
67,684
200,120
162,370
139,944
125,146
129,605
Table 6. Wastewater Treatment Energy Use (data from Fort Collins Utilities)
What
Year
Electricity (kWh)
Natural Gas (ccf)
Wastewater
1990
9,523,280
105,067
Wastewater
1995 1
13,604,848
54,752
Wastewater
1999
13,444,800
63,158
Wastewater
2002
14,365,920
64,070
Wastewater
2003
14,273,040
81,446 2
Wastewater
2004
13,996,480
80,489
Wastewater
2005
13,495,440
38,245
Wastewater
2006
13,508,960
37,011
1 Wastewater plant #1 was down for 1995 due to construction; 1994 numbers were used.
2 Added the natural gas consumption from the East Mulberry plant for the first time.
Fleets Table 7. Fleets Energy Use (data provided by Fleet Services)
Year
Unleaded Gasoline (gal)
1990
201,488
1995
187,544
1999
446,106
2001
495,767
2002
651,933
2003
523,041
2004
512,982
2005
525,088
2006
540,992
1
Subtracts (bio)diesel purchased by PSD.
Diesel/Biodiesel (gal)
97,181
80,115
419,834
458,778
564,589
448,844
437,315
285,5821
Biodiesel – 358,9501
Propane (GGE)
13,035
45,875
113,768
80,018
59,007
36,747
23,048
18,425
13,802
CNG (GGE)
1,192
1,235
1,446
1,370
1,322
6,718
8,342
Solid Waste Table 8. Municipal Waste Estimates
1990
1995
1999
2002
2003
2004
20051
20061
Waste removed (full) yd3
21,416 24,540
Waste removed (3/4 full) yd3 12,950 16,062 18,405
23,209
20,657 22,823
Yard Waste (Cubic yards)
# City employees
1,003 1,244
1,308
Per capita yd3
12.9
12.9
18.8
Tons (If ¾ full) @ 300#/yd3 1,943 2,409 2,761
3,481
3481
3,430
Tons CO2 e
232
287
329
415
415
409
6,559 7,279
1990-2004 CO2e emissions from municipal waste were estimated with the CACP software (2003).
1
Tons CO2 calculated using Climate Wise GHG baseline Tool national average emissions factor;excludes freebies,
6
Figures 5 and 6 below show municipal GHG emissions in 1990 and 2006. Municipal GHG
emissions have doubled over the past 14 years. In 1990, municipal GHG emissions represented
2.03% of citywide emissions. By 2004, the municipal proportion rose slightly to 2.27%.
1990 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions
27,729 tons CO2e
2006 Municipal Emissions
61,000 tons CO2e
Fleets Waste
1%
12%
Waste
12%
Buildings
32%
Buildings
31%
Transport
13%
Lighting
20%
Water use
1%
Traffic/Street
ligths
13%
Water
35%
Other
Electricity
4%
Water
treatment
26%
Figure 5. 1990 Municipal GHG Emissions
Figure 6. 2006 Municipal GHG Emissions
Table 9. Municipal GHG Emission Comparisons (Tons CO2e)
Year
1990
2002
2004
1
2006
Buildings
8,806
12,691
19,908
18,817
Water/Wastewater
9,894
15,369
16,571
16,040
Lighting
5,475
5,890
7,543
7,765
1
Fleets
3,323
13,860
10,670
7,977
Waste
232
415
409
7,278
Other
Electricity
2,327
TOTAL
27,730
48,225
55,102
61,000
For 2005 and 2006, municipal emissions were calculated using the Climate Wise GHG baseline
Tool. These data include all electricity purchased by the City, natural gas used in buildings
tracked by Utility Manager software, and cubic yards of waste estimated to be collected by the
City’s trash hauler. In this methodology, waste emissions subtract the benefit of municipal
recycling and exclude “freebies” to the landfill such as wet soil, concrete, etc. None of the
municipal inventories reported to date include employee commuting or airline miles, but this
may be added to future inventories.
7
IV. Status of Climate Protection Efforts
Tables 9, 10 and 11 summarize the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction benefit of all measures the
City was able to quantify for the year 2006. In total, 244,000 tons of CO2e were reduced during
the year 2006. Quantifiable climate protection activities are estimated to have reduced citywide
emissions by 8.7% in the year 2006.
