Matakuliah
Tahun
: L0472 - Psikologi Forensik
: Feb -2010
Psychology and Law Enforcement
Pertemuan 02
Psychology and Law Enforcement
Reza Indragiri Amriel
KIK UI / PTIK
Themes
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Selection
Predicting success
Encounters with the public
Stress
Questioning suspects
False confessions
1. Selection
• The ‘predispositional’ model
• The ‘socialization’ model
 “Predict success and screen propensity for violence”
(Scrivner, 1994)
Ainsworth (1993): sense of humor,
communication skills, adaptability,
common sense, resilience, assertiveness,
sensitivity, tolerance, integrity, literacy,
honesty, problem-solving ability
2. Predicting success
within the force
• Burbeck & Furnham (1985): intelligence and education //
success ?
• Hollin (1989): psychometric and interview  success ?
• Pynes & Bernardin (1992):  assessment center:
directing orders, interpersonal skills, perception,
decision-making, decisiveness, adaptability, oral
communication, written communication.
3. Encounters with the public
• PR: Problematic // multiracial societies
• Reiser & Klyver (1987): police training  listening,
counseling, stress-awareness, communication, decisionmaking, conflict-resolution skills.
• Bull et al (1985): Human Awareness Training (HAT) 
more satisfied, less complaint  improved police-public
relations.
3. Encounters (continued …)
Predatory policing >< Community policing
Policing can best be described as predatory where police
activities are mainly (not to say exclusively) devoted to
the personal enrichment and selfpreservation of the
police themselves rather than the protection of the public
or the systematic repression of subordinate groups
(Gerber & Mendelson, 2008).
3. Encounters (continued …)
• No police force in the world is completely free of
corruption and violent abuse by officers in its ranks.
• Ex: “…police violence and corruption are considerably
less frequent in the United States than in Russia, at least
for whites, and possibly also for Hispanics and blacks.”
(Weitzer & Tuch, 2004).
• Empat besar lembaga terkorup versi GCB.doc
3. Encounters (continued …)
• “Kita belum tahu ada maksud-maksud tertentu apa di
belakangnya. Organisasi ini (TII, red) bisa jadi
ditunggangi oleh kelompok tertentu yang ingin
mendiskreditkan Polri” (Brigjen. Anton Bahrul Alam pada
Hukumonline, 7-12-2007)
“…belajar untuk intropeksi diri dan
mengakui kesalahan ….” (Mhs. PTIK pada email 12-11-2008)
“Penelitian apa? Tai kucing!”
(Irjen. Sisno Adiwinoto pada Koran Tempo, 7-12-2007)
4. Stress
Stressful nature of work (Bull et al., 1983) versus ‘canteen
culture’ / John Wayne Syndrom (Manolias, 1991)
Categories of stress (Terry, 1981):
• External
• Internal
• Task-related
• Own personal safety
4. Stress (continued …)
Cooper et al. (1982): work overload, lack of personal
recognition and unfulfilled work aspirations, perceived
unnecessary obstacles that undermine the police
function, consequences of autocratic management.
Gudjonsson & Adlam (1982): high-rank ‘versus’ low-rank
4. Stress (continued …)
Kureczka (1996):
• 4-10% of people experiencing a critical incident will
develop PTSD
• Critical incident stress will affect 87% of all emergency
services workers at least once in their career
• 70% of police officers who use deadly force leave law
enforcement within 5 years
4. Stress (continued …)
Shooting involved officer:
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58% heightened sense of danger
49% anger
46% sleep difficulties
45% isolation/withdrawal
44% flashbacks/intruding thoughts
43% emotional numbing
42% depression
40% alienation
37% guilt or sorrow
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34% nightmares
28% mark of Cain
28% problems with authority
figures
27% family problems
23% feelings of insanity or loss of
control
18% sexual difficulties
14% alcohol/drug abuse
11% suicidal thoughts
5. Questioning suspects
• Completeness and accuracy
• Why suspect confesses (Gudjonsson & Brownes, 1992):
proof, internal pressure, external pressure
• Psychological techniques (Leo, 1996): “can be best
understood as a confidence game based on the
manipulation and betrayal of trust” (p. 259)
6. False confessions
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Most damaging evidence that can be presented in court
Most confessions are negotiated
20% are recanted
Three types of false confessions:
– Voluntary: desire for publicity, guilt, psychopathology
– Coerced-compliant: avoid further interrogation, gain promised benefit, avoid
threatened punishment
– Coerced-internalized: heightened suggestibility
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What percentage of confessions are false? Can’t really know… Cassell
(1996): 10-394 annually in the US