Table 10. GHG Reduction Summary
Citywide
Tons CO2e avoided in 2006
213,000
Municipal
31,000
Total
244,000
Table 11. Citywide GHG Reduction Measures
2006 Measures
Tons CO2
reduced
in 2006
Citywide Quantifiable Measures
Tons CO2
reduced
in 2006
GENERAL
Climate Wise for businesses
General Total
ENERGY
1997 City Energy Code
Demand Side Mgmt Programs
Wind Renewable Energy
62,000
62,000
9,900
20,000
19,000
Rate-Based Renewable Energy
Energy Total
TRANSPORTATION
VAN GO in Fort Collins
Transportation Total
SOLID WASTE
Business Recycling
Residential Recycling
12,000
60,900
300
300
79,000
Solid Waste Total
39,500
118,500
CO2 Sequestration by trees
Vegetation Total
26,200
26,200
VEGETATION
WATER CONSERVATION
Citywide Water conservation
11
0
Water Total
CITYWIDE TOTAL
2
212,700
Each line shows full benefit of program. Double-counted benefits (i.e. overlapping benefits between Climate
Wise partners, Business Recycling, and Wind Program, TDM Programs) removed from “Citywide Total.”
8
Table 12. Municipal Government GHG Reduction Activities
Municipal Quantifiable Measures
ENERGY
FC Electricity Distribution
City Wind Energy
Replace Traffic Signals with LEDs
Lighting Upgrades – City Buildings: 90-01
Chillers
Energy Total
TRANSPORTATION
Alternative Fuels - City Fleet vehicles
Hybrid Vehicles - City Fleet vehicles
Transportation Total
SOLID WASTE
Methane Flaring and Heat Recovery
City gov recycling
Solid Waste Total
PURCHASING/ADMINISTRATION
Tons CO2
reduced in
2006
24,300
1,100
1,400
100
100
27,000
700
10
700
4,200
600
4,900
SIRE Electronic Document Archive
18
Purchasing Total
18
Water Total
0.2277
0.2277
MUNICIPAL TOTAL
30,900
WATER
Waterless Urinals
The measures identified above are described in greater detail in the rest of this report. There are
numerous other municipal and private activities and programs that have not been quantified that
also contribute to reducing the citywide carbon dioxide emissions.
Figure 7 shows the distribution of quantified measures. The majority of reductions (40%) came
from businesses and organizations from participating in Climate Wise, recycling, purchasing
wind power, energy conservation, and trip reduction. Individual citizens were responsible for
36% of the reductions by recycling,
2006 Fort Collins Greenhouse Gas Reductions
purchasing wind power, and participating
Vegetation
in Fort Collins Utility rebate programs.
11%
The City government achieved 13% of the
City Gov.
13%
reductions through efficiencies in the
Business
40%
electricity distribution system, methane
flaring at the wastewater treatment plant
and the purchase of wind energy.
Citizen
36%
Figure 7. Distribution of GHG Reduction Measures
9
GENERAL
♦ Climate Wise for Businesses
2006 Status In 2000, the City of Fort Collins initiated a voluntary greenhouse gas reduction
program targeting businesses in the industrial and commercial sectors. The program is a local
adaptation of the former federal Climate Wise program and works directly with the Fort Collins
business community to achieve a number of important environmental quality goals: air and water
pollution prevention, solid waste reduction, energy conservation, and travel demand reduction.
Supported by grant funding from the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives,
and the Colorado Pollution Prevention Advisory Board, the Climate Wise program included 48
local business partners at the end of 2006.
The basic goals of the Climate Wise program for the City are:
•
Encourage local business to reduce their GHG emissions and their impact on the
environment.
•
Create a strong (friendly) relationship between local business community and the City.
•
Assist in the implementation of a variety of City environmental programs for local
businesses.
•
Educate partners’ employees about climate change.
•
Encourage community responsibility.
•
Help achieve the GHG reduction goal in Fort Collins’ Local Action Plan.
In 2006, partners collectively avoided over 62,200 tons CO2e. Annual cost savings for partners
exceeded $2 million in 2006. Since the program's inception, cumulative savings to partners are
nearly $6 million.
The Climate Wise program continues to surpass expectations, both in the number of businesses
participating and the amount of greenhouse gas emission reductions. The City has also provided
recognition, partner networking meetings, partner trainings, and educational materials.
For a complete list of Climate Wise businesses, see http://fcgov.com/climatewise
ENERGY
♦ 1997 City Energy Code
2006 Status A comprehensive study was conducted by the City to evaluate the City’s 1996
residential energy code, provide benchmark data about new home design, construction and
performance, and to learn more about residential air conditioning practices and impacts. Results
were published in 2002. The study yielded a wealth of information about both problems and
opportunities in new housing. City staff presented study findings to many audiences and
developed consumer information materials about new home choices. The 2004 update to the
residential energy code was designed to address issues revealed in the New Home Study.
10
GHG benefit from the City 1996 energy code is based on study results indicating that homes
built under the code realize a 16% reduction in natural gas consumption, on average, when
compared with homes built prior to the code change.
♦ Fort Collins Electric Energy Supply Policy
2006 Status Fort Collins’ City Council adopted a new Electric Energy Supply Policy in March
2003. One of the primary objectives of the policy is to reduce the environmental impact of
electricity generation through conservation, energy efficiency, load management and the
increased use of renewable energy. The policy includes the following specific targets for energy
conservation and renewable energy:
o Reduce per capita electric consumption 10% from the baseline of 2002, by the year
2012. The 10% per capita consumption reduction target will reduce overall electric
consumption approximately 16% by 2012.
o Work with Platte River Power Authority to increase the City's percentage of
renewable energy to 2% by the end of 2004, and to 15% by the year 2017.
Both targets support the LAP efforts to reduce citywide carbon dioxide emissions. The per
capita energy goal combined with the renewable energy goal is projected to account for up to
12% of the City’s 1.1 million tons CO2 reduction goal in 2010. Many of the renewable energy
and demand side management (DSM) measures discussed below are the direct result of the
Electric Energy Supply Policy.
Information about the Demand Side Management programs and the Green Power programs can be
found in the “Electric Energy Supply Policy: 2006 Annual Update” report, available from Fort
Collins Utilities. The following tables summarizes the greenhouse gas benefits of these programs.
Table 13: 2006 Energy Policy Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions (tons CO2)
Description
Demand side management
RFR Progam CFC-11 Destruction
Wind Program renewable energy
Rate based renewable energy
Energy Policy Total
CO2 tons
Notes
13,532 annual savings from 2002 through 2005 programs
6,732 one time savings from 2004 through 2006 programs
19,422 2006 only
12,042 2006 only
51,728
11
Table 14: 2006 DSM Program Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions (tons CO2)
Program
Clothes Washer Rebate Program
Cooling Rebate Program
Refrigerator and Freezer Recycling
Program
Residential Lighting Program
Electric Efficiency Program
Integrated Design Assistance
Program
Total DSM Annual Savings
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total
Annual
Program
Savings
76
327
8
571
286
954
NA
131
NA
103
131
NA
154
170
565
70
139
389
NA
167
516
NA
1,029
76
97
1,543
426
1,199
3,063
31
962
2,201
0
1,296
5,802
1,049
814
1,339
2,955
4,891
3,533
13,532
♦ Fort Collins Electricity Distribution System Improvements
Status: Fort Collins has made substantial investments to keep its distribution losses low, even as
population growth necessitates system expansion. Fort Collins' entire system uses oversized
conductors to reduce normal operating losses and to provide enough system capacity to allow
backfeeds in the event of system failures. The methodology used here compares Fort Collins'
distribution system losses against a national average of 5.0%, taking credit for "reductions" when
losses are lower than the national average. The cumulative effects of these improvements since
1990 accounted for savings of 28,819 MWh in 2006 The corresponding CO2 reduction was
24,300 tons. Since 1990, these activities have cumulatively saved over 260,000 tons of CO2.
♦ Evaluate Advantages of City Energy Manager and Financing Alternatives
2006 Status In 2004, an interdepartmental committee was formed to explore alternatives such as
lease-purchase, performance contractor, etc. to achieve increased energy efficiency in City
facilities and to investigate the advantages of establishing a City Energy Manager. This
committee met for several months and developed recommendations to begin the process of
entering into an energy performance contract and to fill an energy manager position. In 2006,
the City hired Johnson Controls to conduct audits of major City facilities and then propose a
package of efficiency upgrades that they can guarantee.
♦ Sustainable Design Criteria for New City Buildings
2006 Status On September 5, 2006, Fort Collins City Council voted to raise the bar on energy
efficiency and environmental design by adopting a resolution stating all new construction of cityowned buildings will achieve LEED “Gold” certification. Fort Collins became only the third
city in the nation to set this high standard, joining Scottsdale, AZ and Portland, OR.
Green buildings save money over their life time by reducing utility costs, operation and
maintenance expenses. Green buildings have also shown that they improve worker productivity
by 15%. LEED certified projects can be built for little to no incremental cost as long as the
commitment is made up front and the design teams have experience with LEED standards. To
assure city dollars are spent in the most efficient manner possible, the resolution also states that
12
if the incremental cost of achieving a LEED Gold certification has a payback greater than 10
years, the City may opt to seek the LEED Silver certification instead.
As of the end of 2006, the City had a LEED-Silver certified Vehicle Storage Facility and has two
more buildings under construction that are seeking LEED certification: the Aztlan Center and the
Police Services Facility.
♦ Wind Power for City Facilities
2006 Status Since July 2000, the City of Fort Collins has purchased wind energy from one 660
kW turbine to cover a portion of its own municipal electricity needs. The energy costs are prorated among the City’s own electric accounts based on energy usage. In 2006, the City purchased
almost 2,300 MWh of wind energy to partially power City facilities.
♦ Replace Incandescent Traffic Signals with LEDs
2003-2004 Status Retrofitting traffic signals to light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was originally rated
as the City’s highest priority greenhouse gas reduction measure, receiving the # 1 rating from
both the Staff Technical Team and the Citizen Advisory Committee that developed the City’s
Local Action Plan (LAP). The major retrofit effort occurred in 2001, when 160 intersections
were retrofitted, except for Yellows and the Walk and Don’t Walk signals. In 2002, Traffic
Operations took the initiative to meter the savings at each intersection. Since then, the City has
installed all new traffic signals as LEDs. In 2006, pedestrian signals were also converted to
LEDs. By the end of 2006, the use of LED traffic signals had reduced traffic signal electricity
consumption by over 1.57 million kWh/year, resulting in over 730 tons CO2e not released each
year.
♦ Lighting Upgrades in City Buildings (1993 – 2004)
2006 Status Numerous lighting projects have been implemented in City buildings since the early
1990’s. In March 2001, induction lighting was installed in the City parking garage at Mountain
Avenue and Remington Street. In addition to using lower wattage induction lighting, Utilities
Design Assistance program optimized placement of the light, the interior of the garage was
painted white, and daylighting controls were installed. These efforts increased the light levels by
a factor of 3 to 5 while keeping energy use the same and improving visibility. In 2004, lighting
was upgraded at the EPIC Ice Area and in the pool area. By 2006, total annual savings for
lighting projects quantified to date since 1996 totaled 74 tons of CO2e. Many more lighting
upgrades have been implemented since 1990, such as replacement of EXIT signs with LEDs in
buildings, but the installations have not been documented well enough to calculate CO2 benefits.
♦ City Government Chillers
2006 Status One chiller was removed from EPIC in 2004, so now both ice rinks are operating on
the chiller that was installed in 2002 for the new ice rink. Energy savings were realized after the
chiller was removed. Cumulative benefits from other chiller upgrades in past years resulted in
71 tons CO2 avoided in 2006.
13
TRANSPORTATION
♦ VMT Goal: VMT not to exceed population growth rates
2006 Status City Plan (1996) included an aggressive goal, to reduce the Vehicle Miles of Travel
(VMT) growth rate so it would not exceed the population growth rate. The City Plan Monitoring
Project: 2001 Indicators Report found that between 1995 and 2000, vehicle mile traveled (VMT)
growth rates (4.9%/year) did exceed population growth rates (3.4%/year). Exceedance of this
trigger initiated a review process, which was undertaken as a part of a full City Plan update.
When City Council updated City Plan (2004), however, they recognized that the previous goal of
bringing the VMT growth rate down to the level of population growth rate was unrealistic in the
short term. Therefore, the Council changed the VMT policy goal to read:
Policy T-91. The City will continually strive to reduce the growth rate in VMT by
implementing a VMT reduction program that strives to meet or exceed the performance
of similar programs in comparable cities.
In 2006, the City hired the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, along with the Brendle Group to
complete a “Mobility Management Best Practices” review. (See
http://fcgov.com/airquality/pdf/mm-best-practices06.pdf) This paper reviews what the most
effective cities are doing to reduce VMT and recommends actions for consideration in Fort
Collins.
♦ Mason Corridor Project
2006 Status In October 2000, the Fort Collins City Council approved the overall Master Plan for
the Mason Street Transportation Corridor (MSTC). The MSTC was envisioned as a five mile,
N-S multi-modal corridor that would provide Bus Rapid Transit service and bike and pedestrian
facilities, enhance citizen mobility, and implement critical components of the City’s Structure
and Transportation plans.
The City has moved ahead with the construction of the bike and pedestrian trail portion along a
3.5 mile segment between Prospect Road and Fossil Creek Trail, south of Harmony. This
segment of the corridor is funded through the Colorado Department of Transportation and the
1997 “Building Community Choices” tax initiative. It is anticipated that construction of this
segment will be completed in 2005/2006, offering a convenient N-S route for cyclists and
pedestrians.
♦ Alternative Fueled City Fleet Vehicles
2006 Status In 2006, the entire City fleet was converted to 100 % biodiesel. Approximately
269,000 gallons of B20 were used, resulting in 606 tons of CO2e avoided when compared to
emissions from combusting petroleum diesel fuel. In addition, the City’s alternative fueled
vehicles used 13,802 gallons of gas equivalent (GGE) of propane and 8,342 GGE of compressed
14
natural gas (CNG). This emitted 56 fewer tons of CO2 than if the same number of gallons of
gasoline were used.
♦ ULEV/ZEV Vehicles for City Fleet
2006 Status In 2006, the City had eleven hybrid/electric vehicles (Toyota Prius and Honda
Civic). Over 10 tons of CO2e were avoided in 2006, based on the increased fuel efficiency of the
hybrids when compared to a comparable non-hybrid fleet vehicle.
SOLID WASTE
♦ Fort Collins Waste Reduction Goals (Divert 50% by 2010)
In November, 1999 the City Council adopted a policy for diverting solid waste from landfill
disposal with a goal of 35% by the year 2004, and 50% by the year 2010.
♦ Business Recycling
2006 Status GHG reductions from recycling activities carried out by independent businesses are
estimated at 79,000 tons of CO2e for the year 2006. This includes over 5,500 tons of paperboard
recycled, as well as 4,700 tons of commingled materials.
♦ Residential Recycling
2006 Status In 2006, the City calculated that nearly 60,245 tons of materials were recycled by
residential customers. Commodities included over 1,200 tons of mixed paper, 2,800 tons of
commingled bottles and cans, and 523 tons of cardboard and paperboard. Collectively, citizens’
recycling activities equate to nearly 39,500 tons CO2e reduced in the year 2006.
2006 also brought the advent of single-stream recycling, and the addition of cardboard and
paperboard to the list of items citizens could recycle through the curbside recycling program.
Also in 2006, a draft “Five Year Strategic Plan” was prepared by a consulting firm to
recommend approaches Fort Collins could use to increase its diversion rate from 24%.
♦ Methane Flaring and Heat Recovery at the Wastewater Treatment Plant
2006 Status The City's main wastewater treatment plant currently uses a significant amount of
the methane (CH4) produced from wastewater treatment processes to power boilers located at the
facility. The boilers are used to keep the digesters at the proper temperature and to heat a
number of buildings on the wastewater treatment site. Unused gas is flared off, emitting carbon
dioxide but eliminating potent methane emissions. In 2001, a fourth anaerobic digester was built
at the Drake Water Reclamation facility and a third boiler was added to the system. The total
system now includes four digesters with gas storage lids and three boilers. Total gas
production has not increased, but methane consumption has dropped, due to the higher efficiency
of the new boiler. This process of using the heat energy generated by methane combustion for
15
power generation and flaring off the remaining gas is estimated to avoid over 4,000 tons of
CO2e/year in 2006.
♦ City Employee Recycling Program
2006 Status The City has operated a successful internal recycling program since the early 1980’s.
Employees are encouraged to recycle catalogues, magazines, blueprints, phone books, junk mail,
office paper, cardboard, and aluminum, steel, glass, and plastic containers. Each employee is
responsible for depositing recycled material into special collection containers centrally located in
each building. The City contracts with a private vendor for recycling collection pick-up. Each
department or building is charged a monthly fee based on the frequency of pick-up service. Table
15 shows recent greenhouse gas benefits from the internal City recycling program.
Table 15. Internal City Recycling Program
Tons Recycled
Materials
Tons CO2 reduced
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
70
75
90
115
125
118
122
124 (plus 3
tons of “Other”)
127 (Plus 10 tons
342
366
433
553
602
565
582
4131
424 1
of “Other”)
1 Calculated using the Climate Wise GHG Baseline Tool
PURCHASING/ CITY ADMINISTRATION
♦ SIRE Electronic Document Archive
2006 Status Like many organizations, Fort Collins has looked to electronic document
management technology as a means to control and effectively manage the explosive growth of
electronic documents. Over the past several years, the City has implemented an enterprise
electronic document management system called SIRE (Store Index Retrieve Exchange) and
achieved reasonable success. The benefits of this system are far-reaching, and include ensuring
that the organization can continues to function in the event of a disaster and the ability to protect
its business and legal interests. SIRE enables the organization to share documents throughout
City departments, anticipate customers' needs by making public records more available (i.e.,
over the Internet), and reduce the need for mass duplication and physical storage of documents.
By the end of 2006, over 2 million pages of documents were archived, with 925,00 pages added
to the archive since 2004. GHG benefits are calculated based on the reduced need to
manufacture paper.
CLIMATE CHANGE EDUCATION AND OUTREACH
♦ Climate Education and Outreach Efforts
2006 Status
Climate Staffing
Numerous City staff supported climate protection by serving on the interdepartmental Energy
Management Team. This Team was convened by the City Manager to oversee implementation
16
of the City’s Local Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The Team met
approximately every two months throughout 2005 and 2006.
In 2005/2005, Climate Wise program staffing was maintained at a level 0f 1.0 FTE, in addition
to the City staff working on the Climate Wise team. In addition, financial support for consulting
assistance was provided to the Climate Wise program from the city budget.
Public Education and Outreach
Climate Change educational display was placed in City offices periodically throughout
2005/2006 and the Climate Protection Web page was maintained.
The 2006 “Track to Win” Air Quality contest focused on the theme of climate protection and
was launched at the fall 2006 Rocky Mountain Sustainability Living Fair. Participants were
asked to track their carbon-reducing behaviors for a two month period and then submit their
tracking sheets to be entered into prize drawings. 189 citizen participated, reducing a total of
349 tons CO2e through their efforts. Actions included 180 ‘first time” behaviors for participants.
Climate Wise Partner Recognition
In April 2006, the first annual EnvirOvation – A Climate Wise Showcase was held to recognize
existing partners and recruit new partners. The event was held at the Fort Collins Holiday Inn, in
conjunction with the Northern Colorado Business report’s first annul “Green Summit”.
17
V. FUTURE ACTIONS
In 2006, the Energy Management Team began to discuss the need to update Fort Collins climate
plan, recognizing that we are not on track to meet the 2010 goal. In the fall of 2006, the Fort
Collins Sustainability Group approached City Council, asking for a task force to be formed to
update the plan. In March of 2007, City Council passed Resolution 2007-015, authorizing the
City Manager to convene a task force to update Fort Collins climate plan and recommend a
future direction for climate protection. In light of the anticipated Task Force work, the Energy
Management Team did not take further steps to recommend future actions for inclusion in this
status report.
18
APPENDIX A
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ANALYSIS
EMISSIONS FACTORS
and
DATA SOURCES
19
Background
Over time, emission factors used to calculate both Fort Collins’ emissions inventory and the CO2
benefit of measures have evolved. In 2003, all emissions inventories were updated to use the
best emissions factors available at that time. In 2007, three changes were made to calculation
methodology:
• Communitywide VMT data were obtained form the NFR MPO TransCad model for Fort
Collins, instead of using the City’s 2001 LUTRAQ projection of 4.9% annual VMT
growth rate.
• Municipal solid waste was calculated using an updated Larimer County Landfill Waste
Characterization (2006 vs. 1997) and the total tons of municipal solid waste were
calculated based on data compiled by Skumatz for the development of the Solid Waste
Strategic Plan.
• CO2e emissions from methane flaring at the Wastewater treatment facilities were added
to the inventory.
The emissions factors used and the changes discussed in more detail below.
EMISSIONS FACTORS
Electricity
kWh x .003412 = MMBTU
MMBTU x 0.249 = 2005 Tons CO2 for citywide emission inventory
MMBTU x 0.249 = 2006 Tons CO2 for citywide emission inventory
MMBTU x 0.136** = Tons CO2 for electricity reduction measures
History of the “Average” and “Marginal” Emissions factors used in Fort Collins’ Status Report
Average Factor
Marginal Factor
Year
(tons CO2/MMBtu)
(tons CO2/MMBtu)
1990, 1995, 1997
0.214
0.334
2000, 2001, 2002
0.214
0.308
2003
0.242
0.136
2004
0.247
0.136
2005
0.249
0.136
2006
0.249
0.136
Average Emission Rate for City Resource Mix – the total CO2 emissions resulting from all the resources that
make up a city’s energy supply (hydro, coal, gas, renewables) divided by the city’s total annual energy use. This is
the value used when det4ermining a city’s carbon inventory for electricity purchased by PRPA.
Marginal Emission Rate – the avoided CO2 emissions that results from energy conservation or renewable energy
generation. This figure is based on the fact that as conservation or renewables reduce the need for other generation,
the marginal generation resources with the highest variable cost will be taken off line first. High cost resources tend
to have lower-than-average CO2 emissions.
20
Data from PRPA on Electricity Emissions Factors
3/25/2003, and
3/15/05
Weighted Average Emissions Factor Trend
Share of Platte River Resource Mix
Coal
Gas
Hydro
Wind
Purchases*
64.8%
35.2%
0.0%
66.4%
33.5%
0.1%
67.8%
32.0%
0.2%
69.2%
30.2%
0.6%
76.8%
22.5%
0.7%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 - Average
73.0%
2.0%
24.0%
1.0%
2004 - Average
74.0%
3.0%
21.0%
2.0%
2004 - Marginal
10.7%
89.3%
2005 - Average
73.0% < 1%
19.0%
1.0%
2005 - marginal**
2006 - Average
2006 - Marginal
* 2005 Rawhide extended outage led to more outside purchases
** 2005 marginal rate calculation methodology changed
6.0%
Weighted average emissions
factor
lbs CO2 per tons CO2 per
MWh
MMBtu
1,360.8
1,394.4
1,423.8
1,453.2
1,612.8
1,652.6
1,686.0
930.3
1,698.0
1,380.0
1,698.0
1,380.0
-
Natural Gas
MMBTU x 0.0616 = Tons CO2 for citywide emission inventory and natural gas reduction
measures
Transportation
MPG from original GHG Emissions Inventory, other Conversion Factors from the CACP
Software, June 2005
M PG
G asoline/gasohol
C ar
Lttrck/psngrvan
O thertruck(hdgv)
Bus/other
D ieselfuel
C ar
Lttrck/psngrvan
O thertruck(H D D V)
Bus/other
Propane
C ar
Lttrck/psngrvan
CNG
C ar
gallons to
MMBTU
M M B TU to
tons C O 2e
19.70
14.30
8.00
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.0824
0.0824
0.0824
0.0824
30.00
17.00
5.00
4.90
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.122
0.086
0.086
0.086
0.086
14.28
10.37
0.091
0.091
0.0723
0.0723
19.70
0.091
0.0616
21
0.199
0.204
0.209
0.213
0.236
0.242
0.247
0.136
0.249
0.202
0.249
0.202
-
Solid Waste Emissions Inventory Factors (Tons MSW x Coefficient = Tons CO2e)
Coeff
1.21035
1.12964
(0.16136)
(0.24207)
0.0
Paper & paper products
Food waste
Plant debris
Wood, furniture, textiles
All other waste
Source: CACP Software, June 2005
Recycling
Material
Factor
Cardboard
Glass
Aluminum
Steel
Plastic (avg HDPE/PET)
HDPE Plastic
PET plastic
Newspaper
Office Paper
Mixed Office Paper
Mixed General paper
Household Paper
Magazines
Phone Books
Text books
Fiberboard
General mixed paper
Wood
Mixed Recyclables
3.873
0.322
17.752
2.017
2.078
1.977
2.179
3.428
6.779
5.084
3.711
3.51
2.829
3.476
7.267
1.698
3.711
1.694
3.817
Source: CACP Software, June 2003
2005/2006 EMISSION AUDIT
ELECTRICITY
Data Source: Fort Collins Utilities, Ellen Switzer, Fort Collins Utilities, (970) 221-6714
(These data are not weather normalized.)
Residential kWh
Commercial kWh
Industrial kWh
2005
453,822,000
482,959,000
495,786,000
2006
467,812,000
481,341,000
454,720,000
22
When calculating tons CO2, the coefficient of 0.249 tons CO2/ MMBtu was used, as requested by
Platte River Power Authority. This emission factor takes into account the mix of sources for
local electricity (Rawhide, hydro, and a small amount of wind energy) during 2005 and 2006.
NATURAL GAS
Data Source: Xcel Energy, Glenn Monroe, Xcel Energy, (303)294-2392;
[email protected]
Weather Adjusted NORMAL SALES
(therms)
33,428,360
13,482,290
29,997,690
76,908,340
2005 Natural Gas
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
TOTAL
2006
ACTUAL
SALES
NORMAL
HDD
ACTUAL
HDD
WEATHER
NORMAL
FACTOR
6238
5550
1.12396
BASE
LOAD
HEATING
LOAD
759,892
402,963
2,162,768
818,137
WEATHER
ADJ
HEATING
LOAD
NORMAL
SALES
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
IND &
TRANSPORT
3,047,776
3,047,776
TOTAL
7,191,536
7,561,049
2,922,660
1,221,100
2,430,865
919,553
TRANSPORTATION
Communitywide VMT have been calculated for Fort Collins from 2001 through 2004 based on
the 2001 City LUTRAQ Team report that estimates a VMT growth rte of 4.9%/year for 19901998. (See http://fcgov.com/climateprotection/pdf/ctf-res-lutraq.pdf .) The LUTRAQ report
projected this annual growth rate out to the year 2005, as shown in the table below.
City VMT Estimates
YEAR
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
LUTRAQ
TOTAL DAILY VMT IN THE
FORT COLLINS
COMMUNITY GROWTH
AREA
(based on 4.9%/ yr growth)
2,800,000
2,930,000
3,080,000
3,230,000
3,390,000
3,550,000
3,730,000
3,910,000
City VMT Estimate
(2007)
2,531,071
2,629,354
2,727,637
2,825,920
2,924,203
3,022,486
23
3,190,757
1,322,516
The LUTRAQ estimated annual VMT growth rate, while based on a sound methodology in
2001, becomes less certain as times goes on. It does not reflect ground-truth data since 2001.
Additionally, it is not sensitive enough to reflect any actual changes in VMT levels as a result of
mode shift or reduced driving.
For these reasons, the 2005 and 2006 Fort Collins VMT in this status report was based on
modeled data taken from the NFR MPO TransCad model. It is appropriate to shift to this data
source in 2005, since the model was calibrated against traffic counts in 2005. Changing
methodology, however, results in an apparent rather than actual drop in VMT between 2004 and
2005.
Summary of Community-Wide VMT estimates for Fort Collins used in Status Reports
Year
Annual VMT
Data Source
2000
1,062,735,845
Applying 6.3% annul growth rate from 1998 VMT levels
2001
1,065,900,000
LUTRAQ growth estimate - 3,230,00 VMT/day * 330
2002
1,118,700,000
LUTRAQ growth estimate - 3,390,00 VMT/day * 330
2003
1,171,500,000
LUTRAQ growth estimate - 3,550,00 VMT/day * 330
2004
1,230,900,000
LUTRAQ growth estimate - 3,730,00 VMT/day * 330
2005
997,420,380
City VMT = 3,022,486/ day * 330 day/yr (Traffic Count
Calibrated TransCad model data)
2006
1,029,853,770
City VMT = 3,120,769/ day * 330 day/yr
Carbon emissions from the transportation sector are calculated as follows.
Fuel consumption, by fuel type, was calculated using the following steps:
1) Identify total Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT).
Annual VMT for 2005 = 997,420,380
Annual VMT for 2006 = 1,029,853,770
2) Apportion total VMT among the percentage of vehicle types in Fort Collins estimated by the
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) for emissions modeling
purposes.
3) Multiply the annual number of miles driven (by fuel type) by an estimated MPG to yield
gallons fuel consumed
4) Apply emissions coefficients to convert from gallons of fuel to BTU’s to CO2.
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Vehicle type
VMT percent
Gasoline car
Gasoline light truck
Gasoline heavy truck
Diesel car
Diesel light truck
Diesel heavy duty
50.0
38.0
3.6
0.1
0.2
8.1
VMT Mix - MPO Mobile Model
LDGV LDGT1234 HDGV
Earlier
63.6
28.9
2.3
6/'2004
50.00
37.98
3.57
Avg
MPG
19.7
14.3
8.0
30.0
17.0
5.0
LDDV
0.9
0.12
Conversion factor
Conversion factor
0.125 MMBtu/gallon
0.125 MMBtu/gallon
0.125 MMBtu/gallon
0.122 MMBtu/gallon
0.122 MMBtu/gallon
0.122 MMBtu/gallon
0.0824 tons Co2/MMBtu
0.0824 tons Co2/MMBtu
0.0824 tons Co2/MMBtu
0.086 tons Co2/MMBtu
0.086 tons Co2/MMBtu
0.086 tons Co2/MMBtu
LDDT
0.4
0.16
HDDV TOTAL
3.9
100
8.14
100
SOLID WASTE
The method for calculating solid waste in Fort Collins was modified again slightly as compared
to the 2003/2004 status report. For 2005, the solid waste emissions inventories were calculated
using the reported trash hauler tons PLUS the “unaccounted for tonnage” revealed by a 2004
SERA study. 2005 MSW = 237,747 tons. Similarly, for 2006, the total tons MSW are 203,666,
including the trash hauler data plus 50 unaccounted for tons.
The conversion from tons MSW to tons CO2 was calculated by the CACP software (June 2005)
using the following characterization of landfill waste. The landfill waste characterization report
can be found at http://www.larimer.org/solidwaste/WasteSort.htm
2006
Old data used in past
reports
1997**
25.50%
13.20%
6.60%
11.20%
43.50%
100 %
23.6
7.1
13.4
22.6
33.3
100 %
Percent of Waste
Material
Paper
Food Waste
Plant Debris
Wood/Textiles
All Other
Total
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Please contact Lucinda Smith at the City of Fort Collins Natural Resources Department (970) 224-6085 with any
comments or questions about information contained in this Appendix.
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